Full text of Monthly Labor Review : October 2005
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
U.S. Department of Labor
Elaine L. Chao, Secretary
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
Kat~:uen P. Utgoff, Commissioner
The Monthly Labor Review (USPS 987-800) is published
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MONTHLY LABOR
REVIEW _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _
Volume 128, Number 10
Ocwber2005
Occupational Safety and Health
New data for a new century
3
William J. Wiatrowski
Young workers
11
Janice Windau and Samuel Meyer
Older workers
24
Elizabeth Rogers and William J. Wiatrowski
Women workers
31
Anne B. Hoskins
Older farming workers
38
Samuel Meyer
Asian workers
49
Jessica R. Sincavage
Hospitalizations in Massachusetts
56
Phillip R. Hunt, Jong Uk Won, Allard Dembe, and Letitia Davis
Visual essay: foreign-born Hispanic workers
63
Scott Richardson
Departments
Labor month in review
Precis
Book reviews
Current labor statistics
2
68
69
71
Editor-in-Chief: William Parks • Executive Editor: Richard M. Devens • Managing Editor: Anna Huffman Hill • Editors : Brian I.
Baker, Kristy S. Christiansen, Richard Hamilton, Leslie Brown Joyner • Book Reviews: Richard Hamilton • Design and Layout:
Catherine D. Bowman, Edith W. Peters •
Contributor: Louis Jacobson
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The October Review
Another day at the ...
In the first few years of the 21st century,
there have been many changes in the
way occupational illness and injury
statistics are gathered, classified, and
tabulated. One benefit of these
changes has been an increased ability
to understand the safety and health
situation of specific populations,
many of which are better defined in the
new data. This special issue looks at
the ways the Bureau of Labor Statistics
has been working to improve the data
and snapshots the injury and illness
pictures facing some special populations in the United States.
William J. Wiatrowski describes the
new data developments: industry and
occupation classification has evolved to
more closely fit the modern economy;
racial, ethnic, and geographic classification has become more detailed and
precise; and new medical definitions are
included in the data.
Occupational injuries of young
workers are analyzed by Janice Windau
and Samuel Meyer, and injuries,
illnesses, and fatalities among older
workers are discussed by Elizabeth
Rogers and William J. Wiatrowski. Anne
B. Hoskins reports on injuries and
illnesses among women workers.
Samuel Meyer covers injuries and
illnesses among older farming workers
and Jessica R. Sincavage focuses on
Asian workers.
Phillip R. Hunt, Jong Uk Won, Allard
Dembe, and Letitia Davis look at hospital
discharge data as a potential source of
additional information on injuries and
illnesses in the workplace.
Scott Richardson contributes a
visual essay on the injuries and illnesses
statistics of foreign-born workers of
Hispanic origin.
On an "average day" in the United
2 Monthly Labor Review
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States in 2004, persons aged 15 and
older slept about 8.6 hours, spent 5.2
hours doing leisure and sports
activities, worked for 3.7 hours, and
spent 1.8 hours doing household
activities. The remaining 4.7 hours were
spent in a variety of other activities,
including eating and drinking, attending
school, and shopping. This "average day"
measure reflects the average distribution
of time across all persons and days.
On an average weekday, in comparison, persons employed full time
spent 9.2 hours working, 7.5 hours
sleeping, 3.0 hours doing leisure and
sports activities, and 0.9 hour doing
household activities. The remaining 3.4
hours were spent in other activities,
such as those described above. You can
find out more about how various
segments of population spent their time
in "American Time Use Survey- 2004,"
news release USDL 05-1766.
Work at home
In May 2004, 20.7 million persons usually
did some work at home as part of their
primary job. These workers, who
reported working at home at least once
per week, accounted for about 15
percent of total nonagricultural employment, essentially the same percentage
as in May 2001.
About half of those who usually
worked at home were wage and salary
workers who took work home from the
job on an unpaid basis. Another 16
percent had a formal arrangement with
their employer to be paid for the work
they did at home. The remainder-about
one-third of persons who usually
worked at home in May 2004--were self-
October 2005
employed.
Among those taking work home
without a formal arrangement to be
paid for that work, the most common
reason for working at home was to
"finish or catch up on work" (56
percent). An additional 32 percent
reported that they worked at home at
least once per week because it was the
"nature of the job."
"Coordinate work schedule with
personal or family needs" and
"business is conducted from home"
were each cited by about 3 percent of
wage and salary workers who worked
at home on an unpaid basis. Find out
more in "Work at Home in 2004," news
release USDL 05-1768.
Productivity up overall
in retail
Productivity, as measured by output
per hour, increased 6.1 percent in retail
trade in 2004. Output rose by 6.5
percent while hours increased by 0.4
percent. Labor productivity rose in 21
of the 27 detailed retail trade industries
in 2004. The largest increases were
18 .1 percent in sporting goods and
musical instrument stores and 17 .2
percent in electronic shopping and
mail order houses. There were
declines in labor productivity in a few
industries, including shoe stores,
florist shops, and auto parts emporia.
Communications regarding the
Monthly Labor Review may be sent to
the Editor-in-Chief at the addresses
on the inside front cover.
News releases are available at:
www.bls.gov/bls/newsrels.htm
Occupational safety and health
Occupational safety and health
statistics: new data for a new century
Changes in classification systems covering
industries, occupations, race/ethnicity,
and geographic areas, along with changes
to definitions and emerging medical conditions,
result in new data on occupational safety and health
William J. Wiatrowski
William J. Wiatrowski
is an economist
in the Office of Safety,
Health, and
Working Conditions,
Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
E-mail:
Wiatrowski.William@
bis.gov
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t the beginning of the 21st century, there
are new ways of categorizing populations-a new industry classification
structure, a new occupation classification structure, new race and ethnicity categories, and new
definitions of geographic areas. The Bureau of
Labor Statistics is adopting these new and revised
classification systems throughout its programs,
including the occupational safety and health statistics program. Data on occupational injuries,
illnesses, and fatalities for 2003 and beyond are
based on these new systems. In addition, changes
to definitions used by employers to record injuries and illnesses, and the identification of new
or emerging injuries and illnesses, result in occupational safety and health data that are different
from the past. These new data help to illuminate
the safety and health picture of special populations, many of which are described more precisely under the new classification systems.
If one were trying to understand a workplace
injury in 1905, he or she might learn the following:
A
•
Worker was employed on a farm
•
Worker's occupation was "agricultural
pursuits"
•
Worker was classified in the 1900 Census into one of three race categories:
black, white, mulatto
•
Worker's job was located in Concord, New Hampshire, which is in
Merrimack County
Moving ahead 100 years, the workplace injury in
2005 might have the following characteristics:
•
Worker is employed in the Web search
portal industry
•
Worker's occupation is a database
administrator
•
Worker is identified as being of multiple races
•
Worker's job is located in Concord,
New Hampshire, in the BostonWorchester-Manchester Combined
Metropolitan Area
Over 100 years, both industries and occupations
have changed, and the new classifications allow
more specificity. Race and ethnicity may not have
changed, but the descriptions used for categorization are different and provide more detail.
This issue of the Monthly Labor Review
discusses occupational safety and health
issues among special populationsyounger workers, older workers, female
workers, farming workers, Asian workers, and Hispanic workers. Some articles
are based on papers presented at the
Maine Occupational Research Agenda
symposium on occupational safety and
health issues among special populations.
The symposium was held in May 2005.
Monthly Labor Review October 2005
3
New Data for a New Century
Similarly, geographic areas have not changed, but tile location of the U.S. population has shifted, and metropolitan areas have expanded. This analysis explores the ch,mges that
have taken place in each of these classification systems, and
identifies how the new systems are used to describe occupational safety and health data.
Data on occupational safety and health come from several
sources within BLS. Work-related nonfatal injuries and illnesses are obtained from the BLS annual Survey of Occupationai Injuries and Illnesses, which provides summary data
on the number and rate of injury and illness by detailed industry. For those injuries and illnesses that require the employee
to be away from work for at least 1 day, the survey also provides information on worker demographics and the circumstances surrounding the incident. A complete census of workplace fatalities is av.1ilable from the BLS Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, which uses multiple source documents to
amass a comprehensive database of fatal injuries, including
demographics of the decedent, employer classifications, and
information about the incident that led to the fatality. Finally,
BLS has conducted special studies on occupational safety and
health issues, including respirator use and practices and an
upcoming study of employer workplace violence policies.'
Industry classifications
The Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system was introduced in 1939 in an effort to create a single system for
identifying and classifying economic activity. The basis for
classification was type of economic activity-that is, what
work is performed at the establishment. While the SIC was
updated periodically to keep up with the changing U.S.
economy-the last time in 1987-there were growing concerns that the concepts and structure of the system were becoming outdated. The passage of the North American Free
Trade Agreement in 1993, and the subsequent need for consistent classification across the United States, Canada, and
Mexico, led to the development of a completely new system-the North American Industry Classification System
(NAICS). 2
was introduced in 1997 and has since been revised
in 2002. The basis for classification is production processes.
This change in the basic concept of the classification system
led to the reclassification of many business establishments.
For example, under SIC, the headquarters, plant, and
warehouse of an automobile manufacturer might all be
classified under motor vehicle manufacturing, dep~nding
upon their location and the availability of separate data for
each activity. Under NAICS, each is classified by the separate
activity they perform (in this case, management,
manufacturing, and warehousing).
the development of many new industries
of technology. Under the SIC system,
growth
the
by
spurred
data processing, and other computer
programming,
computer
related services (such as Internet service providers or Web
search portals) was classified under Business Services, along
with advertising, office cleaning, and guard services. Under
the NAICS system, the major category for computer systems
development-related activities is computer systems design and
related services, which is classified under Professional, scientific, and technical services. There is also a separate category for Internet service providers, web search portals, and
data processing services. It is classified under the Information sector, along with publishing, motion pictures, and broadcasting. The services provided by the industries in the Information sector include processing data and transforming information into commodities that are produced and distributed.
An example of the new NAICS data in the BLS occupational
safety and health statistics program is the number and rate of
total recordable injuries and illnesses, which are available by
detailed industry. Among the published statistics is a list of those
individual industries with at least 100,000 injury and illness cases
in the year. The switch from SIC to NAICS resulted in a number
of changes to the list. For example, eating and drinking places
were frequently near the top of the list of industries with high
numbers of injuries and illnesses under SIC; in 2002, such establishments were second (with 252,000 cases) behind hospitals
(321,000 cases). Under NAICS, eating and drinking places are
divided into several different industries, including full-service
restaurants, limited-service eating places, and cafeterias. Because of this change, none of the individual restaurant classifications is among the 10 industries with the highest number of
injuries and illnesses in 2003-although both full-service restaurants (119,000 cases) and limited-service eating places
(112,000 cases) had more than I 00,000 cases and combined
would again be near the top of the list. (Hospitals head the list
under NAICS as well, with 273,000 cases in 2003.) Table I provides data on the NAICS industries with the highest number of
injuries and illnesses.
NAICS recognizes
Occupation classifications
NAICS
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October 2005
Unlike industry classifications, there was not one single occupational classification system that was used for all statistical reporting in the past. A variety of systems have been
used since the early 1900s, most notably for capturing decennial Census data. (Some rudimentary occupational classification systems existed in the late 19th century. See exhibit 1 for an example from Massachusetts.) The first version
of the Standard Occupational Classification (soc) system was
introduced in 1977. Occupations were classified by industry, similarity of work, and skill.
Number of cases and incidence rate of nonfatal
occupational injuries and illnesses for industries
with 100,000 or more cases, private industry,
2003
Industry
Total cases
(i n thousands)
1.,cidence
rate
Hospitals .. ..... .............. ...... .. .....
292.7
8.7
Nursing and residential
care facilities ..........................
221.5
10.1
Transportation equipment
mar.'-'facturing ...... .. ......... .... ...
162.1
9.3
General merchandise
stores ......... ........ .. ... ............ ...
150.6
7.2
Administrative and
support services ............ ... .. ...
137.3
3.7
Food manufacturing .................
129.1
8.6
Grocery stores .........................
126.3
7.2
Fabricated metal product
manufacturing .......... ... ... .... .. ..
123.5
8.5
Ambulatory health care
services ..................................
122.4
3.3
Merchant wholesalers,
durable goods ..... ..... .... ..........
121.7
4.3
Full-service restaurants .. ....... ..
119.3
4.5
Building equipment
contractors ... ........................ ..
118.3
7.1
Limited-service eating
places .....................................
112.5
4.9
Merchant wholesalers,
nondurable goods .. .......... ... ...
108.9
5.7
NOTE: The incidence rate represents the number of injuries and/or
illnesses per 100 full-time workers, based on a full-time work schedule of
40 hours per week, 50 weeks per year.
Occupational categories from
Massachusetts death
certificates, 1875
Cultivators of the earth
Active mechanics abroad
Active mechanics in shops
Inactive mechanics in shops
The Federal Government undertook a major revision to the
soc in the 1990s. More importantly, the revised soc was designated the only occupational classification system to be used for
future Government statistics. Thus, all programs are moving
toward this new system. 3 In the case of BLS occupational safety
and health statistics data, occupations in the past were classified
by the census occupational classification system. In some cases,
specific occupations classified in the old and new systems are
similar, while in other cases, more detail is provided under the
new system. The soc classifies occupations based on similarity
of tasks at similar levels of work.
Certain health occupations provide an example of the changes
introduced with the soc. Under the census occupational classification system, health technologists and technicians were subdivided into a small number of specialties-lab tt=>chs, dental
hygienists, medical records techs, radiology techs, and licensed
practical nurses. These subcategories have been greatly expanded under the soc. In addition to those listed above, newlyidentified occupations include cardiovascular tech, diagnostic
tech, nuclear medicine tech, sonographers, emergency tech, dietetic tech, psychiatric tech, respiratory tech, and surgical tech.
In the BLS Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses,
the new occupational classification system led to a change in
the occupations published. For injuries and illnesses that involve days away from work, among the statistics published
are the occupations with the greatest number of injuries and
illnesses. For many years, the occupation that led the list was
truck drivers, which included a wide variety of jobs covering
local and long-distance driving. Under the soc, the former
truck-driver category is subdivided into three specific occupations: heavy and tractor-trailer truck driver, light or delivery service truck driver, and driver/sales worker. Because of
this change, data for 2003 now show that heavy and tractortrailer truck drivers have the largest share of total truck-driver
injuries and illnesses. Further, none of these truck-driver categories leads the list of occupations with the most injuries
and illnesses involving days away from work; that list is now
Jed by laborers and material movers, which include a variety
of nonconstruction jobs such as machine feeders, hand packers, and cleaners of vehicles. But while truck drivers no longer
lead the list, the total of the three new truck-driver categories
would in fact continue to lead the list. (See chart I.)
Laborers - no special trades
Race and ethnicity classifications
Factors laboring abroad
The history of race and ethnicity classification in the United
States reflects the Nation's long struggle with issues of race,
immigration, and related items. Race categories are generally revised in anticipation of each decennial census. The
following is an example of some of the classifications used
for the census and all Government statistics throughout the
Nation's history:
Employed on the ocean
Merchants, financiers, agents, etc.
Professional men
Females
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Monthly Labor Review
October 2005
5
New Data for a New Century
Occupations with the most injuries and illnesses with days away from work, 2003
Injuries and illnesses (Total= 1,315,920)
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
Laborers and material movers
Heavy and tractor-trailer
truck drivers
Nursing aides, orderlies,
attendants
Construction laborers
Janitors and cleaners
Retail salespersons
Light or delivery service
truck drivers
Carpenters
Stock clerks and order fillers
Registered nurses
Injuries and illnesses (Total = 1,315,920)
SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1790 - Free whites; slaves
1820 - Free whites (except Indians not taxed); foreigners not naturalized; free colored persons; slaves
1850 - White; black; mulatto
1880 - White, black; mulatto; quadroon; octoroon
1950- White; negro; American Indian; Hawaiian;
Aleut; Eskimo
1970 - White; Asian Indian; Black or Negro
2000-American Indian or Alaskan Native, Asian,
Black or African American, Native Hawaiian or
other Pacific Islander, White
In contrast to the substantial changes from 1790 to the mid20th century, the changes that took place in 2000 were limited. The most important change was the ability to select more
than one race category, and thus be designated as multiracial. 4
Beginning in the 1960s, the Nation's population classifications were expanded to include Spanish/Hispanic origin
separately from race. Individuals could be identified as any
race and, separately, could be identified as of Spanish/Hispanic origin. This led to a number of alternative means of
tabulating race and Hispanic origin. Directives issued prior
to the 2000 Census were designed to encourage the collection
and tabulation of data that describe the intersection of data on
Monthly Labor Review
6
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October 2005
race and Hispanic origin. These directives result in such categories as "white, non-Hispanic," "white, Hispanic," "black,
non-Hispanic," and "black, Hispanic," along with other combinations. Alternatively, Spanish/Hispanic origin can be collected and tabulated as a separate race category.
Race and Hispanic origin data are collected and tabulated
both in the Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses and
the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries. For injuries and
illnesses involving days away from work, employers select
one or more of the following categories to identify the worker:
•
•
•
•
•
•
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
Hispanic or Latino
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
White
Because the injury and illness data are designed to mirror
OSHA 's recordkeeping forms, forms that do not include race
or ethnicity questions, answering these data is optional for the
Survey of Occupational Injuries and 111nesses. Due to that
fact, approximately 30 percent of data are unavailable. The
opportunity to select more than one response allows for the
tabulation of a multirace category.
In the fatality census, data are captured separately for race
and Hispanic origin. In the case of race, the available choices
are each of the individual race categories (American Indian
or Alaska Native, Asian, Black or African American, Native
Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, White) or a separate
choice of "multiple races." Hispanic origin is captured as a
separate data element.
There has been a particular interest in workplace safety
and health statistics regarding Hispanic workers, as that population has grown rapidly in recent years and many Hispanic
workers are in fairly dangerous jobs. Chart 2 shows the number of fatalities among Hispanics in recent years, and indicates that the majority of the deaths have occurred among
foreign-born Hispanics.
Geographic area
The U.S. system of States, counties, cities, and towns has been
around since the Nation began; counties are more important
in some parts of the country, while cities and towns have more
prominence in most of New England. Metropolitan areas were
first designated in the late 1940s, for use with the 1950 census. Metropolitan areas, at least when the designations first
began, generally took into account central cities and the sur-
rounding area. Metropolitan area definitions are now redesignated every 10 years, using data gathered in each decennial
census. The most recent designations were developed based
on the 2000 census. 5
Concord, New Hampshire, provides an example of changes
that have occurred in the designation of metropolitan areas.
Concord is the county seat of Merrimack County and the
capital of New Hampshire. When the first metropolitan areas
were defined, Concord was not part of any metropolitan area,
and it stayed that way throughout the 20th century. Following
the 2000 Census, Concord, together with all of Merrimack
County, was designated the Concord micropolitan statistical
area; micropolitan area is a new term representing smaller
urban areas (population of 10,000 to 50,000) and their
surrounding suburban areas. In addition, Concord is now part
of the Boston-Worcest er-Manchester-M A-NH Combined
Statistical Area. Combined areas are defined as adjacent
metropolitan and micropolitan areas that have employment
interchange that meet certain criteria.
BLS tabulates workplace fatalities by metropolitan area.
For example, in 2003 there were 198 fatalities in the New
York metropolitan area, 139 in Chicago, 125 in Los Angeles,
and 44 in Boston. 6 (See charts 3 and 4.)
Number of fatal work injuries involving Hispanic or Latino workers, 1992-2003
Number of fatalities
Number of fatalities
1,000
1,000
■ Foreign-born
900
Iii Native-born
900
800
800
700
700
600
600
500
500
400
400
300
300
200
200
100
100
0
1992
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
2000
0
01
02
03
NOTE: Data from 2001 exclude fatalities resulting from September 11 terrorist attacks.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, 2003.
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Monthly Labor Review
October 2005
7
New Data for a New Century
Fatal occupational injuries by metropolitan area, 2003
Number of fatalities
0
50
100
0
50
100
150
200
250
150
200
250
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Dallas
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
Miami
New York
Philadelphia
S:rn Francisco
Washington, DC
Number of fatalities
Fatal occupational injuries by fatal event, United States and Boston metropolitan area, 2003,
in percent
Boston-CambridgeQuincy, MA-NH
United States
Transportation
42.4
Transportation
Assaults
16.2
Contact
Exposure/Fire
Falls
Total = 5,575
Monthly Labor Review
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October 2005
12.5
22.7
25
Exposure/Fire
12.3
Falls
Total= 44
29.5
6.9
Other changes
Changes in the definitions of injury and illness cases that were
implemented by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in 2002 resulted in changes to the BLS occupational injury and illness statistics. 7 For example, the old
definition considered application of a butterfly bandage to
be medical treatment and a recordable case; the new definition considers such treatment to be first aid and not recordable. Using these new definitions, BLS reported 4.4 million
nonfatal injuries and illnesses in private industry workplaces
in 2003, resulting in a rate of 5.0 cases per 100 equivalent
full-time workers. 8 While these data follow the trend of decliniug cases and rates seen throughout the past decade, they
are not comparable with data from prior years because of the
change in definition. 9
The 2002 recordkeeping rule included many changes. For
example, under the old rule, recurrences of injuries or illnesses after a 30-day period were to be recorded as separate
cases. Under the new rule, there is no longer a specified time
frame. Employers may consider recurrences that are not
brought on by a new event or exposure in the workplace to
be the same case. In another example, under the old rules
needle sticks were recorded only if they resulted in medical
treatment; now, needle sticks are recorded if there is paten-
tial contamination with another person's blood, regardless of
treatment. Finally, the count of days away from work has
changed from work days to calendar days. This could have
the effect of increasing the reported days away from work,
especially among workers in part-time occupations. Chart 5
shows trends before and after the change in recordkeeping
rules.
Emerging injuries and illnesses
There has been growing interest in some injuries and illnesses
in recent years. For example, exposure to HIV/ AIDS is a concern that did not exist a few decades ago. There is much
interest in musculoskeletal disorders, as workers use different equipment and different motion. A subset of this area is
the current interest in sprained thumbs, often the result of
overuse of personal digital devices. Finally, the rash of attention paid to finger amputations recently has led to many
inquires about such incidents. BLS occupational injury, illness, and fatality data are available to shed light on all of
these issues.
Beyond the annual tabulations on injuries, illnesses, and
fatalities, the BLS occupational safety and health statistics program has been involved in special studies of safety and health
topics. These studies are designed to derive a greater amount
Median days away from work for occupational injuries and illnesses, 1992-2003
Days
Days
9
9
8
8
7
7
6
6
5
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
0
1992
NOTE:
93
94
95
96
97
98
0
99
2000
01
02
03
Procedure for counting days away from work changed in 2002.
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Monthly Labor Review
October 2005
9
New Data for a New Century
of detail about a specific topic. For example, a survey on
respirator usage was conducted in 2001 . The survey found
that 4.5 percent of all private industry establishments required
respirator use. In the mining industry, 11 .7 percent of establishments required respirator use, as did 12.8 percent of manufacturing establishments. 10 The survey also provided details
on the training that employees receive in proper use of respirators, as well as information on different types of respirators.
In 2005-06, the BLS occupational safety and health statistics program will conduct another special survey, this one on
employer practices to prevent workplace violence. lnforma-
tion to be gathered includes protections that are in place and
training provided to employees. Data will be available by
NAICS industry classifications.
The occupational safety and health statistics program in
the first decade of the 21st century is vastly different from its
predecessors in past years. Industries and occupations have
evolved; race and geography classifications have become
more detailed and more precise; and new definitions and new
medical conditions have entered the OSHS lexicon. BLS data
on the occupational safety and health of workers has expanded
D
to reflect this new environment.
Notes
1
More information on the BLS Occupational Safety and Health Statistics program is available on the Internet at www.bls.gov/iif.
2
More information on the North American Industry Classification System is available on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/bls/naics.htm.
3
More information on the Standard Occupational Classification system
is available on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/soc/home.htm.
4
For a detailed account of the changes in race and ethnicity categones
in the U.S. statistical system, see Report on the American Workforce 2001
(U.S. Department of Labor, 200 I), on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/
opub/rtaw/rtawhome.htm.
8
Workpla ce Injuries and Illn esses in 2002 (U.S . Department of
Labor news release 03 -913, Dec. 18, '2003). Injury and illness rates
represent the number of injuri es and illnesses per 100 full-time workers and are calculated by multiplying the number of injuries and illnesses by the total hours worked by all employees during the calendar
year. This result is then divided by 200,000 ( I 00 workers times 40
hours per week times 50 weeks per year) to determine the rate per I 00
equivalent full-time workers.
6
Data are for the metropolitan area, which includes the central city and
surrounding locations.
9
BLS cautioned readers of the differences in the data from prior years
and discouraged year-to-year comparisons. Because employers were following the new rnles when recording cases throughout 2002, there was no
way that two sets of data (under both the old and new rules) could be collected for comparison purposes . For a discussion of the effect of the
recordkeeping change on BLS occupational injury and illness data, see William J. Wiatrowski , "OSHS : New Recordkeeping Requirements," Monthly
Labor Review, December 2004, pp. l 0--24.
7
A comparison of recordkeeping rules before and after the 2002 change is
available on the Internet at www.osha.gov/recordkeeping/RKside-by-side.html.
10
Data from the BLS survey of respirator usage are available on the
Internet at http ://www.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/osh/os/osnrOO 14.txt.
5
More information on metropolitan area definitions is available on the
Internet at http://www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/
metrodef.html.
1O Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October 2005
.
Young Workers
.
.;
. . ,"' ..... ~
.
-
1
Occupational safety and health
Occupational injuries
among young workers
Despite regulations, young workers are exposed
to some of the same hazards as older workers,
resulting in injuries and deaths;
transportation incidents cause the most fatal
occupational injuries
Janice Windau
and
Samuel Meyer
Janice Windau
Is an epidemiologist,
and Samuel Meyer
an economist, in the
Office of Safety,
Health, and
Working Conditions,
Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
E-mail :
Wlndau.Janice@bls.gov
Meyer.Samuel@bls.gov
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Y
oung workers face considerable occupational risks. Fatality counts dropped for
many age groups between the two 5-year
periods in 1993-2002, but increased 34 percent
for workers aged 14 and 15 years. Fatalities for
young workers aged 14 to 17 increased in the construction, services, and government industries
and decreased in retail trade. Child labor laws are
designed to protect young workers from participating in dangerous jobs, but some hazardous occupations (work on a family farm, for example)
are outside the scope of such laws.
This article updates a previous study of injuries and fatalities among young workers covering the 1992-97 period. 1 That study concluded
that young workers are ex 11osed to some of the
same hazards as older workers, despite regulations. 2 This study compares fatalities among
young workers during two time periods: 199397 and 1998-2002. 3 The study also compares
data for nonfatal injuries and illnesses among
young workers with data for all workers. A snapshot of youth employment in recent years is discussed, and fatality data totals for 2003 and 2004
are presented.
About the data
Young workers are defined here as workers 17
years old and younger. Data from the Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS) Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) were used for the fatality
comparisons. These data cover workers of all
ages and all types of employment, including pub-
lie sector, self-employment, and unpaid work for
a family farm or business. Data from the BLS
Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses
(son) were used to look at nonfatal incidents
among young workers in private wage and salary
jobs. Employment data are from the Current
Population Survey (CPS), a joint endeavor between the Census Bureau and BLS, and the BLS
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY).
Fatality rates were calculated using the CPS
hours-at-work data for years 1994 through 2004.
The CPS produces data for individuals aged 15
years and older. Therefore, rates were calculated
for youths 15 to 17 years old and represent the
number of fatal injuries per 100,000 full-time
equivalent workers.
Youth employment
Studies have shown that children work extensively in their teen years and even earlier. Using
data from the National Longitudinal Survey of
Youth 1997 (NLSY97), the BLS Report on the Youth
Labor Force reported that half of those interviewed responded that they had engaged in some
sort of paid work activity at age 12-mostly involving either babysitting or yard work. 4
The proportion of children with paid jobs increases with age. By ages 14 and 15, the percentage of those working at some type of job increased to 57 and 64 percent, respectively. The
study also reported that the type of work performed also changes as one grows older.
Whereas only 24 percent held an "employee-
Monthly Labor Review
October 2005
11
Young Workers
type" job (that is, they had an ongoing relationship with a
particular employer) when aged 14, this percentage rises to
38 percent for 15-year-olds. Employee-type work among 14and 15-year-olds included work in eating and drinking places,
entertainment and recreation services, construction, grocery
stores, newspaper publishing and printing, landscape and horticultural services, agricultural production, elementary and
secondary schools, building services, automotive repair, and
private households. As with 12-year-olds, freelance work
among 14- and 15-year-olds included babysitting and yard
work. 5
Another study compared work activities of high schoolers
in employee-type or wage and salary jobs during the school
year. 6 Slightly less than one-fourth (23 percent) of freshmen
(typically, 14-year-olds) worked at some point during the
school year. This percentage rises with each successive grade.
By senior year (typically, youths aged 17), the proportion of
those working in employee-type jobs during the school year
rise~ to three of four. Not surprisingly, older youths also tend
to work longer hours. Only 24 percent of freshmen working
during the school year worked more than 20 hours a week,
while 56 percent of employed seniors averaged more than 20
hours.
The number of teen workers aged 16-17 years has been
declining. The annual average employment for 16- and 17year-olds for 2004 was 2.2 million, down from 2.8 million in
2000, although there has been an increase in the number of
self-employed workers among this age group. Hours at work
for 16- and 17-year-olds have also declined, from a weekly
average of 19.7 in 2000 to I 8.0 in 2004. 7
Laws restricting child labor
The Federal law regulating child labor, the Fair Labor
Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938, is intended to protect youths
from working in hazardous conditions and to ensure work
does not interfere with a youth's education. 8 These regulations limit the extent and type of work youths under 18
years old can perform. Regulations differ by age, with
fewer restrictions for those aged 16 and 17 in nonagricultural work. Regulations set limits on the hours that those
younger than age 16 may work on school days and
nonschool days, both during the school year and when
school is dismissed for vacation.
Persons younger than age 18 also are restricted from working in certain hazardous occupations or performing hazardous tasks. These restrictions are embodied in the Hazardous
Occupations Orders and regulate work in mining, logging and
sawmilling; certain manufacturing work; roofing, excavation,
and demolition; driving; and use of certain types of powered
equipment. 9
12 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October 2005
Workers younger than 16 are limited to performing certain
duties in retail, food service, and gasoline service establishments. Nonagricultural workers younger than age 14 are limited to the following work, which are exempt from Federal
youth employment provisions:
•
working for parents in occupations other than
manufacturing and mining and occupations
deemed hazardous;
•
working as actors or performers in movies,
theatrical, radio, or television productions;
•
delivering newspapers to consumers;
•
working at home making wreaths composed of
certain materials; and
•
working on a casual basis using family
lawnmower to cut neighbors' grass, babysitting,
or performing minor chores around private
homes.
There also are exemptions for youths working in certain apprenticeship and vocational education programs.
Rules differ between agricultural and nonagricultural employment, with regulations being less restrictive in agricultural work than in other industries. Youths in agriculture may
perform tasks deemed hazardous at a younger age; may perform any activity if working on a farm owned or operated by
their parents; and may work during school hours at age 16 or
if employed on the parents' farm. In addition, there are no
restrictions on the number of hours 14- and 15-year-olds can
work in nonhazardous jobs outside of school hours.
Minors younger than age 16 working on farms other than
those owned or operated by their parents are restricted from
operating tractors having over 20 power-take-off horsepower;
riding as a passenger or outside helper on a tractor; driving a
motor vehicle while transporting passengers; operating and
assisting in operating certain other powered equipment; working near animals with newborns; working from ladders or scaffolds more than 20 feet high; working in certain potentially
oxygen-deficient environments such as silos; and handling
certain hazardous substances.
In addition to Federal laws, each State has its own child
labor laws, which may be more or less restrictive than provisions of the Federal regulations. If both the State and Federal
laws apply to the same situation, the more stringent standard
must be obeyed. A State's standard may also apply if the business or farm does not meet coverage requirements of the Fair
Labor Standards Act. To be covered by FLSA, the business
must have annual gross volume of sales of $500,000 or the
worker in question must have duties involving interstate commerce including shipping, receiving, or recording transactions
for goods for interstate commerce. Some States extend coverage to all businesses regardless of revenues, and some State
laws cover newspaper carriers and child actors, who are exempt under the FLSA. 10 A few States, Maine and Massachusetts for example, prohibit all workplace driving by workers
younger than age 18, and some States, such as Florida and
Oregon, restrict them from operating certain farm machinery.
In contrast, several States either exempt agricultural employment entirely or do not identify it as a covered employment,
and some States have exemptions related to working with a
specific crop.
Many States also require work permits or proof of age.
These are typically issued by either the State Labor Department, a local social service agency, or a local school district.
Some States require a physician to sign the work permit. 11
Several other State and Federal laws apply to youth employment, even if not specifically designed to protect young
workers. Federal and State occupational safety and health
laws apply to workers of all ages, although some activities are
exempt. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) covers safety and health issues among the working
population. Coverage is generally limited to private-sector
wage and salary workers, Federal Government workers, and
some State and local government employees. Workers on
farms with fewer than 11 employees are excluded from OSHA
coverage, as are the self-employed in unincorporated businesses and workers in the family business. State motor vehicle laws restrict driving to certain ages, and many States
have adopted graduated licensing programs, which also restrict the number and ages of passengers allowed in vehicles
operated by young drivers.
In addition to regulations, many other initiatives have been
implemented to stem the occurrence of youths' injuries and
illnesses at work. The Department of Labor initiative
YouthRules!, launched in May 2002, was created with a goal
to generate child labor law awareness in the public eye. Information is tailored to various user groups; separate sections
are available for teens, parents, employers, and educators. 12
Several private-sector organizations have programs targeted at diminishing hazards to young workers in agricultur~. For example, the 4-H Federal Extension Service Training Program, which is referenced in the Child Labor
Requirements in Agricultural Occupations (Bulletin 102),
provides certification in tractor and farm machine operation
for 14- and 15-year-olds. Another example is the North
American Guidelines for Children's Agricultural Tasks, developed by the National Children's Center for Rural Agricultural Health, designed to assist parents in assigning farm tasks
that are appropriate for their child's developmental level and
skill. Recommendations cover tasks, such as animal care,
haying operations, and tractor use.
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Occupational fatalities to youths
Counts of fatal work injuries among workers 17 years of age
and younger were fairly steady between 1992 and 2000-averaging 68 per year. (See chart 1.) Fatality counts began
to fall in 2001 , then fell again in 2002, so that the 2002 count
was 44 percent below that recorded for 2000--the year with
the highest total since the BLS fatality census started collecting data in 1992. The fatality total for youths increased again
in 2003, mainly due to a rise in fatalities among workers
younger than 16, and then declined again so that the 2004
count of 37 was the low for the series. Fatality counts for all
workers combined fell during the late 1990s and early 2000s,
but the decline was not as dramatic. These counts fell 17
percent, from the high of 6,632 in 1994 to the series low of
5,534 in 2002.
Fatality rates for U.S. workers aged 15 and older while at
work trended down during the last IO years by an annual average decline of 3 percent. 13 However, for workers aged 15
to 17, the annual average decline was slightly less than I percent. (See chart 2.) Fatality rates for ages 15 and older declined 15 percent from 1994 to 1998. However, the fatality
rate for youth jumped back up in 1999, to 3.8 injuries per
100,000 full-time equivalent (FrE) workers-the highest ever
recorded by the census. By the year 2002, the youth fatality
rate dropped to 2.3 injuries per 100,000 FfE workers, a decline of almost 40 percent. In the most current data, youths
aged 15 to 17 years recorded a fatality rate of 2.7 injuries per
100,000 FTE workers in 2004.
Workers aged 15 years had a fatality rate of 4. 7 fatalities
per 100,000 workers during the 1994-2004 period, while
workers aged 16 to 17 had a rate of 3.0 fatal injuries per
100,000 workers. Additionally, workers aged 15 experienced
a 9-percent average annual increase in fatality rate, while those
aged 16 and 17 experienced slightly more than a I-percent
average annual decline. In fact, most age groups experienced
a decline of between 1 and 5 percent in the I I-year period.
A different view of fatal work injury rates emerges when
age categories are grouped by 5-year periods (1994-98 and
1999-2003). (See table 1.) While overall worker fatality
rates declined by 14 percent between the two time periods,
rates for 15- to 17-year-olds declined by a mere 6 percent. As
a result, fatality rates for workers 15 to 17 years old approached those for young adult workers aged 18 to 34 during
1999- 2003.
Fatalities by event and activity
Transportation incidents accounted for more than half of the
304 fatalities among young workers during the 1998-2002
period. (See table 2.) Fatalities from transportation-related
Monthly Labor Review
October 2005
13
Young Workers
Fatal work injuries to youths 17 and younger, by year, 1992-2004
Fatalities
Fatalities
80
80
70
70
60
60
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
0
1992
93
96
95
94
97
98
99
02
01
2000
03
04
Fatal work injury rates by year, U.S. workers 15 and older, 1994-2004
Rate per 100,000
full-time equivalent
workers (FTEs}
12 .0
Rate per 100,000
full-time equivalent
workers (FTEs)
12.0
1 I) _()
- -. -. -. -. -.
- . -.
-. -
8.0
10 .0
-
-
- . - . -. -. -
8.0
6.0
6 .0
4.0
4.0
2.0
2.0
15 to 17 years
0 .0
0.0
1994
95
14 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
96
97
October 2005
98
99
2000
01
02
03
04
Fatal occupational injury rates of civilian
workers by age group, 5-year periods from
1994-2003
Age group
1994-2003
1994-98
All ages, 15 and older ... ....
15 to 17 years ................
18 to 19 years................
20 to 24 years ...... ....... .
25 to 34 years ...... ...... .. ..
35 to 44 years .. .... .... .. .. ..
45 to 54 years ................
55 to 64 years ................
65 years and older....... ..
4.6
3.2
3.7
3.7
3.8
4.1
4.5
6.4
18.2
4.9
3.3
4.0
3.9
4.1
4.3
4.9
7.5
20.1
1999-2003
4.2
3.1
3.4
3.5
3.4
3.8
4.1
5.5
16.7
Fatal occupational injuries of U.S. workers aged
17 years and younger, by selected events,
5-year periods, 1993-97 and 1998-2002
Event
Total ............................................................
Transportation incidents............................
Highway.... ............... .... ... .. ............ .. ..... ..
Collision between vehicles, mobile
equipment ... .... .... .............. .......... ....
Noncollision ..... .... ... ... .. ... .. ..... .......... ..
Jack-knifed or overturned .............
Nonhighway ...........................................
Fall from moving vehicle, mobile
equipment .......................................
Fall from and struck by vehicle,
mobile equipment............. ...............
Overturned... ...... ... .. .. .. ..... ...... ............
Worker struck by vehicle, mobile
equipment ..... ... .. ............. ... ....... ..... ...
Water vehicle ............ ...... .................. .. ..
Railway. .. ..... .... ............... .. ... ....... .. ........
Assaults and violent acts .................... ......
Homicides ... ........ .... .... ........ .... .. .. ... ... ...
Suicide, self-inflicted injury ...... ........... .
Assaults by animals ....... ...... ..... ...........
Contact with objects and equipment.... .....
Struck by object ...... ...... .. .... .... .... .. .. ... ...
Caught in or compressed by equipment
or objects .. .. ...... ........ ........ ......... .. ... .. ..
Caught in running equipment or
machinery ... ..... ............ ..... ............ ..
Caught in or crushed in collapsing
materials ... ..... ... ... ... .. ... ......... .... .... ......
Excavation or trenching cave-in .. .....
Caught in or crushed in collapsing
materials n.e.c ...............................
Falls........ ......... ....................... .. ... ..............
Fall from roof .. ..... ........ ... .... ... ... .. .... .. .. ..
Fall from scaffold, staging ................... .
Exposure to harmful substances or
environments... .... ............ .......................
Contact with electric current .. .... ..... .....
Exposure to caustic, noxious, or
allergenic substances..... .. ..................
Drowning, submersion .. .................... ...
Fires and explosions ....... ................ ..........
1993-97
1998-2002
335
138
63
304
157
67
21
31
24
35
22
37
27
54
4
5
1O
20
17
23
21
8
8
66
57
27
6
7
68
30
44
32
6
6
50
16
20
22
14
15
15
4
12
5
9
21
9
6
25
9
4
34
17
24
15
7
7
7
5
3
NorE: Dashes indicate no data or data that do not meet publication
criteria. Totals may include subcategories not shown separately.
n.e.c = not elsewhere classified .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
incidents rose by 14 percent from the previous 5-year period.
The increase in these fatalities resulted from increases in vehicle-related incidents occurring on highways and in off-roadway areas (such as on farms and industrial premises) and from
workers struck by vehicles.
Assaults and violent acts comprised 14 percent of the total
in the 1998-2002 period. Fatalities among young workers
resulting from homicides decreased considerably from the
previous 5-year period. The count for 1998-2002 represented
a 44-percent drop from the homicide total for 1993-97, mirroring the declining national trend in workplace homicides.
The fatality total resulting from contacts with objects and
equipment also decreased during the two periods, primarily
due to a drop in fatal injuries from young workers being struck
by objects.
Fatal falls increased slightly over the previous period, resulting from an increase in falls from scaffolds. On the contrary, there was almost a 30-percent drop in young worker
fatalities from exposures to harmful substances and environments-mostly resulting from a decrease in fatalities from
inhaling harmful substances and from being in oxygen-deficient environments. Young worker fatalities from fires and
explosions also declined between the two periods.
Table 3 presents fatal injuries to young workers by age and
work activity at the time of the event. The youngest decedents, those younger than 14, were fatally injured in incidents
that almost entirely involved vehicles or farm machinery.
About one-fourth of these workers were fatally injured while
operating farm vehicles and machinery. More diverse work
activities were associated with older youths fatally injured at
work. Twelve percent of workers aged 16 to 17 years incurred a fatal injury while driving an automobile or truck, and
an additional 12 percent were fatally injured while tending a
retail establishment, mostly due to homicides.
The work activities reported between 1993 and 1997 generally mirrored those reported between 1998 and 2002 with
nearly all activities resulting in fewer fatal injuries. Fatal injuries to young workers while tending and caring for animals
decreased by 64 percent from the 1993-97 period to the
1998-2002 period, and a 62-percent decline was reported for
fatal injuries to youths tending retail establishments. Also, a
39-percent decline was reported for youths driving automobiles, and a 26-percent decline was reported for youths operating farm vehicles and machinery.
Alternatively, fatal injuries associated with some activities were reported to increase in the 1998 through 2002 period. More than twice as many youths were fatally injured
while installing building materials in this 5-year period, compared with the previous 5 years. Most of these fatalities occurred on construction sites. Additionally, youth riding on
Monthly Labor Review
October 2005
15
Young Workers
■ 1•1•1r---.-
Fatal occupational injuries for U.S. workers aged 17 and younger by work activity, 1993-2002
Work activity
Total count, all activities ...... ...................... ..... ... ... ............... .
Percent, all activities .. ... ... .............................. ... .... ........ .. .... .
Operating farm vehicle or machinery ................ ... ............. ..... .
Tending retail establishment ... ... .. .......... ............................... ..
Driving automobile or truck ................................................. ... .
Physical activity (includes walking, sitting, running, and
climbing ladders or stairs) .................................................. .
Riding in automobile or truck ... .. ......... ....... ... .. .... ... ..... ........... .
Riding on farm vehicle ..... ................. .................................. ... .
Cleaning or washing ......... ....... ............ ....... ............. .... ..... ... ...
Installing ............................ ................. ..... ...................... ..... .... .
Animal care tending .. .... ... .. ............ ....... .................... .... .. .. ..... .
Walking in or near roadway ................................................... .
Loading or unloading (packing, unpacking) materials ........... .
Driving bicycles or motorcycles ............................................. .
Rid!rCJ on a boat ....... .... ..... .. .... ... .... ............... .............. ....... .... .
NOTE:
Younger than
18 years
14 to 15 years
16 to 17 years
131
100
18
387
100
2
6
5
12
12
5
7
3
7
8
7
16
4
639
100
12
121
100
9
9
25
6
6
4
6
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
Dashes indicate no data or data that do not meet publication criteria . Totals may include subcategories not shown separately.
farm vehicles as a passenger or outside helper incurred 17
percent more fatal injuries in the latter period, most resulting
from workers falling from and being struck by the very same
farm vehicles. Riding on other types of vehicles and walking
in or near roadways also resulted in increases in young worker
deaths between the two periods.
Fatal injuries by industry
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing accounted for two-fifths
of the fatal injuries among young workers in the 19982002 period, followed by construction and retail trade.
(See table 4.)
Agriculture.forestry, and.fishing. Agriculture, forestry, and
fishing is one of the most hazardous industries and consistently ranks among the top two industries with the highest
overall fatality rates. The industry is a major contributor of
fatalities to young workers and accounted for 41 percent of
the f<1tal work injuries to youth during the 1998-2002 period.
States with the highest counts of young worker fatalities in
this industry were Ohio, California, New York, Wisconsin,
111inois, and Montana. Comparing fatalities in the 5-year periods, 1993-97 and 1998-2002, Ohio and California reported
large increases whereas Kansas, Minnesota, and Pennsylvania had large decreases
About half of the fatal injuries to youths in agriculture,
forestry, and fishing occurred to those working in crop production, and about one-fourth occurred in livestock production, half of which were dairy farms. Youths working in landscaping and commercial fishing each incurred about 6 percent
of the fatalities among youths in the industry division.
16
Younger than
14 years
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October 2005
Almost 60 percent of the fatalities in the industry occurred
to youths who worked on the family farm; family farmworkers
accounted for almost one-fourth of the total among all youths
killed at work during 1998-2002.
Almost two-thirds of the young-worker fatalities in agriculture, forestry, and fishing occurred to workers under age
16. The number of fatalities in this age group declined from
87 to 79 over the two periods.
About two-thirds of the young-worker fatalities in agriculture, forestry, and fishing resulted from various types of transportation incidents. While overall fatalities in the industry
declined by 7 percent over the period, compared with the
1993-97 period, fatalities resulting from transportation incidents rose by 17 percent. The increase was seen in incidents
on both public roadways and farmland. Most of the increase
can be attributed to riding as a passenger in a truck and, to a
lesser extent, riding on a tractor. Tractors were involved in
nearly one-fourth of youth fatalities between 1993 and 2002,
although fatalities occurring while operating or using machinery declined by half from the former 5-year period to the latter. By contrast, young worker fatalities involving all-terrain
vehicles and horse-drawn vehicles each increased by a large
percentage between the two periods.
Various types of incidents involving contacts with objects,
equipment, and animals decreased between the two periods,
particularly being struck by objects and being caught in running
equipment or machinery. Fatalities related to animal assaults
also declined. To the contrary, electrocutions doubled between
the two periods, and accounted for 5 percent of the fatalities
among young farmworkers during the 1998-2002 period.
Some of the agriculture-related fatalities presented appear
to have resulted from work activities deemed to be hazardous
•
1
•1• 1r=Y••
Fatal occupational injuries of U.S. worker$ aged
17 years and younger by selected industries,
1993-97 and 1998-2002 periods
Industry
Total ....................... ........................ .. ... .. .......
Private sector ...... ........ ........................ .... ..
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing..... .......
Agriculture production-crops .. .........
Agriculture production-livestock .. ....
Dairy farms.....................................
Agricultural services ........... ..... .. ........
Landscape and horticultural
services .. ............................... ........
Fishing, hunting, and trapping ...........
Construction ....... ............ ..... ... ..... ..........
General building contractors .............
Heavy construction, except building ..
Special trade contractors.. ... ... ..... .. .. ..
Roofing , siding, and sheet metal
work. ............. ... ... ........ ... ...............
Manufacturing........... .. ... .. .... ... ......... ... .
Transportation and public utilities. ... ......
Wholesale trade ...... ........ ........ ........ .... ..
Retail trade .... .. ...................... .... ............
Food stores .. ........ ....... . ........ ..............
Eating and drinking places ........... .....
Miscellaneous retail ...........................
Services .... ..... .. .... .... .... ............. .... .. ... ....
Business services ... .. ... ......... ............ .
Amusement and recreation services .
Government .. .. .... .. ............... ........... .. ........
1993-97
1998-2002
335
325
134
69
41
21
16
304
287
125
9
4
48
6
12
30
8
7
65
30
14
12
54
8
12
34
7
17
9
12
72
15
35
12
25
38
4
10
10
10
17
8
19
5
40
8
19
6
NOTE: Dashes indicate no data or data that do not meet publication
criteria. Totals may include subcategories not shown separately.
and, therefore, prohibited by the Hazardous Occupations Orders for agriculture. For example, workers under age 16 are
restricted from operating many types of farm machinery unless doing so for a family farm or after completing a bona fide
training program. Yet, one-fifth of fatalities to young agriculturai wage earners occurred among youths operating machinery. Another fifth were incurred while riding on farm vehicles,
another regulated activity.
Construction. The construction industry reports more jobrelated fatalities each year than any other industry and typically has fatality rates three times the all-industry average.
This industry accounted for 18 percent of the fatalities among
young workers in the 1998-2002 period, slightly less than its
22-percent share of fatal injuries among all workers. The
number of fatalities to youths in construction rose 12 percent
from the previous 5-year period. Of the 54 youths fatally
injured while working in construction in the 1998-2002 period, 42 were wage and salary workers, 7 worked in the family business, and 5 were self-employed. Texas and Arizona
had the highest totals, with six and four fatalities to young
workers in the construction industry, respectively.
Although youths younger than age 16 are only allowed to
perform office or sales tasks away from the actual construe-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
tion site while working in the industry, they made up 10 of the
54 fatally injured youths in construction-a 67-percent increase over the 1993-97 period. Hispanics and Latinos accounted for 35 percent of the fatally injured youths in construction-another marked rise over the period.
Falls and transportation incidents together accounted for
almost two-thirds of the fatalities among young construction
workers in the 1998-2002 period-about the same proportion as for construction workers of all ages. Although youths
younger than 18 are generally prohibited from working in
roofing operations, about half of the falls were a result of installing or repairing roofs. 14 Nine of the young workers in
construction were driving some type of vehicle at the time of
the injury. About half of these youths were 16 at the time,
despite the fact that driving by young workers is restricted to
17-year-olds. In addition, four of the fatalities resulted from
excavations or trenching cave-ins, although performing excavation work is prohibited for workers under age 18. 15
Retail trade. Retail trade accounted for 40 (13 percent) of
the young workers' deaths in 1998-2002. Ninety percent of
the young retail trade workers killed in the 1998-2002 period
worked for wages and salary; only 10 percent worked in the
family business. Male workers comprised 80 percent of the
young worker fatalities, and most of the young workers were
16 or 17 years old.
The number of fatalities to young retail trade workers in
the 1998-2002 period declined 44 percent from the previous
5-year period. A 51-percent decrease in workplace homicides accounted for much of the decline, but fatalities from
other types of events fell as well. Still, homicides comprised
about half the young workers' fatalities in these industries.
The decline was noticeable throughout the various retail trade
industries.
Transportation-related incidents comprised about a third
of the total, and in about half of these incidents the young
decedent was driving the vehicle. Eating and drinking places,
which are noted for employing large numbers of youths
younger than age 18, accounted for half the fatalities of youths
in retail trade. Young worker fatalities in these establishments
fell by 46 percent between the two periods, primarily as a
result of the drop in workplace homicides.
Services. Service industries also accounted for 13 percent of
the fatalities occurring among young workers during the 19982002 period. Their fatalities in these industries were 52 percent
higher than the 1993-97 period. Texas (six fatalities) and
Pennsylvania (five) had the highest totals. Young women and
workers under age 16 accounted for a higher proportion of the
fatally injured young workers in services than in most of the
other industries. Female workers accounted for 26 percent of
Monthly Labor Review October 2005
17
Young Workers
the fatally injured youths in services, and workers younger than
16 accounted for 37 percent of the total.
Most of the youths (89 percent) were wage and salary
workers. Business services (including building maintenance) and amusement and recreation services together accounted for more than half the fatalities among youngworkers in services during the period. In both business
services and amusement and recreation , fatalities among
young workers more than doubled between the two study
periods. Transportation incidents, assaults and violent
acts, contact with 0bjects and equipment, and falls also
increased. In more than half of the transportation -related
incidents that occurred during the 1998-2002 period, the
deceased was operating the vehicle, many of which were
golf carts or other off-road vehicles.
Manufacturing. The manufacturing industry accounted for
19 fatalities among young workers in the 1998-2002 period-a little more than 6 percent of the total. These fatalities occurred in lumber and wood products (which includes logging and sawmills); stone, clay, glass , and
concrete products; and printing and publishing. The five
fatalities in printing and publishing were carriers delivering newspapers-about the same number as in the previous period. Four of the five fatalities were passengers in
vehicles that were involved in traffic incidents. The six
fatalities in lumber and wood products represented a slight
increase over the 1993-97 period, and the four fatalities
in stone, clay, glass and concrete products was an increase
over the previous period when there were no fatalities in
this industry.
Transportation and public utilities. The five fatalities recorded in transportation and pt·L,lic utilities industries during the 1998-2002 period represented a 44-percent drop
from that reported in 1993-97. Four of the fatalities occurred in trucking and warehousing, and four of the decedents were either self-employed or working in the family
business.
Wholesale trade. There was a dramatic drop in fatalities
among youths working in wholesale trade during the 19982002 period. The 12 fatalities in the 1993-97 period were
primarily workers in wholesale motor vehicle parts and supplies and farm product raw materials.
Government. There was a 70-percent increase in the number
of fatalities to youths working for government agencies between the two periods-mostly resulting from a single
mu1tifatality incident. Over the entire 1993-2002 period, twothirds of the young-worker fatalities in government resulted
18
Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October 2005
from transportation-related incidents. Many of the decedents
were volunteers or trainees in firefighting, the military, or social services.
Demographic characteristics
Fatal work injuries to youths dropped by 9 percent between
the two periods. Most of the decline was in fatalities of young
wage and salary workers. However, fatalities to youths who
were self-employed or working in freelance jobs rose slightly
during the period. Generally, these workers are not covered
by child labor laws. The number of fatalities to workers in
family bu sinesses remained about the same over the two
periods.
Male workers accounted for 89 percent of the fatally injured youths in the 1998-2002 period-about the same percentage as for fatalities to workers of all ages. Fatalities to
young male and female workers both declined over the two
periods. Fatalities to female workers fell 30 percent, and fatalities to young male workers declined 6 percent. Similar to
worker fatalities of all ages, fatalities to young female workers resulted mainly from transportation-related incidents and
from homicides, whereas fatalities to young male workers resulted from more diverse types of events. Still, half of the
fatalities among young male workers occurred in vehicle-related incidents. Other major contributors to fatalities among
young males were various contacts with objects and equipment (such as being struck by objects and being caught in
running equipment or collapsing materials), homicides, falls,
and electrocutions.
Non-Hispanic whites made up 69 percent of the fatalities
among young workers during the 1998-2002 period. Their
fatalities dropped by about 20 percent from the 1993-97 period. By contrast, work fatalities among Hispanic youths,
which rose from 37 to 66, nearly doubled as a share of fatal
work injuries to youths. The increase was most pronounced
in agriculture, forestry, and fishing where the count more than
tripled-from 6 in the 1993-97 period to 21 in the 19982002 period. Transportation-related incidents and falls accounted for the increase. Fatalities among young black workers remained the same (17 fatalities) during the two periods
and accounted for 6 percent of the total for the 1998-2002
period. The number of work-related fatalities to young Asian,
Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islanders dropped dramatically
from 13 to 4 between the two periods.
Overall, workers younger than 16 accounted for more than
two-fifths of the fatalities among young workers in the 19982002 period. Moreover, the drop in young-worker fatalities
was not evenly distributed throughout the individual age
groups. Fatal injuries among workers aged 14 and 15 rose by
one-third between the two periods. The tabulation below
shows fatal occupational injury totals of the 1993-1997 and
1998-2002 periods, by age:
Age
1993- 97
1998- 2002
335
72
56
207
304
49
Fatal occupational injuries for U.S. workers aged
13 and younger by selected industries and
events, 1993-97 and 1998-2002 periods
Category
Total ..................... .
13 and under ...... .
14--15 ................. .
16-17 ................. .
75
180
Aged 13 and younger. In the 1998-2002 period, 78 percent
of the fatalities among workers aged 13 and younger occurred
in family businesses or farms, and 86 percent occurred in the
agriculture, forestry, and fishing industries. Deaths among
workers aged 13 and younger in this industry declined by
about one-fourth from the previous 5-year period. The decrease was notable in both crop production and in dairy farms.
The decline in the number of fatalities in this age group
spanned various other industries as well. (See table 5.) The
nine deaths among these young workers in the manufacturing
and retail industries that occurred between 1993 and 1997
were primarily to newspaper carriers. 16 Deaths among these
workers declined substantially in the 1998-2002 period.
Transportation incidents accounted for almost threefourths of the fatal events among workers 13 and younger
during the 1998-2002 period. (See table 5.) Although the
total number of fatalities resulting from transportation incidents remained the same as in the previous 5-year period, fatalities caused by falling from and subsequently being struck
by a vehicle or mobile equipment more than doubled from the
1993-97 period to the 1998-2002 period. They accounted
for about one-fourth of the fatalities among this age group.
These cases typically involved a fall from a tractor or other
farm machinery and subsequently being struck or run over by
the vehicle or attached equipment. Several workers were
riding in the back of the truck, farm wagon, or tractor as an
outside helper at the time of the incident-an activity prohibited for some workers.
By contrast, there was marked improvement in the number
of workers 13 and younger who were fatally injured from various contacts with objects and equipment. From 1993 through
1997, deaths among young farmworkers resulting from being
caught in running equipment typically occurred because of
clothing caught in an auger or other farm equipment. Deaths
attributed to being caught in collapsing materials during that
period predominantly resulted from grain engulfments. Few
such incidents were recorded in the latter 5-year period among
this ~ge group.
Aged 14 and 15. Unlike the other age groups, worker
deaths among 14- and 15-year-olds rose substantially between the two time periods. This rise affected most of the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1993-97
1998-2002
Industry
Total .... .. .. ...... ...... .. .. .... .... ....... .. ........ ........ ....
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing ............. .
Agriculture production-crops ............ .
Agriculture production-livestock ...... ..
Dairy farms .................................... ..
Construction ... ........................ ................ ..
Manufacturing .............. ............ .............. ..
Retail trade .. ..... ..... .... .. ........................... ..
Services .. ............................... ...... .. ........ ..
72
57
36
19
10
49
42
26
9
3
3
6
3
Event
Total ...... .... ...... ..... ....... .... .... .. ... ................... .
Transportation incidents ........... .. ............ ..
Highway ..... .. ..... ............... .............. ...... .
Jack-knifed or overturned ............... ..
Nonhighway ... .. ................................... ..
Fall from and struck by vehicle ........ .
Overturned ...................................... ..
Worker struck by vehicle .................... ..
Assaults and violent acts .. ..................... ..
Homicides ... .............................. .......... ..
Animal assaults ....... .... ....... .... ............. .
Contact with objects and equipment ...... ..
Struck by object .. ... .............. .. ........ ..... ..
Caught in running equipment ............. ..
Caught in or crushed in collapsing
materials ... ........ ........................ ........ ..
Fires and explosions ...... .. ........ ............... .
72
36
49
36
12
7
15
6
5
7
9
4
5
9
7
19
22
13
4
4
6
3
3
4
5
5
7
3
NorE: Dashes indicate no data or data that do not meet publication
criteria . Totals may include subcategories not shown separately.
demographic groups among 14- and 15-year-old workers-different types of employment groups (wage and salary workers, workers in the family business or farm, and
the self-employed); both male and female workers; and
the various race/ethnic groups. Florida, Montana, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin each had increases of three or
more fatalities between the two time periods.
The increase in fatalities was also evident among most of
the major industry groups employing 14- and 15-year-olds.
(See table 6.) Fatality totals among 14- and 15-year-old workers doubled in the construction, manufacturing, and service
industries. The 14- and 15-year-olds killed in construction
during the 1998-2002 period were performing constructionrelated jobs at the time, although regulations limit these workers to performing office and sales work even when employed
by businesses run by their parents. Fatalities that occurred in
services primarily resulted from transportation-related incidents, and to a lesser extent, homicides. Fatalities among 14and 15-year-old workers also rose substantially in agriculture,
forestry, and fishing. Fatalities in this industry accounted for
almost half the fatalities among workers in this age group
during the 1998-2002 period.
Monthly Labor Review October 2005
19
Young Workers
1 '• 1•
11 - - - • -
Fatal occupational injuries for U.S. workers aged
14 and 15 by selected industries and events,
1993-97 and 1998-2002 periods
Category
1993-97
1998-2002
Industry
Total, all industries ...................................... .
Private industry ........................................ .
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing .......... .
Construction ........................................ .
Manufacturing ...................................... .
Retail trade .......................................... .
Services ............................................... .
Government ............... .. ..................... ...... .
56
75
53
30
37
70
3
3
8
9
5
13
5
5
3
6
Event
Total .......................... ........... ........ .. ... ....... ... .
Transportation incidents ...... ... ................ ..
Highway ............................................... .
Jack-knifed or overturned ................ .
Nonhighway ......................................... .
Overturned ....................................... .
Worker struck by vehicle ..................... .
Assaults and violent acts ....................... ..
Homicides ............................................ .
Contact with objects and equipment ....... .
Struck by object ....... .......................... .. .
Caught in running equipment .............. .
Caught in or crushed in collapsing
materials .................. ....... .... .... ........... .
Falls ..................... ....................... ..... .. ...... .
Falls from roof ...................................... .
Exposure to harmful substances or
environments ...... ........... ...................... ...
Contact with electric current ................ .
56
23
7
75
36
9
12
4
14
9
10
10
9
12
3
5
7
19
4
10
8
7
5
5
5
4
10
6
5
4
NorE: Dashes indicate no data or data that do not meet publication
criteria. Totals may include subcategories not shown separately.
The rise in fatalities among this age group was also spread
throughout the various event categories: transportation incidents (highway incidents, nonhighway incidents, and workers struck by vehicles); contacts with objects and equipment
(struck by objects and caught in collapsing materials); and
falls (falls from roofs). (See table 6.) The number of fatal
assaults and violent acts stayed the same, and the number of
fatalities from exposures to harmful substances and environments dropped.
Many of the 14- and 15-year-olds had been operating powered vehicles either on or off the roadway prior to the incident. Fifteen workers had been operating tractors or other
mobile equipment, and four were driving off-road vehicles.
Others were operating other types of powered equipment.
Most of the decedents were working for the family farm and,
thus, were exempt from Federal child-labor regulations, although the fatalities may have been covered under State childlabor regulations or motor vehicle laws.
Aged 16 and 17. Fatal injuries to 16- and 17-year-old
workers declined by 13 percent over the two periods.
20 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October 2005
While fatalities among wage and salary workers decreased
by 21 percent, fatal injuries doubled among self-employed
16- and 17-year-olds and rose by more than one-third
among those working for the family business or farm.
As in the other age groups, fatalities among 16- and 17year-old Hispanic workers rose between the two periods, accounting for 28 percent of this age group who were fatally
injured at work during the 1998-2002 period.
Agriculture, forestry and fishing and construction together
accounted for half of the fatal injuries among 16- and 17year-old workers in the 1998-2002 period. (See table 7.)
Fatality counts for these two industries and manufacturing
remained about the same for 16- and 17-year-old workers
between the two periods. Worker fatalities among this age
group declined in the transportation and public utilities,
wholesale trade, and retail trade industries, but increased in
services and public-sector industries.
Most of the decline in fatalities among this age group was
accounted for by homicides and events involving workers
being struck by objects, such as falling trees and machinery
parts. (See table 7.) By contrast, fatal injuries from several
other types of events rose between the two periods. Event
categories that experienced increases in fatalities among this
age group included vehicle overturns-both on and off public roadways; falls from moving vehicles and equipment; being caught in running equipment; falls from scaffolds; and
self-inflicted injuries. Both driving a vehicle and riding as a
passenger or outside helper on a vehicle resulted in an increase of fatalities among this age group. Of those driving
or operating powered vehicles or mobile equipment, 17 were
aged 16 years and 29 were aged 17 years at the time of the
fatality.
Nonfatal injuries in 2003
The nonfatal injury and illness data from the BLS Survey of
Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (son) cover private wage
and salary workers and exclude workers on small farms
(fewer than 11 employees), self-employed individuals, and
family workers. Demographic data, including age of the injured worker, and data for characteristics about the incident
are available for injuries and illnesses involving one or more
days away from work. As did the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) data, industry data for the 2003 son
used the 2002 NAICS (North American Industry Classification System) and are, therefore, not comparable to earlier
years. 17
About 9,000 workers younger than age 18 incurred injuries and illnesses in 2003 that resulted in days away from
work (lost workdays). Sprains and strains accounted for
almost one-third of these injuries and illnesses·-a smaller
Fatal occupational injuries for U.S. workers aged
16 and 17 by selected industries and event,
1993-97 and 1998-2002 periods
Category
1993-97
207
200
47
19
10
13
3
42
4
180
169
46
19
9
12
4
44
8
10
28
11
4
9
6
10
57
9
33
17
10
26
11
4
5
4
34
8
15
24
5
3
3
3
7
9
11
207
79
44
19
13
10
180
85
46
18
16
18
3
10
15
28
22
27
8
9
Event
Total ............................ ........................... .... .
Transportation incidents .................... ...... ..
Highway .............. ............... ........ .......... ..
Collision between vehicles .............. ..
Jack-knifed or overturned ........ .. ..... ...
Nonhighway .. ................................ ........ .
Fall from moving vehicle ................... .
Overturned ............ ..... ...... ................ ..
Worker struck by vehicle ...................... .
Assaults and violent acts ... ............. .. ..... ...
Homicides ............................................. .
Contact with objects and equipment ........ .
Struck by object .................................... .
Caught in running equipment .............. ..
Caught in or crushed in collapsing
materials ....... ........................ .............. .
Excavation or trenching cave-in ....... .
Falls··········· ··· ································· ····· ·······
Falls from roofs ..................................... .
Falls from scaffolds ....... .. ..................... ..
Exposure to harmful substances or
environments .... .............. ... ................. .... .
Contact with electric current ................ .
Drowning, submersion ... ...................... .
Fires and explosions .. .... ...... ..... ... .. ...... .. .. .
6
14
47
44
37
22
4
6
4
18
9
22
11
5
4
7
5
18
5
3
18
10
5
3
NOTE: Dashes indicate no data or data that do not meet publication
criteria. Totals may include subcategories not shown separately.
proportion than for all workers. Heat burns and cuts and
lacerations each accounted for about one-seventh of the
total, notably higher than for all workers, as shown in the
following tabulation:
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Percent of
cases to
workers 17
and under
Percent of
cases to all
workers
1998-2002
Industry
Total, all industries .. .. ............... ................... .
Private industry ........................................ .
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing ........... .
Agriculture production-crops .......... .
Agriculture production-livestock ... . ..
Agricultural services ......................... .
Fishing ....... .... ........... .... ... ... ......... ..... .
Construction ......................................... .
General building contractors ........... ..
Heavy construction,
except building .... ....... ............ ..... ...
Special trade contractors .................. .
Manufacturing ....... ... ............. ... ...... ...... ..
Lumber and wood products ...... .. .. .... .
Transportation and public utilities ......... .
Trucking and warehousing ................ .
Wholesale trade ................................... .
Retail trade .......... ...... .... ... .................... .
Food stores ... .... ....... .... ............ .... .. .. ..
Eating and drinking places ............... .
~ervices ................................................ .
Business services .. .. ......................... .
Automotive repair, services, and
parking ............. .. ........ ....... ....... ....... .
Amusement and recreation
services ................... ... ............ ...... ....
Government ...... ..... .... ...... .... .... ..... .......... ..
Nature of
injury or illness
Total ................ ..................... .
Sprains and strains ................. .
Heat bums ...... ........... ... .......... .
Cuts, lacerations ..................... .
Bruises, contusions .............. .. .
Fractures ................................. .
Other ....................................... .
100
32
15
14
9
8
22
100
43
I
7
9
7
32
Among the major body parts affrcted by these injuries, the
back incurred 17 percent of the injuries among young workers, fingers incurred 13 percent, and legs and multiple body
parts were reported in 10 percent of the cases. Multiple upper
extremities, such as hand and finger or hand and arm, were
affected in 9 percent of the injuries to young workers.
Falls on the same level accounted for the greatest number
of cases with days away from work among young workers in
2003-about 18 percent of the total. (See table 8.) Overexertion and contact with temperature extremes each accounted
for about 15 percent of the cases among workers younger than
18. The overexertion injuries primarily resulted from lifting
various objects, and almost all of the contacts with temperature extremes resulted from contact with hot objects or substances. Being struck by objects brought about another 14
percent of the cases-about half of which were swinging or
slipping objects, such as knives or other sharp objects and
swinging doors. Being struck by falling or flying objects comprised almost 5 percent of the cases. About 8 percent of the
injuries were brought about by bodily reactions, such as when
one is reaching or bending or attempting to break a fall.
Among industries, accommodation and food services accounted for 40 percent of the 9,010 injuries and illnesses with
days away from work among young workers in private wage
and salary jobs during 2003. (See table 8.) Most of these
injuries occurred in the food service and drinking places industry. Retail trade was another big contributor of nonfatal
injuries to young workers in 2003, accounting for one-fourth
of the total-with food and beverage stores accounting for
about half of the total within retail trade. Construction, health
care and social assistance, and transportation and warehousing each accounted for 5 percent to 6 percent of the total.
Data summary
BLS data suggest noteworthy fatality risk among younger workers, particularly those in the earlier teen years. While fatalities among many age groups dropped between the two 5-year
periods (1993-97 and 1998-2002), fatalities among 14- and
15-year-olds rose by 34 percent. As a result, rates for young
Monthly Labor Review
October 2005
21
Young Workers
■ r•1•ir~;■
Nonfatal injuries and illnesses with days away from work for U.S. workers aged 17 and younger, by selected
events and industries, private sector, 2003
Category
Percent of cases to
Number of cases to
workers 17 and younger workers 17 and yo1Jnger
Percent of cases to
all workers
Event
Total .... ........................................... ..................................... ........................ .
Contact with objects and equipment ..... ............. ...................................... .
Struck against object ................ .. .. ............................ ............ ... ..... .. ... ....
Struck by object .. ..... ..... ............. ... ..... ........................ ....... ..... ........ ... .. .. .
Caught in or compressed by equipment or objects .. ...... ..... .. ... .. ......... .
Rubbed or abraded by friction or pressure ............. ..... ...... .... .... ... ... .. .. .
Falls ................................. .... .. ....... ............ .................... ...... ..................... ..
Fdils to lower level .... ....... .... .... ........ ... .... ..... ......................................... .
Falls on same level .. ........ ................ .. ..... .............................................. .
Bodily reaction and exertion ..... ......................... .......... ........ ..... ............... .
Bodily reaction ..... .... ....... .... .. ... ...... .. .... ....... ..... .... ..... ......... .. .. .. ........ ..... .
Overexertion ........... ...... ............. ............. ... .......... .. ........... ............ ........ .
Repetitive motion ............................ ...................................................... .
Exposure to harmful substances or environments .. ........ ... ............ ..........
Contact with temperature extremes ..... ............ ... ....... .. ... .......... ..... ..... ..
Exposure to caustic, noxious, or allergenic substances ........ ... .. .. ...... ..
Transportation incidents ... ........... .. ... .. .... ....... .. ................... ... .... .... ... ...... ...
Worker struck by vehicle ....... ... ... ................ ... .............. .. ..... ........... ...... .
Assaults and violent acts .... .. .. .... .. ................................ .. ...... ..... .......... .... .
Assaults and violent acts by person ..... ....... .............. ............ ...... ... ... ...
Animal assaults ............... ..... .... .......................... .... .... .... ..... ........ .. ... .....
Industry
9,010
2,650
550
1,220
750
60
2,210
530
1,600
2,210
760
1,340
70
1,640
1,360
270
120
100
150
120
40
100
29
6
14
8
1
25
6
18
25
8
15
1
18
15
3
1
1
2
1
100
26
7
13
4
1
20
6
13
42
11
26
4
4
2
2
4
1
2
1
100
6
3
25
12
6
2
2
5
6
4
40
2
38
3
100
12
17
14
3
3
1
2
10
14
1
7
2
5
8
( NA1cs)
Total .. .... ...... ... ............................ .... ............ ............................ ... .. ................ .
Construction ..... .... .......... ................ ....... ... ................ .. ..... ... ...... .. .... ........ ...
Manufacturing .. ... ..... ..... ... ...... ..... ... .. ... ........... ... .. ... ... ... ..... ......... .. ... .... ... .. .
Retail trade .... .. .... ... .... ........ ..... .... .... ....... ..... .................................. ... ........ .
Food and beverage stores ... ... ......... .. .......... .... .......... ............ .. ... ... ..... .. .
General merchandise stores .. .. .. ... ...... ......... .... ... ........ .. ...... ............... .. .
Gasoline stations .... .... .. ....... ...... ........ ................................................. .
Motor vehicle and parts dealers .... ... .... .. ....... ........ .... .... ....... .. .. ........ ... ..
Transportation and warehousing ....... .......................................... .. .......... .
Health care and social assistance ..... ... .................................. ................. .
Arts, entertainment, and recreation ...... .......... ... .... ... ........ .... .. ... .. .. .... ...... .
Accommodation and food services .... ......................... ................. ............ .
Accommodation .......... .... ....... ........ .. .... ... ...... ........... ........ ... ................ .. .
Food services and drinking places ..... .... ... ..... .... ... ..... ... ... .. ..... ... ......... .
Professional and business services .. ..... ............................ .... .............. ... .
9,010
500
290
2,270
1,110
550
160
150
440
550
380
3,560
180
3,380
240
NorE: Counts for cases of occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work are rounded to the closest ten. Dashes indicate the figure is
less than 0.5 percent. NAIcs is the North American Industry Classification System. Totals may include subcategories not shown separately.
workers approached those for workers aged 18 to 34 during
the 1999-2003 period.
Fatalities among young workers increased in construction,
services, and government between the 5-year periods. Young
worker deaths from vehicles overturning, workers falling and
being struck by vehicles, and workers on foot being struck by
vehicles increased between the two periods. Deaths from homicides, being struck by objects, and exposures to harmful
substances and environments went down.
Decreases in fatal workplace injuries were recorded in retail trade industries, including fewer homicides in food stores
and eating and drinking places. Most of the decreases were
recorded for workers aged 16 to 17 years. Wholesale trade
establishments also recorded fewer fatalities to workers less
than 18 years of age.
22 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October 2005
While many of the fatalities in the study appear to have resulted
from activities prohibited by child labor laws, others, such as those
occurring to family farm workers, fell outside the scope of current
child labor regulations. Nevertheless, fatalities among young workers have decreased in the last few years, averaging 46 per year between 2001 and 2004-a marked improvement over the average of
68 in the 1990s. Similarly, fatality rates for workers aged 15 to 17
have improved-ranging from 2.3 to 2.9 fatalities per 100,000 fulltime equivalent (FrE) workers between 2001 and 2004.
Among young private-sector wage and salary workers in
nonagricultural industries, nonfatal injuries with days away
from work occurred primarily in food-service industries and
retail trade. These nonfatal injuries also occurred while employed by construction, transportation and warehousing, and
D
health care and social assistance establishments.
Notes
1
See Janice Windau, Eric Sygnatur, and Guy Toscano, .. Profile of work
injuries incurred by young workers," Monthly Labor Re1•iew, June 1999, pp.
3-10.
2
Ibid.
3
Although fatality data for 2003 and 2004 were available at the time the
article was prepared, those data were compiled using a different industrial
classification system from the data for previous years. Industries in the 200304 data were classified according to the 2002 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), while those in the 1992-2002 data are based on
the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. The classification
schemes are not comparable. Data presented in this article exclude the fatalities related to the events of September 11th, 200 I.
4
See Chapter 3, "'A detailed look at employment of youths aged 12 to
15," in the Report on the Youth Labor Force, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
2000.
5
The NLSY97 defines employee-type work as work in which the youth
has an ongoing relationship with a particular employer, making it nearly
equivalent to wage and salary work. Freelance-type work is defined as work
that involves doing one or a few tasks without a specific .. boss." For more
information, see the definitions section in the January 31, 2003, NLSY97
news release on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/nls/nlsy97r4.pdf.
6
See ··work activity of high school students: data from the- National
Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997," released by BLS on April 27, 2005, on
the Internet at bls.gov/news.release/pdf/nlsyth.pdf.
7
Employment and hours-at-work data are Current Population Survey
annual average data for 2000 and 2004. Annual average employment data
by age and class of worker are published for the previous year in the January
issue of Employment and Earnings, table 15. The hours-at-work data are
unpublished.
8
See ··Child Lahor Requirements for onagricultural Occupations Under t:K Fair Labor Standards Act (Child Labor Bulletin I 01 )" and .. Child
Labor Requirements in Agricultural Operations Under the Fair Labor Standards Act (Child Labor Bulletin I 02)."
9
Rules concerning the operation of compacting equipment, on-the-job
driving, cooking, and work performed on roofs were recently updated and
are available on the Internet at http://www.dol.gov/opa/media/press/esa/
ESA20042526.htm. Some of these changes were recommended in the ·'National In stitute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommendations to the U.S. Department of Labor for Changes to Hazardous Orders,"
May 3, 2002. Other NIOSH recommendations in the document included
removing some of the exemptions for apprentices and student learners; requiring tractors to be equipped with rollover protection structures (ROPS)
and requiring seatbelt use; prohibiting all work in silos and grain bins; adding some of the agricultural Hazardous Orders to those for nonagricultural
occupations; and adding commercial fishing, railroad and water transportation, all construction occupations, and all work at heights to the Hazardous
Orders.
10
Tables summarizing various State child labor laws are available on the
Internet at http ://www.youthrules.dol.gov/resources.htm.
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11
Recent research looking at the effectiveness of work permits was done
in Los Angeles, California. High school students were asked a series of
questions about their jobs and knowledge of child labor laws. The study
found that students without work permits were more likely to perform hazardous tasks than those with permits. The results were published in an article titled "Role of work permits in teen workers' experiences," in the June
2002 issue of American Journal of Industrial Medicine.
Another article, ··Protecting the Health and Safety of Working Teenagers" by Harriet Rubenstein, et al in American Family Physician, August 1999,
provides physicians with suggestions for opening a dialogue with the teenager about the type of work and hours involved in the job to more effectively
prevent youths from performing hazardous tasks.
12
See the Youth Rules.' Web site on the Internet at http://
www.youthrules.dol.gov/.
13
Fatality rates were calculated for civilian workers of all ages 15 and
older for this article. These rates were calculated using hours worked from
the Current Population Survey (CPS) converted to full-time equivalent
worker<; using a 2,000-hour work year. Thus the rate of fatalities per
I 00,000 full-time equivalent workers = (fatalities/hours) x 200,000,000.
Rates in table I are presented for differrnt 5-year periods ( 1994-98 and
1999-2003) than fatality counts presented elsewhere in the article. The
CPS introduced a major redesign of the survey beginning in 1994; data for
previous years are, therefore, not strictly comparable. The fatality rate
calculation used here differs from that used to create rates used in CFOJ's
production releases . Those rates are calculated based on annual average
employment data from the CPS. Some rates published by CFO! include
data for the military. The CPS employment data for civi lian workers are
then supplemented with employment data for the resident military provided by the Department of Defense.
i-1 The rule concerning youths working in roofing operations has been
recently expanded to prohibit youths from performing other work on or about
roofs, such as installing or repairing satellite dishes or air conditioning equipment on roofs. Exemptions to the rule apply to youths in certain apprenticeship and training programs. For more information, see the DOL new youth
employment rules issued on December 16, 2004, on the Internet at http://
www.dol.gov/esa/regs/compliance/whd/CL _ Roofing.pdf.
15
Although CFOI collected data does not provide enough information to
definitely determine if a fatality was covered under the Federal child labor
laws, a study that covered teenage fatalities occurring between I 984 and
1998 concluded that approximately one-half of the construction fatalities
studied were in violation of existing child labor regulations. See Anthony
Suruda et al, ·'Fatal Injuries to Teenage Construction Workers in the US,"
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Vol. 44, 2003, pp. 510-14.
16
Newspaper carriers are classified in either the printing and publishing
industry in manufacturing or in direct selling establishments in the retail
trade industry.
17
Another break in series occurred between 2001 and 2002 with the new
OSHA recordkeeping requirements. Prior to 2002, occupational injury and
illness totals for cases with days away from work had been declining for young
workers under age 18. They rose from 7,920 in 2002 to 9,010 in 2003.
Monthly Labor Review
October 2005
23
Occupational safety and health
Injuries, illnesses, and fatalities
among older workers
Americans are living longer than ever before and many
are staying in the workforce past age 55; although older
workers experience similar events leading to injury,
they sustain more severe injuries than their younger counterparts
and require more days away from work to recover
O
lder workers face many of the same
workplace hazards as do other workers~
the most prevalent events leading to jobrelated injuries or fatalities are falls, assaults,
harmful exposures, or transportation incidents.
But in many cases, the nature of the injury
suffered by an older worker is more severe than
that suffered by younger workers. Older workers
who suffer a workplace injury may experience
longer recovery periods than their younger
counterparts. And older workers die from workplace
injuries at a higher rate than do younger workers.
This analysis focuses on occupational injuries,
illnesses, and fatalities among older workers, and
identifies differences in the severity of the events
as a result of age.
Americans are living longer than ever before,
and inueasing numbers of older Americans are
working. These facts have led to expanded
interest in the activities of older Americans, and
Elizabeth Rogers
their work life. Americans born at the beginning
and
William J. Wiatrowski
of the 21st century can expect to live an average
are economists in the
of 77 years, an increase of 9 years, compared
Office of
with persons born a half century ago. Those aged
Compensation
65 in 2000 can expect to live 18 years. Considering
and Working
Conditions,
age 65 to be a typical retirement age, individuals
Bureau of Labor
can expect to live nearly 2 additional decades.
Statistics.
Both the need to feel productive and the need for
E-mail:
Rogers.Elizabeth@bls.gov income may lead these older Americans to work
and
during what are typically considered retirement
Wiatrowski .William@
years. 1
bis.gov.
Elizabeth Rogers
and
William J. Wiatrowski
24
l\t1onthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October 2005
Further, the cohort of older Americans is
getting larger. There are currently 35 million
Americans aged 65 and older, and another 28
million age 55-64. The baby-boom generation,
those born in the years following World War II,
are currently in their early 40s to late 50s. Over
the next 20 years, the percent of Americans aged
65 and older will grow from the current 12 percent
of the population to 21 percent. Clearly there is
much iuerest in this group.
Sixty percent of those aged 55-64 are in the
labor force~ 14 percent of those aged 65 and older
are in the labor force. For many years, starting in
the 1960s, these percentages have declined, the
result perhaps of available retirement income
benefits from a variety of sources. But that trend
has turned around in recent years, and the percent
of older Americans in the labor force has been
increasing. This may be due to changes in the
Social Security retirement age, which requires
individuals to work longer to receive full benefits.
Another possible reason for an increase in older
workers in the labor force is the need for increased
income to pay medical and other expenses. Older
Americans work in a variety of industries, but have
large concentrations in education, health services,
and wholesale and retail trade.
But the need to work does not come without
potential hazards. This article explores recent data
on workplace injuries, illnesses, and fatalities
among older workers. Data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics
Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses and Census of
Fatal Occupational Injuries provide a wide range of
information about the events that led to an injury, illness, or
fatality, the demographics of the workers involved, and the
types of occupations and industries where these incidents
occur. 2
The Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses provides
the number of workplace injuries and illnesses and the rate of
such incidents, based on full-time equivalent workers. Data
are available for most private industry workers. For those cases
that involve days away from work, which are generally
considered the most serious cases, the survey also provides
detailed demographic data on the ~vorker involved and detailed
characteristics of the case, such as the event that precipitated
the incident and the part of body affected.
The Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries provides counts
of the number of workplace fatalities and the rate of such
incidents per worker. Data include private industry,
governments, the residential military, and the self-employed.
For each fatality, data are available on the event, the
demographics of the decedent, and his or her industry and
occupation.
Older workers required more days away from work to
recover from a workplace injury or illness than did their
younger counterparts. The median of days away from work
for all workers was 8 days; for those aged 55-64, it was 12
days, and for those aged 65 and older, it was 18 days. (See
chart 1.) Older workers have more disabling conditions like
fractures and multiple injuries than do younger workers. And
similar events lead to more severe injuries in older workers
than in others.
An example of the severity of injuries and i11nesses
sustained by older workers can be seen by looking at the
nature of the injury or illness sustained. Nature is defined as
the principal physical characteristics of the injury or illness,
such as a cut, a bruise, or a sprain. Chart 2 shows the percent
distribution of days-away-from-work injuries and illnesses by
the nature of injury for different age categories. Although
sprains, strains, and tears are the largest single category at all
ages, there is a noticeable tradeoff between that category and
fractures as age increases. For older workers, the percentage
suffering a sprain, strain, or tear declines as the percentage
suffering a fracture increases.
Workplace injuries and illnesses
Of the 5,575 workplace fatalities in 2003, 523-just under 10
percent-were among workers aged 65 and older. But the
fatality rate for older workers (11.3 fatalities for 100,000
workers) was nearly 3 times that of younger workers. The
most prevalent fatal events among workers aged 65 and older
were transportation incidents and falls. (See charts 3 and 4.)
The available data on workplace injuries, illnesses, and
fatalities allow for case studies of a number of variables,
including specific industries, occupations, and events. The
remainder of this article explores two examples of such case
studies, looking at older truckdrivers and falls among older
workers.
In 2003, 1.57 million of the most serious occupational injury
and illness cases-those requiring days away from work
beyond the day of incident-involved workers 55 years of
age and older. These workers accounted for about 12 percent
of injury and illness cases requiring days away from work,
slightly less than their 13-percent share of total hours worked.
Though older workers suffered injury and illness cases at a
rate proportionately lower than their percentage of hours
worked, the injuries they sustained were generally more severe
than those sustained by younger workers. (See table 1.)
Fatalities
Case studies
Percent distribution of hours worked and days
away from work cases by age group, 2003
Age group
Percentage of
hours worked
Percentage of cases
involving days away
from work
Total 16 years and older ..
16-19 years ........... .. .... .. ..
20-24 years ................ ... .
25-34 years .......... .......... .
35-44 years ................... .
45-54 years ..... .... .... ...... ..
55-64 years ............. .. .. ....
65 years and older ... ... ... ..
100.0
3.2
10.3
24.3
26.6
22.6
100.0
3.3
11.1
24.2
27.5
21.9
10.7
10.2
2.3
1.9
55 years and older .......... .
13.0
12.1
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Truckdrivers. Truckdrivers have consistently been one of
the occupations with the greatest number of injury and illness
cases involving days away from work. Beginning in 2003, the
truckdriver occupation was divided into three categoriesheavy and tractor-trailer truckdriver, light or delivery service
truckdriver, and driver-sales worker. This division helped to
identify heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers as the most
dang.e rous of the truckdriver occupations, with more than
70,000 days-away-from-work cases in 2003. And within this
dangerous occupation, clear differences in the injuries and
illnesses are evident among older drivers.
Heavy and tractor-trailer truckdrivers aged 65 and older
experience twice the percentage of fractures as do such drivers
Monthly Labor Review
October 2005
25
Older Workers
Median days away from work for nonfatal injuries and illnesses, by age, 2003
Median days
Median days
20
20
18
18
16
16
14
14
12
12
10
10
8
8
6
4
4
2
2
0
0
35-44
25-34
20-24
55-64
45-54
65 and older
Nature of injury by age, 2003
All ages
Ages 45-54
Fractures
Other
Sprains,
strains ,
tears
Non specified
injuries and
disorders
/
Bruises,
contusions
Hernia
1'1111----J
Nonspecified
---------injuries and
disorders _--
Sprains,
strains,
tears
Bruises,
contusions
Cuts /
/
Cuts
Ages 65 and older
Ages 55-64
Fractures
Hernia
Sprains,
strains,
tears
Non specified
injuries an1/
disorders
Nonspecified
injuries and -----------disorders--
,---..-J
Bruises,
contusions /
Bruises,
contusions
Cuts
/
Monthly Labor Review
26
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October 2005
Sprains,
strains,
tears
Fatality rate by age, 2003
Percent
20
Percent
20
18
18
16
16
14
14
12
12
10
10
8
8
6
6
4
4
2
2
0
0
20-24
·
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65 and older
Fatal events among workers ages 65 and older, 2003
Exposure to substances ~
Falls
Fires
~
Transportation incidents
Contact with
object/equipment
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Assaults
Monthly Labor Review
October 2005
27
Older Workers
of all ages. Twenty percent of older truckdriver injuries result
in fractures, compared with 9.3 percent for all truckdrivers.
(See table 2.) Fatalities among all truckdrivers are typically
highway incidents, such as a collision between two vehicles.
For truckdrivers aged 65 and older, the most prevalent
highway incident was a vehicle striking a stationary object or
equipment on the side of the road . Such incidents were less
prevalent among younger truckdrivers.
Falls on the same level. Falls on the same level occur when
the motion producing the contact was generated by gravity
following the employee's loss of equilibrium (the person was
unable to maintain an upright position) and the point of
contact was at the same level or above the surface supporting
the person at the inception of the fall. This case study
indicates how such an event, which might not be considered
particularly serious, can have more severe effects on older
workers than on younger workers.
Sprains, strains, and tears are the most prevalent injury
resulting from a fall on the same level for all workers, and for
those aged 45-54 and 55-65. However, for those aged 65 and
older, the most prevalent injury resulting from a fall on the
same level is a fracture. Fully one-third of falls on the same
level among workers in this age group led to a fracture.
■ l•1•11=---
Percent distribution of days away from work
cases by nature of injury and age, heavy and
tractor-trailer truckdrivers, 2003
Injury
Sprains, strains , and
tears ....... ........ .... ...........
Fractures ........................
Bruises, contusions .......
Nonspecified injuries ......
Other ...............................
All ages
45-54
55-64
65and
older
48.7
9.3
8.4
11 .2
22.4
46.7
12.7
8.0
12.3
20.3
52.9
11.3
10.9
9.9
15
37.7
19.9
16.4
8.9
17.1
Consequently, the percentage of such falls that resulted in a
sprain, strain, or tear declined with age. (See chart 5.)
Among all workers, the occupations with the greatest
number of falls on the same level were heavy and tractortrailer truckdrivers, laborers and freight movers, and nursing
aides, orderlies, and attendants. For workers aged 65 and older,
the occupations with the greatest number of falls on the same
level were retail salespersons, heavy and tractor-trailer
truckdrivers, and laborers and freight movers. The addition of
retail salespersons at the top of the list suggests that falls are
much more prominent among all occupations at this age level,
and that the job does not have to be one that is traditionally
Percent distribution of days away from work cases involving falls on the same level
Percent
Percent
100
100
90
80
-
Other
-
Nonspecified injuries
-
Dislocations
-
Multiple injuries
90
80
70
70
-
Bruises
60
60
50
50
-
Sprains
40
40
30
30
20
-
Fractures
20
10
10
0
0
All workers
Monthly Labor Review
28
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Ages 45-54
October 2005
Ages 55-65
Ages 65 and older
Fatal events by age, 2003
All ages
Transportation
Falls from
_ _ _ ------ same level
~ Other falls
Ages 65 and older
/
Exposure
_,,,,-/ Fi re
Falls from
---- - / same level
Transportation
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
/
Monthly Labor Review
Other falls
October 2005
29
Older Workers
considered high risk or dangerous to lead to a fall among an
older worker.
Twelve percent of all occupational fatalities were the result
of falls, with only about 10 percent of those falls being falls
on the same level. Such events do not often lead to a fatality,
except among older workers. For those aged 65 and older, 17
percent of fatalities were the result of falls, and 30 percent of
those were falls on the same level. (See chart 6, page 29.)
Workers who died from fatal falls on the same level often
injured their head or injured multiple body parts. The physical
condition resulting from a fall on the same level was often
multiple intracranial injuries and injuries to external organs.
For cases in which the injury affected the limbs or trunk,
workers may have had complications following medical
treatment that ultimately led to their death.
THESE CASE STUDIES are intended to provide an overview of
how BLS occupational injury, illness, and fatality data can be
30
Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October 2005
used to construct an overview of the safety and health issues
related to a particular population. Data are available to produce cross-tabulations by a variety of data elements, including industry, occupation, and characteristics related to
the incident. Data on occupational injuries, illnesses, and
fatalities include similar variables and coding structures which
can be used together to construct a continuum of severity for
many case studies.
□
Notes
1
Data from several Federal statistical agencies on population, life
expectancy, and work status of older Americans are compiled by the
Federal lnteragency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics in a chartbook
titled Older Americans 2004: Key Indicators of Well Being. The
chartbook is available on the Internet at www.agingstats.gov/
chartbook2004/default.htm.
2 For more information on the BLS occupational safety and health
statistics program, go online to www.bls.gov/iif.
Women Workers
·.})jt
Occupational safety and health
Occupational injuries, illnesses,
and fatalities among women
Women experienced fewer fatal and nonfatal injuries
and illnesses than men during the 1992-2003 period; homicide
was the leading source offatal injuries for women,
and musculoskeletal disorders were the primary source
of nonfatal injuries and illnesses
Anne B. Hoskins
0
ccupational fatalities and nonfatal
injuries and illnesses are not shared
between the sexes equally. Women had a
lower share of injuries and illnesses than what their
share of hours worked suggests. Although women
represented almost half of the workforce in 2003,
they experienced 8 percent of occupational fatalities
and 35 percent of nonfatal injuries and illnesses.
