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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics October 1983 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . <' *?.. c > U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Raymond J. Donovan, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner The Monthly Labor Review is published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor. Communications on editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor-in-Chief, Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C. 20212. Phone: (202) 523-1327. Subscription price per year—$26 domestic; $32.50 foreign. Single copy $5, domestic; $6.25, foreign. Subscription prices and distribution policies for the Monthly Labor Review (ISSN 0098-1818) and other Government publications are set by the Government Printing Office, an agency of the U.S. Congress. Send correspondence on circulation and subscription matters (including address changes) to: Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 Make checks payable to Superintendent of Documents. The Secretary of Labor has determined that the publication of this periodical is necessary in the transaction of the public business required by law of this Department. Use of funds for printing this periodical has been approved by the Director of the Office of Management and Bridget through April 30, 1987. Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C. and at additional mailing addresses. Regional Commissioners for Bureau of Labor Statistics Region I— Boston: Anthony J. Ferrara 1603 JFK Federal Building, Government Center, Boston, Mass. 02203 Phone: (617) 223-6761 Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Region II— New York: Samuel M. Ehrenhalt 1515 Broadway, Suite 3400, New York, N.Y. 10036 Phone: (212) 944-3121 New Jersey New York Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Region III— Philadelphia: Alvin I. Margulis 3535 Market Street P.O. Box 13309, Philadelphia, Pa. 19101 Phone: (215) 596-1154 Delaware District of Columbia Maryland Pennsylvania Virginia West Virginia Region IV— Atlanta: Donald M. Cruse 1371 Peachtree Street, N.E., Atlanta, Ga. 30367 Phone: (404) 881-4418 Alabama Florida Georgia Kentucky Mississippi North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee Region V— Chicago: William E. Rice 9th Floor, Federal Office Building, 230 S. Dearborn Street, Chicago, III. 60604 Phone: (312) 353-1880 Illinois Indiana Michigan Minnesota Ohio Wisconsin Region VI—Dallas: Bryan Richey Second Floor, 555 Griffin Square Building, Dallas, Tex. 75202 Phone: (214) 767-6971 Arkansas Louisiana New Mexico Oklahoma Texas October cover: "Mid-Air," a 1931 lithograph by Louis Lozowick, courtesy National Museum of American Art, Washington, D.C. Cover design by Melvin B. Moxley https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Regions VII and VIII— Kansas City: Elliott A. Browar 911 Walnut Street, Kansas City, Mo. 64106 Phone: (816) 374-2481 VII Iowa Kansas Missouri Nebraska VIII Colorado Montana North Dakota South Dakota Utah Wyoming Regions IX and X— San Francisco: O. Bruce Hanchett 450 Golden Gate Avenue, Box 36017, San Francisco, Calif. 94102 Phone: (415) 556-4678 IX American Samoa Arizona California Guam Hawaii Nevada Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands X Alaska Idaho Oregon Washington MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW OCTOBER 1983 VOLUME 106, NUMBER 10 LIBRARY NOV 1 0 1983 Henry Lowenstern, Editor-in-Chief Robert W. Fisher, Executive Editor M M Hoyman, L E Stallworth 3 Arbitrating discrimination cases after G ardner-Denver Some observers believed that the Supreme Court’s 1974 ruling blunted the usefulness of arbitration in Title Vll-related cases; lawyers regard arbitration as still viable Barbara Bingham 11 Instruments to measure electricity: industry’s productivity rises The advance in output per employee-hour has been spurred the increased use of integrated circuits and the spread of automated production machinery Horst Brand, Clyde Huffstutler 18 Productivity improvements in two fabricated metals industries Output per employee-hour has risen faster in valves and pipe fittings than has the rate in fabricated pipe and fittings; both industries show high levels of capital spending Harlsh C Jain 25 Task force urges diffusion of microelectronics in Canada Group issued 30 recommendations designed to maximize the positive and minimize the negative impact of new technology on workers REPORTS Kenneth J. Boudreaux 30 A further adjustment needed to estimate last earnings capacity Shirley J. Smith 31 Using the appropriate worklife estimate in court proceedings https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis DEPARTMENTS 2 30 33 35 36 41 47 Labor month in review Communications Research notes Major agreements expiring next month Developments in industrial relations Book reviews Current labor statistics Labor M onth In Review QUALITY OF WORKLIFE. The Labor-Management Services Admin istration of the U.S. Department of Labor invited 24 experienced practi tioners of labor-management coopera tion to Airlie, Va., September 9 to 11, to examine the outlook for quality of worklife and similar programs of employee involvement. The group—cor porate executives, union representatives, academic researchers, and consul tants—addressed several specific ques tions. What should be the relationship between the collective bargaining process and quality of worklife programs? In the view of some participants, quality of worklife programs should be kept entirely separate from the collective bargaining process because collective bargaining involves parties on opposite sides of the table, exchanging threats and demands, concealing critical infor mation, with the more powerful party prevailing in the win-lose game; while quality of worklife involves labor and management working together as equals, based on trust, solving problems by openly communicating and sharing relevant information, and making deci sions on the basis of consenus, with the result that problems are resolved and both parties win. Collective bargaining is adversarial, quality of worklife cooperative. Others urged that extensive overlap of quality of worklife and the collective bargaining process—with the conse quent joint problem-solving based on trust, open communications and sharing of information, and consensus decision making—will lead to solving work prob lems more effectively than through the traditional collective bargaining process and will create greater benefit to labor 2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and management than keeping the two processes separate. Most participants favored some separation between the two processes, agreed that quality of worklife programs have a better chance where a strong col lective bargaining relationship exists, and agreed that quality of worklife pro grams can and do solve problems that would otherwise go to the bargaining table. Does the long-term success of quality of worklife programs require financial paybacks to employees? Most agreed that some sort of finan cial payback is vital to the success of any quality of worklife program. Paybacks may include group incentives such as Scanlon Plans and productivity bonuses or “ skill-based pay” approaches, which motivate workers to learn new skills by paying them for what they know, rather than what they do. Some argued that the long-term suc cess of employee involvement programs can only be achieved through employee ownership. To maintain the success of a program over the long term, must quality of worklife move beyond participation and consultation into shared decisionmak ing, and representation on boards of directors? The participants agreed that quality of worklife concepts should move from the shop and office floors to higher levels of organizations, but acknowledged that such diffusion is rare so far, mainly because quality of worklife is power sharing, whereas managers, profes sionals, and staff are concerned with maintaining and increasing power and control over people lower in the organization than themselves. Several participants told of senior ex ecutives who directed their staffs to in stall quality of worklife, as if such pro grams could be plugged in from the top. Most agreed that—even when top executives espouse quality of worklife—middle managers usually re sist until they can be shown that it will help them do their jobs and not be another responsibility added to their already full plate. Some considered worker representa tion on boards of directors inevitable, others unrealistic. What does it mean in practice to design technology to meet human and organi zational concerns? What role should employees have in the design and de cisionmaking regarding new technology? The participants agreed that new technology must be designed not only to meet management’s cost, productivity, and quality goals but also to guard against detrimental effects upon workers’ job security and the quality of their working and personal lives. Ex tended advance notice, joint labormanagement committees on new tech nologies, and employment security pro visions are helping to allay employee concern over technological change. Most participants acknowledged that involving workers in designing tech nological change can logically lead to participation of workers and their unions in the kinds of corporate deci sionmaking activities that, in the past, have been considered sacrosanct by management. A detailed report on the September conference is to be published by the Labor-Management Services Admini stration later this year. □ Arbitrating discrimination grievances in the wake of Gardner-Denver Some observers believed that the Supreme Court’s 1974 ruling blunted the usefulness of arbitration in resolving Title VII-related grievances; a recent survey o f lawyers shows that most regard arbitration as still viable but believe that changes would make the process a more effective means o f redress M ic h e l e M. Hoym an and Lam ont E. Stallw orth In its 1974 decision in the case of Alexander v. GardnerDenver C o .,1 the Supreme Court held that a worker who had lost a grievance alleging race discrimination in arbitra tion was not precluded from subsequently seeking recourse under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.2 The holding of the Court in Gardner-Denver ran counter to the conven tional wisdom that the decision of a labor arbitrator is final and binding upon the employer, the grievant, and the labor organization. Many observers predicted that the Court’s de cision would lead to a proliferation of similar cases which would jam the dockets of courts and equal opportunity com missions, and undermine the sanctity of the union contract. This article examines empirically the state of discrimination grievance arbitration in the aftermath of Gardner-Denver,3 as perceived by a sample of labor law attorneys. A look at the issues In the Supreme Court’s landmark 1960 decision, the Steelworkers’ Trilogy,4 labor arbitration was endorsed as the favored mechanism for resolving labor disputes.5 In making this pronouncement, the Court limited the scope of judicial review of arbitral awards by holding that an award Michele M. Hoyman is an assistant professor of political science at the University o f Missouri at St. Louis. Lamont E. Stallworth is an assistant professor o f industrial relations, Institute of Industrial Relations at Loyola University o f Chicago. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis is not reviewable on the merits and might be set aside only in cases of fraud or gross misconduct or in cases that are contrary to public policy. However, with the enactment of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 there arose the possibility of conflict between a Federal labor policy which emphasizes the private resolution of industrial disputes through grievance arbitration and a national social policy which at tempts to eliminate employment discrimination. Specifi cally, it was unclear whether an employee could commence an independent private cause of action under Title VII in addition to the grievance arbitration procedure, thereby get ting “ two bites at the apple.” This issue was finally resolved with the Supreme Court’s 1974 Gardner-Denver decision, which involved Harrell Alexander, a black employee who had been a drill press trainee for the Gardner-Denver Co. After the employer fired him for producing an “ excessive” amount of scrap, Alex ander filed a grievance alleging that he had been discharged without just cause. He also filed a discrimination charge with the Colorado Civil Rights Commission, which referred the case to the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Com mission. In 1969, the arbitrator found that Alexander had been “ discharged for just cause.” However, the arbitrator did not make any ruling in regard to the racial discrimination claim raised at the hearing.6 In 1970, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( e e o c ) advised Alexander of his right to institute civil action 3 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1983 • Arbitrating Discrimination Grievances in Federal district court.7 But the district court ruled that, having submitted his claim to arbitration, Alexander was precluded from relitigating the same issue in court.8 Alex ander appealed his case to the Tenth Circuit Court of Ap peals which, in August 1972, affirmed the decision and reasoning of the lower court.9 Alexander then appealed his case to the Supreme Court.10 The issue before the Supreme Court was whether an em ployee’s individual statutory right to a trial de novo (anew) under Title VII was foreclosed by a prior submission of his claim to final arbitration under a nondiscrimination clause of a collective bargaining agreement. In a 9 -0 decision, the Court reversed the lower courts’ ruling, holding that neither the Federal policy favoring arbitration of employment dis putes, the doctrine of election of remedies," nor the waiver doctrine,12 precluded the claimant from being awarded a trial de novo under Title VII. In so ruling, the Court indicated that it was the intent of Congress that Title VII supplement rather than supplant other discrimination remedies, and that to decide otherwise amounted to asking individuals to forfeit statutory rights in favor of contractual rights. The Court further supported its reasoning by arguing that a full harmony of interest might not exist between the individual employee and the union, also noting that, because the union represents the interests of a majority of its members, the degree of protection ac corded the individual’s rights in arbitration would not be the same as that provided under Title VII.13 And in re sponding to the election of remedies argument, the Court asserted that Title VII clearly provided for relief in several nonexclusive forums.14 The Court did not dismiss the role of arbitration in re solving contract disputes, but did address the comparative inappropriateness of conventional arbitration as the sole and final forum for the resolution of Title VII cases: Arbitral procedures, while well suited to the resolution of con tractual disputes, make arbitration a comparatively inappropriate forum for the final resolution of rights created by Title VII. This conclusion rests first on the special role of the arbitrator, whose task is to effectuate the intent of the parties rather than the requirements of enacted legislation.15 This basically reaffirmed the traditional role of the labor arbitrator in relation to external public law. The Court rein forced this view by stating that there are basic “ infirmities” in the conventional arbitral process, including questions of the authority and the competence of the arbitrator to decide legal issues. However, rather than “ sounding the death knell for arbitration,” 16 the Court set forth the amount of evi dentiary weight which might be accorded by the trial courts to a relitigated Title VH-related arbitral award: . . . Relevant factors include the existence of provisions in the collective bargaining agreement that conform substantially with Title VII, the degree of procedural fairness in the arbitral forum, adequacy of the record with respect to the issue of discrimi nation, and. the special competence of particular arbitrators. 4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Where an arbitral determination gives full consideration to an employee’s Title VII rights, a court may properly accord it great weight. This is especially true where the issue is solely one of fact, specifically addressed by the parties and decided by the arbitrator on the basis of an adequate record.17 Study scope and method Obviously, a host of significant questions remain to be answered in the wake of Gardner-Denver. Among the more important. • What have been the reactions of those involved in labor relations to the Gardner-Denver decision? Do they agree with the practice of rel'itigating Title VH-related arbitral awards? What are the parties’ opinions concerning the role of the arbitrator in relation to the external public law, such as Title VII? • How much relitigation before the courts, the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, or State antidis crimination agencies has actually taken place following Gardner-Denver? How often has such relitigation resulted in a reversal of the arbitrator’s decision? • What degree of evidentiary weight have the courts ac corded the arbitrator’s decision in relitigated Title VIIrelated actions? • Has Gardner-Denver resulted in any noteworthy changes to contract grievance procedures? And, are there other workable proposals for minimizing the review of Title VH-related arbitral awards? During the spring and summer of 1981, the authors con ducted a survey of attorneys who typically represent either management or labor in grievance arbitration, to address these issues. Questionnaires were sent to a random sample of persons whose names had been drawn from an American Bar Association list of labor law attorneys and from a list of attorneys who are employed directly by international unions.18 (Attorneys for the parties were surveyed, rather than the parties themselves, because of anticipated difficul ties in contacting the appropriate labor and management representatives in specific cases, and because it was felt that labor relations attorneys were best qualified to answer gen eral questions on the subject of judicial review.) In all, 659 attorneys provided usable responses to the close-ended items on our 10-page survey form.19 Who supports Gardner-Denver? Gardner-Denver represented a judicial policy shift from deferral to arbitration to a guarantee of review. Because this policy shift was controversial at the time, it is worth noting how much popular support the Gardner-Denver rationale has. The survey questionnaire included a series of items designed to elicit respondents’ opinions of: (1) the GardnerDenver decision itself; (2) the Court’s 1981 holding in the case of Arkansas-Best Freight,20 the equivalent of GardnerDenver under the Fair Labor Standards Act (see box); and, (3) the proper role of the arbitrator in relation to external law. A majority, 60.3 percent, of the respondents disagreed with the Court’s decision in the Gardner-Denver case. How ever, 71.9 percent of those attorneys who typically represent labor in the grievance process supported the decision, while only 28.2 percent of the management representatives did so. The difference between the two groups of attorneys probably is attributable to labor’s traditional role as advocate of employee rights. Thus, a union would want its members to have several avenues of redress. It was initially contemplated that those attorneys who had the experience of having a Title VII-related grievance re viewed and perhaps reversed would be less likely to support the Gardner-Denver decision. The data suggest that neither review nor reversal by the courts has a significant impact on the parties’ attitudes toward the decision. The experience of review by the e e o c or State agencies, on the other hand, is positively and significantly associated with disagreement with Gardner-Denver, 75 percent of respondents who have had cases reviewed administratively opposed the decision, compared with 55 percent of the other attorneys. However, this comparison should be made cautiously, given the rel atively small number of cases submitted to courts for review. With regard to the Court’s 1981 decision in ArkansasBest Freight, approximately 53 percent of the respondents expressed an opinion in opposition. But, as expected, there were significant differences in attitude-between labor and management representatives, with 66 percent of the labor respondents agreeing with the decision, compared with 43 percent of management respondents. Experience with ad ministrative or judicial review or reversal did not appear to affect the opinions of the parties on the Arkansas-Best Freight decision. The issue in Arkansas-Best Freight In 1981, the Supreme Court held (7-2) that the question of an individual employee’s rights under the Fair Labor Standards Act ( f l s a ) with respect to a wage claim was properly before the court, even after the claim had been rejected by a joint grievance com mittee pursuant to the provisions of a collective bar gaining agreement. Lloyd Barrentine and several other truckdrivers had filed a grievance under the labor agreement between Teamsters Local 878 and the employer, ArkansasBest Freight System, Inc. Their grievance challenged the empolyer’s refusal to pay them for time spent performing a mandatory safety inspection before each trip. The dispute was submitted to a joint labor-in dustry panel, which rejected the claim without expla nation. The grievants then filed suit in Federal district court, claiming damages, costs, and attorney’s fees under f l s a . The truckdrivers also charged that the union and its president had violated their duty of fair representation by entering into a “ side deal” to end the dispute. The Supreme Court, reversing an Eighth Circuit decision barring assertion of the wage claim, held that the f l s a grants employees broad access rights to the courts, and that the individual employee’s right to a minimum wage and payment for overtime cannot be abridged or waived by the contract. Justice Brennan, writing for the Court, declares, “ Not all disputes be tween an employee and his employer are suited for binding resolution in accordance with the procedures established by collective bargaining.” Justice Bren nan further declares that “ while courts should defer to an arbitral decision where the employee’s claim is based on rights arising out of the collective-bargaining agreement, different considerations apply where the employee’s claim is based on rights arising out of a stature designed to provide minimum substantive guarantees to individual workers.” In so ruling, the Court applied to wage and hours claims the same protection granted to discrimination claims under its 1974 holding in Alexander v. Gard ner-Denver, which had established that resort to ar bitration does not prevent an employee from bringing suit under the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Role o f the arbitrator. Because a central issue in the Gard ner-Denver case was whether the arbitrator’s role should be solely to interpret the labor agreement or also to consider and apply external law, we questioned our respondents on this point. In the literature, there are essentially two schools of thought regarding the proper role of the grievance arbi trator. The first is represented by Bernard Meitzer of the University of Chicago Law School, who asserts that, where there is a conflict between a labor agreement and the external public law, the arbitrator is obliged to “ ignore the law and apply the contract.” 12 Robert Howlett represents the other school, arguing that the arbitrator should consider and “ ap ply the law.” 22 The Court’s reasoning in Gardner-Denver supports the Meitzer school of thought.23 In brief, the Court defined the “ arbitrator’s task as effectuating the intent of the parties. ” 24 Quoting from the classic Enterprise Wheel & Car Corp. case, the Court reasoned that: interpretation of the collective-bargaining agreement, the arbi trator has exceeded the scope of his submission and the award cannot be enforced. (United Steelworkers o f America v. Enter prise Wheel & Car Corp. 363 U.S. at 597, 46 l r r m at 2425).25 If an arbitral decision is based solely on the arbitrator’s view of the requirements of enacted legislation, rather than on an Our survey results confirm the general acceptance of the Meltzer philosophy. Specifically, 41.6 percent of the sur- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 5 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1983 • Arbitrating Discrimination Grievances veyed attorneys agreed with the Meltzer school, and another 41.4 percent agreed conditionally.26 Only 17 percent of the respondents unconditionally support the Howlett school of thought that arbitrators should import external Title VII case law into the arbitral forum. However, the fact that even this many respondents agree with Howlett is noteworthy, par ticularly in light of the Gardner-Denver Court’s express limitation on the authority of the arbitrator to “ invoke public laws that conflict” with the labor agreement.27 Our data suggest that the Meltzer-Howlett debate continues among advocates and labor arbitrators, although the majority of respondents still subscribe to the traditional role of the ar bitrator.28 Labor and management apparently differ in their opinions about the appropriate role of the arbitrator; 58 percent of the union attorneys maintain the view that the arbitrator should apply the law, as opposed to 37 percent of the man agement respondents.29 Also of interest is the way the par ties’ concept of the arbitrator’s proper function correlates with their attitudes toward the Gardner-Denver decision, for although the Court’s ruling reaffirmed the traditional role, respondents who said that they subscribed to the Meltzer school disagreed with the decision more frequently (65 per cent) than did those who believe the arbitrator should apply the external law (53 percent). Incidence of review and reversal A major concern of labor relations professionals in the wake of Gardner-Denver was that the already crowded dockets of the e e o c and the courts would be deluged with previously arbitrated discrimination claims. Accordingly, we asked the members of our sample to quantify their experience with discrimination grievances since 1974. Of the 1,761 unique cases handled by the respondents, 484 (27 percent) had been reviewed by the e e o c or State antidiscrimination agencies, and 307 (17 percent) had been reviewed by the courts.30 In our opinion, this is a large amount of review activity, although it is impossible to say how much of it is directly attributable to the Gardner-Denver decision without baseline data for the years before 1974, during which relitigation was permitted only in very specific circumstances. While many fewer cases were heard before trial courts than before the administrative agencies, the vol ume of court activity was still very high, given that judicial review imposes substantial legal and court costs on the plain tiff, while administrative review generally does not. Of greater significance is the frequency with which review results in a reversal of the arbitral decision. According to the surveyed attorneys, 77 (15.9 percent) of the 484 cases brought before the e e o c or State agencies were reversed, but only 21 (6.8 percent) of the 307 arbitral decisions re viewed by the trial courts were overturned.31 From the point of view of the parties, it is also important to know how frequently reversal occurs out of all potential cases: Of the total of 1,761 arbitration cases reported by the respondents, 6 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis the 77 that were reversed by the e e o c or State agencies accounted for only 4.4 percent, and the 21 reversed by the courts were a mere 1.2 percent. This means that, in the two forums to which a grievant might take his or her case, there is either a 1 of 25 chance for administrative reversal or a 1 of 100 chance of reversal by the courts. Thus, while there has been a substantial amount of review activity since the Gardner-Denver decision, our study in dicates that a very small fraction of all discrimination ar bitration findings are subsequently reversed. It seems reasonable to conclude from this that the impact of the ruling has been felt primarily in the area of review activity rather than reversal. The decision appears to have had more pro cedural importance than practical substantive importance, unless review activity has provoked substantive change by increasing the cost, time, or effort involved in arbitration, or by altering the attitudes of the arbitrator and the parties toward the processing of Title VH-related grievances. Evidentiary weight of an arbitral award In addition to the “ nagging” possibility of relitigation, a number of commentators were also concerned at the time of the Gardner-Denver decision with the degree of eviden tiary weight which would thereafter be accorded an arbitral decision by the reviewing body. One observer believed that a “ de facto deferral” policy could evolve at the trial court level,32 while others thought that Gardner-Denver would bring about the end of discrimination grievance arbitra tion.33 Only 7.2 percent of the attorneys responding to our survey stated that great evidentiary weight has been ac corded the relitigated arbitral decision in the post-GardnerDenver years, while 56.4 percent indicated that the award has been given either no weight or little evidentiary weight. However, considering the Court’s strong statements con cerning the plenary authority of the courts in this area, and the “ comparative inappropriateness” of conventional ar bitral procedures in discrimination cases, it might have been expected that even less evidentiary weight would have been accorded by the trial courts. The surveyed attorneys also indicated their opinions con cerning the degree of evidentiary weight that should be accorded a relitigated arbitral case. Of those responding to this question, 7.7 percent believed that no weight should be accorded the decision, while 15.3 percent felt it should receive little weight. Thus, approximately 77 percent of the respondents thought that either considerable or great evi dentiary weight should be accorded the ruling. Given the cost and time involved in preparing and pre senting any grievance in arbitration, it seems reasonable that the advocate would, at a minimum, want the arbitral de cision to have more than a little evidentiary value. We therefore attempted to determine whether the parties have made an effort to remedy the shortcomings of discrimination grievance arbitration as enumerated by the Gardner-Denver Court. Has arbitration changed? As stated earlier, the Court considered arbitration “ a com paratively inappropriate forum for the final resolution of rights created by Title VII.” 34 Specifically, the Court ex pressed concern over the competence of arbitrators, whose skills pertain ‘‘primarily to the law of the shop, not the law of the land” 35; the inadequacy of the record maintained