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RESEARCH LIBRARY Fédorfd R ^ J f v a 3 a n k o f ih . Louis R RFREW U.S. Department of Labor Statistics e r 1986 ¿TV* https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis I In this issue: The decline j f* inflation U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR William E. Brock, Secretary Regional Commissioners for Bureau of Labor Statistics BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Kennedy Federal Building, Suite 1603, Boston, MA 02203 Phone: (617) 565-2327 Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Region I— Boston: Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner The Monthly Labor Review is published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor. Communications on editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor-in-Chief, Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, DC 20212. Phone: (202) 523-1327. Subscription price per year—$16 domestic; $20 foreign. Single copy $4.75 domestic; $5.94 foreign. 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Moxley https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Alaska Idaho Oregon Washington Sam M. Hirabayashi MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW OCTOBER 1986 VOLUME 109, NUMBER 10 Henry Lowenstern, Editor-in-Chief Robert W. Fisher, Executive Editor John F. Early and others 3 A half-year decline in inflation: its antecedents and structure The Consumer Price Index was almost unchanged in the first half, indicating 1986 will show the lowest inflation rate in 20 years; plunging energy prices offset increases for services Beth Harrison 15 Spending patterns of older persons revealed in expenditure survey New estimates point up differences in characteristics, incomes, and expenditures of younger and older populations within the larger group of persons 65 and older W. Schweke, D.R. Jones 18 European job creation in the wake of plant closings and layoffs Confronted with massive layoffs in recent years, European firms, and often governments, have taken a variety of initiatives to stimulate business growth and job creation REPO RTS Henry Guzda John D. Morton Sharon R. Cohany Tadd Linsenmayer https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 23 26 28 31 Constitutional convention marks golden anniversary of the uaw white-collar pay survey now covers small firms What happened to the high school class of 1985? no adopts asbestos standard, focuses on employment issues bls DEPARTMENTS 2 Labor month in review 23 Conventions 26 Research summaries 31 Foreign labor developments 33 Major agreements expiring next month 34 Developments in industrial relations 38 Book reviews 41 Current labor statistics r Labor M onth In Review TRANSITION. The Institute for Con temporary Studies published an evalua tion of the role of unions in the 100th year after the founding of the American Federation of Labor. The book, Unions in Transition (ICS Press, 506 pages, $29.95), edited by Seymour Martin Lipset of the Hoover Institution, Stan ford University, includes contributions from more than a dozen academic observers and labor practitioners. Some excerpts: Walter Galenson, Cornell University: American unions have survived and pros pered because they . . . were flexible enough to alter their strategies to meet the demands of the time. The present soul-searching that is going on within the labor movement suggests that some new approaches may emerge, particular ly if unions are to move beyond the bounds of their present sectoral con fines. Leo Troy, Rutgers University: As the American labor movement begins its se cond century, it apparently has entered a new stage in its history, a stage of per manent decline. Organized labor has lost millions of members since its peak in 1975, while its grip on the labor market has dropped to the levels of the Great Depression. The market seems to have rejected unions in the large sectors of the private economy and in growth areas of the country. Ray Marshall, University of Texas: Most economic and technological trends are against unions as traditionally organized. Digitized for 2FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The unions will therefore need to develop new procedures to deal with the interna tionalized information world. Because of the importance of collective bargaining and free labor movements for the Nation’s economic, political, and social health, it is in the public interest to en courage these adjustments and strengthen the w orkers’ right to decide for themselves whether or not they want to be represented by unions. Richard B. Freeman, Harvard University: In the world of perfect full employ ment and competitive markets, unions would be unnecessary. In the real world in which we live unions can and general ly do perform valuable economic func tions. An economy is likely to operate efficiently when there is a sufficient number of union and of nonunion firms to offer alternative work environments to workers, innovation in workplace rules and conditions, and competition in the market. Seymour Lipset, Stanford University: Most Americans who are normally sym pathetic to the needs of the weak and the underprivileged do not classify labor organizations among the oppressed. Rather, like big business, they are seen as powerful and essentially self-serving. But corporations have an advantage in that the public also thinks they inherently con tribute to the community in the form of jobs, goods, and services. Unions are perceived as worse than business in two respects; first, they are viewed as giving low priority to the public interest and as working against the good of the whole society, and second, their leaders are believed to be exceptionally corrupt and unethical. In short, the principal virtue of unions is that they serve the interest of their members. Their principal defect is that, by doing exactly that, unions seem to do little to benefit the public interest. Lane Kirkland, a f l -CIO: Any analysis of the state of American unions, especially one pointing to or predicting their decline, should include the following disclaimer in the interest of accuracy: It has all been said before. Labor’s obituary has been written at least once in every one of the 105 years of our existence, and nearly that many causes of death have been diagnosed. Some of our most prominent labor jour nalists have earned their keep by writing of our demise each Labor Day, just as some of our better-know n labor economists and academics have earned tenure by publishing predictions that unions would perish. It seems we must be forever perishing so that others may be forever publishing. Alexander Trowbridge, N atio n al Association of Manufacturers: Labor and management are at the crossroads in collective bargaining. Certainly, the growth of participative management mechanisms, gainsharing, employment security, and employee identification with productivity and profits of a company justify some optimism that both labor and management have seen the realities of global competition and its impact, as well as the responses that are necessary to successfully face this competition. □ A half-year pause in inflation: its antecedents and structure The Consumer Price Index was almost unchanged during the first half, suggesting that 1986 will show the lowest inflation rate in 20 years; plunging energy prices offset strong increases for some services John F. Early , W alter Lane , and Philip S turm Inflation as measured by the Consumer Price Index for all Urban Consumers (cpi-u ) declined at a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 0.2 percent during the first 6 months of 1986. While a continuation of this pattern is unlikely throughout the remainder of the year, the resulting change for 1986 will probably be the smallest annual increase since the first half of the 1960’s .1 The first-half decline reflected the sharp drop in crude oil prices, as the index for energy commodities— fuel oil, coal, bottled gas, and motor fuels fell at an annual rate of 40.2 percent in the first half of 1986. Prices for used cars and grocery store foods also declined in the first half. On the other hand, shelter costs continued to advance at an annual rate of about 5 percent. The index for all items excluding food, shelter, energy, and used cars increased at an annual rate of 4 percent during the first 6 months. Within this group, however, price movements for commodities and for services continued to diverge. Price increases in the goods sector moderated further, but prices for services, in particu lar medical care, accelerated. (See table 1.) Background 1960 to 1981 The early 1960’s were characterized by rapid economic expansion, with prices increasing at an annual rate of 1.3 percent for the 5-year period which ended in December John F. Early is Assistant Commissioner for Consumer Prices and Price Indexes, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Walter Lane and Philip Sturm are economists in that office. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1965. (See chart 1.) Price pressures developed in the late 1960’s, however, as expenditures for the Vietnam War stimulated an economy already at nearly full employment. The rate of inflation in consumer prices rose from less than 2 percent in 1965 to more than 6 percent in 1969. From chart 2, one can identify the general composition of price change in each of these periods. The top line displays the average annual rate of change for the all-items cpi-u during the periods identified on the horizontal axis. This seasonally adjusted overall inflation rate can be constructed as the sum of the individual contributions of four major classes of consumer expenditures—energy, food, shelter, and all other— as follows: Effect on all items Period All items Dec. 1960Dec. 1965 . . . . . 1.3 Dec. 1965Dec. 1969 . . . . . 4.3 Dec. 1969Aug. 1971 . . . . . 4.8 Aug. 1971July 1973 .. .. . . 4.4 July 1973Dec. 1974 . . . . 12.0 Dec. 1974Dec. 1976 . . . .. 5.9 Dec. 1976Dec. 1978 . . . .. 7.9 Dec. 1978Sept. 1981 . . . . 12.2 Sept. 1981June 1986 .. . . . . 3.4 Energy Food Shelter Other .023 .406 .245 .626 .133 .937 1.115 2.115 .251 .707 1.274 2.568 .280 1.975 .879 1.266 1.517 3.694 2.470 4.319 .642 .869 1.237 3.152 .581 1.885 2.215 3.219 1.990 1.633 4.664 3.913 -.195 .502 1.027 2.065 3 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1986 • A Half-Year Decline in Inflation From the chart, one can see that the acceleration in prices from the first half to the second half of the 1960’s was widespread, except that energy prices had very little impact. The recession which began late in 1969 caused the rate of price increase to subside only partially, and much of that reduction was due to the effect of declining mortgage inter est rates on the shelter component of the c p i . In reaction to the failure of inflation to abate swiftly and fully, President Nixon announced a wage and price freeze on August 15, 1971. The initial price freeze and subsequent Phase II eco nomic controls were accompanied by a lower rate of infla tion during the final months of 1971 and throughout 1972. Prices, however, started to rise more quickly in 1973, and further inflation followed with the relaxation of controls in August and the oil embargo in October. Although the direct effects of the oil embargo on inflation were substantial, they were far from unique. Sharply higher mortgage interest rates and house prices drove up shelter costs; food prices, influ enced in part by worldwide commodity inflation, rose rapidly; and prices for most other goods and services began to accelerate. Inflation climbed to double-digit rates during 1974 and registered what was then the largest calendar year change in the history of the c p i , except for the inflationary periods directly associated with the two World Wars. With the steep Table 1. Annual percent changes for selected groupings of consumer prices, 1982-86 12 m onths 6 m o n th s e n d ed D e ce m b e r— e n d ed J u n e — Item 1982 1983 1984 All ite m s.............................. 3.9 3.8 4.0 3.8 - 0 .2 Food ...................................... Food at hom e..................... Food away from home ___ 3.1 2.2 5.0 2.6 1.9 4.1 3.8 3.6 4.2 2.7 2.1 3.8 1.0 -.5 4.1 Energy.................................... Energy commodities........... Energy services ................. Shelter.................................... Used cars .............................. 1.3 - 5 .0 14.1 2.4 10.9 -.5 - 3 .2 4.1 4.7 14.4 .2 - 1 .9 3.4 5.2 7.0 1.8 3.4 -0 .5 6.0 - 1 .9 -24.1 -4 0 .2 3.5 5.1 -7 .1 All other items ....................... Other commodities............. Other services ................... 5.6 4.1 7.3 4.1 3.3 4.9 4.1 2.3 6.0 4.2 3.0 5.4 4.0 1.6 6.3 1985 19861 1 Seasonally adjusted annual rate of change. recession of 1973-75, inflation moderated substantially so that, by the end of 1976, consumer prices were rising at an annual rate of less than 5 percent. With the economic expan sion in 1977, prices began to accelerate. Then sharp in creases in energy prices were fueled by events associated with the Iranian crisis, and rapid price rises for food and shelter costs followed, pushing consumer price rises to un precedented peacetime rates during 1979, 1980, and, in deed, for most of 1981. Chart 1. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers, 12-month percent changes, 1960-1986 Percent https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Percent Chart 2. CPI average annual rate of change for selected periods by the effects of major components, December 1960 to June 1986 Percent 11--------_____ i_____ 12/6012/6512/65 12/69 Percent i 12/698/71 ____ !_____ 8/717/73 j i t 7/7312/74 12/7412/76 12/7612/78 _____ i_____ --------* 1 12/789/819/81 6/86 Effect on all items Deceleration since 1981 Two back-to-back recessions (1980 and 1981-82), a tight monetary policy, and lessened control by opec of world petroleum supplies all contributed to a rapid reduction in the rate of inflation beginning in the fourth quarter of 1981. This moderation in prices brought an end to the “ratchet phe nomenon” that had characterized inflation since 1960. Be fore 1981, each succeeding low point in inflation was higher than the preceding low, and each high point was also higher than the preceding high. (See chart 1.) The 3.9-percent price increase for 1982 was the smallest annual increase in 10 years. The price deceleration that occurred in the 57 months through June 1986 was particularly apparent in the energy, shelter, and food components of the cpi. (See charts 2 and 3.) Advances in these items had, of course, been responsible for much of the increase in the cpi in the past decade. Unlike earlier episodes, however, the index excluding the energy, shelter, and food components also moderated substantially, rising at a 4.8-percent seasonally adjusted annual rate during the 57 months through June 1986, compared with a 9.6percent increase for the 12 months ended in September 1981. Chart 3 provides more detail than chart 2 on the post-1981 period. The data are as follows: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Period All items Energy Sept. 1981Dec. 1982 . . 4.0 .372 Dec. 1982Dec. 1984 . . 3.9 -.015 Dec. 1984Sept. 1985. . 3.2 .143 Sept. 1985Dec. 1985 . . 5.3 .402 Dec. 1985June 1986 . . - . 2 -2.580 Food Other Shelter commodities Other services .488 .724 1.057 1.359 .606 1.071 1.059 1.179 .296 1.284 .464 1.013 1.022 1.405 1.103 1.368 .169 .971 .019 1.221 The slowdown in food prices preceded the deceleration in the overall cpi. For the 12-month period ended in September 1981, grocery store food prices had increased 5.5 percent, a rate half that of the overall index. Increases in each of the following 4 years were also less than those for the overall index. For the September 1981 to June 1986 period, grocery store food prices advanced at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent and the overall food component at a 2.8-percent rate. The shelter component registered steep advances through out most of the period from 1978 through September 1981. The rate of increase fell off sharply beginning in the fourth quarter of 1981, principally due to the behavior of house prices and mortgage interest rates, and advanced at an an nual rate of 2.2 percent from September 1981 through 5 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1986 • A Half-Year Decline in Inflation December 1982. Until January 1983, the cpi used an asset approach to measure shelter costs of homeowners. The asset treatment covered house prices, mortgage interest rates, property insurance, property taxes, and maintenance and repair costs. In January 1983, bls introduced an improved measure of shelter costs for homeowners in the cpi-u , using a rental equivalence approach. During the first 3!/2 years of the new measure, shelter costs rose at an annual rate of 5.3 percent. Energy costs declined at an annual rate of 2.1 percent for the 57-month period through June 1986, compared with an increase at a 22.9-percent rate in the 33-month period from December 1978 to September 1981. Although charges for gas and electricity continued to increase at double-digit rates through 1982, they slowed considerably beginning in 1983, rising at an annual rate of 2.6 percent in the 42 months ended in June 1986. Prices for petroleum products peaked in early 1981 and then generally declined, with the exception of temporary spurts associated with short-term shortages and a 5-cent-a-gallon gasoline tax increase in April 1983. The sharpest drop occurred during the first 6 months of 1986. As of June 1986, fuel oil prices were 35.2 percent lower and gasoline prices 31.2 percent below their 1981 peak levels. The index for items other than food, shelter, and energy slowed more gradually than the excluded components. The price moderation in this group has been steady since 1981, when these prices rose, on average, by 9.4 percent. They increased less each year than in the preceding one, and by the end of 1985 the annual change was 3.7 percent. Within the group, however, price movements for commodities and services have diverged. Initially, both groups slowed from their peak rates; further deceleration has occurred primarily in the goods sector, however, with service prices continuing to advance at a rate of more than 5 percent. Status at midyear Over the first 6 months of 1986, plummeting oil prices have dominated the movement of the c p i . Such dramatic influence by a single component seems less likely in the coming months, but aggregate indicators of both material and labor costs portend continued consumer price modera tion. Producer prices for nonenergy commodities at the crude, intermediate, and finished stages of processing have either declined or increased very moderately over the past 12 months. Measures of labor costs also indicate a lack of current pressure on prices. The Employment Cost Index has decelerated steadily since peaking at near double-digit rates in 1980, with total compensation for private industry work ers advancing by only 3.8 percent in the 12 months ended in June 1986. In addition, sluggish growth in output in the first half of 1986, with less than full utilization of resources— at midyear, capacity utilization rates were less Chart 3. CPI average annual rate of change for recent periods by the effects of major components, September 1981 to June 1986 Percent Percent Other commodities Shelter Energy 9/8112/82 6 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 12/8212/84 12/849/85 9/8512/85 -4 12/856/86 than 79 percent and unemployment stood just under 7 percent— would appear to preclude any immediate cost pressures. However, policymakers have taken measures designed to stimulate growth by depreciating the dollar and lowering interest rates. These policies could contribute to an increase in the cpi inflation rate in the longer term. To date, however, there has been little evidence that the devaluation of the dollar has had much impact on consumer prices and the declines in interest rates have not yet sparked an acceleration in output. The following discussion is a detailed sector-by-sector assessment of the status of consumer price change in mid1986. The plunge in energy prices The decline in the overall cpi during the first 6 months of 1986 was attributable to the sharp drop in energy prices— down 24.1 percent at an annual rate. (See chart 3.) The cpi excluding energy, during this period, advanced at a 3.1percent annual rate. Prices for commodities and services within energy as well as within the overall cpi, continued to diverge. Principally because of opec’s decision in late 1985 to abandon formally production quotas, prices for energy commodities plunged downward as contracted crude oil prices fell from $28 a barrel to less than half that at the end of June. Reflecting this drop, retail gasoline prices fell 22.3 percent and fuel oil prices, 27.6 percent, from December 1985 to June. From 1967 to the spring of 1981, prices for energy commodities rose about 80 percent faster than prices for nonenergy consumer items. As a result, the prices of energy commodities relative to the prices (on average) of nonenergy items were nearly 80 percent greater in early 1981 than in 1967, the base year for the cpi. By June of 1986, however, energy cpi commodity prices had fallen from their peaks and the prices for energy commodities stood in the same relationship to prices for nonenergy items as they had in 1967. (See chart 4.) The index for energy services— natural gas and elec tricity— registered a moderate increase during the first 6 months of 1986. Charges for electricity rose at an annual rate of 4.8 percent and those for natural gas increased at a 1.6-percent annual rate. From 1967, the prices for energy services relative to those for nonenergy items rose some what more than half as fast as relative prices for energy commodities, peaking in mid-1983. Since then, charges for energy services have eased slightly, and by June 1986 they were in the same proportion to nonenergy prices as they had been in the spring of 1982. Continuing rise in shelter costs The movements in the cpi for shelter during the last 5 or 6 years are, on the surface, somewhat puzzling. As already noted, shelter costs were a major cause for the double-digit inflation during 1979, 1980, and first part of 1981. After https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 2. Annual changes in consumer prices for shelter, 1980-86 6 m o n th s 12 m o n th s e n d ed D e c e m b e r- ended Ju n e — Item Official c p i for shelte r........... Shelter index on rental equivalence b a s is............. Shelter index on rental equivalence basis, with estimated adjustment for vacant u n its ..................... 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 19861 15.1 9.9 2.4 4.7 5.2 6.0 5.1 9.0 8.8 6.2 4.7 5.2 6.0 5.1 10.0 9.5 6.5 5.3 6.0 6.0 5.1 1 Seasonally adjusted annual rate of change. rising 15.1 percent during 1980, the cpi for shelter rose a mere 2.4 percent in 1982. During this period, the shelter index was a major factor in the slowdown of the overall cpi. But since 1982 the shelter index has seemingly moved con trary to other prices— more than doubling its rate of in crease, while other portions of the cpi continued to slow. (See table 2.) One can understand this unusual performance only through a careful review of two technical changes that have been made to the cpi shelter index. The first was the shift to an owners’ equivalent rent measure for homeowner shelter costs effective with the cpi-u for January 1983.2 The second was an improved method for treating vacant housing units, beginning with data for January 1985.3 The introduction of these two improvements affected both the shelter component and the All Items cpi. Consequently, it is advantageous for purposes of analyzing the trends in shelter costs to estimate these effects and adjust for them. The first line of data in table 2 contains annual inflation rates for the official cpi for shelter. It exhibits the unusual behav ior noted above. bls has previously constructed and published enhanced experimental indexes which provide estimates of what the cpi would have been in years prior to 1983 if the owners’ equivalent rent measure had been used.4 The shelter compo nent based on these rental equivalence estimates is con tained in the second line of table 2. The owners’ equivalent rent method produces indexes which reflect the change in shelter costs for homeowners. The previous method had included investment costs associated with purchasing a housing asset— costs that were inappropriate for the cpi. The differences between these two measures illustrate the problem. (See table 2.) The skyrocketing mortgage interest rates in early 1980 caused the official shelter index to rise 15.1 percent, two-thirds again as much as the actual shelter service cost rise measured using the more appropriate own ers’ equivalent rent measure. Similarly, when mortgage in terest rates dropped sharply in 1982, the official shelter index rose less than half as much as the measure based on owners’ equivalent rent. The effects of the improved methods for treating vacant housing units in the cpi are a good deal less dramatic than 7 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1986 • A Half-Year Decline in Inflation those from the introduction of owners’ equivalent rent. The final line of table 2 provides an analytical reconstruction of the shelter index as it would have looked had both owners’ equivalent rent and the enhanced vacant unit procedure been used. By adjusting the shelter index for the two methodological changes, it becomes easier to identify and explain the trends of shelter costs in the last few years. Like the cpi as a whole, shelter cost increases (on the reconstructed basis) began slowing in 1981. They continued to slow through 1983, then moved up slightly to a 6.0-percent annual rate in both 1984 and 1985. The first half of 1986 gives some indication of a further slowdown. Although the rise in shelter costs has clearly slowed, both the degree and speed of that adjustment have been considerably less than in the overall cpi. There are a number of institutional factors that contribute to the rela tively slower adjustment of shelter costs— the almost uni versal use of leases that hold rent constant for extended periods, rent control in some local areas, and existing stable tenant-landlord relationships that make both reluctant to change terms too rapidly. In addition, the available stock of housing cannot adjust as quickly to changing demand condi tions as can the supplies of most other consumer items.5 These institutional expectations are borne out historically. A long historical series is not available for the shelter cpi based on owners’ equivalent rent, but the use of the residen Table 3. Dates and timing of peak and trough rate for 12-month percent changes of consumer prices, 1947-80 Peak Months by which rent lags (leads) all items1 Residential rent All items Trough Peak Trough Peak Trough 17 March 1947 August 1949 June 1948 January 1951 15 February 1951 October 1954 October 1953 September 1955 30 April 1957 April 1959 December 1956 September 1964 February 1970 June 1972 December 1976 April 1971 (2) June 1972 December 1974 March 1980 - July 1980 -4 14 (2) - Digitized for 8FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1961 1966 1971 - 1 Positive numbers are lags— number of months after all items change. Negative numbers are leads— numbers of months before all items. 2 Skipped cycle. Rate did not slow for any significant period of time. tial rent cpi provides a reasonable proxy for the timing of changes in shelter costs in earlier years.6 If we compare the points in time at which the residential rent cpi has reached its highest (peak) values and lowest (trough) values with the corresponding times for the All Items cpi, it is clear that the rate of rent increase almost always slows or accelerates well after the corresponding change occurs in the All Items cpi. (See table 3.) If the current episode of slowing inflation is consistent with earlier ones, one should not be too surprised if there were some additional modest slowing in shelter costs.7 Chart 4. Index of relative consumer prices of energy commodities and energy services, seasonally adjusted, 1957-1986 1956 0 - 4 — 11 65 1976 1981 1986 The trend in food prices For the 6 months ended in June, the food index advanced at an annual rate of 1 percent with an increase in the cost of food away from home— up 4.1 percent at an annual rate— more than offsetting a decline in grocery store food prices— down 0.5 percent at an annual rate. Decreases in prices for beef and fruits and vegetables were responsible for the drop in the food-at-home component. Beef prices fell at an annual rate of 12.1 percent in the first 6 months. The drop in herd size, which has shrunk to its lowest levels in two decades, has not yet placed significant upward pressure on prices. Potential supplies were augmented when the U.S. Depart ment of Agriculture (usda ) announced a large dairy cow buy-out program in late March. Nevertheless, in June, beef prices registered their first increase this year. Pork prices have already started upwards, as hog producers have begun to withhold breeding stock to rebuild their herds. As of June, the usda estimated that pork cold storage supplies were 36 percent below their year-earlier levels. Poultry prices also advanced in the second quarter, partly due to increased demand and partly due to the impact on supplies of the adverse weather in the southeastern United States. The decline in fruit and vegetable prices in the first half of 1986, however, is likely to continue. These prices, which rose sharply in response to adverse weather at the end of 1985, retreated and growing conditions generally were good in the first half of 1986. The severe drought in the Southeast should have only a limited effect on these prices because production is concentrated in other areas, which were not adversely affected by the weather conditions. Other grocery store foods registered generally moderate increases during the first 6 months of the year. An exception was the index for nonalcoholic beverages, which advanced at double-digit rates, as coffee prices soared in the first quarter of 1986, before turning downward in the second quarter. This increase reflected the impact of the Brazilian drought in late 1985, which damaged the coffee bean crop. Services except shelter and energy As noted, price increases for services other than energy and shelter have, on average, slowed down significantly since 1981, but they remain substantially greater than the increases for nonenergy commodities.8 This section will explore the structure and possible causes of the more limited deceleration response of service prices. In an effort to sys tematize this investigation, all consumer services besides shelter and energy have been classified into one of four groups: (1) those which have contributed to the overall slow ing of prices and generally continue to demonstrate only modest price rises; (2) those for which prices have clearly slowed, but continue to rise a good deal faster than other prices; (3) those which provide continuing or growing up ward pressure on inflation; and (4) those that defy classifica tion even by these rather general categories. The results of this classification are displayed in table 4. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Price changes for a large number of services have slowed substantially since 1981. Perhaps most dramatic has been the sharp drop in finance charges for automobiles as interest rates generally have declined and automobile manufacturers have made extensive use of “below market rate” financing to stimulate car sales. Increases in airline fares have also fallen off markedly as declining fuel costs and fierce compe tition from both existing and newly formed airlines have driven fares down to very low levels on many of the more competitive routes. Another transportation service, namely taxis, has also had much slower fare growth, in part due to lower fuel costs and in part due to increased competition from improved availability of mass transit in some areas. The at&t divestiture, combined with competition from new long distance telephone carriers, has led to a number of substantial reductions in interstate long distance tolls. Al though postage rates rose 10.2 percent in 1985, that was the only increase in more than 3 years, with the result that postage also contributed to the overall price slowdown. The remaining services which have shown clear reduc tions in their inflation rates to levels of about 4 percent or less include appliance and furniture repair, apparel services, automobile maintenance and repair, personal care services (beauty and barber shops), and moving, storage, freight, household laundry, and drycleaning. (The 1985 increase in, moving costs may be related in part to the strengthening of the housing market and the associated demand for moving services.) These service establishments have benefited from moderation or declines in heating, transportation fuel, and supply costs. They also have a high proportion of relatively small establishments and fair amounts of local competition. Auto repair services may also be facing reduced demand because of the longer intervals between required mainte nances on newer models. Medical charges continue substantial rises Other services have also experienced slowing price rises, but they continue to post substantial or even reaccelerating price increases. Medical care services are perhaps the most notable in that respect. Costs of professional medical serv ices (physicians, dentists, optometrists, and so on) rose at double-digit rates during most of the 1979-81 period and slowed during 1982 and 1983 to annual rates of increase of between 7 and 8 percent. Beginning with 1984, charges for professional medical services have risen at a fairly constant rate of a bit over 6 percent. In addition to general reductions in inflation pressures on cost, factors which may have con tributed to the slowing of professional medical service charges include (1) a voluntary 1-year freeze on physician fees urged by the American Medical Association (ama ) in February 1984; (2) declines in prices for precious metals used in dental fillings; (3) increased competition from ad vertising among dentists; and (4) modest increases in wages and benefits for employees in health industries— up 4.1 percent for the 12 months ended June 1986, about the same as for all civilian workers.9 9 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1986 • A Half-Year Decline in Inflation Despite these factors, however, charges for services by medical professionals have stubbornly grown at annual rates in excess of 6 percent. One factor which may have con tributed to this continued inflation is the widely publicized substantial increases in malpractice insurance premiums. These increases have tapered off, but continue to be quite high. After jumping more than 40 percent in 1982, average premium increases by 1984 were down to a smaller but still substantial 18.3 percent.10 It is also possible that the meas ured CPI increases reflect more than pure price change. New diagnostic and treatment methods, procedures, and equip ment may increase the costs of professional services. At the same time, however, they may improve the efficiency and efficacy of a diagnosis or treatment. To the extent that the higher charges are the result of better medical care, the increases are not pure price increases and should, in princi ple, not be included in the cpi. We do not know whether such quality increases are in fact contributing to the contin ued substantial rises in the medical care cpi, but it is a possibility that must be kept in mind. Charges for hospital rooms and for other hospital and medical care services both rose at very high double-digit rates through 1982. Like many large service organizations, hospitals tend to be slow to adjust their fee schedules to reflect changes in their costs. As a result, slower price increases for hospitals came later than for many other seg ments of the economy— including those by medical profes sionals. Nevertheless, from 1983 through 1985, hospital Table 4. fees slowed down quite significantly. Like the professional services component of the cpi, hospital costs have benefited from modest rises in compensation costs for employees. In addition, hospitals have come under increasing regulatory scrutiny by Federal, State and local government units in an effort to contain cost increases. In October 1983, the Federal Government imposed a Diagnostic Related Groups ( drg) fee structure on hospitals being reimbursed for Medicare-fi nanced treatment. Under this process, a set fee is established for a specific class of treatment irrespective of the duration or specific procedures followed in a particular case. The objective is to encourage providers to identify and use the most cost-effective treatment. Some insurance carriers and health maintenance organizations ( hmo’s) are also establish ing similar payment regimens. Some of the slowing in hospital charges may reflect mar ket adjustments to oversupply of hospital capacity. Between 1978 and 1984, occupancy rates in hospitals declined from 75.5 percent to 72.5,11 at least partly as the result of shorter hospital stays. The average length of a hospital stay declined from 7.4 days in 1978 to 6.6 days in 1984.12 Following their substantial slowdown through 1985, hos pital fees began to accelerate again during the first half of 1986. This rather abrupt turnaround is difficult to explain. The possible effects of liability insurance and higher quality care are, of course, factors for hospitals as well as profes sional services, but there is no obvious reason these effects should have become more pronounced in the first 6 months of 1986. Price change for consumer services other than shelter and energy, 1979-86 S e a s o n ally a d ju ste d an n u al ra te o f c h a n g e (p e rc en t) C o n s u m e r serv ice D ec. 1978 S e p t 1981 D ec. 1982 D ec. 1983 D e c .1984 D ec. 1985 to to to to to to S ept. 1981 D ec. 1982 D ec. 1983 D ec. 1984 D ec. 1985 J u n e 1986 Services excluding shelter and energy........................................... 10.1 7.8 4.9 6.0 5.4 6.3 Contributing to overall slowdown: Telephone—interstate toll c a lls .......................................................... Moving, storage, freight, household laundry, and drycleaning........... Appliance and furniture repair............................................................. P ostage............................................................................................... Apparel services.................................................................................. Automobile maintenance and repair .................................................. Automobile finance charges .............................................................. Airline fares ........................................................................................ Taxi fa re s ............................................................................................ Personal care services....................................................................... 5.5 10.9 7.5 6.8 11.8 10.0 19.4 28.0 12.7 8.4 3.3 7.6 6.9 7.6 6.3 6.5 - 1 .9 7.7 3.4 5.4 1.4 6.2 4.9 0 5.0 3.8 - 7 .9 4.8 2.3 3.6 - 4 .3 4.9 5.6 0 4.9 3.2 6.8 6.5 1.2 4.9 - 3 .8 7.2 3.1 10.2 4.9 3.3 - 8 .3 6.3 4.3 3.6 -1 1 .0 3.1 3.1 0 4.1 2.6 - 13.1 1.6 2.2 3.5 Contributing to slowdown, but remaining high: Water and sewage maintenance........................................................ Intercity train fares .............................................................................. Intracity mass transit........................................................................... Professional medical services............................................................ Hospital room s.................................................................................... Other hospital medical care services.................................................. Entertainment services....................................................................... Tuition and other school fees ............................................................ Personal expenses (bank charges, attorney fees, and funerals)------ 8.8 18.2 18.9 10.5 13.5 13.1 7.2 11.2 12.5 8.3 12.0 5.1 7.3 14.6 12.0 7.0 12.0 13.3 8.5 5.5 2.1 7.6 9.3 11.2 5.4 9.4 12.2 5.5 4.7 6.8 6.3 7.4 7.8 5.7 10.1 6.5 5.5 4.8 3.4 6.5 4.8 5.2 4.4 8.4 6.1 7.2 7.5 12.5 6.1 8.3 7.0 6.2 9.1 8.4 6.4 11.3 3.2 17.1 6.1 7.9 12.3 8.9 6.4 12.0 6.9 16.7 7.8 13.6 14.9 3.7 6.1 7.4 .5 6.0 3.0 .5 5.4 6.2 Contributing upward pressure: Telephone local charges..................................................................... Refuse collection ................................................................................ Automobile insurance......................................................................... Intercity bus fa re s................................................................................ - - 6.2 14.3 8.1 5.9 Little meaningful trend: Telephone— intrastate toll c a lls .......................................................... Cable television .................................................................................. Automobile rental, registration, and other fe e s ................................... - - - 5.3 12.6 5.9 10 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 0.9 5.8 _ 9.1 7.4 7.4 Many cost containment efforts have been focused on re ducing the length of hospital stays and shifting more treat ment to an outpatient basis (up from 6.9 percent of hospital revenue in 1978 to 8.8 percent in 1985).13 While these measures may have the effect of reducing the expenditure for a full treatment, they may actually place an upward pressure on the prices of separate services. On the one hand, higher vacant bed rates do increase the supply of hospital beds and, thereby, may exert some downward pressure on prices. On the other hand, the rather substantial fixed costs for a hospital must now be spread over fewer occupied beds. The final equilibrium price will depend, among other things, on the proportion that fixed costs are of total costs and on the consumer’s price elasticity of demand. The establishment of drg pricing is intended to lower the total cost for those whose bills are paid by the third-party setting the drg fee schedule. It is possible, therefore, that over time hospitals may restructure their prices in such a way that larger portions of the fixed costs are borne by those who are not covered by a drg arrangement. Prices used in the cpi are not generally subject to such arrangements. It may have taken several months for hospitals to sort out these consequences. As a result, hospital price indexes in the first half of 1986 may be reflecting restructuring of fee schedules to shift costs away from more highly regulated or competitive areas to those with less impact from regulation or competition. While plausible, this explanation is highly conjectural and is offered here primarily due to the lack of an obvious alternative explanation. Tuition also continues high Tuition and other school fees have also been slow to respond to the overall decline in inflation. Much of this is an institutional phenomenon. Tuition is usually set well in ad vance— often as much as 2 years. As a result, both acceler ations and decelerations in tuition lag well behind many other price changes. Contributing to the substantial in creases in the 1981-1984 period were steps by a number of State legislatures either to reduce funding for State higher education and/or to set higher levels of required student payment. Intercity train fares have also been boosted as the result of reduced government funding. The Federal subsidy for Amtrak was cut by 4 percent in 85 and by 14 percent in 1986. Nevertheless, reduced fuel costs and competition from the airlines kept fare increases well below their 1979-82 rates. Water and sewerage maintenance and intracity mass tran sit have both slowed down from their peak levels. Neverthe less, both continue to have relatively high rates of inflation, despite mass transit charges having benefited from lower energy costs. Because transit and water and sewer services are frequently owned and operated by local government units, the higher-than-average inflation for these services may reflect, in part, the higher-than-average compensation increases for State and local government employees— up https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 5.8 percent for the year ended June 1986, versus 3.8 percent for private industry workers in the same period.14 Continued large price increases for refuse collection may reflect not only compensation increases, but also rising “tipping charges” being levied by local government units for use of dump sites and other disposal locations. Continuing inflationary effects also arise from the charges for local telephone services. The first effects were the direct result of restructuring of at&t in 1984. Then additional “access charges” were added to local bills in June 1985 and June 1986 as part of the procedure for equalizing both the cost and ease of access among competing long distance carriers and for allocating costs for different elements of the telephone system to the users of those elements. Coincident with the added access charges were partially offsetting de clines in interstate long distance charges. Intrastate tele phone service is a mixture of (1) toll service supplied by the local operating companies and (2) service provided by long distance carriers. As a result, the index for intrastate toll calls is a mixture of the two factors with no distinct trend of its own. Auto insurance up sharply Automobile insurance rates rose at an annual rate of 13.6 percent during the first half of 1986. Not only is this one of the highest inflation rates for items in the cpi, it is more than double the rate which existed in the 1979-81 period. The largest increases have been for the liability portions of auto insurance. A number of reasons have been offered for this. First, accidents are becoming more frequent— up nearly 5 percent between 1984 and 1985, possibly as the result of reduced adherence to the 55-mile-per-hour speed limit.15 Second, the proportion of accident survivors who are severely injured has been increasing— ironically partly due to increased survival rates resulting from greater use of seatbelts, now mandatory in some States.16 Third, as in medical care, there seems to be a significant increase in the frequency and magnitude of liability suits.17 This fact not only increases direct insurance benefit outlays, it also in creases uncertainty and carrier reserve levels. Fourth, de clining interest rates have reduced insurance carriers’ re turns on their investments. While reduced interest income requires that additional income must be generated from pre miums, the effect for automobile insurance is probably less than for some other types of insurance. But automobile insurers are also benefiting from some significant reductions in cost pressures. The prices for auto mobile repair have slowed substantially. And, even though medical costs continue to rise more than many items, they are rising much more slowly than 6 years ago and much more slowly than the automobile insurance costs. Intercity bus fares also rose at double-digit rates during the first half of 1986— up 14.9 percent. This large increase occurred despite the much more modest rises for the chief competing services— airlines and trains. This apparent 11 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1986 • A Half-Year Decline in Inflation anomaly can be understood, at least in part, by realizing that the competition is only partial. First, buses go many places that airlines and trains do not. Bus fares on these, usually shorter-haul, trips are not as constrained by competition. Second, airfares have not moved homogeneously. They have risen most slowly (or even fallen) on the routes with the heaviest competition and traffic. Other routes have had larger fare increases and given buses less competition. Other commodities Even excluding the sharp drop in energy prices and lower used car prices, prices for commodities have risen at a much slower rate than those for nonenergy services. This diver gence in commodity and service prices suggests that com modity prices in this country may have been affected by lower priced imports resulting from the high value of the dollar relative to the currencies of other countries. When the dollar was appreciating from 1981 to March 1985, foreign suppliers of imports could receive the same income in their own currency by selling the same quantity of imports at lower dollar prices, as each dollar received by them commanded a greater amount of their own currency. However, it may have taken some time for the rising value of the dollar to have translated into relatively lower costs of imports; a recent Federal Reserve Bulletin article estimated that such an impact may take up to 2 years to appear.18 The impact of the changing value of the dollar on import prices can be delayed or reduced substantially as a result of chang ing profit margins of suppliers, the necessity to revise dollar denominated contracts, and specific trade restrictions such as import quotas. Also, changes in the rates of exchange between the dollar and the currencies of the Nation’s various trading partners have not been uniform. While the dollar has depreciated significantly against the yen and a number of major European currencies, there has been little change against the currencies of many less developed countries which are significant trading partners. Another point to con sider is that the relative price level of imports may be strongly affected by the growth rate of the domestic econ omy. Although U.S. economic growth has been quite mod est, it still exceeds that of many of the country’s principal trading partners. Thus, a large number of factors may have intervened to minimize the price-reducing effect of the 1981-85 dollar appreciation, and these same factors may vitiate or delay any inflationary impact of the post-March 1985 devaluation. From June 1982 through March 1985, as the dollar was appreciating, prices paid by importers for consumer com modities (other than energy, food, and used cars) rose at an annual rate of only 0.7 percent, while prices paid by con sumers for the same set of commodities (as measured by the cpi) rose at an annual rate of 3.0 percent. In the 15 months following the March 1985 peak value of the dollar, these import prices accelerated sharply, rising at an annual rate of 7.9 percent, while the corresponding con sumer prices actually slowed more and rose only 2.2 per cent. At least for the first 15 months of the dollar’s decline, therefore, there was no obvious aggregate effect on con sumer prices. Prices paid by importers did not show any obvious impact of the dollar devaluation until the third quar ter after it began. After two more quarters, prices paid by consumers still showed no major effects. Comprehensive analysis relating changes in import prices to changes in consumer prices is difficult. However, some data on price changes have been compiled for nonfood, nonenergy components of the cpi which are judged to have an above average representation of imports in market sales. For each of the 16 commodity groups presented in table 5, import sales constituted more than 10 percent of 1984 total sales. Table 5 presents annualized rates of change in the com modity price indexes for five periods; price changes shown for the first and last periods were periods of depreciation of the dollar in foreign exchange markets and the others, peri- Table 5. Seasonally adjusted annual rates of change for Consumer Price Indexes for selected commodities with higher than average import proportions, December 1978 to June 1986 D ec. 1978 Item S ept. 1981 D ec. 1982 D ec. 1983 M ar. 1985 to to to to to S e p t 1981 D ec. 1982 D ec. 1983 M ar. 1985 J u n e 1986 Commodities less food and energy.......................................................................................... 8.7 5.1 5.0 3.5 0.7 Wine at hom e........................................................................................................................ Whiskey at h o m e .................................................................................................................. Alcoholic spirits excluding whiskey ...................................................................................... TV and sound equipment ..................................................................................................... Clocks, lamps, and decor item s............................................................................................. Tableware, serving pieces, and nonelectric kitchenware .................................................... 8.4 5.9 4.6 1.9 8.3 9.8 2.0 2.6 1.8 -1 .1 1.7 2.7 - 1 .5 1.5 1.0 - 2 .2 2.4 1.6 .7 1.3 2.0 -4 .1 1.0 .5 2.6 7.8 9.7 -5 .1 1.6 2.2 Lawn equipment, power tools, other hardware..................................................................... Men’s and boys’ apparel....................................................................................................... Women’s and girls’ apparel................................................................................................... Infants and toddlers’ apparel................................................................................................. 6.3 4.7 2.0 7.3 6.1 2.9 .1 2.0 2.3 2.3 3.3 3.5 1.9 2.3 2.5 5.5 - 1 .9 1.3 - 2 .3 4.6 Jewelry and luggage.............................................................................................................. Footwear ............................................................................................................................... New vehicles ........................................................................................................................ Sporting goods and equipm ent............................................................................................. Toys, hobbies, and other entertainment commodities.......................................................... Other toilet goods and small personal care appliances........................................................ 11.9 6.7 7.2 7.6 8.2 9.3 - 2 .2 1.4 2.6 2.7 4.0 5.3 3.4 1.0 3.3 2.6 1.5 5.2 .3 2.0 3.0 2.5 1.3 3.6 -1 .1 - 1 .4 4.1 .4 2.5 2.9 12 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ods of dollar appreciation. On the one hand, as the dollar strengthened from 1981 to early 1985, one would expect, all other things being equal, that commodities with substantial proportions of imports would exhibit a reduction in prices relative to those of other commodities. That is, while infla tion for nonfood, nonenergy commodities on average dropped from 5.1 percent in the early part of the period to 3.5 percent in the latter, one might expect that the price change for commodities with significant import concentra tions would slow even more. In fact, only four of these commodity indexes (tv and sound equipment; tableware, serving pieces, and nonelectric kitchenware; lawn equip ment, power tools, and other hardware; and toys, hobbies, and other entertainment commodities) showed such a greater reduction. On the other hand, as the dollar weakened, one would expect that prices for import-affected items would accelerate relative to other prices. Prices for some items have acceler ated as one might expect, although quite modestly— for example, tableware, serving pieces, and nonelectric kitchen-ware; toys, hobbies, and other entertainment com modities; wine at home; and new vehicles. But whiskey and other distilled spirit prices accelerated strictly as the result of the imposition of an additional Federal excise tax on dis tilled spirits in October 1985 and prices for many other items actually slowed or declined more. The case of new vehicles is an interesting one and illus trates the fact that not only the foreign producer, but also the domestic distributor, may expand profit rates during periods of rising dollar value. During the past few years, it became increasingly common for imported car dealers to add some times substantial surcharges because of the limited supply available to them. As the import prices of new cars have begun to rise sharply, there is evidence that dealers are cutting back on their surcharges so that the final prices to the consumer are rising more slowly. While the price paid by the importer rose 14.7 percent in the 9 months ended June 1986, the prices paid by consumers for all cars rose only 3.8 percent. Most of this cpi increase has, however, occurred in the last 3 months. There is some evidence that a strong dollar may have helped lower inflation and that subsequent dollar weakness may be causing some upward price pressure. Nevertheless, the analysis summarized in table 5 indicates that general exchange rate movements may not serve as a reliable guide in predicting changes in consumer costs for specific prod ucts having high import representation, as other factors in fluencing price change in particular markets may predomi nate. Conclusion The absence of any overall inflation for consumers during the first half of 1986 derived primarily from the sharp de cline in petroleum prices. Nevertheless, price moderation was very widespread. On average, cost pressures from ma terials and labor remained very subdued, and consumer prices for most commodites and many services rose only slightly or declined. The rates of price increase for shelter costs were greater than for overall consumption, but they have been slowing and, based on experience, one would expect that continued moderation in overall inflation will slowly continue to bring them down. The remaining pockets of persistent inflation seem to derive from particular struc tural factors that may not be very responsive to additional market forces. Among these factors are: reductions in Gov ernment subsidies and services, possible cost shifting from regulated activities of an establishment to the unregulated, putative increases in liability litigation, above average increases in compensation for State and local govern ment employees, the court-ordered restructuring of at&t , and higher rates of nonfatal personal injury in automobile accidents. □ 1See, for example, Blue Chip Economic Indicators, Aug. 10, 1986, a consensus of 52 economists, who, on average, estimate an increase of 1.9 percent in the CPI for 1986. tenants’ and household insurance, lodging while out of town, and college housing.) In addition, while residential rent has usually risen somewhat faster than owners’ equivalent rent since 1983, the two series have been quite close. 2 See Robert Gillingham and Walter Lane, “Changing the treatment of shelter costs for homeowners in the c p i ,” Monthly Labor Review, June 1982, pp. 9-14. See also “Changing the Homeownership Component of the Consumer Price Index to Rental Equivalence,” The CPI Detailed Re port, January 1983, pp. 7-13. 7 As in any such analysis, unpredictable external factors can occur. One such potential factor in the coming months is the impending new income tax legislation which some analysts believe may cause upward pressure on residential rent if tax treatment of real estate investment is changed. 3 Joseph D. Rivers and John P. Sommers, “Vacancy Imputation Method ology for Rents in the c p i ,” Proceedings of the Business and Economics Section of the American Statistical Association, 1983, pp. 201-05. 4 “The effect of rental equivalence on the consumer price index, 196782,” Monthly Labor Review, February 1985, pp. 53-55. 5 There is also limited anecdotal evidence that in some rental markets landlords may be offering special incentives other than lower rents to attract new tenants. Such incentives as reduced security deposits and free mer chandise would not be reflected in the cpi rent index. 6 Residential rent and owners’ equivalent rent constitute nearly 92 per cent of the shelter c p i . (Other components are maintenance and repair, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 8 The acceleration in these service prices from 1983 to 1984 might suggest the hypothesis that at that point in time there were the early stirrings of renewed economywide inflation. However, it was a very narrow phe nomenon; almost the entire acceleration between those 2 years can be attributed to a temporary rise in automobile finance charges and to sharply higher local telephone charges arising from the divestiture of a t & t . 9 Employment Cost Index Statistics. ( e c i) for compensation, Bureau of Labor 10 American Medical Association, Socioeconomic Characteristics of Medical Practice, 1985. 11 American Hospital Association, Hospital Statistics, 1984. 13 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1986 • A Half-Year Decline in Inflation 12 Vital and Health Care Statistics (National Center for Health Statistics, various years). 15 Insurance Information Institute. 16Ibid. 13 Social Security Bulletin, Health Care Financing Administration, vari ous years. 