The qualitative aspects of workplace fatalities and
nonfatal injuries and illnesses differed between the
sexes as well. The source and nature of their workrelated deaths are categorically different. This
divergence between the sexes is explained partially
by differences in employment by both occupation
and industry.' Men and women have different kinds
of jobs, and that translates into differences in how
and why they are hurt or become sick at work.
Fatal injuries
Anne B. Hoskins is an
economist in the
Office
of Compensation
and Working
Conditions, Bureau
of Labor Statistics.
E-mail:
Hoskins.Anne@bls.gov.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
There were 5,575 fatal occupational injuries in 2003;
446 of which were incurred by women. (See table 1.)
Given that women accounted for 47 percent of
employed workers,2 the female share of deaths was
quite low. Women were much less likely to die on
the job than men (0. 7 deaths per 100,000 workers for
women, compared with 6.9 deaths for every 100,000
workers for men). For women, the fatality rate has
been low relative to men for the past IO years. During
the 1992-2003 period, the portion of workplace
fatalities that were incurred by women varied
between 7 percent in 1992 and 9 percent in I 995. As
the total number of workplace fatalities has fallen
over the past decade, those incurred by women
have declined at a similar pace.
During the 1990s, highway incidents and
homicides accounted for the majority of fatal
injuries to female workers. Although the number
of female murder victims declined during this
period, most of the fatal occupational injuries
incurred by women in 2003 were still due to
highway incidents or homicides. (See chart I,
page 33 .) In fact, these two events alone
accounted for almost 60 percent of the fatalities
sustained by women for that year.
Highway vehicle accidents. Highway vehicle
accidents, which accounted for 31 percent of the
occupational fatalities sustained by women in 2003,
surpassed homicides as the most prevalent event
leading to a fatality. (See chart 2, page 33.) There
has been a gradual increase in the proportion of
female work-related deaths resulting from highway
accidents over the past few years. From 1992 to
1996, highway accidents accounted for 26 percent
of all female occupational fatalities, compared with
an average of 32 percent from 1997 to 2001.
Although the overall number of female victims of
fatal occupational injuries declined in the decade
prior to 2003, the number of injuries resulting from
highway accidents over the same period was
effectively the same. Excluding the series low ( I 1 I
in 1992) and series high ( 171 in 1997), the number of
fatal occupational injuries resulting from highway
incidents incurred by females ranged from 130 to
I 49 during the study period.
Monthly Labor Review
October 2005
31
Women Workers
Occupational fatalities of men and women
1992-2003
'
Fatalities
Year
1992 ······· ··· ······· ·· ············· ·· ·
1993 ··························· ········
1994 ······················ ··· ······ ····
1995 ··· ································
1996 ··· ··· ··· ··· ····················· ··
1997 ·················· ······ ·· ·········
1998 ··········· ········ ·· ··· ······ ···· ·
1999 ······ ·········· ········ ·· ···· ·· ···
2000 ··· ·· ··· ····· ····················· ·
2001 ···· ······ ······· ··· ···· ········ ···
2002 ······· ··· ······················ ···
2003 ···· ···· ··· ·· ··· ·· ··· ···· ········ ··
Total
Men
Women
6,217
6,331
6,632
6,275
6,202
6,238
6,055
6,054
5,920
5,915
5,534
5,575
5,774
5,842
6,104
5,736
5,688
5,761
5,569
5,612
5,471
5,442
5,092
5,129
443
489
528
539
514
477
486
442
449
473
442
446
Homicides. Closely following highway accidents as the next
most prevalent event leading to deadly injury was homicide,
which accounted for 27 percent of the fatal occupational injuries
sustained by women in 2003. In contrast, homicides represented
less than one-tenth of fatalities to male workers. During 2003,
there were 632 work-related murders. Women accounted for 119
of the victims. At roughly 19 percent, the female share was
proportionally higher for work-related homicides than it was for
fatalities in general. Although homicides accounted for 1; 1ore than
a fourth of the fatal injuries sustained by women on the job,
many more men were victims of homicide.
The majority of homicides for both sexes were shootings. Some
61 percent of female homicide victims and 81 percent of male
homicide victims were killed with guns. Given that the vast
majority of male victims were killed with guns, women accounted
for proportionally more of the homicides for which the source
was something other than a gun. For instance, half of the
homicides from stabbings were incurred by women. Additionally,
the 29 female stabbing victims represent almost 7 percent of the
total number of female workplace fatalities.
Female work-related homicides differed from those incurred
by men not only in the manner that the act was carried out, but
also by the identity of the perpetrator. For one, female murder
victims were much more likely tn have been killed by a family
member than were male victims. From 1997 to 2003, homicides
carried out by a relative accounted for 10 percent of female cases
and less than 1 percent of male cases. In contrast, male workers
were the vast majority (85 percent) of victims killed during
robberies. More than 40 percent of male homicide cases identified
a robber as the perpetrator, versus 30 percent of female cases.
For the instances in which the killer was either a current or former
coworker, the victim was generally male. Just 18 of the 80murdervictim cases in which a coworker was identified as the perpetrator
were women. Despite the larger number of male fatalities, about
the same proportion of homicides for each sex were committed
by a coworker.
32
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Generally, the number of homicides to female workers fell
steadily during the last 12 years. (See table 2.) Excluding the 70
fatalities sustained by female workers in the 1995 Oklahoma City
bombing, an annual mean of 174 women were murdered at the
workplace between 1992 and 1998. This average decreased to
129 for the years 1999 to 2003.
As is true for all workers, the proportion of workplace fatalities
to women that were a result of homicide also fell during the 1992
to 2003 period. In 1992, more than 40 percent of the women who
died on the job were murder victims. In 2003, this proportion was
considerably lower at just under 27 percent and, with the
exception of 1995, the years in between exhibited a considerable
downward trend in violence resulting in the death of female
workers.
Falls. Of the 696 fatal occupational injuries resulting from
falls in 2003, just 38 were sustained by women. This represents
fewer than 6 percent of these workplace deaths, translating
into a female share that is even smaller for falls than it is for
occupational fatalities in general.
Women accounted for such a small portion of fatal
occupational injuries due to falls largely because they were not
employed in occupations where the bulk of the incidents took
place. In 2003, the majority of workplace fatalities from falls
occurred in the goods-producing sector and mostly in the
construction industry. (See table 3, page 34.) Virtually all
construction jobs are held by men-female employment in 2003
was less than 10 percent-especially those exposing workers to
potentially dangerous situations. Of the fatalities that occurred
in the service-providing sector for both sexes, the highest number
of cases took place in landscaping services, which is also
comprised of mainly male workers.
Occupational fatalities resulting from
homicides, 1992-2003
Year
All victims
1992 ··········· ···· ····· ······· ······· ·
1993 ··········· ··· ····· ·········· ··· ···
1994 ..... .. ........... .. ... ... ... ..... .
1995 .. ....... ... ...................... .
1,044
1,074
1,080
1,036
927
860
714
651
677
643
609
632
1996 ····· ·· ······ ··· ······· ··········· ·
1997 ···································
1998 ·· ······ ···· ············ ·· ···· ·····
1999 ·· ·· ···· ····· ········ ···· ··········
2000 .......... ............. ..... .... ...
2001 ··························· ·· ··· ···
2002 ··· ····· ·········· ···· ·············
2003 ·································· ·
Female victims
182
190
185
'246
176
145
164
126
134
128
136
119
' This number includes fatalities sustained by female workers in the
Oklahoma City bombing. Excluding those fatalities, there were 176 female
homicide victims in 1995.
Fatal work injury incidents varied between men and women, 2003
Percent
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Highway incidents
Homicides
Falls
Exposure to harmful
substances and
environments
■ Women
Gl
Men
Contact with
objects and
equipment
Fires and
explosions
0
5
15
10
20
25
30
35
Percent
Female homicides and highway accidents as percents of total occupational fatalities,
1992-2003
In percent
In percent
50.0
50.0
45.0
45.0
Homicides
40.0
40.0
I
35.0
35.0
30.0
30.0
25.0
25.0
20.0
L....J._--------'-------------'------------'------------'-
1992
1993
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1994
1995
1996
- - - - - - - - - - - ' - - - - - - - - ' - - - - - ' - - - - - ' -- - - - - - - - ' - - - - - - - - - ' - - -
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Monthly Labor Review
2002
--'----'
20.0
2003
October 2005
33
Women Workers
As opposed to the fatal falls sustained by men, hardly any of
those incurred by women took place in the goods-producing
sector. There were only five such instances in 2003 and none of
them was construction related. For the most part, deadly falls
sustained by women were distributed throughout the major
service-producing industries. Health care-related services were
the exception. Health services-including hospitals, nursing and
personal care facilities, and home health care services-had
slightly higher numbers of fall-related deaths relative to other
private industries between the years 1999 to 2002. Additionally,
in 2003, the health care and social assistance sector, which
consists of hospitals, ambulatory health care services, and
nursing and residential care facilities, reported the highest
number of fall-related deaths to female workers.
Although fatal falls involving females have been few
relative to men, there was an increase both in number and
proportion in the years leading up to 2003. From 1994 to 1998,
fewer Lhan 6 percent of female fatalities resulted from falls. The
average number offemale occupational fatalities for those years
was 28. From 1999 to 2003, the average annual percentage of
female fatalities from falls was more than 8 percent, an average of
37 fall-related fatalities each year.
The growing proportion of fatalities resulting from falls was
not unique to women. Men have experienced a rise over the past
10 years as well. From 1994 to 1998, 11 percent of male fatalities
were due to falls, compared with 13 percent from 1999 to 2003.
For both men and women, the increase in the percentage of
occupational fatalities resulting from falls has been a result of
two combining factors: a gradual decline in the number of
fatalities overall and a slight rise in the number of fatalities
due to falls.
Nonfatal injuries
Although the gender gap is not as wide for nonfatal occupational
injuries and illnesses with days away from work 3 as it is for
fatalities, the female share is still low. In 2003, there were 459,090
female cases of work-related injuries and illnesses requiring at
least one day away from work. This figure was slightly more
than half as many as there were for men. Representing 35
percent of nonfatal cases, women were hurt or became ill less
than their male counterparts.
The disparity between men and women in the number of
nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses has been an ongoing
trend throughout the past decade. Since 1992, women have
experienced only about half of the injuries and illnesses
sustained by men. The gender difference persists, but the gap
has narrowed in the past few years. Overall, the number of
nonfatal injuries and illnesses has fallen substantially. Given that
the number of nonfatal injuries and illnesses for women has
fallen at a slower rate than it has for men, the female share has
shown a slight increase. (See chart 3, page 36.)
34
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Occupation . Much of why women experienced fewer
nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses over the 19922003 period can be explained by the kinds of jobs that women
have. Generally, women do not work in professions that
consistently have high numbers of injuries and illnesses. For
instance, the occupational groups with the highest number of
injuries and illnesses for 2003 were transportation and material
movers; production workers; construction and extraction
workers; and installation, maintenance and repair workers.
Taken as a whole, the male-to-female employment ratio for
these occupations was at least 5 to 1. (See table 4.) Here, men
accounted for 86 percent of injuries and illnesses. In the case
of construction and extraction occupations alone, where there
were 35 male employees for every 1 female employee, 98
percent of injuries and illnesses were sustained by men.
Even though women suffer fewer workplace injuries and
illnesses than men overall, there are specific occupations, such
as nursing aides, 4 in which women account for a greater share. In
fact, women sustained 62 percent of the nonfatal injuries and
illnesses in service occupations for 2003. They also represented
57 percent of the people employed in these positions. Service
occupations account for a large share of female work-related
injuries and illnesses. Almost 40 percent of the injuries and
illnesses sustained by women occurred in service occupations,
yet only 20 percent of employed women held these jobs.
Industry. In goods-producing industries, women accounted
for 15 percent of nonfatal injuries and illnesses for 2003,
compared with 44 percent of the nonfatal injuries and illnesses
in the service-providing industries. Given that more women
were employed in the service-providing industries than men,
they logically accounted for more of these injuries and
illnesses. In fact, 87 percent of female occupational injuries
and illnesses occurred in this area. Within these industries, cases
in which the injured or ill worker was a woman were further
• 1 •1.-,r--.-
Occupational fatalities resulting from falls by
industry, 2003
Industry
Total ........................................................ .
Private industry .................................. ........ .
Goods producing .................................... .
Natural resources and mining ......... .
Construction .................................... .
Manufacturing .................................. .
Service providing ................................... .
Trade, transportation, and utilities .. .
Information ........ ..... ... ............... .... .... .
Financial activities ........................... .
Professional and business services ..
Education and health services ....... .
Leisure and hospitality .................... .
Other services ... ...... ........ .. ... .......... .
Government ....... ................ ..... .............. .. .... .
Number of fatalities
696
662
446
44
364
38
216
65
7
14
69
19
24
17
34
11e1eir-_..,.
Employment and injuries and illnesses for the occupational groups reporting the most injuries and illnesses,
2003
Employed persons
(In thousands)
Occupation
Total
Men
Total ...... .... ..... ..... ......... .. ... .... .... .... ....... ... .....
137,736
73,332
Transportation and material moving .. .. .. .. ....
Production ... ...... .... .. .. .... ........ ..... .......... .......
Com:truction and extraction ...... .... ........ .....
8,320
9,700
8,114
7,049
6,696
7,891
Installation, maintenance, and repair ... ... ...
5,041
4,830
concentrated, with 69 percent occurring in either trade,
transportation, and utilities, or education and health services.
Circumstances of female injuries. In 2003, the leading
sources of workplace injuries in women, with 36 percent of
cases, were musculoskeleta l disorders. 5 Musculoskeleta l
disorders are injuries or disorders of the muscles, nerves,
tendons, joints, cartilage, or spinal discs. They are related to
events such as bodily reaction, overexertion, and repetitive
motion and do not include injuries caused by slips, trips, falls,
motor vehicle accidents, or similar accidents.
Event or exposure. Almost half of the injuries and illnesses to
female workers resulted from bodily reaction or exertion in 2003,
compared with 40 percent for men. Some examples of these types
of events are scanning groceries, overexertion from lifting, and
typing. Many repetitive motion or overexertion injuries are
classified as musculoskeletal disorders.
Falls, another major cause of injury in the workplace,
represented one-fourth of the injuries and illnesses sustained
by women in 2003. For this incidence, women were more on
par with men and accounted for about 43 percent of all cases
resulting from falls. Female injuries resulting from falls were
proportional to the female presence in the workforce. The
likelihood that a workplace injury to a man resulted from a fall
is just slightly greater than it is for a woman.
The most noticeable difference between women and men
when it comes to falls is that, although the number of falls on
the same level for the two sexes was about the same, they
accounted for a far greater share of these injuries to women.
Falls to the same level were about 82 percent of all female
injuries resulting from falls, whereas they were only a little
more than half of male injuries and illnesses of this type.
Assaults and violent acts by another person represented 2
percent of female injuries and illnesses. Despite this small
percentage, women accounted for roughly 61 percent of
victims, and were more likely to be assaulted by another
person while on the job than were men. The gender gap for
these incidents does not seem to be narrowing. Since 1992,
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Injuries and illnesses
i
Women
Total
64,404
1,270
3,004
223
211
Men
Women
1,315,920
851,790
459,090
259,920
188,330
151,130
222,130
136,580
148,020
35,220
51,660
2,380
109,780
104,940
4,210
women have consistently suffered the majority of these
injuries. (See chart 4.) Although workplace assaults and
violent acts on women declined between 2002 and 2003, there
had been an increasing number of these incidents in the years
prior and only a slight downward trend had occurred in the
past IO years.
Nature. The most common type of injury for both sexes was
sprains, strains, and tears, which accounted for 41 percent of
male and 45 percent of female work-related injuries. The disparity
between men and women here was negligible. Sprains, strains,
and tears has remained within the interval of 42 percent to 44
percent of nonfatal injuries and illnesses for all workers since
1992, even while the overall number of nonfatal injuries and
illnesses has dropped. Sprains, strains, and tears were 76 percent
of all musculoskeletal disorders in 2003.
Some work-related injuries have been more commonly found
in women. For example, women represented 68 percent of the
carpal tunnel syndrome cases in 2003. For every year since 1992,
women have accounted for at least two-thirds of all reported
carpal tunnel syndrome cases. Even though the total number of
these cases declined over the past decade, the proportion of cases
that involve women has remained constant.
Tendonitis is another work-related injury found more often in
women than in men. Women experienced 55 percent of the
tendonitis cases in 2003 and maintained majority representation
throughout the past decade. On a national scale, the number of
reported cases of tendonitis is small. In 2003, there were 4,260
female cases; down from 15, 130 in 1993. This difference reflects
a more than 70-percent decrease. Moreover, the number of
tendonitis cases for all workers has fallen almost as much: from
25,026 in 1993 to 7,730 in 2003. Jn all, there has been a large
decrease in the number of work-related tendonitis cases reported
over -the past IO years.
Like tendonitis, the number of reported anxiety, stress, and
neurotic disorders is small. There were 3,820 cases in 2003, 64
percent of which involved women. For the past 10 years, women
have accounted for more than half of all anxiety, stress, and
neurotic disorders. However, in 2003, there was a 35-percent drop
Monthly Labor Review
October 2005
35
Women Workers
Nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses, requiring days away from work, 1992-2003
Nonfatal injuries and
Nonfatal injuries and
illnesses in thousands
illnesses in thousands
2,500 ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , 2,500
2,000
2,000
1,500
1,500
1,000
1,000
------------!!_omen
500
500
0 L--'-----L-------"---- -----'------'--------'-- ------'----'-----'-----' ----"-' 0
1992
1993
1995
1994
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Female percentage of all nonfatal assaults and violent acts by person, 1992-2003
Percent
80.0
Percent
80.0
70.0
70.0
60.0
60.0
50.0
50.0
40.0
40.0
30.0
30.0
20.0
20.0
10.0
10.0
0.0
0.0
1992
36
1993
1994
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1995
October 2005
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
in the number offemale cases from the previous year. This ended
a 2-year increase in these types of disorders for women.
far fewer occupational injuries
and illnesses than their hours worked would suggest. Even more
disparate in relation to employment hours was the female share
of occupational fatalities. Female injuries, illnesses, and fatalities
WOMEN HAVE EXPERIENCED
are not only disproportionately low; they also differ from male
cases qualitatively. In general, women have suffered from workrelated injuries, illnesses, and fatalities unique to them. Many
reasons for the differences between male and female occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities are hard to measure.
However, much of this disparity can be explained by employment
patterns within occupations and industries.
□
Notes
ACKNOWLEDGMENT: The author would like to thank Katharine
Newman and Stephen Pegula, both of BLS, for their assistance in
preparation of this article.
1
For an examination of women in the workplace, see Women in
th e Labor Force: A Databook, on the Internet at www.bls.gov/cps/
wlf-databook2005.htm (visited Oct. 4, 2005).
2
Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey. See table 9,
on the Internet at www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm#annual (visited Oct.
4, 2005).
3
BLS uses days away from work as a proxy to measure the severity of
the injury or illness. These cases require at least I day of recovery
away from the worksite. Case characteristics, such as sex, are collected
for injuries and illnesses with days away from work to provide
demographic information.
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4
Women sustained 91 percent of the injuries and illn~sses found in
nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants in 2003.
5
Includes cases in which the nature of injury is: sprains, strains,
tears; back pain, hurt back; soreness, pain, hurt, except back; carpal
tunnel syndrome; hernia; or musculoskeletal system and connective
tissue diseases and disorders and when the event or exposure leading to
the injury or illness is: bodily reaction/bending, climbing, crawling,
reaching, twisting ; overexertion; or repetition. Cases of Raynaud 's
phenomenon, tarsal tunnel syndrome, and herniated spinal discs are
not included. Although these cases may be considered musculoskeletal
disorders, the survey classifies these cases in categories that also include
cases that are not musculoskeletal disorders.
More information on musculoskeletal disorders and their
prevention, are available on the Internet at www.osha.gov/SLTC/
ergonomics/index .html (visited Oct. 6, 2005).
Monthly Labor Review
October 2005
37
-----•..;•
J;n.:;:
- - ~ . . , • .,_
---.~.-1: ....-.ft'.~"' . .
nL...._._.....,..~wJo.-..~G .
•i,~
~~
)»~
;::::
Fatalities among Ol~er . FarlT!~ng Worl
I
~
,.,..\ ,~,,,.~-...
i
"
Occupational safety and health
Fatal occupational injuries to older
workers in farming, 1995-2002
Agricultural workers aged 55 years and older
are at a higher risk of fatal occupational injury
than their younger counterparts; leading causes of fatalities
are transportation incidents, contact with objects
or equipment, and assaults, including assaults by animals
griculture is known to be a dangerous
industry in which to work. 1 In fact, in the
ate 1980s, the National Coalition for
Agricultural Safety and Health stated, "America's
most productive work force is being systematically
liquidated by an epidemic of occupational disease
and traumatic death and injury in the face of diminishing local and Federal resources." 2
Researchers have found agricultural workers aged
55 years and older to be one of the working
populations with the largest risk of fatal injury. 3 In
1994, Scott Richardson and Andrew Schulman
concluded that the high overall rate of fatal injuries
among older workers appeared to be related to their
distribution among certain high-risk occupations and
industries, primarily agriculture related. 4 In a 2004
publication, the National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health noted that the fatality rate for
agricultural workers 55 years and older differed
considerahly from the overall rate for private-sector
workers in that age group. 5
The most significant types of injuries to workers
over the age of 55 in farming occupations involve
machinery and livestock. 6 Farm tractors were previously identified as the most noteworthy source of
fatal injury to workers in that age group. 7 Of serious
that two-thirds of all tractors
Samuel Meyer is an consequence is the fact
in use are not equipped to protect the operator from
economist in the
Office of Compenrollover injury. 8 A previous study found that more
sation and Working than 40 percent of fatal injuries involving animals
Conditions , Bureau
involved workers 55 years and older; the study went
of Labor Statistics.
on to say that the majority of cattle-related deaths
E-mail:
Meyer.Samuel@bls.gov were incurred by workers aged 65 years and older. 9
Samuel Meyer
38
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Other sources of injury involve weather, falls , grain
bins and silos, chemicals and toxic gases, and
manure pits and wells. 10
According to data from the Current Population
Survey (CPS), 30 percent of workers employed in
farming occupations, as delineated shortly, were
at least 55 years old. However, more than half of fatal injuries to workers in farming occupations occurred to those 55 years and older. The number of
older farm operators has declined, yet older workers represent an increasing percentage of all farm
operators. Coupled with a decrease in the exit rate of
agriculture workers, this increasing percentage of
older workers indicates that the "graying" of the farm
sector is continuing. 11
This article investigates fatal injuries from 1995
through 2002 to workers aged 55 years and older
associated with the production of agricultural goods
on farms. Farming occupations include four occupations selected from the 1990 Bureau of Census
designations, in combination. Census of Fatal
Occupational Injury (CFOI) data are examined over
the study period in order to elucidate (I) the risk
associated with farming, (2) the States reporting the
most risk, and (3) the hazards most frequently contributing to fatal injuries. Measures adopted to aid
the analysis include fatality rates, relative risks,
mortality ratios, employment ratios, and mortalityto-employment ratios. Fatality rates are used to
provide a sense of the risk of fatal injury by indicating the number of fatal injuries occurring among
a specified number of individuals employed.
Relative risk compares the fatality rate for a partic-
ular group with those of other groups, using the overall rate
as a base. Mortality ratios are calculated to indicate each
Statf"'" fatal injuries to older farming workers in relation to
each State's total fatal injuries. Employment ratios indicate
the significance of farm employment in each State's economy
and are used to index a State.'s farming employment by its
total employment. Finally, mortality-to-employment ratios
standardize mortality by employment, accounting for States
with more individuals employed in farming. (See the technical
appendix at the end of this article.)
Results
As indicated in the following tabulation, farming workers of
all ages incurred an annual average of nearly 550 fatal injuries
between 1995 and 2002:
Workers in
farming
occupations,
all ages
Workers in
farming
occupations,
55 years and
older
Total, 1995-2002 ..... 48,193
4,374
2,228
6,275
6,202
6,238
6,055
6,054
5,920
5,915
5,534
6,024
578
557
581
600
564
476
499
519
302
301
297
292
280
250
254
252
547
279
Year
1995 ......... .....................
1996 ..............................
1997 ····························..
1998 ······························
1999 ..............................
2000 ..............................
2001 ..............................
2002 ······························
Mean, 1995-2002 ...... ..
All
workers
A total of 476 fatal injuries was reported in 2000, down 16
percent from 564 fatalities the year before. However, in 2001
and 2002, CFOI recorded a cumulative 9-percent increase in fatal
injuries to farming workers. Older farming workers averaged
almost 280 fatal injuries per year, with a general downward trend,
over the 1995-2002 period. The year 2000 recorded the lowest
number of fatal injuries of any year in cFor's history, 476, of
which 250 were to older farming workers, an I I -percent drop
from the previous year's figure. The years 2001 and 2002
recorded only slightly more fatal injuries, 254 and 252,
respectively. CFOI has reported a decline of 11 percent in fatal
injuries to older farming workers during the 11-year period
from 1992 to 2002. Older farming workers also experienced
less pronounced fluctuations in fatal injuries over time than
did farming workers of all ages.
Almost two-thirds of those aged 55 and older and reported
to have died in a fatal injury while working were classified as
farmers-that is, those who typically own and operate a farm.
Farmworkers, typically hired hands, accounted for nearly I in
5 of these fatal work injuries. Supervisors and managers, most
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frequently employees hired from the outside to supervise
workers and manage the establishment, had fewer fatalities
from workplace injuries-14 percent of the 2,228 total.
The annual average rate of fatal injuries for all workers in
the United States from 1995 to 2002 was calculated to be 4.5
per 100,000 employed. 12 A comparison of the rate for workers
55 years and older in the agriculture industry with workers in
the same age group in other major industries reveals that the
rate was the highest in agriculture: 44.6 fatalities per I 00,000
employed. Selecting for occupations more likely to be involved in agriculture production indicated that workers aged
55 years and older in farming occupations recorded the
highest fatal work injury rate of any age group from 1995 to
2002: 47.9 fatal injuries per I 00,000 employed.
In addition to having the highest fatality rate, older workers
represented the majority of fatal injuries in farming occupations from 1995 to 2002. The following tabulation depicts
the employment, frequency of fatal injuries, fatality rate, and
relative risk of four categories of worker:
Category
Cumulative
employment,
1995-2002
Total ..............
1,062,734,000
Workers 55 years
and older, all
occupations ....
136,379,000
Workers of all ages,
farming
occupations .....
15,646,000
Workers 55 years
and older, farming
occupations ....
4,651,000
Frequency
of
Fatality Relative
fatalities
rate
risk
48,193
4.53
1.00
10,757
7.89
1.74
4,374
27.16
5.99
2,228
47.90
10.56
A worker aged 55 or older in a farming occupation was more
than 10 times as likely to be fatally injured than the total
population of workers. The risk of fatal injury decreases as
the worker is excluded from either farming occupations or
workers aged 55 years and older. Considered independently,
the risk of a fatality to a worker in a farming occupation is
greater than the overall risk to a worker aged 55 years or older
by a factor of more than 3. In accordance with Richardson
and Schulman 's conclusion, these data indicate that the
greatest risk to workers aged 55 years and older in farming
occupations may be due to the types of exposure experienced
in farming work and not to those workers' ages.
Chart 1 graphically depicts fatal injuries to older farming
workers in selected States. Colors are assigned on the basis
of the mortality ratios reported and vary from light to dark as
ratios increase. Although a countrywide phenomenon,
fatalities to workers aged 55 years and older in farming
occupations tended to occur more often in Midwestern and
Great Plains states. The five States of Kentucky, Ohio, PennMonthly Labor Review
October
2005
39
Fatalities among Older Farming Workers
Mortality ratios and frequencies of fatal occupational injuries to workers aged 55 years
and older in farming occupations, by State of incident, 1995-2002
0
Numbers for each State = Mortality ratio MR
(frequency)
11 MR> 3.oo
m2.00 <MR< 3.oo
0 1.00 <MR< 2.00 0 MR< 1.00
NOTE:
Frequencies were not reported for selected States because they did not meet
sylvania, Illinois, and Kansas reported a combined total of
more than 28 percent of the 2,228 fatal injuries incurred from
1995 to 2002. Other States with significant numbers of fatal
injuries to older workers in farming occupations were California, New York, and Texas.
Mortality ratios depicted in chart 1 provide an additional
indication of selected States' fatal workplace experience in
proportion to each State's overall experience. While States in
the Midwest reported high frequencies of fatal injuries to
workers aged 55 years and older in farming occupations,
States in the Great Plains region reported disproportionately
more fatal injuries to workers in this age group.
For example, Ohio reported 125 fatal occupational injuries,
representing about 6 percent of fatal injuries to the older
farming workers. However, Ohio recorded 1,614 total fatal
injuries, only about 3 percent of total injuries in the United
States. Thus, the ratio of Ohio's proportion of fatal workplace
injuries among older workers in farming occupations to the
State's proportion of all fatal workplace injuries is 1. 7. By
contrast, Iowa reported 104 fatal injuries to older workers in
farming occupations in the years 1995 through 2002, about 5
percent of the U.S. total of2,228. Over the same period, Iowa
reported a total of 542 fatal occupational injuries, slightly
more than 1 percent of the U.S. total. On the basis of these
40
Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October 2005
BLS
publication criteria.
proportions, the mortality ratio for Iowa farming workers aged
55 years and older is calculated to be approximately 4.2,
indicating that the proportion of fatal workplace injuries to
workers aged 55 years and older in farmjng occupations is 4
times Iowa's total proportion.
The greater disproportions in the Great Plains States may
be largely a reflection of more people at risk of fatal injury in
farming occupations. Table 1 sheds some light on this issue.
The next-to-last column gives the ratio of a State's proportion
of U.S. farm employment to its proportion of U.S. nonfarm
employment. The last column standardizes a State's mortality
ratio on the basis of its employment ratio.
From the table, although Ohio recorded a high number of
fatal injuries, its mortality ratio was calculated to be low relative
to those of some other States. However, when farming employment is taken into account, Ohio is seen to have a mortality
ratio to employment ratio (or, simply, mortality-to-employment
ratio) of 2.2, one of the highest. By contrast, Iowa's mortality
ratio ( 4.2) divided by its employment ratio (3.0) yields a
relatively low mortality-to-employment ratio ( 1.4). In this case,
Iowa's high mortality ratio is tempered by its high proportion
of farming.
Once farming fatalities are standardized by employment,
calculations reveal a high risk of fatal injury for States from
Frequencies, mortality ratios, employment ratios, and mortality-to-employment ratios, selected States,
1995-2002
Mortality ratio
State
Frequency, 55
and older,
farming
Employment
ratio
All farmers
Older workers
Older farmers
Mortality-toemployment
ratio
Total ...... .. .. .. .................. ...................... .
2,228
Pernc:;ylvania ..................................... .
Illinois ....... .. ................................... ..... .
Ohio .................................................... .
New York .. ..... .. ............................ ..... .. .
Minnesota ....... .. ..... ... ... .. ......... ............
125
123
125
67
95
1.3
1.2
1.5
.7
2.9
1.1
1.1
1.2
.9
1.3
1.5
1.5
1.7
.7
3.2
0.6
.6
.8
.3
1.7
2.5
2.4
2.2
2.2
2.0
Indiana ............................................... .
Wisconsin .......................................... .
Nevada ... ..... .... .............................. ..... .
Maryland ........................ .................... .
Iowa .................................................... .
110
89
6
13
104
1.5
2.4
.4
.5
3.6
1.2
1.3
.9
.9
1.5
1.9
2.3
.3
.4
4.2
1.1
1.5
.2
.3
2.9
1.8
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.4
Massachusetts .................................. .
Vermont .............................................. .
Missouri ... ............... ............. ................
Nebraska ... ..... .. ..... ...... ..... .................. .
Tennessee .......................................... .
5
7
121
86
102
.2
1.5
1.7
3.4
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.5
1.1
.2
1.6
2.2
3.9
1.8
.2
1.2
1.8
3.1
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
Kansas ... ...... ............... .... .............. .... ..
North Dakota ...................................... .
Virginia ..... .... .... .... .... ......................... ..
Colorado ............................................. .
Kentucky ............................................ .
94
48
44
39
139
2.2
4.8
.8
1.0
2.3
1.4
1.7
.9
1.0
1.3
2.8
4.8
.8
1.0
2.9
2.5
4.5
.7
.9
2.8
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
1
Selected States are those which had a mortality-to-employment ratio of at least 1.0, based on mortality ratios for farming workers aged 55 years and
older.
the Middle Atlantic, Midwest, Northeast, and Great Plains
divisions. Some States with high mortality ratios, such as
Minnesota, Wisconsin, and North Dakota, also show mortality-to-employment ratios greater than 1.0, indicating that fatal
injuries were incurred disproportionately on the basis of total
fatal workplace injuries and farming employment.
Although Texas and California reported a combined total
of 175 fatal injuries to older farming workers, each of those
States was calculated to have a mortality ratio under 0.5 and
thus was not listed in table I. The relatively low mortality ratio
may be due to a number of reasons, including larger numbers of
total fatalities annually, younger migrant farmworker populations, and agricultural production making up smaller
proportions of each State's gross State product, resulting in
a smaller proportion of employed individuals at risk of this
type of fatal injury.
Table 1 also provides a clue to each State's experience by
separating out farming from age. In most of the States listed,
greater disproportions of fatal injuries were attributed to
farming-related risks rather than age-related risks. In the majority
of States, older farming workers were disproportionately fatally
injured than were workers of all ages in farming occupations,
indicating that a mixture of risks associated with farming and age
contributed to high mortality ratios for older farming workers.
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Industry. The three major agriculture industries in which
workers in farming occupations toiled from 1995 to 2002 were
crop production, livestock production, and agricultural
services.
Within the crop production industries, establishments
reporting the most fatal injuries included general farms with a
significant amount of sales coming from the production of crops
(984 fatalities), cash grain farms such as wheat and com farms
(101 fatalities), and field crop farms such as cotton and tobacco
farms ( 126 fatalities). Establishments involved in livestock
production accounted for 581 fatalities to workers aged 55 years
and older in farming occupations. Farmers in this industry incurred
nearly 350 fatalities, many of which occurred on beef cattle farms.
Agricultural service establishments, such as labor contractors,
accounted for a relatively small amount of fatal injuries to workers
aged 55 years and older in farming occupations. Farmworkers
represented a majority of these fatalities.
Across a11 occupations, fatally injured workers were more
evenly distributed among establishment sizes. Older workers
were represented 11 percent more than workers under 55
years in establishments with 10 or fewer employees. For
farming occupations, unquestionably the majority of fatally
injured workers were employed by establishments with 10 or
fewer employees (68 percent).
Monthly Labor Review
October
2005
41
Fatalities among Older Farming Workers
Occupation.
As seen in chart 2, the occupation of fatally
injured workers varied by age. Deaths to workers meeting the
definition of "farmer" were distributed more among older
workers, including some over 90 years of age. Farm managers
fatally injured during the time of this analysis also were of
older ages. Supervisors of farmworkers recorded a distributtc,t1 of injuries similar to that of most supervisors in the
U.S. economy, with the majority being between 55 and 65
years of age. In contrast, fatally injured farmworkers tended
to be younger, with the highest incidence among those between the ages 15 and 19 years.
Occupations with the most fatal injuries varied by race and
ethnicity. Fatally injured farmers and managers were nearly
all self-employed non-Hispanic white males. Most fatalities
occurred in Ohio, Pennsylvania, Missouri, and Iowa. More
than 65 percent were working in crop production industries.
Around 40 percent occurred while the worker was driving or
operating a farm vehicle. About 30 percent of fatal injuries to
non-Hispanic white farmers involved overturns. Although
most incidents occurred on farms, 13 percent of decedents
were off farm property at the time of their injury.
Hispanics or Latinos made up 19 percent of fatal injuries to
farmworkers (78 fatalities) and 28 percent of fatal injuries to
supervisors (9 fatalities). Thirty-seven percent of fatalities to
Hispanic farmworkers took place in California. A large majority
of these decedents were between 55 and 65 years of age.
Many fatalities to Hispanic farmworkers were due to transportation incidents ( 17 percent drivers and 17 percent passengers). One-fourth of fatal injuries to Hispanic farmworkers
were incurred on streets and highways.
Six percent of farmworkers were non-Hispanic blacks.
Many of these workers incurred their fatal injuries in
transportation incidents or by being struck by falling objects
on the farm. One-third of these fatalities to non-Hispanic black
farmworkers occurred away from farm locations, a quarter on
streets or highways.
Table 2 displays fatality data by occupation according to the
event or exposure resulting in fatal injury. The table reveals that
fatal occupational injuries to farmers were classified as transportation incidents, primarily nonhighway overturns. Tractors
were directly involved in almost 50 percent of the 1,472 fatalities
to workers in this occupation. Managers incurred a disproportionate number of drownings over the years 1995-2002. Most of
the fatalities incurred by supervisors occurred while they were
driving or otherwise operating trucks or farm machinery.
Overturns resulted in 417 fatalities to farmworkers. However,
Distribution of fatal injuries to workers by farming occupations across age categories,
1995-2002
Farmworkers
Farmers
Percent
Percent
□
Managers and supervisors
100
100
90
90
80
80
70
70
60
60
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
0
Under 15
years
15-19
years
42 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
20-24
years
October 2005
25-34
years
35-44
years
45-54
years
55-64
years
65-74
years
75 years
and older
Fatal occupational injuries incurred by workers aged 55 and older in U.S. farming occupations, by event or
exposure, 1995-2002
Event or exposure
Farming occupations
Farmers
Managers
Supervisors
Farmworkers
Number ........................................................................................ .
2,228
1,472
307
32
417
Percent distribution .................................................................... .
Transportation ........................................................................... .
Highway ..... .. .............. ............................................................ .
Collision between vehicles or mobile equipment .............. .
Non highway ... ... ..... ....... .... .... ........................................ .... ..... .
Noncollision ........................................................................
Fell from and struck by vehicle or mobile equipment ... .
Overturned ..................... ........................... .................... ..
Assaults and violent acts ........ ............... .... .. ............... ............ .
Assaults by animals ............ ........ ... ... .... .. ....... ....... .. .... .......... .
Contact with objects and equipment ........................................ .
Struck by object .................. ................................................ ..
F?_11s ·········· ·· ······ ····· ·· ··································································
Exposure to harmful substances or environments .................. .
100
100
54
54
10
5
38
9
4
40
37
7
26
7
5
28
16
6
3
100
56
11
7
39
38
9
24
7
4
25
15
5
3
100
41
19
100
53
12
10
31
28
10
14
10
NorE:
35
8
24
7
5
27
15
6
4
16
7
31
22
21
12
9
5
Dash indicates no data or data that did not meet publication criteria.
injuries to fannworkers---especially injuries not associated with
driving or operating a vehicle-were more evenly distributed
across event types, relative to the other occupations. For
example, fannworkers suffered a greater proportion of injuries
due to animal assaults.
Demographics. Fatally injured workers in fanning occupations registered a median age of 55 years, well over the total
population median of 42 years. More than 96 percent of fatally
injured workers aged 55 years and older in fanning occupations
were men. Most of the men fatally injured were non-Hispanic
white workers, although Hispanic workers represented 13
percent of the total.
In chart 3, the percent distribution of fatal injuries by
employment status for workers in farming occupations is
presented for the two age groups consisting of those under
55 years and those 55 years and older. Most older workers were
self-employed. The majority of decedents in family businesses
were younger than 55 years, but a few were in the older grouping.
Of the 2,228 older workers in farming occupations who died
from an occupational injury between 1995 and 2002, only 330
were wage or salary workers-half the percentage of those
of all ages working for a wage or salary.
More than 85 percent of non-Hispanic white workers in
farming occupations were self-employed, while almost 65 percent
of non-Hispanic black decedents and nearly 79 percent of
Hispanic or Latino decedents worked for compensation. About
65 percent of non-Hispanic white workers and 62 percent of
non-Hispanic black workers were 65 years or older, while 66
percent of Hispanic workers were younger than 65.
Event or exposure. Table 3 gives details about the types of
incidents reported in fatal injuries involvinr workers in
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farming occupations. The table also provides median age
figures to accentuate the age differences among categories.
Of the 4,374 fatalities occurring between 1995 and 2002 to
workers in farming occupations, the median age for those
workers dying in transportation incidents was 57 years.
Transportation incidents are separated into two primary
categories: highway and nonhighway. Sixty percent of
highway incidents involved workers under the age of 55.
While this is a large percentage, highway decedents working
in farming occupations had a median age of 48, still older
than the median for the total labor force.
In contrast, the median age of farming workers killed in
nonhighway transportation incidents was 60 years. The
greatest number of nonhighway incidents involved overturns
(848 fatal injuries), a large majority of which killed those aged
55 years and older. While tractor overturns that kill older
farming workers have decreased by nearly 25 percent since
1992, fatal injuries due to overturns continue to fluctuate
from year to year and contribute approximately one-fourth of
fatal injuries to older farming workers.
Of the total 164 assaults and violent acts occurring to
workers aged 55 and older in farming occupations, approximately 7 in 10 were direct assaults from animals. Thirty-five
suicides were recorded among this population, which numbered less than half as many as farming workers under the
age of 55.
Worker activity. CFOI classifies hundreds of activities workers
may be performing during the time of a fatal injury. In contrast to
the event or exposure, which identifies the manner in which the
injury was experienced, worker activity identifies what the
individual was doing immediately prior to the event. For older
Monthly Labor Review
October
2005
43
Fatalities among Older Farming Workers
Percent distribution of fatal injuries to workers in farming occupations, by employment status
according to age group, 1995-2002
Under 55 years
55 years and older
(2,142 fatalities)
(2,228 fatalities)
Percent
Percent
43
81
D
Self-employed
Work for pay or other compensation
workers in farming occupations, precipitating activities
tended to be vehicle operation (1,196 fatalities), tool and
machinery use (283 fatalities), and animal care (133 fatalities).
Nearly 44 percent of all injuries that resulted in the death of
an older farming worker took place while the worker was
operating farm vehicles or machinery (974 fatal injuries). More
than half of these injuries were due to overturns. Approximately
14 percent of fatalities involving the operation of farm vehicles
occurred when a farming worker fell from a vehicle and then
was struck by his or her own vehicle. Workers in farming occupations were operating tractors in an overwhelming majority of the 974 fatal injuries, but other machinery involved in
fatalities included mowing machinery attached to tractors,
balers, or combines. Other sources causing harm to farming
workers while they were operating farm vehicles or machinery
included trees, other tractors, ditches, bales, and water. While
11 percent of these events took place on a street or highway,
more than 85 percent occurred on a farm, mostly in fields. The
majority of workers affected were involved primarily in the
production of crops (524), although fatalities also took
the lives of dairy workers and those involved in livestock
production.
While boarding or alighting a farm vehicle, 42 farming workers
aged 55 years and older were fatally injured, mostly due to
their vehicles rolling while not in normal operation. Thirty-
44 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October 2005
■ Work in family business
four farming workers aged 55 years and older died while riding
on farm vehicles, most of which were tractors.
A number of workers in farming occupations died while
tending to animals. A large majority of these workers were
assaulted by the animals. In 59 percent of the incidents, cattle
were the source of injury. Fifty-six incidents involved injuries to
the trunk, 37 injuries to the head. Farming workers died while
riding a horse in 26 cases. A few of these riders were assaulted
by the horse they were riding.
Many workers in farming occupations died while in the act
of repairing equipment or performing maintenance measures.
One hundred eleven decedents were fatally injured while
repairing equipment. Decedents were struck by rolling objects in 32 cases, 10 of which occurred during attempts to
jump-start vehicles. A large number of incidents involved
tractors, many resulting in internal injuries of the trunk or
intracranial injuries. Another 27 farming workers were fatally
injured while stopping to resolve a jam-up of equipment or
machinery; many of these individuals were subsequently
caught in or crushed by collapsing materials.
Location of injury. The location most frequently reported
as the place of fatal injury to farming workers was the farm.
Approximately 35 percent occurred on farmland under
cultivation or in fields or meadows. Two-thirds of fatal injuries
Fatal injuries to workers in farming occupations, by age, selected events or exposures, 1995-2002
Event or exposure
Fatalities
Total, under 55
years
Total, 55 years
and older
Median age
Total .... ........ ... ..... .. ... ............ .... .......... ... .... ...... .. .............. ... ... ... ..... .... ... .
4,374
2,142
2,228
55
Transportation incidents .. ........ ..... ..... . ........... ... ........ ... ..... ....... ..... .... .
Highway .. .. ..... .... ... ... ... ....... ............ .. ........ .. ......... ......... ............... .... ..
Collision between vehicles , mobile equipment .............. ....... ..... ...
Moving in opposite directions, oncom ing .. ........ ........ ............. ..
Moving in intersection ... ... ..... ... ... ... ...... ................ .. ...... ... ...... ... .
Noncollision ............. .... ... ... ... ... .......................... ... .... .. ............. .. ...
Jackknifed or overturned .. ... ........... ........ ..... .. ......... ...... ..... .... .. .
Nonhighway (farm , industrial premises) ........................... ......... ...... .
Noncollision ..... ....... .. ................. ..... ....... .. ... ...... ...... .. ..... ............ .. .
Fell from and struck by vehicle, mobile equipment ...... .......... ..
Overturned .. .. ...... ..... .... ...... .. .... ..... ... .......... ............ .. ........... .. ... ..
Worker struck by vehicle , mobile equipment ... ....... ... ............... .. ....
In parking lot or non road area ...... ..... ... ....... ...... .... ... ..... ....... ....... .
2,201
998
332
163
42
45
143
114
524
490
124
322
102
81
1,202
222
122
48
48
214
59
50
78
164
16
12
77
113
554
285
64
85
227
183
1,362
1,266
302
848
224
185
Assaults and violent acts .... ..... ... ............................ .. ..... .. ...... .......... ..
Homicides .. .... .......... ... .... .. ..... .... ..... .. .............. .. ........... .. ........ ........ ...
Shooting ............ ... ..... .... ..... .... ...... ......... ...... .. .. ...... ..... .. .... ...... ... ... .
Suicide, self-inflicted injury ....................... .... .... ..... .. ... .................. ..
Assaults by animals .... .... .............. ........... ............. ........ ..... .... .. .. .. ... .
381
78
Contact with objects and equipment .. ... ........ ..... ....... ..... ..... ....... ....... ..
Struck by object .... .... .. ... ....... ..... ... .......... ...... ..... ........... .... ... ......... ...
Falling object ...... .... ..... .................... ........... .. ... ... ...... ........ ......... ... .
Rolling, sliding objects on floor or ground level ... ... ....... .... .. ....... .
Caught in or compressed by equipment or objects ....... ....... ... .. ... ...
Caught in running equipment or machinery ... ........... ...... ..... ....... ..
Compressed or pinched by rolling , sliding , or shifting objects ... .
Caught in or crushed in collapsing materials .. .. ... .. ..... ......... ........ ...
1,122
130
531
202
122
37
249
171
28
75
Falls ······················ ······ ··· ····· ···· ····· ·· ······· ···· ·· ··· ··· ·· ······ ··· ···· ······ ··· ·· ···· ··
Fall to lower level ... ......... .. ...... .... .. .. .... .......................... .. ........ ..... .
240
205
Exposure to harmful substances or environments ........... ....... ........
Contact with electric current ... .... .... ..... .... ..... ... ......... ... .... ........... .
Oxygen deficiency .... ..... ... .... .. ... ...... ..... .... ....... ...... .. .... ....... ......... .
Drowning, submersion ........ ..... .... .... .... .... ....... .. ..... ...... .... ......... .
Fires and explosions ......... ............. ... ... ... .......... .. ... .. ................... .... .
65
113
190
57
42
51
47
47
22
40
84
69
838
776
178
526
121
104
60
60
59
60
59
60
51
39
38
47
62
35
591
55
56
61
57
67
50
46
61
52
102
87
138
118
57
57
339
157
73
61
260
139
47
40
34
44
44
79
18
26
17
85
33
52
59
546
278
175
437
267
68
344
156
138
188
96
40
41
NorE: Numbers may not add to totals due to records with no ages reported.
occurring in fields were transportation incidents, primarily
tractor overturns and falls from tractors. Others working in
fields were caught in running agricultural machinery, collided
with trees while driving tractors, were struck by rolling
tractors while boarding or repairing them, were burned in an
unintended or out-of-control fire, or were assaulted by cattle.
Fatal injuries also occurred in farm buildings. Most such
injuries were the result of falls to lower levels and being struck
by falling objects. Slightly more of the fatalities in farm
buildings occurred to farming workers engaged in the
production of crops as opposed to the raising of livestock. A
few fatalities occurred in silos, most of the incidents due to
collapsing food products. Still fewer fatalities took place
around water; most of these incidents involved tractor
overturns that resulted in death by drowning.
About 11 percent of all fatal injuries to workers aged 55
years and older in farming occupations transpired on road-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ways. Ninety-six times farming workers were killed while
driving tractors on roadways; eighty times they were killed
while driving trucks. In 76 incidents, farming workers collided
with another's truck. The majority of fatalities taking place on
roadways occurred to workers engaged in crop production.
CFOI DATA FROM 1995 TO 2002 SHOW THAT WORKERS aged
55 years and older in farming occupations were at high risk of
fatal injury. Even though fatal injuries to older farming
workers have trended downward over time, the fatality rate
of these workers is still higher than those of most others.
Workers aged 55 years and older represent nearly a third of
those employed in farming occupations and more than half
of the fatalities in these occupations. The fatality rate for
workers aged 55 years and older in farming occupations was
about 48 fatalities per 100,000 employed, 10 times the rate for
all workers.
Monthly Labor Review
October
2005
45
Fatalities among Older Farming Workers
Many fatalities occurring to the older population in farming
occupations took place among establishments producing
mixed goods, primarily crops. More than 200 farming workers
were repairing and maintaining machinery when they were
fatally injured. In addition, animals fatally assaulted 113
workers in farming occupations. While Midwestern States
had a large number of fatal injuries to farming workers aged
55 years and older, Great Plains states had significantly
disproportionate numbers of fatal injuries to older farming
workers. Accounting for employment, farming workers in
Pennsylvania, Illinois, Ohio, and New York were at great risk.
Like data from other studies, the national data confirm sig-
nificant numbers of tractor overturns among farming workers
aged 55 years and older. Even though retrofitting tractors
with rollover protective structures (RoPs) may reduce fatalities
up to 99 percent of the time, significant numbers of tractors
still overturn. While some older models may not yet have
such a structure engineered to fit, other barriers inhibit the
effective use ofROPS. Meaningful future research would likely
include looking at ways to overcome the "hassle factor"farmers' perceived annoyance at the money and time required
to be spent purchasing and using ROPS mechanisms. Useful
research in this area would likely further encourage the
declining trend in overturns. 13
□
Notes
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: The author thanks Jessica Sincavage, Mark
Zak, Janice Windau, Scott Richardson, Katharine Newman, William
Wiatrowski, and Jordan Pfuntner for their input, and Stephen Pegula
for his input and data review in the preparation of this article.
pational Safety and Health, September 2004).
6
McCurdy and Carroll, "Agricultural Injury."
7
Myers and Hard, "Risks of Fatal Injuries."
R Great Plains Center for Agricultural Health, TRAC-SAFE: A Community-based Program for Reducing Injuries and Deaths Due to Trartor
Overturns; on the Internet at http://www.public-health.uiowa.edu/
1
John Myers, David Hard, Karl Snyder, Virgil Casini, Rosemary
Cianfrocco, Judy Fields, and Linda Morton, "Risks of Fatal Injuries to
Farm Workers 55 Years of Age and Older," American Journal of
Industrial Medicine Supplement, October 1999, pp. 29-30; Stephen
A. McCurdy and Daniel J. Carroll, "Agricultural Injury," American
Journal of Industrial Medicine, October 2000, pp. 463-80.
gpcah/tracsaf.htm.
2
Kelly J. Donham, Burton C. Kross, James A. Merchant, and David
S. Pratt, Agriculture at Risk: A Report to the Nation, summary report
of the Agricultural, Occupational and Environmental Health : Policy
Strategies for the Future conference, Des Moines, IA, September 1988,
and Iowa City, IA, September 1998 ; on the Internet at http://
10
Occupational Safety and Health Administration, OSHA Fact Sheet:
Farm Safety; on the Internet at http://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/
www.public-health.uiowa.edu/agatrisk/.
3
McCurdy and Carroll, " Agricultural Injury"; see also Suzanne M.
Kisner and Stephanie G. Pratt, "Occupational Fatalities among Older
Workers in the United States: 1980-1991," Journal of Occupational
and Environmental Medicine, August 1997, pp. 715-21.
4
Scott Richardson and Andrew Schulman, "Texas Study Finds Older
Workers at Relatively High Risk of Fatal Occupational Injury," Compensation and Working Conditions, April 1994, pp. 1-8.
5
Worker Health Chartbook, 2004 (National Institute for Occu-
46 Monthly Labor Review
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October 2005
9
Ricky Lee Langley and James Lee Hunter, "Occupational fatalities
due to animal-related events," Wilderness and Environmental Medicine, vol. 12, no. 3, 2001, pp. 168-74.
data_ General_ Facts/FarmFactS2. pdf.
11
Fred Gale, " The Graying Farm Sector: Legacy of Off-Farm
Migration," Rural America, fall 2002, pp. 28-31.
12
Every year, CFO! publishes fatality rates based on preliminary
fatality counts. The 4.5 fatal injuries per I 00,000 employed is taken
as an average of published rates for the years 1995-2002 .
13
E. M. Hallman recently published results of a study looking into
just this issue. (See his article "ROPS Retrofitting: Measuring Effectiveness of Incentives and Uncovering Inherent Barriers to Success ,
"Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health, February 2005, pp. 75-84.)
APPENDIX: Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries
Since its inception in 1992, the BLS Census of Fatal Occupational
Injuries (CFO!) has cross-referenced numerous source documents
each year, including death certificates and media accounts, to
ascertain demographic and other characteristics of workplace
fatalities. Data are classified by tnore than 30 elements, including
status of employment, sex, age, and race or ethnic origin. Furthermore,
CFO! classifies cases according to the Occupational Injury and Illness
Classification System by nature of injury, part of body injured,
source of injury, and event or exposure. Other data elements include
the location and the activity the worker was engaged in at the time
of the injury. Between 1995 and 2002. CFO! classified data according
to the 1990 Bureau of Census (BOC) occupations and the 1987
Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) manual.
Beginning with 2003 data, CFO! has adopted the North American
Industry Classification System (NAICS) of 2002 and the Standard
Occupational Classification (soc) system of 2000. The result of
these changes is a break in series for both industry and occupation.
When classified by industry or occupation, data previous to 2003
are not comparable to 2003 data. Therefore, data for 2003-04, the
most recently available data, have been excluded from this study.
There are 19 specific occupations, as defined by the BOC within
the broad category of farming, forestry, and fishing occupations. 1
Twelve of these refer to agriculture-related occupations. However,
several of the 12 designate work unrelated to agriculture production
on farms. Only 4 are consistent with this type of farming: farmers,
except horticulture; managers , farms, except horticulture; supervisors, farmworkers; and farmworkers. CFO! identified 4,374 fatal
injuries under these occupation categories, of which 2,228 were
incurred by those 55 years or older at the time of the injury.
A number of terms are used in this appendix to refer to the
special population consisting of workers in the four agricultural
farm-related occupations under the category of farming, forestry,
and fishing. The four selected occupations in combination will be
referred to as farming occupations and, occasionally, as farming or
farming workers. Unless otherwise specified,farmers will refer to
the category of farmers, except horticulture , which is BOC code 473.
Managers will refer to BOC code 475: managers, farms, except
horticulture. Supervisors will refer to BOC code 477, supervisors,
farmworkers. Farmworkers will refer to the farmworkers category
(BOC code 479). Agriculture will refer to the agriculture industry,
which includes, but is not limited to , the farming occupations listed.
The term older will refer to any population consisting of workers
aged 55 or more years.
Five statistics were calculated that require some explanation. Fatality
rates, as calculated here, describe the number of fatal injuries in a
particular group per 100,000 employed in that group. The fatality rate
is calculated as
( ~) X
100,000,
where FI is the number of fatal injuries and£ is (fu ll- and part-time)
employment. For example, over the 1995-2002 period, 2,228 fatal
injuries were identified among workers in farming occupations, and
an esumated 4,651,000 were (cumulatively) employed in those
same occupations. These numbers yield a fatality rate of 47.9 fatal
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injuries per I 00,000 employed. The number of employed workers
used to calculate the rates, except for the military, are annual averages
of employed civilians 16 years and older. A resident military figure,
obtained from the Department of Defense, was added to the CPS
employment total. Because the Bureau of Labor Statistics publishes
employment estimates from the CPS that are limited to workers at least
16 years old, all rates exclude fatalities to workers under that age. 2
Relati ve risks provide a look at the relationship between a
selected group in comparison to other groups. The rate for the total
population serves as the base. Thus, relative risks are denoted by
Rate_,/ Rater where RateN is the fatal work injury rate for a selected
worker group and Rate 7 is the fatal work injury rate for the total
population. For example, suppose the selected worker group is
workers aged 55 years or older in farming occupations, whose fatal
work injury rate was Rates= 47.9. Then the relative risk for this
popul ation, based on the total working population's fatality rate
(Rate 1 = 4.5), was 10.6, meaning that the selected worker gro up had
a risk of fatal injury 10.6 times that of the total working population.
Mortality ratios represent the ratio of the number of fatalities in one
category, as a percentage of that category's aggregate, to the total
fatalities in all categories, as a percentage of the total aggregate. The
number 1.00 indicates a proportional distribution of fatalities.
The mortality ratio can thus be represented mathematically as
P GROUP IPALL' where PGROUP is the number of fatal work injuries to
the worker group in the State in question, divided by the number of
fatalities to that group in the Nation. For example, Ohio reported
125 fatal injuries to workers aged 55 years and older in farming
occupations, representing 5.61 percent of the 2,228 fatal injuries to
workers nationwide. Ohio also reported 1,614 fatalities to workers
of all ages in all occupations, representing 3.35 percent of the 48,193
U.S. total. The percentage of fatalities to older workers in farming
occupations, divided by the proportion of fatalities to a ll worker
groups, yields a ratio of 1.68, indicating that fatalities for older
Ohio workers in farming occupations were disproportionately
higher than were fatalities among all Ohio workers.
Employment ratios were calculated to determine the significance
of farm employment in each State's economy. Employment ratios
are interpreted as the ratio of a State's proportion of U.S. farm
employment to that State's proportion of total employment. This
relationship can be expressed as (FsTATE /Fus )l (TSTATE!Tus ), where
FSTATEis the employment estimate of farm operators and laborers in
the State in question, Fus is the employment estimate of farm
operators and laborers in the United States, TSTATE is the estimate of
the total employed in the State in question, and Tus is the estimate
of the total employed in the United States. For example, in its 2002
Census of Agriculture, the National Agricultural Statistics Service
estimated that 6, 151,642 farm operators and laborers worked in the
United States in 2002, of which 3.1 percent was estimated for Ohio
( 188,624/6, 151,642). The CPS estimated total non farm employment
to be 130,341,000 in the Nation in 2002, and the BLS Local Area
Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) program estimated 5,445,000
employed in Ohio (4.2 percent). The final calculation yields a farmto-nonfarm employment ratio of 0.73 (3.1/4.2).
Finally, an attempt to standardize mortality ratios was made by
using the preceding employment ratios. The standardized mortality
ratio is simply the mortality ratio MsTATE for a State, divided by that
State 's employment ratio £STATE' or MSTATE / £STATE' Thus, a mortality
Monthly Labor Review
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2005
47
Fatalities among Older Farming Workers
ratio of 1.68 and an employment ratio of 0.76 yield a mortality-toemployment ratio of 2.2 ( 1.68/0.76). Due to data limitations, this
standardization could not be performed for the group aged 55 years
and older. Therefore, employment ratios for each group include
individuals of any age, restricting the significance of th(; calculation
of the mortality-to-employment ratio .3
Notes to the appendix
1
The following no c occupation categorie s were defined for the
1990 census:
Title
Code
473 - 499
473-476
473
474
475
476
477-489
477-484
477
479
483
484
48:>-489
485
486
487
488
489
494- 496
48
Farming, forestry, and fishing occupations
Farm operators and managers
Farmers, except horticultural
Horticultural specialty farmers
Managers, farms, except horticultural
Managers, horticultural specialty farms
Other agricultural and related occupations
Farm occupations, except managerial
Supervisors, farmworkers
Farmworkers
Marine life cultivation workers
Nursery workers
Related agricultural occupations
Supervisors , related agricultural occupations
Groundskeepers and gardeners, except farm
Animal caretakers, except farm
Graders and sorters, agricultural products
Inspectors, agricultural products
Forestry and logging occupations
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494
495
496
497 - 499
497
498
499
Supervisors, forestry and logging workers
Forestry workers , except logging
Timber cutting and logging occupations
Fishers , hunters, and trappers
Captains and other officers, fishing vessels
Fishers, including ve ssel captains and officers
Hunters and trappers
2
For more information on the calculation of fatality rates and the
choice of denominator, see John W. Ruser, " Denominator Choice in
the Calculation of Workplace Fatality Rates," American Journal of
Indu strial Medi cine , February 1998, pp . I 51 - 56.
' Ideally, data on work hours for individuals 55 years and older would be
obtained for each State in order to determine the risk of fatal injury to
farming workers . Then employment data for individuals 55 years and
older would be obtained for each State 's totals and farming figures.
Unfortunately, these data were not available at the time this article was
written. However, the mortality-to-employment ratio is still valuable in
standardizing each State's fatal workplace injuries to older farming workers
by each State's farming employment. While standardization does not
produce an exact match, mortality ratios for all ages of farming workers
yielded approximately the same results.
Occupational safety and health
Fatal occupational injuries
among Asian workers
During the 5-year period between 1999 and 2003,
775 people of Asian descent suffered a fatal work injury;
this is equal to 3 percent of all fatal work injuries during this period;
more than half of the fatalities resulted from an assault or violent act
Jessica R.
Sincavage
Jessica R.
Sincavage is an
economist in the
Division of Foreign
Labor Statistics,
Office of
Productivity and
Technology,
Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
E-mail:
slncavage.
jessica@bls.gov
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ccording to Census 2000, Asian-Americans accounted for 3.6 percent of the U.S.
population; this percentage is likely to rise
as more Asians continue to immigrate. In 2000,
76 percent of the foreign-born Asian population
had immigrated to the United States in the past
two decades.' Part of this incr-:>ase was because of
the growth of the foreign-born Asian population
from 1990 to 2000. In 2000, 43 percent of the foreign-born Asian population had just immigrated
into the United States within the past 10 years.
As the Asian-American population continues to
grow, so does the need to understand the distinct
societal and economic issues this group faces, especially in the workplace. Worker safety is one
area that can be studied. Understanding the dangers that threaten their safety in the workplace and
how the Asian labor force experience differs from
other workers is an important beginning.
This article examines trends in fatal work injuries to Asian workers. Data are from the Bureau
of Labor Statistics Census of Fatal Occupational
Injuries (CFO!) and the Current Population Survey
(cPs). CPS employment data for Asians as a distinct group is only available since 2000; data for
prior years reflect Asians and Pacific Islanders
together. The President's Office of Management
and Budget defines "Asian" as "A person having
origins in any of the original peoples of the Far
East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent
including, for example, Cambodia, China, India,
Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine
A
Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam." 2
The Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries recorded 775 fatal work injuries to Asian workers
over the 1999-2003 period. 3 These fatal work injuries represent 3 percent of the total fatal workplace injuries occurring over those 5 years. (See
table 1.)
How data were collected
Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries. The Bureau of Labor Statistics conducts the CFOI program,
which collects detailed information on all workrelated fatal injuries in the United States. It includes private wage and salary workers, public
sector employees--civilian and resident militaryand self-employed workers. To ensure a complete
count and to collect the required data for each case,
the CFOI uses a multiple source document collection system. To document work-relatedness, each
fatality is normally verified using at least two
source documents, such as death certificates, medical examiner or coroner reports, news media accounts, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) reports, or other sources. Historically, each fatality has averaged nearly four source
documents. CFO! collects more than 30 data elements on each case, including the work status of
the decedent (wage or salary worker or self employed), gender, age, race or ethnic origin, occupation, and industry. Other data elements include
the event or exposure that led to the injury, the
Monthly Labor Review
October
2005
49
Asian Worker Fatalities
Fatal occupational injuries to civilian workers
by race and ethnic origin, 1999-2003
Total
Origin
28,571
Fatalities (number) .............................................. .
Race or ethnic origin (percent):
1
White ................................................................. .
Hispanic or Latino .. ... ... ................... ......... ........ ..
Black or African American ........... ... ..... .. .. ......... .
Asian ............................ .... .. ....... .. ... .............. ... .. .
American Indian or Alaskan Native ................. .
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander ...... ... .... ..... .
71.5
14.1
Other races or not reported .............................. .
1.1
9.6
2.7
.7
.2
1
Persons identified as Hispanic may be of any race. The individual
race categories shown exclude data for Hispanics.
NOTE: Totals exclude fatalities resulting from the September 11, 2001
terrorist attacks. Percentages may not add to totals because of rounding.
SouRcE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, in
cooperation with State, New York City, District of Columbia, and Federal
agencies, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries.
source of the injury, and the activity and location of the
worker at the time of the incident.
For this article, Asian workers do not include Asian workers of Hispanic origin. 4 Data from Census 2000 show that
approximately 1.0 percent of the Asian population in the
United States is of Hispanic origin. 5 Fatalities to foreign born workers include all fatal occupational injuries recorded
by CFOI for which the element "foreign birth place" was positively coded by the entry of the name of the country of birth
into the field. In order to make it possible to compare CFOI
data with employment data, fatal work injuries to the resident military have been excluded from this article.
Current Population Survey. All fatality rates are expressed
as the number of fatalities per 100,000 employed persons. 6
Because the fatality census does not collect employment data,
fatality rates were calculated using estimates of employed
civilian workers (aged 16 and older) from the Current Population Survey annual foreign-born supplement. 7 There are
some limitations to the calculated fatality rates: 1) the rates
are based on employment regardless of hours worked; 2) the
CPS classifies occupation based on the primary job worked,
which may not be the job the decedent was performing when
fatally injured; and 3) because the CPS is a survey rather than
a census, data from the CPS are subject to sampling error.
The CPS is a monthly random sample of 60,000 households that represents the entire noninstitutionalized civilian
population of the United States. In response to the increased
demand for statistical information about the foreign born,
questions on nativity, citizenship, year of entry into the United
States, and the parental nativity of respondents were added
50 Monthly Labor Review
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2005
to the CPS beginning in January 1994. 8
However, not until January 2003 did the CPS begin identifying Asians as a separate race category. The response category of Asian and Pacific Islanders was split into two categories: a) Asian and b) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific
Islanders. CPS data for the years 2000-02 have been revised
to reflect this change and are directly comparable with data
from 2003 and forward.
In addition, the CPS uses the Census Bureau definition of
"foreign-born" and "native-born," which has a slightly different meaning than the definition employed by the CFO!. The
Census Bureau defines foreign-born persons as those who
were not U.S. citizens at birth, and native-born persons as
those who were U.S. citizens at time of birth. The Censusdefined native-born population includes persons who were
born in 1 of the 50 States or in the District of Columbia,
persons born in 1 of the U.S. island territories, and persons
born abroad to a U.S. citizen. According to the Census in
2000, 0.7 percent of the U.S. population can be classified in
the latter category of the native-born population, and as such,
there might be slight inconsistencies in the nativity classification assigned to a fatally-injured worker by the CFO! and by
the CPs. 9 Some error may be introduced in the calculation of
fatality rates because of this difference.
Standard Industrial Classification system. The 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (sic) system was the basis for
industry classification for the CPS and the CFOI during the
1999-2002 period. Occupations were classified according
to the Bureau of the Census' 1990 Occupational Classifica■ l•1• 11 =---
Fatal occupational injuries of foreign-born
civilian workers, 1997-2003
Origin
Fatalities
All workers (number) ....... ................ .. .... .. ... .
4,426
Asian workers 1
Number ...................... .... .. ... .......... .. ....... .
Percent ...... ... ............ ............... .............. .
640
100.0
Country of origin (percent): ....................... .
India .........................................................
Korea ... .. .................. ................................ .
Vietnam .......... ......................................... .
China ............... .. .................................. .... .
Philippines ......... .. ..... .. ........ .................... ..
Pakistan .... .. ... ... ........ .... .... .... .. ............. ... .
Japan ... .. ........ ... .. ................ ........ .. .. ......... .
21.6
18.1
13.6
All others ................................................. .
15.4
10.3
10.3
6.6
4.1
1
Individual race category shown excludes data for Hispanics.
NOTE: Totals for 2001 exclude fatalities resulting from the September
11 terrorist attacks. Percentages may not add to totals due to rounding.
SouRcE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, in
cooperation with State, New York City, District of Columbia, and Federal
agencies, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries.
tion system. Beginning with the 2003 reference year, the CPS
and the CFOI began using the 2002 North American Industry
Classification System (NAICS) to define industry and the Standard Occupational Classification (soc) system to define occupation. Because of the substantial differences between the
current and previous systems., the industry and occupation
data in 2003 constitute a break in series, and users are advised against making comparisons between the 2003 industry and occupation categories and the results for previous
years. As a result, the industry and occupation analysis in
this article focuses primarily on the years 1999-2002.
All injury characteristics (type of event, source of injury,
and worker activity and location) were classified using the
1992 Occupational Injury and Illness Classification structure
developed by BLS. 10
Nativity and demographics
The CFOI can identify fatal work injuries suffered by foreignborn Asian workers and fatal work injuries suffered by nativt-burn Asian workers. In 2000, foreign-born Asian workers accounted for 86 percent of all workplace fatalities incurred by Asians. From 2001 to 2003, this percentage remained close to that number, fluctuating between 83 percent
and 87 percent. Over the 2000-03 period, foreign-born
Asians accounted for 77 percent of Asian employment while
■ 1•1• 11 =---
accounting for 85 percent of the fatal work injuries.
Over the entire 5-year study period, 22 percent of all foreign-born Asians fatally injured in the workplace were born
in India. (See table 2, page 50.) Another 18 percent were
born in Korea. Asian workers born in Vietnam, China, and
the Philippines accounted for more than a third of the fatalities to foreign-born Asians during this period. Of all the foreign-born workers fatally injured from 1999 to 2003 , Asian
workers accounted for 14 percent.
During the study period, the highest number of fatal injuries to Asian workers (172) was recorded in 2001. (See table 3.)
The number had risen slightly each year since 1999 when
Asians were first identified as a separate race category in CFOI. 11
Of the 775 Asian workers who were fatally injured on the
job from 1999 to 2003, 12 percent were women. This percentage is significantly greater than the 8 percent of worker
fatalities occurring to non-Asian women during these years.
In terms of age, almost three-fourths of the fatal injuries
from 1999 to 2003 involved workers between the ages of 25
and 54. Another 18 percent were incurred by older Asian
workers, aged 55 and older. Employment data from 2000 to
2003 show that older Asian workers accounted for only 11
percent of employment during this period, suggesting that
they are more likely to be fatally injured on the job than Asian
workers aged 54 years and younger. This is similar to the
experience of non-Asian older workers.
Fatal occupational injuries to civilian workers by selected characteristics, 1999-2003
Characteristic
Total , all workers ........ ................ ... ... ..... .. ....
Total
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
28,571
5,973
5,833
5,804
5,448
5,513
••••••••••••••••••••• • ••••••• • •••••••••••• • •• • ••••••••••••
775
164
169
172
126
144
Nativity :
Native born ........... ................ ... ................ .
Foreign born .. ..... .... .......... ....................... .
135
640
44
120
24
145
28
144
16
110
23
121
Gender:
Men .. ..... .. ..... ............... ....... .. .......... .. ... ... .. .
Women ................................. ... .. ..... .. ... .. ...
685
90
147
17
153
16
151
21
113
13
121
23
Age:
Under 16 years .. ... ................................... .
16 to 24 years .......... ........................ .. ...... .
25 to 34 years .. .... .... .. ....... ............... .. .. .... .
35 to 44 years .......................................... .
45 to 64 years ................................. ..... .. .. .
55 to 64 years ... .. ..................................... .
65 years and older .............. .... ... .............. .
66
158
197
215
109
28
15
30
43
49
24
3
15
33
48
41
26
6
15
33
41
50
26
6
5
30
31
31
22
7
16
32
34
44
11
6
Employee status:
Wage and salary workers 2 •••••••• • • • •• • ••••••••••
Self-employed 3 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • •••• ..• • •
534
241
126
38
108
61
113
59
91
35
96
48
Asian
1
1
Individual race category shown excludes data for Hispanics.
May include volunteers.
Includes paid and unpaid family workers, and may include owners of
incorporated businesses, or members of partnerships.
NOTE: Totals for 2001 exclude fatalities resulting from the September 11
2
3
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terrorist attacks. Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet
publication criteria .
SouRcE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, in
cooperation with State, New York City, District of Columbia, and Federal
agencies, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries.
Monthly Labor Review
October
2005
51
Asian Worker Fatalities
Younger workers, younger than 24 years, accounted for the
remaining 9 percent of Asian fatal injuries from 1999 to 2003 .
Younger non-Asian workers accounted for 10 percent of the
fatal injuries to non-Asian workers over this same period.
Fatalities to the self employed accounted for almost onethird of all Asian worker fatalities . This is notably different
than the proportions for non-Asian workers, where one in five
fatal injuries was incurred by the self employed . This difference is not explained by employment. In 2003 , 7 .1 percent of
Asian workers and 7.6 percent of non-Asian workers were self
employed. This article does not examine differeo,-:es in the
occupations of the self employed that may, at least in part,
explain this difference.
Event or exposure causing fatalities
For Asian workers, the leading type of fatal event in the
wo1 l\.place, accounting for more than half of all fatal work
injuries from 1999 to 2003 , was an assault or violent act. 12
(See table 4.)
The fatal work injuries suffered by Asians were atypical
when compared with the rest of the population. Only 15 percent of the fatal work injuries to non-Asian workers were the
result of an assault or violent act. The most common event
causing a fatal workplace injury among non-Asian workers
was a transportation event. Transportation incidents accounted for only 24 percent of Asian workplace fatal injuries
during the 1999-2003 period, compared with 43 percent of
all fatal workplace injuries to non-Asian workers.
■ re1eir-_..,.
Fatal occupational injuries to civilian workers
by event or exposure, 1999-2003
Asian
Event or exposure
Non-Asian
Total fatalities (number) .. ... .... ..... ... ....... ....
775
27 ,796
All events and exposures (percent) 1 • • •••• •• •• •
Transportation incidents .. ....... ........... ... .... .
Assaults and violent acts ..... ............... .. ....
Homocides .... ....... .. ... .......... .. .. ...... .. .. ... ..
Contact with objects and equipment .... ... ..
Falls ..... .. ...... ..... .. .... .... .. .......... .... ........ ... .. ..
Exposure to harmful substances or
environments ..... ........... .. ... ... ... ...... ..... ...
Fires and explosions ......... ... .... ...... ........ ....
Other events or exposures 2 •• •. •• . •• . ••• •. •• • •• •••.
100.0
23.9
52.1
46.1
7.2
9.4
100.0
43.1
14.5
10.2
16.9
12.9
5.3
1.8
8.9
3.3
.3
.3
1
Based on the 1992 BLS Occupational Injury and Illness Classification
Manual.
2
Includes the category "Bodily reactiun and exertion :·
NOTE: Totals exclude fatalities resulting from the September 11 , 2001
terrorist attacks. Percentages may not add to totals because of rounding.
SouRcE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, in
cooperation with State, New York City, District of Columbia, and Federal
agencies, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries.
52 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October
2005
Workplace homicide rate, 2000-03
[Rate per 100,000 civilian workers]
All workers
Wage
and
salary 1
Self
employed 2
Total ....... ... . ..... ............ .. ..
0.47
0.36
1.75
Asian .•••• • . ••. • • • • • ••. •• .•• .•• • . . . . .
Native born .... .................
Foreign born ...................
Non-Asian .........................
Native born .................... .
Foreign born .. .... .............
1.18
.49
1 .38
.43
.37
.94
.62
.25
.73
.37
.32
.63
8.83
5.07
9.61
1.45
.99
5.37
Origin
3
1
Data may include volunteers.
Includes paid and unpaid family workers , and may include owners of
incorporated businesses, nr members of partnerships.
3
Individual race category shown excludes data for Hispanics.
2
NOTE: The rate represents the number of homicides per 100,000
employed civilian workers and was calculated as follows : (N!W) x 100,000,
wtiere N = the number of homicides, and w = the number of employed
workers based on the foreign-born supplement to the Current Population
Survey (CPS ) . Homicides to workers under the age of 16 years were not
included in the rate calculations to maintai n consistency with CPS
employment figures . Totals for 2001 exclude fatalities resulting from the
September 11 terrorist attacks.
SouRcE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, in
cooperation with State, New York City, District of Columbia, and Federal
agencies, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries.
Homicides. Even though Asian workers were the victims
in only 3 percent of the total workplace fatalities from 1999
to 2003 , they incurred 11 percent of the workplace homicides during this period. Of all the Asian worker fatalities
during this period, 46 percent were homicides. Shootings
accounted for 80 percent of workplace homicides involving
Asians, stabbings accounted for 10 percent, and hittings,
kickings, or beatings accounted for 7 percent.
The victims in these cases, generally, were not known to
be acquainted with their assailant. In 61 percent of the homicides to Asian workers, a robber was the assailant. The corresponding figure for non-Asian workers was 37 percent. 13
Asian workers were much less likely than non-Asian workers to be killed in the workplace by a work associate or relative. These cases accounted for approximately 12 percent of
Asian workplace homicide cases from 1999 to 2003, while
accounting for 21 percent of non-Asian homicide cases during the same period. 14
Homicide rates can be used to compare the risk of homicide faced by different worker groups. The homicide rate for
a worker group is equal to the number of homicides recorded
for a worker group divided by the employment level for that
group. If all workers are disaggregated into Asians and nonAsians, self-employed and wage and salary workers, and native-born and foreign-born workers, homicide rates can be
calculated to show that certain worker groups were much
more likely to be the victim of a homicide in the workplace.
From 2000 to 2003, the homicide rate for all worker groups
was 0.47 homicides per 100,000 workers. (See table 5.) Self-
employed Asian workers experienced a homicide rate more
than 18 times that rate, 8.83 homicides per 100,000 workers.
When this group is disaggregated into native-born and foreign-born self-employed Asian workers, it is evident that although both worker groups experienced high homicide rates
over this period, foreign-born.sel f-employed Asian workers
were at a greater risk of being the victim in a workplace homicide. Foreign-born self-employed Asian workers experienced a homicide rate of 9.61 homicides per 100,000 workers, while their native-born counterparts had a homicide rate
of 5.07 homicides per 100,000 workers.
A similar disparity in risk of workplace homicide is seen
when looking at the homicide rates for native-born and foreign-born self-employed non-Asian workers, who experienced homicide rates of 0.99 homicides per 100,000 workers and 5.37 homicides per 100,000 workers, respectively.
Less variation is seen among all worker groups when homicide rates are compared for wage and salary workers.
Other risks. Although homicide rates can be helpful in illustrating the potential dangers a worker faces while on the
job, not all workplace fatalities are the result of a homicide.
Workplace fatality rates are one way to quantify the overall
risk of a worker group of incurring a fatal injury in the workplace. A related statistic, relative risk, is also useful for gauging the risk of fatal work injury a particular group faces.
The relative risk for a group of workers is calculated as
the fatality rate for that group divided by the fatality rate for
all workers. 15 Relative risk measures how much the work• 1
•1• =--••
11
place fatality rate of a specific worker group differs from the
workplace fatality rate of all workers.
While Asian workers experienced a homicide rate that was
much higher than non-Asian workers from 2000 to 2003,
Asian workers overall had less risk of incurring a fatal injury
than non-Asian workers during that same period. (See table 6.)
Asian workers experienced a relative risk of 0.63 while nonAsian workers' relative risk was 1.02. In terms of employee
status, self-employed Asians had a slightly higher fatality rate
than self-employed non-Asians. For wage and salary workers, however, it is reversed; non-Asians working for a wage
or salary were more than twice as likely to be fatally injured
than Asians working for a wage or salary.
Disaggregating the self employed by separating foreignborn workers from native-born workers provides more insight into the relative risk faced by these workers and shows
that whether Asian workers were foreign born or native born
influenced their risk of fatal injury. The worker group that
recorded the highest fatality rate from 2000 to 2003 was the
group comprised of foreign-born self-employed Asians; they
experienced a relative risk of 3.31. From 2000 to 2003, native-born self-employed Asian workers experienced the lowest fatality rate of the self-employed worker groups examined here, but still experienced a relatively high risk of a fatal work injury, 1.94.
Geography and industry
During the study period, 55 percent of the fatal injuries to
Rate of fatal occupational injuries and relative risk, by selected characteristics, 2000-03
All workers
Origin
Wage and salary workers 1
Self-employed workers 2
Fatality rate
(per 100,000
workers) 3
Relative
risk 4
Fatality rate
(per 100,000
workers) 3
Total ......................................................... ..
4.11
1.00
3.68
0.89
11 .24
2.74
Asian 5 ................................. ........................ .
Native born .. ........................................... ..
Foreign born ........................................... ..
Non-Asian .................................................. .
Native born .............................................. .
Foreign born ........................................... ..
2.57
1.65
2.85
4.18
4.03
5.38
.63
.40
.69
1.02
.98
1.31
1.85
1.31
2.01
3.76
3.48
4.86
.45
.32
.49
.92
.85
1.18
12.66
7.97
13.62
11.19
10.71
12.75
3.08
1.94
3.31
2.72
2.61
3.10
' May include volunteers.
2
Includes paid and unpaid family workers , and may include owners of
incorporated businesses, or members of partnerships.
3
The rate represents the number of fatal occupational injuries per
100,000 employed civilian workers and was calculated as follows: (N!W) x
100,000, where N = number of fatal work injuries, and w = the number of
employed workers based on the foreign-born supplement to the Current
Population Survey (cPs). Fatalities to workers under the age of 16 years were not
included in the rate calculations to maintain consistency with CPS employment
figures.
4
The relative risk is calculated by dividing the fatality rate for a particular
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Relative
risk 4
Fatality rate
(per 100,000
workers) 3
Relative
risk 4
group by the fatality rate for all workers. Workers with a relative risk more
than one are at a greater risk of suffering a fatal work injury than the average
civilian worker, and workers with a relative risk below one are at a lesser risk
of suffering a fatal work injury than the average civilian worker.
5
The individual race category shown here excludes data for Hispanics.
NoTE: Totals for 2001 exclude fatalities resulting from the September
11 terrorist attacks.
SouRcE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, in
cooperation with State, New York City, District of Columbia, and Federal
agencies, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries.
Monthly Labor Review
October
2005
53
Asian Worker Fatalities
Asian workers occurred in just four States: California (194
fatalities), Texas (102 fatalities), New York (71 fatalities, with
62 occurring in New York City), and Hawaii (56 fatalities).
These States accounted for just 21 percent of workplace fatalities incurred by non-Asian workers. In 1997, the Census
Bureau issued a special report entitled Asian- and Pacific
Islander-Owned Businesses: 1997. 16 The report states that
in 1997, there were approximately 913,000 Asian- and Pacific Islander-owned small businesses in the United States
employing more than 2.2 million people. Sixty percent of
these small businesses were located in the four States mentioned above.
Workers in certain industries may be exposed to more dangerous working conditions or may be less protected from violent crime. Looking at the industries that contribute to the
fatal work injuries of Asian workers and non-Asian workers,
it is obvious that not all industries contribute equally to the
overall number of fatal work injuries to these populations of
workers. (See table 7.)
Asians were much less likely than non-Asians to be injured while working in agriculture, forestry, and fishing; construction; manufacturing; mining; and government. Asian
workers were more than four times more likely to be fatally
injured in retail trade and slightly more likely to be injured in
services. In fact, Asian decedents in these two industries acPercent distribution of fatal occupational injuries
to civilian workers, by industry, 1999-2002
Industry
Asians 1
Non-Asians
100.0
100.0
Private industry ...... ............ ..... .. .............. ... .
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing ............. .
Mining ............ .. .. .... ... ...................... ......... .
Construction .................. .. ... ..... ... .... ... .. .....
Manufacturing ........... .. ... ....... .. ... .... ...... ....
Transportation and public utilities ... ... ..... .
Wholesale trade .............. ... .. .......... ..........
Retail trade ...... .................................... .... .
Finance, insurance, and real estate ....... .
Services .. .......... ........ .. ........... .... ........ ..... .
95.7
5.9
.5
7.6
7.0
15.4
4.8
35.7
2.2
16.5
91.4
13.5
2.5
20.7
11.2
16.5
3.8
8.5
1.5
12.7
Government3 • • • • ••••• •• •• • •••• • •• • • ••. ••••• ••• ••• • •• •• •••••
Fe,::leral .. .... .. ................. .... .......... .. ... .. ..... ..
State .......................... .. ............. .. .. ........... .
Local ..... .. .............................................. ... .
4.3
.8
1.0
1.9
8.6
1.1
1.9
5.6
All industries 2
1
2
. ••••• • •.•••• •.•• . •.••.••.••••....••••• .. .•.•.
Individual race category shown excludes data for Hispanics.
Classified according to the Standard Industrial Classification Manual,
1987.
3
Includes fatalities to workers employed by governmental organizations
regardless of industry.
NOTE: Totals for 200 I exclude fatalities resulting from the September
11 terrorist attacks. Percentages may not add to totals because of rounding.
SouRcE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, in
cooperation with State, New York City, District of Columbia, and Federal
agencies, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries.
54 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October
2005
count for 52 percent of all Asians who died at work. The
comparable figure for non-Asians is 21 percent.
The grocery store industry, a subindustry of retail trade,
accounted for 16 percent of the fatal workplace injuries to
Asians from 1999 to 2002. 17 Although Asian workers incurred only 3 percent of the total fatal injuries during this 4year period, 23 percent of the fatal workplace injuries in this
industry were incurred by Asian workers.
While the large proportion of Asian worker fatalities in
retail trade and services may be because of their employment
patterns, it is impossible to calculate rates for Asian workers
at this time because of the lack of employment data and
changes to the industry and occupational classification systems. However, in 2003, the Asian fatality rate under the
new industry classification system, NAICS , was 7.6 fatalities
per 100,000 workers in retail trade, while the fatality rate of
non-Asian workers in this industry was 1.8 fatalities per
100,000 workers. In terms of the overall fatality rate for
Asians, the increased risk in retail trade is likely offset by
their disproportionately low employment in the relatively
high-risk construction industry. In 2003 , 1.6 percent of Asian
workers were employed in construction, compared with 6.2
percent of non-Asian workers.
Nativity also affects the fatalities to Asian workers by industry. From 1999 to 2002 more than four out five fatal injuries among Asian workers were to foreign-born Asian workers. (See table 8.) When compared with all industries, a
greater proportion of workers fatally injured in retail trade;
finance, insurance, and real estate; construction; and services
were foreign born.
In the retail trade industry from 1999 to 2002, a disproportionately high percentage of the fatalities were to forei gnborn workers. An almost equal percentage of these fatalities
were to self-employed workers and wage and salary earners.
Of the fatalities to foreign-born workers in this industry from
1999 to 2002, regardless of employee status, 85 percent were
homicides. More victimization of foreign-born Asian workers occurred in the retail trade than in any other industry over
this 4-year period: 68 percent of all homicides to foreignborn Asian workers were in retail trade. 18
Areas for further research
From 1999 to 2003 , almost half of all Asian workers fatally
injured in the workplace were the victim of a homicide , and
Asian workers were more likely than non-Asian workers to
be the victim of a workplace homicide. Asian workers who
were foreign born or self employed were at a greater risk of
suffering a fatal injury, especially a homicide, than Asian
workers who were native born or working for a wage or salary. Asian workers who worked in the retail trade were also
at a greater risk than non-Asian workers of suffering a fatal
■ l•1•ir~:■
Notes
Fatal occupational injuries to civilian Asian
workers by industry, 1999-2002
Industry
Number Percent distribution
of
fatalities Native Foreign
born
born
All industries' .......................................... .
631
17.7
82.3
Private industry ....................... ................. .
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing .......... .
Mining .. .... .. .................. .. ... .. .................. .
Construction ......................................... .
Manufacturing ...................................... .
Transportation and public utilities ........ .
Wholesale trade ...... ............................ ..
Retail trade ........................................... .
Finance, insurance, and real estate .... .
Services ............................................... .
604
37
17.2
29.7
82.8
70.3
48
44
97
30
225
14
104
14.6
25.0
17.5
43.3
11.1
16.3
85.4
75.0
82.5
56.7
88.9
100.0
83.7
Government2 ........................................... .
Federal ................................................. .
State .... .. .... .. ......... ..... .......................... .
Local ......................................................
27
5
6
12
29.6
70.4
41 .7
58.3
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: The author thanks Peggy Suarez, Stephen
Pegula, Terence McMenamin, Katharine Newman, Samuel Meyer, and
Scott Richardson , all BLS employees, for their assistance in the preparation of this article.
1
See We the People: Asians in the United States, Census 2000 Special
Reports (U.S. Census Bureau, 2000) on the Internet at http://
www.census.gov/prod/2004pu bs/censr-17. pdf.
2
1
Classified according to the Standard Industrial Classification Manual,
1987. Not all cases could be classified by industry sector but were identified
as government or private industry.
2
Includes fatalities to workers employed by governmental organizations
regardless of industry.
See www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg/l997standards.htm1 for
more information.
3
See http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshcfoil.htm for more information.
4
Hispanic Asian workers are those workers whose foreign birthplace
is an Asian country, but whose ethnic origin is Hispanic.
5
We the People: Asians in the United States, U.S. Census Bureau.
6
The equation for calculating the fatality rate for a group is (N/w) x
100,000 where N is the number of fatal work injuries in that group and w
is the number of workers employed in that group.
7
See http://www.bls.gov/cps for more information.
8
For the latest CPS release on the employment of foreign-born workers,
see http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/forbrn.pdf.
9
See http://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/foreign/ppl-145/
tab0l-1.pdf for more information.
10
NoTE: Totals for 2001 exclude fatalities resulting from the September
11 terrorist attacks. Percentages may not add to totals because of rounding.
Individual race category shown excludes data for Hispanics.
SouRCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, in
cooperation with State, New York City, District of Columbia, and Federal
agencies, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries.
The source category ··Robber" was introduced in 1997.
11
Prior to 1999, Asians were included in a race category with Native
Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders. See www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg/
1997standards.html for more information.
12
The event category assaults and violent acts is comprised of homicides, self-inflicted injuries , and assaults by animals. See http://
www.bls.gov/iif/oshsec2.htm#aava for more information.
13
workplace injury, and this industry recorded the highest number of fatal injuries to Asian workers from I 999 to 2002.
Foreign-born workers in this industry were most frequently
killed as the result of a homicide. Preliminary data for 2004
show an increase in the number of fatalities to Asian workers
for the second year in a row.
Areas for further research on this topic include a more
indepth analysis of the fatal workplace injuries to self-employed Asian workers and of fatalities by occupation and
detailed industry. As more data become available in the
coming years, analysis incorporating NAICS- and soc-based
employment data will provide more insight into the industries and occupations where Asian workers are at the greatest risk of a workplace fatal injury. Analysis can also be
focused on the foreign-born Asian workers in particular, as
this group continues to grow in size. Additionally, disaggregating the non-Asian workforce further would provide a
more comprehensive comparison of Asian workers to different racial and ethnic worker groups. Another area for
research would be an analysis of the fatal injuries occurring
□
to female Asian workers.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Data are from BLS perpetrator analysis that included a source or secondary source of robber as well as narrative analysis where a reasonable
inference could be made.
14
As with the robbery association above, in addition to narrative analysis, a coworker or former coworker was signified as the assailant when the
source or secondary source in a homicide was coded as co>worker, while a
relative was signified as the assailant when the source or secondary source
in a homicide was coded as relative using the 1992 Occupational Injury
and Illness Classification structure developed by BLS.
15
For instance, say the fatality rate for Group A is 6, and the fatality
rate for Group B is 2. If the overall fatality rate is 3, the rtlative risk for
Group A is 6/3 or 2. That is, members of Group A are twice as likely to
incur a fatal work injury than workers in general. For Group B, the relative risk is (2/3) or 0.67. That is, members of Group B are 2/3 as likely to
incur a fatal work injury than workers in general.
16
See http://www.census.gov/prod/200lpubs/cenbr0l-7.pdf.
17
For more information on this industry, see http://www.osha.gov/
pls/imis/sic _ manual.display?id= l 9&tab=description.
18
C.N . Le, a Ph.D. in Philosophy, a professor of Sociology and Asian
American studies, and the voice behind the website Asian-Nation: The
Landscape of Asian America, conducted research on the topic of Asianowned small business, with a focus on businesses owned by foreign-born
Asians. In his discussion, Le briefly touches upon the topic of issues
facing small business owners and cites violence against owners of small
retail establishments as a continuing source of hardship for Asian immigrant busines <;- owners. See http://www.asian-nation.org/small-
business.shtml.
Monthly Labor Review
October
2005
55
Occupational safety and health
Work-related hospitalizations in
Massachusetts: racial/ethnic differences
Hospital discharge data are an important
supplementary means of examining occupational health;
researchers can use such data to assess disparities
among racial and ethnic groups at the State level
Phillip R. Hunt,
Jong Uk Won,
Allard Dembe,
and
Letitia Davis
Phillip R. Hunt is a
senior epidemiologist in, and Letitia
Davis is the
director of, the
Occupational
Health
Surveillance
Program,
Massachusetts
Department of
Public Health,
Boston, MA; Jong Uk
Won is an assistant
professor in the
Department of
Preventive
Medicine, Yonsel
University, Seoul,
South Korea; and
Allard Dembe Is an
associate professor
and senior research scientist at
the Center for
Health Policy and
Research,
University of
Massachusetts
Medical School,
Shrewsbury, MA. Email:
letltb.dc:.M;@state.ma.us
Massachusetts, as in the United States as a
hole, the fatal occupational injury rate for
ispanic workers (3.3 per I 00,000 workers per
year) is higher than that for white workers (2.2 per
I 00,000 workers per year). 1 Although some information about the risk of nonfatal occupational
injuries among racial and ethnic groups is available
nationally,2 data for Massachusetts are limited.