in many arbitral hearings; and the quality of the factfinding process in arbitration, as compared to judicial factfinding. The attorneys in our survey were asked what changes, if any, have been made in the arbitration process to counter the Court’s criticisms. Selecting the arbitrator. Because the Supreme Court indi cated concern over the qualifications of the labor arbitrators who would decide discrimination grievances, the respon dents in our study were asked to rank, on a scale of 1 (‘‘Very important” ) to 4 (‘‘Not at all important” ), a set of nine characteristics that might be considered by the parties in selecting an arbitrator for such a case: age; sex; race; mem bership in the National Academy of Arbitrators; number of years of arbitration experience; possession of a law degree; special competence in Title VII case law; previous expe rience in discrimination cases; and general labor and in dustrial relations background. The factors that were ranked ‘‘very important” or “ important” by more than four-fifths of the respondents were general labor relations background (86.7 percent); previous experience with discrimination grievances (86.4 percent); number of years of arbitration experience (83.0 percent); the holding of a law degree (81.6 percent); and special com petence in Title VII law (80.6 percent). The demographic characteristics of the arbitrator and, surprisingly, membership in the National Academy of Arbitrators were not considered as important. Beyond the elementary requirement of a labor relations background, the weight attached by surveyed attorneys to special competence in Title VII law and the holding of a law degree is particularly worth noting. Together, these observations suggest that the parties are acknowledging the fact that arbitrators have traditionally been more competent in the “ law of the shop” than in the “ law of the land,” and today are seeking arbitrators with proficiency in the Title VII area. More important, this finding may reveal an attempt to comply with one of the “ relevant factors” which the trial courts may take into consideration when determin ing the degree of evidentiary weight to be accorded a re litigated Title VH-related arbitral award.36 The arbitral record. Another concern of the Gardner-Denver Court was the lack of a complete record of arbitral proceedings. Our survey respondents were asked two ques tions in this area. The first was whether they would favor or oppose the establishment of a special grievance procedure that would require the parties to maintain an adequate record https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis of the arbitral proceeding by using either a court reporter or a tape recording. The second asked whether the parties had actually adopted— either informally or contractually— the practice of using a formal written transcript or tape recording of the arbitral hearing in the wake of GardnerDenver. Of the responding attorneys, 84.2 percent said that they either favor or strongly favor the adoption of a special griev ance procedure that would require the use of a court reporter. However, when asked if they had actually adopted the use of a formal transcript in their own dealings, only 56.4 per cent of the respondents answered in the affirmative. It is equally noteworthy that even fewer of the respondents (25.9 percent) indicated that they had ever used a tape recording to maintain a complete record of the arbitral hearing. As suming that the parties wish to address the criticisms of arbitration voiced by the Gardner-Denver Court, it is sur prising that there has not been more use of tape recording, given the low cost of this medium relative to that of formal written transcripts. Arbitral factfinding. The Supreme Court’s concern about the relatively inferior factfinding process in arbitration is considerably more complex for the parties to accommodate. This is because it involves such critical issues as the adoption of the strict rules of evidence and the right of pretrial dis covery. By implication, the Court’s comments in this area suggest that trial attorneys should be used in the arbitration process. In our survey, 55.2 percent of the respondents reported that they advise their clients always to have an attorney represent them in discrimination grievances. While it might be expected that attorneys would render such advice, it is also reasonable to conclude that both employers and unions would tend to want representation by counsel where such “ thorny” contractual and statutory issues of alleged dis crimination are in dispute. The less-than-strict application of the rules of evidence has traditionally been cited as one of the advantages of arbitration, making it a relatively efficient and inexpensive means for resolving contractual disputes. (The requirement of strict rules of evidence stringently limits the types of proof that can be introduced in a judicial hearing.) In the past, parties to arbitration have sometimes enforced the strict rules of evidence, but this has been the exception rather than the rule. However, nearly a quarter (22.2 percent) of our respondents indicated that, on at least one occasion since the Gardner-Denver decision, they have either informally or contractually adopted the strict rules of evidence in ar bitrating a discrimination grievance. The infrequent use of pretrial discovery, the procedures by which the parties to a dispute may gain access to pertinent information held by the opposition before litigation begins, was also cited by the Court as a failing of the arbitral process. Although there are a number of existing means by which 7 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1983 • Arbitrating Discrimination Grievances an advocate in arbitration may obtain the benefits of pretrial discovery, these have rarely been used in the arbitral forum. Apparently the Gardner-Denver decision did not provoke much change in this area, for only 14.8 percent of respon dents indicated that they subsequently have either informally or contractually granted pretrial discovery rights. Is waiver the answer? The Gardner-Denver Court did not extensively set forth its concern over the individual’s rights in the arbitral forum along with the other perceived inadequacies of the process. However, by recognizing the fundamental thrust of Title VII, the Court raised the individual’s statutory rights above those rights that may inhere in the collective bargaining agreement. The Court was particularly concerned that in dividual rights might be subordinated to the collective or majoritarian rights of the labor organization. Furthermore, the Court intimated that it was cognizant of the triangular type of discrimination that may exist where a claim of racial discrimination has been alleged, observing in this regard that Alexander had told the arbitrator at the hearing that he “ could not rely on the union” to represent him.37 The volume of Title VH-related “ breach of duty of fair representation” suits since Gardner-Denver lends support for the Court’s thinking. Under this form of relitigation, which predates Gardner-Denver, an individual could claim, for example, that he or she had not been fairly represented by the union in the grievance process because of race', sex, or any other reason considered unlawful under Title VII. The attorneys in our survey reported having been involved in 647 such cases since 1974. About two-thirds (430) of these cases were heard in more than one forum— that is, some combination of the National Labor Relations Board, the courts, and State or Federal antidiscrimination agencies. In 75 cases, there were con flicting outcomes concerning the discrimination claim and the duty of fair representation claim. This degree of conflict probably is attributable to the varying evidentiary standards and factfinding processes of the agencies involved, and ar gues strongly against the practicality of affording a claimant multiple avenues of redress. It therefore seems reasonable that the parties, and partic ularly labor organizations, might consider granting the in dividual grievant greater participation in the resolution of his or her grievance. The surveyed attorneys were asked whether this “ third party intervention” approach would be acceptable. There were three possible forms this could take: (1) the individual would be allowed to retain his or her own private legal counsel; (2) the individual grievant, with the advice of counsel, would participate with the union and m anagem ent in the selection of the arbitrator; and, (3) enactment of a statute requiring the individual grievant and his or her counsel to agree in writing to be bound by the arbitrator’s decision before a grievance is taken to ar bitration. It was contemplated that this last possibility would 8 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis be the quid pro quo for granting the grievant the right to other forms of “ third party intervention” status. (In all of these situations, the questionnaire stipulated that the union had already decided to submit the discrimination claim to arbitration, and thus would retain control of the critical decision to arbitrate.) Because the traditional notions of labor relations hold that the union and the employer, and not the individual em ployee, are the principal parties to the collective bargaining process and the labor agreement, it is not surprising that a sizable majority of the surveyed attorneys either oppose or strongly oppose the idea of granting the grievant unqualified third party intervention status. However, it is worth noting that 38.6 percent of the respondents either strongly favor or favor granting the grievant private legal counsel to serve as co-counsel with the representative of the labor organi zation. Likewise, more than a third of the respondents (35.3 percent) either favor or strongly favor the joint selection of the arbitrator by the union, management, and the employee with advice of counsel. Again, this finding is surprising, given the traditionally strong opposition to employee “ self help” or third party intervention in the arbitral process.38 It is of considerable interest that a large proportion (71.5 percent) of respondents either strongly favor or favor grant ing the individual third party intervention status if the grie vant would, before the arbitral hearing, sign a legally binding agreement to accept the arbitral award and waive any related future Title VII cause of action. This finding is in accord with innovations proposed by such noted labor relations experts as William Gould, Winn Newman, Alfred Blumrosen, and Arthur B. Smith,39 and suggests that, with ap propriate statutory changes, arbitration can continue to be useful in the resolution of Title VH-related grievances.40 d a t a f r o m o u r s t u d y indicate that Gardner-Denver has had more of a procedural effect than a substantive effect on the arbitral process. Relitigation has not occurred in the majority of cases, and where it did occur in either the ad ministrative or judicial forum, the determination of the ar bitrator was rarely contradicted. If the frequency of relitigation and reversal is an indicator of the effect of Gardner-Denver, it seems reasonable to conclude that arbitration still serves as a viable dispute settlement device for the resolution of Title VH-related grievances. Even so, we believe the volume of relitigation is unneces sarily high. Although our respondents voiced much support for certain changes in the arbitration procedure that might address the issues raised by the Gardner-Denver Court, there is less evidence that these changes have actually been implemented. Furthermore, the surveyed attorneys exhibit more support for procedural changes, which tend to legi timize the results of the arbitral hearing, than for substantive changes, such as the application of external Title VII law by the arbitrator or third party intervention by the grievant (in the absence of a statutory waiver provision). There re- The mains, then, the fundamental issue as to how the parties might best respond to increasing government intervention in industrial relations while still preserving their control over the collective bargaining process. D FO O TN O TES- A cknowledgement : The authors acknowledge the efforts of Leslie Christovich, Joel Fine, and Kenneth Justice, who were research assistants on this project. They also acknowledge the support given them by the National Institute o f Mental Health. A special note o f thanks is accorded to Professor James E. Gross and Ms. Frances Benson, New York State School of Industrial Relations, Cornell University, and to Professor William B. Gould, Stanford University Law School. The opinions and findings are soley the responsiblity of the authors. 1A le x a n d e r v. G a r d n e r -D e n v e r C o ., 1 fep Cases 81 (1974). 2 Section 704 (a) of the act provides: It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer to dis criminate against any of his employees or applicants for employment, for an employment agency, or joint labor-management committee con trolling apprenticeship or other training or retraining, including on-thejob training programs, to discriminate against any individual, or for a labor organization to discriminate against any member thereof or ap plicant for membership, because he has opposed any practice made an unlawful employment practice by this subchapter, or because he has made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in an investigation, proceeding, or hearing under this subchapter. For the purpose of our study, a Title VH-related grievance is a grievance which alleges discrimination based upon race, sex, national origin, color, or religion. 3 Since G a r d n e r -D e n v e r , the Supreme Court has also held that the prior submission o f a grievance to arbitration does not preclude subsequent recourse under the Fair Labor Standards Act. See B a rr e n tin e e t a l. v. A r k a n s a s -B e s t F r e ig h t S y s te m , I n c ., 450 U.S. 67 L. Ed. (2d) 641, 101 S. Ct. 1437 (1981), and box p. 5 of this issue. 4 U n ite d S te e lw o r k e r s v. A m e ric a n M a n u fa c tu rin g C o . , U.S. 564 (1960); U n ite d S te e lw o r k e r s v. W a r r io r dt G u lf N a v ig a tio n C o ., 363 U.S. 574 (1960); and U n ite d S te e lw o r k e r s v. E n te r p r is e W h eel & C a r C o r p ., 363 U .S. 593 (1960). Also see T e x tile W o rk e rs v. L in c o ln M ills o f A la b a m a , 1 1 S. Ct. 912 (1957). 5 Prior to the Steelworkers' Trilogy, the courts did not take such a fa vorable view o f arbitration. See, for example, In te rn a tio n a l A s s o c ia tio n o f M a c h in is ts v. C u tle r -H a m m e r, I n c ., 271 App. Div. 917, 67 N .Y .S. (2d) 317 (First Dept. 1947). The C u tle r -H a m m e r doctrine has since been repudiated by statutory amendment. See N.Y. Civ. Prac. Law 7501 (1963). 6 Alexander raised the discrimination claim for the first time at the pre arbitration step. Prior to the actual arbitration hearing, he filed with the Colorado Civil Rights Commission on Nov. 15, 1969. He informed the arbitrator at the hearing that he had filed a claim, asserting that among other things he “ could not rely on the union.” On Dec. 30, 1969, the arbitrator sustained the discharge of Alexander; however, he made no finding concerning the discrimination claim. 7 In the event the eeoc does not make a “ probable cause” finding, the claimant has the right to pursue the matter independently in Federal district court. See 42 U .S.C . 2000e-5(b), (e), and (f). See also M c D o n n e lD o u g la s C o r p . v. G re e n , 411 U .S. at 789. 8 G a r d n e r -D e n v e r C o . v. A le x a n d e r, 346 F. Supp. 1012, 4 FEP Cases 1205 (1971). 9 A le x a n d e r v. G a r d n e r -D e n v e r C o . , 466 F. (2d) 1209, 4 fep Cases 1210 (1972). 10A le x a n d e r v. G a r d n e r -D e n v e r C o ., 1 fep Cases 81 (1974). 11 That is, an individual claimant’s decision to seek recourse through one forum operates to preclude him or her from subsequently or concur rently seeking recourse of the same claim in another forum. 12That is, an individual claimant either expressly or implicitly waives his or her rights to seek subsequent recourse of a claim in another forum. In Gardner-Denver, the Court suggested that a claimant could “ knowingly and willingly” enter into such a waiver. 13 In addition to noting Alexander’s statement that he “ could not rely https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis on the union,” the Court also referred to this problem in footnote 19 of the decision: A further concern is the union’s exclusive control over the manner and extent to which an individual grievance is presented. See V a ca v. S ip e s , 386 U .S. 171, 74 lrrm 2369 (1967); R e p u b lic S te e l C o . v. M a d d o x , 379 U .S. 650, 58 lrrm 2193 (1965). In arbitration, as in the collective-bargaining process, the interests of the individual employee may be subordinated to the collective interests of all employees in the bargaining unit. S e e / . / . C a s e C o . v. L a b o r B o a r d , 321 U.S. 332, 14 lrrm 501.(1944). Moreover, harmony of interest between the union and the individual employee cannot always be presumed, especially where a claim of racial discrimination is made. See, e.g ., S te e le v. L o u is v ille & N .R . C o ., 323 U.S. 192, 15 lrrm 708 (1944); T u n sta l v. B r o th e r h o o d o f L o c o m o tiv e F ire m e n , 323 U .S. 210, 15 LRRM 715 (1944). And a breach of the union’s duty of fair representation may prove difficult to establish. See V a ca v. S ip e s , supra; H u m p h re y v. M o o r e , 375 U .S. 335, 342, 3 4 8 -3 5 1 , 55 lrrm 2031. In this respect, it is noteworthy that Congress thought it necessary to afford the protections o f Title VII against unions as well as employers. See 52 use S 2 0 0 0 -3 -2 (c ). 14 Senator Joseph Clark, one of the sponsors of the bill, had earlier introduced an interpretative memorandum on this issue. The Court noted this and other evidence of congressional intent in A le x a n d e r v. G a r d n e r D e n v e r C o ., 1 fep Cases (1974) at 85: “ Nothing in Title VII or anywhere else in this bill affects the rights and obligations under the nlra or the Railway Labor Act. . . . Title VII is not intended to and does not deny to any individual, rights and remedies which he may pursue under other Federal and State statues, if a given action should violate both Title VII and the National Labor Relations Act, the National Labor Relations Board would not be deprived of jurisdiction.” 110 Cong. Rec. 7207 (1964). Moreover, the Senate defeated an amendment which would have made Title VII the exclusive Federal remedy for most unlawful employment practices. 110 Cong. Rec. 13650-13652 (1964). And a similar amendment was rejected in connection with the Equal Employment Opportunity Act o f 1972. See H.R. 9247, 92d Cong., 1st Sess. (1972), pp. 2137, 2179, 2181-2182. The report of the Senate Committee responsible for the 1972 Act ex plained that the “ provisions regarding the individual’s right to sue under Title VII, nor any of the provisions of this bill, are meant to affect existing rights granted under other law s.” S. Rep. No. 415, at 24, 92d Cong., Is Sess. (1971). For a detailed discussion of the legislative history of the 1972 Act, see George Sape and Thomas Hart, “ Title VII Reconsidered: The Equal Op portunity Act of 1972, 40 G e o r g e W a sh in g to n L a w R e v ie w , July 1972, p. 824. 15A le x a n d e r v. G a r d n e r - D e n v e r C o ., 1 FEP Cases (1974) at 89. 16 G a r d n e r - D e n v e r C o . v. A le x a n d e r, 346 F. Supp. at 1019, 4 FEP Cases at 1209 (1971). Both the district court and the court of appeals thought that to permit a later resort to the judicial forum would substantialy un dermine the employer’s incentive to arbitrate and would “ sound the death knell for arbitration clauses in labor contracts.” 17A le x a n d e r v. G a r d n e r - D e n v e r C o ., 1 FEP Cases (1974) at 90. 18 Specifically, respondents’ names were drawn from the official mailing list for the Labor and Employment Law Division of the American Bar Association and from the National Directory of Labor Organizations list o f “ in-house” union attorneys. 19There were 661 surveys completed and returned, for an overall re sponse rate of 33.2 percent. Because two of the completed surveys could not be used, the final sample size was 659. The majority of the respondents (67.5 percent) represented manage ment— a total o f 445 individuals. The 101 union representatives accounted for 15.3 percent. The remaining respondents included attorneys who rep resent individual plaintiffs in discrimination suits, eeoc or State antidis crimination commission attorneys, National Labor Relations Board or State labor relations attorneys, law professors, part-time and full-time arbitrators, 9 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1983 • Arbitrating Discrimination Grievances judges, and retirees. For most of our analysis, only the responses of man agement and labor advocates are of concern. 20Supra, note 3. 21 See, for example, Bernard Meltzer, "Ruminations about Ideology, Law and Labor Arbitration: The Arbitrator, the NLRB, and the Courts,” in P r o c e e d in g s o f th e 2 0 th A n n u a l M e e tin g o f th e N a tio n a l A c a d e m y o f A r b itr a to r s (Washington, Bureau of National Affairs, 1967), pp. 1-20. 22See Robert Howlett, "The Arbitrator, the NLRB, and the Courts,” in P r o c e e d in g s o f th e 2 0 th A n n u a l M e e tin g o f th e N a tio n a l A c a d e m y o f A r b itr a to r s (Washington. Bureau of National Affairs, 1967), pp. 6 4 -7 4 . 22The court cites Meltzer in support of its view. See A le x a n d e r v. G a r d n e r -D e n v e r C o .. 1 Ftp Cases (1974) at 87, note 16. 24Id. at 87. 25 Id. at 87. 26 Respondents who agreed conditionally with the Meltzer school were those who believed that the arbitrator should not apply exemal Title VII law in the arbitral forum "except when the parties expressly grant such authority.” 21 A le x a n d e r v. G a r d n e r -D e n v e r C o .. 7 fep Cases (1974) at 87. 28 In an earlier survey of members of the National Academy of Arbitra tors, it was shown that 66 percent of respondents agree with Meltzer and 33 percent agree with Howlett: See Harry Edwards, "Arbitration of Em ployment Discrimination Cases: An Empirical Study,” in A r b itr a tio n — 1 9 7 5 , P r o c e e d in g s o f th e 2 8 th A n n u a l M e e tin g o f th e N a tio n a l A c a d e m y o f A r b it r a to r s (Washington, Bureau of National Affairs, 1974), pp. 5 9 - 92. 29 Our study showed that 18 percent of employer attorneys agreed with Meltzer, 45.3 percent agreed conditionally, and 36.6 percent agreed with Howlett. O f labor union attorneys, 15.6 percent agreed conditionally with Meltzer and 58.3 percent agreed with Howlett. 30 A number o f the 1,761 cases may have been reviewed by the courts after investigation by the eeoc or State agencies, and thus may be included in the counts for both forums. 31 The smaller number of reversals by the trial courts is probably attrib utable to two factors: (1) The previously cited costs of litigation in the courts, and (2) the fact that the evidentiary standards of trial courts are more strict than those applied by administrative agencies. In the last regard, an administrative investigation requires the establishment of a “ prima facie” case or a finding of “ probable cause” before proceeding to ad ministrative hearing or trial. The evidence gathered in such investigation is not necessarily “ probative” or "conclusive.” However, the trial courts would not make a determination of discrimination based solely on probable cause, but would instead require a higher quality of proof and evidence. 32 See Harry Edwards, "Labor Arbitration at the Crossroads: The Com mon Law o f the Shop v. External Law ,” A r b itr a tio n J o u r n a l, June 1977, pp. 6 5 -9 5 . 33 See, for example, David Feller, "Arbitration: The Days of Its Glory Are Numbered,” I n d u s tr ia l R e la tio n s L a w J o u r n a l, Spring 1977, pp. 9 7 B O . 34A le x a n d e r v. G a r d n e r -D e n v e r C o ., 7 fep Cases (1974) at 89. Inter estingly, the Court noted that the same factors for which it criticizes ar bitration enable arbitration to be a relatively efficient and inexpensive means for resolving contractual disputes. 35 Supra. See also U n ite d S te e lw o r k e r s v. W a r r io r & G u lf N a v ig a tio n C o ., 363 U .S. 574 at 5 8 1 -8 3 . Relying on W a r r io r & G u lf N a v ig a tio n C o ., the G a r d n e r -D e n v e r Court reasoned that: Parties usually choose an arbitrator because they trust his knowlege and judgment concerning the demands and norms of industrial relations. On the other hand, the resolution of statutory or constitutional issues is a primary responsibility of courts, and judicial construction has proven especially necessary with respect to Title,VII, whose broad language frequently can be given meaning only by reference to public law con cepts. The Court further noted that a substantial proportion of labor arbitrators are not lawyers. See “ Note, the nlrb and Deference to Arbitration,” 77 Y a le L a w J o u r n a l, 1968, pp. 1191, 1194, note 28. 36The Court, in relevant part, stated, "We adopt no standards at to the weight to be accorded an arbitral decision, since this must be determined in the court’s discretion with regard to the facts and circumstances of each Digitized for 10 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis case. Relevant factors include . . . the special competence of particular arbitrators.” A le x a n d e r v. G a r d n e r - D e n v e r C o ., 7 fep Cases (1974) at 90, note 21. 37 The Court noted that “ harmony in interest between the union and the individual employee cannot always be presumed, especially where a claim of racial discrimination is made. . . . It is noteworthy that Congress thought it necessary to afford the protections of Title VII against unions as well as em ployers.” See A le x a n d e r v. G a r d n e r - D e n v e r C o ., 1 FEP Cases (1974) at 89, note 19. For more discussion of the triangular type of discrimination, see William Gould, "Labor Arbitration of Grievances Involving Racial Discrimination,” U n iv e r s ity o f P e n n s y lv a n ia L a w R e v ie w , 1969-70, pp. 4 0 -6 8 . 38For a discussion of this issue, see William Gould, "Third Party In tervention: Grievance Machinery and Title VII,” B la c k W o rk e rs in W h ite U n io n s (Ithaca, N .Y ., Cornell University Press, 1977), pp. 223-34; Ber nard Dunau, “ Employee Participation in the Grievance Aspect o f Collec tive Bargaining,” C o lu m b ia L a w R e v ie w , June 1950, pp. 731-60; and Gregory Kamer, "Employee Participation in Settlement Negotiations and Proceedings Before the oshrc , ” L a b o r L a w J o u r n a l, April 1980, pp. 2 0 8 - 22 . One of the primary arguments against the third party intervention ap proach is that it runs against the concept of exclusivity established under the National Labor Relations Act. See George Schatzki, "Majority Rule, Exclusive Representation, and the Interests of Individual Workers: Should Exclusivity Be Abolished?” U n iv e r s ity o f P e n n s y lv a n ia L a w R e v ie w , 1975. Having one’s counsel or representative in a third party intervention pro cedure could also effectively operate against the grievant, because the union may choose not to cooperate in the preparation of the case. See James Atleson, "Disciplinary Discharge, Arbitration and nlrb Deference,” B u f f a l o L a w R e v ie w , Vol. xx, 1971; and Bernard Meltzer, "Labor Arbitration and Overlapping and Conflicting Remedies for Employment Discrimina tion,” U n iv e r s ity o f C h ic a g o L a w R e v ie w , Vol. 39, 1971, pp. 4 5 -4 6 . Another concern is that civil rights groups might attempt to intervene in such disputes without being designated by the grievant. See William Gould, “ Third Party Intervention,” pp. 233 -3 4 . 39 See Harry Edwards, "Arbitration of Employment Discrimination Cases: A Proposal for Employer and Union Representatives,” L a b o r L a w J o u r n a l, Vol. 27, 1976, pp. 265-77; Winn Newman, "Post - G a r d n e r - D e n v e r D e velopments in Arbitration— 1975,” in P r o c e e d in g s o f th e 2 8 th A n n u a l M e e tin g o f th e N a tio n a l A c a d e m y o f A r b itr a to r s (Washington, Bureau of National Affairs, 1975); Alfred Blumrosen, "Labor Arbitration, EEOC Con ciliation and Discrimination in Employment,” A r b itr a tio n J o u r n a l, Vol. 24, no. 2, 1969, pp. 88-105; Alfred Blumrosen, "Bargaining and Equal Emloyment Opportunity, ’ ’ F a ir E m p lo y m e n t P r a c tic e s : S u m m a ry o f L a te s t D e v e lo p m e n ts , 1980; and Arthur B. Smith, "The Impact on Collective Bargaining of Equal Employment Opportunity Rem edies,” I n d u s tr ia l a n d L a b o r R e la tio n s R e v ie w , April 1975, p. 376 at note 31. 