17Ibid. 14 Employment Cost Index. Digitized for 14FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 18 Catherine L. Mann, “Prices, Profit Margins, and Exchange Rates,’ Federal Reserve Bulletin, July 1986. A rope of sand My job as the president of the A. F. of L. was coveted by no one in the early days. There was much work, little pay, and very little honor. Though the Federation had been created by agreement, it had to be given reality by making it a force in industrial affairs. The necessary first step was to win for the Federation the good will of the wage-earners. The Federation was the unified activity of the trade union men. It was dependent upon good will and understanding of economic power. So I became a seeker of men. I wanted to win them for a labor movement which was sound philosophi cally, competent economically, and inspiring spirtually. At times I was well-nigh consumed with zeal, so that I gave little thought to anything else. My work was my life. So in recording the events of my life the labor movement is the controlling purpose. I watched our local unions and gave them suggestions and advice. I fostered the organization of city centrals and State federations. I sent reminders to national officers urging them to pay per capita dues. In the case of national bodies which the Federation had fostered, local unions and members expected me to be a sort of fatherly supervisor of the organiza tion. I wrote letters and talked to officials, diplomatically urging them to performance of duties and constructive policies. I got trade unions to put on their letterheads “affiliated to the American Federation of Labor” and thus helped advertise the name. All this work had to be done in such a way as to win men to the cause. The Federation had no compulsory authority— it was absolutely dependent upon voluntary cooperation. — Samuel Gompers, Seventy Years o f Life and Labor: An Autobiography, Nick Salvatore, ed. (Ithaca, n y , ilr Press, 1984), p. 103. Spending patterns of older persons revealed in expenditure survey New estimates point up differences in characteristics, incomes, and expenditures of younger and older populations within the larger group of persons age 65 and over B eth H arrison Interest in the characteristics of older persons is flourish ing due to the increasing size of the population age 65 and over. According to projections by the U.S. Bureau of the Census, presented in table 1, every fifth American will be over 65 by the year 2040. This reflects the aging of the postwar baby boom and declining birth rates during the later decades of this century. Clearly, older persons will consti tute a rapidly growing political, social, and economic force for many years to come. Within this environment, new estimates from the Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Expenditure Survey (ce) pro gram are likely to be an important tool for trend assessment and policy formation. To date, “65 and older” has been the oldest age class for which expenditure data have been pubBeth Harrison is an economist in the Division of Consumer Expenditure Surveys, Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis lished. (For study purposes, consumer units are assigned to the age category of the householder, or “reference person,” as reported on the survey questionnaire.1) In recently re leased estimates, however, that class has been divided into two groups, ages 65-74 and 75 and over. The results reveal that, although persons 65 and over are often viewed as a homogeneous group, the characteristics, incomes, and needs of the younger and older populations within the larger group are actually quite different. Expenditure differences. Tables 2 and 3 summarize the differences in the 1984 characteristics and spending patterns of the two major subgroups of older Americans.2 Consumer units in the 65-74 age group spent almost 22 percent more on housing than those in the 75-and-over group. However, housing accounted for a higher share of the older group’s total expenditures. The expenditure share for fuels, utilities, 15 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1986 • Spending Patterns o f Older Persons Sources of income Table 1. Distribution of the older population by age subgroup, actual and projected, selected years, 1970-2040 Income before taxes ................ T o ta l, 6 5 a n d o ver Y ear 6 5 -7 4 P erc en t Num ber o f to tal p o p u la tio n 1970 1980 2000 2020 2040 ......... ........ ......... ......... ......... 20,087 25,708 35,036 51,386 66,642 9.9 11.3 13.1 17.3 21.6 o f total P ercen t Num ber po p u la tio n 12,487 15,647 17,693 25,968 20,228 6.2 6.9 6.6 10.0 9.4 o f total po p u la tio n 7,600 10,061 17,343 25,418 46,414 3.7 4.4 6.5 7.3 12.2 S o u r c e : Demographic and Socioeconomic Aspects o f Aging in the United States, series P-23, No. 138 (Bureau of the Census, 1984), ch. 2, pp. 5-18, middle series. and public services was also higher for the 75-and-over group, even though the amount spent was less than that for those age 65-74. The average expenditure on owned dwellings was more than one-third higher for those 65-74 than for the older class. This can be attributed to higher levels of homeownership and a higher percentage of con sumer units still paying on their mortgages in the younger group. About 76 percent of those age 65-74 owned their homes compared to 67 percent of the older group. On the other hand, only 8 percent of the homeowners in the older group still owed on mortgages compared to 33 percent of their younger counterparts. There were also large differ ences in property taxes, for which the expenditures of those 65-74 were 33 percent more than those of the 75-and-over group. This reflects the higher rate of homeownership for the younger group and also suggests they owned more ex pensive houses or lived in areas with higher property taxes, or both. Expenditures for transportation accounted for 19 percent of the total expenditures of those age 65-74, compared with 13 percent of the total for those 75 and over. The average expenditures of the former age group were more than twice as high as those of the latter. Much of the difference can be attributed to the higher level of vehicle ownership, 81 per cent by those aged 65-74, compared to 59 percent by older persons. It is also likely that vehicles are used less fre quently by the older group, further reducing their transporta tion expenditures. The data for health care confirms the expectation that both mean expenditures for health care and the health care share of total expenditures are higher for the 75-and-over age group than for their younger counterparts. Health care ac counted for 13 percent of the total expenditures of those 75 and over compared with 8 percent of the total for those 65-74. Income differences. Because income is one of the impor tant determinants of spending, differences in income may help to explain the differences in expenditure patterns. The following tabulation compares selected income components for the age groups. 16FRASER Digitized for https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $16,815 $12,442 75 a n d o ver P ercen t N u m b er Age 75 and over Age 65-74 Sources of income (percent) . .. Wage and salaries ................ Self-employment income . .. Social Security, railroad, and government retirement . . . Interest and dividends.......... Other incom e........................ 100.0 29.3 4.6 100.0 9.3 6.5 52.7 9.6 3.8 62.9 17.6 3.7 The mean income before taxes of the 65-74 age group was more than one-third higher than for persons 75 and over. The largest components of income for both groups were retirement income (consisting of Social Security, private, and government retirement), which accounted for 53 per cent of the income of the 65-74 group, compared with 63 percent for the 75-and-over group. Wages and salaries made up about 30 percent of the income of the younger group, which indicates that the reference person or other household member was still working, while it dropped to 10 percent of income for those 75 and over. This is consistent with the fact that the average number of earners is three times higher for the younger group. The age groups in table 3 differ from those published in regular ce releases. The working age groups, those 25-54, are combined. Older age groups are subdivided into those approaching retirement, those 55-59 and 60-64, and into the two groups that are the focus of this article, those 65-74 and 75 and over. Since 1980, the Consumer Expenditure Survey has been conducted on a continuing basis. As a result, trends for age and other demographic groups can be more effectively mon itored over time. This article is but one of a series highlight- Table 2. Selected characteristics and expenditure shares for urban consumer units in the age groups 65-74 and 75 and over, Interview Survey, 1984 A g e g roup Item Total expenditures.................................................................... Consumer unit characteristics: Average number of earners............................................... Average number of vehicles ............................................. Percent homeowners: With mortgage .................................................................. Without mortgage .............................................................. Percent renters...................................................................... Shares of total expenditures (percent): Total ..................................................................................... Food at h o m e .................................................................... Food away from home ..................................................... Housing ............................................................................. Transportation.................................................................... Health c a re ......................................................................... Entertainment and reading ............................................... Personal insurance and pensions .................................... Apparel............................................................................... Other ................................................................................. 6 5 -7 4 75 and o v e r $15,873 $11,196 .6 1.4 .2 .8 20 56 24 5 62 33 100.0 13.0 4.8 30.5 19.2 8.4 4.6 4.9 4.5 10.1 100.0 13.6 3.5 35.5 13.0 13.3 3.4 2.1 3.1 12.5 Table 3. Selected characteristics and annual expenditures of urban consumer units classified by age of reference person, _____________ Interview Survey, 1984 All Item consum er 2 5 -5 4 U n d e r 25 5 5 -5 9 6 0 -6 4 6 5 -7 4 7 5 and o v er units 5,418 1,631 5,592 1,666 8,312 2,551 5,608 1,734 $29,114 3.1 38.0 $30,670 2.7 56.9 $23,477 2.3 62.0 $16,815 1.9 69.3 $12,442 1.5 80.6 1.3 1.7 1.1 2.1 1.1 60 1.8 2.3 .4 .1 79 1.2 2.0 .2 .1 79 .6 1.4 .1 1.4 76 .2 .8 .0 1.4 67 868 $13,178 2,030 364 3,740 2,386 465 1,724 197 722 118 513 $25,484 3,834 347 7,857 4,559 2,791 1,340 428 1,827 398 1,073 $25,369 4,092 320 7,044 3,751 2,442 751 558 2,058 288 947 $20,705 3,413 225 5,877 3,066 1,961 662 443 1,837 238 737 $15,873 2,831 179 4,848 2,386 1,378 632 377 1,644 269 549 $11,196 1,912 90 3,972 2,014 1,009 884 122 1,311 356 291 Apparel and services . . . Transportation ............... Vehicles...................... Gasoline and motor oil Other vehicle expenses Public transportation .. 1,192 4,385 1,873 1,047 1,176 288 787 3,303 1,678 759 732 133 1,457 5,193 2,263 1,225 1,401 304 1,459 4,758 1,804 1,246 1,389 319 995 4,204 1,750 993 1,096 366 715 3,041 1,175 764 800 302 346 1,450 385 354 473 238 Healthcare ......................................... Entertainment....................................... Personal ca re ....................................... Reading............................................... Education............................................. Tobacco ............................................... Miscellaneous .................................... Cash contributions.............................. Personal insurances and pensions . . . Life and other personal insurance .. Retirement, pensions, social security 899 1,040 205 140 312 225 311 740 2,023 302 1,721 305 678 105 66 601 151 129 106 814 57 757 796 1,288 214 158 343 260 381 803 2,554 337 2,216 986 1,209 272 163 416 299 421 913 3,017 640 2,377 1,132 851 244 135 139 221 291 746 2,233 360 1,873 1,340 604 211 130 88 173 172 762 778 220 558 1,487 291 148 93 101 65 135 878 229 86 142 Total consumer units (in thousands) Number of sample interviews......... Consumer unit characteristics: Income before taxes1 ................... Average number of persons......... Average age of reference person . Average number in consumer unit: Earners .................................... Vehicles.................................... Children under 1 8 ..................... Persons 65 and o v e r................. Percent homeowners................... Average annual expenditures............. Food ............................................... Alcoholic beverages........................ Housing........................................... S h e lte r......................................... Owned dw ellings..................... Rented dwellings..................... Other lodging............................ Utilities, fuels, and public services Household operations................. Housefurnishings and equipment. 74,884 23,043 7,266 2,456 42,688 13,005 $24,578 $12,579 2.6 1.8 46.2 21.5 1.4 1.9 .7 .3 60 .0 .0 10 $21,788 3,391 299 6,626 3,747 2,188 1,171 388 1,679 333 .3 1 1ncome values are derived from the responses of only those units providing complete reports of income. ing interesting results from the expenditure survey. As the survey continues, additional issues will be covered. ------- FOOTNOTES------1The terms “household” and “consumer unit” are used interchangeably throughout this text. However, the consumer unit definition is the accurate https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis one for this survey. The Consumer Expenditure Survey is described in detail in b l s Handbook of Methods, 1982, ch. 6. Survey results are pre sented in annual reports and bulletins, the most recent of which is Con sumer Expenditure Survey Results from 1984 , u s d l 86—258 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 22, 1986). 2 The Consumer Expenditure Survey is composed of two independent surveys: An Interview Survey and a Diary Survey. The results in this article are from the Interview Survey. 17 European job creation in the wake of plant closing and layoffs Confronted with massive layoffs in recent years, firms, and often governments, have taken a variety of initiatives to stimulate business growth and job creation W illiam S chweke and D avid R. Jones Over the past decade, millions of American workers lost their jobs through plant closings and work force reductions. According to the U.S. Department of Labor, between Janu ary 1979 and January 1984, 11.5 million adult workers were laid off because of plant shutdowns or relocations, abolition of shifts or positions, or slack work. Nearly 5.1 million of these people were considered displaced, having held their former jobs for 3 years or more.1 By January 1984, 1.3 million of these workers were still unemployed, and of those, 500,000 had been out of work for 27 weeks or more.2 Hundreds of thousands more had taken pay cuts and part-time jobs simply to regain employ ment. Europe, too, has undergone a massive economic shakeout over the past few years, generating little or no employment growth (in contrast to the increase in jobs in the United States). At the end of 1984, unemployment rates were at double-digit levels in the Netherlands (15 percent), Great Britain (13 percent), and France (10 percent).3 This eco nomic turmoil has drastically affected certain communities as well. Particularly in the United Kingdom, areas charac terized by “mono-industrialism” suffered unemployment levels far above 20 percent. By comparison, the United States outperformed Europe in creating jobs for its people from 1970 to 1984. From 1974 William Schweke is vice president of programs at the Corporation for Enterprise Development, Washington, DC. David R. Jones is a freelance writer and editor specializing in public policy. 18 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis to 1984, the U.S. economy generated more than 26 million jobs. Of the four largest European nations— with a com bined labor market slightly larger than the United States in 1970— West Germany lost close to 1.5 million jobs and Great Britain, 820,000, while France and Italy did better, creating around 380,000 and 1.3 million jobs respectively. While layoffs and shutdowns proceed on both sides of the Atlantic, the response of government and corporations to the problems created has been significantly more vigorous in Europe than in the United States. American corporations tend to provide, at best, severance pay, relocation assis tance, retraining, or job counseling, or a combination of these benefits, for the workers they dislocate. And while the Federal Government will authorize $195 million in 1986 to aid displaced workers through Title III of the Job Training Partnership Act, the program falls far short of helping all those in need, and fails to ensure that enough jobs are created or sustained to employ those trained. In contrast, European corporations— often working in concert with local, regional, and central governments— in recent years have gone beyond traditional types of assis tance to workers and communities.4 While the programs vary considerably as to methods and scope, they share a common goal of stimulating job creation and new business growth in the wake of economic downturn. By examining both the achievements and limitations of these innovative efforts, American corporations can expand their repertoire of strategies for alleviating the problems of economic dislo cation.5 Effects of streamlining Across Europe, industrial sectors are experiencing thor ough restructuring. In France and Great Britain, for exam ple, nationalized firms have cut their labor forces and in creased their productivity through eliminating less profitable facilities and investing in modem machinery. Corporate leaders see most of these changes as positive: many indus tries are leaner and more competitive, and new types of labor-management cooperation, such as quality circles, are emerging. Yet, this industrial streamlining has proven devastating to thousands of workers and communities dependent upon cor porations for employment. Continued stagnation in employ ment growth has provoked widespread alarm over the future of job creation. By the end of the decade, more than half of the unemployed in European countries will be long-term unemployed youth.6 However, Europeans in business, government, and labor increasingly are seeing entrepreneurship as the key to solv ing these labor market problems. Public and private corpo rations are fostering a wide range of business development options, in concert with such adjustment assistance meas ures as training, early retirement, severance benefits, job placement and development, and financial and employment counseling. Great Britain, France, and Italy offer the most promising examples of corporate job creation to address economic dislocation. Because the roles of government and unions differ considerably from country to country— and even from plant closing to plant closing— the initiatives discussed in this report will be examined in the context of their national economic circumstances. Having assessed the successes and failures in each country, we then will note the patterns that cut across national boundaries and discuss the implications for U.S. public policy. Great Britain Great Britain has endured continued high levels of unem ployment since 1980. While the government of Prime Min ister Margaret Thatcher has pursued some direct employ ment measures, it is corporations that have spurred the most successful initiatives. In the process, these companies have learned the value of forming partnerships with local and regional governments and voluntary organizations to achieve their goals. Industry, Ltd. This program, begun nearly a decade ago by the country’s nationalized giant, British Steel Corpo ration, serves as Europe’s showcase example of job creation and new business formation, bsc Industry was established as a wholly owned subsidiary of the company to create jobs in communities and regions hit by steel mill closures (British Steel slashed its work force from 225,000 workers in 1975 to 71,000 employees in 1985). bsc https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis bsc Industry initially focused on recruiting other large firms to distressed areas. This approach has gradually given way to a broader range of efforts targeted to smaller firms and would-be entrepreneurs. The subsidiary, which became independent of British Steel in 1984, now operates in 18 steel-mill closure areas. Its activities include marketing new images for depressed steel communities (“opportunity areas”) to provide a supportive climate for indigenous busi ness development and to attract outside employers; provid ing comprehensive business assistance, including seed fi nancing and loans, to new and existing firms; converting outdated facilities into incubators (or “workshops”) for en trepreneurs; and encouraging the formation of independent and public-private partnerships—known as Local Enterprise Agencies— to bring together community resources in a united effort to regenerate distressed steel communities, bsc Industry has merged its technical assistance operations with those of the Local Enterprise Agencies. From 1975 to 1984, British Steel committed about £40 million to bsc Industry’s activities. The results have been impressive: 2,000 companies have been assisted in creating 30,000 new jobs, with another 20,000 jobs to be filled in the near future. Eight entrepreneurial workshops house hundreds of businesses. The organization’s loan pro grams provide crucial gap financing that the private sector has been unable to provide to more than 200 firms, with £8 million to £9 million out at any one time; 90 percent of the loans are equal to or less than £25,000 (approximately $17,361).7 Scottish Development Agency. This is another organiza tion taking a broad approach to the problem. The Scottish Development Agency was formed in 1975 by the merger of the Scottish Industrial Company with the National Invest ment Bank. It focuses on local small business development through factory building, management and marketing assis tance, gap financing, and youth entrepreneurship develop ment. One project, the Clydebank Enterprise Fund, has loaned nearly £700,000 (around $486,108) to 50 local com panies, most of them new business start-ups; over £2 million have been leveraged. Private corporate activity. United Biscuits, British Amer ican Tobacco, and the glassmaker, Pilkington Brothers, have followed bsc Industries’ approach and now offer fi nancing, comprehensive business assistance, and unused land and buildings to small firms in communities hit by shutdowns. In plant closure situations, United Biscuits has financed local economic and community development feasi bility studies, as well as provided “challenge grants” to match local job creation resources. It supports project Fullemploy, which provides intensive training, mainly for ethnic minorities, for retail and sales work and boasts a 70-percent placement rate. 19 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1986 • European Job Creation in the Wake o f Plant Closings and Layoffs France Italy In France, larger firms must receive government approval before closing plants. Companies must offset the resulting job loss with job creation efforts. Thus, in contrast to Great Britain, the central government and unions in France serve as the main catalysts for responses to economic downturn. Nevertheless, a number of French firms like the Thomson Group, the bsn Group, St. Gobain, Rhone Poulenc, Elf Acquitaince, and others, have gone far beyond mere adjust ment assistance. Montedison. In Italy, as in France, the central government and unions provide most of the impetus for corporate job creation. A major exception is Montedison, a large diversi fied firm, that, on its own, has undertaken broad efforts to aid small- and medium-sized firms. Montedison helps small businesses in economically depressed southern Italy to qual ify as its suppliers. It also assists new and established busi nesses throughout Italy, regardless of whether they are in industries related to Montedison’s products or needs. Unlike many other European business assistance programs, Montedison shies away from financing in favor of providing such services as regulatory assistance, infrastructure design, and foreign marketing. . The country’s nationalized coal company, Char bonnages de France, has pioneered efforts to rebuild dis tressed industrial communities through its job creation sub sidiary, sofirem (Société Financière pour Favoriser l’Industrialisation des Regions Minières). The central gov ernment empowered sofirem to offer a financial package of equity, loans, and subsidies to entice large firms to dis tressed coal communities. In addition, sofirem helped cre ate 30 businesses in 1984 and another 30 in 1985, and plans on fostering another 70 over the next 2 years. Its Industrial Fund uses 300 million francs (approximately $43 million) annually for constructing buildings, promoting exports, providing training, and conducting feasibility studies.8 sofirem Rhone Poulenc, a large chemical company, cre ated sopran (Société pour la Promotion d’Activites Nouv elles) as a separate company in the late 1970’s to create employment for workers it laid off. Along with providing adjustment assistance— early retirement for former em ployees 55 years and older and transfer rights to displaced employees— sopran is currently helping about 40 people start their own firms. More than 1,200 new jobs have been created through sopran’s efforts— about half of them going to former employees, a much higher ratio than bsc Industry has achieved. Each job has cost Rhone Poulenc roughly 65,000 francs ($9,312), a small sum compared with the cost of similar programs in other countries.9 so pran. St. Gobain. This company, which produces products for automobiles and construction, provides transfer assistance to displaced employees and technical and financial assis tance to developing, small- to medium-sized firms. Work ing through five decentralized regional delegations, the St. Gobain Development Service has helped 230 businesses, creating 5,050 jobs, over the past 3 years. Of these firms, about 150 were established, growing companies, while 50 were start-ups, and 30 were new businesses attracted.10 Loans are typically extended for 10 years at the modest interest rate of 6 percent. The size of the loan is geared to the number of jobs involved, with the company aiming to spend 10,000 to 50,000 francs ($1,432 to $7,163) per job. If a former employee of St. Gobain is hired, the loan is changed into a direct grant. 20 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The giant petrochemical conglomerate eni (Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi) has worked since 1978 on promoting industrial diversification and providing alternative employ ment for laid-off employees. Its activities center on aiding small and new businesses. Working in eight “crisis areas,” eni has helped create 1,000 jobs and has provided vocational training for another 3,400 workers.11 eni . Implications and possibilities Perhaps most importantly, these new European initiatives show that corporations and governments can considerably expand their efforts to launch enterprise and job creation programs in response to industrial restructuring. In Amer ica, best corporate practices focus only on picking up the pieces after closures, whereas the European efforts cited the way to moving from mere reaction to proaction. Second, the most successful of these efforts indicate ways for corporations to integrate social responsibility into main stream business operations. By synthesizing their longerterm business strategy with their employment and adjust ment concerns, corporations can find ways to serve their goals of launching new products and services, developing new business ideas, improving employee morale, encourag ing entrepreneurial initiative, and maintaining good public relations. The success of sofirem in France and Montedison in Italy demonstrates how closely these concerns can be integrated. Third, as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development has noted, companies have found that their natural partners in employment initiatives are local govern ment and voluntary organizations.12 Prior involvement in community affairs and knowledge of the local political situ ation and its actors are crucial. From the partnerships be tween schools and industry that United Biscuits has forged, to the Local Enterprise Agencies that bsc Industry created, Great Britain has taken the lead in this area. Fourth, the European actions suggest possibilities for union and community negotiations over closings. The initia tives serve as precedents for crafting either formal closure agreements or flexible responses to the impending problems that closures will generate. Finally, a closely related point is the importance of prior notice of layoffs and shutdowns. This not only gives com panies time to build partnerships with unions and communi ties; it is essential for giving firms enough lead time to develop and launch new businesses. Being a day late may mean being a dollar short, sopran reports that is takes at least 18 months to get a new plant into operation.13 Graham Ledger of United Biscuits in Great Britain notes that his company gave a 3-year closure notice for its Liverpool facil ity, and, “We think we did it right.”14 Limitations Like its achievements, Europe’s problems with job cre ation are instructive. The chief barrier which European cor porations have confronted is the nature of entrepreneurialism; it cannot solve all problems, nor should it be expected to do so. In particular, most initiatives have failed to inte grate large numbers of blue-collar workers and their con cerns into operation. Even bsc Industry has had very limited success in creating new jobs for displaced steelworkers.15 Indeed, the program’s leaders see its role as creating jobs in closure-affected communities, not as finding employment for displaced steelworkers. This means that small and new business development must be complemented with more traditional strategies. For example, the Clwyd County Council and British Steel Cor poration Industry in Great Britain and sofirem and St. Gobain in France have succeeded in attracting major new firms to their areas to supplement their work in indigenous busi ness development. Management problems pose a second major limitation. Many initiatives rely on inadequate assessments of local assets and liabilities. Then, too, the responses to problems tend to become formulaic; over and over, the same tech niques— seed capital, workshops, and technical assis tance— are used. New, riskier programs— such as the Clywd County Council’s Project Live Wire for training young people as entrepreneurs—offer the promise of break ing the mold. A third limitation arises from the very depth of the eco nomic dislocation problem. In many communities, the amount of job creation is dwarfed by the numbers of jobs lost. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and De velopment (oecd) argues that it is impossible to estimate the number of jobs created by these initiatives. For instance, it is difficult to even define the terms “durable” job and “new” job. However, the Organization states that “it is hard to imagine that corporate job creation schemes have to date yielded much more than 100,000 new jobs in the whole of Western Europe.”16 Furthermore, it is virtually impossible to measure the number of second- and third-wave jobs cre ated when new businesses start up.17 In any case, these new initatives can only deal in limited ways with the underlying https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Initiatives for Local Employment Creation The growth of the Initiatives for Local Employment (ILE) program has been spearheaded by the failure of traditional solutions developed by central governments which attempt to produce satisfactory responses, let alone solutions, to the unemployment problems. The ILE program is run by a small team within the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) secretariat. Its function is to encourage cooperation, exchange, and analysis between the different participants in the program who meet regularly as the i l e ’ s directing committee. The program’s secretariat proposes and undertakes research and action; encourages and orga nizes the exchange of ideas, experience, and people; and assists countries in realizing the objectives of the program. Taking part in the program are: Australia, Austria, Bel gium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States, and the Commission of the European Com munities. Japan is an Observer Member. The sharing and exchange of information and experience is a central and continuing part of the ILE program’s work. This activity will increasingly provide a network of inter ested innovators with information drawn from seminars, case studies, and special studies. This information will be diffused through a liason letter as well as through a series of publications— ILE Notebooks. In the long term, it is planned to establish an advanced communications system linking internationally a wide network of groups and individuals involved in local employment initiatives. The ILE program welcomes any initiatives, ideas, pro posals, or information. Also, any requests for documenta tion or arranging contracts should be addressed to: Programme 2, rue du Conseiller-Collignon, 75116 Paris France OECD ILE causes of closures and dislocation. (See box.) Problems in corporate dealings with unions and local communities present a fourth limitation. Understandably, both labor and management often feel compelled to debate the plant closure decision itself, preventing the timely devel opment of contingency plans for creating new jobs. Simi larly, many projects fail to involve other community actors and neglect the creation of new, community-based institu tions to carry forward a longer-term renewal strategy. Finally, disseminating these models to the United States requires considerable translation. European corporate lead ers see themselves as responsible to a broader set of stake holders than do their American counterparts, who tend to weigh shareholder concerns more heavily. New corporate roles While altruism plays a role in the European initatives discussed, time and again, corporate leaders in the three 21 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1986 • European Job Creation in the Wake o f Plant Closings and Layoffs countries cited corporate self-interest as a motivating factor. Targeted business investment can help diminish pressing social problems that, if neglected, eventually can undermine business profits and long-term investment opportunities. Such investments may prove especially important in lay off situations where firms plan to maintain operations. This not only generates goodwill among labor and the commu nity, but also helps prevent the local business climate from unraveling to the point where the costs of doing business increase and retaining quality management and employees becomes prohibitive. As an executive of the British firm Pilkington Brothers noted, “You can’t operate behind barbed wire. You can’t operate in an area with 30 percent unemployment. You have to deal with the problem.”18 Most of the job-creating tools, including incubators, tech nical and financial assistance, and entrepreneurial training, are already in place in the United States; in fact, options such as venture capital are far more abundant here than overseas. What is needed by American leaders is an under standing of how specifically to apply these tools in amelio rating the devastating effects of layoffs and shutdowns. This report provides an introduction to these development tools. The detailed work on their application should be written by corporate and government leaders themselves. □ a c k n o w l e d g m e n t : Work on this article is based upon grants from two organizations: the German Marshall Fund of the United States which fi nanced a 1985 research trip to France, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Italy, and West Germany and cofunded with the U.S. Economic Development Administration the development of a handbook on Job Creation In the Wake of Plant Closings. This manual will be published in the fall of 1986. policy, labor market demograhics, and enterprise development. Its Initia tives for Local Employment Creation ( il e ) program collects and dissemi nates information on local employment information, including publishing a newsletter. (See box; and for more information, contact: Chris Brooks, OECD, Local Employment Initiatives Programme, Monaco Annex, Rue du Conseiller, Collignon, 75775 Paris, France.) 1 Techology and Structural Unemployment: Re-employing Displaced ota-ite-250 (U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Adults, 1986), p. 1. 2Ibid, p. 7. 3 Corporation for Enterprise Development, Job Creation In The Wake of Plant Closings (Washington, 1985), p. 1. 4 Obviously, U.S. companies have been very active in the corporate responsibility and enterprise development fields for a number of years and have, in fact, been in the vanguard. American corporate philanthropic practice dwarfs that of Europe. (One of the principal reasons is that Eu rope’s much more extensive safety net has not encouraged the development of this sector.) Yet, despite U.S. pathbreaking actions in urban develop ment, antipoverty initiatives, and so on, these efforts have not focused on the issues of economic dislocation. Instead, initiatives from corporations like the Control Data Corporation to create small business incubators have been responses to the broader problems of new technology development and small business assistance. The sole U.S. exceptions are the Brown and Williamson Corporation which paid for a reuse plan for a closed facility in Petersburg, v a , and Levi Strauss and Company which hired The Corpora tion for Enterprise Development to develop an economic development feasibility study in two communities in rural Tennessee where they closed branch plants. 5 Readers interested in more on this subject should know that the Orga nization for Economic Cooperation and Development in Paris publishes a wealth of books, articles, monographs, and memoranda on employment Digitized for22 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 6 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( o e c d ), High Level International Conference on the Role of Large Firms In Job Creation and Entrepreneurship, sme/ile/85-13 (Paris, November 1985), p. 1. 7 Interview with Brian Margarett, Wales Director, British Steel Corpora tion Industries, 1985. 8 Interview with Bernard July, s o f ir e m , 1985. 9 Jocelyn Gutchess, Employment Security In Action: Strategies That Work (New York, Pergamon Press, 1985), p. 147. 10 Interview with Monsieur Guiu, General Director, St. Gobain Dével oppement, 1985. 11 Interview with Gustavo DeSantis, Research Director, Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi ( is v e t , e n i ) , 1985. 12 o e c d , International Conference, p. 2. 13 Gutchess, Employment Security, p. 153. 14 Interview with Peter Shepherdson, General Manager, New Opportuni ties, Pilkington Brothers, 1985. 15 o e c d , International Conference, p. 8; and Gutchess, Employment Security, p. 153. 16 o e c d , International Conference, p. 3. 17Ibid. 18 Shepherdson interview. Conventions Constitutional convention marks golden anniversary of the u a w “United.” Industrial cooperation in today’s economic world, he added, is imperative but also a two-way street. Fair trade, a key issue H enry G uzda The United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Imple ment Workers of America ( uaw ) ended a 2-year celebration with the close of their 28th constitutional convention (uaw conventions are triennial), held June 1-6, in Anaheim, ca . It marked the culmination of the uaw ’s golden anniversary (1935-85), 50 years of social and economic progress. The celebratory theme, “We make our own history,” was replete with allegories and accounts of the union’s existence, high lighted by an episodic pictorial exhibit of that struggle: photos of the 1937 sit-down strike against General Motors; pictures on the beatings delivered to union organizers Wal ter Reuther and Richard Frankensteen in the infamous “Battle of the Overpass”; scenes of production lines manned by UAW-Cio members who helped to make the U.S. Army “go and grow” during World War II; and photos spanning a decade of activism by the uaw in the civil rights movement. Every guest speaker and union official invoked the name and memory of past heroes and events. The union’s stormy past reflected poignantly on an equally turbulent present. Thousands of auto industry jobs have shifted to foreign shores, and many American au tomakers have asked the union for further sacrifices in the form of collective bargaining concessions to remain compet itive in a global economy. The new industrial relations sys tem (a term to describe the current mode of cooperative labor-management relations vis-a-vis an adversarial one) has confused and upset some rank-and-file uaw members, provoking emotional debate among the 2,500 delegates over the union’s survival strategy. Complicating these internal problems was the decision by all but one of the uaw Cana dian locals to secede and form their own union, the Cana dian Auto Workers (CAW-Canada). The convention climate, however, was upbeat and confi dent. Elected for a second consecutive 3-year term, uaw President Owen Bieber vowed to “go to war” to protect the union cause. While acknowledging the existence of internal union dissension caused by the tenor of troubled times, Bieber exclaimed that the “u” in uaw really does stand for Henry Guzda is an industrial relations specialist with the Bureau of Labor Management Relations and Cooperative Programs, U.S. Department of Labor. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis High on the uaw list of convention priorities was the American trade imbalance and the erosion of our industrial base. The auto industry has lost 400,000 jobs to foreign competition since 1980, and the delegates place much of the blame on trade policies. The delegates supported several resolutions calling for a national industrial policy to increase our competitiveness with low wage standard nations and encourage productivity in the United States, including the general “Resolution on International Trade and Related Matters.” This resolution supports domestic auto content legislation, recognition of unfair trade practices, trade ad justment assistance for U.S. workers displaced by foreign competition, affirmative Federal action to protect U.S. jobs, and penalties against nations which disregard worker rights. The trade resolution also called on the Federal Govern ment to protect the American industrial base. The shift in emphasis to service and information sector jobs— which organized labor views as low paying jobs— is detrimental to the U.S. economy, stated several delegates from the floor. The delegation also voiced support for h r . 4800, a trade bill passed by the U.S. House of Representatives and awaiting action by the U.S. Senate, that they believe will remedy some of the problems addressed at the convention. Other convention speakers also focused on this theme. Senator Howard Metzenbaum, from a “rust belt” State with serious employment and trade problems, told the gathering that worker solidarity on a national industrial policy was imperative because nations with even lower wage rate struc tures than our current chief competitors are planning to export autos to the United States. Murray Finley, president of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers, reminded the dele gates that all of U.S. industry faces this problem, and Shiro Umemura, acting president of the Japanese Auto Workers, underscored the need for global worker solidarity. Bieber had previously educated the audience about current and future plans by Brazil, Yugoslavia, The People’s Republic of China, and South Korea, all with auto worker wage rates under $1 an hour, to export cars to the United States. Her man Rebhan, General Secretary of the International Metal Workers Federation— a body of auto worker and related trades organizations in the noncommunist world— discussed the lack of worker rights in these nations. The trade resolu tion calls for denial of favored-nation status to polities like Korea because of worker rights violations. 23 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1986 • Convention Report To complement the message delivered from the speakers’ podium, the delegates held a spirited floor demonstration. Carrying placards calling for Federal support of plant clos ing legislation, protection against pension plan failures, and support of trade bill h r . 4800, the delegates paraded around the convention floor while a speaker read out the names and locations of the participating locals: a litany of rust belt cities and towns. The demonstration was organized by the uaw ’s Industrial Parts Supplier Department, whose mem bers have been deeply affected by the use of foreign parts in auto manufacturing. The resolution was vociferously adopted by the delegates. Internal affairs The uaw ’s reputation for honesty and internal democracy has been tarnished by recent events, but the convention quickly reapplied the lustre. Most embarrassing for the union was the conviction of Frank Runnels, director of region 1-E, for taking kickbacks from workers’ compensa tion lawyers. The uaw executive board removed him from office following the conviction and confirmed their decision at the convention by consolidating region 1-E with region 1-A under director Earnest Lofton. The convention con demned Runnels’ betrayal of his stewardship. The union conducted additional housecleaning. Several officials from Chicago were reprimanded by the uaw Public Review Board, an oversight body of distinguished aca demics, for improper administration of pension funds. No other major union has such an internal oversight body. More damaging in substance than reputation was the se cession of the Canadian locals from the uaw . In 1984, Canadian auto worker locals, under the direction of uaw Vice President for Canada Robert White, requested broad autonomy in the administration of their affairs. The uaw executive board ruled the request excessive and demanding of more powers for White than were endowed to interna tional President Bieber. Consequently, the Canadians estab lished de facto independence in 1985, and made it de jure through the formal procedures of the convention. Amended constitution article 53 transferred property and more than $30 million to the new CAW-Canada. The uaw lost about $15 million per year in dues, but retained its international status through the Wallaceburg, Ontario, Local 251, with 1,800 members, which voted to remain in the Detroit-based union. President Bieber and the delegates prologued the amica ble separation, extending a friendly hand to the new union and promising to keep the lamp of hope lit for a future reconciliation. The departure of 120,000 Canadian members drops uaw membership to about 1.1 million, the lowest total since 1961. The issue of Canadian autonomy reflected upon a pro posed resolution for direct elections of union officials. Twenty locals submitted 31 resolutions on the adoption of a referendum system to replace the convention/delegate sys Digitized for 24 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis tem. Proposals ranged from simple direct rank-and-file vot ing for international officers to conducting referenda on all important issues. Supporters argued that a change would stimulate internal democracy and make the international leadership more responsive to the wants and needs of grass roots membership. They blamed the convention system for encouraging abuses in some other international unions. However, the constitutional committee of the convention encouraged retention of the existing system. Referendum voting, they argued, could engender constant factionalism and infighting which might open the uaw to monitoring by government agencies or other bodies. They believed incum bents would have unfair advantages which might lead chal lengers to seek assistance from sources not having the best interests of the union as a priority. According to the commit tee report, only two major unions, the Steelworkers and Mine workers, still utilize the referendum system; the Elec trical Workers union (iue) switched to the convention format in 1978 to alleviate administrative problems. Considerable debate followed the committee report, and the convention eventually agreed to retain the current system. Appropriately, the elections procedure debate fueled the controversy in a particularly intense contest for director of uaw region 5, comprising south central States. Incumbent Ken Worley defeated insurgent candidate, and onetime as sistant, Jerry Tucker by a single vote, 325-324. Tucker’s “New Directions” movement contested the eligibility of sev eral delegates and convinced the entire convention to post pone Worley’s installation as regional director until the credentials committee could rule on the matter. After delib eration, the committee upheld Worley’s election by an offi cial tally of 324.577 to 324.416 (fragmented voting is com mon under the delegate system). All other regional directorships were decided by acclamation, except for one noncontroversial race. At the international level, Raymond Majerus was reelected secretary-treasurer, with Odessa Komer, Marc Stepp, Stephen Yokich, and Donald Ephlin retaining their respective vice presidencies. An attempt to remove Ephlin from office because of opposition to the Saturn agreement (discussed below) which he engineered failed when the dis sidents’ nominee refused to challenge. The delegates voted to increase the salaries of the president (from $74,893.97 per year to $82,268.76); the secretary-treasurer (from $67,252.05 to $74,359.37); international executive board members (from $56,634.97 to $63,360.34); and interna tional representatives (from $42,227.51 to $48,151.12). Cosmic controversy Paradoxically, the issue stimulating the most controversy and debate was one that procedurally belonged in the realm of a collective bargaining convention, not a constitutional one. Saturn, the name of both an innovative collective bar gaining agreement and the new subsidiary corporation of General Motors, proposes to operate an auto factory in Spring Hill, tn , utilizing a cooperative labor-management relations process. Workers will receive a salary in lieu of hourly wages, estimated at 80 percent of the industry aver age wage, but will be eligible for performance bonuses. Under the participatory management provisions of the agreement, workers will have positive roles in company decisionmaking. Another key provision of the contract is protection against layoffs. Also, management can utilize workers in a variety of job categories because the myriad of job classifications in the traditional auto factory have been greatly reduced. Some dissidents charged that this departure from the tra ditional collective bargaining process places the worker on “the sacrificial altar of industry domination.” It is conces sionary, they charge and, citing the many violent struggles the union has fought to get current wage and benefit levels, insist that it endangers the future existence of the trade union movement. Victor Reuther, a u a w cofounder, has served as the symbolic leader of this group. Under article 19 of the union’s constitution, the dissidents succeeded in getting the floor to debate Saturn. Delegates Peter Kelley of Local 160 and A1 Gardner of Local 600 argued that the article’s section 3 prohibited union officials from negotiating contracts without prior approval and ratifi cation by workers in the collective bargaining unit. Given that the workers for Saturn have not been hired, they claimed the agreement was invalid. In addition, they chal lenged the agreement for violating section 6 of the same article which states that the executive board shall not en courage rivalry among locals and shall protect superior agreements. Gardner charged that Saturn allowed “whip sawing” of one local against another because its concession ary provisions would cause employers to demand similar contract concessions from other locals. The protests noted that officials of Chrysler Corp. and General Motors have hailed the future “Satumization” of the auto industry. The Saturn debate lasted 2 hours and extended the con vention well past the scheduled recess time, with the dele gates eventually voting to table the issue for the proper forum of the 1987 collective bargaining convention. But the catalyst for convention action was Bieber. He pleaded with the delegates not to tie the hands of the executive board by abrogating the agreement and thereby create another unor ganized auto plant. The Saturn experiment was a conduit through which the u a w would get its foot in the door of a right-to-work area and then branch out to organize the nearby Nissan factory in Smyrna, t n , and the proposed Toyota plant in Georgetown, k y . Citing the joint GM-Toyota venture in Freemont, c a (New United Motor Manufactur ing, Inc.), Bieber reminded the convention that the u a w members working there would have lost their jobs to plant closure if not for the implementation of a cooperative con cept. He also reminded the dissidents that Chrysler Corp. failed to get Saturn-like agreements in collective bargaining contracts negotiated in 1985, and that once hired, the work force at Saturn could vote to change conditions. The dele https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis gates supported Bieber. (As the u a w debated the issue, the National Labor Relations Board upheld the UAW-Satum pact as legal and not in conflict with Tennessee right-to-work or Federal laws as charged by the National Right-to-Work Committee.) A milder controversy arose over the question of dues payments. A resolution called for supplemental funding for the u a w Walter and May Reuther Educational Center in Black Lake, mi, appropriated from dues payments. Dues are collected on 2 hours pay per month for each individual and surpluses over the $500 million strike fund are rebated to locals. Some delegates, not opposing aid for the educational center, used the opportunity of debate to criticize procedures approved at the 1983 convention for taking extra dues from members based on bonuses and profit-sharing amounts. The anti-Saturn delegates charged that this system aided the cause of employers who desired bonuses and profit-sharing pay increases over the annual improvement wage plan. A third protest contingent argued that bonuses and profitsharing sums were not wages and should not be considered in dues payments. Protests notwithstanding, the delegates voted to accept the resolution designed by the constitutional committee for additional funding of the educational center and continuance of the dues system adopted at the 1983 convention. Other resolutions were recommended and adopted with little controversy. The u a w reaffirmed its commitment to social and economic progress by supporting women’s rights, the concerns of the needy, civil rights, protection of the environment, and similar concerns. Solidarity forever Historically, the u a w has sought to build bridges of coop eration with others in the labor movement. This convention reinforced that effort. The u a w cancelled reservations at the Disneyland Hotel to honor picket lines of the Hotel Em ployees and Restaurant Employees Union, depriving the struck hotel of an estimated $600,000 in revenue. The con vention promised more assistance for distressed unions as when the u a w sent supplies to the flood ravaged coal miners of West Virginia in 1985. Just as important was the international flavor of the con vention’s call for worker solidarity. The u a w invited trade unionists from 16 countries to attend, including Yugoslavia, Malaysia, India, and South Africa. Resolutions were adopted condemning supression of workers’ rights in Poland, South Africa, and Chile. Bieber’s keynote address contained a fitting summation for this convention and the end of the first 50 years of the union. “Brothers and sisters,” he said, “there have been dark moments along our 50 years of struggle. By ourselves, we could not have survived, let alone prospered. We did— be cause we stood together.” He then closed by paraphrasing labor’s anthem, Solidarity Forever, stating, “together there is no power greater anywhere beneath the sun, for the u a w makes us strong.” □ 25 Research Summaries white-collar pay survey now covers small firms bls Table 1. Relative pay levels by size of establishment, selected white-collar occupations in the national survey of professional, administrative, technical, and clerical pay, March 1986 M e a n s ala rie s fo r e s ta b lis h m e n t size g ro u p s a s a John D. M orton p e rce n t o f s u rv e y w id e ave rag e s Clerical workers and recent hires in professional and admin istrative positions typically are paid 10 to 20 percent more in large firms employing 2,500 workers or more than in small firms employing 50 to 999 workers. In contrast, the pay advantage for fully experienced professionals in these large firms is usually under 5 percent. (See table 1.) The national survey of professional administrative, tech nical, and clerical pay ( patc survey) in 1986 increased its coverage of firms with as few as 50 workers. As a result of the expansion, 156,000 establishments employing 33.5 mil lion workers were covered in 1986 (previously, the survey covered 47,000 establishments employing 23.3 million workers). Establishments in Alaska and Hawaii are ex cluded. The survey is conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, but survey occupations and coverage, such as establishment size and the private industries to be included, are determined by the President’s Pay Agent (the Secretary of Labor and the Directors of the Office of Management and Budget and the Office of Personnel Management).1 In addition to the size of a firm’s work force, skill and experience also influence white-collar pay, as can be readily seen from the survey results. (See table 2.) Engineers, the survey’s most numerous occupational group, illustrate the effect of rising skill levels on pay: recent engineering grad uates (level I) averaged $27,866 annually in March 1986, while engineers responsible for highly complex engineering programs (level VIII) averaged $79,021.2 In contrast, skill levels can act as a source of pay uniform ity for the same level of work among different occupations. The following tabulation shows a relatively narrow (9 per cent) spread separated the highest paid and lowest paid of six equivalent work levels in the survey: Work levels Attorney IV ............................ Director of personnel III .................... Chief accountant I I I ............................ Accountant VI .................................... Chemist V I ......................................... Engineer VI ........................................ Annual salary level 2 ,5 0 0 2,499 w o rk e rs w o rke rs o r m o re 96 98 99 104 101 101 107 107 102 100 100 100 93 97 98 102 104 103 104 101 100 100 100 100 94 97 98 102 98 98 110 104 102 50 to 999 w o rke rs Accountants 1 ................................ Accountants I I I .............................. Accountants I V .............................. 100 100 100 Engineers 1 .................................. Engineers III ................................ Engineers IV ................................ Computer programmers 1 ............. Computer programmers I I I ........... Computer programmers I V ........... Note : Level I staff are trainees; level III are experienced nonsupervisory staff working on conventional assignments; and level IV are experienced staff working on more complex assignments in a supervisory or nonsupervisory capacity. Unequal market demands, however, can nullify this cluster effect. For example, average pay for beginning engineers in the survey was well above that of their accountant and chemist counterparts. Although the patc survey focuses on salary levels at a given time, its history permits a look at salary trends. Whitecollar salaries increased moderately between March 1985 and March 1986 in medium and large firms. Average salaries for most occupations surveyed rose between 3.0 and 5.5 percent— in line with gains reported a year earlier. In contrast, occupational salary increases averaged about 7 percent a year during the 1970’s and more than 9 percent in 1981 and 1982. However, the rate of increase has been declining since 1982.3 A detailed analysis of white-collar salaries and complete results of this year’s survey are included in the National Survey o f Professional, Administrative, Technical, and Clerical Pay, March 1986, Bulletin 2271 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1986). The bulletin contains, for example, sepa rate salary data by size of community and size of establish ment. □ $63,933 63,855 62,880 61,546 60,796 58,883 John D. Morton is an economist in the Division of Occupational Pay and Employee Benefit Levels, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 26 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1,0 0 0 to A ll e sta b lis h m e n ts -------- FOOTNOTES------1 The Pay Agent has designated the industrial coverage as follows: min ing; construction; manufacturing; transportation, communications, and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and selected services. The pay-setting role of the p a t c survey is described in George L. Stelluto’s “Federal pay comparability: facts to temper the debate,” Monthly Labor Review , June 1979, pp. 18-28. Table 2. Average salaries for selected occupations, national survey of professional, administrative, technical, and clerical pay, March 1986 Number of employees1 Average annual salaries2 Accountants I ............................................................................... Accountants II ............................................................................. Accountants I I I ............................................................................. Accountants I V ............................................................................. Accountants V ............................................................................. Accountants V I ............................................................................. 13,846 29,311 46,228 23,733 8,227 1,397 $21,024 25,554 3 l ’l43 39^293 49,231 61,546 Auditors I ...................................................................................... Auditors II ................................................................................... 1,756 2,928 4 709 2,022 21,545 26,108 32 121 39J05 I .................................................................... II .................................................................. I I I .................................................................. I V .................................................................. 11,606 11,595 8,897 4,275 20,468 22,714 26,633 32,116 Chief accountants I I .................................................................... Chief accountants III .................................................................. Chief accountants IV .................................................................. 1,454 475 230 47,963 62,880 80Ì409 Occupation and class Number of employees1 Average annual salaries2 145 165 157 033 111 913 52^105 13,395 3,097 $35 715 42 677 50 769 581883 68,602 79,021 I ............................................................ II .......................................................... III .......................................................... I V .......................................................... 5,797 17,342 32,193 35,397 19,399 16,882 20,312 23,896 28,412 32,718 Drafters I ..................................................................................... Drafters I I ..................................................................................... Drafters V ................................................................................... 