The workers' compensation data set maintained
by the Massachusetts Department of Industrial
Accidents does not include information about
workers' race and ethnicity. By contrast, race and
ethnicity iriformation is a data element in the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, 3 but it is only an
optional feature there, and it is missing from more
than 25 percent of the cases reported in the Massachusetts BLS survey. 4 This article reports on the
use of statewide hospital discharge data to describe patterns of serious occupational injuries
(that is, injuries requiring hospitalization) among
racial and ethnic groups in Massachusetts.
E
Methods
In Massachusetts, discharge records from all
acute-care nongovernment hospitals 5 are collected quarterly by the Massachusetts Division of
Health Care Finance and Policy, as mandated by
regulation. 6 The records are then compiled into
56 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October 2005
the annual Hospital Discharge Data set. Each discharge record contains information about patient
demographics, including age, gender, race/Hispanic ethnicity, and zip code of residence; administrative information, including hospital charges and
expected source of payment; and clinical information, including primary and up to 14 supplementary
diagnoses, length of stay, and procedures administered during the hospitalization. Race and Hispanic ethnicity in this data set are mutually exclusive categories: individuals are classified as white,
black, Asian, American Indian, Hispanic, and other
or unknown. Race/ethnicity information may be
collected upon admission or through health-care
provider notes in the medical record and may be
based on either observation of the patient or the
patient's self-report. Diagnoses are coded according to the International Classification of Diseases,
Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM). 7
Acute poisonings are classified as injuries in this
system.
For the study presented in this article, the Massachusetts Hospital Discharge Data for calendar
years 1996--2000 were examined; hospital inpatient
stay (also referred to as hospitalization) was the
basic unit of analysis. Hospitalizations of out-ofState residents at Massachusetts hospitals were
excluded. Hospitalizations with a primary ICD-9
diagnosis code between 800 and 999 were considered hospitalizations for injury. Because this data
set contained no specific coding for work-relatedness of
health conditions for which patients were hospitalized, the
designation of workers' compensation as primary expected
payer was used as a probable indicator of hospitalizations for
work-related injuries. 8 The nature of the patient's injury was
classified according to the B&rell Injury Diagnosis Matrix,
which is based on the ICD-9-CM. 9
Rates of hospitalization for work-related injuries overall
and for specific work-related injuries were computed for
Asians, blacks, Hispanics, and whites. Rates were calculated
as the average annual number of hospitalizations for workrelated injuries, divided by the average annual number of
labor force participants in Massachusetts, for the 5-year
study period. Data on the numbers of workers in the labor
force and occupations by race/ethnicity were obtained from
the Current Population Survey (crs) for calendar years 1996
through 2000. Io Because self-employed workers were not
eligible for workers' compensation during the study period,
the self-employed were excluded from the denominators in
calculating rates. Rate ratios for each racial/ethnic group were
computed, with whites as the referent. Differences between
rates were examined with a two-sided z-test at the 0.05 level of
significance. Ninety-five-percent confidence intervals for rate
ratios (RR) were calculated as exp((]n(RR) ± 1.96 x ln(so)). All
statistical analyses were performed with SAS version 9.1. 11
Results
From 1996 through 2000, workers' compensation insurance
was the expected payer for 7,875 hospitalizations for treatment
of injuries in Massachusetts. These work-related hospitalizations accounted for 7 .9 percent of all injury-related
hospitalizations in Massachusetts among working-age adults
( 16-64 years of age) during that period. The mean length of a
hospital stay for a work-related injury was 4.3 days. The mean
hospital charges per stay ranged from a high of $43,176 for
work-related burns to a low of $5,149 for superficial injuries
and contusions. The total dollar charges for all work-related
injury hospitalizations in Massachusetts during those 5 years
were $123,185,709.
Of the 7,875 hospitalizations for work-related injuries, 83
percent (6,551) were classified by the nature of the injury.
The remaining 17 percent were classified as "adverse effects
not elsewhere classified" or as "complications of surgical
and medical care, not elsewhere classified" (ICD-9 codes 995999). Among hospitalizations for work-related injuries
classified by nature of injury, fractures were the most common
(50.3 percent), followed by sprains and strains (14.1 percent)
and open wounds (7 .8 percent). Nearly three-quarters of
these injuries involved the patients' lower (38.9 percent) or
upper (33.0 percent) extremities, 8.9 percent involved the
torso, and 5.6 percent were traumatic brain injuries.
Race/ethnicity information was available for 94 percent of
the patients hospitalized for work-related injuries. The
distribution of hospitalizations by nature of injury differed
considerably among racial/ethnic groups. (See table 1.)
Hispanic patients were more likely than white patients to have
been hospitalized for treatment of open wounds, burns,
amputations, and crushing injuries. Asian patients experienced proportionately more burns and amputations than did
whites. Black patients were more likely to have sprains and
strains than were any other racial/ethnic group.
Table 2 presents the average annual rates of hospitalization for work-related injuries by race/ethnicity. The
hospitalization rates for all work-related injuries combined
varied considerably across racial/ethnic groups, with a
twofold difference observed between Hispanics and Asians.
The hospitalization rates for specific work-related injuries
Percent distribution of hospitalizations for work-related injuries and poisonings, by nature of injury and
racial/ethnic group, Massachusetts, 1996-2000
[In percent]
Nature of injury 1
Total
N ....... .. .. .......... ....... .... ...... ... .. ............... .
6,551
106
Fractures ............... .... .... ... ................... .
Sprains and strains ..... ............ ....... .... .
Open wounds ..... ... ..................... ...... .. ..
Internal organ ............ ... ...................... .
Bur,1s ................................................... .
Amputations ... .............. ....... .. .. .... ........ .
Systemwide/late effects ..................... .
Dislocation .......................................... .
Crushing .. .. ................ ................... ....... .
Superficial/contusions ..... ................... .
Nerves ... ............................................. .
Unspecified ......................................... .
Blood vessels .. ... .............. .. ................ .
50.3
14.1
7.8
7.2
5.8
3.7
3.0
2.2
2.0
1.5
1.0
43.4
2.8
5.7
9.4
19.8
6.6
3.8
4.7
2.8
.9
.0
.0
.0
.7
.6
Asian
Black
Hispanic
White
308
396
5,271
43.2
23.4
6.2
5.8
4.5
6.2
2.3
2.3
1.6
1.0
2.3
1.0
.3
40.4
7.1
11.1
7.1
14.6
8.3
2.5
2.0
3.8
1.3
.5
.8
.5
52.0
14.7
6.9
7.2
4.9
3.1
3.1
2.2
1.9
1.6
1.0
.7
.6
1
An additional 1,324 injury and poisoning cases had nature-of-injury codes of "certain adverse effects, not elsewhere classified" (1co-9-CM
code 995) or "complications of surgical and medical care, not elsewhere classified" (ico-9-CM codes 996-999) and could not be classified into
any of the categories listed in the table.
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Monthly Labor Review
October
2005
57
Work-Related Hospitalizatio n
Hospitalization rate for work-related injuries, by nature of injury and racial/ethnic group, Massachusetts,
1996-2000
White
I
All injuries .. .. .. ......... .. ............. .
Fractures ....... .... ................. ................. .
Sprains and strains .. .. .. ...... .. .............. .
Open wounds .. ............. .... .. .... ...... .. .... ..
Internal organs ................... ........... .... ..
Burns ................. ........ ... .. ......................
Amputations ...... ........................... ....... .
Systemwide/late effects .................... ..
Dislocations .. ... .. .... ... ..................... .... ..
C,ush111g .......... .. .... .. .. .......................... .
Superficial/contusions ..... .. .... ............ ..
Nerves .. ... ...... .................... ................ ..
Unspecified .... .. ... ... ............ .. .... .. .... .... ..
Blood vessels ................ .. .. ...... .. ......... .
26. 7
11 .6
1.8
1
1.5
2.5
2
5.3
1.8
(3)
1.3
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
1
1
Injury rate is significantly less than rate for whites (p < 0.05).
Injury rate is significantly greater than rate for whites (p < 0.05).
3
Numerator for this stratum is less than 5.
1
2
varied even more across racial/ethnic group s. Hispanics
showed significantly higher hospitalization rates than whites
in four nature-of-inj ury categories, accounting for nearly 75
percent of all work-related injuries among Hispanics: burns
12
(RR(95-perc ent confidence interval) = 4.2 (3.2, 5.6)),
amputations (RR= 3.8 (2.6, 5.5)), crushing injuries (RR= 2.9
(1.7, 4.9)), and open wounds (RR= 2.2 (1.6, 3.1)). Hispanics
had a significantly lower rate of hospitalization than whites
for work-related sprains and strains (RR = 0.7 (0.5, 0.98)).
Asians had a significantly elevated hospitalization rate for
work-related burns (RR = 2.8(1.8, 4.4)) and significantly
decreased rates for fractures (RR= 0.6 (0.4, 0.8)) and for sprains
and strains (RR= 0.1 (0.04, 0.4)), compared with whites. Black
workers had significantly higher hospitalizatio n rates than
white workers for work-related amputations (RR= 1.9 ( 1.2,
3.1 )) and for sprains and strains (RR = 1.6 (1.2, 2.0)) and a
significantly lower risk of hospitalizatio n for work-related
fractures (RR= 0.81 (0.7, 0.97)).
crs data were used to examine the occupational distribution of the Massachuse tts workforce by race and
ethnicity. The IO most frequent occupations for each of the
racial/ethnic groups considered in this article are listed in
exhibit 1. Among the most common occupations shown for
Asians, Blacks, and Hispanics were a number that exhibit a
high likelihood of incurring the types of injuries that show
elevated risks of hospitalizati ons for these worker populations in the Hospital Discharge Data. For example, the
category of nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants, an
occupation at high risk for sprain and strain injuries, was the
most common occupation among blacks. High rates of
hospitalizatio n for work-related burns among both Asians
and Hispanics were consistent with their relatively common
employment as cooks compared with whites. The high rates
58 Monthly Labor Review
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Hispanic
Black
Asian
Nature of injury
October 2005
38.2
16.5
2
8.9
2.4
2.2
1.7
2.4
1
.9
.9
.6
(3)
.9
.4
(3)
2
54.8
22.1
3.9
2
6.1
3.9
2
8.0
2
4.6
1.4
1.1
2.0
.7
(3)
(3)
.3
2
39.0
20.3
5.7
2.7
2.8
1.9
1.2
1.2
.9
.7
.6
.4
.3
.2
NorE: Hospitalization rate = (average annual number of work-related
injuries + average annual number participating in labor force) x 100,000.
of work-related amputations observed among black and
Hispanic patients was consistent with their relatively common
employment as machine operators and laborers in Massachusetts.
Discussion
This analysis of hospital discharge data from Massachuset ts
suggests that there is substantial variation in rates of serious
work-related injuries among racial and ethnic groups and that
Hispanic workers, in particular, are at high risk for work-related
injuries resulting in hospitalizatio n. Hispanics had significantly higher rates of hospitalizatio n than did whites for all
work-related injuries combined, as well as for <1 number of
specific types of injury. Black workers had higher rates of
hospitalizati on for work-related strains and sprains and
amputations than did white workers. While Asians had lower
rates of hospitalizatio n than whites for work-related injuries
overall, they had a significantly higher rate for work-related
burns. The findings regarding hospitalizati on rates for a
number of specific injuries were consistent with the employment patterns of racial and ethnic groups in Massachuset ts
in occupations at high risk for these types of injuries. Further
research using additional data sources will be needed to
assess the exact relationship between industry-spec ific risks
and hospitalizatio n rates.
In a variety of previous studies, Hispanic workers have
been found to have higher rates of fatal occup::itional injuries
than white workers. 13 The findings presented in this article
suggest that Hispanic workers also are at higher risk for
14
serious, nonfatal occupational injuries. However, a recent
analysis of National Health Information Survey data from
1997 to 1999 found lower rates of all work-related medically
treated injuries for Hispanics, black Non-Hispanics, and the
" other" race/ethni city category than for non-Hispa nic
whites. 15 These differences in the findings of the two studies
may be attributable , at least in part, to the nature of the injuries
considered. All medically treated injuries may be disproportionate ly undercoun ted in minority and immigrant
populations, due to differences in access to care, differences
in perceptions of health conditions, fear of discrimination,
and concerns about one's legal status that may inhibit
reporting of work-related injuries. 16 These barriers to reporting
may be less important in cases of work-related injuries serious
enough to require hospitalization. Consequently, studies of
hospitalization for work-related injuries may provide a more
consistent and complete ascertainm ent of such injuries
across the racial/ethnic groups. From an occupational health
surveillanc e standpoint, hospitalizations for work-related
injuri1.. ~: may offer a less biased picture of injury risk by race
and ethnicity than is afforded by data on all medically treated
injuries.
The increased risk of hospitaliza tion for work-related
injuries among minority population s likely reflects their
disproport ionate employme nt in high-risk industries and
occupations. 17 The results of the study presented herein
show a correspondence between high rates for certain types
of injuries and racial/ethnic group employme nt in high-risk
occupations. However, these results are not fully consistent
across the types of injuries and racial/ethnic groups. For
example, working as a cook is the fourth most frequent occupation among Massachusetts blacks, yet blacks do not show
an elevated rate of burns compared with whites, as do Asian
and Hispanics. The association between elevated injury
rates, on the one hand, and occupation and industry, on the
other, would be better established with industry- and occupation-specific rates; however, information on the occupation
and industry of employment of hospitalized patients is not
currently available in the Massachusetts Hospital Discharge
Data set. In a recent analysis of Massachusetts emergency
department data, the name of the employer was found to be
available in paper medical records for the great majority of
work-related cases (89 percent) 18 and can be included in
electronic data sets. This information is likely also readily
available in the medical records of hospitalized patients and
could be requested for focused studies of injury rates by
industry.
Ten most frequent occupations, by racial/ethnic group, 1 Massachusetts, 1996-2000
1::nill.n• ■
White
Black
Asian
Hispanic
I
1
Managers and
admini strators , n.e.c .
Nursing aides, orderlies,
and attendants
2
Supervisors and proprietors,
sales occ upations
3
!
Computer systems
analysts and scientists
Janitors and cleaners
Janitors and deaners
Cooks
Nursing aides, orderlies,
and attendants
Secre tari es
Cashiers
Cashiers
Cooks
4
Registered nurses
Cooks
Managers and
administrato rs , n.e .c.
Miscellaneou s machine
operators , n.e.c .
5
Cashiers
Guards and police,
except public service
Accountants and auditors
Maids and housemen
6
Computer systems analysts
and scie ntists
Maids and housemen
Postseconda ry teachers,
subject not specified
Cashiers
7
Tru ckdri vers
Miscellaneou s machine
operators, n.e.c .
Waiters and waitresses
Miscellaneou s fo 0d
preparation occupations
8
Acco untants and auditors
Laborers, except
construction
Miscellaneou s machine
operators, n.e .c .
Assemblers
9
Janitors and cleaners
Registered nurses
Assemblers
Supervisors and proprietors ,
sales occupations
Managers and
administrato rs, n.e .c.
Electrical/el ectronic
equipment assemblers
Hand packers and
packagers
10 Nursing aides, urderlies,
and attendants
In th e CPS, race and Hi spanic ethnicity are not mutually
exclusive groups.
NOTE:
SOURCE:
Current Population Survey.
n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified.
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Monthly Labor Review
October
2005
59
Work-Related Hospitalization
Employment patterns alone do not explain the high risk of
serious traumatic injury faced by minority workers. One study
found that Hispanic construction workers had high fatal
occupational injury rates compared with white workers within
the same construction occupations. 19 Another study found
high occupational fatality rates among blacks after controlling
for employment structure, suggesting that "within-job" factors such as race-based task assignments also may contribute
to the disparity in risk. 20 In yet a third study, Hispanic workers
and, to a lesser extent, black workers in the South had higher
fatal injury rates than non-Hispanic workers in comparable
occupations and industries. 21 Other possible explanations
for the high rate of hospitalization for work-related injuries
among Hispanics include language, literacy, and cultural
barriers at work; a comparative lack of information about
health and safety rights and resources; and limited job opportunities and concerns about their immigrant status that make
minor1ty and immigrant workers hesitant to exercise their
rights. Also, employers may be less likely to provide training
and protective equipment for temporary or undocumented
workers.
One limitation in using the Hospital Discharge Data to
study occupational injury is that there are no specific
variables that directly indicate the work-relatedness of a
patient's injury. Thus, the work-relatedness of various
conditions must be inferred indirectly from whether workers'
compensation insurance is the expected payer. Several
studies have demonstrated that the designation of workers'
compensation payment on hospital records is a good indicator of the work-relatedness of an injury. In one study, the
designation of workers' compensation as expected payer was
both a highly sensitive (84 percent) and a highly specific (98
percent) indicator of work-relatedness in an investigation of
hospitalized occupational injuries. 22 A recent assessment of
emergency department data in Massachusetts found nearly
identical results. 23 Thus, reliance on payment by workers'
compensation likely yields a reasonable, but conservative,
estimate of work-related hospitalizations.
Among self-employed workers, who make up about 10
percent of the Massachusetts workforce, most are not eligible
for workers' compensation insurance, so injuries to selfemployed workers are unlikely to be detected by that indicator. There is also considerable evidence that many workers
with traumatic injuries who are eligible for workers' compensation do not apply for benefits. 24 Patients' willingness
to report their injuries as work related and to apply for
workers' compensation is affected by a wide range of social
and economic factors, including the availability of other
health insurance, the possibility of barriers to applying for
compensation, fear of discrimination by current or future
employers because of one's workers' compensation history,
the person's legal or illegal employment status and immi-
60 Monthly Labor Review
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October 2005
gration status, and the individual's personal relationship with
the employer. While some of these barriers may be less
important in cases of work-related injuries severe enough to
require hospitalization, the fear of discrimination, concerns
about one's legal status, and the unavailability of workers'
compensation insurance may be more prominent among the
minority populations examined in this article. Many immigrants and minorities in low-paying jobs work for employers who might not carry workers' compensation insurance or who might not want employees to submit claims.
Payment for these hospitalizations might be shifted to the
employees' personal health insurance (if available and if such
hospitalizations are covered) or to Medicaid, or the hospitalizations might be covered under the State's free-care
poo1.2s
In addition, a recent survey of more than 1,400 community
health center patients in Massachusetts found that minorities
and immigrant workers were less aware of their rights to
workers' compensation insurance than were white workers
and native-born workers. Consequently, the minority and
immigrant workers may file disproportionately fewer claims
for benefits. Hispanic and Asian workers were the most likely
to have never heard of workers' compensation ( 49 percent
and 48 percent, respectively), compared with black workers
(36 percent) and white workers (21 percent). 26
Another limitation of this analysis involves the difference
in categorization of race/ethnicity in the data sources for the
numerators and denominators used to calculate rates. As
mentioned in the "Methods" section, race and Hispanic
ethnicity are mutually exclusive in the Hospital Discharge
Data. By contrast, in the CPS, race and Hispanic ethnicity are
not mutually exclusive, and thus the racial/ethnic group
denominators count some members of the labor force twice
(for example, once as Hispanic and once as Black). This
disparity could lead to underestimates of the rates of hospitalization for injury among racial/ethnic groups. However,
there may be a countervailing undercount in the CPS: minority
racial/ethnic groups may be disproportionately excluded from
the survey due to language barriers, fewer telephones, or
higher refusal rates than whites.
A number of reports have raised concerns about the
validity of race and ethnicity information in health-care data. 27
A study of hospital data from the Department of Veterans
Affairs found that agreement of administrative race/ethnicity
data with self-identified race/ethnicity reports ranged from
75 percent to more than 90 percent, with agreement being
higher for whites and blacks and lower for Hispanics and
Asians, who were classified into an administrative "other"
race/ethnicity category. 28Similarly, a study in two community
health clinics found agreement between administrative data
and self-reports of 83 percent for blacks and 94 percent for
Hispanics on responses to open-ended race/ethnicity ques-
tions and of 67 percent for blacks and 77 percent for
Hispanics on forced-choice race/ethnicity questions. 29 The
race and ethnicity information in the Massachusetts Hospital
Discharge Data, while notably complete, has not been independently validated. An evaluation of birth registration race/
ethnicity information for newborns and mothers has shown
good agreement between birth-certificate fetal-death data and
the Massachuset ts Hospital Discharge data set, 30 but the
extent to which the agreement extends to hospitalizations for
other ~::mditions is not known. Also, the accuracy of reporting of this information may vary by hospital. Research that
validates such information is needed. Ongoing efforts to
standardize the collection ofrace and ethnicity data by medical registrars should improve the validity and reliability of
these data in the future. 31
The findings presented in this article underscore the importance of research and intervention to address the occupational health needs of minority and immigrant workers, as
well as the importance of maintaining a special emphasis on
these populations. 32 Hospital discharge data, which are available in most States, are an important supplementary means of
examining occupational health and can be effective in assessing disparities in serious occupational injuries among racial
and ethnic groups at the State level. Although it remains to
be validated, the race and ethnicity information in the Massachusetts Hospital Discharge data set is more complete than
information from other sources on nonfatal work-related
injuries. Further, hospital discharge data may be less subject
to some of the barriers that limit the capture of information on
work-related injuries in other data sets.
□
Notes
1
See Fatal Occupational Injuries in Massachusetts, 1991-1999
(Massachusett s Department of Health , September 2002) ; Scott
Richardson, John Ruser, and Peggy Suarez, "Hispanic Workers in the
United States: An Analysis of Employment Distributions, Fatal
Occupational Injury Data, and Non-fatal Occupational Injury and
Illnesses," in Safety ls Seguridad (Washington, oc , National Research
Council of the National Academies, 2003) ; and Xiuwen Dong and
James W. Platner, "Occupational Fatalities of Hispanic Construction
Workers from 1992 to 2000," American Journal of Industrial Medicine, January 2004, pp . 45-54.
2
See Allard E. Dembe, Judith A. Savageau, Benjamin C. Amick, III,
and Steven M. Banks, ·'Racial and Ethnic Variations in Office-Based
Medical Care for Work-Related Injuries and Illnesses," Journal of the
National Medical Association, April 2005, pp . 498- 507; Allard E.
Dembe, "Access to Medical Care for Occupational Disorders : Diffi culties and Disparities," Journal of Health and Social Policy, December
200 I, pp . I 9-33 ; and Gordon S. Smith , Helen M. Wellman, Gary S.
Sorock Margaret Warner, Theodore K. Courtney, Glenn S. Pransky,
and Lois A. Fingerhut, " Injuries at Work in the U.S . Adult Population:
Contributions to the Total Injury Burden, '"American Journal of
Public Health , July 2005, pp. 1213- 19.
3
Richardson, Ruser, and Suarez, "Hispanic Workers in the United
States."
4
Massachusetts Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses,
1997-2003.
5
The number of hospitals reporting varies over time due to mergers
and reorganizations . During the period of the study, between 80 and
87 hospitals reported data.
6
Code of Massachusetts Regulations, 114.1 CMR 17 .00 ,
Requirement for the Submission of Hospital Case Mix and Charge
Data.
7
International Classification of Diseases , Ninth Revision, Clinical
Modifications (ICD-9-CM) (Geneva, World Health Organization , 1979).
8
Some hospitals reported no workers' compensation cases for I or
more calendar years during the study period. The annual admission
reports from hospitals reporting no workers ' compensation cases for
the year accounted for 3 percent of all admissions and 3.5 percent of
admissions for injury for working-age adults (16 through 64 years)
over the surveillance period.
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9
Vita Barell, Limor Aharonson-Dan iel, Lois A. Fingerhut, Ellen J.
Mackenzie, Amona Ziv, Valentina Boyko, Avi Abargel, Malka Avitzour,
and Rafael-Joseph Heruti, ·'An Introduction to the Barell Body Region
by Nature of Injury Diagnosis Matrix," Injury Prevention, June 2002,
pp. 91 -- 96.
10
The CPS is a national monthly survey of approximately 60,000
households conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of
Labor Statistics. This monthly survey of the population uses a sample
of households that is designed to represent the civilian noninstitutional
population of the United States.
11
SAS
Institute, Cary,
NC .
12
The ordered pair denotes the lower and upper 95-percent
confidence limits of the relative risk.
u See, for example, Richardson, Ruser, and Suarez, "Hispanic
Workers in the United States"; and Dong and Platner, .. Occupational
Fatalities of Hispanic Construction Workers."
14
See Richardson, Ruser, and Suarez, "Hispanic Workers in the
United States"; Gary S. Sorock, Elaine Smith, and Nancy Hall,
"Hospitalized Occupational Finger Amputations, New Jersey, 1985
and 1986," American Journal of Industrial Medicine, March 1993,
pp. 439-47; and Judith T. L. Anderson, Katherine L . Hunting, and
Laura S. Welch, " Injury and Employment Patterns among Hispanic
Construction Workers," Journal of Occupational and Environmental
Medicine, February 2000, pp. 176-86.
15
Smith , Wellman, Sorock, Warner, Courtney, Pransky, and
Fingerhut, "Injuries at Work in the U.S. Adult Population."
16
Lenore S. Azaroff, Charles Levenstein, and David H . Wegman,
"Occupational Injury and Illness Surveillance: Conceptual Filters
Explain Underreportin g," American Journal of Public Health,
September 2002, pp. 1421-29.
,i Richardson, Ruser, and Suarez, " Hispanic Workers in the United
States."
18
Phillip R. Hunt, Holly Hackman, and Letitia Davis, "Availability
of Information on Patient Employer and Work-relatedn ess and
Accuracy of E-codes in Emergency Department Medical Records,"
paper presented at the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists Annual Conference, Albuquerque, NM, June 2005.
Monthly Labor Review
October
2005
61
Work-Related Hospitalization
Dong and Platner, "Occupational Fatalities of Hispanic Construction Workers."
19
20 Dana Loomis and David Richardson, "Race and the Risk of Fatal
Injury at Work," American Journal of Public Health, January 1998,
pp. 40-44.
21 David B. Richardson, Dana Loomis, James Bena, and John Bailer,
"Fatal Occupational Injury in Southern and Non-Southern States, by
Race and Hispanic Ethnicity," American Journal of Public Health,
October 2004, pp. 1756-61.
22 Gary S. Sorock, Elaine Smith, and Nancy Hall, " An Evaluation
of New Jersey's Hospital Discharge Database for Surveillance of Severe
Occupational Injuries," American Journal of Industrial Medicine,
March 1993, pp. 427-37 .
23
Hunt, Hackman, and Davis, " Availability of Information."
Jeff Biddle, Karen Roberts, Kenneth D. Rosenman, and Edward
M. Welch, "What Percentage of Workers with Work-related 111nesses
Receive Workers ' Compensation Benefits?" Journal of Occupational
and Environmental Medicine, April 1998, pp. 325-31.
24
25 Azaroff, Levenstein, and Wegman , "Occupational Injury and
Illness Surveillance."
26 Elise Pechter and Kerry Souza, ·'Occupational Health Surveillance
of Low-income Minority and Immigrant Workers through Community
Health Centers," paper presented at the Council of State and Territorial
Epidemiologists Annual Conference, Albuquerque, NM, June 2005.
62 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October 2005
27 See David R. Williams, "The Monitoring of Racial/Ethnic Status
in the USA: Data Quality Issues," Ethnicity and Health, August 1999,
pp. 121-37; Susan L. Arday, David R. Arday, Stephanie Monroe, and
Jianyi Zhang, "HCFA 's Racial and Ethnic Data: Current Accuracy and
Recent Improvements," Health Care Financing Review, summer 2000,
pp . I 07- 16; and Susan Moscou, Matthew R. Anderson, Judith B.
Kaplan, and Lisa Valencia, "Validity of Racial/Ethnic Classifications
in Medical Records Data: An Exploratory Study," American Journal
of Public Health, July 2003, pp. I 084-86.
28 Nancy R. Kressin, Bei-Hung Chang, Ann Hendricks, and Lewis
E. Kazis, " Agreement between Administrative Data and Patients'
Self-reports of Race/Ethnicity," American Journal of Public Health,
October 2003, pp. 1734-39.
29 Moscou, Anderson, Kaplan, and Valencia, " Validity of Racial/
Ethnic Classifications."
30 Personal communication, Bruce B. Cohen , Massachusetts
Department of Public Health, June 2005.
31 See Romana Hasnain-Wynia, Debra Pierce , and Mary A. Pittman, Who, When and How: The Current State of Race, Ethnicity and
Primary Language Data Collection in Hospitals (New York , The
Commonwealth Fund, May 2004); and Vali Firoozeh, Patient Race and
Ethnicity: Improving Hospital Data Collection and Reporting (Princeton, NJ, New Jersey Hospital Association, Health Research and Education
Trust of New Jersey, 2004); on the Internet at http://www.njha.com.
32 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH),
National Occupational Research Agenda (Cincinnati, NIOSH, 1996).
Occupational safety and health
Fatal work injuries among
foreign-born Hispanic workers
Scott Richardson
1.
Hispanic population as a percentage of the U.S. population,
1980-2000
2.
Hispanic employment by number (in thousands) and percent
aged 16 and older, 2004
3.
Fatal work injuries involving Hispanic workers, 1996-2004
4.
Fatal work injuries involving foreign-born workers, 19962004
5.
Fatal work injury rates for Hispanic workers, 2004
6.
Percent of total fatal work injuries occurring to foreign-born
workers by country of birth and primary fatal event, 19962004
7.
Fatal work injuries involving Hispanic workers in private
c<~nstruction by nativity, 1993-2002
8.
Percent of fatal work injuries involving Hispanics by State,
1992-2004
Scott Richardson is program manager of the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries in the Office of
Compensation and Working Conditions, Bureau of Labor Statistics. E-mail: Meyer.Samuel@bls.gov
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
October 2005
63
Visual Essay: Hispanic Worker Fatalities
•
Immigration of Latin Americans to
the United States has had a major
impact on the makeup of the U.S .
population over the past 25 years.
Hispanics accounted for only 3 percent of the U.S. population in 1980.
By 1990, that percentage had risen
to 9.1 percent, and in 2000, Hispanics represented about 12.5 percent
of the U.S. population, or about one
in eight Americans.
•
l.
Hispanic population as a percentage of the U.S. population,
1980-2000
Percent
Percent
14 ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ 14
12.5
12
12
10
10
By 2050 or earlier, the Census Bureau projects that the Hispanic
population will account for one out
of every four Americans.
8
8
6
6
4
4
2
2
0L....l..------------~----------------'--" 0
1990
1980
SOURCE:
•
There were 17.9 million Hispanics
in the employed labor force in 2004.
The majority of those workers (55
percent) were born in a country
other than the United States, and
about two in five employed Hispanics in the United States were not
citizens of the United States in
2004.
•
Also, Hispanic workers tend to be
disproportionately represented in
higher-risk, lower-wage jobs. Lower educational attainment, fewer job
skills, and in some cases, lack of
proficiency in the English language
may contribute to this trend, especially among the foreign born. For
example, according to the Census
Bureau, only about 11 percent of
Hispanics in the United States have
a college degree, as compared with
nearly 30 percent of non-Hispanic
Whites.
64
Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2.
October 2005
2000
U.S. Census Bureau.
Hispanic employment by number (in thousands) and percent
aged 16 and older, 2004
NOTE: Employment is civilian noninstitutional employment.
SOURCE: BLS Current Population Survey.
•
Disproportionate representation in
higher-risk jobs has led to higher
numbers and rates of fatal occupational injury among Hispanic
workers.
3.
Fatal work injuries involving Hispanic workers, 1996-2004
Number of
fatalities
Number of
fatalities
900
•
•
The number of fatal injuries to Hispanic workers rose from 533 in
1992, when the fatality census was
first conducted, to a high of 895 in
2001. At a time when fatalities were
declining for workers in general,
both the number and rate of fatal
injury to Hispanic workers were rising. While fatal injuries among
Hispanic workers declined in 2002
and 2003, the number and rate were
again higher in 2004.
~ Native born
800
■ Foreign born
700
600
500
400
300
200
Nearly two-thirds of the fatalities
among Hispanic workers from 1996
to 2004 involved foreign-born
workers.
NOTE: Data from 2001 exclude fatalities resulting from September 11 terrorist attacks.
SOURCE: Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries.
•
Fatalities among foreign-born
workers overall have trended higher
since 1996, especially among foreign-born Hispanics. While the
number of fatal work injuries
among foreign-born workers in
2004 was 31 percent higher than the
number in 1996, the number among
foreign-born Hispanic workers was
56 percent higher. Overall, 6 in
10 of the fatalities among foreignborn workers involved Hispanic
workers, higher than their share of
the employed foreign-born population (48 percent).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4.
Fatal work injuries involving foreign-born workers, 1996-2004
Number of
fatalities
Number of
fatalities
1,000
900
1,000
0 Non-Hispanic
900
■ Hispanic
800
800
700
700
600
600
500
500
400
400
300
300
200
200
100
100
0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
0
NOTE: Data from 2001 exclude fatalities resulting from September 11 terrorist attacks.
SOURCE: Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries.
Monthly Labor Review
October 2005
65
Visual Essay: Hispanic Worker Fatalities
•
•
Fatal work injury rates for Hispanic workers, 2004
Rates of fatal injury are higher for
Hispanic workers. The fatal work
injury rate for all U. S. workers in
2004 was 4.1 fatalities per 100,000
workers, as compared with a rate of
4.9 fatalities for Hispanic workers.
However, while the fatality rate for
Hispanic workers was higher in
2004 than in 2003, the rate in 2004
was down from a series high of 6.0
fatalities per 100,000 workers recorded in 2001 .
5.
4
4
The difference in rates between native-born and foreign-born Hispanic workers is instructive. Native-born Hispanic workers actually
recorded a rate below that of the
overall national rate, but the rate for
foreign-born workers was 5.9 fatalities per 100,000 workers, or 44
percent higher than the national
rate.
3
3
2
2
Rate per
100,000
workers
Rate per
100,000
workers
6
5
5
All workers fatality rate = 4.1
0
0
Native-born
Hispanic workers
All Hispanic workers
Foreign-born
Hispanic workers
NOTE: Employees are civilian Hispanic workers.
SOURCE: Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries.
•
Fatalities to workers born in Mexico accounted for two out of every
five fatally-injured, foreign-born
workers (41 percent), by far the
most of any single country. The primary fatal event for Mexican-born
workers was "fall to lower level."
•
•
Percent of total fatal work injuries occurring to foreign-born
workers by country of birth and primary fatal event, 1996-2004
6.
45
45
40
40
35
The birth country with the second
highest number was India with 4
percent of the foreign-born fatality
total, followed by Cuba, Korea, and
El Salvador, each with 3 percent.
30
While the primary fatal event for
workers born in Mexico and El Salvador was falls to a lower level, the
primary fatal event for foreign-born
workers overall was workplace homicide.
■
Fall to lower level
■
Homicide
D
All other events
35
30
25
25
20
20
15
15
10
10
5
5
0
0
Mexico
El Salvador
India
Cuba
Korea
NOTE: Data from 2001 exclude fatalities resulting from September 11 terrorist attacks.
SOURCE: Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries.
66
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October 2005
•
In 1992, when the fatality census
was first conducted, fatally injured
Hispanic workers accounted for
about 1 in 10 private construction
fatalities. In 2002, that fraction rose
to about one in five. Overall, about
a fourth of the fatal work injuries
among Hispanic workers occurred
in construction over this period.
7.
Fatal work injuries involving Hispanic workers in private
construction by nativity, 1993-2002
Number of
fatalities
Number of
fatalities
300
250
300
250
BJ Native born
■ Foreign born
•
•
•
•
The number of fatal work injuries
involving foreign-born Hispanic
workers has risen substantially in
construction and was about 3½
times higher in 2002 than it was in
1992.
Note also that in 1993, foreign-born
workers accounted for about half of
the fatalities involving Hispanic
construction workers. In 2002, foreign-born workers accounted for
nearly three out of every four construction fatalities involving Hispanic workers.
Most of the fatal work injuries involving Hispanic workers from
1992 to 2004 occurred in States traditionally associated with large Hispanic populations-California,
Texas, Florida, and New York.
However, Hispanic populations are
growing in many States not traditionally known for large Hispanic
populatbns. For example, the fastest growing Hispanic populations in
the 1990s on a percentage basis
were in North Carolina, Arkansas,
Georgia, and Tennessee, according
to the Census Bureau.
It is important to note that the type
of fatal and nonfatal injury events
among Hispanic workers varies
from State to State based on the
types of industries in those States.
Therefore, interventions will need
to focus more at a local level to be
successful.
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200
200
150
150
100
100
50
0
50
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
0
NOTE: Data from 2001 exclude fatalities resulting from September 11 terrorist attacks.
SOURCE: Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries.
8.
Percent of fatal work injuries involving Hispanics by State, 19922004
Illinois
(3)
NOTE: Data from 2001 exclude fatalities resulting from September 11 terrorist attacks
SOURCE: Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries.
Monthly Labor Review
October 2005
67
State labor productivity
Labor productivity , which measures
output per unit of labor input, is one of
the most closely watched economic data
series. Increases in labor productivity
generally lead to increases in wages and
living standards, as well as to greater
competitiven ess in the international
economy. At the national level, BLS
publishes data on labor productivity
(output per hour), but it has no comparable series at the State level.
In the June 2005 issue of Economic
Commentary (Federal Reserve Bank of
Cleveland), economists Paul Bauer and
Yoonsoo Lee attempt to measure labor
productivity growth (output per worker)
in each of the 50 States and the District
of Columbia for two periods: 1977-2000
and 2000-04. Focusing on the latter
period, the authors look at how changes
in output and employment affect labor
productivity growth across States.
Although collectively the States more
than doubled their rate of productivity
growth in the latter period (2.3 percent
in ?.000--04, compared with 1.1 percent
in 1977-2000), Bauer and Lee find "wide
variation" in the growth rates among the
States, ranging from Alaska's -4.5
percent to Delaware's 8.6 percent. In
addition, some States increased their
productivity rates by combining large
employment declines with relatively
modest gains in output.
Bauer and Lee examine employment
growth and output (gross State product
orGSP) growth separately for each of the
50 States. They note that employment
increased in only 15 States during the
recent recovery period (2000--04), while
average employment (all 50 States)
actually declined by 0.2 percent. Over
the same period, output increased by 2.3
percent, on average, with positive GSP
growth occurring in all but three States.
Bauer and Lee cite the example of
Delaware, where productivity increased
68 Monthly Labor Review
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as a result of strong GSP growth
combined with employment losses.
About a third of Delaware's GSP is from
finance and insurance, where deregulation has led to mergers and relocations
that increase the State's output without
necessarily adding to its employment.
In general, Bauer and Lee find a
"negative correlation" between employment growth and labor productivity
growth during the 2000--04 period. The
authors acknowledge that losing jobs
to increase productivity is a difficult
process, but they suggest that the increased efficiency and competitiven ess
of the remaining workers and firms may
pave the way for future growth in both
employment and output.
It is important to note that Bauer and
Lee's labor productivity series for the
States differ from the national series in
two ways. First, because hours data are
not available at the State level, the
authors use State employment estimates
to measure output per worker instead
of output per hour. Second, the national
estimates use gross domestic product
(GDP) to measure output, but the
comparable gross State product (GSP)
data are available only through 2002.
Thus, Bauer and Lee combine State
personal income data with national GDP
data to estimate GSPs for 2003 and 2004.
They explain that although output per
worker and output per hour series
behave differently at times-espec ially
during the turning points in the business
cycle-they show similar results in the
long run.
Economi c role of the city
The traditional view of the economic role
of cities has emphasized the role of cities
as transportation hubs and the ensuing
effect of economies of agglomeration in
production. As Gerald A. Carlino puts it in
his recent article in the Federal Reserve
Bank of Philadelphia' s Business Review,
October 2005
" To minimize transportati on costs,
firms needed to be near these hubs,
and workers needed to live close to
their employers to maintain reasonable commuting distances. Thus,
firms and households tended to be
highly clustered in cities."
While the presence of an industry in
a particular city was often thus the result
of ace idents of natural resource
availability or even simple circumstance ,
agglomeration economies of localization
often made it efficient for other firms to
locate in the same city. Such agglomeration effects could include concentrations of specialized labor that
could be shared by all producers in an
area. Carlina's examples include lighting
technicians and set designers in New
York and Los Angeles, cities known for
their concentratio ns of entertainmen t
industry enterprises.
Another traditional agglomeratio n
effect comes from the sheer size , or
urbanization , of an area. For some
specialized firms, only a very large city
can provide them a large enough
customer base. Here Carlino uses the
example of professional sports as he
cites data indicating that New York's
nearly 20 million in population supports
nine teams while Jacksonville's I million
support only one.
Carlino's main point, however, is that
even with the advances in transportation and communicat ion technology
that have made location less important
over more and more varied sectors of
today's production economy, there is
still a place for cities as agglomerator s
of consumption. In this view, large cities
attract large numbers of generally highknow ledge high-income people who
wish to partake of the wider variety of
better quality "luxury" services that a
bigger city can offer: the aforemention ed
sports teams, gourmet dining, art,
culture, and the general excitement of a
major city.
□
U.S. labor exchange
Labor Exchange Policy in the United
States. By David E. Balducchi,
Randall W. Eberts, and Christopher
J. O'Leary, eds. Kalamazo~, MI, W.E.
Upjohn Institute for Employment
Research, 2004, 295 pp., $45/cloth;
$20/paperback.
Labor Exchange Policy in the United
States pools the extensive knowledge
of twelve experts to create the single
most reliable source of current information ahout job matching and other aid
provided by U.S. public labor exchanges. Much of the book's potency
derives from six authors being U.S. Department of Labor analysts experienced
in advising policymakers; and six coming from nonprofit institutions whose
research has helped shape policy.
The greatest strength of the book is
its discussion by eyewitnesses of the
controversies over the following: (a)
devolving the State-Federal Employment
Service (ES) to local control, and (b) creating meaningful ES performance measures. The book also is notable for presenting important facts about: (c) the
functions of public labor exchanges: (d)
how those functions can serve the public interest; (e) the impact of those functions; (f) the rise of computer-related
technologies in providing labor exchange services; (g) integrating employment and training services in One-Stop
centers; and (h) how the ES in the United
States compares to exchanges in other
developed countries.
What the book does best is "describe the evolution ... [and] the effectiveness of labor exchange policy." The
first-rate evidence and analysis will be
of enormous value to experts advising
policymakers and practitioners, and
help shape research agendas for years
to come. However, there may be too
little guidance on how to organize the
facts for policymakers and practitioners
to draw independent inferences and to
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focus on the key analytic questions that
should shape policy.
Chapter 4 illustrates the difference
between just presenting evidence and
providing crucial insights needed to
draw policy-relevant conclusions from
the evidence. In that chapter, David
Smole prPsents a lucid discussion of efforts to create ES performance measures.
He ends with astute suggestions to
guide future efforts. Furthermore, this
chapter is especially useful for shaping
policy because the author notes:
"Like the WIA performance measures, the labor exchange performance indicators merely capture
the outcomes that occur following a job seeker's registration with
the labor exchange. A registered
job seeker may enter employment
and remain employed as a direct
result of using the labor exchange
or despite it. Without applying
techniques such as comparison
group design ... the degree to
which the public labor exchange
improves the job-matching process remains uncertain."
In my view, these three sentences bind
together fact and theory to make it crystal clear what policymakers and practitioners should be looking for when developing performance measures.
In contrast, the last sentence of chapter 4 implies that measures which fail to
capture the added value of labor exchange services would be "a valuable
tool for effective program ... management." How can that be? Here the author needs to clarify the not so subtle
distinction between having no indicators and no goals, and having a system
that identifies ways to serve workers and
firms more effectively.
Short descriptions of the framework
analysts use to address key issues
would greatly complement outstanding
discussions of relevant evidence
throughout the book. For example, in
chapter I , Randall Eberts and Harry
Holzer excellently describe the mission
and evolution of U.S. employment and
training programs, as well as how public
labor exchanges complement other job
search methods. However, they don't
make it clear that the issue of central importance is whether public labor exchanges provide cost-effective services
that would not be available otherwise.
Instead, they question the effectiveness
of public labor exchanges based on inconclusive evidence, such as an increase
in educational attainment reducing the
need for the ES.
Alerting the reader to the core questions that determine program effectiveness is precisely the type of insight
needed to help policymakers and practitioners make informed decisions. Development of such a framework also
would help analysts recognize which
questions have been adequately answered and where additional information
is needed.
Christopher O'Leary is given the central task of examining formal evaluations
of the value-added of ES job-referrals and
monitoring claimant job search. He provides an outstanding discussion of the
measurement issues, and clearly summarizes the most relevant literature in chapter 5. His conclusions emphasize that
the ES in the United States serves more
than 19 million customers, at a cost of
about $800 million, giving it the number
I ranking in people served, but only the
number 8 ranking in cost among Federal
programs. He states that his review
"suggests that many of the services of
the ES are cost effective" but that many
services have not been studied. He then
describes topics that merit further study,
such as the effectiveness of automated
self-help and staff assistance.
O'Leary also raises a thought-provoking point by stating that: "Evaluation research over the past 20 years on ES activities has contributed greatly to the direction of public employment policy." An
important example supporting this state-
Monthly Labor Review
October 2005
69
Book Reviews
ment is use of Es staff to screen claimants
as part of Worker Profiling and Reemployment Services (WPRS)-an exceptionally
productive program built on research
funded by the Upjohn Institute and the
U.S. Department of Labor. However, his
statement brings to my mind the controversy over devolving the United States
ES. Do the facts presented in this book
contribute to resolving this critic 1lly important current question?
David Balducchi and Alison
Pasternak provide a fascinating look at
the history of the debate and the political factors that underlie the controversy
in chapter 2. The concluding chapter
describes the current debate. However,
the pros and cons are presented in a
point-counterpoint format, with little
attempt to discern the accuracy or relevance of the statements.
I am sympathetic to analysts being
reluctant to enter a politically charged
debate directly. However, there is a big
difference between taking sides and objectively defining the questions that
should be addressed and citing relevant
evidence. Thus, what could be a better
test of the book's usefulness for shaping policy than its relevancy for resolving a life or death issue?
In my view, the research cited in the
book helped shift the debate frow "let's
get rid of the ES" to "let's integrate the
70
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ES with other One-Stop partners." It also
helped encouraged One-Stops to adopt
a work-first approach. However, readers might not see these connections because the book's information is not
linked to the questions analysts would
address in assessing the effect of giving ES funds to local workforce investment boards (LWIBs) ins!ead of States.
The best evidence, a study of what happened in the three States that have devolved control to LWIBs, was completed
after this book was written. Nevertheless, we learn from the book that: ( 1) ES
delivers valuable services to millions of
jobseekers at low cost, and (2) ES budgets have declined by one-third, but
those declines have been partially offset hy in1i.;wvements in technology.
Factor 1 suggests that ES services are
highly valuable . Factor 2 suggests that
jobseekers who cannot be helped by selfhelp means alone often are unable to
obtain needed staff assistance.
Importantly, One-Stops could provide staff assistance with Workforce Investment Act (WIA) funds, but we also
learn that: (3) WIA performance standards only apply to intensive services,
not to low-cost labor exchange services;
( 4) access to intensive services is restricted by One-Stops; and (5) WIA performance indicators cannot measure the
value of alternative sc.rvice allocations.
1)ctober 2005
Factor 3 suggests that One-Stops have
strong incentives to focus on intensive
services. Factor 4 suggests that OneStops carefully select who gets intensive services. Factor 5 suggests that
there are no checks on shifting resources
from core to intensive services, even if
such shifts would reduce overall effectiveness. Together these factors suggest that there is a danger that, given
the opportunity, LWIBs will divert much
of the funds currently supporting universal access to job matching aid to helping intensive clients. Thus, the book
contains highly relevant facts, but may
not have organized them to make their
meaning cle n to policymakers wanting
"to improve lhe reach and effectiveness
of public labor exchange services."
In summary, I thoroughly enjoyed reading Labor Exchange Policy in the United
States and believe that other analysts will
be equally appreciative of the vast amount
of information contained in this well-written book. However, the book would be
even more valuable if it further connected
relevant facts to conceptual frameworks
that are meaningful for policymaking, and
if it succinctly summarized what crucial
facts are widely accepted, in uispute, and
need to be developed.
-Louis Jacobson
CNA Corporation
Notes on labor statistics .............................. n
Comparative indicators
I. Labor market indicators ................ .................................... 85
2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in
compensation, prices, and productivity ....................... 86
3. Alternative measures of wages and
compensation changes................................................... 86
Labor force data
4. Employment status of the population,
se..tsonally adjusted .......................................................
5. Selected employment indicators,
seasonally adjusted .......................................................
6. Seleced unemployment indicators,
seasonally adjusted .......................................................
7. Duration of unemployment,
seasonally adjusted .......................................................
8. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment,
seasonally adjusted .......................................................
9. Unemployment rates by sex and age,
seasonally adjusted .......................................................
10. Unemployment rates by State,
seasonally adjusted .......................................................
11. Employment of workers by State,
seasonally adjusted .............................................. .........
12. Employment of workers by industry,
sea~onally adjusted .......................................................
13. Average weekly hours by industry,
seasonally adjusted .......................................................
14. Average hourly earnings by industry,
seasonally adjusted........................................................
15. Average hourly earnings by industry................................
16. Avttage weekly earnings by industry ...............................
17. Diffusion indexes of employment change,
seasonally adjusted .......................................................
18. Job openings levels and rates , by industry and region,
seasonally adjusted.........................................................
19. Hires levels and rates by industry and region,
seasonally adjusted..........................................................
20. Separations levels .md rates by ..,dustry and region,
seasonally adjusted ..........................................................
21. Quits levels and rates by industry and region,
seasonally adjusted ..........................................................
22. Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages,
IO largest counties .. .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .................... .... .. .. .
23. Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, by State..
24. Annual data: Quarterly Census of Employment
and Wages, by ownership .............................................
25. Annual data: Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages,
establishment size and employment, by supersector ...
26. Annual data: Quarterly Census of Employment and
Wages, by metropolitan area .........................................
27. Annual data: Employment status of the population ........
28. Annual data: Employment levels by industry ..................
29. Annual.data: Average hours and earnings level,
by industry.....................................................................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
87
88
89
89
90
90
91
91
92
95
96
97
98
99
100
I 00
101
Labor compensation and collective
bargaining data
30.
31.
32.
33.
Employment Cost Index, compensation...........................
Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries....................
Employment Cost Index, benefits, private industry ........
Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers,
by bargaining status, region, and area size ....................
34. Participants in benefit plans, medium and large firms ......
35. Participants in benefits plans, small firms
and government .. .. .... .... ...... .... .... .... .... .. .. .. .... .... .......... ...
36. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more ...........
114
116
118
119
120
121
122
Pr1cedata
37. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average, by expenditure
category and commodity and service groups ................
38. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and
local data, all items .. ........... ... ..... ... ..... .... .... ...................
39. Annual data: Consumer Price Index, all items
and 1najor groups ...........................................................
40. Producer Price Indexes by stage of processing .................
41. Producer Price Indexes for the net output of major
industry groups .............................................................
42. Annual data: Producer Price Indexes
by stage of processing ... ..... .... ......... .... ............... .... ..... ..
43. U.S. export price indexes by Standard International
Trade Classification ........... ..... .............. .... ..... ............ ...
44. U.S. import price indexes by Standard International
Trade Classification ......................................................
45. U.S. export price indexes by end-use category .................
46. U.S. import price indexes by end-use category ................
47. U.S. international price indexes for selected
categories of services.....................................................
123
126
127
128
129
120
131
132
133
133
133
Productivity data
48. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation,
and unit costs, data seasonally adjusted .....................
49. Annual indexes of multi factor productivity ......................
50. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation,
unit costs, and prices ....................................................
51. Annual indexes of output per hour for selected NAICS
industries .......................................................................
134
135
136
137
101
I 02
I 04
I 05
106
International comparisons data
52. Unemployment rates in nine countries,
seasonally adjusted................. ...................................... 140
53. Annual data: Employment status of the civilian
working-age population, IO countries............................ 141
54. Annual indexes of productivity and related measures,
15 economies.................................................................. 142
107
112
113
Injury and Illness data
113
55. Annual data: Occupational injury and illness................... 144
56. Fatal occupational injuries by event or exposure .............. 146
Monthly Labor Review
October
2005
71
Notes on Current Labor Statistics
This section of the Review presents the principal statistical series collected and calculated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics:
series on labor force ; employment; unemployment; labor compensation; consumer,
productr, and international prices; productivity ; international comparisons; and injury
and illness statistics. In the notes that follow, the data in each group of tables are
briefly aescribed; key definitions are given;
notes on the data are set forth ; and sources
of additional information are cited.
General notes
The following notes apply to several tables
in this section:
Seasonal adjustment. Certain monthly
and quarterly data are adjusted to eliminate
the effect on the data of such factors as climatic conditions, industry production
schedules, opening and closing of schools,
holiday buying periods . and vacation practices, which might prevent short-term evaluation of the statistical series. Tables containing data that have been adjusted are identified as "seasonally adjusted." (All other
data are not seasonally adjusted.) Seasonal
effects are estimated on the basis of current
and past experiences. When new seasonal
factors are computed each year, revisions
may dficct seasonally adjusted data for several preceding years.
Seasonally adjusted data appear in tables
1-14, 17-21 , 48, and 52. Seasonally adjusted labor force data in tables I and 4-9
were revised in the February 2005 issue of
the Review. Seasonally adjusted establishment survey data shown in tables 1 , 12-14,
and 17 were revised in the March 2005 Review. A brief explanation of the seasonal
adjustment methodology appears in " Notes
on the data."
Revisions in the productivity data in
table 54 are usually introduced in the September issue. Seasonally adjusted indexes
and percent changes from month-to-month
and quarter-to-quarter are published for numerous Consumer and Producer Price Index series. However, seasonally adjusted indexes are not published for the U.S. average All-Items CPI. Only seasonally adjusted
percent changes are available for this series.
Adjustments for price changes. Some
data-such as the "real" earnings shown in
table 14--are adjusted to eliminate the effect of chariges in price. These adjustments
are mricte by dividing current-dollar values
by the Consumer Price Index or the appropriate component of the index, then multiplying by 100. For example, given a current
hourly wage rate of $3 and a current price
72
Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
index number of 150, where 1982 = 100,
the hourly rate expressed in 1982 dollars is
$2 ($3/ I 50 x 100 = $2). The $2 (or any other
resulting values) are described as "real,"
"constant," or " 1982" dollars.
Sources of information
Data that supplement the tables in this section are published by the Bureau in a variety of sources. Definitions of each series and
notes on the data are contained in later sections of these Notes describing each set of
data. For detailed descriptions of each data
series, see BLS Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2490. Users also may wish to consult
Major Programs of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Report 919. News releases provide
the latest statistical informatwn published
by the Bureau; the major recurring releases
are published according to the schedule appearing on the back cover of this issue.
More intormation about labor force, employment, and unemployment data and the
household and establishment surveys underlying the data are available in the Bureau's
monthly publication, Emplvyment and
Earnings. Historical unadjusted and seasonally adjusted data from the household c;;urvey are available on the Internet:
www.bls.gov/cps/
Historically comparable unadjusted and seasonally adjusted data from the establishment
survey also are available on the Internet:
www.bls.gov/ces/
Additional information on labor force data
for areas below the national level are provided in the BLS annual report, Geographic
Profile of Employment and Unemployment.
For a comprehensive discussion of the
Employment Cost Index, see Employment
Cost Indexes and Levels, 1975- 95, BLS Bulletin 2466. The most recent data from the
Employee Benefits Survey appear in the following Bureau of Labor Statistics bulletins:
Employee Benefits in Medium and Large
Firms; Employee Benefits in Small Private
Establishments; and Employee Benefits in
State and Local Governments.
More detailed data on consumer and producer prices are published in the monthly
periodicals, The CPI Detailed Report and
Producer Price Indexes. For an overview of
the 1998 revision of the CPI, see the December 1996 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Additional data on international prices
appear in monthly news releases.
Listings of industries for which productivity indexes are available may be found
on the Internet:
www.bls.gov/lpd
For additional information on intema-
October 2005
tional comparisons data, see International
Comparisons of Unemployment, Bulletin
1979.
Detailed data on the occupational injury
and illness series are published in Occupational Injuries and Illnesses in the United
States, by Industry, a BLS annual bulletin.
Finally, the Monthly Labor Review carries analytical articles on anm1al and longer
term developments in labor foice, employment, and unemployment; employee compensation and collective bargaining; prices;
productivity; international comparisons;
and injury and illness data.
Symbols
n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified.
n.e.s.
not elsewhere specified.
p = prelirninary. To increase the timeline ::; of some series, preliminary
figures are issued based on representative but incomplete returns.
r
revised. Generally, this revision
reflects the availability of later
data, but also may reflect other
adjustments.
Comparative Indicators
(Tables 1-3)
Comparative indicators tables provide an
overview and comparison of major BLS statistical series. Consequently, although many
of the included series are available monthly,
all measures in these comparative tables are
presented quarterly and annually.
Labor market indicators include employment measures from two major surveys
and information on rates of change in compensation provided by the Employment
Cost Index (ECI) program. The labor force
participation rate, the employment-population ratio, and unemployment rates for major demographic groups based on the Current Population ("hou~chold") Survey are
presented, while measures of employment
and average weekly hours by major industry sector are given using nonfarm payroll
data. The Employment Cost Index (compensation), by major sector and by bargaining
status, is chosen from a variety of BLS
compensation and wage measures because
it provides a comprehensive measure of
employer costs for hiring labor, not just
outlays for wages, and it is not affected
by employment shifts among occupations
and industries.
Data on changes in compensation,
prices, and productivity are presented in
table 2. Measures of rates of change of compensation and wages from the Employment
Cost Index program are provided for all civilian nonfarm worke:·.; (excludinf Federal
and household workers) and for all private
nonfarm workers. Measures of changes in
consumer prices for all urban consumers;
producer prices by stage of processing; overall prices by stage of processing; and overall export and import price indexes are
given. Measures of productivity (output per
hour of all persons) are provided for major
sectors.
Alternative measures of wage and
compensation rates of change, which reflect the overall trend in labor costs, are summarized in table 3. Differences in concepts
and scope, related to the specific purposes
of the series, contribute to the variation in
changes among the individual measures.
Notes on the data
Definitions of each series and notes on the
data are contained in later sections of these
notes describing each set of data.
Employment and
Unemployment Data
(Tables l ; 4--29)
not work during the survey week, but were
available for work except for temporary illness and had looked for jobs within the preceding 4 weeks. Persons who did not look
for work because they were on layoff are also
counted among the unemployed. The unemployment rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force.
The civilian labor force consists of all
employed or unemployed persons in the civilian noninstitutional population. Persons
not in the labor force are those not classified as em_f)loyed or unemployed. This group
includes di~~ouraged workers, defined as
persons who want and are ~vailable for a
job and who have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months (or since the end
of their last job if they held one within the
past 12 months), but are not currently looking, because they believe there are no jobs
available or there are none for which they
would qualify. The civilian noninstitutional population comprises all persons 16
years of age and older who are not inmates
of penal or mental institutions, sanitariums,
or homes for the aged, infirm, or needy. The
civilian labor force participation rate is
the proportion of the civilian noninstitutional population that is in the labor
force. The employment-population ratio is
employment as a percent of the civilian
noninstitutional population.
Household survey data
Notes on the data
Description of the series
Employment data in this section are obtained from the Current Population Survey,
a program of personal interviews conducted
monthly by the Bureau of the Census for the
Bureau of Labor Statistics. The sample consists of about 60,000 households selected to
represent the U.S. population 16 years of
age and older. Households are interviewed
on a rotating basis, so that three-fourths of
the sample is the same for any 2 consecutive months.
Definitions
Employed persons include ( l) all those
who worked for pay any time during the
week which includes the 12th day of the
month or who worked unpaid for 15 hours
or more in a family-operated enterprise and
(2) those who were temporarily absent from
their regular jobs because of illness, vacation, industrial dispute, or similar reasons.
A person working at more than one job is
counted only in the job at which he or she
worked the greatest number of hours.
Unemployed persons are those who did
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From time to time, and especially after a decennial census, adjustments are made in the
Current Population Survey figures to correct for estimating errors during the
intercensal ::, ears. These adjustments affect
the comparability of historical data. A description of these adjustments and their effect on the various data series appears in the
Explanatory Notes of Employment and
Earnings. For a discussion of changes introduced in January 2003, see "Revisions
to the Current Population Survey Effective
in January 2003" in the February 2003 issue of Employment and Earnings (available
on the BLS Web site at www.bls.gov/cps/
rvcps03.pdf).
Effective in January 2003, BLS began using the X-12 ARIMA seasonal adjustment program to seasonally adjust national labor force
data. This program replaced .the x-11 ARIMA
program which had been used since January
1980. See "Revision of Seasonally Adjusted
Labor Force Series in 2003," in the February 2003 issue of Employment and
Earnings (available on the BLS Web site
at www.bls.gov/cps/cpsrs.pdf) for a discussion of the introduction of the use of X-12
ARIMA for seasonal adjustment of the labor
force data and the effects that it had on the
data.
At the beginning of each calendar year,
historical seasonally adjusted data usually
are revised, and projected seasonal adjustment factors are calculated for use during
the January-June period. The historical seasonally adjusted data usually are revised for
only the most recent 5 years. In July, new
seasonal adjustment factors , which incorporate the experience through June, are produced for the July-December period, but no
revisions are made in the historical data.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on national household snrvey data, contact the
Division of Labor Force Statistics: (202)
691-6378.
Establishment survey data
Description of the series
Employment, hours, and earnings data in
this section are compiled from payroll
records reported monthly on a ✓ ()luntary basis to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and its
cooperating State agencies by about
l 60,000 businesses and government agencies, which represent approximately
400,000 individual worksites and represent
all industries except agriculture. The active
CES sample covers approximately one-third
of all nonfarm payroll workers. Industries
are classified in accordance with the 2002
North American Industry Classification System. In most industries, the sampling probabilities are based on the size of the establishment; most large establishments are
therefore in the sample. (An establishment
is not necessarily a firm; it may be a branch
plant, for example, or warehouse.) Self-employed persons and others not on a regular
civilian payroll are outside the scope of the
survey because they are excluded from establishment records. This largely accounts for
the difference in employment figures between
the household and establishme11t surveys.
Definitions
An establishment is an economic unit
which produces goods or services (such as
a factory or store) at a single location and is
engaged in one type of economic activity.
Employed persons are all persons who
received pay (including holiday and sick
pay) for any part of the payroll period including the 12th day of the month. Persons
holding more than one job (about 5 percent
of all persons in the labor force) are counted
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October
2005
73
Current Labor Statistics
in each establishment which reports them.
Production workers in the goods-producing industries cover employees, up
through the level of working supervisors,
who engage directly in the manufacture or
construction of the establishment's product.
In private service-providing industries, data
are collected for nonsupervisory workers,
which include most employees except those
in executive, managerial, and supervisory
positions. Those workers mentioned in
tables 11-16 include production workers in
ma1111fo.cturing and natural resources and
mining; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in all private service-providing industries. Production and nonsupervisory workers account
for about four-fifths of the total employment
on private nonagricultural payrolls.
Earnings are the payments production
or nonsupervisory wo ikers receiv.~ during
the survey period, including premium pay
for overtime or late-shift work but excluding irregular bonuses and other special
payments. Real earnings are earnings adjusted to reflect the effects of changes in
consumer prices. The deflator for this series is derived from the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical
Workers (CPI-W).
Hours represent the average weekly
hours of production or nonsupervisory
workers for which pay was received, and are
different from standard or scheduled hours.
Overtime hours represent the portion of average weekly hours which was in excess of
regular hours and for which overtime premiums were paid.
The Diffusion Index represents the percent 0f industries in which employment was
rising over the indicated period, plus onehalf of the industries with unchanged employment; 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and
decreasing employment. In line with Bureau
practice, data for the 1-, 3-, and 6-month
spans are: seasonally adjusted, while those
for the 12-month span are unadjusted. Table
17 provides an index on private nonfarm
employment based on 278 industries, and a
manufacturing index based on 84 industries.
These indexes are useful for measuring the
dispersion of economic gains or losses and
are also economic indicators.
Notes on the data
Establishment survey data are annually adjusted to comprehensive counts of employment (called "benchmarks"). The March
2003 benchmark was introduced in February 2004 with the release of data for January 2004, published in the March 2004 is-
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sue of the Review. With the release in June
2003 , CES completed a conversion from the
Standard Jrdustrial Classification (SIC) system to the North American Industry Classification System <NAICS l and completrd the
transiti0n from its original quota sample design to a probability-based sample design.
The industry-coding update included reconstruction of historical estimates in order to
preserve time series for data users. Normally 5 years of seasonally adjusted data are
revised with each benchmark revision.
However, with this release, the entire new
time series history for all CES data series
were re-seasonally adjusted due to the NAICS
conversion, which resulted in the revision
of all CES time series.
Also in June 2003, the CES program introduced concurrent seasonal adjustment for
the national establishment data. Under this
methodology, the first preliminary estimates
for the current reference month and the revised estimates for the 2 prior months will
be updated with concurrent factors with
each new release of data. Concurrent seasonal adjustment incorporates all available
data, including first preliminary estimates
for the most current month, in the adjustment
process. For additional information on all of
the changes il'ltroduced in June 2003, see the
June 2003 issue of Employment and Earnings
and "Rrcent changes in the national Current
Employment Statistics survey," Monthly La,bor Review, June 2003, pp. 3-13.
Revisions in State data (table 11) occurred with the publication of January 2003
data. For information on the revisions for
the State data, see the March and May 2003
issues of Employment and Earnings, and
"Recent changes in the State and Metropolitan Area CES survey," Monthly Labor Review, June 2003, pp. 14-19.
Beginning in June 1996, the BLS uses the
X-12-ARIMA methodology to seasonally adjust establishment survey data. This procedure, developed by the Bureau of the Census, controls for the effect of varying survey intervals (also known as the 4- versus
5-week effect), thereby providing improved
measurement of over-the-month changes
and underlying economic trends. Revisions
of data, usually for the most recent 5-year
period, are made once a year coincident with
the benchmark revisions.
In the rstablishment survey, estimates for
the most rerent 2 months are based on incomplete returns and are published as preliminary in the tables ( 12-17 in the Review).
When all returns have been received, the estimates are revised and published as "final"
(prior to any benchmark revisions) in the
October 2005
third month of their appearance. Thus, December data ai e published as preliminary in
January and FLbruary and as final in March.
For the same reasons, quarterly establishment data (table 1) are preliminary for the
first 2 months of publication and final in the
third month. Fourth-quarter data are published as preliminary in January and February and as final in March.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on establishment survey data, contact the Division
of Current Employment Statistics : (202)
691-6555.
Unemployment data by
State
Description of the series
Data presented in this section are obtained
from the Local Arca Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) program, which is conducted in
cooperation with State employment security
agencies.
Monthly estimates of the labor force,
employment, and unemploy111ent for States
and sub-State areas are a key indicator of
local economic conditions, and form the basis for determhing the eligibility of an area
for benefits under Federal economic assistance programs such as the Job Training
Partnership Act. Seasonally adjusted unemployment rates are presented in table 10.
Insofar as possible, the concepts and definitions underlying these data are those
used in the national estimates obtained
from the CPS.
Notes on the data
Data refer to State of residence. Monthly
data for all States and the District of Columbia are derived using standardized procedures established by BLS. Once a year,
estimates are revised to new population controls, usually with publication of January
estimates, and benchmarked to annual average CPS levels.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on data in
this series, call (202) 691-6392 (table 10)
or (202) 691-6559 (table 11).
Quarterly Census of
Employment and Wages
Description of the series
Employment, wage, and establishment data
in this section are derived from the quarterly tax reports submitted to State employment security agencies by private and
State and local government employers sub-
ject to State unemployment insurance (u1)
laws and from Federal, agencies subject
to the Unemployment Compensation for
Fedeial Employees (ucFE) program. Each
quarter, State agencies edit and process the
data and send the information to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
The ~uarterly Census of Employment
and Wages (QCEW) data, also referred as ES202 data, are the most complete enumeration
of emplo 1 ment and wat,e information by industry at the national, State, metropolitan
area, and county levels. They have broad economic significance in evaluating labor market trends and major industry developments.
Definitions
In general , the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages monthly employment data
represent the number of covered workers
who worked during, or received pay for, the
pay period that included the 12th day of the
month. Covered private industry employment includes most corporate officials, executives, supervisory personnel, professionals, clerical workers, wage earners, piece
workers, and part-time workers. It excludes
proprietors, the unincorporated self-employ.;Li, unpaid family members, and certain
farm and domestic workers. Certain types
of nonprofit employers, such as religious organizations, are given a choice of coverage
or exclusion in a number of States. Workers
in these organizations are, therefore, reported to a limited degree.
Persons on paid sick leave, paid 110Iiday,
paid vacation, and the like, are incluJcd. Persons on the payroll of more than one firm
during the period are counted by each u1subject employer if they meet the employment definition noted earlier. The employment count excludes workers who earned no
wages during the entire applicable pay period because of work stoppages, temporary
layoffs, illness, or unpaid vacations.
Federal employment data are based on
reports of monthly employment and quarterly wages submitted each quarter to State
agencies for all Federal installations with
employees covered by the Unemployment
Compensation for Federal Employees (ucFE)
program, except for certain national security agencies, which are omitted for security
reasons. Employment for all Federal agencies for any given month is based on the
number of persons who worked during or
received pay for the pay period that included
the 12th of the month.
An establishment is an economic unit,
such as a farm, mine, factory, or store, that
produces goods or provides services. It is
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typically at a single physical location and
engaged in one, or predominantly one, type
of economic activity for which a single industrial classification may be applied. Occasionally, a single physical location encompasses two or more distinct and significant
activities. Each activity should be reported
as a separate establishment if separate
records are kept and the various activities are classified under different NAICS
industries.
Most employers have only one establishment; thus, the establishment is the predominant reporting unit or statistical entity for
reporting employment and wages data. Most
employers, including State and local governments who operate more than one establishment in a State, file a Multiple Worksite Report each quarter, in addition to their quarterly u1 report. The Multiple Worksite Report is used to collect separate employment
and wage data for each of the employer's
establi~hments, which are not detailed on the
u1 report. Some very small multi-establishment employers do not file a Muitiple
Worksite Report. When the total employment in an employer's secondary establishments (all establishments other than the largest) is l O or fewer, the employer generally
will file a consolidated report for all establishments. Also, some employers either cannot or will not report at the establishment
level and thus aggregate establishments into
one consolidated unit, or possibly several
units, though not at the establishment level.
For the Federal Government, the reporting unit is the installation: a single location at which a department, agency, or other
government body has civilian employees.
Federal agencies follow slightly different criteria than do private employers when breaking down their reports by installation. They
are permitted to combine as a single statewide unit: l) all installations wiLh l Oor fewer
workers, and 2) all installations that have a
combined total in the State of fewer than 50
workers. Also, when there are fewer than 25
workers ir. .tll secondary installations in a
State, the secondary installations may be
combined and reported with the major installation. Last, if a Federal agency has fewer
than five employees in a State, the agency
headquarters office (regional office, district
office) serving each State may consolidate
the employment and wages data for that State
with the data reported to the State in which
the headquarters is located. As a result of
these reporting rules, the number of reporting units is always larger than the number
of employers (or government agencies) but
smaller than the number of actual establishments (or installations).
Data reported for the first quarter are
tabulated into size categories ranging from
worksites of very small size to those with
1,000 employees or more. The size category
is determined by the establishment's March
employment level. It is important to note that
each establishment of a multi-r.stablishment
firm is tabulated separately into the appropriate size category. The total employment
level of the reporting multi-establishment
firm is not used in the size tabulation.
Covered employers in most States report
total wages paid during the calendar quarter, regardless of when the services were performed. A few State laws, however, specify
that wages be reported for, or based on the
period during which services are performed
rather than the period during which compensation is paid. Under most State laws or
regulations, wages include bonuses, stock
options, the cash value of meals and lodging, tips and other gratuities, and, in some
States, employer contributions to certain deferred compensation plans such as 40 l (k)
plans.
Covered employer contributions for oldage, survivors, and disability insurance
(OASDI), health insurance, unemployment insurance, workers' compensation, and private
pension and welfare funds are not reported
as wages. Employee contributions for the
same purposes, however, as well as money
withheld for income taxes , union dues, and
so forth, are reported even th011gh they are
deducted from the worker's gross pay.
Wages of covered Federal workers represent the gross amount of all payrolls for
all pay periods ending within the quarter.
This includes cash allowances, the cash
equivalent of any type of remuneration, severance pay, withholding taxes, and retirement deductions. Federal employee remuneration generally covers the same types of
services as for workers in private industry.
Average annual wage per employee for
any given indastry are computed by dividing total annual wages by annual average employment. A further division by 52 yields
average weekly wages per employee. Annual
pay data only approximate annual earnings
because an individual may not be employed
by the same employer all year or may work
for more than one employer at a time.
Average weekly or annual wage is affected by the ratio of full-time to part-time
workers as well as the number of individuals in high-paying and low-paying occupations. When average pay levels between
States and industries are compared, these
factors should be taken into consideration.
For example, indu~tries characterized by
high proportions of part-time workers will
Monthly Labor Review
October
2005
75
Current Labor Statistics
show average wage levels appreciably less
than the weekly pay kvels of reg!1lar fulltime employees in these industries. The opposite effect characterizes industries with
low proportions of part-time workers, or industries that typically schedule heavy weekend and overtime work. Average wage data
also may be influenced by work stoppages,
labor turnover rates, retroactive payments,
seasonal factors, bonus payments, and so on.
Notes on the data
Beginning with the release of data for 2001,
publications presenting data from the Covered Employment and Wages program have
switched to the 2002 version of the North
American Industry Classification System
(NAICS) as the basis for the assignment and
tabulation of economic data by industry.
NAICS is the product of a cooperative effort
on the part of the statistical agencies of the
United States, Canada, and Mexico. Due to
difference in NAICS and Standard Industrial
Classification (SIC) structures, industry data
for 2001 is not comparable to the SIC-based
data for earlier years.
Effective January 2001, the program began assigning Indian Tribal Councils and related establishments to local government
ownership. This BLS action was in response
to a change in Federal law dealing with the
way Indian Tribes are treated under the Federal Unemployment Tax Act. This law requires federally recognized Indian Tribes to
be treated similarly to State and local governments. In the past, the Covered Employment and Wage (CEW) program coded Indian
Tribal Councils and related establishments
in the private sector. As a result of the new
law, CEW data reflects significant shifts in
employment and wages between the private
sector and local government from 2000 to
2001. Data also reflect industry changes.
Those accounts previously assigned to civic
and social organizations were assigned to
tribd1 5 uvernments. There were no required
industry changes for related establishments
owned by these Tribal Councils. These tribal
business establishments continued to be
coded according to the economic activity of
that entity.
To insure the highest possible quality
of data, State employment security agencies verify with employers and update, if
necessary, the industry, location, and ownership classification of all establishments
on a 3-year cycle. Changes in establishment classification codes resulting from the
verification process are introduced with the
data reported for the first quarter of the year.
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Changes resulting from improved employer
reporting also are introduced in the first
quarter. For these reasons, some data, especially at more detailed geographic levels, may not be strictly comparable with
earlier years.
County definitions are assigned according to Federal Information Processing Standards Publications as issued by the National
Institute of Standards and Technology. Areas shown as counties include those designated as independent cities in some jurisdictions ::ind, in Alaska, those areas designated by the Census Bureau where counties
have not been created. County data also are
presented for the New England States for
comparative purposes, even though townships are the more common designation used
in New England (and New Jersey).
The Office of Management and Budget
(0MB) defines metropolitan areas for use in
Federal statistical activities and updates
these definitions as needed. Data in this table
use metropolitan area criteria established by
0MB in definitions issued June 30, 1999
(0MB Bulletin No. 99-04). These definitions
reflect information obtained from the 1990
Decennial Census and the 1998 U.S. Census Bureau population estimate. A complete
list of metropolitan area definitions is available from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Document Sales, 5205
Port Royal Road, Springfield, Va. 22161,
telephone 1-800-553-6847.
0MB defines metropolitan nreas in terms
of entire counties, except in the six New
England States where they are defined in
terms of cii.ies and towns. New England data
in this tab!~, however, are based on a county
concept defined by 0MB as New England
County Metropolitan Areas (NECMA) because county-level data are the most detailed
available from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages. The NECMA is a countybased alternative to the city- and town-based
metropolitan areas in New England. The
NECMA for a Metropolitan Statistical Area
(MSA) include: (I) the county containing the
first-named city in that MSA title (this county
may include the first-named cities of other
MSA, and (2) each additional county having
at least half its population in the MSA in
which first-named cities are in the county
identified in step 1. The NECMA is officially
defined areas that are meant to be used by
statistical programs that cannot use the regular metropolitan area definitions in New
England.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on the
covered employment and wage data, contact
the Division of Administrative Statistics and
Labor Turnover at (202) 691-6567.
October 2005
Job Openings and Labor
Turnover Survey
Description of the series
Data for the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) are collected and compiled from a sample of 16,000 business establishments. Fach month, data are collected
for total emp!:>yment, job openings, hires,
quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. The JOLTS program covers all private
nonfarm establishments such as factories,
offices, and stores, as well as Federal, State,
and local government entities in the 50 States
and the District of Columbia. The JOLTS
sample design is a random sample drawn from
a universe of more than eight million establishments compiled as part of the operations
of the Quarterly Census of Employment and
Wages, or QCEW, program. Thi s program includes all employers subject to State unemployment insurance (UI) laws and Federal
agencies subject to Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE).
The sampling frame is stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and size class.
Large firms fall into the sample with virtual
certainty. JOLTS total employment estimates are
controlled to the employment estimates of the
Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey.
A ratio of CES to JOLTS employment is used to
adjust the levels for all other JOLTS data elements. Rates then are computed from the adjusted levels.
The monthly JOLTS data series begin with
December 2000. Not seasonally adjusted data
on job openings, hires, total separations, quits,
layoffs and discharges, and other separations
levels and rates are available for the total nonfarm sector, 16 private industry divisions and
2 government divisions based on the North
American Industry Classification System
(NAICS), and four geographic regions. Seasonally adjusted data on job openings, hires, total
separations, and quits levels and rates are available for the total nonfarm sector, selected industry sectors, and four geographic regions.
Definitions
Establishments submit job openings information for the last business day of the reference month. A job opening requires that ( 1)
a specific position exists and there is work
available for that position; and (2) work
could start within 30 days regardless of
whether a suitable candidate is found; and
(3) the employer is actively recruiting from
outside the establishment to fill the position.
Included are full-time, part-time, permanent,
short-term, and seasonal openings. Active
recruiting means that the establishment is
taking steps to fill a po~ition by advertising
in newspapers or on the Internet, posting
help-wanted signs, accepting applications,
or using other similar methods.
Jobs to be filled only by intern~! transfers,
promotions, demotions, or recall from layoffs are excluded. Also excluded are jobs with
start dates more than 30 days in the future,
jobs for which employees have been hired
but have not yet reported for work, and jobs
to be filled by employees of temporary help
agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The job
openings rate is computed by dividing the
number of job openings by the sum of employment and job openings, and multiplying
that quotient by I 00.
Hires are the total number of addit10ns to
the payroll occurring at any time during the
reference month, including both new and rehired employees and full-time and part-time,
permanent, short-term and seasonal employees, employees recalled to the location
after a layoff lasting more than 7 days, oncall or intermittent employees who returned
to work after having been formally separated,
and transfers from other locations. The hires
count does not include transfers or promotions within the reporting site, employees
returning from strike, employees of temporary help agencies or employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants.
The hires rate is computed by dividing the
number of hires by employment, and multiplying that quotient by 100.
Seoarations are the total number of terminations of employment occurring at any time
during the reference month, and are reported
by type of separation-quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits are voluntary separations by employees (except for
retirements, which are reported as other separations). Layoffs and discharges are involuntary
separations initiated by 1he employ( r and include layoffs with no intent to rehire, formal
layoffs lasting or expected to last more than 7
days, discharges resulting from mergers,
downsizing, or closings, firings or other discharges for cause, terminations of permanent
or short-term employees, and terminations of
seasonal employees. Other separations include
retirements, transfers to other locations, deaths,
and separations due to disability. Separations
do not include transfers within the same location or employees on strike.
The separations rate is computed by dividing the number of separations by employment, and multiplying that quotient by 100.
The quits, layoffs and discharges, and other
separations rates are computed similarly,
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dividing the number by employment and
multiplyinf, by 100.
Notes on the data
The JOLTS data series on job openings, hires,
and separations are relatively new. The full
sample is divided into panels, with one panel
enrolled each month. A full complement of
panels for the original data series based on
the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification
(SIC) system was not completely enrolled in
the survey until January 2002. The supplemental panels of establishments needed to
create NAICS estimates were not completely
enrolled until May 2003. The data collected
up until those points are from less than a
full sample. Therefore, estimates from earlier months should be used with caution, as
fewer sampled units were reporting data at
that time.
In March 2002, BLS procedures for collecting hires and separations data were revised
to address possible underreporting. As a result, JOLTS hires and separations estimates for
months prior to March 2002 may not be comparable with estimates for March 2002 and
later.
The Federal Government reorganization
that involved transferring approximately
180,000 employees to the new Department
of Homeland Security is not reflected in the
JOLTS hires and separations estimates for the
Federal Government. The Office of Personnel Management's record shows these transfers were completed in March 2003. The
inclusion of transfers in the JOLTS definitions
of hires and separations is intended to cover
ongoing movements of workers between establishments. The Department of Homeland
Security reorganization was a massive onetime event, and the inclusion of these intergovernmental transfers would distort the
Federal Government time series.
Data users should note that seasonal adjustment of the JOLTS series is conducted with
fewer data observations than is customary.
The historical data, therefore, may be subject to larger than normal revisions. Because
the seasonal patterns in economic data series
typically emerge over time, the standard use
of moving averages as seasonal filters to capture these effects requires longer series than
are currently available. As a result, the stable
seasonal filt~r option is used -in the seasonal
adjustment of the JOLTS data. When calculating seasonal factors, this filter takes an average for each calendar month after detrending
the series. The stable seasonal filter assumes
that the seasonal factors are fixed; a necessary assumption until sufficient data are avail-
able. When t~,~ stable seasonal filter is no
longer needed , other program features also
may be introduced, such as outlier adjustment
and extended diagnostic testing. Additionally,
it is expected that more series, such as layoffs and discharges and additional industries,
may be seasonally adjusted when more Jata
are available.
JOLTS hires and separations estimates cannot be used to exactly explain net changes in
payroll employment. Some rea mns why it is
problematic to compare changes in payroll
employment with JOLTS hires and separations,
especially on a monthly basis, are: (1) the
reference period for payroll employment is
the pay period including the 12th of the
month, while the reference period for hires
and separations is the calendar month; and
(2) payroll employment can vary from month
to month simply because part-time and oncall workers may not always work during the
pay period that includes the 12th of the
month. Additionally, research has fou nd that
some reporters systematically underreport
separations relative to hires due to a number of factors, including the nature of their
payroll system~ and practices. The shortfall
appears to be ;;_bout 2 percent or less over a
12-month period.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on the Job
Openings and Labor Turnover Survey, contact the Division of Administrative Statistics
and Labor Turnover at (202) 961-5870.
Compensation and
Wage Data
(Tables 1-3; 30-36)
Compensation and waged data are gathered
by the Bureau from business establishments,
State and local governments, labor unions,
collective bargaining agreements on file
with the Bureau, and secondary sources.
Employment Cost Index
Descri ption of the series
The Employment Cost Index (EC!) is a
quarterly measure of the rate of change in
compensation µer hour worked and includes
wages, salaries, and employer costs of employee benefits. It uses a fixed market
basket of labor-similar in concept to the
Consumer Price Index's fixed market basket of goods and services-to measure
change over time in employer costs of employing labor.
Statistical series on total compensation
Monthly Labor Review
Octobe,
2005
77
Current Labor Statistics
costs, on wages and salaries, and on benefit c~:;ts are available for private nonfarm
workers excluding proprietors, the self-employed, and household workers. The total
compensation costs and wages and salaries
series an: also available for State and local
government workers and for the civilian
nonfarm economy, which consists of pri vate industry and State and local _government workers combim:d. Federal workers
are excluded.
The Employment Cost Index probability
sample consists of about 4,400 private nonfarm establishments providing about 23 ,000
occupational observations and 1,000 State
and local government establishments providing 6,000 occupational observations selected to represent total employment in each
sector. On average, each reporting unit provides wage and compensation information
on five well-specified occupations. Data are
collected each quarter for the pay period including the 12th day of March, .June, September, and December.
Beginning with June 1986 data, fixed
employment weights from the 1980 Census
of Population are used each quarter to
calculate the civilian and private indexes
and the index for State and local governments. (Prior to June 1986, the employment
weights are from the 1970 Census of Population.) These fixed weights, also used to
derive all of the industry and occupation
series indexes, ensure that changes in these
indexes reflect only changes in compensation, not ~mployment shifts among industries or occupations with different levels of
wages and compensation. For the bargaining status, region, and metropolitan/nonmetropolitan area series, however, employment data by industry and occupation are
not available from the census. Instead, the
1980 employment weights are reallocated
within these series each quarter based on the
current sample. Therefore, these indexes are
not strictly comparable to those for the aggregate, industry, and o~cupation series.
Definitions
Total compensation costs include wages,
salaries, and the employer 's costs for employee benefits.
\Vages and salaries consist of earnings
before payroll deductions, including production bonuses, incentive earnings, commissions, and cost-of-living adjustments.
Benefits include the cost to employers
for paid leave, supplemental pay (including nonproduction bonuses), insurance, retirement and savings plans, and legally required
78 Monthly Labor Review
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benefits (such as Social Security, workers'
compensation, and unemployment insurance).
Exel uded from wages and salaries and
employee benefits are such items as payment-in-kind, free room and board, and tips.
Notes on the data
The Employment Cost Index for changes in
wages and salaries in the private nonfarm
economy was published beginning in 1975.
Changes in total compensation cost-wages
and salaries and benefits combined-were
published beginning in 1980. The series of
changes in wages and salaries and for total
compensation in the State and local government sector and in the civilian nonfarm
economy (excluding Federal employees)
were published beginning in 1981. Historical indexe:, (June 1981= 100) are available
on the Internet:
www.bls.gov/ect/
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on the
Employment Cost Index, contact the Office
of Compensation Levels and Trends: (202)
691-6199.
Employee Benefits Survey
Description of the series
Employee benefits data are obtained from
the Employee Benefits Survey, an annual
survey of the incidence and provisions of
selected benefits provided by employers.
The survey collects data from a sample of
approximately 9,000 private sector and State
and local government establishments. The
data are presented as a percentage of employees who participate in a certain benefit,
or as an average benefit provision (for example, the average number of paid holidays
provided to employees per year). Selected
data from the survey are presented in table
34 for medium and large private establishments and in table 35 for small private t>stablishments and State and local government.
The survey covers paid leave benefits
such as holidays and vacations, and personal,
funeral, jury duty, military, family, and sick
leave; short-term disability, long-term disability, and life insuranc(.; medical, deutal,
and vision care plans; defined benefit and
defined contribution plans; flexible benefits
plans; reimbursement accounts; and unpaid
family leave.
Also, data are tabulated on the incidence of several other benefits, such as
severance pay, child-care assistance, wellness programs, and employee assistance
programs.
October 2005
Definitions
Employer-provided benefits are benefits
that are financed either wholly or partly by
the employer. They may be sponsored by a
union or other third party, as lor:g as there is
some employer financing. However, some
benefits that are fully paid for by the employee also are included. For example, longterm care insurance and postretirement life
insurance paid entirely by the employee are
included because the guarantee of insurability and availability at group premium rates
are considered a benefit.
Participants are workers who are covered by a benefit, whether or not they use
that benefit. If the benefit plan is financed
wholly by employers and requires employees to complete a minimum length of service for eligibility, the workers are considered participants whether or not they have
met the requirement. If workers are required to contribute towards the cost of a
plan, they are considered participants only
if they elect the plan and agree to make the
required contributions.
Defined benefit pension plans use predetermined formulas to calculate a retirement benefit (if any), and obligate the employer to provide those benefits. Benefits
are generally based on salary, years of service, or both.
Defined contribution plans generally
specify the level of employer and employee
contributions to a plan, but not the formula
for determining eventual benefits. Instead,
individual accounts are set up for participants, and benefits are based on amounts
credited to these accounts.
Tax-deferred savings plans are a type
of defined contribution plan that allow participants to contribute a portion of their salary to an employer-sponsored plan and defer income taxes until withdrawal.
Flexible benefit plans allow employees
to choose among several benefits, such as
life insurance, medical care, and vacation
days, and among several levels of coverage
within a given benefit.
Notes on the data
Surveys of employees in medium and large
establishments conducted over the 197986 period included establishments that employed at least 50, 100, or 250 workers,
depending on the industry (1Post service
industries were excluded). The survey conducted in 1987 covered only State and local governments with 50 or more employ-
ees. The surveys conducted in 1988 and
1989 included medium and large establishments with 100 workers or more in private
industries. All surveys conducted over the
1979-89 period excluded establishments
in Alaska and Hawaii, as well as part-time
employees.
Beginning in 1990, surveys of State and
local governments and small private establishments were conducted in even-numbered years, and surveys of medium and
large establishments were conducted in oddnumbered years. The small establishment
survey includes all private nonfarm establishments with fewer than I 00 workers,
while the State and local government survey includes all governments, regardless of
the number of workers. All three surveys include full- and part-time workers, and
workers in all 50 States and the District of
Columbia.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on the
Employee Benefits Survey, contact the Office of Compensation Levels and Trends on
the Internet:
www.bls.gov/<~bs/
Notes on the data
This series is not comparable with the one
terminated in 1981 that covered strikes involving six workers or more.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on work
stoppages data, contact the Office of Compensation and Working Conditions: (202)
691-6282, x the Internet:
www.bls.gov/cba/
---------------
Price Data
(Tables 2; 37-47)
Price data are gathered by the Bureau
of Labor Statistics from retail and primary markets in the United States. Price indexes are given in relation to a base periodDecember 2003 = 100 for many Producer
Price Indexes (unless otherwise noted), 198284 = 100 for many Consumer Price Indexes
(unless otherwise noted), and 1990 = 100 for
International Price Indexes.
Consumer Price Indexes
Work stoppages
Description of the series
Description of the series
The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of the average change in the prices paid
by urban consumers for a fixed market basket of goods and services. The CPI is calculated monthly for two population groups,
one consisl.ing only of urban households
whose prim~:ry source of income is derived
from the employment of wage earners and
clerical workers, and the other consisting of
all urban households. The wage earner index (CPI-W) is a continuation of the historic
index that was introduced well over a halfcentury ago for use in wage negotiations.
As new uses were developed for the CPI in
recent years, the need for a broader and more
representative index became apparent. The
all-urban consumer index (CPI-U), introduced
in 1978, is representative of the 1993-95
buying habits of about 87 percent of the noninstitutional population of the United States
at that time, compared with 32 percent represented in the CPI-W. In addition to wage
earners and clerical workers, the CPI-U covers professional, managerial, and technical
workers, the self-employed, short-term
workers, the unemployed, retirees, and others not in the labor force.
The CPI is based on prices of food, clothing, shelter, fuel, drugs, transportation fares,
doctors' and dentists' fees, and other goods
and services that people buy for day-to-day
living. The quantity and quality of these
items are kept essentially unchanged be-
Data on work stoppages measure the number and duration of major strikes or lockouts (involving 1,000 workers or more) occurring during the month (or year), the number of workers involved, and the amount of
work time lost because of stoppage. These
data are presented in table 36.
Data are largely from a variety of pub1ished sources and cover only establishments directly involved in a stoppage. They
do not measure the indirect or secondary
effect of stoppages on other establishments
whose employees are idle owing to material
shortages or lack of service.
Definitions
Number of stoppages: The number of
strikes and lockouts involving 1,000 workers or more and lasting a full shift or longer.
Workers involved: The number of
workers directly involved in the stoppage.
Number of days idle: The aggregate
number of workdays lost by workers involved in the stoppages.
Days ofidleness as a percent of estimated
working time: Aggregate workdays lost as a
percent of the aggregate number of standard
workdays in the period multiplied by total employment in the period.
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tween major revisions so that only price
changes will be measured. All taxes directly
associated with the purchase and use of
items are included in the index.
Data collected from more than 23,000 retail establishments and 5,800 housing units
in 87 urban areas across the country are used
to develop the '·U.S. city average." Separate
estimates for 14 major urban centers are presented in table 38. The areas listed are as indicated in footnote 1 to the table. The area
indexes measure only the average change in
prices for each area since the base period,
and do not indicate differences in the level
of prices among cities.
Notes on the data
In January 1983, the Bureau changed the
way in which homeownership costs are
meaured for the CPI-U. A rental equivalence
method replaced the asset-price approach to
homeownership costs for that series. In
January 1985, the same change was made in
the CPI-W. The central purpose of the change
was to separate shelter costs from the investment component of homeownership so that
the index would reflect only the cost of shelter services provided by owner-occupied
homes. An updated CPI-U and CPI-W were
introduced with release of the January 1987
and January 1998 data.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION, contact
the Division of Prices and Price Indexes:
(202) 691-70CJ0.