40 Coincidentally, Chief Justice Warren Burger has also strongly advo cated the expanded use of arbitration in such civil matters, instead of litigation through the courts. See Chief Justice Warren E. Burger, “ Isn’t There A Better Way?” A n n u a l R e p o r t o n th e S ta te o f th e J u d ic ia r y a t th e M id y e a r M e e tin g A m e r ic a n B a r A s s o c ia tio n , Chicago, 111., Jan. 24, 1982. In two p o s t- G a r d n e r - D e n v e r decisions — L y g h t v. F o r d M o to r C o ., 458 F. Supp. 137 (E.D. Mich. 1978) and S tr o z ie r v. G e n e r a l M o to r s C o r p . , 442 F. Supp. 475 (N.D. Ga. 1977)— the district court noted the fact that the grievants had been involved directly in the presentation of their Title VH-related grievances, and had, to some degree, been provided with individual legal counsel or the advice of “ expert personnel” as part of the arbitration procedure. The court consequently found that the claim ants had “ voluntarily and knowingly” waived future Title VII actions, and thus were bound by their respective arbitral awards. These holdings tend to support the viability of some form of third party intervention in Title VH-related grievances. However, the U .S. Court o f Appeals for the Sixth Circuit has recently reversed L y g h t, granting the claimant the op portunity to have his discrimination claim for backpay heard in Federal court, notwithstanding the Michigan Civil Rights Commission’s written notice that the grievant’s claim had been "adjusted” and the case closed. In the appellate court’s opinion, "Though Title VII evinces a congressional preference for conciliation over litigation, the facts remain that a person who claims injury from discrimination in employment practices is entitled to a hearing in Federal court.” L y g h t v. F o r d M o to r C o ., 5 4 D a ily L a b o r R e p o r t, 1981, pp. A - 8 , CA6. Instruments to measure electricity: industry’s productivity growth rises Growth in labor productivity has been spurred by the spread o f automated production machinery and increased use o f integrated circuits in instruments; nonproduction workers— professional and technical— are a growing proportion o f industry employment B a r b a r a B in g h a m Output per employee hour in the manufacture of instruments for measuring electricity— such as oscilloscppes, and volt age and watt-hour meters— rose at an average annual rate of 2.4 percent between 1972 and 1981, compared with a 1.9-percent annual rate for all manufacturing. Both output and hours increased substantially over the period— output at 8.6 percent a year, employee hours at 6.0 percent.1 The advance in labor productivity was partially associated with the diffusion of automated production machinery, par ticularly ,in wiring and for installing integrated circuitry in measuring instruments. The growing use of small- and largescale integrated circuits in electronic instruments was also a factor that spurred productivity improvement. Year-to-year movements in output per hour deviated con siderably from the long-term rate, ranging from a gain of 7.4 percent (in 1980) to a drop of 1.3 percent (in 1979). In general, the year-to-year fluctuations were linked with large increases in output that in turn were accompanied by large increases in employment and hours. (See table 1.) This linkage caused productivity to dip or to rise only slightly in a number of years when growth in output was quite strong. For example, in 1978, output rose 15.5 percent, but em ployee hours rose 15.2 percent, resulting in virtually no change in labor productivity. Again, in 1979, an output rise Barbara Bingham is an economist in the Division of Industry Productivity Studies, Bureau o f Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis of nearly 11 percent was accompanied by an employee-hour rise of 12 percent, so productivity decreased slightly. The exception to this pattern occurred in 1975, a recession year. Productivity rose by more than 4 percent, Chiefly be cause of a steep drop in hours which was associated with a somewhat lesser drop in output. Strong output growth With the exception of 1974-75, output increased every year from 1972 to 1981. Six of the years studied showed double-digit percentage increases. The rate of output growth was especially strong from 1975 to 1980. The modest in crease of 2.4 percent in 1981 reflects the 1980 economic slowdown. (Recessionary effects tend to be delayed in this industry.) The four major industrial markets served by this industry are aerospace, communications, electric utilities, and com puter and other electronics manufacturers— the last being the strongest growth market. (Telecommunications and data communications demand are also sizable.) The communi cations, aircraft, and aerospace industries together use the widest variety of instruments to measure electricity, fol lowed closely by research laboratories and electric utilities. (See table 2.) Foreign demand has helped fuel the increase in output. Exports now account for a significant proportion of instru ments for measuring electricity— 32.5 percent in 1981, up 11 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1983 • Productivity in Instruments to Measure Electricity Table 1. Productivity and related indexes for the industry which produces instruments to measure electricity, 1972-81 [1977 = 100] Output per employee hour Output Employee hours Employees ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... 84.7 90.8 92.0 95.9 95.5 71.7 84.2 94.0 85.9 87.3 84.7 92.7 102.2 89.6 91.5 82.3 90.5 102.1 91.6 91.9 1977 ........... 1978 ........... 1979 ........... 1980 ........... 1 9 8 1 ........... 100.0 100.3 99.0 106.3 109.1 100.0 115.5 128.0 151.0 154.6 100.0 115.2 129.3 142.0 141.7 100.0 115.2 127.2 142.7 142.6 Year 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 Average annual rates of change (in percent) 1972-81 1976-81 ... ... 2.4 2.4 8.6 12.7 6.0 10,1 6.3 10.1 from 19.5 percent in 1972.2 The strong increase in output was largely a response to the rapidly expanding application of electronic components. The electronics industry uses instruments that measure elec tricity in testing semiconductor components, in research and development laboratories, and in engineering.3 Other functional applications in many industries include monitoring energy usage for conservation purposes; trou bleshooting automatic process operations; recording and analyzing shutdown and startup sequences; operating test and inspection stations; classifying and diagnosing power line or voltage disturbances; and servicing electrical field equipment. The industry makes general-purpose as well as custom ized instruments which can be either electrical or electronic. General-purpose (or broad-spectrum) instruments are pro duced in relatively large quantities. They include oscillo scopes, signal generators, and demand meters, which are sold mostly in industrial markets. Simpler, less expensive instruments, such as multitesters, are frequently big sellers in the nonindustrial market. Customized products are often technologically more so phisticated instruments, designed to solve specific meas urement problems. However, they also include less complex equipment such as panel meters, which are made to order for utility companies. Complex, electronic instruments such as combination and group test sets or some voltage, current, and resistance measuring equipment have become very important to this industry’s growth.4 Because of advances in electronics tech nology, these instruments are able to perform many different functions, thereby replacing several simpler instruments. The demand for new electronic instruments has been a major factor behind the industry’s output growth. Thus, changes in electronics technology have not only indirectly fueled demand through the explosive growth in semiconductor components (which in turn generated the need for more measuring instruments), but, by influencing 12 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis the form and function of products, have brought new in struments and growth directly into their markets. Product improvements have also contributed to the growth in demand by widening markets. For instance, many in struments now have direct digital readouts and automatic calibration for ease of operation, and are designed so that minimal training is required to use them.5 These instruments are designed to be “ user-friendly” and to perform some data analysis prior to printout, thereby allowing companies without engineers or other technical personnel to make use of them. Growing employment The number of persons employed in the industry ex panded greatly over the period studied (73 percent), with especially large increases from 1977 to 1980. Employment rose at an average annual rate of 2.4 percent between 1972 and 1976, and of 9.7 percent from 1977 to 1981: Years Average annual rates o f change Production Nonproduction All employees workers workers 1972-81........... 1972-76........... 1977-81........... 6.3 2.4 9.7 4.1 1.4 5.9 9.5 4.0 14.9 The proportion of nonproduction workers rose from 37 per cent in 1972 to 47 percent in 1981. (Such workers accounted for 30 percent of all manufacturing employees in 1981.) Total employment dropped only twice over the 9-year period studied— and one decline (1980-81) was very small, 0.1 percent. As the following table shows, average layoffs per 100 employees were less than one quarter the average for all manufacturing industries. Average recalls, separa tions, quits, and layoffs from 1972 to 1980 all ran well below the average for all manufacturing, reflecting industry efforts to minimize turnover and retain skilled workers: Average per 100 employees (1972 to 1980) Instruments to measure electricity All manufacturing Recalls (1976-80) Separations.... Q u its ............. L ay o ffs......... .. 0.14 2.39 1.46 0.29 0.88 4.17 2.00 1.30 Production workers. These employees, mainly assemblers and testers, declined in number twice— in 1975 and in 1981. The number of production workers increased 45 percent from 1972 to 1981, to 50,200. Until recently, average weekly and hourly earnings generally ran below the manufacturing average.6 Women account for an unusually high proportion of pro duction workers. (The average percentage of women in this industry’s total work force from 1972 to 1981 was well above the average for all manufacturing—46 percent versus 31 percent.) At many companies the assemblers are almost all women. Reasons given for women’s dominance of as sembly jobs vary from “ tradition” to “ manual dexterity.” 7 Nonproduction workers. The rising percentage of nonprod uction workers in the industry is largely related to trends in product design. A significant proportion of the companies in this industry manufacture increasingly complex, sophis ticated instruments at low production rates. Thus, large sup port groups of engineers and technicians are needed for research and design. An expenditure of 6 to 7 percent of sales for research and development is common in this in dustry. Considerable investment in research and develop ment is needed to keep up with both the changing technology in the products whose “ electricity is to be measured” and the advances in electronics that can improve the measuring instruments’ capabilities.9 Professional and technical workers, especially engineers, represent a significantly larger proportion of the industry’s work force than of all manufacturing employees.10 Man agers and clericals account for a slightly larger proportion when compared with all manufacturing. These general trends in white-collar occupations reflect the importance of engi- Many assembly jobs require little prior job training, thus attracting women with no previous employment experience. Some industry sources also claim women are able to cope better with the exacting but tedious assembly work. In addition to the training all production workers receive on the job, testers often have trade school education in electronics. Because of the significant investment in train ing, companies prefer not to lay workers off during a down turn. Instead, many businesses reduce payroll costs through shortened workweeks and temporary plant shutdowns. Many companies, particularly the smaller ones, seek to avoid lay offs because of strong employee-company loyalty.8 There are two types of testers found in most plants: in coming parts or quality control testers and technicians (as defined by the industry). Testers for incoming parts need less training and are usually lower-paid than technicians. Technicians test complex assemblies and final assemblies, and usually are required to have trade school experience. Women do not appear to dominate in these work groups. Table 2. Significant users of specific product groups from sic 3825, Instruments to Measure Electricity1 Semiconductor Product groups and 1977 value of shipments and computer manufacturers (in million of dollars) AC watt-hour and demand meters ($151.7)............... Voltage, current, and resistance measuring equipment and multimeters ($171.4) Power and energy measuring equipment ($9.1) ................. Frequency and time measuring equipment ($86.4)................. Oscilloscopes and signal generating equipment ($380.4)............... Field strength and intensity measuring equipment ($59.0). . Impedance and standing wave ratio measuring equipment ($17.3). . Electronic x-y plotters ($69.3)................. Multifunction test and measuring equipment2 ($349.6) ............... Standards and calibration equipment ($40.1). . Microwave test equipment ($48.5). . Internal combustion engine analyzers ($151.7)............... Panel meters ($138.8). . . Switchboard instruments ($14.1)................. Elapsed time meters ($15.3)................. Electrical recording instruments ($184.9)............... Parts and accessories, including transducers ($30.8)................. Computer users (all Industries) Refiners and chemical plants yes yes yes yes yes yes yes _ Communications, Utilities/ Appliance, Automobile aircraft, radio, private power TV, and radio TV, aerospace manufacturers companies repairers industries yes yes yes yes _ _ yes yes yes yes yes yes yes — yes _ _ _ _ _ _ — — — yes _ _ _ — — yes yes _ _ Auto garages yes yes yes _ yes _ yes yes yes yes yes — — yes _ yes yes _ _ yes yes yes — — yes _ yes yes — — — yes — yes _ _ — yes yes yes — yes yes — — yes yes yes — yes yes yes — yes yes yes yes Labs (all industries) yes yes _ Hospitals and other specialized power users yes yes ' “ Users” include both civilian and military purchasers. including semiconductor test equipment. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Computer installers/ servicers yes yes yes yes — yes yes yes Note: Information provided by industry sources, 13 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1983 • Productivity in Instruments to Measure Electricity neers and related workers to the establishments in the in dustry. Changes in technology There are several basic steps in the production of a typical electronic instrument designed to measure electricity: The needed parts are purchased, or made in-house. These parts are checked and then prepared (wired, preformed, and so forth) for production. The components are inserted in printed circuit boards which are then soldered. Assemblies are tested, interconnected, and installed in cases. Additional testing and calibration of the finished instruments follow. Parts needed for production in this industry range from complex printed circuit boards made in-house to semicon ductor devices ordered from catalogs. Many of the incoming parts and components are performance tested (usually through sampling). Some firms make their own custom electronic parts, thereby ensuring complete quality control of critical components. Most firms purchase a large proportion of their components from vendors. Thus, they must adapt their prod uct designs to accommodate standardized parts, sacrificing some quality control. (The failure rate during quality control of incoming parts is often higher than that accepted for inhouse production.) There has been an increased effort, particularly by me dium to large-sized firms, to design products so that they comprise several subassemblies (modules) which are inter connected electrically and mechanically at the end of the manufacturing process. This subassembly design concept has many advantages which can lead to lower unit costs, increased productivity, and more reliable products. One ad vantage is that subassemblies can be better adapted to au tomated assembly and testing. Also, several different instruments can be designed so that they include nearly identical subassemblies, thus increasing subassembly pro duction quantities. In addition, varied customer preferences (options) can be more efficiently added or deleted from the basic instruments. The use of integrated circuits and microprocessors in the more technologically advanced instruments has also enabled producers to reduce the number of components, thus re ducing assembly time. When purchased parts are received, they must be counted and checked. Equipment is now available that weighs parts in lieu of manually counting them. Inventoried components like resistors and capacitors must then be preformed and harnesses wired. (Harnesses are grouped bundles of wires.) Wiring of harnesses can be done manually or by mass ter mination machines, which can do in 5 minutes what takes I-V2 to 2 hours to do by hand. These machines attach ribbon wire to connectors, which are then attached to printed circuit boards. Even in companies that have mass termination ma chines, however, hand wiring may still be done for older products because of the extensive time and large outlays required to redesign products in order to make use of these 14 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis machines. (Hand wiring is also used for connecting high voltage wires, or where small numbers of wires are going to many points.) Next, components (both integrated circuits and discrete parts like diodes) must be stuffed (inserted) into printed circuit boards using assembly drawings as guides. This is done either manually or automatically by insertion machines (which require a substantial investment). (The first insertion machines purchased by a company are generally used for handling integrated circuits.) The machines are prepro grammed (usually by production engineering staff) and then loaded with the necessary preformed components. (It is the expense of programming, in addition to the relatively high capital outlay, that prohibits the use of insertion machines in small batch production runs.) The machine then inserts components into printed circuit boards automatically. At higher volumes of production, insertion machines save about 80 percent of labor compared with manual insertion of in tegrated circuits, and 15 to 20 percent over manual stuffing of discrete parts. Another advantage of these machines is an increase in production consistency, which is especially important as boards become packed more tightly. (Five years ago, there were about 50 components on a typical board; now there may be 350.) Thus, it is more and more difficult and timeconsuming to ensure that boards are assembled correctly. The first newly-designed board stuffed by machine is thor oughly checked and approved. Once that is done, all sub sequent boards stuffed by the insertion machines will be of higher quality and greater reliability than if they had been assembled manually. Actual postproduction testing time is not reduced, however. Manual insertion methods may range from bench assem bly, where one person inserts all components into the printed circuit board, to progressive subassembly, where several individuals each insert a number of components. Stuffed boards are then routed to solder flow machines, which have been in use for about 15 years. These are prob ably the most widely diffused machines in the industry, and represent a major technological improvement over hand sol dering. After soldering, cables are manually connected to the boards and the boards are tested for solder shorts and opens, incorrectly inserted components, and malfunctioning components. Subassemblies then go through final assembly and are put in cases. The product is then tested and cali brated. Completed instruments are often run for extended periods under controlled conditions to test them for accuracy and reliability (the bum-in process). Test equipment. Testing is a critical process in this industry because of the nature of the products. Testing is usually done at several steps in the manufacturing process— when purchased components are received, after subassemblies are completed, and after final instrument assembly. Improve ments in test equipment for incoming parts have enabled quality control personnel to make more extensive tests and to check a larger percentage of parts. In most tests, there is some degree of automation involved in that measurement instruments are used. However, fully Automatic Test Equip ment ( a t e ) is now available— although it is costly. This computer-based equipment can test bare printed circuit boards or assembled (inserted) printed circuit boards. It is used mostly for the latter purpose. Automatic Test Equipment (parts of which are measuring instruments) is state-of-theart electronic equipment, capable of performing multiple, complex tests. Some labor savings are realized when it is used. It also allows testers to perform more tests on each product, thus keeping up with the growing complexity of the instruments. More consistent, higher quality products result. Computers. There are four general areas of computer use: Management control systems, computer-aided engineering, warehouse automation systems, and computer-aided man ufacturing ( c a m ) . 11 Computer usage is usually limited to research and design and to simple business functions such as maintaining payroll and sales records. In most companies that have computers, several computer systems are em ployed, but the databases are rarely integrated. Some in crease in nonproduction worker productivity has resulted from engineers’ extensive use of computers in product de sign and development, and from drafters’ utilization of com puter-aided-design ( c a d ) systems to draw circuit layouts and schematics for printed circuit boards. Improved soft ware tools for engineers and better c a d systems for drafters have allowed them to further reduce the time spent in de signing products and making design changes, in writing customized programs, in communicating with other parts of their organization, and in finding errors.12 Advanced business computers can be used to reduce costs through better purchasing practices and inventory control. Some systems are also capable of scheduling work, keeping track of employee hours, or controlling material levels, but these are employed less frequently. For the companies that use them, advanced, integrated c a d / c a m systems are ca pable of increasing labor productivity, in addition to per mitting more efficient use of materials, greater reliability, faster turnaround (from design to finished product), and smaller inventories.13 Automatic testing systems, used to check assemblies during production, are also computerized. They are used as quality control tools and as a means to improve productivity. Implementation of most of the technological advances in the production process mentioned requires significant capital outlays. New capital expenditures by this industry increased over 600 percent (in current dollars) between 1972 and 1981. In dollars per production worker, the increase was also very large, 389 percent, compared with a 226-percent increase for all manufacturing. These percentage increases ran sub stantially above the increase in value of shipments over the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis same period. The spending surge is an indication of the move to more automated production systems. The spread of automated equipment is also reflected in the 176-percent increase in value added per production worker over the study period. In 1972, value added per production worker in this industry was 13 percent higher than for all manufacturing; in 1981, it was 31 percent higher. Industry structure When firms are grouped by number of employees or sales volume, there are identifiable differences in both the tech nology employed in production and the type of products produced. The smaller companies often produce nonelec tronic instruments, many of which are broad-spectrum or general use types (for example, some signal generators and multimeters), as well as customized electronic and me chanical equipment in low volume operations. The advent of prepackaged and pretested electronic components has allowed small companies with limited skills to produce more sophisticated instruments. Medium-sized companies employ varying amounts of au tomatic equipment and are often at the forefront of the new technology in instruments that measure electricity.14 Pro duction usually takes place in limited runs. These firms face some direct competition, but often try to find market niches in which only their products will fit. (Sales are frequently made through sales representatives who sell instruments from several companies.) The larger companies account for most of the low-cost, high-volume products as well as some of the more costly and complex instruments. It is in high-volume operations that the most automated production processes are found. Along with the additional capital required to automate, these firms face extensive development costs. Thus, only firms with high-volume production facilities can take advantage of reduced unit labor and materials costs, and cover large capital and developmental expenditures. (In a few cases, automatic equipment may also be installed if there is a very high error rate or if repair and troubleshooting costs are exorbitant.)15 The following tabulation presents the 1977 percent distribution of establishments, employment, and new capital expenditures in the industry, by establishment size:16 T o tal................. Establishments with average employment of: 1 - 1 9 ................. 2 0 -9 9 ............... 100-499........... 500-999........... 1000 or more .. Establishments Employment New capital expenditures 100.0 100.0 100.0 58.4 23.7 13.4 2.7 1.8 3.5 11.3 28.4 18.3 38.6 2.3 7.5 23.7 20.4 46.1 The number of establishments in this industry rose from 632 in 1972, to 671 in 1977. (The estimate for 1981 is 15 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1983 • Productivity in Instruments to Measure Electricity 653.)17 From 1972 to 1977, the corresponding percentage increase in number of companies (2 percent) was lower than that for establishments (6 percent). The number of employ ees per establishment also increased— from 87 in 1972 to 99 in 1977. Outlook The capabilities of measuring instruments will grow as their manufacturers incorporate advances in electronics technology, especially microprocessors and related devices, into their products.18 The instruments themselves will be come smaller. More components will be produced and tested automatically. Testing of assemblies and final products will continue to be a major concern as product complexity in creases and improvements in instruments’ accuracy and re liability remain important competitive tools. Smaller companies will be able to install more automatic equipment as lower prices for such equipment permit a favorable return on investment even with low-volume pro duction. The large white-collar work force should become more efficient as business computers are utilized more fully and improvements in software aid both engineers and draf ters in their product development work. The electronics industry, the largest market for measuring instruments, should continue to expand as the economy recovers and capital spending picks up. In addition, elec tronics firms (which include companies that produce instru ments to measure electricity) are expected to install more automatic controls and to concentrate on producing highquality products— both of which goals will necessitate more accurate and precise measuring capabilities. The increase in sales of instruments that are a part of a t e should be especially strong as electronics firms strive to reduce labor costs, improve product quality, and keep up with the grow ing complexity of electronic components.19 Logic analyzers, used to test microprocessor-based systems, should also be big sellers. The data and telecommunications industries are also expected to experience strong output growth— thereby stimulating purchases of measuring equipment.20 Exports should continue to increase because of growing worldwide use of electronic components, and the unique products of fered by some U.S. companies. Rapidly changing electronics technology will be both a pushing and a pulling force as it continues to fuel demand and improve both the products and productivity in this in dustry. Workers will become more dependent on computers as automated production processes, business computers, and a t e spread throughout the industry. The demand for com puter-trained production workers, and for programmers and engineers who maintain the machines, will thus increase. There will continue to be a strong need for design and development engineers as research and development levels stay high. □ ■FOOTNOTES 'The 1972 Standard Industrial Classification manual classifies Instru ments for Measuring and Testing of Electricity and Electrical Signals as Industry 3825. The major products included are: AC watt-hour meters; demand meters; voltage, current, and resistance measuring equipment; multimeters; power and energy measuring equipment; frequency measuring equipment; waveform measuring and/or analyzing equipment (oscillo scopes); signal generating equipment; field strength and intensity measuring equipment; impedance and standing wave ratio measuring equipment; elec tronic time measuring and counting equipment; electronic x-y plotters; combination and/or group test sets; component part test sets (semiconductor test equipment); standards and calibration equipment; analyzers for testing characteristics o f internal combustion engines; panel meters; switchboard instruments; elapsed time meters; portable instruments; and electrical re cording instruments. Average annual rates o f change presented in this article are based on the linear least squares of the logarithm of the index numbers. Extensions o f the indexes will appear in the annual BLS Bulletin, “ P r o d u c tiv ity M e a 6 Earnings data for sic 3825, as a percent of all manufacturing: A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a r n in g s A v e r a g e h o u rly e a r n in g s 197 2 ......................... 1973 .............................. 1 9 7 4 .......................... 1975 .............................. 19 7 6 ......................... 1 9 7 7 .......................... 88.5 86.3 86.0 89.6 99.4 99.0 87.4 84.8 83.9 89.9 100.2 98.8 1 9 7 8 .......................... 197 9 ......................... 1 9 8 0 ......................... 1981 .............................. 198 2 ......................... 98.8 101.3 105.5 96.7 101.0 96.9 97.5 101.7 95.7 98.7 s u r e s f o r S e le c te d I n d u s tr ie s .’ ’ 2U .S. Department o f Commerce, Industry and Trade Administration, 1 9 8 2 U .S . I n d u s tr ia l O u tlo o k (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1982), p. 274. 3 A1 Esser, “ Modular ate satisfies gamut of testing needs,” E le c tr o n ic D e s ig n , Oct. 28, 1982, pp. 127-28. 4 The increase in value of product shipments for all of SIC 3825 was 93 percent between 1972 and 1977. For combination and group test sets, the increase was 250 percent; for multimeters, 195 percent; and for electronic analog voltage, current, and resistance measuring equipment, the increase was 320 percent. 5 Roger Allen, “ d v m s , d m m s advance on several fronts: Low costs sys tems performance,” E le c tr o n ic D e s ig n , Oct. 15, 1981, pp. 129-46. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 7Industry sources. 8Industry sources and U .S. Department of Commerce, 1 9 8 2 U .S . I n d u s tr ia l O u tlo o k , p. 274. 9 Industry sources and “ Semiconductor orders to lead recovery for electonics in 2nd half, industry says,” W a ll S tr e e t J o u r n a l, June 16, 1982, p 12. 10 Discussion is based on unpublished bls occupational data for sic 382. sic 3825 makes up about 38 percent o f sic 382. 11 “ cad / cam systems shape up for total automation,” E le c tr o n ic D e s ig n , Oct. 14, 1982, p. 226. 12Industry sources. 13E le c tr o n ic D e s ig n , Oct. 14, 1982, p. 228. 14Observation of industry operations, and industry sources. ^Observation of industry operations, and industry sources. 16Data are from 1 9 7 7 C e n su s o f M a n u fa c tu re s, P a r t 3 (Bureau of the Census), p. 3 8 A -1 7 , table 4. I7U.S. Department of Commerce, 1 9 8 2 U .S . I n d u s tr ia l O u tlo o k , p. 2 1 A. 18 “ Test/Measurement,” E le c tr o n ic E n g in e e rin g T im e s , Jan. 1, 1981, p. 18. l9“ Electronics-electrical/basic analysis,” S ta n d a r d a n d P o o r s ’ I n d u s try S u r v e y , Jan. 14, 1982, p. E18. 