2,982 12,102 25 970 24 371 R362 13,054 15,854 20 201 24 652 31Ì004 Computer operators Computer operators Computer operators Computer operators Computer operators I .................................................................. II ................................................................ III ................................................................ I V ................................................................ V ................................................................ 10,704 37,530 25,698 8,059 1,260 13,727 17,219 21,524 24,550 28,986 Photographers I ........................................................................... 401 873 791 331 104 16,636 22 896 27^009 31,584 35,094 I ...................................................................... II .................................................................... I I I .................................................................... I V .................................................................... 36,023 133,183 79,215 22,354 12,517 14,687 17,954 21,872 File clerks I ................................................................................. File clerks I I ................................................................................. File clerks III ............................................................................... 20,916 10,110 2,100 10,335 12,156 15,625 Key entry operators I .................................................................. Key entry operators I I .................................................................. 68,827 30,770 13,146 16,901 Messengers.............................................................. 9,842 12,276 Personnel Personnel Personnel Personnel I ..................................................... II ..................................................... III..................................................... IV ................................................... 2,521 4,414 3,255 1,298 14,193 16,903 19,696 23,702 Purchasing clerks/assistants I ..................................................... Purchasing clerks/assistants II ................................................... 4,014 5,585 4 197 1^037 13,994 17,282 22 381 29^384 I I ............................................................................... III ............................................................................. IV ............................................................................. V ............................................................................... 59 859 69Ì450 110 604 49Ì403 16,038 16 326 18Ì306 21 152 23'839 28,051 Stenographers I ........................................................................... Stenographers II ......................................................................... 6,811 5,648 18,374 21,739 Typists II ..................................................................................... 25 125 12^842 12 584 16’854 General General General General 11,811 59,359 65,101 33,472 10,478 12,730 15,500 19,322 Occupation and class Accountants and auditors Public accountants Public accountants Public accountants Public accountants Chemists and engineers—continued Attorneys Attorneys I ................................................................................... Attorneys II ................................................................................. Attorneys I I I ................................................................................. Attorneys I V ................................................................................. Attorneys V ................................................................................. Attorneys V I ................................................................................. 1,377 3,199 4,347 3,500 1,847 587 31,014 39,635 50,119 63,933 78,396 101,169 Buyers Buyers Buyers Buyers Buyers I ........................................................................................ II ...................................................................................... I I I ..................................................................................... I V ..................................................................................... 6,914 22,990 18,323 4,798 21,242 26,369 33,580 41,304 Computer programmers I ............................................................ Computer programmers I I ............................................................ Computer programmers III .......................................................... Computer programmers I V .......................................................... Computer programmers V .......................................................... 15,974 38,540 46,996 21,524 9,492 20,832 24,558 29,324 34,919 42,934 Systems analysts I ...................................................................... Systems analysts II .................................................................... Systems analysts I I I .................................................................... Systems analysts I V .................................................................... Systems analysts V .................................................................... 21,402 47,518 38,943 15,506 2,666 233 29,141 34,881 41,997 49,515 58,404 71,770 103 350 624 520 22,240 25,288 30,605 38,206 1,849 2,082 1,179 395 39,817 46,328 63,855 75,170 Chemists I ................................................................................... Chemists II ................................................................................. Chemists III ................................................................................. Chemists I V ................................................................................. Chemists V ................................................................................. Chemists V I ................................................................................. Chemists VII ............................................................................... 3,580 6,673 10,244 9,257 7,266 3,632 848 22,539 27,205 34,141 41,548 50,678 60,796 74,607 Engineers I ................................................................................. Engineers I I ................................................................................. 40,469 71,336 27,866 31,194 Programmers and systems analysts Personnel management Job analysts Job analysts Job analysts Job analysts I ............................................................................... II ............................................................................. I I I ............................................................................. IV ........................................................................... Directors of personnel Directors of personnel Directors of personnel Directors of personnel I .............................................................. I I .............................................................. III ............................................................ IV ............................................................ Engineers VI ............................................................................... Engineers V I I ............................................................................... Engineers VIII ............................................................................. Technical support Engineering technicians Engineering technicians Engineering technicians Engineering technicians Photographers I I I ........................................................................ Photographers I V ......................................................................... Photographers V ......................................................................... Clerical Accounting Accounting Accounting Accounting clerks clerks clerks clerks clerks/assistants clerks/assistants clerks/assistants clerks/assistants Purchasing clerks/assistants IV ................................................. Secretaries Secretaries Secretaries Secretaries Chemists and engineers clerks clerks clerks clerks I ........................................................................... I I ........................................................................... III ........................................................................ I V ........................................................................ 1 Occupational employment estimates relate to the total in all establishments within scope of the survey and not to the number actually surveyed. end bonuses, and other nonproduction bonuses. Pay increases— but not bonuses— under cost-ofliving clauses and incentive payments, however, are included. 2 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Also excluded are performance bonuses and lump-sum payments of the type negotiated in the auto and aerospace industries, as well as profit-sharing payments, attendance bonuses, Christmas or year- N o t e : The following occupational levels were surveyed but insufficient data were obtained to warrant publication: chief accountant I and V; director of personnel V; chemist VIII; computer pro grammer VI; and personnel clerk/assistant V. Published in 1986 but not in 1985 are photographer V, a new first level of purchasing clerk/assistant, and a newly added series of general clerks. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 27 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1986 • Research Summaries 2 In the survey coding structure, the level designations among various occupations are not synonymous: for example, the first level of attorneys equates to the third levels of engineers, accountants, and most other profes sional and administrative occupations. Classification of employees in the occupations and work levels surveyed is based on factors detailed in defi nitions which are available upon request. since the late 1970’s. Grants, loans, family contributions, and summer earnings have continued to enable a majority of full-time students to stay out of the labor force during the school year.3 (See table 3.) 3 For a broader-based picture of wage and compensation trends in the United States, see the Employment Cost Index, a b l s quarterly news re lease. Race. A large gap still exists in the proportion of black and white high school graduates who go on to college. In October 1985, the proportion of enrolled black seniors was 42 percent, compared with 59 percent for whites. Despite some improvement over the last few years, the black propor tion was still well below their 46- to 48-percent range during the 1970’s. Large differences by race also persist with regard to labor force participation. Only 31 percent of the black college enrollees were in the labor force, compared with almost 47 percent of the whites. One reason for this difference was that a higher proportion of black students were enrolled in 2-year institutions, which are, on average, less expensive than 4-year colleges and universities.4 What happened to the high school class of 1985? S haron R. C ohany Almost 3.3 million youths either graduated from high school or dropped out between October 1984 and 1985.1 The proportion of graduates who enrolled in college set a record.2 Graduates who did not attend college were typically in the labor force, and their unemployment rate was 11 percentage points lower than the 36-percent rate recorded for those who dropped out of high school and entered the labor force. The differing labor market experiences for these three groups highlight the fact that youth with educational deficiencies typically encounter work-related problems which may last for the rest of their lives. Going on to college Reflecting the declining school-age population of the “baby-bust” generation, the high school graduating class of 1985 was smaller than those in recent years. A total of 2.7 million young people graduated from high school, down half a million from the peak reached in the mid-1970’s. (See table 1.) Despite the smaller number, the proportion of seniors going on to college has been rising gradually over the past few years. It reached a record 58 percent in 1985, after hovering between 50 and 55 percent for most of the 1970’s and early 1980’s. (See table 2.) Sex. In recent years, college enrollment rates for men and women just out of high school have drawn closer together, eliminating the wide differences that existed in the early 1970’s. By 1985, enrollment rates for men and women were 59 and 57 percent, respectively. The rate for men had re turned to the high levels recorded during the early 1970’s— the tail end of the Vietnam-era’s military draft— while that for women was at its highest level ever. Once enrolled in college, men and women have roughly the same labor force participation rates— around 44 percent. Despite substantial increases in tuition and other college expenses, this overall participation rate has changed little Sharon R. Cohany is an economist in the Division of Employment and Unemployment Analysis, Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 28 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Not going on to college About 1.1 million members of the class of 1985 did not enroll in college. Their overall rate of labor force participa tion was 82 percent, somewhat lower than that prevailing during the past decade. Participation rates for men in this category were higher than those for women, and rates for whites were higher than those for blacks and Hispanics. The incidence of unemployment for these high school graduates in the labor force has drifted upward during the 1980’s. In 1985, about 1 of 4 were looking for work, com pared with around 1 of 6 during the 1970’s. Thus, despite a shrinking youth population and less competition for entrylevel positions, young people who end their formal educa tion with a high school diploma still have a hard time finding jobs. In part, this may result from the increasing demands of employers for better educated workers, given the higher educational level of the work force and a surplus of college graduates in some fields.5 High school dropouts A total of 612,000 youths dropped out of high school between October 1984 and 1985. This was about the same number as in the previous 2 years, but lower than in the 1970’s, reflecting mainly the declining teenage population. Male dropouts were much more likely to be labor force participants than the women, a fourth of whom had family responsibilities. One study showed that many of the young women who dropped out of high school as sophomores in 1980 gave such family-related reasons as marriage or plans to marry (31 percent), pregnancy (23 percent), and the need to support a family (8 percent).6 Leaving school before graduation particularly affects the labor force participation of black youth. While 72 percent of the white dropouts were in the labor force, only 52 percent Table 1. School enrollment and labor force status of 1985 high school graduates and 1984-85 school dropouts 16 to 24 years old by sex, race, and Hispanic origin, October 1985 [N um bers in thousands] C iv ilia n lab o r fo rc e C ivilian C h a rac te ristic U n e m p lo y e d n o n in s titu tio n a l po p u la tio n Num ber P artic ip atio n rate E m p lo ye d Num ber P e rc e n t o f la b o r fo rc e Total, 1985 high school graduates ......................................................................... 2,666 1,610 60.4 1,292 318 19.8 Men ................................................................................................................. W om en............................................................................................................. White ............................................................................................................... Black ............................................................................................................... Hispanic origin ................................................................................................ 1,286 1,380 2,241 333 141 785 825 1,383 191 86 61.0 59.8 61.7 57.4 61.0 626 666 1,177 95 61 159 159 206 96 25 20.3 19.3 14.9 50.3 29.1 Enrolled in college .............................................................................................. Men ................................................................................................................. W om en............................................................................................................. Full-time students ............................................................................................ Part-time students............................................................................................ White ............................................................................................................... Black ............................................................................................................... Hispanic origin ................................................................................................ 1,539 754 785 1,418 122 1,332 141 72 683 327 356 577 106 620 44 37 44.4 43.4 45.4 40.7 86.9 46.5 31.2 (2) 593 280 313 494 99 552 29 32 90 47 43 83 7 68 15 5 13.2 14.4 12.1 14.4 6.6 11.0 (2) (2) Not enrolled in college ........................................................................................ Men ................................................................................................................. W om en............................................................................................................. White ............................................................................................................... Black ............................................................................................................... Hispanic origin ................................................................................................ 1,127 532 595 909 192 69 927 458 469 763 147 49 82.3 86.1 78.8 83.9 76.6 (2) 699 346 353 625 66 29 228 112 116 138 81 20 24.6 24.5 24.7 18.1 55.1 (2) Total, 1984-85 high school dropouts1 .................................................................... 612 413 67.5 266 147 35.6 Men ...................................................................................................................... Women ............................................................................................................... S in g le ............................................................................................................... Other marital status.......................................................................................... W h ite ................................................................................................................... Black .................................................................................................................... Hispanic origin ..................................................................................................... 321 291 220 72 458 132 106 261 152 117 36 330 69 73 81.3 52.2 53.2 (2) 72.1 52.3 68.9 163 103 78 26 214 39 40 98 49 39 10 116 30 33 37.5 32.2 33.3 (2) 35.2 (2) (2) 1 Data refer to persons who dropped out of school between October 1984 and October 1985. In addition, 80,000 persons 14 and 15 years old dropped out of school during this period. 2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. of the black dropouts were. This was a much wider spread than for the graduates not enrolled in college. Reflecting their relatively low skill and experience levels, recent dropouts have extremely high unemployment rates, nearly 36 percent in 1985. This jobseeking rate has averaged 35 percent thus far in the 1980’s, compared with a 27percent average in the 1970’s. In this respect, the jobless picture for dropouts has paralleled the upturn in the unem ployment rate for workers in general, although at much Table 2. Percent of recent high school graduates 16 to 24 years old enrolled in college, by year of graduation, sex, and race, selected years, October 1970-85 [N um bers in thousands] Y ea r 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ 2,757 3,186 3,089 3,053 3,100 2,964 3,012 2,669 T o ta l M en W om en W h ite B la ck 1 52 51 49 54 51 53 55 58 55 53 47 55 49 52 56 59 49 49 52 53 52 53 54 57 52 51 50 55 52 55 58 59 48 46 43 43 37 39 40 42 1 Data prior to 1977 refer to black and other workers. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis higher levels. Not surprisingly, dropouts also tend to come from families with lower income levels than high school gradu ates. For example, just 16 percent of dropouts are members of families with annual incomes of more than $30,000, compared with 31 percent of high school graduates not enrolled in college, and 56 percent of high school graduates enrolled in college. Looking down the road at adulthood, the earnings situa tion can be bleak for those who do not complete high school. As shown below, median earnings for high school dropouts who work all year at full-time jobs lag behind their bettereducated peers throughout their working lives. P erc en t en ro lle d in c o lle g e Total g ra d u ates n o t e : Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the “other races” group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Total, year-round, full-time median earnings, 1984 .......... Less than 4 years of high school .................................. 4 years of high school............ 1 to 3 years of college .......... 4 years or more of college . . . Age 16 to 24 Age 25 to 64 $11,537 $20,752 9,551 11,331 11,897 16,470 14,776 18,350 21,079 27,777 The exceptionally high unemployment rates and poor earnings prognosis for dropouts suggest that a lack of liter- 29 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Table 3. 1970-85 October 1986 • Research Summaries Labor force status of recent high school graduates and dropouts 16 to 24 years old, selected years, October [Numbers in thousands] H igh s ch o o l g ra d u ates H igh school d ro p o u ts N o t e n ro lle d in c o lle g e E n ro lle d in c o lle g e Year C ivilian L ab o r fo rc e U n e m p lo y m e n t C ivilian L a b o r fo rc e U n e m p lo ym e n t C ivilian L a b o r fo rc e U n e m p lo y m e n t la b o r fo rc e p a rticip a tio n ra te 1 rate2 labo r fo rc e p a rticip a tio n ra te 1 rate2 lab o r fo rc e p a rticip a tio n ra te 1 rate2 2 5.5 197 0 .................................. 509 35.7 16.1 1,027 77.2 18.1 427 60.0 1975 ................................. 641 39.7 11.7 1,281 81.2 19.9 462 6 2.6 34.0 1980 ................................. 6 62 43.4 12.5 1,339 85.0 19.0 485 63.8 3 1.5 1985 ................................. 683 44.4 13.2 927 82.3 2 4.6 413 67.5 3 5.6 1 Labor force as a percent of population. 2 Unemployed as a percent of labor force. acy is a serious problem for unemployed youth. The study by the National Center for Education Statistics shows that about one-third of the the sophomores who had dropped out of high school reported their reason as poor grades, or that “school was not for me.”7 ------- FOOTNOTES------1Data in this report are derived primarily from information collected in the October 1985 Current Population Survey (CPS), conducted and tabulated for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the Bureau of the Census. Most data relate to persons 16 to 24 years of age in the civilian noninstitutional population in the week ending Oct. 12, 1985. Because it is a sample survey, estimates derived from the cps may differ from the actual counts that could be obtained from a complete census. Therefore, small estimates or small differences between estimates should be interpreted with caution. For further information on sampling reliability, see Students, Graduates, and Dropouts, October 1980-82, Bulletin 2192 (Bureau of Labor Statis tics, 1983). For the most recent report on this topic, see Anne McDougall Young, “Fewer students in work force as school age population declines,” Monthly Labor Review, July 1984, pp. 34-37. 30 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 Figures for recent high school graduates 16 to 24 years old and enrolled in college include only those in schools that grant academic degrees. However, there are sizable numbers of students in “special schools,” offer ing business, health, trades, technology, and cosmetology programs, among others. The U.S. Department of Education estimates that there were 1.8 million 16- to 24-year-olds in these schools in 1982. For further infor mation, see Participants in Postsecondary Education: October 1982, Bul letin 84-309 (National Center for Education Statistics, November 1984). 3 See Packaging of Grants, Loans, and Earnings for Financing Postsec ondary Education, Bulletin 83-220b (National Center for Education Statis tics, February 1984), pp. 1-6. 4 For additional information on school enrollment by race and data on tuition and other costs, see Digest of Education Statistics, 1985-86 (Center for Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, 1986), pp. 109 and 158. 5 Jon Sargent, “An Improving Job Market for College Graduates: The 1986 Update of Projections to 1995,” Occupational Outlook Quarterly, Summer 1986, pp. 3-7. 6 Samuel S. Peng, High School Dropouts: Descriptive Information from High School and Beyond, Bulletin 83-22 lb (National Center for Education Statistics, November 1983), pp. 1-9. 7 Peng, High School Dropouts, pp. 4-6. Foreign Labor Developments adopts asbestos standard; focuses on employment issues ilo T add L insenmayer The 1986 International Labor Organization (ilo) Confer ence agreed to new standards to protect workers from as bestos hazards and urged governments to adopt policies to reduce youth unemployment, create jobs through small en terprise development, and counteract the negative employ ment consequences of international debt. These standards were among the highlights of the 3-week Conference, held in Geneva, Switzerland, June 4 to 25, and attended by 1,800 delegates from 140 countries. U.S. Secretary of Labor William E. Brock cited the nu clear disaster in Chernobyl as an example of the serious safety and health hazards which can be associated with some new technologies and called on the ilo and its members to intensify efforts to share information on such perils. Brock pledged to make greater use of the ilo ’s occupational health hazard alert system in developing safety and health stand ards for Americans. The heart of the ilo’s annual Conference is its standard setting activities—the development of conventions, which are legally binding treaties when ratified by governments, and recommendations. In recent years, many ilo members have advocated slowing the pace in the development of new standards to allow governments time to act on those already on the books. (The ilo has adopted 162 conventions since its creation in 1919.) The 1986 Conference adopted only two new standards: a convention and a recommendation on asbestos. The conven tion requires that ratifying governments develop national programs to prevent worker exposure to asbestos health hazards, including worker exposure limits and effective in spection programs. The convention prohibits the use of crocidolite— a type of asbestos considered particularly dangerous—as well as the spraying of asbestos. The ques tion of banning other types of asbestos was left to the discre tion of national governments. Special provisions deal with demolition of buildings containing asbestos, the handling and cleaning of work clothing, and environmental and med ical surveillance. The asbestos recommendation covers Tadd Linsenmayer is director of the Office of International Organizations, Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U.S. Department of Labor. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis many of these same questions in greater detail. The Conference also considered youth unemployment and small enterprise development. Unlike asbestos, these did not lead to new standards, but rather resulted in non binding conclusions. According to the U.S. Government representative, the work of the committee on youth was complicated by the efforts of some delegates to raise extraneous political issues. For example, the Soviet Union and certain Eastern Eu ropean countries introduced a resolution which attempted to link youth unemployment to the arms race. While this reso lution was never seriously considered, the youth committee did adopt a paragraph sponsored by its worker and employer members urging that “socially unproductive activities which pose a threat to peace should be redirected towards socially and economically productive activities . . . ” The Conference’s conclusions on youth recognized that the modem sector of the economy in many countries has only a limited capacity to absorb the estimated 1 billion youth who will be in the world labor force by the year 2000— 84 percent of them in developing countries. It advo cated, therefore, that more resources should be focused on the creation of employment in the private sector, selfemployment, and jobs for youth in the rural agricultural and nonagricultural sectors of the economy. The Conference also urged better-designed national training and educational programs that would provide “employable skills” to young jobseekers. The Conference’s conclusions on small enterprise devel opment also dealt primarily with employment creation. The U.S. Government representative noted, for example, that two-thirds of the 43 million new jobs created in the United States since 1960 were in small businesses. The Conference called on governments to adopt policies to promote small enterprise development, including “simplifying and stream lining” government regulations which hinder the establish ment of small enterprises. This latter point was qualified by an explicit recognition of the need for “fully protecting workers’ rights.” To assist entrepreneurs in establishing new enterprises, the ilo ’s conclusions call for national small enterprise devel opment policies which include effective management train ing programs, the creation of technology centers, and finan cial assistance programs (including credit guarantees). The Conference also encouraged the ilo to expand its own small enterprise development efforts. 31 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1986 • ILO Adopts Asbestos Standard; Focuses on Employment Issues Perhaps the most controversial issue during the Confer ence was a resolution on the employment implications of international debt. The worker delegates at the Conference, joined by a majority of governments, particularly from Latin America, supported adoption of a resolution calling on the ilo to become more involved in finding solutions to the debt problem. The resolution urged creditor governments to ex tend debt repayment schedules, reduce interest rates, and stabilize foreign exchange rates and commodity prices. It also called for a special “high-level” ilo meeting involving key government labor and finance officials, the heads of international financial organizations such as the Interna tional Monetary Fund, and worker and employer representa tives. The purpose of this meeting would be to examine “the impact of international trade and financial and monetary policies on employment and poverty.” The sponsors of this resolution argued that the austerity programs required to cope with the debt crisis were leading to higher unemployment in many countries. They insisted that the ilo should work with the international financial organizations and with debtor and creditor governments to find more equitable solutions. Although the United States and most other Western governments opposed the resolution on the grounds that the ilo lacked both the responsibility and expertise to deal with international financial questions, it was adopted by a wide margin. Almost equally controversial was the adoption, after more than 20 years of debate, of proposals to change the ilo ’s structure. Most of these proposals concern the ilo Governing Body, the organ responsible for budget and ad ministrative decisionmaking. Specifically, the proposals would expand the Governing Body from 56 to 112 members and make all seats elective (presently, 10 of the 28 govern ment seats are nonelective and reserved for the “states of chief industrial importance”: United States, the Soviet Union, United Kingdom, France, Federal Republic of Ger many, Italy, Japan, India, China, and Brazil. Other pro posals relate to the election of the ilo’s director general, the quorum needed for valid Conference votes, and procedures for considering resolutions which condemn ilo members. The major point of controversy, according to U.S. Gov ernment Delegate Ambassador Robert W. Searby, stemmed from Soviet demands for guaranteed seats in the employer benches of the Governing Body. The employers have stead fastly refused to elect any Communist “employers” to the Governing Body, arguing that they are, in reality, agents of the government and not free employers. According to Searby, the Soviets found themselves virtu ally without support for their proposal for guaranteed seats. (The majority of ilo members supported the ilo ’s principle of tripartism, including the autonomy of the worker and employer groups.) Unable to block final agreement on the 32 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis other structural proposals, the Soviets manifested their dis pleasure through a series of procedural maneuvers during the opening days of the Conference which thwarted, for 5 days, the start of the campaign which began with the com mittees on resolutions and the application of elo standards. The Soviet opposition to these committees stemmed from their alleged underrepresentation of Communist employers (virtually the same complaint they have with the employer benches in the Governing Body). When the structure pro posals were presented for a preliminary decision near the end of the Conference, the Soviets continued their protest campaign by insisting on time-consuming votes. The Conference overwhelmingly approved the structure proposals as amendments to the ilo constitution and stand ing orders. The constitutional amendments must now be submitted to governments for ratification. None of the amendments will go into effect until they are ratified by two-thirds of the member governments, including 5 of the 10 states of chief industrial importance. The Conference committee which deals with the applica tion of standards— normally controversial because of its focus on significant human rights violations— was relatively quiet this year. Because of delays due to Soviet opposition to its composition, the committee considered far fewer cases than in previous years, and, according to U.S. members of the committee, considered no Soviet bloc cases. Of the three Soviet bloc cases identified for discussion by the committee, one (Poland’s violation of trade union rights) could not be discussed because that government did not send a delegation to the Conference, in view of its announced withdrawal from the ilo . T wo other cases (involving Nicaragua and Romania) could not be considered because those govern ments refused to attend the committee to discuss any of the allegations. The Soviet policy of boycotting the ilo’s super visory machinery provoked a strong reaction from the worker and employer members of the committee and from many governments, and promises to be a major issue at the 1987 Conference. The Conference committee cited Iran for “continued fail ure” to eliminate discrimination against the Baha’i religious sect, and adopted “special paragraphs” expressing concern over the nonapplication of ratified conventions in Pakistan (forced labor and fee-charging employment agencies) and Bangladesh (treatment of tribal populations). In other actions, the Conference adopted proposals to help the ilo offset budget shortfalls arising from the declin ing value of the dollar. (The ilo receives its income in dollars, but pays most of its bills in Swiss francs.) It also strongly urged, over U.S. Government objections, eco nomic sanctions against South Africa as a weapon to elimi nate apartheid. □ M ajor Agreements Expiring Next M onth This list of selected collective bargaining agreements expiring in November is based on information collected by the Bureau’s Office of Wages and Industrial Relations. The list includes agreements covering 1,000 workers or more. Private industry is arranged in order of Standard Industrial Classification. Industry or activity Employer and location Labor organization1 Food products ................................... General Foods Corp. (Battle Creek, mi) .................................................... Fabricated metal products............... Electrical products............................ Transportation equipment ............... Instruments......................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing ......... Air transportation ............................ Tropicana Products, Inc. (Bradenton, FL) .................................................. Olin Corp. (East Alton, IL) .......................................................................... Gibson Products Corp. (Greenville, mi) .................................................... Dana Corp., Parish Division (Reading, pa) .............................................. Leeds and Northrup Co. (North Wales, PA) ............................................. Armstrong World Industries (Lancaster, pa) .............................................. American Airlines (Interstate) ..................................................................... Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Teamsters (Ind.) ................................ Machinists ........................................... Auto Workers ..................................... Steelworkers ....................................... Auto Workers ..................................... Rubber Workers ................................ Association of Professional Flight Attendants (Ind.) Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers . Food and Commercial Workers . . . . Food and Commercial Workers . . . . Office and Professional Employees . Number of workers Private Utilities .............................................. Retail trade ....................................... Insurance ........................................... Real estate ......................................... Columbia Gas Transmission Corp. (Interstate) ......................................... Kroger Co. (Interstate) .................................................................................. Century Food Stores (Milwaukee, w i ) ........................................................ Blue Cross-Blue Shield of Wisconsin (Milwaukee, wi) .......................... Chicago walk-up apartments (Chicago, il) ................................................ Chicago fireproof buildings (Chicago, I L ).................................................. Services .............................................. (Chicago, IL) Textile Maintenance Institute of Chicagoland, laundry, linen and industrial contract (Chicago, il) Associated Press (Interstate).......................................................................... 1,350 1,350 2,300 3,500 2,200 1,000 1,600 6,200 1,000 5,700 2,000 1,450 4 000 2 600 L700 Textile Processors (In d .).................... 1,000 Wire Service Guild, Newspaper Guild 1,400 RCA Corp., RCA Service Co. Division (Interstate)................................ Electrical Workers (IBEW)................. 2,500 Amusements ..................................... Phonograph Record Labor Agreement (Interstate) ................................... M usicians.............................................. 6,000 Hospitals ........................................... Johns Hopkins Hospital (Baltimore, MD).................................................... Hospital and Health Care Employees ....................................... Nurse’s Association (Ind.) ............... 1,400 Major Honolulu hospitals (Hawaii) ............................................................. 1,500 Public Utilities .............................................. General government ........................ Arizona: Michigan: Transit ................................................ Illinois: Chicago Transit Authority multidepartments.................... Pennsylvania: Allegheny County Port Authority....................................... 1 Affiliated with a f l -CIO https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Phoenix Salt River Project .................................................. Wayne County multiunit...................................................... Electrical Workers (IBEW)................. State, County and Municipal Employees Transit U nion ....................................... Transit U n ion ....................................... 3,500 3,000 11,000 2,550 except where noted as independent (Ind.). 33 Developments in Industrial Relations New retirement system for Federal employees Pension eligibility requirements, financing, and benefits were significantly revised under provisions of the Federal Employees’ Retirement System Act of 1986. The new sys tem ( fers), effective January 1, 1987, will cover all Federal civilian employees hired on or after that date and virtually all earlier hires with fewer than 5 years of nonmilitary serv ice on December 31, 1986. Since January 1, 1984, these employees have been subject to interim retirement rules under which they are covered by both the existing Civil Service Retirement System (csrs) and the Social Security system. However, they make reduced payments to the csrs (1.3 percent of earnings instead of the usual 7 percent) and contribute the full employee share to Social Security. Employees currently covered by the interim retirement rules with more than 5 years of service on December 31, 1986, will continue under the dual benefit coverage unless they opt to transfer to the fers between July 1 and Decem ber 31, 1987. Employees covered only by csrs will remain under that system unless they opt to shift to the fers. Eligibility for unreduced benefits under csrs is age 62 after 5 years of service; age 60 after 20 years of service; or age 55 after 30 years (beginning in 2003, this age requirement will be in creased, in stages, to age 57 in 2025). Retirement benefits continue to be based on the employee’s average annual earnings during the three highest consecutive years. The formula is 1.5 percent of the average annual earnings figure for each of the first 5 years of service, plus 1.75 percent of the earnings figure for each of the next 5 years of service, plus 2 percent of the earnings figure for each year of service in excess of 10. For 30 years of service, the result is a benefit equal to 56.25 percent of the average annual earn ings figure. The fers consists of three benefits— Social Security, csrs , and a thrift savings plan. Under Social Security, employees will pay a reduced Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (oasdi) tax of 5.7 percent (6.2 percent in 1990), in addition to the medicare tax which all Federal employees pay. The oasdi and medicare “Developments in Industrial Relations” is prepared by George Ruben of the Division of Developments in Labor-Management Relations, Bureau of Labor Statistics, and is largely based on information from secondary sources. Digitized for34 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis taxes are applied on earnings up to a specified amount (cur rently $42,000). The second benefit is the csrs , to which employees will contribute 1.3 percent of their annual earnings, dropping to 0.94 percent in 1988 and to 0.8 percent in 1990. Age and length of service requirements are as described above for employees staying in the csrs . The annual benefit will be calculated at 1.0 percent of a retiring employee’s average annual earnings for the three highest consecutive years, multiplied by the number of years of service. If the em ployee is age 62 or older at retirement, the calculation factor will be 1.1 percent. If younger, the employee will receive a supplement equal to the estimated Social Security benefit that would be payable based on current Federal service under Social Security, calculated as if the employee was age 62. The supplement, which is subject to reduction if outside earnings exceed limits, will cease at age 62, when the retiree begins drawing actual Social Security benefits. The third benefit is a thrift savings plan. It offers three types of tax deferred investments: special Government secu rities, fixed income securities, and a stock index fund. The Government will contribute an amount equal to 1 percent of each employee’s pay to the plan, even if the employee does not participate. In addition, the Government will contribute a dollar for each employee dollar contributed up to 3 percent of pay, and 50 cents for each employee dollar up to the next 2 percent of pay. The maximum employee contribution is 10 percent of pay. Employees who opt for coverage by csrs only may invest up to 5 percent of their pay in the special Government securities, but the Government will not contribute matching funds. The Federal Employees’ Retirement System Act limits automatic cost-of-living adjustments payable from the csrs fund. Annual adjustments will be the actual 12-month rise in the bls Consumer Price Index if it is less than 2 percent, 2 percent if the rise is 2 to 3 percent, and the rise minus 1 percentage point if the rise is 3 percent or more. The adjustments apply to all retirees, beginning at age 62. Previ ously, the formula provided for unreduced adjustments for all retirees, regardless of age. The new retirement system is expected to save the Gov ernment $42 million in 1987, rising to $2.67 billion a year in 1991. Major changes also were made in the retirement system for military personnel. (See Monthly Labor Review, September 1986, pp. 39-40.) Entertainers settle, avert strike Engineers at A strike in the entertainment industry was averted when the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers settled with two actors’ unions in a 14-hour bargaining ses sion. The last time members of the Screen Actors Guild and the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists struck was in 1980, when they were out for 10 weeks. This cost the industry a reported $40 million and delayed the start of the 1980 prime time television season by 2 months. Under the 3-year contracts, the $361 minimum daily pay rate for actors was raised by 5 percent effective immedi ately, and by another 5 percent on January 1, 1988. In another compensation change, the actors will receive 4.5 percent of the producers’ first $1 million of annual gross receipts from the sale of videocassettes, plus 5.4 percent of sales in excess of $1 million. They will also receive a $3 million lump-sum payment. Previously, they received 3.6 percent of gross receipts. There also were improvements in pension and insurance benefits and changes in affirmative action hiring, safety procedures for stunt people, and working conditions for child actors. The contracts cover 92,000 members of the unions, of whom only a small percentage are working at a given time. About 2,000 professional engineers at rca Corp. facili ties in Bloomfield, Camden, and Moorestown, nj , were covered by a 3-year contract that provided for general salary increases of 3, 3, and 2.5 percent in the respective years, and minimum merit increases of 3 percent in each year for eligible employees. Engineers who are promoted will also receive lump-sum payments of $400, $600, or $900. The system of determining who will stay on the payroll in the event of operation cuts was modified to give engineers 9 “retention points” for completing 50 percent of the course work for a master’s degree and 10 points for completing 75 percent of the requirements. Employees continue to receive 8 points for a bachelor’s degree, 12 points for a master’s degree, and 14 points for a Ph.D. The union, the Association of Scientists and Professional Engineering Personnel, and rca also adopted provisions to contain the rise in health care costs by more closely monitor ing hospital stays and surgery. Lengthy talks between Delta, Air Line Pilots end Thirteen months of negotiations between Delta Air Lines and the Air Line Pilots ended when the parties agreed on a 30-month contract that included a temporary two-tier pay system. A union official said Delta insisted on the two-tier system “for the perception” among its other employees, who are nonunion and are already covered by such plans, as well as for the resulting labor cost saving. Under the system, new pilots are paid at 66 percent of the rates applicable to those hired earlier. After 5 years of serv ice, the employees in the lower tier will move into the upper tier. In another provision, the pilots agreed to fly 80 hours a month, a 5-hour increase. To some extent, the resulting savings will be offset by a requirement that the carrier in crease the number of captains and first officers. Reportedly, Delta now has 4,200 pilots and plans to hire 50 a month for an indefinite period. The contract also provides for cuts in paid vacation and leave time and changes in training, staffing, and hours of service which the union said will enable Delta to “compete effectively in the deregulated marketplace.” In return for these changes, Delta agreed that there will be no job elimi nations or downgradings stemming from the productivity improvements. The contract, which is amendable on March 1, 1989, also provided for a 1-percent wage increase on January 1, 1988, and a 2-percent increase on January 1, 1989. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis rca get new contract Delaney to head Locomotive Engineers Discord within the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers was reflected in convention delegates’ selection of Robert Delaney to head the union, replacing incumbent John F. Sytsma. Delaney, who will serve for a 5-year term, pre vailed by a vote of 371 to 301. The discord resulted, in part, from Delaney’s assertion that Sytsma had misused union funds and had rigged the outcome of a 1985 referendum in which he narrowly averted a recall that would have ended his second 5-year term of office. The resulting legal case is now before a Federal appeals court for a decision on whether the Department of Labor or a Federal district court should rule on the validity of the referendum results. Convention delegates also criticized the union’s Decem ber 1985 settlement with the Nation’s railroads, contending that Sytsma erred in accepting terms— including cuts in some types of pay and revisions in work rules— similar to those negotiated by the rival United Transportation Union. (See Monthly Labor Review, January 1986, pp. 7-8.) In other actions, the delegates cut the president’s salary to $100,000 a year, from $145,000. Membership in the union stands at 31,000 today, including 5,000 retirees, compared with a peak of about 100,000 in the early 1940’s. Clerks, meatcutters get lump-sum payments In Eastern Pennsylvania, lump-sum payments were a fea ture of a settlement between Acme Markets and the United Food and Commercial Workers. About 2,400 clerks and meatcutters at 55 stores were covered by the 3-year accord. Each of the six semiannual payments will be calculated at 25 cents for each hour worked and each hour of paid leave during the preceding 6 months. Employees below the top scale are not eligible for the payments but they will continue 35 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1986 • Developments in Industrial Relations to receive progression step increases, which were set at 25 cents an hour (previously, the increases varied). Prior to the settlement, pay rates ranged from $5.15 an hour for parttime clerks hired after June 22, 1980, to $10.51 for meat department heads. The parties also agreed to raise the top scale for part-time employees to $6 an hour (from $5.15), narrowing the differ ence with part-timers hired earlier, who are paid $6.97. Acme also agreed to: • • • • • Change 100 part-time workers to full time status. Restore to full-time status 50 employees who had been reduced to part-time status without fault. Raise the night work premium to 50 cents an hour from 25 cents. Make payments into the health and welfare fund for all hours worked. Previously, payments were made only for hours worked in excess of 90 a month. Raise the pension rate to $20 a month for each year of credited service, from $19, beginning January 1, 1987. compared with the existing 20 months for those hired ear lier. Other provisions included: • • • • • A 30-cent reduction in the employers’ $1.70 an hour payment into the health and welfare fund and the return of a $6 million fund excess to the employers. The re quirement that the stores provide whatever financing is needed to maintain benefits was eliminated. Instead, the stores will be subject to a possible obligation increase of up to 15 cents an hour in July of 1987 and 1988. A 5-cent reduction in the employers’ 52.5-cent-an-hour pension fund obligation, also attributed to the healthy condition of the fund. Permission for vendors to stock and price merchandise as long as it does not result in the layoff of employees in the bargaining unit. An increase to four (formerly three) in the number of “management” employees in the store permitted to per form bargaining unit work. Elimination of the $1 an hour premium for Sunday work for inexperienced employees hired after July 1, 1986. Drug store chains negotiate pattern contract In Southern California, the United Food and Commercial Workers and three drug store chains negotiated a contract that was expected to set a pattern for independent drug stores and pharmacies operated by grocery chains in the region. The three drug store chains that settled were Thrifty Drugs, Clark Drugs, and Sav-on Drug Stores, which for the first time coordinated their bargaining with the union. The 12.000 workers covered by the settlement consisted of 10.000 clerks at the three companies and pharmacists at Thrifty and Clark. (Sav-On pharmacists are represented by the Guild for Professional Pharmacists.) The accord for the pharmacists provided for wage in creases of 85 cents an hour on July 1, 1986, and 50 cents on July 1 of 1987 and 1988 and on January 1, 1989, bringing their pay rate to $22.25 an hour. In July 1987 and January 1988, they will receive lump-sum payments based on hours worked during the preceding 6 months. The payments will be calculated at 25 cents and 50 cents an hour, respectively. Finally, the 3.5-cent bonus paid for each prescription filled in excess of 80 per shift was increased, in stages, to 10 cents. A longtime, two-tier pay structure was eliminated by giving an immediate 21-cent-an-hour pay increase to topscale clerks hired in 1969 or later, compared with 11 cents for those hired earlier. The result was a uniform $8.35 rate, which will be increased by 10 cents in the third year. All top-scale clerks will receive four lump-sum payments over the term, each calculated at 20 cents for each hour worked during the preceding 6 months. Clerks below the top rate will receive only progression increases during the term and the progression schedule was stretched to 5 years for those hired after July 1, 1986, Digitized for 36 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis In addition, jury duty makeup pay will now be paid only to full-time employees, new hires who had worked in the industry prior to 1969 will no longer be automatically enti tled to start work at top scale, and new hires will now receive pay progression credit only for work performed in the industry during the last 5 years. Nurses’ contract provides pay increases The Washington Hospital Center and the District of Co lumbia Nurses Association negotiated a 27-month contract that provided for 3-percent salary increases in June and December of 1986, and 2-percent increases in June and December of 1987. In addition, each nurse will receive a regular 3.5-percent progression increase on his or her an niversary date in the second contract year. Such increases, which were made annually under the prior contract, were frozen during the first year of the new contract. The initial 3-percent wage increase brought hourly pay rates to $11.36 for newly hired registered nurses, $14.35 for those with 5 years’ service, and $18.33 for those at the top of the salary scale. Nurses who work any of five paid holidays will now receive a $50 a day bonus. The previous provision, which had applied to all nine paid holidays, continues to apply to the remaining four. Under that provision, nurses who work on a paid holiday receive another day off, instead of addi tional pay. The accord continued a provision giving employees the choice of working Monday through Friday or on weekends. For weekend work, employees on the day shift receive 30 hours’ pay for 24 hours’ work and those on night shift receive 34 hours’ pay for 24 hours’ work. About one-third of the 1,200 employees in the bargaining unit work exclu sively on weekends. Other terms include extension of unpaid maternity leave to 1 year, from 6 months, with an assurance that returning nurses will regain their job or one in the same specialty; and a requirement that the hospital give the union 30 days’ notice of impending layoffs and negotiate which employees will be laid off. City workers in Detroit end strike The city of Detroit and 7,000 members of the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees ( afscme) ended a 19-day work stoppage by agreeing on a 3-year contract. The picket lines were observed by 5,000 other city employees, leaving the 1.2 million residents of the Nation’s sixth largest city without bus, trash collection, and other services. Following membership rejection of an earlier tentative settlement, the city asked a judge to order a return to work. The judge declined the request but did order the parties to resume bargaining, leading to the settlement. The contract provides for a 5-percent wage increase and a $500 lump-sum payment in the first year, a 3-percent wage increase and $200 lump-sump payment in the second year, and a $400 lump-sum payment in the third year, which could be raised to as much as $800, depending on the city’s financial condition. A two-tier longevity pay system was eliminated by giving larger pay increases to workers in the lower tier. The city also agreed to finance a prototype day care facility and to give the union information on female employment for use in a pay equity study. County employees subject to drug, alcohol testing In Florida, about 10,700 employees were covered by a settlement that gives Metro-Dade County the right to test them for alcohol or drugs as part of a regular physical examination or when the county has a “reasonable suspi cion” of abuse. If a test result is positive, actions would range from counseling to dismissal, depending on the cir cumstances and the degree of cooperation by the employee. The 3-year contract, negotiated by the State, County and Municipal Employees, also provided for 4-percent pay in creases in the second and third years. School system adopts merit pay for teachers Adoption of a merit pay plan for 8,300 teachers resulted from discussions between the Fairfax County, v a , school https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis system and the Fairfax Education Association. School su perintendent Robert R. Spillane said the proposal would make Fairfax County “the first school system in the nation to really step out and do some things” recommended in recent reports by national panels on education reform. Under the first stage of the plan, to begin with the 1987— 88 school year, teachers would be denied longevity pay increases if they are rated unsatisfactory by their principals. Beginning with the 1989-90 school year, the rating sys tem would be expanded to five levels. Teachers in the low est level would be dismissed and those in the next or “marginal” level would receive no salary increase or only a small increase. Teachers rated in the mid or competent level would receive a full salary increase. Those in the top two levels— “skillful” and “exemplary”— with 6 years’ service would be eligible to move to a “career level two” status and receive a 10-percent salary increase after a further year of evaluation. According to the union, top-rated teachers with 26 years of service could earn as much as $64,000 a year, compared with a current maximum of about $44,000. The rating of teachers would be decided by principals after consulting with two other classroom observers: a rec ognized outstanding teacher and a curriculum specialist. New teachers would be observed each year for the first 3 years, then once every 3 years, then every 4 years. Teachers could appeal their rating to a review board dominated by teachers. According to Spillane, the proposal calls for substantial salary increases to ensure the cooperation of teachers in the new system. The increases average 12.1 percent effective at the beginning of the 1987-88 school year and 8.8 percent at the beginning of the 2 following years. All three amounts include usual longevity step pay increases. Implementation of the proposal was contingent on allocation of the required money by the school board in its February 1987 budget decision, and on approval by county supervisors. Members of the union, which is an affiliate of the Na tional Education Association, favored the proposal in a Sep tember vote and ended a work-to-rule slowdown they had begun in December 1985 to protest the size of the salary increase (4 percent) they received in July 1985. The revamping of the teacher rating system was opposed by another union, the 900-member Fairfax County Federa tion of Teachers, an affiliate of the American Federation of Teachers. Rick Nelson, president of the local union, said that the proposal was unacceptable because it would give principals too much power in deciding salary raises. Under Virginia law, the unions could only meet and con fer with Spillane rather than engage in legally binding col lective bargaining. Fairfax County has the Nation’s 10th largest school system. □ 37 Book Reviews The art of conflict resolution Techniques o f Mediation. By Walter A. Maggiolo. New York, Oceana Publications, Inc., 1985. 