Producer Price Indexes
Description of the series
Producer Price Indexes (PP!) measure average changes in prices received by domestic producers of commodities in all stages
of processing. The sample used for calculating these indexes currently contains about
3,200 commodities and about 80,000 quotations per month, selected to represent the
movement of prices of all commodities produced in the manufacturing; agriculture, forestry, and fishing; mining; and gas and electricity and public utilities sectors. The stageof-processing structure of PPI organizes
products by class of buyer and degree of fabrication (that is, finished goods, intermediate goods, and crude materials). The traditional commodity structure of PP! organizes products by similarity of end use or
material composition. The industry and
product structure of PP! organizes data in
accordance with the 2002 North American Industry Classification System and product
codes developed by the U.S. Census Bureau.
Monthly Labor Review
October
2005
79
Current Labor Statistics
To the extent possible, prices used in calculating Producer Price Indexes apply to the
first significant commercial transaction in
the United States from the production or
central marketing point. Price data are generally collected monthly, primarily by mail
questionnaire. Most prices are obtained directly from producing companies on a voluntary and confidential basis. Pdces generally a;:c reported for the Tuesday of the week
containing the 13th day of the month.
Since January 1992, price changes for
the various commodities have been averaged
together with implicit quantity weights representing their importance in the total net
selling value of all commodities as of 1987.
The detailed data are aggregated to obtain
indexes for stage-of-prncessing groupings,
commodity groupings, durability-of-product groupings, and a number of special composite groups. All Producer Price Index data
are subject to revision 4 months after original publication.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION, contact
the Division of Industrial Prices and Price
Indexes: (202) 691-7705.
International Price Indexes
Description of the series
The International Price Program produces
monthly and quarterly export and import
price indexes for nonmilitary goods and services traded between the United States and
the rpst of the world. The export price index provides a measure of price change
for all products sold by U.S. residents to
foreign buyers. (""Residents" is defined as
in the national income accounts; it includes corporations, businesses, and individuals, but does not require the organizations to be U.S. owned nor the individuals to have U.S. citizenship.) The import
price index provides a measure of price
change for goods purchased from other
countries by U.S. residents.
The product universe for both the import
and export indexes includes raw materials ,
agricultural products, semifinished manufactures, and finished manufactures, including both capital and consumer goods. Price
data for these items are collected primarily
by mail questionnaire. In nearly all cases,
the data are collected directly from the exporter or importer, although in a few cases,
prices are obtained from other sources.
To the extent possible, the data gathered
refer to prices at the U.S. border for exports
and at either the foreign border or the U.S.
border for imports. For nearly all products, the prices refer to transactions com-
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pleted d1u:1Jg the first week of the month.
Survey re-;pondents are asked to indicate
all discounts, allowances, and rebates applicable to the rC;ported prices, so that the
price used in the calculation of the indexes
is the actual price for which the product
was bought or sold.
In addition to general indexes of prices for
U.S. exports and imports, indexes are also
published for detailed product categories of
exports and imports. These categories are defined according to the five-digit level of detail
for the Bureau of Economic Analysis End-use
Classification, the three-digit level for the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC),
and the four-digit level of detail for the Harmonized System. Aggregate import indexes by
country or region of origin are also available.
BLS publishes indexes for selected categories of internationally traded services,
calculated on an international basis and on
a balance-of-payments basis.
Notes on the data
The export and import price indexes are
weighted inclexes of the Laspeyres type. The
trade weights currently used to compute
both indexes relate to 2000.
Because a price index depends on the
same items being priced from period to period , it is necessary to recognize when a
product's specifications or terms of transaction have been modified. For this reason, the
Bureau's questionnaire requests detailed descriptions of the physical and functional
characteristics of the products being priced,
as well as information on the number of units
bought or sold, discounts, credit terms, packaging, class of buyer or seller, and so forth.
When there are changes in either the specifications or terms of transaction of a product,
the dollar value of each change is deleted from
the total price change to obtain the "pure"
change. Once this value is determined, a linking procedure is employed which allows for
the continued repricing of the item.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION, contact
the Division of International Prices: (202)
691-7155.
Productivity Data
(Tables 2; 48-51)
Business and major sectors
Description of the series
The productivity measures relate real out-
October 2005
put to real input. As such, they encompass a
family of measures which include singlefactor input measures, such as output per
hour, output per unit of labor input, or output per unit of capital input, as well as measures of multi factor productivity (output per
unit of combined labor and capital inputs).
The Bureau indexes show the change in output relative to changes in the various inputs.
The measures cover the busiriess, nonfarm
business, manufacturing, and nonfinancial
corporate sectors.
Corresponding indexes of hourly compensation, unit labor costs, ur.it nonlabor
payments, and prices are also provided.
Definitions
Output per hour of all persons (labor productivity) is the quantity of goods and services produced per hour of labor input. Output per unit of capital services (capital productivity) is the quantity of goods and services produced per unit of capital services
input. Multifae:tor productivity is the quantity of goods and services produced per combined inputs. For private business and private nonfarm business, inputs include labor
and capital units. For manufacturing, inputs
include labor, capital, energy, nonenergy materials, and purchased business services.
Compensation per hour is total compensation divided by hours at work. Total compensation equals the wages and salaries of
employees plus employers' contributions for
social insurance and private benefit plans,
plus an estimate of these payments for the
self-employed (except for nonfinancial corporations in which there are no self-employed). Real compensation per hour is
compensation per hour deflated by the
change in the Consumer Price Index for All
Urban Consumers.
Unit labor costs are the labor compensation costs expended in the production
of a unit of output and are derived by dividing compensation by output. Unit nonlabor
payments include profits, depreciation,
interest, and indirect taxes per unit of output. They are computed by subtracting
compensation of all persons from currentdollar value of output and clividing by output.
Unit nonlabor costs contain all the
components of unit nonlabor payments except unit profits.
Unit profits include corporate profits
with inventory valuation and capital consumption adjustments per unit of output.
Hours of all persons are the total hours
at work of payroll workers, self-employed
persons, and unpaid family workers.
Lahor inputs are hours of all persons adjusted for the effects of changes in the education and experience of the labor force.
Capital services are the flow of services
from the capital stock used in production. It
is developed from measures of the net stock
of physical assets-equipment, _structures,
land, and inventories---weighted hy rental
prices for each type of asset.
force; capital investment; level of output;
changes in the utilization of capacity, energy, material, and research and development; the organization of production; managerial skill; and characteristics and efforts
of the work force.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on this
productivity series, contact the Division of
Productivity Research: (202) 691-5606.
Combined units of labor and capital
inputs are derived by combining changes in
labor and capital input with weights which
represent each component's share of total
cost. Combined units of labor, capital, energy,
materials, and purchased business services are
similarly derived by combining changes in
each input with weights that represent each
input's share of total costs. The indexes for
each input and for combined units are based
on changing weights which are averages of the
shares in the current and preceding year (the
Tornquist index-number formula).
Notes on the data
Bu~::icss sector output is an annuallyweighted index constructed by excluding
from real gross domestic product (GDP) the
following outputs: general government, nonprofit institutions, paid employees of private
households, and the rental value of owneroccupied dwellings. Nonfarm business also
excludes farming. Private business and private nonfarm business further exclude government enterprises. The measures are supplied by the U.S. Department of Commerce's
Bureau of Economic Analysis. Annual estimates of manufacturing sectoral output are
produced by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Quarterly manufacturing output indexes
from the Federal Reserve Board are adjusted
to these annual output measures by the BLS.
Compensation data are developed from data
of the Bureau of Economic Analysis and the
Bureau of Labor Statistics. Hours data are
developed from data of the Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
The productivity and associated cost
measures in tables 48-51 describe the relationship between output in real terms and
the labor and capital inputs involved in its
production. They show the changes from period to period in the amount of goods and
services produced per unit of input.
Although these measures relate output to
hours and capital services, they do not measure the contributions of labor, capital, or
any other specific factor of production.
Rather, they reflect the joint effect of many
influences, including changes in technology; shifts in the composition of the labor
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Industry productivity
measures
ducing that output. Combined inputs include capital, labor, and intermediate purchases. The measure of capital input represents the flow of services from the capital
stock used in production. It is developed
from measures of the net stock of physical
assets-equipment structures, land, and inventories. The measure of intermediate
purchases is a combination of purchased
materials, services, fuels, and electricity.
Notes on the data
Description of the series
The BLS industry productivity indexes measure the rdationship between output and
inputs for selected industrie-; and industry
groups, and thus reflect trends in industry
efficiency over time. Industry measures include labor productivity, multifactor productivity, compensation, and unit labor
costs.
The industry measures differ in methodology and data sources from the productivity measures for the major sectors because the industry measures are developed
independently of the National Income and
Product Accounts framework used for the
major sector measures.
The industry measures are compiled from data
produced by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and
the Census Bureau, with additional data supplied by other government agencies, trade associations, and other sources.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on this series, contact the Division of Industry Productivity Studies: (202) 691-56 I 8, or visit
the Website at: www.bls.gov/lpdhome.htm
International Comparisons
(Tables 52-54)
Labor force and
unemployment
Description of the series
Definitions
Output per hour is derived by dividing an
index of industry output by an index of labor input. For most industries, output indexes are derived from data on the value of
industry output adjusted for price change.
For the remaining industries, output indexes
are derived from data on the physical quantity of production.
The labor input series is based on the
hours of all workers or, in the case of some
transportation industries, on the number of
employees. For most industries, the series
consists of the hours of all employees. For
some trade and services industries, the series also includes the hours of partners, proprietors, and unpaid family workers.
Unit labor costs represent the labor
compensation costs per unit of output produced, and are derived by dividing an index
of labor compensation by an index of output. Labor compensation includes payroll
as well as supplemental payments, including both legally required expenditures and
payments for voluntary programs.
Multifactor productivity is derived by
dividing an index of industry output by an
index of combined inputs consumed in pro-
Tables 52 and 53 present comparative measures of the labor force, employment, and
unemployment approximating U.S. concepts for the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan, and six European countries. The
labor force statistics published by other industrial countries are not, in most cases, comparable to U.S. concepts. Therefore, the Bureau
adjusts the figures for selected countries, for
all known major definitional differences, to the
extent that data to prepare adjustments are
available. Although precise comparability may
not be achieved, these adjusted figures provide a better basis for international comparisons than the figures regularly published by
each country. For further information on adjustments and comparability issues, see
Constance Sorrentino, "International unemployment rates: how comparable are they?"
Monthly Labor Review, June 2000, pp. 3-20
(available on the BLS Web site ::it:
www.bls.gov/opu b/ml r/2000/06/
artlfull.pdf).
Definitions
For the principal V.S. definitions of the labor force, employment, and unemployment,
see the Notes section on Employment and
Monthly Labor Review
October
2005
81
Current Labor Statistics
Unemployment Data: Household survey
data.
Notes on the data
The foreign country data are adjusted as
closely as possible to U.S. concepts, with the
exception of lower age limits and the treatment
of layoffs. These adjustments include, but are
not limited to: including older persons in the
labor force by imposing no upper age limit,
adding unemployed students to the
unemployed, excluding the military and family
workers working fewer than 15 hours from the
employed, and excluding persons engaged in
passive job search from the unemployed.
Data for the United States relate to the
populalion 16 years of age and older. The U.S.
concept of the working age population has
no upper age limit. The adjusted to U.S.
concepts statistics have been adapted, insofar
as possible, to the age at which compulsory
schooling ends in each country, and the
Swedish statistics have been adjusted to
include persons older than the Swedish upper
age limit of 64 years. The adj usted statistics
presented here relate to the population 16
years of age and older in France, Sweden,
and the United Kingdom; 15 years of age and
older in Australia, Japan, Germany, Italy, and
the Netherlands. An exception to this rule is
that the Canadian statistics are adjusted to
cover the population 16 years of age and
older, whereas the age at which compulsory
schooling ends remains at 15 years. In the labor
force participation rates and employmentpopulation ratios, the denominator is the
civilian noninstitutionalized working age
population, except that the institutionalized
working age population is included in Japan
and Germany.
In the United States, the unemployed
include persons who are not employed and
who were actively seeking work during the
reference period, as well as persons on layoff.
Persons waiting to start a new job who were
actively seeking work during the reference
period are counted as unemployed under U.S.
concepts; if they were not actively seeking
work, they are not counted in the labor force.
In some countries, persons on layoff are
classified as employed due to their strong job
attachment. No adjustment is made for the
countries that classify those on layoff as
employed. In the United States, as in Australia
and Japan, passive job seekers are not in the
labor force; job search must be active, such
as placing or answering advertisements,
contacting employers directly,or registering
with an employment agency (simply reading
ads is not enough to qualify as active search).
Canada and the European countries classify
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
passive jobseekers as unemployed. An
adjustment is made to exclude them in Canada,
but not in the European countries where the
phenomenon is less prevalent. Persons waiting
to start a new job are counted among the
unemployed for all other countries, whether
or not they were actively seeking work.
The figtFes for one or more recent years
for France, Germany, and the Netherlands are
calculated using adjustment factors based on
labor force surveys for earlier y~ars and are
considered preliminary. The recent year
measures for these countries are therefore
subject to revision whenever more current
labor force surveys become available.
There are breaks in series for the United
States (I 994, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2003),
Australia (2001 ), and Germany (1999).
For the United States, beginning in 1994,
data are not strictly comparable for prior years
because of the introduction of a major
redesign of the labor force survey questionnaire and collection methodology. The
redesign effect has been estimated to increase
the overall unemployment rate by 0.1
percentage point. Other breaks noted relate
to changes in population controls that had
virtually no effect on unemployment rates.
For a description of all the changes in the
U.S. labor force survey over time and their
impact, see Historical Comparability in the
"Household Data" section of the BLS publication Employment an.d Earnings (available
on the BLS Web site at www.bls.gov/cps/
eetech_ methods.pdf).
For Australia, the 2001 break reflects the
introduction in April 2001 of a redesigned
labor force survey that allowed for a closer
application of International Labor Office
guidelines for the definitions of labor force
statistics. The Australian Bureau of Statistics
revised their data so there is no break in the
employment series. However, the reclassification of persons who had not actively
looked for work because they were waiting to
begin a new job from "not in the labor force"
to "unemployed" could only be incorporated
for April 200 I forward. This reclassification
diverges from the U.S. definition where
persons waiting to start a new job but not
actively seeking work are not counted in the
labor force. The impact of the reclassification
was an increase in the unemployment rate by
0.1 percentage point in 200 I.
For Germany, the 1999 break reflects the
incorporation of an improved method of data
calculation and a change in coverage to
persons living in private households only.
For further qualifications and historical
data, see Comparative Civilian Labor Force
Statistics, Ten Countries, on the BLS Web site
at www.bls.gov/fls/flslforc.pdf
October 2005
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on this
series, contact the Division of Foreign
Labor Statistics: (202) 691-5654 or
flshelp@bls.gov
Manufacturing productivity
and labor costs
Description of the series
Table 54 presents comparative indexes of
manufacturing labor productivity (output per
hour), output, total hours, compensation per
hour, and unit labor costs for the United States,
Australia, Canada, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and
nine European countries. These measures are
trend comparisons-that is, series that measure changes over time-rather than level comparisons. There are greater technical problems
in comparing the levels of manufacturing output among economies.
BLS constructs the comparative indexes
from three basic aggregate measures-output, total labor hours, and total compensation. The hours and compensation measures
refer to all employed persons (wage and salary earners plus self-employed persons and
unpaid family workers) with the exception
of Belguim and Taiwan, where only employees (wage and salary earners) are counted.
Definitions
Output, in general, refers to value added in
manufacturing from the national accounts
of each country. However, the output series for Japan prior to 1970 is an index of
industrial production, and the national accounts measures for the United Kingdom
are essentially identical to their indexes of
industrial production.
The output data for the United States are
the gross product originating (value added)
measures prepared by the Bureau of Economic
Analysis of the U.S. Department of Commerce. Comparable manufacturing output data
currently are not available prior to 1977.
U.S. data from 1998 forward are based
on the 1997 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Output is in real
value-added terms using a chain-type annual-weighted method for price deflation.
(For more information on the U.S. measure,
see "Improved Estimates of Gross Product
by Industry for 1947-98," Survey of Current Business, June 2000, and "Improved
Annual Industry Accounts for 1998-2003,"
Survey of Current Business, June 2004).
Most of the other economies now also use
annual moving price weights, but earlier
years were estimated using fixed price
weights, with the weights typically updated
every 5 or IO years.
To preserve the comparability of the U.S.
measures with those for other economies,
BLS uses gross product originating in manufacturing for the United States for these comparative measures. The gross product originating series differs from the manufacturing uutµut series that BLS publishes in its
news releases on quarterly measures of U.S.
productivity and costs (and that underlies the
measures that appear in tables 48 and 50 in
this section). The quarterly measures are on
a ·'sectoral output" basis, rather than a valueadded basis. Sectoral output is gross output
less intrasector transactions.
Total labor hours refers to hours worked
in all economies. The measures are developed
from statistics of manufacturing employment
and average hours. The series used for Australia, Canada, Demark, France (from 1970 forward), Norway, and Sweden are official series
published with the national accounts. For Germany, BLS uses estimates of average hours
worked developed by a research institute connected to the Ministry of Labor for use with
the national accounts emrloyment figures. For
the United Kingdom from 1992, an official
annual index of total manufacturing hours is
used. Where official total hours series are not
available, the measures are developed by BLS
using employment figures published with the
national accounts, or other comprehensive employment series, and estimates of annual hours
worked.
Total compensation (labor cost) includes all payments in cash or in-kind made
directly to employees plus employer expenditures for legally-required insurance programs and contractual and private benefit
plans. The measures are from the national
accounts of each economy, except those for
Belgium, which are developed by Bl.S using
statistics on employment, average hours, and
hourly compensation. For Australia,
Canada, France, and Sweden, compensation is increased to account for other significant taxes on payroll or employment. For
the United Kingdom, compensation is reduced between 1967 and 1991 to account
for employment-related subsidies. Self-employed workers are included in the all-employed-persons measures by assuming that
their compensation is equal to the average
for wage and salary employees.
mining as well.
The measures for recent years may be
based on current indicators of manufacturing output (such as industrial production indexes), employment, average hours, and
hourly compensation until national accounts
and other statistics used for the long-term
measures become available.
Official published data for Australia are
in fiscal years that begin on July I. The Australian Bureau of Statistics has finished calendar-year data for recent years for output
and hours. For earlier years and for compensation, data are BLS estimates using 2year moving averages of fiscal year data.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on this series, contact the Division of Foreign Labor
Statistics: (202) 691-5654.
Occupational Injury
and Illness Data
(Tables 55-56)
Survey of Occupational
Injuries and Illnesses
Description of the series
The Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses collects data from employers about
their workers' job-related nonfatal injuries and
illnesses. The information ~hat employers provide is based on records that they maintain under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of
1970. Self-employed individuals, farms with
fewer than 11 employees, employers regulated
by other Federal safety and health laws, and
Federal, State, and local government agencies
are excluded from the survey.
The survey is a Federal-State cooperative program with an independent sample
selected for each participating State. A stratified random sample with a Neyman allocation is selected to represent all private industries in the State. The survey is stratified
by Standard Industrial Classification and
size of employment.
Definitions
Notes on the data
In general, the measures relate to total manufacturing as defined by the International
Standard Industrial Classification. However,
the measures for France include parts of
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Under the Occupational Safety and Health
Act, employers maintain records of nonfatal work-related injuries and illnesses that
involve one or more of the following: loss
of consciousness, restriction of work or motion, transfer to another job, or medical
treatment other than first aid.
Occupational injury is any injury such
as a cut, fracture, sprain, or amputation that
results from a work-related event or a single,
instantaneous exposure in the work environment.
Occupational illness is an abnormal condition or disorder, other than one resulting
from an occupational injury, caused by exposure to factors associated with employment. It includes acute and chronic illnesses
or disease which may be caused by inhalation, absorption, ingestion, or direct contact.
Lost workday injuries and illnesses are
cases that involve days away from work, or
days of restricted work activity, or both.
Lost workdays include the number of
workdays (consecutive or not) on which the
employee was either away from work or at
work in some restricted capacity, or both, because of an occupational injury or illness. BLS
measures of the number and incidence rate
of lost workdays were discontinued beginning with the 1993 survey. The number of
days away from work or days of restricted
work activity does not include the day of injury or onset of illness or any days on which
the employee would not have worked, such
as a Federal holiday, even though able to
work.
Incidence rates are computed as the
number of injuries and/or illnesses or lost
work days per 100 full-time workers.
Notes on the data
The definitions of occupational injuries and
illnesses are from Recordkc,:ping Guidelines for Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau
of Labor Statistics, September 1986).
Estimates are made for industries and employment size classes for total recordable
cases, lost workday cases, days away from
work cases, and nonfatal cases without lost
workdays. These data also are shown separately for injuries. Illness data are available for
seven categories: occupational skin diseases
or disorders, dust diseases of the lungs, respiratory conditions due to toxic agents, poisoning (systemic effects of toxic agents), disorders due to physical agents (other than toxic
materials), disorders associated with repeated
trauma, and all other occupational illnesses.
The survey continues to measure the number of new work-related illness cases which
are recognized, diagnosed, and reported during the year. Some conditions, for example,
long-term latent illnesses caused by exposure
to carcinogens, often are difficult to relate to
the workplace and are not adequately recog-
Monthly Labor Review
October
2005
83
Current Labor Statistics
nized and reported. These long-term latent illnesses are believed to be understated in the
survey's illness measure. In contrast, the overwhelming majority of the reported new illnesses are those which are easier to directly
relate to workplace activity (for example, contact dermatitis and carpal tunnel synd10me).
Most of the estimates are in the form of
incidence rates, defined as the number of injuries and illnesses per 100 equivalent fulltime workers. For this purpose, 200,000 employee hours represent l 00 employee years
(2,000 hours per employee). Full detail on
the available measures is presented in the annual bulletin, Occupational Injuries and Illnesses: Counts, Rates, and Characteristics.
Comparable data for more than 40 States
and territories are available from the BLS Office of Safety, Health and Working Conditions. Many of these States publish data on
State and local government employees in addition to private industry data.
Mining and railroad data are furnished to
BLS by the Mine Safety and Health Administration dlld the Federal Railroad Administration. Data from these organizations are included in both the national and State data published annually.
With the l 992 survey, BLS began publishing details on serious, nonfatal incidents resulting in days away from work. Included are
some major characteristics of the inj 1.rred and
ill workers, such as occupation, age, gender,
race, and length of service, as well as the circumstances of their injuries and illnesses (nature of the disabling condition, part of body
affected, event and exposure, and the source
directly producing the condition). In general,
84 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
these data are available nationwide for detailed
industries and for individ'Jal States at more
aggregated industry levels.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on occupational injuries and illnesses, contact the Office of Occupational Safety, Health and
Working Conditions at (202) 691-6180, or
access the Internet at: http://www.bls.gov/Iif/
Census of Fatal
Occupational Injuries
The Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries
compiles ct complete roster of fatal job-related injurie',, including detailed data about
the fatally injured workers and the fatal
events. The program collects and cross
checks fatality information from multiple
sources, including death certificates, State
and Federal workers' compensation reports,
Occupational Safety and Health Administration and Mine Safety and Health Administration records, medical examiner and autopsy reports, media accounts, State motor
vehicle fatality records, and follow-up questionnaires to employers.
In addition to private wage and salary
workers, the self-employed, family members, and Federal, State, and local government workers are covered by the program. To be included in the fatality census, the decedent must have been employed (that is working for pay, compensation, or profit) at the time of the event,
engaged in a legal work activity, or
present at the site of the incident as a requirement of his or her job.
October 2005
Definition
A fatal work injury is any intentional or unintentional wound or damage to the body resulting in death from acute exposure to energy, such as heat or electricity, or kinetic
energy from a crash, or from the absence of
such essentials as heat or oxygen caused by
a specific event or incident or series of events
within a single workday or shift. Fatalities
that occur during a person's commute to
or from work are excluded from the census, as well as work-related illnesses, which
can be difficult to identify due to long latency periods.
Notes on the data
Twenty-eight data elements are collected,
coded, and tabulated in the fatality program,
including information about the fatally injured worker, the fatal incident, and the machinery or equipment involved. Summary
worker demographic data and event characteristics are included in a national news release that is available about 8 months after
the end of the reference year. The Census of
Fatal Occupational Injuries was initiated in
1992 as a joint Federal-State effort. Most
States issue summary information at the
time of the national news release.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on the
Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries contact the BLS Office of Safety, Health, and
Working Conditions at (202) 691-6175, or
the Internet at: www.bls.gov/iif/
1. Labor market indicators
Selected indicators
2003
2003
2004
II
2004
Ill
IV
II
2005
Ill
IV
II
Employment data
Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional
populatic>n (household survey) :
Labor force participation rat l .
Employment-population ratio
Unemployment rate ..
1
Men ...
16 to 24 years.
25 years and older ....
Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years
25 years and older ....
..... .. .... ...............................
Employment, nonfarm (payroll data). in thousands: 1
Total nonfarm ..
Total private ...
Goods-producing ..
Manufacturing.
Service-providing ....
. . . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . ..
.
66.2
62 .3
6.0
66.0
62 .3
5.5
6.3
13.4
5.0
5.7
11.4
5.6
12.6
4.4
5.4
11 .0
6.5
13.9
4.6
4.4
129,931
108,356
ot.2
62 .1
6.1
5.7
11.8
6.4
13.7
5.1
5.8
11.5
66.1
62.2
5.9
6.1
13.0
4.9
5.6
10.9
4.6
4.7
4.6
66.4 1
62.31
6.1
5.?.
66.0
66.0
66.0 !
66.0
65.8
66.0
62.2
5.6
5.7 ,
12.6
4.5
5.6
11.1
62.3
5.6
5.7
12.9
4.5
5.4
10.9
62.4
5.5
5.6
12.5
4.4
5.3
10.9
62.4
5.4
5.6
12.6
4.3
5.2
10.9
62 .3
5.3
5.4
13.2
4.1
5.1
10.4
62.7
5.1
5.1
12.6
3.8
5. 1
10.5
4.5
4.4
4.3
4.2
4.1
4.2
I 31,480
,.J9,862
129,845
;08,253
129,890
108,320
130,168
108,6 14
130,541
108,986
131 ,125
1:.:'..731
109,737
110,095
132,302
110,600
132,814
111,089
133,405
111 ,655
21 ,817 I
L' ,,884
21,828
21,700
21,684
21,725
21,868
21, 932
22,000
22,054
22 ,134
14,525
14,329
14,555
14,377
14,313
14,285
14,338
14,353
14,338
14,3 14
14,288
108,111
109,596
108,017
108,19U
108,483
108,816
109,457
109,799
110,302
110,759
111 ,27 1
33.7
40.7
4.4
33.ti
41.0
4.5
33.7
40.8
4.5
33.7
40.8
33.7
40.6
4.6
4.5
.5
.4
1.4
1.5
.9
.9
1.0
.5
.8
Average hours:
Total private
.... ................
Manufacturing
Overtime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
33.7
40.4
4.2
T3.7
40.8
4.6
33.6
40.2
4.0
3.8
4.0
3.7
3.8
.8
.8
33.6 1
40.3
4.1
33.7
33.7
40.6
4.5
40.4
4.4
.5
1.1
1.1
.6
.7
.9
Employment Cost lndex 2
Percent change in the ECI, compensation:
All ,,orkers (excluding farm, household and Federal workers) ..
Private industry workers
Goods-producing
3
3
Service-providing ..
State arid local government workers
Workers by bargaining statu s (private industry) :
Union . .... ......... ............
Nonunion . ··············· ·· ··•·· ····· ····· ···
1
4.0
4.7
.9
.7
.5
2.3
.9
.9
.6
1.5
4.0
3.3
.8
1.1
.5
1.1
1.0
.8
.3
1.0
.6
3.3
3.5
.4
1.7
.5
.7
.4
1.7
.6
.9
.3
4.6
5.6
3.4
1.2
1.0
1.0
.7
2.8
1.3
1.5
.8
.9
.5
.4
.7
1.3
.8
.7
3.9
Qu arterly data seasonally adjusted.
2
Annual changes are December-to-December changes. Quarterly changes are calculated
using the last month of each quarter.
3
Goods-producing industries include mining , co nstruction , and manufacturing. Serviceproviding industries include all other private sector in dustries.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.1
1.0
.8
.4
.8
NOTE: Beginning in January 2003, household survey data reflect revised population
controls. Nonlarm data r eflect the con version to the 2002 version of the North
American Industry Classification System (NAICS), replacing the Standard Industrial
Classification (S IC) system. NAICS-based data by industry are not comparable with SICbased data.
Monthly Labor Review
October 2005
85
Current Labor Statistics: Comparative Indicators
2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, and productivity
2003
2004
2003
Selected measures
II
Compensation
2004
Ill
2005
II
IV
Ill
II
IV
12
data '
Employment Cost Index-compensation (wages,
salaries, benefits) :
Civilian nonfarm ..................................................... ............ .
Private nonfarm .......... .. .... .. ..................... .. ............ ........ .
Employment Cost Index-wages and salaries:
Civilian nonfarm ...... .......... ... ..... .......... .. .... ... .. ...... ...
Private nonfarm ............ .. ...... .................................... ... .. .
Price data
3.8
4.0
3.7
3.8
0.8
.8
~ .1
1.0
0.5
.4
1.4
1.5
0.9
.9
1.0
.8
0.5
.5
1.1
1.1
0.6
.7
2.9
3.0
2.4
2.4
.6
.7
.9
.8
.3
.4
.6
.7
.6
.7
.9
.9
.3
.2
.7
.7
.5
.6
2.3
3.3
-.3
-.21
- .2
1.2
1.2
.2
.2
1.0
.5
3.2
4.2
.4
4.6
25.2
4.1
4.6
2.4
9.1
18.0
-.8
1.8
-.6
-2.1
-10.6
.0
.0
.0
.0
~4.4
1.2
1.5
.6
2.5
6.0
1.2
1.4
.5
3.0
7.6
.0
- 1.7
1.9
-5.1
1.1
.9
1.6
.9
8.3
2.0
-2.6
2.1
3.5
9.7
.3
1.4
- .2
.8
-2 .5
3.9
3.8
4.1
3.4
3.4
3.9
7.6
6.6
7.3
.3
.8
2.4
3.4
2.1
.8
3.4
4.5
2.3
1.4
1.3
7.4
3.1
2.5
8.5
2.9
3.2
3.6
1.2
2.2
1
Consumer Price Index (All Urban Consumers): All Items ......
Producer Price Index:
Finished goods ............................ ,.............. ........ ................ .
Finished consumer goods .. ....... ........ .. ... ........... .............. .
Capital equipment. ..... ... ............................. ... ... ...... .
Intermediate materials, supplies, and components ........... .
Crude materials .. ... .. ...... ............... .. ... ................. ................. .
Productivity data
.3 I1
.3
-. 1
- .1
3.4
.4
3
Output per hour of all persons:
Business sector ............................ .. ..................................... .
Nonfarm business sector ........ ............................... .
Nonfinancial coroorations
1
4
.. .
Annual changes are December-to-December changes.
8.41
'
9.6
7.3
3
Quarterly changes are
Annual rates of change are computed
by comparing annual averages.
calculated using the last month of each quarter. Compensation and price data are not
Quarterly percent changes reflect annual rates of change in quarterly indexes.
seasonally adjusted, and the price data are not compounded.
The data are seasonally adjusted.
2
4
Excludes Federal and private household workers.
Output per hour of all employees.
3. Alternative measures of wage and compensation changes
Quarterly change
2004
Components
II
Ill
Four quarters ending-
2005
2004
II
IV
II
Ill
2005
II
IV
1
Average hourly compensation :
All persons, business sector .. .. .................................................... .
All persons, nonfarm business sector .. .. ...... ....................... .. .......
3.3
3.7
6.5
6.1
11 .3
10.2
6.2
6.9
2.5
3.5
3.6
3.7
4.3
4.0
4.8
5.8
6.8
6.7
6.6
6.7
1.0
.8
.8
.9
1.7
.5
.5
.5
.4
.6
1.1
1.1
.7
1.3
.9
.6
.7
.8
.7
.3
3.9
4.0
6.0
3.5
3.4
3.8
3.7
5.8
3.4
3.4
3.7
3.8
5.6
3.4
3.5
3.5
3.4
3.6
3.4
3.6
3.2
3.2
2.9
3.2
3.6
.9
.9
.8
.8
1.0
.3
.2
.4
.2
.5
.7
.7
.1
.8
.6
.5
.6
.8
.6
.2
2.5
2.6
2.9
2.5
1.9
2.4
2.6
3.0
2.5
2.0
2.4
2.4
2.8
2.4
2.1
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.4
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.1
2.4
2.4
I
Employment Cost Index-compensation:
2
Civilian nonfarm .. .
Private nonfarm .. .................................................................... ..
Union ......... ....................................... ..................................... .
Nonunion ... ..... ................................ .. ..... ........................... .... ..
State and local governments ........................ ... ......................... .
.9i
.9
1.5
.8
.4
Employment Cost Index-wages and salaries:
2
Civilian nonfarm .... .. .............................. .
Private nonfarm ................................... ................................. .. ... .
Union ..... ..... .......... ................... .............................................. .
Nonunion ................. ......................... ..................................... .
State and local governments .................................................... .
.6
.7
1.0
.6
.2
' Seasonally adjusted. "Quarterly average" is percent change from a quarter ago, at an annual rate.
2
Excludes Federal and household workers.
86 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October 2005
4. Employment status of the population, by sex, age, mce, and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
2004
Annual average
Employment status
2005
2003
2004
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
221,168
223,357
223,677
223,941
224,192
224.422
224,640
224,837
225,041
225,236
225,441
22li,153
147,401
·66.0
139,252
226,421
147,676
66.0
139,658
147,531
65.9
139,527
147,893
66.0
139,827
148,313
66.1
140,293
148,203
66.0
140,156
147,979
65.8
140,241
148,132
65.8
140,144
148,157
65.8
140,501
148,762
66.0
141,099
225,670
149,122
66.1
141,475
225,911
146,510
66.2
137,736
149,123
66.0
141,638
14U,573
66.1
142,076
149,841
66.2
142,449
62.3
8,774
6.0
74,658
62.3
8,149
5.5
75,956
62.4
8,018
5.4
76,001
62.3
8,005
5.5
76,410
62.4
8,066
5.4
76,299
62.5
8,020
5.5
76,109
62.4
8,047
5.4
76,437
62.4
7,737
5.2
76,858
62.3
7,988
5.4
76,909
62.4
7,656
5.2
77,079
62.6
7,663
5.2
76,679
62.7
7,647
5.1
76,547
62.7
7,486
5.0
76,787
62.8
7 ,197
5.0
76,580
62.9
7,391
4.9
76,581
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional
1
pnn11I:>tirm . .
Civilian iabor force ............
Participation rate ... ......
Employed ...... ······· ····
Employment-pop2
ulation ratio ...
Unemµioyed ......•.••.••...
Unemployment rate ...
Not in the labor force ... ... .
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional
1
population . .
Civilian labor force ············
Participation rate ........
Employed .. ···········
Employment-pop-
98,272
99,476
99,642
99,776
99,904
100,017
99,476
100,219
100,321
100,419
100,520
100,634
100,754
100,874
74,623
75.9
70,415
101,004
75,364
75.8
71,572
75,615
75.9
71,847
75,462
75.6
71,701
75,632
75.7
71,895
75,866
75.9
71,134
75,754
75.7
72,020
75,594
75.4
72,029
75,816
75.6
72,131
75,921
75.6
72,429
76,173
75.8
72,817
76,439
76.0
73,100
76,462
75.9
73,174
76,624
76.0
73,363
76,831
76.1
73,527
ulation ratio 2 . .
Unemployed .. •.............
Unemployment rate ..
Not in the labor force ..
71.7
4,209
5.6
23,649
71.9
3,791
5.0
24,113
72.1
3,768
5.0
24,026
71.9
3,761
5.0
24,314
72.0
3,736
4.9
24,272
72.1
3,733
4.9
24,151
71.9
3,733
4.9
24,372
71.9
3,S65
4.7
24 ,625
71.9
3,685
4.9
24,505
72.1
3,492
4.6
24,498
72.4
3,356
4.4
24,347
72.6
3,339
4.4
24, 195
72.6
3,288
4.3
24,292
72.7
3,261
4.3
24,250
72.8
3,304
4.3
24,173
Women, 20 years and over
I
Civilian noninstitutional
1
population
Civilian labor force ...
Participation rate .......
Employed .. .... ........ .....
Employment-population ratio 2 .. .
Unemployed ............. ....
Unemployment rate ....
Not in the labor force ......
106,800
107,658
107,801
107,920
li4,716
60.6
61,402
64,923
60.3
61,773
64,909
60.2
61,877
65,008
60.2
61,939
57.5
3,314
5.1
42,083
57.4
57.4
57.4
57.4
3,150
4.9
42,735
3,032
4.7
42,892
3,069
4.7
42,912
3,102
4.8
42,906
57.5
3,099
4.7
42,885
16,096
16,222
16,234
16,246
16,257
7,170
44.5
5,919
7,114
43.9
5,907
7,152
44.1
5,934
7,062
43.5
5,887
7,165
43.9
5,908
36.6
1,217
17.0
9,082
36.2
36.3
36.9
36.4
36.3
35.6
36.6
36.1
36.1
36.7
36.7
36.9
1,175
16.6
9,184
1,227
17.2
9,122
1,188
16.5
9,074
1,262
17.6
9,104
1,150
16.3
9,235
1,235
17.5
9,271
1,212
16.9
9,147
1,271
17.7
9,179
1,293
17.9
9,160
1,178
16.4
9,190
1,158
16.1
9,217
1,193
16.5
9,172
108,012 1 108,129
6~.1L6
65,244
6U.3
60.3
62,024 I 62,145
107,658
108,316
108.403
108,486
108,573
108,672
108,776
108,880
108,996
65,260
60.3
62,208
65,318
60.3
62,295
G5,270
60 .2
62,202
65,051
60.0
62,099
65,420
60.3
62,384
65,479
60.3
62,464
65,470
60.2
62.451
65,768
60.4
62,690
65,761
60 .3
62,867
57.5
57.5
3,023
4.6
42,998
57.4
3,068
4.7
43,133
57.2
2,952
4.5
43,435
57.5
3,036
4.6
43,153
57.5
3,015
4.6
43,192
57.4
3,051
4.7
42,961
3,019
4.6
43,306
57.6
3,078
4.7
43,113
57.7
2,894
4.4
43,235
16,293
16,222
16,302
16,317
16,332
16,347
16,364
16,381
16,399
16,421
7,202
44.2
6,014
7,189
44.1
5,927
7,066
43.3
5,917
7,046
43.2
5,811
7,185
44.0
5,973
7,168
43.9
5,897
7,204
44.0
5,911
7,192
43.9
6,013
l,182
43.8
6,024
7,249
44.1
6,055
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional
1
population ..
Civilian labor force ........... .
Participation rate .... ..
Employed ... ...............
Employment-pop2
36.8
36.4
1,251
17.5
8,926
1,208
17.0
9,108
181,292
population . .
Civilian labor force ...... ....... 120,546
Participation rate ....
66.5
Employed ...... ..........
114,235
Employment-pop-
182,643
182,846
183,022
183,188
183,340
183,483
183,640
183,767
183,888
184,015
184,167
184,328
184,490
184,669
121,686
66.3
115,239
121 ,278
66.3
115,526
120,995
66.1
115,318
121,273
66.2
115,618
121 ,606
66.3
115,966
121,509
66.2
115,910
121,553
66.2
116,158
121 ,621
66.2
116,022
121,484
66.1
116,135
121,961
66.3
116,574
122,177
66.3
116,791
121,985
66.2
116,778
122,383
66.3
117,149
122,668
66.4
117,471
63 .1
5,847
4.8
61,558
63.2
5,752
4.7
61,568
63.0
5,677
4.7
62,027
63.1
5,655
4.7
61,915
63.3
5,640
4.6
61,735
63.2
5,600
4.6
61,973
63.3
5,395
4.4
62,088
63.1
5,598
4.6
62,146
63.2
5,349
4.4
62,403
63.4
5,387
4.4
62,054
63.4
5,386
4.4
S1,989
63.4
5,206
4.3
62,343
63.5
5,234
4.3
62,107
63.6
5,197
4 .2
62,001
ulation ratio ...
Unemployed ... ...... ...... ...
Unemployment rate ..
Not in the labor force ...
White
3
Civilian noninstitutional
1
2
ulation ratio ...
Unemployed ... ·············
Unemployment rate ....
Not in the labor force .......
Black or African American
63.0
6,311
5.2
60,746
I
3
Civilian noninstitutional
1
population ..
Civilian labor force ......
Participation rate .... ....
Employed ............... ......
Employment-population ratio 2 ...
Unemployed ....... .... ........
Unemployment rate ....
Not in the la!'lor force ......
25,686
26,065
26,120
26,163
26,204
26,239
26,273
2R,306
26,342
26,377
26,413
26,450
26,448
26,526
26,572
16,526
64.3
14,739
16,638
63.8
14,909
16,721
64.0
14,972
16,711
63.9
14,981
16,820
62.4
15,012
16,728
63.8
14,9 13
16,713
63.6
14,907
16,721
63.6
14,946
16,708
63.4
14,890
16,741
63.5
15,025
16,940
64.1
15,184
17,050
64.5
15,329
17,147
64.7
15,378
17,190
64.8
15,561
17,154
64.6
15,499
57.4
57.2
1,729
10.4
9,428
57.3
57.3
1,730
10.4
9,452
57.3
56.8
56.5
1,818
10.9
9,634
58.0
1,814
10.8
9,512
56.8
1,775
10.6
9,585
57.5
1,808
10.7
9,384
56.7
1,806
10.8
9,559
57.0
1,749
10.5
9,399
1,716
10.3
9,636
1,756
10.4
9,473
1,721
10.1
9,400
58.1
1,769
10.3
9,341
58.7
1,628
9.5
9,336
58.3
1,655
9.6
9,417
1,787
10.8
9,161
See fnntnntes at end of table .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
October 2005
87
Current Labor Statistics:
Labor Force Data
4. Continued-Employment status of the population, by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Annual average
Employment status
2005
2004
2003
2004
Aug.
Sept.
27,551
18,813
68.3
17,372
28,109
19,272
68.6
17,930
28,243
19,463
68.9
18,128
28,338
28,431
19,444 . 19,524
68.6
68.7
18,079
18,213
63.1
1,441
7.7
8,738
63.8
1,342
7.0
8,837
64.2
1,335
6.9
8,780
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
28,520
19,552
68.6
18,238
28,608
19,544
68.3
18,252
28,642
19,379
67.7
18,198
28,729
19,458
67.7
18,211
28,815
19,541
67.8
18,425
28,902
19,665
68.0
18,412
28,989
19,761
68.2
18,578
29,079
19,777
68.0
18,623
29,168
19,794
67.9
18,698
29,264
19,914
68.0
18,761
63.9
1,313
6.7
8,968
63.8
1,292
6.6
9,064
63.5
1,181
6.1
9,263
63.4
1,248
6.4
9,270
63 .9
1,117
5.7
9,273
63.7
1,252
6.4
9,237
64.1
1,183
6.0
9,228
64.0
1,154
5.8
9,302
64 .1
1,096
5.5
9,374
64.1
1,153
5.8
9,350
Hispanic or Latino
ethnicity
Civilian noninstitutional
1
ooouIatIon ..
Civilian labor force .............
Participation rate .........
Employed ... ..... .. .. ...........
Employment-populat1on ratio 2 ..
Unemployed ..... ...... .. . ...
Unemployment rate .. ..
Not in the labor force ... ......
1
63.8
1,366
7.0
8,894
64.1
1,311
6.7
8,907
The population figures are no\ seasonally adju~tc:J.
2
Civilian employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population .
3
Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected
more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more
than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race.
NOTE: Estimattls for the above race groups (white and black or African American) do not sum
to totals because data are not presented for all races. In addition , persons whose ethnicity is
identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are classi fied by ethnicity as
well as by race. Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population controls used in the
household survey.
5. Selected employment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
Selected categories
Characteristic
Employed, 16 years and older.
Mt.: i", . .
Women ...... ... ........... ..... .....
Married men, spouse
present...
Married women, spouse
present.. .. ........... .
2004
Annual average
2003
2004
Aug.
Sept.
137,736
73,332
64,404
139,252
74,524
64 ,728
139,658
74,824
64,834
44,653
45,084
34 ,695
34 ,600
2005
Oct.
Nov.
139,527
74 ,629
64 ,898
139,827
74 ,852
64,975
140,293
75,188
65 ,104
45,099
45,093
45,127
34,494
34,704
34,808
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
140,156
74,938
65,218
140,241
74,934
65 ,307
140 ,144
74,964
65,180
140,501
75,375
65,127
45 ,462
45,315
45,171
45,351
34,961
34,878 1
34,739
34,601
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
141,099
75,735
65 ,364
141,475
75,985
65 ,490
141 ,638
76 ,092
65 ,545
142,076
76 ,272
65 ,804
142,449
76,449
66,000
45,382
45 ,482
45,725
45 ,357
45 ,486
45,700
34,307
34,539
34 ,747
34 ,622
34 ,965
34,997
Persons at work part time 1
All industries:
Part time for economic
reasons .. ... . ..... .. ...... . ..
Slack work or business
conditions .. .................
Could only find part-time
work.
··· ···
Part time for noneconomic
noneconomic reasons ..
Nonagricultural industries:
Part time for economic
reasons .. ..... ... ..... .... ...
Slack work or business
conditions ...... ......... ... ... .
Could only find part-time
work ..
Part time for noneconomic
reasons ........... ..
1
4,70 1
4,567
4,509
4 ,476
4,762
4,533
3,118
2 ,841 '
2,816
2,805
3,052
2,761
'"' i
2,735 I
1,279
1,409
1,403
1,312
1,385
1,420
1,440
1,329
1,296
1,419
1,363
1,346
1,420
1,368
1,426
19,014
19,380
19,657
19,410
19,704
19,499
19,502
19,089
19,555
19,458
19,584
19,435
19,021
19,528
19,156
4,596
4 ,469
4,408
4,400
4,656
4 ,404
4,382
4 ,303
4 ,153
4,268
4,186
4 ,280
4,386
4,369
4,457
3,052
2,773
2,722
2,750
2,971
2,685
2,682
2,702
2,572
2,592
2,540
2,705
2 ,616
2,673
2,747
1,264
1,399
1,388
1,320
1,363
1,396
1,397
1,309
1,268
1,411
1,351
1,331
1,416
1,369
1,420
18,658
19,026
19,204
19,061
19,288
19,141
19,176
18,765
19,254
19,182
19,226
19,160
18,633
19,084
19,141
4,395
4,269
4,344
4,293
4,361
4,465
4,427
4,493
2,768 '
2,629
2,643
2,613
2,741
2,668
2,723
2,768
I
Excludes persons "with a job but not at work" during the survey period for such reasons as vacation, illness, or industrial disputes.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2003 , data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
88 Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October 2005
6. Selected unemployment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[Unemployment rates]
Annual average
Selected categories
2003
2004
2004
Aug.
2005
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
5.5
17.2
4.9
4.8
5.4
16.5
4.9
4.7
5.4
17.6
4.9
4.7
5.2
16.3
4.7
4.6
5.4
17.5
4.9
4.7
5.2
16.9
4.6
4.5
5.2
17.7
4.4
4.6
5.1
17.9
4 .4
4.6
5.0
16.4
4.3
4.6
5.0
16.1
4.3
4.7
4.9
16.5
4.3
4 .4
4.3
14.2
16.0
12.3
3.6
3.9
4.3
13.6
15.6
11 .6
3.7
3.9
4.2
1'3.8
15.4
12.3
3.7
3.8
10.3
9.5
33.1
39.8
27 .4
8.4
8.2
9.6
35.8
39.8
32 .0
8.6
8.2
5.5
2.6
3.4
4.9
5.5
5.8
2.9
3.2
4.9
5.1
I
Characteristic
Total, 16 years and older. ..........................
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years ......... ...... ... ..
Men, 20 years and older .......... ....... _. .....
Women, 20 years and older .. .................
6.0
175
5.6
5.1
5.5
17.0
5.0
4.9
G.4 i
17.0
4.7
5.4
16.6
5.0
4.7
White, total' ..... .. ........... .. ...............
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years ...............
Men, 16 to 19 years .......................
Women , 16 to 19 years .... ..... ....... ..
Men, 20 years and older ....... ............
Women , 20 years and older ..............
5.2
15.2
17.1
13.3
5.0
4.4
4.8
15.0
16.3
13.6
4.4
4.2
4.7
15.4
15.8
15.0
4.4
4.0
4.7
14.7
15.9
13.5
4.3
4.0
4.7
15.1
17.4
12.6
4.2
4.0
4.6
14.4
15.5
13.2
4.2
4.1
4.6
15.7
17.9
13.4
4.2
3.9
4.4
14.0
16.3
11 .8
4.0
3.9
4.6
1ti.5
18.1
12.9
4.1
3.9
4.4
14.5
17.7
11 .0
4.0
3.8
4.4
15.3
17.8
12.8
3.8
4.0
4 .4
15.4
17.8
13.0
3.8
3.9
Black or African American, total ' ..... ....
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years ...............
Men, 16 to 19 years .......................
Women , 16 to 19 years ..................
Men , 20 years and older ............. ......
Women, 20 years and older ..............
10.8
33.0
36.0
30 .3
10.3
9.2
10.4
31.7
35.6
28.2
9.9
8.9
10.5
29.4
34.9
24.2
10.4
8.7
10.4
28.6
35.9
21 .1
10.2
8.9
10.7
34.7
37.1
32.4
10.2
8.9
10.8
32.7
38.1
27.0
10.5
9.0
10.8
30 .8
37.7
24.0
10.7
9.1
10.6
30.2
30.0
30.5
10.4
8.9
10.9
31.5
34.1
28.6
10.9
9.1
10.3
32.6
35.8
29.2
9.2
8.9
10.4
35.5
37.8
32 .8
9.3
8.8
10.1
35.8
36.3
35.3
9.2
8.4
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity .... ...........
Married men, spouse present... .. ..........
Married women, spouse present.. ........
Full-time workers ......... .......... .............
Part-time workers ......................... .. ...... .
7.7
3.8
3.7
6.1
5.5
7.0
3.1
3.5
5.6
5.3
6.9
3.1
3.5
5.5
5.2
7.0
6.7
6.7
6.4
5.7
3.0
3.1
5.4
5.5
3.1
3.4
5.4
5.4
6.6
3.1
3.4
5.4
5.4
6.1
3.0
3.1
5.5
5.0
3.1
3.2
5.2
5.3
3.0
3.2
5.4
5.4
3.0
3.0
5.1
5.4
6.4
2.7
3.3
5.1
5.3
2.7
3.1
5.0
5.6
I
!;.o
I
I
6.0
32.4 •
I
376
26.9
9.6
8.8 ,
5.8
2.6
3.3
4.9
5.4
Educational attalnment2
Less than a high school diploma ........ ... ....
8.8
8.5
8.2
8.9
8.2
8.0
8.3
7.5
7.8
7.8
8.4
7.8
7.0
7.6
7.6
High school graduates. no college 3 ••••• ••• •
Some college or associate degree ...........
5.5
4.8
5.0
4.2
4.9
4.1
4.8
4.0
4.9
4.2
4.9
4.3
4.'.J
4.3
4.7
4.1
4.9
4.2
4.7
4.0
4.4
3.9
4.5
3.9
4.7
3.9
4.8
3.7
4.7
3.6
Bachelor's degree and higher4 •••••••••••••• ••
3.1
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.4
2.1
' Beginning in 2003 , persons who selected this race group only; persons who
selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who
reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the
main race .
2
Includes high school diploma or equivalent.
Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population controls used in the
household survey.
Data refer to persons 25 years and older.
7. Duration of unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[Numbers ,n thousands)
Weeks of
unemployment
Annual average
2003
2004
2004
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
2005
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
!
I
Less than 5 weeks ................. ........
5 to 14 weeks ........................... .. .....
15 weeks and over. .. ... ....................
15 to 26 weeks .............................
27 weeks and over .... ...... .............
2,785
2,612
3,378
1,442
1,936
2,696
2,382
3,072
1,293
1,779
2,605
2,521
2,924
1,243
1,681
2,796
2,251
2,971
1,227
1,744
2,753
2,290
3,032
1,261
1,771
2,611
2,361
3,012
1,294
1,718
2,865
2,264
2,961
1,325
1,636
2,599
2,343
2,824
1,201
1,623
2,755
2,317
2,888
1,255
1,633
2,531
2,319
2,817
1,165
1,652
2,666
2,268
2,698
1,093
1,615
2,699
2,262
2,667
1,133
1,534
2,666
2,342
2,350
1,041
1,310
2,571
2,430
2,437
1,047
1,389
2,542
2,272
2,686
1,243
1,444
Mean duration, in weeks ................ .
Median duration, in weeks ......... .....
19.2
10.1
19.6
9.8
19.2
9.5
19.6
9.5
19.7
9.5
19.8
9.8
19.3
9.5
19.3
9.4
19.1
9.3
19.5
9.3
19.6
8.9
18.8
9.1
17.1
9.1
17.6
9.0
18.9
9.4
NOTE: Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
October 2005
89
Current Labor Statistics:
Labor Force Data
8. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Annual average
Reason for
unemployment
2004
2003
1
Job losers .....•.... ........ ...... ..... ..
On temporary layoff... .... ...... ...... ..
Not on temporary layoff. ..... .. .. .. ..
Job leavers ......... ..... ............... . .. ....
Reentrants ......... ........... .... .... .
New entrants .... .. . ..... .. .. .... ...... . .. ..
4,197
998
3,199
858
2,408
686
4,838
1,121
3,717
818
2,477
641
2004
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
4,014
919
4,074
947
3,094 1 3,127
830
829
2,41 7
2,411
697
747
3,978
971
3,007
885
2,440
699
2005
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
4,066
941
3,124
880
2,388
723
4,108
965
3,144
898
2,361
709
4,048
966
3,082
819
2,324
624
3,980
965
3,015
965
2,405
745
3,784
961
2,823
855
2,364
711
3,675
838
2,837
897
2,356
747
3,646
864
2,782
942
2,353
728
3,680
975
2,705
844
2,219
661
3,633
959
2,674
839
2,394
628
3,490
880
2,610
839
2,451
632
Percent of unemployed
1
Job losers . . ... ... .. ........ .... ..... ....
On temporary layoff.. ................ .
Not on temporary layoff ... ..... .... ....
Job leavers ............ . ..... ....... .. ..........
Reentrants .... ............. ......... . .......
New entrants .. .... .. ....... ········ . .. ... . .
55.1
12.8
42.4
9.3
28.2
7.3
51 .5
12.2
39.3
10.5
29.5
8.4
49.7
12.1
37.6
11.1
30.5
8.7
50.4
11 .6
38.9
10.4
30.4
8.8
50.5
11.8
38.8
10.3
29.9
9.3
5.1
11.7
38.8
10.9
29.6
9.0
50.9
11.9
38.9
11 .1
29 .2
8.8
51.8
12.4
39.4
10.5
29.7
8.0
49.2
11.9
37.2
11.9
29.7
9.2
49.1
12.5
36.6
11.1
30.6
9.2
47.9
10.9
37.0
11.7
30.7
9.7
47.5
11.3
36.3
12.3
30.7
9.5
49.7
13.2
36 .5
11.4
30.0
8.9
48.6
12.8
35.7
11.0
32.0
8.4
1\7.1
11.9
35.2
11.3
33.1
8.5
3.3
.6
1.7
.4
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.8
2.7
2.8
2.7
.6
1.7
.5
.6
1.6
.5
.6
1.6
.6
1.6
.6
1.6
2.5
.6
1.6
2.4
.6
1.6
.5
.5
.5
.6
1.6
.4
2.7
.7
1.6
.5
2.6
.6
1.6
.5
.5
.5
2.5
.6
1.5
.4
2.4
.6
1.6
.4
2.3
.6
1.6
.4
Percent of civilian
labor force
1
Job losers ... •..... . . . .. . .. ••. ...• •... ... . ..
Job leavers.. .................. ... . . . . .. .. . . .. . .
Reentrants ......... ... .......... ...... ...
New entrants ............ ··············· . ... .
1
.6
1.6
.5
Includes persons who completed temporary jobs.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
9. Unemployment rates by sex and age, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[Civilian workers]
Annual average
2003
2004
2005
2004
Sex and age
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
,July
Aug.
Total, 16 years and older. ................
16 to 24 years ............................ ..
16 to 19 years .. ..... ...... ..............
16 to 17 years ............ ........ ....
18 to 19 years ........................
20 to 24 years ...........................
25 years and older .. .. .. .... ............ .
25 to 54 years ........................
55 years and older .............. ...
6.0
12.4
17.5
19.1
16.4
10.0
4.8
5.0
4.1
5.5
11.8
17.0
20.2
15.0
9.4
4.4
4.6
3.7
5.4
11 .6
17.0
20.7
14.9
9.0
4.3
4.4
3.7
5.4
11 .8
16.6
19.6
14.9
9.5
4.3
4.4
3.7
5.5
12.2
17.2
20.6
15.2
9.8
4.3
4.4
3.8
5.4
11.5
16.5
21.2
13.5
9.2
4.3
4.4
3.7
5.4
11.7
17.6
20.6
15.4
8.9
4.3
4.5
3.5
5.2
11 .7
16.3
19.3
14.4
9.5
4.1
4.2
3.5
5.4
12.4
17.5
20 .6
15.5
10.0
4.2
4.3
3.6
5.2
11 .6
16.9
19.4
15.0
9.0
4.0
4.2
3.5
5.2
11 .8
17.7
19.9
16.9
8.9
4.0
4.1
3.5
5.1
11 .8
17.9
20.0
16.3
8.8
4.0
4.2
3.2
5.0
11 .2
16.4
18.3
15.2
8.8
3.9
4.1
3.1
5.0
10.8
16.1
18.7
14.4
8.3
4.0
4.2
3.5
4.9
11 .4
16.5
18.6
15.1
8.9
3.8
4.0
3.2
Men, 16 years and older ................
16 to 24 years ......... .... ... ....... .....
16 to 19 years .. .. .... ............. ....
16 to 17 years ......................
18 to 19 years .... .... ..... ... .... ..
20 to 24 years .........................
25 years and older .....................
25 to 54 years ... ... ........ ........
55 years and older ............ ...
6.3
13.4
19.3
20.7
18.4
10.6
5.0
5.2
4.4
5.6
12.6
18.4
22.0
16.3
10.1
4.4
4.6
3.9
5.6
12.5
18.1
21 .9
16.1
10.0
4.4
4.5
4.0
5.6
12.9
18.2
20 .6
16.8
10.5
4.3
4.4
3.9
5.6
13.0
19.2
22.1
17.7
10.2
4.3
4.4
4.1
5.5
12.4
18.2
23.0
14.8
9.8
4.3
4.4
3.7
5.6
12.5
20.3
24.3
17.8
9.0
4.4
4.6
3.5
5.3
12.7
18.2
22.0
16.1
10.2
4.0
4.1
3.9
5.6
14.1
20.4
25.0
17.7
11.3
4.1
4.2
3.7
5.3
12.9
19.9
22.9
17.5
9.7
4.0
4.1
3.6
5.1
13.0
20.4
22.2
19.9
9.5
3.8
3.9
3.5
5.1
12.5
20.0
22.5
18.4
9.2
3.8
4.0
3.0
5.0
12.3
19.0
21.7
17.5
9.3
3.7
3.9
3.1
4.9
11.7
18.6
23.2
15.5
8.7
3.7
3.9
3.2
4.9
12.6
18.3
21.6
16.4
10.1
3.6
3.8
3.1
Women , 16 years and older ...... .....
16 to 24 years ............................
16 to 19 years ....... .. ................
16 to 17 years ..... ..............
18 tO 19 years .. ............. ....
20 to 24 years ....... ..................
25 years and older. ... ............... ..
25 to 54 years .................... ..
5.7
11.4
15.6
17.5
14.2
9.3
4.6
4.8
5.4
11.0
15.5
18.5
13.5
8.7
4.4
4.6
5.2
10.6
15.9
19.7
13.5
7.9
4.3
4.4
5.2
10.6
15.0
18.6
12.8
8.4
4.3
4.4
5.3
11 .3
15.1
19.0
12.5
9.4
4.2
4.4
5.2
10.5
14.6
19.3
12.1
8.5
4.3
4.4
5.2
10.8
14.8
17.2
12.9
8.9
4.2
4.4
5.1
10.5
14.3
16.8
12.7
8.7
4.1
4.4
5.2
10.6
14.6
16.5
13.2
8.6
4.2
4.4
5.0
10.1
13.7
15.8
12.2
8.3
4.0
4.2
5.2
10.4
14.9
17.5
13.9
8.2
4.2
4.4
5.2
10.9
15.8
17.7
14.2
8.4
4.1
4.3
5.1
10.0
13.8
15.1
12.8
8.1
4.2
4.4
5.1
9.7
13.6
14.5
13.2
7.7
4.3
4.5
4.9
10.0
14.6
15.8
13.9
7.5
4.0
4.2
3.7
3.6
3.9
3.5
3.3
3.6
3.2
3.3
3.5
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.3
4.1
3.8
55 years and older
1
1
• • ••••••• • • •
Data are not seasonally adjusted.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey.
90
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October 2005
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
10. Unemployment rates by State, seasonally adjusted
State
July
June
July
2004
2005
2005P
Alabama . .................. ......... .... .. ..... ... .. . .
Alaska ..... .
Arizona ... ........................... .... .. .. .... .... .. ..
Arkansas ...... ..... .............. .. .... ... ...... ... ....... .
California .. ............. .. ........... ... .. .......... ... .
5.5
7.4
5.0
5.7
6.2
Colorado ......................................... ......... .
Connecticut... ................... .............. ....... .
Delaware ............................. ......................
District of Columbia ............ ................. .... .
Florida ............................... ....................... .
A.4
State
July
June
July
2004
2005
2005P
4.4 1
4.8
5.4
4.0
6.5
4.9
4.9
5.2
Missouri ....... .. ... .......... .. .. .... .......... .. . .
Montana ........... .................... ............... . ... .
Nebraska .............. ........ ....... ................. .
Nevada .................................................... .
New Hampshire......... ... ....................... .. .
5.9
4.4
3.7
4.3
3.8
5.4
4.4
3.8
4.0
3.5
5.6
4.4
4.0
4.2
3.6
5.5
4.8
4.1
8.3
4.7
5.0
5.1
4.1
7.5
4.0
5. 3
5.1
4.1
6.7
3.9
New Jersey.................................. .. ....... .. ..
New Mexico ................................ .. ........ .
New York .... ... .......................... ................ .
North Carolina ..................... . ...... .......... .
North Dakota ...................... ..... .
4.8
5.7
5.7
5.4
3.4
4.0
5.7
4.9
5.3
3.4
4.1
6.0
5.1
5.7
3.5
Georgia ....................................... ........ .
Hawaii. .... ......................................... ....... .
Idaho ........................... ......... .......... .... .
Illinois ................................................ .
Indiana ................. ... .......... ... ... ... .
4.6
3.1
4.7
6.2
5.4
5.2
2.7
3.9
6.0
5.1
5.3
2. 7
4.2
6.0
5.4
Ohio ....................... .. ...... .. .
Oklahoma ................................. .
Oregon ............................. ... .. ..... ..... ..... .
Pennsylvania .................. ......................... .
Rhode Island .. ................... .. ........ .......... .
6.2
4.7
7.4
5.5
5. 1
6.2
4.3
6.5
5.0
4.8
5.7
4.4
6.6
5.1
5.1
Iowa ................ ............. ...... ... ... .. .... . .
Kansas ...................... .. ................... .......... .
Kentucky ................. ............. ..... ........... .
Louisiana ..... ............... ............................. .
Maine .............................. .. .... .............. .
4. 8
5.4
5.3
5.7
4.5
4.6
5.2
5.7
5.4
4.7
4.6
5.3
5.9
5. 6
4.9
South Carolina ................... .................... .
South Dakota ........................................... .
Tennessee ............... ........... ... .... .. .. ....... .
Texas .. ................ ... ..................... ... .......... .
Utah ............................. ... ......... ... ........ .
6.8
3.5
5.3
6.1
5.3
6.3
3.8
6.0
5.1
4.6
6.1
3.9
5.5
5.0
4.7
Maryland .................... ......... ... .... ... .. ..... .
Massachusetts .. ............................. ...........
Michigan ..................... ....... .... ..... ..... ..... .
Minnesota ... ..............................................
Mississippi ..... ........ ... ....... ...... .. ... ......... .
4.3
5.1
7. 1
4.6
6.3
4.2
4.7
6.8
3.7
7.1
4.3
4.7
7.0
3.6
6.5
Vermont... ............................. .............. . .
Virgini a ......... ... ...... ........... ........................ .
Washington .............................. ............ . .
West Virgini a ........ ... ................................. .
Wi sconsin.... .............. ... ........................ .
Wyoming .......... ... .. ... ..... .. .......... ..... ...... .... .
3.5
3.7
6.1
5.4
4.9
4.0
3.4
3.7
5.5
4.8
4.6
3.7
3.6
3.5
5.6
5.6
4.7
4.1
P
6.3
= preliminary
11. Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by State, seasonally adjusted
July
June
July
2004
2005
2005P
Alabama. .....................................
Alaska........... .. ...............................
Arizona. .............................. .........
Arkansas. ...... .................... ... .. ... .....
California.............. .................... .. ..
2,148,988
332 ,347
2,778,941
1,307,631
17,576,067
2,131 ,507
340.414
2,821,889
1,343,529
17,811 ,180
2,130 ,752
340,702
2,828,243
1,353,934
17,800,122
Missouri .. ........ ... ..................... .
Montana ....................................... .
Nebraska .............................. ...... .
Nevada ................. ...... .................. .
New Hampshire ............................ .
3,037,079
484,983
986,898
1,179,295
723,650
3,017,322
492,877
981,972
1,216,105
733,710
3,026,722
491,221
984,507
1,213,944
734,809
Colorado. ... ............. ........... .. ...... .. ..
Connecticut..... ................... ...... .. ..
Delaware............. ..........................
District of Columbia.......................
Florida...........................................
2,524,0139
1,796,82ti
423.056
295,379
8.410,812
2,549.407
1,800,528
431 ,530
298,441
8,643,791
2,535,587
1,802,015
433,679
299,394
8,677,586
New Jersey ........................... .. ... ....
New Mexico ... ......... ... ..... ............. .
New York .. .. ......................... ......... .
North Carolina ................. ............ . .
North Dakota ....... ............ ............. .
4,394,216
912,217
9,359,383
4,260,691
354,395
4,415,302
939,812
9,366,710
4,308.482
354,175
4,434,816
940 ,037
9,396,320
4,341 ,962
355,065
Georgia. ........ ................. .. .. .. ...... .
Hawaii. ...........................................
Idaho..................... ................... ...
Illinois.............................................
Indiana... ......................... ..... .......
4,395,661
615,203
703,382
6.400,280
3,177,348
4,481,159
630,284
734,574
6,442,871
3,187.407
4,503,746
634,236
734,574
6,430,754
3,188,048
Ohio ............................ ... .. ...... .... .
Oklahoma ....... ..... .. .. ..... ...... ......... ..
Oregon ............ ...... .. ... ..... ... .. ...... .
Pennsylvania ....... .. ... ... ................. .
Rhode Island .............. .. .......... .. .. . .
5,888,667
1,709,275
1,858,389
6,281,062
563,867
5,898,782
1,721,865
1,864,098
6,286,681
569,017
5,881 ,275
1,723,563
1,866,635
6,312,900
570,780
Iowa ........................ .... .............. .
Kansas .......................................... .
Kentucky .................... .. .......... ... ...
Louisiana ....................... ............... .
Maine .. ......... ....... .................. ..... .
1,623,311
1.464.414
1,975,261
2,057,893
699,124
1,638,335
1,463,104
1,989,121
2,113,445
706,974
1,650 ,668
1,468,721
1,995,952
2,102,095
710.415
South Carolina ............................. .
South Dakota ................................ .
Tennessee ............ ... ................... .
Texas ............. ............................... .
Utah ........................................... .
2,047,339
428,178
2,903,344
11 ,039,811
1,204,873
2,061,954
429,072
2,878,388
11 ,165,666
1,236,299
2,066,109
430.471
2,871 ,138
11 ,187,944
1,240,095
Maryland ........ ..... ...... .. ........ ...... .. .
Massachusetts ...... .................... .... .
Michigan .......... ................... ....... ..
Minnesota ............. ......... ............... .
Mississippi ................................. .. .
2,882,897
3,392,775
5,080,770
2,959,676
1,331.413
2,932 ,110
3,367.420
5,087,061
2,957,065
1,343,638
2,930,359
3,376,771
5,099,501
2,957 ,065
1,340 ,308
Vermont.. ........ ... ... .. ......... .... ....... .
Virginia ........... ........... ... ................. .
Washington ... .......................... .... .
West Virginia ................ ................ .
Wisconsin ........... ......................... .
Wyoming ....................................... .
353,414
3,821 ,006
3,230,676
789,195
3,071 ,371
282,351
351 937
3,911 ,Hl4
3,281 ,594
788,945
3,038,202
286,109
352,200
3,918,136
3,284,496
793,840
3,031,377
286,794
State
State
July
June
July
2004
2005
2005P
NOTE: Some data in this table may differ from data published elsewhere because of the continual updating of the database.
Monthly Labor Review
October 2005
91
Current Labor Statistics:
Labor Force Data
12. Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
Industry
TOTAL NONFARM ...............
TOTAL PRIVATE. .....................
GOODS-PRODUCING ............ ... .
Natural resources and
mining ................................. ..
Logging ... .... ... ......... . .. ..... .
Mining ..... . .................................
Oil and gas extraction ..
Minina. exceot oil and aas' .. .
Coal minina .... .. .. ....... .......
Support activities for mining ..
Annual average
2005
2004
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb
Mar.
June
July'
Aug.P
133,413
133,588
133,830
133,999
111 .659
22,138
111 .828
22,134
112.028
22,136
11 2. 182
22,149
623
65.2
558.0
124.3
624
64.9
559.5
125.2
628
64.8
563.1
125.4
629
65.2
563.7
126.5
631
64.9
566.2
127.4
218.5
76.9
215.2
219.4
76.6
214.9
221 .2
77 .2
216.5
220 .1
77 .7
217.1
219.8
77 .1
219.0
Apr.
2003
2004
Aug.
Sept.
129,999
131,480
131,750
131,880
132,162
132,294
132,449
132,573
132,873
132,995
133,287
108.416
21,816
109.862
21,884
110.105
21 ,946
110.203
21,947
110.462
21,982
110.588
21,996
110.749
22,022
110.863
22,004
111 .140
22,066
111 .264
22,093
111 .542
22,130
572
69.4
502.7
120.2
591
67.8
523.2
123.1
595
67 .5
527.8
123.8
597
68.0
528.5
124.0
595
67.0
527.7
123.6
599
66.9
532.5
124.4
602
67.9
534.4
124.1
607
68.0
538.7
123.4
602
67.3
545.0
122.5
619
68.7
549.8
124.0
202 .7
70.0
179.8
207 .1
71 .7
193.1
209 .1
73.1
194.9
208.5
72 .9
196.0
208.4
72.7
195.7
210.7
73.7
197.4
211.3
73.9
199.0
212.9
75.4
202.4
215.5
76.1
207.0
215.7
76.1
210.1
May
Construction ..............................
6,735
6,964
6,985
6,998
7,043
7,060
7,086
7,090
7,133
7,159
7,207
7,213
7,230
7,237
7, 262
Construction of buildinas . .......
Heavv and civil enaineerina ...
Soecialitv trade contractors .....
Manufacturing ............................
1.575.8
903.1
4.255.7
14,510
1.632.2
902.5
4.429.7
14,329
1.636.3
901 .1
4.447.6
14,366
1.647.8
902.1
4.447.8
14,352
1.663.0
904.1
4.476.1
14,144
1,668.3
906.4
4.484.8
14,337
1,678.9
907.8
4.499.2
14,334
1,682.4
908.2
4.499.6
14,307
1.689.2
911.7
4.531 .8
14,321
1.692.5
915.7
4.550.9
14,315
1.693.4
926.6
4.586.5
14,300
1.693.9
925.8
4.593.7
14,301
1.696.2
937.4
4.596.4
14,276
1.699.4
940.5
4.597 .3
14,270
1.703 .3
943 .1
4.615 .6
14,256
Production workers ...
Durable goods..........................
10.190
8,963
10.083
8,923
10.131
8,965
10.117
8,957
10.111
8,960
10.104
8,954
10.097
8,957
10.082
8,942
11).085
8,962
10.091
8,957
10.086
8,954
10,092
8,961
10,080
8,947
10,073
8,939
10.057
8,935
Production workers .... .... ..
Wood oroducts ...
Nonmetallic mineral oroducts
Primarv metals .... ..........
Fabricated metal oroducts ..... .
Machinerv .. .. ········ ·
Comouter and electronic
6.152
537.6
494.2
477.4
1.506.8
1.149.4
6.137
548.4
504.8
465.9
1.470.3
1.141 .5
6.180
551 .7
507 .6
467 .4
1,506.8
1.151 .5
6.172
550.1
508 .8
466.4
1.508.5
1.148.7
6.172
554.5
509.1
466.0
1.511 .5
1.147.3
6.166
553.3
507.9
465.8
1.510.9
1.147.4
6,170
555.2
506.5
465.2
1.512 .8
1.146.0
6.166
554.7
504.5
465.5
1.514.3
1,145.9
6.178
553.6
504.0
466.9
1.514.1
1.148.0
6.182
555.2
502.0
466.6
1.517.3
1.151.7
6.188
551 .8
504.7
466.0
1,517.5
1.153.7
6,198
548.4
501.6
466.2
1.520.7
1.156.2
6.197
550.7
501.3
465.3
1.521.0
1.156.2
6.190
548.7
498.9
464.6
1.522 .9
1.160.5
6.189
549.0
497 .9
464.8
1.523.4
1.159.8
oroducts' .. ..
Comouter and oeriuheral
equipment....
Communications equipment. .
Semiconductors and
electronic components .. . .....
Electronic instruments ... .. ... .
Electrical equipment and
appliances ... ...... .... ... ....... ... .
Transportation equipment ...... .
Furniture and related
products .... . .... ... .... ....
Miscellar,eous manufacturing
1,355.2
1,326.2
1,334.0
1,332.5
1,329.8
1,327.1
1,325.8
1,327.0
1,327.5
1,326.0
1,329.0
1,329.5
1,333.4
1,335 .1
1,337.0
224.0
154.9
212 .1
150.5
212.4
151 .6
211 .9
151 .0
209.7
150.7
209.3
152.7
210.4
153.7
210.2
155.1
211 .2
154.5
211 .3
153.7
212 .5
153.9
213.3
154.2
214.8
154.3
214.5
154.3
215.1
153 .9
461 .1
429.7
452.8
431.8
457.4
434.2
457.0
434.6
454.9
437.0
451 .9
435.6
448.0
435.7
447.4
436.4
447.1
436.4
446.7
436.2
446.7
437.5
446.5
437.2
447.3
439.2
448.0
440.8
449.1
442 .2
459.6
1,774.1
446.8
1,763.5
447.7
1,769.5
447.0
1,768.5
445.1
1,771.0
447.4
1,767.2
445.8
1,771 .9
445.1
1,760.1
445.3
1,781 .8
444.5
1,776.7
442 .8
1,775.7
443.6
1,779.5
440.1
1,764.3
439.7
1,750.5
438 .6
1,747.6
572.9
663.3
572.7
655.5
573.3
655.2
572 .1
654.5
571 .3
654.1
572.2
654.7
571.7
656.4
570.3
654.3
567.5
653.5
565.9
651 .3
562.8
650.3
561 .8
653.0
561 .0
653.7
560 .8
657 .0
561.5
655 .6
Nondurable goods ...................
Production workers ...
5,547
4,038
.5,406
3,945
5,401
3,951
5,395
3,945
5,384
3,939
5,383
3,938
5,377
3,927
5,365
3,916
5,359
3,907
5,358
3,909
5,346
3,898
5,340
3,894
5,329
3,883
5,331
3,883
5,321
3,868
Food manufacturing ...
Beverages and tobacco
products .. ·· ···· ·· ···· .. . ..... .. .
Textile mills .... ..... . ..... .. ..
Textile product mills .... ... ...
Apparel..
Leather and allied products .... .
Paper and paper products ...
Printing and related support
activities ... ... ......... ....
Petroleum and coal products ...
Chemicals. . ............. .............
1,517.5
1,497.4
1,497.0
1,494.3
1,493.5
1,493.6
1,498.8
1,494.3
1,493.2
1,495.2
1,489.6
1,490.7
1,488.4
1,489.8
1,487.0
199.6
261.3
179.3
312.3
44.5
516.2
194.3
238.5
177.7
284.8
42.9
499.1
193.4
238 .1
177.6
282 .6
42.5
500.6
194.9
237.3
177.8
281.0
42.7
499.3
192.9
236 .5
178.1
276.1
42.8
499.4
195.1
235.0
178.4
273.4
192.2
231.5
178.1
269.3
43.1
499.9
192.5
230.1
177.9
267.2
43.2
500.2
191.6
228.7
177.9
262 .8
42.9
502 .0
191.1
225.5
177.7
262.2
42.8
499.3
191.3
225.1
178.4
259.2
42 .8
498.3
190.4
223.9
176.9
257.0
42.8
190.4
222 .3
177.4
258 .1
498.1
193.0
233.2
178.0
271 .9
43.1
497.9
496.4
43 .6
496.4
189.6
220.1
176.8
255 .0
43.6
496.1
680.5
114.3
906.1
665.0
112.8
887.0
663.9
113.2
885.8
661 .6
113.2
885.5
661.0
113.3
884.5
661.3
113.6
882.4
660.8
113.8
880.5
659.6
114.5
877.1
659.2
115.1
876.4
658.8
115.0
877.5
658.7
116.4
878.4
656.5
117.1
877.8
655.6
116.9
878.4
653.3
116.9
879.4
651.9
117.1
880 .1
43.4
815.4
806.6
806.6
807 .1
806.3
808.6
806.2
804.9
804.1
805.8
804.3
803.0
802.3
803.5
803.2
SERVICE-PROVIDING ..................
108,182
109,596
109,804
109,933
110,180
110,298
110,427
110,569
110,807
110,902
111,157
111,275
111,454
111,694
111,850
PRIVATE SERVICEPROVIDING .............. . ..........
86,599
87,978
88,159
88,256
88,480
88,592
88,727
88,859
89,074
89,171
89,412
89,521
89,694
89,892
90,033
25,287
5,607.5
2,940.6
2,004.6
25,510
5,654.9
2,949.1
2,007 .1
25,537
5,662.9
2,957.8
2004.0
25,555
5,672.4
2,960.2
2008.1
25,581
5,674.7
2,962 .3
2009.1
25,621
5,680.0
2,960.4
2012.6
25,620
5,683.6
2,964.5
2009.9
25,652
5,679.9
2,965.6
2,005.4
25,714
5,688.7
2,968.7
2,006.9
25,743
5,702 .2
2,975.6
2,011 .2
25,797
5,707.7
2,976.8
2,012 .6
25,842
5,719.0
2,983.0
2,014.0
25,854
5,722 .3
2,986.1
2,013.7
25,927
5,730.5
2,990.0
2,014.7
25,946
5,738.3
2 ,995.3
2,015.4
698.8
701.1
704.1
703.3
707.0
709.2
708.9
713.1
715.4
718.3
722.0
722.5
725.8
727.6
Plastics and rubber products ..
Trade, transportation,
and utilities..............................
Wholesale trade .......................
Durable goods ... .. . . ... .. . .
Nondurable goods ..
Electronic markets and
agents and brokers .. .. . ... .. .
662.2
Retail trade ............................... 14.917.3
Motor vehicles and parts
.....
dealers' .
Automobile deaiers ... ... ....
Furniture and home
furnishings stores .. .
Electronics and appliance
stores ............ ...... ... ......... .. .. ..
15.034.7 15.043.3 15.037.7 15.056.5 15.081.4 15,077.0 15.081 .2 15.125.4 15.128.7 15,157.5 15.185.8 15,197.1 15,255.1 15.266.9
1,882.9
1,254.4
1,901.2
1,254.2
1,899.8
1251.2
1,898.4
1247.3
1,896.4
1245.0
1,901 .2
1247.6
1,905.9
1249.1
1,907.4
1247.9
1,911.2
1248.8
1,912.6
1250.2
1,914.2
1252.2
1,917.3
1254.7
1,916.4
1252.6
1,925.0
1257.3
1,926 .9
1255.7
547.3
560.2
561 .6
561 .9
562.3
565.6
563 .7
562.1
562.6
562 .3
565.5
569.1
566.1
569.1
570.6
512.2
514.4
512 .0
513.6
520.2
520.3
516.5
516.1
515.1
518.4
518.4
521.9
524.5
527 .2
528.3
See notes at end of table.
92
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October 2005
12. Continued-Emplo yment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
Annual average
Industry
----
Building material and garden
supply stores ..... ·······
Food and beverage stores ...
Health ;,rid personal care
stores ... . . . .... ··· ······· ··· ....
Gasoline stations .. ... .. .. .
Cloth ing and cloth ing
accessories stores ··· ····· ....
Sportin9 goods, hobby,
book, and music stores ... ....
Gen eral merchandise stores1 .
Department stores ..
Mi scellaneous store retailers ...
Non store retailers .. .. ...... .....
Transportation and
warehousing ..........................
Air transportation ...........
Rail transportation . . . . . . . . .. ... .
Water transportat ion ... .. . .. .. ..
Truck transportation .. ........ .. .
Tran sit and ground passenger
tran sportatio n .........
Pipelin e transportation . . . . . . . .. .
Scenic and sightseeing
transporta,1on .. .... . .. ..... ... .
Support activities for
tran sportation . ....... . ..
Couriers and messengers ...
Warehousing and storage
Utilities ....... ..... ................. ....... ...
Information ...... ... ... .. .............
Publi shing industries, except
Internet ..... .. ··· ·· · · · ········ · ··
Motion picture and sound
-~:v1.:1ing industries ...
Broadcasting , except Internet..
Internet publish ing and
broadcasting . .. ....... .. .........
Telecommunications .. ..
ISPs, search portals, and
data processing ......
Other information services .. ...
Financial activities . . .. ... ... .... .
Finance and insurance .. .........
Moneta1 1 authoritiescentral bank ..... .... ...... ... ...
2004
2005
2003
2004
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
JulyP
1,185.0
2,383.4
1,226.0
2,826.3
1,228.1
2,826.2
1,232.5
2,827.1
1,236.3
2,830.2
1,240.4
2,822 .7
1,243.5
2,819 .8
1,248.0
2,826.0
1,264.8
2,826.6
1,263.7
2,826.8
1,264.5
2,834.9
1,267.6
2,838.5
1,272.8
2,840.2
1,280.5
2,842.9
938.1
882 .0
941 .7
877.1
941 .0
876.5
942.1
878.0
941 .6
877.0
944.5
873.7
946.6
871.3
944 .8
872 .9
949.7
874 .6
949.2
874.5
955.0
875.0
958.0
876.6
956.7
874.0
~56.6
879.1
959.5
879.9
1,304.j
1,361 .8
1,374.4
1,371 .9
1,376.0
1,377.9
1,381 .3
1,375.5
1,380.5
1,384.0
1,387.0
1,39~ 5
1,406.1
1,426.9
1,429.2
646.5
2,822.4
1,620.6
930 .7
427 .3
G33.2
2,843.5
1,612 .5
918.6
424 .8
639.0
2,842.5
1,611 .4
918.9
423.3
638.7
2,832 .9
1,603.3
917.0
423.6
638.0
2,835.2
1,604.2
920 .5
422.8
639.0
2,854 .9
1,619.1
917.4
423.8
635.8
2,852 .9
1,619.3
918.2
421 .5
637.7
2,853.5
1,619.1
918.7
418.5
636.2
2,864.1
1,625.7
919.9
420 .1
638.3
2,862 .0
1,624.2
919.4
417.5
638.0
2,864.7
1,625.3
921 .6
418.7
637.2
2,866.0
1,629.5
921.1
418.0
636.3
2,861.6
1,628.7
924.0
418.4
635.7
2,871.0
1,638.5
921 .9
419.2
633.4
2,871 .6
1,637.2
926.9
420.7
4, 185.4
528.3
217.7
54 .5
1,325.6
4,250.0
514 .8
224.1
57.2
1,350.7
4,260.4
515.0
224.6
56.7
1,352.5
4,274 .1
513.8
225.5
57.2
1,358.5
4,279.6
514.2
225.4
57.7
1.356.0
4,289.6
514.6
224.6
57.8
1,358.9
4,288.0
512 .3
?.24.0
58.6
1,366.5
4,316.0
509.4
224.4
59.8
1,372.6
4,324.1
507 .9
223 .9
60.0
1,378.0
4,336 .6
508.0
223.7
61 .6
1,383.2
4,355.8
508.8
223.7
61.3
1,389.8
4,361.4
508.1
224.3
61 .5
1,392.9
4,359.9
507.8
223.9
62.2
1,396.3
4,366.1
506.3
223.8
62.2
1,394.9
4,364.8
505.2
223.1
62.8
1,393.4
382.2
40.2
385.5
38.8
386.2
38.9
388.3 1
39.0
J89.3
'\8.9
389.4
39.0
391 .0
38.7
391 .7
39.3
391.0
39.4
388.7
39.3
393.3
39.5
389.8
39.3
381 .9
39.3
390.7
39.2
388.4
39.6
26.6
26.7
27.7
27.8
25.6
26.1
26.6
24 .2
24 .9
26.7
27.2
28.3
28.4
28.6
28.5
520 .3
561 .7
528.3
577.0
3,188
535.6
560.5
556.0
570.2
3,138
536.9
562.6
559.3
570.1
3,135
537.7
563.8
562.5
544.6
568.7
565.9
549.3
577.5
567 .8
574.7
3,123
553.4
579.3
572.7
570.2
3,133
547.0
556.4
566 .9
571 .3
3,127
551.5
577.6
569.9
571 .1
3,127
539.9
564.4
568.2
570.3
3,131
576 .0
3,127
575.2
3,134
554.2
581 .8
576.2
575.6
3,152
557.2
582.4
577.6
575.4
3,146
554.5
582.3
583.3
575.1
3,146
554 .8
582 .9
582.7
575.1
3,145
552 .9
586.0
584.9
576.3
3,148
924.8
909.8
909.3
909.2
908.1
908.9
905.7
905.0
905.6
906.8
905.7
905.7
907.0
909.6
908.1
376.2
324 .3
389.0
326.6
389.3
327.8
389.7
328.1
395.3
329.5
390 .6
329.7
384 .8
329.7
380.3
331.3
380 .9
330.4
386.9
330.7
399.3
330.7
394.2
330.8
393.1
331 .6
392 .3
333.3
398.1
332.0
29.2
1,082.3
31.3
1,042.5
31.7
1,037.1
32.0
1,028.4
33.0
1,024.8
33.6
1,030.0
34.0
1,031 .5
34.8
1,030.8
34 .6
1,032 .2
35.0
1,029.9
35.3
1,037.3
35.2
1,036.2
35.6
1,034 .8
35.0
1,033.2
35.5
1,031 .4
Aug.P
'
1,278.8
2,841.1
402.4
48.7
388.1
50 .9
387.6
51.7
387.6
51 .5
389.2
50.9
389.5
50.7
390.4
50 7
389.9
51.0
392.6
50 .9
393.7
50.7
393.9
50.1
393.5
50 .2
393.4
50.6
391 .0
50.9
392.8
50.4
7,977
5,922.6
8,052
5,965.6
8,058
5,970 .2
8,083
5,982.1
8,093
5,994 .1
8,107
6,001.3
8,128
6,014 .5
8,150
6,030.9
8,165
6,037.6
8,167
6,039.8
8,182
6,048.0
8,189
6,052 .9
8,208
6,062 .5
8,227
6,071 .9
8,242
6,082.6
22 .6
21.6
21 .6
21.5
21.3
20 .9
20.6
20.5
20.4
20.4
20.3
20.4
20.4
20.4
20.6
2,792.4
2,832.3
2,833.4
2,841 .0
2,847.9
2,859.2
2,871 .9
2,882 .7
2,891 .0
2,896.8
2 ,902.6
2,906.7
2,915.4
2,921.5
2,9L4.4
1,748.5
1.280 .1
1,761 .2
1.285.3
1,763.0
1.283.5
1,765.1
1,286.4
1,768.1
1.288.3
1,773 .3
1,293.1
1,778 .8
1,296.8
1,785.6
1,301.6
1,790.3
1.305.5
1,794.0
1.308.0
1,795.9
1.308.3
1,797 .8
1,308.8
1,802.1
1,311 .0
1,803.9
1,311.5
1,807.4
1.312.8
757.7
766 .8
769.9
772 .3
777.3
776.9
779.7
782.5
784 .8
786.9
787.6
787 6
786.5
788.0
792.1
2,266.0
2,260 .3
2,261 .0
2,263.3
2,264.1
2,260.4
2,258.1
2,259.6
2,256.7
2,250.9
2,253.9
2,253.6
2,254.6
2,256.4
2,260 .4
83.9
84.7
84 .3
84.0
83.5
83.9
84.2
85.6
84.7
84.8
83 .6
84 .6
85.6
85.6
85.1
2,053.9
1,383.6
643.1
2,086.2
1,417.0
643.9
2,088.2
1,420 .0
643.3
2,101.3 1 2 009.2
1,429.1 1 1,428.6
647.f:1
646.3
2,105.5
1,434.7
646.0
2,113.6
1,437.8
650.9
2,119.0
1,439.7
654.1
2,127.2
1,443.8
658.3
2,126.8
1,444.0
657.8
2,134.3
1,449.7
659.0
2,136.4
1,454.6
655.8
2,145.0
1,461.4
658.1
2,154.8
1,469.7
659.4
2,159.7
1,474.5
659.2
27.3
25.4
24.9
24 .6
24.3
24.8
24 .9
25.2
25.1
25.0
25.6
26.0
25.5
25.7
26.0
15,987
16,414
16,470
16,514
16,614
16,611
16,674
16,694
16,775
16,796
16,843
16,851
16,906
16,948
16,977
6,629.5
1,142.1
6,762 .0
1,161 .8
6,779.7
1,163.6
6,805.4
1,166.8
6,835.3
1,167.4
6,834.4
1,163.1
6,869.9
1,164.4
6,882.1
1,160.8
6,902.7
1,161.2
6,907.3
1,161.5
6,928.5
1,161 .8
6,929.1
1,163.3
6,950 .9
1,163.0
6,973.1
1,164.8
6,987.2
1,165.4
815.3
816.0
814 .2
816.1
821 .5
816.6
840,8
858.1
858 .1
856.6
862.7
851.4
858.5
859.6
861 .4
1,226.9
1,260.8
1,264.4
1,270.5
1,280.5
1,284.9
1,289.5
1,286.9
1,292.0
1,295.7
1,300.8
1,303.9
1,310.8
1,315.7
1,320.6
Credit interm ediation and
related activities '.
Deoositorv credit
........
interm ediation '. ... ...........
Commercial bankinq. .... .... .
Securities, commodity
contracts, investments .. ......
Insurance carriers and
relat ed activities .. . . . . . . . . . .. .
Funds, tru sts, and oth er
financial vehicles ..... ... . .. ...
Real estate and rental
and leasing ... .... .... ..... . ....
Real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
Rental and :easing services .. ..
Lessors of nonfinancial
intangible, assets .. ········· . ...
Professional and business
services ... ..... .. ........ .............
Professional and technical
services' .................. .....
Legal services ........ . ...... .. .
Accounting and bookkeeping
services ..... ·················· ···
Ar Gh1ttJctural and engineering
services ... ....... ... ···········
See notes at end of table .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
October 2005
93
Current Labor Statistics:
Labor Force Data
12. Continued-Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
Annual average
Industry
2005
2004
Aug.P
2003
2004
Aug.
Sept
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July"
1,116.6
1,147.4
1,155.0
1,161 .1
1,167.3
1,174.1
1,174.3
1,171.8
1,174.2
1,175.5
1,178.5
1,178.2
1,182.4
1,184.8
1,187.4
744.9
779.0
786.9
787.9
790.5
787.8
789.9
789.3
793.7
795.5
798.8
801 .9
806.3
811 .9
815.0
1,687.2
1,718.0
1,720.7
1,715.0
1,715.3
1,722.5
1,725.6
1,730.7
1,731.3
1,731 .5
1,733.4
1,734.1
1,735.7
1,735.8
1,734.9
services ....................... ...... .
7,669.8
7,934.0
7,969.7
7,993.2
8,06.1.1
8,054.3
8,078.0
8,081 .6
8,140.9
8,156.7
8,181 .1
8,187.9
8,219.5
8,254.1
8,275.7
Administrative and suooort
services' .... .. ..................
7,347.7
7,608.7
7,643.1
7,667.3
7,736.4
7,728.2
7,751 4
7,755.2
7,813.6
7,831.8
7,858.1
7,866.8
7,897.7
7,927.4
7,951.3
3,299.5
3,470.3
3,480.0
3,513.5
3,572.9
3,570.5
3,584.5
3,595.9
3,633.8
3,645.7
3,666.0
3,667.9
3,688.0
3,707.2
3,731.6
2.224.2
749.7
2.393.2
754.5
2.411.8
757.9
2.438.7
752.6
2.486.5
755.9
2.484.7
754.6
2.479.4
757.0
2.479.1
752.8
2.508.0
755.7
2.506.1
754.1
2.520.7
754.9
2.517.7
753.3
2.529.6
751 .4
2.548.8
751 .7
2.567.1
752.4
1.636.1
1.694.2
1.706.6
1.706.4
1.708.6
1.707.2
1.706.1
1.701.4
1.711.2
1.712.6
1.715.9
1.722.4
1.729.0
1.739.5
1.738.1
326.6
326.4
327.1
324.9
323.0
321 .1
323.8
326.7
324.4
Computer systems design
and related services .... ......