20U .S. Department of Commerce, 1 9 8 2 U .S . I n d u s tr ia l O u tlo o k , pp. 274 -7 5 . APPENDIX: Measurement techniques and limitations Indexes of output per employee hour measure changes in the relation between the output of an industry and employee hours expended on that output. An index of output per employee hour is derived by dividing an index of output by an index of industry employee hours. The preferred output index for manufacturing industries would be obtained from data on quantities of the various goods produced by the industry, each weighted (multiplied) by the employee hours required to produce one unit of each good in some specified base period. Thus, those goods which require more labor time to produce are given more impor tance in the index. In the absence of physical quantity data, the output index for the industry which produces instruments to measure https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis electricity was constructed using a deflated value technique. Value of shipments of the various product classes was adjusted for price changes by appropriate Producer Price Indexes to derive real output measures. These, in turn, were combined with employee hour weights to derive the overall output mea sure. These procedures result in a final output index that is conceptually close to the preferred output measure. The indexes of output per employee hour relate total output to one input— labor time. The indexes do not measure the specific contribution of labor, capital, or any other single factor. Rather, they reflect the joint effect of factors such as changes in technology, capital investment, capacity uti lization, plant design and layout, skill and effort of the work force, managerial ability, and labor-management relations. 17 Productivity improvements in two fabricated metals industries Output per employee-hour has risen faster in valves and pipe fittings than it has in fabricated pipe and fittings , both industries show high levels o f capital spending H o r st B r a n d and C l y d e H u ffstu tler Labor productivity trends vary widely in two industries in the fabricated metals group— valves and pipe fittings and fabricated pipe and fittings— in part, because the technol ogies applied in the manufacture of their products differ.1 Furthermore, although valves and pipe fittings are classified as a single industry, their products are fundamentally unlike in the ways in which they are manufactured, and in the extent of scale economies and industry support required in servicing them after they have been installed. Products of both industries are used to control and transmit liquid and gaseous fluids. In the valves and pipe fittings industry, productivity, as measured by output per employee hour, rose at an average annual rate of 1.3 percent between 1954 and 1981, as output increased 3.0 percent and employee hours, 1.7 percent. In fabricated pipe and fittings, productivity advanced 0.3 per cent a year between 1958 and 1981, as a 4.3-percent gain in output was offset by a 4.1-percent increase in employee hours. Productivity in all manufacturing industries averaged 2.5 percent during the 1954-81 period, as output increased 3.3 percent and employee hours, 0.8 percent. Three distinct periods marked the long-term productivity trend, during which annual rates deviated significantly from that trend. These rates moved as follows (in percent): Horst Brand and Clyde Huffstutler are economists in the Division of In dustry Productivity Studies, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 18 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Period 1959-65 . . . 1965-73 . . . 1973-81 . . . Valves and pipe fittings Fabricated pipe and fittings 3.7 1.0 1.0 1.5 3.7 0.8 2.8 2.6 1.5 - Manufacturing The reasons for the productivity slowdown are not clear. In both industries, employee hours rose more rapidly in relation to output after 1965 than in the earlier part of the 1954-81 period. While the employee-hour rate for valves and pipe fittings was less than a third of the output rate over the 1959-65 span, and a little more than half for fabricated pipe, it rose to nearly two-thirds of the output rate in 197381 for the former industry, and to 1V2 times the output rate for the latter. In brief, hiring accelerated relative to output gains in the 1970’s and tended to dampen productivity ad vances. The pattern was similar for all of manufacturing. Year-to-year movements in output per employee hour of the two industries also show a high degree of volatility. In valves and pipe fittings, productivity declined in 10 of the 27 years studied, in fabricated pipe, in 9 of 23. It dropped as much as 9 percent in the former (in 1958), and 11 percent in the latter (in 1970), and climbed as much as 12 percent in both (in 1955 and 1959). In all manufacturing, produc tivity dipped in only 4 years between 1954 and 1981, and by more than 0.5 percent in but one of the years— 1974. In most years of productivity decline in the two industries, output as well as employee hours decreased, but these at a lesser rate. In some years, output rose, but less than em ployee hours. Demand spurs output growth Output of valves and pipe fittings more than doubled between 1954 and 1981, setting a record of 113 in 1981 (1977= 100). Output of fabricated pipe also doubled over the 1958-81 span, reaching its peak of almost 108 in 1978.2 Output trends underwent sizable year-to-year swings,3 as well as alternations between periods of rapid and greatly slowed expansion. (See the following tabulation.) These movements did not parallel total manufacturing output after 1973, when output of the two industries was spurred by intensified worldwide demand from extractive industries. Average annual rates o f change (in percent) Valves and pipe fittings Fabricated pipe Manufacand fittings turing 1959-65 ....... 7.0 3.4 5.5 1965-73 ....... 1.7 1.7 4.1 2.6 4.5 1.2 1973-81 ....... Among key determinants of the rise in the production of valves and pipe fittings, and of fabricated pipe and fittings, were the expansion in industrial and public utility demand, particularly during the boom years of the early and mid sixties; gains in the construction of sewer and water works during much of the period studied; and intensified needs of energy-related extractive and pipeline industries, again mostly during the 1970’s. In addition, expanding foreign trade in valves and pipe fittings importantly contributed to output, especially during the 1970’s, with exports moving up from 10 percent of the industry’s value of shipments in 1972 to 14 percent in 1979.4 Among large-scale users of valves and pipe fittings (as well as of fabricated pipe) was the chemicals industry. Fol lowing the 1960’s, the industry accounted for about onesixth of total domestic valve shipments and probably about the same proportion of shipments of pipe fittings and fab ricated pipe.5 (The markets for these industries and com ponents are identical or closely related.) Chemicals almost doubled plant and equipment outlays (adjusted for price changes) in the early 1960’s, then reduced them. After 1973, however, the industry raised real outlays once again, and, in 1979, they stood nearly twice as high as 1973 levels. Nearly one-half of industrial valves output was absorbed in recent years by energy-related extracting, processing, and distributing industries. Growth in extractive activities, es pecially in the installation of drilling platforms, spurred demand for fabricated pipe.6 In the 1960’s, drilling of oil and gas wells dropped sharply, but after 1970, the decline was reversed. In 1979, both the number of wells and footage drilled ran roughly 75 percent above 1970 levels. Expansion of electrical generating capacity also bolstered output of the two industries reviewed here, their products being essential in the circulation of water and steam (and https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis in the condensation of steam). Whereas the total number of electrical generating stations barely changed over the period covered, the proportion of stations generating 500,000 kil owatts or more rose from under 3 percent in 1960 to 13 percent in 1980. The number of nuclear and gas-turbine driven power-generating plants likewise increased. These increases spelled a shift to larger, more capacious and heatand pressure-resistant valves and fabricated pipe. Water supply systems and sewage facilities also repre sented important markets for valves and pipe fittings, as well as for fabricated pipe, claiming more than 11 percent of valve shipments alone. The rate at which water and sew age systems were put in place was comparatively steady in the 1950’s and 1960’s. It accelerated in the 1970’s, slack ening, however, after 1978. Among reasons for the faster rate in the 1970’s was funding under the Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, which spurred the construction of advanced waste water plants for the elimination and dilution of chemicals and other industrial pollutants.7 Responding to the growth and locational shifts in population and hous ing, put-in-place water supply facility construction rose from an average annual rate of 1 percent in the 1950’s to nearly 7 percent in the 1960’s, thereafter slowing to little more than 2 percent. Changes in production technology Improvements in the manufacture of valves and pipe fit tings, and to an extent of fabricated pipe, have usually hinged on technological advances in metalworking machin ery and pertinent electronic controls. Some of the larger valve manufacturers sought to overcome the drawbacks of small lot production by adopting group technology. Small lot production— often involving tens or hundreds of products made to specification— characterizes the man ufacture of many kinds of valves and pipe fittings8. Never theless, the efficiency of turning out varieties of valves and pipe fittings, each in relatively small lots, has steadily im proved. Increasingly, automated machining devices speed production. In a growing number of establishments, families of parts common to different product varieties are machined, then distributed to bins for final assembly. The assembly worker, hitherto stationary while the parts and the products to be assembled moved to and away from him, now moves between the various bins and the various products to be assembled.9 The manufacture of families of common parts saves labor in setting up machine tools, as well as in streamlining the flow of production. The authors of a text on group tech nology— a term that covers methods of manufacturing com mon parts particularly suited to small lot production— state: “ In the typical manufacturing plant, the excessive setup time, caused by the product mix and small lot sizes, may be the most significant part of total production time.” 10 Because reduction of setup time remains a key problem for valve manufacturers, more and more establishments are re19 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1983 • Productivity in Two Fabricated Metals Industries organizing key production operations, so that parts common to a variety of products may be machined sequentially, rather than on a product-by-product basis.11 Adoption of computer-controlled machine tool technol ogy has facilitated small lot production. One example is a numerically controlled lathe featuring automatic tool chang ers and capable of machining parts of a variety of weights (5 to 600 pounds) and shapes. The range of lot sizes ma chined on the lathe varies from single, complex components to more than 700. The increasing diversity of valve speci fications,12 together with the small lot sizes ordered, favors wider adoption of automated production machinery, whose users also benefit from its high rate of metalworking speeds. Computer-aided design ( c a d ) has facilitated the produc tion of high-performance valves. Such valves require close tolerances in their dimensions,, and, as noted, must often be capable of operating under high pressure and temperature extremes, internal as well as environmental. In some es tablishments, c a d has saved up to 50 percent of engineering work in some operations in comparison with conventional methods, and hence has also achieved optimality of valve design more rapidly.13 The manufacture of valves to close tolerances requires numerically-controlled and, increas ingly, computer numerically-controlled turret lathes and other lathes, as well as horizontal spindle machining centers ca pable of great accuracy in repeat performances. Some firms program families of common parts into the computers con trolling their machine tools, reportedly reducing program e d ’ time by one-quarter to one-third, compared to earlier programing procedures.14 Advances in the productivity of pipe and tube fittings manufacture have, in general, also hinged on the use of sophisticated metalworking equipment. When fittings are mass produced, they enter the machining process as forg ings. These forgings are drilled to specified diameters, threaded or beveled, and deburred. Setup often appears still to be manual, because runs are comparatively long, making setup time less of a cost variable, compared with small lot pro duction. Manual, rather than automatic, feeding of the forg ings to the metalcutting machinery also prevails in many establishments. Apparently, this type of mass production operation has experienced little improvement in productiv ity.15 Advances in technology specifically keyed to the man ufacture of fittings include ballistic and hydraulic flaring machines. (Flares on fittings serve as seals.) Prior to the advent of these machines, flaring was accomplished by handtools, and could not be peformed on heavier wall tubing or fittings. A large group of fittings, however, is not flared. Flareless fittings are joined either by biting into the metal or by compression. In compression, the seal consists of a rubber ring recessed into the metal. The technology used in fabricating these fittings is considerably more complex and exacting than in manufacturing flared fittings, and therefore demands greater operator skill.16 20 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Tubes and fittings are often worked and readied for ap plication by means of specialized handtools. These handtools have been significantly improved over the period reviewed here. For example, the cutting edge of tube cutters has been made more efficient through adaptable contouring and harder materials. Benders have come to be adjustable for wear, as well as for bending hard or soft tubing. Flaring tools have been improved so as virtually to eliminate the risk of thinning the flared tube wall or applying excessive torque. Burnishing of the flared face, which makes for a tighter seal, has become more efficient, and has been made part of the manual flaring operation.17 Fabricated pipe is cut, bent, threaded, and welded to customer specifications. Specifications vary within fairly narrow ranges, and production processes are fairly stan dardized. The industry has recently adapted computerized pattern ing controls for precision cutting of pipe. These controls have replaced templates in the technically more advanced shops. (Templates were made in-house, and required a skilled operator in their use.) Time between cuts is reduced because the positioning, preheating, and start and depth of cut are computer controlled. Preparation of appropriate computer programs takes as little as one-fifth of the time required for a conventional template. In addition, computer-controlled systems are more accurate, and can be applied so as to minimize waste.18 Pipe welding has been largely mechanized since the 1960’s, except for smaller jobs, where manual welding is preferred. The “ duty cycle” of welding— minutes per 8-hour period actually spent by the operator— has been significantly in creased, as has the deposition rate of the filler metal that makes the weld.19 The bending of pipe has been speeded up by computer controlled induction heating. This facilitates bending by various leveraging devices. The operation con tinues to require considerable skill. Employment During the 1954-81 period, employment in valves and pipe fittings rose at an annual rate of 1.8 percent, a figure not significantly different from the 1.7-percent rate for em ployee hours. The 1981 employment and hours levels ran about 50 percent above those for 1954. (However, in 1982, employment dropped sharply; currently, it numbers fewer than 85,000 workers.) Employee hours rose rapidly in the early part of the review period, slowed down from 1965 to 1973, and acceleratead once again thereafter, as the following tabulation shows, using average annual rates of change in percent: 1954-81 ................. 1959-65 .............. 1965-73.............. 1973-81 .............. *1951-81 Valves and pipe fittings Fabricated pipe 1.7 3.1 0.7 1.6 4.3* 1.9 0.9 7.3 Year-to-year fluctuations in employee hours were pro nounced, particularly in periods of recession and recovery. The largest increase in year-to-year movements, 11 percent in 1974, was followed by the largest decline, 10 percent in 1975. Employment in the fabricated pipe and fittings industry more than doubled between 1958 and 1981, rising at an average annual rate of 4.3 percent, as did employee hours. Employee hours rose faster in the early 1960’s than in the following years, but increased at a very high rate between 1973 and 1981. Year-to-year swings, associated with move ments in the business cycle, ranged from a 14-percent drop in 1961 to an 11-percent gain in 1967. In the 1970’s, large annual increments— of as much as 22 percent in 1976— swamped dips of 3 percent in 1975 and 4 percent in 1980. Accessions and separations in valves and pipe fittings averaged little more than two-thirds of the average for du rables during the 1970’s (data for earlier years are not avail able). Comparatively low labor turnover is probably related, in part, to the skill, composition, and high proportion of nonproduction employees in the industry’s work force. Nonproduction workers accounted for 30 percent of total employment in valves and pipe fittings in the late 1970’s and in 1981, as against an estimated 22 percent in the mid1950’s. Employment of nonproduction workers rose at an average annual rate of 2.9 percent between 1954 and 1981, of production workers at 1.3 percent. The greater increase in nonproduction workers was linked largely to expanded hiring of engineers and other professionals needed to design the growing diversity of products manufactured in the in dustry, together with the appropriate production processes. In fabricated pipe, the proportion of nonproduction workers declined slightly to 22 percent over the 1958-81 span, re flecting the somewhat greater expansion of the production than of the nonproduction work force (4.7 percent annually versus 3.3 percent). Data on the occupational composition of the two indus tries are available only for the miscellaneous fabricated products group as a whole. The two industries account for about one-half of the group’s employment. Their occupa tional mix probably does not deviate much from the group’s for most occupations. The distribution of professional and technical workers in miscellaneous fabricated metals in 1980 was slightly lower than for manufacturing (7 versus 10 per cent)— except that the group’s proportion of mechanical engineers and drafters was slightly higher. Indications are that that proportion is exceeded in valves and pipe fittings, but not quite so high in the fabricated pipe industry. The group also employed relatively more clerical workers. Met alworking craft workers represented 6 percent of the group’s employment, twice the proportion for manufacturing. Here, again, fabricated pipe may have run below the group av erage; valves and pipe fittings above. The proportion of operatives, 45 percent, was roughly the same, although semiskilled metalworking operatives (including welders and https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis lathe machine operators), who accounted for 20 percent of the group’s total employment, had nearly three times the proportion for manufacturing. In general, the occupational mix of the group closely paralleled that for durables man ufacturing, particularly for blue-collar workers. This is also suggested by average hourly earnings levels, which have coincided with the durables manufacturing average since data became available in 1972. Capital expenditures Plant and equipment expenditures by establishments mak ing valve and pipe fittings and fabricated pipe exceeded the average for all manufacturing during the period reviewed. After adjusting for changes in the cost of new machinery and equipment and new structures,20 capital outlays by valve and pipe fittings manufacturers rose at an average annual rate of almost 7 percent between 1958 and 1980, those by fabricated pipe firms by 11 percent— compared with little more than 5 percent for all manufacturing establishments. These expenditures rates fluctuated considerably in the course of the review period. Real plant and equipment ex penditures weakened much less in the 1960’s and early 1970’s in valves and pipe fittings than in all manufacturing, and was comparatively strong for fabricated pipe. All the rates shown accelerated during the 1970’s, reflecting, for the two industries, strong pressures on capacity from steppedup domestic and foreign demand, especially from oil and Table 1. Productivity and related indexes for the valves and pipe fittings industry, 1954-81 [1977 = 100] Year O u tp u t p e r e m p lo y e e h o u r O u tp u t A ll e m p lo y e e h o u rs E m p lo y e e s 1954............... 70.3 50.9 72.4 70.7 1955................ 1956................ 1957............... 1958............... 1959............... 78.7 82.7 79.3 72.2 76.5 58.4 64.2 61.9 51.6 54.0 74.2 77.6 78.1 71.5 70.6 70 ? 74 1 1960............... 1961................ 1962................ 1963............... 1964............... 75.0 81.3 83.4 84.3 51.8 57.7 63.8 63.8 68.7 69.1 71.0 76.5 75.7 79.3 6Q n 1965............... 1966............... 1967................ 1968............... 1969............... 96.4 95.1 91.3 92.3 94.1 81.0 85.0 82.9 82.5 80 9 8 6 .1 84.0 89.4 90.8 89.4 91.5 1970................ 1971. ............. 1972................ 1973................ 1974............... 93.6 98.3 100.7 103.3 94.3 86.7 86.5 8 8 .0 98.4 99.5 87.5 95.3 105.5 1975................ 1976............... 1977............... 1978................ 1979............... 92.4 91.1 87.3 86.9 94.5 95.4 Q4 ? 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 100.9 104.3 104.7 inn n ma n 1 1 2 .8 103.8 108.2 1980................ 1981. . ......... 101.4 103.5 109.6 113.1 108.1 109.3 8 6 .6 88 .1 92.6 7S 3 70 7 69.9 70 3 74 8 74 0 7 5 .3 84 8 87 7 87 9 88.5 89 7 7 86 Rfi R QR ? 99.0 94 s 107.9 107.9 109.0 A v e r a g e a n n u a l r a te s o f c h a n g e 1954-81 ......... 1975-81 ......... 1.3 2 .2 3.0 5.0 1.7 1 .8 2 .8 2 .8 21 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1983 • Productivity in Two Fabricated Metals Industries gas extraction. The following tabulation shows average an nual rates, in percent, based on constant dollars: Valves and pipe Fabricated pipe Manufacfittings and fittings turing 1958-80.............. 1959-65.......... 1965-73.......... 1973-79.......... 6.5 5.6 2.3 6.6 10.9 0.0 5.6 10.0 5.2 8.8 0.3 5.1 Both industries (as well as manufacturing) spent a higher proportion of their capital outlays on machinery and equip ment in the 1970’s than in earlier years— exceeding 75 percent of total outlays, and in some years, topping 80 percent. Earlier, the proportion was usually well below those levels. In the 1950’s and 1960’s, firms very often moved their operations into spacious one-story structures at pre ferred locations, making subsequent expenditures on struc tures less necessary. At the same time, they continued to update their equipment throughout the 1970’s.21 Capital expenditures per employee, $2,120, in 1978, for the valves and pipe fittings industry, had not changed sig nificantly relative to the comparable fiture for all manufac turing over the preceding two decades, remaining at 75 percent of the all manufacturing figure. In fabricated pipe, per-employèe expenditures, $1,924 in 1978, rose consid erably relative to manufacturing, with the ratio rising to 67 percent in 1978 from 46 percent in 1958. Structure of industry Between 1958 and 1977, the number of establishments rose 50 percent in valves and pipe fittings, and doubled in the fabricated pipe industry. In all manufacturing, that num ber rose by less than one-fifth over the period. Nearly threeTable 2. Productivity and related indexes for the fabricated pipe and fittings industry, 1958-81 [1977 = 100] Year O u tp u t p e r e m p lo y e e h o u r O u tp u t A ll e m p lo y e e h o u rs E m p lo y e e s 1958................ 1959................ 84.9 94.7 47.8 47.8 56.3 50.5 53.9 47.2 1960................ 1961................ 1962................ 1963................ 1964................ 84.9 97.5 98.5 93.0 97.3 43.3 42.6 44.9 45.0 51.1 51.0 43.7 45.6 48.4 52.5 47.9 41.8 42.9 46.1 49.6 1965................ 1966................ 1967................ 1968............... 1969................ 100.9 100.3 96.9 57.4 62.0 66.4 69.6 67.9 56.9 61.8 68.5 69.5 64.2 54.6 57.8 64.5 65.2 58.5 61.4 60.3 63.5 70.4 77.0 57.4 58.5 62.1 111.4 57.7 58.5 67.3 77.6 85.8 104.0 97.4 78.1 89.5 75.1 91.9 73.4 90.4 1970................ 1971................ 1972............... 1973............... 1974............... 100.1 105.8 94.0 97.0 106.0 110.2 68.8 74.1 1975................ 1976................ 1977................ 1978................ 1979................ 100.7 90.1 100.0 100.0 107.9 107.0 107.2 118.8 107.1 116.7 1980................ 1981............... 89.9 93.1 102.8 106.8 114.3 114.7 113.5 113.5 100.0 100.0 A v e r a g e a n n u a l r a te s o f c h a n g e 1958-81 ......... 1975-81 ......... 0.3 -2 .1 22 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4.3 4.7 4.1 6.9 4.3 7.1 fourths of the increase in valve and pipe fittings manufac turing establishments occurred in the 1-99-employee size classes— which accounted for less than a third of the in crease in employment. All but one-eighth of the increase in the number of fabricated pipe establishments came in the smaller employment size classes (with less than 100 em ployees), where one-half of the rise in jobs developed. The size distribution of employment did not change much between 1958 and 1977 in either of the two industries. For example, about 70 percent of all establishments in valve and pipe fittings, and 90 percent in fabricated pipe employed fewer than 100 employees in 1977, as well as in 1958 and in other quinquennial census years during the 19-year in terval. In all these years, the smaller valves and pipe fittings establishments accounted for 15 percent of industry em ployment, the smaller fabricated pipe establishments ac counted for 40 percent. The number of establishments with 500 employees or more rose but slightly. The overall trend was toward smaller, probably more specialized firms. This is suggested by declining concentration ratios: in 1977, the eight largest manufacturers of valves and pipe fittings ac counted for 21 percent of the industry’s value of shipments, compared with 27 percent in 1958. In fabricated pipe, the comparable ratios were 29 and 39 percent.22 Continued productivity gains likely Continued gains are likely in the labor productivity of the two industries examined here as numerically controlled and computer machine tools diffuse, computer-aided design and manufacturing techniques are more widely adopted, and greater efficiency in small-lot production by such means as group technology spreads among establishments. Under utilization of capacity, however, has plagued both industries since about mid-1981, and may be expected to continue to retard productivity improvement for some time.23 Output of valves and pipe fittings, and fabricated pipe, was recently reduced as demand from the extractive and chemical in dustries weakened; demand is unlikely in the near future to reach the levels of the 1970’s. The Alaskan Gas Transpor tation System, for example, which would require large amounts of valves and fittings, will not materialize until the late 1980’s or the 1990’s.24 The part of the industry’s output destined for use in offshore drilling projects, oil and gas pipelines, refineries, and petrochemical plants is not ex pected to expand in the near future, nor are exports related to such output. This also holds for power generating facil ities, affecting fabricated pipe in particular. In contrast, it is anticipated that water and waste water projects will expand in the near-term future, as housing starts are expected to increase and replacement of obsolete facilities is sched uled.25 Thus, advances in labor productivity hinge not only on the adoption of more up-to-date labor-saving equipment and production organization, but possibly also on eliminating less efficient plants, which were allowed to operate in the 1970’s because of pressures on capacity utilization. □ ■FOOTNOTES 1The valves and pipe fittings manufacturing industry is designated as SIC 3494, and the fabricated pipe and fabricated pipe fittings industry as sic 3498 in the Standard Industrial Classification (sic) Manual of the Office o f Management and Budget (1972 ed.). Valves and pipe fittings are used to control the flow o f liquids or gases in pipes and mains, and in machinery; plumbers’ brass goods are not included. Establishments in the fabricated pipe and pipe fittings industry cut, bend, thread, and otherwise work purchased pipe. Average annual rates of change are based on the linear least squares of the logarithms of the index numbers. Extensions of the measures of pro ductivity and related variables will appear in the annual bls Bulletin, Productivity Measures fo r Selected Industries. 2 As noted, valves are used to regulate fluids. Pipe fittings and fabricated pipe and fittings are likewise associated with the regulation of fluids, but they are structurally less complex than valves and have no functionally moving parts. Valves are not classified uniformly, but variously by type o f closing member, actuating principle, or the material of which they are made. A closing member may be such as to permit throttling, or limit flow to a single direction, or allow the rapid opening and closing of a conduit. The actuating principle may be hydraulic, pneumatic, orelectric. Materials, while predominantly steel, may also include brass and iron. The industry seems to prefer classification by type of closing member— for example, ball, butterfly, gate, globe— each type, together with the size of the valve and the material o f which it is made, being adapted to erosive or corrosive fluid characteristics, as well as to temperature and pressure. See Valve Manufacturers Association, Valves fo r Industry, p. 6. Pipe fittings account for about one-fifth of the value of shipments of the valves and pipe fittings industry and are usually manufactured in separate establishments. They include flanges and other shapes forged or extruded so as to conform to the pipe or vessel to which they would be welded or otherwise fastened. They further include socket weld and threaded fittings and couplings, unions, plugs, and bushings. The census classifies fabricated pipe only by the ferrous or nonferrous material of which it consists. Shops manufacturing pipe fittings, or fab ricating pipe, purchase preshaped forgings or extrusions from specialized mills (classified in the primary metals industry). The forged or extruded pipe may be cut, bent, welded, heat-treated, or otherwise worked upon according to user specifications. It should be noted that pipe used, for example, for oil and gas or water conduits is not normally “ fabricated,” but simply welded onsite. 