458 pp. $45. Walter A. Maggiolo is an acknowledged authority on conflict resolution and his book is the distillation of the experiences and techniques he used in cases spanning more than 33 years as a full-time professional mediator. Arthur J. Goldberg, former Supreme Court Justice and Secretary of Labor, remarks in the foreword, “His book is an important text for an age which has come to recognize that conflict resolution by mediation is preferable to im posed solutions. It is must reading.” The author, building on his earlier book, Techniques in Labor Disputes, demonstrates the value of mediation in many areas. The major emphasis in Techniques o f Media tion is on the practical rather than theoretical side. The book is a very successful attempt to assist mediators by describing and discussing techniques used in reaching constructive compromises. All 32 chapters contained in this volume are written in a direct, succinct style with the practitioner always in mind. For example, chapter II is an excellent discussion of the differences between mediation and arbitration and concilia tion and factfinding, as well as a description of how arbitra tion works, including the selection of arbitrators. Chapter VII offers an insider’s view on the history, activ ities, and recent changes in the Federal Mediation and Con ciliation Service. In the chapter, “Anatomy of a Mediator,” the author lists 16 qualities required of a mediator. Two of these qualities struck a responsive chord— the patience of Job and the hide of a rhinoceros. A major contribution that this book offers to the rapidly growing field of mediation is its specific treatment of topics, for example, intervention, creating doubt in the parties’ minds, proposing alternate solutions, confidentiality, cau cus, and aids used in reaching an agreement. Jerome T. Barrett authored chapters on preventive medi ation and ethical considerations in mediation. Barrett pro vides an insider’s view of the Federal Mediation and Concil iation Service and an excellent review of dispute resolution in the public sector, a subject which has become critically important because of the dramatic growth of unionization among government employees. One of the most informative chapters is the nonlabor Digitized for38 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis relations use of mediation, ranging from the homeowners’ warranty program to age discrimination in employment. The appendix contains a wealth of material, including all of the major statutes, arbitration rules and regulations, and codes of professional ethics of the major mediation organi zations in the United States. The book is a treasure house of information and practical techniques on the uses of mediation and is written in a highly readable style. Goldberg is right. This is must reading for anyone inter ested in mediation. — John J. M artin Arbitrator Martin Associates, Inc. Falls Church, va Publications received Agriculture and natural resources Economic Council of Canada, Managing the Legacy: Proceedings of a Colloquium on the Environment, December 1985. Ottawa, Economic Council of Canada, 1986, 114 pp. $9.95, Canada; $11.95, other countries. Kombluh, Hy, James Crowfoot, Edward Cohen-Rosenthal, “Worker Participation in Energy and Natural Resources Conser vation,” International Labour Review, November-December 1985, pp. 737-54. Schluter, Gerald and William Edmondson, “How To Tell How Important Agriculture Is to Your State,” Rural Development Perspective, June 1986, pp. 32-34. Smale, Melinda, William E. Saupe, Priscilla Salant, “Farm Family Characteristics and the Viability of Farm Households in Wiscon sin, Mississippi, and Tennessee,” Agricultural Economics Re search, Spring 1986, pp. 11-27. Economic and social statistics Ballenger, Nicole S. and Roger D. Norton, “Optimization of Pol icy Goals in the Context of a Sector Model,” Agricultural Eco nomics Research, Spring 1986, pp. 28-36. D’Aleo, Richard J., FEDfind—Your Key to Finding Federal Gov ernment Information: A Directory of Information Sources, Products, and Services. Springfield, v a , ICUC Press (P.O. Box 1447), 1986, 480 pp. $17.95, cloth; $9.95, paper. Dickens, William T. and Kevin Lang, Labor Market Segmentation and the Union Wage Premium. Cambridge, MA, National Bu- reau of Economic Research, Inc., 1986, 25 pp. (nber Working Paper Series, 1883.) $2, paper. Law Field. Littleton, co, Fred B. Rothman & Co., 1986, 420 pp. $57.50. Duncan, Acheson J., Quality Control and Industrial Statistics. 5th ed. Homewood, il , Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1986, 1,123 pp. $39.95. Dowd, Nancy E., “Maternity Leave: Taking Sex Differences into Account,” Fordham Law Review, April 1986, pp. 699-765. Ford, Barry L., Jack Nealon, Robert D. Tortora, “Area Frame Estimators in Agricultural Surveys: Sampling Versus Nonsam pling Errors,” Agricultural Economics Research, Spring 1986, pp. 1-10. Great Britian, Department of Employment, “Labour Market Statis tics— 100 Years On,” by A. R. Thatcher, Employment Gazette, June 1986, pp. 219-25. Solon, Gary, Bias in Longitudinal Estimation of Wage Gaps. Cambridge, m a , National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1986, 13 pp. (nber Technical Paper Series, 58.) $2, paper. Tracy, Joseph S.,A n Empirical Test of An Asymmetric Information Model of Strikes. Cambridge, MA, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1986, 36 pp. (nber Working Paper Series, 1870.) $2, paper. Education Biles, George E. and Howard P. Tuckman, Part-time Faculty Personnel Management Policies. New York, American Council on Education/Macmillan Publishing Co., 1986, 175 pp., bibli ography. $24.95. Daly, Anne, “Education and Productivity: A Comparison of Great Britain and the United States,” British Journal of Industrial Relations, July 1986, pp. 251-66. Health and safety Curington, William P. “Safety Regulation and Workplace In juries,” Southern Economic Journal, July 1986, pp. 51-72. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Estimates of and Projections of Black and Hispanic Physicians, Dentists, and Pharmacists to 2010. Rockville, MD, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Health Re sources and Services Administration, Bureau of Health Profes sions, Division of Disadvantaged Assistance, 1986, 63 pp. (dhhs Publication No. hrs-p-dv 86-1.) Industrial relations A Symposium on the Role and Influence of Trade Unions in a Recession: “Introduction,” by George Bain; “The Changing Role of Trade Unions in the Management of Labour,” by William Brown; “How Do We Know If Shop Stewards Are Getting Weaker?” by Michael Terry; “Wage Determination and Recession: A Report on Recent Work,” by Andrew J. Oswald; “What Effect Do Unions Have on Relative Wages in Great Britain?” by David Blanchflower, British Journal of Industrial Relations, July 1986, pp. 157-204. Bloom, David E. and Christopher L. Cavanagh, An Analysis of the Selection of Arbitrators. Cambridge, MA, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1986, 34 pp. (nber Working Paper Series, 1938.) $2, paper. Dickens, William T. and Jonathan S. Leonard, Structural Changes in Unionization: 1973-1981. Cambridge, ma , National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1986, 26 pp. (nber Working Paper Series, 1882.) $2, paper. Dolson, William F., ed., Second Annual Labor and Employment Law Institute: New Directions in the Labor and Employment https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Goldin, Claudia, Maximum Hours Legislation and Female Em ployment in the 1920’s: A Reassessment. Cambridge, MA, Na tional Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1986, 27 pp. (nber Working Paper Series, 1949.) $2, paper. Gould, William B. IV, A Primer on American Labor Law. 2d ed. Cambridge, m a , The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1986, 261 pp. $25, cloth; $10.95, paper, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Industrial Relations Research Association, Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual Meeting, Held December 28-30, 1985 in New York. Edited by Barbara D. Dennis, Madison, University of Wisconsin, Industrial Relations Research Association, 1986, 536 pp. Japan Institute of Labour, Labor Unions and Labor-Management Relations. Tokyo, The Japan Institute of Labour, 1986, 48 pp. (Japan Industrial Relations Series, 2.) “Judicial Decisions in the Field of Labour Law,” International Labour Review, January-February 1986, pp. 53-69. Maggiolo, Walter A., Techniques of Mediation. New York, Oceana Publications, Inc., 1985, 458 pp. $45. “Recent Trends in Collective Bargaining in Sweden: An Em ployer’s View,” by Lars-Gunnar Albage; “A Trade Unionist’s Reply,” by Harry Fjallstrom, International Labour Review, Jan uary-February 1986, pp. 107-22. Staudohar, Paul, The Sports Industry and Collective Bargaining. Ithaca, NY, Cornell University, New York State School of In dustrial and Labor Relations, 1986, 208 pp. $22.50, cloth; $9.95, paper, ilr Press, Ithaca, NY. International economics Briggs, Vernon, Jr., ed., The Internationalization of the U.S. Economy: Its Labor Market Policy Implications. Washington, The National Council on Employment Policy, 1986, 98 pp. Fuss, Melvyn and Leonard Waverman, The Canada-U.S. Auto Pact of 1965: An Experiment in Selective Trade Liberalization. Cambridge, ma , National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1986, 53 pp. (nber Working Paper Series, 1953.) $2, paper. Kenneally, Martin and Tai Van Nhan, “The Strength and Stability of the Relationships between Monetary Variables and Exchange Market Pressure Reconsidered,” Southern Economic Journal, July 1986, pp. 95-109. Lawrence, Robert Z. and Robert E. Litan, Saving Free Trade: A Pragmatic Approach. Washington, The Brookings Institution, 1986, 132 pp. $22.95, cloth; $8.95, paper. Pomfret, Richard, “The Effects of Trade Preferences for Develop ing Countries,” Southern Economic Journal, July 1986, pp. 1826. Symposium on Exchange Rates, Trade, and Capital Flows: “Target Zones and the Management of the Dollar,” by John Williamson; “The Limits of Monetary Coordination As Ex change Rate Policy,” by William H. Branson; “Dealing with the Trade Deficit in a Floating Rate System,” by Richard N. Cooper; “Flexible Exchange Rates and Excess Capital Mobil ity,” by Rudiger Dombusch, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1, 1986, pp. 165-235. 39 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1986 • Book Reviews Labor force Adams, Margaret O. and Yee Ling Mui, “The Labor Force, Unem ployment, and Change in the Kentucky Economy,” Kentucky Economy Review and Perspective, Spring 1986, beginning on p. 3. Altonji, Joseph G. and Christina H. Paxson, Job Characteristics and Hours of Work. Cambridge, MA, National Bureau of Eco nomic Research, Inc., 1986, 61 pp. ( n b e r Working Paper Se ries, 1895.) $2, paper. Blank, Rebecca and Emma Rothschild, “The Effect of United States Defense Spending on Employment and Output,” Interna tional Labour Review, November-December 1985, pp. 677-97. Borjas, George J., The Self-Employment Experience of Immi grants. Cambridge, MA, National Bureau of Economic Re search, Inc., 1986, 31 pp. (NBER Working Paper Series, 1942.) $2, paper. Camoy, Martin, “High Technology and International Labour Mar kets,” International Labour Review, November-December 1985, pp. 643-59. Ebel, Karl-H., “The Impact of Industrial Robots on the World of Work,” International Labour Review, January-February 1986, pp. 39-51. Great Britain, Department of Employment, “Self-Employment in Britain: Results from the Labour Force Surveys, 1981-1984,” by Stephen Creigh and others, Employment Gazette, June 1986, pp. 183-94. Macarov, David, “Planning for a Probability: The AlmostWorkless World,” International Labour Review, NovemberDecember 1985, pp. 629-42. Reskin, Barbara F. and Heidi I. Hartmann, eds., Women’s Work, Men’s Work: Sex Segregation on the Job. Washington, National Academy Press, 1986, 173 pp. $15.50, U.S., Canada, and Mexico; $18.75, export. van Ginneken, Wouter, “Full Employment in OECD Countries: Why Not?” International Labour Review, January-February 1986, pp. 19-37. Productivity and technological change Deery, Stephen, “New Technology, Union Rights and Manage ment Prerogatives: The Australian Experience,” Labor and So ciety, January 1986, pp. 67-81. Gonod, Pierre F., “From Appropriate Technologies to Those that Serve Mankind,” Labour and Society, January 1986, pp. 39-65. “High Tech to the Rescue,” Business Week, June 16, 1986, pp. 100-08. Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, Pro ductivity in Industry: Prospects and Policies. Paris, 1986, 108 pp. Available from OECD Publications and Information Cen ter, Washington, DC 20006. Wages and compensation de Lange, Willem, “Control of Working Time: Attuning Working Time to Organisational or Individual Needs,” Labour and Soci ety, January 1986, pp. 97-105. 40FRASER Digitized for https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis “Executive Pay: How the Boss Did in ‘85,” Business Week, May 5, 1986, beginning on p. 48. Ferber, Marianne A., Carol A. Green, Joe L. Spaeth, “Work Power and Earnings of Women and Men,” The American Eco nomic Review, May 1986, pp. 53-56. Kingston, Jerry L., Paul L. Burgess, Robert D. St. Louis, “Unemployment Insurance Overpayments: Evidence and Impli cations,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, April 1986, pp. 323-36. Lindbeck, Assar and Dennis J. Snower, “Wage Setting, Unem ployment, and Insider-Outsider Relations,” The American Eco nomic Review, May 1986, pp. 235-39. Neubauer, Robert J., “The Outlook for 1986: Issues That Affect Compensation Planning,” Compensation and Benefits Review, March-April 1986, pp. 49-54. Patten, Thomas H., Jr., “How to Reform the Military Retirement System,” Compensation and Benefits Review, March-April 1986, pp. 29—40. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Area Wage Surveys: Trenton, New Jersey, Metropolitan Area, November 1985 (Bulletin 3030-61, 29 pp., $1.25); Los Angeles-Long Beach, California, Metropolitan Area, October 1985 (Bulletin 3030-62, 42 pp., $1.75); Portland, Maine, Metropolitan Area, December 1985 (Bulletin 3030-63, 29 pp., $1.25); Philadelphia, Pennsylva nia-New Jersey, Metropolitan Area, November 1985 (Bulletin 3030-64, 58 pp., $2.25); Memphis, Tennessee-ArkansasMississippi, Metropolitan Area, November 1985 (Bulletin 3030-65, 43 pp., $1.75); Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas, Metropoli tan Area, December 1985 (Bulletin 3030-66, 42 pp., $1.75); Denver-Boulder, Colorado, Metropolitan Area, December 1985 (Bulletin 3030-67, 40 pp., $1.75); San Diego, California, Metropolitan Area, December 1985 (Bulletin 3030—68, 29 pp., $1.25); Sacramento, California, Metropolitan Area, December 1985 (Bulletin 3030-69, 26 pp., $1.25). Available from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington 20402 or BLS Publi cation Sales Center, Chicago, IL 60690. ---------Industry Wage Survey: Petroleum Refining, June 1985. Prepared by Harry B. Williams. Washington, 1986, 34 pp. (Bulletin 2255.) Stock No. 029-001-02892. $2.25, Superinten dent of Documents, Washington 20402. Vroman, Wayne, The Funding Crisis in State Unemployment In surance. Kalamazoo, M l, W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employ ment Research, 1986, 199 pp. Worker training and development Austin, William M., “The Job Outlook in Brief,” Occupational Outlook Quarterly, Spring 1986, pp. 2-30. Burke, Michael J. and Russell R. Day, “A Cumulative Study of the Effectiveness of Managerial Training,” Journal of Applied Psy chology, May 1986, pp. 232-45. Great Britain, Department of Employment, “How the Youth Train ing Scheme Helps Employers,” by Mari Sako and Ronald Dore, Employment Gazette, June 1986, pp. 195-204. National Occupational Information Coordinating Committee, Using Labor Market Information in Career Exploration and Decision Making: A Resource Guide. Garrett Park, MD, Garrett Park Press, 1986, 282 pp. Current Labor Statistics S c h e d u le o f r e le a s e d a te s fo r m a jo r bls s ta tis tic a l se r ie s ..................................................................................... 42 N o te s o n C u r r e n t L a b o r S ta tis tic s ........................................................................................................................................ 43 C o m p a r a tiv e in d ic a to r s 1. Labor market indicators.................................................................................................................................................................. 2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, and productivity .......................................................................... 3. Alternative measures of wage and compensation changes ............................................................................................................. 52 53 53 L a b o r fo r c e d a ta 4. Employment status of the total population, data seasonally adjusted.............................................................................................. 5. Employment status of the civilian population, data seasonally adjusted ......................................................................................... 6. Selected employment indicators, data seasonally adjusted ............................................................................................................. 7. Selected unemployment indicators, data seasonally adjusted .......................................................................................................... 8. Unemployment rates by sex and age, data seasonally adjusted ...................................................................................................... 9. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, data seasonally adjusted................................................................................. 10. Duration of unemployment, data seasonally adjusted ..................................................................................................................... 11. Unemployment rates of civilian workers, by State ......................................................................................................................... 12. Employment of workers by State .................................................................................................................................................. 13. Employment of workers by industry, data seasonally adjusted....................................................................................................... 14. Average weekly hours by industry, data seasonally adjusted .......................................................................................................... 15. Average hourly earnings by industry ............................................................................................................................................. 16. Average weekly earnings by industry............................................................................................................................................. 17. Hourly Earnings Index by industry................................................................................................................................................. 18. Indexes of diffusion: proportion of industries in which employment increased, seasonally adjusted ............................................. 19. Annual data: Employment status of the noninstitutional population ....................................................................................... 20. Annual data: Employment levels by industry ................................................................................................................................ 21. Annual data: Average hours and earnings levels by industry.......................................................................................................... 54 55 56 57 58 58 58 59 59 60 61 62 63 63 64 64 64 65 L a b o r c o m p e n s a tio n a n d c o lle c tiv e b a r g a in in g d a ta 22. Employment Cost Index, compensation, by occupation and industry group .................................................................................. 23. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group........................................................................... 24. Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area size.................................................... 25. Specified compensation and wage adjustments from contract settlements, and effective wage adjustments, situations covering 1,000 workers or more .................................................................................................................................... 26. Average specified compensation and wage adjustments, bargaining situationscovering1,000 workers or more............................. 27. Average effective wage adjustments, bargaining situations covering1,000 workers or more ........................................................... 28. Specified compensation and wage adjustments, State and local government bargaining situations covering 1,000 workers or more .................................................................................................................................... 29. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more ......................................................................................................................... 70 70 P r ic e 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 71 74 75 76 77 77 78 79 80 80 80 81 d a ta Consumer Price Index: U.S. City average, by expenditure category and commodity and service groups ...................................... Consumer Price Index: U.S. City average and local data, all items .............................................................................................. Annual data: Consumer Price Index, all items and major groups .................................................................................................. Producer Price Indexes by stage of processing .............................................................................................................................. Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product ........................................................................................................................... Annual data: Producer Price Indexes by stage of processing.......................................................................................................... U.S. export price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification..................................................................................... U.S. import price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification..................................................................................... U.S. export price indexes by end-use category .............................................................................................................................. U.S. import price indexes by end-use category.............................................................................................................................. U.S.export price indexes by Standard Industrial Classification....................................................................................................... U.S. import price indexes by Standard Industrial Classification .................................................................................................. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 66 67 68 69 69 70 41 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1986 • Current Labor Statistics Contents— Continued Productivity data 42. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs, data seasonally adjusted 43. Annual indexes of multifactor productivity ................................................................ 44. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices............. International comparisons 45. Unemployment rates in nine countries, data seasonally adjusted .................................................................................................... 46. Annual data: Employment status of civilian working-age population, ten countries ...................................................................... 47. Annual indexes of productivity and related measures, twelve countries ......................................................................................... 83 84 85 Injury and illness data 48. Annual data: Occupational injury and illness incidence rates Schedule of release dates for S erie s Employment situation ............................ b ls statistical series R e lea se P eriod R elease P eriod R elease Period MLR ta b le date c o ve red date c o ve red date c o ve red num ber October 3 September November 7 October December 5 November 1; 4-21 September November 14 October December 12 November 2:33-35 Producer Price Index.............................. October 10 Consumer Price Index............................ October 23 September November 25 October December 19 November 2; 30-32 Real earnings........................................... October 23 September November 25 October December 19 November 14-17 October 27 1st 9 months October 28 3rd quarter October 29 3rd quarter Major collective bargaining 3; 25-28 1-3; 22-24 Productivity and costs: Nonfarm business and 2; 42-44 December 2 U.S. Import and Export Price Indexes .. Occupational injuries and illnesses . . . . Digitized for42 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis October 30 3rd quarter 2; 42-44 36-41 3rd quarter November 13 1985 48 NOTES ON CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS This section of the Review presents the principal statistical series collected and calculated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics: series on labor force, employment, unemployment, collective bargaining settlements, consumer, producer, and international prices, productivity, international comparisons, and injury and illness statistics. In the notes that follow, the data in each group of tables are briefly described, key definitions are given, notes on the data are set forth, and sources of additional information are cited. Adjustments for price changes. Some data—such as the Hourly Earnings Index in table 17—are adjusted to eliminate the effect of changes in price. These adjustments are made by dividing current dollar values by the Consumer Price Index or the appropriate component of the index, then multiplying by 100. For example, given a current hourly wage rate of $3 and a current price index number of 150, where 1967 = 100, the hourly rate expressed in 1967 dollars is $2 ($3/150 x 100 = $2). The $2 (or any other resulting values) are described as “real,” “constant,” or “1967” dollars. General notes The following notes apply to several tables in this section: Certain monthly and quarterly data are adjusted to eliminate the effect on the data of such factors as climatic conditions, industry production schedules, opening and closing of schools, holiday buying periods, and vacation practices, which might prevent short-term evaluation of the statistical series. Tables containing data that have been adjusted are identified as “seasonally adjusted.” (All other data are not seasonally adjusted.) Seasonal effects are estimated on the basis of past experience. When new seasonal factors are computed each year, revisions may affect seasonally adjusted data for several preceding years. (Season ally adjusted data appear in tables 1-3, 4-10, 13, 14, 17, and 18.) Begin ning in January 1980, the BLS introduced two major modifications in the seasonal adjustment methodology for labor force data. First, the data are seasonally adjusted with a procedure called x - n a r i m a , which was devel oped at Statistics Canada as an extension of the standard x-ii method previously used by b l s . A detailed description of the procedure appears in The x-li a r im a Seasonal Adjustment Method by Estela Bee Dagum (Statis tics Canada, Catalogue No. 12-564E, February 1980). The second change is that seasonal factors are calculated for use during the first 6 months of the year, rather than for the entire year, and then are calculated at midyear for the July-December period. However, revisions of historical data con tinue to be made only at the end of each calendar year. Seasonally adjusted labor force data in tables 1 and 4-10 were revised in the February 1986 issue of the Review, to reflect experience through 1985. Annual revisions of the seasonally adjusted payroll data shown in tables 13, 14, and 18 were made in the July 1986 Review using the X - n a r i m a seasonal adjustment methodology. New seasonal factors for productivity data in table 42 are usually introduced in the September issue. Seasonally adjusted indexes and percent changes from month to month and from quarter to quarter are published for numerous Consumer and Producer Price Index series. However, seasonally adjusted indexes are not published for the U.S. average All Items c p i . Only seasonally adjusted percent changes are available for this series. Seasonal adjustment. Additional information Data that supplement the tables in this section are published by the Bureau in a variety of sources. News releases provide the latest statistical information published by the Bureau; the major recurring releases are published according to the schedule preceding these general notes. More information about labor force, employment, and unemployment data and the household and establishment surveys underlying the data are available in Employment and Earnings, a monthly publication of the Bureau. More data from the household survey are published in the two-volume data book—Labor Force Statistics Derived From the Current Population Sur vey, Bulletin 2096. More data from the establishment survey appear in two data books—Employment, Hours, and Earnings, United States, and Em ployment, Hours, and Earnings, States and Areas, and the annual supple ments to these data books. More detailed information on employee com pensation and collective bargaining settlements is published in the monthly periodical, Current Wage Developments. More detailed data on consumer and producer prices are published in the monthly periodicals, The c p i Detailed Report, and Producer Prices and Price Indexes. Detailed data on all of the series in this section are provided in the Handbook of Labor Statistics, which is published biennally by the Bureau, b l s bulletins are issued covering productivity, injury and illness, and other data in this section. Finally, the Monthly Labor Review carries analytical articles on annual and longer term developments in labor force, employment, and unemployment; employee compensation and collective bargaining; prices; productivity; international comparisons; and injury and illness data. Symbols p = preliminary. To increase the timeliness of some series, prelim inary figures are issued based on representative but incom plete returns. r = revised. Generally, this revision reflects the availability of later data but may also reflect other adjustments, n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified, n.e.s. = not elsewhere specified. COMPARATIVE INDICATORS (Tables 1-3) Comparative indicators tables provide an overview and comparison of major b l s statistical series. Consequently, although many of the included series are available monthly, all measures in these comparative tables are presented quarterly and annually. Labor market indicators include employment measures from two ma jor surveys and information on rates of change in compensation provided by the Employment Cost Index (EC l) program. The labor force participation rate, the employment-to-population ratio, and unemployment rates for major demographic groups based on the Current Population (“household ”) Survey are presented, while measures of employment and average weekly hours by major industry sector are given using nonagricultural payroll data. The Employment Cost Index (compensation), by major sector and by https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis b a r g a in in g s t a t u s , i s c h o s e n f r o m a v a r ie t y o f bls c o m p e n s a t io n a n d w a g e m e a s u r e s b e c a u s e it p r o v id e s a c o m p r e h e n s iv e m e a s u r e o f e m p l o y e r c o s t s f o r h ir in g la b o r , n o t j u s t o u t la y s f o r w a g e s , a n d it i s n o t a f f e c t e d b y e m p lo y m e n t s h i f t s a m o n g o c c u p a t io n s a n d in d u s t r ie s . Data on changes in compensation, prices, and productivity are pre sented in table 2. Measures of rates of change of compensation and wages from the Employment Cost Index program are provided for all civilian nonfarm workers (excluding Federal and household workers) and for all private nonfarm workers. Measures of changes in: consumer prices for all urban consumers; producer prices by stage of processing; and the overall export and import price indexes are given. Measures of productivity (output per hour of all persons) are provided for major sectors. 43 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1986 • Current Labor Statistics Alternative measures of wage and compensation rates of change, which reflect the overall trend in labor costs, are summarized in table 3. Differences in concepts and scope, related to the specific purposes of the series, contribute to the variation in changes among the individual mea sures. Notes on the data Definitions of each series and notes on the data are contained in later sections of these notes describing each set of data. For detailed descriptions of each data series, see b l s Handbook of Methods, Volumes I and II, Bulletins 2134-1 and 2134-2 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982 and 1984, respectively), as well as the additional bulletins, articles, and other publi cations noted in the separate sections of the Review's “Current Labor Statistics Notes.” Historical data for many series are provided in the Hand book of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1985). Users may also wish to consult Major Programs, Bureau of Labor Statis tics, Report 718 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1985). EMPLOYMENT DATA (Tables 1; 4-21) Household survey data the various data series appear in the Explanatory Notes of Employment and Earnings. Description of the series in this section are obtained from the Current Population Survey, a program of personal interviews conducted monthly by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The sample consists of about 59,500 households selected to represent the U.S. population 16 years of age and older. Households are interviewed on a rotating basis, so that three-fourths of the sample is the same for any 2 consecutive months. Data in tables 4-10 are seasonally adjusted, based on the seasonal experience through December 1985. em plo ym ent d a ta Definitions Employed persons include (1) all civilians who worked for pay any time during the week which includes the 12th day of the month or who worked unpaid for 15 hours or more in a family-operated enterprise and (2) those who were temporarily absent from their regular jobs because of illness, vacation, industrial dispute, or similar reasons. Members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States are also included in the employed total. A person working at more than one job is counted only in the job at which he or she worked the greatest number of hours. Unemployed persons are those who did not work during the survey week, but were available for work except for temporary illness and had looked for jobs within the preceding 4 weeks. Persons who did not look for work because they were on layoff or waiting to start new jobs within the next 30 days are also counted among the unemployed. The overall unem ployment rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the labor force, including the resident Armed Forces. The civilian unemployment rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force. The labor force consists of all employed or unemployed civilians plus members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. Persons not in the labor force are those not classified as employed or unemployed; this group includes persons who are retired, those engaged in their own house work, those not working while attending school, those unable to work because of long-term illness, those discouraged from seeking work because of personal or job market factors, and those who are voluntarily idle. The noninstitutional population comprises all persons 16 years of age and older who are not inmates of penal or mental institutions, sanitariums, or homes for the aged, infirm, or needy, and members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. The labor force participation rate is the proportion of the noninstitutional population that is in the labor force. The employment-population ratio is total employment (including the resident Armed Forces) as a percent of the noninstitutional population. Notes on the data From time to time, and especially after a decennial census, adjustments are made in the Current Population Survey figures to correct for estimating errors during the preceding years. These adjustments affect the comparabil ity of historical data. A description of these adjustments and their effect on https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Additional sources of information For detailed explanations of the data, see b l s Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 1, and for additional data, Handbook of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1985). A detailed description of the Current Population Survey as well as additional data are available in the monthly Bureau of Labor Statistics periodical, Employment and Earnings. Historical data from 1948 to 1981 are available in Labor Force Statistics Derived from the Current Population Survey: A Databook, Vols. I and II, Bulletin 2096 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982). A comprehensive discussion of the differences between household and establishment data on employment appears in Gloria P. Green, “Comparing employment estimates from household and payroll surveys,” Monthly Labor Review, December 1969, pp. 9-20. Establishment survey data Description of the series h o u r s , a n d e a r n i n g s d a t a in this section are compiled from payroll records reported monthly on a voluntary basis to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and its cooperating State agencies by more than 250,000 establishments representing all industries except agriculture. In most indus tries, the sampling probabilities are based on the size of the establishment; most large establishments are therefore in the sample. (An establishment is not necessarily a firm; it may be a branch plant, for example, or ware house.) Self-employed persons and others not on a regular civilian payroll are outside the scope of the survey because they are excluded from estab lishment records. This largely accounts for the difference in employment figures between the household and establishment surveys. E m plo ym ent, Definitions An establishment is an economic unit which produces goods or services (such as a factory or store) at a single location and is engaged in one type of economic activity. Employed persons are all persons who received pay (including holiday and sick pay) for any part of the payroll period including the 12th of the month. Persons holding more than one job (about 5 percent of all persons in the labor force) are counted in each establishment which reports them. Production workers in manufacturing include working supervisors and all nonsupervisory workers closely associated with production operations. Those workers mentioned in tables 12-17 include production workers in manufacturing and mining; construction workers in construction; and non supervisory workers in the following industries: transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. These groups account for about four-fifths of the total employ ment on private nonagricutural payrolls. Earnings are the payments production or nonsupervisory workers re ceive during the survey period, including premium pay for overtime or late-shift work but excluding irregular bonuses and other special payments. Real earnings are earnings adjusted to reflect the effects of changes in consumer prices. The deflator for this series is derived from the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers ( c p i - w ) . The Hourly Earnings Index is calculated from average hourly earnings data adjusted to exclude the effects of two types of changes that are unrelated to underlying wage-rate developments: fluctuations in overtime premiums in manufacturing (the only sector for which overtime data are available) and the effects of changes and seasonal factors in the proportion of workers in high-wage and low-wage industries. Hours represent the average weekly hours of production or nonsupervi sory workers for which pay was received and are different from standard or scheduled hours. Overtime hours represent the portion of gross average weekly hours which were in excess of regular hours and for which overtime premiums were paid. The Diffusion Index, introduced in the May 1983 Review, represents the percent of 185 nonagricultural industries in which employment was rising over the indicated period. One-half of the industries with unchanged employment are counted as rising. In line with Bureau practice, data for the 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans are seasonally adjusted, while those for the 12-month span are unadjusted. The diffusion index is useful for measur ing the dispersion of economic gains or losses and is also an economic indicator. Notes on the data Establishment data collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics are peri odically adjusted to comprehensive counts of employment (called “benchmarks”). The latest complete adjustment was made with the release of May 1986 data, published in the July 1986 issue of the Review. Conse quently, data published in the Review prior to that issue are not necessarily comparable to current data. Unadjusted data have been revised back to April 1984; seasonally adjusted data have been revised back to January 1981. These revisions were published in the Supplement to Employment and Earnings (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1986). Unadjusted data from April 1985 forward, and seasonally adjusted data from January 1982 for ward are subject to revision in future benchmarks. In the establishment survey, estimates for the 2 most recent months are based on incomplete returns and are published as preliminary in the tables (13 to 16 in the Review). When all returns have been received, the esti mates are revised and published as final in the third month of their appear ance. Thus, August data are published as preliminary in October and November and as final in December. For the same reason, quarterly estab lishment data (table 1) are preliminary for the first 2 months of publication and final in the third month. Thus, second-quarter data are published as preliminary in August and September and as final in October. Additional sources of information Detailed data from the establishment survey are published monthly in the periodical, Employment and Earnings. Earlier comparable unadjusted and seasonally adjusted data are published in Employment, Hours, and Earnings, United States, 1909-84, Bulletin 1312-12 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1985) and its annual supplement. For a detailed discussion of the methodology of the survey, see BLS Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 2. For additional data, see Handbook of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1985). A comprehensive discussion of the differences between household and establishment data on employment appears in Gloria P. Green, “Comparing employment estimates from household and payroll surveys,” Monthly Labor Review, December 1969, pp. 9-20. BLS Unemployment data by State Description of the series Data presented in this section are obtained from two major sources—the Current Population Survey (CPS) and the Local Area Unemployment Statis tics ( l a u s ) program, which is conducted in cooperation with State employ ment security agencies. Monthly estimates of the labor force, employment, and unemployment for States and sub-State areas are a key indicator of local economic condi tions and form the basis for determining the eligibility of an area for benefits under Federal economic assistance programs such as the Job Train ing Partnership Act and the Public Works and Economic Development Act. Insofar as possible, the concepts and definitions underlying these data are those used in the national estimates obtained from the c p s . Notes on the data Data refer to State of residence. Monthly data for 11 States—California, Florida, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, New York, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas—are obtained directly from the CPS, because the size of the sample is large enough to meet b l s standards of reliability. Data for the remaining 39 States and the District of Columbia are derived using standardized procedures established by b l s . Once a year, estimates for the 11 States are revised to new population controls. For the remaining States and the District of Columbia, data are benchmarked to annual average c p s levels. Additional sources of information Information on the concepts, definitions, and technical procedures used to develop labor force data for States and sub-State areas as well as addi tional data on sub-States are provided in the monthly Bureau of Labor Statistics periodical, Employment and Earnings, and the annual report, Geographic Profile of Employment and Unemployment (Bureau of Labor Statistics). See also b l s Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 4. COMPENSATION AND WAGE DATA (Tables 1-3; 22-29) C o m p e n s a t i o n a n d w a g e d a t a are gathered by the Bureau from business establishments, State and local governments, labor unions, collective bar gaining agreements on file with the Bureau, and secondary sources. Employment Cost Index Description of the series The Employment Cost Index ( e c i ) is a quarterly measure of the rate of change in compensation per hour worked and includes wages, salaries, and employer costs of employee benefits. It uses a fixed market basket of https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis labor—similar in concept to the Consumer Price Index’s fixed market basket of goods and services—to measure change over time in employer costs of employing labor. The index is not seasonally adjusted. Statistical series on total compensation costs and on wages and salaries are available for private nonfarm workers excluding proprietors, the selfemployed, and household workers. Both series are also available for State and local government workers and for the civilian nonfarm economy, which consists of private industry and State and local government workers combined. Federal workers are excluded. The Employment Cost Index probability sample consists of about 2,200 private nonfarm establishments providing about 12,000 occupational ob servations and 700 State and local government establishments providing 45 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1986 • Current Labor Statistics 3,500 occupational observations selected to represent total employment in each sector. On average, each reporting unit provides wage and compensa tion information on five well-specified occupations. Data are collected each quarter for the pay period including the 12th day of March, June, Septem ber, and December. Fixed employment weights from the 1980 Census of Population are used each quarter to calculate the indexes for civilian, private, and State and local governments. These fixed weights, also used to derive all of the industry and occupation series indexes, ensure that changes in these in dexes reflect only changes in compensation, not employment shifts among industries or occupations with different levels of wages and compensation. For the bargaining status, region, and metropolitan/nonmetropolitan area series, however, employment data by industry and occupation are not available from the census. Instead, the 1980 employment weights are reallocated within these series each quarter based on the current sample. Therefore, these indexes are not strictly comparable to those for the aggre gate, industry, and occupation series. Definitions Total compensation costs include wages, salaries, and the employer’s costs for employee benefits. Wages and salaries consist of earnings before payroll deductions, in cluding production bonuses, incentive earnings, commissions, and cost-ofliving adjustments. Benefits include the cost to employers for paid leave, supplemental pay (including nonproduction bonuses), insurance, retirement and savings plans, and legally required benefits (such as Social Security, workers’ compensation, and unemployment insurance). Excluded from wages and salaries and employee benefits are such items as payment-in-kind, free room and board, and tips. Notes on the data The Employment Cost Index data series began in the fourth quarter of 1975, with the quarterly percent change in wages and salaries in the private nonfarm sector. Data on employer costs for employee benefits were in cluded in 1980 to produce, when combined with the wages and salaries series, a measure of the percent change in employer costs for employee total compensation. State and local government units were added to the ECi coverage in 1981, providing a measure of total compensation change in the civilian nonfarm economy (excluding Federal employees). Historical in dexes (June 1981 = 100) of the quarterly rates of change are presented in the May issue of the b l s monthly periodical, Current Wage Developments. Additional sources of information For a more detailed discussion of the Employment Cost Index, see the Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 11, and the following Monthly Labor Review articles: “Employment Cost Index: a measure of change in the ‘price of labor’,” July 1975; “How benefits will be incorporated into the Employment Cost In dex,” January 1978; “Estimation procedures for the Employment Cost Index,” May 1982; and “Introducing new weights for the Employment Cost Index,” June 1985. Data on the e c i are also available in b l s quarterly press releases issued in the month following the reference months of March, June, September, and December; and from the Handbook of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1985). Collective bargaining settlements (wage and benefit costs) and wages alone, quarterly for private industry and semiannually for State and local government. Compensation measures cover all collective bargaining situations involving 5,000 workers or more and wage measures cover all situations involving 1,000 workers or more. These data, covering private nonagricultural industries and State and local governments, are calculated using information obtained from bargaining agreements on file with the Bureau, parties to the agreements, and second ary sources, such as newspaper accounts. The data are not seasonally adjusted. Settlement data are measured in terms of future specified adjustments: those that will occur within 12 months after contract ratification—firstyear—and all adjustments that will occur over the life of the contract expressed as an average annual rate. Adjustments are worker weighted. Both first-year and over-the-life measures exclude wage changes that may occur under cost-of-living clauses that are triggered by future movements in the Consumer Price Index. Effective wage adjustments measure all adjustments occurring in the reference period, regardless of the settlement date. Included are changes from settlements reached during the period, changes deferred from con tracts negotiated in earlier periods, and changes under cost-of-living adjust ment clauses. Each wage change is worker weighted. The changes are prorated over all workers under agreements during the reference period yielding the average adjustment. Definitions Wage rate changes are calculated by dividing newly negotiated wages by the average hourly earnings, excluding overtime, at the time the agree ment is reached. Compensation changes are calculated by dividing the change in the value of the newly negotiated wage and benefit package by existing average hourly compensation, which includes the cost of previ ously negotiated benefits, legally required social insurance programs, and average hourly earnings. Compensation changes are calculated by placing a value on the benefit portion of the settlements at the time they are reached. The cost estimates are based on the assumption that conditions existing at the time of settle ment (for example, methods of financing pensions or composition of labor force) will remain constant. The data, therefore, are measures of negotiated changes and not of total changes in employer cost. Contract duration runs from the effective date of the agreement to the expiration date or first wage reopening date, if applicable. Average annual percent changes over the contract term take account of the compounding of successive changes. Notes on the data Care should be exercised in comparing the size and nature of the settle ments in State and local government with those in the private sector because of differences in bargaining practices and settlement characteristics. A principal difference is the incidence of cost-of-living adjustment ( c o l a ) clauses which cover only about 2 percent of workers under a few local government settlements, but cover 50 percent of workers under private sector settlements. Agreements without c o l a ’ s tend to provide larger speci fied wage increases than those with c o l a ’ s . Another difference is that State and local government bargaining frequently excludes pension benefits which are often prescribed by law. In the private sector, in contrast, pensions are typically a bargaining issue. Additional sources of information Description of the series For a more detailed discussion on the series, see the b l s Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 10. Collective bargaining settlements data provide statistical measures of negotiated adjustments (increases, decreases, and freezes) in compensation Comprehensive data are published in press releases issued quarterly (in January, April, July, and October) for private industry, and semi- 46 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis annually (in February and August) for State and local government. Histor ical data and additional detailed tabulations for the prior calendar year appear in the April issue of the b l s monthly periodical, Current Wage monthly periodical, Current Wage Developments. Historical data appear in the b ls Handbook of Labor Statistics. Developments. Other compensation data Work stoppages Description of the series Data on work stoppages measure the number and duration of major strikes or lockouts (involving 1,000 workers or more) occurring during the month (or year), the number of workers involved, and the amount of time lost because of stoppage. Data are largely from newspaper accounts and cover only establishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or second ary effect of stoppages on other establishments whose employees are idle owing to material shortages or lack of service. Definitions Number of stoppages: The number of strikes and lockouts involving 1,000 workers or more and lasting a full shift or longer. Workers involved: The number of workers directly involved in the stoppage. Number of days idle: The aggregate number of workdays lost by workers involved in the stoppages. Days of idleness as a percent of estimated working time: Aggregate workdays lost as a percent of the aggregate number of standard workdays in the period multiplied by total employment in the period. Notes on the data This series is not comparable with the one terminated in 1981 that covered strikes involving six workers or more. Additional sources of information Data for each calendar year are reported in a b l s press release issued in the first quarter o f the following year. Monthly data appear in the b l s Other b l s data on pay and benefits, not included in the Current Labor Statistics section of the Monthly Labor Review, appear in and consist of the following: Industry Wage Surveys provide data for specific occupations selected to represent an industry’s wage structure and the types of activities performed by its workers. The Bureau collects information on weekly work schedules, shift operations and pay differentials, paid holiday and vacation practices, and information on incidence of health, insurance, and retirement plans. Reports are issued throughout the year as the surveys are completed. Summaries of the data and special analyses also appear in the Monthly Labor Review. Area Wage Surveys annually provide data for selected office, clerical, professional, technical, maintenance, toolroom, powerplant, material movement, and custodial occupations common to a wide variety of indus tries in the areas (labor markets) surveyed. Reports are issued throughout the year as the surveys are completed. Summaries of the data and special analyses also appear in the Review. The National Survey of Professional, Administrative, Technical, and Clerical Pay provides detailed information annually on salary levels and distributions for the types of jobs mentioned in the survey’s title in private employment. Although the definitions of the jobs surveyed reflect the duties and responsibilities in private industry, they are designed to match specific pay grades of Federal white-collar employees under the General Schedule pay system. Accordingly, this survey provides the legally re quired information for comparing the pay of salaried employees in the Federal civil service with pay in private industry. (See Federal Pay Com parability Act of 1970, 5 u .s.c. 5305.) Data are published in a bls news release issued in the summer and in a bulletin each fall; summaries and analytical articles also appear in the Review. Employee Benefits Survey provides nationwide information on the inci dence and characteristics of employee benefit plans in medium and large establishments in the United States, excluding Alaska and Hawaii. Data are published in an annual b l s news release and bulletin, as well as in special articles appearing in the Review. PRICE DATA (Tables 2; 30-41) P r i c e d a t a are gathered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from retail and primary markets in the United States. Price indexes are given in relation to a base period (1967 = 100, unless otherwise noted). Consumer Price Indexes Description of the series The Consumer Price Index ( c p i ) is a measure of the average change in the prices paid by urban consumers for a fixed market basket of goods and services. The c p i is calculated monthly for two population groups, one consisting only of urban households whose primary source of income is derived from the employment of wage earners and clerical workers, and the other consisting of all urban households. The wage earner index ( c p i - w ) is a continuation of the historic index that was introduced well over a halfcentury ago for use in wage negotiations. As new uses were developed for the CPI in recent years, the need for a broader and more representative index became apparent. The all urban consumer index ( c p i - u ) introduced in 1978 is representative of the 1972-73 buying habits of about 80 percent of the noninstitutional population of the United States at that time, compared with 40 percent represented in the c p i - w . In addition to wage earners and clerical https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis w o r k e r s, th e c p i- u c o v e r s p r o f e s s io n a l, m a n a g e r ia l, a n d t e c h n ic a l w o r k e r s , th e s e l f - e m p l o y e d , s h o r t-te r m w o r k e r s , th e u n e m p l o y e d , r e tir e e s , a n d o t h e r s n o t in t h e la b o r f o r c e . The c p i is based on prices of food, clothing, shelter, fuel, drugs, trans portation fares, doctors’ and dentists’ fees, and other goods and services that people buy for day-to-day living. The quantity and quality of these items are kept essentially unchanged between major revisions so that only price changes will be measured. All taxes directly associated with the purchase and use of items are included in the index. Data collected from more than 24,000 retail establishments and 24,000 tenants in 85 urban areas across the country are used to develop the “U.S. city average.” Separate estimates for 28 major urban centers are presented in table 31. The areas listed are as indicated in footnote 1 to the table. The area indexes measure only the average change in prices for each area since the base period, and do not indicate differences in the level of prices among cities. Notes on the data In January 1983, the Bureau changed the way in which homeownership costs are measured for the c p i - u . A rental equivalence method replaced the 47 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1986 • Current Labor Statistics asset-price approach to homeownership costs for that series. In January 1985, the same change was made in the c p i - w . The central purpose of the change was to separate shelter costs from the investment component of homeownership so that the index would reflect only the cost of shelter services provided by owner-occupied homes. Additional sources of information For a discussion of the general method for computing the c p i , see b l s Handbook of Methods, Volume II, The Consumer Price Index, Bulletin 2134-2 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1984). The recent change in the mea surement of homeownership costs is discussed in Robert Gillingham and Walter Lane, “Changing the treatment of shelter costs for homeowners in the CPI,” Monthly Labor Review, June 1982, pp. 9-14. Additional detailed c p i data and regular analyses of consumer price changes are provided in the c p i Detailed Report, a monthly publication of the Bureau. Historical data for the overall c p i and for selected groupings may be found in the Handbook of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1985). the exclusion of imports from, and the inclusion of exports in, the survey universe; and the respecification of commodities priced to conform to Bureau of the Census definitions. These and other changes have been phased in gradually since 1978. The result is a system of indexes that is easier to use in conjunction with data on wages, productivity, and employ ment and other series that are organized in terms of the Standard Industrial Classification and the Census product class designations. Additional sources of information For a discussion of the methodology for computing Producer Price In dexes, see b l s Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 7. Additional detailed data and analyses of price changes are provided monthly in Producer Price Indexes. Selected historical data may be found in the Handbook of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1985). International price indexes Producer Price Indexes Description of the series Producer Price Indexes ( p p i ) measure average changes in prices re ceived in primary markets of the United States by producers of commodi ties in all stages of processing. The sample used for calculating these indexes currently contains about 3,200 commodities and about 60,000 quotations per month selected to represent the movement of prices of all commodities produced in the