Management and technical
consulting services .. ..... .....
Management of companies
and enterprises .....................
Administrative and waste
Employment services
1
•••••• • •
Temoorarv helo services.. ..
Business suooort services .. ..
Services to buildinas
and dwellinas ....... .... .. ......
Waste management and
remediation services ...........
325.3
322.1
325.9
326.6
326.7
326.1
Educational and health
17,427
17,377
17,336
17,289
17,243
17,210
17,186
17,178
17,142
17,108
17,081
17,019
services .......... ... ... ...............
17,010
16,954
16,588
2,766.4 2,772.3 2,773.2 2,794.0 2,797.2 2,805.5 2,825.0 2,810.3 2,814.0 2,814.0 2,822.2 2,835.5 2,837.8 2,850.7
Educational services .... ........... 2,695.1
Health care and social
assistance .............. ............. 13,892.6 14,187.3 14,237.8 14,246.1 14,287.2 14,310.7 14,336.1 14,353.2 14,375.4 14,396.0 14,429.1 14,467.2 14,500.5 14,539.5 14,576.4
Ambulatorv health care
services' .............. ...........
Offices of physicians ...........
Outpatient care centers .... ....
Home health care services ...
Hospitals ............................
4,786.4
2,002.5
426.8
732.6
4,946.4
2,053.9
446.2
773.2
4,969.2
2,059.1
449.7
778.0
4,975.0
2,064.5
448.7
779.5
4,996.9
2,074.2
449.5
782.7
5,006.7
2,077.7
449.8
789.2
5,017.0
2,084.3
450.3
790.7
5,027.0
2,085.3
451.5
796.6
5,035.0
2,090.9
451 .1
796.8
5,041 .6
2,093.2
452.6
798.8
5,054.2
2,103.6
453.6
797.9
5,069.7
2,114.4
455.3
798.8
5,084.6
2,119.5
456.7
804.1
5,104.0
2,124.2
461.2
807.3
5,122.5
2,132.5
462.7
810.2
4,244.6
4,293.6
4,305.0
4,306.0
4,311 .2
4,319.7
4,323.5
4,329.6
4,337.8
4,344.6
4,354.2
4,362.6
4,374.5
4,384.2
4,393.2
2,786.2
2,814.8
2,819.8
2,825.0
2,827.2
2,827.2
2,827.9
2,827.0
2,830.0
1.575.3
2,132.5
767.1
12,479
1.576.7
2,143.8
1.576.6
2,140.1
1.576.8
2,151.9
1.576.4
2,157.1
1.574.5
2,167.7
1.571 .5
2,169.6
1.571 .6
2,172.6
2,830.0
1.572.3
2,179.8
2,832.5
1.571.4
2,188.2
2,839.8
1.572.7
2,195.1
2,841.2
1.573.2
2,200.2
2,849.2
1.579.8
2,075.4
755.3
12,173
2,852.3
1.577.0
2,208.4
Nursina and residential
r,;upf;,,r:ilitiPc:: 1
Nursina care facilities ..........
1
Social assistance •••••• •• ••••••••
Child day care services ..... ...
1.575.9
2,202.1
788.0
791.3
792.7
793.2
788.6
785.1
782.5
780.5
780.4
775.3
772.8
767.9
776.1
12,838
12,801
12,736
12,765
12,723
12,662
12,650
12,611
12,589
12,571
12,546
12,522
12,508
Leisure and hospitality...........
Arts, entertainment,
1,844.9
1,834.8
1,830.6
1,824.9
1,805.8 1,823.9
1,836.2 1,834.4 1,826.4 1,811.0 1,805.4 1,808.4
1,833.0 1,831 .0
and recreation ....... ... ............ 1,812.9
Per1orming arts and
364.0
364.1
361 .7
361 .1
363.8
357.8
357.0
355.6
357.9
362.5
364.4
363.6
358.4
364.8
371.7
spectator sports .................
Museums, historical sites,
117.6
117.6
117.5
117.3
116.8
115.8
113.6
114.5
114.8
116.9
118.2
118.3
118.8
117.1
114.7
zoos, and parks........ .........
Amusements, gambling, and
1,363.3
1,353.4
1,349.0
1,346.0 1,345.9
1,337.8 1,332.2
1,335.3
1,338.3
1,354.3 1,351.8 1,347.0
1,353.8
recreation ....... ......... ... ...... . 1,326.5 1,351.1
Accommodations and
food services .......... .... .. .... ... 10,359.8 10,646.0 10,676.5 10,685.3 10,712.0 10,744.1 10,778.4 10,805.1 10,841 .1 10,856.0 10,899.0 10,911 .1 10,934.2 10,965.8 10,992.7
1,835.6
1,830.0
1,830.3
1,829.1
1,826.6 1,830.1
1,830.3
1,800.6 1,814.7 1,824.6 1,825.9
1,775.4 1,795.9 1.801 .3 1,801.5
Accommodations ........... ......
Food services and drinking
8,584.4 8,850.1 8,875.2 8,883.8 8,911.4 8,929.4 8,953.8 8,979.2 9,010.8 9,029.4 9,068.9 9,080.8 9,104.2 9,136.7 9,157.1
places ........... .............. .....
5,473
5,477
5,479
5,472
5,468
5,459
5,457
5,451
5,447
5,441
5,434
5,436
5,441
5,431
5,401
Other services ........................
1,241.4 1,244.1 1,244.3 1,239.0
1,233.7 1,235.6 1,239.9
1,229.4
1,229.9
1,225.9 1,226.9 1,227.9 1,227.1
1,227.6
Repair and maintenance ....... . 1,233.6
1,280.1 1,281.1
1,280.4 1,280.5 1,282.2 1,286.9 1,284.4 1,283.2
1,276.8
1,271.6
1,267.8
1,271.5
1,276.9
1,274.1
1,263.5
Personal and laundry services
Membership associations and
organizations .................... . 2,903.6 ' 2,929.1 2,937.9 2,937.9 2,938.1 2,942.3 2,940.6 2,941.4 2,942.9 2,940.8 2,945.6 2,942.4 2,951.7 2,952.2 2,952.8
21,843
21 ,817
21,760
21,754
21,745
21,731
21,700
21,733
21,710
21,645
21,706
21,700
21,677
21,618
21,583
Government. .......
2,719
2,719
2,719
2,722
2,717
2,718
2,724
2,720
2,706
2,728
2,728
2,723
2,761
2,730
2,730
Federal ............ ..........................
Federal, except U.S. Postal
1,937.3
1,937.5
1,937.6
1,937.1 1,940.8
1,939.8 1,943.2
1,940.1 1,946.4 1,939.5 1,937.2
1,952.4 1,943.4 1,945.5
1,946.8
Service..................... .............
781.2
781.1
781 .2
781 .2
780.7
780.8
780.1
780.2
783.4
766.4
784.3
781 .4
784.1
782.5
808.6
U.S. Postal Service .. ... ...........
5,036
5,034
5,026
5,023
5,026
5,024
5,027
5,007
5,025
5,000
5,020
4,987
5,015
4,985
5,002
State .........................................
Education ............................... 2,254.7 2,249.2 2,249.4 2,263.7 2,268.4 2,271.3 2,277.9 2,280.4 2,283.0 2,280.8 2,281 .2 2,277.6 2,278.2 2,283.5 2,287.3
Other State government... ..... 2,747.6 2,736.2 2,737.8 2,736.4 2,738.2 2,743.4 2,741 .9 2,744.4 2,744.4 2,743.2 2,745.1 2,745.5 2,747.6 2,750.9 2,749.1
14,015
14,009
14,088
14,001
14,064
13,986
13,968
13,974
13,983
13,963
13,970
13,947
13,928
13,905
Local ................... ...................... 13,820
7,709.4 7,762.5 7,785.7 7,793.2 7,810.8 7,806.3 7,810.8 7,808.8 7,820.7 7,813.5 7,823.9 7,823.5 7,830.3 7,873.9 7,892.8
Education ..................... .........
Other local government... ...... 6,110.2 6,143.0 6,142.2 6,153.4 6,159.3 6,156.7 6,163.1 6,159.2 6,165.1 6,169.0 ' 6177.4 6,185.9 6,184.9 6,190.1 6,195.0
1
Includes other industries not shown separately.
NOTE:
See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision.
p = preliminary.
94
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October 2005
13. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry, monthly
data seasonally adjusted
Industry
Annual average
2003
2004
2004
Aug.
!
21)05
S.!~t.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
JulyP _ Aug.P
I
TOT AL PRIVATE .......................... ...
33.7
33.7
J3.7
33.8
33.8
33.7
33.7
'33.7
33.7
33.7
33.8
33.7
33.7
33.7
33.7
GOODS-PRODUCING ..........................
39.8
40 .0
40.0
40 .1
39.9
39.9
40.0
39.8
39.9
39.8
40.1
39.9
39.9
39.9
39.9
46.1
Natural resources and mining ............
43.6
44.5
44.4
44.5
44.8
45.0
45.4
45.5
45.1
45.3
45.7
45.8
45.6
45 .9
Construction .......................... ..........
38.4
38.3
38.1
38.1
38.2
38.3
38.4
37.6
38.2
38.3
39.0
38.5
38.5
38.2
38.3
Manufacturing ..... . ............................ ..
Overtime hours .................................
40 .4
4.2
40.8
4.6
40 .9
4.6
40.8
4.6
40 .7
4.5
40.5
4.5
40.5
4.5
40.7
1.5
40 .6
4.6
40 .4
4.5
40.5
40.4
40 .4
4.4
4.4
4.4
40.5
4.5
40.5
4.5
Durable gnods .......... .. .................. ....
Overtime hours ................ .................
Wuvd products ............................ .......
Nonmetallic mineral products .............
Primary metals ... .. ...............................
Fabricated metal products ........ .. ........
Machinery ............... .....................
ComjJuter and electronic products .....
Electrical equipment and appliances ..
Transportation equipment. ..................
Furniture and reiated products ..........
Misce:lianeous manufacfL•ring .............
40.8
4.3
40.4
42.2
42.3
40.7
40.8
40 .4
40.6
41 .9
38.9
38.4
41 .3
4.7
40.6
42.3
43.1
41.1
41 .9
40.4
40.7
42.5
39.5
38.5
41.3
4.7
40.8
42.3
43.2
41.2
42.1
40.4
40.9
42.5
39.3
38.5
41.2
4.7
40.4
42.4
43.1
41.2
42 .3
40 .3
40.6
42.4
39.3
38.4
41.2
4.7
40.3
42.4
43.0
41.1
42.2
40.1
40.6
42.3
39.2
38.4
40 .9
4.6
40.0
42.1
42 .9
40 .9
42.0
39.6
40.1
42 .2
39.2
38.2
41 .1
4.6
40.3
42 .3
42 .8
40.9
42.0
39.8
40.0
42.4
39.5
38.3
41.1
4.6
40.6
41.9
43.1
40 .9
42.0
40 .0
40.1
42.4
39.5
38.5
41 .0
4.7
39.9
42.1
43.0
40.8
42 .0
39.6
40 .0
42 .4
39.4
38.6
40 .8
4.5
39.5
41 .7
42.9
40.7
42 .0
39.5
40.0
42.0
39.4
38.7
40.9
4.5
39.5
41.9
42 .6
40.8
42.0
39.8
40.1
42.1
39.2
38.8
40.8
39.6
41.8
42 .5
40.7
41.9
39.9
40.2
41.8
~9.1
38.6
40.9
4.4
39.5
41.7
42.7
40.7
41.9
39.8
40.2
42 .2
39.3
38.7
41.0
4.6
39.6
41.6
43.0
40 .8
42.1
40 .1
40.9
42.3
39.2
38.3
41 .1
4.7
39.3
41.6
43.2
40.7
42.0
40.0
40.6
43.0
39.2
38.7
Nondurable goods .............................. ..
Overtime hours ..................... ... ... ......
Food manufacturing ........... .................
Beverage and tobacco products .........
Textile mills .. ......... .......... .... .. .......
Textile product mills ........... ............
Apparel ...............................................
Leather and allied products .............. ..
Paper and paper products ...............
Printing and related support
activities ............. .. .. ..... ......................
Petroleum and coal products ... ..... ... .
Chemicals ..... ......... ................. .....
Plastics and rubber prodc1cts ..... .... ...
39.8
4.1
39.3
39.1
39.1
39.6
35.6
39.3
41 .5
40.0
4.4
39.3
39.2
40.1
38.9
36.0
38.4
42.1
40.2
4.5
39.3
39.4
40 .5
38.8
36.2
38.1
42 .5
40.1
4.4
39.3
39.2
40.2
39.1
36.2
38.2
42.2
39.9
4.3
39.0
38.6
40.1
39.1
36.0
38.4
42.1
39.8
4.3
39.1
39.0
40 .0
39.1
35.7
38.2
42 .1
39.8
4.3
38.8
39.6
39.8
39.0
35.9
37.6
42.0
40.0
4.4
39.0
40 .5
40.2
39.5
35.9
37.1
42.5
40.0
4.5
39.3
40.2
39.7
39.5
35.9
37.2
42 .1
39.7
4.4
38.8
40.1
40.0
39.4
35.9
37.3
41 .9
39.8
4.3
39.0
40.4
40.2
38.8
35.7
37.8
42.2
39.7
4.3
38.9
39.0
40.4
38.7
35.1
38.5
42.3
39.7
4.3
38.8
40.0
40.3
38.1
35.4
38.6
42.2
39.7
4.3
38.9
40.0
40.1
38.3
35.5
39.4
42.1
39.6
4.3
38.8
40.2
40.1
39.0
35.8
38.6
42.1
38.2
44.5
42.4
40 .4
38.4
44.9
42 .8
40.4
38.5
45.9
42.9
40.5
38.3
46.0
42.8
40 .3
38.3
45.0
42.7
40.1
38.3
45 .5
42.4
39.4
38.5
44.6
42.6
39.8
38.6
44.5
42.8
40.0
38.5
44.7
42.3
40 .1
38.3
45.1
42.2
39.8
38.3
46.0
42.4
39.7
38.4
45.6
42.3
39.6
38.2
45.6
42.1
39.6
38.3
45.3
41.9
39.5
38.2
45.3
41.6
39.7
32.4
32.3
32.4
32.5
32.4
32.3
32.4
32.4
32.4
32.4
32.5
32.4
32.4
32.4
32.3
33.6
37.9
30.9
36.8
41.1
36.2
35.5
33.5
37.8
30.7
37.2
40.9
36.3
35.5
33.5
37.7
30.7
37.2
40 .9
36.4
35.5
33.6
37.8
30.8
37.5
41.4
36.3
35.5
33.6
37.7
30.8
37.5
40.8
36.3
35.7
33.5
37.7
30.6
37.5
40.4
36.2
35.6
33.6
37.6
30.8
37.4
40.7
36.4
35.7
33.6
37.7
30.7
37.5
41.0
36.3
35.9
33.6
37.8
30.8
37.3
40.5
36.4
35.8
33.5
37.7
30.7
37.2
40.3
36.5
35.9
33.5
37.7
30.7
37.3
41.1
36.5
36.0
33.4
37.6
30.6
37.1
40.9
36.6
36.0
33.3
37.6
30.5
37.0
41 .2
36.4
36.0
33.3
37.6
30 .4
37.1
41.1
36.5
36.1
33.3
37.5
30.4
37.0
41.0
36.4
36.0
34.1
32.3
25.6
31 .4
34.2
32.4
25.7
31.0
34.3
32.5
25.6
31.0
34.7
32.5
25.6
31 .0
34.3
32.5
25.7
30.9
34.2
32.4
25.6
30.9
34.2
32.5
25.7
30.8
34.1
32.6
25.6
30.9
34.0
32.6
25.7
30.9
34.0
32.6
25.7
30.9
34.2
32.6
25.8
31.1
34.1
32.6
25.8
30.9
34.1
34.2
32.7
25.8
31.0
34.1
32.6
25.7
31.0
PRIVATE SERVICEPROVIDING .......................... ........
Trade, transportation, and
utilities ......... .. ............................. ......
Wholesale trade ............................ ....
Retail trade ......... .................. .........
Transport;:i.tion and warehousing ........
Utilities .......................... ................
Information .......................... .............
Financial activities .......................... ..
Professional and business
services .......................... ................
Education and health services ............
Leisure and hospitality ......................
Other services ............................. .........
I
4 .4
326
25.8 1
31 .0
'
Data relate to production workers in riatural resources and mining and
manufacturing, construction workers in construction, and nonsupervisory workers in
NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark
revision.
the service-providing industries.
p = preliminary.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
October 2005
95
Current Labor Statistics:
Labor Force Data
1
14. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry,
monthly data seasonally adjusted
2005
2004
Annual average
Industry
2003
2004
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
JulyP
Aug.P
TOTAL PRIVATE
Current dollars. ..... ... . .... . .. . .... . .
Constant (1982) dollars .. . ....
$15.35
8.27
$15.67
8.23
$15.74
8.25
$15.77
8.25
$15.81
8.22
$15.82
8.21
$15.85
8.23
$15.90
8.24
$15.91
8.22
$15.95
8.19
$16.00
8.16
$16.03
8.19
$16 .07
8.21
$16.14
8.20
$16.16
8.16
GOODS-PRODUCING ....... .... ........... .......
16.80
17.19
17.24
17.3()
17.32
17.33
17.36
17.35
17.43
17.45
17.51
17.54
17.58
17.62
17.65
18.05
18.06
18.10
18.37
18.43
19.24
16.37
15.51
17.10
18.55
19.38
16.47
15.62
15.16
15.16
15.18
15.19
15.23
17.23
15.23
19.50
16.62
15.75
17.41
15.15
19.43
16.55
15.70
17.32
15.29
19.52
16.57
15.70
17.36
15.18
18.59
19.36
16.53
15.68
17.28
15.31
18.84
19.29
16.34
15.48
17.06
18.27
19.34
16.43
15.56
17.17
18.75
19.34
16.27
15.42
16.97
18.40
19.31
16.42
15.54
17.18
18.66
19.27
16.29
15.42
16.98
18.22
19.31
16.29
15.43
16.99
15.28
15.31
Natural resources and mining .............
Construction .........................................
Manufacturing .......................................
Excluding overtime ............... ........
Durable goods ..... ..... ........ .. ...... .... .
17.56
18.95
15.74
14.96
16.45
18.08
19.23
16.14
15.29
16.82
Nondurable goods .. . .. . ... ... ... .......... .
14.63
15.05
19.25
16.22
15.36
16.90
15.14
PRIVATE SERVICEPROVIDING ................ ............. ...........
14.96
15.26
15.34
15.36
15.40
15.42
15.45
15.51
15.51
15.56
15.60
15.63
15.67
15.75
15.76
Trade,transportatlon, and
utilities ........................................
Wholesale trade .. ........ .... ..... ...............
Retail trade ............................... .. .. ... ...
14.34
17.36
11 .90
16.25
24 .77
14.65
17.69
12.13
16.65
25.66
14.66
17.73
12.16
16.53
25.82
14.69
17.78
12.16
16.61
26.00
14.70
17.80
12.20
16.54
25.77
14.72
17.87
12.21
16.54
26.11
14.82
17.91
12.32
16.58
26.23
14.83
17.97
12.31
16.62
26.32
14.88
18.05
12.35
16.62
26.38
14.91
18.04
12.38
16.67
26.49
12.35
16.69
26.37
21 .01
17.14
21 .42
17.53
21 .52
17.57
21 .62
17.64
21 .59
17.71
21 .58
17.65
21 .70
17.71
21.80
17.71
21 .79
17.78
21 .98
17.85
21.97
17.82
22 .08
17.90
15.03
18.24
12.45
16.79
27 .02
22.16
18.00
15.01
18.23
12.42
16.82
26.82
Information ............. ...............................
Financial activities .................... ............
Professional and business
services............... ............................... .
Education and health
services...............................................
Leisure and hospitality .............. .... ......
Other services ... ................................... .
14.79
17.95
12.29
16.52
26.04
21 .67
17.74
14.91
18.11
Transportation and warehousing ... ....
Utilities ..... . .. ····· ··· · . .... ....... . . ····· ·
14.59
17.66
12.08
16.53
25.62
17.21
17.46
17.59
17.54
17.63
17.66
17.69
17.79
17.80
17.82
17.89
17.94
17.98
18.06
18.11
15.64
16.16
8.91
16.24
8.91
16.28
16.31
16.34
16.37
16.40
16.45
16.53
16.55
16.60
16.67
16.74
16.78
13.98
14.00
8.95
14.05
8.99
14.08
9.02
14.12
9.01
14.13
9.03
14.15
9.05
14.17
9.05
14.18
9.08
14.16
9.09
14.20
9.10
14.22
9.11
14.26
9.12
14.28
8.76
13.84
I
1
Data relate to production workers in natural resources and mining and mani NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision .
luring, construction workers in construction , and nonsupervisory workers in p = preliminary.
servi ce-providing industries.
96
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October 2005
22 .18
17.97
15. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers' on private nonfarm payrolls, by Industry
Industry
Annual averagE
2004
2005
2003
2004
TOT AL PRIVATE ...........................
Seasonally adjusted .. .. .. ........... .
$15.35
15.47
$15.67 $15.66 $15.79 $15.82 $15.84 $15.88 $16.00 $15.96 $15.95 $16.01 $16.03
- 15.74 15.77 15.81 15.82 15.85 15.90 15.91 15.95 16.00 16.03
GOODS-PRODUCING .............................
Natural resources and mining .. ... .... ..
16.80
17.56
Construction ......... ..............................
18.95
19.23
Manufacturing .................................
15.74
16.14
Durable goods ... ....... ..... .. .... ...........
Wood products .. ..... .. ................ ........
Nonmetallic minera1 products .. .......
Primary metals .................................
Fabricated metal products ... ............
Machinery .. .. ............. ...... .......... .
Computer and electronic products ...
Electrical equipment and appliances
Transportation equipment ................
Furniture and related products ........
Miscellaneous manufacturing ..........
Nondurable goods ...... .... ........... .... .
Food manufacturing .........................
Beverages and tobacco products ....
Textile mills ........ ..... .........................
Textile product mills .........................
Apparel .. ...................... ........... .........
Leather and allied products ... ........
Paper and paper products .. ...........
Printing and related support activitie:
Petroleum and coal products .... .... .
Chemicals ... .. ... . .... ...... .......... .
Plastics and rubber products ...........
PRIVATE SERVICEPROVIDING ................................. ...
Trade, transportation, and
utilities ...............................................
Wholesale trade ..... ...... ... ..... ... .... ..
Retail trade ... ........ ............. ........ ..
Transportation and warehousing ......
Utilities .. ..... ................ ............. .....
Financial activities ... ..........................
17.19
18.08
Aug.
17.28
17.95
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
17.40
17.97
17.39
17.37
18.D?
18.21
19.33
19.42
19.47
16.16
16.35
16.26
16.45
12.71
15.76
18.13
15.01
16.30
16.69
14.36
21.23
12.98
13.30
16.82 16.84 17.06
13.03 1302.oo j 13.14
16.25 16.28 , 16.51
18.57 18.57 1 18.89
15.31
10.27 15.43
16.68 16.72 16.85
17.28 17.38 17.48
14.90 15.04 15.08
21.49 21.49 21.91
13.16 13.28 13.39
13.85 13.88 13.97
16.98
13.03
16.38
18.73
15.38
16.84
17.52
15.05
21.78
13.27
13.92
14.63
12.80
17.96
11 .99
11 .23
9.56
11.66
17.33
15.37
23.63
18.50
14.18
15.05
12.98
19.1 2
12.13
11 .39
9.75
11.63
17.90
15.72
24.38
19.16
14.58
15.08
13.00
19.08
12.08
11.43
9.72
11 .67
17.89
15.88
24.05
19.24
14.66
15.23
13.09
19.17
12.25
11.49
9.93
11.56
18.21
15.96
24.44
19.44
14.75
14.96
15.26
15.22
14.34
17.36
11.90
16.25
24.77
21 .01
14.59
17.66
12.08
16.53
25.62
21.42
17. 14
Dec.
Jan.
17.43
18.46
17.31
18.53
19.35
19.31
19.12
16.32
16.46
16.42
17.04
13.13
16.45
18.66
15.43
16.85
17.65
15.10
21 .91
13.29
13.96
17.22
13.17
16.36
18.75
15.59
16.99
17.92
15.12
22.17
13.46
14.05
17.15
13.13
16.27
18.84
15.55
17.03
18.04
15.07
21 .90
13.42
14.07
15.11
12.94
19.18
12.11
11 .42
9.97
11 .58
17.93
15.95
24.33
19.42
14.55
15.16
12.99
18.80
12.09
11.44
10.00
11 .62
18.09
15.93
24.71
19.44
14.58
15.21
13.03
18.82
12.25
11 .43
10.00
11.51
18.07
15.80
24.48
19.59
14.76
15.35
15.40
15.43
14.58
17.68
12.07
16.62
25.36
21 .43
14.69
17.71
12.21
16.51
25.89
21 .73
14.69
17.75
12.17
16.59
26.02
21 .69
17.53
17.59
17.62
17.21
17.46
17.50
Feb.
17.34
18.45
Mar.
Apr.
17.37
18.36
17.48
18.67
19.20
19.25
19.35
16.43
16.41
16.45
17.20
13.04
16.20
18.78
15.67
17.02
18.04
15.15
21 .97
13.34
14.04
17.16
13.11
16.28
18.76
15.62
17.02
18.00
15.10
21.84
13.37
14.05
17.20
13.13
16.68
18.80
15.62
16.98
18.26
15.07
21 .78
13.46
14.02
15.24
13.07
18.44
12.33
11 .31
10.15
11.60
18.00
15.77
24.75
19.52
14.81
15.17
13.07
18.65
12.25
11 .48
10.19
11.42
17.86
15.79
24.74
19.32
14.65
15.19
13.02
18.94
15.46
15.66
14.67
17.8:2
12.16
16.56
26.01
21 .70
14.61
17.87
12.10
16.59
26.00
21.74
17.68
17.61
17.47
17.54
May
June
July"
Aug.P
$15.97
16.07
$16.05
16.14
$16.05
16.16
17.51
17.56
17.64
18.58
18.59
18.72
17.68
18.75
19.30
19.37
19.56
19.59
16.50
16.52
16.50
16.56
17.24
13.20
16.58
18.82
15.66
16.91
18.45
15.04
21.88
13.44
14.06
17.27
13.06
16.78
18.76
15.73
17.03
18.40
15.10
21 .97
13.48
14.03
17.22
13.18
16.91
18.95
15.85
17.10
18.62
15.27
21 .50
13.44
14.25
17.36
13.07
16.85
18.91
15.91
16.94
18.53
15.34
22.05
13.47
14.19
15.28
13.04
19.14
12.41
11.54
10.12
11.42
18.01
15.57
24 .56
19.71
14.88
15.27
13.04
18.69
12.45
11 .65
10.17
11 .51
18.05
15.66
24.47
19.60
14.87
15.35
13.04
19.03
12.43
11 .80
10.27
11 .54
18.27
15.78
24.56
19.71
14.94
15.25
12.97
18.64
12.26
11.56
10.05
11.48
17.93
15.70
24.78
19.47
14.70
15.22
12.98
19.32
12.35
11 .70
10.08
11 .43
17.91
15.62
24.06
19.61
14.75
12.39
11 .75
10.24
11 .59
18.02
15.81
24.28
19.75
14.89
15.60
15.59
15.62
15.64
15.54
15.63
15.62
14.88
18.03
12.34
16.59
26.14
21 .83
14.86
17.99
12.35
16.57
25.98
21 .67
14.86
17.91
12.35
16.60
26.34
21 .68
14.94
18.06
12.42
16.60
26.52
21 .92
14.93
18.06
12.40
16.60
26.54
21 .93
14.87
18.01
12.33
16.66
26.24
21 .83
14.99
18.19
12.41
16.83
26.87
22 .02
14.93
18.15
12.35
16.82
26.56
22 .1 0
17.67
17.83
17.73
17.76
17.86
17.95
17.80
17.94
17.94
17.62
17.73
18.06
17.91
17.83
17.86
18.02
17.84
17.94
17.91
16.76
Professional and business
services .. .. ................................ ... .
Education and health
services ..... ................. .......... ..... ..
15.64
16.16
16.20
16.30
16.30
16.33
16.44
16.47
16.46
16.51
16.53
16.55
16.59
16.78
Leisure and hospitality ....... .............
8.76
8.91
8.81
8.94
9.02
9.06
9.11
9.11
9.09
9.07
9.07
9.08
9.02
8.99
9.02
Other services ...................................
13.84
13.98
13.93
14.06
14.06
14.12
14.17
14.23
14.23
14.18
14.19
14.25
14.15
14.15
14.19
1
Data relate to production workers in natural resources and mining and
manufacturing , construction workers in construction, and nonsupervisory workers in
the service-providing industries.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
NOTE:
See "Notes on the data" for a description of the mosl recent benchmarl
revision.
p = preliminary.
Monthly Labor Review
October 2005
97
Current Labor Statistics:
Labor Force Data
1
16. Average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry
Industry
2004
2003
2005
2004
Annual average
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July'
Aug.P
$537.94
540.80
$543.42
540.21
$539.79
541 .56
$542.49
543.92
$545.70
544 .59
$528.56
$535.57
530.44
$530.54
533.03
$534.72
534.38
$532.22
533.13
$536 .74
534.15
$537.60
535.83
$534.66
536.17
$534.33
537.52
669 .13
688.03
696 .38
690.78
697.34
694.80
702.43
683.75
683.20
689.59
697.45
702.15
705.91
700 .31
Natural resources
and mining ... .... .. .. •·······•• •·· •··· 765.94
Construction. .......... .. .. .. ...... .... 726.83
804.03
804 .16
796.07
820.38
824.91
836.24
833.85
822 .87
826.20
847.62
854.68
849.56
735.70
755.80
730.19
753.49
739.17
737 .64
703.62
712.32
727.65
748.85
750.77
759.30
851.76
758.93
Manufacturing........................ . 635.99
658.53
660.94
663.81
661.78
665.86
678.15
666.65
663.77
662.96
662.94
666.60
669.06
658.35
671.21
694 .16
695.49
697.75
699.58
702.05
718.07
703.15
703.48
701 .84
700.04
705.12
708.07
693.97
514.10
664.92
767 .60
610.37
664.79
529.46
688.05
799.77
628.80
699 .51
539 .03
700 .04
796 .65
627.60
697.22
521 .66
709.93
808.49
628.00
699.28
526.41
701 .06
801.64
633.66
707.28
526.51
694.19
802.38
634.17
711.07
532.07
688.76
813.75
648.54
727.17
527.83
665.44
815.77
637.55
718.67
511 .17
667.44
807.54
637.77
716 .54
512.60
669.11
806.68
634.17
718.24
516.01
697.22
799.00
634.17
713.16
528.00
698.02
799.85
638.93
710.22
525.01
708.12
801 .05
640.21
713.56
521 .93
703.46
801.59
638.76
711 .36
I
I
674 .72
698.28
700.41
700.95
704.30
706.00
723.97
716.19
712.58
711.00
719.44
734.31
728.64
739.21
•
I
583.23
889.48
606.64
912.97
613.63
909 .03
603.20
926 .79
614 .04
923.47
613.06
926.79
616.90
962.18
605.81
926.37
601.46
933.73
602.49
921.65
599.79
914.76
601.60
918.96
605.51
931 .53
613.85
870.75
505.30
519.78
529 .87
519.53
516.20
523.63
546.48
528.75
522.93
526.78
526.29
520.13
532.46
525.50
510.82
533.47
534.38
530 .86
534.53
536.06
545.14
543.10
543.35
547.95
543.98
545.53
544.36
537.23
Nondurable goods....................... 582 .61
Food manufacturing..... ... .......... 502 .92
Beverages and tobacco
products.................................. 702.45
Textile mills .... ...................... 469 .33
Textile product mills............. ... 444 .70
Apparel ... .......... ...... ... .. ........ 340 .12
Leather and allied products.. ..... 457.83
Paper and paper products....... 719 .73
Printinq and related
supportactivities ..... .. ... ...... .. 587.58
602.48
606.22
610.72
602.89
607.92
612 .96
608.08
600.73
601 .52
601 .19
606.62
606.22
603.26
509.66
514 .80
520.98
508.54
515.70
513.38
505.81
505.81
497.36
497.13
505.95
508.56
504.65
750.51
486.69
443.01
351 .28
446.73
753.89
761.29
489.24
442.34
352.84
441 .13
756.75
762.97
488.78
444 .66
352.52
430.03
772.10
734.59
481.98
447.66
357.92
445.83
756 .65
731.32
483.60
448.45
360.00
445.05
768.83
737.74
491 .23
451.49
364.00
437.38
775.20
735.76
498.13
445.61
361.34
429.20
768.60
738.54
485.10
450.02
363.78
425.97
744.76
757.60
494.08
457.78
363.81
431.65
745.89
792.12
495.24
451.62
361.87
436.63
750.43
750.29
502.61
444 .29
355.21
439.67
760.02
755.08
501 .74
445.03
359.00
446.59
763.52
761 .20
488.50
446.04
358.42
443.14
763.69
604.32
611 .38
612.86
614.08
618.08
616.20
607.15
604.76
604.45
593.56
593.22
593.51
599.64
1,094.83
819.59
1,096.68
821 .55
1,119.35
830.09
1,097.28
825.35
1,131 .72
830.09
1,099.15
844.33
1,096.43
835.46
1,100.93
817 .24
1,105.19
821 .63
1,085.11
827.54
1,119.94
831. 76
1,115.83
825.16
1,117.48
815.99
589.70
590.80
591.48
583.46
578.83
596 .30
592.40
586.00
585.06
585.58
590.74
591.83
578.18
:• •'
493.67
499.22
495.81
498.96
496.85
500.90
507.38
502.32
500.44
504.53
509.86
503.50
509.54
,.
488.58
495.72
493.58
492.12
488.51
490 .90
494.02
493.35
493.35
497.50
501 .65
498.15
503.66
666.93
371 .15
673.61
377.79
665.90
377.29
669.18
373.62
671.81
368.45
670 .13
375.10
681.53
372.67
674.25
374.21
671 .63
374.21
679.06
377.57
686 .28
380.68
677.18
379 .76
682.13
383.47
622 .13
1,066.82
622 .66
1,061.21
787.35
787.71
TOTAL PRIVATE ... ............ ..... $51 7.30
Seasonally adjusted..........
GOODS-PRODUCING....... ... ..... .
Durable goods........................
Wood products ....................... ..
Nonmetallic mineral products.. ..
Primary metals......... ... ..........
Fabricated metal products.........
Machinery ................... .........
Computer and electronic
products..................................
Electrical equipment and
appliances................ ...............
Transportation equipment....... .
Furniture and related
products ................ ... .... .. ....
Miscellaneous
manufacturing.........................
Petroleum and coal
products ..... ........ ....... ... ..... . 1,052.32
Chemicals............ ......... ... .... 783.95
Plastics and rubber
products..... ..... .... ........... .. .. 872.26
PRIVATE SERVICEPROVIDING... ... ... .......................
483.89
Trade, transportation ,
and utilities............ .... ........ ... 481.14
Wholesale trade.... .... ........... .. ... 657.29
Retail trade...................... ...... 367.15
Transportation and
warehousing ...... .... ........ ...... . 598.41
Utilities....... ...... ....... ... ...... ..... 1,017.27
614 .90
1,048.82
Information..... ........ .... .. .... .... .. 760 .81
777.42
617.47
628 .24
1,032.15 1,074.44
788.62
786 .63
620.47
625.44
1,053.00 1,066.51
791 .34
798.98
612.54
610.88
608.12
1,052.19 1,056.23 1,087.32
786.62
782.65
793.50
616.42
617 .52
1,088.14 1,083.71
624.39
1,104.36
804.83
794.61
803.73
645.84
Financial activities........ .... .. ..... 609.08
622 .99
635.00
620.22
627.64
625.16
627.29
649.01
632.96
632.26
637.60
655.18
639.02
Professional and
business services. ..... ............
587.02
596 .96
607.25
593.98
599.87
602.60
604.59
614.04
607.15
604.44
609.03
621.69
610.13
613.55
Education and
health services................ ......
505.69
523.83
531.36
528.12
528.12
529.09
534.30
541 .86
534.95
534.92
535.57
541.19
539 .18
548.71
Leisure and hospitality......... ...
224 .30
228.63
234 .35
226.18
230.91
229.22
231 .39
230.48
231.80
230.38
231.29
236.08
235.42
238.24
435.33
438.47
441.75
438.65
440.07
Other services........................
434 .41
433.04
436.01
433.05
434.45
Data relate to production workers in natural resource s and mining and manufacturing ,
construction workers in construction , and nonsupervisory workers in the serviceproviding industries.
98
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October 2005
434.90
436.44
439.71
438.28
NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision.
Dash indicates data not available.
p = preliminary.
..
;•
I
•
..
1:
.: •'
..
..
I
I•
•
•: I •
••I .
•'" I
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
17. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted
[In percent]
Timespan and year
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug. Sept.
Oct. ! Nov.
Dec.
Private nonfarm payrolls, 278 industries
Over 1-month span:
2001 ............................................. .
2002 ........ ..................................... .
2003 ........ ..................................... .
2004 ....................................... ...... .
2005 ................. ............ .. ...... .
Over 3-month span:
2001 .......................... .. .. ...... ........ ..
2002 .................. ........................... .
2003 .... .. ................................... .. .. .
2004 ............................................. .
2005 .................................... .
Over 6-month span:
2001 ............................................. .
2002 ............................... ... . ..........
2003 .................................. .
2004 ... ..................................... ... .
2005 ....... ...... ...... .... .
49.5
41 .0
44.4
50 .9
54.1
47.7
35.6
38.7
53.4
61 .2
48.6
39.7
35.3
66.0
53.1
32.7
39.2
41 .4
67.3
61 .7
42.4
40.5
39.4
64.6
57.4
53.2
35.3
49.8
37.9
49.8
36.5
42.3
34.2
38.1
34.4
38.3
52.5
58.5
35.4
53.8
60 .3
33.3
56.7
63.7
33.5
69.4
62.4
36.5
75.4
59.4
39.4
41 .7
71 .2
64.2
53.1
29.5
50.9
29.9
52 .0
32.0
45.5
31 .7
43.0
30.9
32.7
47.3
60.3
32 .2
50.4
62.8
31 .3
54.9
63.7
31.3
62 .6
59.5
33.6
34.5
40.3
61.2
59.5 1
31 .7
31 .5
42 .1
64.7
53.4
30 .2
32.9
44.8
64.2
40.8
47.7
36.7
42 .8
39.0
43.0
39.9
59.7
54.7
42.1
55.4
61 .5
39.4
53.8
57.2
34.2
37.8
40.6
37.6
44.1
37.8
63.5
61.3
37.4
56.8
62.8
39.7
37.4
38.5
37.1
33.6
38.7
62.2
33.1
64.4
62.6
37 6
69.6
63.1
33.6
67.3
64.0
32.2
68.9
64.7
49.3 1
30.4
33.5
48.7
65.8
48.6
30.2
34.2
52.0
63.8
45.0
29.1
43.3
32.0
43.9
31.3
35.1
56.7
60.4
32.7
57.4
62.8
33.1
57.6
65.3
37 .6
42 .1
50 .4
57.6
33.6
39.(J
48.9
58.6
36.9
41 .5
50.0
54.7
37.1
35.1
50.5
54.3
34.7
37.8
43.2
57.4
35 .4
37.1
46.4
59.9
30.8
35.8
48.6
59.7
32.0
36.7
50.2
56.3
33.5
35.3
40 .3
64.6
34.2
36.0
43.7
62.2
33.6
37.9
46.4
59.7
30.9
35.1
49.3
55.9
39.9
30.0
37.1
60.3
37.8
29.5
36.7
62.1
37.1
32.9
37.2
64.6
34.9
34.7
39.2
64.0
Over 12-month span:
2001 ... .. ......... ....... ... ········ ·· ··· ········
2002 .... .. ........ .......... ···· ······· ··········
2003 .... .. ................. .. .................... .
2004 ............................................. .
2005 ....................... ... ...... .... . .
Manufacturing payrolls, 84 industries
Over 1-month span:
2001 ......... .. .................................. .
2002 ...................... ....................... .
2003 ................................ ............. .
2004 .... ................................... .. .... .
2005 .. ......... ...... .. .......... ........ .
22 .0
17.3
22.0
17.9
16.1
22 .6
13.1
15.5
18.5
19.0
35.1
39.3
42 .3
19.6
19.0
49.4
44.6
22.0
19.0
50.0
41 .1
32.1
11 .9
65.5
47.6
26.2
19.6
60.1
44.0
31 .0
20 .8
51.8
33.9
35.7
22.6
60.7
52.4
23.2
24.4
48.8
45.8
28.6
32.7
42.9
Over 3-month span :
2001 ................................. ........... ..
2002 .. .. .. .......... .................. ........... .
2003 ......... .................................... .
2004 ......... .. .................... .......... .. ...
2005 ............... ................. ... .. .
32.7
10.7
16.1
42.3
45.2
20.8
11 .9
14.3
43 .5
42.9
16.7
11 .3
12.5
42.9
52.4
14.3
17.9
8.9
58.3
46.4
14.3
14.9
10.7
69.0
41.7
11.9
11.9
9.5
20.2
10.7
69.6
38.7
25.6
14.3
62.5
42.3
23.8
15.5
53.6
43.5
Over 6-month span :
2001 ............................................. .
2002 ...... .. .......... ....... ....... ............. .
2003 ......................... .................... .
2004 ............................................. .
2005 ......................... ... ... .... .. .
22.6
6.0
12.5
27.4
43.5
24.4
8.3
10.1
29.8
44.0
21.4
8.3
7.1
33.3
42 .3
19.6
9.5
8.3
47.0
39.3
14.3
7.1
11 .3
52.4
38.7
11 .9
13.1
13.1
12.5
11 .3
11.3
10.7
57 .1
36.9
4.8
60.1
36.9
10.1
58.9
38.1
Over 12-month span:
2001 ........ ................ .... .
2002 .............. .............. ..... .. .. .... .. .
2003 ............... .. .............. .. .......... .. .
2004 ... .. .........................................
2005 .. ......................... .................. .
29.8
7.1
10.7
13.1
45.2
32.1
6.0
6.0
14.3
45.8
20 .8
6.0
6.5
13.1
47.6
19.0
6.5
6.0
19.0
44.6
13.1
7.1
8.3
25.6
42.3
12.5
3.6
10.7
4.8
11 .9
6.0
7.1
34.5
39.3
7.1
43.5
39.3
8.3
40.5
33.3
NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment
increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged
employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance
between industries with increasing and decreasing
employment.
17.3 1
14.9
11.9
35.1
42.3
1551
18.5
39.9
46.4
16.7
42.9
44.6
7.7
20.2
18.5
52.4
12.5
13.7
27.4
44.6
11 .3
8.9
31.5
45.2
9.5
9.5
35.1
35.7
10.7
14.3
13.1
58.9
7.1
8.3
16.7
50.6
7.7
8.3
19.6
45.2
5.4
7.7
26.8
42.9
11.9
4.8
10.7
45.8
10.1
7.1
10.7
48.2
8.3
4.8
9.5
49.4
6.0
8.3
10.7
46.4
See the "Definitions" in this section. See "Notes on the data"
for a description of the most recent benchmark revision.
Data for the two most recent months are preliminary.
Monthly Labor Review
October 2005
99
Current Labor Statistics:
Labor Force Data
18. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted
1
Levels (in thousands)
Feb.
Total 2 . • .• •• .•. • . •..••.•.•••.. . ...••..•••....•... . •.•..•••
Percent
2005
2005
Industry and region
Mar.
July
June
May
Apr.
Feb.
Aug.P
Mar.
July
June
May
Apr.
Aug.P
3,416
3,647
3,588
3,549
2.6
2.6
2. 6
2.5
2.7
2.6
2.6
3,569
3,598
3,576
Total private 2 •. • ••••• • •••••••• •. • • • ... • . • . • . •.• . • ..
3,160
3,212
3,178
3,050
3,239
3.204
3,173
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.8
2.8
2.8
Construdion ...... .. .... .. .. ....... ....... ....
133
170
113
107
104
128
133
1.8
2.3
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.7
1.8
Manufacturing ........ ........ .. .. .... ..... ...
252
258
259
240
269
287
275
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.8
2.0
1.9
Trade, transportation, and utilities .......
668
624
627
597
624
600
601
2. 5
2.4
2. 4
2.3
2.4
2.3
2.3
Professional and business services ... .
607
646
691
659
686
666
633
3.5
3.7
3.9
3.8
3.9
3.8
3.6
Education and health services .. ... ... ...
602
616
608
611
609
607
622
3.4
3.5
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.5
Leisure and hospitality ..... ................
447
440
457
440
517
439
428
3.4
3.4
3.5
3.3
3.9
3.3
3.2
Government. .... ... .. .. ......... ....... ........ ...
404
383
396
378
394
388
379
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.7
Industry
Region'
Northeast. ....... .......... ············· ······
606
615
602
563
634
610
607
2.3
2.4
2. 3
2.2
2.4
2.3
2.3
South ...... ........... ..... ...... ... ............
1,399
1,447
1,414
1,303
1,333
1,343
1,366
2.9
3.0
2. 9
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.8
Midwest. .. ..... ........ ......... ... ..... .. ... ...
745
737
742
786
781
764
720
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.2
West. ...... .. ... ......... ..... .. ... .... .. ... ....
823
806
818
799
869
832
862
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.9
2.8
2.9
Indiana,
Illinois.
Midwest:
West Virginia;
Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal
Kansas.
Iowa,
Michigan , Minnesota,
Missouri, Nebraska. North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota. Wisconsin ; West: Alaska, Arizona.
adjustment of the various series.
California. Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho. Montana. Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon , Utah ,
Includes natural resources and mining, information, financial activities, and other
Washington , Wyoming .
services, not shown separately.
NOTE: The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of
Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey,
the month; the job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of
New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas,
the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings.
Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland,
P
Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia,
= preliminary.
19. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted
1
Percent
Levels (in thousands)
Feb.
2
2005
2005
Industry and region
Mar.
Apr.
May
July
June
Aug.P
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.P
4,760
4,841
4,538
4,740
4,694
4,649
4,654
3.6
3.6
3.4
3.6
3.5
3.5
3.5
Total private 2 ... . . . .. . ...... . . . ............. ... ....
4,430
4,497
4,212
4,398
4,365
4,342
4,341
4.0
4.0
3.8
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
Construction ..... .... .. ... .. ...... ...... ......
430
414
412
420
393
381
427
6.0
5.8
5.7
5.8
5.4
5.3
5.9
Manufacturing .... ........ ........ ............
336
334
319
342
347
345
350
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.5
TotaI
... • . • .... ••. . . . • . •.•. . .• . . • •••.... . •.•.• • •...•.••••
Industry
1,055
1,047
1,042
1,030
1,045
990
1,046
4.1
4.1
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.8
4.0
Professional and business services ....
853
895
792
887
835
832
783
5.1
5.3
4.7
5.3
4.9
4.9
4.6
Education and health services .... .... ...
500
472
487
466
457
453
463
2.9
2.7
2.8
2. 7
2.6
2.6
2.7
Leisure and hospitality ....... ..............
771
798
742
750
877
834
798
6.1
6.3
5.8
5.9
6.9
6.5
6.2
Government. ..................... .................
329
336
329
339
337
330
332
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.5
Trade, transportation, and utilities ...... .
Region'
Northeast. ........ ..... .. .... ... ... ... ...... ...
820
856
825
764
794
772
779
3.2
3.4
3.3
3.0
3.1
3.0
3.1
South ... ..... ..... ....... .. ....... ............ ..
1,867
1,922
1,701
1,816
1,786
1,689
1,766
4.0
4.1
3.6
3.8
3.8
3.6
3.7
Midwest. ...... .... ..... ..... ....... ....... .....
1,081
1,034
1,020
1,129
1,054
1,045
936
3.5
3.3
3.3
3.6
3.4
3.3
3.0
West. ..... ..... ... .. .......... ... .. .... .... ... ..
1,069
1,036
1,037
1,048
1,070
1,081
1,158
3.7
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.7
3.7
3.9
Midwest:
Illinois,
Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal
Indiana,
Iowa,
Kansas,
Michigan , Minnesota, Missouri ,
adjustment of the various series.
Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin ; West: Alaska, Arizona,
2
California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah,
Includes natural resources and mining, information, financial activities, and other
Washington , Wyoming.
services. not shown separately.
3
Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts. New Hampshire, New Jersey, New
York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware,
NOTE: The hires level is the number of hires during the entire month; the hires rate is
District of Columbia, Florida. Georgia. Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi,
the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia;
100
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October 2005
P
= oreliminarv.
20. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted
1
Levels (in thousands)
Industry and region
Percent
2005
Feb.
Total 2 •• ............................. ............ ...... ..
Mar.
Apr.
May
2005
June
July
Aug.P
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.P
4,295
4,502
4,562
4,504
4,477
4,270
4,457
Total private 2 • • • • ••••• • ••••••••••••••••• • ... .....
4,035
4,237
4,306
4,256
4,223
4,007
4,202
3.6
3.8
3.9
3.8
3.8
Construction .................. ................
3.6
3.7
3
303
421
408
380
370
436
5.7
4.2
5.8
5.6
5.3
5.1
6.0
3.2
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.2
3.3
Industry
Manufacturing .......................... ..... .
341
360
369
369
350
361
377
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.6
2.4
2.5
Tiade, transportation, and utilities .......
2.6
940
980
1,018
989
980
948
1,048
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.8
3.8
3.7
Professional and business services ... .
Education and health services ...........
4.0
772
924
869
851
818
747
634
4.6
5.5
5.2
5.1
4.8
4.4
3.7
389
445
433
405
401
391
414
2.3
2.6
2.5
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.4
Leisure and hospitality .....................
790
743
709
750
803
750
783
6.3
5.9
5.6
Government. . ........ .. ................ .... .. .
5.9
6.3
5.9
6.1
260
267
256
254
254
2S7
263
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
2.8
Region 3
Northeast. ..... ..... ..... .... ....... .. ....... .
South .. .. ... ... ... ..... .......... ... .. ..........
732
802
807
714
761
715
718
2.9
3.2
3.2
2.8
3.0
2.8
1,647
1,763
1,766
1,743
1,653
1,567
1,653
3.5
3.7
3.7
3.7
Midwest. ... ... .... .. .... ........ .... .. ... .... ..
3.5
3.3
3.5
937
1,051
982
976
946
1,011
1,018
3.0
3.4
3.1
3.1
3.0
3.2
3.2
West. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... ... ............... .... ..
961
926
1,006
1,034
1,062
1,001
1,086
3.3
3.2
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.4
3.7
' Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment Midwest: Illinois, Indiana,
Iowa,
Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska,
North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wiscon sin; West: Alaska. Arizona, California,
2
Includes natural resources and mining, information, financial activities, and other Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho,
Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington,
services, not shown separately.
Wyoming.
of the various series.
3
Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New
York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, NOTE: The total separations
level is the number of total separations during the entire
District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi , month; the total separations
rate is the number of total separations during the entire
North Carolina, Oklahoma. South Carolina, Tennessee , Texas, Virginia. West Virginia;
month as a percent of total employment.
p = preliminary.
21. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted
1
Levels (in thousands)
Industry and region
Feb.
Total 2 ••.•••• • •••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••
Percent
2005
Mar.
Apr.
May
2005
June
July
Aug.P
Feb.
Mar.
2,307
2,516
2,520
2,514
2,575
2,474
2,590
..
2,192
2,383
2,395
2,391
2,348
2,351
2,461
2.0
2.1
... .
139
150
146
168
139
140
211
2.0
2.1
·· ···· ·· ··
1.7
1.9
Apr.
1.9
May
June
July
Aug.P
1.9
1.9
1.8
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.0
2.3
1.9
1.9
2.9
1.9
Industry
Total private 2 ......... ..... .. ... .. .. .......
Construction ....................... .. ... .
'
Manufacturing .......................... ......
181
186
178
183
190
189
191
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities. .....
Professional and business services ....
1.3
1.3
512
583
577
589
588
577
626
2.0
2.3
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.4
2.1
410
424
417
420
386
353
350
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.5
Education and health services ...........
Leisure and hospitality ... ..... ....... ... ...
2.3
2.1
259
280
277
249
256
271
271
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.6
474
458
506
488
510
525
519
3.8
3.6
4.0
3.8
Government. .... .. ............... ............ .....
4.0
4.1
4.0
117
124
125
123
124
125
130
.5
.6
.6
.6
.6
.6
.6
Reglon 3
Northeast.. ..... .... .. ..... .. ···· · ··· ······ ···
South ........... ...... .. .... ... .... ... ..........
1
340
410
446
373
350
381
401
1.3
1.6
1.8
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.6
914
1,003
99:?
1,020
960
964
1,038
1.9
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.0
2.0
2.2
Midwest. .............. ..... .... ............ ....
509
561
540
554
542
548
547
1.6
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.7
West. ...... .......................... . ........ ..
550
562
573
562
653
577
597
1.9
1.9
2.0
1.9
2.2
2.0
2.0
Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment
of the various series.
Includes natural resources and mining, information, financial activities, and other
services, not shown separately.
3
Northeast: Connecticut, Maine. Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New
York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware,
District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi,
North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia;
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan , Minnesota, Missouri ,
Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,
California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon,
Utah, Washington , Wyoming.
NOTE: The quits level is the number of quits during the entire month; the quits
rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total
employment.
P
= preliminary.
Monthly Labor Review
October 2005
101
Current Labor Statistics:
Labor Force Data
22. Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages: 10 largest counties, fourth quarter 2003.
County by NAICS supersector
Establishments,
fourth quarter
2003
(thousands)
Average weekly wage 1
Employment
December
2003
(thousands)
Percent change,
December
Fourth
quarter
Percent change,
fourth quarter
2002-03 2
2003
2002-03 2
United States 3 .......................... ... ................................................ .
Private industry .. ............ ................................ ... ... ........ .. ........ ..
Natural resources and mining ............................................ ..
Construction ......... ........................... .................................... .
Manufacturing .................. .. .................. ... ........... ..... ...... ...... .
Trade, transportation, and utilities ............... .... ................ .... .
Information ... .. ............ .. .. ..................................................... .
Financial activities ............. ................................. ................. .
Professional and business services .................................... .
Education and health services ............................................ .
Leisure and hospitality ................ ...... ..................... ..... ....... .
Other services ....... ....................................... .. ... ... ................
Government ................................................... ........ ............. .... .
8,314. 1
8,048.7
123.7
804.9
376.8
1,853.6
1452
167.0
1,229.4
732.2
669.9
1,080.6
265.3
129,341 .5
108,215.1
1,557.8
6,689.5
14,307.8
25,957.3
3,165.9
7,874.7
16,113.2
15,974.0
12,042 .8
4,274.1
21,126.3
0.0
.0
.1
1.2
-4.2
-.3
-4.0
1.2
.6
2.1
1.7
-.1
-.2
$767
769
703
837
943
665
1,139
1,138
945
731
335
494
757
Los Angeles, CA ......................................................................... .
Private industry .................... .... .. ... ............. ... .. ... .. .... ... .......... .. .
Natural resources and mining ....... ... ... ................. .. ..............
Construction ...... ...................................... ... ... .. ... ................. .
Manufacturing .. .. ........................ .. ........ ........... ... ..... .. ... .. ......
T,?.de. transportation, and utilities ....................................... .
Information ............... ......... .... ............................................. ..
Financial activities ............................................................... .
Professional and business services ......... .......................... ..
Education and health services ............ .................... ............ .
Leisure and hospitality .. ... ...... ... .. ................ .......... ......... ..... .
Other services ................................................. ............. .. ..... .
Government ............ .................. ...... ......................... .............. ..
356.0
352.2
.6
12.9
17.8
53.9
9.2
23.0
40.1
26.6
25.6
142.1
3.8
4,075.3
3,486.3
11 0
133.9
485.2
794.6
194.9
237.9
575.0
456.5
375.9
220.7
589.0
-.5
-.2
.7
-1.1
-7.1
-1.2
-2.0
.9
1.6
1.9
5.6
3.5
-2.3
903
898
955
883
900
735
1,627
1,258
1,043
820
766
422
930
Cook, IL ................................. ...................................................... .
Private industry ....................................................................... .
Natural resources and mining ............... ...... .... .. .......... .. .. .... .
Construction ............................................... ,........................ .
Manufacturing .............. .............................. ......................... .
Trade, transportation, and utilities .. ....................... .. ........ .. ...
Information .......................... ................................................ .
Financial activities ....... ....................... .......... ....................... .
Professional and business services ....... ... .......................... .
Education and health services ..................................... .
Leisure and hospitality ........................... ............................. .
Other services ............................................... ............. .. ...... .
Government .. .. ................. ................... ............ .. .......... ............ .
126.7
125.5
.1
10.5
7.9
26.7
2.5
13.8
26.1
12.3
10.5
12.6
1.2
2,539.8
2,221 .9
1.3
96.7
265.7
499.4
66.1
219.4
405.5
350.8
217.7
95.1
317.9
-1.2
-.9
-3.6
.0
-5.1
-.8
-4.1
-.8
-1.3
1.0
2.8
-2.0
-3.1
922
929
1,037
1,169
975
753
1,164
1,471
1,206
791
375
655
871
3.0
3.2
3.2
-.8
6.3
.4
.1
8.1
New York, NY .............................................. ........................ ... .. ... .
Private industry ... ........ ......... .................. .......... .................. ..... .
Natural resources and mining .................... ....................... .. .
Construction ................ ...... ................................................. .
Manufacturing .......... .. .................... .. ................................... .
Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................
Information ............................. .......... ............. .............. .. ...... .
Financial activities ................. ......... ..... ................................ .
Professional and business services ............ ........................ .
Education and health services .................... ........... ............. .
Leisure and hospitality ................................ ..... ..... ... ........... .
Other services ..... .. ............. ............ ..................... ................ .
Government ............ .. ....................... ....................................... .
111 .9
111.7
.0
2.2
3.5
22.1
4.3
16.7
22.6
7.8
10.1
16.0
.2
2,253.6
1,800.4
.1
30.0
46.6
247.6
130.6
352.0
439.7
273.8
188.2
82.9
453.2
-1 .0
-.6
.0
-4.5
-4.9
-1 .2
-5.1
-2.0
.5
2.4
.4
-1 .1
-2.2
1,480
1,623
1,197
1,567
1,290
1,164
1,751
3,034
1,702
918
787
871
912
7.2
8.1
-6.5
3.4
6.4
5.5
7.9
16.1
2.6
7.6
6.1
6.1
.1
Harris, TX ...... ... ... .............. .......... .. ....... ... .................................... .
Private industry ......................... .. .. .................................. ..... .. . .
i,aiural resources and mining .. .. ......... ..................... ........... .
Construction .... .............................................. ............... .. ... .. .
Manufacturing ................. .. ....... ........................................... .
Trade, transportation, and utilities ... ............. ......... ... ....... ... . .
Information .. ....... ...................... ........... ... .. .. ......... ................ .
Financial activities .................................. ............... .............. .
Professional and business services ............ .. ...................... .
Education and health services ............................................ .
Leisure and hospitality ... ...................................... ............... .
Other services .. .......... ........... .... .......................................... .
Government ............................... ......... ..................... .............. . .
89.4
89.0
1.2
6.3
4.7
21.1
1.4
9.7
17.0
8.8
6.5
10.3
.4
1,841.5
1,595.2
62.5
135.5
164.0
403.2
33.8
113.1
279.0
188.3
155.2
56.3
246.3
-.9
-1.2
8.7
-5.0
-4.9
-2 .1
-3.9
1.7
-1.7
1.5
.7
-3.1
1.1
906
929
2,185
919
1,106
821
1,098
1,181
1,073
812
335
539
759
2.1
2.1
-.9
2.6
2.3
1.0
.4
4.9
3.2
1.8
-.9
.4
3.1
Maricopa, AZ .......... ...... .. ... ......................................................... ..
Private industry ............................................................... ........ .
Natural resources and mining ................................ ............. .
Construction ......................................................... .. ............. .
Manufacturing .............................................. ....................... .
Trade, transportation, and utilities ......... ... .. .............. ... .... .. .. .
Information ............................................................... ........... .
Financial activities ..... .......... .. .............................................. .
Professional and business services ... ................................ ..
Education and health services .......................................... .. .
Leisure and hospitality ....................................................... ..
Other services .. ........ .. ............. .. .......................................... .
Government ........ .. ............... ... ............ ................. ......... .......... .
80.9
80.5
.5
8.4
3.3
18.6
1.6
9.5
18.1
7.6
5.6
5.7
.5
1,621 .2
1,401.8
9.8
131 .7
128.0
336.4
36.6
133.3
261.5
160.5
155.8
44.7
219.4
(4)
2.2
-2.6
5.9
-2 .5
1.5
-4.1
1.5
4.2
5.6
.8
-2.6
1.6
757
755
545
779
1,050
712
872
933
776
842
364
500
766
4.0
3.9
See footnotes at end of table.
102
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October 2005
3.6
3.9
4.9
2.3
6.7
3.4
3.9
5.9
3.8
3.8
3.4
3.1
2.4
4.2
4.2
16.9
1.7
6.5
2.7
5.2
7.0
3.7
3.9
6.5
5.0
3.3
4.1
3.7
-.3
3.0
.9
4.4
2.1
8.2
3.2
.5
3.7
3.5
5.0
2.8
2.2
3.7
?.2. Continued-Quar terly Census of Employment and Wages: 10 largest counties, fourth quarter 2003.
County by NAICS supersector
Employment
Establishments,
fourth quarter
December
2003
(thousands)
Average weekly wage 1
2003
Percent change,
December
(thousands)
2002-03 2
Fourth
quarter
Percent change,
fourth quarter
2003
2002-03 2
Dallas, TX ........................ ......................................... ... ... ... ... ....... .
Private industry .. ......... .............................................................
Natural resources and mining .... ............... .... .. ...... .............. .
Construction ....... ............................................................... ...
Manufactu ri ng ................... . ................................................ .
Trade, transportation, and utilities ....................................... .
Information ............................................ .............................. .
Financial activities ........................... ................... ........... .. .. .. .
Professional and business services .................................... .
Education and health services ............................................ .
Leisure and hospitality ......... ................... ....... .. ............. ...... .
Other services .................. .. .. .... ... .................... .. .................. .
Government .................. ................ .. ...... ......... .......... .. ..............
68.6
68.2
.5
4.5
3.5
15.8
1.9
8.6
14.0
6.3
5.2
6.7
.4
1,450.8
1,294.6
6.8
73.0
144.9
326.1
64.0
140.0
237.7
131 .4
127.5
40.5
156.2
-1.4
-1.4
-20 .5
-2.2
-3.1
-3.3
-5.1
1.2
.0
2.4
.0
-3.4
-1.8
$952
970
2,680
909
1,075
898
1,272
1,215
1,152
887
432
587
800
4.3
4.8
22.7
5.5
6.8
5.2
8.7
2.9
4.2
2.7
4.3
2. 8
-. 1
Orange, CA ..................................................................................
Private industry ............................ .. ............................... ........ .. .
Natural resources and mining ........................................... .
Construction .... ... .................................... .. ........ ............ ..... .
Manufacturing ....................................... ............................ .. .
Trade, transportation , and utiliti es ..................................... ..
Information .. ............................................. ..... .................... .. .
Financial activities ..................................................... .......... .
Professional and business services .............................. ..... ..
Education and health services ................ .. .......................... .
Leisure and hospitality ........................................................ .
Other services ........ .. .................................................... ...... ..
Government .. ................ ........................ .... .................... .... ..... ..
88.8
87.4
.3
6.4
6.1
17.3
1.5
9.7
17.4
9.1
6.6
12.9
1.4
1,436.6
1,305.5
6.1
85.5
179.9
278.8
33.8
127.8
261.0
126.6
159.9
46.0
131 .1
1.3
2.1
8.3
4.4
-3.0
.6
-4.4
9.9
1.0
6.1
2.5
6.3
-5.7
874
875
579
969
1,036
802
1,152
1,354
942
849
358
518
859
5.3
5.2
.2
5.9
11 .4
2.7
5.3
6.2
2.8
3.7
3.8
3.0
6.0
San Diego, CA .. ............................................... .................... .... ... .
Private industry ............ .... ... .. .................................................. .
Natural resources and mining ........................................ .... ..
Construction .. .... .... ....... ... ........................................ ............ .
Manufacturing ... ................................................................. ..
Trade, transportation, and utilities ....................................... .
Information ................................ ............ ........ ............ ......... . .
Financial activities ... ...... ............ ................................. .. ....... .
Professional and business services .................................... .
Education and health services ........................................... ..
Leisure and hospitality ....................................................... ..
Other services ............... ........ ............. ... ............................ ..
Government ................................ ...................... ...................... .
85.3
83.9
.9
6.4
3.6
14.2
1.4
8.8
14.9
7.6
6.5
19.5
1.3
1,278.2
1,060.2
11 .0
81 .1
105.4
220.4
36.7
81 .6
208.1
122.6
141 .5
51.6
218.0
1.3
1.5
-5.4
4.7
-4.2
2.2
-4.5
4.8
1.5
1.6
3.5
1.8
.1
815
809
491
869
1,129
655
1,582
1,058
989
778
346
449
843
2.6
2.5
1.0
.7
11.5
.9
-2 .0
.4
2.8
5.7
2.4
2.7
2.9
King, WA ... ....................................... ...... ....... .... .. ....................... ..
Private industry ................... ............... ..................................... .
Natural resources and mining ........ ................................ ... .. .
Construction ............................................. ..... ... .... .. .... .. ..... ...
Manufacturing .............................. ........................................
Trade, transportation. and utilities .................. ........... .. ........ .
Information ................................ ......... ... ... ..................... .... .. .
Financial activities .............................. .. ............................... .
Professional and business services .................................... .
Education and health services ............................................ .
Leisure and hospitality ....................... ... .. ............................ .
Other services ............................... ............................ .......... .
Government ......................................................... ........... ....... .
81.6
81 .0
.4
6.2
2.7
14.8
1.5
6.1
11.7
5.9
5.4
26.4
.6
1,100.6
945.5
2.8
53.4
101 .9
225.5
69.2
77.5
158.3
108.3
100.5
48.1
155.1
.2
.1
-11 .3
-.4
-8.2
1.1
.8
2.4
.7
1.5
2.9
1.2
1.0
935
944
1,109
921
1,176
804
1,829
1,114
1,160
746
390
463
882
.2
-.3
.8
1.4
-2 .1
2.6
-15.7
3.5
8.4
4.8
3.7
.4
3.6
Miami-Dade, FL ................................................. .. ..................... .
Private industry ...... ..... ............................................................ .
Natural resources and mining ............................................ ..
Construction ............................................ ... .. ............... ... ... ..
Manufacturing ................... ....... ............... ............................ .
Trade, transportation, and utilities ....... .. .................. .. .. ........ .
Information .......................... ............................ ...... .............. .
Financial activities .. ......................................................... .. .. .
Professional and business services ................................... ..
Education and health services ..................... .................. .. ... .
Leisure and hospitality ..................................... ................... .
Other services ..... .. ........................................ ................... .. ..
Government ...................................................................... ... ... .
80.2
79.9
.5
4.9
2.8
23.2
1.7
8.2
15.9
7.8
5.3
7.5
.3
980.8
827.5
9.9
40.7
49.4
247.2
28.5
65.5
132.0
123.4
92 .8
34.5
153.3
-.5
-.7
-1 .8
.3
-9.8
-1 .7
-3.2
.7
-.2
1.4
2.1
-1.8
.5
765
742
421
788
695
689
990
1,062
948
748
432
450
886
3.5
3.6
1 Average weekly
wages were calculated using unrounded data.
2 Percent changes
were computed from quarterly employment and pay data
adjusted for noneconomic county reclassifications. See Notes on Current Labor
Statistics.
3
Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4 .0
2.7
5.8
4.2
1.7
-1.1
5.2
2.3
9.9
3.0
2.8
Virgin Islands.
4
Data do not meet BLS or State agency disclosure standards.
NOTE: Includes workers covered by Unemployment Insurance (UI) and
Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) programs. Data are
preliminary.
Monthly Labor Review
October 2005
103
Current Labor Statistics:
Labor Force Data
23. Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages: by State, fourth quarter 2003.
State
Establishments,
fourth quarter
2003
(thousands)
Average weekly wage 1
Employment
2003
Percent change,
December
Fourth
quarter
Percent change,
fourth quarter
(thousands)
2002-03
2003
2002-03
December
United States 2 ............................. ......
8,314.1
129,341.5
0.0
$767
3.6
Alabama ......................... .. ................ .
Alaska ................................... ........... .
Arizona ................... ....... .. .. ... ............
Arkansas .............................. .. .......... .
California ....................... ........... ........ .
Colorado .......................................... .
Connecticut ...................................... .
Delaware ...........................................
District of Columbia ...........................
Florida ............................ .................. .
111 .8
20.0
126.9
75.2
1,190.8
160.0
109.1
27.1
30.0
504.1
1,838.1
282.7
2,352.1
1,133.6
14,922.3
2,134.6
1,648.9
408.4
654.8
7,424.5
-.1
1.1
2.2
.5
.0
-1.1
-.7
.5
-.4
.8
657
746
710
587
869
784
992
825
1,238
685
4.0
1.1
3.8
4.1
3.8
2.0
3.8
5.0
3.9
3.8
Georgia .................. .. .................. ...... .
Hawaii ........................... ....... ....... .. ....
Idaho .. ... ..... .. ....... ............................. .
Illinois ................... ......... ......... .......... .
Indiana ....................................... ...... .
Iowa ..................................................
Kansas ............................................. .
245.6
37.4
48.5
325.7
152.1
90.6
82.2
105.7
114.0
47.4
3,845.6
583.0
577 .5
5,738.7
2,852.2
1,418.5
1,298.3
1,740.6
1,870.9
595.8
.2
1.3
.6
-1 .2
-.3
.0
-.9
.3
.5
.7
734
678
579
827
675
626
631
645
628
631
2.8
3.7
1.8
3.2
3.5
4.7
2.8
3.5
2.4
4.6
Montana ........................................ ....
Nebraska ................ .. ........................ .
tJcvada .................................... .. .. .. ... .
New Hampshire ....... ........... ............. .
~:::~i:r:.'..::::::::::::::::: :::::::: ::::::::::::::::
150.4
206.6
251.3
159.0
65.6
165.4
42.0
55.3
60.3
47.0
2,466.4
3,154.6
4,365.8
2,591 .9
1,108.1
2,633.6
396.6
884.4
1,111.2
614.9
.7
-1 .9
-1 .1
-.5
.4
-.7
1.1
.6
4.4
.6
831
954
806
777
559
676
549
613
721
788
3.6
5.2
3.9
3.2
3.7
2.4
4.0
3.2
5.1
4.0
New Jersey .... ... .. ................ .......... .. ..
New Mexico ..................................... .
New York ........................................ ..
North Carolina ........... .. ..................... .
North Dakota ................. ... .. .. .............
Ohio ........................ ......................... .
Oklahoma ....... ... .... ........................ ... .
Oregon ............................................. .
Pennsylvania .... ................................ .
Rhode Island .................................... .
268.1
50.4
550.3
227 .8
24.0
294.2
91 .6
118.8
326.9
34.7
3,912.8
757.1
8 ,379.2
3,759.6
317.6
5,322.4
1,423.4
1,579.8
5,524.5
480 .5
.1
1.4
-.4
-.1
.9
-1.3
.2
-.2
1.2
945
612
959
679
563
713
597
694
750
738
3.4
4.1
5.2
4.5
4.3
3.8
4.2
3.3
4.7
5.1
South Carolina .................... .. ........... .
South Dakota ................................... .
Tennessee .. ..................................... .
Texas ............... ... ........................ ..... .
Utah .............................................. ... .
Vermont ................. ............. .......... ....
Virginia .... .. ............................... .. ...... .
Washington .......................................
West Virginia .......... .. ........................ .
Wisconsin ................................ ....... .. .
108.4
28.1
128.4
505.3
73.9
24.1
202 .6
222.7
47.2
157.6
1,781 .0
365.4
2,648.0
9,300.1
1,066.2
300.7
3,477.5
2,654.7
685.2
2,715.4
.3
.3
.4
-.3
1.2
.3
1.2
1.0
.1
.0
623
559
689
754
630
661
786
759
587
683
3.1
4.1
4.2
3.1
2.3
5.1
5.2
1.3
2.1
4.1
Wyoming .................................... .. .....
22.0
241 .6
1.7
616
4.1
Puerto Rico ...................................... .
Virgin Islands ................................... .
50.2
3.2
1,074.1
42.5
3.5
-.2
450
629
4.7
2.4
~~:i~~:
: : : : : : :::: : : : : : : : : : : : :
Maine .......................... .. ................... .
Maryland .......................................... .
Massachusetts ...... .. ........ .. .. ............. .
Michigan .. ..................................... .. .. .
Minnesota ............ .. ............ .. ....... ......
1
Average weekly wages were calculated using unrounded data.
2
Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico
or the Virgin Islands.
l 04
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October 2005
-.l
NOTE: Includes workers covered by Unemployment Insurance (UI)
and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE)
programs. Data are preliminary.
24. Annual data: Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, by ownership
Year
Average
annual
employment
Average
establishments
Total annual wages
(in thousands)
Average annual wage
per employee
Average
weekly
wage
Total covered (UI and UCFE)
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
................. ........ .. ................ ..... ..
................................................ ..
................................................ ..
............................................... ..
....... .. ........................................ .
............ ..................................... .
............................................... ..
............................. .... ................ .
................................................ ..
............................. .................... .
6,679,934
6,826,677
7,040,677
7,189,168
7,369,473
7,634,018
7,820,860
7,879,116
7,984,529
8,101,872
109,422,571
112,611,287
115,487,841
117,963,132
121,044,432
124, 183,549
127,042,282
129,877,063
129,635,800
128,233,919
$2,884,472,282
3,033,676,678
3,215,921,236
3,414,514,808
3,674,031 ,718
3,967,072,423
4,235,579,204
4,587,708,584
4,695,225,123
4,714,374,741
$26,361
26,939
27,846
28,946
30,353
31,945
33,340
35,323
36,219
36,764
$507
518
536
557
584
614
641
679
697
707
$26,055
26,633
27,567
28,658
30,058
31,676
33,094
35,077
35,943
36,428
$501
512
530
551
578
609
636
675
691
701
$25,934
26,496
27,441
28,582
30,064
31 ,762
33,244
35,337
36,157
36,539
$499
510
528
550
578
611
639
680
695
703
$28,643
29,518
30,497
31,397
32,521
33,605
34,681
36,296
37,814
39,212
$551
568
586
$26,095
26,717
27,552
28,320
29,134
30,251
31,234
32,387
33,521
34,605
$502
514
530
545
560
582
601
623
645
665
$36,940
38,038
38,523
40,414
42,732
43,688
44,287
46,228
48,940
52,050
$710
731
741
777
822
840
852
889
941
1,001
UI covered
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
................................................ ..
................................................. .
.............................................. ..
.. .. ................. ............................ .
................................................. .
.... ... .... ..................................... ..
1999
2000
2001
2002
··· ···· ···· ··· ······· ·· ··············· ··· ······· ··
..................................................
................................................. .
........................... ...................... .
6,632,221
6,778,300
6,990,594
7,137,644
7,317,363
7,586,767
7,771,198
7,828,861
7,933,536
8,051,117
106,351,431
109,588,189
112,539,795
115,081 ,246
118,233,942
121,400,660
124,255,714
127,005,574
126,883,182
125,475,293
$2,771,023,411
2,918,684,128
3,102,353,355
3,298,045,286
3,553,933,885
3,845,494,089
4,112,169,533
4,454,966,824
4,560,511,280
4,570,787,218
Private industry covered
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
................................................. .
................................................ ..
................................................. .
..................... ...... ...................... .
.............. ................................... .
................................................. .
.... .. ....................... .. ........ .......... .
................................................ ..
.... ............................................. .
................................... ... ... ....... ..
6,454,381
6,596,158
6,803,454
6,946,858
7,121,182
7,381,518
7,560,567
7,622,274
7,724,965
7,839,903
I
I
91,202,971
94,146,344
96,894,844
99,268,446
102,175,161
105,082,368
107,619,457
110,015,333
109,304,802
107,577,281
$2,365,301,493
2,494,458,555
2,658,927,216
2,837,334,217
3,071,807,287
3,337,621,699
3,577,738,557
3,887,626,769
3,952,152,155
3,930,767,025
State government covered
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
................................................ ..
........ .............. .... .. .. .. ................. .
................................................. .
................................................. .
................................................. .
.................................. ............... .
................................................ ..
2000 ······················· ·· ·························
2001 ................................................. .
2002 ........................ ..... .................... .
59,185
60,686
60,763
62,146
65,352
67,347
70,538
65,096
64,583
64,447
4,088,075
4,162,944
4,201,836
4,191,726
4,214,451
4,240,779
4,296,673
4,370,160
4,452,237
4,485,071
$117,095,062
122,879,977
128,143,491
131,605,800
137,057,432
142,512,445
149,011,194
158,618,365
168,358,331
175,866,492
604
625
646
667
698
727
754
Local government covered
1993 ................................................ ..
1994 ................................................ ..
1995 ................................................. .
1996 ................................................ ..
1997 ..................................................
1998 .............. .................................. ..
1999 ................................................ ..
2000 ................................................ ..
2001 ................................................. .
2002 ................................................. .
118,626
121,425
126,342
128,640
130,829
137,902
140,093
141,491
143,989
146,767
11,059,500
11,278.080
11,442,238
11,621,074
11,844,330
12,077,513
12,339,584
12,620,081
13,126,143
13,412,941
$288,594,697
301,315,857
315,252,346
329,105,269
345,069,166
365,359,945
385,419,781
408,721,690
440,000,795
464,153,701
Federal Government covered (UCFE)
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
.. ........................... ............ ........ .
................................................ ..
..................................................
................................................ ..
.................. .............................. ..
................................................ ..
................................................ ..
.. ............................................... .
........................... ...................... .
................................................. .
47,714
48,377
50,083
51 ,524
52,110
47,252
49,661
50,256
50,993
50,755
3,071,140
3,023,098
2,948,046
2,881,887
2,810,489
2,782,888
2,786,567
2,871,489
2,752,619
2,758,627
$113,448,871
114,992,550
113,567,881
116,469,523
120,097,833
121,578,334
123,409,672
132,741,760
134,713,843
143,587,523
NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Data reflect the movement of Indian Tribal Council establishments from private industry to
the public sector. See Notes on Current Labor Statistics.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
October 2005
l 05
Current Labor Statistics:
Labor Force Data
25. Annual data: Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, establishment size and employment, private ownership, by
supersector, first quarter 2003
Size of establishments
Industry, establishments, and
employment
Total
Fewer than
5 workers 1
5 to 9
workers
10 to 19
workers
20 to 49
workers
50 to 99
workers
100 to 249
workers
250 to 499
workers
500 to 999
workers
1,000 or
more
workers
Total all industries 2
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ...............................
7,933,974
105,583,548
4,768,812
7,095,128
1,331,834
8,810,097
872,241
11,763,253
597,662
18,025,655
203,030
13,970,194
115,598
17,299,058
28,856
9,864,934
10,454
7,090,739
5,487
11,664,490
Natural resources and mining
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ...............................
124,527
1,526,176
72,088
110,155
23,248
153,629
14,773
198,895
9,226
275,811
2,893
198,122
1,593
241,559
501
171,063
161
108,563
44
68,379
Construction
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ...............................
795,029
6,285,841
523,747
746,296
129,201
846,521
76,215
1,021,722
46,096
1,371,071
12,837
872,274
5,604
823,846
1,006
338,107
262
172,944
61
93,060
Manufacturing
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ...............................
381,159
14,606,928
148,469
252,443
65,027
436,028
57,354
788,581
54,261
1,685,563
25,927
1,815,385
19,813
3,043,444
6,506
2,245,183
2,565
1,732,368
1,237
2,607,933
Trade, transportation, and utilities
Establishments, first quarter .................
Employment, March ·······························
1,851,662
24,683,356
992,180
1,646,304
378,157
2,514,548
239,637
3,204,840
149,960
4,527,709
51,507
3,564,316
31,351
4,661,898
6,681
2,277,121
1,619
1,070,141
570
1,216,479
Information
Establishments, first quarter ··················
Employment, March ...............................
147,062
3,208,667
84,906
112,409
20,744
138,076
16,130
220,618
13,539
416,670
5,920
410,513
3,773
576,674
1,223
418,113
575
399,366
252
516,228
Financial activities
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ...............................
753,064
7,753,717
480,485
788,607
135,759
892,451
76,733
1,017,662
39,003
1,162,498
11,743
801,140
6,195
934,618
1,794
620,183
883
601,549
469
935,009
Professional and busi11ess services
Establishments, first quarter ··················
Employment, March ...............................
1,307,697
15,648,435
887,875
1,230,208
180,458
1,184,745
111,532
1,501,470
73,599
2,232,506
28,471
1,969,466
17,856
2,707,203
5,153
1,762,251
1,919
1,307,870
834
1,752,716
Education and health services
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ...............................
720,207
15,680,834
338,139
629,968
164,622
1,092,329
103,683
1,392,099
65,173
1,955,861
24,086
1,679,708
17,122
2,558,300
3,929
1,337,188
1,761
1,220,921
1,692
3,814,460
Leisure and hospitality
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ········· .. ··"·•·"·""""" '
657,359
11,731,379
260,149
411,192
110,499
744,144
118,140
1,653,470
122,168
3,683,448
34,166
2,285,550
9,718
1,372,780
1,609
545,304
599
404,831
311
630,660
Other services
Establishments, first quarter ..................
Employment, March ·······························
1,057,236
4,243,633
851,231
1,037,360
116;940
761,518
56,238
740,752
24,235
703,957
5,451
371,774
2,561
376,832
454
150,421
109
71,453
17
29,566
1
Includes establishments that reported no workers in March 2003.
2
Includes data for unclassified establishments, not shown separately.
106 Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October 2005
NOTE: Details may not add to totals due to rounding. Data are only produced for
first quarter. Data are preliminary.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
26. Annual data: Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, by
metropolitan area, 2001-02
Average annual wage2
Metropolitan area1
2001
2002
Percent
change,
2001-02
Metropolitan areasJ ............................................................ ..
$37,908
$38,423
1.4
Abilene, TX ............. ... .... .... ............ ..... .......... ..... ................... .
Akron, OH .................................... ... ..... ................................. ..
Albany, GA ........................................................... ................ ..
Albany-Schenectady-Troy , NY ....... .... ..... .................. .. .......... .
Albuquerque, NM ............................................. ............. .... ..... .
Alexandria, LA ..... .............. .. ....... ............................... ... ....... .. .
Allentown-Bethlehem- Easton , PA .. ....... .............
.. .... ..
Altoona, PA ........................... ................................................. .
Amarillo, TX ......................................................................... ..
Anchorage , AK ...................................... ....... ........................ ..
25,141
32,930
28,877
35,355
31,667
26,296
33,569
26,869
27,422
37,998
25,517
34,037
29,913
35,994
32,475
27,300
34,789
27,360
28,274
39,112
1.5
3.4
3.6
1.8
2.6
3.8
3.6
1.8
3.1
2.9
Ann Arbor, Ml ............................................... .................... ..... .
Anniston , AL .......................... ....................... .... ......................
Appleton-Oshkosh-Neenah, WI ............................................. .
Asheville, NC ......................................................................... .
Athens, GA ............................................................................ .
Atlanta, GA ... ... ...................................................................... .
Atlantic-Cape May, NJ ...... .... ............ .. ... .............. ... ...... .... .. .. ..
Auburn-Opelika, AL ................................................................
Augusta-Aiken , GA-SC ......................................................... ..
Austin-San Marcos, TX ................. ..... ................. .. ....... .
37,582
26,486
32,652
28,511
28,966
40,559
31,268
25,753
30,626
40,831
39,220
27,547
33,020
28,771
29,942
41,123
32,201
26,405
31,743
39,540
4.4
4.0
1.1
3.4
1.4
3.0
2.5
3.6
-3.2
Bakersfield, CA ..................... ..... ....... .... ... .............................. .
Baltimore, MD .............. ..... ... .... .............................................. .
Bangor, ME ............................................................................ .
Barm,table-Yarmouth, MA ..................................................... .
Baton Rouge, LA ............... .. ... .......... .............. ... .................... .
Beaumont-Port Arthur , TX ... .... ............ .... ......... .. ........... ...... .. .
Bellingham , WA .................................................................... ..
Benton Harbor, Ml ................................................................ ..
Bergen-Passaic, NJ ....................... .. ... .. .... .. .... ....................... .
Billings, MT ............................................................................ .
30,106
37,495
27,850
31,025
30,321
31,798
27,724
31,140
44,701
27,889
31,192
38,718
28,446
32,028
31,366
32,577
28,284
32,627
45,185
28,553
3.6
3.3
2.1
3.2
3.4
2.4
2.0
4.8
1.1
2.4
Biloxi-Gulfport-Pascagoula, MS ... .... .... ......... .. .... ..
Binghamton, NY .......................................... ... ....... ...... .. ..... ... .
Birmingham, AL ............. ........................................... ............. .
Bismarck, ND .................................................................. ..
Bloomington, IN ....................... .... .. ...................................... ...
Bloomington-Normal , IL ......................................................... .
Boise City, ID ....................... .................. ... ................ ...... .... ... .
Boston-Worcester-Lawrence-Lowell-Brockton , MA-NH ....... ..
Boulder-Longmont, CO ..... .. .................................................. .
Brazoria, TX ........................................................................... .
28,351
31,187
34,519
27,116
28,013
35,111
31,624
45,766
44,310
35,655
28,515
31,832
35,940
27,993
28,855
36,133
31,955
45,685
44,037
36,253
Bremerton, WA ...................................................................... .
Brownsville-Harlingen-San Benito, TX .................................. .
Bryan-College Station, TX .. ................................................... .
Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY ................ ....... ............................. ..
Burlington, VT ........................................................................ .
Canton-Massillon, OH ........... .. ............. ... ... ....... .. ... .. ..... .. ... ... .
Casper, WY .......... ..................... ......................................... ... .
Cedar Rapids , IA .. ..................................... ........................... ..
Champaign-Urbana, IL ........................... ..... .......................... .
Charleston-North Charl eston, SC .......................................... .
31,525
22,142
25,755
32,054
34,363
29,020
28,264
34,649
30,488
28,887
33,775
22,892
26,051
32,777
35,169
29,689
28,886
34,730
31 ,995
29,993
Charleston, WV ................... ............. ..................................... .
Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill , NC-SC .................................... .
Charlottesville, VA .............. .............. ....................... ... ..... ... ... .
Chattanooga, TN-GA ........... ... .......... .................................... ..
Cheyenne, WY .............. .. .................. .. ............... .. ..... ......... .. ..
Chicago, IL ............. .... ............................ .. ..... .. ..... ... .. .. ....... ... .
Chico-Paradise, CA ................................................................
Cincinnati , OH-KY-IN ........................... .............. .. ......... ......... .
Clarksville-Hopkinsville, TN-KY .. ........................................... .
Cleveland-Lorain-Elyria, OH .............................. ... ............. ... ..
31 ,530
37,267
32,427
29,981
27,579
42,685
26,499
36,050
25,567
35,514
32,136
38,413
33,328
30,631
28,827
43,239
27,190
37,168
26,940
36,102
Colorado Springs, CO ............................ ............................ ... .
Columbia, MO ........................................................................ .
Colurr:tiia, SC ........................................................................ .
Columbus, GA-AL ...................................................................
Columbus, OH ....................................... ................................ .
Corpus Christi, TX ...................... .... ... .... ...... .. ..................... .. ..
Corvallis, OR .. ................... .. ................... .............. .......... .... .. ..
Cumberland, MD-WV ... ...................... ................................... .
Dallas, TX ... .... ......... .. .. .... .... ...... .. ........ .. ................................ .
Danville, VA ........................................................................... :
34,391
28,490
29 ,904
28,412
35,028
29 ,361
35,525
25,504
42,706
25,465
34,681
29,135
30,721
29,207
36,144
30,168
36,766
26,704
43,000
26,116
.9
.6
2.1
4.1
3.2
3.0
2.9
1.0
-.2
-.6
1.7
7.1
3.4
1.1
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
.2
4.9
3.8
1.9
3.1
2.8
2.2
4.5
1.3
2.6
3.1
5.4
1.7
.8
2.3
2.7
2.8
3.2
2.7
3.5
4.7
.7
2.6
See footnotes at end of table.
Monthly Labor Review
October 2005
107
Current Labor Statistics:
Labor Force Data
26. Continued-Annual data: Quarterly Census of Employment and
Wages, by metropolitan area, 2001-02
Average annual wage2
Metropolitan area 1
Percent
change,
2001-02
2001
2002
Davenport-Moline-Rock Island , IA-IL ... .. ....... ................ .... .... ..
Dayton-Springfield , OH .. ... ... .... ..... ............. ..... ...................... ..
Daytona Beach, FL .............................. .. ............................... ..
Decatur, AL ... .................................. .. ................. .. ................. ..
Decatur, IL ............... ........................................... ... ................ .
Denver, CO ..................................... .. .......................... ..... ..... ..
Des Moines, IA ........ ............................................ ................. ..
Detroit, Ml ............. ... .. .. ............ .... ........................ ... ............. ...
Dothan, AL .. ............. .... .. ......... .. ... .. ........ .................... ..... ... .. .. .
Dover, DE ..................... .. ...... ......... ........................................ .
$31 ,275
33,619
25,953
30,891
33,354
42,351
34,303
42 ,704
28,026
27,754
$32,118
34,327
26,898
30,370
33,215
42,133
35,641
43,224
29,270
29 ,818
2.7
2.1
3.6
-1.7
Dubuque, IA ........ .... ..... .............. .. .. ........... .. ........ ...... ... .. ...... .. .
Duluth-Superior, MN-WI ............................. ................... .... .. .. .
Dutchess County , NY ............................................... ...... .. .... ..
I: au Claire, WI ............................ .. .. ....................................... .
El Paso , TX ............................... .. .......... ... .. ... ........... .. ............ .
Elkhart-Goshen, IN ............. ...... .. ....... .. ...... ... .. .......... ............. .
Elmira, NY ..... ............................. .. ......................................... .
Enid, OK ....................................................... .. .. ......... .. .......... .
Erie, PA ......................... .. ... .. ........ ......... ...... .............. .......... . ..
Eugene-Springfield, OR .... ... ..................... ..... ... ... ................ ...
28,402
29,415
38 ,748
27,680
25,847
30 ,797
28,669
24,836
29,293
28,983
29,208
30,581
38,221
28,760
26,604
32,427
29,151
25,507
29,780
29,427
2.8
4.0
-1.4
3.9
2.9
5.3
1.7
2.7
1.7
1.5
Evansville-Henderson, IN-KY .. .. ..... .. ............. .. ... ... ...... ........ .. .
Fargo-Moorhead, ND-MN ........................... ........ ............ .. .... ..
Fayetteville, NC .. .... ............................. ................................. ..
Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR ...................... ........... .. ... .
Flagstaff, AZ-UT ........................ .......... ................................. ..
Flint, Ml ........................................... .... ...... .. ......... ... ............... .
Florence, AL ..................................................................... .. .. ..
Florence, SC ....... ......... ......................... ... .. .. ........ .... .......... .... .
Fort Collins-Loveland , CO .................. .. ...... .. .............. ........ .. ..
Fort Lauderdale, FL .. .. ........ .. ...... ......... ... ..... .. ... ... ... .. ....... .. .... .
31 ,042
27,899
26,981
29,940
25,890
35,995
25,639
28,800
33,248
33,966
31,977
29,053
28,298
31,090
26,846
36,507
26,591
29,563
34,215
34,475
3.0
4.1
4.9
3.8
3.7
1.4
3.7
2.6
2.9
1.5
Fort Myers-Cape Coral , FL .................. .. .. ... .. ........ ................ ..
Fort Pierce-Port St. Lucie, FL ............. ... ............................... ..
Fort Smith, AR-OK .. ................. .. ............ ......................... ., .... ..
Fort Walton Beach, FL .. .. .. ........ ........ ........ ...... .. .. .................. ..
Fort Wayne, IN ............................ .. ..... ....... .. ... .... ...... .. ...... .. ... .
Fort Worth-Arlington, TX ......... .. ............................................ ..
Fresno, CA ......... .. ........ .... ...... .... ...... .. .. ........... ............... .. ... .. .
Gadsden, AL .. ........ .. ... ... ... .. ... .......... .. ... ............. ... .. .. ............. .
Gainesville, FL ................................................ ... .............. ... ....
Galveston-Texas City, TX .... .. .......................... .. ................... ..
29,432
27,742
26,755
26,151
31,400
36,379
27,647
25,760
26,917
31 ,067
30 ,324
29,152
27,075
27,242
32,053
37,195
28,814
26 ,214
27,648
31,920
3.0
5.1
1.2
4.2
2.1
2.2
4.2
1.8
2.7
2.7
Gary, IN .............. ......... .. ....................... ......... .. .......... .. ......... . .
Glens Falls, NY ... ... .. ........................... ......... .. ..... .. ................. .
Goldsboro, NC ....... .. .... .. .. ... ... .. .. ........ ............. .......... ............ ..
Grand Forks, ND-MN .... .................... ................ .................. .. ..
Grand Junction , CO ..... ........ .. ............... ... ..... .. ............... .. .. ... ..
Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland , Ml .................................. ..