3 Year-to-year movements Largest r i s e ......... Largest drop......... Valves and Pipe fittings Fabricated pipe and fittings 18 (1965) 12 (1975) (In percent) 15 (1973) 15 (1970) Manufacturing 11(1973) 6 (1970) 4See John Duke, “ Construction machinery industry posts slow rise in productivity,” Monthly Labor Review, July 1980, pp. 33-36; Horst Brand and Clyde Hulfstutler, “ Productivity in pump and compressor manufac turing,” Monthly Labor Review, December 1982, pp. 38-45; John Duke and Horst Brand, “ Cyclical behavior of productivity in the machine tool industry,” Monthly Labor Review, November 1981, pp. 2 7-34. 5 Information from Valve Manufacturers Association, Washington, D.C. 6Information from Pipe Fabricating Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa. 7Joseph T. Finn., L a b o r a n d M a te r ia l R e q u ire m e n ts f o r S e w e r W o rk s C o n s tr u c tio n , Bulletin 2003 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1979), p. 2. 8For an examination of the problems of small-lot manufacturing, see M a n u fa c tu rin g T e c h n o lo g y — A C h a n g in g C h a lle n g e to I m p r o v e d P r o d u c tiv ity (Report to the Congress by the Comptroller General of the United States, June 3, 1976). 9Industry source. 10Marvin F. De Vries and others, G r o u p T e c h n o lo g y : A n O v e r v ie w a n d B ib lio g r a p h y (Cincinnati, Ohio, Machinability Data Center, 1976, p. 2), Publication No. mdc 7 6-601. 11 Industry source. 12The increasing variability of valve and pipe fitting products is, in part, reflected in the rising number of 7-digit product lines in the quinquennial Census of Manufactures. The number of such lines used in developing the bls output measure for the industry rose as follows: 1954-58:26 1958-63:30 1963-67:31 1967-72:64 1972-77:83 Each product line usually includes a range of dimensions and special features of the given generic product. 13Greg Jendreas, “ cad Speeds Valve into Production,” A m e ric a n M a c h in is t, October 1982, pp. 116-19. '4 I b id ., p. 119. 15Industry source. 16 “ A Basic Guide to Hydraulic Tube Fittings,” K n o w Y o u r H o s e s , T u b in g , a n d F ittin g s , a compendium of articles from H y d r a u lic s a n d P n e u m a tic s , 1983, pp. 6 -1 2 . 17 L. Kowal, “ A Guide to Good Tube Working Practices,” K n o w Y o u r H o s e s , T u b in g , a n d F ittin g s , pp. 2 1 -2 5 . Information also from industry sources. 18 Industry sources. See also Charles L. Bell, “ Fabricated Structural M etal,” T h e I m p a c t o f T e c h n o lo g y on L a b o r in F iv e I n d u s tr ie s , BLS Bul letin 2137 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), p. 38. t9I b id . Information also from industry sources. 20To adjust for changes in the cost of new machinery and structures, the pertinent implicit price deflators published in table B -3 of the February 1983 E c o n o m ic R e p o r t o f th e P r e s id e n t were used. 21 Industry source. 22 C o n c e n tr a tio n R a tio s in M a n u fa c tu rin g (Washington, 1977 Census of Manufactures, 1981), table 7. 23Industry sources. 24See 1 9 8 3 U .S . I n d u s tr ia l O u tlo o k (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1983), p. 2 4 -3 . 25I b id ., ch. 1. APPENDIX: Measurement techniques and limitations Indexes of output per employee hour measure changes in the relation between the output of an industry and employee hours expended on that output. An index of output per employee hour is derived by dividing an index of output by an index of industry employee hours. The preferred output index for manufacturing industries would be obtained from data on quantities of the various goods produced by the industry, each weighted (multiplied) by the employee hours required to produce one unit of each good in some specified base period. Thus, those goods which https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis require more labor time to produce are given more impor tance in the index. In the absence of physical quantity data, the output in dexes for the valves and pipe fittings, and the fabricated pipe and fittings industries were constructed using a deflated value technique. The value of shipments of the various product classes was adjusted for price changes by appro priate Producer Price Indexes to derive real output measures. These, in turn, were combined with employee hour weights to derive the overall output measure. These procedures result 23 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1983 • Productivity in Two Fabricated Metals Industries in a final output index that is conceptually close to the preferred output measure. The indexes of output per employee hour relate total output to one input— labor time. The indexes do not measure the specific contribution of labor, capital, or any other single factor. Rather, they reflect the joint effect of factors such as changes in technology, capital investment, capacity uti lization, plant design and layout, skill and efforts of the work force, managerial ability, and labor-management re lations. Productivity pluses and minuses In trying to solve the productivity equation, certain forces will exert a negative influence, others a positive influence. An examination of the plus side of the productivity equation reveals marked qualitative improvements in the American work force, a potential talent boom in the prime-age 2544 group, and a growing awareness of the importance of the human factor. It also demonstrates that the human resources available to American or ganizations have an enormous untapped potential; that union-management relations are not a serious or insurmountable obstacle to improved worker productivity; that inflation provides a strong economic incentive to press hard for improved productivity; and, finally, that the shift to the S u n Belt offers a new base of investment and opportunity for growth. An analysis of the minus side of the equation confirms that obstacles to productivity do exist. Productivity is discouraged when employees have no real job security and fear layoffs due to plant closures and economic recession; when the real purchasing power of employees is eroded by inflation; when workplaces do not keep up with the changes in society; and when technology is so poorly introduced that it antagonizes the work force. The productivity of organizations also suffers when negative attitudes toward other workers discourage them from using full potential and when information is hoarded to the detriment of work in progress. Yet every negative can be converted to a positive in the sense that it is a problem that has a solution. To the extent that management policies face these problems, they can transform obstacles into opportunities. — J e r o m e M. Rosow, ed. Productivity: Prospects for Growth (New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1981), pp. 273-74. 24 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Task force encourages diffusion of microelectronics in Canada Task Force on Micro-electronics and Employment issued 30 recommendations designed to maximize the positive and minimize the negative impact o f new technology on union-management relationships, training and education, and quality of worklife H a r is h C. Ja in Constant technological change has long been an important characteristic of industrial evolution in the Western world. We are now witnessing the emergence of microelectronics technology. It is different from the previous technological innovations in that it can be adopted in practically all sectors of the economy, and thereby affect a wide range of activities from production to distribution to consumption. Microelec tronics promises to bring about unprecedented socioeco nomic transformations in both work and non work activities. In 1982, a Task Force on Micro-electronics and Employ ment was established to examine the implications of the use of microelectronics technology on Canadian workers.1 The task force was instructed to examine the impact of microelectronics technology on office workers,2 both union and nonunion, covered by the Canada Labour Code, as well as health and safety concerns related to office equipment. It issued 30 recommendations designed “ to maximize the positive impacts and minimize the negative consequences, thus ensuring a more equitable distribution of burdens and benefits of microelectronics.” 3 This article summarizes some of the recommendations of the task force, and discusses the rationale behind the pro posals. Harish C. Jain, professor o f personnel and industrial relations, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, was a member o f the Task Force on Micro electronics and Employment. However, the views expressed in this article are not necessarily those o f the task force. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Diffusion of microelectronics urged The task force clearly and unequivocally endorsed the introduction of microelectronics technology in Canada. It recommended that Canada encourage and support the con tinued development of high technology industries. This rec ommendation is based on the belief that microelectronics technology has the potential to create jobs, increase pro ductivity, improve economic growth, and enrich personal development. The task force believes a direct link exists between mi croelectronics technology and jobs, and that to resist the adoption of this technology would be counterproductive. Several studies commissioned by the task force and public presentations4 clearly indicated that Canadians would lose more jobs by resisting the introduction of microelectronics technology than by adopting it; Canada’s export dependence would be severely and adversely affected (about 30 percent of Canada’s output is sold in foreign markets); and autonomy of decisionmaking (which in turn affects the quality of man agement jobs and research and development) would be se riously affected because firms would not have control over such technology. The most important recommendation of the task force called for establishment of a federally funded center of tech nology, work, and human priorities, with representation from labor, management, government, academia, and other sectors of the economy. Among other duties, the center would promote job creation by encouraging high technology 25 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1983 • Canadian Task Force on Microelectronics industries to locate in Canada, and by oroviding assistance to small and medium-sized microelectn. ics businesses will ing to locate in economically depressed areas; carry out information programs to assure better appreciation of the need for and acceptance of microelectronics, and conduct research on the short- and long-term impact of microelec tronics on productivity; and monitor the implementation of the task force’s recommendations. In April, the establishment of such a center, to be called the National Centre for Productivity and Employment Growth, was announced in the budget speech by Canada’s finance minister. In August, the federal government appointed a steering committee to make proposals concerning the ob jectives, mandate, role, structure, and financing of the cen ter. Industrial relations One task of the proposed National Centre for Productivity and Employment Growth will be to encourage continuous consultations between labor and management. Microelec tronics technology cannot be implemented efficiently in an environment of confrontation and agitation resulting from a conflict between “ management’s prerogatives” and work ers’ concern for job security. Labor-management coopera tion is essential because the fast changing microelectronics technology requires joint problemsolving; society holds business and labor accountable for acting responsibly; there is a call for greater participation of the rank-and-file in the direction of collective bargaining and for some form of “ industrial democracy” within both union and manage ment; and sustained rapid productivity growth requires co operation among workers, unions, and management (as productivity growth is vital to all three parties). In addition, there is greater acceptance of individual and group entitle ments and rights as indicated by three recent developments in Canada: the enactment of human rights statutes, the Charter of Rights and Freedoms as part of the newly repatriated Constitution, and the Freedom of Information legislation.5 Based on these assumptions, the task force recommended that: • The current (1972) definition of technological change in the Canada Labour Code be amended and broadened to ensure that discussion between labor and management is started as soon as management proposes to introduce any new equipment or material which could affect, either directly or indirectly, the working conditions or job se curity of any employee.6 • Mandatory joint technology committees be established in both union and nonunion establishments of 50 or more employees under the jurisdiction of the Canada Labour Code. These committees would deal with issues such as training, retraining, redundancy, worksharing, productiv ity improvements, and other matters related to techno logical changes at the workplace.7 26 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis • Employers be required to give a minimum of 180 days notice of a proposed technological change (instead of the present requirement of 90 days). This would act to ease the negative effects of a technological change on the em ployment of all workers. • Disputes concerning the powers and functions of joint technology committees or the adequacy of proposed plans be settled by binding arbitration. The most important and far-reaching industrial relationsrelated recommendation calls for establishment of a joint technology committee at all enterprises of 50 or more em ployees under federal jurisdiction. However, this recom mendation merely extends existing legislation. For example, in 1979, a federally appointed Commission of Industry In quiry on redundancies and layoffs recommended “ effective joint consultation” on a regular basis at the enterprise level, and suggested that a standing “ works council” be estab lished for initiating such consultation. The resulting legis lation, the Labour Adjustment Benefits Act (an Act to provide for the payment of benefits to laid-off employees and to amend the Canada Labour Code) goes beyond the Com mission’s recommendation. Under the Act, if an employer plans to terminate 50 or more employees within a 4-week period, a joint planning committee must be established. (In case of mass layoff, the employer is required to provide 16 weeks of advance notice.) In nonunion establishments, em ployees can choose one-half of the committee members. If the committee fails to agree on all issues within 6 weeks, the unresolved issues may be submitted for arbitration. The arbitrator may first try to mediate but, if this effort is not successful, must decide on the outstanding issues within 4 weeks. This legislation establishes a bargaining relationship, as opposed to the consultation process envisioned by the Commission of Industry Inquiry. The Task Force on Micro electronics and Employment, convinced that technological change can only be successful if workers are consulted in advance of a change, went one step further and recom mended mandatory joint technology committees. The task force decisions regarding industrial relations were influenced by policy developments in Western Europe, and especially in the Scandinavian countries8 where em ployers are required to provide detailed information and to consult with their employees prior to introducing a tech nological change. The mandatory creation of bipartite com mittees, operating at the level of individual establishments, to help plan for change is a common feature of the regulatory schemes. Most schemes provide for dispute settlement, and many provide for compensation for displaced workers, ei ther through a layoff plan or through a general redundancy fund. Employment At the enterprise level, joint technology committees are viewed as a mechanism to design plans to offset any antic- ipated negative employment effects of technological change. At the macro level, however, two different views have evolved on the impact of microelectronics technology on employ ment and on mechanisms to deal with this impact. One, a pessimistic view, might be called “ massive unemploy ment” ; the other is an optimistic, or “ business as usual,” view.9 The perceived problems of massive unemployment re sulting from microelectronics technology haunt the pessi mists. They believe new technology by and large does not create new jobs or services, but only increases productivity, thus destroying jobs.10 The optimists, on the other hand, believe that the effect of technological change on employment is very difficult to measure. The employment effects are indirect and diffused because technological change does not take place in isola tion. Technological changes interact with, and are modified by, other factors that affect employment, such as changes in output, consumer tastes, and international competition. There is, however, abundant evidence in the last three de cades to indicate that as long as the economy has expanded and demand increased, steady technological advance has been compatible with rising employment.11 Consensus on the question of the net job balance created by the development and expansion of the new technologies will not be possible without further study. There have been no serious efforts, over time, to determine the possible ef fects of even one aspect of the new technology on employ ment totals. Such an analysis would have to include not only the direct net employment effects, but also the effects of the technology on the infrastructure and on companies connected to new technology by forward and backward link ages, on the general form of employment associated with the provision of services to all enterprises, and on employ ment derived from expenditures or incomes earned by all the factors of production participating in the technological change. Most forecasts to date relate only to the effects on the infrastructure of the technology and on companies con nected to the new technology that have been extrapolated to the whole economy.12 The task force leaned toward “ cautious optimism” re garding the effect of microelectronics on employment. On the one hand, such technology creates new jobs such as “ systems analysts, programmers, software researchers and designers, and data analysts. These positions require high qualifications. The hardware area needs skilled people with an electrical engineering background to design the chips and their applications, whereas the software area is booming with openings for those who understand control, production, and operational systems.” 13 On the other hand, microelectronics technology can cause job destruction in very specific segments of the labor market, such as for new labor force entrants, older workers— who have less flexibility in retraining, reeducation, and reloca tion— middle managers, and lower-level skilled workers. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Women are particularly vulnerable because they are clus tered in a few job ghettos, such as clerical, sales, and service occupations, which are largely nonunion and generally offer low wages, little job security, and poor benefits. Moreover, existing skills of many female workers may not be those that will be needed in the future.14 While microelectronics may not lead to massive unem ployment for workers, it will have important implications for their training, especially in the case of the worker groups noted above. In the past, technology has created enough new employment opportunities to enable societies to adjust to economic changes within reasonable periods of time. If this is to persist as a pattern in the future, training, retraining, and other adjustment policies will be needed. The task force recommended that Statistics Canada (a government agency) regularly collect and publish data on the age, sex, educational characteristics, occupation, in dustry, region, and mobility of the labor force. Such in formation would allow more accurate employment projections, and thereby assist in mounting appropriate training and re training programs. Training and education The task force believes that all Canadian citizens should be given equal opportunities to upgrade skills for the purpose of getting and holding jobs and to participate in broader, higher-education programs to better understand the process of change. It concluded that adapting to change is an in dividual concern, but that governments, employers, and educators are obligated to adjust the systems and structures of society so that no person is left technologically illiterate.15 The task force made several recommendations concerning education and training, including: • Establishment of educational policies and programs that emphasize flexibility and adaptability to change by pro moting a philosophy of lifelong learning and the teaching of such lifetime skills as problemsolving and decision making. • Establishment of a Registered Training and Education Leave Saving Plan to help individuals plan and pay for their educational and training needs. • A requirement that unions negotiate educational leave provisions in collective bargaining agreements. • Training for displaced workers to assist them in devel oping new and marketable skills. • The addition of courses on computer literacy to school curricula. Quality of worklife The task force also examined the impact of microelec tronics technology on quality of working life issues such as health and safety of video display terminal operators, mea surement of work performance, and the organization of work time. 27 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1983 • Canadian Task Force on Microelectronics Health and safety. Video display terminals are being used increasingly in workplaces, amid growing concern about the potential effects of their use on the health and well being of operators. Not surprisingly, the area of greatest concern in the submissions to the task force involved the possible effects of low-level radiation emission from the terminals.16 Extensive research has been conducted on radiation emis sions by video display terminals. Results show that radiation emissions are so low as to be negligible, and that there is more natural radiation in the general environment than emit ted from the terminals. However, several presentations to the task force pointed out miscarriages among pregnant op erators. Therefore, the fear is real. The task force concluded that the available research in dicates very little about the long-term effects of exposure to low-level radiation. However, if the task force was to err, it wanted to do so on the side of caution. It therefore recommended the implementation of “ interim precautionary measures” until conclusive evidence could be obtained. The choice of these measures was based on the assumption that no level of exposure to radiation is absolutely safe and that it would be best to reduce avoidable x-ray exposure to an absolute minimum. At the same time, the task force urged continued funding of medical and other research by the federal and provincial governments on the adequacy of stan dards for currently acceptable levels of radiation and the methods of testing for radiation emission, as well as testing and research concerning other possible risks. Additional physical complaints of video display terminal operators include increased visual load (relative to typing); head, shoulder, and neck problems; and back and wrist problems due to postural immobility. Some of these physical problems might be caused by ergonomic considerations re lated to either the equipment itself or the worksite, such as legibility of the display screen, nonadjustable office furni ture (especially seating), and the general standard and layout of illumination, to name a few. The task force issued interim guidelines for employers of video display terminal operators until health, safety, and ergonomic standards for office automation and equipment and workplaces are adopted: • Pregnant operators can request reassignment to other po sitions without loss of pay, seniority, or benefits. • The time spent working at a terminal should not exceed 5 hours per day. 1The members o f the task force were: E. Margaret Fulton, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Harish C. Jain, McMaster Uni versity, Hamilton, Ontario; Jeannine David M cNeil, École des Hautes Études Commerciales, Montreal, Québec; Ratna Ray, W omen’s Bureau, Ottawa, Ontario; and Zavis Zeman, Institute for Research on Public Policy, Toronto, Ontario. 2The task force did not seriously study the impact of microelectronics technology on factory workers because of lack of time and resources. 28 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis • Rest breaks must be provided hourly. • Initial eye tests, followed by annual retesting, must be conducted at the employer’s expense. • Corrective lenses specially adapted to the visual demands of terminal work must be provided, where necessary. Electronic monitoring. The task force believes that the most serious drawback of the new electronic office equipment is the use of such technology for monitoring the quantity of work performance. This type of monitoring limits workers’ freedom to move around; they appear to be tied to their machines under the ever-watching and ever-recording de vices. The task force regards close monitoring of work as an employment practice based on mistrust and lack of respect, an infringement of the rights of individuals, and an unde sirable precedent that, unless restricted, might be extended to other environments.17 It recommended that close elec tronic monitoring be prohibited as inconsistent with human rights legislation. Worktime. Additional concerns addressed by the task force included organization of worktime and isolation caused by shift work, part-time work, and home work. The introduc tion of microelectronics technology is expected to result in an increase in part-time work and in the number of indi viduals working from home (“ cottage industry” ). This can be a positive development because part-time work can pro vide opportunities for training, retraining, and promotions. In addition, working from home could be an ideal setup for some workers, including specialized professionals, disabled workers, those living in rural areas, and women with young children. However, part-time work and working from home can also have deleterious effects if part-time workers do not receive wages and benefits commensurate with the hours they spend on the job, and otherwise forgo benefits of union ization. There is a serious danger of exploitation of home workers in the absence of effective labor standards govern ing wages, working conditions, and sickness, accident, and pension benefits. To address these concerns, the task force recommended that (1) those working at home with microelectronics equip ment be assured proper conditions of work and benefits by employers; (2) those who work at home be protected by minimum labor standards; and (3) part-time workers receive prorated benefits. □ However, more than 50 percent of Canadian workers are employed in offices. 3 The recommendations are published in In th e C h ip s : O p p o r tu n itie s , P e o p le , P a r tn e r s h ip s (Ottawa, Ontario, Task Force on Micro-Electronics and Employment, 1982). 4The task force commissioned research on the Canada Labour Code, employment concerns, health and safety concerns, triggering technologies, and case studies of several industries under federal jurisdiction, such as banking, transportation, and communications. Whereas in the United States, a majority o f the labor force falls under federal jurisdiction as far as legislative enactments are concerned, in Canada, only about 10 to 15 percent o f the labor force comes under federal jurisdiction. However, the indirect effect o f federal legislation is that it helps to establish precedents and influences provincial enactments. The task force held hearings in Toronto, Montreal, Halifax, Vancouver, Edmonton, and Ottawa. Also, it received numerous oral and written pre sentations from trade unions, employers, women’s organizations, federal government departments and agencies, and citizens. 5In the Chips. 6 A recent decision by the Canada Labour Relations Board, a study commissioned by the task force, and oral and written presentations by trade unions and other groups pointed out that the current technological change provisions o f the Canada Labour Code (1) contain numerous ex amples o f ambiguous language, (2) do not cover all types of changes that may result from an introduction of technology, (3) have too many “ opting out” provisions relieving an employer of the statutory obligation to give notice or to recommence bargaining, and (4) allow management to provide inadequate information about its plans to introduce new technology. 7 Statistics show that the majority of agreements in the federal jurisdiction contain neither procedural nor substantive provisions on technological change. For instance, 72 percent of the agreements make no provision for prior notice of a technological change. A much higher percentage have no substantive provisions for adjustment to change such as training, retraining, relocation allowances, labor-management committees, and so forth. A part o f the reason for this lack of provisions may be that Canadian unions, for the most part, have not given high priority to microelectronics technology. This may be due to resistance by management to discuss such issues, and the reactive approach taken by unions in bargaining which has prevented them from dealing with the matter until it creates a crisis in the work force and affects their members. See Stephen G. Peitchinis, “ The attitude of trade unions towards technological changes,” Relations Industrielles, Vol. 38, No. 1, 1983, pp. 104-19. Also see Wilfred List, “ Unions ignoring high-tech’s impact,” Globe and Mail, May 1983, p. B2. Thus, the results o f the last 10 years o f experience with the current legislative approach suggest that a permissive approach confined to the bargaining area is no longer sufficient. 8For instance, union-management rights and obligations are spelled out in Sweden’s Co-Determination at Work Act, the Norwegian Work Envi ronment Act, and the agreement in Denmark on new technology, signed by Denmark’s central union and employer organizations. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The Swedish Act gives the local trade unions the right to information about their company’s production, finances, investment plans, and per sonnel policies, and this information must be kept current by the employer. In addition, union representatives may request to see and audit relevant company books and accounts. Also, the employer must negotiate with the unions before deciding on important changes in production, administration, or other matters that substantially affect working conditions or terms of employment. The Norwegian Act treats technology, working conditions, and the work environment as a synergistic issue, and requires a legal synthesis o f “ man agement perogatives” and em ployees’ “ proprietary interests” in rights over the jobs. Under the act, a working environment committee is man datory in all enterprises that normally employ at least 50 workers. Em ployers who intend to make significant changes to the working environment must consult with this committee beforehand and provide sufficient time and proper worker involvement, joint decisionmaking, and training for meeting the requirements of the changes. The Danish agreement covers the introduction of, and any significant alterations to, production technology, including data-based technology and systems. It provides for specially created “ new technology committees” and obliges employers to inform these committees in advance o f any technological plans or changes and to discuss their likely consequences for workers in the undertaking. 