manufacturing, agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, gas and electricity, and public utilities sectors. The stage of proc essing structure of Producer Price Indexes organizes products by class of buyer and degree of fabrication (that is, finished goods, intermediate goods, and crude materials). The traditional commodity structure of PPI organizes products by similarity of end use or material composition. To the extent possible, prices used in calculating Producer Price Indexes apply to the first significant commercial transaction in the United States from the production or central marketing point. Price data are generally collected monthly, primarily by mail questionnaire. Most prices are ob tained directly from producing companies on a voluntary and confidential basis. Prices generally are reported for the Tuesday of the week containing the 13th day of the month. Since January 1976, price changes for the various commodities have been averaged together with implicit quantity weights representing their importance in the total net selling value of all commodities as of 1972. The detailed data are aggregated to obtain indexes for stage-of-processing groupings, commodity groupings, durability-of-product groupings, and a number of special composite groups. All Producer Price Index data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. Notes on the data Beginning with the January 1986 issue, the Review is no longer present ing tables of Producer Price Indexes for commodity groupings, special composite groups, or sic industries. However, these data will continue to be presented in the Bureau’s monthly publication Producer Price Indexes. The Bureau has completed the first major stage of its comprehensive overhaul of the theory, methods, and procedures used to construct the Producer Price Indexes. Changes include the replacement of judgment sampling with probability sampling techniques; expansion to systematic coverage of the net output of virtually all industries in the mining and manufacturing sectors; a shift from a commodity to an industry orientation; 48 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Description of the series The b l s International Price Program produces quarterly export and import price indexes for nonmilitary goods traded between the United States and the rest of the world. The export price index provides a measure of price change for all products sold by U.S. residents to foreign buyers. (“Residents” is defined as in the national income accounts: it includes corporations, businesses, and individuals but does not require the organiza tions to be U.S. owned nor the individuals to have U.S. citizenship.) The import price index provides a measure of price change for goods purchased from other countries by U.S. residents. With publication of an all-import index in February 1983 and an all-export index in February 1984, all U.S. merchandise imports and exports now are represented in these indexes. The reference period for the indexes is 1977 = 100, unless otherwise indicated. The product universe for both the import and export indexes includes raw materials, agricultural products, semifinished manufactures, and finished manufactures, including both capital and consumer goods. Price data for these items are collected quarterly by mail questionnaire. In nearly all cases, the data are collected directly from the exporter or importer, al though in a few cases, prices are obtained from other sources. To the extent possible, the data gathered refer to prices at the U.S. border for exports and at either the foreign border or the U.S. border for imports. For nearly all products, the prices refer to transactions completed during the first 2 weeks of the third month of each calendar quarter—March, June, September, and December. Survey respondents are asked to indicate all discounts, allowances, and rebates applicable to the reported prices, so that the price used in the calculation of the indexes is the actual price for which the product was bought or sold. In addition to general indexes of prices for U.S. exports and imports, indexes are also published for detailed product categories of exports and imports. These categories are defined by the 4- and 5-digit level of detail of the Standard Industrial Trade Classification System (sue). The calcula tion of indexes by sue category facilitates the comparison of U.S. price trends and sector production with similar data for other countries. Detailed indexes are also computed and published on a Standard Industrial Classifi cation (sic-based) basis, as well as by end-use class. Notes on the data The export and import price indexes are weighted indexes of the Laspeyres type. Price relatives are assigned equal importance within each weight category and are then aggregated to the sue level. The values assigned to each weight category are based on trade value figures compiled by the Bureau of the Census. The trade weights currently used to compute both indexes relate to 1980. Because a price index depends on the same items being priced from period to period, it is necessary to recognize when a product’s specifica tions or terms of transaction have been modified. For this reason, the Bureau’s quarterly questionnaire requests detailed descriptions of the phys ical and functional characteristics of the products being priced, as well as information on the number of units bought or sold, discounts, credit terms, packaging, class of buyer or seller, and so forth. When there are changes in either the specifications or terms of transaction of a product, the dollar value of each change is deleted from the total price change to obtain the “pure” change. Once this value is determined, a linking procedure is employed which allows for the continued repricing of the item. For the export price indexes, the preferred pricing basis is f.a.s. (free alongside ship) U.S. port of exportation. When firms report export prices f.o.b. (free on board), production point information is collected which enables the Bureau to calculate a shipment cost to the port of exportation. An attempt is made to collect two prices for imports. The first is the import price f.o.b. at the foreign port of exportation, which is consistent with the basis for valuation of imports in the national accounts. The second is the import price c.i.f. (cost, insurance, and freight) at the U.S. port of impor tation, which also includes the other costs associated with bringing the product to the U.S. border. It does not, however, include duty charges. Additional sources of information For a discussion of the general method of computing International Price Indexes, see B L S Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2134—1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 8. Additional detailed data and analyses of international price develop ments are presented in the Bureau’s quarterly publication U.S. Import and Export Price Indexes and in occasional Monthly Labor Review articles prepared by bls analysts. Selected historical data may be found in the Handbook of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1985). PRODUCTIVITY DATA (Tables 2; 42-47) U. S. productivity and related data Description of the series The productivity measures relate real physical output to real input. As such, they encompass a family of measures which include single factor input measures, such as output per unit of labor input (output per hour) or output per unit of capital input, as well as measures of multifactor produc tivity (output per unit of labor and capital inputs combined). The Bureau indexes show the change in output relative to changes in the various inputs. The measures cover the business, nonfarm business, manufacturing, and nonfinancial corporate sectors. Corresponding indexes of hourly compensation, unit labor costs, unit nonlabor payments, and prices are also provided. Unit profits include corporate profits and the value of inventory adjust ments per unit of output. Hours of all persons are the total hours paid of payroll workers, selfemployed persons, and unpaid family workers. Capital services is the flow of services from the capital stock used in production. It is developed from measures of the net stock of physical assets—equipment, structures, land, and inventories—weighted by rental prices for each type of asset. Labor and capital inputs combined are derived by combining changes in labor and capital inputs with weights which represent each component’s share of total output. The indexes for capital services and combined units of labor and capital are based on changing weights which are averages of the shares in the current and preceding year (the Tomquist index-number formula). Notes on the data Definitions Output per hour of all persons (labor productivity) is the value of goods and services in constant prices produced per hour of labor input. Output per unit of capital services (capital productivity) is the value of goods and services in constant dollars produced per unit of capital services input. Multifactor productivity is the ratio output per unit of labor and capital inputs combined. Changes in this measure reflect changes in a number of factors which affect the production process such as changes in technology, shifts in the composition of the labor force, changes in capacity utilization, research and development, skill and efforts of the work force, manage ment, and so forth. Changes in the output per hour measures reflect the impact of these factors as well as the substitution of capital for labor. Compensation per hour is the wages and salaries of employees plus employers’ contributions for social insurance and private benefit plans, and the wages, salaries, and supplementary payments for the self-employed (except for nonfinancial corporations in which there are no selfemployed)—the sum divided by hours paid for. Real compensation per hour is compensation per hour deflated by the change in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers. Unit labor costs are the labor compensation costs expended in the production of a unit of output and are derived by dividing compensation by output. Unit nonlabor payments include profits, depreciation, interest, and indirect taxes per unit of output. They are computed by subtracting compensation of all persons from current dollar value of output and divid ing by output. Unit nonlabor costs contain all the components of unit nonlabor payments except unit profits. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Output measures for the business sector and the nonfarm businesss sector exclude the constant dollar value of owner-occupied housing, rest of world, households and institutions, and general government output from the con stant dollar value of gross national product. The measures are derived from data supplied by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, and the Federal Reserve Board. Quarterly manufacturing out put indexes are adjusted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to annual esti mates of output (gross product originating) from the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Compensation and hours data are developed from data of the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Bureau of Economic Analysis. The productivity and associated cost measures in tables 42-44 describe the relationship between output in real terms and the labor time and capital services involved in its production. They show the changes from period to period in the amount of goods and services produced per unit of input. Although these measures relate output to hours and capital services, they do not measure the contributions of labor, capital, or any other specific factor of production. Rather, they reflect the joint effect of many influ ences, including changes in technology; capital investment; level of output; utilization of capacity, energy, and materials; the organization of produc tion; managerial skill; and the characteristics and efforts of the work force. Additional sources of information Descriptions of methodology underlying the measurement of output per hour and multifactor productivity are found in the b l s Handbook of Meth ods , Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 13. His torical data for selected industries are provided in the Bureau’s Handbook of Labor Statistics, 1985, Bulletin 2217. 49 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1986 • Current Labor Statistics INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS (Tables 45-47) Labor force and unemployment Manufacturing productivity and labor costs Description of the series Description of the series Tables 45 and 46 present comparative measures of the labor force, employment, and unemployment—approximating U.S. concepts—for the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan, and six European countries. The unemployment statistics (and, to a lesser extent, employment statistics) published by other industrial countries are not, in most cases, comparable to U.S. unemployment statistics. Therefore, the Bureau adjusts the figures for selected countries, where necessary, for all known major definitional differences. Although precise comparability may not be achieved, these adjusted figures provide a better basis for international comparisons than the figures regularly published by each country. Table 47 presents comparative measures of manufacturing labor produc tivity, hourly compensation costs, and unit labor costs for the United States, Canada, Japan, and nine European countries. These measures are limited to trend comparisons—that is, intercountry series of changes over time—rather than level comparisons because reliable international com parisons of the levels of manufacturing output are unavailable. Definitions For the principal U.S. definitions of the labor force, employment, and unemployment, see the Notes section on EMPLOYMENT DATA: House hold Survey Data. Notes on the data The adjusted statistics have been adapted to the age at which compulsory schooling ends in each country, rather than to the U.S. standard of 16 years of age and over. Therefore, the adjusted statistics relate to the population age 16 and over in France, Sweden, and from 1973 onward, Great Britain; 15 and over in Canada, Australia, Japan, Germany, the Netherlands, and prior to 1973, Great Britain; and 14 and over in Italy. The institutional population is included in the denominator of the labor force participation rates and employment-population ratios for Japan and Germany; it is ex cluded for the United States and the other countries. In the U.S. labor force survey, persons on layoff who are awaiting recall to their job are classified as unemployed. European and Japanese layoff practices are quite different in nature from those in the United States; therefore, strict application of the U.S. definition has not been made on this point. For further information, see Monthly Labor Review, December 1981, pp. 8-11. The figures for one or more recent years for France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, and the Netherlands are calculated using adjustment factors based on labor force surveys for earlier years and are considered prelimi nary. The recent-year measures for these countries are, therefore, subject to revision whenever data from more current labor force surveys become available. Definitions Output is constant value output (value added), generally taken from the national accounts of each country. While the national accounting methods for measuring real output differ considerably among the 12 countries, the use of different procedures does not, in itself, connote lack of comparabil ity—rather, it reflects differences among countries in the availability and reliability of underlying data series. Hours refer to all employed persons including the self-employed in the United States and Canada; to all wage and salary employees in the other countries. The U.S. hours measure is hours paid; the hours measures for the other countries are hours worked. Compensation (labor cost) includes all payments in cash or kind made directly to employees plus employer expenditures for legally required in surance programs and contractual and private benefit plans. In addition, for some countries, compensation is adjusted for other significant taxes on payrolls or employment (or reduced to reflect subsidies), even if they are not for the direct benefit of workers, because such taxes are regarded as labor costs. However, compensation does not include all items of labor cost. The costs of recruitment, employee training, and plant facilities and services—such as cafeterias and medical clinics—are not covered because data are not available for most countries. Self-employed workers are in cluded in the U.S. and Canadian compensation figures by assuming that their hourly compensation is equal to the average for wage and salary employees. Notes on the data For most of the countries, the measures refer to total manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification. However, the measures for France (beginning 1959), Italy (beginning 1970), and the United Kingdom (beginning 1976), refer to manufacturing and mining less energy-related products and the figures for the Netherlands exclude petroleum refining from 1969 to 1976. For all countries, manufacturing includes the activities of government enterprises. The figures for one or more recent years are generally based on current indicators of manufacturing output, employment, hours, and hourly com pensation and are considered preliminary until the national accounts and other statistics used for the long-term measures become available. Additional sources of information Additional sources of information For further information, see International Comparisons of Unemploy ment, Bulletin 1979 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1978), Appendix B and unpublished Supplements to Appendix B available on request. The statis tics are also analyzed periodically in the Monthly Labor Review. Additional historical data, generally beginning with 1959, are published in the Hand book of Labor Statistics and are available in unpublished statistical supple ments to Bulletin 1979. Digitized for 50 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis For additional information, see the b l s Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2134, Vol. 1, Chapter 16 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982) and periodic Monthly Labor Review articles. Historical data are provided in the Bureau’s Handbook of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217, 1985. The statistics are issued twice per year—in a news release (generally in May) and in a Monthly Labor Review article (generally in December). OCCUPATIONAL INJURY AND ILLNESS DATA (Table 48) Description of the series The Annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses is designed to collect data on injuries and illnesses based on records which employers in the following industries maintain under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970: agriculture, forestry, and fishing; oil and gas extraction; construction; manufacturing; transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. Excluded from the survey are self-employed individuals, farmers with fewer than 11 employees, employers regulated by other Federal safety and health laws, and Federal, State, and local government agencies. Because the survey is a Federal-State cooperative program and the data must meet the needs of participating State agencies, an independent sam ple is selected for each State. The sample is selected to represent all pri vate industries in the States and territories. The sample size for the survey is dependent upon (1) the characteristics for which estimates are needed; (2) the industries for which estimates are desired; (3) the charac teristics of the population being sampled; (4) the target reliability of the estimates; and (5) the survey design employed. While there are many characteristics upon which the sample design could be based, the total recorded case incidence rate is used because it is one of the most important characteristics and the least variable; therefore, it re quires the smallest sample size. The survey is based on stratified random sampling with a Neyman allocation and a ratio estimator. The characteristics used to stratify the establishments are the Standard Industrial Classification (sic) code and size of employment. Definitions Recordable occupational injuries and illnesses are: (1) occupational deaths, regardless of the time between injury and death, or the length of the illness; or (2) nonfatal occupational illnesses; or (3) nonfatal occupational injuries which involve one or more of the following: loss of consciousness, restriction of work or motion, transfer to another job, or medical treatment (other than first aid). Occupational injury is any injury such as a cut, fracture, sprain, ampu tation, and so forth, which results from a work accident or from exposure involving a single incident in the work environment. Occupational illness is an abnormal condition or disorder, other than one resulting from an occupational injury, caused by exposure to environ mental factors associated with employment. It includes acute and chronic illnesses or disease which may be caused by inhalation, absorption, inges tion, or direct contact. Lost workday cases are cases which involve days away from work, or days of restricted work activity, or both. Lost workday cases involving restricted work activity are those cases which result in restricted work activity only. Lost workdays away from work are the number of workdays (consec utive or not) on which the employee would have worked but could not because of occupational injury or illness. Lost workdays— restricted work activity are the number of workdays (consecutive or not) on which, because of injury or illness: (1) the em ployee was assigned to another job on a temporary basis; or (2) the em https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ployee worked at a permanent job less than full time; or (3) the employee worked at a permanently assigned job but could not perform all duties normally connected with it. The number of days away from work or days of restricted work activity does not include the day of injury or onset of illness or any days on which the employee would not have worked even though able to work. Incidence rates represent the number of injuries and/or illnesses or lost workdays per 100 full-time workers. Notes on the data Estimates are made for industries and employment-size classes and for severity classification: fatalities, lost workday cases, and nonfatal cases without lost workdays. Lost workday cases are separated into those where the employee would have worked but could not and those in which work activity was restricted. Estimates of the number of cases and the number of days lost are made for both categories. Most of the estimates are in the form of incidence rates, defined as the number of injuries and illnesses, or lost workdays, per 100 full-time em ployees. For this purpose, 200,000 employee hours represent 100 em ployee years (2,000 hours per employee). Only a few of the available measures are included in the Handbook of Labor Statistics. Full detail is presented in the annual bulletin, Occupational Injuries and Illnesses in the United States, by Industry. Comparable data for individual States are available from the BLS Office of Occupational Safety and Health Statistics. Mining and railroad data are furnished to bls by the Mine Safety and Health Administration and the Federal Railroad Administration, respec tively. Data from these organizations are included in bls and State publica tions. Federal employee experience is compiled and published by the Occu pational Safety and Health Administration. Data on State and local government employees are collected by about half of the States and territo ries; these data are not compiled nationally. Additional sources of information The Supplementary Data System provides detailed information describ ing various factors associated with work-related injuries and illnesses. These data are obtained from information reported by employers to State workers’ compensation agencies. The Work Injury Report program exam ines selected types of accidents through an employee survey which focuses on the circumstances surrounding the injury. These data are not included in the Handbook of Labor Statistics but are available from the bls Office of Occupational Safety and Health Statistics. The definitions of occupational injuries and illnesses and lost workdays are from Recordkeeping Requirements under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. For additional data, see Occupational Injuries and Illnesses in the United States, by Industry, annual Bureau of Labor Statistics bulletin; bls Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 17; Handbook of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1985), pp. 411-14; annual reports in the Monthly Labor Review, and annual U.S. Department of Labor press releases. 51 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1986 • Current Labor Statistics: Comparative Indicators 1. Labor market indicators 1984 1986 1985 1984 Selected indicators 1985 II I IV III II I IV III Employment data Employment status of the civilian noninstitutionalized population (household survey)’ Labor force participation rate ....................................................... Employment-population ra tio ......................................................... Unemployment rate ....................................................................... Men .............................................................................................. 16 to 24 years .......................................................................... 25 years and o v e r.................................................................... Women ........................................................................................ 16 to 24 years .......................................................................... 25 years and o v e r.................................................................... Unemployment rate, 15 weeks and over.................................... 64.4 59.5 7.5 7.4 14.4 5.7 7.6 13.3 6.0 2.4 64.8 60.1 7.2 7.0 14.1 5.3 7.4 13.0 5.9 2.0 64.4 59.7 7.4 7.3 14.5 5.5 7.6 13.1 6.0 2.3 64.5 59.8 7.2 7.1 13.8 5.4 7.5 12.9 5.9 2.1 64.8 60.1 7.3 7.1 14.1 5.4 7.6 13.1 6.0 2.0 64.7 60.0 7.3 7.1 14.2 5.4 7.5 13.0 6.0 2.0 64.7 60.1 7.2 7.0 14.0 5.3 7.4 12.7 5.9 2.0 64.9 60.4 7.0 6.9 14.0 5.2 7.2 13.1 5.5 1.9 65.1 60.5 7.1 6.8 13.3 5.3 7.3 13.2 5.7 1.9 65.3 60.6 7.2 7.1 14.5 5.4 7.3 13.2 5.7 1.9 Private sector ................................................................................ Goods-producing............................................................................ Manufacturing.............................................................................. Service-producing .......................................................................... 94,496 78,472 24,727 19,378 69,769 97,614 81,199 24,930 19,314 72,684 94,977 78,914 24,891 19,489 70,086 95,907 79,736 24,943 19,486 70,964 96,581 80,341 24,970 19,439 71,611 97,295 80,958 24,947 19,323 72,347 97,897 81,414 24,866 19,241 73,031 98,668 82,069 24,937 19,261 73,731 99,403 82,731 25,028 19,284 74,375 99,848 83,144 24,952 19,194 74,896 Average hours Private sector ................................................................................. Manufacturing ........................................................................... Overtime.................................................................................. 35.2 40.7 3.4 34.9 40.5 3.3 35.1 40.6 3.3 35.1 40.5 3.4 35.0 40.4 3.3 34.9 40.4 3.2 34.9 40.6 3.3 34.9 40.8 3.5 34.9 40.7 3.4 1.3 .8 .9 .7 3.5 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.4 1.0 1.3 1.2 1.5 1.0 1.2 .7 .8 .7 1.0 .2 1.6 1.3 .6 1.8 3.4 .6 .6 .6 .5 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 .7 .8 .9 .6 .7 .9 1.1 1.3 .7 1.6 .6 1.0 .8 1.4 .5 .6 1.0 1.2 .2 .9 Employment, nonagricultural (payroll data):’ 34.8 40.7 3.4 Employment Cost Index2 Percent change in the ECI, compensation:3 All workers (excluding farm, household, and Federal workers) ...... Private industry workers ............................................................... Goods-producing4..................................................................... Servicing-producing4 ................................................................. State and local government workers........................................... Workers by bargaining status (private industry) U nion............................................................................................. Nonunion ...................................................................................... - “ - ” - " 1 Quarterly data seasonally adjusted. 2 Beginning June 1986, ECI measures are based on fixed employment counts from the 1980 Census of Population , rather than from the 1970 census. Digitized for 52 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3 Quarterly changes calculated using the last month of each month. 4 Goods-producing industries include mining, construction, and manufacturing. Serviceproducing industries include all other private sector industries. 2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, and productivity 1984 Selected measures 1984 1985 1986 1985 III IV I II III IV I II Compensation data: 1, 2 Employment Cost Index-Compensation (wages, salaries, benefits) Civilian nonfarm ......................................... Private nonfarm ................................................... Employment Cost Index-Wages and Salaries Civilian nonfarm .......................................... Private nonfarm .................................... - _ - - - _ - - Consumer Price Index (All urban consumers): All item s...... 4.0 3.8 1.2 .3 1.0 1.1 .7 .9 -.4 .6 Producer Price Index Finished goods................................ Finished consumer goods............................. Capital equipment ................................................. Intermediate materials, supplies, components .................... Crude materials.............................................. 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.3 -1.6 1.8 1.5 2.7 -.3 -5.6 -.5 -.5 -.5 -.4 -2.0 .9 .8 1.1 -.1 -1.2 .0 -.3 1.3 -.4 -3.1 .7 .7 .4 .2 -2.1 -1.4 -1.4 -1.4 -.5 -4.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 .4 4.3 -3.1 -4.1 .2 -2.9 -7.6 .3 .2 .5 -.8 -2.2 1.3 .8 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 0.7 .8 1.6 1.3 0.6 .6 1.1 1.1 0.7 .8 1.3 .8 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 .9 1.1 1.7 1.3 .6 .6 1.0 1.0 .8 .9 Price data1 Productivity data1 Output per hour of all persons: Business sector.................................................................. Nonfarm business se cto r.................................................... Nonfinancial corporations 3 ................................................. 2.3 1.8 2.0 1.0 .5 1.2 -.3 -.7 -1.6 1 Annual changes are December-to-December change. Quarterly changes are calculated using the last month of each quarter. Compensation and Price data are not seasonally adjusted and the price data are not compounded. Productivity data are seasonally adjusted. .9 .3 .8 -.1 -4 1.1 3.4 2.2 4.9 2.7 18 2.2 -.3 -.5 -2.3 3.3 4.3 -.5 -3.2 -3.5 -2.8 2 Excludes Federal and private household workers. 3 Output per hour of all employees. - Data not available. 3. Alternative measures of wage and compensation changes Four quarters ended- Quarterly average Components 1985 I Average hourly compensation:1 All persons, business sector.................................................................. All employees, nonfarm business sector.............................................. Employment Cost Index-compensation: Civilian nonfarm 2 .................................................................................. Private nonfarm .................................................................................. U nion................................................................................................ Nonunion........................................................................................... State and local governments.............................................................. Employment Cost Index-wages and salaries: Civilian nonfarm2 ................................................................................... Private nonfarm .................................................................................. U nion................................................................................................ Nonunion........................................................................................... State and local governments............................................................... Total effective wage adjustments3 ............................................................... From current settlements...................................................................... From prior settlements.......................................................................... From cost-of-living provision.................................................................. Negotiated wage adjustments from settlements3 First-year adjustments ........................................................................... Annual rate over life of contract........................................................... Negotiated wage and benefit adjustments from settlements:4 First-year adjustment ............................................................................. Annual rate over life of contract........................................................... II III IV I 1986 1985 II I II III IV I II 4.2 3.9 5.1 4.6 4.4 3.2 3.8 3.7 2.5 3.1 2.7 2.2 3.9 3.9 4.5 4.2 4.4 4.0 4.4 3.9 3.9 3.6 3.3 3.1 1.3 1.2 .7 1.6 1.2 .7 .8 .6 1.0 .2 1.6 1.3 .8 1.4 3.4 .6 .6 .5 .6 .7 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.0 .7 .8 .2 .9 .6 4.8 4.4 3.5 4.9 6.3 4.6 4.2 3.1 4.9 6.1 4.9 4.7 3.2 5.4 6.0 4.3 3.9 2.6 4.6 5.7 4.1 3.8 2.9 4.2 5.5 4.0 3.8 2.5 4.2 5.8 1.2 1.2 .7 1.4 1.0 .7 .1 .6 .1 .9 1.1 1.1 1.1 .2 .8 .2 .5 .1 1.7 1.3 .9 1.5 3.5 1.2 .2 .5 .4 .6 .6 .5 .6 .8 .5 .1 .2 .1 1.0 1.0 .7 1.1 1.0 .6 .0 .4 .2 .8 .9 .4 .9 .4 .7 .2 .6 .0 4.4 4.1 3.0 4.6 5.6 3.6 .7 2.2 .7 4.5 4.3 3.4 4.8 5.5 3.5 .9 1.9 .7 5.0 4.8 3.6 5.4 5.6 3.5 .9 1.8 .8 4.4 4.1 3.1 4.6 5.6 3.3 .7 1.8 .7 4.2 3.9 3.2 4.3 5.5 3.1 .6 1.7 .8 4.1 3.7 2.5 4.1 5.7 2.9 .5 1.8 .7 3.3 3.2 2.5 2.8 2.0 3.1 2.1 1.9 1.0 1.6 1.3 2.0 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.3 2.7 2.0 2.5 1.7 2.3 3.6 2.7 3.5 3.4 2.0 3.0 2.0 1.4 .4 1.3 .7 1.6 3.4 2.6 3.4 2.7 3.1 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.3 2.6 1.5 2.0 1 Seasonally adjusted. 2 Excludes Federal and household workers. Beginning June 1986, ECI measures are based on fixed employment counts from the 1980 Census of Population, rather than from the 1970 census. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1986 3 Limited most recent 4 Limited most recent to major collective bargaining units of 1,000 workers or more. The data are preliminary. to major collective bargaining units of 5,000 workers or more. The data are preliminary. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW 4. October 1986 • Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data Employment status of the total population, by sex, monthly data seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) 1986 1985 Annual average Employment status 1984 1985 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. TOTAL Noninstitutional population \ 2 ....... Labor force2 .................................. Participation rate 3 ................ Total employed 2 ....................... Employment-population ratio 4 ................................... Resident Armed Forces 1 ....... Civilian employed ................... Agriculture ............................ Nonagricultural industries..... Unemployed............................... Unemployment rate 5 ........... Not in labor force ........................ 178,080 115,241 64.7 106,702 179,912 117,167 65.1 108,856 180,131 117,069 65.0 108,936 180,304 117,522 65.2 109,251 180,470 117,814 65.3 109,513 180,642 117,832 65.2 109,671 180,810 117,927 65.2 109,904 181,361 118,477 65.3 110,646 181,512 118,779 65.4 110,252 181,678 118,900 65.4 110,481 181,843 118,929 65.4 110,587 181,998 119,351 65.6 110,797 182,183 119,796 65.8 111,353 182,354 119,744 65.7 111,554 182,525 119,879 65.7 111,852 59.9 1,697 105,005 3,321 101,685 8,539 7.4 62,839 60.5 1,706 107,150 3,179 103,971 8,312 7.1 62,744 60.5 1,726 107,210 3,095 104,115 8,133 6.9 63,062 60.6 1,732 107,519 3,017 104,502 8,271 7.0 62,782 60.7 1,700 107,813 3,058 104,755 8,301 7.0 62,656 60.7 1,702 107,969 3,070 104,899 8,161 6.9 62,810 60.8 1,698 108,206 3,151 105,055 8,023 6.8 62,883 61.0 1,691 108,955 3,299 105,655 7,831 6.6 62,885 60.7 1,691 108,561 3,096 105,465 8,527 7.2 62,733 60.8 1,693 108,788 3,285 105,503 8,419 7.1 62,778 60.8 1,695 108,892 3,222 105,670 8,342 7.0 62,914 60.9 1,687 109,110 3,160 105,950 8,554 7.2 62,647 61.1 1,680 109,673 3,165 106,508 8,443 7.0 62,387 61.2 1,672 109,882 3,112 106,769 8,190 6.8 62,610 61.3 1,697 110,155 3,048 107,107 8,027 6.7 62,646 85,156 65,386 76.8 60,642 86,025 65,967 76.7 61,447 86,132 65,945 76.6 61,510 86,217 66,074 76.6 61,629 86,293 66,227 76.7 61,656 86,374 66,176 76.6 61,731 86,459 66,139 76.5 61,793 86,882 66,679 76.7 62,458 86,954 66,838 76.9 62,243 87,035 66,864 76.8 62,288 87,120 66,757 76.6 62,254 87,195 66,943 76.8 62,190 87,288 66,964 76.7 62,322 87,373 66,936 76.6 62,365 87,460 66,944 76.5 62,515 71.2 1,551 59,091 4,744 7.3 7 1 .4 1,556 59,891 4,521 6.9 1,574 59,936 4,435 6.7 1,580 60,049 4,445 6.7 1,551 60,105 4,571 6.9 71.5 1,552 60,179 4,445 6.7 71.5 1,549 60,244 4,346 6.6 71.9 1,539 60,919 4,221 6.3 71.6 1,539 60,704 4,595 6.9 71.6 1,540 60,748 4,577 6.8 71.5 1,541 60,713 4,503 6.7 71.3 1,533 60,657 4,754 7.1 71.4 1,525 60,797 4,642 6.9 71.4 1,518 60,847 4,571 6.8 71.5 1,541 60,974 4,429 6.6 92,924 49,855 53.7 46,061 93,886 51,200 54.5 47,409 93,999 51,124 54.4 47,426 94,087 51,448 54.7 47,622 94,177 51,587 54.8 47,857 94,266 51,655 54.8 47,939 94,351 51,788 54.9 48,111 94,479 51,797 54.8 48,187 94,558 51,941 54.9 48,009 94,643 52,036 55.0 48,194 94,723 52,172 55.1 48,333 94,803 52,408 55.3 48,608 94,895 52,832 55.7 49,031 94,981 52,808 55.6 49,189 95,065 52,935 55.7 49,337 49.6 146 45,915 3,794 7.6 50.5 150 47,259 3,791 7.4 50.5 152 47,274 3,698 7.2 50.6 152 47,470 3,826 7.4 50.8 149 47,708 3,730 7.2 50.9 149 47,790 3,716 7.2 51.0 149 47,962 3,677 7.1 51.0 152 48,035 3,610 7.0 50.8 152 47,857 3,932 7.6 50.9 153 48,041 3,842 7.4 51.0 154 48,179 3,839 7.4 51.3 154 48,454 3,800 7.3 51.7 155 48,876 3,801 7.2 51.8 154 49,035 3,619 6.9 51.9 156 49,181 3,598 6.8 Men, 16 years and over Noninstitutional population \ 2 ....... Labor force2 .................................. Participation rate 3 ................ Total employed 2....................... Employment-population Resident Armed Forces 1 ....... Civilian employed ................... Unemployed............................... Unemployment rate 5 ........... 7 1 .4 7 1 .4 7 1 .5 Women, 16 years and over Noninstitutional population ’ , 2 ...... Labor force2 .................................. Participation rate 3 ................ Total employed2 ........................ Employment-population Resident Armed Forces 1 ...... Civilian employed ................... Unemployed............................... Unemployment rate 5 ........... 1 The population and Armed Forces figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. 2 Includes members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. 3 Labor force as a percent of the noninstitutional population. 54 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4 Total employed as a percent of the noninstitutional population. 6 Unemployment as a percent of the labor force (including Forces). the resident Armed 5. Employment status of the civilian population, by sex, age, race and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Annual average 1985 1986 Employment status 1984 1985 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. 176,383 113,54^ 64.4 105,005 178,206 115,461 64.8 107,150 178,405 115,343 64.7 107,210 178,572 115,790 64.8 107,519 178,770 116,114 65.0 107,813 178,940 116,130 64.9 107,969 179,112 116,229 64.9 108,206 179,670 116,786 65.0 108,955 179,821 117,088 65.1 108,561 179,985 117,207 65.1 108,788 180,148 117,234 65.1 108,892 180,311 117,664 65.3 109,110 180,503 118,116 65.4 109,673 180,682 118,072 65.3 109,882 180,828 118,182 65.4 110,155 59.5 8,539 7.5 62,839 60.1 8,312 7.2 62,744 60.1 8,133 7.1 63,062 60.2 8,271 7.1 62,782 60.3 8,301 7.1 62,656 60.3 8,161 7.0 62,810 60.4 8,023 6.9 62,883 60.6 7,831 6.7 62,885 60.4 8,527 7.3 62,733 60.4 8,419 7.2 62,778 60.4 8,342 7.1 62,914 60.5 8,554 7.3 62,647 60.8 8,443 7.1 62,387 60.8 8,190 6.9 62,610 60.9 8,027 6.8 62,646 76,219 59,701 78.3 55,769 77,195 60,277 78.1 56,562 77,306 60,269 78.0 56,636 77,389 60,407 78.1 56,751 77,498 60,526 78.1 56,849 77,566 60,553 78.1 56,897 77,651 60,548 78.0 56,982 78,101 61,212 78.4 57,706 78,171 61,183 78.3 57,384 78,236 61,268 78.3 57,459 78,309 61,053 78.0 57,391 78,387 61,208 78.1 57,312 78,484 61,387 78.2 57,560 78,586 61,323 78.0 57,499 78,634 61,235 77.9 57,607 73.2 2,418 53,351 3,932 6.6 73.3 2,278 54,284 3,715 6.2 73.3 2,231 54,405 3,633 6.0 73.3 2,171 54,580 3,656 6.1 73.4 2,188 54,661 3,677 6.1 73.4 2,210 54,687 3,656 6.0 73.4 2,278 54,704 3,566 5.9 73.9 2,349 55,356 3,507 5.7 73.4 2,258 55,127 3,799 6.2 73.4 2,411 55,048 3,809 6.2 73.3 2,347 55,043 3,663 6.0 73.1 2,278 55,034 3,897 6.4 73.3 2,320 55,241 3,827 6.2 73.2 2,266 55,233 3,824 6.2 73.3 2,173 55,435 3,628 5.9 85,429 45,900 53.7 42,793 86,506 47,283 54.7 44,154 86,652 47,340 54.6 44,197 86,727 47,558 54.8 44,363 86,810 47,663 54.9 44,609 86,901 47,713 54.9 44,656 86,988 47,870 55.0 44,882 87,112 47,895 55.0 44,980 87,185 47,921 55.0 44,710 87,263 47,952 55.0 44,797 87,355 48,107 55.1 45,009 87,444 48,409 55.4 45,284 87,547 48,805 55.7 45,701 87,629 48,916 55.8 45,918 87,689 48,989 55.9 45,999 50.1 595 42,198 3,107 6.8 51.0 596 43,558 3,129 6.6 51.0 581 43,616 3,143 6.6 51.2 557 43,806 3,195 6.7 51.4 609 44,000 3,054 6.4 51.4 591 44,065 3,057 6.4 51.6 597 44,285 2,988 6.2 51.6 696 44,284 2,915 6.1 51.3 593 44,117 3,211 6.7 51.3 598 44,199 3,155 6.6 51.5 576 44,433 3,097 6.4 51.8 609 44,675 3,125 6.5 52.2 565 45,136 3,104 6.4 52.4 608 45,309 2,998 6.1 52.5 627 45,372 2,990 6.1 14,735 7,943 53.9 6,444 14,506 7,901 54.5 6,434 14,448 7,734 53.5 6,377 14,456 7,825 54.1 6,405 14,463 7,925 54.8 6,355 14,472 7,864 54.3 6,416 14,474 7,811 54.0 6,342 14,458 7,678 53.1 6,269 14,465 7,984 55.2 6,467 14,485 7,987 55.1 6,532 14,484 8,074 55.7 6,492 14,480 8,047 55.6 6,515 14,472 7,923 54.7 6,411 14,467 7,833 54.1 6,465 14,505 7,958 54.9 6,549 43.7 309 6,135 1,499 18.9 44.4 305 6,129 1,468 18.6 44.1 283 6,094 1,357 17.5 44.3 289 6,116 1,420 18.1 43.9 261 6,094 1,570 19.8 44.3 269 6,147 1,448 18.4 43.8 276 6,066 1,469 18.8 43.4 254 6,015 1,409 18.4 44.7 246 6,221 1,517 19.0 45.1 276 6,256 1,455 18.2 44.8 298 6,194 1,582 19.6 45.0 274 6,241 1,532 19.0 44.3 280 6,131 1,512 19.1 44.7 238 6,227 1,368 17.5 45.2 249 6,300 1,409 17.7 152,347 98,492 64.6 92,120 153,679 99,926 65.0 93,736 153,819 99,817 64.9 93,684 153,938 100,179 65.1 94,055 154,082 100,533 65.2 94,369 154,203 100,478 65.2 94,507 154,327 100,533 65.1 94,585 154,784 100,961 65.2 95,165 154,889 101,232 65.4 94,803 155,005 101,248 65.3 94,958 155,122 101,249 65.3 95,081 155,236 101,515 65.4 95,180 155,376 101,975 65.6 95,731 155,502 101,922 65.5 95,760 155,604 102,189 65.7 96,271 60.5 6,372 6.5 61.0 6,191 6.2 60.9 6,133 6.1 61.1 6,124 6.1 61.2 6,164 6.1 61.3 5,971 5.9 61.3 5,948 5.9 61.5 5,796 5.7 61.2 6,429 6.4 61.3 6,290 6.2 61.3 6,168 6.1 61.3 6,335 6.2 61.6 6,244 6.1 61.6 6,162 6.0 61.9 5,918 5.8 19,348 12,033 62.2 10,119 19,664 12,364 62.9 10,501 19,700 12,289 62.4 10,560 19,728 12,378 62.7 10,500 19,761 12,412 62.8 10,566 19,790 12,457 62.9 10,518 19,819 12,522 63.2 10,657 19,837 12,548 63.3 10,737 19,863 12,545 63.2 10,690 19,889 12,656 63.6 10,791 19,916 12,740 64.0 10,856 19,943 12,781 64.1 10,889 19,974 12,754 63.9 10,825 20,002 12,601 63.0 10,836 20,028 12,473 62.3 10,654 52.3 1,914 15.9 53.4 1,864 15.1 53.6 1,729 14.1 53.2 1,878 15.2 53.5 1,846 14.9 53.1 1,939 15.6 53.8 1,865 14.9 54.1 1,810 14.4 53.8 1,855 14.8 54.3 1,865 14.7 54.5 1,884 14.8 54.6 1,892 14.8 54.2 1,929 15.1 54.2 1,766 14.0 53.2 1,819 14.6 TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population1 ................................... Civilian labor force...................... Participation rate ................. Employed ..................... Employment-population ratio2 ................................... Unemployed.................... Unemployment ra te ............. Not in labor force ....................... Men, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population1 .................................... Civilian labor fo rce ....................... Participation rate .................. Employed ................................... Employment-population ratio2 .................................... Agriculture ............................... Nonagricultural industries....... Unemployed............................... Unemployment ra te .............. Women, 20 years ond over Civilian noninstitutional population1 ................................... Civilian labor fo rce ....................... Participation rate .................. Employed ................................... Employment-population ratio2 ................................... Agriculture ............................... Nonagricultural industries....... Unemployed.............................. Unemployment ra te .............. Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian noninstitutional population1.................................... Civilian labor force.......... ............. Participation rate .................. Employed ................................... Employment-population ratio2 .................................... Agriculture............................... Nonagricultural industries....... Unemployed............................... Unemployment rate.............. White Civilian noninstitutional population1.................................... Civilian labor force....................... Participation rate .................. Employed ................................... Employment-population ratio2 .................................... Unemployed............................... Unemployment ra te .............. Black Civilian noninstitutional population1 .................................... Civilian labor fo rce ....................... Participation rate .................. Employed ................................... Employment-population ratio2 .................................... Unemployed............................... Unemployment ra te .............. See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 55 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1986 • Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data 5. Continued— Employment status of the civilian population, by sex, age, race and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) 1986 1985 Annual average Employment status 1984 1985 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. 11,478 7,451 64.9 6,651 11,915 7,698 64.6 6,888 11,969 7,781 65.0 6,973 12,004 7,844 65.3 7,026 12,040 7,854 65.2 6,982 12,075 7,782 64.4 6,953 12,111 7,772 64.2 6,962 12,148 7,787 64.1 6,998 12,184 7,943 65.2 6,969 12,219 7,920 64.8 7,105 12,255 7,975 65.1 7,144 12,290 8,002 65.1 7,123 12,326 8,110 65.8 7,251 12,362 8,123 65.7 7,274 12,397 8,102 65.4 7,213 57.9 800 10.7 57.8 811 10.5 58.3 808 10.4 58.5 818 10.4 58.0 872 11.1 57.6 829 10.7 57.5 810 10.4 57.6 789 10.1 57.2 974 12.3 58.2 815 10.3 58.3 832 10.4 58.0 878 11.0 58.8 858 10.6 58.8 849 10.5 58.2 889 11.0 Hispanic origin Civilian noninstitutional population1 .................................... Civilian labor fo rce ....................... Participation rate .................. Employed ................................... Employment-population ratio2 .................................... Unemployed............................... Unemployment ra te .............. 1 The population figures are not seasonally adjusted. because data for the “ other races” groups are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 2 Civilian employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population. NOTE: 6. Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals Selected employment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted (In th o u s a n d s ) 1986 1985 Annual average Selected categories 1984 1985 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. CHARACTERISTIC Civilian employed, 16 years and Women .................................... Married men, spouse present .. Married women, spouse present................................... Women who maintain families . 105,005 59,091 45,915 39,056 107,150 59,891 47,259 39,248 107,210 59,936 47,274 39,142 107,519 60,049 47,470 39,103 107,813 60,105 47,708 39,272 107,969 60,179 47,790 39,314 108,206 60,244 47,962 39,278 108,955 60,919 48,035 39,615 108,561 60,704 47,857 39,382 108,788 60,748 48,041 39,365 108,892 60,713 48,179 39,555 109,110 60,657 48,454 39,614 109,673 60,797 48,876 39,626 109,882 60,847 49,035 39,611 110,155 60,974 49,181 39,716 25,636 5,465 26,336 5,597 26,392 5,627 26,531 5,556 26,702 5,514 26,721 5,605 26,804 5,693 26,958 5,702 26,593 5,733 26,656 5,771 26,802 5,812 26,920 5,718 27,427 5,668 27,523 5,829 27,438 5,826 1,555 1,553 213 1,535 1,458 185 1,456 1,444 176 1,438 1,414 179 1,465 1,436 172 1,537 1,361 158 1,572 1,409 164 1,673 1,492 163 1,519 1,444 156 1,689 1,453 172 1,587 1,475 180 1,480 1,486 186 1,498 1,504 154 1,486 1,427 171 1,469 1,379 178 93,565 15,770 77,794 1,238 76,556 7,785 335 95,871 16,031 79,841 1,249 78,592 7,811 289 95,791 16,075 79,716 1,295 78,421 7,874 303 96,546 16,145 80,401 1,266 79,135 7,846 266 96,530 16,213 80,317 1,271 79,046 7,991 248 96,676 16,157 80,519 1,197 79,322 8,013 249 96,921 16,194 80,727 1,131 79,596 7,903 250 97,911 16,418 81,494 1,256 80,238 7,655 273 97,516 16,104 81,412 1,197 80,216 7,669 270 97,698 16,095 81,604 1,213 80,390 7,644 240 97,831 16,187 81,643 1,321 80,322 7,571 253 97,994 16,325 81,669 1,275 80,394 7,757 229 98,372 16,387 81,984 1,279 80,705 7,807 235 98,206 16,647 81,559 1,243 80,317 8,081 254 98,667 16,479 82,188 1,261 80,927 7,982 282 5,744 2,430 2,948 13,169 5,590 2,430 2,819 13,489 5,680 2,480 2,835 13,622 5.554 2,433 2,815 13,496 5,475 2,251 2,897 13,713 5,498 2,306 2,883 13,645 5,494 2,303 2,864 13,556 5,543 2,364 2,883 13,958 5,377 2,369 2,703 13,817 5,538 2,330 2,953 13,754 5,923 2,603 2,974 13,933 5,980 2,659 2,893 13,638 5,537 2,434 2,810 14,268 5,399 2,484 2,624 13,991 5,443 2,411 2,711 14,023 5,512 2,291 2,866 12,704 5,334 2,273 2,730 13,038 5,413 2,319 2,740 13,179 5,299 2,292 2,730 13,053 5,241 2,115 2,801 13,277 5,295 2,196 2,784 13,194 5,294 2,195 2,760 13,122 5,275 2,208 2,776 13,441 5,158 2,224 2,636 13,369 5,301 2,159 2,861 13,285 5,621 2,430 2,849 13,599 5,673 2,523 2,790 13,191 5,320 2,308 2,724 13,779 5,191 2,323 2,579 13,656 5,259 2,286 2,660 13,683 MAJOR INDUSTRY AND CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers ....... Self-employed workers............ Unpaid family w orkers............. Nonagrlcultural industries: Wage and salary w orkers....... Government .......................... Private industries................... Private households............. Other ................................... Self-employed workers............ Unpaid family workers............. PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME1 All industries: Part time for economic reasons . Slack work ............................... Could only find part-time work Voluntary part time .................... Nonagrlcultural industries: Part time for economic reasons . Slack work ............................... Could only find part-time work Voluntary part time ..................... Excludes persons “ with a job but not at work” during the survey period for such 56 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis reasons as vacation, illness, or industrial disputes. 7. Selected unemployment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted (Unemployment rates) Annual average 1985 Selected categories 1986 1984 1985 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. 7.5 18.9 6.6 6.8 7.2 18.6 6.2 6.6 7.1 17.5 6.0 6.6 7.1 18.1 6.1 6.7 7.1 19.8 6.1 6.4 7.0 18.4 6.0 6.4 6.9 18.8 5.9 6.2 6.7 18.4 5.7 6.1 7.3 19.0 6.2 6.7 7.2 18.2 6.2 6.6 7.1 19.6 6.0 6.4 7.3 19.0 6.4 6.5 7.1 19.1 6.2 6.4 6.9 17.5 6.2 6.1 6.8 17.7 5.9 6.1 White, total ................................... Both sexes, 16 to 19 years.................... Men, 16 to 19 years ............................... Women, 16 to 19 years............... Men, 20 years and over .......................... Women, 20 years and o ver.......................... 6.5 16.0 16.8 15.2 5.7 5.8 6.2 15.7 16.5 14.8 5.4 5.7 6.1 15.2 17.2 13.0 5.3 5.7 6.1 15.3 16.2 14.4 5.2 5.7 6.1 17.0 18.5 15.3 5.2 5.5 5.9 15.5 15.8 15.1 5.2 5.4 5.9 15.9 16.2 15.5 5.1 5.4 5.7 14.9 14.7 15.1 5.0 5.3 6.4 16.2 16.5 15.8 5.4 5.9 6.2 14.5 15.3 13.7 5.5 5.8 6.1 16.4 17.2 15.6 5.2 5.5 6.2 16.0 17.3 14.7 5.5 5.5 6.1 16.2 17.8 14.4 5.4 5.4 6.0 15.0 15.3 14.7 5.5 5.3 5.8 15.2 16.7 13.5 5.0 5.2 Black, total ................................ Both sexes, 16 to 19 years................. Men, 16 to 19 years ................................... Women, 16 to 19 years............................ Men, 20 years and over ............................... Women, 20 years and o ver............................. 15.9 42.7 42.7 42.6 14.3 13.5 15.1 40.2 41.0 39.2 13.2 13.1 14.1 35.3 34.9 35.9 11.9 13.1 15.2 38.8 41.1 36.1 13.3 13.5 14.9 39.7 41.0 38.2 13.7 12.1 15.6 40.8 45.2 36.0 13.7 13.6 14.9 41.6 41.0 42.3 13.1 12.6 14.4 41.9 41.3 42.4 12.7 12.0 14.8 39.1 38.7 39.5 13.3 12.5 14.7 43.7 44.1 43.4 12.6 12.2 14.8 42.6 41.4 43.7 12.6 12.5 14.8 40.8 40.8 40.8 12.7 12.8 15.1 40.2 38.5 41.9 13.3 12.8 14.0 38.6 41.6 35.1 12.7 11.9 14.6 39.5 37.4 41.8 13.2 12.5 Hispanic origin, to ta l.................................. 10.7 10.5 10.4 10.4 11.1 10.7 10.4 10.1 12.3 10.3 10.4 11.0 10.6 10.5 11.0 Married men, spouse present............................ Married women, spouse present....................... Women who maintain families........................... Full-time workers ........................... Part-time workers ................................ Unemployed 15 weeks and over........................ Labor force time lost1 ................................... 4.6 5.7 10.3 7.2 9.3 2.4 8.6 4.3 5.6 10.4 6.8 9.3 2.0 8.1 4.1 5.4 10.8 6.8 9.0 2.0 8.1 4.3 5.6 11.3 6.8 9.3 2.0 8.1 4.2 5.3 10.4 6.8 9.6 2.0 7.9 4.3 5.5 10.0 6.7 8.8 1.9 7.9 4.3 5.3 9.4 6.6 9.0 1.9 7.8 4.3 5.1 9.9 6.4 8.4 1.8 7.6 4.5 5.5 9.9 6.9 9.4 2.0 8.1 4.5 5.6 10.1 6.9 9.1 1.9 8.1 4.2 5.3 9.4 6.7 9.6 1.8 8.1 4.5 5.4 10.2 7.0 9.2 1.9 8.3 4.5 5.2 10.1 6.7 9.1 2.0 8.1 4.4 53 9.2 6.6 9.0 19 7.7 4.1 51 10.3 6.4 93 19 7.7 7.4 10.0 14.3 7.5 7.2 7.8 5.5 8.0 5.9 4.5 13.5 7.2 9.5 13.1 7.7 7.6 7.8 5.1 7.6 5.6 3.9 13.2 7.1 8.6 13.1 7.8 7.9 7.6 4.5 7.7 5.5 3.9 14.0 7.2 8.9 13.6 7.7 7.7 7.8 5.3 7.8 5.5 3.8 13.3 7.1 7.7 13.5 7.5 7.3 7.8 5.1 7.7 5.4 3.9 12.9 7.0 7.3 13.4 7.7 7.6 7.8 5.1 7.5 5.4 3.6 12.5 6.9 10.3 12.6 7.3 7.3 7.3 5.0 7.6 5.3 3.8 10.6 6.7 10.9 12.9 7.0 7.0 7.1 4.3 7.2 5.2 3.4 10.9 7.2 9.2 13.2 7.2 7.4 7.0 5.3 7.8 5.9 3.8 14.3 7.2 10.4 13.0 7.2 6.8 7.7 6.1 7.6 5.7 4.0 11.9 7.2 12.8 12.0 6.8 6.8 6.8 5.6 8.1 5.9 3.5 13.4 7.3 13.7 13.3 7.5 7.3 7.7 5.3 8.1 5.5 3.7 15.8 7.1 17.6 12.1 7.3 7.1 7.5 5.5 7.7 5.4 3.6 13.2 7.2 17.0 13.2 6.9 6.7 72 61 78 5.7 3.2 11.6 6.9 16.7 12.2 6.8 6.9 67 46 74 57 3.2 13.8 CHARACTERISTIC Total, all civilian workers....................... Both sexes, 16 to 19 years............. Men, 20 years and o v e r........................ Women, 20 years and over...................... INDUSTRY Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers .... Mining.......................................... Construction....................................................... Manufacturing .................................................... Durable goods.................................................. Nondurable goods .......................... Transportation and public utilities .................... Wholesale and retail tra d e ............................ Finance and service industries.......................... Government workers ........................... Agricultural wage and salary workers .................... 1 Aggregate hours lost by the unemployed and persons on part time for economic https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis reasons as a percent of potentially available labor force hours. n* 57 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW 8. October 1986 • Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data Unemployment rates by sex and age, monthly data seasonally adjusted (Civilian workers) Annual average Sex and age 1984 1986 1985 1985 Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. Jan. Dec. Apr. Mar. Feb. June May July Aug. 7.1 13.9 19.8 22.7 17.8 10.9 5.4 5.7 3.9 7.0 13.5 18.4 21.4 16.9 11.0 5.4 5.6 3.8 6.9 13.3 18.8 21.1 17.5 10.6 5.3 5.5 3.9 6.7 13.0 18.4 20.9 16.4 10.4 5.1 5.4 3.9 7.3 13.6 19.0 21.8 17.2 10.8 5.7 5.9 4.4 7.2 13.2 18.2 19.4 17.1 10.6 5.7 5.9 4.3 7.1 13.9 19.6 20.9 18.9 10.9 5.4 5.8 3.9 7.3 14.2 19.0 21.1 17.5 11.7 5.5 5.9 3.6 7.1 13.5 19.1 20.6 17.9 10.7 5.6 5.9 3.7 6.9 13.0 17.5 19.4 15.7 10.8 5.4 5.8 3.8 6.8 12.8 17.7 19.6 16.6 10.2 5.3 5.6 3.7 Total, 16 years and over ......... 16 to 24 years....................... 16 to 19 years..................... 16 to 17 years .................. 18 to 19 years .................. 20 to 24 years .................... 25 years and over.................. 25 to 54 years .................. 55 years and o v e r............ 7.5 13.9 18.9 21.2 17.4 11.5 5.8 6.1 4.5 7.2 13.6 18.6 21.0 17.0 11.1 5.6 5.8 4.1 7.1 13.0 17.5 19.1 16.8 10.8 5.5 5.8 4.1 7.1 13.3 18.1 20.3 16.7 10.9 5.6 5.8 4.1 Men, 16 years and o ve r...... 16 to 24 years .................. 16 to 19 years................ 16 to 17 years............. 18 to 19 years............. 20 to 24 years................ 25 years and o v e r............ 25 to 54 years............. 55 years and over....... 7.4 14.4 19.6 21.9 18.3 11.9 5.7 5.9 4.6 7.0 14.1 19.5 21.9 17.9 11.4 5.3 5.6 4.1 6.9 13.8 19.6 21.9 18.1 10.9 5.3 5.6 3.8 6.9 13.8 19.3 20.7 18.3 11.0 5.3 5.5 4.0 7.1 14.6 21.5 24.0 19.9 11.1 5.3 5.5 4.1 6.9 13.9 19.4 20.9 18.7 11.2 5.2 5.4 4.0 6.7 13.5 19.3 21.6 18.0 10.6 5.1 5.4 3.9 6.5 12.8 18.2 20.9 16.2 10.3 5.0 5.3 3.9 7.0 13.6 19.3 23.2 16.6 10.7 5.5 5.7 4.4 7.0 13.6 18.9 20.0 17.8 11.0 5.5 5.7 4.3 6.9 14.5 20.2 21.2 19.7 11.6 5.2 5.5 3.9 7.3 15.0 20.4 21.6 19.6 12.2 5.4 5.8 3.8 7.1 14.0 20.1 19.4 20.4 11.0 5.5 5.8 4.1 7.0 13.5 18.2 20.0 16.1 11.2 5.5 5.8 3.9 6.8 13.3 19.2 21.0 18.1 10.3 5.3 5.5 4.1 Women, 16 years and over 16 to 24 years................. 16 to 19 years .............. 16 to 17 years ........... 18 to 19 years ........... 20 to 24 years .............. 25 years and o ve r........... 25 to 54 years ........... 55 years and o v e r..... 7.6 13.3 18.0 20.4 16.6 10.9 6.0 6.3 4.2 7.4 13.0 17.6 20.0 16.0 10.7 5.9 6.2 4.1 7.3 12.2 15.3 15.8 15.3 10.7 5.8 6.1 4.5 7.5 12.9 16.9 19.8 14.9 10.9 6.0 6.2 4.2 7.3 13.1 17.9 21.2 15.5 10.7 5.6 5.9 3.7 7.2 13.1 17.4 22.0 15.1 10.8 5.6 5.9 3.6 7.1 13.2 18.3 20.6 16.9 10.6 5.4 5.7 3.9 7.0 13.2 18.5 20.8 16.5 10.5 5.3 5.6 3.8 7.6 13.6 18.6 20.2 17.7 11.0 5.9 6.2 4.4 7.4 12.7 17.5 18.7 16.3 10.1 5.9 6.3 4.4 7.4 13.2 19.0 20.5 18.1 10.0 5.8 6.2 3.8 7.3 13.3 17.6 20.5 15.3 11.1 5.7 6.1 3.4 7.2 13.0 18.0 21.9 15.1 10.4 5.7 6.1 3.1 6.9 12.5 16.6 18.7 15.3 10.4 6.8 12.1 16.0 18.1 15.0 10.1 5 .4 5 .4 5.7 3.6 5.8 3.1 9. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) 1986 1985 Annual average Reason for unemployment 1984 Job losers ................................................................ On layoff................................................................ Other job losers.................................................... Job leavers .............................................................. Reentrants ............................................................... New entrants ........................................................... Aug. 1985 Nov. Oct. Sept. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June Aug. July 4,421 1,171 3,250 823 2,184 1,110 4,139 1,157 2,982 877 2,256 1,039 4,144 1,112 3,032 875 2,191 941 4,142 1,167 2,975 852 2,335 918 4,040 1,161 2,879 911 2,237 1,045 4,081 1,175 2,906 808 2,226 1,055 3,933 1,132 2,801 876 2,225 1,033 3,776 1,163 2,613 996 2,066 1,025 4,162 1,152 3,010 1,001 2,292 1,097 4,246 1,164 3,082 1,002 2,197 1,000 4,034 1,028 3,006 1,110 2,191 1,059 4,311 1,133 3,178 975 2,217 1,062 4,335 1,066 3,269 1,013 2,064 1,059 3,937 1,079 2,858 1,034 2,223 965 3,831 990 2,841 978 2,232 1,000 51.8 13.7 38.1 9.6 25.6 13.0 49.8 13.9 35.9 10.6 27.1 12.5 50.8 13.6 37.2 10.7 26.9 11.5 50.2 14.2 36.1 10.3 28.3 11.1 49.1 14.1 35.0 11.1 27.2 12.7 50.0 14.4 35.6 9.9 27.2 12.9 48.8 14.0 34.7 10.9 27.6 12.8 48.0 14.8 33.2 12.7 26.3 13.0 48.7 13.5 35.2 11.7 26.8 12.8 50.3 13.8 36.5 11.9 26.0 11.8 48.1 12.2 35.8 13.2 26.1 12.6 50.3 13.2 37.1 11.4 25.9 12.4 51.2 12.6 38.6 12.0 24.4 12.5 48.3 13.2 35.0 12.7 27.2 11.8 47.6 12.3 35.3 12.2 27.8 12.4 3.9 .7 1.9 1.0 3.6 .8 2.0 .9 3.6 .8 1.9 .8 3.6 .7 2.0 .8 3.5 .8 1.9 .9 3.5 .7 1.9 .9 3.4 .8 1.9 .9 3.2 .9 1.8 .9 3.6 .9 2.0 .9 3.6 .9 1.9 .9 3.4 .9 1.9 .9 3.7 .8 1.9 .9 3.7 .9 1.7 .9 3.3 .9 1.9 .8 3.2 .8 1.9 .8 PERCENT OF UNEMPLOYED Job losers.............................................................. On layo ff............................................................. Other job losers.................................................. Job leavers............................................................ Reentrants............................................................. New entrants ........................................................ PERCENT OF CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE Job lose rs................................................................ Job leavers .............................................................. Reentrants ............................................................... New entrants........................................................... 10. Duration of unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) 1986 1985 Annual average Weeks of unemployment 1984 1985 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. 3,430 2,536 2,277 1,057 1,220 3,465 2,448 2,205 894 1,311 3,374 2,460 2,188 973 1,215 3,311 2,441 2,056 969 1,087 3,562 2,622 2,340 1,149 1,191 3,589 2,640 2,258 1,099 1,159 3,628 2,685 2,135 1,001 1,134 3,705 2,737 2,209 1,072 1,137 3,384 2,708 2,320 1,036 1,284 3,394 2,486 2,256 1,066 1,190 3,427 2,379 2,295 1,086 1,209 15.4 7.0 15.7 6.9 15.4 6.9 14.9 6.8 15.3 6.9 14.4 6.8 14.3 6.5 14.4 6.6 15.2 7.3 15.0 7.1 15.8 7.2 Less than 5 weeks ........................................... 