Great Falls, MT ........ ..................... .................. ...................... ..
Greeley, CO ..... ... ....... ................. ........... ......... .. .. .. .. .. .. .......... ..
Green Bay, WI ............ .. ... .................. .. .. ................ .. ........ .. ... ..
Greensboro-Winston-Salem-High Point, NC ............ .......... ..
31,948
27,885
25,398
24,959
27,426
33,431
24,211
30 ,066
32,631
31,730
32,432
28,931
25,821
25,710
28,331
34,214
25,035
31,104
33,698
32,369
1.5
3.8
1.7
3.0
3.3
2.3
3.4
3.5
3.3
2.0
Greenville, NC .. .... .. ....... .. .. .. .. ......... ....... ............ ......... .......... ..
Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson, SC ....... ...... ..... ................ .
Hagerstown, MD .... .. .... ............ ... ... ........... .. .. .. ................. ... ... .
Hamilton-Middleto·Nn, OH .... .. ..... .. ... ........ ......................... .... ..
Hattiesburg, MS .......... ......................... ............ .. ............ .. ... ... .
Hickory-Morganton-Lenoir, NC ...... ..... .............. ..... ... ...... ....... .
Honolulu , HI ... ... ... ................... ....... ............ ........ .. .. ... ... ... .. ... .. .
Houma, LA ...... ................ ........................... .. .................. ....... ..
28,289
30,940
29,020
32,325
33,408
43,880
25,145
27,305
32,531
30,343
29,055
31 ,726
30,034
32 ,985
34,497
44,387
26,051
27,996
33,978
30 ,758
2.7
2.5
3.5
2.0
3.3
1.2
3.6
2.5
Houston, TX .... ... .. .............. .. ... .... .. ............. .. ... ... ........... ......... .
Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH .. .. ...... .. ... .. .................. ........ .
Huntsville, AL .. .... ........ .. ......................... ....... ................ ... ...... .
Indianapolis, IN .. .. .. .. ... .. ... ............ ...... ........... .. .... ................ .. ..
Iowa City, IA .......... .. .......... ... ........ ......................................... .
Jackson, Ml ........ ... .. ... ......... ... ........................... .. .......... .. .... .. .
Jackson , MS .................. .. .. ....................................... ... ........ .. .
Jackson, TN ........................... .. ....... ................ .. .. .. ... .. .. .......... .
Jacksonville, FL .............................. ... ......... .. ......... ........ .. ...... .
Jacksonville, NC .. .... .......... .. ... .. ............... .. ..... .. ... ............ .. ... ..
42 ,784
27,478
36,727
35,989
31,663
32,454
29,813
29,414
32,367
21,395
42,712
28,321
38,571
36,608
32 ,567
33,251
30,537
30,443
33,722
22,269
~=~~~~l}~~~~~~~~.~~'.i.~~~:.~.~.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::
See footnotes at end of table.
Monthly Labor Review
108
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October 2005
-.4
-.5
3.9
1.2
4.4
7.4
4.4
1.4
-.2
3.1
5.0
1.7
2.9
2.5
2.4
3.5
4.2
4.1
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
26. Continued-Annual data: Quarterly Census of Employment and
Wages, by metropolitan area, 2001-02
Average annual wage2
Metropolitan area 1
2001
2002
Percent
change,
2001-02
Jamestown, NY .................................................................... ..
Janesville-Beloit, WI ............................................................. ..
Jersey City, NJ ..................................................................... ..
Johnson City-Kingsport-Bristol, TN-VA ................................ ..
Johnstown, PA ...................................................................... ..
Jonesboro, AR ....................................................................... .
Joplin, MO ............................................................................ ..
Kalamazoo-Battle Creek, Ml .................................................. .
Kankakee, IL .................................... ..................................... ..
Kansas City, MO-KS ............................................................. .
$25,913
31,482
47,638
28,543
25,569
25,337
26,011
32,905
29,104
35 ,794
$26,430
32 ,837
49,562
29,076
26,161
26,165
26,594
34,237
30 ,015
36,731
2.0
4.3
4.0
1.9
2.3
3.3
2.2
4.0
3.1
2.6
Kenosha, WI ......................................................................... ..
Killeen-Temple, TX .............................................................. ..
Knoxville, TN ..... ... .. ..... ........
.. ............................ ..
Kokomo, IN .......................................................................... ..
La Crosse, WI-MN .............................. ................................ ..
Lafayette, LA ....................................................................... ..
Lafayette, IN ......................................................................... ..
Lake Charles, LA .................................................................. ..
Lakeland-Winter Haven, FL .................................................. ..
Lan caste r, PA ............................................................... ........ ..
31,562
26,193
30 ,422
39,599
27,774
29,693
31 ,484
29,782
28,890
31,493
32 ,473
27,299
31 ,338
40 ,778
28,719
30 ,104
31,700
30 ,346
29,505
32 ,197
2.9
4.2
3.0
3.0
3.4
1.4
.7
1.9
2.1
2.2
Lansing-East Lansing , Ml ...................................................... .
Laredo, TX ............................................................................ ..
Las Cruces, NM ...................... ............... ... ....................... ..... ..
Las Vegas, NV-AZ ................................................................. .
Lawrence, KS ...................................................... ....... .... ....... .
Lawton, OK ........................... ................................................ ..
Lewiston-Auburn, ME ......................... .................................. ..
Lexington, KY ........... ......................... .. ...... ... ........................ ..
Lima, OH .................................................................. ............. .
Lincoln, NE ........................................................................... .
34,724
24,128
24,310
32 ,239
25,923
24,812
27,092
31 ,593
29,644
29,352
35,785
24,739
25,256
33,280
26,621
25,392
28,435
32,776
30,379
30,614
3.1
2.5
3.9
3.2
2.7
2.3
5.0
3.7
2.5
4.3
Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR ........................................... .
Longview-Marshall, TX ................. ......................................... .
Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA .............................................. ..
Louisville, KY-IN ................... ................................................ ..
Lubbock, TX ................ ..... .... ............ ............................. ........ .
Lynchburg, VA ............................... ... ..................................... .
Macon , GA ........................................................................... ..
Madison , WI ............................................ ... ................. ........... .
Mansfield, OH ....................... .................. ............................... .
McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX .............................................. .
30 ,858
28 ,029
40 ,891
33,058
26,577
28,859
30 ,595
34,097
28,808
22,313
31,634
28,172
41 ,709
33,901
27,625
29,444
31 ,884
35,410
30,104
23,179
2.5
.5
2.0
2.6
3.9
2.0
4.2
3.9
4.5
3.9
Medford-Ashland, OR ............................................................ .
Melbourne-Titusville-Palm Bay, FL ....................................... ..
Memphis, TN-AR-MS ........ ................................................... ..
Merced, CA ........................................................................... ..
Miami, FL ............................................................................... .
Middlesex-Somerset-Hunterdon, NJ ..................................... .
Milwaukee-Waukesha, WI .................................................... ..
Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI ............................................... ..
Missoula, MT ......................................................................... .
Mobile, AL ..................... ......................................................... .
27,224
32,798
34,603
25,479
34,524
49,950
35,617
40,868
26,181
28,129
28,098
33,913
35,922
26,771
35,694
50,457
36,523
41,722
27,249
28,742
3.2
3.4
3.8
5.1
3.4
1.0
2.5
2.1
4.1
2.2
Modesto, CA ......................................................................... .
Monmouth-Ocean, NJ ........................... ...... ............... ........... .
Monroe, LA .................................... ........ ............................... ..
Montgomery, AL ........... ........................................................ ..
Muncie, IN ........................................................... .. ............... ..
Myrtle Beach, SC ........................... ... ..... ....... .... ..... ... ............. .
Naples, FL ..............................................................................
Nashville, TN .......................................................... .............. ..
Nassau-Suffolk, NY .......................................... .................... ..
New Haven-Bridgeport-Stamford-Waterbury-Danbury, CT .. ..
29,591
37,056
26,578
29,150
28,374
24,029
30,839
33,989
39,662
52,198
30,769
37,710
27,614
30,525
29,017
24,672
31,507
35,036
40,396
51,170
4.0
1.8
3.9
4.7
2.3
2.7
2.2
3.1
1.9
-2 .0
New London-Norwich, CT .................................................... ..
New Orleans, LA ................................................................... .
New York, NY ............................................ .... ........... ............ ..
Newark, NJ .................................... ... ................ ..................... .
Newburgh, NY-PA ............................ ........ ............................ ..
Nortolk-Virginia Beach-Newport News, VA-NC .................... ..
Oakland , CA ................ .......................................................... .
Ocala, FL .................... .................... .. .................................... ..
Odessa-Midland , TX ............................... .. ..... .... .. .................. .
Oklahoma City, OK ............................................................... ..
38,505
31,089
59,097
47,715
29,827
29,875
45,920
26,012
31,278
28,915
38,650
32,407
57,708
48,781
30,920
30,823
46,877
26,628
31 ,295
29,850
.4
4.2
-2.4
2.2
3.7
3.2
2.1
2.4
.1
3.2
See footnotes at end of table.
Monthly Labor Review
October 2005
109
Current Labor Statistics:
Labor Force Data
26. Continued-Annual data: Quarterly Census of Employment and
Wages, by metropolitan area, 2001-02
Average annual wage2
Metropolitan area1
2001
2002
Percent
change,
2001-02
Olympia, WA ............................................. .. ............ ............... .
Omaha, NE-IA ........ ............................................................... .
Orange County, CA ..................... .. ....................... ............... .. .
Orlando, FL .. ............ .............................................................. .
Owensboro, KY .......................... .................. ............. ............ .
Panama City, FL ................................. ........ .... .......... .. ........... .
Parkersburg-Marietta, WV-OH .............................................. .
Pensacola, FL .. ... .. ... .... ... ............. ........................... ............... .
Peoria-Pekin, IL .......... ..... .................... .................................. .
Philadelphia, PA-NJ ......... ... ........................ ............ ............... .
$32,772
31,856
40,252
31,276
27,306
26,433
27,920
28,059
33,293
40,231
$33,765
33,107
41,219
32,461
28,196
27,448
29,529
28,189
34,261
41,121
3.0
3.9
2.4
3.8
3.3
3.8
5.8
Phoenix-Mesa, AZ .................................. ............................... .
Pine Bluff, AR ........ ........... .. ...................... ..... ........ ................ .
Pittsburgh , PA .. .. ... ........... .. .. .... ..... ......................................... .
Pittsfield, MA .. ......... ............ .............. .. .. ... ....... ....... ......... ...... ..
Pocatello, ID .... ... ... ................................................................ .
Portland , ME ............. ..... .. .... ....... .. ... ... .. ................................. .
Portland-Vancouver, OR-WA ... ............. ................................ .
Providence-Warwick-Pawtucket, RI ...................................... .
Provo-Orem , UT ... ......................................... ................. ... ... ..
Pueblo, CO ......................................... .......... ......................... .
35,514
27,561
35,024
31,561
24,621
32,327
37,285
33,403
28 ,266
27,097
36,045
28,698
35,625
32,707
25,219
33,309
37,650
34,610
28,416
27,763
1.5
4.1
1.7
3.6
2.4
3.0
1.0
3.6
Punta Gorda, FL .....................................................................
Racine, WI ................................................... .... .. .......... .......... .
Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill, NC ........................................... .
Rapid City, SD ................... ....... ... .... ... ........... .... .................... .
Reading, PA ........... .... ..................... .... ................... ... ........... ..
Redding, CA ...........................................................................
Reno, NV ........................ .... .... ................... .... ...... ... .. .. ........... .
Richland-Kennewick-Pasco, WA ........................................... .
Richmond-Petersburg, VA ..................................................... .
Riverside-San Bernardino, CA ... ..... ............... .... ................ ... .
25,404
33,319
38,691
25,508
32,807
28,129
34,231
33,370
35,879
30,510
26,119
34,368
39,056
26,434
33,912
28,961
34,744
35,174
36,751
31,591
2.8
3.1
Roanoke, VA ... ............ ....................... ................................... .
Rochester, MN .......................... ... ........... .... ... .. ...................... .
Rochester, NY .................................... ............. .... .. ................ .
Rockford, IL ........................................................................... .
Rocky Mount, NC .................................................................. .
Sacramento, CA ... ......... .............................. .......................... .
Saginaw-Bay City-Midland, Ml ......... ................................... .. .
St. Cloud, MN ...................... ... ..... ...... .................................... .
St. Joseph , MO ...................................................................... .
St. Louis, MO-IL ....... ...............................................................
30,330
37,753
34,327
32,104
28,770
38,016
35,429
28,263
27,734
35,928
31,775
39,036
34,827
32,827
28,893
39,354
35,444
29,535
28,507
36,712
4.8
3.4
1.5
2.3
Salem, OR ............................................................................. .
Salinas, CA ............................................................................ .
Salt Lake City-Ogden, UT ...................................................... .
San Angelo, TX .... .. ... ............................................................ .
San Antonio, TX .....................................................................
San Diego, CA .......................................... ......... .. ............ ... .. ..
San Francisco, CA ....... .... .... ........ ......... ....... .... .... .. .... ....... ..... .
San Jose. CA ......................................................................... .
San Luis Obispo-Atascadero-Paso Robles, CA ............. ....... .
Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-Lompoc, CA ........................ ...... .
28,336
31,735
31,965
26,147
30,650
38,418
59,654
65,931
29,092
33,626
29,210
32,463
32,600
26,321
31,336
39,305
56,602
63,056
29,981
34,382
3.1
2.3
2.0
.7
2.2
2.3
-5.1
-4.4
3.1
2.2
Santa Cruz-Watsonville, CA ...... ............................................ .
Santa Fe, NM ....................................................... ............... .. .
Santa Rosa, CA .... ........ .. ..................... .. .... ............................ .
Sarasota-Bradenton, FL ........ .. ......... .. ....................................
Savannah, GA ....................................................................... .
Scranton-Wilkes-Barre--Hazleton, PA .................................. .
Seattle-Bellevue-Everett, WA .... ...... ......................... .... ......... .
Sharon, PA .... ........................................................................ .
Sheboygan, WI ...................................................................... .
Sherman-Denison, TX ........................................................... .
35,022
30,671
36,145
27,958
30,176
28,642
45,299
26,707
30,840
30,397
35,721
32,269
36,494
28,950
30,796
29,336
46,093
27,872
32,148
30,085
2.0
5.2
1.0
3.5
2.1
2.4
1.8
4.2
-1.0
Shreveport-Bossier City, LA .................................................. .
Sioux City, IA-NE ......................................................... .......... .
Sioux Falls, SD ...................................................................... .
South Bend, IN ...................................................................... .
Spokane, WA ......................................................................... .
Springfield, IL .... ........................................ ......... .................... .
Springfield, MO .... ... .................. .. .............. ............. ... ............. .
Springfield, MA ..... .. ....... ...................... ...................... .. ......... ..
State College, PA ···································································
Steubenville-Weirton, OH-WV ............................................. ..
27,856
26,755
28,962
30,769
29,310
36,061
27,338
32,801
29,939
28,483
28,769
27,543
29,975
31,821
30,037
37,336
27,987
33,972
30,910
29,129
3.3
2.9
3.5
3.4
2.5
3.5
2.4
3.6
3.2
2.3
See footnotes at end of table.
110
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October
2004
.5
2.9
2.2
.5
2.5
.9
3.6
3.4
3.0
1.5
5.4
2.4
3.5
.4
3.5
.0
4.5
2.8
2.2
4.4
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
26. Continued-Annual data: Quarterly Census of Employment and
Wages, by metropolitan area, 2001-02
Average annual wage2
Metropolitan area1
2001
2002
Percent
change,
2001-02
Stockton-Lodi, CA .................................................................. .
Sumter, SC ........................................................... ................. .
Syracuse, NY .............. .................... ....... ............. .............. ..... .
Tacoma, WA ............................ ............................................. . .
Tallahassee, FL ..................................................................... .
Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL ...... .. ......................... ..
Terre Haute, IN ...................................................................... .
Texarkana, TX-Texarkana, AR ......................................... .... ..
Toledo, OH ........................................................ ................... ..
Topeka, KS ................ .. ...................... .............. ...................... .
$30,818
24,450
32,254
31 ,261
29,708
31,678
27,334
26,492
32 ,299
30,513
$31,958
24,982
33,752
32 ,507
30,895
32,458
28.415
27,717
33,513
31 ,707
3.7
2.2
4.6
4.0
4.0
2.5
4.0
4.6
3.8
3.9
Trenton, NJ ............................................................................ .
Tucson, AZ ............................................................................ .
Tulsa, OK ......................................................... ..................... ..
Tuscaloosa, AL ... ................................................ ................... .
Tyler, TX ................................................................................ .
Utica-Rome, NY ....................... ......... ...... .. .. ........................... .
Vallejo-Fairfield-Napa, CA ..................................................... .
Ventura, CA ................................. .............................. .. ......... ..
Victoria, TX ............................ .. ..... .. ........................................
Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton, N,I ............................................. .
46,831
30,690
31,904
29,972
30,551
27,777
33,903
37,783
29,068
32,571
47 ,969
31,673
32,241
30,745
31,050
28,500
34,543
38,195
29,168
33,625
2.4
3.2
1.1
2.6
1.6
2.6
1.9
1.1
Visalia-Tulare-Porterville, CA ............. ......................... ........ .. .
Waco, TX ......... .. ................ .............. .......... ................. ......... .. .
Washington, DC-MD-VA-WV .... .................................... .... ..... .
Waterloo-Cedar Falls, IA ...................................................... ..
Wausau, WI .............................................. ............................. .
West Palm Beach-Boca Raton, FL ........................................ .
Wheeling, WV-OH ................................................................ ..
Wichita, KS .. ... ........ .. .. ................................ ........... ................ .
Wichita Falls, TX .................................................... .... ........... ..
Williamsport, PA ......... ............. ... ....... ............................ .. ...... .
24,732
28,245
47,589
29,119
29,402
35,957
26,282
32,983
25,557
27,801
25,650
28,885
48,430
29,916
30,292
36,550
26,693
33,429
26,387
27,988
3.7
2.3
1.8
2.7
3.0
1.6
1.6
1.4
3.2
Wilmington-Newark, DE-MD .................................................. .
Wilmington, NC ...................................................................... .
Yakima, WA ................................... .......... .. .. ... ........................
Yolo , CA .............................. .. .... .................. .... ..... .. .......... ..... .
York, PA ........ .. ............... .. ... ........ .. ........................................ .
Youngstown-Warren , OH ........................................... .. ......... .
Yuba City, CA ......................... ................ .................... ..... ..... ..
Yuma, AZ ............. .... ..................... ... ............. .... ................. .... .
42,177
29,287
24,204
35,352
31 ,936
28,789
27,781
22,415
43,401
29,157
24,934
35,591
32,609
29,799
28,967
23,429
2.9
-.4
3.0
Aguadilla, PR ......................................................................... .
Arecibo, PR ................................. ..... .. .. ........................... ..... ..
Caguas , PR .... ................................... .... .. ............................. ..
Mayaguez, PR ....................................................................... .
Ponce, PR ............................................................................. .
San Juan-Bayamon, PR ......................... .. .... ... ..................... ..
18,061
16,600
18,655
17,101
17,397
20,948
19,283
18,063
19,706
17,500
18,187
21,930
.3
3.2
.7
.7
2.1
3.5
4.3
4.5
6.8
8.8
5.6
2.3
4.5
4.7
1
Includes data for Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA) and Primary Metropolitan Statistical Areas
(PMSA) as defined by 0MB Bulletin No. 99-04. In the New England areas, the New England County
Metropolitan Area (NECMA) definitions were used.
2
Each year's total is based on the MSA definition for the specific year.
differences resulting from changes in MSA definitions.
3
Annual changes include
Totals do not include the six MSAs within Puerto Rico.
NOTE: Includes workers covered by Unemployment Insurance (UI) and Unemployment Compensation
for Federal Employees (UCFE) programs.
Monthly Labor Review
October 2004
111
Current Labor Statistics:
Labor Force Data
27. Annual data: Employment status of the population
[Numbers in thousands]
1994 1
1995
1996
19971
19981
1999 1
2000 1
2001
2002
2003
2004
Civilian noninstitutional population ...... .....
196,814
198,584
200,591
203,133
207,753
212,577
215,092
217,570
221,168
223,357
Civilian labor force ................................
131,056
132,304
133,943
136,297
205,220
137,673
139,368
142,583
143,734
144,863
146,510
147,401
Labor force participation rate ..............
66.6
66.6
66.8
67.1
67.1
67.1
67.1
66.8
Employed .................................... ...
123,060
124,900
126,708
129,558
131,463
133,488
136,891
136,933
66.6
136,485
66.2
137,736
66.0
139,252
Employment-population ratio .........
Unemployed ... ............ ................. ...
62.5
7,996
62.9
7,404
63.2
7,236
63.8
6,739
64.1
6,210
62.3
8,774
62.3
8,149
Employment status
1
64.3
64.4
63.7
62.7
5,692
6,801
8,378
4.0
4.7
5.8
6.0
5.5
69,994
71,359
72,707
74,658
75,956
Unemployment rate .......................
6.1
5.6
5.4
4.9
4.5
5,880
4.2
Not in the labor force .............................
65,758
66,280
66,647
66,836
57,547
68,385
Mot :;t: ictly comparable with prior years.
28. Annual data: Employment levels by industry
[In thousands]
1996
1997
1998
1999
·· ·······················
95,016
97,866
100,169
103,113
106,021
108,686
110,996
110,707
108,828
108,416
109,862
Total nonfarm employment.. ....... .. . ..... ....
Goods-producing .. .................. .... .. ...... .... .
Natural resources and mining ................
Construction .................. ····· ···· ·············
Manufacturing ............................ .. . ... ....
114,291
22,774
659
5,095
17,021
117,298
23,1 56
641
5,274
17,241
119,708
23,410
637
5,536
17,237
122,770
23,886
654
5,813
17,419
125,930
24,354
645
6,149
17,560
128,993
24,465
598
6,545
17,322
131,785
24,649
599
6,787
17,263
131 ,826
23,873
606
6,826
16,441
130,341
22,557
583
6,716
15,259
129,999
21 ,816
572
6,735
14,510
131,480
21,884
591
6,964
14,329
Private service-providing ........ .. ... ..........
Trade, transportation, and utilities ........ ..
Wholesale trade ............................... ...
Retail trade .............................. ..... ....
Transportation and warehousing ........
Utilities ..................................... ..... ...
Information .......................... .. ....... .... ...
Financial activities .... ......................... ...
Professional and business services .. ..
Education and health services ............
Leisure and hospitality ............. ....... ..
Other services ....... .. . .. .. . .. . . .. . ..... ....
72,242
23,128
5,247.3
13,490.8
3,701 .0
689.3
2,738
6,867
12,174
12,807
10,100
4,428
74,710
23,834
5,433.1
13,896.7
3,837.8
666.2
2,843
6,827
12,844
13,289
10,501
4,572
76,759
24,239
5,522 .0
14,142.5
3,935 .3
639 .6
2,940
6,969
13,462
13,683
10,777
4,690
79,227
24,700
5,663.9
14,388.9
4,026.5
620.9
3,084
7,178
14,335
14,087
11,018
4,825
81 ,667
25,186
5,795.2
14,609.3
4,168.0
613.4
3,218
7,462
15,147
14,446
11,232
4,976
84,221
25,771
5,892.5
14,970.1
4,300.3
608 .5
3,419
7,648
15,957
14,798
11 ,543
5,087
86,346
26,225
5,933.2
15,279.8
4,410.3
601.3
3,631
7,687
16,666
15,109
11,862
5,168
86,834
25,983
5,772 .7
15,238.6
4,372 .0
599 .4
3,629
7,807
16,476
15,645
12,036
5,258
86,271
25,497
5,652.3
15,025.1
4,223.6
596.2
3,395
7,847
15,976
16,199
11,986
5,372
86,599
25,287
5,607.5
14,917.3
4,185.4
577.0
3,188
7,977
15,987
16,588
12,173
5,401
87,978
25,510
5,654.9
15,034.7
4,250.0
570 .2
3,138
8,052
16,414
16,954
12,479
5,431
Government. ..... .. ............... ... ... ... ..... .. ..
19,275
19,432
19,539
19,664
19,909
20,307
20,790
21,118
21,513
21,583
21,618
1994
Industry
Total private employment...
112
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1995
October 2005
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
29. Annual data: Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm
payrolls, by industry
Industry
1994
1996
1997
34.3
11.64
399.53
34.3
12.03
412.74
34.5
12.49
431 .25
34.5
13.00
448.04
34.3
13.47
462.49
34.3
14.00
480 .41
34.0
14.53
493.20
33.9
14.95
506.07
33.7 1
15.35
517.30
33.7
15.67
528.56
12.63 1
!:;19.58 ,
40.8
12.96
528.62
40.8
13.38
546.48
41.1
13.82
568.43
40.8
14.23
580.99
40 .8
14.71
599.99
40.7
15.27
621.86
39.9
15.78
630 .04
39.9
16.33
651.61
39.8
16.80
669.13
40.0
17.19
688.03
45.3
14.41
653.14
45.3
14.78
670.32
46.0
15.10
695.07
46.2
15.57
720.11
44.9
16.20
727.28
44.2
16.33
721.74
44.4
16.55
734.92
44.6
17.00
757.92
43.2
17.19
741.97
43.6
17.56
765.94
44.5
18.08
804.03
Private sector:
Average weekly hours .............................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) ...... ..................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) .......................
34.5
11 .32
390 .73
Goods-produclnQ:
Average weekly hours ............................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) .......................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) ............ .. .......
1995
41.1 ,
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Natural resources and mlnlnQ
Average weekly hours ............... ... .........................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) ......................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) .. .... ..... .........
Construction:
Average weekly hours ...........................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) .....................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) ........ ............
Manufacturing:
Average weekly hours ......................... ... .. .. ....... ....
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) ............... ... ...
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) ........... .........
38.8
14.38
558.53
38.8
14.73
571 .57
38.9
15.11
588.48
38.9
15.67
609.48
38.8
16.23
629.75
39.0
16.80
655.11
39.2
17.48
685.78
38 .7
18.00
695.89
38.4
18.52
711.82
38.4
18.95
726.83
38.3
19.23
735.70
41.7
12.04
502.12
41 .3
12.34
509.26
41.3
12.75
526.55
41 .7
13.14
548.22
41 .4
13.45
557.12
41.4
13.85
573.17
41.3
14.32
590 .65
40 .3
14.76
595.19
40.5
15.29
618.75
40.4
15.74
635.99
40.8
16.14
658.53
Private service-providing:
Average weekly hours ..........................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) ..... ... ... ...........
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) .................... .
32.7
10.87
354.97
32.6
11 .19
364.14
32.6
11.57
376.72
32.8
12.05
394.77
32.8
12.59
412.78
32 .7
13.07
427.30
32.7
13.60
445.00
32 .5
14.16
460.32
32.5
14.56
472.88
32.4 1
14.96
483.89
32.3
15.26
493.67
34.3
10.80
370.38
34.1
11 .10
378.79
34.1
11 .46
390.64
34.3
11 .90
407.57
34.2
12.39
423.30
33.9
12.82
434.31
33.8
13.31
449.88
33.5
13.70
459.53
33.6
14.02
471.27
33.6 1
14.34
481.14
33.5
14.59
488.58
38.8
12.93
501.17
38.6
13.34
515.14
38.6
13.80
533.29
38.8
14.41
559.39
38.6
15.07
582.21
38.6
15.62
602.77
38.8
16.28
631 .40
38.4
16.77
643.45
38.0
16.98
644.38
37.9
17.36
657 .29
17.8
17.66
666.93
30 .9
8.61
501.17
30.8
8.85
515.14
30 .7
9.21
533.29
30 .9
9.59
559.39
30 .9
10.05
582.21
30.8
10.45
602 .77
30.7
10.86
631.40
30 .7
11 .29
643.45
30 .9
11.67
644.38
30.9
11 .90
657 .29
30.7
12.08
666.93
39.5 1
12.84 ,
507.27 1
38.9
13.1 8
513.37
39.1
13.45
525.60
39.4
13.78
542.55
38.7
14.12
546.86
37.6
14.55
547.97
37 .4
15.05
562.31
36.7
15.33
562.70
36.8
15.76
579.75
36.8
16.25
598.41
37.2
16.53
614.90
42.3
18.66
789.98
42.3
19.19
811.52
42 .0
19.78
830 .74
42.0
20.59
865 .26
42.0
21.48
902 .94
42.0
22.03
924.59
42.0
22.75
955.66
41.4
23.58
977.18
40.9
23.96
979.09
41.1
24.77
1,017.27
40.9
25.62
1,048.82
36.0
15.32
551 .28
36.0
15.68
564.98
36.4
16.30
592.68
36.3
17.14
622.40
36.6
17.67
646.52
36.7
18.40
675.32
36.8
19.07
700.89
36.9
19.80
731 .11
36.5
20 .20
738.17
36.2
21.01
760.81
36.3
21.42
777.42
35.5
11 .82
419.20
35.5
12.28
436.12
35.5
12.71
451.49
35.7
13.22
472.37
36.0
13.93
500.95
35.8
14.47
517.57
35.9
14.98
537.37
35.8
15.59
558.02
35.6
16.17
575.51
35.5
17.14
609.08
35.5
17.53
622.99
34.1
12.15
414.16
34.0
12.53
426.44
34.1
13.00
442.81
34.3
13.57
465.51
34.3
14.27
490.00
34.4
14.85
510.99
34.5
15.52
535.07
34.2
16.33
557.84
34.2
16.81
574.66
34.1
17.21
587.02
34.2
17.46
596.96
32.0
11.50
368.14
32.0
11 .80
377.73
31 .9
12.17
388.27
32 .2
12.56
404.65
32.2
13.00
418.82
32.1
13.44
431 .35
32.2
13.95
449.29
32.3
14.64
473.39
32.4
15.21
492.74
32.3
15.64
505.69
32.4
16.16
523.83
26.0
6.46
168.00
25.9
6.62
171.43
25.9
6.82
176.48
26.0
7.13
185.81
26.2
7.48
195.82
26.1
7.76
202.87
26.1
8.11
211.79
25.8
8.35
215.19
25.8
8.58
221.26
25.6
8.76
224.30
25.7
8.9 1
228.63
32.7
10.18
332.44
32.6
10.51
342.36
32 .5
10.85
352.62
32.7
11.29
368.63
32.6
11 .79
384.25
32.5
12.26
398.77
32.5
12.73
413.41
32.3
13.27
428.64
32.0
13.72
439.76
31.4
13.84
434.41
31 .0
13.98
433.04
Trade, transportation, and utilities:
Average weekly hours .......... ................ .. ................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) ......................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) ...... .. .............
Wholesale trade:
Average weekly hours ................................. .......
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) ..................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) .................
Retail trade:
Average weekly hours ......................... ...............
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) .......... ... .. .. .
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) .................
Transportation and warehousing:
Average weekly hours ........................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) ..................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) .................
Utilities:
Average weekly hours .......... ..... .. ... ....... .......... ...
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) ................ ..
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) ..... ... .. .......
Information:
Average weekly hours ........................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) ..................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) .................
Financial activities:
Average weekly hours .. .................... .. ... .... .. .. .. ...
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) .......... ... .....
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) .................
Professional and business services:
Average weekly hours .................... ....................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) ...................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) ............. ....
Education and health services:
Average weekly hours ........................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) ..................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) .................
Leisure and hospitality:
Average weekly hours ............... .................... ... ..
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) ..................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) .................
Other services:
Average weekly hours ........................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) ...................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) .................
I
NOTE: Data reflect the conversion to the 2002 version of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), replacing the Standard Industrial Classification
(SIC) system. NAICS-based data by industry are not comparable with SIC-based data.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
October 2005
113
Current Labor Statistics:
Compensation & Industrial Relations
30. Employment Cost Index, compensation, 1 by occupation and industry group
[June 1989 = 100]
2003
Series
June
Sept.
2004
Dec.
Mar.
June
Percent change
2005
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
3 months
12 months
ended
ended
June 2005
Civilian worke,;s
2
165.8
167.6
168.4
170.7
172.'.2
173.9
174.7
176.6
177.7
0.6
3.2
167.9
165.0
172.0
170.0
161.4
165.0
169.9
167.0
174.0
171.7
162.9
166.8
170.7
168.0
174.9
172.5
163.7
167.9
172.7
170.2
175.8
175.3
166.9
169.7
174.0
171.2
177.1
177.2
168.8
170.9
175.8
173.6
178.2
178.7
170.1
172.7
176.6
174.7
179.4
180.0
170.9
173.6
178.8
176.8
182.0
182.0
172.4
174.9
179.9
177.6
183.1
183.3
173.8
175.9
.6
.5
.6
3.4
3.7
3.4
3.4
3.0
2.9
Public administration ...............•. .•.. •..• ..•. .
Nonmanufacturing ............................................................. .
164.6
165.4
166.2
166.3
167.6
170.8
164.2
164.3
165.8
165.8
166.5
168.2
168.5
169.3
173.1
166.9
167.3
167.8
166.8
167.1
169.1
169.5
170.7
174.8
167.6
168.1
168.6
170.4
171.7
170.8 1"
171 .2
173.0
176.8
168.5
170.1
170.4
171.9
173.2
172.3
172.3
174.4
178.2
168.9
171.4
171.8
173.4
174.9
174.0
174.5
176.7
180.5
171.8
174.1
173.5
174.4
175.4
174.7
175.5
177.7
181 .8
172.9
175.4
174.4
177.0
178.2
176.5
177.0
179.9
184.3
173.9
177.6
176.1
178.5
179.6
177.4
177.8
181.1
185.5
174.5
178.3
177.1
3.8
3.7
3.0
3.2
3.8
4.1
3.3
4 .0
3.1
Private industry workers .... .. .... .... ...... .... .... . .
Excluding sales occupations ........................................ ..
166.4
166.6
168.1
168.1
168.8
169.0
171 .4
171.6
173.0
173.2
174.4
174.6
175.2
175.6
177.2
177.7
178.5
178.9
3.2
3.3
Workers, by occupational group:
White-collar workers ........................................................ .
Excluding sales occupations .. .......... .. .. ....................... .
Professional specialty and technical occupations ........ ..
Executive, adminitrative, and managerial occupations ..
Sales occupations ...................................................... ..
Administrative support occupations, including clerical .. .
Blue-collar workers .................. .............................. .......... .
Precision production, craft, and repair occupations ...... ..
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ........... .
Transportation and material moving occupations ......... ..
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers. and laborers .. ..
169.4
170.4
167.7
173.1
165.1
170.9
161.4
162.0
161 .1
155.1
166.8
171.2
172.1
169.4
175.0
167.2
172.3
162.8
163.1
162.6
156.7
168.6
172.0
173.0
170.5
175.9
167.1
173.2
163.6
164.2
163.2
156.9
169.5
174.2
175.3
173.4
176.8
169.2
176.1
166.9
167.1
168.7
158.5
171.7
175.7
176.7
174.7
178.1
171.2
178.1
168.8
169.1
170.5
160.6
173.2
177.3
178.3
176.8
179.2
173.1
179.4
170.1
170.2
172.2
161.8
174.3
178.1
179.5
178.1
180.2
171.4
180.7
170.8
171.2
172.5
162.3
175.3
180.4
182.0
180.8
183.0
173.1
182.8
172.3
173.1
173.3
163.7
176.9
181.6
183.2
181.6
184.2
174.4
184.3
173.7
174.9
173.8
165.7
177.9
.8
.8
1.0
.3
1.2
.6
3.4
3.7
3.9
3.4
1.9
3.5
2 .9
3.4
1.9
3 .2
2.7
162.6
163.8
164.3
166.9
168.2
168.9
169.7
170.9
171 .9
.6
2 .2
164.1
165.7
166.6
169.3
171 .0
172.4
173.0
174.6
175.8
.7
2.8
Workers, by industry division:
Goods-producing ............ ............................. ..... ... .. ....... .
Excluding sales occupations ................... ................. .
White-collar occupations .............................................. .
Excluding sales occupations ..................................... .
Blue-collar occupations ............................................... .
Construction ......................... ........................................ ..
Manufacturing. .............. ............................ ...... .. .. .. ...... .
White-collar occupations ............... ................... ..... ....... .
Excluding sales occupations .................. .. ... .. ............ .
Blue-collar occupations ............................................... .
Durables .... ...... ..................... ...... ... .. ............. .. ............... .
Nondurables .................................................................. .
164.5
163.8
169.2
167.5
161.5
161 .1
165.4
168.7
166.4
162.8
165.5
164.9
165.7
165.0
170.1
168.5
162.9
162.3
166.5
169.5
167.4
164.1
166.6
166.0
166.5
165.9
170.5
169.2
163.9
163.3
167.1
169.6
167.8
165.1
167.3
166.6
170.3
169.8
173.5
172.2
168.1
164.6
171.7
173.2
171.3
170.4
172.4
170.4
171.8
171 .2
174.7
173.3
169.8
165.9
173.2
174.6
172.6
172.0
174.0
171.7
173.3
172.5
176.4
174.5
171 .3
167.0
174.9
176.4
174.1
173.7
175.8
173.1
174.3
173.7
177.8
176.4
172.0
167.3
175.4
176.7
174.7
174.3
176.3
173.6
176.9
176.3
182.2
180.9
173.4
169.1
178.2
181.4
179.4
175.8
179.5
175.8
178.5
177.9
184.2
183.0
174.7
171.0
179.6
183.4
181 .5
176.7
181.2
176.8
.9
.9
1.1
1.2
3.9
3.9
5.4
5.6
2.9
3.1
3.7
5.0
5.2
2.7
4 .1
3.0
Service-producing ......... .................. .................................. .
Excluding sales occupations .. .................... ............. ..
White-collar occupations .............................................. .
Excluding sales occupations ................................... ..
Blue-collar occupations ............................................... .
Service occupations ... .................................. ........ .... ... .
Transportation and public utilities .................................. .
Transportation ... ... ........ ................ ................ ... ... ......... .
Public utilities ............... .... .. ...... ..................... ........ ... ... ..
Communications ..... .. ........... ..................... ................ .
Electric, gas, and sanitary services ......................... ..
Wholesale and retail trade .. .................... .......... ... ........ ..
Excluding sales occupations .... ................................ .
Wholesale trade .......................................................... .
Excluding sales occupations ..................................... .
Retail trade ................................................................ ..
General merchandise stores ... ..... ................. ........... ..
Food stores .. ....................... .............. ........................ .
167.0
168.0
169.2
171.3
160.8
162.0
165.4
158.9
174.2
175.5
172.6
162.5
162.7
171 .3
169.9
157.4
159.2
158.6
168.8
169.7
171.2
173.1
162.2
163.2
166.5
159.4
175.4
178.4
173.8
164.3
165.0
172.0
171.2
159.9
161.2
159.3
169.7
170.6
172.0
174.2
162.6
164.3
167.0
159.6
177.0
179.0
174.6
165.0
165.9
172.0
171.3
161.0
165.6
160.3
171 .6
172.5
174.1
176.2
164.1
166.1
169.8
162.0
180.4
182.2
178.2
166.3
167.4
173.8
173.7
162.1
165.8
162.1
173.3
174.2
175.7
177.8
166.4
167.4
172.5
164.7
183.1
183.6
182.4
168.1
168.6
175.9
174.0
163.7
166.2
163.5
174.7
175.6
177.3
179.4
167.4
168.1
173.6
166.2
183.6
183.6
183.3
169.1
169.6
177.8
175.3
164.2
168.8
163.5
175.3
176.5
177.8
180.4
168.1
168.9
173.5
166.2
183.4
183.5
183.3
169.1
170.4
176.6
176.3
164.7
169.5
164.0
177.1
178.4
179.7
182.4
169.9
170.1
174.5
165.5
186.9
186.0
188.0
170.9
172.3
179.1
179.2
166.2
172.3
165.0
178.1
179.4
180.7
183.2
171 .5
171 .1
175.8
166.1
189.2
188.4
190.2
171.7
173.1
179.3
179.5
167.3
172.1
165.9
.6
.6
.6
.4
.9
.6
.7
.4
1.2
1.3
1.2
.5
.5
..
Vvo, l\ers, by occupational group:
White-collar workers ........ .. .................... .. ... .................. ..... .
Professional specialty and technical .......... .. .................. ..
Executive, adminitrative, and managerial ...................... .
Administrative support, including clerical ....................... .
Blue-collar workers .................................. ................ ...... .....
Service occupations ........ .. ... ... ..... ............. ............ ... ... .. ..... .
.7
.8
.6
Workers, by industry division:
Goods-producing ............................................................... .
Manufacturing ... .............. ... .. ....................................... ..
Service-producing .................... ..................... ........... .......... .
Services ......................................................................... ..
Health services ............. ..... ............................................ .
Hospitals .................................................................... ..
Educational services ................................................... .. . .
3
Service occupations ........................... ... .......... ..
Production and nonsupervisory occupations
4
..
See footnotes at end of table.
114
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October 2005
.7
.7
.4
.7
.8
.7
1.1
.8
1.1
1.2
.5
.9
.6
.1
.2
.7
-.1
.5
2.8
3.0
2.8
3.0
3.1
2.2
1.9
.9
3.3
2.6
4.3
2.1
2 .7
1.9
3.2
2.2
3.5
1.5
...
""u . Continued-Employme nt Cost Index, compensation, 1 by occupation and industry group
[June 1989
= 100)
2003
Series
June
Sept.
2004
Dec.
Mar.
June
Percent change
2005
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
I
June
3 months
ended
I 12 months
i
ended
June 2005
Finance , insurance, and real estate .
...........................
178.3
180.2
180.9
182.5
183.6
184.8
4.0
1,853.0
207.6
175.1
170.4
171 .9
169.4
173.9
180.2
178.4
186.1
209.0
176.2
171.4
172.6
170.8
175.9
181 .3
179.4
186.6
207.2
177.8
173.5
174.8
173.3 1
178.1
183.1 ,
181.2
188.7
208.9
180.5
175.1
176.9
174.8
179.7
184.2
182.5
190.9
210.5
182.1
176.9
178.5
177.0
181.8
187.0
185.2
188.9
194.3
213.7
186.3
179.7
180.1
180.3
185.8
190.0
187.6
1 .1
184.0
206 .3
173.9
168.4
169.2
167.9
171 .9
177.1
175.4
186.0
191 .2
212.3
183.6
177.9
179.1
178.0
183.2
188.5
186.2
190.9
Excluding sales occupations .....................................
Banking, savings and loan, and other credit agencies.
Insurance ............ ...... ... .................. ...................... .........
Se ;vices ............... ............... ··· ······'"·········'"·'·"················
Business services ........... .................. ................. .. ........
Health services .... ... ... ...... ,......... .............. ........... ... ... ....
Hospitals ........... ........... ...... ..... .. .. .... ... ........ ......... ... ....
Educational services ....................................................
Colleges and universities ....... ... ..... .. .... .. .. .. .. ... ..... ... .. .
196.1
217.3
188.8
180.6
181.0
181 .5
187.3
190.9
188.6
.9
1.7
1.3
.5
.5
.7
.8
.5
.5
3.9
4.0
4.6
3.1
2. 3
3.8
4.2
3.6
3.3
Nonmanufacturing ............. .............................. ...............
166.4
169.3
171.4
159.7
168.1
171 .2
17 3.2
161 .1
163.2
169.0
172.1
174.2
161.7
162.4
170.9
174.1
176.2
163.4
166.0
172.5
175.7
177.7
165.5
167.3
173.9
177.2
179.3
166.4
168.0
174.7
178.0
180.6
167.3
168.9
176.5
180.0
182.7
168.8
170.1
177.6
181 .0
183.6
170.6
171 .0
.6
.6
.5
1.1
.5
3.0
3.0
3.3
3.1
2.2
165.9
166.8
168.0
168.7
171 .5
172.6
174.1
174.7
.3
3.6
162.2
160.8
165.7
164.4
161 .7
164.9
163.4
168.0
167.9
163.6
165.7
164.1
169.1
168.5
165.2
166.8
165.1
170.1
170.4
166.7
167.5
165.6
171.0
171 .8
167.5
170.0
168.4
172.1
174.3
169.9
171 .2
169.4
174.3
175.5
171 .0
172.6
170.4
176.7
177.2
172.6
173.1
171 .1
176.5
177.7
173.8
.3
.4
-. 1
.3
.7
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.4
3.8
162.3
164.2
166.7
167.3
161 .7
162.0
160.0
167.5
164.3
164.9
166.8
169.5
170.3
164.3
164.7
163.0
169.2
167.3
165.7
168.2
171 .0
171.4
165.0
165.3
163.7
170.0
168.1
166.5
169.4
172.2
172.4
165.7
166.0
164.4
170.7
170.1
166.8
170.1
172.9
173.2
165.9
166.3
164.6
171.0
171.4 ,
169.7
173.0
175.7
176.3
168.8
169.2
168.0
172.4
174.1
170.8
173.8
176.8
177.4
169.9
170.3
169.2
173.2
175.4
171 .8
175.6
178.9
179.1
170.9
171 .2
169.8
175.1
177.6
172.4
176.4
179.6
179.8
171 .4
171 .7
170.3
175.6
178.3
.3
.5
.4
.4
3
.3
.3
.3
.4
3.4
3.7
3.9
3.8
3.3
3.2
3.5
2.7
4.0
White-collar workers ....................... .... ..... .............. .......
Excluding sales occupations .................... ............ ....
Blue-collar occupations ... ...................................... ... ....
Service occupations .. .. ................ .................... ...........
State and local government workers ................................ ...
162.0 1
163.2
Workers, by occupational group:
White-collar workers ................. ..................... ........ ...... ... ...
Professional specialty and technical. ...... .. .... ......... .. ........
Executive, administrative, and managerial. ..... ... ............
Administrative support, including clerical. ... ....... .... .. .. ....
Blue-collar workers ....................... ........... ..........................
W0rkers, by industry division:
Services ................... ....... ..... . ................. ................ ...... ....
5
Services excludinQ schools ... .... .. .. ......... .....
Health services ................ ..................... ........................
Hospitals ......................... ..... ... ........ ......... ,..,.. ,.. ,.. ,..,..
Educational services ...... ... ..... .... .. ........ ................ ... .....
Schools ................ .... .. ... .. ........ ................. ............... ,..
Elementary and secondary .... .. ................. .............
Colleges and universities ........ ···· ··············· ······"···
3
Public administration ..... ..
Cost (cents per hour worked) measured in the Employment Cost Index consists of
wages , salaries, and employer cost of employee benefits.
2
Consists of private industry workers (excluding farm and household workers) and
State and local government (excluding Federal Government) workers.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3
Consists of legislative , judicial , administrative, and regulatory activities.
This series has the same industry and occupational coverage as the Hourly
Earnings index, which was discontinued in January 1989.
5
Includes, for example, library, social , and health services.
4
Monthly Labor Review
October 2005
115
Current Labor Statistics:
Compensation & Industrial Relations
31. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group
[June 1989
= 100]
2003
2004
Percent change
2005
Series
June
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
3 months
12 months
ended
ended
June 2005
1
Civilian workers ..... .
160.3
161 .8
162.3
163.3
164.3
165.7
166.2
167.3
168.2
Workers, by occupational group:
White-collar workers .......................................................... .
Professional specialty and technical. ...................... ........ .
Executive, adminitrative, and managerial. .. ................. ..
Administrative support, including clerical. ..................... .
Blue-collar workers ............. . ............... .. .......................... ..
Service occupations .......... .................. ..... ............ ........ .. ... .
162.9
160.1
169.0
163.1
154.8
158.7
164.5
161.8
170.5
164.3
155.8
159.8
165.1
162.5
171 .2
164.9
156.3
160.6
166.1
163.8
171.4
166.3
157.3
161 .2
167. 1
164.4
172.4
167.5
158.4
161 .9
168.7
166.5
173.4
168.8
159.7
162.8
169.1
167.0
174.4
169.7
160.0
163.6
170.3
168.1
175.9
170.9
161 .0
164.4
171 .1
168.7
176.9
172.0
162.2
165.3
Workers, by industry division:
Goods-producing ....................... .... ........... ... .... .. ..... ......... ...
Manufacturing ..................... .................. ... ....................... .
Service-producing ....... ..... ........... ... .... .. .. .... .............. .. ... .. .. .
Services .............. ............................................................ .
Health services ......................... .................. .......... .. ....... .
Hospitals .............. ... ...... ..... .. ......... .. .... .... .. ..... .. ............
Educational services ............... .. ................ ... ... .............. .
157.5
159.0
161 .4
162.8
163.2
164.4
160.7
158.3
159.7
163.0
164.7
164.7
166.3
162.7
160.6
160.1
163.6
165.4
165.9
167.7
163.2
159.9
161 .3
164.6
166.5
167.7
169.0
163.6
161 .0
162.4
165.5
167.4
168.6
169.9
163.8
162.3
163.8
167.0
167.3
170.8
171 .8
166.0
162.4
164.0
167.5
170.1
171.7
173.2
166.8
163.8
165.3
168.6
171 .2
173.2
174.7
167.5
164.9
166.4
169.5
171 .9
174.3
175.7
167.9
2.4
2.5
2.4
2.7
3 .4
3.4
2.5
t-'uolic administration ..
.. ..... ... ... ......... ......... ... .
Nonmanufacturing ............................................................. .
158.0
160.5
159.4
162.1
160.0
162.7
161.1
163.7
161 .4
164.6
162.6
166.0
163.5
166.5
165.0
167.6
165.6
168.5
2.6
2.4
Private industry workers ............. ................................ .
Excluding sales occupations ....................... .. ............ .. .. .
160.4
160.5
161.7
161 7
162.3
162.4
163.4
163.5
164.5
164.5
165.9
165.8
166.2
166.5
167.4
167.6
168.4
168.7
2.4
2.6
Workers, by occupational group:
White-collar workers .. .................................. ............... ..... .
Excluding sales occupations ....................................... .
Professional specialty and technical occupations ......... .
Executive, adminitrative, and managerial occupations ..
Sales occupations ...................... ..................... .......... .. .
Administrative support occupations, including clerical. ..
Blue-collar workers ........................ .... .. ..... ... ......... ... ....... ..
Precision production, craft, and repair occupations ...... ..
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors .. ........ ..
Transportation and material moving occupations .......... .
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers .. ..
163.8
164.8
160.5
170.3
159.3
164.0
154.6
154.7
155.3
149.0
159.0
165.3
166.2
162.1
171 .8
161.6
165.1
155.6
155.5
156.8
149.8
159.9
165.9
167.0
163.0
172.5
161.1
165.7
156.1
156.2
156.9
149.8
160.6
167.1
168.1
164.7
172.7
162.6
167.2
157.2
157.1
158.6
150.4
161 .8
168.2
169.2
165.5
173.9
163.9
168.6
158.3
158.3
159.8
151 .8
162.7
169.7
170.6
167.6
174.9
165.9
169.7
159.5
159.3
161 .6
152.9
163.6
170.0
171.4
168.0
175.7
164.0
170.8
159.9
159.7
161 .6
153.3
164.5
17 1.3
172.7
169.4
177.2
164.9
172.0
160.8
160.4
162.6
154.4
165.6
172.3
173.7
170.0
178.4
166.0
173.3
162.1
162.0
163.7
156.0
165.9
.7
.7
.8
.8
1.0
.7
1.0
.2
Service occupations .... ... ............... ........ ...... .. ................ .
156.1
157.1
157.8
158.4
159.3
159.8
160.6
161.4
162.3
.6
1.9
157.4
158.8
159.4
160.7
161.7
163.1
163.4
164.5
165.5
.6
2.4
157.4
156.5
161.4
159.2
154.8
152.4
159.0
161 .6
158.9
156.9
159.7
157.8
158.3
157.4
161 .9
159.9
155.9
153.6
159.7
162.0
159.5
157.9
160.6
158.3
158.7
158.0
162.1
160.4
156.4
154.0
160.1
162.1
160.0
158.5
160.9
158.7
159.9
159.2
163.2
161 .5
157.7
155.1
161 .3
163.3
161 .2
160.9
160.2
164.5
162.7
158.6
155.9
162.4
164.7
162.5
160.6
162.9
161 .6
162.3
161 .2
166.0
163.6
159.8
157.1
163.8
166.1
163.5
162.1
164.5
162.8
162.4
161.6
165.9
164.1
160.1
157.0
164.0
166.1
163.9
162.4
164.7
162.9
163.6
162.8
167.3
165.3
161.2
157.7
165.3
167.6
165.1
163.6
165.9
164.5
164.8
164.0
168.5
166.7
162.4
159.2
166.4
168.7
166.5
164.7
167.1
165.3
.7
.7
.7
.8
.7
1.0
.7
.7
.8
.7
.7
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.4
2.1
2.5
2.4
2. 5
2.6
2.6
2.3
2
Production and nonsupervisory occupations
3
.. ..
Workers, by industry division:
Goods-producing ............................................................. .
Excluding sales occupations ... .. ............................ .. ..
White-collar occupations ...... ........... .. ........................... .
Excluding sales occupations ............................... .. .. ...
Blue-collar occupations ..... .... .... .... ... ....... ... .. .... ......... .. .
Construction .. .............. .................. .. ............................. ..
Manufacturing .............. .. ............................................... .
White-collar occupations ..... ......................................... .
Excluding sales occupations .......... .. ... .. ................. .. ..
Blue-collar occupations ...... ...................... ............... ......
Durables ................ ............ .......... ...... ..... ............. ...........
Nondurables ............... ....... .. ....... .............. .....................
159.8
161.9
160.4
0.5
2.4
.5
2.4
2.6
2.6
2.7
2.4
2. 1
.4
.6
.6
.7
.5
.6
.6
.4
.5
2.4
2.7
2.7
2.6
1.3
2.8
2.4
2.3
2.4
2.8
2.0
Service-producing .. ..... ................... .. .... .. ........... .. .............. .
170.0
163.9
169.0
167.9
163.3
167.5
166.1
161 .7
165.0
.6
2.3
165.0
164.2
167.1
162.8
166.0
Excluding sales occupations ..... ..... .......................... ..
171.4
170.4
169.3
168.5
2.6
.6
White-collar occupations ........ ................ .. .. ... ............... .
166.6
170.8
166.0
170.4
164.1
167.8
173.0
172.1
168.9
.5
2.4
166.5
Excluding sales occupations .. .... ......... .. ................ .... .
169.0
173.6
168.2
172.8
171.2
170.2
175.9
175.0
.5
2.7
155.1
154.3
Blue-collar occupations ........... ...... .. ... ..... ......... .. .... ... ...
161 .5
155.4
160.1
159.4
158.9
157.8
156.2
.9
2.3
155.6
Service occupations .. ........... ......... ... .... ... ... ... ... ......... ...
157.4
160.9
160.2
156.6
159.4
158.8
158.0
161 .8
.6
1.9
155.6
Transportation and public utilities ...... ............. .. .. ... ........ .
156.5
160.5
156.0
160.4
159.1
157.6
161 .1
159.8
.8
1.3
Transportation .... ......... .. ........ .......... ... ........ ............ ..... .
150.8
150.4
150.6
151 .7
153.4
155.1
155.0
153.4
154.6
.8
.8
Public utilities .................................... ....... ... ..... ....... .. ... .
163.4
162.1
164.1
167.5
166.4
165.3
168.2
167.5
1.0
169.9
2.1
Communications ... .... .. .............................. ... ... .......... .
165.4
163.4
165.9
168.8
167.5
167.0
168.4
168.3
1.1
170.3
1.7
Electric, gas, and sanitary services ......... .. ............ ... .
160.4
161 .0
161 .8
166.6
165.9
165.1
163.3
167.9
169.2
.8
2.5
Wholesale and retail trade .. .. ......... .............. ... ............. ..
157.5
159.2
159.5
163.4
162.1
162.5
164.1
160.3
161 .6
1.5
.4
Wholesale trade ................................ .. .... .. ................. ..
164.7
169.7
166.2
164.8
165.3
167.8
169.5
167.5
169.4
-. 1
1.0
165.2
165.7
Excluding sales occupations ........... .. ... .. .......... .. ...... .
168.9
168.6
167.8
166.3
167. 6
171 .5
171 .5
.0
2.3
Retail trade .. ............. ................ ......................... ......... ..
153.8
156.3
159.3
158.7
157.3
156.5
158.4
1.9
160.3
161.4
.7
152.0
153.1
General merchandise stores .. .............. ...... ............ .. ..
158.1
157.5
154.1
153.6
154.9
- .2
2.6
159.3
159.0
152.2
Food stores ............................................................... .
154.5
151.6
153.8
152.8
154.3
155.0
1.6
155.8
156.7
.6
See footnotes at end of table.
~--~--~--~--~--~--~---~--~--~-----~-----
116
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October
2005
31. Continued-E mployment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group
[June 1989 = 100]
2003
2004
2005
Percent change
3 months
ended
Series
June
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
12 months
ended
June 2005
Finance, insurance, and real estate ...............................
Excluding sales occupations .....................................
Banking, savings and loan, and other credit agencies.
Insurance ............. .........................................................
Services ..
....... ...... ....... .... .. .. ·······························
Business services .............. ······························· ··········
Health services ....................................................... ......
Hospitals ....................................................................
Educational services ... .................. .... ..........................
Colleges and universities ............... ...........................
172.4
178.5
2CJ8.7
163.0
164.0
166.4
163.2
164.6
167.5
165.1
174.1
179.2
209.1
163.9
165.9
169.1
164.6
166.5
170.3
167.6
174.5
210.2
164.5
164.5
166.7
169.8
135.8
167.9
171 .0
168.4
175.2
179.2
206.7
165.1
168.1
171.0
167.8
169.4
171.9
169.5
175.3
180.5
207 .6
167.2
169.3
172.7
168.8
170.5
172.6
170.0
176.5
181 .8
209.5
168.9
171 .1
174.3
170.9
172.4
175.5
172.9
177.7
182.9
211.3
170.4
172.0
175.0
171.9
173.8
176.8
173.6
179.2
184.6
210.7
171.7
173.4
175.5
173.4
175.4
177.9
174.6
181.2
186.5
215.4
173.7
174.2
176.5
174.6
176.7
178.6
175.5
1.1
1.0
2.2
1.2
.5
.6
.7
.4
.5
3.4
3.3
3.8
3.9
2.9
2.2
3.4
3.6
3.5
3.2
Nonmanu facturi ng ... .. ......................... ........................
White-collar workers .....................................................
Excluding sales occupations .... ........... ... ........ .. ...... ..
Blue-collar occupations ................................................
Service occupations ........................
160.5
163.9
166.1
152.4
155.5
162.1
165.7
167.7
153.4
156.5
162.6
166.3
168.5
153.8
157.3
163.7
167.5
169.7
154.7
157.9
164.8
168.6
170.7
156.1
158.7
166.2
170.1
172.3
157.1
159.2
166.6
170.5
173.1
157.5
160.1
167.7
171.7
174.4
158.2
160.8
168.7
172.7
175.4
159.7
161.7
.6
.6
.6
.9
.6
2.4
2.4
2.8
2.3
1.9
State and local government workers ............................ ...
163.2
165.9
166.8
168.0
168.7
171 .5
172.6
174.1
174.7
.2
2.4
Workers, by occupational group:
White-collar workers ...........................................................
Professional specialty and technical. ...............................
Executive, administrative, and managerial. ...... ..............
Administrative support, including clerical ............ ...........
Blue-collar workers .. ....................................... ............
159.2
159.1
161.0
157.2
156.5
161.0
161.0
162.5
159.1
157.6
161.5
161.4
163.3
159.5
158.3
162.1 ·
162.1
163.5
160.4
158.9
162.4
162.3
163.8
160.8
159.2
164.1
164.4
164.3
162 6
160.7
164.9
165.0
166.1
163.0
161.4
165.9
165.7
168.2
163.9
162.4
166.2
166.2
168.0
164.0
163.2
.2
.3
-.1
.1
.5
2.3
2.4
2.6
2.0
2.5
.7
Workers. by industry division:
Services ..................... ..... ............. ....................................
159.8
161.6
162.1
162.6
162.7
164.8
Services excluding schools 4
Health services .... .. ... ·······························
····················
Hospitals ....................................................................
Educational services .....................................................
Schools .. .............. .. ........ ....... .......... .. .... ........ ..... .. ..... .
Elementary and secondary ............................... .. ....
Colleges and universities .... ...................................
165.5
166.2
166.6
.2
2.4
161 .8
163.5
163.8
159.3
159.5
158.5
162.1
163.2
165.1
165.5
161.2
161.4
160.6
164.5
166.7
166.7
161.6
161.8
160.9
164.0
165.1
167.4
167.4
162.0
162.1
161.3
164.3
165.6
167.8
167.9
162.1
162.3
161.5
164.4
167.5
169.6
169.9
164.2
164.3
163.8
165.4
168.3
170.7
171.0
164.9
165.0
164.5
166.3
169.4
171.9
172.0
165.5
165.6
164.8
167.9
170.1
172.6
172.5
165.8
166.0
165.1
168.2
.4
.4
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
2.7
2.9
2.7
2.S
2.3
2.2
2.3
161.1
161.4
162.6
163.5
165.0
165.6
.4
2.6
Public administration 2 .....
158.0
163.5 1
159.4
160.0
Consists of private industry workers (excluding farm and household workers) and
State and local government (excluding Federal Government) workers.
2
Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3
This series has the same industry and occupational coverage as the Hourly
Earnings index, which was discontinued in January 1989.
4
Includes, for example, library, social, and health services.
Monthly Labor Review
October 2005
117
Current Labor Statistics:
Compensation & Industrial Relations
32. Employment Cost Index, benefits, private industry workers by occupation and industry group
[June 1989 = 100]
2003
2004
Percent change
2005
Series
June
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
3 months
12 months
ended
ended
June 2005
182.0
184.3
185.8
192.2
195.3
196.9
198.7
203.3
204.9
0.8
4.9
Workers, by occupational group:
White-collar workers ................. ......... .... ... .. ......... .. .. ..... ......
Blue-collar workers .. ........................ ............... ........ ... .... .... .
185.5
176.1
187.7
178.4
189.2
179.9
194.4
188.3
197.4
191.8
199.1
193.3
201.1
194.9
206.8
197.8
208.5
199.4
.8
.8
5.6
4.0
Workers, by industry division :
Goods-producing ........... ...................... ... .. ... ... ... ............. ....
Service-producing ......... ....... ........................................ ......
Manufacturing ................................................ .... ............... ..
Nonmanufacturing ......... .. ... ... ....... ......... .... ... ... ... ......... ... ...
180.2
182.3
179.0
182.8
182.3
184.7
181 .1
185.1
183.8
186.2
182.3
186.7
193.7
190.6 1
194.4
190.9
196.2
194.1
196.9
194.3
198.1
195.5
199.2
195.7
201 .2
196.5
200.4
197.6
207.0
200.5
206.7
201.6
209.4
201 .6
208.8
203.0
1.2
.5
1.0
.7
6.7
3.9
6.0
4.5
Private industry workers ......................................................
118
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October
2005
33. Employment Cost Index, private industry workers by bargaining status, region, and area size
[June 1989 = 100]
2003
f------r------
2004
2005
~ - --+-- - ~ - -
Percent change
Series
June
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
3 months
12 months
ended
ended
June 2005
COMPENSATION
Workers, by bargaining status 1
Union ..................................................................................... .
Goods-producing ................................................................ .
Service-producing ... .......... ..... .... .. ................. ... ........ ...... .... .
Manufacturing ... .................................................................. .
Nonmanufacturing ................ .. ... ... ... ....... .. ......................... .
164.1
163.4
164.6
163.8
163.7
165.7
164.7
166.5
165.0
165.5
166.8
165.9
167.5
166.3
166.5
171.4
172.3
170.2
175.0
168.8
173.9
174.6
172.9
177.0
171 .6
175.3
176.0
i74.4
178.4
173.0
176.2
176.7
175.4
178.9
174.1
177.5
178.2
176.6
180.6
175.2
179.0
179.8
177.9
181 .7
176.9
0.8
.9
.7
.6
1.0
2.9
3.0
2.9
2.7
3.1
Nonunion ............ ............... ....... ... ............ .. ....... ... ................. .. .
Goods-producing .............................................. ..... .......... ... .
Service-producing ... ....... ........ ... .. ..... ........ ...... ..... .. .. .... ... ....
Manufacturing ..................................................................... .
Nonmanufacturing ... .. ................................................... ..... .
166.8
164.9
167.2
165.8
166.7
168.4
166.1
169.0
166.9
168.5
169.1
166.7
169.8
167.3
139.3
171 .3
169.7
171 .6
170.6
171 .1
172.7
170.9
173.2
172.0
172.6
174.2
172.4
174.6
173.8
174.0
174.9
173.5
175.1
174.3
174.7
177.1
176.5
177.0
177.5
176.6
178.3
178.0
178.0
179.0
177.7
.7
.8
.6
.8
.o
3.2
4.2
2.8
4.1
3.0
165.2
161.6
170.4
169.5
166.9
163.2
171.7
171.4
167.9
163.9
172.5
172.2
170.2
166.4
174.7
175.3
172.3
167.9
176.2
176.8
173.7
169.5
177.6
178.1
174.2
170.6
177.9
179.0
176.1
172.5
180.0
181.4
177.6
173.4
180.9
183.3
.5
1.0
3.1
3.3
2.7
3.7
166.6
165.0
168.3
166.1
169.1
166.9
171 .5
170.2
173.1
172.1
174.6
173.3
175.3
174.3
177.4
176.4
1786
177.3
.7
.5
3.2
3.0
Union ............... .. ... ............................... ...... .. .................... .... .. . .
Goods-producing ................. .. ............ .. ........... ..... ........ .... ... .
Service-producing .............................. ..... ............ ............... .
Manufacturing ............. .... .................. .......................... ... .. ... .
Nonmanufacturing ............................................................. .
154.3
153.9
155.1
155.9
153.5
155.3
154.8
156.3
156.7
154.6
156.2
155.4
157.3
157.1
155.6
157.2
156.3
158.5
158.1
156.6
158.7
157.5
160.3
159.2
158.4
160.0
158.7
161.7
160.5
159.6
160.6
158.9
162.6
160.7
160.4
160.8
159.6
162.3
161.5
160.3
162.1
161 .1
163.6
162.8
161 .7
.8
.9
.8
.8
.9
2.1
2.3
2.1
2.3
2.1
Nonunion ... ..... .. ....... ........ ........................................... ............ .
Goods-producing ............. ......... .. ............. ........................... .
Service-producing ............................................................. .
Manufacturing ................................................... .................. .
Nonmanufacturing .... ............................ ............ ... ..... ..
161.5
158.9
162.3
160.2
161.5
163.0
159.7
164.0
160.9
163.1
163.4
160.1
164.5
161 .3
163.7
164.6
161.4
165.6
162.6
164.7
165.6
162.4
166.6
163.7
165.7
167.0
163.8
168.0
165.2
167.1
167.3
163.9
168.4
165.3
167.5
168.6
165.2
169.7
166.8
168.7
169.6
166.4
170.7
167.8
169.7
.6
.7
.6
.6
.6
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.4
158.4
156.1
165.0
163.1
160.0
157.4
166.1
164.7
160.9
157.9
166.5
165.2
162.0
159.1
166.9
166.8
163.6
160.1
167.7
167.9
164.9
161.6
169.2
169.1
165.0
162.3
169.2
169.5
166.0
163.6
170.6
170.3
167.3
164.4
171 .3
171 .9
.8
.5
.4
.9
2.3
2.7
2.1
2.4
160.7
158.0
162.2
158.9
162.7
159.5
163.8
160.8
164.9
162.1
163.3
162.1
166.6
163.8
167.7
165.1
168.8
166.3
.7 1
2.4
2.6
Workers, by region
1
Northeast. .................... ..... ......... ...... .. ................. .... ........... .. . .
South ..... .................. ..... ... ........... ........... .................... ....... .. .. ..
Midwest (formerly North Central) ................................. .. ........ .
West. .... .................................. .. ................ .... ......................... .
.9
.o
Workers, by area size 1
Metropolitan areas ................................... .... ........ .. ... .......... .
Other areas ................................... .. ................................ .
WAGES AND SALARIES
Workers, by bargaining status 1
Workers, by region
1
Northeast. .......... ............ ......... .... ........... .. .............................. .
South ... .................... .............. ..................... .. ......................... .
Midwest (formerly North Central) .......................................... .
West. ................. ............ .... .. ... .. ............ .. .... •··························
Workers, by area size 1
Metropolitan areas .......................................................... ... ... .
Other areas ................ .. ............... .. ....... ... ............ ...... ... ....... .. .
.7
1
The indexes are calculated differently from those for the occupation and industry groups. For a detailed description of the index calculation, see the Monthly Labor Review
Technical Note, "Estimation procedures for the Employment Cost Index," May 1982.
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119
Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations
34. Percent of full-time employees participating in employer-provided benefit plans, and in selected features within plans,
medium and large private establishments, selected years, 1980-97
1980
Item
Scope of survey (in 000's) .... .. .. .......... ... .
Number of employees (in 00O's):
With medical care .................. ... ... .... ......... ..... .
With life insurance ...... .. ..... .. ..... ... .... .... .. ..... .... .
With defined benefit plan ............ ......... ... ...... ... .
1991
1989
1988
1995
1993
1997
21,013
21 ,303
31,059
32,428
31,163
28,728
33,374
38,409
20,711
20,498
17,936
20,412
20,201
17,676
20,383
20,172
17,231
20,238
20,451
16,190
27,953
28,574
19,567
29,834
30,482
20,430
25,865
29,293
18,386
23,519
26,175
16,015
25,546
29,078
17,417
29,340
33,495
19,202
10
9
9
75
10
26
71
26
84
3.3
97
9.2
22
3.1
97
9
26
73
26
11
29
72
26
85
3.2
96
9.4
24
3.3
98
8
25
76
25
10
27
72
26
30
67
28
80
3.3
92
10.2
21
3.3
96
29
68
26
83
3.0
91
9.4
21
3.1
97
80
3.3
89
9.1
81
3.7
89
9.3
22
3.3
20
3.5
96
95
69
33
16
68
37
18
67
37
26
65
60
53
58
56
84
93
Paid personal leave ....
Average days per year ..
Paid vacation s .. ......... ................... .
1
Paid sick leave ••••• • •••• ••• • •• •• •• • •• •••••••••••••••••• • ••••
Unpaid maternity leave ......... ....... ..... ...... .... ...... .
Unpaid paternity leave ........ ... ...... ..... .
Unpaid family leave
Insurance plans
Participants in medical care plans .... ............... ..... .
Percent of participants with coverage for:
Home health care ..... .. .. ......................... .. ... .. ... . .
Extended care facilities ........ ..... ...... ...... .... .. ... .
Physical exam ..... ...... .
Percent of participants with employee
contribution required for:
Self coverage .... ... ..... ....................... .
Average monthly contribution .. .. .... .. .. ............ .
Family coverage . ...... . .. .. ... ........ ...... .... .... ..... .
Average monthly contribution ..... .
Participants in life insurance plans ..... ... ......... ....... .
Percent of participants with:
Accidental death and dismemberment
insurance ..... ... ... ................................. .
Survivor income benefits.. ..
. ...... ...... ....... .
Retiree protection available ..... ... ... ... ... .. .. ........ .
Participants in long-term disability
insurance plans .... ........ ... .......... ... ... .. ... . ...... .... . .
Participants in sickness and accident
insurance plans ........ ... .............. ...... ...... .. ...... .... .
1
1986
21 ,043
Time-off plans
Participants with :
Paid lunch time ..................... ... .. ............ ..... ... . .
Average minutes per day .... .................... .. ..... .
Paid rest time ....... .
Average minutes per day .... .... ........ ... ... . ........ .
Paid funeral leave ........ .............. .
A,Ga,Jt: days per occurrence . ..... .... .......... ..... .
Paid holidays .......... ..... ... .. . .. .... .. ... .. ..... ...... ..... .
Average days per year ... ... .. .. ...................... ... .
Participants in short-term disability plans
1984
1982
21 ,352
I
-1
88
- I
99
99
24
3.8
9.8
23
3.6
100
99
99
10.0
25
3.7
100
62
67
67
70
99
10.1
20
99
10.0
3.2
97
97
97
95
90
92
83
82
77
76
58
62
46
62
8
66
70
18
76
79
28
75
80
28
81
80
30
86
82
42
78
73
56
85
78
63
36
$11.93
58
$35.93
43
$12.80
63
$41.40
44
$19.29
64
$60.07
47
$25.31
66
$72 .10
51
$26.60
69
$96.97
61
$31 .55
76
$107.42
67
$33.92
78
$118.33
69
$39.14
80
$1 30.07
92
94
94
91
87
87
71
7
42
71
6
44
76
77
74
5
7
6
41
37
33
42
43
53
55
26
27
46
51
96
96
96
96
69
72
74
64
64
72
10
59
40
43
47
48
42
45
40
41
54
51
51
49
46
43
45
44
.. .. .... .. . .. .
Retirement plans
Participants in defined benefit pension plans .. ... .... .
Percent of participants with :
Normal retirement prior to age 65 ....................... ..
Early retirement availabl e ... ... ... .. ............... .
Ad hoc pension increase in last 5 years ......... .... .
Terminal earnings formula ................ .
Benefit coordinated with Social Security ..... .. ...... .
84
84
82
76
63
63
59
56
52
50
55
58
97
52
45
64
98
35
57
62
59
98
26
53
45
63
97
47
54
56
62
62
97
22
64
63
55
98
56
54
52
95
6
61
48
52
96
4
58
51
52
95
10
56
49
60
45
48
48
49
55
57
33
36
41
44
43
54
55
2
5
12
9
23
10
36
12
52
12
38
5
13
32
7
Participants in defined contribution plans ...... ... .
Participants in plans with tax-deferred savings
arrangements ...... ... .... ............ . ... . .
55
98
7
Other benefits
Employees eligible for:
Flexible benefits plans ....... ....................... ... .... .. .
Reimbursement accounts 2 ••• •. •••••• . •.••••• . •••••••••••••
Premium conversion olans .... ... ....... . .......... ... ... ..
' The def1nit1ons for paid sick leave and short-term disability (previously sickness and
5
fits at less than full pay.
accident insurance) were changed for the 1995 survey . Paid sick leave now includes only
2
plans that specify either a maximum number of days per year or unlimited days. Short-
specifically allow medical plan participants to pay required plan premiums with pretax
terms disability now includes all insured, self-insured, and State-mandated plans available
dollars. Also , reimbursement accounts that were part of flexible benefit plans were
on a per-disability basis, as well as the unfunded per-disability plans previously reported as
tabulated separately.
Prior to 1995, reimbursement accounts included premium conversion plans, wh ich
sick leave. Sickness and accident insurance, reported in years prior to this survey, included
only insured, self-insured, and State-mandated plans providing per-disability bene-
120
Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October
2005
NOTE: Dash indicates data not available.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
35. Percent of full-time employees participating in employer-provided benefit plans, and in selected features
within plans, small private establishments and State and local governments, 1987, 1990, 1992, 1994, and 1996
Small private establlshments
Item
1992
1990
Scope of su:vey (in 000's)
1994
State and local governments
1996
1987
1990
1992
1994
32,466
34,360
35,910
39,816
10,321
12,972
12,466
12,907
22,402
20,778
6,493
24,396
21 ,990
7,559
23,536
21,955
5,480
25,599
24,635
5,883
9,599
8,773
9,599
12,064
11,415
11,675
11,219
11,095
10,845
11,192
11,194
11,708
11
36
56
29
63
3 .7
74
10
34
53
29
65
3.7
75
62
3.7
73
r Jumber of emplc>y.:ies (in 0O0's) :
With medical ca,, ..
With life insurance .............. .. .
With defined benefit plan
Time-off plans
Participants with:
Paid lunch time
Average minutes per day
Paid rest time ..
Average minutes per day ...
Paid funeral leave
Average days per occurrence
Paid holidays.
B
Averaqe days per year '
Paid personal leave .... ...... .... ... ..
Average days per year.
Paid vacations ...... .. ........ .. ........ ..
Paid sick leave
2
...... .. ........ .. .. .
Unpaid leave ... .... ..... ...... .. .. ... .. .. .
Unpaid paternity leave
Unpaid family leave ........ .. ......... .... .
37
49
26
50
3.0
82
50
3.1
82
51
3.0
BO
17
34
58
29
56
3.7
81
9.5
11
2.8
BB
9.2
12
2.6
88
7.5
13
2.6
88
7.6
14
3.0
86
10.9
38
2.7
72
13.6
39
2.9
67
14.2
38
2 .9
67
11 .5
38
3.0
66
47
53
50
50
97
95
95
94
17
18
57
30
51
33
59
44
B
Insurance plans
Participants in medical care plans .... ............ . ..
Percent of partIcIpants with coverage for:
Home health care
Extended care facilities ........ .... .... ..
Physical exam .......... .... .................. .... .... ..
Percent of participants with employee
contribution required for:
Self coverage .
Average monthly contribution
Family coverage .. ..... ...... .. .. ..
Average monthly contribution
Participants in life insurance plans
Percent of partici~::ints with:
Accidental death and dismemberment
mwraoce ...... ...... .. ....... ... ....... ... ..... ... .. .
Survivor income benefits
Retiree protection available ..
Participants in long-term disability
insurance plans .. .... .. ..... .. .. .......... .. .. .. .. .
Participants in sickness and accident
insurance plans .. .... ... ..... ....... ........ ...... ... ..... .. ..
Participants in short-term disability plans
37
48
27
47
2.9
84
47
48
66
64
69
71
79
83
26
80
84
28
42
$25.13
67
47
$36.51
73
52
$40.97
76
$109.34
$150.54
64
64
78
1
19
76
1
25
19
93
93
93
90
87
76
78
36
82
79
36
87
84
47
84
81
55
52
$42.63
75
35
$15.74
71
38
$25.53
65
43
$28.97
72
47
$30.20
71
$159.63
$181 .53
$71.89
$117.59
$139.23
$149.70
61
62
85
88
89
87
79
20
77
1
13
67
1
55
67
1
45
74
1
46
64
2
46
23
20
22
31
27
28
30
?6
26
14
21
22
21
15
93
90
87
91
47
92
53
44
92
90
33
100
18
89
88
16
100
8
92
89
10
100
10
92
87
13
99
49
2
2
29
Retirement plans
Participants in defined benefit pension plans ..
Percent of participants with :
Normal retirement prior to age 65
Early retirement available .......... .. .. .. ...... .
Ad hoc pension increase in last 5 years
Terminal earnings formula ..
Benefit coordinated with Social Security
Participants in defined contribution plans ..
Participants In plans with tax-deferred savings
.... . .. .... .... .. .. .. .
arrangements
20
22
54
95
7
58
49
50
95
4
54
46
31
33
34
38
9
9
9
9
17
24
23
28
28
45
45
24
3
4
5
5
5
14
19
12
31
50
64
15
Other benefits
Employees eligible for:
Flexible benefits plans
Reimbursement accounts 3
Premium conversion plans ... ...... ....... .. .. .. .. ..
' Methods used to calculate the average number of paid holidays were revised
Sickness and accident insurance, reported in years prior to this survey,
in 1994 to count partial days more precisely. Average holidays for 1994. are
included only insured, self-insured, and State-mandated plans providing per-
not comparable with those reported in 1990 and 1992.
disability benefits at less than full pay.
2
The definitions for paid sick leave and short-term disability (previously
sickness and accident insurance) were changed for the 1996 survey. Paid sick
3
Prior to 1996, reimbursement accounts included premium conversion plans,
which specifically allow medical plan participants to pay required plan
leave now includes only plans that specify either a maximum number of days
premiums with pretax dollars. Also, reimbursement accounts that were part of
per year or unlimiter:1 days. Short-term disability now includes all insured, self-
flexible benefit plans were tabulated separately.
insured, and State-mandated plans available on a per-disability basis, as well
as the unfunded per-disability plans previously reported as sick leave.
NOTE: Dash indicates data not available.
Monthly Labor Review
October 2005
121
Current Labor Statistics:
Compensation & Industrial Relations
36. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more
2004
2003
2005
2004
Annual totals
Measure
July
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Feb.
Jan.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Aug.P
Number of stoppages:
Beginning in period ..... .... .. .. ..... ..... ...
In effect during period ........ ..... ..........
14
15
17
18
0
1
2
3
1
3
2
4
3
4
0
2
0
2
3
5
4
7
5
8
4
9
1
3
1
3
Workers involved:
Beginning in period (in thousands) ...
In effect during period (in thousands).
129.2
130.5
170.7
316.5
.0
1.6
4.5
6.5
10.0
16.1
3.2
16.1
9.8
8.5
.0
2.5
.0
2.6
5.9
8.5
12.8
17.0
9.6
13.9
5.5
12.8
1.5
3.9
4.2
6.6
Days idle:
Number (in thousands) ................... ..
4,091.2
3,344.1
3.2
57.0
300.0
114.9
97.5
50 .0
49.4
98.0
95.3
115.5
84.1
84.5
98.0
.01
.01
(2)
(2)
.01
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
Percent of estimated workino time
1
1
..
Agricultural and government employees are included in the total employed
worked is found in "Total economy measures of strike idleness," Monthly Labor Review, October
1968, pp. 54-56.
and total working time; private household, forestry, and fishery empioyees are
excluded. An explanation of the measurement of idleness as a percentage of
2
the total time
NOTE :
122 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October 2005
Less than 0.00S.
P = preliminary.
37. Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers:
U.S. city average,
by expenditure category and commodity or servico group
[1982-84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]
Annual average
Series
2003
2004
2004
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
2005
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
CONSUMER PRICE INDEX
FOR ALL URBAN CONSUMERS
All items ...
.. ... ..... ..... .. ..... .. ... .......
.........
All items / 1967 = 100) . .... . .. .... .... . .. ...............
.
Food ana t,e verages ·· ·· ····· ......... , ........... .......... .. ...
Food ... ............... ........... ····· ···· ··· ···" . . ... .. ... ..... •. ..
Food at home .. .. ...... . . .............. .. .......... ............
Cereals and bakery products ......
.. ... ..... . .....
Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs .. ......... ......... ... .. ..
....
Dairy and related products 1
Fruits and vegetables ·· ··· ·· ········ .................... ...
Nonalcoholic beverages and beverage
materials. .................
. •....•. . ....• . •... .... ... .• ..
Other foods al home . ........... ....... .......
···· ······
Sugar and sweets .. .. ... .. •..
································
Fats and oils .. .... ...... ... .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . . . .............. ... .
Other foods .................. ....... ..... ... ... ••.. . . .•. .•. .
Other miscellaneous foods 1 ·2 ..... ..... .........
1
Food away from home
184.0
551 .1
188.9
565.8
180.5
180.0
186.6
186.2
179.4
202 .8
169.3
167.9
225.9
139.8
162.6
189.5
567.6
189.9
568.7
190.9
571 .9
572 .2
191 .0
187.3
187.2
186.7
186.1
206.4
183.4
188.4
187.9
188.2
186.2
206.0
181 .7
186.8
186.7
207.2
183.7
187 .9
207 .0
188.1
206.8
182 .9
182.4
180.2
232.7
184.9
224 .0
181 .6
226.0
182 .1
240 .0
180.9
248.3 1
140.4
140.3
166.2
164.4
188.6
190.3
570.1
190.7
571.2
191 .8
574.5
188.9
188.5
189.5
189.1
189.3
188.8
188.5
206.4
183.1
188.9
207 .6
188.0
208.4
183.4
180.1
250.8
183.3
242.9
142.2
165.6
140.3
165.2
140.6
165.4
139.6 1
164.4
140.4
169.7
180.9
163.5
170.4
179.4
162.6
170.2
180.1
163.1
167.8
178.9
161.3 1
167.4
110.4
111.5
110.5
162.0
157.4
178.8
164.9
163.2
167.8
179.7
110.3
163.6
193.3
579.0
194.6
194.4
582.9
582 .4
194.5
582.6
195.4
~85.2
196.4
588.2
189.6
190.7
191 .1
190.9
191.3
190.2
189.8
209.1
184.7
190.6
190.3
209.7
185.0
190.4
190.8
191 .3
190.9
183.9
189.1
188.1
208 .5
184.3
189.4
209.4
185.2
189.8
209.4
184.7
189.5
210.1
184.4
181 .8
234 .8
181.4
233.7
182.2
240.1
183. 3
244 .7
181 .0
238.4
·,t,1 .6
240.3
182.9
236.6
142.5
143.6
165.7
162.6
144.8
144.3
167.5
164.9
166.3
144.0
166.9
144.8
167.6
144.3
165.3
164.2
169.3
179.7
167.0
181 .3
169.4
183.0
163.3
167.8
182.0
165.7
164.5
182.9
167.1
167.3
183.0
164.7
167.6
183.9
111.8
167.7
178.3 1
163.0
170.4
180.3
110.8 1
189.9
110.1
110.3
111 .9
110.8
110.8
110.2
111 .5
190.8
191.4
191 .7
192.8
192.6
193.2
193.6
194.2
127.0 1
193.9
127.5
194.3
128.7
195.2
129.4
195.7
129.6
195.9
130.3
195.5
131 .6
195.9
132.0
195.8
132.6
195.9
109.9
110.5
182.1
187.5
188.4
188.9
189.4
189.6
121 .3
187.2
125.3
192.1
125.4
192.5
125.9
193.4
126.8
193.6
126.7
184.8
189.5
191.2
191.0
191.0
194.0 1
190.8
190.7
191 .8
192.7
194 .1
213.1
218.8
220.3
220.2
220.6
219.9
219 .8
221 .0
222.5
224.4
194.4
224 .4
194.5
224.0
195.5
224.5
196.6
225.6
196.9
225.6
205.5
211 .0
211 .9
212.4
212 .8
213.2
213.9
214.5
215.0
215.5
216.t)
216.4
216.8
217.5
119.3
218.0
125.9
130.6
127.2
128.0
121.9
118.7
122.6
128.9
138.3
136.:>
131 .7
132.8
136.4
0.,..,ners' equivalent rent of primary residence ...
Tenants' and household insurance 1 · 2
Fuels and utilities . ... ... .... ......... ........... ....• .. .... ...
Fuel s .... .. ....................
..... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ..• ..
219.9
134.3
224 .9
225.7 1
226.1
226.5
226.8
22 7.2
22 7. 8
228.4
228.7
229.0
229.4
229.7
230.2
230.7
114.8
154.5
138.2
116.2
161.9
144.4
;~~:; 1
116.3
162.8
144.9
117.7
165.6
147.8
118.7
165.7
148.0
118.5
166.9
149.0
118.7
166.4
119.0
166.7
118.2
169.6
118.0
171 .7
118.0
177.4
118.1
180.1
1!)0.5
116.6
166.7
149.3
117.8
181 .8
Fuel oil :ind other fuels .. .. ... .... ....... .....•...........
Gas (piped) and electricily ...... ...... .. .. ..............
Household furnishings and operations .... .....
Apparel ...
........... ••.•.•.• ... ... .. ..• .. . . . ... .... . . . ..• ...
Men's and boys' apparel .. ......... ........... .......... ....
Women's and girls' apparel . ... ..... ....... .. ..
139.5
145.0
126.1
160.5
150.6
125.5
161 .6
156.0
125.0
177.3
150.0
126.1
186.6
152.7
125.8
183.7
153.0
125.5
181 .2
154.3
126.1
148.4
195.5
152.7
126.1
151 .5
199.5
155.9
126.3
153.7
19J.9
159.9
195.0
162.6
202.9
157.6
124.8
148.1
188.5
152.8
126.1
158.7
126.7
165.6
126.0
168.1
125.9
209.8
169.6
125.8
121 .2
116.2
114.4
124.1
118.3
119.2
123.0
118.9
118.8
116.3
116.1
115.0
116.8
110.0
105.1
118.7
116.3
109.3
123.5
119.6
117.1
123.7
120.4
116.6
122.4
119.7
114.2
118.3
115.3
109.1
113.8
111 .6
102.8
115.8
112.4
105.1
01her food away from home 1 ·2 ············
Alcoholic beverages .. ...... .... ......... .. ..... ..
Housing ..
.................. ...........
Shelter ...... .... .... .. .... . ..... ...............................
Rent of primary residence ...... ..... .... ... .. ············
Lodging away from home ····
.....
.....
···
··· ····
3
Infants' and toddlers' apparel 1
Footwear ..
··············· ...................
Tr,111sp0rt>1tion ..
. .. ... .. .. . ................ ..............
Private transportation . ....
... .. .... .. .. .... .... .
.
New and used motor vehicles2 ................• . .
New vehicles ... ..... ..... .....• . ... .•.. . ... .... .•. . .
1
Used cars and trucks ................
•··
Motor fu el .. .. ................ ...... ......... . .... ..... .
Gasoline (all types) ............................. ........
Motor vehicle parts and equipment. . .. .........•.......
Motor veh icle maintenance and repair ... .... ... ..
Public trar1sportation ..... .. . .... ... ······· ··· ········ ·······
.
120.9
120.4
118.0
113.1
117.5
113.0
118.5
115.0
119.5
120.6
120.3
118.6
117.5
118.1
119.0
121 .3
119.8
116.4
112.8
113.5
119.3
117.3
121.7
122.1
121.8
120.3
119.4
121.1
122.8
123.8
123.2
121 .7
119.3
157.6
121.7
163.1
166.4
162.9
167.2
163.6
164.8
161 .3
173.2
160.5
166.1
162.6
168.8
159.4
162.9
159.4
164.0
153.6
162.9
159.1
165.2
169.6
172.1
168.3
171.8
167.7
174.4
170.3
177.7
173.8
96.5
94 .2
93.4
93.9
94 .3
95.2
95.4
95.8
95.9
95.6
95.6
95.7
95.6
95.2
95.0
139.9
139.1
138.8
138.7
138.1
136.3
135.0
137.9
137.1
134.9
134.9
135.9
137.9
138.8
139.8
142.9
135.8
133.3
160.4
133.8
162.0
136.5
161 .2
136.8
173.1
136.7
171.9
137.3
161 .2
137.5
156.4
137. 6
164.3
137.7
175.9
138.1
193.9
138.8
188.2
139.9
185.5
141.0
197.5
135.1
107.8
142.0
212.7
159.7
108.7
161.2
160.5
109.3
172.2
171 .0 .
160.4
193.9
110.8
187.3
111 .0
184.6
111 .2
196.5
111.9
211.7
112.4
200.7
109.9
203.3
175.0
110.9
200.2
209.1
109.9 1
202 .9
163.4
110.9
195.6
209.3
109.5
201 .7
155.6
110.6
203.9
208.6 [
205.4
205.9
218.0
206.1
222.4
207.3
206.5
205.0
215.0
206.7
205.3
204. 7
210 .1
205.6
209.7
204.0
204.4
226.1
223.3
311 .6
270.0
312.3
313.3
271 .7
314 .1
314 .9
271 .2
270.8
316.8
271.6
319.3
272.8
320.7
273.2
321 .5
273.5
J22 .2
274.6
322.9
275.6
324.1
276.3
323.9
276.8
324 .8
273.7
326.0
274.2
327.3
274.6
329.5
276.2
332.5
278.6
334 .3
279.7
335.2
281 .0
422 .5
425.0
434.7
437 .3
437 .1
310.1
262 .8
269.3
Medical care services .. ...... ............. ......... .• ...........
Professional services .... ......... ........... ......... ... .. ...
306.0
261.2
321 .3
271.5
394.8
417.9
RAr.rA;itinn 2
Vi<1An ;inn ;ill(1in 1 · 2
Education and communication 2
2
Education ..
..... .......................... .. ...
Educational books and supplies ···· ····· ··········
....
Tuition, other school fees, and child care .........
Cnmm11 nir.;itinn 1 ·2
Information and information r,rocessing 1 ·2
...
1
Telephone services ·2
Information and information processing
sArvir.As 1•4
nlhAr th;in IAIAnhnnA
Personal computers and peripheral
12
equipment · ..
Other goods and services .......... .. .............. .. .............
Tobacco and smoking products ... ......... ..... .. .......
Personal care
1
1
Personal Cilre products .......... . ............
1
Personal care services .. ······•···-- ...........
107.5
119.6
297.1
...........................
1165
113.8
164.4
122.1
Medical care .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . .. .. . . . . ........... ..... .... ....
Medical care commodities ... .... .... ... .............. .....
Hospital and relaled services
157.4
109.0
200.8
323.1
273.3
418.8
270.9
323.7
273.3
420.3
335.9
336.3
337.8
337.3
281.6
437.3
281 .9
437 .9
282.6
440.9
282.4
439.6
107.5
108.6
108.5
108.6
108.7
108.7
428.0 1
108.5
431 .0
108.9
109.0
109.0
109.2
109.5
109.1
109.1
109.3
103.6
104.2
104.1
104.0
104.2
104.0
103.9
104.2
104.3
104.6
104.8
104.6
103.1
103.1
104.3
109.8
111 .6
111.7
112.9
112.5
112.7
112.6
112.7
112.8
112.7
112.9
112.7
112.8
112.9
113.7
134.4
335.4
143.7
351 .0
145.1
353.3
147.9
352.8
148.3
353.8
148.4
354.4
148.5
355.9
148.8
357.4
149.2
359.9
149.3
360.6
149.5
361.3
149.9
362.3
150.5
363.4
151 .3
364 .0
153.9
364.6
362.1
89.7
414.3
418.3
427.4
87 8
428.2
85.5
428.7
85.6
428.9
85.4
429.7
85.4
430.6
85.4
430.9
85.2
431 .4
84.6
436.6
84 .4
444 .8
85.4
432.7
84 .9
434.4
86.2
84.6
86.1 1
84.0
84.1
83.4
83.5
83.3
83.2
83.3
83.1
83.2
82.7
82.4
82.2
81 .8
98.3
95.8
950 1
95.3
94.6
94.5
94.8
94.8
95 .1
95.0
95.3
94 .8
94.6
94 .4
94 .1
16.1
14.8
14.7 1
14.7
14.5
14.3
14.2
14.2
14.0
14.0
13.9
13.8
13.6
13.6
13.4
86.7
I
84.0
17.6
15.3
15.1
15.0
14.6
14.2
13.9
14.0
13.5
13.4
13.4
13.2
13.0
12.8
12.4
298.7
304.7
305.5
306.3
306.8
307.0
307.8
309.3
310.8
311 .2
312.5
314 .4
478.0
481 .6
482.9
482 .3
481 .7
484.8
493.9
496.1
496.6
498.0
312.5
497 .8
314.1
469.0
311.5
497 .0
503.4
506.5
178.0
181 .7
181.9
182.3
182.8
83.n
183.3
183.5
184.4
184.7
184.9
185.5
185.5
186.1
186.1
153.5
153.9
152.8
153.5
154.0
153.8
153.4
153.1
153.9
153.0
153.4
154.4
154.3
155.0
155.2
193.2
197.6
198.9
199.1
199.4
200.0
201 .2
201.9
202 .9
203.3
203.3
202 .8
203.0
zo3.9
204.1
See footnoles at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
October 2005
123
Current Labor Statistics: Price Data
37. Continued-Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. cit)'
average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group
[1982-84
= 100
unless otherwise indicated]
2003
2004
2005
2004
Annual average
Series
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Miscellaneou s per:;onal services ... ....... .....