9In the Chips. wIbid. "Ibid. 12Ibid. 13Ibid. 14Similar forecasts have been made in the United States. Eleanor Holmes Norton, head of the National Council on the Future of Women in the Workplace, indicated that many of the occupations traditionally held by U.S. women, including much of the clerical work, are becoming obsolete, and that jobs such as keypunchers and simple programmers are likely to disappear almost entirely due to microelectronics. She suggested that job opportunities will be greatest in the more skilled occupations for which women are not receiving the education and training they need to fill these jobs. See N ewsletter (University of Hawaii, Industrial Relations Center, March/April 1983). 15In the Chips. l6Ibid. 17Ibid. 29 Communications A further adjustment needed to estimate lost earning capacity K enneth J. Without much difficulty, economists can perform a some what more sophisticated adjustment by using the entire peTable 1. Differences between worklife and years to final separation from the labor force, by sex and age, 1977 Boudreaux In the April 1983 issue of the Monthly Labor Review, David M. Nelson argued that the worklife tables published in the March 1982 issue are inappropriate for the calculations per formed by economists in forming opinions about individ uals’ lost earning capacities.1 His view is that “ earning capacity” is time-determined by the period until final sep aration of the individual from the labor force. It is difficult to argue with this assertion. However, the implication that an individual should receive lost income compensation for that entire period could lead to severe errors in such cal culations. The new increment-decrement tables (detailed in the 1982 issue) include the allowance for interim periods of separation from the labor force. During those periods, because indi viduals would not be earning income, compensation from that source is not required. Using the tables produced in the April 1983 communication would erroneously provide this compensation, if unadjusted. Adjusting for the periods of separation from the labor force can be performed in a number of ways. The March 1982 tables for worklife, if used in economic loss calcu lations, effectively adjust by forcing an assumption that all such separations occur at the end of the worklife. This assumption is likely to result in an overestimate of the loss to an individual because such separations are not generally clustered at the end of worklife, and the discounting pro cesses used would thereby underestimate the effect of sep arations which were more evenly distributed across the time until final separation. Nevertheless, this process is likely to be the one embraced by economists because it is easy to calculate. Even with its bias, use of these increment-dec rement tables for earning loss calculations is obviously far superior to ignoring separations altogether, as would be done in using the unadjusted period to final separation. M en Age 30 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis W om en P e rc e n t d iffe r ence Y e a r s of r e m a in in g w o r k life M e d ia n y e a rs u n til fin a l s e p a ra tio n P e rc e n t d iffe r ence 2 4 ........... 34.2 37.5 8.8 23.6 37.0 36.2 2 5 ........... 2 6 ........... 2 7 ........... 2 8 ........... 2 9 ........... 33.4 32.6 31.8 30.9 30.1 36.5 35.5 34.5 33.5 32.5 8.5 23.0 22.3 21.7 20.5 36.0 35.1 34.1 33.2 32.3 36.1 36.5 36.4 36.5 36.5 3 0 ........... 31 ........... 3 2 ........... 3 3 ........... 3 4 ........... 29.2 28.3 27.4 26.5 25.6 31.5 30.5 29.5 28.5 27.5 7.3 7.2 7.1 7.0 6.9 19.9 19.3 18.7 18.1 17.5 31.4 30.4 29.4 28.3 27.2 36.6 36.5 36.4 36.0 35.7 26.5 25.5 24.6 23.6 6.8 6.7 6.9 16.8 16.2 15.6 14.9 14.3 26.1 25.1 24.1 23.1 35.6 35.5 35.3 35.5 35.3 3 3 3 3 3 5 6 7 8 9 ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... 24.7 23.8 22.9 4 4 4 4 4 0 ........... 1 ........... 2 ........... 3 ........... 4 ........... 20.3 19.4 18.5 17.6 16.8 4 4 4 4 4 5 6 7 8 9 ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... 22.0 21.2 22.6 21.6 8.2 7.8 7.8 7.4 6.8 6.2 6.0 5.8 6.1 21.1 13.7 13.0 12.4 22.1 21.1 20.1 20.7 19.9 18.7 17.8 5.9 5.6 11.8 11.2 19.1 18.1 17.1 15.9 15.0 14.2 13.3 12.5 16.8 15.9 14.9 14.0 13.1 5.4 5.7 4.7 5.0 4.6 10.5 9.9 9.3 8.7 16.2 15.3 14.4 13.5 5 0 ........... 51 ........... 5 2 ........... 5 3 ........... 5 4 ........... 11.7 10.9 12.2 9.3 8.5 11.3 10.4 9.6 8.7 4.1 3.5 2.9 3.1 2.3 7.5 7.0 6.4 5.9 5.3 5 5 ........... 5 6 ........... 5 7 ........... 5 8 ........... 5 9 ........... 7.8 7.0 6.3 5.6 4.9 7.9 7.1 6.3 5.5 4.8 1.3 1.4 -1 .8 -2.1 4.8 4.3 3.8 3.4 2.9 6 6 6 6 6 ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... 4.3 3.7 3.1 2.7 2.3 4.2 3.7 3.5 3.2 3.0 - 2 .4 2.5 6 5 ........... 1.9 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.9 38.7 51.5 60.0 67.6 71.8 4.0 4.0 77.5 80.0 0 1 2 3 4 66 ........... 6 7 ........... 68 ........... 6 9 ........... Kenneth J. Boudreaux is professor of economics and finance, Tulane Uni versity, New Orleans, Louisiana. Y e a r s of r e m a in in g w o r k life M e d ia n ye a rs u n til fin a l s e p a ra tio n 7 0 ........... 71 ............. 10.1 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.0 0.0 11.4 15.6 23.3 8.1 12.6 11.8 10.9 10.1 9.8 8.5 7.7 6.9 35.1 35.3 35.1 34.8 34.5 35.2 35.3 35.4 35.6 35.7 36.4 35.8 36.6 39.8 37.7 5.5 4.1 37.7 37.7 37.7 38.2 29.3 4.0 3.9 3.6 3.6 3.5 37.5 43.6 50.0 58.3 62.9 0.5 3.6 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 69.4 76.3 79.5 85.0 87.8 0.5 0.4 4.0 4.0 87.5 90.0 2.2 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.9 6.1 riod until final separation, but reducing the loss amounts by the overall percentage of interim separations in that period. I have calculated such percentage adjustments for men and women from the tables in the March 1982 and April 1983 articles, and these appear in table 1. (I would caution econ omists dealing in post-tax calculations that using simple percentage adjustments may complicate that process.) These numbers are also for all individuals, whether or not they are in the labor force. The table reveals the magnitude of earning years over estimates that would be caused by using the unadjusted period until final separation. The columns headed “ Percent difference” show the percentage of the time until final sep aration during which an individual would not be in the labor force. These numbers can be interpreted as the necessary reductions in economic loss if an individual’s worklife en dured the entire period until final separation, and separations were spread evenly across the period. Though there are dramatic differences for both sexes, the differences for women are uniformly of large magnitude. For example, a man age 30 with an annual income ca pacity of $25,000 (using a current market discount rate of II percent and an annual income increase of 4.5 percent) under the 31.5-year final separation criterion has a present value of future income equal to $341,857; under the 29.2 years of remaining worklife criterion, $332,914; and under the 7.3 percentage reduction criterion, $316,901. A woman age 30 has a 31.4-year final separation present value of $341,493; a 19.9-year worklife present value of $280,966; and a 36.6 percentage reduction present value of $216,506. □ ---------- F O O T N O T E S ---------'David M. Nelson, “ The use of worklife tables in estimates of lost earning capacity,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , April 1983, pp. 3 0 -3 1 , and Shirley J. Smith “ New worklife estimates reflect changing profile of the labor force,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , March 1982, pp. 15-20. Using the appropriate worklife estimate in court proceedings S h ir l e y J. S m it h The comments of Nelson and Boudreaux are representative of others we have received from expert witnesses involved in liability proceedings, where the Bureau of Labor Statis tics’ working life tables play an important role. Their dif fering viewpoints illustrate an important problem in worklife estimation: At present there is no universally acceptable Shirley J. Smith is a demographic statistician in the Division of Labor Force Studies, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 31 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis procedure for determining lost earnings. Courts in various jurisdictions are accustomed to viewing the issues differ ently, and require that claims brought before them be stated accordingly. For instance, some disputes center on the num ber of years the claimant would have been in the labor force over a lifetime.1 In such cases, worklife estimates must be discounted for periods of midlife inactivity, and the pos sibility of premature death. The concepts represented in the b l s tables for 1977 fully satisfy these data needs. Other courts narrow the issue simplistically by assuming that the claimant would have lived out his or her life expectancy, had it not been for the event which brought about the lawsuit. In such trials, the expert witness must quantify worklife duration assuming a zero probability of death. (Witnesses involved in these trials frequently complain that the b l s tables force them to “ double count” mortality.) Another court-imposed viewpoint is that compensation, when war ranted, must be awarded for the entire period of “ earnings capacity,” whether or not the claimant would have been continuously employed. If the issue is stated in these terms, the expert witness must identify the claimant’s probable age at final retirement. Nelson’s tables relate to this issue.2 Boudreaux correctly observes that this last approach may compensate the claimant for (often very long) periods of economic inactivity. Some courts feel that this is appropri ate, because the injured party has been deprived of the option to work. Others define it as “ overcompensation.” Boud reaux’s tables illustrate the magnitude of the difference which follows from court-imposed perspectives. Frequently, economists want to look past the lifetimeworklife expectancy figure to study the timing of the po tential earnings stream. When inflation and discounting fac tors are introduced, timing can make a sizable difference in the final estimate of earnings lost.3 Boudreaux’s tables allow the analyst to distribute years of activity over the entire period until final retirement, by assuming that inactivity would be evenly spread over the interval. This is a useful refinement of the figures presented in the tables of working life for 1977. However, it brings to mind an even more useful measure, one which can be computed by single year of age from the published tables. The issue Boudreaux and many other witnesses wish to focus on is precisely when the claimant would have been active, and to what degree. Lifetime worklife expectancies are in fact the summation of yearly expectancies for suc cessive ages. The age-specific expectancies are implicit in the tables, but are not explicitly displayed. It is possible to determine them from the life table functions of “ stationary population living at exact age x ,” and “ person years lived” and “ person years of activity lived” within the given age: a lx, Lx, and Lx. The formula used will depend on whether the figures are expected to take account of the possibility of death, or MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1983 • Communications whether the claimant is assumed to survive until final re tirement. When the ongoing possibility of death is assumed, the individual’s “ worklife expectancy during age x” is sim ply: La \+ 1 X lx In words, it is the average time spent active during the age, for all persons alive at the beginning of that age. If it has been assumed that the claimant would survive to final re tirement and therefore not die during age x), the corre sponding formula would be: La (2) ea = x+1 X is that the tables deal with years of labor force involvement, and not just periods of employment. The second is that they make no allowance for differences in work schedules (as between part-time, full-time, and overtime work). Thus, these refinements expose the distribution of workyears over a lifetime which is implicit in the basic tables. They improve the age precision of the data, but do not tighten it with respect to “ time on the job.” Estimates (1) and (2) are computed for the population as a whole. They do not zero in on probabilities of participation by current activity status. Such estimates can be derived from status-specific tables like that for persons age 16, shown in b l s Bulletin 2135. However, they cannot be obtained without a substantial amount of untabulated data. Subsequent publications of worklife estimates may in clude some of these alternate functions, because the data needs of readers seem to vary quite widely with courtimposed restrictions. □ ■ L 'x ----------FOOTNOTES---------- or the proportion of all person-years lived in that age which are lived in the active state. Persons using the tables for these computations should bear in mind two important limitations to the data. The first 32 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1This is the question typically addressed in working life tables. Future tables may look more closely at the question of years of employment. 2 See David M. Nelson, “ The use of worklife tables in estimates o f lost earning capacity,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , April 1983, pp. 3 0 -3 1 . 3The use of inflation and discounting factors is by no means universal. Research Notes Comparable worth In “ Comparable Worth— the Compensation Issue of the 1980’s?” Ronald M. Green examines recent attempts to apply the doctrine of comparable worth, designed to combat pay discrimination, particularly against women. Success, the author indicates, has been limited. Green notes various court setbacks to the concept that, going beyond equal pay for equal work in one job setting, endeavors to compare the intrinsic value or difficulty of different jobs in the same community, industry, or market. Plaintiffs have been denied redress under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the Equal Employment Op portunity Commission is uncertain whether the law empow ers it to press comparable worth claims. Particularly disappointing to those seeking judicial clarification of the doctrine was the 1981 Supreme Court ruling in County o f Washington v. Gunther, which did not address the issue because of the “ narrowness of the question” before the court. As a result, comparable worth has been in “judicial limbo,” according to the author. Meanwhile, there have been scattered efforts by States, unions, and other to fashion remedies. Green cites a Cali fornia law “ setting salaries of female-dominated State oc cupations in reference to comparable worth’’ and a Hawaiian resolution “ encouraging all employers to commit them selves to comparable worth.” Union-negotiated moves to ward compensation include establishment of a pay equity fund for a group of health care workers and a proposed job evaluation system for nonmanagerial employees of a large corporation. This paper was prepared for the 35th annual meeting of the Industrial Relations Research Association in New York in December 1982.— Merv Knobloch, m l r Employment effects of minimum wages In The Economics o f Wage Floors, Jacob Mincer of Co lumbia University and the National Bureau of Economic Research outlines various consequences in the labor market “ Research Notes” are brief reports on selected research published else where that is related to the work of the Bureau. They are prepared by the authors, the MLR staff, or others. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis when above-equilibrium wages, or wage floors, are imposed by (1) minimum wage legislation and by (2) labor unions. Mincer first describes and then criticizes the standard “ dou ble-cross” analysis, which shows a decrease of coveredsector employment in response to an increase in, or the imposition of, a minimum wage. The analysis also shows that the induced total excess supply of labor to the covered sector (unemployment) is larger than the reduction in em ployment (disemployment) in the sector as workers move from the noncovered sector in search of covered-sector jobs. The author criticizes the traditional analysis conclusion, rea soning that labor supply responds not only to a wage level, but also to the probability of obtaining employment at that wage level. In analyzing the effect of the labor market in response to an imposition of the minimum wage, Mincer reviews equations and conclusions from his 1976 study which indicate that increases in the minimum wage and its coverage result in outflows of labor from the covered sector into the noncovered sector as well as out of the labor force. The author notes several implications of the imposition of wage floors. For example, employer-financed training might be reduced or eliminated due to increased labor costs. Reduction of training slows job and wage advancement of the young and the inexperienced in the labor market and eventually increases turnover in those jobs which previously contained specific training opportunities. Because minimum wages tend to discourage the formation of “ general” (trans ferable), as well as firm-specific, skills, they probably boost the rate of return on prolonged schooling (for those intel lectually and financially able to undertake it); moreover, wage floors may induce the substitution of more- for lesseducated labor, and student exemptions to the floor may promote the employment of student, rather than non-stu dent, labor. Finally, the evidence suggests that higher min imum wages do not lure individuals away from welfare dependence or crime into gainful employment; rather, the unemployment caused by wage floors may lead to a greater frequency of both problems. Because of the imposed increase in wages, employers have greater incentive to ration jobs systematically, by hir ing the more productive workers in order to reduce the increase in unit labor costs. The author also notes that the excess supply of labor enables some employers to indulge their appetites for discrimination and nepotism. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1983 • Research Notes The author then discusses the minimum wage model in contrast with union wage effects. Unlike minimum wage literature, which focuses on employment effects, union ef fects literature focuses on union-nonunion wage differen tials. For example, the author describes the “ threat effect,” or the idea that in response to any increase in union wage rates, nonunion firms raise their wages to reduce the prob ability that a union will organize their employees. This effect, however, does not eliminate the “ spillover” effect: as wages increase, demand for labor is reduced, and labor eventually moves to other sectors or into unemployment. 34 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Systematic job rationing, or selective hiring, is more prev alent when employers do the hiring directly in order to achieve greater productivity and a partial offset of increased labor costs (higher wages); where unions play a part in hiring, however, job rationing is more probabilistic. The author continues his analysis by discussing union effects on training, fringe benefits, and quit rates. This paper was presented on April 13, 1983, at the Department of Labor Seminar Series.—Debra Dobbins, MLR What lies ahead? Clearly, times and conditions are changing, and our labor relations philosophy must keep pace with those changes. Too many of our percep tions about the relationship between labor and management are still rooted in a bygone era that will never return. Clinging to a collective bargaining relationship that was forged a half century ago— regardless of how well it served us— can only be a prescription for mutual disaster, not mutual survival. If economic and social progress is the name of the game, then labor-management cooperation should now be the preeminent rule under which it is played. And there are substantial benefits to be derived from labor-management cooperation— benefits that include improved product quality, reduced costs, fewer disruptions, and a better quality of working life for employees. Studies have shown that when a company promotes cooperative efforts its workers usually respond by showing greater loyalty to the firm and pride in its products. — Remarks by S e c r e t a r y o f L a b o r R a y m o n d J. D o n o v a n before the Regioinal White House Productivity Conference on Human Resources, St. Louis, Mo., June 23, 1983 M ajor Agreements Expiring Next M onth This list of selected collective bargaining agreements expiring in November is based on contracts on file in the Bureau’s Office of Wages and Industrial Relations. The list includes agreements covering 1,000 workers or more. N u m ber of E m p l o y e r a n d lo c a t i o n In d u stry L a b o r o r g a n iz a tio n 1 Boeing Co., 2 agreements (Interstate)............................................................ Transportation equipment ......... Seattle Professional Engineering Employees Association (Ind.) 22,500 Chain and independent grocery stores (Texas)2 ............................................. Retail trade ............................... Food and Commercial Workers ................ 1,900 Gibson Products Corp. (Michigan) ................................................................. Goulds Pumps, Inc. (Seneca Falls, N .Y .) ...................................................... Electrical products .................... Machinery.................................. Auto Workers............................................. Steelworkers................................................ 3,000 1.100 Louisville Gas and Electric Co. (Kentucky)................................................... Utilities.................................... Electrical Workers ( ibew ) ............................. 2,800 Olin Corp. (East Alton, 111.) ......................................................................... Fabricated metal products......... Machinists .................................................. 3,500 Phonograph record labor agreement (Interstate)2 .......................................... Public Service Company of Colorado (Colorado)........................................... Amusements ............................. Utilities . . . . : ........................... Musicians.................................................... Electrical Workers ( ibew ) ............................. 15,000 2,700 rca Corp. (Interstate) ..................................................................................... Corp., rca Service Co. Division (Interstate) ........................................ rca Global Communications Inc., Communications Trade Division (Interstate) Electrical products .................... Services .................................... Communication ......................... Electrical Workers ( iu e ) ........................... Electrical Workers ( ibew ) ......................... Teamsters (Ind.) ......................................... 4,600 2,500 1,000 Textile Maintenance Institute of Chicagoland, 2 agreements (Illinois) ......... Services .................................... 3,900 Trane Co. (Clarksville, T enn.)........................................................................ Tropicana Products, Inc. (Bradenton, Fla.) ................................................... Machinery.................................. Food products ........................... Textile Processors, Service Trades, Health Care, Professional and Technical Employees (affiliated with TeamstersInd.) Machinists .................................................. Teamsters (Ind.) ......................................... Westvaco Corp., Bleached Board Division (Interstate).................................. Paper ........................................ Paperworkers ............................................. 1,200 rca w orkers 1,700 1,800 'Affiliated with afl - cio except where noted as independent (Ind.). industry area (group of companies signing same contract). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 35 Developments in Industrial Relations Job security featured in telephone contracts The first nationwide strike in the telephone industry since 1971 ended when American Telephone & Telegraph Co. ( a t &t ) and three unions agreed on similar 3-year contracts. The agreements featured provisions to protect employees from the results of accelerating technology in the commu nications industry and the scheduled 1984 breakup of the Bell System. The three unions involved in the 22-day stop page were the Communications Workers of America ( c w a ) , representing 525,000 employees; the International Broth erhood of Electrical Workers, representing 100,000* em ployees; and the Telecommunications International Union, representing 50,000 employees.The strike was the largest since the steel strike of 1946, which involved 750,000 work ers. Because the telephone system is highly automated, non union professional and management employees were able to maintain more or less normal operating service throughout the stoppage, but equipment installation was severely cur tailed. Union representatives contended that if the walkout had continued, the system— which handles 500 million calls a day— would have had increasing breakdowns because of the absence of skilled repair and maintenance workers. c w a President Glenn E. Watts said, “ Most important to us this year was the issue of employment security. And in this settlement, we have broken real ground in protecting our members from dislocations due to changes in technology and in the structure of the industry. And beyond protecting existing jobs, we have moved ahead toward providing career development opportunities for our members in this volatile information age.” One aspect of the job protection effort was new personal or career development training programs to be established within 1 year by each entity of the Bell System. This training will be separate from existing “job specific” instruction. The training will be: • designed to “ assist employees in their personal devel opment or preparing themselves for career progression opportunities or job changes with the company” ; “ Developments in Industrial Relations” is prepared by George Ruben of the Division o f Developments in Labor-Management Relations, Bureau of Labor Statistics, and is largely based on information from secondary sources. 