5 to 14 weeks .................................................. 15 weeks and o ve r........................................... 15 to 26 weeks .............................................. 27 weeks and o v e r........................................ 3,350 2,451 2,737 1,104 1,634 3,498 2,509 2,305 1,025 1,280 3,422 2,508 2,274 1,047 1,227 3,484 2,505 2,307 1,035 1,272 Mean duration in w eeks................................... Median duration in weeks................................. 18.2 7.9 15.6 6.8 15.5 7.2 15.5 6.9 58 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 11. Unemployment rates of civilian workers by State, data not seasonally adjusted July 1985 July 1986 Alabama................................................. Alaska .................................................... Arizona......................................................... Arkansas ...................................................... California...................................................... 9.0 8.5 7.6 8.4 7.7 10.5 10.6 7.4 8.9 7.5 Colorado ................................................ Connecticut ................................................. Delaware................................................ District of Columbia..................................... Florida......................................................... 5.6 5.3 5.2 8.4 7.0 Georgia ........................................................ Hawaii........................................................... Idaho ........................................................ Illinois........................................................... Indiana ......................................................... 7.0 5.9 8.1 8.9 7.5 Iow a.............................................................. Kansas ......................................................... Kentucky...................................................... Louisiana...................................................... Maine......................................................... 7.7 4.8 9.3 12.0 6.0 State July 1985 July 1986 Nevada ....................................................... New Hampshire.......................................... 7.7 5.1 5.6 3.7 New Jersey.............................................. 6.0 57 State 6.3 5.3 6.9 Ohio ............................................................ Maryland ...................................................... Massachusetts............................................. Michigan....................................................... Minnesota .................................................... Mississippi.................................................... Missouri........................................................ 4.4 4.3 10.8 5.6 11.0 6.1 9.3 7.8 5.7 4.0 7.3 5.1 8.4 6.7 4.1 85 Utah 5.5 5.6 Vermont........................................ 4.5 39 12.5 6.7 11 9 6 5 6.5 9.0 0.0 6.6 68 53 9.3 5.6 4.2 South Carolina............................... South Dakota.............................................. Tennessee ............. 3 .8 9.2 4.9 13.0 6 .2 - Data not available. NOTE: Some data in this table may differ from data West Virginia.......................................... Wisconsin ................................................. Wyoming............................................ published elsewhere because of the continual updating of the database. 12. Employment of workers on nonagricultural payrolls by State, data not seasonally adjusted (In thousands) State Alabama................................... Alaska ............................................. Arizona................................................ Arkansas ....................................... California.................................................. July 1985 June 1986 1,431.9 249.3 1,261.3 800.0 10,950.7 1,443.9 234.0 1,333 7 819.8 11,234.3 Colorado ................................................... Connecticut .................................................. Delaware...................................................... District of Columbia..................................... Florida .......................................................... 1,415.4 1,564.0 298.9 646.3 4,369.7 1,457.2 1,622.6 300.8 649.9 4,547.0 Georgia ........................................................ Hawaii....................................................... Idaho .......................................................... Illinois ........................................................ Indiana ......................................................... 2,573.6 423.9 338.9 4,782.1 2,176.2 2,640.2 430.4 338.2 4,798.5 2,255.7 Iow a................................................ Kansas ......................................................... Kentucky ...................................................... Louisiana...................................................... Maine............................................................ 1,070.4 970.9 1,239.8 1,589.6 469.5 1,080.9 994.8 1,280.5 1,524.1 481.8 Maryland ...................................................... Massachusetts............................................. Michigan....................................................... Minnesota.................................................... Mississippi.................................................... Missouri........................................................ Montana....................................................... 1,913.4 2,916.5 3,494.7 1,869.6 834.6 2,100.0 280.3 1,950.9 2,999.6 3,597.1 1,919.1 848.0 2,157.9 284.0 p — preliminary NOTE: Some data in this table may differ from data published https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis July 1986p 1 448 5 244 8 1 333 2 816.7 11,160.2 State July 1985 470.9 New Mexico ................................................ 516.5 1,441 5 1,605.5 North Carolina ............................................ 2,604.2 298.6 North Dakota .............................................. 253.1 669.2 4,504.0 Ohio ............................................................ 4,383.5 Oklahoma......................... 1,176.8 2,634.3 Oregon...................................................... 1,023.8 431.3 Pennsylvania............................................... 4,748.2 335 3 423.7 4,808.3 2,254.0 South Dakota.............................................. 249.4 1,062.7 981.9 Texas .......................................................... 6,684.5 1,263.1 Utah ............................................................ 621.8 1,506.1 477.9 Virginia................................................. 2,443.1 1,951 8 2Ì964.6 West Virginia............................................ 605.2 3,557.2 Wisconsin............................................. 1,982.3 1,899.9 840.5 Wyoming......................................... 213.1 2,154 6 274 0 37.3 ____________________________________ because of the continual updating of the database. elsewhere June 1986 494.7 July 1986p 491.7 524.4 520.2 2,733.2 252.2 2,681.7 249.3 4,549.1 1,163.4 1,067.1 4,847.7 431.4 4,515.1 1,143.7 1,043.8 4,813.0 424.7 257.1 1 334 3 251.3 6,674.2 636.4 6,666.6 634.0 2,559.3 ??3 2,534.9 600.7 2,040.9 603.7 2,023.7 205.5 203.0 36.4 37.3 ¿\ 59 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1986 • Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data 13. Employment of workers on nonagricultural payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted (In thousands) 1986 1985 Annual average Industry 1984 1985 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June Julyp Aug.p TOTAL .......................................... PRIVATE SECTOR ........................ 94,496 78,472 97,614 81,199 97,890 81,428 98,128 81,592 98,428 81,853 98,666 82,073 98,910 82,281 99,296 82,659 99,429 82,748 99,484 82,785 99,783 83,072 99,918 83,198 99,843 83,161 100,122 83,502 100,324 83,676 GOODS PRODUCING ...................... Mining ............................................... 24,727 966 607 24,930 930 585 24,880 922 581 24,843 917 577 24,903 913 571 24,931 907 565 24,977 901 560 25,101 897 556 25,038 880 541 24,945 852 518 25,038 821 488 24,965 790 461 24,854 772 446 24,861 764 438 24,923 752 429 4,383 1,161 4,687 1,251 4,702 1,257 4,728 1,267 4,754 1,276 4,765 1,283 4,787 1,287 4,901 1,330 4,864 1,320 4,838 1,298 4,972 1,315 4,974 1,314 4,947 1,299 4,981 1,299 5,036 1,306 19,378 13,285 19,314 13,130 19,256 13,078 19,198 13,029 19,236 13,059 19,259 13,074 19,289 13,100 19,303 13,111 19,294 13,097 19,255 13,061 19,245 13,060 19,201 13,025 19,135 12,979 19,116 12,963 19,135 12,984 11,505 7,739 11,516 7,660 11,473 7,619 11,421 7,572 11,447 7,594 11,453 7,594 11,461 7,595 11,466 7,595 11,455 7,579 11,418 7,545 11,415 7,547 11,378 7,519 11,307 7,462 11,294 7,447 11,295 7,451 704 487 593 857 700 493 591 813 700 495 591 798 702 491 590 795 705 493 591 797 708 493 591 801 710 494 593 803 716 494 596 798 716 494 597 795 715 493 594 787 719 494 600 785 719 496 599 780 721 496 597 761 720 498 592 756 725 497 594 733 334 1,463 305 1,468 302 1,463 304 1,459 304 1,460 302 1,459 303 1,456 300 1,455 299 1,452 293 1,450 291 1,451 288 1,447 286 1,440 283 1,429 261 1,432 2,198 2,182 2,164 2,147 2,146 2,139 2,133 2,137 2,127 2,118 2,111 2,100 2,089 2,081 2,079 2,208 1,901 862 714 2,207 1,971 876 723 2,195 1,977 876 724 2,179 1,970 871 723 2,181 1,987 873 722 2,179 1,993 870 723 2,182 1,998 872 725 2,182 1,996 867 724 2,181 1,998 864 725 2,177 1,989 858 726 2,177 1,986 854 723 2,175 1,972 839 721 2,143 1,974 839 717 2,169 1,975 830 711 2,165 1,985 832 717 382 369 366 365 365 367 367 368 370 369 369 369 369 363 368 7,828 5,505 7,837 5,516 7,839 5,518 7,837 5,516 7,830 5,513 7,823 5,506 7,828 5,517 7,822 5,516 7,840 6,533 Oil and gas extraction ................ Construction ................................... General building contractors...... M anufacturing................................. Production workers .................... Durable g o o d s ............................... Production workers .................... Lumber and wood products........ Furniture and fixtures................... Stone, clay, and glass products ... Primary metal industries .............. Blast furnaces and basic steel products...................................... Fabricated metal products........... Machinery, except electrical........ Electrical and electronic equipment................................... Transportation equipment............ Motor vehicles and equipment .... Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.................................... 7,873 5,546 7,798 5,470 7,783 5,459 7,777 5,457 7,789 5,465 7,806 5,480 Food and kindred products......... Tobacco manufactures ................ Textile mill products.................... Apparel and other textile products...................................... Paper and allied products ........... 1,612 64 746 1,608 65 704 1,608 64 698 1,607 65 697 1,610 64 699 1,612 65 701 1,623 64 702 1,623 64 702 1,631 63 705 1,632 63 707 1,633 63 703 1,640 62 705 1,648 62 707 1,646 62 710 1,649 59 713 1,185 681 1,125 683 1,117 682 1,121 682 1,121 683 1,122 687 1,130 686 1,133 687 1,122 687 1,117 688 1,119 689 1,113 689 1,106 690 1,106 687 1,106 687 Printing and publishing................. Chemicals and allied products..... Petroleum and coal products...... Rubber and misc. plastics products...................................... Leather and leather products ..... 1,376 1,049 189 1,435 1,046 178 1,442 1,043 177 1,442 1,042 171 1,447 1,040 171 1,454 1,037 170 1,457 1,035 169 1,461 1,034 168 1,467 1,032 167 1,469 1,031 166 1,472 1,028 166 1,474 1,024 166 1,477 1,026 164 1,481 1,026 162 1,478 1,034 163 780 189 790 166 787 165 785 165 790 164 794 164 798 164 802 163 803 162 804 160 800 157 796 154 797 151 791 151 796 155 SERVICE-PRODUCING .................. Transportation and public u tilities............................................. 69,769 72,684 73,010 73,285 73,525 73,735 73,933 74,195 74,391 74,539 74,745 74,953 74,989 75,261 75,401 5,276 3,057 5,236 3,055 Nondurable g o o d s ........................ Production workers...................... Transportation.............................. Communication and public utilities......................................... 5,159 2,917 5,242 3,006 5,219 2,983 5,257 3,023 5,260 3,026 5,272 3,040 5,277 3,046 5,286 3,056 5,277 3,048 5,280 3,053 5,266 3,040 5,265 3,037 5,167 3,035 2,242 2,236 2,236 2,234 2,234 2,232 2,231 2,230 2,229 2,227 2,226 2,228 2,132 2,219 2,181 5,830 3,470 2,360 5,843 3,482 2,361 5,841 3,480 2,361 5,864 3,485 2,379 5,872 3,488 2,384 5,829 3,454 2,375 5,851 3,484 2,367 5,866 3,493 2,373 5,555 3,276 2,279 5,740 3,409 2,331 5,762 3,424 2,338 5,777 3,432 2,345 5,796 3,442 2,354 5,796 3,451 2,345 5,809 3,460 2,349 16,545 2,267 2,637 17,360 2,320 2,779 17,464 2,328 2,805 17,489 2,326 2,813 17,543 2,329 2,828 17,589 2,326 2,845 17,622 2,317 2,870 17,734 2,328 2,880 17,795 2,333 2,891 17,828 2,333 2,901 17,851 2,342 2,910 17,911 2,344 2,917 17,944 2,350 2,932 17,997 2,356 2,938 18,027 2,358 2,947 1,799 5,388 1,892 5,715 1,904 5,749 1,910 5,761 1,916 5,772 1,918 5,783 1,922 5,801 1,929 5,831 1,938 5,854 1,939 5,868 1,940 5,859 1,944 5,889 1,945 5,918 1,950 5,932 1,957 5,941 Real e state.................................. 5,689 2,854 1,757 1,078 5,953 2,979 1,830 1,144 5,988 2,998 1,839 1,151 6,014 3,011 1,846 1,157 6,038 3,024 1,852 1,162 6,070 3,039 1,862 1,169 6,095 3,053 1,868 1,174 6,123 3,066 1,878 1,179 6,157 3,082 1,889 1,186 6,184 3,095 1,900 1,189 6,228 3,120 1,910 1,198 6,261 3,137 1,918 1,206 6,295 3,159 1,927 1,209 6,335 3,178 1,945 1,212 6,376 3,201 1,955 1,220 Health services ........................... 20,797 4,057 6,122 21,974 4,452 6,310 22,115 4,504 6,333 22,212 4,542 6,350 22,313 4,567 6,375 22,415 4,604 6,401 22,501 4,631 6,424 22,585 4,660 6,447 22,638 4,687 6,471 22,707 4,698 6,497 22,825 4,750 6,511 22,924 4,755 6,543 23,072 4,792 6,571 23,182 4,837 6,598 23,248 4,843 6,638 Local............................................ 16,024 2,807 3,734 9,482 16,415 2,875 3,848 9,692 16,462 2,886 3,855 9,721 16,536 2,899 3,878 9,759 16,575 2,895 3,895 9,785 16,593 2,904 3,901 9,788 16,629 2,913 3,904 9,812 16,637 2,918 3,916 9,803 16,681 2,918 3,924 9,839 16,699 2,923 3,927 9,849 16,711 2,914 3,938 9,859 16,720 2,899 3,936 9,885 16,682 2,875 3,927 9,880 16,620 2,868 3,932 9,820 16,648 2,878 3,943 9,827 Wholesale trade Durable goods.............................. Nondurable goods....................... Retail tra d e ...................................... General merchandise stores....... Food stores.................................. Automotive dealers and service Eating and drinking places.......... Finance, insurance, and real = preliminary NOTE: See notes on the data for a description of the most recent benchmark p 60 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis revision. weekly h° urs ?.f Production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted ' Industry An nual ave»rage 1984 1985 PRIVATE SECTOR ...................................... 35.2 34.9 CO NSTRUCTIO N............................................... 37.8 37.7 M ANUFACTURING............................................. 40.7 3.4 40.5 3.3 Overtime hours........................................ Lumber and wood products......................... Furniture and fixtures.................................... Stone, clay, and glass products................... Primary metal industries............................... Blast furnaces and basic steel products .... Fabricated metal products ........................... 41.4 3.6 39.9 39.7 42.0 41.7 40.7 41.4 Machinery except electrical ......................... Electrical and electronic equipment............. Transportation equipment.............................. Motor vehicles and equipment................... Instruments and related products ................. Miscellaneous manufacturing........................ Nondurable g o o d s ..................................................... 1985 Aug. 34.9 Sept. Oct. 34.9 34.9 - - 40.6 3.3 40.7 3.3 41.2 3.6 39.9 39.4 41.9 41.5 41.1 41.3 41.3 3.4 40.1 39.3 42.0 41.7 41.5 41.4 41.9 41.0 42.7 43.8 41.3 39.4 41.5 40.6 42.6 43.5 41.0 39.4 Overtime hours......................................... Food and kindred products........................... Tobacco manufactures.................................. Textile mill products...................................... Apparel and other textile products................ Paper and allied products............................. 39.7 3.1 39.8 38.9 39.9 36.4 43.1 39.6 3.1 40.0 37.2 39.7 36.4 43.1 Printing and publishing................................... Chemicals and allied products....................... Petroleum and coal products......................... Leather and leather products ........................ 37.9 41.9 43.7 36.8 37.8 41.9 43.0 37.2 Overtime hours........................................ Durable g o o d s ............................................................. 1986 Nov. 34.8 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June Julyp Aug.p 34.9 35.0 - - - - 40.7 3.4 40.7 3.4 40.9 3.6 40.8 3.5 40.7 3.4 40.7 3.4 40.7 3.4 40.7 3.4 40.6 3.3 40.6 3.5 40.8 3.5 41.3 3.5 40.1 39.4 42.0 41.5 41.1 41.5 41.3 3.5 40.2 39.5 42.1 41.8 41.6 41.5 41.3 3.6 39.9 39.4 41.8 41.9 41.9 41.5 41.6 3.7 40.2 39.9 41.8 42.1 41.9 41.6 41.5 3.6 40.4 40.0 42.7 41.9 41.7 41.5 41.4 3.5 40.0 39.7 41.9 42.1 41.8 41.5 41.4 3.6 40.2 39.4 41.9 41.9 41.7 41.4 41.3 3.6 40.3 39.1 42.4 41.3 40.5 41.2 41.2 3.4 40.3 39.4 42.3 41.7 41.5 41.1 41.2 3.5 39.9 39.4 42.2 41.6 41.1 41.1 41.2 3.5 40.0 39.4 42.2 41.3 41.3 41.0 41.4 36 40.0 39 7 42.5 42.1 42.1 41.2 41.6 40.7 42.9 43.7 40.9 41.6 40.5 42.9 43.6 40.9 41.5 40.6 42.8 43.7 40.9 41.6 40.9 42.7 43.6 41.0 41.7 41.1 43.0 44.0 41.6 41.6 41.0 42.8 43.6 41.1 41.6 40.9 42.7 43.4 41.2 41.6 41.0 42.7 43.3 41.3 41.8 41.1 42.1 41.9 41.3 41.8 41.0 41.9 41.8 40.9 41.7 41.0 42.2 42.4 41.0 41.5 41.3 42.1 42.3 40.7 41 0 41 4 43 1 43 6 40.8 39.6 3.1 40.0 39.8 3.1 40.1 39.8 3.2 40.2 39.8 3.2 40.0 40.0 3.4 40.1 39.9 3.3 40.1 39.7 3.2 39.8 39.8 3.2 39.9 39.9 3.3 40.2 39.9 3.4 40.2 39.8 3.2 40.0 39.8 3.4 40.1 40.0 34 40.5 40.0 36.4 43.1 40.5 36.6 43.1 40.7 36.6 43.2 40.8 36.8 43.3 41.0 36.8 43.5 40.8 36.7 43.6 40.6 36.3 43.5 40.7 36.5 43.5 41.3 36.9 43.0 41.1 36.5 43.2 40.8 36.5 43.1 40.9 36.7 43.3 41 4 36 4 43.7 37.9 41.9 43.3 37.9 41.7 43.3 37.9 41.8 44.2 37.9 41.9 43.2 38.1 42.0 43.6 38.0 41.9 43.5 38.0 41.8 43.7 38.0 41.9 43.8 38.0 41.9 43.6 38.0 42.0 43.4 37.8 41.9 44.0 37.8 41.9 43.3 37 8 42 0 43.5 34.9 34.9 - 34.8 - 34.8 _ 34.7 _ 34.7 34.8 _ _ TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES 39.4 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.4 39.5 39.4 39.5 39.6 39.2 39.2 39.1 39.2 39.3 WHOLESALE T R A D E .......................................... 38.5 38.4 38.4 38.4 38.4 38.4 38.4 38.5 38.4 38.5 38.5 38.4 38.3 38.3 38.4 RETAIL T R A D E ..................................................... 29.8 29.4 29.4 29.4 29.3 29.3 29.2 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.2 29.2 29.1 29.2 29.2 SERVICES .............................................................. 32.6 32.5 32.5 32.4 32.5 32.41 32.5 32.6 32.6 32.5 32.5 32.5 32.4 J 32.4 J 32.5 - Data not available. p = preliminary https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark adjustment. 61 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1986 • Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data 15. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls by industry _____________ ________ Industry Annual average 1984 1985 1986 1985 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July" Aug.p $8.74 8.71 $8.73 8.73 $8.72 8.72 $8.72 8.73 $8.71 8.74 $8.69 8.72 $8.69 8.76 Seasonally adjusted ......................................... $8.32 - $8.57 - $8.52 8.59 $8.67 8.62 $8.64 8.63 $8.66 8.65 $8.71 8.70 $8.72 8.68 M IN IN G ......................................................................... 11.63 11.98 11.99 12.05 12.00 12.07 12.27 12.24 12.32 12.35 12.43 12.44 12.50 12.46 12.47 CO NSTRUCTIO N....................................................... 12.13 12.31 12.28 12.46 12.42 12.28 12.47 12.34 12.35 12.22 12.29 12.33 12.31 12.31 12.42 9.68 PRIVATE SE C TO R .................................................... 9.19 9.53 9.49 9.57 9.56 9.63 9.74 9.70 9.70 9.72 9.70 9.71 9.70 9.73 9.74 8.03 6.84 9.57 Stone, clay, and glass products......................... 11.47 Primary metal industries ..................................... Blast furnaces and basic steel products......... 12.98 Fabricated metal products .................................. 9.40 10.10 8.22 7.17 9.84 11.68 13.34 9.70 10.06 8.27 7.20 9.87 11.63 13.36 9.64 10.15 8.33 7.27 9.91 11.69 13.43 9.74 10.15 8.30 7.29 9.87 11.61 13.32 9.71 10.22 8.29 7.32 9.91 11.77 13.43 9.76 10.34 8.35 7.38 9.95 11.84 13.44 9.91 10.27 8.30 7.36 9.96 11.81 13.48 9.85 10.29 8.36 7.31 9.94 11.96 13.81 9.85 10.30 8.33 7.35 9.93 11.99 13.80 9.88 10.28 8.32 7.36 10.00 12.00 13.82 9.84 10.28 8.37 7.39 10.04 12.02 13.86 9.85 10.26 8.43 7.46 10.04 11.94 13.88 9.88 10.27 8.35 7.44 10.06 12.07 14.10 9.85 10.22 8.40 7.47 10.07 11.81 13.85 9.82 Machinery, except electrical ............................... 9.96 Electrical and electronic equipment.................... 9.04 Transportation equipment................................... 12.20 Motor vehicles and equipment......................... 12.73 8.84 Instruments and related products ...................... 7.05 Miscellaneous manufacturing.............................. 10.29 9.47 12.72 13.42 9.16 7.30 10.26 9.50 12.65 13.31 9.19 7.28 10.38 9.54 12.78 13.48 9.25 7.33 10.41 9.55 12.78 13.44 9.24 7.32 10.48 9.61 12.85 13.52 9.27 7.37 10.55 9.68 13.06 13.81 9.39 7.48 10.50 9.60 12.91 13.66 9.32 7.48 10.53 9.60 12.87 13.59 9.39 7.50 10.58 9.62 12.90 13.66 9.41 7.51 10.55 9.62 12.83 13.54 9.41 7.50 10.55 9.64 12.79 13.47 9.40 7.54 10.55 9.61 12.27 13.41 9.41 7.54 10.56 9.68 12.74 13.36 9.48 7.58 10.54 9.66 12.74 13.35 9.46 7.52 8.38 8.39 11.22 6.46 5.55 Apparel and other textile products..................... Paper and allied products ................................... 10.41 8.71 8.57 11.94 6.71 5.73 10.82 8.70 8.50 12.34 6.72 5.69 10.86 8.73 8.53 11.34 6.75 5.75 10.91 8.72 8.51 11.31 6.76 5.74 10.91 8.79 8.61 11.97 6.79 5.75 10.97 8.87 8.71 11.78 6.83 5.80 11.07 8.86 8.72 11.89 6.85 5.82 11.02 8.86 8.71 12.38 6.83 5.79 10.99 8.88 8.74 12.76 6.86 5.80 11.03 8.88 8.75 12.84 6.87 5.81 11.05 8.90 8.78 13.38 6.88 5.78 11.12 8.91 8.74 13.68 6.87 5.79 11.15 8.99 8.75 13.49 6.89 5.75 11.29 8.94 8.66 13.38 6.96 5.81 11.21 9.41 Printing and publishing........................................ Chemicals and allied products............................ 11.07 Petroleum and coal products.............................. 13.44 Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products..... 8.29 Leather and leather products ............................. 5.71 9.71 11.56 14.06 8.54 5.82 9.76 11.60 14.02 8.52 5.81 9.81 11.65 14.09 8.56 5.83 9.78 11.70 13.99 8.54 5.77 9.83 11.80 14.07 8.63 5.83 9.92 11.85 14.24 8.73 5.83 9.85 11.86 14.26 8.69 5.86 9.86 11.81 14.21 8.69 5.83 9.90 11.78 14.22 8.72 5.86 9.87 11.82 14.16 8.68 5.89 9.91 11.89 14.02 8.75 5.88 9.88 11.94 14.14 8.75 5.88 9.97 12.05 14.15 8.80 5.88 10.03 11.99 14.19 8.82 5.88 11.12 11.40 11.42 11.54 11.48 11.59 11.61 11.59 11.64 11.62 11.55 11.54 11.57 11.60 11.56 8.89 9.16 9.12 9.22 9.16 9.23 9.33 9.28 9.36 9.33 9.29 9.29 9.32 9.30 9.31 5.99 5.97 5.95 M ANUFACTURING.................................................... Durable goods ........................................................... Lumber and wood products................................ Nondurable goods ................................................... Food and kindred products................................. TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES WHOLESALE T R A D E ............................................... RETAIL TRADE ......................................................... FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL E S TA TE.... SERVICES ................................................................... Data not available. p — preliminary 62 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 5.85 5.94 5.88 5.98 5.95 5.97 5.99 6.03 6.04 6.03 6.01 6.00 7.63 7.94 7.91 8.04 8.01 8.06 8.15 8.14 8.28 8.30 8.29 8.31 8.37 8.31 8.32 8.18 8.12 8.10 8.10 8.03 8.04 7.59 7.89 7.82 7.99 7.99 8.05 8.12 8.12 8.17 NOTE: See "Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark rsvision. 16. Average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls by industry Annual average 1985 1986 Industry 1984 1985 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Mar. Feb. Apr. May July«’ June Aug.p PRIVATE SECTOR Current dollars................................................... $292.86 $299.09 $299.90 $303.45 $301.54 $301.37 $306.59 $302.58 $300.66 $302.93 $301.71 $302.58 $303.98 $304.15 $305.02 Seasonally adjusted....................................... 299.79 300.84 301.19 301.02 303.63 303.80 303.98 304.68 303.46 303.80 303.28 302.58 304.85 Constant (1977) dollars .................................... 172.78 170.42 170.30 171.83 170.36 169.59 172.05 169.32 168.82 171.05 170.94 170.85 170.78 170.97 M IN IN G ......................................................................... 503.58 519.93 519.17 526.59 518.40 521.42 537.43 543.46 522.37 522.41 522.06 519.99 525.00 517.09 520.00 CONSTRU CTIO N........................................................ 458.51 464.09 471.55 479.71 475.69 450.68 460.14 459.05 434.72 444.81 462.10 467.31 465.32 470.24 475.69 374.03 220.67 385.97 219.93 384.35 218.26 390.46 221.10 390.05 220.37 393.87 221.65 406.16 227.92 394.79 220.92 390.91 219.49 395.60 223.38 392.85 222.58 394.23 222.60 395.76 222.34 391.15 219.87 393.98 Lumber and wood products................................ Furniture and fixtures.......................................... Stone, clay, and glass products......................... Primary metal industries ..................................... Blast furnaces and basic steel products......... Fabricated metal products .................................. 403.24 320.40 271.55 401.94 478.30 528.29 389.16 416.12 327.98 282.50 412.30 484.72 548.27 400.61 412.46 334.94 283.68 418.49 480.32 550.43 397.17 420.21 338.20 289.35 421.18 486.30 553.32 405.18 419.20 335.32 291.60 419.48 480.65 544.79 403.94 424.13 327.46 291.34 414.24 491.99 557.35 406.02 439.45 335.67 303.32 414.92 504.38 564.48 422.17 425.18 329.51 289.98 414.34 493.66 556.72 407.79 421.89 328.55 284.36 403.56 503.52 578.64 403.85 426.42 333.20 288.12 412.10 504.78 576.84 409.03 423.54 334.46 286.30 425.00 499.20 569.38 403.44 423.54 338.99 288.21 428.71 501.23 576.58 404.84 424.76 342.26 294.67 429.71 499.09 577.41 408.04 417.99 333.17 287.93 427.55 496.08 585.15 397.94 420.04 339.36 297.31 432.00 492.48 578.93 402.62 Machinery, except electrical ............................... Electrical and electronic equipment.................... Transportation equipment.................................... Motor vehicles and equipment......................... Instruments and related products ...................... Miscellaneous manufacturing.............................. 417.32 370.64 520.94 557.57 365.09 277.77 427.04 384.48 541.87 583.77 375.56 287.62 422.71 383.80 530.04 565.68 373.11 284.65 431.81 387.32 544.43 585.03 380.18 293.20 430.97 387.73 545.71 585.98 376.07 295.00 438.06 396.89 551.27 588.12 382.85 296.27 452.60 408.50 577.25 625.59 400.01 304.44 437.85 394.56 555.13 595.58 383.05 297.70 437.00 389.76 545.69 583.01 384.99 294.75 442.24 395.38 552.12 592.84 389.57 299.65 437.83 392.50 542.71 574.10 385.81 297.75 437.83 393.31 537.18 567.09 382.58 297.08 439.94 394.01 540.17 572.61 385.81 298.58 431.90 393.01 528.71 557.11 382.04 294.10 427.92 397.03 537.63 566.04 383.13 296.29 Nondurable g o o d s .................................................... 332.69 333.92 436.46 257.75 202.02 448.67 344.92 342.80 444.17 266.39 208.57 466.34 345.39 342.55 457.81 270.14 208.25 465.89 349.20 348.02 434.32 275.40 210.45 473.49 347.93 343.80 444.48 276.48 211.23 472.40 351.60 346.12 435.71 279.75 212.75 477.20 359.24 354.50 448.82 283.45 215.18 490.40 352.63 347.93 448.25 278.80 213.01 479.37 347.31 339.69 453.11 274.57 207.28 472.57 352.54 344.36 478.50 278.52 211.70 477.60 351.65 346.50 469.94 278.92 211.48 474.05 354.22 352.08 504.43 282.08 210.97 479.27 355.51 350.47 523.94 283.04 213.65 480.57 356.00 350.88 500.48 277.67 209.30 486.60 358.49 354.19 489.71 289.54 212.07 487.64 MANUFACTURING Constant (1977) dollars...................................... Durable goods ........................................................... Food and kindred products................................. Tobacco manufactures....................................... Textile mill products............................................ Apparel and other textile products..................... Paper and allied products ................................... Printing and publishing........................................ Chemicals and allied products............................ Petroleum and coal products.............................. Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products............................................... Leather and leather products ............................. 356.64 463.83 587.33 367.04 484.36 604.58 370.88 482.56 607.07 374.74 486.97 621.37 371.64 486.72 619.76 375.51 495.60 610.64 384.90 503.63 622.29 371.35 495.75 616.03 370.74 492.48 612.45 377.19 494.76 621.41 374.07 495.26 615.96 374.60 499.38 605.66 370.50 502.67 622.16 373.88 502.49 615.53 380.14 499.98 617.27 345.69 210.13 350.99 216.50 346.76 216.71 351.82 219.21 350.99 216.95 356.42 219.21 366.66 220.96 359.77 217.41 356.29 209.88 360.14 212.72 356.75 213.81 360.50 215.80 361.38 221.68 356.40 217.56 365.15 217.56 TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC U T IL IT IE S ................................................................... 438.13 450.30 454.52 458.14 453.46 457.81 460.92 452.01 456.29 457.83 450.45 450.06 455.86 457.04 457.78 WHOLESALE T R A D E ............................................... 342.27 351.74 351.12 354.97 351.74 355.36 360.14 355.42 355.68 357.34 355.81 356.74 358.82 358.05 358.44 RETAIL TRADE .......................................................... 174.33 174.64 176.99 175.81 173.74 173.73 178.50 173.06 172.74 174.27 173.69 174.60 176.71 178.50 177.91 FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE ...................................................................... 278.50 289.02 287.13 293.46 290.76 291.77 299.11 296.30 304.70 304.61 301.76 301.65 306.34 302.48 303.68 SERVICES ................................................................... 247.43 256.43 256.50 258.88 259.68 260.02 263.90 263.09 264.71 265.03 263.09 262.44 264.06 263.38 264.52 - Data not available. p = preliminary NOTE: See “ Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 17. The Hourly Earnings Index for production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls by industry Not seasonally adjusted Industry Seasonally adjusted Aug. 1985 June 1986 PRIVATE SECTOR (In current d o lla rs )............................ 164.7 168.8 168.5 168.4 M ining'.............................................................. Construction..................................................... Manufacturing ........................................................... Transportation and public utilities ................................ Wholesale trade' ....................................................... Retail trade .................................................................. Finance, insurance, and real e sta te '........................... Services..................................................................... 178.8 150.5 168.6 166.1 168.3 154.8 171.4 167.2 181.4 150.5 172.3 169.5 172.0 157.9 180.5 173.3 181.6 150.4 172.7 169.2 171.4 157.4 179.2 172.2 181.6 151.7 172.0 169.1 171.6 157.1 179.4 172.4 PRIVATE SECTOR (in constant dollars) ......................... 93.5 94.8 94.7 - July 1986p 1 This series is not seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component is small relative to the trend-cycle, irregular components, or both, and consequently cannot be separated with sufficient precision. - Data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Aug. 1986p Aug. 1985 Apr. 1986 May 1986 June 1986 July 1986p 165.5 168.4 168.7 169.2 168.8 169.2 150.3 169.4 166.6 150.6 172.0 169.3 _ _ 151.0 172.5 170.1 150.9 172.6 170.3 157.3 157.2 157.8 _ _ _ _ 151.7 172.8 169.6 155.7 _ _ 151.4 172.4 170.7 157.7 158.2 168.9 173.1 173.4 174.3 173.2 174.2 94.1 95.4 95.4 95.2 95.1 - _ _ Aug. 1986p _ _ p = preliminary, NOTE: See "Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 63 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW 18. October 1986 • Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data Indexes of diffusion: industries in which employment increased, data seasonally adjusted (In percent) Jan . T im e s p an a n d y e a r Feb. M ar. Apr. O ct. S e p t. A ug. July June M ay Nov. D e c. O v e r 1-m o n th s p a n 1 9 8 4 .............................................................................................. 6 7 .8 7 2 .7 6 7 .6 6 7 .6 6 2 .4 6 5 .4 6 2 .2 5 5 .9 5 0 .5 6 3 .0 5 3 .5 5 7 .0 1 9 8 5 .............................................................................................. 5 2 .4 4 7 .8 5 3 .8 4 9 .2 5 1 .6 4 7 .0 5 6 .2 5 6 .8 5 0 .8 6 1 .9 5 7 .6 5 9 .5 1 9 8 6 .............................................................................................. 5 9 .7 5 3 .5 45.1 54.1 4 9 .2 4 6 .2 5 2 .7 5 8 .4 - - - - O v e r 3 -m o n th s p a n 1 9 8 4 .............................................................................................. 7 6 .5 75.1 7 5 .9 7 1 .4 7 1 .6 68.1 6 3 .2 58.1 5 6 .8 5 3 .5 58.1 5 3 .0 1 9 8 5 .............................................................................................. 51.1 58.1 4 9 .7 4 6 .2 4 6 .2 45.1 5 1 .4 4 9 .7 51.1 _ 55.1 5 5 .9 6 1 .4 - - - 6 0 .5 - 1986 ................................................................................... 5 4 .3 51.1 4 9 .7 4 8 .4 4 3 .8 4 9 .5 O v e r 6 -m o n th s p a n 1 9 8 4 .............................................................................................. 78.1 7 6 .5 7 7 .0 75.1 6 9 .2 6 5.1 6 3 .2 5 3 .2 4 9 .7 5 4 .9 4 9 .2 4 7 .8 4 3 .0 4 5 .9 4 4 .3 4 8 .9 54.1 5 7 .0 1 9 8 6 .............................................................................................. 5 3 .8 5 3 .8 4 7 .6 4 4 .9 4 7 .8 4 4 .3 _ 5 9 .2 5 0 .8 5 8 .6 1 9 8 5 .............................................................................................. - - - - 5 7 .0 - 5 5 .9 - O v e r 1 2 -m o n th s p a n 1984 ........................................................................................ 81.1 78.1 7 2 .2 7 2 .2 6 8 .9 6 7 .8 6 5 .7 6 2 .7 5 9 .7 5 4 .6 5 1 .4 4 8 .6 1985 ............................................................................. 4 6 .2 4 5 .7 4 6 .8 4 3 .8 4 4 .9 4 7 .3 4 7 .6 _ 4 8 .9 4 7 .3 4 9 .5 4 8 .9 4 8 .6 - - - - - 1986 .......................................................................................... 5 0 .3 5 1 .6 _ _ Data not available. NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment rising. (Half of the unchanged components are counted as rising.) Data are centered within the 19. _ _ spans. Data for the most 2 recent months shown in each span are preliminary. See the “ Definitions” in this section. See “ Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. Annual data: Employment status of the noninstitutional population (Numbers in thousands) Employment status 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 Noninstitutional population..................................... 160,689 163,541 166,460 169,349 171,775 173,939 175,891 178,080 179,912 Labor force Total (number)................................................... Percent of population....................................... 100,665 62.6 103,882 63.5 106,559 64.0 108,544 64.1 110,315 64.2 111,872 64.3 113,226 64.4 115,241 64.7 117,167 65.1 93,673 58.3 1,656 97,679 59.7 1,631 100,421 60.3 1,597 100,907 59.6 1,604 102,042 59.4 1,645 101,194 58.2 1,6 6 8 102,510 58.3 1,676 106,702 59.9 1,697 108,856 60.5 1,706 99,526 3,401 96,125 100,834 3,383 97,450 105,005 3,321 101,685 107,150 3,179 103,971 Employed Total (number)............................................. Percent of population .................................. Resident Armed Forces............................ Civilian Total ....................................................... Agriculture............................................ Nonagricultural industries..................... 92,017 3,283 88,734 96,048 3,387 92,661 98,824 3,347 95,477 99,303 3,364 95,938 100,397 3,368 97,030 Unemployed Total (number)............................................ Percent of labor fo rc e ................................ 6,991 6.9 6 ,2 0 2 6.0 6,137 5.8 7,637 7.0 8,273 7.5 10,678 9.5 10,717 9.5 8,539 7.4 8,312 7.1 Not in labor force (number) ................................ 60,025 59,659 59,900 60,806 61,460 62,067 62,665 62,839 62,744 20. Annual data: Employment levels by industry (Numbers in thousands) 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 Private sector......................................................................... Goods-producing................................................................. Mining............................................................................. Construction ................................................................... Manufacturing................................................................. 82,471 67,344 24,346 813 3,851 19,682 86,697 71,026 25,585 851 4,229 20,505 89,823 73,876 26,461 958 4,463 21,040 90,406 74,166 25,658 1,027 4,346 20,285 91,156 75,126 25,497 1,139 4,188 20,170 89,566 73,729 23,813 1,128 3,905 18,781 90,200 74,330 23,334 952 3,948 18,434 94,496 78,472 24,727 966 4,383 19,378 97,614 81,199 24,930 930 4,687 19,314 Service-producing................................................................ Transportation and public utilities................................... Wholesale tra d e .............................................................. Retail trade ..................................................................... Finance, insurance, and real estate............................... Services........................................................................... 58,125 4,713 4,708 13,808 4,467 15,303 61,113 4,923 4,969 14,573 4,724 16,252 63,363 5,136 5,204 14,989 4,975 17,112 64,748 5,146 5,275 15,035 5,160 17,890 65,659 5,165 5,358 15,189 5,298 18,619 65,753 5,082 5,278 15,179 5,341 19,036 6 6,866 4,954 5,268 15,613 5,468 19,694 69,769 5,159 5,555 16,545 5,689 20,797 72,684 5,242 5,740 17,360 5,953 21,974 Government................................................................... Federal...................................................................... State.......................................................................... Local ......................................................................... 15,127 2,727 3,377 9,023 15,672 2,753 3,474 9,446 15,947 2,773 3,541 9,633 16,241 16,031 2,772 3,640 9,619 15,837 2,739 3,640 9,458 15,869 2,774 3,662 9,434 16,024 2,807 3,734 9,482 16,415 2,875 3,848 9,692 Industry NOTE: 64 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most 2,8 6 6 3,610 9,765 recent benchmark revision. 21. Annual data: Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on nonagricultural payrolls, by industry Industry 1984 1985 280.70 35.2 8.32 292.86 34.9 8.57 299.09 42.7 10.77 459.88 42.5 11.28 479.40 43.3 11.63 503.58 43.4 11.98 519.93 36.9 10.82 399.26 36.7 11.63 426.82 37.1 11.94 442.97 37.8 12.13 458.51 37.7 12.31 464.09 39.7 7.27 288.62 39.8 7.99 318.00 38.9 8.49 330.26 40.1 8.83 354.08 40.7 9.19 374.03 40.5 9.53 385.97 39.9 8.16 325.58 39.6 8.87 351.25 39.4 9.70 382.18 39.0 10.32 402.48 39.0 10.79 420.81 39.4 438.13 39.5 11.40 450.30 38.8 5.88 228.14 38.8 6.39 247.93 38.5 6.96 267.96 38.5 7.56 291.06 38.3 8.09 309.85 38.5 8.55 329.18 38.5 8.89 342.27 38.4 9.16 351.74 1 2 1 .6 6 31.0 4.20 130.20 30.6 4.53 138.62 30.2 4.88 147.38 30.1 5.25 158.03 29.9 5.48 163.85 29.8 5.74 171.05 29.8 5.85 174.33 29.4 5.94 174.64 36.4 4.54 165.26 36.4 4.89 178.00 36.2 5.27 190.77 36.2 5.79 209.60 36.3 6.31 229.05 36.2 6.78 245.44 36.2 7.29 263.90 36.5 7.63 278.50 36.4 7.94 289.02 33.0 4.65 153.45 32.8 4.99 163.67 32.7 5.36 175.27 32.6 5.85 190.71 32.6 6.41 208.97 32.6 6.92 225.59 32.7 7.31 239.04 32.6 7.59 247.43 32.5 7.89 256.43 1977 1978 1979 1980 36.0 5.25 189.00 35.8 5.69 203.70 35.7 6.16 219.91 43.4 6.94 301.20 43.4 7.67 332.88 36.5 36.8 8 .1 0 8.66 295.65 1981 1982 1983 235.10 35.2 7.25 255.20 34.8 7.68 267.26 43.0 8.49 365.07 43.3 9.17 397.06 43.7 10.04 438.75 318.69 37.0 9.27 342.99 37.0 9.94 367.78 40.3 5.68 228.90 40.4 6.17 249.27 40.2 6.70 269.34 39.9 6.99 278.90 40.0 7.57 302.80 38.8 5.39 209.13 31.6 3.85 Private sector Average weekly hours........................................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars)..................................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars) .................................... 35.3 6.6 6 35.0 8 .0 2 Mining Average weekly hours ..................................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars) ................................ Average weekly earnings (in dollars)............................... Construction Average weekly hours ..................................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars)................................ Average weekly earnings (in dollars)............................... Manufacturing Average weekly hours ..................................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars) ................................ Average weekly earnings (in dollars)............................... Transportation and public utilities Average weekly hours ..................................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars)................................ Average weekly earnings (in dollars)............................... 1 1 .1 2 Wholesale trade Average weekly hours ..................................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars) ................................ Average weekly earnings (in dollars)............................... Retail trade Average weekly hours ..................................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars) ................................ Average weekly earnings (in dollars)............................... Finance, insurance, and real estate Average weekly hours ...................................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars) ................................ Average weekly earnings (in dollars)............................... Services Average weekly hours ..................................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars)................................ Average weekly earnings (in dollars)............................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW 22. October 1986 • Current Labor Statistics: Compensation and Industrial Relations Data Employment Cost Index, compensation,1 by occupation and industry group (June 1981=100) 1984 1985 1986 Percent change Series June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. June 3 months ended 12 months ended June 1986 Civilian workers 2 .......................................................................... 12 0 .8 122.4 123.9 125.5 126.4 128.4 129.2 130.6 131.5 0.7 4.0 1 2 2 .1 124.0 119.6 124.6 125.5 120.9 126.8 127.3 128.3 123.1 128.0 130.7 124.4 130.9 131.6 124.9 131.8 133.1 126.2 133.1 134.2 126.8 133.7 .8 127.8 .5 .5 4.6 3.0 4.5 Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers ........................................................... Blue-collar workers.............................................................. Service occupations............................................................ Workers, by industry division: Manufacturing ..................................................................... Nonmanufacturing............................................................... Services ............................................................................ Public administration 3 ...................................................... 125.5 123.7 120.4 123.3 128.8 126.9 124.8 130.9 128.6 123.9 126.2 131.9 130.1 124.6 127.2 132.6 130.3 125.5 129.7 136.4 134.2 126.0 130.6 137.1 134.8 127.7 131.9 138.8 136.8 128.7 132.8 139.4 138.0 .7 .4 .9 3.3 4.4 5.1 5.9 Private industry w o rkers.......................................................... 1 2 0 .1 1 2 1 .1 122.7 124.2 125.2 126.8 127.5 128.9 129.9 .8 3.8 121.4 118.4 123.9 125.8 121.9 126.3 127.1 128.8 124.0 128.8 129.8 124.4 129.5 131.3 125.7 130.9 132.5 126.3 131.1 .9 .5 126.5 4.2 2.9 3.6 118.6 12 2 .1 119.1 1 2 1 .6 1 2 2 .0 12 2 .2 .8 Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers......................................................... Blue-collar workers........................................................... Service occupations......................................................... Workers, by industry division: Manufacturing.................................................................... Nonmanufacturing ............................................................ 1 2 1 ,2 122.4 119.3 123.2 119.1 120.7 120.4 1 2 2 .0 1 2 1 .6 123.1 123.9 124.4 124.6 125.6 125.5 127.6 126.0 128.4 127.7 129.7 128.7 130.6 .7 3.3 4.0 State and local government workers .................................. 124.4 128.8 130.1 131.7 132.0 136.5 137.5 138.9 139.7 .6 5.8 125.0 122.3 129.7 125.0 131.1 125.9 132.5 128.1 132.9 128.5 137.6 131.9 138.6 132.7 140.0 134.7 140.5 136.3 .4 5.7 1 .2 6.1 125.0 124.7 125.7 125.7 123.7 129.9 130.6 132.1 127.9 126.9 131.3 132.0 133.5 129.2 128.6 132.8 133.4 134.4 131.1 130.1 133.2 133.7 134.6 131.5 130.3 137.9 139.1 140.9 134.1 134.2 139.1 140.3 142.0 135.2 134.8 140.4 141.5 143.0 136.8 136.8 140.8 141.7 143.2 137.9 138.0 Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers......................................................... Blue-collar workers........................................................... Workers, by industry division: Services............................................................................ Schools.......................................................................... Elementary and secondary......................................... Hospitals and other services4 ....................................... Public administration3 ....................................................... 1 Cost (cents-per-hour worked) measured in the Employment Cost Index consists of wages, salaries, and employer cost of employee benefits. 2 Consist of private industry workers (excluding farm and household workers) and State and local government (excluding Federal Government) workers. 3 Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities. 4 Includes, for example, library, social, and health services. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 12 0 .6 125.7 1 2 2 .8 .2 .8 .3 5.7 .1 .1 .8 6.0 .9 6.4 4.9 5.9 NOTE: Beginning June 1986, ECI jobs are classified according to definitions used in the 1980 census. Prior to June 1986, they were classified according to the 1970 census. Differences between the two classification systems are slight, as indicated in “ Introducing new weights for the Employment Cost Index,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , June 1985. 23. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group (June 1981 =100) 1984 1985 1986 Percent change Series June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. June 3 months ended 12 months ended June 1986 Civilian workers ' ................................................. 118.8 120.3 121.7 123.1 124.2 Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers ................................................. Blue-collar workers................................................ Service occupations....................................................... 126.3 127.0 128.3 129.3 0.8 4.1 120.4 116.1 119.8 12 2 .2 125.2 119.3 124.8 126.4 120.5 125.3 128.8 1 2 2 .0 128.0 129.8 122.3 128.6 131.2 123.4 129.8 132.4 124.1 130.0 .9 117.0 122.3 123.5 118.2 124.3 4.7 3.0 3.8 Workers, by industry division Manufacturing ........................................ Nonmanufacturing ........................................................ Services ................................................... Public administration 2 ................................................ 116.8 119.7 123.8 121.3 118.0 121.3 127.2 124.4 119.5 1 2 1 .0 1 2 2 .6 128.9 125.7 123.9 129.7 127.0 122.3 125.0 130.5 127.2 123.2 127.6 134.2 131.4 123.8 128.4 134.8 132.0 125.3 129.6 136.4 133.8 126.5 130.4 137.0 134.6 118.2 119.2 12 0 .6 1 2 2 .0 123.3 124.9 125.6 126.8 127.9 .9 3.7 119.9 123.8 120.9 125.2 122.3 127.3 124.0 127.7 125.5 128.7 127.3 131.2 128.3 131.5 129.6 132.7 131.1 134.0 1 .2 1.0 4.5 4.1 119.2 111.9 1 2 1 .0 110.5 12 2 .2 1 1 1 .6 123.8 116.3 126.5 117.4 127.7 119.3 128.4 122.5 130.5 122.4 132.1 124.3 1 .2 1.6 4.4 5.9 120.7 1 2 2 .0 122.9 124.7 125.6 127.1 127.9 129.6 130.8 .9 4.1 115.9 116.7 118.0 119.1 120.3 121.7 1 2 2 .0 123.1 123.7 .5 2.8 12 0 .8 1 2 2 .0 1 2 0 .1 123.7 123.8 125.3 1 2 1 .6 1 2 2 .6 125.7 123.6 118.9 .3 1 2 1 .1 3.0 2.9 Private industry w o rk e rs .................................................. Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers...................................................... Professional specialty and technical occupations..... Executive, administrative, and managerial ' occupations ............................. Sales occupations....................................................... Administrative support occupations, including clerical .................................................................... Blue-collar workers........................................................ Precision production, craft, and repair occupations ................................................... Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors....... Transportation and material moving occupations...... Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers .............................................. Service occupations...................................................... 117.3 115.8 112.7 118.0 116.6 113.4 119.4 117.9 114.0 118.9 114.5 115.7 117.7 117.8 118.0 114.1 119.3 114.7 116.7 123.8 118.5 124.4 118.6 126.3 119.8 126.6 12 0 .0 1 2 1 .2 115.9 123.7 Workers, by industry division: Manufacturing................................................................ Durables...................................................................... Nondurables................................................................ 116.8 116.6 117.1 118.0 117.7 118.6 119.5 119.1 122.3 1 2 0 .2 12 1 .0 1 2 0 .6 1 2 1 .6 1 2 2 .0 1 2 2 .6 123.2 122.7 124.0 119.0 114.0 119.3 116.0 1 2 1 .2 1 2 2 .6 114.4 120.7 118.1 122.9 116.2 115.8 129.5 115.5 121.7 118.8 123.7 116.9 125.9 117.3 124.8 122.7 127.7 Nonmanufacturing................................................... Construction....................................................... Transportation and public utilities............................... Wholesale and retail trade..................................... Wholesale trade ............................................. Retail trade.............................................. Finance, insurance, and real estate.................... Services.................................................................. 114.4 116.9 124.7 119.9 114.3 119.9 116.5 120.7 114.9 115.3 127.1 State and local government w o rk e rs ................................ 1 2 2 .0 126.1 122.5 119.6 122.5 122.3 123.0 123.1 121.3 Workers, by occupational group White-collar workers.................................................... Blue-collar workers........................................................ Workers, by industry division Services ................................................................ Schools..................................................................... Elementary and secondary...................................... Hospitals and other services 3 ................................... Public administration 2 .................................................... 12 0 .0 1.0 .6 .4 .6 .8 .8 .3 128.0 120.3 128.0 123.8 123.4 124.6 125.3 124.8 126.1 126.5 125.8 127.9 1.0 .8 127.7 118.3 126.3 124.5 129.7 122.5 126.6 136.2 128.7 119.8 126.6 125.8 131.2 123.7 128.0 136.9 .0 1.4 3.4 4.3 5.0 5.8 2.8 1.5 2.9 3.4 3.1 4.3 129.9 126.8 118.9 121.7 131.0 124.1 133.9 126.6 117.9 125.2 123.7 128.3 121.9 126.5 134.1 127.1 128.4 128.7 133.2 134.2 135.5 136.0 .4 5.7 127.1 121.9 128.0 122.5 129.3 124.2 129.6 124.5 134.3 127.9 135.3 128.4 136.6 130.4 137.0 131.9 .3 5.7 5.9 127.2 127.8 129.3 125.1 124.4 128.1 128.7 130.2 125.9 125.7 129.4 129.9 130.8 127.7 127.0 129.7 130.2 131.1 128.0 127.2 134.5 135.8 137.5 130.2 131.4 135.6 137.0 138.5 130.9 132.0 136.8 138.0 139.4 132.4 133.8 137.1 138.2 139.4 133.3 134.6 1 Consists of private industry workers (excluding farm and household workers) and State and local government (excluding Federal Government) workers. 2 Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities. 3 Includes, for example, library, social and health services. NOTE: Beginning June 1986, ECI jobs are classified according to definitions https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 123.9 116.6 .6 .2 1 2 2 .0 1 2 2 .8 1 2 1 .1 12 0 .8 .8 1.3 .2 1.0 1 .2 1.0 1 .1 .5 1 .2 .2 .1 .0 .7 .6 3.9 2.7 3.1 3.9 3.5 4.0 5.2 4.5 5.7 6.1 6.3 4.1 5.8 used in the 1980 census. Prior to June 1986, they were classified according to the 1970 census. Differences between the two classification systems are slight, as indicated in "Introducing new weights for the Employment Cost Index,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , J u n e 1986. 67 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1986 • Current Labor Statistics: Compensation and Industrial Relations Data 24. Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area size (June 1981 = 100) 1984 1985 1986 Percent change Series June Sept. Mar. Dec. June Sept. Dec. Mar. June 3 months ended 12 months ended June 1986 COMPENSATION Workers, by bargaining status1 Union ..................................................................................... Manufacturing ..................................................................... Nonmanufacturing ............................................................... 121.7 120.5 1 2 2 .6 1 2 1 .6 1 2 2 .8 123.6 Nonunion............................................................................... Manufacturing ..................................................................... Nonmanufacturing............................................................... 119.2 117.9 119.8 120.3 119.3 120.7 12 0 .8 120.7 120.7 117.9 122.4 120.7 119.7 122.5 12 2 .2 12 0 .8 124.9 117.4 121.5 119.0 123.2 119.8 Union ..................................................................................... Manufacturing ..................................................................... Nonmanufacturing ............................................................... 119.0 117.1 120.7 119.8 118.1 121.3 Nonunion............................................................................... Manufacturing ..................................................................... Nonmanufacturing .............................................................. 117.8 116.5 118.3 118.8 117.9 119.2 120.4 119.5 120.7 12 2 .1 123.4 121.5 122.3 1 2 2 .8 118.9 119.0 116.0 119.6 120.5 119.0 117.8 1 2 0 .2 124.6 123.4 12 0 .0 118.7 122.5 123.0 122.3 119.6 124.0 118.6 116.0 119.5 117.5 118.3 123.9 123.2 124.5 124.8 124.2 125.3 125.5 124.2 126.6 126.5 125.0 127.8 127.1 125.5 128.6 128.4 127.0 129.7 128.7 126.9 130.4 121.9 123.8 123.6 123.9 125.0 124.8 125.1 126.8 125.7 127.3 127.5 126.3 128.1 129.0 128.1 129.5 130.2 129.7 130.4 125.1 124.2 126.8 126.4 125.2 122.7 127.9 126.8 126.5 124.2 129.1 129.9 127.2 124.6 129.8 131.6 128.7 125.9 130.8 133.3 129.6 126.2 131.6 124.7 121.4 125.7 122.5 127.3 123.9 128.1 123.9 129.5 125.5 130.5 126.4 .7 3.8 3.2 120.9 119.5 121.7 120.4 1 2 2 .8 123.0 121.7 124.1 124.1 1 2 2 .1 125.3 124.7 123.3 125.9 125.6 124.2 126.9 126.1 124.6 127.4 .4 .3 .4 2.5 2.4 2.7 125.2 123.7 125.9 125.9 124.4 126.6 127.3 126.1 127.8 128.5 127.7 128.9 .9 1.3 .9 4.1 4.0 4.3 126.8 124.8 122.5 126.6 128.1 125.4 122.9 127.1 129.2 126.8 124.2 128.1 131.3 127.8 124.4 128.9 1.6 .8 .2 .6 5.4 3.6 2.7 3.0 125.5 121.9 126.3 1 2 2 .0 127.4 123.6 128.5 124.5 .9 .7 3.8 3.2 122.4 2.5 0 .2 -.1 2 .2 .5 3.0 .9 4.2 3.9 4.2 1 .2 .7 Workers, by region 1 Northeast............................................................................... South ..................................................................................... Midwest (formerly North Central).......................................... W est....................................................................................... 12 2 .2 123.8 1 2 2 .0 1.3 .7 .2 .6 5.5 3.5 2.9 2.9 Workers, by area size 1 Metropolitan areas................................................................ Other areas............................................................................ 12 0 .6 .8 WAGES AND SALARIES Workers, by bargaining status 1 123.6 1 2 2 .8 Workers, by region 1 Northeast............................................................................... South ..................................................................................... Midwest (formerly North Central).......................................... W est....................................................................................... 121.9 1 2 1 .1 125.1 Workers, by area size1 Metropolitan areas................................................................ Other areas............................................................................ 1 The indexes are calculated differently from those for the occupation and industry groups. For a detailed description of the index calculation, see the L a b o r R e v ie w Technical Note, “ Estimation procedures for the M o n th ly 68 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis \ J 1 2 1 .0 122.4 119.6 123.8 12 0 .6 Employment Cost Index,” May 1982. NOTE: Beginning June 1986, ECI measures are based on fixed employment counts from the 1980 Census of Population, rather than from the 1970 census. 25. Specified compensation and wage adjustments from contract settlements, and effective wage adjustments, private industry collective bargaining situations covering 1,000 workers or more (in percent) Annual average Quarterly average Measure 1984 1984 1985 1986 1985 III IV I II III 3.7 IV I II Specified adjustments: Total compensation 1 adjustments, 2 settlements covering 5,000 workers or more: First year of contract........................................... Annual rate over life of contract......................... Wage adjustments, settlements covering 1,000 workers or more: First year of contract....................................... Annual rate over life of contract....................... 3.6 2.6 2.0 3.6 2.7 3.5 3.4 2.0 2.7 2.7 3.1 2.0 2.8 3.0 1.4 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.7 2 .1 2.6 2.3 1.5 3.3 3.2 2.5 2.0 2 .1 2.8 3.1 1.9 3.7 3.3 .7 1 .2 .2 .7 .3 .7 .8 .2 1 .2 .2 .1 .6 .0 .7 .8 2 .0 1.8 .7 .2 .2 .6 .1 .5 .9 .7 .3 .5 .4 .2 .1 .4 .2 .6 .0 0.4 1.3 0.7 1.6 1.3 1.0 1.6 2 .0 Effective adjustments: Total effective wage adjustment3 ......................... From settlements reached in period .................. Deferred from settlements reached in earlier periods................................................................ From cost-of-living-adjustments clauses............. 1 Compensation includes wages, salaries, and employers' cost of employee benefits when contract is negotiated. 2 Adjustments are the net result of increases, decreases, and no changes in .1 .1 .5 2 compensation or wages. 3 Because of rounding total may not equal sum of parts. p = preliminary. 26. Average specified compensation and wage adjustments, major collective bargaining settlements in private industry situations covering 1,000 workers or more during 4-quarter periods (in percent) Average for four quarters endingMeasure 1984 III 1985 IV I 1986 II III IV I II Specified total compensation adjustments, settlements covering 5 ,0 0 0 workers or more, all industries: First year of contract.......................... Annual rate over life of contract.................... 4.2 3.2 3.6 3.4 2.8 2.6 3.4 2.7 3.1 2.7 3.2 4.5 2.3 2.4 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.3 1.3 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.4 1.5 2.4 1.9 2.7 2.5 1.8 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.8 3.0 2.6 2.3 2 .1 2.0 2.0 2.5 1.4 .9 3.2 2 .2 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.0 1.4 2.4 1 8 2 1 1 6 3.2 4.0 3.0 3.3 3.9 3.2 3.3 3.6 3.3 3.3 3.6 3.3 35 2.7 30 36 29 1.0 1.5 1 2.6 2.3 15 2.7 2.6 2.0 2.3 2 0 1 6 2 .2 17 17 2.8 25 25 25 2 2 8 8 8 .9 9 Specified wage adjustments, settlements covering 1,0 0 0 workers or more: All industries First year of contract .................................. Contracts with COLA clauses........ Contracts without COLA clauses .................................................. Annual rate over life of contract ......................................... Contracts with COLA clauses.......................................... Contracts without COLA clauses ................................................. Manufacturing First year of contract .......................................... Contracts with COLA clauses.................... Contracts without COLA clauses ............... Annual rate over life of contract ............... Contracts with COLA clauses............. Contracts without COLA clauses .................... Nonmanufacturing First year of contract .............................................. Contracts with COLA clauses...................... Contracts without COLA clauses ...................... Annual rate over life of contract ............................. Contracts with COLA clauses..................... Contracts without COLA clauses .......................... Construction First year of contract ............................................. Contracts with COLA clauses................................................ Contracts without COLA clauses ................................................... Annual rate over life of contract................................................. Contracts with COLA clauses............................................ Contracts without COLA clauses ................................................... 2 .1 1.8 1.5 3.7 2 .1 2.9 1.5 2.8 1.8 1.0 3.8 3.3 3.3 5.4 2.5 5.5 2 .1 2.8 2.0 2.6 5.1 2.4 1.9 3.0 2.7 4.3 2.5 2.9 3.8 3.1 2.9 4.8 2.6 2 .6 .9 4.0 .9 1.4 1.4 1.4 .5 4.0 .4 .9 4.6 9.2 .8 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.4 1.7 4.6 1.7 1.4 1 .0 2.8 4.0 2.7 2.8 1 .1 (’ ) (’ ) 1 6 (1) (’) 1.7 0 O 15 2 8 2 6 2 9 33 2 8 24 C) 2.5 0 2 .1 (’) (’ ) 7 2.7 2 .2 (1) 2 6 1 1 2.6 ° 1 Data do not meet publication standards. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis p = preliminary. 69 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1986 • Current Labor Statistics: Compensation and Industrial Relations Data 27. Average effective wage adjustments, private industry collective bargaining situations covering 1,000 workers or more during 4-quarter periods (in percent) Average for four quarters ending-Effective wage adjustment 1984 1985 1986 IV I II III 3.7 3.6 .7 IV I IIP 3.5 .9 3.3 .7 3.1 .6 2.9 .5 1.8 .8 1.8 1.7 1.8 .7 .8 .7 4.3 3.7 4.1 3.4 3.7 3.8 2.5 3.4 2.8 2 .2 4.0 2.9 3.5 2.5 For all workers:1 Total...................................................................................................... From settlements reached in period ................................................. Deferred from settlements reached in earlier period ....................... From cost-of-living-adjustments clauses........................................... .9 .7 3.5 .9 1.9 .7 4.4 3.0 4.0 2.7 4.5 2.9 4.2 2.3 4.2 2.9 3.9 2.3 .8 2.0 2 .2 For workers receiving changes: Total...................................................................................................... From settlements reached in period ................................................. Deferred from settlements reached in earlier period ....................... From cost-of-living-adjustments clauses........................................... 1 Because of rounding total may not equal sum of parts. p 2.8 2 .1 = preliminary. 28. Specified compensation and wage adjustments from contract settlements, and effective wage adjustments, State and local government collective bargaining situations covering 1,000 workers or more (in percent) Annual average First 6 months 1986p Measure 1984 1985 52 5.4 42 5.1 6 48 5.1 46 5.4 6 1 6.0 5.0 1.9 3.1 (4) 5.7 4.1 1.6 1 .8 0 .6 1 .2 (4) (4) Specified adjustments: Total compensation 1 adjustments, 2 settlements covering 5,000 workers or more: First year of contract ................................................................... Annual rate over life of contract .............................................................................. Wage adjustments, settlements covering 1,000 workers or more: First year of contract .................................................................................. Annual rate over life of contract................................................................................................ Effective adjustments: Total effective wage adjustment 3 .............................................................................................................................. From settlements reached in period........................................................................................... Deferred from settlements reached in earlier periods ............................................................... From cost-of-living-adjustment clauses........................................................................................................... 1 Compensation includes wages, salaries, and employers’ cost of employee benefits when contract is negotiated. 2 Adjustments are the net result of increases, decreases, and no changes in compensation or wages. Because of rounding total may not equal sum of parts. Less than 0.05 percent. = preliminary. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more 1984 1985 1985 Aug. 1986 Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. p Feb.p Mar.P Apr.P MayP Junep JulyP > Annua totals Measure c ip 29. 7 6.4 Number of stoppages: Beginning in period.................... In effect during period................ 62 68 54 61 18 11 20 6 20 3 13 Workers involved: Beginning in period (in thousands)................................. In effect during period (in thousands)................................. 376.0 323.9 15.3 69.5 76.6 26.2 8 .2 7.6 24.0 1 1 .2 6 .1 28.6 198.0 40.9 110.7 391.0 584.1 66.8 93.9 119.3 47.0 38.0 1 2 .0 28.4 38.6 17.6 41.2 205.9 57.1 131.1 8,499.0 7,079.0 810.8 863.8 1,428.8 6 8 8 .2 661.9 170.0 309.5 367.5 297.3 303.6 3,684.3 831.6 1,514.3 .04 .03 .04 .04 .06 .04 .03 .0 2 .0 2 .0 2 .0 2 .07 .04 .07 Days idle: Number (in thousands)............... Percent of estimated working time’ .......................................... 6 1 Agricultural and government employees are included in the total employed and total working time: private household, forestry, and fishery employees are excluded. An explanation of the measurement of idleness as a percentage of the total time worked is 70FRASER Digitized for https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 9 4 7 .0 1 3 7 2 8 3 5 10 8 10 15 found in '“ Total economy’ measure of strike idleness,” 1968, pp. 54-56. p = prelimina/y 10 20 M o n th ly L a b o r R e vie w , 8 19 October 30. Consumer Price Index for Ail Urban Consumers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group; and CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, all items (1967 = 100, unless otherwise indicated) Series Annual average 1985 1986 1984 1985 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July All items ................................................................... All items (1957-59 = 100).................................................................. 311.1 361.9 322.2 374.7 323.5 376.2 324.5 377.4 325.5 378.5 326.6 379.9 327.4 380.8 328.4 381.9 327.5 380.8 326.0 379.1 325.3 378.3 326.3 379.5 327.9 381.4 328.0 381.4 Food and beverages ..................................................................... Food............................................................................................. Food at hom e ........................................................................... Cereals and bakery products................................................. Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs................................................ Dairy products........................................................................ Fruits and vegetables............................................................. Other foods at home.............................................................. Sugar and sweets................................................................ Fats and o ils ........................................................................ Nonalcoholic beverages...................................................... Other prepared foods.......................................................... Food away from home ............................................................. Alcoholic beverages.................................................................... 295.1 302.9 292.6 305.3 266.6 253.2 317.4 352.2 389.1 288.0 443.0 284.9 333.4 302.0 309.8 296.8 317.0 263.4 258.0 325.7 361.1 398.8 294.4 451.7 294.2 346.6 229.5 301.8 309.7 295.9 318.5 259.7 257.4 326.3 361.7 401.8 297.1 449.6 295.8 348.4 228.9 302.1 309.9 295.6 319.2 260.6 258.0 319.9 362.6 401.1 294.8 452.8 296.3 349.9 229.3 302.5 309.8 295.3 318.9 261.1 257.1 317.1 363.0 402.6 291.2 454.1 296.8 350.3 236.4 303.6 311.0 296.6 319.9 266.1 257.1 314.3 362.2 401.4 292.1 451.7 296.8 351.3 236.2 305.6 313.2 299.3 321.9 269.9 256.9 323.9 361.3 402.2 290.3 448.8 297.3 352.1 236.2 307.9 315.6 302.5 322.0 271.5 257.2 334.4 365.7 405.1 292.1 459.7 298.0 353.1 237.5 307.7 315.3 301.5 322.5 268.4 257.3 320.7 375.1 408.6 291.4 485.3 299.5 354.2 238.3 307.8 315.4 301.2 322.7 267.7 256.8 319.2 375.7 408.4 290.2 488.0 299.3 355.5 238.8 308.5 316.1 301.5 322.5 264.2 256.8 329.5 376.1 411.4 288.5 487.4 300.2 357.0 239.5 309.4 317.0 302.1 323.8 263.4 257.1 336.5 374.6 411.2 287.2 481.9 301.4 358.8 239.4 309.5 317.1 301.6 326.1 265.1 257.2 327.8 374.1 411.5 287.0 480.0 301.7 360.2 240.1 312.2 320.1 305.5 326.3 274.9 258.4 330.3 373.7 412.4 287.3 478.3 301.8 360.8 240.4 Housing .......................................................................................... Shelter ......................................................................................... Renters'costs (12/82=100)................................................... Rent, residential..................................................................... Other renters’ costs ............................................................... Homeowners’ costs (12/82=100)........................................... Owners’ equivalent rent (12/82=100) .................................. Household insurance (12/82 = 100)...................................... Maintenance and repairs.......................................................... Maintenance and repair services .......................................... Maintenance and repair commodities.................................... Fuel and other utilities................................................................. Fuels ......................................................................................... Fuel oil, coal, and bottled gas ............................................... Gas (piped) and electricity .................................................... Other utilities and public services............................................ Household furnishings and operations....................................... Housefurnishings...................................................................... Housekeeping supplies............................................................. Housekeeping services............................................................. 336.5 361.7 108.6 249.3 373.4 107.3 107.3 107.5 359.2 409.7 262.7 387.3 485.5 641.8 445.2 230.2 242.5 199.1 303.2 327.5 349.9 382.0 115.4 264.6 398.4 113.1 113.2 112.4 368.9 421.1 269.6 393.6 488.1 619.5 452.7 240.7 247.2 352.9 385.9 116.6 266.6 409.9 114.3 114.3 113.0 370.6 425.1 269.2 398.9 494.4 594.6 465.1 244.2 247.0 199.1 313.5 340.7 353.8 386.9 117.0 267.7 410.7 114.6 114.6 113.7 368.7 421.9 268.6 400.5 496.8 601.7 466.5 244.6 247.1 199.0 313.9 341.5 354.4 389.1 117.9 269.9 412.5 115.1 115.1 114.6 368.5 422.2 268.0 395.6 488.4 615.3 453.9 244.7 248.4 200.3 315.7 342.2 355.0 391.3 118.4 271.7 408.7 115.8 115.9 114.5 372.7 426.4 271.5 392.1 481.5 641.6 440.5 245.9 248.9 355.8 392.3 118.3 272.4 398.1 116.3 116.3 115.0 373.7 426.2 273.3 393.3 483.6 657.3 439.9 245.8 248.8 356.8 393.8 118.8 273.4 401.1 116.7 116.7 115.7 379.1 432.6 277.1 394.6 484.7 650.3 442.6 247.3 248.8 199.8 318.3 343.9 356.5 394.8 119.0 273.7 404.1 117.0 117.0 117.4 379.6 432.8 277.8 390.0 476.3 591.2 444.5 247.9 249.0 199.7 318.6 344.5 357.0 397.0 119.6 275.0 405.5 117.9 117.9 118.0 367.5 422.4 266.1 385.5 467.6 549.9 442.3 249.0 249.8 358.0 400.1 120.9 277.9 410.8 118.7 118.7 118.3 367.6 424.6 264.5 381.8 459.6 518.3 439.2 251.3 249.6 200.4 318.5 345.4 358.5 400.9 361.2 401.6 361.5 403.5 122.5 281.2 420.1 119.4 119.4 119.9 369.2 430.1 262.7 389.4 469.2 459.4 462.3 255.6 250.5 Apparel and upkeep...................................................................... Apparel commodities.................................................................. Men’s and boys' apparel.......................................................... Women's and girls' apparel ..................................................... Infants’ and toddlers’ apparel................................................... Footwear................................................................................... Other apparel commodities...................................................... Apparel services.......................................................................... 2 0 0 .2 209.6 195.3 201.5 176.1 302.0 210.9 215.2 324.1 2 1 1 .2 215.5 320.9 205.3 190.6 197.2 167.7 300.6 210.3 217.5 322.9 2 1 1 .1 187.0 192.4 163.6 287.0 209.5 216.4 305.0 196.7 203.2 177.9 302.1 212.3 214.9 325.7 196.8 203.6 176.5 307.0 215.5 214.9 326.3 172.6 304.1 213.1 214.6 326.9 205.0 189.5 198.6 164.4 313.9 209.1 215.5 329.8 204.1 188.5 196.8 163.4 311.6 207.9 216.1 330.7 Transportation ................................................................................ Private transportation.................................................................. New vehicles............................................................................. New cars................................................................................. Used c a rs .................................................................................. Motor fuel .................................................................................. Gasoline.................................................................................. Maintenance and repair............................................................ Other private transportation..................................................... Other private transportation commodities............................. Other private transportation services.................................... Public transportation................................................................... 311.7 306.6 208.0 208.5 375.7 370.7 370.2 341.5 273.3 201.5 295.0 385.2 319.9 314.2 214.9 215.2 379.7 373.8 373.3 351.4 287.6 320.7 314.9 214.2 214.6 374.0 381.9 381.8 351.9 287.7 320.9 314.7 215.9 216.2 375.3 374.6 374.2 355.7 289.6 323.2 317.0 218.2 218.4 376.4 376.7 376.1 355.8 293.9 324.0 317.8 219.2 219.4 375.6 377.5 376.8 357.5 295.2 2 0 2 .6 2 0 2 .8 2 0 2 .8 2 0 1 .6 2 0 2 .1 312.8 402.8 313.0 403.7 319.7 313.6 214.2 214.5 374.3 377.7 377.4 353.5 285.8 203.4 310.4 408.0 315.4 411.5 321.2 412.8 Medical c a re ................................................................................... Medical care commodities .......................................................... Medical care services.................................................................. Professional services................................................................ Other medical care services.................................................... 379.5 239.7 410.3 346.1 488.0 403.1 256.7 435.1 367.3 517.0 406.6 259.3 438.6 370.0 521.6 408.3 260.2 440.5 371.7 523.9 410.5 261.3 443.0 373.2 527.4 Entertainment................................................................................. Entertainment commodities ........................................................ Entertainment services................................................................ 255.1 253.3 258.3 265.0 260.6 271.8 265.7 260.5 273.6 266.8 262.5 273.3 Other goods and services ............................................................. Tobacco products ....................................................................... Personal care............................................................................... Toilet goods and personal care appliances............................. Personal care services ............................................................. Personal and educational expenses........................................... School books and supplies...................................................... Personal and educational services.......................................... 307.7 310.0 271.4 269.6 274.1 365.7 322.8 375.6 326.6 328.5 281.9 278.5 286.0 397.1 350.8 407.7 326.0 331.5 283.3 279.4 287.7 390.7 346.1 401.1 333.3 332.8 284.1 280.6 288.2 412.5 362.1 423.9 CONSUMER PRICE INDEX FOR ALL URBAN CONSUMERS: See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 2 2 .1 2 0 0 .1 313.6 338.9 206.0 191.6 197.9 169.5 299.7 2 12 .1 20 0 .8 2 0 0 .1 316.4 342.7 317.7 343.2 209.0 194.2 2 0 2 .0 2 0 1 .0 317.9 345.1 206.3 190.8 198.3 167.6 313.1 2 1 0 .1 214.6 331.5 207.3 191.7 199.7 168.0 316.6 211.4 215.3 332.9 1 2 1 .1 1 2 1 .6 278.4 411.3 118.9 118.9 118.8 367.1 425.5 262.9 382.5 460.6 496.8 444.6 251.5 249.9 279.4 415.2 119.0 119.0 118.9 366.6 427.4 260.7 393.8 477.0 486.6 466.0 255.2 250.2 2 0 0 .8 2 0 0 .8 2 0 1 .2 318.3 345.8 319.6 346.1 319.5 346.6 206.4 190.7 204.5 188.4 198.1 161.3 319.7 203.2 187.0 195.8 159.8 307.5 209.1 218.1 334.6 2 0 0 .2 164.9 318.5 211.5 215.4 333.6 319.2 312.2 309.6 302.1 303.3 295.3 305.7 297.8 2 2 0 .2 2 2 0 .1 2 2 2 .8 220.4 370.7 351.5 350.8 358.9 299.2 202.9 327.6 422.2 220.3 367.2 308.5 307.7 359.3 301.5 203.6 330.3 421.2 2 2 1.0 2 2 1.2 322.7 412.9 323.9 317.3 219.7 219.9 374.1 373.3 372.5 357.9 297.7 203.4 325.5 419.6 413.0 262.7 445.8 375.5 530.8 414.7 262.9 448.0 377.1 533.6 418.2 264.5 451.9 378.9 540.3 422.3 267.4 456.2 381.6 546.4 268.4 264.0 275.2 269.0 264.0 276.6 268.3 262.5 277.1 270.8 264.7 279.9 334.9 334.4 285.0 281.4 289.2 414.7 364.5 426.2 335.3 334.7 285.4 281.1 290.2 415.4 364.7 426.9 336.5 337.4 286.3 282.5 290.6 415.5 364.7 427.0 339.1 342.7 288.1 285.3 291.8 416.8 371.0 427.6 2 1 0 .0 215.8 334.3 330.9 422.2 223.0 363.6 289.3 288.7 361.3 301.3 202.4 330.4 423.7 308.6 300.8 224.0 224.2 362.5 299.4 299.1 362.1 303.0 201.5 332.8 425.4 334.6 428.0 425.8 269.4 460.1 385.0 550.8 428.0 271.3 462.3 386.9 553.5 429.7 272.3 464.2 388.3 555.9 432.0 273.3 466.8 390.3 559.2 434.8 275.4 469.8 391.7 564.2 272.0 265.2 282.1 271.9 265.0 282.2 272.3 264.8 283.5 272.9 265.3 284.2 273.9 266.1 285.5 274.4 265.8 287.0 340.3 344.7 289.1 286.0 293.0 417.7 373.8 428.1 341.1 345.6 290.3 287.3 294.0 417.9 374.3 428.3 341.8 346.5 290.5 287.7 294.1 418.9 374.4 429.5 342.1 346.5 290.9 287.9 294.7 419.5 374.5 430.2 342.6 347.1 291.0 287.0 295.7 420.4 375.7 431.0 344.9 354.3 291.1 287.1 295.8 421.2 375.9 431.9 364.8 279.5 278.6 360.6 301.6 2 0 2 .2 304.7 296.5 224.5 224.7 360.3 280.2 279.8 363.4 304.5 2 0 1 .6 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1986 • Current Labor Statistics: Price Data 30. Continued— Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group; and CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, all items (1967 = 100, unless otherwise indicated) Series 1986 1985 Annual average 1984 1985 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July 311.1 280.7 295.1 322.2 286.7 302.0 323.5 286.5 301.8 325.5 287.9 302.5 327.4 289.9 305.6 ~ 286.8 194.2 339.1 271.4 328.4 290.1 307.9 284.9 189.5 338.7 271.4 327.5 287.4 307.7 278.6 188.5 329.5 270.5 326.0 283.7 307.8 268.9 190.8 313.6 269.7 325.3 281.2 308.5 262.0 191.7 302.6 269.2 326.3 282.1 309.4 263.3 190.7 305.2 269.6 327.9 282.8 309.5 264.7 188.4 308.4 269.9 328.0 281.9 312.2 285.3 196.7 335.6 270.2 326.6 289.2 303.6 286.8 196.8 337.8 271.5 387.7 116.1 388.7 116.7 389.5 117.0 391.7 117.4 111.4 349.0 451.9 324.8 393.3 117.7 394.9 118.5 396.8 119.4 1 1 1 .8 1 1 1 .6 1 1 1 .6 351.0 456.2 326.1 352.4 460.1 326.6 353.2 462.3 327.6 397.9 119.7 112.3 353.4 464.2 328.2 401.0 119.9 115.2 355.3 466.8 329.2 402.3 120.5 114.9 357.1 469.8 330.1 328.5 307.4 325.7 303.6 328.6 306.5 328.0 306.1 1 1 1 .1 1 1 1 .0 319.7 261.2 259.2 292.9 286.3 117.4 387.2 361.8 324.4 324.8 262.1 313.3 393.8 326.7 304.7 110.4 320.6 262.1 260.5 295.2 287.4 117.8 388.3 367.6 325.0 325.3 262.2 319.3 394.5 322.2 263.0 261.8 298.1 288.2 119.2 391.3 380.6 325.5 325.9 262.0 327.1 395.9 322.1 260.2 257.3 292.2 287.1 119.5 392.5 366.5 326.9 326.9 262.0 306.6 397.7 All ite m s............................................................................................ Commodities.................................................................................. Food and beverages................................................................... Commodities less food and beverages...................................... Nondurables less food and beverages .................................... Apparel commodities.............................................................. Nondurables less food, beverages, and apparel .................. Durables.................................................................................... - - - 275.7 187.0 325.8 266.5 282.1 191.6 333.3 270.7 283.1 190.6 335.4 268.6 324.5 287.1 302.1 * 284.6 195.3 335.3 268.7 Services.......................................................................................... Rent of shelter............................................................................. Household services less rent of shelter ..................................... Transportation services............................................................... Medical care services.................................................................. Other services ............................................................................. 363.0 107.7 108.1 321.1 410.3 296.0 381.5 113.9 386.5 115.4 113.5 337.1 440.5 319.7 1 1 2 .1 1 1 0 .8 1 1 0 .8 337.0 435.1 314.1 384.9 115.1 113.2 337.4 438.6 313.8 341.1 443.0 321.4 344.7 445.8 322.5 346.1 448.0 322.9 Special indexes: All items less food ...................................................................... All items less shelter .................................................................. All items less homeowners’ costs .............................................. All items less medical ca re ......................................................... Commodities less fo o d ................................................................ Nondurables less food ................................................................ Nondurables less food and apparel ........................................... Nondurables................................................................................. Services less rent of shelter....................................................... Services less medical c a re ......................................................... Energy.......................................................................................... All items less energy .................................................................. All items less food and energy ................................................... Commodities less food and energy............................................ Energy commodities ................................................................... Services less energy................................................................... 311.3 295.1 106.3 307.3 267.0 270.8 311.9 286.6 108.5 355.6 423.6 302.9 301.2 253.1 409.8 356.4 323.3 303.9 109.7 317.7 272.5 277.2 319.2 293.2 113.5 373.3 426.5 314.8 314.4 259.7 409.9 375.9 325.0 304.6 327.4 306.3 110.7 320.8 274.4 280.7 322.0 295.1 115.1 379.3 427.1 318.4 318.9 262.0 410.1 382.5 328.5 307.2 1 1 1 .6 1 1 1 .2 321.9 275.7 282.0 324.0 296.4 115.2 380.1 425.1 319.8 320.4 262.7 415.2 384.8 328.9 307.9 111.3 322.6 275.7 282.0 325.1 297.4 115.4 380.8 426.5 320.5 320.7 262.2 417.9 385.8 329.5 308.8 318.9 272.3 278.1 321.1 293.7 114.5 376.7 433.8 315.6 315.3 258.8 414.0 378.6 326.2 305.7 110.4 319.9 273.1 279.6 321.0 294.6 115.0 378.3 432.6 316.8 316.9 260.2 411.2 380.2 323.4 274.7 280.4 324.9 297.7 116.2 382.7 424.7 321.8 321.6 261.8 413.2 387.9 322.2 270.9 274.5 316.8 294.3 116.8 384.0 408.9 322.3 322.3 261.6 386.5 389.4 326.6 305.2 110.5 320.5 265.2 265.6 302.7 289.5 117.1 385.4 381.3 323.3 323.6 262.0 343.0 391.5 Purchasing power of the consumer dollar: 1 967-51.00................................................................................ 1957-59-51.00 ........................................................................... 32.1 27.6 31.0 26.7 30.9 26.6 30.8 26.5 30.7 26.4 30.6 26.3 30.5 26.3 30.5 26.2 30.5 26.3 30.7 26.4 30.7 26.4 30.6 26.4 30.5 26.2 30.5 26.2 All items ......................................................................................... All items (1957-59-100).................................................................. 307.6 357.7 318.5 370.4 319.6 371.8 320.5 372.7 321.3 373.7 322.6 375.1 323.4 376.1 324.3 377.1 323.2 375.8 321.4 373.7 320.4 372.6 321.4 373.7 323.0 375.6 322.9 375.5 Food and beverages ..................................................................... Food............................................................................................. Food at home ........................................................................... Cereals and bakery products................................................. Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs................................................ Dairy products........................................................................ Fruits and vegetables............................................................. Other foods at home.............................................................. Sugar and sweets................................................................ Fats and o ils ........................................................................ Nonalcoholic beverages...................................................... Other prepared foods.......................................................... Food away from home ............................................................. Alcoholic beverages.................................................................... 295.2 302.7 291.2 303.7 266.0 252.2 312.5 352.7 388.6 287.5 444.4 286.4 336.7 225.3 301.8 309.3 295.3 315.4 262.7 256.9 320.3 361.5 398.3 293.9 453.2 295.7 349.7 232.6 301.6 309.1 294.3 316.8 259.0 256.3 320.6 362.2 401.4 296.5 451.2 297.3 351.5 232.2 301.8 309.3 294.0 317.6 259.9 256.8 313.6 362.9 400.8 294.1 454.1 297.7 353.0 232.6 302.2 309.3 293.7 317.3 260.4 255.9 311.2 363.4 402.2 290.6 455.6 298.3 353.4 239.1 303.4 310.6 295.2 318.2 265.4 255.9 309.4 362.5 400.9 291.8 453.1 298.3 354.4 238.8 305.4 312.8 297.9 320.4 269.2 255.7 319.3 361.6 401.8 289.6 450.4 298.7 355.2 239.1 307.7 315.1 300.9 320.4 270.7 256.0 329.7 366.1 404.7 291.6 461.0 299.4 356.2 240.1 307.5 314.9 300.1 320.9 267.7 256.0 316.0 375.2 408.1 290.8 485.5 300.9 357.3 240.9 307.6 315.0 299.7 321.1 267.2 255.5 314.6 375.6 407.8 289.7 487.4 300.7 358.6 241.4 308.3 315.6 299.9 320.9 263.5 255.5 325.0 376.0 410.9 287.8 487.0 301.6 360.2 242.3 309.0 316.4 300.4 322.1 262.6 255.8 331.6 374.3 410.6 286.6 481.2 302.7 362.0 242.2 309.3 316.6 300.0 324.5 264.2 255.9 323.5 373.9 410.9 286.4 479.5 303.0 363.5 242.9 312.0 319.5 303.9 324.6 274.0 257.0 325.6 373.4 411.9 286.6 477.6 303.1 364.2 243.4 Housing .......................................................................................... S helter......................................................................................... Renters’ costs (1 2 /8 4 -1 0 0 )................................................... Rent, residential..................................................................... Other renters' costs ............................................................... Homeowners' costs (12/84 = 100)........................................... Owners’ equivalent rent (12/84 = 100).................................. Household insurance (12/84 = 100)...................................... Maintenance and repairs.......................................................... Maintenance and repair services .......................................... Maintenance and repair commodities.................................... Fuel and other utilities................................................................. Fuels ......................................................................................... Fuel oil, coal, and bottled gas ............................................... Gas (piped) and electricity .................................................... Other utilities and public services ............................................ Household furnishings and operations....................................... Housefurnishings...................................................................... Housekeeping supplies............................................................. Housekeeping services............................................................. 329.2 350.0 346.2 374.0 347.5 377.1 268.9 411.6 104.8 104.8 105.2 364.6 417.4 260.5 396.3 487.2 618.1 452.0 245.7 244.5 197.7 312.7 343.9 348.3 379.3 270.7 408.0 105.5 105.5 105.2 367.7 420.9 262.7 393.2 481.0 644.3 439.5 246.8 245.1 198.3 313.5 344.5 349.1 380.4 271.5 397.5 105.9 105.9 105.7 368.5 420.1 264.2 394.3 483.1 659.9 438.8 246.7 245.2 197.8 315.0 345.0 350.1 381.8 ~ 272.5 400.8 106.3 106.3 106.3 373.2 426.2 267.2 395.6 484.1 652.7 441.4 248.3 245.1 197.3 315.8 345.6 349.7 382.9 272.8 403.5 106.6 106.6 107.8 374.0 426.5 268.1 390.9 475.7 593.6 443.2 248.8 245.3 197.2 316.4 346.3 350.1 385.0 274.1 405.4 107.4 107.3 108.2 364.7 416.6 261.1 386.3 467.1 552.8 441.2 249.9 246.0 198.5 315.5 346.6 351.6 388.8 265.7 409.6 104.1 104.1 103.7 365.6 419.6 260.6 400.1 494.0 596.9 464.2 245.1 243.1 196.6 310.4 342.2 347.2 375.0 266.8 409.8 104.3 104.3 104.3 364.4 416.8 260.5 401.9 496.7 604.3 465.9 245.6 243.2 196.5 311.0 342.9 351.1 388.1 277.0 411.6 108.1 108.1 108.5 364.6 419.2 259.4 382.6 459.1 521.5 438.0 252.1 246.0 198.1 316.3 347.1 277.5 411.3 108.3 108.3 109.0 363.8 420.0 258.0 383.0 459.7 499.9 443.0 252.2 246.1 198.4 315.7 347.4 354.3 389.4 278.5 415.5 108.4 108.4 109.1 363.2 422.6 255.7 394.9 477.3 489.9 465.7 255.8 246.2 198.2 316.8 347.8 354.5 391.5 280.3 420.4 108.8 108.8 356.3 403.5 257.2 388.6 485.0 644.3 444.1 231.2 239.1 197.0 300.2 328.0 343.3 370.4 263.7 397.9 103.1 103.0 103.2 364.1 415.0 261.1 394.7 487.5 622.0 451.6 241.6 243.4 197.6 310.7 340.2 Apparel and upkeep...................................................................... 199.1 205.0 204.3 208.7 2 1 0 .2 2 1 0 .2 208.1 204.1 203.1 205.2 206.1 205.1 | 203.0 2 0 1 .8 1 1 1 .2 1 1 0 .1 - 1 1 1 .1 11 0 .1 259.8 187.0 301.7 269.6 CONSUMER PRICE INDEX FOR URBAN WAGE EARNERS AND CLERICAL WORKERS: See footnotes at end of table. Digitized for72 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis - 248.6 372.4 - - - 1 1 0 .1 366.7 425.2 259.0 390.3 469.1 462.9 461.4 256.3 246.5 198.4 317.1 348.4 30. Continued— Consumer Price Index for Ail Urban Consumers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group; and CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, all items (1967=100, unless otherwise indicated) Series 1986 1985 Annual average Sept. Oct. Nov. 178.2 314.9 196.6 203.5 180.0 314.8 2 1 1 .0 2 12 .6 202.4 323.2 196.5 203.7 178.3 320.7 215.9 202.5 323.6 1984 1985 Aug. 186.6 192.9 165.0 297.6 190.4 197.3 169.9 311.2 210.5 205.2 320.5 202.5 321.6 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July 194.1 174.5 317.3 213.6 202.4 324.4 189.4 198.8 166.1 332.7 209.9 203.5 327.2 188.2 196.8 165.2 328.6 208.4 204.2 328.1 190.4 198.0 169.0 329.6 210.7 203.5 329.0 191.2 199.3 169.3 331.3 190.1 187.7 198.0 162.0 335.6 204.5 331.9 186.3 195.4 160.8 323.7 209.6 206.5 332.2 165.9 334.3 2 12 .1 2 12 .0 2 1 0 .6 204.1 330.2 203.8 330.9 305.9 299.9 304.6 298.3 223.7 223.9 360.3 280.9 280.5 365.0 302.4 203.8 331.2 418.0 Apparel commodities................................................................... Men's and boys’ apparel.......................................................... Women’s and girls’ apparel ..................................................... Infants’ and toddlers’ apparel.................................................. Footwear.................................................................................... Other apparel commodities...................................................... Apparel services.......................................................................... 204.5 302.9 191.3 198.2 171.3 311.7 212.5 203.1 318.5 Transportation ................................................................................ Private transportation.................................................................. New vehicles............................................................................. New cars................................................................................. Used c a rs .................................................................................. Motor fuel .................................................................................. Gasoline.................................................................................. Maintenance and repair............................................................ Other private transportation..................................................... Other private transportation commodities............................. Other private transportation services.................................... Public transportation ................................................................... 313.9 310.1 207.3 207.9 375.7 372.2 371.8 342.2 274.2 203.9 295.4 376.8 321.6 317.4 214.2 214.5 379.7 375.4 375.0 352.6 287.7 204.7 312.3 391.7 322.3 318.0 213.5 213.9 374.0 383.8 383.7 352.9 287.6 204.9 312.1 393.5 321.1 316.6 213.5 213.8 374.3 379.5 379.2 354.5 285.2 205.6 308.9 396.8 322.2 317.6 215.3 215.5 375.3 376.3 375.8 356.9 289.2 205.0 314.1 399.3 324.6 320.1 217.5 217.8 376.4 378.7 378.1 357.2 293.7 203.7 320.2 400.1 325.3 320.8 218.6 218.8 375.6 379.6 378.9 359.0 294.7 204.3 321.3 400.2 325.1 320.2 219.0 219.2 374.1 375.3 374.6 359.4 296.9 205.6 323.7 408.6 320.1 314.8 219.4 219.7 370.7 353.0 352.3 360.4 298.4 205.4 325.7 412.6 310.3 304.5 219.4 219.5 367.2 309.6 308.8 360.9 300.6 206.0 328.3 412.0 303.5 297.4 2 2 0 .2 2 2 2 .0 220.4 364.8 280.1 279.1 362.2 300.4 204.6 328.5 413.0 222.3 363.6 290.3 289.6 362.8 299.8 204.9 327.7 413.8 308.7 302.8 223.2 223.4 362.5 300.6 300.3 363.6 301.2 203.9 329.6 415.1 Medical c a re .................................................................................. Medical care commodities.......................................................... Medical care services.................................................................. Professional services................................................................ Other medical care services.................................................... 377.7 239.7 407.9 346.5 484.7 401.2 256.3 432.7 367.7 513.9 404.5 259.0 436.1 370.4 518.4 406.3 259.8 438.1 372.1 520.7 408.5 260.9 440.6 373.7 524.4 410.9 262.2 443.2 375.8 527.5 412.6 262.3 445.4 377.6 530.4 416.0 264.1 449.2 379.3 536.9 420.0 267.0 453.5 382.2 543.0 423.5 268.8 457.3 385.6 547.3 425.7 270.7 459.5 387.4 550.0 427.3 271.7 461.3 388.8 552.3 429.6 272.5 464.0 390.8 555.8 432.4 274.6 466.9 392.3 560.7 Entertainment................................................................................. Entertainment commodities ........................................................ Entertainment services................................................................ 251.2 247.7 258.5 260.1 254.2 271.6 260.8 254.3 273.3 261.6 256.0 272.6 263.0 257.1 274.6 263.7 257.2 276.3 263.0 255.7 276.8 265.4 257.8 280.0 266.5 258.3 282.0 266.5 258.3 282.1 266.9 258.4 283.0 267.3 258.7 283.6 268.4 259.8 284.8 269.0 259.6 286.5 Other goods and services ............................................................. Tobacco products ....................................................................... Personal care............................................................................... Toilet goods and personal care appliances............................. Personal care services ............................................................. Personal and educational expenses........................................... School books and supplies...................................................... Personal and educational services.......................................... 304.9 309.7 269.4 270.3 268.8 368.2 327.5 378.2 322.7 328.1 279.6 279.0 280.5 399.3 355.7 410.1 322.9 331.1 280.9 280.0 282.2 393.2 351.2 403.6 328.7 332.4 281.8 281.1 282.8 414.5 366.9 426.1 330.1 334.0 282.7 282.0 283.7 416.5 369.2 428.1 330.5 334.3 283.1 281.9 284.8 417.3 369.3 428.9 331.9 337.1 284.0 283.3 285.2 417.4 369.4 429.1 334.9 342.4 285.9 285.9 286.4 418.9 375.6 429.7 336.1 344.4 286.8 286.7 287.4 419.9 378.4 430.3 337.0 345.2 288.0 288.1 288.4 420.1 379.0 430.5 337.6 346.0 288.2 288.4 288.4 421.2 379.1 431.8 338.0 346.0 288.6 288.6 289.0 422.0 379.1 432.8 338.4 346.7 288.6 287.6 290.0 422.9 380.2 433.6 341.2 354.0 288.8 287.8 290.2 423.8 380.5 434.6 All ite m s............................................................................................ Commodities.................................................................................. Food and beverages................................................................... C o m m o d itie s le s s fo o d and beverages...................................... Nondurables less food and beverages ................................... Apparel commodities.............................................................. Nondurables less food, beverages, and apparel .................. Durables.................................................................................... 307.6 280.4 295.2 269.3 277.5 186.6 327.0 261.1 318.5 286.5 301.8 319.6 286.3 301.6 320.5 286.8 301.8 321.3 287.6 302.2 322.6 288.9 303.4 323.4 289.7 305.4 324.3 289.8 307.7 323.2 287.0 307.5 321.4 283.1 307.6 320.4 280.4 308.3 321.4 281.3 309.0 323.0 282.0 309.3 322.9 281.1 312.0 Services.......................................................................................... Rent of shelter (12/84 —100)..................................................... Household services less rent of shelter (12/84 = 100).............. Transportation services............................................................... Medical care services.................................................................. Other services ............................................................................. 358.0 Special indexes: All items less food ...................................................................... All items less shelter .................................................................. All items less homeowners’ costs (1 2 /8 4 -1 0 0 )....................... All items less medical care....................................... ................. Commodities less fo o d ................................................................ Nondurables less food ................................................................ Nondurables less food and apparel ........................................... Nondurables................................................................................. Services less rent of shelter (12/84 —100)................................ Services less medical c a re ......................................................... Energy.......................................................................................... All items less energy .................................................................. All items less food and energy ................................................... Commodities less food and energy............................................ Energy commodities ................................................................... Services less energy.................................................................... Purchasing power of the consumer dollar: 196 7 -$ 1.00 ................................................................................. 1957-59-$1.00........................................................................... D a ta n o t a v a ila b le . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 1 0 .0 2 0 1 .8 2 0 2 .2 20 0 .0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 283.8 191.3 334.2 265.2 285.1 190.4 336.6 263.1 286.5 195.1 336.4 263.1 287.0 196.6 336.5 264.5 288.5 196.5 338.8 265.7 288.7 194.1 340.1 265.7 286.9 189.4 339.6 265.6 280.1 188.2 330.1 264.6 269.6 190.4 313.2 263.7 262.0 191.2 301.6 263.3 263.6 190.1 304.5 263.5 265.2 187.7 308.0 263.6 260.1 186.3 301.0 263.2 377.3 103.2 382.0 104.5 104.8 331.4 438.1 315.0 383.0 105.1 103.3 335.5 440.6 316.7 384.2 105.8 385.1 106.1 387.2 106.4 390.5 107.4 347.0 457.3 322.1 392.2 108.3 102.7 347.5 459.5 322.9 393.2 108.5 103.4 347.3 461.3 323.6 396.4 108.7 106.4 348.9 464.0 324.6 397.7 109.2 106.0 350.6 466.9 325.6 322.9 305.4 321.2 303.0 322.3 304.3 31.0 26.6 - 10 2 .6 317.2 407.9 292.9 332.2 432.7 310.1 380.7 104.3 104.6 332.4 436.1 310.1 307.5 295.1 319.4 303.4 320.9 304.0 - 195.1 Dec. - 1 0 1 .8 1 0 2 .1 304.0 267.1 272.6 313.2 287.4 314.3 272.8 279.0 320.3 293.9 321.9 304.8 102.4 316.1 273.4 281.5 322.3 295.2 103.8 373.6 432.5 311.5 310.7 257.2 412.6 374.9 31.2 26.8 - 1 0 2 .6 350.5 423.3 298.3 295.8 250.5 410.5 350.8 369.0 426.3 309.9 308.7 256.8 410.9 371.1 315.3 272.7 280.2 322.4 294.5 103.5 372.5 433.9 310.4 309.4 255.8 415.7 373.7 32.5 28.0 31.4 27.0 31.3 26.9 1 0 2 .1 1 0 2 .0 10 2 .6 339.3 443.2 317.8 340.5 445.4 318.3 343.3 449.2 320.4 388.8 106.7 103.0 345.4 453.5 321.6 324.6 307.2 103.2 318.9 275.9 283.9 326.3 298.2 104.2 376.2 426.8 315.3 314.6 259.2 418.9 380.8 325.1 307.9 103.5 319.6 275.0 282.3 325.9 298.4 104.9 378.2 424.7 316.5 315.4 258.8 414.1 382.9 323.8 306.4 103.0 318.3 270.9 276.1 317.5 295.0 105.5 379.5 408.1 316.9 316.1 258.5 387.3 384.5 321.5 303.8 102.3 316.2 264.9 266.4 302.6 289.8 105.7 381.0 379.0 317.8 317.2 258.7 343.3 386.5 320.2 302.1 1 0 1 .8 1 0 2 .1 316.9 274.5 282.4 323.1 295.7 103.9 374.5 426.6 313.0 312.7 258.8 411.2 377.3 324.2 306.4 103.0 318.1 275.9 283.8 325.0 297.1 103.9 375.5 425.4 314.5 314.2 259.5 416.3 379.8 315.2 260.7 259.4 292.2 286.3 105.9 382.7 358.4 318.8 318.3 258.8 312.9 388.8 316.1 261.6 260.9 294.9 287.5 106.2 383.6 364.6 319.2 318.6 258.8 319.8 389.4 323.2 304.8 102.7 317.7 262.6 262.4 298.0 288.4 107.6 386.8 378.1 319.7 319.1 258.5 328.1 390.8 31.1 26.8 31.0 26.7 30.9 26.6 30.8 26.5 30.9 26.6 31.1 26.8 31.2 26.8 31.1 26.8 31.0 26.6 10 2 .6 10 2 .8 10 2 .6 317.4 259.6 257.7 291.8 287.2 107.8 387.9 363.1 321.1 320.1 258.5 307.2 392.6 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1986 • Current Labor Statistics: Price Data 31. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and available local area data: all items ( 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 , u n le ss o th e rw is e in d ica te d ) All Urban Consumers Area1 Pricing Other sche index dule2 base U.S. city average................... Aug. Mar. Apr. May June - 322.8 323.5 326.0 325.3 326.3 - 324.4 318.0 325.9 318.0 323.9 320.0 323.7 318.8 321.3 323.9 328.2 - 313.5 315.5 315.7 315.8 Anchorage, Alaska (10/67 = 100) ...................... Baltimore, Md.......................... Boston, Mass........................... Cincinnati, Ohio-Ky.-Ind........... Denver-Boulder, Colo.............. Miami, Fla. (11/77 = 100)..... Milwaukee, Wis........................ Northeast, Pa........................... Portland, Oreg.-Wash.............. St. Louis, Mo.-lll....................... San Diego, Calif....................... Seattle-Everett, Wash............. Washington, D.C.-Md.-Va........ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10/67 11/77 - 283.1 324.0 317.7 330.0 360.3 171.4 331.1 306.6 312.9 319.9 372.8 322.0 323.3 - M _ July July 327.9 328.0 324.2 321.7 330.4 321.0 326.8 329.4 322.4 319.1 321.4 317.8 - - 291.2 331.1 324.9 329.4 355.7 174.5 329.1 309.3 315.0 319.2 379.2 325.0 329.1 Alanta, Ga................................ Buffalo, N.Y............................. Cleveland, Ohio ...................... Dallas-Ft. Worth, Tex.............. Honolulu, Hawaii..................... Houston, Tex........................... Kansas City, Mo.-Kansas ...... Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn.-Wis................................ Pittsburgh, Pa.......................... San Francisco-Oakland, Calif. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 _ - _ - 331.4 306.5 348.1 343.4 294.2 338.2 321.1 _ - 334.9 308.0 346.9 341.4 299.0 330.0 320.7 2 2 2 . - - 338.8 325.9 335.8 - 338.4 328.1 339.3 Region3 Northeast ............................. North Central....................... South.................................... West .................................... 2 2 2 2 12/77 12/77 12/77 12/77 - 171.0 174.3 174.5 175.9 - Population size class3 A-1 ....................................... A-2 ....................................... B ........................................... C .......................................... D .......................................... 2 2 2 2 2 12/77 12/77 12/77 12/77 12/77 - - - 172.3 176.6 174.9 172.5 172.3 Region/population size class cross classification3 Class A: Northeast .......................... North C entral..................... South ................................. W est................................... 2 2 2 2 12/77 12/77 12/77 11/77 - 168.5 178.3 174.8 178.0 Class B: Northeast .......................... North Central..................... South ................................. W est.................................. 2 2 2 2 12/77 12/77 12/77 12/77 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1985 July M M M M Urban Wage Earners 1986 Chicago, III.-Northwestern Ind........................................... Detroit, Mich............................ Los Angeles-Long Beach, Anaheim, Calif........................ New York, N.Y.-Northeastern N.J........................................... Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J................ S e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le. 74 1985 - - 173.3 171.5 176.0 176.9 - - - - - - Mar. Apr. May June July 319.1 319.6 321.4 320.4 321.4 323.0 322.9 331.1 318.4 311.1 308.3 312.1 308.3 309.7 309.3 309.1 308.1 309.6 311.0 315.6 310.2 316.0 307.5 331.3 330.9 315.8 318.0 321.6 320.2 322.7 324.5 323.8 320.6 318.9 322.8 321.7 325.1 323.0 306.5 318.6 308.5 318.5 314.5 321.4 313.2 319.7 312.3 320.8 314.4 323.5 316.5 324.6 288.9 329.1 322.6 332.0 356.3 173.0 332.0 309.2 314.6 318.6 382.8 323.5 329.6 - 284.1 330.2 323.6 332.4 358.4 171.2 331.3 309.0 314.7 325.6 383.1 323.7 329.3 276.0 323.4 315.7 323.2 355.9 172.7 350.4 305.7 303.2 316.6 336.9 309.1 325.9 _ _ 284.4 329.5 322.3 321.8 350.1 175.1 347.2 308.3 304.3 315.0 341.9 311.4 330.5 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 281.8 326.8 319.3 324.8 350.3 173.4 350.6 308.1 303.2 314.2 345.2 309.4 330.2 _ _ _ _ _ _ - 276.9 327.9 320.8 324.9 352.4 171.6 350.1 307.8 303.4 320.6 345.0 310.1 330.2 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 329.3 292.9 327.0 337.0 301.3 335.3 311.2 334.4 308.0 330.8 _ - - 342.1 328.6 344.0 _ _ - - 174.2 176.1 176.3 178.7 _ - - 175.7 178.9 177.0 174.7 173.4 - _ - - - - - 171.8 180.3 176.8 181.8 _ _ - - - 175.2 174.1 178.5 178.3 _ - _ _ - 173.9 177.4 175.6 173.4 172.7 - 174.7 172.1 177.0 176.7 338.5 308.9 350.6 344.7 299.2 333.3 322.9 173.7 173.9 175.1 176.8 171.0 177.8 175.5 179.6 1986 Aug. - - - _ _ - - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 332.3 307.8 333.2 - 169.0 171.0 174.3 173.9 _ - 168.3 173.7 172.4 173.0 173.8 - 165.0 173.3 174.9 173.8 170.4 168.0 172.7 177.5 331.7 292.7 324.4 334.1 306.0 327.7 308.9 - - - _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ » _ _ _ _ _ 336.2 308.3 338.1 - _ _ - 169.3 173.8 172.7 173.4 173.6 - 171.7 167.7 173.2 177.1 335.5 294.0 328.2 337.4 306.5 330.9 311.4 171.1 170.0 174.1 174.5 166.9 172.1 174.9 174.9 _ _ _ _ - - - _ _ _ _ - - _ 171.6 172.2 175.2 176.3 _ - 171.0 175.2 174.1 174.6 174.2 - 167.7 174.7 176.1 177.1 172.2 169.7 174.6 178.7 - - - _ _ _ - - 31. Continued— Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and available local area data: all items (1967=100, unless otherwise indicated) Urban Wage Earners All Urban Consumers Pricing Other sche index dule2 base Area' 1986 1985 July Class C: Northeast .......................... North C entral..................... South ................................. W est................................... 2 2 2 2 12/77 12/77 12/77 12/77 - Class D: Northeast .......................... North Central..................... South ................................. W est................................... 2 2 2 2 12/77 12/77 12/77 12/77 Aug. Mar. - - 178.9 169.1 173.5 168.9 - 173.7 170.7 172.8 173.3 Apr. May - - 183.0 168.5 173.6 170.5 - 177.9 170.0 173.2 172.6 “ July July Aug. Mar. Apr. May June July 183.4 170.7 174.5 171.6 - - 183.8 166.0 175.1 167.7 - 187.4 165.1 174.3 168.9 - 187.8 167.2 175.2 169.9 - 176.1 171.3 173.9 174.1 - - 173.6 172.7 174.5 174.8 - 177.2 171.4 174.0 173.9 “ 175.5 172.6 174.6 175.4 “ A-2 - 1,250,000 to 4,000,000. B - 385,000 to 1,250,000 C - 75,000 to 385,000. D - Less than 75,000. Population size class A is the aggregation of population size classes A-1 and A-2. - Data not available. NOTE: Local area CPI indexes are byproducts of the national CPI program. Because each local index is a small subset of the national index, it has a smaller sample size and is, therefore, subject to substantially more sampling and other measurement error than the national index. As a result, local area indexes show greater volatility than the national index, although their long-term trends are quite similar. Therefore, the Bureau of Labor Statistics strongly urges users to consider adopting the national average CPI for use in escalator clauses. 1 Area is generally the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA), exclusive of farms. L.A.-Long Beach, Anaheim, Calif, is a combination of two SMSA’s, and N.Y., N.Y.-Northeastern N.J. and Chicago, III.Northwestern Ind. are the more extensive Standard Consolidated Areas. Area definitions are those established by the Office of Management and Budget in 1973, except for Denver-Boulder, Colo, which does not include Douglas County. Definitions do not include revisions made since 1973. 2 Foods, fuels, and several other items priced every month in all areas; most other goods and services priced as indicated:. M - Every month. 1 - January, March, May, July, September, and November. 2 - February, April, June, August, October, and December. 3 Regions are defined as the four Census regions. The population size classes are aggregations of areas which have urban population as defined: A-1 - More than 4,000,000. 32. - 1986 1985 June Annual data: Consumer Price Index all items and major groups Series Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All items: Index..................................................................... Percent change..................................................... Food and beverages: Index..................................................... Percent change............................................................. Housing Index..................................................................... Percent change.............................................................. Apparel and upkeep: Index.......................................................... Percent change......................................................... Transportation: Index........................................................................... Percent change.............................................................. Medical care: Index............................................................................. Percent change.............................................................. Entertainment: Index............................................................................... Percent change.............................................................. Other goods and services: Index.............................................................................. Percent change.............................................................. Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers All items: Index............................................................................... Percent change.............................................................. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 181.5 6.5 195.4 7.7 217.4 11.3 246.8 13.5 272.4 10.4 289.1 298.4 3.2 311.1 4.3 322.2 3.6 188.0 206.3 9.7 228.5 248.0 8.5 267.3 7.8 278.2 4.1 284.4 6.0 2 .2 295.1 3.8 302.0 2.3 186.5 2 0 2 .8 227.6 6.8 8.7 1 2 .2 263.3 15.7 293.5 11.5 314.7 7.2 323.1 2.7 336.5 4.1 349.9 4.0 154.2 4.5 159.6 3.5 166.6 4.4 178.4 7.1 186.9 4.8 191.8 196.5 2.5 2 0 0 .2 2.6 206.0 2.9 177.2 7.1 185.5 4.7 2 12 .0 249.7 17.8 280.0 1 2 .1 291.5 4.1 298.4 2.4 311.7 4.5 319.9 14.3 202.4 9.6 219.4 8.4 239.7 9.3 265.9 10.9 294.5 328.7 379.5 403.1 10 .8 1 1 .6 357.3 8.7 6 .2 6 .2 167.7 4.9 176.6 5.3 188.5 6.7 205.3 8.9 221.4 7.8 235.8 6.5 246.0 4.3 255.1 3.7 265.0 3.9 172.2 5.8 183.3 6.4 196.7 7.3 214.5 9.0 235.7 9.9 259.9 10.3 288.3 10.9 307.7 6.7 326.6 181.5 6.5 195.3 7.6 217.7 11.5 247.0 13.5 272.3 288.6 1 0 .2 6.0 297.4 3.0 307.6 3.4 318.5 3.5 10 .8 6 .1 1.9 2 .6 6 .1 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1986 • Current Labor Statistics: Price Data 33. Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing (1967=100) Annual average 1985 1986 Grouping 1984 1985 Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Finished consumer goods ........................ Finished consumer foods....................... Finished consumer goods excluding foods ..................................................... Nondurable goods less food ............... Durable goods ..................................... Capital equipment..................................... 291.1 290.3 273.3 293.7 291.8 271.2 290.0 288.2 265.7 294.7 292.3 268.2 296.4 294.4 271.8 297.2 295.4 275.0 296.0 293.8 275.0 291.9 288.4 272.0 288.0 283.4 271.6 287.2 281.9 271.9 289.0 284.2 274.9 288.9 284.1 275.1 288.0 282.7 280.7 288.3 283.1 283.6 294.1 337.3 236.8 294.0 297.3 339.3 241.5 300.5 294.7 340.3 234.5 296.3 299.4 340.3 244.9 303.5 300.7 342.6 245.0 303.8 300.7 343.2 244.3 303.7 298.3 339.6 243.5 303.9 291.8 328.0 243.9 304.3 284.6 315.4 243.7 304.3 282.2 309.8 245.7 305.6 284.1 312.9 245.8 305.8 283.8 312.6 245.8 305.8 278.8 303.4 246.3 306.4 278.0 302.0 246.2 306.3 Intermediate materials, supplies, and com ponents................................................... 320.0 318.7 317.7 317.6 318.1 318.9 317.4 313.5 309.5 307.1 306.8 307.1 305.0 304.5 301.8 271.1 290.5 325.1 287.5 299.5 258.8 285.9 320.2 291.5 298.4 249.9 285.1 319.2 292.1 298.0 252.3 283.3 318.6 292.3 297.7 254.0 282.8 317.5 292.3 297.9 254.3 283.1 317.6 292.4 297.1 252.8 283.8 313.4 293.1 296.5 249.2 282.4 313.1 293.6 296.4 246.7 282.5 313.6 293.7 295.5 244.8 279.3 313.7 294.1 295.3 248.6 278.0 313.2 294.1 295.3 247.8 278.0 313.3 294.2 295.8 251.6 278.2 313.3 294.6 296.0 255.7 277.2 313.4 294.9 310.3 566.2 302.3 283.4 315.2 548.9 311.2 284.2 315.6 542.4 309.9 284.5 315.5 542.6 310.4 285.1 315.0 550.5 309.8 285.6 315.7 557.2 310.6 285.7 316.2 540.8 311.2 286.6 316.5 500.8 310.9 286.4 317.0 453.4 312.3 286.8 318.3 428.5 312.8 287.2 318.3 425.7 313.9 287.2 317.7 429.3 313.6 287.3 318.0 401.6 314.2 287.4 317.6 395.2 316.4 287.1 330.8 259.5 380.5 306.1 235.0 355.3 291.8 215.4 352.2 297.8 224.6 352.8 304.7 236.6 352.0 304.3 236.8 351.6 301.0 231.7 352.4 289.0 227.2 321.8 281.1 224.4 290.5 273.7 220.3 278.8 278.9 228.9 278.8 274.9 226.1 279.4 278.0 233.6 272.4 275.5 236.3 259.4 294.8 750.3 265.1 257.8 262.3 299.0 720.9 269.2 261.3 268.7 295.9 718.2 265.5 257.7 265.7 301.3 716.5 270.5 262.1 271.6 302.4 729.5 271.6 263.4 271.8 302.4 733.8 272.2 264.3 271.4 300.7 700.9 272.7 264.8 272.1 296.3 629.3 272.2 264.0 272.5 291.2 554.1 272.1 263.9 272.5 289.9 517.2 273.1 264.9 273.9 291.3 532.7 274.2 266.2 274.2 291.1 531.5 274.2 266.2 274.1 287.8 467.8 276.4 269.0 275.0 287.2 459.1 277.2 270.0 275.0 Finished goods .............................................. Materials and components for manufacturing .......................................... Materials for food manufacturing........... Materials for nondurable manufacturing . Materials for durable manufacturing...... Components for manufacturing.............. Materials and components for construction.............................................. Processed fuels and lubricants................. Containers................................................. Supplies..................................................... Crude materials for further processing ... Foodstuffs and feedstuffs ....................... Nonfood materials1 .................................. Special groupings Finished goods, excluding fo o d s................. Finished energy goods ................................ Finished goods less energy........................ Finished consumer goods less energy....... Finished goods less food and energy ........ Finished consumer goods less food and energy......................................................... Consumer nondurable goods less food and energy......................................................... Intermediate materials less foods and fe e d s........................................................... Intermediate foods and feeds..................... Intermediate energy goods ......................... Intermediate goods less energy.................. Intermediate materials less foods and energy......................................................... Crude energy materials................................ Crude materials less energy ....................... Crude nonfood materials less energy......... 1 76 Crude nonfood materials except fuel. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 245.9 252.1 249.6 254.9 255.0 254.6 255.5 256.0 256.0 257.3 257.7 257.6 258.6 258.6 239.0 246.2 247.9 248.3 248.5 248.3 250.5 251.1 251.2 252.0 252.5 252.3 253.8 253.8 325.0 253.1 545.0 303.8 325.0 232.8 528.3 304.0 324.4 225.4 522.3 303.4 324.1 228.6 522.2 303.4 324.5 231.4 529.3 303.2 325.3 232.7 536.2 303.5 323.6 232.6 520.0 303.4 319.7 228.9 482.0 303.0 315.5 227.8 437.0 303.3 313.0 227.0 413.3 303.1 312.5 229.4 410.5 303.0 312.8 229.0 413.9 302.9 310.5 230.3 387.1 303.4 309.9 232.4 380.8 303.5 303.6 305.2 305.0 304.6 304.2 304.5 304.3 304.2 304.5 304.3 304.0 303.9 304.2 304.2 785.2 255.5 266.1 748.1 233.2 249.7 743.2 217.9 246.7 743.1 224.7 246.5 737.1 233.2 244.6 735.6 233.0 242.9 732.8 229.8 245.8 662.9 226.5 246.5 614.5 224.7 247.9 577.0 221.9 249.1 571.6 228.5 249.3 554.2 226.5 250.0 538.7 232.0 249.2 524.5 231.1 236.1 34. Producer Price indexes, by durability of product (1967 = 100) Annual average 1985 1986 Grouping 1984 1985 Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Total durable g oods.................................. Total nondurable goods............................. 293.6 323.3 297.3 317.2 295.2 313.0 298.8 314.3 298.5 317.6 298.5 318.8 298.1 316.8 298.4 308.4 298.6 300.7 299.7 296.0 299.7 297.9 299.6 297.4 300.0 294.9 300.1 294.0 Total manufactures...................................... Durable..................................................... Nondurable ................................................ 302.9 293.9 312.3 304.3 298.1 310.5 302.2 296.0 308.4 304.4 299.7 309.2 305.4 299.5 311.4 306.0 299.5 312.5 304.8 299.0 310.6 301.1 299.3 302.9 297.3 299.4 294.9 296.1 300.5 291.2 296.9 300.5 292.8 297.0 300.5 293.1 295.4 300.9 289.2 295.6 300.9 289.7 Total raw or slightly processed goods ....... Durable...................................................... Nondurable ................................................ 346.6 266.7 351.4 327.9 252.2 332.4 317.6 249.7 321.6 320.6 248.1 324.9 326.2 245.2 331.2 327.6 244.3 332.7 326.0 248.2 330.6 316.3 251.2 320.2 310.3 252.4 313.6 303.0 253.1 305.8 305.6 252.0 308.7 302.6 250.9 305.5 304.3 248.9 307.4 299.7 252.4 302.3 35. Annual data: Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing (1967=100) Index 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 181.7 180.7 184.6 195.9 194.9 199.2 217.7 217.9 216.5 247.0 248.9 239.8 269.8 271.3 264.3 280.7 281.0 279.4 285.2 284.6 287.2 291.1 290.3 294.0 293.7 291.8 300.5 Finished goods: Total ............................................ Consumer goods ..................... Capital equipment ................................. Intermediate materials, supplies, and components: Total .................................................... Materials and components for manufacturing............................................ Materials and components for construction .... Processed fuels and lubricants...................... Containers ................................................. Supplies ...................................... 201.5 215.6 243.2 280.3 306.0 310.4 312.3 320.0 318.7 195.4 203.4 282.5 188.3 188.7 208.7 224.7 295.3 198.5 234.4 247.4 364.8 226.8 218.2 265.7 268.3 503.0 254.5 244.5 286.1 287.6 595.4 276.1 263.8 289.8 293.7 591.7 285.6 272.1 293.4 301.8 564.8 286.6 277.1 301.8 310.3 566.2 302.3 283.4 299.5 315.2 548.9 311.2 284.2 234.4 216.2 233.1 426.8 274.3 247.9 284.5 507.6 304.6 259.2 346.1 615.0 329.0 257.4 413.7 751.2 319.5 247.8 376.8 323.6 252.2 372.2 931.5 330.8 259.5 380.5 931.3 306.1 235.0 355.3 909.6 202.8 Crude materials for further processing: Total .......................................................... Foodstuffs and feedstuffs ............................... Nonfood materials except fuel ....................... Fuel ................................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 209.2 192.1 212.2 372.1 886.1 77 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW 36. October 1986 • Current Labor Statistics: Price Data U.S. export price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification (June 1977=100, unless otherwise indicated) Category 1974 SITO Dec. ALL COMMODITIES ( 9 /8 3 - 1 0 0 ) ..................................................................... 99.5 Food ( 3 /8 3 -1 0 0 ) ................................................................................................ 0 108.8 01 101.2 Meat (3 /8 3 -1 0 0 )...................................................................................... Fish (3/83-100) ....................................................................................... Grain and grain preparations (3/80 = 100) ............................................... Vegetables and fruit (3/83 = 100) ............................................................. Feedstuffs for animals (3/83 = 100).......................................................... Misc. food products (3 /8 3 = 1 0 0 ).............................................................. 03 04 05 08 09 100.4 105.6 116.1 117.4 101.7 Mar. June 100.2 101.5 106.2 108.9 99.8 102.7 116.2 106.9 104.9 109.6 108.7 98.7 107.4 126.8 98.8 110.6 Sept. Dec. Beverages (9/83—100)............................................................................. Tobacco and tobacco products (6/83 —100)........................................... Crude materials (6 /8 3 —100) ........................................................................... Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. June 99.3 98.1 97.5 97.5 96.5 96.7 97.0 96.7 103.5 105.6 98.0 96.5 104.4 98.7 92.9 114.6 82.4 108.4 95.8 103.9 94.0 104.7 103.6 90.3 90.2 106.1 93.6 90.5 111.5 82.6 126.8 75.7 108.1 87.1 118.8 83.4 107.7 82.1 115.2 88.5 106.0 89.5 114.7 106.2 79.1 125.7 85.5 104.7 99.7 95.6 101.9 95.1 96.5 103.0 95.9 101.2 125.5 83.5 109.5 1 101.5 101.6 101.9 102.8 101.3 11 103.3 102.3 102.9 103.3 103.7 12 101.4 101.6 101.8 102.7 101.1 2 112.2 112.5 118.3 105.2 101.4 21 135.2 145.6 154.7 153.7 133.6 22 96.8 93.9 104.3 79.9 74.8 102.2 103.3 106.0 104.1 104.0 23 125.4 129.4 123.8 24 129.8 131.1 106.0 112.5 122.1 120.8 114.2 25 Beverages and tobacco ( 6 /8 3 - 1 0 0 ) ............................................................. 1986 1985 1984 1983 101.0 92.4 119.4 72.8 120.1 68.6 112.2 102.6 101.8 102.2 110.6 109.2 99.9 104.0 99.5 105.3 99.6 101.8 99.5 98.6 100.9 98.4 96.8 126.2 71.2 106.3 125.7 96.1 105.8 167.9 82.0 93.3 129.0 64.2 107.1 124.5 93.8 103.6 169.4 80.1 92.5 139.9 63.9 106.0 128.1 92.7 97.7 165.5 78.7 95.8 138.9 66.9 106.0 128.7 98.8 168.0 83.4 95.6 148.9 65.8 106.1 128.7 109.7 98.6 166.1 80.5 97.5 121.0 100.1 Raw hides and skins (6/80—100) ............................................................ Oilseeds and oleaginous fruit (9/77—100)............................................... Crude rubber (including synthetic and reclaimed) (9/83 —100)............... W ood.......................................................................................................... Pulp and waste paper (6/83=100) .......................................................... Textile fibers.............................................................................................. Crude fertilizers and minerals................................................................... Metalliferous ores and metal scrap .......................................................... 26 27 28 123.1 144.8 96.7 120.5 146.6 100.2 125.6 147.7 98.5 109.4 163.0 93.2 106.7 163.2 92.4 71.0 106.4 128.7 100.5 102.4 165.6 89.2 Mineral fu e ls ......................................................................................................... 3 99.2 99.1 99.7 99.7 99.7 100.1 99.2 97.6 96.6 91.9 86.2 4 42 122.0 129.3 129.8 133.2 164.5 176.4 145.7 159.0 147.9 156.7 142.0 152.9 144.5 164.8 114.5 128.8 101.4 108.7 90.8 95.4 84.4 95.3 98.6 101.4 99.7 108.3 96.9 98.3 97.4 97.4 97.7 94.7 94.8 97.0 93.8 92.5 96.8 96.5 87.9 97.1 97.1 89.8 96.6 95.4 90.0 96.5 93.5 96.8 95.4 89.3 84.0 100.0 101.0 102.0 100.4 79.0 148.5 159.5 96.5 82.5 105.0 99.4 82.5 150.2 155.0 95.5 79.7 105.4 99.2 79.2 149.0 151.6 95.3 79.6 105.2 99.2 75.9 148.3 149.6 95.9 79.8 105.4 99.1 78.5 148.7 148.2 98.2 78.2 104.4 100.3 77.8 151.0 152.2 98.4 80.2 105.3 101.2 80.8 148.9 160.0 96.8 90.4 105.1 140.1 160.6 153.7 151.7 149.3 99.8 134.4 113.8 131.0 189.6 141.5 167.5 153.4 151.9 150.2 101.4 134.3 114.6 131.8 191.7 142.3 165.3 155.0 153.4 152.4 100.9 133.3 114.9 133.1 195.5 142.9 167.4 155.7 155.1 152.0 133.3 116.1 133.9 196.6 143.1 167.1 156.0 156.3 152.4 99.9 134.1 115.3 133.8 199.3 143.3 167.5 156.2 158.4 152.2 99.4 134.5 113.8 135.0 200.7 144.0 169.1 155.5 159.0 152.3 99.9 136.5 115.1 135.5 203.3 144.1 169.2 154.7 158.9 153.3 99.2 137.0 114.1 136.4 205.6 99.3 103.4 171.7 99.5 104.7 175.5 100.4 104.7 178.3 100.3 105.0 178.7 100.3 105.3 178.8 102.6 103.4 182.2 183.8 Animal and vegetables oils, fats, and waxes Fixed vegetable oils and fats (6 /8 3 -1 0 0 )............................................... 5 51 56 Chemicals ( 3 /8 3 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................................................................... Organic chemicals (12/83 = 1 00).............................................................. Fertilizers, manufactured (3 /8 3 -1 0 0 )...................................................... Intermediate manufactured products (9/81 = 1 0 0 )................................. Leather and furskins (9 /7 9 -1 0 0 )............................................................. Rubber manufactures ............................................................................... Paper and paperboard products (6 /7 8 = 10 0 ).......................................... Iron and steel (3/82-100) ....................................................................... Nonferrous metals (9/81 -1 00 ) ................................................................ Metal manufactures, n.e.s. (3/82-100) ................................................... Machinery and transport equipment, excluding military and commercial aircraft ( 1 2 / 7 8 - 1 0 0 ) ......................................................... . 6 61 62 64 - 100.0 100.2 101.0 75.8 145.0 145.5 96.3 93.8 83.5 146.7 150.2 95.9 94.2 103.1 101.3 81.2 147.5 154.7 96.1 92.9 104.5 137.0 154.4 151.1 148.7 145.9 102.5 132.1 109.8 128.8 179.3 138.5 158.4 152.3 150.8 148.6 101.4 133.0 139.4 156.9 152.8 151.2 149.0 101.5 132.3 130.2 183.1 131.2 187.7 102.1 67 Power generating machinery and equipment (12/78-100) .................... Machinery specialized for particular industries (9/78-100) .................... Metalworking machinery (6/78-100) ...................................................... General industrial machines and parts n.e.s. 9 /7 8 -1 0 0 )....................... Office machines and automatic data processing equipment ................... Telecommunications, sound recording and reproducing equipment....... Electrical machinery and equipment......................................................... Road vehicles and parts (3/80 —100)...................................................... Other transport equipment, excl. military and commercial aviation ....... 68 Other manufactured articles ........................................................................... 77 78 79 69 7 71 72 73 74 75 76 110.2 112.6 100.2 100.6 100.4 100.8 101.9 102.1 100.0 101.6 88.6 82.5 150.0 158.7 99.4 79.1 105.5 171.5 171.8 172.0 100.7 103.9 175.8 8 132.0 132.0 131.3 132.7 130.3 128.0 129.1 127.5 128.5 131.6 132.9 Miscellaneous manufactured articles, n.e.s............................................... 84 98.2 98.5 97.9 95.2 94.1 92.4 93.1 93.1 92.4 95.6 95.6 Gold, non-monetary (6 /8 3 = 1 0 0 ) .................................................................... 971 96.2 95.8 93.5 81.7 79.5 69.1 75.4 77.4 77.5 81.8 82.2 Apparel (9 /8 3 -1 0 0 )................................................................................. Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments and apparatus........ Photographic apparatus and supplies, optical goods, watches and clocks (1 2 /7 7 -1 0 0 )................................................................................. - Data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 37. U.S. import price indexes by Standard international Trade Classification (June 1977=100, unless otherwise indicated) Category 1974 SITC ALL COMMODITIES (9 /8 2 -1 0 0 )............................................................... Food (9/77 = 100)........................................................................................ M e a t........................................................................................................... Dairy products and eggs (6/81 = 100) .................................................... Bakery goods, pasta products, grain and grain preparations (9/77-100) .............................................................................................. Fruits and vegetables ................................................................................ Sugar, sugar preparations, and honey (3/82 = 100)................................. Coffee, tea, cocoa..................................................................................... Beverages and tobacco ................................................................................... Beverages ................................................................................................. Crude materials ................................................................................................... 1984 June Sept. 1985 Dec. Mar. June 1986 Sept. Dec. Mar. June 98.3 96.7 95.7 93.5 93.0 92.9 94.2 88.5 83.2 102.0 98.5 130.4 98.3 132.9 96.8 118.2 97.9 129.4 102.8 135.4 98.9 134.2. 98.1 132.3 98.4 133.9 94.9 03 103.5 133.8 99.8 134.2 99.1 129.7 131.2 100.5 132.7 113.4 122.7 106.7 139.3 104.7 118.5 107.1 144.8 04 05 06 07 134.8 135.8 120.3 62.4 132.9 135.4 119.0 60.3 132.8 117.2 118.5 58.4 131.8 127.1 118.4 57.0 132.3 129.4 122.6 120.2 123.1 54.4 146.9 119.4 124.6 85.9 149.3 119.4 56.0 141.9 131.3 111.9 64.6 1 156.3 157.1 11 153.6 153.5 2 102.6 100.6 156.5 152.8 156.2 154.2 157.1 154.3 158.0 156.0 162.1 159.1 163.2 161.8 165.5 163.9 98.9 83.8 104.0 93.2 98.6 95.6 106.4 94.0 77.6 100.7 84.0 100.3 90.4 104.3 93.6 76.4 106.9 80.4 101.7 87.6 104.9 91.5 68.9 76.8 102.7 89.5 102.5 91.2 73.2 99.4 75.8 95.3 75.5 106.3 79.9 90.1 102.5 94.2 78.8 104.3 74.9 101.5 94.5 103.6 85.2 85.2 82.9 83.8 80.9 81.6 79.8 80.3 79.1 80.1 55.3 54.7 37.4 36.1 0 01 02 136.3 121.6 69.2 Crude rubber (inc. synthetic & reclaimed) (3/84 = 100)........................... Wood (9/81=100) .................................................................................... Pulp and waste paper (12/81 -1 00 ) ........................................................ Crude fertilizers and crude minerals (12/83 = 100) .................................. Metalliferous ores and metal scrap (3/84 = 100)..................................... Crude vegetable and animal materials, n.e.s............................................. 23 24 25 27 28 29 Fuels and related products (6/82 —100).................................................. 3 33 102.8 100.1 100.8 101.1 88.0 86.9 88.1 87.0 4 42 141.8 143.1 124.4 125.3 114.9 115.3 89.9 89.5 76.7 75.9 57.6 56.2 50.6 48.9 41.4 39.3 39.3 37.4 5 54 56 59 100.6 Medicinal and pharmaceutical products (3/84-100) .............................. Manufactured fertilizers (3/84 —100)........................................................ Chemical materials and products, n.e.s. (9 /8 4 -1 0 0 ).............................. 98.5 101.7 - 98.8 96.4 98.5 100.0 97.1 94.6 92.9 97.5 95.7 91.6 94.2 96.1 94.9 95.1 82.0 95.6 94.5 95.3 80.8 96.9 94.2 96.7 78.5 97.8 94.6 102.9 79.2 99.9 93.3 104.9 79.7 100.2 Intermediate manufactured products (12/77-100) .............................. 6 139.6 145.3 140.8 131.0 150.4 130.1 166.6 123.8 96.3 120.5 137.2 144.0 139.6 126.4 156.1 131.6 156.6 124.7 90.2 119.3 136.8 140.4 140.5 126.1 157.5 132.9 159.4 123.7 87.3 119.3 133.1 135.3 139.5 121.3 157.6 130.4 154.3 132.4 133.3 138.6 157.2 127.5 151.8 81.9 117.4 82.3 117.8 133.6 137.0 137.3 123.4 157.8 126.5 157.6 119.1 83.7 119.5 133.4 141.3 138.1 124.0 156.5 128.1 162.3 118.3 80.4 134.0 141.6 136.5 130.8 157.1 131.2 164.2 117.3 79.4 124.4 135.6 143.0 137.7 134.3 157.1 132.9 169.6 118.1 78.9 127.8 102.9 98.0 89.9 91.3 101.6 102.6 103.5 101.4 94.2 94.3 107.2 104.9 98.1 98.0 111.5 105.0 103.8 115.3 115.4 107.7 109.0 Petroleum and petroleum products (6/82=100) ...................................... Fats and oils (9 /8 3 -1 0 0 ).......................................................................... Vegetable oils (9 /8 3 -1 0 0 )....................................................................... Chemicals (9 /8 2 -1 0 0 )............................................................................... 93.7 103.2 96.1 96.2 120.6 90.7 99.6 96.3 98.0 101.6 102.1 100.0 95.6 104.4 Leather and furskins .................................................................................. Rubber manufactures, n.e.s........................................................................ Cork and wood manufactures .................................................................. Paper and paperboard products ............................................................... Textiles....................................................................................................... Nonmetallic mineral manufactures, n.e.s................................................... Iron and steel (9/78 = 100) ....................................................................... Nonferrous metals (12/81 = 100) .............................................................. Metal manufactures, n.e.s.......................................................................... 61 62 63 64 65 Machinery and transport equipment (6/81 = 1 0 0 ).................................... 7 72 73 74 104.1 102.6 93.8 94.4 98.8 92.1 92.4 75 96.7 94.1 92.2 89.6 89.4 90.3 93.7 96.9 100.8 76 77 78 94.8 91.2 110.4 93.6 87.0 109.8 91.3 86.4 111.3 90.0 82.1 111.5 88.8 83.9 112.1 88.3 81.4 112.7 88.6 83.1 117.8 89.4 84.5 123.4 91.6 87.4 127.1 101.5 99.7 110.7 138.4 135.4 138.4 100.0 111.6 98.0 114.1 136.7 133.9 136.7 99.6 117.8 142.1 134.5 142.1 100.8 103.3 115.0 142.7 134.5 142.7 120.1 142.5 138.5 142.5 97.0 113.9 137.4 136.7 137.4 147.0 133.4 147.0 104.8 123.5 142.2 135.3 142.2 Machinery specialized for particular industries (9/78 = 100) .................... Metalworking machinery (3/80-100) ...................................................... General industrial machinery and parts, n.e.s. (6/81=100) .................... Office machines and automatic data processing equipment (3 /8 0 -1 0 0 )............................................................................................. Telecommunications, sound recording and reproducing apparatus (3/80=100) ............................................................................................. Electrical machinery and equipment (12/81 —1 00).................................. Road vehicles and parts (6/81 = 100)...................................................... Mise, manufactured articles (3 /8 0 =10 0 )................................................. 66 67 68 69 8 100.0 112.0 121.2 121.0 120.1 96.2 86.3 89.2 97.0 90.5 91.1 121.6 112.1 Plumbing, heating, and lighting fixtures (6/80=100) ............................... Furniture and parts (6/80=100) ............................................................... Clothing (9/77-100) ................................................................................ Footwear.................................................................................................... Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments and apparatus (12/79—100)........................................................................... Photographic apparatus and supplies, optical goods, watches, and clocks (3 /8 0 -1 0 0 ).................................................................................. Mise, manufactured articles, n.e.s. (6/82 —1 00)...................................... 81 82 84 85 140.8 132.5 140.8 87 97.8 95.6 92.9 89.2 92.3 98.8 102.4 106.4 112.5 88 92.8 104.0 91.2 98.3 91.3 96.3 88.9 91.2 89.5 95.2 91.1 96.4 94.5 97.9 99.3 103.7 103.4 Gold, non-monetary ( 6 /8 2 - 1 0 0 ) .................................................................... 971 - - - - - - Data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 89 - 102.1 - - MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW 38. October 1986 • Current Labor Statistics: Price Data U.S. export price indexes by end-use category (September 1983 = 100 unless otherwise indicated) Category Percentage of 1980 trade value 16.294 30.696 21.327 9.368 30.186 7.483 7.467 3.965 3.501 39. 98.5 102.5 104.4 97.7 103.9 105.3 100.9 99.6 102.1 88.8 102.8 100.5 95.0 104.6 105.3 101.3 99.4 103.0 83.0 99.1 101.4 93.3 105.6 105.7 100.8 99.3 102.3 80.9 97.2 99.5 91.6 106.6 108.0 81.5 97.6 99.6 92.6 106.2 106.7 100.9 99.1 102.7 101.1 99.2 103.0 76.2 96.5 98.7 91.1 106.6 108.1 101.9 100.4 103.3 June Mar. Dec. Sept. June Mar. Dec. Sept. June 19B6 1985 1984 77.5 95.9 97.9 91.0 106.6 109.2 101.4 99.5 103.3 75.5 96.0 97.5 92.5 107.4 109.5 103.7 74.7 94.8 96.0 91.9 107.5 110.4 104.5 105.5 107.2 101.8 101.8 U.S. import price indexes by end-use category (December 1982 = 100) Category Percentage of 1980 trade valué 7.477 31.108 19.205 9.391 9.814 13.164 11.750 14.250 5.507 8.743 107.2 88.5 104.3 102.1 106.7 99.8 104.9 101.9 101.4 102.5 105.6 87.5 102.5 101.7 103.3 98.0 104.0 101.8 85.7 101.1 100.7 101.6 98.8 103.0 98.5 104.6 100.6 97.8 105.2 101.1 102.1 100.4 82.1 95.8 93.9 97.8 96.3 105.9 99.4 97.0 102.5 84.4 96.3 95.0 97.7 94.8 105.4 99.5 97.0 103.0 June Mar. Dec. Sept. June Mar. Dec. Sept. June 19 86 1985 1984 106.0 80.5 93.9 91.8 96.2 115.8 55.4 94.5 91.1 98.1 98.9 103.9 111.4 102.4 100.7 104.7 115.6 104.5 103.4 106.0 Dec. Mar. 99.0 80.9 95.4 93.5 97.4 97.6 106.4 101.0 100.0 102.8 40. U.S. export price indexes by Standard Industrial Classification 1 June Sept. Manufacturing: 112.7 Lumber and wood products, except furniture (6 /8 3 -1 0 0 )..................................................................... 100.1 102.1 97.0 103.5 106.2 101.3 100.7 104.0 137.9 109.5 157.2 138.0 110.7 157.8 153.2 156.0 103.1 104.3 102.3 Scientific instruments; optical goods; clocks (6/77 —100) .................................................................. 1 SIC - based classification. Digitized for80 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 105.6 100.0 19 86 1985 1984 Industry group Dec. Mar. June Sept. June 99.5 99.5 96.7 98.1 97.0 95.0 98.3 107.1 93.2 99.7 101.2 108.4 92.1 99.2 99.1 93.6 140.5 101.5 109.2 95.7 98.9 93.5 96.4 140.6 101.2 109.7 101.6 112.6 112.2 158.9 99.9 105.2 97.1 100.3 101.3 91.2 140.4 111.3 160.5 99.5 106.5 94.7 99.6 102.7 92.7 140.5 112.4 161.9 164.3 165.2 166.9 153.0 154.9 156.6 156.2 156.7 159.7 161.2 103.3 97.9 104.9 103.6 100.7 100.4 95.8 139.9 111.1 102.0 93.6 140.6 111.9 162.8 111.2 98.3 83.1 96.6 140.3 108.2 36.7 94.0 89.7 98.7 106.6 119.0 106.6 106.6 106.6 41. U.S. import price indexes by Standard Industrial Classification 1 1984 1985 1986 Industry group June Manufacturing: Food and kindred products (6/77=100) ...................... Textile mill products (9 /8 2 = 10 0 ).............................. Apparel and related products (6 /7 7 = 1 0 0 )...................... Lumber and wood products, except furniture (6 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ).......................................................... Furniture and fixtures (6 /8 0 =10 0 ).................... Paper and allied products (6/77 = 100)................................... Chemicals and allied products (9 /8 2 = 1 0 0 )............................ Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products (1 2/8 0= 1 0 0 ).................................................................... Leather and leather products .......................................... Primary metal products (6/81=100) ....................................... Fabricated metal products (12/84 = 100)................................. Machinery, except electrical (3 /8 0 = 1 0 0 )................................ Electrical machinery (9 /8 4 -1 0 0 )........................... Transportation equipment (6/81 = 100) ........................... Scientific instruments; optical goods; clocks (1 2/7 9=1 0 0 ).................................................................... Miscellaneous manufactured commodities (9 /8 2 -1 0 0 ).......................................................................... Sept. 122.6 126.6 103.8 129.6 124.1 104.3 133.9 104.7 138.2 121.1 96.9 141.9 101.8 117.3 96.2 146.0 99.8 95.6 145.5 98.2 98.5 143.7 91.9 97.8 141.6 88.3 - - 97.1 120.0 98.0 144.2 86.6 100.0 95.5 June 118.8 Sept. 115.0 102.8 101.0 135.6 133.0 116.3 93.9 141.5 95.3 96.1 139.8 93.9 96.9 139.1 82.2 99.0 91.8 95.1 113.1 96.7 138.9 83.0 99.1 93.4 95.8 114.2 120.6 111.6 110.7 94.1 98.6 112.9 95.5 94.4 93.2 90.7 91.7 99.1 95.8 96.4 95.1 95.1 100.0 - 1 SIC - based classification. 42. Mar. Dec. Dec. Mar. 115.1 June 114.2 100.4 133.9 134.4 117.7 104.7 133.4 115.6 106.4 135.1 117.5 97.7 138.7 93.3 115.8 98.2 137.4 95.8 122.1 101.2 137.6 98.6 124.8 103.5 139.4 96.6 142.3 83.4 97.5 144.0 81.9 101.8 102.1 100.6 95.8 119.6 100.9 145.8 82.0 104.9 105.5 97.0 123.9 94.6 98.8 103.9 109.5 96.6 98.7 99.9 101.7 101.0 96.6 94.5 114.8 102.6 100.0 144.6 82.4 108.5 108.9 100.2 128.0 - Data not available. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs, quarterly data seasonally adjusted (1977=100) Annual average Item Quarterly Indexes 1983 1984 1985 1986 1984 IV I II III IV I II III IV I II Business: Output per hour of all persons............................. Compensation per hour................................ Real compensation per h o u r................................ Unit labor costs ................................................. Unit nonlabor payments ....................................... Implicit price deflator ............................................ 105.3 168.1 98.1 159.7 156.3 158.5 103.8 163.6 98.0 157.7 150.6 155.2 104.9 165.9 98.1 158.2 154.1 156.7 105.6 167.1 97.9 158.3 156.7 157.7 105.5 169.0 98.1 160.2 157.0 159.0 105.5 170.6 98.2 161.7 157.7 160.3 105.7 172.3 98.4 163.1 158.3 161.4 106.4 174.5 98.7 164.0 160.0 162.6 107.3 176.4 99.1 164.4 161.4 163.4 106.4 178.0 99.0 167.3 159.6 164.6 107.3 179.1 99.2 167.0 162.2 165.3 107.2 180.4 100.3 168.2 161.9 166.0 Nonfarm business: Output per hour of all persons............................. Compensation per hour....................................... Real compensation per h o u r................................ Unit labor costs ............................................... Unit nonlabor payments ....................................... Implicit price deflator ............................................ 104.3 103.3 103.9 104.6 104.4 104.3 104.4 104.9 105.4 104.5 105.6 105.5 1 6 7 .9 1 6 3 .4 1 6 5 .6 98.0 161.0 156.1 159.3 97.9 158.2 152.3 156.2 97.9 159.4 153.2 157.2 97.8 159.5 156.4 158.4 98.0 161.5 157.2 160.0 98.1 163.3 157.9 161.4 98.2 164.8 158.9 162.7 98.4 165.9 160.8 164.1 98.5 166.3 163.0 165.2 98.4 169.3 160.3 166.2 98.8 168.8 163.9 167.1 99.7 170.0 163.5 167.7 105.6 165.9 96.8 161.5 157.0 174.6 133.4 160.1 158.1 104.5 161.7 96.8 159.0 154.8 171.4 128.6 156.4 155.3 105.3 163.6 96.8 159.4 155.4 171.1 134.4 158.3 156.4 105.9 164.8 96.6 160.1 155.7 173.1 138.5 161.0 157.5 105.5 166.6 96.7 162.6 157.9 176.4 130.3 160.3 158.7 105.8 168.3 96.8 163.8 159.1 177.5 130.5 161.0 159.8 106.0 169.9 97.0 164.9 160.3 178.5 129.3 161.3 160.6 106.5 171.6 97.0 165.8 161.1 179.8 130.2 162.5 161.6 107.8 173.1 97.2 165.0 160.5 178.3 141.7 165.5 162.2 107.0 174.5 97.0 167.2 163.0 179.8 131.2 162.8 162.9 106.9 175.4 97.1 168.3 164.0 181.1 131.7 163.8 164.0 106.3 176.0 97.9 169.4 165.6 180.9 128.4 162.5 164.5 116.6 168.2 98.1 144.2 113.3 163.6 97.9 144.3 114.7 165.4 97.8 144.1 115.7 166.8 97.8 144.2 117.8 169.1 98.2 143.5 118.2 171.5 98.7 145.1 119.3 173.8 99.2 145.7 121.7 175.6 99.3 144.3 123.0 178.1 122.9 179.3 99.7 145.8 123.4 180.2 99.8 146.1 124.0 181.4 100.9 146.2 Nonfinancial corporations: Output per hour of all employees........................ Compensation per hour........................................ Real compensation per h o u r................................ Total unit co sts..................................................... Unit labor costs .................................................. Unit nonlabor co sts ............................................ Unit profits............................................................ Unit nonlabor payments ....................................... Implicit price deflator ............................................ Manufacturing: Output per hour of all persons............................. Compensation per hour........................................ Real compensation per h o u r................................ Unit labor c o s ts .................................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 100.0 144.8 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW 43. October 1986 • Current Labor Statistics: Productivity Data Annual indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, selected years (1977 = 100) 1984 1983 1982 1981 1980 1979 1978 1976 1974 1973 1970 1960 Item Private business Productivity: Output per hour of all persons .......................... Output per unit of capital services.................... Multifactor productivity....................................... O utput................................................................... Inputs: Hours of all persons........................................... Capital services .................................................. Combined units of labor and capital inp u t........ Capital per hour of all persons............................. 86.1 64.8 98.4 75.4 53.3 98.5 90.2 78.3 101.8 101.0 105.5 105.0 103.6 104.5 98.7 95.9 97.5 96.5 98.7 95.6 97.6 106.4 100.6 100.8 94.1 98.3 109.2 89.5 96.8 106.3 108.6 107.5 108.2 98.9 107.8 111.4 109.0 103.3 108.5 116.0 99.3 100.3 99.7 107.9 100.5 97.6 96.1 97.1 93.7 92.5 96.5 93.8 89.9 94.8 103.0 97.5 91.8 90.8 79.4 86.7 87.4 96.8 89.1 94.1 92.0 97.2 93.1 95.8 95.9 101.6 68.0 86.8 98.4 77.6 52.3 98.6 90.7 77.8 95.3 103.2 97.9 91.7 92.9 96.5 94.1 89.7 97.8 96.1 97.2 93.6 100.6 99.0 100.1 101.9 101.0 99.4 105.7 108.0 98.2 95.2 97.2 106.4 77.0 53.2 67.4 69.1 89.7 78.9 85.9 96.2 88.0 93.6 92.4 96.5 93.0 95.3 96.3 95.7 97.4 96.3 101.8 105.1 103.7 104.6 98.7 109.1 107.9 108.7 98.9 108.4 111.7 109.5 103.1 60.0 87.9 67.0 50.7 79.2 91.8 82.3 77.0 93.0 108.2 96.8 95.9 90.8 99.6 93.1 91.9 97.6 96.1 97.1 93.6 100.9 101.5 101.1 101.6 99.5 101.0 105.3 108.2 101.7 90.7 98.8 103.5 103.1 101.2 99.0 85.9 92.2 98.7 91.1 95.9 97.4 96.3 104.4 103.8 104.2 99.4 106.5 108.8 107.1 101.7 114.1 104.8 82.2 54.1 70.7 65.9 103.7 92.3 99.6 107.1 97.4 103.7 107.2 120.4 106.9 105.4 118.8 109.9 112.7 113.0 124.3 116.8 109.9 99.6 93.2 97.4 108.7 99.9 88.7 95.9 105.9 103.5 91.9 99.4 111.3 106.3 96.6 102.9 109.1 116.6 106.0 119.4 110.4 107.6 113.8 104.9 89.9 107.1 82.9 100.3 99.3 111.6 87.6 104.9 104.4 115.6 96.0 110.4 115.3 92.7 119.8 99.0 129.2 93.5 119.2 99.5 127.5 111.0 121.0 111.1 111.6 112.3 Private nonfarm business Productivity: Output per hour of all persons .......................... Output per unit of capital services..................... Multifactor productivity....................................... O utput................................................................... Inputs: Hours of all persons........................................... Capital services ................................................. Combined units of labor and capital inp u t........ Capital per hour of all persons............................. 88.8 121.0 121.1 125.2 112.0 117.5 111.6 112.6 112.6 110.1 106.8 Manufacturing Productivity: Output per hour of all persons .......................... Output per unit of capital services..................... Multifactor productivity....................................... O utput................................................................... Inputs: Hours of all persons........................................... Combined units of labor and capital inputs ...... Capital per hour of all persons............................. 44. 97.3 83.9 93.5 84.4 57.6 75.6 68.3 88.6 86.2 101.6 102.1 100.8 106.1 101.1 112.2 118.0 105.2 116.7 99.8 120.2 104.5 120.4 Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years (1977 = 100) Item 1960 1970 1973 1974 1976 Business: Output per hour of all persons............................. Compensation per h our........................................ Real compensation per hour ................................ Unit labor costs .................................................... Unit nonlabor payments ....................................... Implicit price deflator ............................................ Digitized for 82 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 99.6 119.1 99.4 119.5 112.5 117.0 99.3 131.5 96.7 132.5 118.7 127.6 100.7 143.7 95.7 142.7 134.6 139.8 100.3 154.9 97.3 154.5 136.6 148.1 103.0 161.5 98.2 156.8 146.3 153.0 105.3 168.1 98.1 159.7 156.3 158.5 106.4 1/5.3 98.8 164.8 159.7 163.0 99.3 118.9 99.2 119.7 110.5 116.5 98.8 131.3 96.6 132.9 118.5 127.8 99.8 143.6 95.7 144.0 133.5 140.3 99.2 154.8 97.2 156.0 136.5 149.2 102.4 161.5 98.2 157.7 148.1 154.3 104.3 167.9 98.0 161.0 156.1 159.3 104.8 174.6 98.4 166.7 160.6 164.6 95.9 70.9 96.7 73.9 72.5 73.4 93.9 77.6 95.4 82.7 76.4 80.5 98.3 92.8 98.7 94.3 93.3 94.0 100.8 108.5 100.8 71.0 35.3 72.3 49.7 46.3 48.5 89.3 58.2 90.8 65.2 60.0 63.4 96.4 71.2 97.1 73.9 69.3 72.3 94.3 78.0 95.9 82.7 74.0 79.7 98.5 92.8 98.8 94.3 93.0 93.8 100.8 73.4 36.9 75.5 50.2 51.5 50.7 91.1 59.2 92.4 65.0 60.1 63.3 97.5 71.6 97.6 73.4 68.9 71.9 94.6 78.2 96.1 82.6 73.1 79.4 98.4 92.9 98.9 94.3 93.8 94.2 108.4 100.7 107.8 104.4 106.6 99.8 118.7 99.1 119.0 108.4 115.4 99.1 131.1 96.4 132.3 118.6 127.6 99.6 143.3 95.5 143.8 137.8 141.7 100.4 154.3 96.9 153.8 142.1 149.8 103.5 159.9 97.3 154.5 152.1 153.7 105.6 165.9 96.8 157.0 160.1 158.1 106.8 172.3 97.0 161.2 163.0 161.8 62.2 36.5 74.8 58.7 60.0 59.1 80.8 57.4 89.5 71.0 64.1 69.0 93.4 90.6 76.2 93.6 84.1 67.7 79.3 97.1 92.1 98.1 94.9 93.5 94.5 101.5 108.2 100.5 106.6 101.9 105.2 101.4 118.6 59.1 117.0 98.9 111.7 101.4 132.4 97.4 130.6 97.8 103.6 145.2 96.7 140.1 105.9 157.5 98.9 148.7 114.0 138.6 112.0 93.8 73.7 70.7 72.8 116.6 168.2 98.1 144.2 136.9 142.1 121.7 176.7 99.5 145.1 134.4 142.0 Manufacturing: Output per hour of all persons............................. Compensation per h our........................................ Real compensation per h o u r................................ Unit labor costs .................................................... Unit nonlabor payments....................................... Implicit price deflator ............................................ 1980 88.4 57.8 90.2 65.4 59.4 63.2 Nonfinancial corporations: Output per hour of all employees........................ Compensation per hour........................................ Real compensation per h o u r................................ Unit labor costs .................................................... Unit nonlabor payments ....................................... Implicit price deflator ............................................ 1979 67.6 33.6 68.9 49.7 46.4 48.5 Nonfarm business: Output per hour of all persons............................. Compensation per h our........................................ Real compensation per h o u r................................ Unit labor costs .................................................... Unit nonlabor payments ....................................... Implicit price deflator ............................................ 1978 68.8 107.6 106.7 107.3 108.6 100.9 107.7 105.6 107.0 100.6 121.0 111.8 131.8 162.4 98.8 145.0 128.5 140.2 45. Unemployment rates in nine countries, quarterly data seasonally adjusted Annual average 1984 1985 1986 Country 1984 1985 IV I II III IV I II Total labor force basis United States.................................... Canada .............................................. Australia ............................................ Japan ................................................. France ............................................... Germany............................................ Great Britain ..................................... Italy 2 .............................................. Sweden ............................................. 7.4 11.2 8.9 2.7 9.7 7.6 12.8 5.8 3.1 7.1 10.4 8.2 2.6 10.1 7.7 13.0 5.9 7.1 11.1 8.6 2.7 10.0 7.7 12.8 2.8 5.7 3.0 11.1 8.6 7.2 7.2 10.5 8.4 2.5 7.1 11.0 8.5 2.6 10.2 10.1 10.2 8.1 2.6 10.2 7.7 12.9 5.8 3.0 7.8 13.0 5.7 2.9 7.7 13.2 5.9 2.7 6.9 10.1 7.8 2.9 9.9 7.7 12.8 6.2 2.7 7.0 9.7 7.9 2.6 10.0 7.6 13.0 6.2 2.8 7.1 9.5 - 2.8 10.3 7.5 13.1 6.3 2.6 Civilian labor force basis United States.................................... Canada .............................................. Australia............................................ Japan ................................................. 7.5 11.3 9.0 7.2 10.5 8.3 France ............................................... Germany............................................ Great Britain ..................................... Ita ly ................................................... Sweden ............................................. 9.9 7.8 12.9 5.9 3.1 10.4 7.9 13.1 2.8 2.6 6.0 2.8 1 Quarterly rates are for the first month of the quarter. 2 Major changes in the Italian labor force survey, introduced in 1977, resulted in a large increase in persons enumerated as unemployed. However, many persons reported that they had not actively sought work in the past 30 days, and they have been provisionally excluded for comparability with U.S. concepts. Inclusion of such persons would more than double the Italian unemployment rate https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 7.2 7.3 7.3 7.2 10.6 8.5 2.6 10.2 8.2 2.7 11.1 8.6 2.6 10.3 7.8 13.0 5.8 3.0 10.5 7.9 13.1 5.9 3.0 10.4 7.9 13.2 5.8 2.9 10.4 7.9 13.4 2.7 6.0 2.8 7.0 10.1 7.1 9.7 7.2 9.6 7.9 2.9 8.0 2.7 2.8 10.1 10.3 7.8 13.1 6.3 10.5 7.6 13.3 6.5 7.8 13.0 6.3 2.7 2.8 _ 2.6 shown. - Data not available. NOTE: Quarterly figures for France, Germany, and Great Britain are calculated by applying annual adjustment factors to current published data and therefore should be viewed as less precise indicators of unemployment under U.S. concepts than the annual figures. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1986 • Current Labor Statistics: International Comparisons Data 46. Annual data: Employment status of the civilian working*age population, ten countries (Numbers in thousands) Employment status and country 1977 96,158 10,203 6,244 53,100 99,009 10,500 6,358 53,820 22,300 25,870 25,430 20,530 4,950 4,168 Labor force United S tates......................... Canada ................................... Australia.................................. Japan ..................................... France..................................... Germany................................. Great Britain........................... Italy......................................... Netherlands............................ Sweden............. ..................... 22,000 25,900 25,290 20,300 4,890 4,149 Participation rate United S tates......................... Canada ................................... Australia.................................. Japan ..................................... France.................................... Germany................................ Great Britain........................... Italy......................................... Netherlands............................ Sweden.................................. 84 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 64.0 64.1 61.8 62.7 57.1 52.7 61.9 47.4 51.2 64.0 64.4 61.5 63.1 56.6 52.5 61.9 47.2 52.1 66.7 64.4 64.8 61.5 62.7 56.6 52.6 62.7 47.3 52.0 12,639 7,272 58,820 23,330 27,090 26,960 21,800 5,690 4,418 64.8 65.2 61.8 62.3 56.4 53.2 63.6 47.2 51.2 67.2 63.7 63.4 61.7 62.7 57.5 53.3 63.2 47.8 49.0 63.8 64.1 62.2 62.6 57.2 53.2 63.2 48.0 50.0 67.0 63.9 64.8 62.0 62.6 57.1 52.9 62.2 48.0 51.3 88,752 9,477 5,946 52,020 92,017 9,651 98,824 10,395 4,830 4,174 99,303 10,708 6,284 54,600 21,320 25,750 24,100 20,380 4,960 4,226 100,397 11,006 6,416 55,060 25,010 23,810 19,600 4,630 4,083 52,720 21,180 24,970 23,840 19,800 4,700 4,093 96,048 9,987 6,038 53,370 21,260 25,130 24,040 19,870 4,750 4,109 56.8 56.7 59.7 61.1 54.8 52.0 59.5 46.1 46.5 64.9 57.9 56.6 59.2 61.2 54.7 51.6 59.3 46.3 46.5 64.8 59.3 57.5 58.1 61.3 54.4 51.5 59.4 45.9 46.3 64.6 59.9 58.7 57.9 61.4 54.0 51.7 59.8 45.9 46.4 65.3 59.2 59.3 58.4 61.3 53.5 51.7 58.9 46.1 46.9 65.6 59.0 59.9 58.4 61.2 52.8 50.8 55.8 45.9 46.5 65.1 57.8 57.0 57.3 61.2 52.3 49.6 54.6 45.2 45.4 64.7 57.9 56.7 55.4 61.4 51.8 48.6 54.0 44.7 44.5 64.4 59.5 57.4 56.0 61.0 51.0 48.5 54.6 44.5 44.2 64.7 60.1 58.4 56.6 60.6 50.5 49.0 55.2 44.4 44.0 65.3 7,406 726 298 1,080 990 890 1,480 700 260 6,991 849 358 6,202 900 1,590 740 250 75 870 1,580 760 260 94 6,137 836 408 1,170 1,370 780 1,350 810 270 7,637 865 409 1,140 1,470 770 1,770 830 330 8,273 898 394 1,260 1,730 1,090 2,680 920 510 108 10,678 1,314 495 1,360 1,920 1,580 3,060 10,717 1,448 697 1,560 1,960 1,990 3,330 1,140 830 151 8,539 1,399 642 1,610 2,310 2,090 3,430 1,280 860 136 8,312 1,328 602 1,560 2,420 2,130 3,540 1,310 800 125 7.7 7.1 4.8 2.C 4.8 3.4 5.S 3.4 5.2 1.( 7.1 6.1 5.8 7.4 6.3 7.1 7.5 5.6 2.C 5.C 3.5 8.3 6.3 2.3 5.4 3.4 7.6 7.5 5.8 9.7 11.C 7.2 2.4 8.C 5.S 9.6 11.9 10.C 2.7 8.5 7.5 11.3 9.0 7.2 10.5 8.3 2.6 10.4 7.9 13.1 3.6 5.C 3.' 5.2 66.0 21,010 6,000 66 1,100 1,120 Unemployment rate United S tates....................... Canada ................................ Australia............................... Japan ................................... France .................................. Germany............................. * Great Britain........................ Italy...................................... Netherlands......................... Sweden................................ 113,544 12,399 7,133 58,480 23,290 26,880 26,530 21,680 5,740 4,385 63.2 62.7 62.0 62.8 57.5 53.3 63.3 47.7 48.8 Unemployed United S tates....................... Canada ................................. Australia................................ Japan .................................... France ................................... Germany............................... Great Britain......................... Italy....................................... Netherlands.......................... Sweden................................. 111,550 12,183 6,997 58,110 23,130 26,740 26,010 21,610 5,720 4,369 106,940 11,573 6,693 55,740 22,790 26,520 25,870 62.3 61.6 62.7 62.5 57.6 53.4 63.2 48.0 49.0 65.9 Employment-population ratio United States........................ Canada .................................. Australia................................. Ja pa n ........ ........................... France................................... Germany............................... Great Britain.......................... Italy........................................ Netherlands.......................... Sweden................................. 108,670 110,204 11,958 11,904 6,910 6,810 56,980 56,320 23,150 22,930 26,710 26,650 25,880 25,870 21,210 21,410 21,450 5,560 5,500 5,290 4,350 4,326 4,312 102,251 104,962 11,231 10,895 6,519 6,443 55,210 54,610 22,670 22,470 26,250 26,000 25,710 25,620 20,910 20,630 5,100 5,010 4,262 4,203 61.6 61.1 62.7 62.4 57.3 53.8 63.2 47.8 49.1 Employed United States ......................... Canada .................................. Australia................................. Japan .................................... France.................................... Germany................................ Great Britain.......................... Italy........................................ Netherlands........................... Sweden.................................. 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981 1980 1979 1978 1976 8.1 6.2 1.1 66.1 908 405 1,240 1,210 6.2 2.2 66.6 6,111 54,040 21,300 25,470 24,360 20,100 88 2.1 6.C 3.C 5.2 3.S 5.2 2.1 86 6.1 2.C 6.4 2.£ 6.5 3.S 6.2 2.C 66.8 21,200 25,560 23,190 20,480 4,990 4,218 2.2 7.5 4.1 10.4 4.C 9.2 2.5 66.8 66.8 99,526 100,834 105,005 107,150 11,000 11,311 10,734 10,644 6,670 6,490 6,300 6,415 57,260 56,870 56,550 55,620 20,910 20,980 21,170 21,230 24,960 24,790 24,750 25,130 23,420 23,100 22,680 22,820 20,490 20,390 20,470 20,430 4,890 4,880 4,890 4,930 4,293 4,249 4,218 4,213 1,020 630 137 11.6 4.6 11.2 3. 7.4 12.6 5.2 14.5 3.Î 2.8 9.9 7.8 12.9 5.9 15.0 3.1 6.0 14.1 2.8 47. Annual indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, twelve countries (1977 = 100) Item and country 1960 1970 1973 1974 1976 1977 62.2 50.3 23.2 32.8 37.2 36.4 40.3 36.5 32.4 54.6 42.3 53.8 80.8 76.8 64.8 60.0 65.5 69.6 71.2 72.7 64.3 81.7 80.7 77.6 93.4 91.3 83.1 78.7 83.2 82.2 84.0 90.9 81.5 94.6 94.8 92.9 90.6 93.4 86.5 83.2 97.1 96.2 94.3 95.3 98.2 95.0 96.5 98.9 95.8 99.7 101.7 99.1 100.0 101.4 101.4 103.6 105.9 112.9 100.0 104.2 101.9 104.0 101.0 107.6 100.0 114.8 122.7 127.2 135.0 142.3 100.0 111.8 119.3 127.2 132.8 141.0 100.0 106.5 112.3 114.2 114.6 117.3 100.0 110.3 112.0 116.4 123.5 129.3 100.0 108.2 108.6 111.0 112.6 119.0 100.0 110.5 116.9 121.0 123.4 126.6 100.0 112.3 113.9 116.9 119.4 126.1 100.0 107.1 109.3 109.7 112.6 119.2 100.0 110.9 112.7 113.2 116.5 125.5 100.0 102.2 101.2 107.9 112.7 121.2 52.5 41.5 19.2 41.7 49.2 35.4 50.0 37.4 44.8 55.1 52.6 71.0 78.6 75.1 69.9 78.1 82.0 73.3 96.3 94.6 91.9 95.8 95.9 88.6 78.0 84.4 87.0 92.5 94.7 96.1 90.5 95.8 99.5 100.3 104.7 93.1 98.1 94.8 99.5 99.6 96.1 98.0 97.9 99.0 101.4 106.1 98.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 108.1 110.9 113.9 104.2 105.4 106.1 106.6 108.6 106.1 100.3 103.6 100.5 95.9 100.0 102.0 100.0 100.6 100.0 121.8 104.4 100.0 115.2 101.4 100.0 107.8 101.2 100.0 114.4 101.6 100.0 99.6 101.0 99.0 100.0 117.6 113.5 103.3 100.0 105.1 106.5 101.7 100.0 105.7 107.0 104.3 100.0 112.7 108.7 99.0 100.0 106.5 106.4 99.3 93.2 99.0 96.2 98.5 98.2 94.4 93.6 93.4 98.3 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 Output per hour United States ........................................... Canada ................................ Japan ................................. Belgium................................... Denmark ........................... France................................. Germany ............................. Italy................................................. Netherlands.................................... Norway................................. Sweden.................................. United Kingdom............................................... 86.0 85.2 87.4 95.3 88.1 97.7 98.8 95.2 118.5 111.5 152.2 145.5 118.3 135.0 124.7 135.0 139.3 122.3 132.6 126.2 121.8 115.1 159.9 _ 118.4 140.2 131.9 139.1 _ 125.0 135.2 129.7 Output United S tates...................................................................................... Canada ................................................. Japan ................................................. Belgium................................................. Denmark.............................................................................................. France ................................................................................................. Germany.............................................................................................. Italy........................................................... Netherlands......................................................................................... Norway........................................ Sweden...................................................................... United Kingdom.................................................... 86.6 91.7 98.0 91.7 99.6 97.4 91.8 95.4 96.3 100.0 104.0 105.7 103.5 103.2 107.7 124.1 107.2 110.1 106.6 106.6 115.4 106.6 101.3 104.0 91.7 104.8 108.8 129.8 105.9 106.6 105.9 104.9 114.3 106.7 98.4 96.4 137.3 109.1 108.3 106.0 102.4 111.6 105.0 99.8 100.1 100.6 100.1 86.2 86.4 105.6 101.7 148.2 110.7 112.2 107.4 103.5 109.2 105.3 98.8 105.2 88.9 117.9 110.1 112.8 121.0 165.2 115.2 175.8 118.6 108.4 107.4 113.2 122.3 109.0 113.0 115.3 101.3 112.4 92.4 103.7 114.6 95.0 99.5 98.7 108.5 77.5 100.1 110.0 110.8 Total hours United States ...................................................................................... Canada ............................................................................................... Japan .................................................................................................. Belgium............................................................................................... Denmark ............................................................................................. France................................................................................................. Germany............................................................................................. Italy......................................................................... Netherlands................................................ Norway.............................................. Sweden ......................................... United Kingdom.................................................... 84.4 82.6 82.7 127.0 132.4 97.2 123.8 102.3 138.4 101.0 124.4 131.9 97.3 97.7 107.9 130.1 125.1 105.3 121.7 107.4 131.2 106.4 114.6 122.1 103.1 103.6 110.7 101.2 105.0 106.1 119.7 113.2 107.8 109.2 101.1 101.2 102.0 101.7 105.7 104.6 89.9 98.1 95.2 98.1 98.7 93.6 92.6 92.3 90.7 83.3 93.4 91.0 94.6 94.5 91.2 91.3 88.9 79.9 145.2 151.5 129.8 144.6 149.6 170.3 134.5 197.1 129.1 142.8 148.1 188.9 141.0 237.3 137.5 156.0 158.9 206.4 140.1 145.7 148.7 165.4 113.6 131.1 146.3 92.9 95.4 101.7 82.1 94.5 85.9 91.0 90.4 93.5 94.6 104.2 78.5 95.7 83.0 87.0 100.2 80.3 86.2 83.5 82.9 83.9 73.3 83.9 79.5 82.8 84.8 73.2 163.2 179.3 140.7 163.7 174.3 226.2 148.4 276.4 144.7 173.5 173.3 222.4 169.1 182.1 144.8 176.6 183.9 246.5 155.3 303.0 152.8 188.3 190.7 237.2 114.4 142.2 162.6 125.2 192.4 115.2 138.6 136.3 183.1 144.5 166.7 98.9 116.1 148.6 175.0 124.7 218.3 114.7 145.5 138.1 183.5 142.8 163.2 95.1 121.4 155.5 182.5 124.6 224.5 109.7 154.0 143.8 187.9 148.7 142.3 108.8 89.5 102.3 121.5 119.7 125.4 105.8 114.2 96.9 183.5 144.5 143.7 111.5 81.3 97.5 112.9 113.4 126.8 98.6 106.1 80.4 159.4 142.8 133.9 107.2 75.3 90.1 102.7 88.0 88.6 85.9 76.7 86.2 99.3 103.3 77.8 85.7 82.9 83.0 84.8 73.3 Compensation per hour United S tates................................................................. Canada ...................................................... Japan ................................................................... Belgium................................................................................................ Denmark.............................................................................................. France................................................................................................. Germany.............................................................................................. Italy...................................................................... Netherlands......................................................................................... Norway................................................ Sweden ....................................................... United Kingdom.................................................................................. 36.5 27.1 8.9 13.8 12.6 15.1 18.8 8.3 12.5 15.8 14.7 14.8 57.3 46.5 33.9 34.9 36.3 36.6 48.0 26.1 39.0 37.9 38.5 30.8 68.8 59.2 55.1 53.5 56.1 52.3 67.5 43.7 60.5 54.5 54.2 44.8 76.2 68.5 72.3 65.2 67.9 62.0 76.9 54.5 71.9 63.6 63.8 56.9 100.0 118.6 100.0 118.3 100.0 113.4 100.0 117.6 100.0 123.1 100.0 129.3 100.0 116.1 100.0 134.7 100.0 117.0 88.8 100.0 116.0 91.5 100.0 120.1 88.4 100.0 137.7 132.4 130.6 120.7 130.4 135.9 147.5 125.6 160.2 123.6 128.0 133.6 165.8 84.1 73.3 83.6 78.3 79.0 72.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 117.0 113.5 98.8 105.2 115.7 117.3 107.3 121.9 104.1 108.2 108.3 134.7 130.6 128.1 98.4 109.3 57.2 81.6 65.2 64.6 59.7 94.9 93.5 96.2 93.9 92.1 93.6 94.6 85.1 96.0 89.1 90.0 89.2 131.7 115.7 137.0 108.5 117.0 118.6 163.8 84.1 79.7 76.8 72.1 77.9 74.5 79.1 77.6 74.6 62.8 65.1 80.1 94.9 100.7 86.9 87.2 91.5 96.3 87.3 90.5 89.1 86.9 92.3 92.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 117.0 103.0 121.3 128.5 132.0 135.5 135.9 129.5 127.4 113.8 112.9 163.9 130.6 116.4 116.8 134.1 129.0 153.4 147.9 141.4 134.2 126.2 125.3 218.3 92.1 89.9 90.7 89.5 90.4 88.9 91.3 84.2 91.9 157.5 167.1 136.6 152.0 162.9 200.8 176.6 191.4 148.3 _ 195.5 262.7 164.7 334.0 205.2 205.8 257.0 Unit labor costs: National currency basis: United S tates...................................................................................... Canada ................................................................................................ Japan .................................................................................................. Belgium................................................................................................ Denmark.............................................................................................. France................................................................................................. Germany.............................................................................................. Italy...................................................................................... Netherlands......................................................................................... Norway................................................................. Sweden................................................................................. United Kingdom................................................................................ 58.7 53.9 38.4 42.0 33.8 41.6 46.6 38.5 29.0 34.8 27.6 70.9 60.6 52.3 58.1 55.4 52.6 67.4 36.0 60.7 46.4 47.7 39.7 67.4 63.6 80.3 48.1 74.3 57.6 57.2 48.2 58.7 59.0 28.5 30.2 29.5 41.7 25.9 32.5 25.1 21.7 30.1 44.4 70.9 61.7 39.1 42.0 44.4 46.8 42.9 50.6 41.2 34.5 41.1 54.4 65.6 62.8 67.2 70.4 70.4 73.1 65.6 53.4 58.7 67.7 22.8 73.7 64.8 66.4 68.0 88.0 121.0 102.0 101.2 121.2 162.9 110.4 130.2 130.9 175.1 145.0 166.3 92.7 165.1 187.4 124.9 240.1 164.2 152.2 198.1 Unit labor costs: U.S. dollar basis: United States ...................................................................................... Canada ................................................................................................ Japan .................................................................................................. Belgium................................................................................................ Denmark .............................................................................................. France ................................................................................................. Germany.............................................................................................. Italy...................................................................................................... Netherlands......................................................................................... Norway................................................................................................. Sweden............................................................................................... United Kingdom.................................................................................. 73.7 68.8 140.1 129.1 123.8 109.9 110.3 132.2 124.9 126.3 108.9 120.6 115.4 203.1 145.0 129.4 104.2 93.5 102.6 101.6 98.6 112.8 111.1 83.9 100.4 77.7 143.9 101.7 79.1 147.3 - Data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 85 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1986 • Current Labor Statistics: Injury and Illness Data 48. Occupational injury and illness incidence rates by industry, United States Incidence rates per 100 full-time workers2 Industry and type of case1 1977 1976 1979 1978 1982 1981 1980 1984 1983 PRIVATE SECTOR3 Agriculture, forestry, and fishing3 Mining 8.0 9.2 3.5 60.5 9.3 3.8 61.6 9.4 4.1 63.5 9.5 4.3 67.7 8.7 4.0 65.2 8.3 3.8 61.7 7.7 3.5 58.7 7.6 3.4 58.5 11.0 11.5 5.1 81.1 11.6 11.7 5.7 83.7 11.9 5.8 82.7 12.3 5.9 82.8 11.8 11.9 4.7 83.3 86.0 6.1 12.0 6.1 90.8 90.7 11.0 10.9 11.4 11.2 11.6 6.2 150.5 6.5 163.6 146.4 10.5 5.4 137.3 8.4 4.5 125.1 9.7 5.3 160.2 15.7 6.5 117.0 15.1 6.3 113.1 14.6 115.7 14.8 6.3 118.2 15.5 6.9 128.1 16.3 15.5 6.5 113.0 15.1 14.4 6.8 111.2 15.4 6.9 121.3 16.6 6.7 123.1 16.3 6.3 117.6 16.0 6.9 124.3 15.5 6.7 118.9 12.2 5.4 80.7 5.8 114.4 128.8 11.5 6.4 143.2 15.3 5.5 105.0 15.5 5.9 111.5 16.0 6.4 109.4 14.5 5.2 100.0 15.0 5.7 100.2 15.9 6.3 105.3 16.3 5.5 109.2 16.0 5.7 116.7 16.6 110.9 15.3 5.6 105.8 15.6 15.8 115.5 6.6 111.0 13.2 4.8 79.5 13.1 5.1 82.3 13.2 5.6 84.9 13.3 5.9 90.2 22.1 22.3 10.4 178.0 22.6 11.1 20.7 178.8 6.0 6.8 5.9 3.7 63.4 Construction 16.2 6.8 120.4 General building contractors: Special trade contractors: 6.1 14.1 5.9 6.2 107.1 112.0 113.0 14.9 15.4 106.0 15.1 5.8 113.1 15.2 14.7 119.3 5.4 86.7 11.5 5.1 82.0 175.9 18.6 9.5 171.8 15.0 7.1 128.1 122.2 15.2 7.1 128.3 14.4 6.7 121.3 101.6 18.5 15.3 6.4 102.5 10.7 4.2 Heavy construction contractors: 6.2 6.1 6.0 Manufacturing 122.4 14.9 6.4 131.7 118.6 14.8 6.4 119.0 15.8 7.1 130.1 10.2 10.0 10.6 4.4 75.0 4.3 73.5 4.7 77.9 17.6 9.0 158.4 16.9 8.3 153.3 18.3 9.2 163.5 19.6 9.9 172.0 16.0 15.1 97.6 91.9 13.9 5.5 85.6 14.1 5.7 83.0 15.3 6.4 101.5 6.0 6.6 6.2 6.2 Durable goods Lumber and wood products: 9.7 167.3 10.8 Furniture and fixtures: 16.9 17.2 94.5 92.0 17.5 6.9 95.9 17.6 7.1 99.6 16.1 6.4 114.1 16.9 6.9 120.4 16.8 7.8 126.3 16.8 16.6 6.3 114.8 16.2 17.0 7.5 123.6 6.0 6.0 6.6 Stone, clay, and glass products: 8.0 133.7 Primary metal industries: 6.8 119.4 17.3 8.1 134.7 Fabricated metal products: 6.2 14.1 6.9 6.5 2.7 42.2 6.3 2.6 6.8 2.8 41.4 45.0 9.8 4.6 78.1 9.2 4.0 72.2 8.4 3.6 64.5 68.8 6.5 2.7 39.2 5.6 2.3 37.0 2.1 2.2 40.0 2.7 41.8 35.6 37.5 11.7 4.7 67.7 10.9 4.4 67.9 10.7 4.4 68.C 9.9 4.1 69.9 9.9 4.C 66.C 10.5 4.3 70.2 8.6 8.7 3.3 50.3 8.6 8.0 3.0 46.7 3.4 51.9 3.3 51.8 11.5 5.1 78.0 11.6 10.6 5.5 85.9 4.9 82.4 6.9 7.2 6.8 37.0 11.8 Electric and electronic equipment: 2.8 Transportation equipment: 11.8 12.4 4.7 73.8 5.0 79.3 7.2 2.4 36.7 7.0 2.4 37.4 11.7 4.0 59.4 11.5 4.0 58.7 Instruments and related products: Miscellaneous manufacturing industries: See footnotes at end of table. 86 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2.6 4.5 66.4 6.1 115.3 7.4 3.1 48.4 8.5 44.9 8.0 Machinery, except electrical: 14.2 4.6 70.6 13.3 66.0 14.4 5.4 75.1 12.9 5.1 74.9 8.0 12.4 5.4 103.4 10.7 4.1 65.8 14.0 4.7 69.9 13.7 5.5 81.3 19.3 12.4 5.4 9.8 3.6 58.1 118.4 14.7 5.9 83.6 109.8 19.1 7.2 109.0 13.6 6.6 120.8 96.5 112.4 17.5 7.5 109.9 6.8 13.1 6.0 112.0 16.1 6.7 104.9 19.9 8.7 124.2 18.9 13.0 6.1 112.2 2.8 15.1 6.1 5.2 9.3 4.2 5.4 48. Continued— Occupational injury and illness incidence rates by industry, United States Incidence rates per 100 full-time workers2 Industry and type of case' 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 Nondurable goods Food and kindred products: Total cases...................................................... Lost workday cases ........................................ Lost workdays.................................................. Tobacco manufacturing: Total cases...................................................... Lost workday ca ses........................................ Lost workdays.................................................. Textile mill products: Total cases....................................................... Lost workday ca ses......................................... Lost workdays.................................................. Apparel and other textile products: Total cases....................................................... Lost workday ca ses......................................... Lost workdays................................................... Paper and allied products: Total cases....................................................... Lost workday ca ses......................................... Lost workdays................................................... Printing and publishing: Total cases....................................................... Lost workday cases......................................... Lost workdays................................................... Chemicals and allied products: Total cases........................................................ Lost workday ca ses.......................................... Lost workdays................................................... Petroleum and coal products: Total cases........................................................ Lost workday ca ses.......................................... Lost workdays.................................................... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products: Total cases........................................................ Lost workday ca ses.......................................... Lost workdays................................................... Leather and leather products: Total cases........................................................ Lost workday ca ses.......................................... Lost workdays................................................... 19.; 8.C 123.E 6.7 1.9 31.0 13.7 4.7 94.8 6.8 2.6 40.3 19.5 8.5 130.1 19.4 8.S 132.2 19.2 9.E 141.8 18.7 9.C 136.8 9.1 3.8 66.7 8.7 4.0 58.6 9.3 4.2 64.8 8.1 8.2 3.8 45.8 3.9 56.8 17.8 8.6 130.7 10.2 10.2 2.9 57.4 3.4 61.5 9.7 3.4 61.3 9.1 3.3 62.8 3.2 59.2 6.7 6.5 6.5 6.4 8.8 16.7 8.C 129.3 16.E 7.9 131.2 131.6 7.2 3.2 44.6 6.5 3.0 42.8 7.7 3.2 51.7 16.7 8.1 2.8 2.8 7.4 8.0 53.8 51.4 3.0 54.0 6.3 7.6 2.0 2.2 31.7 32.4 2.2 34.1 2.2 6.0 2.1 34.9 35.0 36.4 6.4 2.4 40.6 6.7 2.5 40.9 13.6 5.0 13.5 5.7 103.3 13.5 12.7 5.8 112.3 11.6 10.6 5.4 103.6 10.0 108.4 4.9 99.1 4.5 90.3 10.4 4.7 93.8 7.0 2.9 43.8 7.1 3.1 45.1 6.9 3.1 46.5 6.7 3.0 47.4 45.7 2.9 44.6 6.5 2.9 46.0 7.8 3.3 50.9 7.7 3.5 54.9 6.8 6.6 3.1 50.3 3.0 48.1 5.7 2.5 39.4 5.5 2.5 42.3 5.3 2.4 40.8 7.7 3.6 62.0 7.2 3.5 59.1 6.7 2.9 51.2 5.3 2.5 46.4 5.5 2.4 46.8 5.1 2.4 53.5 13.6 6.4 104.3 101.6 6.8 2.7 41.7 2.2 6.0 6.6 2.8 6.6 8.2 8.0 3.1 50.6 3.1 51.4 7.9 3.2 62.5 3.3 59.2 7.9 3.4 58.3 16.8 7.1 113.3 16.8 7.6 118.1 17.1 17.1 14.6 7.2 117.4 13.0 127.1 15.5 7.4 118.6 12.7 125.5 100.9 101.4 11.6 4.1 69.0 11.5 4.4 68.9 11.7 4.7 72.5 11.5 4.9 76.2 11.7 5.0 82.7 11.5 5.1 82.6 9.9 4.5 86.5 4.4 87.3 9.8 5.0 94.0 9.7 5.3 95.9 10.1 10.0 5.7 102.3 5.9 107.0 9.4 5.5 104.5 9.0 5.3 8.2 8.8 100.6 8.5 4.9 96.7 4.7 94.9 5.2 105.1 7.5 7.7 2.9 44.0 7.9 3.2 44.9 3.4 49.0 7.4 3.2 48.7 7.3 3.1 45.3 7.2 3.1 45.5 7.2 3.1 47.8 7.4 3.3 50.5 8.5 3.6 52.5 8.9 3.9 57.5 8.8 8.2 39.7 7.4 2.7 40.5 2.8 2.0 .7 11.6 10.4 12.5 5.5 5.5 2.4 36.2 8.1 8.1 8.2 6.0 6.2 10.0 10.5 4.7 94.4 Transportation and public utilities Total cases................................................................... Lost workday cases...................................................... Lost workdays ............................................................. Wholesale and retail trade Total cases....... Lost workday cas Lost workdays .... Wholesale trade: Total cases........ Lost workday cases Lost workdays........ Retail trade: Total cases............. Lost workday cases Lost workdays........ 2.8 43.2 8.1 3.3 51.8 7.2 2.6 7.5 39.7 8.0 4.1 59.1 3.9 58.2 7.7 3.6 54.7 7.1 3.4 52.1 7.0 3.2 50.6 7.2 3.5 55.5 7.7 3.1 44.7 7.1 2.9 44.5 7.1 2.9 41.1 7.2 2.9 42.6 7.3 3.0 46.7 7.5 3.2 48.4 2.1 .9 13.3 2.0 .8 12.2 .8 11.6 2.0 .9 13.2 2.0 .9 12.8 1.9 .9 13.6 5.5 2.5 38.1 5.2 2.3 35.8 5.0 2.3 35.9 4.9 2.3 35.8 5.1 2.4 37.0 5.2 2.5 41.1 Finance, Insurance, and real estate Total cases.................................................................... Lost workday cases ...................................................... Lost workdays................................................................ 2.0 .8 2.1 .8 1.9 Services Total cases............. Lost workday cases Lost workdays........ 1 Total cases include fatalities. 2 The incidence rates represent the number of injuries and illnesses or lost workdays per 100 full-time workers and were calculated as: (N/EH) X 200,000, where: N = number of injuries and illnesses or lost workdays. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 5.3 2.0 2.2 38.4 35.4 EH = total hours worked by all employees during calendar year. 200,000 = base for 100 full-time equivalent workers (working 40 hours per week, 50 weeks per year.) 3 Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees since 1976. NEW FROM BLS SALES PUBLICATIONS BLS Bulletins and technical notes. $4.25 ($29 per year). Supplement to Producer Price Indexes Data for 1985. Stock No. 729-009-00016-4.) $4.75. Employee Benefits in Medium and Large Firms, 1985. Bulletin 2262, 91 p p . 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(g p o Alaska, July 1986. 3 pp. Albany, GA, July 1986. 7 pp. Alpena-Standish-Tawas City, MI, July 1986. 7 pp. Baton Rouge, LA, June 1986. 7 pp. Charleston-North Charleston-Waterboro, SC, July 1986. 3 pp. Cheyenne, WY, June 1986. 7 pp. Duluth-Superior, MN-WI, June 1986. 7 pp. Fort Wayne, IN, June 1986. 3 pp. Gadsden and Anniston, AL, July 1986. 3 pp. Goldsboro, NC, July 1986. 3 pp. Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR, July 1986. 3 pp. Lorain-Elyria, OH, July 1986. 3 pp. Phoenix, AZ, June 1986. 3 pp. Portsmouth-Chillicothe-Gallipolis, OH, June 1986. 7 pp. Selma, AL, July 1986. 3 pp. Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-Lompoc, CA, June 1986. 7 pp. Tulsa, OK, June 1986. 3 pp. Waco and Killeen-Temple, TX, July 1986. 3 pp. BLS Reports Employment in Perspective: Women in the Labor Force, Second Quarter 1986. Report 730. 3 pp. To Order: Employment and Earnings. Each issue covers employment and unemployment developments in the month, plus statistical tables on national, State, and area employment, hours, and earnings. $4.50 ($31 per year). Supplement to Employment and Earnings, 1986. 200 pp. (Stock No. 729-004-00020-1.) $8. Included with subscription to Employment and Earnings. Occupational Outlook Quarterly. Each issue helps people plan ning careers, guidance counselors, and others keep informed of changing career opportunities. $3 ($11 per year). Producer Price Indexes. Each issue includes a comprehensive report on price movements for the month, plus regular tables https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Sales Publications: Order bulletins by title, bulletin number, and stock number from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, or from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Publications Sales Center, P.O. Box 2145, Chicago, IL 60690. Subscriptions, including microfiche subscriptions, are available only from the Superintendent of Documents. All checks—including those that go to the Chicago Regional Office—should be made payable to the Superintendent of Documents. gpo Other Publications: Request from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Room 2421, 441 G Street. NW, Washington, DC 20212, or from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Chicago Regional Office, P.O. Box 2145, Chicago, IL 60690. * U. s. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1986 4 9 1 -5 3 7 /4 0 0 0 9 536 B LS Periodical Prices Reduced BLS periodicals provide tim ely information on employ ment, occupations, wages, and prices. Subscriptions now are available at greatly reduced prices. In addi tion, newly available 2-year subscriptions guarantee the low prices for the next 2 years. Monthly Labor Review Current Wage Developments the oldest and most authoritative Government research journal in economics and social sciences. Regular features include current labor statistics and developments in industrial relations. reports monthly on specific wage and benefit changes from collective bargaining agreements. Includes data on strikes or lockouts, major agreements expiring, and compensa tion changes. $16 $12 $34 a year $3i a year Occupational Outlook Quarterly CPI Detailed Report is the most comprehensive report on monthly consumer price indexes and rates of change. helps students and guidance counselors learn about new occupa tions, training opportunities, salary trends, and career counseling programs. Written in nontechnical language and illustrated in color $16 $36 a year $5 $yi a year Employment and Earnings Producer Price Indexes gives current monthly employment and earnings statistics for the Nation as a whole, for States and for more than 200 areas. Included are household and establishment data seasonally and not seasonally adjusted. Includes annual supplement. includes monthly price movements of both farm and industrial com modities, by industry and stage of processing. Includes annual supplement. $21 $33 a year $22 $3"i a year S u p e rin te n d e n t of D o cu m e n ts S u b s c rip tio n s O rd er Form O r d e r p r o c e s s in g c o d e : □ YES, *6174 p le a s e s e n d m e t h e f o l lo w in g in d i c a t e d s u b s c r i p t i o n s : □ M o n t h ly L a b o r R e v ie w □ 1 year $16 □ O c c u p a t i o n a l O u t lo o k Q u a r t e r ly □ 1 year $ 5 or □ 2 y e a rs $32 □ 2 y e a rs $10 □ E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a r n in g s □ 1 year $22 □ 2. y e a r s $44 □ C u r r e n t W a g e D e v e lo p m e n t s □ 1 year $12 □ 2 y e a rs $24 □ C P I D e ta ile d R e p o rt □ 1 year $16 □ 2 y e a rs $32 □ P r o d u c e r P r ic e I n d e x e s □ 1 year $21 □ 2 y e a rs $42 1 . 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