283.5
293.9
295.2
295.9
296.3
296.9
297.7
298.5
299.8
300.8
301.4
302.8
302.91
303.9
304.2
Commodity and service group:
Commodities ...
....... ....
Food and beverages ..
Commodities less food and beverages ............
Nondurables less fo od and beverages ..
151 .2
180.5
134.5
154.7
186.6
136.7
154.2
187.3
154.9
187.2
157.1
188.4
155.8
188.9
155.4
156.5
159.8
191.1
158.9
190.9
159.5
191.3
161.1
191.3
"''I
139.4
162.6
124.1
137.2 1
157.4
140.4
163.7
142.9
168.9
142.0
167.0
140.8
164.7
141.4
166.7
120.9
136.7
157.8
121.2
189.3
138.1
158.6
160.3
190.7
157.2
120.4
189.5
136.4
155.2
158.2
189.6
135.6
156.1
116.5
157.2
188.6
139.4
118.8 1
116.1
118.7
123.5
123.7
122.4
118.3
113.8
143.7
171.8
115.8
171.5
117.5
183.9
114.8
184.4
113.7
184.4
114.1
190.6
114.7
190 .2
115.3
185.2
115.5
183.3
116.0
187.3
116.0
192.7
115.7
201.0
115.6
198.6
115.7
197.5
115.4
203.3
114.9
210.4
114.4
. .. . . .. . ... . .
216.5
222.8
224.5
224.5
224.5
224.6
224.6
225.6
226.8
228.0
228.6
228.8
229.8
230.9
231.3
Rent of shelter3
Transporatation services ..... ... ..... .... . .... ...
Other services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... ... ..... .......
221.9
216.3
254.4
227.9
220.6
261.3
229.4
229.3
220.1
263.8
229.8
221.4
263.7
229.0
228.9
230.1
231.7
233.7
234.9
235.0
221 .8
264.3
221.7
265.1
222.4
265.8
223.3
266.1
233.2
225.1
266.9
233.8
222.8
264.2
233.7
224 4
266.7
220.0
266.7
227.1
267.2
227.0
268.7
184.7
189.4
191.5
181 .9
100.9
195.3
185.1
188.1
144.9
195.2
184.9
187.9
142.8
197.3
180.9
184.2
128.6
194.0
183.2
186.8
142.5
196.1
172.1
165.3
183.8
172.2
158.2
184.3
171 .9
159.9
184.4
172.8
180.9
183.9
139.3
159.5
185.1
192.3
181.9
185.3
140.2
195.1
183.2
137.7
190.4
180.1
183.6
138.8
190.6
179.3
182.7
138.8
159.3
189.9
179.5
191.4
174.6
178.1
136.5
151.9
160.8
187.2
174.2
165.6
192.1
177.0
170.6
199.7
180.3
168.7
197.5
179.4
166.6
196.5
187.1
189.8
145.7
173.3
208.3
182.1
226.4
233.5
235.6
208.7
136.5
214.5
151.4
194.4
216.2
155.3
194.7
196.8
195.2
197.4
136.7
196.6
139.6
161 .2
138.1
162.5
223.8
230.2
179.8
535.6
Apparel .
Nondurables less food, beverages,
.............. ..... ......
and apparel. .
Durables ... ............ ....... ........... ..... .... . ... . ....
Services ..........
.......... . .......
····· .... ....
.
.
220.8
261 .9 '
162.0
123.0
Special indexes:
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... .... .. .....
All items less shelter .......... ............ ...... . ... ...
All items less medical care . .. .... .... . ... ..........
Co mmodities less food ... .......... ...... ...... . ........
..... .....
Nondurables less food ..
Nondurables less food and apparel. .. ··•·····
All items less food
190.0
175.8
189.7
175.6
173.3
157.5
183.5
172.5
178.2
185.7
188.8
143.5
168.5
201.8
179.4
235.9
235.1
236.4
236.5
237.4
238.0
238.5
239.8
240.7
242.4
243.6
244.5
216.1
154.3
216.0
157.7
196.0
216.1
158.6
216.0
153.7
217.0
151 .9
218.0
155.2
219.2
160.8
219.7
170.9
219.9
169.4
220.9
171.4
222.0
178.5
222.5
186.6
1196.0
195.8
198.7
139.7
158.7
140.3
166.6
200.9
141 .2
200.8
141.1
178.0
195.2
189.4
200.6
140.0
187.0
200.8
138.9
198.8
198.9
201.0
139.4
162.0
198.3
200.7
141 .1
198.5
197.8
139.8
163.4
197.3
199.5
198.6
198.1
140.6
173.6
196.4
198.4
198.6
198.2
140.5
174.2
231.4
231.6
232.1
231.9
231.9
232.9
234.3
235.7
236.0
235.9
236.4
237.4
237.7
184 .5
549.5
185.0
551.0
185.4
552.4
186.5
555.7
186.8
556.3
186.0
554.2
186.3
554.9
187.3
557.9
188.6
561.9
190.2
566.4
190.0
t>66 .0
190.1
566.2
191 .0
568.8
192.1
572.3
179.9
179.4
186.2
185.7
186.9
186.4
186.8
186.2
187.9
187.4
188.8
190.6
190.2
190.6
190.2
187.1
187.4
188.9
188.6
207.0
183.7
185.5
206.3
183.4
190.0
189.4
190.3
189.8
186.1
188.2
187.2
190.1
189.6
190.4
188.5
188.0
189.1
188.5
185.4
206.0
181 .8
188.4
187.9
187.6
189.0
178.5
202.8
169.2
188.1
187.6
187.3
206.9
183.0
206.8
182.4
206.3
183.2
207.6
183.4
208.5
183.9
208.5
184.3
209.0
184.5
209.7
184 .9
209.5
185.2
188.9
209.2
184.6
188.7
209.9
184.5
Dairy and related products
Fruits and vegetables ..
Nonalcoholic beverages and beverage
167.6
224.3
180.0
230.4
184.9
222.2
181.4
223.9
181.8
238.0
180.8
246.4
179.9
248.6
183.2
240.1
181.6
232.2
181 .3
23 1.3
182.1
237.5
183.1
242.2
180.9
235.9
181.4
238.0
182.8
234.7
materials .... . ... . .... . .. .. .. ... . .. .................. . ... . ..••.
Other foods at home .. .... ... ...... .. .......... ...
Sugar and sweets .. .......... .......... .. ..... .. ......
Fats and oils ............. ..... .................... ...... ..
. .. . ........
Other foods ... ........ ..........
139.1
139.7
139.7
164.8
163.1
170.3
140.0
165.0
162.2
170.0
138.9
163.8
162.1
167.7
143.4
167.1
163.8
167.6
179.7
180.5
179.2
144.1
167.0
16'.l.9
169.4
183.4
144.1
167.0
166.3
167.4
183.1
183.3
184.0
110.8
110.9
18 i .4 1
112 .0
165.3
161.8
167.2
181.7
166.3
164.8
164.5
180.1
141.8
165.0
163.6
169.1
180.2
143.4
165.3
162.2
170.4
180.8
143.7
165.8
179.2
140.0
163.2
160.6
167.3
178.6
143.0
164 .5
162.5
167.8
139.6
165.8
163.8
169.9
141 .6
162.2
161.6
157.4
111 .0
110.3
111 .1
111.3
110.7
110.9
112.5
111 .1
111.3
110.5
111 .9
112.1
182.0
187.4
188.2
188.8
189.3
189.5
189.7
190.6
191.2
191 .6
192.0
192.4
193.0
193.4
194.0
Other food away from home ·
Alcoholic beverages .. ...... ..... ··········· ··· ·--···· •""
Housing ··· ··· ···· ········ ·· ···· ······· ······· ...... ...............
121.5
187.1
125.1
192.4
125.2
192.8
125.8
194 .0
126.8
193.9
126.8
194.2
127.0
194.2
127.3
194.4
128.4
195.2
129.1
196.0
129.2
196.2
129.6
195.3
131.5
195.7
131.8
195.6
132.4
195.3
180.4
185.0
213.8
186.4
213.4
186.4
213.5
187.3
214.4
188.1
215.7
188.9
216.8
189.4
216.9
190.9
212.2
186.5
213.4
189.7
206.9
186.6
213.4
186.2
. .............
..... . .....
Shelter ...........
Rent of primary residence ........ ..... .... . . ......
216.8
217.3
191.9
218.3
192.3
218.5
204.7
210.2
211.0
211.6
212.0
212.4
213.0
213.7
214.2
214.6
215.2
215.5
215.9
216.6
217.1
119.8
126.4
131.6
127.7
128.3
121.8
118.6
122.2
129.1
137.1
135.2
131.1
132.9
136.9
134.5
199.7
204.1
204.7
205.1
205.5
205.8
206.1
206.6
207.2
207.4
207.7
208.0
208.4
208.8
209.3
114.7
153.9
137.0
116.4
161 .2
116.5
167.2
149.3
116.8
166.2
148.2
116. 5
161.9
143.5
11 8. 1
164.5
146.2
118.9
164.7
118.8
166.0
118.9
165.4
119.4
165.7
118.5
168.6
146.4
147.4
146.6
146.8
149.8
118.3
170.7
152.1
118.3
176.7
158.5
118.4
179.2
161.0
118.1
181.0
162.7
138.7
144.1
160.0
149.8
177.2
149.1
121.7
183.4
180.9
151 .7
121 .5
152.0
121.3
153.3
121 .9
187.7
152.0
195.3
151 .8
199.2
155.0
193.6
157.7
121 .1
120.0
161 .1
155.3
120.6
186.5
121 .9
156.8
156.8
120.4
121.9
121 .9
208.9
168.7
121 .5
120.6
123.5
122.6
118.6
116.1
118.6
1230
122.5
121 .9
201 .8
167.2
121 .5
115.9
122.1
123.2
194.8
164.8
121.9
117.9
113.8
115.5
117.3
112.8
113.3
106.9
115.6
114.0
117.8
119.3
118.6
116.9
115.7
110.2
114.6
105.3
116.1
109.3
119.6
116.8
119.9
124.1
119.2
114.9
111 .2
111.8
113.9
108.7
102.7
104.5
124.1
119.1
156.3
121.3
118.2
161.5
117.6
116.3
161.4
122.3
120.4
161.6
123.1
120.6
165.8
121.4
119.4
163.4
158.6
159.1
163.2
160.9
121 .0
120.6
164.7
162.2
121 .9
121 .7
167.6
164.9
122.5
122.4
171.0
158.8
120.5
118.8
1632.6
160.0
122.7
122.7
172.2
153.5
123.3
120.6
165.3
162.7
169.5
168.2
118.9
121.3
170.6
167.7
115.2
119.0
173.5
170.5
116.0
121.2
177.1
174.4
96.0
92.8
92.2
92.3
93.3
94 .0
94.3
94.6
94.7
94.5
94.5
94.7
94.8
94 .5
94.4
Nondurables ..
............... . ... .. .. . ........ . ... . ... . .. .. ..•.
3
Services less rent of shelter
... ...
Services less medical care services ...
Energy ..
....... ..... . ......
1\11 it~rns less energy ...
190.6
193.2
140.9
All items less food and energy . ..................••.
Commodities less food and energy ..
Energy commodities ..... ··········
Services less energy ..
.... ··············· ..........
181.4
184.6
141.1
164.2
184.7
141 .4
163.9
185.0
187.9
144.0
139.0
213.6
CONSUMER PRICE INDEX FOR URBAN
WAGE EARNERS AND CLERICAL WORKERS
All items ........... ..........
All items (1967 = 100) ..
............. ........ ..
·· ·· · ··•• ,0
... .. .... . ..... ...
... .......... .... ·········
.................... .. ........ . . . ... . ... . ..
.. . .. .. .. . . .. . . . .. . .
Food at home ..
......
Cereals and bakery products ..
Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs .. . . . . . . . ... .
Food and beverages.
Food ..............
1
Other miscellaneous foods
Food away from home
12
· ..
····•··
1
12
Lodqinq away from home
2
Owners' equivalent rent of prim ary residence
Tenants' and household insurance
Fu &ls and utilities .... ..........
Fuels
3
12
· ..
.. . . .. .. . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . .. .. .. . .. . .. . . . .. .. .
. .. .... .
Fuel oil and ot her fuels .. ............ .. ... . .... .
Gas (piped) and electricity. ...... ......... .. .....
Household furnishings and operations ..
Apparel ........ . ......... .... ......... ..........
Men's and boys' apparel. ........ ...... .... ... ...
Women's and girls' apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........
....
.
1
Infants' and toddlers' aooarel
Footwear ......... ....... ......... ......... . ... . .. .. . . ..
Transportation ......... .......... ..... .•. .... .... . .. ..... ·· I
Private transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........
.
.
New and used motor vehicles2
····1
120.0
117.5
112.1
143.2
See footnotes at end of table.
Monthly Labor Review
124
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October
2005
162.3
168.0
182.3
37. Continued-Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city
average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group
[1982-84
= 100, unless otherwise indicated]
Annual average
Series
2003
New vehicles · ····· ····•···········
... . . .. . .. . .
........
1
Used cars and trucks
Motor fuel .. . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . .
.
..... .... ...... ........
Gasoline (all types) ..........•••........ . ... .. ....•• ..
Motor vehicle parts and equipment ..... . .. .... .
Motor vehicle maintenance and repair ..........
Public transportation ···· ···· ··· ······· ·· ······· ····· ·········
Medical care ············• .. ... ...... ....... . ..... . ······ .. ......
Medical care commodities ..... ... ... ...... ... .. ...
Medical care services ··················· · ········
,
Professional services ... ................. .. ... .. . .. ......
Hospital and related services ············ ·· ·· ......
2004
2004
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
2005
Nov.
Dec.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
139.0
138.1
136.o :
136.0
136.9
138.9
139.8
140.7
140.7
140.0
139.7
139.6
139.0
137.2
143.7
134.1
1346 1
~37.3
137.6
137.5
138.1
138.3
138.4
138.5
13P.9
139.6
140.7
141 .9
142.9
136.1
135.5
107.3
197.3
160.9
160.2
108.2
162 4 1
173.6
172.9
108.9
172.3
171 .6
109.4
161.7
160.9
109.3
156.9
156.1
110.1
164.9
164.1
110.4
176.5
175.7
110.5
194.5
193.7
110.4
188.7
187.9
110.5
186.1
185.3
110.8
202.0
198.1
197.2
111.4
213.4
212.4
111.9
202.7
205.3
206.0
206.1
206.9
207.2
207 .9
208.4
207.1
203.8
204.2
204.9
206.0
207.1
204.2
203.4
204.9
209.0
213.3
215.8
219.8
209.1
223.3
220.8
296.3
309.5
263.2
314.4
316.3
265.2
330.0
257.4
305.9
263.4
391.2
161.7 1
108.4
161.7
161.0
108.7
202.?
208.0
203.1
311.0
311.7
312.7
321.5
274.0
263.8
323.2
264.8
323.9
275.8
275.9
265.4
325.0
276.3
313.6
264.9
326.3
:'76.il
264.4
327.7
277.2
414 .0
414.9
416.4
418.5
421.0
424.2
278.9
427.4
136.0
209.7
318.9
320.3
321.1
321 .9
322.5
266.3
333.0
281 .2
266.6
334.8
267.9
336.5
282.3
266.9
335.8
283.6
284.3
268.8
337.0
284.6
285.3
269.9
337 .9
285.0
430.9
433.6
433.4
433.7
434.3
323.7
269.4
338.4
323.5
436.9
105.5
435.3
106.3
106.1
106.2
106.2
106.3
106.1
106.5
106.5
106.5
106.8
107.0
106.6
106.5
102.9
106.8
103.4
103.4
103.3
103.5
103.3
103.2
103.4
103.5
103.9
104.0
103.9
102.5
102.4
103.6
109.0
110.0
109.9
110.8
110.5
110.6
110.5
110.6
110.7
110.7
110.8
110.6
110.7
110.7
111 .1
133.8
336.5
142.5
352.2
143.6
354.7
146.3
354.8
146.7
355.6
146.8
356.1
147.0
357.6
147.3
359.0
147.7
361.5
147.8
362.4
148.0
363.1
148.5
364.0
149.1
365.1
149.7
365.6
377.3
91 .2
152.0
365.9
402.5
88.3
405.8
87.6
414.0
87.8
415.2
87.1
415.6
87.2
415.8
87.0
416.8
87.0
417.6
87.0
418.0
86.8
418.5
87.0
419.8
86.5
421.6
86.3
423.4
86.0
430.4
85.7
Tuition, other school fees, and child care ..
Cnmm1inir.;itinn 1·2
processinQ 1 •2
89.9
86.8
86.2
86.3
85.6
85.7
85.5
85.5
85.5
85.3
85.5
85.0
84.8
Telephone services ·
Information and information processing
84 .5
98.5
84.1
96.0
95.2
95.5
94.8
95.1
95.0
94.9
95.3
95 .1
95.4
94 .9
94 .8
946
94.3
nthP.r th;in tP.IP.nhnnP. sP.rvir.P.s 1•4
Personal computers and peripheral
16.7
15.3
15.3
15.2
15.0
14.8
14.6
14.5
14.5
14.3
14.2
14.1
14.0
17.3
15.0
14.9
"'I
14.8
Information and information
12
12
equipment ·
Other goods and services ············· ····· ···· ····•· ··· ····
Tobacco and smoking products ... ...... . ··· · ·· ·••· ·
Personal care
1
Personal care products
1
1
Personal care services
Miscellaneous personal services
Commodity and service group:
... . .....• •..
Commodities ············•···· ···· .................. .. .
···· ·· ··
Food and beverages .... .. ...... ... ............. .. .. ...... .
Commodities less food and beverages ..
Nondurables less food and beverages ·········· ·
Apparel · ····· ········ ····• ... , ... ...................... .. ......
Nondurables less food, beverages,
14.8
14.3
13.9
13.7
13.7
13.3
13.2
13.2
307.0
13.0
12.7
312.6
12.5
12.2
313.5
314.4
314.7
314.9
315.9
318.0
319.4
319.6
470.5
319.9
478.8
320.8
320.9
323.1
482.6
323.6
483.9
483.0
177.0
180.4
180.5
180.9
181.4
154.2
154.4
153.1
154.0
154.3
193.9
198.2
199.5
199.7
199.9
283.3
294.0
295.4
296.2
151 .8
155.4
179.9
135.8
152.1
186.2
138.1
I
154.9 1
1813.9
"''I
485.7
494.9
496.9
497.4
497.8
498.7
498.9
505.2
508.5
181.7
181.9
182.1
182.9
183.0
183.2
183.8
183.8
184.6
184 .4
154 3
153.8
153.3
154.2
153.3
153.6
154.5
154.5
155.4
155.4
200.6
201.8
202.4
203.3
203.6
203.6
203.1
203.3
204 .1
204 .4
296.6
297.5
298.4
299.2
299.8
300.8
301.5
303.2
303.2
304.4
304.6
155.7
186.8
138.2
161.2
120.6
158.0
187.9
141.0
166.5
123.5
158.1
188.1
141.0
165.9
122.6
156.6
188.4
138.8
160.9
118.6
156.3
189.0
138.0
158.8
116.1
157.4
188.8
139.8
162.5
118.6
159.2
189.1
142.2
167.8
123.0
161.5
190.1
145.0
173.6
123.2
160.9
190.4
144.0
171.5
121.9
160.1
190.3
142.8
169.2
117.9
160.8
190.6
143.8
171.7
113.8
162.7
190.6
146.4
177.3
115.5
196.5
114.8
190.8
115.1
188.8
115.5
193.3
199.4
115.3
208.9
115.3
206.0
115.5
204.7
115.3
211.3
114.9
219.5
114.7
120.0
160.6
120.0
137.11
159.5
115.9
and apparel . . . . ... .... ....······· ...... ..... ......... • ... .
Durables. . . . ..... .. . .... . .. ·•··· · .. ..... . ....................
175.6
117.4
189.6
114.0
. ............. .......... . . . . .... . . . . . .
190.2
113.1
190.1
113.7
196.9
114.3
212.6
218.6
220.2
220.3
220.0
220.4
220.5
221.5
222.3
223.2
223.8
224.2
225.3
226.3
Rent of shelter
Transporatation services ........... .... .... ... ....... ...
Other servir,es ········ ·· ···················• -- ...... ........
226.8
199.2
216.2
248.5
204.3
220.9
254 .1
205.5
221.0
254.4
205.5
220.5
256.0
205.9
222.0
255.9
205.5
223.4
256.3
205.6
222.7
256.5
206.5
222.8
257.2
207.7
223.4
257.8
208.8
224.0
258.1
208.9
224.8
258.7
208.8
225.3
258.9
209.3
226.0
258.6
210.2
226.8
258.9
210.4
226.9
260.2
179.7
184.1
184.5
185.1
186.2
186.4
185.5
185.7
187.0
188.5
190.1
189.9
171.9
190.0
190.9
176.4
179.1
140.0
162.6
189.0
173.9
176.6
179.6
192.3
178.6
178.0
180.8
140.0
180.4
183.1
144 .1
182.2
184.5
144.7
185.3
145.7
163.2
189.7
174.5
168.2
195.6
177.7
167.6
195.4
177.5
162.9
190.3
175.1
160.9
188.5
174.3
164.4
192.7
176.1
169.5
198.3
179.0
184.6
146.8
175.1
206.9
182.5
182.3
184.4
145.9
173.0
204.2
181.5
183.1
180.6
140.7
179.0
181.7
141.7
182.4
181.1
142.2
179.1
181.3
142.9
178.0
139.0
161.5
189.6
173.6
177.3
180.0
140.2
170.8
203.0
180.3
173.2
209.0
181.7
184.6
186.5
148.2
178.5
216.5
184.6
216.3
217.8
178.7
193.3
194.3
Services
..
.
. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . ..
.
3
Special indexes:
.
All items less food . . ... . . . . . . .. . . . . . ..... ...... . .. .....
All items less shelter ............ .. .... ........
. .......
All items less medical care .......... .. . . . . . . .. . .
Commodities less food .......... ..... ......... .....
Nondurables less food ...•............ . ................. ••
Nondurables less food and apparel ..............
Nondurables ............. .. ....... ..... ..... ..... .. .... ........ .
.
174.8
137.7
154.2
175.9
166.4
115.5
Services less rent of shelter 3
Servicef. less medical care services .. . . . . . .. . .. . . .
Energy ....... . .. ....... .... ........ ···························
201.3
207.4
209.3
209.5
208.6
209.8
209.9
210.8
211.2
211.6
212.7
213.6
205.2
135.9
210.6
151.3
212.2
155.1
212.3
154.2
212.3
158.5
All items less energy
212.4
153.3
213.2
151.4
215.4
171.4
215.7
169.6
189.5
189.5
191.1
190.5
138.0
192.1
191.5
192.4
139.5
193.3
194.5
141.4
215.3
216.8
171.5
193 2
190.6
139.4
191.0
192.0
193.4
187.9
141.1
190.2
191.4
214.0
155.0
192.2
214.7
160.9
186.1
212.0
157.8
191.0
194.5
141.3
194.3
140.4
136.8
220.2
161 .5
162.8
189.7
226.2
227.1
187.3
231.9
.
.... . . . . . ... . . .... .. . . ...........••..
All items less food and energy .. .. ... ....... ... ....
Commodities less food and energy ······ ......
Energy commodities ........ ...... ... .... .... ... .
Services less energy ..... ..... ....
2
Mar.
VirlP.n ;inrl ;i11rlin 1•2
Education and commu nication 2
2
Education
Educational books and supplies ..
3
Feb.
2
r.t:o.-_;H;. 11inn
1
Jan.
...... ......
Not seasonally adjusted.
193.4
139.9
139.9
140.5
141.3
162.3
140.5
174.5
192.2
140.6
192.9
194.2
173.7
163.4
158.7
166.6
178.1
227.4
227.9
228.0
228.1
229.0
230.1
231.1
4
195.5
231.4
231.5
217.0
218.3
187.2
193.6
194.6
139.3
139.6
199.0
214.0
232.8
233.1
Indexes on a December 1988; 100 base.
Indexes on a December 1997; 100 base.
Indexes on a December 1982; 100 base.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
NOTE: Index applied to a month as a whole, not to any specific date.
Monthly Labor Review
October
2005
125
Current Labor Statistics: Price Data
38. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and available local area data: all items
[1982-84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]
Pricing
All Urban Consumers
sched-
2005
ule
-
1
2005
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Urban Wage Earners
T
July
Aug.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
-
190.1
191 .0
192.1
M
193.3
194.6
194.4
194.5
195.4
196.4
188.6
190.2
190.0
M
206.0
206.9
206.2
206.2
207.9
208.7
201.8
202.9
202.5
202.5
204.0
204.8
M
208.6
209.3
208.6
208.5
210.2
211 .2
202 .8
203.8
203.5
203.4
204.9
206.0
Size B/C-50,000 to 1,500,000 .. ··················· ....... ..
4
................. ...............
... ......
Midwest urban ..
M
121.3
122.0
121.6
121.8
123.0
123.0
121 .2
122.1
121.6
121 .8
122.8
122.9
M
186.3
187.7
187.4
187.8
188.4
189.7
181 .2
182.8
182.4
182.9
183.6
185.1
Size A-More than 1,500,000 ........................ ...... ............
M
188.3
189.6
189.4
189.8
190.1
191.5
182.5
184.1
183.8
184.0
184.4
186.1
Size B/C-50,000 to 1,500 ,000 ..
Size D-Nonmetropolitan (less than 50 ,000) ...... ... ........
South urban ....... ............. ...................................... .... ... ......
M
118.7
119.6
119.3
119.6
120.2
120.9
117.8
118.8
118.5
119.0
119.8
120.5
M
179.9
181 .7
181 .6
182.3
182.9
184.6
177.3
179.1
178.8
179.6
180.4
182.5
M
185.9
187.3
187.3
187.8
188.5
189.4
182.7
184.3
184.2
184.7
185.5
186.6
Size A-More than 1,500,000 ................. ... ... ...................
M
187.9
189.9
189.2
189.7
190.3
191 .0
185.3
·186.7
186.8
187.3
188.1
189.2
Size B/C-50 ,000 to 1,500 ,000 ... ...... .... ...... ......... ...... ...
Size D-Nonmetropolitan (less than 50 ,000) ...... ... ... .. ...
West urban ................... .......... .... .... ................ ...................
M
118.4
119.3
119.4
119.7
120.2
120.9
117.0
11 7.9
117.9
118.2
118.7
119.5
M
184.5
187.2
186.6
186.9
187.5
188.6
184.1
186.7
186.2
186.7
187.3
188.8
M
197.1
198.6
198.8
198.0
198.6
199.6
192.0
193.7
193.9
193.1
193.7
194.9
Size A-More than 1,500,000 .. ... .. ..... .... ........... .............. .
M
199.8
201 .3
201.5
200.5
201 .3
202.4
193.2
194.9
195.2
194.1
195.0
196.1
M
120.4
121 .4
121 .3
121.1
121.3
122.0
119.8
120.8
120.8
120.6
120.9
121 .6
M
M
M
1/7.0
119.2
184.8
178.1
120.1
186.9
178.0
120.0
186.9
177.9
120.2
186.9
178.6
120.8
187.2
179.6
121 .3
188.7
175.0
118.3
182.9
176.3
119.2
185.1
176.3
119.1
185.0
176.21
177.01
119.9
119.3
185.1
185.6
178.1
120.5
187.3
Chicago-Gary-Kenosha, IL-IN-WI. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .... .
Los Angeles-Riverside-Orange County, CA ... ........... .... ..
M
M
191 .3
199.2
193.2
201 .1
193.3
201 .5
194.0
200 .7
194.2
201.4
195.8
203.1
184.8
192.1
186.9
194.2
186.8
194.6
187.1
193.7
187.4
194.6
189.2
196.4
New York, NY- Northern NJ-Long Island , NY-NJ-CT- PA ..
M
212.4
212.5
211.4
210 .7
212.5
214.1
205.5
206.0
205.6
205.1
206.5
208.3
Boston- Brockton-Nashua, MA-NH-ME-CT ....... ... ........
Cleveland-Akron , OH .. ... .. ........ .................. , .... , ..........
1
214.2
-
214.6
217.2
-
214.0
-
186.8
177.2
-
177.9
Dallas-Ft Worth , TX ···· ········· ···················· ······· ······ ····
7
Wash inoton-Baltimore . DC-MD-VA- WV ············ . . . . . . . . . . .. .
1
181 .3
-
184.3
181 .6
123.6
-
125.0
-
184.1
122.7
-
183.5
1
123.2
-
216.0
186.3
-
213.1
1
-
-
Atlanta, GA. ............. ... .... ........ ... ..... ... ...... .. ........ .. .....
Detroit-Ann Arbor- Flint. Ml. ... ......... ........... ....... .. .. .......
2
-
188.0
-
189.6
-
189.5
186.0
-
187.5
2
-
189.8
-
189.6
-
192.2
185.2
-
184.7
Houston-Galveston-Brazoria, TX ....... ........ ..... ..... .... .....
Miami-Ft. Lauderdale, FL ..... ...... ............ .......... ...... ....
2
-
175.0
-
174.2
-
175.5
-
172.8
172.7
2
-
193.2
192.6
-
191 .2
2
-
203.3
204.8
206.6
-
202 .5
199.3
-
204.0
2
2
-
201.3
-
199.8
-
202 .9
Seattle-Tacoma- Bremerton . WA .. ....... .... .... ... ....... .......
-
195.6
Philadelphia-Wilmington- Atlantic City, PA-NJ-DE-MD .... .
San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, CA ................. ....... ..
-
-
196.2
-
194.8
-
U.S. city average .................... ...... ....... ....... ... ......
Region and area size
Northeast urban .......
2
...............
Size A-More than 1,500,000 .. .... .... ................. .. .... .... .....
3
3
... .... ...
3
3
Size B/C-50 ,000 to 1,500,000 ....... ... ... ...... ........ ..........
Size classes:
......... .. .. . .. . . . . . ............. .. ....... ... .... ...................... ... ...
3
B/C .... .... . .. .. .. . ..... ..... .. . ...... ....................... .. .... ..... .. . .... .
0 .... ........ .. ... .. .... .... ............... ........................... ...........
A5.
Selected local areas
1
6
Foods, fuels , and several ot11er items priced ~very month in all areas; most other
goods and services priced as indicated:
M-Every month .
4
Indexes on a December 1996 = 100 base.
The "North Central" region has been renamed the "Midwest" region by the
Census Bureau . It is composed of the same geographic entities.
5
Indexes on a December 1986 = 100 base .
6
In addition, the following metropolitan areas are published semiannually and
appear in tables 34 and 39 of the January and July issues of the CPI Detailed
126
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
203.0
199.9
190.7
197.5
185.4
124.5
188.3
187.7
174.4
193.8
206.0
199.5
195.3
Indexes on a November 1996 = 100 base.
NOTE: Local area CPI indexes are byproducts of the national CPI program. Each local
index has a smaller sample size and is, therefore, subject to substantially more sampling
Regions defined as the four Census regions .
3
122.3
178.8
Report: Anchorage , AK; Cincinnatti, OH-KY-IN; Kansas City, MO-KS; Milwaukee-Racine,
WI ; Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI; Pittsburgh, PA; Port-land-Salem, OR-WA; St Louis,
MO-IL; San Diego, CA; Tampa- St. Petersburg-Clearwater. FL.
7
1-January, March , May, July, September. and November.
2-February, April , June, August, October, and December.
201.2
187.8
October
2005
and other measurement error. As a result, local area indexes show greater volatility than
the national index, although their long-term trends are similar. Therefore, the Bureau of
Labor Statistics strongly urges users to consider adopting the national average CPI for use
in their escalator clauses. Index applies to a month as a whole, not to any specific date.
Dash indicates data not available.
39. An,,ual data: Consumer Price Index, U.S. city average, all items and major groups
[1982-84
= 100)
Series
Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consume, , .
All items:
Index ............ .............. ..... .... ................... .
Percent change ............................... ..... .
Food and beverages:
Index .... .. .. ................ ........................... ~ ................. .
Percent change ......................................... ......... .
Housing:
Index ................................................................... .
Percent change ........ ........ ...... .. .......... ................ .
Apparel:
Index .. ......... ....................... ............. ...... .... ............. .
Percent change ......................... .. .. ........ .... .
Transportation :
Index ......................................... .. ................ .
Percent change .. .. ... ....................... .......... ... ....... .
Medical care:
Index ... ....... ........ ................................... ........... ...... .
Percent change ............................................ .... .. .
Other goods and services:
Index ................. ... ............... ....... .. ... ............ .. ......... .
Percent change ............................. ........ .. ... ........ .
Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners
and Clerical Workers:
All item~.
Index ..................... ...... .. ...................................... .
Percent change ... ...... .......... ...................... ...... ... .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1994
1995
1996
1997 : 1998
1999
2000
2001
!
2002
2003
2004
I
I
148.2
2.6
152.4
2.8
156.9
3.0
160.5 1
2.3
163.0
1.6
166.6
2.2
172.2
3.4
177.1
2.8
179.9
1.6
184.0
2.3
1138.9
2.7
144.9
2.3
148.9
2.8
153.7
3.2
157.7
2.6
161.1
2.2
164.6
2.2
168.4
2.3
173.6
3.1
176.8
1.8
180.5
2.1
186.6
3.3
144.8
2.5
148.5
2.6
152.8
2.9
156.8
2.6
160.4
2.3
163.9
2.2
169.6
3.5
176.4
4.0
180.3
2.2
184.8
2.5
189.5
2.5
133.4
-.2
13?.0
-1.0
131.7
-.2
132.9
.9
133.0
.1
131.3
-1 .3
129.6
-1.3
127. 3
- 1.8
124.0
-2.6
120.9
-2.5
120.4
- .4
134.3
3.0
139 11
3.6
143.0
2.8
144.3
0.9
141.6 i
144.4
2.0
153.3
6.2
154.3
0.7
152.9
-.9
157.6
3.1
163.1
3.5
211.0
4.8
220.5
4.5
228.2
3.5
234.6
2.8
242.1
3.2
250.6
3.5
260 .8
4.1
272.8
4.6
285.6
4.7
297.1
4.0
310.1
4.4
198.5
2.9
206.9
4.2
215.4
4.1
224.8
4.4
237.7
5.7
258.3
8.7
271 .1
5.0
282.6
4.2
293.2
3.8
298.7
1.9
304.7
2.0
145.6
2.5
149.8
2.9
154.1
2.9
157.6 1
2.3
159.7
1.3
163.2
2.2
168.9
3.5
173.5
2.7
175.9
1.4
179.8
2.2
188.9
5.1
-1.9 1
I
Monthly Labor Review
October 2005
127
Current Labor Statistics: Price Data
40. Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing
[1982 = 100)
2003
2004
2005
2004
Annual average
Grouping
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
MayP
JuneP
JulyP
Aug.P
Finished goods .................... ................
Finished consumer goods .. ......................
Finished consumer foods .......................
143.3
145.3
145.9
148.5
151 .6
152.6
148.5
151.8
152.2
148.7
152.1
152.7
152.0
155.7
155.1
151.7
155.4
154.7
150.6
153.8
154.9
151.4
154.8
154.2
152.1
155.7
155.4
153.6
157.6
156.3
154.4
158.7
156.3
154.1
158.3
156.8
154.0
158.4
155.1
155.4
160.0
154.4
156.1
161.2
154.0
Finshtid consumer goods
excluding foods ....................................
Nondurable goods less food ................
Durable goods ...... ................. .. ........... ..
Capital equipment.. ................................
144.7
148.4
133.1
139.5
150.9
156.6
135.1
141.5
151 .3
157.9
133.6
141.2
151.5
158.2
133.5
141 .2
155.6
162.1
137.8
143.4
155.3
161.8
137.4
143.4
153.0
158.5
137.2
143.6
154.6
160.7
137.8
144.1
155.5
162.4
137.0
143.9
157.8
165.7
137.0
144.2
159.2
167.9
136.9
144.5
158.6
167.1
136.7
144.4
159.2
168.6
135.6
144.0
161.8
172.3
135.8
144.4
163.5
175.0
135.4
144.3
133.7
142.5
144.8
145.3
146.5
147.7
146.9
148.0
148.8
150.4
151 .5
151 .0
151.6
152.8
153.6
129.7
134.4
131.2
127.9
125.9
137.9
145.0
147.6
146.6
127.4
139.4
144.9
149.8
150.3
127.7
140.6
144.3
152.6
152.1
128.0
141 .5
144.2
154.4
153.0
128.2
142.0
143.9
155.5
153.6
128.3
142.8
145.2
156.8
155.2
128.5
143.9
145.7
157.9
157.3
129.2
144.4
145.6
158.1
159.1
129.5
145.2
146.6
160.4
159.1
129.5
145.3
146.1
159.6
158.6
129.9
144.9
147.6
160.4
156.7
129.7
144.3
145.0
159.8
155.8
129.6
144.1
145.1
159.8
154.3
129.9
144.0
144.9
160.1
153.1
130.0
Materials and components
for construction ..... .. ....... ............. ... ..........
Processed fuels and lubricants .. ... ......
Containers ... .... ...... ....... ............... ... .......
Supplies ...... ·········· . .. .. ... .. ...... .... . ..... .....
153.6
112.6
153.7
141 .5
166.4
124.1
159.2
146.7
169.8
128.5
162.0
147.6
170.9
126.9
162.5
147.9
170.8
130.8
164.6
147.9
170.7
134.0
164.9
147.9
171 .3
128.9
165.2
148.5
173.1
129.5
165.5
149.6
174.7
130.9
166.1
150.0
175.1
136.0
166.9
150.7
175.4
141.5
167.5
151 .1
174.9
139.3
167.1
151.4
175.4
142.5
167.7
151 .7
175.1
148.9
167.2
152.1
175.1
152.9
166.9
152.1
Crude materials for further
processing ..................... ......................
Foodstuffs and feedstuffs .. .........................
Crude nonfood materials .............. ........... ..
135.3
113.5
148.2
159.0
126.9
179.2
162.2
124.8
186.6
154.4
122.0
174.9
160.5
120.1
187.3
171.5
119.5
207.1
165.7
121.5
195.3
163.0
123.8
188.7
162.5
121 .5
189.7
170.4
127.7
198.7
175.0
124.9
208.9
171.7
126.2
202.1
165.7
122.1
194.8
176.2
120.9
214.3
180.5
119.6
222.9
142.4
102.0
149.0
153.1
150.5
147.2
113.0
152.4
157.2
152.7
147.3
115.0
151 .9
156.6
152.2
147.5
115.1
152.1
156.9
152.3
150.9
121.1
154.5
159.3
154.7
150.7
120.1
154.4
159.2
154.7
149.2
114.5
154.6
159.4
154.9
150.5
116.4
155.1
159.9
155.8
151.0
118.6
155.3
160.4
155.7
152.6
123.8
155.7
160.7
155.9
153.6
126.9
155.9
160.9
156.1
153.2
125.2
156.0
161.1
156.1
153.5
127.3
155.3
160.3
155.7
155.3
132.9
155.4
160.2
156.1
156.4
137.1
155.2
159.9
155.9
157.9
160.3
159.6
159.7
162.2
162.3
162.5
163.8
163.7
163.7
164.0
164.1
163.7
164.0
163.8
177.9
180.7
180.8
181.2
181.7
182.2
182.8
184.8
185.4
185.6
186.1
186.6
187.0
187.3
187.3
Intermediate materials less foods
and feeds .. ....................... ....................
Intermediate foods and feeds ...... ... .........
Intermediate energy goods. ........... ··········
Intermediate goods less energy ... .. ···········
134.2
125.9
111 .9
137.7
142.9
137.0
123.1
145.8
145.3
136.3
127.1
147.5
145.9
134.4
125.8
148.5
147.3
131.2
129.9
149.0
148.3
130.7
132.7
149.4
147.8
131.0
128.4
149.9
148.9
132.0
129.0
151 .1
149.7
131.7
130.0
151 .8
151.3
133.3
134.9
152.5
152.5
133.6
139.8
152.6
151.9
135.2
138.2
152.4
152.5
134.3
141 .9
152.1
153.7
135.6
148.4
152.0
154.5
134.7
152.5
151 .9
Intermediate materials less foods
and energy .... ........ .. . . . . . ...........• ..............
138.5
146.5
148.3
149.5
150.1
150.6
151 .1
152.3
153.1
153.8
153.9
153.6
153.3
153.1
153.0
Crude energy materials .. ... . . . . . . . . . . .. .
Crude materials less energy ... .... ... ... ......
Crude nonfood materials less energy ........
147.2
123.4
152.5
174.7
143.9
192.8
181.9
144.6
200.8
166.6
141 .6
197.4
181 .8
141.9
203.5
208.3
142.7
207.9
192.7
143.3
204.9
183.9
144.5
203.3
186.6
142.0
200.2
199.7
146.4
199.9
212.6
145.5
204.0
206.7
144.0
194.7
200.2
138.5
185.5
225.8
139.1
191.2
234.3
140.7
200.3
Intermediate materials,
supplies, and components ...................
Materials and components
for manufacturing ..... .. ...... ... ........ ············
Materials for food manufacturing ... .... ......
Materials for nondurable manufacturing ..
Materials for durable manufacturing ........
Components for manufacturing ....... ... ... ..
Special groupings:
Finished goods, excluding foods . ..............
Finished energy goods ....... ......................
Finished goods less energy .. ...... ... ............
Finished consumer goods less energy ......
Finished goods less food and energy ........
Finished consumer goods less food
and energy ......... .. ............... ....... ·· ········
Consumer nondurable goods less food
....
and energy. ·········· ·· ····· ·· ····· ··
Monthly Labor Review
128
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October
2005
41. Producer Price Indexes for the net output of major Industry groups
[December 2003
= 100, unless otherwise indicated]
NAICS
2004
Industry
2005
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
MayP JuneP JulyP Aug.P
Total mining Industries (December 1984:100)....................... ........
Oil and gas extraction (December 1985=100) .. . ..............
.... ....
Mining, except oil and gas.... .... .. .. .. .. .. .............. ... .. ........ ....
Mining support activities... ... ... .... .. ... .. ............... .................
159.3
202 .7
110.4
105.3
149.6
184.0
112.3
106.4
160.6
203.0
112.8
109.2
179.1
234.8
114.0
111.4
169.2
214.7
116.4
114.9
163.3
202 .5
120.2
115.5
166.2
205.3
121 .0
122.2
176.0
221 .3
123.8
124.4
184.3
236.4
124.0
124.2
179.1
227.0
122.8
126.9
175.8
219.7
123.3
131 .,t
194.1
248.9
127.8
135.1
201 .1
260.9
127.8
137.9
Total manufacturing Industries (December 1984:100)..................
Food manufacturing (December 1984=100) ............................
Beverage and tobacco manufacturing ..... ........ ...... .... .... ..............
Textile mills...... ...... ........ .........
.. ... .......................................
Apparel manufacturing........ .... ............. . ....... .. ....................
Leather and allied product manufacturing (December 1984=100) ..
Wood products manufacturing .................................. .............
Paper manufacturing................................................................. ....
Printing and related support activities..... .. ...... .... ...... .......... ... .....
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing
(December 1984=100) ........................ ........ ....... .. ........ ..
Chemical manufacturing (December 1984=100) ...... ........ .. .. ..
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing
(December 1984=100) .. .................................. ................ .
Primary metal manufacturing (December 1984=100) ...... .. .. .. .
Fabricated metal product manufacturing (December 1984=100) ...
Machinery manufacturing ................................. ................. .
Computer and electronic products manufacturina .................... .. .
1
Elect rical equipment, appliance, and components manufaciuring ..
Transportation equipment manufacturing .............................. . ..
Furniture and related product manufacturing
(December 1984= 100) ....................... ................... ... .
Miscellaneous manufacturing ......................... ...................... .
143.7
144.6
101 .1
101.2
99.7
143.6
109.8
104.4
101 .3
144.2
143.8
100.6
101.4
100.2
143.6
110.7
105.0
101 .8
146.5
143.5
101.2
101.6
100.3
143.5
107.6
105.5
101 .8
146.1
143.3
101 .2
101 .7
100.4
143.8
105.1
105.7
102.0
145.0
144.2
101 .5
101.5
100.5
143.9
105.9
105.8
102.0
146.2
144.7
104.1
102.3
100.4
143.8
106.9
106.1
102.5
147.0
145.0
104.0
102.4
100.2
144.2
108.8
106.5
102.4
148.9
146.0
104.2
102.7
99.9
144.3
109.4
106.9
102.5
149.6
146.3
104.4
103.2
99.8
144.3
108.9
107.1
102.8
149.3
147.2
104.6
103.7
99.9
144.5
107.5
107.1
102.4
149.4
145.9
105.0
103.4
99.9
144.3
109.4
107.1
103.2
150.8
146.4
104.8
103.1
99 .7
144.6
108.2
106.8
103.3
151.6
146.2
104.9
103.3
99.6
144.6
107.1
106.5
103.6
155.6
173.8
158.9
175.5
176.7
177.2
170.4
179.3
150.3
180.5
155.9
182.7
163.6
183.4
182.8
184.7
189.6
185.9
183.3
186.4
189.1
185.4
204.9
185.3
215.3
185.9
131 .7
148.3
143.4
102.3
98.9
103.8
99.8
133.1
150.8
144.2
102.5
98.7
104.2
99.9
134.3
152.9
144.9
102.9
98.6
104.7
103.2
135.3
154.2
145.4
103.2
98.4
104.6
102.7
136.1
155.5
145.7
103.4
98.5
104.9
102.9
137.4
158.6
146.9
104.1
98.3
106.0
103.2
138.4
159.5
148.2
104.5
98.2
106.6
102.6
138.9
158.5
148.6
104.9
98.0
107.0
102.6
139.4
157.9
149.1
105.1
97.9
107.2
102.7
139.8
156.0
149.0
105.6
97.4
107.4
102.3
140.1
153.6
149.4
105.6
97.5
107.5
101 .4
140.1
151 .2
149.5
105.6
97 .6
107.6
101 .8
140.2
149.6
149.5
105.8
97.5
107.8
101.6
152.7
101.4
152.8
101 .8
153.4
101 .3
154.6
101 .3
155.1
101 .6
155.5
102.2
156.2
102.5
156.2
102.7
156.7
102.6
157.1
102.8
157.4
102.8
158.1
102.9
158.0
103.0
454
Retail trade
Motor vehicle and parts dealers. .. ..
. ................................ ..
Furniture and home furnishings stores ....... ...... ..... ..... ........ ..
Electronics and appliance stores ................. ........ . ...... . ........ .
Health and personal care stores ................................ ......... .
Gasoline stations (June 2001=100) ... ......... .. .. .. .. ................ .
Non store retailers ............................ ......................... ....... .
103.8
102.8
98.7
105.6
48.6
102.0
104.4
103.4
99.2
105.1
46.3
105.6
104.2
103.8
98.4
104.1
43.1
104.7
104.2
103.7
97.9
106.8
53.3
111 .5
104.2
104.6
93.6
107.2
59 .8
117.4
106.2
105.6
98.3
106.5
49 .0
117.5
106.7
106.6
100.2
105.6
49.8
122.6
107.2
106.4
102.3
107.8
48.3
117.7
107.6
108.9
103.5
107.2
50.7
123.4
108.3
108.2
102.9
107.6
51.9
123.2
108.3
109.7
99.9
107.d
38.9
120.2
107.2
108.9
99.9
102.7
48.8
123.4
106.9
111 .1
101.4
103.7
43.3
118.1
481
483
491
Transoortation and warehouslno
Air transportation (December 1992=100) .......................... . .. ..
Water transportation .. ...... ................................. .......... .... .
Postal service (June 1989=100) .............. .. ...... .. .. ...... .......... ..
163.4
102.1
155.0
159.8
103.2
155.0
160.9
103.8
155.0
162.2
103.7
155.0
161.4
103.5
155.0
164.9
104.0
155.0
164.5
104.3
155.0
169.5
105.0
155.0
168.8
106.0
155.0
167.0
105.7
155.0
173.6
105.1
155.U
176.4
105.6
155.0
105.5
155.0
221
Utilities
Utilities .... .... .......................... .. ........ .... ...................... .
107.4
105.2
104.3
108.8
108.9
108.3
107.5
108.7
110.6
111 .1
111 .3
113.9
116.8
Health care and s0clal assistance
Office of physicians (December 1996= 100) .......................... .. .
Medical and diagnostic laboratories .................................. ..... .
Home health care services (December 1996= 100) ................ . .. .
Hospitals (December 1992= 100) ................................ ........ .
Nursing care facilities .................................. .................... ..
Residential mental retardation facilities .................. ..
114.3
100.1
119.7
141 .6
103.0
102.1
114.4
100.1
119.8
141.7
103.2
102.5
114.4
100.1
120.1
143.3
103.7
102.5
114.4
100.1
120.2
143.5
103.9
102.5
114.5
100.1
120.3
143.8
103.9
102.5
115.7
102.4
120.9
144.8
105.3
103.8
115.9
104.2
121.0
145.6
105.4
103.7
116.3
104.2
120.9
145.6
105.4
104.4
116.3
104.2
120.8
145.6
105.8
104.4
115.ey
104.3
120.9
145.8
105.7
103.8
115.8
104.2
120.9
145.9
105.7
103.7
116.2
104.2
120.8
146.3
105.9
104.4
116.4
104.2
120.8
146.4
106.4
104.5
101.5
100.9
99.9
99 .0
104.1
104.0
101 .0
101.0
110.8
131.5
101.4
101.4
100.8
99.6
98.7
104.5
103.9
104.0
99.8
108.0
131 .8
101.4
101.8
104.3
99.4
98.7
104.3
104.6
103.1
101 .5
107.8
132.0
101.6
102.1
103.2
99.2
98.6
105.8
103.0
103.1
101.2
107.7
132.0
101.7
101 .9
100.8
99.9
98.6
106.0
104.2
105.9
102.3
108.1
132.0
101.3
103.0
100.2
99 .0
98.7
108.0
104.2
106.0
103.2
105.2
136.8
101 .8
103.4
100.5
98.1
98.8
109.8
103.5
106.0
102.0
106.9
137.1
102.8
103.3
101 .5
98.2
98.7
108.5
102.6
105.9
102.0
108.1
137.2
102.9
103.5
103.0
98.4
98.7
109.8
104.0
105.8
102.5
105.2
137.6
101 .6
103.7
104.2
98.4
98.6
111.4
104.2
105.9
101 .6
106.0
137.7
104.3
104.1
104.3
98.1
99.0
112.0
103.6
105.6
103.9
108.4
138.9
104.1
104.2
100.7
98.3
98.9
112.2
103.1
105.8
101.9
109.4
138.7
101.6
104.2
99.5
98.0
98.7
113.5
106.1
105.8
104.5
107.8
138.6
103.0
127.0
100.3
114.6
94.7
101.1
101.4
127.0
127.3
100.4
114.2
94.5
100.9
101.4
127.2
127.3
100.3
115.2
95.8
101.4
101.5
127.0
127.3
100.5
115.2
95.2
101 .4
101 .5
125.1
127.7
100.5
114.4
96.1
101.4
101.5
123.8
128.2
100.8
115.1
94.5
101 .7
101.5
125.7
128.6
101.0
115.7
93.7
101 .8
101.5
129.1
128.5
100.9
115.4
95.1
101 .8
101.5
130.7
128.4
100.8
115.8
96.3
102.0
102.5
130.7
129.2
101.0
115.6
95.9
102.1
103.1
129.1
129.4
101.9
115.8
95.'.\
101 .9
102.7
133.7
129.1
101.3
116.3
96.7
102.0
102.6
135.4
129.3
101.0
117.7
96.1
102.0
102.6
211
212
213
311
312
313
315
316
321
322
323
324
325
326
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
339
441
442
443
446
d"1;
6211
6215
6216
622
6231
62321
l
Other services Industries
Publishing industries, except Internet
............................... ..
Broadcasting, except Internet.. .. .. .............................. .. .. .... .. .
Telecommunications ......... .. .... ... .......... , .... .............. ....... .... . .
Data processing and related services ..................................·.· .···l
Securitv. commoditv contracts. and like activitv .. ................ ..
Lessors or nonresidental buildings (except miniwarehouse) .. ..
Offices of real estate agents and brokers ................ ...... ........ ..
Real estate support activities ..................... .......... .... .... ...... ..
Automotive equipment rental and leasing (June 2001=100) ...... ..
Legal services (December 1996=100) ................................ .. ..
Offices of certified public accountants .............. ............... .. ...... .
Architectural, engineering, and related services
(December 1996= 100) .......... ..................... ... .. .. .... .... .. ..... .
54181
Advertising agencies ........................ .......... ........................ ..
5613
Employment services (December 1996=100) ........................... .
56151
Travel agencies .... ... ......... .... .............................. .......... ..
1
5f: 72
Janitorial services .. .. .... ................................. ......... .... ..... .
5621
Waste collection ... ........................... ..... ....... .... ........... ... .
721
Accommodation (December 1996= 100\. ..................... ........ ..
511
515
517
5182
523
53112
5312
5313
5321
5411
541211
5413
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
October 2005
172.9
134.9
129
Current Labor Statistics: Price Data
42. Annual data: Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing
[1982 = 100]
1994
Index
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Finished goods
Total ..... ........................................................ ............. .
Foods .... ............................. ............... .. ....... ........ . .
Energy .. ... .. .... ........................ .. .............. . ... ........ .
Other ............. ..................... ................... ...... .. ...... . .
125.5
126.8
77.0
137.1
127.9
129.0
78.1
140.0 1
131.3
133.6
83.2
142.0
131 .8
134.5
83.4
142.4
130.7
134.3
75.1
143.7
133.0
135.1
78.8
146.1
138.0
137.2
94.1
148.0
140.7
141.3
96.8
150.0
138.9
140.1
88.8
150.2
143.3
145.9
102.0
150.5
148.5
152.6
113.0
152.7
Intermediate materials, supplies, and
components
Total. ....................... ......... .... .................................... .. ... .
Foods ......... ........................ ................ ............. .. .
Energy .... ........... ...................... . ... . ................. . ...... .
Other ............................................ .......... .... . ... ... .. .
118.5
118.5
83.0
127.1
!24.9
119.5
84.1
135.2
125.7
125.3
89.8
134.0
125.6 1
123.2
123.0
123.2
80 .8
133.5
123.2
120.8
84.3
133.1
129.2
119.2
101.7
136.6
129.7
124.3
104.1
136.4
127.8
123.3
95.9
135.8
133.7
134.4
111.9
138.5
142.5
145.0
123.1
146.5
101 .8
106.5
72.1
97.0
102.7
105.8
69.4
105.8
113.8
121.5
85.0
105.7
111.1 I
96.8
103.9
68.6
84.5
98.2
98.7
78.5
91.1
120.6
100.2
122.1
118.0
121 .3
106.2
122.8
101.8
108.1
99.5
102.0
101.0
135.3
113.5
147.5
116.8
159.0
126.9
174.7
149.0
89.0 1
134.2
Crude materials for further processing
Total ............. ............................................................. .. ..
Foods ... .. ...................... ........... ..... ....... ....... ... ...... .
Energy ................ . ...... .. .... ....... .......... .... .. .... .... ... .
0th.er .... ........................ ... ... ... . ... .. . ... .... .. ... ... ........ .
Monthly Labor Review
130
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October 2005
112.2 1
87.3
103.5
43. U.S. export price Indexes by Standard International Tfade Classification
[2000 = 100]
SITC
Industry
Rev. 3
2004
----
2005
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
0 Food and live animals ........................... ...................
01
Meat and meat preparations ........ ... .. ..... .... ............ ....... .
Cereals and cereal preparations .....................................
04
Vegetables, fruit , and nuts, prepared fresh or dry ....... .
05
116.4
126.1
120.6
113.2
117.6
124.8
122.0
119.8
\18.3
126.9
115.6
130.6
2 Crude materials, Inedible, except fuels ..........................
Oi l<;eeds and oleaginous fruits .. .......
22
··················· .......
24
Cork and wood ............ ..... .......... . . . . .. .. . . . .. . . . ... ... ..
Pulp and waste paper ............. ....... ...... .. .. .......... ........
Textile fibers and their waste .......... .... ... ... . ..........
Metalliferous ores and metal scrap ... .......... .... . .. . •. •.••..
118.0
117.4
98.8
99.5
101 .1
183.6
119.4
125.1
99.1
98.7
102.1
178.5
3 Mineral fuels, lubricants, and related products.............
Petroleum , petroleum products, and related materials ..
33
139.6
136.2
5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s. ................... ......
Medicinal and pharmaceutical products ................ .. ....
54
Essential oils; polishing and cleaning preparations .. ......
55
57
Plastics in primary iorms .... .............
.......... ....... .......
Plastics in nonprimory forms .... .. . .. .. .......... .. .. ....... .......
58
Chemical materials and products , n.e.s. .......... .... ........
59
108.6
108.1
105.1
107.3
97.1
106.2
6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by materials .....
62
Rubber manufactures. n.e.s .. .............................. .. .......
64
Paoer. oaoerboard. and articles of oaoer. oulo.
109.6
110.5
111.3
111 .8
112.2
113.0
113.5
113.7
114.3
114.3
113.9
113.6
113.6
112.0
111.4
111 .6
112.4
112.9
113.8
114.2
114.4
115.0
115.4
115.5
116.8
116.5
and oaoerboard ····· ····················· ....... ..... .. .. .. .....
Nonmetallic mineral manufactures. n.e.s ...... ....... ... .......
Nonferrous metals .............................. ··· ····· ··
··· · · ·· ··· ··· ···
101.9
100.2
96.5
102.7
100.4
99 .0
104.0
101.1
99.1
103.7
101 .3
100.6
104.2
101.6
101.5
104.1
101 .9
103.4
104.1
102.0
105.6
103.8
102.2
107.2
103.6
102.5
109.3
103.6
102.5
108.5
103.8
103.5
106.1
103.3
104.0
106.5
103.3
104.0
106.8
7 Machinery and transport equipment... ....... .....................
71
Power generating machinery and equ ipment .... ...........
72
Machinery specialized for particular industries ..
············
74
General industrial machines and parts, n.e.s.,
98.2
109.0
105.9
98.2
109.0
106.1
98.4
109.4
107.3
98.4
110.3
107.6
98.5
110.4
108.0
98.7
111.4
109.3
98.7
111.4
109.2
98.7
111.5
109.4
98.G
111 .3
110.7
98.6
111 .3
110.7
98.7
11 1.3
110.8
98.4
111 .1
111.4
98.1
111 .1
111 .5
and machine part& ............. .... ·· · ·· · ····· ········ ··· ..............
Computer equipment and office machines .......... ..........
Telecommunications and sound recording and
reproducing apparatus and equipment... ......................
Electrical machinery and equipment... ..................... .....
Road vehicles ...... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . .. .. . . .. ......
105.3
86.4
105.3
86.0
106.2
85.1
106.4
84.4
106.6
83.8
107.6
83.0
108.2
82.9
108.3
82.3
108.9
81 .5
109.1
81 .2
109.3
80.8
109.4
79.2
109.4
79.8
90.7
88.2
102.5
90 .7
88.1
102.4
90.5
87.9
102.8
90.5
87.7
102.8
90.4
87.9
103.0
90.5
87.8
103.0
90.5
87.6
103.0
90.5
87.7
103.0
89.9
87.5
102.9
89.8
87.3
103.1
89.7
87.5
103.0
89.5
87.0
103.2
89.5
85.3
103.2
101.9
101.8
102.2
102.3
102.6
103.4
103.4
103.4
103.5
103.1
103.1
103.6
103.5
October 2005
131
LO
26
28
66
68
75
76
77
78
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
118.7 I
125.4
113.1
137.2
118.1
124.6
116.4
129.9
118.2
121 .3
119.2
127.4
118.~
125.1
116.2
128.1
120.1
128.5
121.4
125.1
121 .1
132.9
116.9
130.4
123.9
140.1
116.1
137.4
124.2
140.0
118.7
133.6
124.2
137.0
120.5
132.1
123.8
136.0
118.4
131 .8
118.2
109.1
99.1
98.1
100.2
190.4
119 .5
110.3
98.4
98.2
97.5
197.0
119.4
111.1
98.8
98.8
96.4
195.0
123.1
115.2
98.7
100.0
98.4
205.8
122.1
109.7
98.9
100.7
98.7
206 .0
127.5
128.9
98.9
103.0
104.1
206.4
129.3
124.6
98.4
101.8
105.6
222.3
128.5
127.7
97.8
101.8
105.0
212.3
130.4
136.5
97.6
101.6
103.1
212.9
130.3
137.1
96.5
99.9
104.3
214.2
129.7
135.7
96.1
98.9
103.2
210.9
141.2
138.0
156.0
156.4
151 .1
151.0
146.5
144.6
148.5
147.3
154.2
155.7
169.3
174.9
182.1
190.6
174.1
178.3
179.5
186.6
191.9
198.1
195.9
201.9
109.7
108.0
105.6
109.9
97.4
105.5
111.6
106.7
106.6
113.2
98.1
105.2
112.9
106.9
107.5
117.2
98.7
105.3
114.0
107.2
109.1
118.9
99 .9
105.8
116.1
108.3
109.8
126.6
101 .5
106.5
116.3
107.9
111 .1
127.5
102.1
106.4
117.0
107.9
111.3
128.3
103.2
106.0
117.8
108.2
112.4
128.4
103.4
106.7
116.8
107.9
112.4
124.8
103.3
106.6
115.5
107.5
112.4
122.2
103.2
106.1
115.7
106.8
112.4
121 .9
103.6
105.9
115.7
106.6
112.5
122.8
103.6
105.6
I
87 Professional, scientific, and controlling
Instruments and apparatus ............................ ........ .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
Current Labor Statistics: Price Data
44. U.S. import price Indexes by Standard International Trade Classification
[2000 = 100]
SITC
Rev. 3
2005
2004
Industry
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
0 Food and live animals .. ...... ............................... .......
Meat and meat preparations ..... ... ...... .... ............. ....
01
Fish and crustaceans, mollusks, and other
03
107.4
134.2
109.2
134.9
111 .1
134.2
111 .0
131 .8
111 .9
133.0
110.9
134.5
112.6
134.8
117.5
135.9
116.4
136.5
116.0
138.6
11 3.9
138.7
112.9
138.9
112.7
139.0
aquatic invertebrntes ......... ....... ....... .. .. ........
Vegetables, fruit, and nuts, prepared fresh or dry .. ... ..
Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices, and manufactures
thereof ...... ..... ... ... ..... ...... ..... ... ... .. .. ... ... ............... .
86 .9
100.6
86.0
109.2
85.6
114.5
84.7
116.3
85.0
112.2
86.0
107.0
87.0
107.5
88.5
121 .6
88.3
117.6
87.8
117.2
87.6
109.0
89.0
106.6
89.7
106.1
05
07
103.4
105.6
104.5
108.9
114.4
118.9
122.8
130.2
128.9
126.2
127.8
120.5
118.8
1 Beverages and tobacco ..... .. ... .................................
Beverages ..... ............ .... . .....................................
11
106.1
106.6
106.2
106.7
106.5
106.9
106.7
107.1
107.1
107.6
107.5
107.9
107.7
108.1
107.8
108.2
108.2
108.6
108.3
108.8
108.4
108.9
108.6
109.1
108.7
109.2
2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels ..........................
Cork and wood .. ....... .... ........... ... ........... ............... ..
24
Pulp and waste paper .. ...... ... .. .. .... ...... ..... ..... ... ......
25
Metalliferous ores and metal scrap ..............................
28
Crude animal and vegetable materials, n.e .s..... . .....
29
134.0
148.9
107.7
160.8
97.6
135.1
151 .1
105.5
162.6
98.7
125.1
126.3
99.8
166.2
96.3
121.7
117.1
98.0
167.0
96.5
125.5
124.7
100.3
167.3
98.3
129.6
127.0
103.6
170.8
110.1
135.7
132.0
107.2
169.6
137.5
135.0
136.9
108.7
176.9
109.9
134.4
132.5
109.6
183.8
109.0
131.9
122.6
107.8
181 .3
122.8
130.5
127.0
103.6
176.0
11 1.7
128.1
122.3
104.2
178.8
100.8
127.2
120.8
102.9
184.1
91 .3
3 Mineral fuels, lubricants, and related products.............
Petroleum , petroleum products, and related materials ..
33
Gas, natural and manufactured ..... ........... ................ ......
34
144.2 1 146.8
149.5
144.8
121 .9
136.3
161 .2
165.7
124.1
157.2
155.3
166.2
140.6
137.0
163.5
142.2
140.4
150.8
148.3
148.6
143.3
166.5
169.0
145.8
173.6
174.6
161 .3
166.3
167.0
158.0
178.6
182.0
148.5
189.1
193.2
157.3
202.6
207.6
164.1
5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s . .........................
Inorganic chemicals . ... ················································
52
Dying, tanning, and coloring materials .... ........ ...... . ·······
53
Medicinal and pharmaceutical products .. .... ........ ....
54
Essential oils; polishing and cleaning preparations ... . ...
55
Plastics in primary forms .... ......... .. .......... ...... . .....
57
Plastics in nonprimary forms ......................... ······ ... .. . ..
58
Chemical materials and products, n.e .s .. ..... ........ .........
59
105.1
123.8
98.4
107.3
93.4
108.4
103.2
94.1
106.7
124.1
98.4
106.6
93.4
109.6
103.8
94.4
108.4
125.5
98.5
106.4
93.6
109.9
104.4
95.3
108.9
126.8
98.7
107.4
93.7
113.2
10b.1
95.8
109.6
126.7
98.7
108.9
94.4
116.1
105.7
96.1
110.2
127.6
97 .9
110.5
94.9
123.0
106.7
96 .2
111 .8
128.9
98.6
110.1
95.2
124.2
106.4
97.7
112.2
130.2
98.6
110.2
95.5
125.9
106.4
99.2
114.0
133.0
99 .8
110.8
95.4
126.7
106.9
101.8
113.2
135.1
101 .0
110.4
94 .5
126.9
106.9
102.7
11 2.4
138.2
101.0
110.3
94 .5
125.1
107.2
102.4
11 3.8
140.6
100.3
110.4
94.5
125.9
106.6
102.2
113.5
140.5
102.5
110.2
96.0
123.8
106.5
102.3
6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by materials.....
Rubber manufactures, n.e.s ... ... ............ .............. .... .... ...
62
Paper, paperboard, and articles of paper, pulp,
64
107.7
100.8
108.9
100.8
108.9
101.0
109.4
101 .3
110.4
101.9
111.4
102.2
111 .8
102.6
112.8
103.5
113. 1
104.2
11 2.8
104.2
112.8
104.6
112.3
104.4
111 .8
104.4
and paperboard .. ..... ...... ..... .. .. ... .... .. .... .... ... ..........
Nonmetallic mineral manufactures, n.e.s ........ ... ..... .....
Nonferrous metals ...........................................................
Manufactures of metals, n.e.s . .... ........ .... .... .... ............
96 .9
100.2
105.6
103.3
97.9
100.4
106.3
103.9
99.2
100.5
106.6
104.4
99.4
100.5
108.6
105.3
99.0
100.7
111 .0
106.7
100.0
100.9
112.1
108.1
99.9
100.8
114.1
108.4
100.3
100.9
116.1
108.7
101.4
101 .1
118.5
108.9
101.7
101 .1
118.8
108.8
102. 1
101.4
117.7
108.6
103.9
101.4
118.2
108.4
103.7
101 .6
118.2
108.1
7 Machinery and transport equipment.. ........ ....... ..............
Machinery specialized for particular industries .... ....
72
74
General industrial machines and parts , n.e.s.,
95.0
107.6
95.0
107.4
94.9
107.8
95.1
108.5
95.2
109.5
95.3
110.5
95.2
110.6
95.1
110.8
95.1
111 .2
95. 1
111 .3
95.0
110.9
94.6
110.6
94.6
110.5
104.1
74.3
104.3
73.9
104.6
73.2
104.9
73.0
105.3
72.8
106.2
72.4
106.6
71 .9
106.8
71 .2
107.3
71 .2
107.2
70 .7
107.3
70.5
107.5
69.1
107.1
69.1
77
78
and machine parts .. ...... ..... ............................. .. .........
Computer equipment and office machines .......... ...... ...
Telecommunications and sound recording and
reproducing apparatus and equipment... ................ ......
Electrical machinery and equipment... ... .. ....... .. .......... ...
Road vehicles ................ ...... ................... ...... ....... ...... . ..
84 .0
94.7
102.8
83.8
94.6
103.1
83.4
94.3
103.4
83.4
94.4
103.6
83.1
94.6
103.7
83.0
94.6
103.6
82.8
94.4
103.7
82.7
94.5
103.7
81.9
94.4
103.8
82 .1
94.5
103.8
82.0
94.5
103.8
81 .6
94.5
103.9
81 .2
94.1
103.9
85
Footwear ........ ................................... ...... ...... ............
...
100.1
100.5
100.5
100.5
100.5
100.3
100.3
100.3
100.3
100.4
100.5
100.9
100.7
88
Photographic apparatus, equipment, and supplies,
and ootical aoods n.e.s .. ..... ..... .................. . . . .. ..... ...
98.2
98.2
98.2
98.3
98.6
99.1
99.1
99.1
99 .3
99.1
99.0
98.3
97.9
66
68
69
75
76
132
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October 2005
45. U.S. export price indexes by end-use category
[2000 = 100]
2004
Category
2005
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
ALL COMMODITIES .. ....... .........................................
103.4
103.8
104.4
Foods, feeds, and beverages ... .......... ....... ...........
Agricultural foods , feeds , and beverages .. ..............
Nonagricultural (fish , beverages) food products .... .
116.5
117.0
110.9
118.7
119.3
113.0
117.5
117.8
114.4
Industrial supplies and materials . . . . .. ..
. ..
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
104.7
104.8
105.6
105.7
106.4
106.9
106.7
106.6
106.7
106.6
118.3
118.5
115.5
116.9
116.6
118.4
117.1
116.4
116.7
116.0
119.7 . 119.7
120.9
120.7
121 .8
121 .0
120.9
120.9
123.6
123.8
120.8
125.1
125.6
119.7
125.3
125.6
122.0
124.8
124.8
124.8
123.3
I
Aug.
113.1
114.0
116.6
117.4
118.0
120.1
120.7
122.3
124.1
122.7
122.1
123.0
108.4
109.4
109.2
108.5
109.5
112.9
112.8
115.6
117.0
117.1
116.2
116.3
115.3
Fuels and lubricants ... ..... ............................ .. .... .. . 120.4
Nonagricultural supplies and materials,
excluding fuel and building materials ... .. ... ....... ... 113.5
Selected building materials .. ........................ ......... .. 103.3
121 .5
132.2
128.3
125.4
128.3
133.0
143.8
152.3
145.0
148.1
157.3
160.4
114.4
104.0
116.4
103.9
117.9
104.0
118.9
104.4
121.0
104.6
121.0
104.8
121.4
105.3
122.5
105.4
121.6
105.8
120.4
106.2
120.4
105.9
120.4
105.8
97.8
102.4
93.9
98.0
103.3
93.9
98.1
103.5
93.8
98.2
103.6
93.9
98.4
103.8
94.0
98.5
103.5
94.0
98.4
103.9
93.9
98.4
103.7
93.8
98.4
103.6
93.7
98.4
103.5
93.7
98.0
103.1
93.2
97 .6
103.0
92 .6
. . . . ..... . ....
Agricultural industrial supplies and materials ....... ..
Capital goods ... ... ............. .. ....... ....... .. .... .. ... ......
Electric and electrical generating equipment.. ........
Nonelectrical machinery ............. ... ... ............... .. ... .
97.8
102.2
94.0
Automotive vehicles, parts , and engines ............ .....
102.6
102.5
102.7
102.8
102.9
103.1
103.1
103.3
103.3
103.4
103.4
103.5
103.5
Consumer goods, excluding automotive ......... ... .. ....
Nondurables , manufactured .......... .............. ... .... .. ..
Durables, manufactured ........... .... .......................
101 .1
101 .0
101.0
101.0
101.0
100.9
100.9
100.5
100.8
101.0
100.6
101.0
101.2
101.0
101.1
101 .7
101.6
101.4
101.6
101.5
101.5
101.6
101 .5
101.5
101.9
101.8
101.7
101.7
101.6
101.5
101.5
101 .2
101.5
101.5
100.9
101 .5
101 .5
100.9
101 .6
Agricultural commodities .............. .. ... ...... ..... .. ... ...
Nonagricultural commodities ..... ..... .. ..... ...... ... .. .. ...
115.5
102.5
117.6
102.8
116.3
103.6
116.7
103.9
115.4
104.1
116.1
104.9
115.5
105.0
119.9
105.4
120.3
106.0
122.7
105.5
124.0
105.3
123.9
105.4
123.1
105.3
46. U.S. import price indexes l::>y end-use category
(2000
= 100]
2004
Category
Aug.
Sept.
2005
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
ALL COMMODITIES ... ....... .... ............................. ...... .
103.6
104.1
105.8
105.5
104.0
104.6
105.5
107.8
108.8
107.9
109.2
110.1
111 .5
Foods, feeds, and beverages ............ .... ... ...... .... ..
Agricultural foods, feeds, and beverages ... ....... .. ... .
Nonagricultural (fish, beverages) food products ... ..
107.3
114.1
92 .3
108.7
116.4
91.4
110.0
118.4
91.1
110.3
119.1
90.7
111.5
120.7
91.0
111.1
119.6
92.0
112.2
120.8
92.8
115.9
125.7
94.0
115.6
125.5
93.5
115.5
125.5
93.2
114.1
123.5
93.0
113.3
121 .9
94.0
113.2
121 .6
94.5
Aug.
Industrial supplies and material s ... ...... .. ..... ........ .. ..
126.6
128.5
134.9 ,
133.2
126.4
127.9
130.7
139.8
143.7
139.8
145.3
150.2
156.0
Fuels and lubricants ................................ .. ..... ... .. ..
Petroleum and petroleum products ....... .. ....... ...
143.4
144.4
146.2
149.2
160.8
165.8
157.0
155.9
141.0
138.1
142.5
141.2
148.0
148.4
165.6
168.3
173.0
174.4
165.9
166.7
177.7
181.1
188.1
192.1
200.9
205.7
Paper and paper base stocks .................................
Materials associated with nondurable
supplies and material s .............................. ...........
Selected building materials ..... .......... .. .... ............. ...
Unfinished metals associated with durable goods ..
Nonmetal s associated with durable goods .............
100.4
101.1
101.4
101 .1
101 .3
102.4
103.0
103.8
104.7
101\.5
103.8
104.9
104.4
107.7
124.0
129.8
98.5
108.0
125.6
133.1
98.8
108.7
115.3
134.2
98.9
109.3
111 .8
136.4
99.2
109.8
115.6
138.5
99.7
111 .3
117.9
139.6
100.9
112.0
119.8
138.8
100.9
113.0
122.7
140.4
100.8
114.0
120.3
142.4
101 .1
113.8
115.8
141 .3
101 .0
113.5
118.0
139.9
100.9
114.4
114.7
138.6
100.3
114.5
113.8
136.8
100.3
Capital goods ....................... .......................... ...
Electri c and electri cal generating equipment.. .. ... ...
Nonelectrical machinery .. .. ....................................
92 .1
97.7
89.9
92.0
97.4
89.8
91.8
97.4
89.5
91 .9
97.5
89.6
92.2
98.0
89.9
92 .5
98.4
90.1
92.4
98.7
90.0
92 .3
98.8
89.8
92 .5
98.9
90.0
92.4
98.8
89.9
92.3
98.9
89 .8
91 .7
98.7
89 .0
91.7
98.6
89 .0
Automoti ve vehicles, parts, and engines ........ .... .... .
102.5
102.7
103.0
103.1
103.2
103.2
103.2
103.2
103.3
103.3
103.4
103.4
103.4
Consu mer goods, excluding automotive ........... .... ...
Nondurables, manufactured .............................. .... .
Durabl es, manufactured ............... .............. ........
Nonmanufactured consumer goods ..... .. ........... .. .
98.4
100.9
95.9
97.9
98.4
100.8
95.9
97.9
98.5
100.9
96.0
97.9
98.7
101 .1
96.2
98.0
99.0
101.4
96.5
98.2
99.6
102.2
96.8
100.1
100.1
102.8
96.7
105.0
99.9
102.8
96.8
100.3
99.8
102.9
96.5
100.3
99.9
102.8
96.6
103.0
99.9
102.8
96.6 I
101.8 I
99.7
102.9
96 .3
100.1
99.5
102.9
96 .0
98.6
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
47. U.S. international price Indexes for selected categories of services
[2000
= 100, unless indicated otherwise]
2003
Category
June
2004
Sept
Dec.
Mar.
June
2005
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
Air freight (inbound) ............ .............. ............... .. .... .....
Air freight (outbound) ........................... ........ ........ ..
109.4
95.4
112.5
95.5
112.9
94.9
116.2
96.1
116.6
99.0
118.7
100.7
125.2
104.7
126.3
103.8
125.9
107.6
Inbound air passenger fares (Dec. 2003 = 100) ..........
Outbound air passenger fares (Dec. 2003 = 100)) .. .....
Ocean liner freight (inbound) ....... ..... ........ ... .. ....... ... .
-
-
-
116.1
116.2
100.0
100.0
117.7
105.1
99.3
119.1
106.1
114.2
121.1
110.1
114.2
120.3
112.5
105.4
122.7
114.5
105.0
121 .3
116.1
120.5
128.4
NOTE: Dash indicates data not available.
Monthly Labor Review
October 2005
133
Current Labor Statistics: Productivity Data
48. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensatit)n,
[1992
omJ unit costs, quarterly data seasonally adjusted
= 100]
Ill
II
IV
I
Ill
II
2005
2004
2003
2002
Item
IV
I
II
Ill
IV
I
II
Business
Output per hour of all persons ............... .... ..... .... .... ..... ..
Compensation per hour .... ... ... .... .. ....... ... .... .. ..... ... .
R~d; .::.orripensation per hour ...... .... ... .. .... .......... .. ... .
Unit labor costs ......................... ............ .. ...... .. .. .. .... ..
Unit nonlabor payments .. .. ... ..... ... .. .... ............... .......
Implicit price deflator .... ........... ..... .. ... .. ... ............ ...
123.2
145.0
115.7
117.7
112.9
115.9
124.6
145.7
115.7
116.9
115.0
116.2
124.7
145.8
115.1
116.9
116.3
116.7
125.6
147.8
115.5
117.7
116.4
117.2
127.9
150.3
117.3
117.5
117.2
117.4
130.5
152.0
118.0
116.4
120.3
117.9
130.6
152.8
118.4
117.0
120.5
118.3
131 .7
154.4
118.5
117.3
123.0
119.4
132.8
155.7
118.2
117.2
126.1
120.5
133.3
158.2
119.6
118.7
124.2
120.7
134.3
162.5
121.8
121.0
122.3
121 .5
135.3
1G4.4
122.5
121.5
123.9
122.3
135.5
165.7
122.2
122.3
124.3
123.0
Nonfarm business
Output per hour of all persons ................ ........ ..... .. .... ... .
Compensation per hour .. ..... .... .. .... .. ... .. .... .... ... ......
Real compensation per hour .. ....... .............. .... ..... ...
Unit labor costs ... .. ........ ..... .. .... ....... ..... ....... ......... .... .
Unit non labor payments ........ ........ ... ... .. .. ...... ...... .....
Implicit price deflator .... ... ..... ... ... ... .. ...... .. ..... .... .....
122.7
144.2
115.0
117.5
115.0
116.6
123.9
144.8
114.9
116.9
116.9
116.9
124.0
145.0
114.5
116.9
118.0
117.3
124.9
147.0
114.9
117.7
118.2
117.9
126.9
149.3
116.5
117.6
118.7
129.9
151 .2
117.4
116.4
121.6
118.3
130.1
152.2
117.9
116.9
121 .3
118.6
130.8
153.5
117.8
11 7.3
123.5
119.6
132.2
154.9
117.6
117.1
126.5
120.6
132.7
157.2
118.8
118.S
125.3
121 .0
133.5
161.0
120.7
120.7
123.7
121 .8
134.5
163.2
121 .6
121 .3
125.0
122.7
135.3
162.0
121 .7
122.1
125.7
123.4
Output per hour of all employees .................... .. .............
Compensation per hour ............ ........... ... .. ... .... ..... .
Real compensation per hour ..... ... ... ....... ........ .... .. ...
Total unit costs ............ .............. .................... ...........
Unit labor costs ... ...... .......................................... .. .... .. .
Unit nonlabor costs ... .......................... .... ..... ... .... .. ... ... .
Unit profits ... .. ........... .......... ............ .. .. ... ..... ................. ..
Unit nonlabor payments ...................... ............. ........
Implicit price deflator ....... .. ..... .. ..... .. .. ... ...... .......... .
127.9
141.8
113.1
110.9
110.9
110.7
94.5
106.4
109.4
129.1
142.7
113.3
110.4
110.6
110.0
100.3
107.4
109.5
130.1
143.2
113.1
110.0
110.1
109.6
111 .2
110.0
110.1
130.4
144.6
113.0
111 .0
110.9
111.4
107.8
110.5
110.7
132.7
147.0
114.8
110.7
110.8
110.5
113.7
111 .4
111 .0
135.1
148.9
115.5
110.4
110.2
110.9
119.9
113.3
111 .3
135.9
149.8
116.0
110.4
110.2
110.8
124.8
114.6
111 .7
136.1
150.3
115.4
110.7
110.4
111 .4
130.2
116.4
112.4
136.9
151 .7
115.2
111 .0
110.8
111 .5
138.6
118.7
113.4
139.4
154.0
116.5
110.5
110.5
110.3
139.7
118.2
113.1
142.3
158.0
118.4
110.5
111 .0
108.8
143.1
118.0
113.4
143.2
160.3
119.4
110.9
111 .9
108.2
145.3
118.2
114.0
145.6
161.8
119.4
109.9
111 .2
106.6
159.2
120.7
114.3
Manufacturing
Output per hour of all person& ... .... .......... .. ....................
Compensation per hour .. .. .... ..... ........ ... ..... ......... ...
Real compensation per hour ... .... .... ...... .. ....... ... ......
Unit labor costs .. ... ............... .. ............. .... .......... ........
146.5
147.6
117.7
100.8
148.7
1490
118.3
100.2
149.5
150.2
118.6
100.5
151 .6
156.5
122.3
103.2
152.9
159.2
124.3
104.1
156.9
161.5
125.4
102.9
158.1
163.2
126.5
103.2
159.3
159.1
122.1
99.9
162.2
161 .1
122.3
99.3
164.0
164.9
124.7
100.6
166.5
169.3
126.9
101 .7
168.2
172.2
128.3
102.4
169.7
175.8
129.6
103.6
118.0
I
Nonflnanclal corporations
NOTE: Dash indicates data not available.
134 Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October 2005
49. Annual indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, selected years
[2000 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]
Item
1990
1991
1992
1993
Productivity:
Output per hour of all persons ............................. .. ..
Output per unit of capital i.ervices ....... ...
········ ·· ··
Multifactor productivity ........ .... .......... .. .................
Output. ........... ..... ....... .............. ..... ...... , ........ .... ...... .
Inputs:
Labor input... ...................... .. ............ ... ........... ...... ... ... .
Capital services .... ............. ...... .. ............ ...... .... .... .
Combined units of labor and capital input.. ............ ..
Capital per hour of all persons ... ... ..... .. ..... .... .... ..... .....
1994
1995 1996
1997
1998
1999 ~ l- ~001
·-
I
Private business
2002
81.4
102.6
90 .9
68.6
82 .7
99.7
90.3
68.1
86.2
101 .7
92.7
70.9
86.5
102.6
93.1
73.2
87 .5
1n4.5
94.1
76.9
87.7
103.6
93.8
79.1
90.3
103.9
95.5
82.8
91.9
104.1
96.3
87.2
94.4
102.6
97.4
91 .5
97.2
101 .8
98.7
96.2
100.0
100.0
100.1)
100.0
102.7
96.3
100.1
100.4
107.2
95.5
102.0
102.3
80 .1
66.9
75.5
79.3
79.1
68.4
75.4
83.0
80 .0
69.7
76 .5
84.8
82 .4
71 .3
78.6
84.4
86.1
73.5
81 .7
83.7
38.5
76.4
84.3
84.6
90.4
79.7
86.7
86.9
94.0
83.8
90 .5
88.3
96.2
89.2
93.9
92.0
99.0
94.5
97 .5
95.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.6
104.2
100.4
106.6
97.4
107.1
100.3
112.2
81.7
104.2
91 .5
68.6
83.1
101 . ,
91 .0 I
oil. I
86.5
102.8
93.2
70 .8
86.9 1
103.8
93 .6
73.2
87.9
105.4
94.5
76.7
88.4
104.7
94.6
79.3
90.8
·104.7
96.0
82.9
92 .2
104.6
96.6
87.2
94.:103.0 1
97.7
91.5
97.3
102.1
98.8
96.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.6
96.3
100.0
100.5
107.2
95.4
102.0
102.4
79.8
65.8
75.0
78.4
,'8.7
67.4
74.8
82.3
79.6
688
75.9
84.1
82.2
70.6
78.2
83.7
85.6
7:::.8
81.2
83.3
88.0
75.7
83.8
84.4
90.0
79.2
86.3
86.7
93.7
83.3
90 .2
88.2
96.0
88.8
93.7
91 .9
99.0
94.3
97.5
95.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.8
104.4
100.5
106.6
97.3
107.3
100.3
112.4
82.2
97.5
93.3
83.2
84.1
93.6
92.4
81 .5
88.6
95.9
94.0
85.5
90.2
96.9
95.1
88.3
93.0
99.7
97.3
92.9
96.5
100.6
99.2
96.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
103.8
101 .4
103.1
105.6
108.9
101 .7
105.7
110.5
114.0
101.7
108.7
114.7
118.3
101.0
111 .3
117.4
119.7
95.1
110.3
112.1
-
101.1
85.3
93.1
77 .5
84.7
89.1
96.9
87.1
93.2
78.5
84.6
88.3
96.5
89.1
93.1
83.5
92 .0
90.9
97.8
91 .1
96.6
86.5
92.9
92.8
99.9
93.2
99.9
90.3
96.0
95.5
100.4
96.4
102.3
93.1
100.4
97.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
101 .7
104.1
97.5
101 .9
103.9
102.4
101 .5
108.7
100.6
107.5
103.1
104.6
100.7
112.8
102.9
107.9
105.4
105.5
99.2
116.2
104.3
106.9
106.5
105.5
93.6
117.9
98.9
105.5
97.7
101.6
-
October
2005
135
Private nonfarm business
Productivity:
Output per hour of all persons .... ........... ... .. ...........
Output per unit of capital services .. ........................
Multifactor productivity ... ...... ... .. .... ...... .. . · · ······ · ···
Output. .......................... ...... ... .... .. .. ........ ..... ..... ......
Inputs:
Labor input. ......... .... .....................................................
Capital services ............... ......... ............... ... ..... .....
Combined units of labor and capital input.. ........ ......
Capital per hour of all persons ................. ........ . .. .. ..
I
Manufacturing [1996 = 100]
Productivity:
Output per hour of all persons .. ... .... ... .....
······ ······ ·
Output per unit of capital services ............ ... ... .. ..
Multifactor productivity .... .... ......... ...... ...... .. .... ... ...
Output. ................................... ........ .. .. ............ ...... ...
Inputs:
Hours of all persons .....................................................
Capital services ... ..... ..... ... ........................ ... .... .....
Energy ................ ........ ................. .. ........... ..... .........
Nonenergy materials ......................... .. ... ... ........ ... .. .... .
Purchased business services ........ ...... .. .. ....................
Combir1ed units of all fac,or inputs ............... ..........
-
-
NOTE: Dash indicates data not available.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
Current Labor Statistics:
Productivity Data
50. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years
(1992
= 100]
1960
Item
1970
1980
1990
1996
Business
I
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
i
Output per hour of all persons .......................................
Compensation per hour .. ... ... ....... .......... .. ...............
Real compensation per hour ...................... .............
Unit labor costs .. ... .. ........... ............ ... .... ... .. .............. .
Unit nonlabor payments ..... ... .. ................................
Implicit price cieflator ... ...... ..... ... ....... .. ....... ...... ......
48.9
13.9
60.8
28.4
24.8
27.1
66.3
23.6
78.8
35.6 1
31.5
341
79.1
54.1
89.1
»8.4
61.3
65.8
94.5
90.6
96.3
96.0
93.8
95.1
104.7
109.6
99.6
104.7
112.0
10,.4
106.7
113.1
100.6
106.1
113.9
109.0
109.7
120.0
105.3
109.4
110.1
109.7
112.9
125.8
108.1
111.4
109.5
110.7
116.1
134.5
111 .9
115.9
107.4
112.7
119.0
140.2
113.4
117.8
110.2
114.9
123.8
145.0
115.1
117.1
114.4
116.1
128.6
150.7
117.3
117.2
8.6
117.7
133.0
157.7
119.5
118.6
123.9
120.6
Nontarm business
Output per hour of all persons ... ... .......... .......................
Compensation per hour ... ........... ............. ........... ...
Real compensation per hour. .. ... ........ .. ....... ...... ... ...
Unit labor costs ....... ... .... .......... .......... ....... ... .. .... .. .. .. .
Unit non labor payments .. ...... ... ... .. .... ................. ... .. .
Implicit price deflator .... .. .. .. .. ..... .. ....... .... ... .... ... .....
51 .9
14.5
63.3
27.9
24.3
26.6
68.0
23.7
79.2
34.9
31.2
33.5
80.6
54.4
89.5
67.5
60.4
64.9
94.5
90.4
96.0
95.7
93.5
94.9
104.9
109.5
99.5
104.5
112.2
107.3
106.6
112.9
100.4
105.9
114.6
109.1
109.5
119.6
105.0
109.3
111 .1
109.9
1 12.6
125.2
107.5
111 .2
111.1
111.1
115.6
134.0
111 .4
115.9
108.9
113.3
118.5
139.3
112.6
117.5
111 .8
115.4
123.3
144.2
114.8
117.0
116.3
116.7
128.0
149.9
116.7
117.1
120.0
118.2
132.3
156.7
118.7
118.4
124.7
120.7
Nontinancial corporations
Output per hour of all employees ...................................
Compensation per hour .. ..... ........... .... ...... .... ..... .. ..
Real compensation per hour ................................ ...
Total unit costs ................................... .... ............ ......
Unit labor costs ..................................................... .......
Unit nonlabor costs ...................... ........................ ........
Unit profits .............................................. ........................
Unit non labor payments ... ..... ........ .. .... .............. .. .. ...
Implicit price deflator ........ .. ..... .. ..... ..... ..... .......... ...
56.2
16.2
70.8
27.3
28.8
23.3
50.2
30.5
29.4
69.8
25.7
85.9
35.6
36.9
32.2
44.4
35.4
36.4
80.8
57.2
94.1
69.2
70.8
64.9
66.9
65.5
69.0
95.4
91.1
96.8
96.0
95.5
97.3
96.9
97.2
96.1
107.1
108.5
98.5
100.9
101.3
100.0
150.0
113.3
105.3
109.9
111.7
99.4
101.1
101.7
99.7
154.3
114.3
105.9
113.5
118.1
103.6
102.9
104.1
99.5
137.0
109.5
105.9
117.3
123.6
106.2
104.0
105.3
100.4
129.1
108.0
106.2
121 .5
132.0
109.7
107.4
108.6
104.2
108.7
105.4
107.5
123.5
137.3
111 .1
111 .6
111.2
112.6
82.2
104.5
108.9
128.2
142.0
113.0
110.7
110.7
110.8
95.4
107.4
109.6
133.5
147.6
114.8
110.6
110.5
11ll.9
116.7
112.5
111.2
138.7
153.5
116.4
110.6
110.7
110.5
138.0
117.8
113.1
41.8
14.9
65.0
35.6
26.8
30.2
54.2
23.7
79.2
43.8
29.3
35.0
70.1
55.6
91.4
79.3
80.2
79.9
92.9
90.5
96.1
97.3
100.8
99.5
113.9
109.3
99.3
96.0
110.7
105.2
118.0
112.2
99.8
95.1
110.4
104.6
123.6
118.7
104.2
96.0
104.2
101.1
128.1
123.4
106.0
96.4
105.1
101.8
134.1
134.7
112.0
100.5
107.1
104.6
136.9
137.8
111 .5
100.7
105.9
103.9
147.3
147.9
117.7
100.4
154.8
160.1
124.6
102.4
163.0
163.6
124.0
100.4
-
-
-
1
I
I
Manutac•uring
Output per hour of all persons .......................................