36 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis • “ generic” as opposed to “job specific” and will cover technical, sales, clerical, and other fundamental skills; • available to all employees with at least 1 year of service; • voluntary and unpaid with all training to be conducted outside of working hours; and • taken into account by the company when considering the employee for promotion or transfer. The parties also agreed to develop a job displacement training program within 1 year. It will: • aid workers whose jobs are being terminated or reclas sified to lower pay grades by enhancing their ability to qualify for anticipated job vacancies with the company; • inform employees of potential job terminations as soon as possible and offer them any training required for an ticipated job openings; • be available to all regular employees regardless of length of service; and • provide unpaid training outside scheduled work hours, except in instances where the company determines that it is more appropriate to conduct the training during working hours. A Training Advisory Board will be established at each company in the system to advise the company on training needs and curricula; review and make recommendations on training systems (such as community colleges and technical schools); evaluate the effectiveness of courses and systems; and encourage employee participation in training courses. Each board will have three management and three union representatives. Improvements also were made in the ‘Supplemental In come Protection Plan, which provides financial benefits to employees who leave the company because of technological change or other reasons which will result in layoffs or in voluntary reassignments to lower paying jobs or to work locations requiring a change of residence. Eligibility is lim ited to employees under the company’s normal retirement age who have 20 years of service, and whose age plus years of service total 75. The monthly benefit of up to $400 will continue for 48 months or until attainment of normal re tirement age, whichever comes first. Within 60 days after leaving the company, participants will also receive a lump- sum payment of $2,000 for those with less than 25 years of service, $2,500 for those with 25 to 30 years of service, and $3,000 for those with 30 years or more service. The monthly and lump-sum payments are limited to a combined $ 22 , 200 . Employees who elect to leave the company because their jobs are threatened, but who do not have the service required for coverage by the Supplemental Income Protection Plan are eligible for benefits under a new Voluntary Income Pro tection Program if they have 2 years of service. The monthly payments, which will continue for 60 months or until at tainment of normal retirement age, whichever occurs first, will be calculated at 1 week of pay for each year of service up to 10 years, plus 2 weeks of pay for each year of service from 10 to 20 years, plus 3 weeks of pay for each year of service from 20 to 30 years. The workers also will receive an immediate lump-sum payment of $500 for each year of service (to a maximum of $2,500) to be used for relocation, training, or other purposes. The Reassignment Pay Protection Plan was revised to provide that 15-year workers who are downgraded because of technological change will retain their pay rate for 36 months, followed by a 4-stage reduction to the lower pay rate over a 13-week period. Under the previous contract, affected workers were guaranteed their current pay rate only for the balance of that contract, followed by reduction to the lower rate. There also were changes in the medical care plan. Em ployees with at least 5 years of service who are laid off or choose to leave under the two income protection programs will be eligible for coverage for 1 year— 6 months at com pany expense and 6 months at their own expense. Those with 1 to 5 years of service will be covered by the company for 3 months, followed by 9 months at their own expense. Those with less than a year of service will be eligible for 12 months of coverage at their own expense. Changes in health benefits included full reimbursement (formerly 95 percent) of some surgical procedures, and improvements in some payments for outpatient procedures. Pensions were increased by 3.5 percent for workers re tiring on or after October 1, 1983, and by an additional 3.5 percent for those retiring on or after October 1, 1985. After the 1985 increase, monthly pensions will be calculated at rates ranging from $15.83 to $38.54 (varying by preretire ment earnings) for each year of service. Workers who retired before January 1, 1983, will receive a 4.5-percent increase in pensions beginning on January 1, 1985. Wage rates for each grade at the top of the progression schedule (which cover about 90 percent of the workers) were increased by 5.5 percent, intermediate steps were in creased by smaller amounts. Starting rates for each grade were not changed. However, all employees already on the payroll— including those in starting steps— were assured a raise of at least $2.50 a week. In August of 1984 and 1985, pay rates will be increased by amounts ranging from 1.5 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis percent at the top step to nothing at the starting step. On both dates, all workers will be eligible for automatic costof-living pay adjustments calculated at the existing rate of 55 cents a week plus 0.65 percent of the individual’s weekly pay rate for each 1-percent rise in the b l s Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers during the immediately preceding May-to-May period. c w a President Watts valued the wage portion of the set tlement package at 16.4 percent, based on the assumption that the c p i will rise by 4.5 percent during the first Mayto-May period, and by 5.4 percent during the second period. Other provisions of the settlement include an allocation of money (not to exceed 0.15 percent of total basic wages at each company) for local wage adjustments; improvements in the Long-Term Disability Plan; adoption of a Motor Ve hicle Usage Program under which employees assigned com pany vehicles will be perm itted to take them home; establishment of committees on containment of health in surance costs; and establishment of “ common interest for ums” to discuss business developments of common interest and to review approaches to improving the company’s com petitive position and improve employment security. The parties did not agree on the manner in which they will bargain after January 1984 when the 22 operating com panies are scheduled to be separated from a t &t and recon stituted into seven new companies. Indications were that the unions would prefer to continue bargaining on a national basis with the companies, which could form an association for that purpose. If the companies reject this approach, the unions could revert to the pattern bargaining approach, un der which they settle with one company on terms that are extended to the others. Chrysler workers win pay increases Following an unsuccessful effort in July, Chrysler Corp. and the United Auto Workers reached agreement in Sep tember after only 5 hours of bargaining. In the July talks, Chrysler had offered pay increases totaling $1.41 an hour over a 26-month contract term. This offer was rejected be cause it was $1 an hour short of the amount the union said was necessary to regain pay parity with General Motors Corp. and Ford Motor Co. workers. The disparity had de veloped because Chiysler workers, in 1979, 1980, and 1981, had accepted wage-and-benefit concessions to aid the strug gling company. In recent months, the union’s expectations, and those of the 55,000 active and 30,000 laid-off employ ees, had been buoyed by the fact that Chrysler had earned a profit of $482 million in the first half of the year and had paid off, 7 years ahead of schedule, the remaining twothirds ($813.5 million) of the government guaranteed loans that saved the company from bankruptcy in 1980 and 1981. Chrysler Chairman Lee A. Iacocca characterized the re jected offer as “ concrete evidence” of the company’s will ingness to share its prosperity because the proposal would 37 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1983 • Developments in Industrial Relations have resulted in an $880 income gain for the average worker before the January 1984 scheduled expiration date of the existing 13-month agreement. Iacocca indicated that Chrys ler was ready to resume discussions at any time. Union officials also were eager to renew negotiations, and the parties’ cooperative attitude was apparent in the brief time required to reach agreement. The new agreement is effective until October 15, 1985. It provides for an initial wage increase of $1 an hour, fol lowed by increases of 3 percent (averaging 30 cents an hour) on June 4, 1984; 40 cents an hour on both March 4 and June 3 of 1985; and 32 cents on September 2, 1985. This would eliminate the current pay disparity between Chrysler employees and Ford-GM employees. However, it does not take into account possible wage changes that could result when Ford and g m renew their current contracts, which expire in September 1984. In addition to the specified increases, Chrysler employees will receive a projected total of $1.38 an hour in automatic quarterly cost-of-living adjustments, according to the union’s assumption that the parties’ composite consumer price index (which is derived from U.S. and Canadian government in dexes) will rise 3.5 percent during the balance of 1983, 5.5 percent in 1984, and 6 percent in 1985. Ford and g m workers are covered by the same pay adjustment formula. According to a Chrysler official, the settlement package raises Chrysler’s wage-and-benefit costs about 29 percent, to $27 an hour (formerly $21). Current wage-and-benefit costs were reportedly about $22 at g m and $23 at Ford, but these levels are subject to scheduled increases, as well as to possible changes resulting from the 1984 bargaining. Like the rejected offer, the new agreement provides for equalizing Chrysler’s employee pension and life insurance benefits with those of g m and Ford. This will be done in two steps, in September of 1983 and 1984. In a change from the rejected offer, the contract does not call for sus pending the cost-of-living pay allowance following any quarter in which Chrysler suffers a loss. The contract also does not call for the parties to strive for a $15 million a year reduction in health insurance costs, with any shortfall to be deducted from the cost-of-living allowance. Auto industry update Ford Motor Co. announced that it will cut health care benefits for 56,000 active salaried employees and 27,000 retired salaried employees and surviving spouses. The com pany said the cut, to begin on January 1, 1984, was nec essary to counter “ alarmingly high” medical cost increases. Ford estimated that its health care costs for all its U.S. employees will total $800 million for 1983, up from $763 million in 1982 or about $338 per vehicle produced in 1983, up from $130 in 1978. As a result of the cut, Ford employees, pensioners, and survivors will be required to pay up to $750 a year in Digitized for 38 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis deductibles and coinsurance previously paid by Ford. Coin surance costs also were increased for some dental benefits, to 30 percent, from 10 percent. The impact of these changes was softened somewhat when Ford announced it would end lifetime limits on hospital coverage for employees, and end the $50 to $100 a year payment that retirees previously made toward their health insurance. The company also will resume adding the costof-living allowance to paid time off, such as holidays and vacations, and will resume contributing to the stock pur chase plan at the rate of 60 cents for each $1 invested by the worker. Earlier, Ford had announced a resumption of merit pay increases for employees in its lowest eight salary grades. The July 1 increases, ranging from about 5 to 7 percent, were the first in 3 years for employees in these grades. Merit increases for workers in higher grades were resumed early in 1981. At General Motors, workers at the Packard Electric Di vision plants in Warren, Ohio, rejected a proposal that new people hired to assemble automobile wiring packages be paid $4.50 an hour plus $1.50 in benefits. All 8,000 current workers would have been guaranteed their current compen sation, which averaged $19 an hour, and greater job se curity. The proposal was supported by the workers’ bargaining representative, Local 717 of the International Union of Elec trical Workers. About 200 new workers located in a separate plant would have been affected. Packard Electric said the change was necessary because labor accounts for 60 percent of the cost of assembling wire packages, and the division’s labor costs were far higher than overseas competitors. According to the company, the re jection could lead to the shifting of some work to company plants in Mississippi if workers there accept such a proposal. Also, Packard might lose the right to supply parent General Motors, which announced that it will buy wiring assemblies from the lowest bidder by 1986. At American Motors Corp.’s Kenosha, Wis., plant, there was controversy over a company offer to give each of the 7,000 workers a 25-cent-an-hour wage increase if they agreed to reduce the number of shop stewards to 130 from 285. American Motors said the reduction was necessary to elim inate a competitive disadvantage that resulted because the plant has one steward for every 25 employees, compared with one for every 200 to 250 at the other domestic auto manufacturers. Stewards are paid the same wages and ben efits as other workers but spend all of their worktime pro tecting the interests of the workers they represent. Steel industry update During the first half of 1983, U.S. steel mills operated at about 54 percent of capacity. The results were further adverse developments for the Steelworkers union and its members. In Johnstown, Pa., some employees of Bethlehem Steel Corp. agreed to wage concessions in addition to the $1.25 an hour temporary cut the union had accepted in earlier negotiations for all Bethlehem facilities and those of other major companies. (Szq Monthly Labor Review, May 1983, pp. 47-48.) The latest concessions at Bethlehem’s Johns town works varied by type of operation. At the railroad car shop— which has been shut down for a year— workers ac cepted a pay cut of $2.52 an hour to aid the company in bidding on jobs. The two pay cuts amount to 35 percent, but the workers will still earn about $10 an hour if they are recalled. A Steelworkers local union of mechanical department employees gained “ lifetime” job security in return for giv ing Bethlehem Steel the right to hire outside contractors to perform work company employees are too busy to perform. The vote was 386 to 32. Workers in the rod and wire operations at Bethlehem Steel voted 273 to 96 to accept a package that included an im mediate cut of 55 to 60 jobs, but could result in a doubling of the working members in 1984. Phoenix Steel Corp. filed for bankruptcy and cut wages and benefits for all employees, including those represented by the Steelworkers union. The cuts for union-represented employees in Claymont, Del., and Phoenixville, Pa., in cluded a $1 an hour reduction in pay, elimination of pre mium pay for certain shifts and for Sunday work, elimination of a bonus incentive plan and dental insurance, and an increase in medical insurance deductibles. Earlier this year, the two Steelworkers locals had agreed to larger wage-andbenefit concessions than those the union had negotiated with the Coordinating Committee Steel Companies in February. Phoenix Steel, which has a total of 1,600 employees, lost $17.5 million in 1982 and $12.4 million during the first half of 1983. The company produces steel pipe, tube, and plate. In a more optimistic development from the Steelworkers’ viewpoint, U.S. Steel Corp. agreed to form a joint task force to discuss modernization of the company’s mill in Fairless Hills, Pa. Despite this development, U.S. Steel said it was continuing negotiations on possible purchase of steel slabs from Britain’s state-owned steel company for finishing at the Pennsylvania mill. If this occurs, the U.S. Steel plant would cease producing steel; this action is of particular concern to the union because it could lead other U.S. com panies to adopt the same approach. U.S. Steel said it “ will be fully responsive” to any union proposals, but that “ for mation of the task force is independent” of the company’s talks with British Steel. The major problem of the Fairless Works is that it uses the outmoded open-hearth steelmaking process. U.S. Steel has estimated that it would cost $1.5 billion to substitute the more efficient basic oxygen process. Steelworkers President Lloyd McBride and other leaders moved to stem a $1.5 million monthly operating loss re sulting from the severe drop in membership attributed to the decline in the steel industry. At midyear, McBride an https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis nounced the elimination of 236 jobs or 20 percent of its total employment. Earlier in 1983, the union had reduced its staff by 220 workers through early retirement and layoffs. The Steelworkers union negotiated a contract with the independent Staff Representatives Union that called for a 10.5-percent pay cut. Similar terms were then negotiated for members of Steelworkers Local 3657, which represents technical and clerical employees. The pay cut will be re stored over the 3-year contract term in the same manner as the cut resulting from the Steelworkers’ settlement with the major steel companies. Employees purchase steel company The largest employee-owned company in the Nation was created when 8,000 employees agreed to purchase National Steel Corp.’s Weirton (W.Va.) Division. The employees are represented by the Independent Steelworkers union (not affiliated with the United Steelworkers union) and the In dependent Guards Union. National Steel had broached the idea of selling the “ marginally profitable” operation to the workers in 1982 and a preliminary sale agreement was reached early this year, but final concurrence was delayed until the workers obtained a purchase loan, created the structure of the new company, and selected operating officers. The major aspect of the buy-out was an 18.1- to 20.9percent cut in compensation that was intended to ensure the profitability of the enterprise. Originally, the workers’ fi nancial advisers forecasted a 32-percent cut, but that was lowered when National Steel agreed to retain responsibility for certain pension and life and health insurance costs. Other provisions of the new labor contract negotiated in conjunction with the sales contract included elimination of the provision for automatic quarterly cost-of-living pay ad justments (which will be replaced by a profit-sharing plan) and substantial reductions in vacation, overtime, and sup plemental unemployment benefits. Pension calculation rates were not changed, and National Steel retained responsibility for all pension liabilities prior to the sale’s closing date and agreed to provide future benefits to retirees for service ac crued prior to the change of ownership. National Steel also agreed to finance special early retirement benefits for all workers if the plant is closed within 5 years after November 1, 1983. The plant has lost an estimated $41 million so far in 1983. It was once West Virginia’s largest employer, with 12,000 employees. When the parties reached final agreement, it had 7,000 active workers and 3,000 on layoff. Completion of the sale could be delayed by several law suits filed by groups of employees who contended that the sale violated Federal labor and pension law. Panels formed to deal with foreign competition In an effort to counter growing pressure for protectionist steps to insulate American industries such as steel, textiles, 39 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1983 • Developments in Industrial Relations and electronics from foreign competition, President Ronald Reagan established a national Commission on Industrial Competitiveness. Some officials said the commission might act to hold down wage-and-benefit costs if the improving economy spurs unions to raise their demands to compensate for moderate settlements during the recent recession. How ever, the President said the role of the Commission “ is not to dictate detailed plans or solutions to problems for par ticular companies or industries,” but is to ensure that the “ rules of free and fair trade, both at home and abroad, are properly observed.” John A. Young, president and chief executive officer of Hewlett-Packard Co., will serve as commission chairman. The other 20 members of the panel are from business, in dustry, and universities. There are no union representatives. Young said that while private industry should lead the drive to improve competitiveness, the Federal Government also has a major role because it provides 50 percent of the money invested in research and development. The commission will strive to aid domestic industry in adopting technological changes and preventing foreign companies from illegally using the changes. Specific steps will include easing antitrust restrictions on joint technological research, increasing tax credits for such research, and increasing the research ca pabilities of American universities. In a move aimed specifically at the steel industry, Pres ident Reagan and members of the Congressional Steel Cau cus agreed to form a committee to recommend ways of helping the industry. The committee will focus on forming joint ventures in steel research and development, retraining out-of-work steelworkers, and developing strategy for com batting unfair foreign competition. The committee will in clude representatives of industry, labor, and government, and will be headed by Secretary of Commerce Malcolm Baldrige. It is similar to the expired Carter Administration Steel Tripartite Commission. will be incorporated into that agreement and also will be part of the succeeding master contract. The requirements call for: • establishing a joint ILA-Management Executive Commit tee to meet on 24 hours notice to resolve disputes; • requiring steamship carriers to give the union more in formation on the volume and movement of container freight; • permitting the International Longshoremen’s Association to withhold labor from employers who fail to correct their violations of the “ Rules on Containers” ; and • implementing liquidated damages for all violations of the Rules on Containers after May 26, 1983. Resolution of the dispute cleared the way for resumption of negotiations in each port on local issues that will be incorporated into supplements to the master contract which will become effective on October 1, 1983. Earlier, the union and the shippers agreed on seven items applicable to all 50,000 employees in the 36 ports. Included were: ‘Rules on Containers’ revised • Wage increases of $1 an hour on October 1 of 1983, 1984, and 1985, bringing the straight-time rate to $17 an hour; • a 25-cent-an-hour increase in employer financing of pen sion benefits on October 1 of 1983, 1984, and 1985, along with 17, 17, and 16-cent-an-hour increases in employer financing of welfare benefits on the dates (levels of pen sions and health benefits will vary by port because they are negotiated locally); and • adoption of a new standard for each port to use in deter mining when money from the Job Security Program (an insurance plan financed by ocean carriers) can be used to finance guaranteed income, pension, and welfare benefits (the new standard is the number of hours worked or ton nage of cargo handled in each port during the year ending September 30, 1983— if hours worked or tonnage handled drops below the standard, money can be diverted from the Job Security Program). The International Longshoremen’s Association and ship ping associations from Maine to Texas agreed on new re quirements governing the “ Rules on Containers,” which are designed to assure that only longshoremen pack and unpack container freight within 50 miles of a port. The new requirements, negotiated under a reopener provision of a “ master” contract scheduled to expire in September 1983, Despite the parties’ accord on the new provisions gov erning container cargo, a major uncertainty arose when the Federal Maritime Administration asked a Federal court to prohibit implementation of the plan until a review of its legality and economic impact is completed. The plan, es tablished in the early 1970’s, has survived a number of legal challenges by shippers and the Government. 40FRASER Digitized for https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Book Reviews A quiet revolution As Minority Becomes Majority: Federal Reaction to the Phenomenon of Women in the Work Force, 1920-1963. By Judith Sealander. Westport, Conn., Greenwood Press, 1983. 201 pp. $27.95. When the Women’s Bureau of the U.S. Department of Labor was established by an act of the Congress in 1920, Secretary of Labor William B. Wilson explained, “ We are safeguarding the mothers of tomorrow. All will agree that women in industry would not exist in an ideal scheme” (p. 3). The Progressive movement had urged the creation of such an agency to protect the family and future generations by guarding the health and welfare of single and married women forced by circumstances into the labor market. The view of women as workers requiring more protection than their male counterparts reflected and reinforced the 1908 Supreme Court decision (Muller v. Oregon), when Louis Dembitz Brandeis successfully defended the legality of State legislation setting maximum hours of work for women. Similar legislation had earlier been declared an unconstitutional infringement of “ freedom of contract” for male bakers (Lochner v. N.Y., 1905). Thus, from its in ception, the Women’s Bureau had a serious and central philosophical problem in fulfilling its charge to “ promote the welfare of wage-earning women.” While the Bureau called for “ equal pay for equal work,” its officials cam paigned for an 8-hour day, weight-lifting limitations, and other special conditions for women workers— thereby weakening or nullifying women’s claims to equal job access or equal pay. The period covered by the study, 1920-63, is characterized by efforts to achieve the impossible— si multaneously to achieve equal job opportunity for the woman worker, while insisting on protective measures which raised her cost to employers. The study traces the response of the Federal Government to the concerns of working women, covering the period from the 1920 founding of the Women’s Bureau, to the 1963 enactment of the Equal Pay Act. It provides an ex cellent historical documentation of an agency which was usually bested in bureaucratic infighting, underfunded by The Congress, ignored by scholars, and which has had, to this day, limited public visibility (the latter not unrelated to funding levels). Again and again, Federal action and in https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis action on women’s issues mirrored the political powerless ness of the Women’s Bureau. In the 1920’s and 1930’s, with women only newly enfranchised, and with economic depression arousing public antipathy to employment for married women, excessive pressure by Bureau officials might have been counterproductive. But, in addition to these ex ternal problems, and to the internal problem of the incom patibility of demands for equal pay and special protection for women, Bureau leaders were unskilled in playing the political game. Part of this political ineptitude may be charged to the inexperience, naivete, and confrontational style of women unfamiliar with the political “ old boys’ network” ; but the cavalier treatment and minuscule funding recom mended by male bureaucrats and provided by the Congress reflects most directly the lack of an effective pressure group. As the first Bureau director, Mary Anderson, bitterly pointed out at the congressional hearings held prior to establishing the Bureau: In the past 2 years, Congress has approved $600,000 for the prevention of hog cholera and $1,500,000 for the eradication of tuberculosis in animals, and now you resist a meager grant of $75,000 to improve the cause of working women (p. 38). The farm group had an effective lobby in 1920— women did not. The Congress finally passed the $75,000 total agency appropriation, but over the following years, funding re mained inadequate to the dimensions of the problem. The failures as well as the successes of the Bureau lead ership are recorded here, as well as the dedication of the small staff of Bureau investigators, struggling under frus trating conditions to arouse public awareness of the working conditions of factory women. It would be easy, from the vantage point of the 1980’s, to criticize Bureau staff for political ineptitude, or the often-condescending response of well-educated Bureau professionals to blue-collar, immi grant, or black women. But, in Peter Gay’s phrase, these women reformers were constrained by their role of “ out siders as insiders.” As “ outsiders,” they were critics of industry and unions, often accused of espousing radical doctrines subversive of the established order; but as “ in siders,” they were part of the system which saw women workers first as family members. Secretary of Labor William N. Doak, in 1930, praised the Women’s Bureau for its potential “ to help unite women and the family in times of economic crisis and change” (p. 39). But, as Sealander 41 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1983 • Book Reviews points out, “ if the members of the Women’s Bureau had agitated during the 1920’s, 1930’s, and 1940’s for a gov ernment perception of women workers that saw them as individuals first, and secondarily as pillars of family sta bility, they not only would have performed a monumental feat of transcending their own values and culture but they would also have been so far ahead of their colleagues and sponsors that they would have been fired” (p. 159). The change in Federal response to women in the labor force parallels the change from minority to majority status. When the female labor force consisted mainly of young, single workers, who were primarily employed in blue-collar or low-skilled clerical areas, and planning to withdraw from the labor market following marriage, the response of poli ticians to working women was minimal. But as lifelong employment became a reality for many women, and as they became more organized, and vocal, the political climate changed accordingly, via the Equal Pay Act of 1963, the Civil Rights Act of 1965, Executive orders, and supporting regulations which favor equal employment opportunity for the sexes. The passage of State Equal Rights legislation, and the drive for a constitutional amendment, also politi cized women. To a great extent, during the early years of Bureau ac tivity, the deplorable situation of women workers— very low pay, long hours, and unsafe working conditions— re flected the antilabor temper of the times, rather than specific animus against women workers. While legislation in the 1960’s effectively nullified special safeguards for women, protection for both male and female workers had already been established by the Wagner Act, Wage and Hour leg islation, and, subsequently, by the Occupational Safety and Health Act. Consequently, the Women’s Bureau was freed of its philosophical dilemma, and shifted its energies from seeking to prevent the exploitation of factory women, to the encouragement of women’s aspirations to become mathe maticians and physicists. The 1920-63 time frame provides a logical demarcation of the historical activities of the Women’s Bureau as a separate agency, but does not permit a critical discussion of its present role, although the author briefly sketches sub sequent legislative developments and changes in the Bu reau’s activities (chapter 7). Is there a need today for a Federal Women’s Bureau in view of legislative changes since 1920 which protect the rights of all workers, especially the Equal Pay and Civil Rights Acts which grant particular protection to women and minorities? Is the Women’s Bureau a “ sexist” agency, providing outdated activities? Some ob servers might note that the need for an advocate within the Federal bureaucracy is undiminished, if we observe the his torical trend in comparative earnings of men and women. The Bureau of Labor Statistics periodically reports that the annual earnings of a female worker average less than twothirds that of a male worker, both working full time and full year. (See Nancy F. Rytina, “ Earnings of men and Digitized 42 for FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis women: a look at specific occupations,” Monthly Labor Review, April 1982, pp. 25-31.) This reviewer would like to see more studies commissioned and funded by the Wom en’s Bureau, to be carried out by the Bureau of Labor Statistics or the Bureau of the Census, through the Current Population Survey; in many areas, researchers have been hindered by a lack of categorization by sex in published data. More and more women now have a lifetime commitment to the labor force; more and more families are being headed, or substantially supported, by a woman. Yet, as we enter the third decade following the signing of the Equal Pay Act, the disparity in earnings of men and women persists, largely because of occupational segregation. Recent studies have indicated that female high school graduates continue to “ choose” the traditional, low-paid fields where women have predominated in the past. What is the contribution of sec ondary and postsecondary institutions, academic and vo cational, to the career decisions of young women? What is the contribution of business and industrial leaders? To ex plore these questions, the Women’s Bureau would require additional funds which, in turn, would require stronger po litical organization by women. To sum up, this is a very useful study for historians and for specialists in women’s studies; it is also a pertinent reminder that an effective voice for women at the Federal level requires political commitment by women of all ages. — B l a n c h e F it z p a t r ic k Professor, Department of Economics Boston University Beyond the guidelines Labor Displacement and Public Policy. By Philip L. Martin. Lexington, Mass., D.C. Heath and Co., Lexington Books, 1983. 