Compensation per hour .... ....... ... .. .... ....... ....... .. ... ..
Real compensation per hour ....... ..... .. ... ... .... .. .. .. .....
Unit labor costs .... ........... .. .................. ............. .... .....
Unit non labor payments ................ ................ ......... ..
Implicit price deflator .... ... ......... ...... ..... ... ... .... ... .. ...
Dash indicates data not available.
Monthly Labor Review
136
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October
2005
51. Annual indexes of output per hour for selected NAICS industries, 1987-2004
[1997=100]
NAICS
Industry
1987
1990
1992
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Mining
2121
2122
2123
Mining .... ..... .... . ... ... . ... .... ... . ......................
uil and gas extraction ............. ... ........ ··· ·· ·
Mining, except oil and gas .... ........ ... . . ..... . .. . . ..
Coal mining ..... ........................ ... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Metal ore mining ......... ..... ··.·· .......................
Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying .. . . .. . ..
2211
2212
Power generation and supply ....... . . .. . ..... . . .. ...
Natural gas distribution ........ .. ....... ....... .. ........
21
211
?12
85.5
80.1
69 .8
58.4
71 .2
88.5
85.1
75.7
79.3
68.1
79.9
92 .3
95.0
81 .6
86.8
75.3
91 .7
96.1
101.7
95.3
94.0
88.2
98.5
97.3
101.3
98.1
96.0
94.9
95.3
97 .1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
103.6
101 .2
104.6
106.5
109.5
101.3
111.4
107.9
105.9
110.3
112.7
101 .2
111 .2
119.4
106.8
115.8
124.4
96.2
109.1
121 .6
109.0
114.4
131 .8
99.3
113.9
124.0
111.4
112.2
142.4
103.6
116.2
130.5
113.6
113.1
141.0
108.6
-
65.6
67.8
71 .1
71.4
74.5
76.1
88.5
89.0
95.2
96.0
100.0
100.0
103.7
99.0
103.5
102.7
107.0
113.2
106.4
110.1
102.9
115.4
105.1
114.3
-
Utilities
Manufacturing
Animal food ........................... .. .. . ..... .. ...... ..
-
3111
3112
3113
3114
3115
Grain and oilseed milling ... ..... ... .. . .. . . . ... ... .
Sugar and confectionery products ....................
Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty .......
Dairy products .. ..................... ········ ········ ·······
83.6
81.1
87 .6
92.4
82.7
91.5
88.6
89.5
87.6
91.1
90.5
91.1
89.2
91 .9
95.2
93.8
98.7
93.2
98.3
97.6
86.1
90.0
97.8
98.8
97.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
109.0
107.5
103.5
107.1
100.0
110.9
116.1
106.5
109.5
93.6
109.7
113.1
109.8
111.8
95.9
131.4
119.5
108.6
121.4
97 .1
142.7
123.8
108.2
126.7
105.0
140.4
122.0
112.2
121.8
110.1
3116
3117
3118
3119
3121
Animal slaughtering and processing ... ................
Seafood product preparation and packaging .. ... ...
Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing ....... .... ... ......
Other food products ......................................
Beverages ... ...... .. ..... ... ..... ..................... .....
97 .4
123.1
100.9
97 .5
77.1
94.3
119.7
94.5
92.4
87.6
101.8
117.8
97.1
97 .6
94.9
99.0
110.3
100.7
104.0
103.2
94.2
118.0
97.3
105.0
102.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
120.2
103.8
107.8
99.0
101 .2
131 .6
108.6
111 .3
90.7
102.6
140.5
108.3
112.7
90.8
103.7
153.0
109.9
106.2
92.7
107.8
170.0
110.7
113.6
99.8
107.0
177.8
110.9
118.9
105.0
3131
3132
3133
3141
3149
Fiber, yarn , and thread mills ....... .... .. .. ..... ... ...
Fabric mills ............ ....... .. .. ...... ... .. ................
Textile and fabric finishing mills ........ ... .... ..... .. ...
Textile furnishings mills .... .. .. .. . .. .. .................
Other textile product mills .. . ...... ... .. .. ........ ......
66.5
68.0
91.3
91 2
92 .2
74.4
75.3
82.0
!38.0
91.4
80.2
81.4
83.5
92.7
91.8
91 .9
95.5
84.3
92.3
95.9
98.9
98.1
85.0
93.8
97.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.1
104.2
101.2
99.3
96.7
103.9
110.0
102.2
99.1
107.6
101.3
110 I
104.4
104.5
108.9
109.1
110.3
108.5
103.1
103.1
13~.5
125.7
119.7
103.5
105.1
150.2
136.1
124.8
111 .9
104.6
3151
3152
3211
3212
3219
Apparel knitting mills ..... . ... .. ............... . .. . . . .. . .
Cut and sew apparel. ..... ..... . .. ............ ...... .......
Sawmills and wood preservation ... ...................
Plywood and engineered wood products . .......... .
Other wood products ... .............. . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76.2
69.8
77.6
99.8
103.2
86.2
70.1
79.4
102.9
105.5
93.3
72.9
85.7
114.3
103.2
109.3
85.2
90.4
101 .5
99.8
122.1
90.6
95.9
101.1
100.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
96.1
102.3
100.3
105.2
101 .1
101.4
114.6
104.7
98.8
104.6
108.9
119.8
105.4
98.9
103.1
105.6
119.5
108.8
105.3
104.9
114.8
110.9
114.4
110.3
114.2
107.5
123.5
120.6
106.5
112.9
3221
3222
3231
J241
3251
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills .. ..................
Con verted paper products ·················· ···· ··· ··· ··
Printing and related support activities ........... ... ..
Petroleum and coal products .......... .. .. ... .........
Basic chemicals .. ... ................... ............. ... ...
81 .7
89.0
97 .7
72.1
94.6
84.0
90.1
97.6
76.1
93.4
87.9
94.0
101.7
79.0
90.2
98.4
97.2
98.8
89.9
91 .3
95.4
97.7
99.9
93.5
89.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.5
102.5
100.6
102.2
102.7
111.1
100.1
102.8
107.1
115.7
116.3
101.1
104.6
113.5
117.5
119.9
100.5
105.3
112.1
108.8
133.1
105.5
110.0
117.9
124.0
138.0
109.3
110.7
118.9
132.0
3252
3253
3254
3255
3256
Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers ... ... ................
Agricultural chemicals .......................... ...........
Pharmaceuticals and medicines .............. ..... .....
Paints, coatings, and adhesives ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Soap, cleaning compounds, and toiletries ...... .....
77.4
80 .4
87.3
89.3
84.4
76.4
85.8
91 .3
87.1
84.8
80.4
82.1
87.5
89.6
85.0
95.4
89.9
95.9
92.3
96.1
93.1
91.7
100.0
99.1
97.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
106.0
98.8
93.8
100.1
98.0
109.8
87.4
95.7
100.3
93.0
109.8
92.1
95.6
100.8
102.8
106.2
90.0
99.5
105.6
106.0
123.0
98.9
96.0
109.1
124.5
120.9
107.2
98.6
113.5
114.6
3259
3261
3262
3271
3272
Other chemical nroducts and preparations ..... .....
Plastics producto .... .... ... . .................... .. .... ...
Rubber products ....... .. ................ .... ...... .........
Clay products and refractories. .... ... .................
Glass and glass products .. . .. ............ ... ......... .. .
75.4
83.1
75.5
86.9
82 .3
77.8
85.2
83.5
89.4
79.1
85.8
90.8
84.7
92.0
83.8
93.5
94.5
92.9
97.4
87.5
94.0
96.6
94.2
102.4
94.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.2
104.2
99.4
101 .2
101.4
109.3
109.9
100.2
102.7
106.7
119.7
112.3
101 .7
102.9
108.2
110.4
114.6
102.3
98.4
102.8
118.9
122.7
107.9
99.8
107.4
122.7
127.6
111 .7
103.5
115.2
-
3273
3279
3311
3312
3313
Cement and concrete products .........................
Other nonmetallic mineral products ............. ... ....
Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production .......
Steel products from purchased steel. ... .. ...... .... ..
Alumina and aluminum production .... .... .. ... ... .... .
93 .6
83 .0
64.8
79.7
90.5
96.6
79.5
70.2
84.4
90.7
96.2
90.3
74.7
90.1
95.8
99.7
91.4
90.0
100.6
95.9
102.0
96.0
94.1
100.5
95.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
105.1
99.0
101 .3
100.1
101.4
105.9
95.6
104.8
93.0
103.5
101.6
96.6
106.0
95.5
96.5
98.0
98.6
108.5
94.3
96.0
102.4
106.7
123.8
105.2
125.0
106.9
112.4
125.8
101 .6
127.1
-
3314
3315
3321
3322
3323
Other nonferrous metal production ............. .... ...
Foundries ... ...... .... .. ... .... ............... .. ... ... ........
Forging and stamping .....................................
Cutlery and hand tools .. . .. ... .......... .. ........ ..... ...
Architectural and structural metals ...... .. .. ... ... .... .
96.8
81.4
85.4
86.3
88.7
96.3
86.5
89 ()
85.4
t:17.9
99.7
86.4
92.2
87.4
92.7
102.7
93.1
93.9
97 .2
93.3
105.9
96.0
97.4
103.8
93.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.()
100.0
111.3
101.2
103.5
99.9
101.0
108.4
104.5
110.9
108.0
102.0
102.3
103.6
121.1
105.9
100.7
99.5
107.4
120.7
110.3
101.7
108.5
117.0
125.3
107.5
106.3
120.5
117.5
132.9
109.0
109.1
-
3324
3325
3326
3327
3328
Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers ...............
Hardware ............... .... ..... ... ... ... .. . .................
Spring and wire products ....... ......... .. ...... ... .... ..
Machine shops and threaded products .......... .. ...
Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals ...... .
86.0
88.7
82 .2
76.9
75.5
90.1
84.8
85.2
79.2
81 .3
95.4
87.3
90.8
87.4
86.6
97.3
97.2
99.0
98.3
102.2
100.7
102.2
102.4
99.8
101.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.4
100.5
110.6
99.6
100.9
97.1
105.2
111.4
104.2
101.0
94.7
114.3
112.6
108.2
105.5
94.6
113.5
111 .9
108.8
107.3
99.7
114.9
129.1
115.6
115.2
102.0
123.1
138.8
115.8
116.9
-
3329
3331
Other fabricated metal products ............. .........
Agriculture, construction , and mining machinery
Industrial machinery ... .. . ... ... ............. ... .. . . ......
Commercial and service industry machinery ........
HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment.. ...
91 .0
74 .6
75.1
86 .9
84.0
86.5
83.3
81 .6
95.6
90.6
90.4
79.o ·
79.9
100.1
91.5
96.~
95.4
97.1
103.6
96.4
98.2
95.7
98.5
107.2
97.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
101 .9
103.3
95.1
105.9
106.2
99.6
94.3
105.8
109.8
110.2
99.9
100.3
130.0
100.9
107.9
96.7
100.3
105.8
94.3
110.8
106.5
103.7
106.0
102.0 I
117.6 I
111.2
116.6
109.0
109.7
127.5
-
2005
137
J~32
3333
3334
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
October
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Cum:~nt Labor Statistics:
Productivity Data
51. Continued-Annual indexes of output per hour for selected
NAICS
industries, 1987-2004
[1997=100]
1987
1990
1992
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
NAICS
Industry
3335
3336
3339
3341
3342
Metalworking machinery .. . .. .. ...... ... ..... ...... .. . ....
Turbine and power :ransmission eq•iinment.. .. ....
Other general purpose machinery .... .... ... ...........
Computer and peripheral equipment.. .. .... ...... ... .
Communications equipment.. ... ... .. .... .. ... .... ... ...
85.1
80.2
83.5
11 .0
39.8
86.5
85.9
86.8
14.7
48.4
89.2
80.9
85.4
21.4
60.6
99.2
91 .3
94.0
49.9
74.4
97.5
98.0
94.9
72 .6
84 .5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.1
105.0
103.7
140.4
107.1
100.3
110.8
106.0
195.8
135.4
106.1
114 .9
113.7
234.9
164.1
100.3
126.9
110.5
252.0
152.9
115.6
132.7
117.6
297.3
128.1
117.4
141 .8
124.5
379.6
142.2
3344
3345
3351
3352
3353
Semiconductors and electronic components ........
Electronic instruments .....................................
Electric lighting equipment.. .. ... ...... .......... ..... .. .
Household appliances ..... .. ....... .... ... ...... ........ ..
Electrical equipment. .. .. .... .. ... ....... ...... ..... ... ....
17.0
70.2
91 .1
73.3
68.7
21.9
78.5
88.2
76.5
73.6
29.8
85.9
94.1
82.3
79.0
63.8
97.9
91.9
91.8
98.0
83.1
97 .6
95.8
91.9
100.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
125.8
102.3
104.4
105.3
100.2
173.9
106.7
102.7
103.9
98.7
232.4
116.7
102.0
117.2
99.4
230.4
119.3
106.7
124.7
101.0
264.1
119.3
112.3
136.0
103.2
322.1
128.5
113.1
151.6
104.9
-
3359
3361
3362
3363
3364
Other electrical equipment and components ........
Motor vehicles ... ... .... ...... ... ... .... ... .. .. ........... . ..
Motor vehicle bodies and trailers ... ... .. ... .... ... ... ..
Motor vehicle parts .. .......... .. ... ... .. ....... ... .... . . . .
Aerospace products and parts .. ....... .... .. ... ..... ...
78.7
75.4
85.0
78.7
86.5
76.0
85 .o
75.9
76.0
89.1
82.2
90.8
88.4
82.3
96.8
92.0
88.5
97.4
92.3
94.9
96.3
91.0
98.5
93.0
98.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.l)
105.7
113.4
102.9
105.0
120.2
114.6
122.6
103.1
110.0
120.0
119.6
109.7
98.8
112.3
103.2
112.9
110.0
88.7
114.8
116.7
115.6
126.3
105.5
130.7
117.8
116.9
138.7
109.3
135.9
121.7
-
3366
3369
3371
3372
3379
Ship and boat building .....................................
Other transportation equipment. ... ... .. ................
Household and institutional furniture .. ...... .. ... .....
Office furniture and fixtures .. .... ..... ....... ... .... .. ..
Other furniture-related products ........................
95.5
73.7
85.2
85.8
86.3
99.6
62.9
88.2
82.2
88.9
99.4
89.:i
92.5
86.4
87.6
93.1
94.1
97.2
84.9
94.8
93.5
101.5
99 .8
86.3
97.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.3
111 .5
102.2
100.0
106.9
112.0
113.8
103.1
98.2
102.0
121 .9
132.4
101 .9
100.2
99.5
121 .5
140.2
105.5
98.0
105.0
131 .0
151.1
115.7
115.2
110.4
133.8
166.0
118.2
125.3
110.5
-
3391
3399
Medical equipment and supplies ....... .......... .. ....
Other miscellaneous manufacturing .... ...............
76.3
85.4
82.9
90.5
89.2
90.3
96.6
95.9
100.5
99.7
100.0
100.0
108.7
102.0
110.4
105.0
114.6
113.6
119.3
111 .7
128.6
129.5
137.1
135.3
-
42
423
4231
4232
4233
Wholesale trade .. .. ... ..... ........... .......... ............
Durable goods ... ... ....... .... . .. ... . ...... .... .... ... ......
Motor vehicles and parts ..................................
Furniture and furnishings .......... .. ... .... ..............
Lumber and construction supplies .. ... .... .... .. ... ...
73.0
62.2
74.6
84.8
114.7
79.6
67.4
79.0
93.6
113.4
86.3
75.5
84.1
98.2
114.7
93.5
89.7
94.0
104.7
101 .8
96.9
94.6
96.3
104.7
102.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
103.6
106.6
107.0
97.9
103.0
111.4
118.1
124.1
100.3
103.5
116.8
123.5
120.5
105.7
99.6
119.8
127.1
126.7
107.9
105.9
126.5
137.3
142.0
107.9
112.5
130.7
143.2
145.0
116.9
119.8
140.8
161 .6
154.6
128.7
139.6
4234
4235
4236
4237
4238
Commercial equipment. ..................................
Metals and minerals .. .. .. ... ......... ................ ......
Electric goods ...... ....... .. ..... ..... .... .. .... ... .. .... ....
Hardware and plumbing ..................................
Machinery and supplies .................. . ........ .....
27.3
101 .7
41.7
82 .5
75.4
33.1
102.8
49.4
88.0
83.0
47.5
107.2
54.4
96.2
80.2
74.5
103.5
82.2
98.7
89.8
88.1
103.2
88.7
99.5
93.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
121.0
102.1
106.2
102.2
104.2
151.7
93.6
128.6
106.6
101.8
164.7
97.1
154.0
107.7
104.9
191 .6
99.3
152.4
98.6
103.9
226.0
100.5
163.3
101.9
101.9
253.5
103.5
169.0
106.3
104.6
288.9
119.6
206.0
111 .3
120.2
4239
424
4241
4242
4243
Miscellaneous durable goods .. .. ..... ... .... ... ....... .
Nondurable goods .. ...... ..................................
Paper and paper products .. ....... .... ....... ....... .....
Druggists' goods ...... ......... .... .. ... ... .. .... ... ... .....
Apparel and piece goods .. ....... ... .. . .......... ...... ..
86.9
90.9
85.6
70.7
89.0
88.6
98.6
81.7
79.9
102.8
107.6
101.1
96.0
88.4
100.3
99.2
97.9
96.1
94.1
91 .9
101 .8
98.8
94.6
98.6
98.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.6
100.0
98.5
101.0
106.3
109.7
103.1
102.0
107.6
107.9
111 .0
107.6
102.8
110.5
109.8
108.6
110.5
108.8
119.1
117.0
112.4
114.3
118.2
138.4
125.7
109.7
119.5
123.0
155.4
123.4
123.8
124.8
131.6
168.7
129.3
4244
4245
4246
4247
4248
Grocery and related products .. .........................
Farm product raw materials ..... ..... .... .... .. ..........
Chemicals ... ... .. ............. ..... ...... .. .... .. ........ ....
Petroleum ....... .... .... ... .. .... .... ..... ....... .............
Alcoholic beverages ........ ... ... . ........... ........ ... .. .
88.1
80.9
90.3
85.2
100.3
95.8
77.8
100.2
109.4
110.1
103.9
81 .8
104.9
113.6
106.4
103.4
85.5
98.1
100.2
103.6
99 .9
88.2
97 .9
106.6
104.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.9
98.2
98.0
86.7
i10.3
101.2
110.3
94.8
98.4
108.8
101.8
112.5
90.0
122.9
113.1
102.3
111.7
87.4
124.9
112.0
100.7
122.2
91.1
136.1
113.7
103.1
120.6
93.8
139.8
112.6
103.6
134.3
89.2
159.6
108.3
4249
425
Miscellaneous nondurable goods .. ... ........... ... ...
Electronic markets and agents and brokers .........
107.6
64.3
107.",
743
93.5
84.5
96.9
95.4
99.0
i00.4
100.0
100.0
102.3
103.5
102.5
111.3
108.3
119.9
106.0
118.6
98.8
119.3
104.8
112.7
113.4
112.1
44-45
441
4411
4412
4413
Retail trade .. ..... ......... .. .. ...... ........ .. .... .... .... .. .
Motor vehicle and parts dealers ........................
Automobile dealers ..... ... .... .... ....... ..... .... .........
Other motor vehicle dealers ....... ..... ..... ..... .... ...
Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores ... .. ...... .. .
79.1
78.1
79.1
73.5
67.0
81.3
82 .2
83.7
73.3
73.8
85.2
87 .6
89.7
81.6
77.4
94.1
95.7
96.1
90.9
92.6
97.7
98.2
98.2
98.8
96.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
105.6
106.7
106.9
109.5
106.2
112.4
115.5
116.6
117.2
109.2
116.4
114.4
113.9
116.7
110.2
120.2
116.2
115.4
124.9
104.9
125.6
119.7
116.6
130.2
113.1
132.6
124.2
119.6
131.1
119.3
140.7
129.2
127.4
138.8
113.7
442
4421
4~2.?
443
444
Furniture and home furnishings stores ........ .. .....
Furniture stores ............................. ..... ...........
Home furnishings stores ... ...... ..... . .... ...............
Electronics and appliance stores ........... ... ....... ..
Building material and garden supply stores .. ... . ....
71.9
73.5
69.4
38.6
76.2
75.4
80.2
68.8
47.3
80.2
83.4
87.1
78.4
57.8
81.4
92 .5
92.1
92.7
89.7
92.6
99.1
97.2
101.3
94 .9
97.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
103.7
104.1
103.4
121.3
108.1
112.3
109.6
115.9
149.0
114.2
120.1
116.5
124.7
174.2
115.0
125.9
124.2
128.2
195.0
117.7
132.6
129.3
137.0
230.0
121 .9
141 .6
135.9
149.2
287.2
129.8
153.5
149.3
159.2
320.5
142.6
4441
4442
445
4451
4452
Building material and supplies dealers ...... ..........
Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores
Food and beverage stores ...............................
Grocery stores ........ . ..... .. ...... ..... ..... ... .. ... ... .. ..
Specialty food stores .. .... ..... . ... .... .. ........... ... ... .
77.1
71 .7
109.7
110.6
127.5
81.8
72.3
106.6
106.5
120.1
82.1
77.7
106.1
106.7
106.4
93.7
86.2
101 .9
102.8
97.6
97.3
96.8
100.5
101.0
94.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
109.0
102.9
99.5
99.5
96.4
115.3
107.3
101 .6
102.6
92.7
115.5
112.0
101 .5
101.5
97.9
116.5
126.5
103.9
103.8
103.1
121.3
127.1
104.6
105.2
100.6
130.0
128.7
107.9
107.4
111 .2
142.9
140.7
114.1
113.6
121.7
4453
446
447
448
4481
Beer, wine and liquor stores ........... .................
Health and personal care stores ...... ... ......... ... ..
Gasoline stations .... .. ... .......... ..... ..... ... ..... .. ....
Clothing and clothing accessories stores .... ........
Clothing stores ..... ................. ........... ... .... .. .. ..
95.6
85.2
83.0
65.8
66.6
98.7
92.1
83.7
69.2
69.1
97.2
89.7
87 .7
74.8
77.8
95.1
91.2
99.7
92 .9
91 .5
103.8
96.2
99.8
99.5
98.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
106.3
104.3
107.0
106.1
108.4
100.6
105.5
111.4
113.6
113.9
109.9
110.4
108.3
123.3
125.0
110.9
113.7
114.6
126.6
130.5
109.6
120.7
124.8
130.9
136.1
121.0
130.9
120.0
139.1
142.5
129.0
139.1
121.6
138 9
142.5
Wholesale trade
138
Retail trade
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October 2005
2002
2003
2004
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
51. Continued-Annual indexes of output per hour for selected NAICS industries, 1987-2004
[1997=100]
NAICS
Industry
4482
4483
451
4511
4512
Shoe stores ..... ... ..................... ... .. .... ..... .. .... .
Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores ..... ... .
Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores
Sporting goods ar·d musical instrument stores .....
Book, periodical, and music stores ... . . .. .. . . .. ...
65.1
63.6
73.7
69.5
84.4
452
4521
4529
453
4531
General merchandise stores .............. ... ...........
Department stores .... .. .. .................................
Other general merchandise stores ....... ..... . .......
Miscellaneous store retailers .... ..... ... . .... .. . . .. ..
Florists . ............ . .... . .. ....... ·· ······ · ···· · .. . ..... .
73.7
87.7
54.8
65.9
77.9
4532
4533
454
4541
4542
4543
Office supplies, stationery and gift stores ...... ....
Used merchandise stores .......... .... . .. . ... ... .. ....
Other miscellaneous store retailers ... ... . . ..... . .....
Nonstore retailers ......... .. ............ ... ...............
Electronic shopping and mail-order houses .........
Vending machine operators ......... ............ .. . . .. .
Direct selling establishments ............................
481
482111
48412
48421
491
492
Air transportation .... .. ................. .. ....... ....... ....
Line-haul railroads .. ... . ... ....... ... ·····················
General freight trucking, long-distance ...............
Used household :ind office goods moving ...........
U.S. Postal service ...................... ........ ...... ....
Couriers and messengers ..... ... ... ... .
...... ....
'<'>38
1990
1992
1995
1996
1997
1998
71.1
67.8
81.1
78.3
81.2
75.2
61 .9
85.0
81.7
92.2
96.8
95.7
94.3
94.0
95.0
104.7
98.6
94.6
93.2
97.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
10().0
100.0
94.3
108.0
108.8
113.0
100.9
105.3
120.7
114.0
119.8
103.2
111.9
127.3
119.7
126.4
107.4
112.5
123.2
126.3
131.9
115.6
125.0
115.9
126.3
130.9
117.8
132.0
131 .5
127.7
133.2
118.0
120.7
139.9
147.5
157.3
129.7
75.3
84.2
61.4
69.5
73.3
e 2.9
91.7
69.5
74.0
83.2
92.0
94.7
87.2
88.7
82.5
96.9
98.7
93.9
94.7
92 .0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
104.9
100.5
113.1
107.7
101 .9
112.9
104.5
129.3
109.4
117.1
119.6
106.3
145.0
110.4
112.5
123.8
104.0
160.9
109.2
104.9
127.9
102.5
173.9
114.7
113.3
134.9
107.0
182.3
119.1
107.4
140.5
108.6
192.0
124.0
101.2
56.6
78.5
75.2
53.9
44.0
98.7
71.2
61 .0
82 .2
81 .9
58.2
48.3
97.2
74.7
74.9
81.8
71 .7
64.8
55.6
95.0
79.0
91.5
86.2
93.1
95.7
97 .3
92 .9
86.4
97 .6
102.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
111 .3
115.0
104.4
114.5
122.0
110.0
100.3
119.4
107.8
99.1
128.2
149.3
109.2
98.1
124.6
115.5
97.3
159.8
172.9
113.2
123.6
127.3
116.2
93.8
171.0
200.7
93.9
122.4
134.9
123.3
95.9
199.4
241 .7
95.1
136.4
144.4
116.3
102.9
233.0
288.9
100.9
149.2
153.4
116.3
105.6
267.0
338.7
100.0
164.0
81.1
58.9
86.8
102.3
92.4
147.8
77.5
69.8
87.5
115.5
96.1
138.8
81.4
82 .3
97.2
113.4
96.5
155.8
95.3
92.0
95.2
102.3
98.3
101.5
98.8
98.4
96.7
95.4
96.7
100.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
97.6
102.1
99.8
97.0
101.4
112.5
98.2
105.5
99.2
101.3
102.4
117.5
98.2
114.3
101.0
100.2
104.9
122.1
91.9
121.9
102.1
86.3
106.1
122.9
102.0
131 .9
106.6
81 .8
107.0
131.4
112.1
142.0
108.8
88.7
108.7
134.4
-
104.8
10.2
90.4
99.0
97.2
105.9
56.1
79.4
105.4
96.6
28.5
109.2
97.9
97.2
100.6
65.3
72.1
100.3
96.0
43.0
104.3
102.6
103.8
96.5
71.4
75.0
96.2
93.4
73.2
99.8
103.4
105.9
93.2
87.2
90.2
93.5
92 .7
88.3
99.0
102.1
104.4
93.3
96.5
102.0
93.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
103.8
119.0
99.5
105.0
98.1
131.4
104.8
97.6
95.4
104.0
117.8
102.0
105.7
97.3
136.0
113.2
131.4
93.5
106.1
112.2
107.2
105.9
95.7
140.2
119.2
142.8
89.3
104.3
113.7
101 .8
100.5
91 .5
128.9
120.1
190.3
85.1
102.6
122.5
100.7
106.5
97.1
135.4
129.0
218 9
92.2
105.8
138.4
104.8
108.4
99.0
138.0
134.7
247.7
97.2
-
72.8
80.7
83.3
95.6
100.0
100.0
96.7
98.6
100.8
96.3
98.6
101 .5
-
90.9
60.7
71 .5
88.7
69.0
92.9
103.5
67.2
99.6
100.2
88.6
115.7
109.0
97.0
101 .2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.3
95.8
114.6
112.7
103.1
133.0
112.1
105.1
140.6
112.7
105.2
137.8
114.2
105.1
135.8
120.4
105.7
154.0
-
89.9
94.3
104.8
91 .9
105.2
107.7
105.4
112.9
108.2
96.9
100.7
118.7
92.6
102.8
102.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
112.2
96.1
106.3
110.5
111 .3
101.3
101 .3
119.5
101 .6
91 .2
121.6
104.1
115.9
128.1
103.3
114.9
138.3
113.2
-
91.4
70.2
95.6
85.4
93.4
92.6
93.6
90.0
100.1
96 .2
100.0
100.0
107.1
107.9
111.3
107.2
120.0
111 .1
114.0
105.2
130.8
104.4
151.9
115.9
-
-
94.8
95.3
94.1
91.2
91.4
90.8
94.5
94.7
94.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
115.7
108.6
128.8
124.2
115.8
139.6
134.5
125.1
153.2
138.0
127.7
156.6
,.2, I
-
-
126.3
173.2
136.8
117.0
172.0
-
83.8
96.5
91.9
96.0
100.0
136.2
80.8
102.7
99.1
103.1
108.1
123.0
90.7
101.4
97.4
102.4
106.8
119.0
97.9
100.4
96.3
104.4
98.8
104.8
99.7
99.2
96.3
102.1
97.4
102.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.3
101 .0
100.2
101 .5
103.4
100.0
106.6
101.0
99.8
100.9
108.8
99.5
113.0
103.6
102.0
102.8
117.8
100.8
109.4
104.1
102.9
103.7
115.4
100.2
113.~
104.6
103.7
103.9
115.1
104.0
115.6
106.0
102.5
106.0
121.7
121.8
108.6
104.8
109.5
121 .5
122.5
85.9
83.3
100.2
96.4
100.0
90.6
81 .5
93.1
94.2
110.8
89.4
85.6
104.2
94.0
115.2
102.4
92.8
100.7
99.1
106.5
99.1
97.2
97.0
101 .6
102.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
104.7
103.8
107.3
104.4
90.6
106.5
106.4
103.9
109.1
93.5
108.5
106.6
94.9
110.9
84.0
109.0
114.0
91 .8
115.7
82.6
103.5
110.0
93.1
114.0
96.0
104.3
124.8
95.5
110.1
91 .6
1987
81.5
74.1
88.5
92.9
•••
1
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Transportation and warehousing
-
-
Information
5111
5112
51213
515
5151
5152
5171
5172
5175
Newspaper, book, and directory publishers .........
Software publishers ...................... .... ...... ... .....
Motion picture and video exhibition ....................
Broadcasting, except internet.. ..... ... ...... ........ ...
Radio and television broadcasting ···· · ···············
Cable and other subscription programming .........
Wired telecommunications carriers .. .. ....... .........
Wireless telecommunications carriers .... ..... .......
Cable and other program distribution .. .... .... ... ...
52211
Commercial banking .............. ....... ......... .... . ...
532111
53212
53223
Passenger car rental. .......... .......... .......... .. ... ..
Truck, trailer and RV rental and leasing .... .. ........
Video tape and disc rental. ....... ............... .... ...
541213
54181
541921
Tax preparation
Advertising agencies ... ........... .. .... ..................
Photography studios, portrait.. . ..... .. ... .. .. . ... . ... .
56151
56172
Travel agencies ......... .. ................ .................
Janitorial services ............... .. ........... ..............
Finance and Insurance
-
-
Real estate and rental leasing
Professional, scientific and technical
c-arul~.a.c-
Administrative and waste management
-
Health care and social assistance
62151
621511
621512
Medical and diagnostic laboratories ............ ... .. ..
Medical laboratories .... .. ... .... .. ..... .... .. . .. ....... ...
Diagnostic imaging centers .. ···························
-
-
Accomodatlon and food services
7211
722
7221
7222
7223
7224
Traveler accommodations ........ .... .. .... .. ...... ... .. .
Food services and drinking places .... .................
Full-service restaurants .. ....... ........ ..... ...... .... . ..
Limited-service eating places ... .. ..... ... .. .... .. ..... .
Special food services
Drinking places, alcoholic beverages .................
-
Other services (except public
8111
81211
81221
8123
81292
~rf,....inl~tr~tlnn\
Automotive repair and maintenance ... .......... .. ....
Hair, nail and skin care services ......... .... ..... .. .. ..
Funeral homes and funeral services ............. .. ...
Drycleaning and laundry services .......... ......... .. .
Photofinishing .................... .... ...... .. ........ ...... .
-
-
NoTE: Dash indicates data are not available.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
October
2005
139
Current Labor Statistics:
international Comparison
52. Unemployment rates, approximating U.S. concepts, in nine countries, quarterly data
seasonally adjusted
Annual average
Country
2003
United States ... .. ...
6.0
Canada .... ............
2004
2003
II
I
2004
Ill
IV
I
2005
Ill
II
IV
I
5.8
6.1
6.1
5.9
5.6
5.6
5.5
5.4
6.9
5.5
6.4
6.7
6.9
7.1
6.8
6.6
6.5
6.4
6.3
6.2
Australia .. .... ........ .
6.1
5.5
6.2
6.2
6.0
5.8
5.7
5.6
5.6
5.2
5.1
Japan .. ....... ... .. .. ..
5.3
4.8
5.4
5.5
5.2
5.1
4.9
4.7
4.8
4.6
4.6
Fra,,ci,, .. ....... ........
9.6
9.8
9.3
9.5
9.7
9.8
9.7
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.9
Germany ..............
9.7
9.8
9.6
9.8
9.8
9.7
9.7
9.8
10.0
10.1
11 .0
Italy ....... .. .... ... .. .. .
8.5
8.1
8.7
8.4
8.6
8.4
8.3
8.1
8.1
8.1
-
Sweden ..... ...... .. ...
5.8
6.6
5.3
5.5
5.8
6.3
6.7
6.8
6.6
6.4
6.3
United Kinudom .....
5.0
4.8
5.1
5.0
5.0
4.9
4.8
4.8
4.7
4.7
-
NOTE:
Dash indicates data not available. Quarterly figures for
for further qualifications and historical data, see Comparative
Japan , France, Germany, Italy, and Sweden are calculated by
Civilian Labor Force Statistics, Ten Countries, 1960-2004 (Bureau
applying annual adjustment factors to current published data, and
of
therefore
http://www.bls.gov/fls/home.htm.
should
be
viewed
as
less
precise
indicators
of
Labor
Statistics, May
13,
2005) , on
the
Internet at
unemployment under U.S. concepts than the annual figures . See
Monthly and quarterly unemployment rates, updated monthly, are
"Notes on the data" for information on breaks in series.
also on this site.
140
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October 2005
5.3
53. Annual data: employment status of the working-age population, approximating U.S. concepts, 1O countries
[Numbers in thousands]
Emolovment status and countrv
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
:29,200
131 ,056
14,336
8,770
65 ,780
24,676
39 ,074
22 ,592
7,152
4,418
28,124
132,304
14,439
8,995
65,990
24,743
38,980
22,574
7,208
4,460
28,135
133,943
14,604
9,115
66,450
24,985
39,142
22,674
7,301
4,459
28,243
136,297
14,863
9,204
67 ,200
25,109
39,415
22 ,749
7,536
4,418
28,406
137,673
15,115
9,339
67,240
25,434
39,754
23,000
7,617
4,402
28,478
139,368
15,389
9,414
67,090
25,764
39,375
23,172
7,848
4,430
28,782
142,583
15,632
9,590
66,990
26,078
39,301
23,357
8,149
4,489
28,957
143,734
15,892
9,752
66,860
26,354
39,456
144,863
146,510
147,401
16,367
9,907
66,240
26,686
39,499
23,728
8,285
4,544
16,729
10,092
66,010
26,870
39,591
24,021
8,353
4,567
29,562
16,956
10,244
65,760
66.6
65.1
63.9
63.1
66 .6
64.8
64 .5
62.9
55.4
57 .1
47 .3
67.1
64.9
64.3
63.2
67 .1
65.3
64 .3
62.8
58.8
64 .1
62.4
66.8
64.6
64.6
63.0
5o.7
57.1
47.3
59.2
64.0
62.4
55.6
57.3
47.3
60.8
63.3
62.5
55 .9
57 .7
47.6
61 .1
62 .8
62 .5
67.1
65.7
64.0
62.4
56.3
56.9
47.9
62.6
62.8
62 .8
67.1
65.8
64.4
62.0
56.6
56.7
48.1
64.5
63.8
62.9
66 .8
65 .9
64.4
61.6
56.9
56 .7
48.2
65 .6
63.7
62 .7
57.2
56.5
48.5
64.7
64.0
62.9
Civilian labor force
United States . ............ ................. .
Canada .... ............................... ........... ... .
Au stral ia .. ...... .. ... .. .................................... .
Japan ...... ................ ........... .... .. ....... ...... .
Italy ................. ......... .... .. ... ...... . .. .............. .
Neth erlands ........ ....................... .... .... .. .
Sweden ........................ ...... ...... ... .
14,233
8,613
65,470
24,490
39,102
22,771
7,014
4,444
United Kingdom ................ .
28,094
France.........
. ... .... .. ........ ... . .. .. ........ .
Germany ..... .... ....... ... .... ... ........ ...... .......... .
Participation rate
23,520
8,338
4,530
29,090
2\:l,340
39,698
24,065
8,457
4,576
29,748
1
United States .. .. ......... ........ .......... .
Canada .... .
Au stralia . ........................................... .
Netherlands ................. ........... ....... .... ... ... . .
Sweden .. ... ...... ...... ............................... .
66.3
65.5
63.5
63.3
55.4
57.8
48.3
57.9
64.5
United Kingdom ....... ... ....... ................ .
62.6
55.6
57.4
47.6
58.6
63.7
62.4
120,259
12,694
7,699
63,820
21 ,714
35,989
20,543
6, 572
4,028
25, 165
123,060
12,960
7,942
63 ,860
21,750
35,756
20,171
6,664
3,992
25,691
124,900
13,185
8,256
63,900
21 ,956
35,780
20,030
6,730
4,056
25,696
126,708
13,309
8,364
64,200
22,039
35,637
20,120
6,858
4,019
25,945
129,558
13,607
8,444
64 ,900
22 ,169
35,508
20,165
7, 163
3,973
26,418
131,463
13,946
8,618
64,450
22,597
36,061
20,366
7,321
4,034
26,691
133,488
14,314
8,762
63,920
23,053
36,042
20,613
7,595
4,117
27,056
136,891
14,676
8,989
63,790
23,693
36,236
20,969
7,912
4,229
27 ,373
136,933
14,866
9,091
63,460
24,128
36,346
21,356
8,130
4,303
27,604
136,485
15,221
9,271
62,650
24,293
36,061
21 ,665
8,059
4,310
27 ,817
137,736
15,579
9,481
62,510
24,293
35,754
21 ,973
8,035
4,303
28 ,079
1'.39,252
15,864
United States ......... ... .. ... .. ....................... .. .. .
61 .7
63.8
59.5
64.3
64.4
62.3
62 .3
60.3
59.3
60.2
49.7
61.2
59.6
59.4
50.4
52.1
42.6
60.6
58.4
59.1
61.9
60.3
59.0
51.5
52.2
43.2
62.7
60.1
59.4
63 .7
61.9
60.1
58.4
52 .1
52 .2
43.8
63.9
60.5
59.5
62.7
59.2
59.2
60.9
49.2
52.4
42.0
54 .9
58 .3
57 .0
63.2
59.0
59.3
60.9
49.1
52.0
42.0
55.6
57.7
57.3
64.1
58.4
56.8
61 .7
49.2
53.2
43.6
54.3
58.5
56.0
62.5
58.9
57.8
61 .3
49.0
52.6
42.5
54.6
57.6
57.0
62 .9
Canada ..... ..... .......... ... ......... .... .. ... .. ...... . .. .
62.4
60.3
57.5
52.1
51.6
44.3
62.9
60.7
59.6
63.0
60.7
57.1
51.9
51 .0
44.9
62 .4
60.3
59.8
63.4
61 .2
57.1
8,940
1,538
914
1,660
7,996
1,376
829
1,920
7,404
1,254
739
2,100
7,236
1,295
751
2,250
5,692
956
602
3,200
6,801
1,026
661
3,400
8,378
1,146
636
3,590
8,774
1,150
611
Italy ... ....... . ..................... . ··· ·· ···· ··· ··· ·········
Netherlands ......... .... .. .... .. ............ .
Sweden ........... .... .......... ........ ....... ... .... ... .
2,776
3,113
2,227
442
416
United Kin 9dom .. ...... ..... ................ ... .. ... . .
2,930
2,926
3,318
2,421
489
426
2,433
2,787
3,200
2,544
478
404
2,439
2,946
3,505
2,555
443
440
2,298
6.1
9.6
9.4
2.9
11 .9
8.5
10.7
5.6
8.7
8.2
3.2
11 .3
8.2
11 .3
5.4
8.9
6.8
9.6
8.7
6.6
9.1
8.7
Japan ............ .... .. ..... ... ..... . ...................... .
Fran ce .......... . ....... ...... .. .. ...... ..... ....... ....... .
........... ........................ ....... . .
Germ any
Italy .. ... . .... .. ... . ............................. .
66.6
66.7
64.4
60.8
66.2
67.3
64.6
60.3
57.4
56.4
49.1
64.9
64.0
63.0
66.0
67.3
64 .7
60.0
49.1
65.5
63.7
63 .0
Employed
United States ....... ... ..... . .
Canada ........... ............... .
Australia .. ......... ... ... .... ..... ... ......... .. ......... .. .
Japan ... ..................... ............. ... ... ... . .
France ........... ... ... .. .. ... .... ......................... .
Germany ..... .... ... ......... . .... .. ....... ....... ...... .. .
Italy ............. .... .... ...... ........ ........ ....... .
Netherlands ........... .. .. .. .. ..... ................. ...... .
Sweden ... ............. .... ..... ..... .......... . ....... ... .
United Kingdom .......... ........ .. .
9,677
62,630
35,796
22,105
8,061
4,276
28,334
Employment-population ratio 2
Austral ia .. ... ........ ............. ............ ... . .. ... ..... .
Japan ...... .................. ......... ... ..... .
France . ..... ................. ......... .. .... .. .
Germany .... ..... ... ..... ........... ... . ..... .
Italy ......................... .. ... .... ............. .. ......... .
Netherlands ......... .. .......... ................... ... .... .
. .. .... .... .... ....... ........ ... .
Sweden ..... .......
United Kingdom .. ....... ........... ...... .
59.0
61 .0
49.1
51 .6
41 .9
57.8
56.9
58.2
52 .3
42 .2
58.7
57 .6
58.5
6,739
1,256
759
6.210
1,169
721
2,300
2,940
3,907
2,584
374
445
1,987
?,790
5,880
1,075
652
3,170
3,500
8,149
1,092
567
3,130
2,837
3,693
2,634
296
368
1,788
2,711
3,333
2,559
253
313
1,726
2,385
3,065
2,388
237
260
1,584
2,226
3,109
2,164
208
227
1,486
2,393
3,438
2,062
227
234
1,524
2,577
3,838
2,048
318
264
1,484
2,630
3,899
1,960
396
300
1,414
4.9
8.4
8.3
3.4
11 .7
9.9
1 i .4
4.5
7.7
7.7
4.1
11 .2
9.3
4.2
7.0
6.9
4.7
10.5
8.5
11 .0
4.0
6.1
4.7
6.5
5.8
7.0
6.3
4.8
9.1
7.8
10.2
6.8
5.1
8.4
7.9
9.2
6.4
5.4
8.7
6.0
6.9
6.1
5.3
9.6
9.7
8.5
5.5
6.4
5.5
4.8
9.8
9.8
8.1
2.9
5.8
5.5
2.5
5.0
5.1
2.7
5.1
3.8
5.8
5.2
5.0
4.7
6.6
4.8
45 .1
62.4
59 .5
60 .0
Unemployed
United States ...................... ... ...... .. .
Canada.
Australi a .... . ... ............. ... .
Japan ...... .. ............ .
France ........ .... .... .... ..... ... ...... ... .... .... .. ...... .
Germany .. ... ..... .. .. ................... ... ... .
Unemployment rate
United States .. ... ............... ................ .... .... . .
Canada ......... .............. ....... ........ .. .. .......... .
Australia .. .. ............... .... ......... ... .......... . .
Japan .. ... .. ........................ .. .. ........ . .......... .
France ............ ...... ... .. .............. ..... .. .
Germany .... ....................... ....... ...... ..... ...... .
Italy .. ......... .............. ... .. .... ... ...... ........ ... ... . .
~:~1:;:d:dL-:·:·~·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·J
6.9
10.8
10.6
2.5
11 .3
8.0
9.8
6.3
9.4
10.4
' Labor force as a percent of the working-age population .
2
Employment as a percent of the working-age population .
NOTE: Dash indicates data not availabl e. See "Notes on the data" for
8.2
3.4
11 .8
9.0
11 .3
6.1
9.9
8.1
5.0
10.1
7.0
11.5
3.9
8.4
6.3
3.2
7.1
6.0
9.0
8.7
For further qualifications and historical data, see Comparative Civilian Labor Force Statistics,
'Ten Countries. 1960-2004 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 13, 2005), on the Internet at
http://www.bls.gov/fls/home.htm.
for information on breaks in series.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
October
2005
141
Current Labor Statistics: International Comparison
53. Annual data: employment status of the working-age population, approximating U.S. concepts, 10 countries
[Numbers in thousands]
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
131,056
14,336
8,770
65,780
24,676
39,074
22,592
7,152
4,418
28,124
132,304
14,439
8,995
65,990
24,743
136,297
14,863
9.204
67,200
25,109
39,415
22,749
7,536
4,418
28,406
137,673
15,115
9,339
67,240
25,434
39,754
23,000
7.617
4,402
28,478
139,368
15,389
9,414
67,090
25,764
39,375
23,172
7,848
4,430
28,782
142,583
15,632
9,590
66,990
26,078
39,301
23,357
8,149
4,489
28,957
143,734
15,892
9,752
66,860
26,354
39,456
23,520
8,338
4,530
144,863
146,510
147,401
16,956
10,244
65,760
29,090
16.367
9,907
66,240
26,686
39,499
23,728
8,285
4,544
29,340
16,729
10,092
66,010
38,980
22,574
7,208
4,460
28,135
133,943
14,604
9,115
66,450
24,985
39,142
22,674
7,301
4,459
28,243
26,870
39,591
24,021
8,353
4,567
29,562
39,698
24,065
8,457
4,576
29,748
66.3
65.5
63.5
63.3
55.4
57.8
48.3
57.9
64 .5
62 .6
66.6
65.1
63.9
63.1
55.6
57.4
47.6
58.6
63.7
62.4
66.6
64.8
64.5
62.9
55.4
57.1
47.3
58.8
64.1
62.4
66.8
64.6
64.6
63.0
55.7
57.1
47.3
59.2
64.0
62.4
67.1
64.9
64.3
67.1
65.3
64.3
67.1
65.7
64 .0
67.1
65.8
64.4
63.2
55.6
57.3
47.3
60.8
63.3
62.5
62 .8
55.9
57.7
47.6
61.1
62.8
62.5
62.4
56.3
56.9
47.9
62.6
62.8
62.8
62.0
56.6
56.7
48.1
64.5
63.8
62.9
66.8
65.9
64.4
61.6
56.9
56.7
48.2
65.6
63.7
62.7
66.6
66.7
64.4
60.8
57.2
56.5
48.5
64.7
64.0
62 .9
66.2
67.3
64.6
60.3
57.4
56.4
49.1
64.9
64.0
63.0
66.0
67.3
64.7
60.0
120,259
12,694
7,699
63,820
21,714
35,989
20,543
124,900
13,185
8,256
63,900
21,956
35,780
20,030
126,708
13,309
8,364
64,200
22,039
35,637
20,120
129,558
13,607
8,444
64,900
22,169
35,508
20,165
131 ,4 63
139,252
15,864
9,677
63,460
24,128
62,650
24,293
62,510
24,293
62,630
36,346
21,356
8,130
4,303
27,604
36,061
21,665
8,059
4,310
27,817
35,754
21,973
35,796
22,105
7,163
3,973
26,418
136,891
14,676
8,989
63,790
23.693
36,236
20,969
7,912
4,229
27,373
137,736
15,579
9,481
6,858
4,019
25,945
133,488
14,314
8,762
63,920
23,053
36,042
20,6 13
7,595
4,117
27,056
136,485
15,221
9,271
6,730
4,056
25,696
13,946
8,618
64,450
22,597
36,061
20,366
7,321
4,034
26,691
136,933
14,866
9,091
6,572
4,028
25,165
123,060
12,960
7,942
63,860
21,750
35,756
20,171
6,664
3,992
25,691
8,D35
4,303
28,079
8,061
4,276
28,334
United States .. ............................................ .
Canada .... .... . .. ... .. ... ........... .. . .. ... ......... .. .. .. .
Au stral ia ..... .......... .
Japan .. .
France .................. .. .. ....... .. ........ ....... .
Germany ................ .... ...... .......... ............... .
Italy ......................................................... .
Netherlands ........ .. .. ... ........ .. ............ .. .... .. .. .
Sweden ..................................................... .
61.7
58.4
56.8
61.7
49 .2
53.2
43.6
54.3
58.5
62.5
58.9
57.8
61 .3
49.0
52.6
42 .5
54.6
57.6
62.9
59.2
59.2
60.9
49.2
52.4
42.0
54.9
58.3
63.2
59.0
59.3
60.9
49.1
52.0
42.0
55.6
57.7
63 .8
59.5
59.0
61.0
49.1
51.6
41.9
57.8
56.9
64.1
60.3
59.3
60.2
49.7
52.3
42.2
58.7
57.6
64.3
61.2
59.6
59.4
50.4
52.1
42.6
60.6
58.4
64.4
61.9
60.3
59.0
51.5
52.2
43.2
62.7
60.1
63.7
61.9
60.1
62.3
58.4
52 .1
52.2
43.8
63.9
60.5
62.7
62.4
60.3
57.5
52.1
51.6
44.3
62.9
60.7
62.3
63.4
61.2
57.1
United Kingdom .......................................... .
56.0
57.0
57 .0
57.3
58.2
58.5
59.1
59.4
59.5
59.6
59.8
60.0
United States ....... ...................................... .
Canada .................... ..... ... ....... ....... ... . .
Au stralia .................... ... ........... .
Japan ..................... .. ......................... .
France .. .. .. ... ... ..... . ......... ....... . .
Germany .............. ......... ..... ....................... .
Italy ................................ ....... ................... .
Neth erlands ..... .............. ........ ................ ... . .
8,940
1,538
914
1,660
2,776
3,113
2,227
442
7,236
1,295
751
2,250
2,946
3,505
2,555
443
440
2,298
6,739
1,256
759
2,300
2,940
3,907
2,584
374
445
1,987
6,801
1,026
661
3,400
2,226
3,109
2,164
8,149
1,092
567
3,130
2,630
3,899
1,960
260
1,584
208
227
1,486
8,378
1,146
636
3,590
2,393
3,438
2,062
227
234
1,524
8,774
1,150
611
296
368
1,788
5,880
1,075
652
3,170
2,711
3,333
2,559
253
313
1,726
5,692
956
602
3,200
2,385
3,065
2,388
237
416
2,930
7,404
1.254
739
2,100
2,787
3,200
2,544
478
404
2,439
6,210
1,169
721
2,790
2,837
3,693
2,634
Sweden ......................................... .
United Kingdom ............................... .
7,996
1,376
829
1,920
2,926
3,318
2,421
489
426
2,433
6.9
10.8
10.6
2.5
11 .3
6.1
9.6
9.4
2.9
11.9
5.6
8.7
8.2
3.2
11 .3
5.4
8.9
8.2
3.4
11.8
4.9
8.4
8.3
3.4
11.7
4.5
7.7
7.7
4.1
11.2
4.2
7.0
6.9
4.7
10.5
4.0
6.1
6.3
4.8
9.1
4.7
6.5
6.8
5.1
8.4
5.8
7.0
6.4
5.4
9.0
6.0
6.9
6.1
5.3
9.6
5.5
6.4
5.5
4.8
9.8
8.0
9.8
6.3
9.4
10.4
8.5
10.7
6.8
9.6
8.7
8.2
11 .3
6.6
9.1
8.7
9.0
11.3
6.1
9.9
8.1
9.9
11.4
5.0
10.1
7.0
9.3
11.5
3.9
8.4
6.3
8.5
11.0
3.2
7.1
6.0
7.8
10.2
2.9
5.8
5.5
7.9
9.2
2.5
5.0
5.1
8.7
8.7
2.7
5.1
5.2
9.7
8.5
3.8
5.8
5.0
9.8
8.1
4.7
6.6
4.8
1993
Employment status and countrv
Civilian labor force
129,200
United States .... ................ ... ......... .
14,233
Canada .............. .. .. .... .... .... ............ ....... .. .
8,613
Australia .. .. . ... ..... ... ... .
65,470
Japan ..................... .
24,490
. .. .......... ......... ... .
France... .
39,102
Germany .......... ........... .. ... ..... .......... .
22,771
Italy ................................................... .
7,014
Netherlands .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... . .... .. .. .. .. ....... .
4,444
Sweden ............................... .. ........ .. .... .... .. .'
28,094
United Kingdom .......................................... .
Participation rate
1
United States .. ...... ... . .
Canada ..................................................... .
Au stralia
Japan ............ .... .
. .... ........ .......... ..... ... .. .
France ...
............................ .
Germany
Italy ............. .. ........ .......... ........... ... ... ... .... . .
Netherlands ... .. .. .... ... . .. .. .... .. ....... .... ........... .
Sweden ........................................... .
United Kingdom .... . .
49.1
65.5
63.7
63.0
Employed
United States ......... ......... .
Canada .... .... . .... ................... . .... .
Australia .............................................. .. .... .
Japan ...................................... . .... ......... ... .
France ............................. ........... .
Germany .................... .. ............................. .
Italy ......... ........ ...... ... .... ...... .. ... ...... ....... .... .
Netherlands ..
Sweden ......... .
United Kingdom ....
.. ................... .
Employment-population ratio
2
63.0
60.7
57.1
51.9
51.0
44.9
62.4
60.3
45.1
62.4
59.5
Unemployed
3,500
2,577
3,838
2,048
318
264
1,484
396
300
1,414
Unemployment rate
United States ............................................. .
Canada ....... ......... .. ................ ....... .
Au stral ia ........ ................... ............... .
Japan ............................................. .......... .
Fran ce .... ...... ... ..... ............ ........................ .
Germany ... ................................... .. ....... .. .. .
Italy ............ ........ .
Netherlands ....... ................... ... ............ ...... .
Sweden .... .......... .............. . ...... .. ......... . .... . .
United Kingdom .......................................... .
1
For further qualifications and historical data, see Comparative Civilian Labor Force Statistics,
Labor force as a percent of the working-age population.
2
Employment as a percent of the working-age population .
NOTE: Dash indicates data not available. See "Notes on the data" for
for information on breaks in series.
Monthly Labor Review
142
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October
2005
'Ten Countries, 1960-2004 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 13, 2005). on the Internet at
http://www.bls.gov/fls/home.htm.
54. Annual indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 15 economies
(1992
= 100]
_ ~easure and economy
Output per hour
United States ....... .........
········· ·
Canada .. .. . .. ... . ... ...... . . . .........
Australia .. . . . . . . . ..... ..... ... ........
Japan ..... .. ... .. .. ... ............... ... .
Korea ...... .. ... ... . . ...... . .. . . ... . ...
Taiwan .... ··· · ·· · ·· · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Belgium ..... ···· ··· ···· ····· ·····
Denmark ... . .... . .. ... ........ .. .......
Fran ce ...... ······· ···· ······ . .. . .. . .. .
1960
1970
1980
1990
1991
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
-
0.0
54.9
70 .5
72 .9
69.5
63.6
47 .6
65 .4
83 .2
61 .6
77.2
78 .6
69 .1
77.9
73 .1
54 .3
96.9
93.4
91 .6
94.4
81 .5
88.8
96.8
98.4
93.9
99.0
96.6
98.7
98.1
94.6
89.2
97 .9
95.3
96 .4
99 .0
91 .6
96 .5
99 .1
100.3
97.0
98.3
96 .1
99.0
98 .2
95.5
93.9
102.1
105.8
106.1
101.7
108.5
102.8
102.5
100.2
101 .0
101 .8
101.2
102.0
99.6
107.3
103.8
107.3
113.8
110.8
11 2.4
104.9
105.8
103.3
111 .0
118.2
129.3
I
106.7 I 115.1
108.4
I 113.2
112.n
112.5
11 4.4
108.9
109.6 I 112.3
104.8
107.9
113.1
117.3
99.6 I 100.7
117.8
124.5
108.0
106.2
117.0
109.7
113.6
116.1
142.3
123.1
116.3
109.8
11 4.7
114.7
108.3
119.3
102.5
129.5
105.4
121 .3
113.5
115.2
121 .0
160.4
129.3
125.5
118.0
121.7
120.4
110.3
121.4
102.0
141 .0
106.9
126.5
115.5
118.5
121 .2
178.8
135.9
126.9
117.4
127.9
122.0
110.8
124. 1
99.9
149.5
108.4
132.8
122. 1
119.9
126.7
198.9
143.4
125.5
123.1
133.0
12 1.4
110.6
127.0
103.6
162.7
113.6
143.5
129.3
128.0
135.9
215.8
151 .0
130.8
126.6
142.5
127.0
113.5
132.7
106.6
175.5
121 .0
145.2
127.0
132.4
135.9
214.3
160.8
132.6
127.2
148.0
127.8
114.0
132.5
109.8
170.3
125.1
160.0
130.5
136.2
139.9
235.2
170.9
141 .7
131 .3
155.1
131.0
112.1
135.4
111 .7
185.6
127.7
171 .0
132.1
140.7
146.2
256.4
177.2
146.2
136.9
158.0
134.4
110.9
113.5
196.5
134.8
75.8
83 .6
89 .8
60 .8
29 .9
44 .0
78 .2
94 .3
81 .6
85.3
84 .4
76.9
104.9
90.7
87 .2
101 .6
106.0
104.1
97.1
86.7
90.0
101 .0
101.7
99.1
99.1
99.4
99.0
101.4
110.1
105.3
98.3
99.0
100.7
10?..0
9o.0
96.1
100.7
100.7
99 .8
102.3
99.3
99 .8
99.0
104.1
100.1
103.5
105.9
103.8
96 .3
105.4
102.4
97 0
97.0
95.7
92.4
96.5
97.7
101 .7
101.9
101 .5
111 .1
114.1
109.1
94 .9
116.8
108.5
101.4
107.3
100.3
95 .1
102.4
104.5
104.6
117.0
106.2
118.4
119.6
108.7
98.9
129.9
114 .9
104.2
112.6
104.9
95 2
107.2
108.2
107.3
131 .9
107.8
121 .3
119.6
112.6
103.0
138.3
120.3
105.9
107.7
104.6
92.5
105.4
108.9
110.3
136.4
108.6
127.9
127.7
115.1
106.5
145.0
128.3
112.7
115.9
109.7
95.7
108.8
111 .6
114.2
146.5
110.7
133.1
133.9
118.6
100.2
133.5
132.6
114.4
116.7
115.0
97 .7
110.7
114.9
113.7
158.3
111.3
138.9
144.9
118.3
101.9
162.6
141.5
114.4
117.9
118.7
95.8
110.3
117.6
113.6
172.5
112. 1
147.6
159.2
123.8
109.2
190.2
151 .8
119.9
121 .9
124.3
100.1
113.6
122.8
112.8
188.3
115.0
139.6
153.6
123.8
105.5
194.3
143.1
120.4
121 .6
128.0
99 .9
113.0
121.9
112.3
183. 1
113.4
142.9
158.0
128.7
103.4
209.1
152.1
121 .6
120.8
129.1
99.6
111.7
121.0
111 .5
190.6
109.9
145.4
1!-7.3
130.2
106.7
219.1
160.9
120.9
121 .4
128.5
99.8
110.2
117.6
107.3
194.4
110.3
107.5
114.6
129.2
95.5
104.8
113.5
113.6
102 .9
106.5
101.4
104.3
103.3
105.6
100.1
102.9
100.3
103.4
116.4
118.1
100.4
103.9
104.4
103.1
103.7
99.6
101 .5
100.5
102.9
104.1
103.3
100.8
100.8
109.0
106.6
101 .4
100.1
97 .8
94.7
97.1
99.6
94 .7
96.7
94.7
90 .8
95.4
95 .8
102.1
94.9
97.7
103.6
103.0
103.9
91 .9
98 .8
101 .7
93.6
95.2
92 .1
86.8
97.7
92 .4
105.0
99.4
98.4
104.0
106.4
102.8
89.1
100.4
99.8
92 .0
100.1
91 .7
84 .8
99 .4
92 .3
106.6
105.9
101 .5
103.6
109.0
99.1
88.7
97.2
97 .7
91 .0
98.1
91 .2
80.6
97 .3
91 .2
107.6
105.3
103.1
105.4
112.4
100.0
88.0
90.4
99 .2
89.8
98.2
90.2
79.5
98.6
91 .9
112.0
103.9
103.5
105.2
115.9
100.1
82.7
74 .7
97 .6
90 .2
99.4
89.9
80.1
99 .9
92 .6
113.7
105.9
102.7
104.6
118.7
98.7
80.4
81 .8
98.7
91.2
95 .8
89 .2
78 .9
99 .8
92 .6
109.6
106.0
98 .7
102.9
123.1
96 .7
80.3
88. 1
100.5
91.7
96.3
87.2
78.8
100.1
92 .5
105.9
107.3
95.0
96.2
120.9
93 .5
77 .7
90 .7
89 .0
90.8
95.6
86.5
78 .2
99 .1
92 .0
102.3
107.5
90.7
89.J
121 .1
94 .5
74 .0
88.9
89.0
85.8
92 .0
83.2
76.1
99.7
89.4
99.8
102.7
86.0
85.0
119.1
92.5
73.0
85.4
90.8
82.7
88.7
81.3
74.3
99.3
102.7
102.0
105.9
102.7
114.3
105.9
104.8
102.4
103.1
106.4
105.7
104.5
101 .5
97.4
104.5
105.6
103.7
104.3
104.7
129.8
111.1
106.1
106.0
106.5
111.8
106.8
109.0
104.4
99.8
107.3
107.9
106.0
113.2
108.3
158.3
120.2
109.2
108.1
110.4
117.6
111.3
112.1
109.2
106.8
108.8
109.4
107.0
122.8
109.1
184.3
128.2
111 .1
112.8
112.2
123.3
119.0
114.4
113.6
115.2
111.4
111 .5
109.3
124.6
112.6
200.3
132.4
115.2
116.6
111.8
125.7
123.0
117.2
118.7
121 .0
115.7
117.4
111 .7
128.2
115.4
218.2
140.3
117.0
119.6
112.7
127.6
122.2
122.0
125.7
125.6
123.0
122.0
115.8
133.0
114.8
219.4
144.3
118.5
127.3
116.6
130.6
124.2
126.0
133.0
130.3
129.9
133.2
119.6
140.0
113.7
234.2
146.6
120.6
130.2
122.8
137.4
127.8
132.0
140.5
136.8
137.6
136.3
123.7
149.5
114.6
241 .7
150.0
127.2
136.5
128.3
142.0
132.5
138.2
148.9
143.8
144.3
145.4
126.8
154.7
122.8
266 .1
145.8
136.5
143.2
135.2
145.5
135.7
147.3
157.9
148 8
152.2
157.8
131 .4
37.8
-
-
13.9
37.7
-
-
18.0
25.2
19.9
Germany .. . .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. ..... ........ 29.2
Italy .............. . .... .. .. . ... . .. .. . .. . . . 24 .6
Netherlands ... ....... .. ............. ... 18.8
Norway ........... ... ........ ... ....
37 .6
Sweden .. .. ...... ..... . · · ···· ·· · ·· ··· ·· 27.3
United Kingdom .. .. .................. 30.0
Output
United States .. ······· ·· ··· ·· ···
Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .... ........ ..
Australia .. .. ... ...
Japan .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Korea ····· ···· ·· .... .. . .... .. ... .
Taiwan .. ···· ······· ········· ········ ···
Belgium ... .. . ... .. ..... . . .. ...... .....
-
-
33.4
58.9
-
-
10.8
39.4
7.0
12.7
57.6
72 .7
57.7
70.9
48.1
59.8
91.0
80.7
90.2
-
30.7
42.0
27 .9
41.5
Italy .. .. . ·············· ···· ········ ·· ·· . . 23.0
Netherlands ............ ..... ....
31 .9
Norway .. ·· ········ ······················ 57.7
Sweden .. .. ... .. .. .. . . . .. .. .... .... ... 45.9
United Kingdom .................. ... .. 67 .5
Denmark ········· •···· ······· ······ ····
France ..... . .. .. . ... . .. . . . . .. .. ... .. . . ..
Germany ···· ··· ···· ··· ········ ······· ..
Total hours
United States ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ...
Canada ... ..... . ..... .. . ... . . . . . . .......
Au stralia ....... .. . ··· ···· ········· ······
Japan ... .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . .....
32 9
46.3
39.0
52.0
46.2
38.5
59.1
52.2
43.2
92 .1
88.3
104.4
107.1
-
-
77.8
104.3
-
Korea .. . ···· ·· .... .... ... ..... ... .... ..
Taiwan ... ..... .. .... . ... .. .. . ... ....
Belgium . ... .. . .. ... . ..... ..... .. .... 170.7
Denmark ... .......... ... .... ..... .... ... 166.7
France ··· ··· ··· ············ ······· ···· ··· 140.3
Germany .... .. ... .......... .. .... ...... 142.3
Italy ........ . ... . .. .. ... ........ ........ .. 93 .5
Netherlands ···· ········ ·········· ··· ··· 169.8
Norway . . . .. .............. ..... ....... .. 153.6
Sweden .... .. .. ... .. ... ..... ....... ..... 168.3
United Kingdom .... ... ... .. .. . .... .... 224.6
Hourly compensation
(national currency basis)
United States. ....... .. . . ... . .... .....
Canada ··· ······ ·············· · . .. .. .. . .
Australia .. ··········· ······ ... .. ..... . .
Japan .......... .......... ·· · · ·· ·· ····· ···
-
174.7
157.1
147.8
136.3
104.0
155.5
153.9
154.7
208.8
92.4
119.7
113.4
132.5
110.5
107.4
111.2
134.7
124.0
160.5
-
-
-
4.3
16.4
58 .6
Korea .... ... ... ......... .. .. ... ... .......
-
Taiwan .. . . ··· ····· ······· ··· ·········· ···
Belgium ·· ·· ···· ·········· ···· ·· ·· ······ ·
Denmark .... ....... .. .... ........... ....
F~n~ .... ... .. ...... .. . .. .. .. ..... ... . ...
Germany .... .. .. .... ... .... ...... .......
-
-
5.4
3.9
4.3
8.1
1.8
6.2
4.7
4.1
2.9
13.7
11 .1
10.5
20.7
5.3
19.4
11.8
10.7
6.1
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
94 .5
98.9
81.9
i
23.7
17.1
United Kingdom ........... .. ... . .. . . ..
See notes at end of table.
I
I
14.9
10.0
Italy ........ .......... .. . .. . .... .. ... ... ....
Netherlands ..... ... . . .. ······ ··· ··· ·· ·
Norway · · · ······ · ····· ·· ·· · · ·· ·· ········
Sweden ....... ... . .. .. . . . .. .. ......... .
I
I
-
55 .6
47.5
29 .6
52 .5
45 .1
41.2
53.6
30.4
60.5
39.0
37.3
32.0
90.8
88.3
86.3
90.6
68.6
85.2
90.1
93.5
90.9
89.4
87.6
89.8
92 .3
87.8
82.9
95.6
95 .0
94 .0
96 .5
86 .2
93 .5
97 .3
97.9
96.4
91.5
94.2
94.8
97.5
95.5
93.8
I
Monthly Labor Review
j
123.8
290.9
146.7
150.0
139.1
148.9
140.0
164.6
154.3
160.3
October 2005
143
Current Labor Statistics:
!Injury and Illness Data
1
55. Occupational injury and illness rates by industry, United States
3
Industry and type of case
Incidence rates per 100 full-time workers
2
1989
1
1990
1991
19S2
1993
4
1994
4
1995
4
1996
4
1997
4
1998
4
1999
4
2000
4
2001
4
PRIVATE SECTORS
8.6
4.0
78.7
8.8
4.1
84.0
8.4
3.9
86.5
8.9
3.9
93.8
8.5
3.8
8.4
3.8
8.1
3.6
7.4
3.4
7.1
3.3
6.7
3.1
6.3
3.0
6.1
3.0
5.7
2.8
10.9
5.7
100.9
11.6
5.9
112.2
10.8
5.4
108.3
11.6
5.4
126.9
11.2
5.0
10.0
4.7
9.7
4.3
8.7
3.9
8.4
4.1
7.9
3.9
7.3
3.4
7.1
3.6
7.3
3.6
8.5
4.8
137.2
8.3
5.0
119.5
7.4
4.5
129.6
7.31
4.1
204.7
6.8
3.9
6.3
3.9
6.2
3.9
5.4
3.2
5.9
3.7
4.9
2.9
4.4
2.7
4.7
3.0
4.0
2.4
Total cases ....................................................................... .
Lost workday cases .......................................................... ........... .
Lost workdays ............................................................................. .
14.3
6.8
143.3
14.2
6.7
147.9
13.0
6.1
148.1
13.1
5.8
161.9
12.2
5.5
11.8
5.5
10.6
4.9
9.9
4.5
9.5
4.4
8.8
4.0
8.6
4.2
8.3
4.1
7.9
4.0
General building contractors:
Total cases ..... ... .... .. .............. .......................................... .
Lusi workday cases .. ........................................................ ........... .
Lost workdays... ....... . ........................ ..........................
13.9
6.5
137.3
13.4
6.4
137.6
12.0
5.5
132.0
12.2
5.4
142.7
11.5
5.1
10.9
5.1
9.8
4.4
9.0
4.0
8.5
3.7
8.4
3.9
8.0
3.7
7.8
3.9
6.9
3.5
Heavy construction, except buildinq:
Total cases ...................... .
Lost workday cases ..................................................................... .
Lost workdays ..... .
13.8
6.5
147.1
13.8
6.3
144.6
12.8
6.0
160.1
12.1
5.4
165.8
11.1
5.1
10.2
5.0
9.9
4.8
9.0
4.3
8.7
4.3
8.2
4.1
7.8
3.8
7.6
3.7
7.8
4.0
Special trades contractors:
Total cases ............. .
Lost workday cases ............................................................... .. .... .
Lost workdays.......... . ................................................................ .
14.6
6.9
144.9
14.7
6.9
153.1
13.5
6.3
151.3
13.8
6.1
168.3
12.8
5.8
12.5
5.8
11.1
5.0
10.4
4.8
10.0
4.7
9.1
4.1
8.9
4.4
8.6
4.3
8.2
4.1
13.1
5.8
113.0
13.2
5.8
120.7
12.7
5.6
121.5
12.5
5.4
124.6
12.1
5.3
12.2
5.5
11 .6
5.3
10.6
4.9
10.3
4.8
9.7
4.7
9.2
4.6
9.0
4.5
8.1
4.1
14.1
6.0
116.5
14.2
6.0
123.3
13.6
5.7
122.9
13.4
5.5
126.7
13.1
5.4
13.5
5.7
12.8
5.6
11.6
5.1
11.3
5.1
10.7
5.0
10.1
4.8
Total cases ....................................................................... .
Lost workday cases ................................................................... .
Lost workdays ...........................................................................
18.4
9.4
177.5
18.1
8.8
172.5
16.8
8.3
172.0
16.3
7.6
165.8
15.9
7.6
15.7
7.7
14.9
7.0
14.2
6.8
13.5
6.5
13.2
6.8
13.0
6.7
12.1
6.1
10.6
5.5
Furniture and fixtures:
Total cases ............... .................. .. ................................... .
Lost workday cases ............................... ................ .................. .
Lost workdays .....................................................................
16.1
7.2
16.9
7.8
15.9
7.2
14.8
6.6
128.4
14.6
6.5
15.0
7.0
13.9
6.4
12.2
5.4
12.0
5.8
11.4
5.7
11.5
5.9
11.2
5.9
11.0
5.7
Stone, day, and qlass products:
Total cases .................................................................. .
Lost workday cases ....................... ............................................ .
Lost workdays ... ..................................................................
15.5
7.4
149.8
15.4
7.3
160.5
14.8
6.8
156.0
13.6
6.1
152.2
13.8
6.3
13.2
6.5
12.3
5.7
12.4
6.0
11.8
5.7
11.8
6.0
10.7
5.4
10.4
5.5
10.1
5.1
Primary metal industries:
Total cases ....................................................................... .
Lost workday cases ................................................................... .
Lost workdays ....................... ............................................ .
18.7
8.1
168.3
19.0
8.1
180.2
17.7
7.4
169.1
17.5
7.1
175.5
17.0
7.3
16.8
7.2
16.5
7.2
15.0
6.8
15.0
7.2
14.0
7.0
12.9
6.3
12.6
6.3
10.7
5.3
11.1
Fabricated metal products:
Total cases .. ................... ........... .. ..... ....... ......... ......... . .
Lost workday cases ................................................................... .
Lost workdays ......................................................................... .
18.5
7.9
147.6
18.7
7.9
155.7
17.4
7.1
146.6
16.8
6.6
144.0
16.2
6.7
16.4
6.7
15.8
6.9
14.4
6.2
14.2
6.4
13.9
6.5
12.6
6.0
11.9
5.5
11.1
5.3
Total cases .......................................... ... .. ........................ .
Lost workday cases .................................... ........ ....................... .
Lost workdays ....... .. ................................................................. .
12.1
4.8
86.8
12.0
4.7
88.9
11.2
4.4
86.6
11.1
4.2
87.7
11.1
4.2
11.6
4.4
11.2
4.4
9.9
4.0
10.0
4.1
9.5
4.0
8.5
3.7
8.2
3.6
11.0
6.0
Electronic and other electrical equipment:
Total cases ....................................................................... .
Lost workday cases ........................ .. ........................ ................ .
Lost workdays ........................................ ...................................
9.1
3.9
77.5
9.1
3.8
79.4
8.6
3.7
83.0
8.4
3.6
81.2
8.3
3.5
8.3
3.6
7.6
3.3
6.8
3.1
6.6
3.1
5.9
2.8
5.7
2.8
5.7
2.9
5.0
2.5
Transportation equipment:
Total cases ....................................................................... .
Lost workday cases .................................................. .. ................
Lost workdays ....... ....................................................................
17.7
6.8
138.6
17.8
6.9
153.7
18.3
7.0
166.1
18.7
7.1
186.6
18.5
7.1
19.6
7.8
18.6
7.9
16.3
7.0
15.4
6.6
14.6
6.6
13.7
6.4
13.7
6.3
12.6
6.0
Instruments and related products:
Total cases ............................. .................................... ...... .
Lost workday cases ................................................................... .
Lost workdays.... ....
.......................................................
5.6
2.5
55.4
5.9
2.7
57.8
6.0
2.7
64.4
5.9
2.7
65.3
5.6
2.5
5.9
2.7
5.3
2.4
5.1
2.3
4.8
2.3
4.0
1.9
4.0
1.8
4.5
2.2
4.0
2.0
Total cases ....... .
Lost workday cases .......... ................................ ............................ .
Lost workdays........ ....
. ................................ ...
Agriculture, forestry, and fishings
Total cases ......... .
. ........ ....................... .
Lost workday cases ........................ .
Lost workdays ............................................. ..... ......... ..... ........... .
Mining
Total cases ................................ .
Lost workday cases..... ... ....... .. . .. ... .. ..
.......................... .
Lost workdays ........................................................................ .
Construction
Manufacturing
Total cases .............................. .
Lost workday cases ..................................................................... .
Lost workdays ....... ..... ... .... ..........................................................
Durable goods:
Total cases ..... .
Lost workday cases ...... ... .... ......................................................... .
Lost workdays ............................................................................ .
8.8
4.3
Lumber and wood products:
Industrial machinery and equipment:
Miscellaneous manufacturinq industries:
Total cases ...................................................................... . .
Lost workday cases ............................................................. .
11.1
9.1
8.9
11.3
11.3
10.7
10.0
9.9
9.5
8.1
8.4
7.2
6.4
5.1
5.1
4.6
4.5
4.3
4.4
4.2
5.1
5.0
3.9
4.0
3.6
3.2
Lost workdays .................... · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·97.6
· · · · · ·113.1
· · · · · · ·104.0
· · · · · · ·108.2
·······~--~--~--~--~--~--~--~---~--~--~--~--~---
See footnotes at end of table.
144
Monthly Labor Review
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October 2005
55. Continued-Occupatio nal injury and illness rates by industry, 1 United States
Industry and type of case2
Nondurable goods:
Total cases
Lost workday cases ..... .. ....... ........... ............................. ....... ........
Lost workdays ....... ..
Incidence rates per 100 workers3
1989
1
:
1992
1990 1 1991
1993
4
1994 4
1995 4
1996
4
1997
4
1998
4
1999 4
2000
4
2001
4
I
11 .6
5.5
107.8
11.7
5.6
116.9
11 .5
5.5
119.7
11.3
5.3
121.8
10.7
5.0
10.5
5 .1
9.~
4.9
9.2
4.6
8.8
4.4
8.2
4 .3
7.8
4.2
7.8
4.2
6 .8
3.8
18.5
9.3
174.7
20.0
9.9
202.6
19.5
9.9
207.2
18.8
9.5
211.9
17.6
8.9
17.1
9.2
16.3
8.7
15.0
8.0
14.5
8.0
13.6
7.5
12.7
7.3
12.4
7.3
10.9
6.3
8.7
3.4
64.2
7.7
3.2
62.3
6.4
2.8
52.0
6.0
5.8
2.3
5.3
2.4
5.6
2.6
6.7
2.8
5.9
2.7
6.4
3.4
5.5
2.2
6.2
3.1
6.7
4.2
10.3
4.2
81.4
9.6
4.0
85.1
10.1
4 .4
88.3
9.7
4.1
8.7
4.0
8.2
4.1
7.8
3.6
6.7
3.1
7.4
3.4
6.4 '
3.2
6.0
3 .2
5.2
2.7
8.6
3.8
80.5
8.8
3.9
92.1
9.2
4.2
99 .9
9.5
4.0 1
104.6 j
9.0
3.8
8.9
3.9
8.2
3.6
7.4
3.3
7.0
3.1
6.2
2.6
5.8
2.8
6.1
3.0
5.0
2.4
12.7
5.8
132.9
12. 1
5.5
124.8
11 .2
5.0
122.7
11.0
5 .0
125.9
9.9
4.6
9.6
4.5
8.5
4.2
7.9
3.8
7.3
3.7
7.1
3.7
7.0
3.7
6.5
3.4
6.0
3.2
6.9
3.3
63.8
6.9
3.3
69.8
6.7
3.2
74 .5
7.3
3.2
74.8
6.9
3.1
6.7
3.0
6.4
3.0
6.0
2.8
5.7
2.7
5.4
2.8
5.0
2.6
5.1
2.6
4.6
2.4
7.0
3.2
63.4 1
6.5
3.1
61 .6
6.4
3.1
62.4
6.0
2.8
64.2
5.9
2.7
5.7
2.8
5.5
2.7
4.8
2.4
4.8
2.1
4.2
2.1
,1..4
2.3
4.2
2.2
4.0
2.1
6.6
3.J
68.1
6.6
3 .1
77.3
6.2
2.9
68.2
2.8 1
71.2
5.2
2.5
4.7
2.3
4.8
2.4
4.6
2.5
4.3
2.2
3.9
1.8
4.1
1.8
3 .7
1.9
2.9
1.4
Food and kindred products:
Total cases .... ..................... ...... .. ..... .. ...................... .
Lost workdc1y cases ....
Lost "'Orkdays .. ......... .. ... .... ......................... ... ... .. ..... ......... ... ... .
Tobacco products:
Total cases ....... .................... . ........ .. ... ... ................. .
Lost workday cases.... ..
...... ............. . ....... ........ .........
Lost workdays... ....... ..... .... ..... ..
. .. .......... ....... .. .... .
Textile mill products:
Total cases ..... .......... .. ..... ... .
Lost workday cases......... ... ....
. .. ..... .. ......... .
Lost workdays....
. ..... ... ........ ..... .......... ..... .. .. .. ..... ... .
Apparel and other textile products:
Total c2 ses .. ... .................... .... .... ...... ... ................... .. .
Lost workday cases ... ........
Lost workdays .......... .. .. .. ......
Paper and allied products:
Total cases ..... .... ..... ............. ... .
Lost workday cases ...
Lost workdays ........... ........... .. ....
Printinq and publishinq:
Total cases ... .. .. ...... .. .. .. ..... .... .. .
Lost workday cases ....... .. .. .................... ... ........... ......... ......... ....
Lost workdays ............ ........... ..... .. .......... .. .... ..... .. ... ... .............. .
Chemicals and allied products:
Total cases .. .. ...... ......... ......... ........ ...... ... ..... ...... ....... ...... . .
Lost workday cases ... .. .. .... ........ .............. ..... ........... ........... ..... .
Lost workdays ........ ..... .................... .. .. .
Petroleum and coal products:
Total cases .. ........ ........ ............ .. ... .... ... .. .. . .
Lost workday cases ....... .................. ....... .. .... ................ .... ........ .
Lost workdays .. ... ...... ....... ... ................. ....... ....... ...... .. ............. .
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products:
Total cases .. ..... ................ ... ...... ........ ............. ... .. .... .
Lost workday cases .. ..... ............... ......... .... ........ .......... .... .
Lost workdays... ... ... .....
......... ....... ........................... ... .
Leather and leather products:
Total cases .. .. .............. ...... .. ...... ....... .... ....... ..... .. ... .. .. ...... .
Lost workd oy cases. ... ..... ... ... ..........
.... ................... .
Lost workdays. ..
. ... .................. ............ ...
16.2
8.0
147.2
16.2
7.8
151 .3
15.1
7.2
150.9
14.5
6 .8
153.3
13.9
6.5
14.0
6.7
12.\l
6.5
12.3
6.3
11.9
5.8
11.2
5.8
10.1
5.5
10.7
5.8
8.7
4.8
13.6
6.5
130.4
12.1
5.9
152.3
12.5
5.9
140.8
1::-1
5.4
128.5
12.1
5.5
12.0
5.3
11.4
4.8
10.7
4.5
10.6
4.3
9.8
4.5
10.3
5.0
9.0
4.3
8.7
4.4
Transportation and public utilities
Total cases
..... .. ... .. ... ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ...... .... ..... .. .
Lost workday cases..... .. ... ..... ..... .......... ..... .....
........... ... .... ..
Lost workdays ...... .... ..... .... ......... ... ................. .............. .
9.2
5.3
121 .5
9.6
5.5
134.1
9.3
5.4
140.0
9.1
5 .1 1
144.0
9.5
5.4
9.3
5.5
9.1
5.2
8.7
5.1
8.2
4.8
7.3
4.3
7.3
4.4
6.9
4.3
6.9
4.3
8.0
3.6
63.5
7.9
3.5
65.6
7.6
3.4
72.0
8.4 1
3.5 '
80 .1
8.1
3.4
7.9
3.4
7.5
3.2
6.8
2.9
6.7
3.0
6.5
2.8
6.1
2.7
5.9
2.7
6.6
2.5
2.4 1
42 .9
9.9 1
4.2
87 1 i
5.9 ,
Wholesale and retail trade
Total cases ...... ... ...... .............. ......... ........ .... ............ .
Lost workday cases ....... .... ......... ... ............................ ..... .
Lost workdays.... .....
....... ... .................. .............
Wholesale trade:
Total cases ......... ..... ....... .... ....... ... .. .... .. ...... ... ... .
Lost workday cases.......... .......... ... ...
.... .... ..... ...... ............ .
Lost workdays .... ......... .. ............ .. ....... .... ... ............... ........ ... ........ .
Retail trade:
Total cases ..... ......... ........... ......... .... ..... .... ......... ...... ... ..... ... .
Lost workday cases ...... ...... ..... ....... .... ....... .. ..... .... ........ ...... ....... ..
Lost workdays ... ....... .... .. ..... ................................ ...... ... .
7.7
4.0
71.9
7.4
3.7
71.5
7.2
3.7
79 .2
7.6
3.6
82.4 1
7.8
3.7
7.7
3.8
7.5
3.6
6.6
3.4
6.5
3.2
6.5
3.3
6.3
3.3
5.8
3.1
5.3
2.8
8.1
3.4
60.0
8.1
3.4
63.2
7.7
3.3
69.1
8.7 i
8.2
3.3
7.9
3 .3
7.5
3.0
6.9
2.8
6.8
2.9
6.5
2.7
6.1
2.5
5.9
2.5
5.7
2.4
79.2
Finance, insurance, and real estate
Total cases ........................ ... .... ...... .. .
. .. ....... ... ... ... .. .
Lost workday cases ..... .............. ..................... ......... ...... ..... .. ..... .. .
Lost workdays .. ...... ... .. ................. ...... ........ ..... .................. .
2.0
.9
17.6
2.4
1.1
27.3
2.4
1.1
24.1
2.9
i.2
32.9
2.9
1.2
2.7
1.1
2.6
1.0
2.4
.9
2.2
.9
.7
.5
1.8
.8
1.9
.8
1.8
.7
Services
Total cases .... .... ... ... ............. ....... ..... .. .. .
Lost workday cases ........ .... ....... ....... ...... ..... ............ .... .. .............. .
Lost workdays............. ...... .... ..... .. ... .................. .. ........ ...... .. ..... .
5.5
2.7
51.2
6.0
? .8
~6.4
6.2
2.8
60.0
7.1
3.0
68.6
6.7
2.8
6.5
2.8
6.4
2.8
6.0
2.6
5 .6
2.5
5.2
2.4
4.9
2.2
4.9
2.2
4.6
2.2
1
Data for 1989 and subsequent years are based on the Standard Industrial Classification Manual , 1987 Edition. For this reason , they are not strictly comparable with data
for the years 1985-88, which were based on the Standard Industrial Classification
Manual , 1972 Edition, 1977 Supplement.
2
Beginning with the 1992 survey, the annual survey measures only nonfatal injuries and
illnesses, while past surveys covered both fatal and nonfatal incidents. To better address
fatalities, a basic element of workplace safety, BLS implemented the Census of Fatal
Occupational Injuries.
3
The incidence rates represent the number of injuries and illnesses or lost workdays per
100 full-1ime workers and were calculated as (N/EH) X 200,000, where:
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
341
N = number of injuries and illnesses or lost workdays;
EH = total hours worked by all employees during the calenda, year; and
200,000 = base for 100 full-time equivalent workers (working 40 hours per week, 50 weeks
per year) .
4
Beginning with the 1993 survey, lost workday estimates will not be generated. As of 1992,
BLS began generating percent distributions and the median number of days away from work
by industry and for groups of workers sustaining similar work disabilities.
5
Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees since 1976.
NOTE· Dash indicates data not available.
Monthly Labor Review
October 2005
145
Current Labor Statistics:
!Injury and Illness Data
56. Fatal occupational injuries by event or exposure, 1998-2003
Fatalities
Event or exposure
1
20023
1998-2002
average
2
2003
Percent
Number
Number
Total. .... ... .............. ... ................................... ... ................... .
6,896
5,534
5,559
100
Transportation incidents.............................................................. .
Highway incident. .............. .......... ................................. ............... .
Collision between vehicles, mobile equipment.. .... .. .................
Moving in same direction ..................................................... .
Moving in opposite directions, oncoming .. .... ... ....... ........... .. .
Moving in intersection ............................... ... ............... ......... .
2,549
1,417
696
136
249
148
2,385
1,373
636
155
202
146
2,367
1,350
648
135
269
123
Vehicle struck stationary object or equipment in roadway ... .... .
Vehicle struck stationary object, or equipment
on side of road ......................... ............. .. ............. ............
Noncollision incident. ...................... ... .. ............. ... .... .................. .
Jackknifed or overturned-no collision .... .. .......................... .
Non highway (farm, industrial premises) incident... ............ ... ........ .
Overturned ..... ....... ................................ ... ............................... .
Worker struck by a vehicle ... .... ....... ............ .............. .... ..... . .
Rail vehicle ..... ..... .. .. ... ........................ ... .................... .. .... .
Water vehicle .............. ................................ ............ .....................
Aircraft. ... .............. ..... ... .. ............................ ............... ... .. .
27
33
17
42
24
12
2
5
2
(4)
281
367
303
358
192
380
63
92
235
293
373
312
323
164
356
64
71
194
324
321
252
347
186
336
43
68
208
6
6
5
6
3
6
Assaults and violent acts ..............................................................
Homicides .... ............ ...... ............... ...... .... ........ ... .. ................... ... .
Shooting .... .. ..... ....... ... .......... ... ....................... ............. .
Stabbing ............. ............. ........... .................. .. ... ...... ... . .
Self-inflicted injuries ............. .......... .. ....................................... ... ..
910
659
519
61
218
840
609
469
58
199
901
631
487
58
218
16
11
9
Contact with objects and equipment........................................ .
Struck by object. .. .. ................ ..................................................... .
Struck by falling object. .. ..... .. ...................................................
Struck by flying object. ............. ...... ....... ................... ...............
Caught in or compressed by equipment or objects .................... .
Caught in running equipment or machinery ..... ............ ... ........ .
Caught in or crushed in collapsing materials ...... ............. ... ....... .
963
547
336
55
272
141
126
872
505
302
38
231
110
116
911
530
322
58
237
121
126
16
10
6
1
4
2
2
Falls ............................. .............................................................. .
Fall to lower level. .. ................................................ .... .. .. ............ .
Fall from ladder ... ......................... ......................... ...................
Fall from roof .. ... ..... ........ ................ .. ............... ......... .. .... ........ .
Fall from scaffold, staging ...................................................... .
Fall on same level. ... .... ............ .... ... ................................. .......... .
738
651
113
152
91
65
719
638
126
143
88
64
691
601
113
127
85
69
12
11
2
2
2
Exposure to harmful substances or environments....... ......... .
Contact with electric current. ................. ..... ..................... ... .. .. .. .. .
Contact with overhead power lines ... ......... ............................. .
Contact with temperature extremes ... ............... .... .. .. ............. .....
Exposure to caustic, noxious, or allergenic substances .. ...... ... .. ..
Inhalation of substances ............ ............ ................... .. ......... .. ..
Oxygen deficiency ................ ...................................... .. .. ............ .
Drowning, submersion ....................... ....... ... ........................... .
526
289
130
45
102
50
89
69
539
289
122
60
99
49
90
60
485
246
107
42
121
65
73
52
9
4
2
1
2
Fires and explosions .................... .......................................... .
190
165
198
4
' Based on the 1992 BLS Occupational Injury and Illness
Since then,
an additional
Classification Manual. Includes other events and exposures,
identified, bringing
such as bodily reaction, in addition to those shown separately.
2002 to 5,534.
2
3
Excludes fatalities from the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacts.
The BLS news release of September 17, 2003, reported
a total of 5,524 fatal work injuries for calendar year 2003.
146 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4
the
4
10 job-related fatalities were
total job-related fatality count for
Equal to or greater than 0.5 percent.
NOTE:
Totals
for
major categories
may include sub-
categories not shown separately. Percentages may not add to
totals because of rounding .
October 2005
4
STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT, AND CIRCULATION
Title of Publication: Monthly Labor Review
PublicationNumber: 987-800
Date of Filing: October 1, 2005
Frequency of Issue: Monthly
Number of Issues Published Annually: 12
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of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2 Massachusetts Ave., NE, Washington, DC 20212-0001
Attention: Richard M. Devens, Room 2850, (202) 691-7911
8. Complete Mailing Address of Headquarters of General Business Office of Publisher: U.S. Department
of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2 Massachusetts Ave., NE, Washington, DC 20212-0001
9. Names and Complete Addresses of Publishers, Editor, and Executive Editor: Publisher: U.S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Office of Publications, 2 Massachusetts
Avenue, N.E., Washington, DC 20212-0001; Editor: William Parks, same address; Executive Editor:
Richard M. Devens, same address; Managing Editor: Anna H. Hill, same address
10. Owner: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2 Massachusetts Avenue, N.E.,
Washington, DC 20212-0001
11. Known Bondholders, Mortgagees, and Other Security Holders Owning or Holding 1 Percent or More
of Total Amount of Bonds, Mortgages, or Other Securities: None
12. Purpose, Function and Nonprofit Status: Not applicable
13. Publication T1tle: Monthly Labor Review
14. Issue Date for Circulation Data Below: September 2005
15. Extent and Nature of Circulation:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Average number
of copies of each
issue during
preceding 12 months
A. Total number of copies (net press run) ......................... .
B. Paid and/or requested circulation:
1. Paid/requested outside-county mail subscriptions
(includes advertiser's proof and exchange copies) .....
2. Paid-in-county subscriptions
(includes advertiser's proof and exchange copies) ......
3. Sales through dealers and carriers, street vendors,
counter sales, and other non-USPS paid distribution
4. Other classes mailed through the USPS ...................... .
C. Total paid and/or requested circulation
(sum ofB) ................................................................... ..
D. Free distribution by mail:
1. Outside-county ............................................................ .
2. In-county ....................... .............................................. ..
3. Other classes mailed through the USPS ...................... .
E. Free distribution outside the mail .................................. ..
F. Total free distribution (sum of D and E) ........................ ..
G. Total distribution (sum of C and F) ................................. .
H. Copies not distributed .................................................. ..
I. Total (sum of G and H) .................................................. ..
J. Percent paid and/or requested circulation ..................... .
Number of copies
of single issue
published nearest
to filing date
4,600
4,058
2,969
2,715
1,083
794
4,052
3,509
477
473
45
~
522
4,574
26
4,600
88.6
523
4,032
2n
4,058
87.0
I certify that the statements made by me above are correct and complete.
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