125 pp., bibliography. Philip Martin wrote this book with the premise that U.S. workers are more vulnerable than ever to increased unem ployment caused by technological change, unprecedented demand shifts (resulting from shifts in consumer prefer ences), and changes in government policies (for example, lower tariffs followed by increased imports). While this premise seems to represent an accepted fact, documentation does not appear anywhere in the book. Yet, documentation would seem necessary to the implementation of public pol icy. For example, problems recently experienced by the auto and steel industries probably began between 1978 and 1979, well before the two recessions of the 1980’s. Are there other “ troubled industries” whose woes are expected to be of longer term than those of the recent recessions? Is the extent of the problem more serious than in earlier economic down turns? Have we not always been concerned with “ troubled industries?” Martin sees two basic policy options for coping with the displaced-worker problem. The first entails policies which would work toward preserving the jobs of workers who are subject to displacement. The second entails policies which would permit or encourage economic changes while at the same time providing aid for displaced workers. Martin en dorses the latter option and proposes broad-based unem ployment insurance reform to encompass the displaced-worker problem. In Martin’s opinion, the current unemployment insurance programs are not adequate to cushion the hardship experienced by the typical displaced worker. His specific proposals would effectively nationalize the State unemploy ment insurance systems. He calls for increased uniform benefits across all States, as well as uniform eligibility re quirements and tax treatment. These reforms include: (a) additional assistance to workers who were laid off as a result of changing government policies; (b) mandatory ad vance notice of at least 6 months to an employee prior to permanent dismissal; (c) committees composed of business, labor, and government officials to promote retraining and local job creation; (d) higher unemployment insurance taxes to firms exhibiting high rates of labor turnover; and (e) positive unemployment insurance payments to be paid to workers on short-time arrangements (for example, 20 to 30 hours per week). Several problems are associated with these proposed re forms. Identifying the displaced worker population is a very difficult matter, let alone identifying those who are displaced because of changing government policies. Practically speak ing, how would one characterize a displaced worker beyond observing a situation of indefinite layoff? Would it be an indefinite layoff in a “ troubled” industry? Who would de termine the set of “ troubled” industries? The restriction of a 6-month notice to any employee who has been permanently dismissed would seem to lead to a greater incidence of “ temporary” layoffs that never lead to recall. Finally, the issuance of unemployment insurance payments to workers on short-time arrangements could represent (depending on the extent of experience rating) a subsidy to cyclical in dustries, not “ troubled” industries where situations encom pass longer-term problems. Martin believes workers are encouraged to change careers because of generous assistance programs but evidence does not support this belief. The Trade Adjustment Assistance program provided benefits (in addition to unemployment insurance payments) to displaced workers, presumably for retraining and relocation. In 1976, 72 percent of these re cipients returned to their previous job and employer. Ob viously, the program did not succeed in identifying and aiding displaced workers. Instead, generous subsidies were provided to workers who were temporarily laid off. No matter what program is proposed, the ex ante identification of permanent versus temporary, layoffs would seem impos sible with the exception of plant closings. Even then, a determination of whether the plant closing resulted from “ bad management,” changing government policies, tech https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis nological change, or unexpected demand shifts would seem extremely difficult. Martin has written an interesting and thought-provoking book. Anyone interested in public policy issues should find the book worth reading. Chapter 1 discusses the role of government and the attributes of a changing economy. Chapter 2 discusses displacement costs to workers. The extent of unemployment duration and wage concession on a new job are also explored. Conceptually, the latter issue (that is, the wage when displaced net of the wage of new job) is not relevant as a cost to displacement, as Martin suggests. In stead, the relevant comparison is the present value of wages had the old job continued net of the present value of the new employment opportunity. Once again, an estimate of this magnitude can be difficult to ascertain. A discussion of worker protection programs in the United States is presented in chapters 3 and 4. Specific programs include the unem ployment insurance system, various private protection pro grams (usually associated with unions), and various special protection programs set in place by the Federal Government. Chapter 5 outlines some of the European worker protection programs. Finally, reform issues are presented and dis cussed in chapter 6. Martin has written a provocative book describing many past and current protection programs for displaced workers. He is bold enough to offer some fairly specific policy pro posals involving major unemployment insurance reforms, even though the practical underlying definitions of affected groups is not offered. While there are many important policy questions to be treated prior to any major reform, this book provides useful background information and thought-pro voking policy suggestions. — Jo h n R a i s i a n Director, Office of Research and Technical Support Office of the Assistant Secretary for Policy U.S. Department of Labor Remarkably clear and enlightening The Visual Display o f Quantitative Information. By Edward R. Tufte. Cheshire, Conn., Graphics Press, 1983. 200 pp. 250 illustrations. $34. In his introduction to this splendid book, Edward R. Tufte says he wants to persuade viewers and makers of charts never to view or create statistical graphics the same way again. He begins by inviting the reader to “ rejoice in the graph ical glories” of some of the best charts ever published, including the first-known time series of economic data, pub lished in 1786 by William Playfair, an English political economist, and a classic map by Charles Joseph Minard, showing the devastating losses suffered in Napoleon’s Rus43 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1983 • Book Reviews sian campaign of 1812, which, in Tufte’s view “ may well be the best statistical graphic ever drawn.’’ Tufte contrasts these classics and an array of excellent contemporary graphics, including computer charts, with some examples of graphic lapses, lost opportunities, and outright deceptions. Graphic excellence, says Tufte, consists of complex ideas communicated with clarity, precision, and efficiency. It gives the viewer the greatest number of ideas in the shortest time, with the least ink in the smallest space. Tufte tells how to detect and avoid graphical deception, explains how to compute the “ lie factor” when viewing charts, and shows how a chart can deceive by being out of context. Inept graphics flourish, says Tufte, because many graphic artists believe that statistics are boring and need to be dec orated to make them palatable. The result is what the author calls chartjunk, ink that does not tell the viewer anything new, unnecessary colors, patterns, and grids. (“ Varying shades of gray show varying quantities better than color.” ) “ If statistics are boring,” declares Tufte, “ then you’ve got the wrong numbers. Finding the right numbers requires as much specialized skill— statistical skill— and hard work as creating a beautiful design or covering a complex news story.” Edward Tufte, who teaches political science, statistics, and graphic design at Yale University, has called on all of these disciplines to produce a convincingly reasoned, ex pertly illustrated, beautifully designed, and elegantly written book which both viewers and producers of statistical graph ics will find useful, challenging, and enjoyable. — H enr y L o w enstern Editor-in-Chief Monthly Labor Review Publications received Economic and social statistics Bird, Caroline, The Gdod Years: Your Life in the Twenty-First Century. New York, E. P. Dutton, Inc., 1983, 244 pp. $15.95. Conway, Roger K. and James R. Barth, “ New Developments in Macroeconomic Theory: A Prospectus and Appraisal,” Ag ricultural Economics Research, July 1983, pp. 23-29. Freeman, Richard B., Unionism, Price-Cost Margins, and the Return to Capital. Cambridge, Mass., National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1983, 31 pp. ( n b e r Working Paper Series, 1164.) $1.50. Larson, Don, “ Summary Statistics and Forecasting Performance,” Agricultural Economics Research, July 1983, pp. 11-22. Lazear, Edward P., Raids and Imitation. Cambridge, Mass., Na tional Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1983, 51 pp. ( n b e r Working Paper Series, 1158.) $1.50. U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Local Area Personal Income, 19.76-81: Vol. 1, Summary (126 pp., $4.50); Vol. 2, New 44 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis England Region (41 pp., $4); Vol. 3, Mideast Region (77 pp., $4.25); Vol. 4, Great Lakes Region (144 pp., $4.50); Vol. 5, Plains Region (184 pp., $5.50); Vol. 6, Southeast Region (325 pp., $6); Vol. 7, Northeast Region (118 pp., $4.75); Vol. 8, Rocky Mountain Region (74 pp., $4.25); Vol. 9, Far West Region, Including Alaska and Hawaii (77 pp., $4.25). Washington, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, 1983. Available from the Superinten dent of Documents, Washington 20402. Economic growth and development Samuelson, Paul, Economics from the Heart: A Samuelson Sam pler, Maryann O. Keating ed. San Diego, Calif., Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers, 1983, 284 pp. $4.95, paper. Thorsson, Inga, “ Guns and Butter: Can the World Have Both?” International Labour Review, July-August 1983, pp. 397. 410. Vatter, Harold G. and John F. Walker, “ Can the Good Perfor mance of the 1960’s Be Repeated in the 1980’s?” Journal o f Economic Issues, June 1983, pp. 369-78. Health and safety Gevers, J. K. M., “ Worker Participation in Health and Safety in the e e c : The Role of Representative Institutions,” Interna tional Labour Review, July-August 1983, pp. 411-28. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Injuries in Oil and Gas Drilling and Services. Washington, 1983, 23 pp. (Bulletin 2179.) Stock No. 029-001-02760-5. $3.50, Superintendent of Documents, Washington 20402. U.S. Department of Transportation, Transportation Safety Infor mation Report— 1982 Annual Summary. William F. Gay, Task Manager. Cambridge, Mass., U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administra tion, Transportation Systems Center, Center for Transporta tion Information, 1983, 98 pp. (Report dot- tsc- rspa- 8 3 4.) Available from the National Technical Information Ser vice, Springfield, Va. 22161. Industrial relations Allred, Stephen, “ The Bowen Decision: Mandate for Reexami nation of Apportionment of Damages in Fair Representation Cases,” Labor Law Journal, July 1983, pp. 408-14. Ashenfelter, Orley and David E. Bloom, Models o f Arbitrator Behavior: Theory and Evidence. Cambridge, Mass., National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1983, 39 pp. ( n b e r Working Paper Series, 1149.) $1.50. Craft, James A., “ Post-Recession Bargaining: Mutualism or Ad versarial Relations?” Labor Law Journal, July 1983, pp. 431-39. Great Britain, Department of Employment, “ Democracy in Trade Unions: Special Feature,” Employment Gazette, July 1983, pp. 305-07. ------ “ Workplace Industrial Relations: Results of A New Survey of Industrial Relations Practices,” by Neil Millward, Em ployment Gazette, July 1983, pp. 280-89. Grüner, Richard, “ Employment Discrimination in Management by Objectives Systems,” Labor Law Journal, June 1983, pp. 364-70. Husband, John M. and T. Jay Thompson, “ Establishing and Op erating Both Union and Nonunion Subsidiaries: A Trap for the Unwary,” Labor Law Journal, June 1983, pp. 332-43. Kirschner, Kenneth, “ The Extraterritorial Application of Title VII of the Civil Rights A ct,” Labor Law Journal, July 1983, pp. 394-407. Levine, Marvin J. and David C. Martin, “ The Gissel Doctrine Revisited: Should n l r b Bargaining Orders or Representation Elections Determine Union Status?” Labor Law Journal, June 1983, pp. 371-81. Princeton University, Outstanding Books in Industrial Relations and Labor Economics, 1983. Princeton, N.J., Princeton Uni versity, Industrial Relations Section, 1983, 4 pp. (Selected References, 216.) ----- '-South Africa’s Black Unions. Prepared by William C. Welburn. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University, Industrial Re lations Section, 1983, 4 pp. (Selected References, 215.) Schwartz, Stanley J., “ Different Views of the Duty of Fair Rep resentation,” Labor Law Journal, July 1983, pp. 415-30. Sisneros, Antonio, “ Revisiting Affirmative Action Case Law,” Labor Law Journal, June 1983, pp. 350-63. Smith, Robert Ellis, Workrights. New York, E. P. Dutton, Inc., 1983, 267 pp. $15.95, cloth; $8.95, paper. U.S. Department of Labor, Final Report to Congress on Age Discrimination in Employment Act Studies. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Employment Standards Administra tion, 1983, 55 pp. Watson, James P., “ Antitrust Claims in Labor Disputes After Associated General Contractors: A Prognosis,” Labor Law Journal, June 1983, pp. 345-49. Webb, William A., “ The Mission of the Equal Employment Op portunity Commission,” Labor Law Journal, July 1983, pp. 387-93. Industry and government organization Labor and economic history Barnard, John, Walter Reuther and the Rise o f the Auto Workers. Edited by Oscar Handlin. Boston, Little, Brown and Co., 1983, 236 pp. $13.50. Watts, Theodore F., The First Labor Day Parade, Tuesday, Sep tembers, 1882: Media Mirrors to Labor’s Icons. Silver Spring, Md., Phoenix Rising, 1983, 72 pp., bibliography. $5, paper. Labor force Copperman, Lois Farrer and Frederick D. Keast, Adjusting to An Older Work Force. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983, 168 pp., bibliography. $22.50. Great Britain, Department of Employment, Changing Attitudes to Employment. By Richard Brown, Margaret Curran, Jim Cou sins. London, Department of Employment, Research Ad ministration, 1983, 67 pp. (Research Paper, 40.) ------ Contractual Arrangements in Selected Industries: A Study o f Employment Relationships in Industries with Outwork. By Patricia E. Leighton. London, Department of Employment, Research Administration, 1983, 54 pp. (Research Paper, 39.) ------“ Employment and the Working Population— Adjustments for Underestimation,” Employment Gazette, June 1983, pp. 24244. ------ “ Unemployed Graduates: The Case of Student Teachers,” by Mark Cook and Gerald Bambaum, Employment Gazette, June 1983, pp. 223-29. Hopkins, Michael, “ Employment Trends in Developing Coun tries, 1960-80 and Beyond,” International Labour Review, July-August 1983, pp. 461-78. Kepler, John Z. and others, Americans Abroad: A Handbook fo r Living and Working Overseas. New York, Praeger Publish ers, 1983, 570 pp. $24.95. Crandall, Robert W., Controlling Industrial Pollution: The Eco nomics and Politics o f Clean Air. Washington, The Brookings Institution, 1983, 199 pp. $26.95, cloth; $9.95, paper. Maret, Elizabeth, Women’s Career Patterns: Influences on Work Stability. Lanham, Md. University Press of America, Inc., 1983, 173 pp. Guffey, Roger, “ After Deregulation: The Regulatory Role of the Federal Reserve,” Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, June 1983, pp. 3-7. Parnes, Herbert S., ed., Policy Issues in Work and Retirement. Kalamazoo, Mich., The W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employ ment Research, 1983, 286 pp. $20.95, cloth; $13.95, paper. Pluta, Joseph E., Regional Change in the U.S. Brewing Industry. Austin, University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Business Research, Graduate School of Business, 1983, 82 pp. $8, paper. Plessner, Yakir and Shlomo Yitzhaki, “ Unemployment and Wage Rigidity: The Demand Side,” Oxford Economic Papers, July 1983, pp. 202-12. International economics Ahmed, Iftikhar, “ Technology and Rural Women in the Third World,” International Labour Review, July-August 1983, pp. 493-505. “ Conference on Exchange Rate Regimes and Policy Interdepend ence,” International Monetary Fund Staff Papers, March 1983, pp. 3-211. Lantzke, Ulf, “ How Will Coal Be Affected By Oil-Price Reduc tions?” The o e c d Observer, May 1983, pp. 21-22. Rodgers, Gerry, “ Population Growth, Inequality and Poverty,” International Labour Review, July-August 1983, pp. 44360. Torrens, Ian M., “ Environmental Effects of Energy Systems: The o e c d c o m p a s s Project,” The o e c d Observer, May 1983, pp. 25-28: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis “ Special Issue on Unemployment: “ Input Price Shocks and the Slowdown in Economic Growth: The Case of U.K. Manu facturing,” by Michael Bruno and Jeffrey Sachs; “ Causes of the Current Stagflation,” by D. Grubb, R. Jackman, R. Layard; “ Unemployment in the United Kingdom Since the War,” by Martyn Andrews and Stephen Nickell; “ Time Series Rep resentations of Economic Variables and Alternative Models of the Labor Market,” by Orley Ashenfelter and David Card; “ The Intertemporal Substitution Model of Labor Market Fluc tuations: An Empirical Analysis,” by Joseph G. Altonji; “ Labor Force Participation: Timing and Persistence,” by Kim B. Clark and Lawrence H. Summers; “ Energy and Resource Allocation: A Dynamic Model of the ‘Dutch Disease,’ ” by Michael Bruno and Jeffrey Sachs, The Review o f Economic Studies, Special Issue 1982, pp. 675-859. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Linking Employment Problems to Economic Status. Washington, 1983, 46 pp. (Bulletin 2169.) Stock No. 029-001-02757-5. $4, Superintendent of Doc uments, Washington 20402. 45 M O N TH LY LA BO R REV IEW O ctober 1983 • B ook R eview s — Supplement to Employment and Earnings: United States. 190978 (Revised Establishment Data). Washington, 1983, 335 pp. $7.50, domestic; $9.40, foreign, Superintendent of Docu ments, Washington. — Workers Without Jobs: A Chartbook on Unemployment. Pre pared by Debbie L. Sprinkle. Washington, 1983, 64 pp. (Bul letin 2174.) Stock No. 0 2 9 -0 0 1 -0 2 7 5 9 -1 . $4.50, Superintendent of Documents, Washington 20402. Monetary and fiscal policy Hetzel, Robert L., “ The Relationship Between Money and Ex penditure in 1982,“ Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, May-June 1983, pp. 11-19. Differences: Some Needed Refinements,” Compensation Re view, Vol. 15, No. 3, Third Quarter 1983, pp. 33-41. Campbell, John G., “ Equal Pay for Work of Equal Value in the Federal Public Service of Canada,” Compensation Review, Vol. 15, No. 3, Third Quarter 1983, pp. 42-51. Crystal, Graef S., “ The Re-emergence of Industry Pay Differ entials,” Compensation Review, Vol. 15, No. 3, Third Quarter 1983, pp. 29-32. Great Britain, Department of Employment, “ Statutory Wage Reg ulation in 1982: Special Feature,” Employment Gazette, July 1983, pp. 308-09. Melvin, Michael, “ The Vanishing Liquidity Effect of Money on Interest: Analysis and Implications for Policy,” Economic Inquiry, April 1983, pp. 188-202. Ohio Bureau of Employment Services, Replenishing State Un employment Trust Funds From General Federal Revenues on the Basis o f Unemployment Rates; Should Unemployment Benefits Be Extended? By William Papier. Columbus, Ohio Bureau of Employment Services, Division of Research and Statistics, 1982, 18 and 12 pp., respectively. Single copy free. Walsh, Carl E., “ Should the Federal Reserve Establish a Real Interest Rate Target?” Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, June 1983, pp. 22-33. Olmsted, Barney, “ Changing Times: The Use of Reduced Work Time Options in the United States,” International Labour Review, July-August 1983, pp. 479-92. Zaritsky, Howard M., Estate and Gift Tax Guide, 1983 Edition. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1983, 255 pp. $11, paper. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, A re a W age S u rvey s: W o rcester, Massachusetts, Metropolitan Area, April 1983 (Bulletin 302017, 41 pp., $3.75); Greenville—Spartanburg, South Caro lina, Metropolitan Area, June 1983 (Bulletin 3020-18, 28 pp., $3.25); San Jose, California, Metropolitan Area, March 1983 (Bulletin 3020-19, 35 pp., $3.75); Houston, Texas, Metropolitan Area, May 1983 (Bulletin 3020-20, 56 pp., $4); San Antonio, Texas, Metropolitan Area, May 1983 (Bul letin 3020-21, 42 pp., $3.75); Toledo, Ohio—Michigan, Metropolitan Area, June 1983 (Bulletin 3020-22, 29 pp., $3.50); Norfolk— Virginia Beach— Portsmouth and Newport News—Hampton, Virginia—North Carolina, Metropolitan Areas, May 1983 (Bulletin 3020-23, 29 pp., $3.50). Avail able from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington 20402, g p o bookstores, or b l s regional offices. Humphrey, Thomas M., “ The Early History of the Real/Nominal Interest Rate Relationship,“ Economic Review, Federal Re serve Bank of Richmond, May-June 1983, pp. 2-10. Prices and living conditions Hamermesh, Daniel S., Inflation and Labor-Market Adjustment. Cambridge, Mass., National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1983,26 pp. ( n b e r Working Paper Series, 1153.) $1.50. Miller, Glenn H., Jr., “ Inflation and Recession, 1979-82: Supply Shocks and Economic Policy,” Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, June 1983, pp. 8-21. Productivity and technological change Ford, John and Alan V. Miller, comps., Women, Microelectronics, and Employment: A Selected Bibliography. Rev. ed. Ontario, Canada, Ontario Ministry of Labour, 1983, 16 pp. Gengler, Michele J. and Richard J. Tersine, “ Robots— Coming to Work in America,” Business, April-June 1983, pp. 3-12. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Productivity and the Economy: A Chartbook. Washington, 1983, 80 pp. (Bulletin 2172.) Stock No. 029-001-02752-4. $5, Superintendent of Doc uments, Washington 20402. Wages and compensation Brack, John and Keith Cowling, “ Advertising and Labour Supply: Workweek and Workyear in U.S. Manufacturing Industries, 1919-76,” Kyklos, Vol. 36, 1983, Fasc. 2, pp. 285-303. Brown, Charles, Curtis Gilroy, Andrew Kohen, Time-Series Ev idence o f the Effect o f the Minimum Wage on Youth Em ployment and Unemployment. Reprinted from The Journal o f Human Resources, Winter 1983, pp. 3-31. Cambridge, Mass., National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1983. ( n b e r Reprint, 369.) $1.50. Buford, James A., Jr., James N. Wilmoth, Bettye B. Burkhalter, “ Auditing the Compensation Function for Sex-Based Salary 46 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ------ Wages in New York City, May 1980. By Andrew J. Donahue. (Regional Report 69, 50 pp., 1981); Wages in New York City, May 1981. By Robert M. Findlay. (Regional Report 73, 65 pp., 1982); Wages in New York City, May 1982. By Samuel M. Manigault. (Regional Report 74, 53 pp., 1983). New York, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Middle Atlantic Re gional Office. Welfare programs and social insurance Kaighan, Herbert V., “ Effective Use of Welfare Benefit Dollars,” Pension World, July 1983, pp. 65-66. Keyfitz, Nathan, “ Age, Work, and Social Security,” Society, July-August 1983, pp. 45-51. “ Robert J. Myers: His View of the 1983 Social Security Amend ments,” Pension World, July 1983, pp. 15-18. U.S. Department of Labor, Estimates o f Participant and Financial Characteristics o f Private Pension Plans. Prepared by Daniel Beller. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Labor-Man agement Services Administration, Pension and Welfare Ben efits Programs, 1983, 36 pp. $3.75, Superintendent of Documents, Washington 20402. Current Labor Statistics Notes on Current Labor Statistics ...................................................................................................................................................... 48 Schedule of release dates for major BLS statistical series ........................................................................................... 48 Employment data from household survey. Definitions and notes ......................................................................... 49 49 50 51 52 53 54 54 54 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Employment status of the noninstitutional population, selected years, 1950-82 ..................................................................... Employment status of the population, including Armed Forces in the United States,by sex,seasonally adjusted . . . . Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin,seasonally ad ju sted....................... Selected employment indicators, seasonally ad ju sted ........................................................................... .......................................... Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally ad ju sted .................................................................................................................. Unemployment rates, by sex and age, seasonally adjusted ........................................................................................................... Unemployed persons, by reason for unemployment, seasonally ad ju sted .................................................................................. Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted............................................................................................................................... Employment, hours, and earnings data from establishment surveys. Definitions and notes 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. .. Employment by industry, selected years, 1950-82 ......................................................................................................................... Employment by State ............................................................................................................................................................................... Employment by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted ......................................... Hours and earnings, by industry division, selected years, 1950-82 ........................................................................................... Weekly hours, by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted .................................................... Hourly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group .................................................................................... Hourly Earnings Index, by industry division .................................................................................................................................... Weekly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing g r o u p ........................................................................... . . . . Indexes of diffusion: industries in which employment in creased .................................................................................................. Unemployment insurance data. Definitions............................................................................................................................... 18. Unemployment insurance and employment service operations 62 ........................................................................................................................................................ Consumer Price Index, 1967-82 ........................................ Consumer Price Index, U.S. city average, general summary and selected it e m s ..................................................................... Consumer Price Index, cross-classification of region and population size c l a s s ....................................................................... Consumer Price Index, selected areas ................................................................................................................... Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing ............................................................................................................................... Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings ........................................................................................................................... Producer Price Indexes, by special commodity groupings ............................................................................................................. Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product ............................................................................................................................. Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries ................................................................................................ 63 64 64 70 71 72 73 75 75 76 Productivity data. Definitions and notes .......................................................................................... 28. 29. 30. 31. 62 .................................................................................................... Price data. Definitions and notes 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 55 56 56 57 58 59 60 60 61 61 n Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years, 1950-82 ............................ Annual changes in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, 1972-82 ...................................................... Quarterly indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices,seasonally adjusted ................................ Percent change from preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and p r ic e s.............. 77 78 79 80 Wage and compensation data. Definitions and notes ..................................................................... 81 82 83 84 85 86 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. Employment Cost Index, total compensation, by occupation and industry group .................................................................. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group .................................................................... Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area size ....................................... Wage and compensation change, major collective bargaining settlements, 1978 to d a te ............................................’......... Effective wage adjustments in collective bargaining units covering 1,000 workers or more, 1978 to date ..................... Work stoppage data. Definition .......................................................................................................................................................... 37. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, 1947 to date ................................................................................................ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 87 87 47 NOTES ON CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS This section of the Review presents the principal statistical series collected and calculated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. A brief introduction to each group of tables provides definitions, notes on the data, sources, and other material usually found in footnotes. Readers who need additional information are invited to consult the BLS regional offices listed on the inside front cover of this issue of the Review. Some general notes applicable to several series are given below. Price Index series. However, seasonally adjusted indexes are not published for the U .S. average All Items CPI. Only seasonally adjusted percent changes are available for this series. Adjustments for price changes. Some data are adjusted to eliminate the effect of changes in price. These adjustments are made by dividing current dollar values by the Consumer Price Index or the appropriate component of the index, then multiplying by 100. For example, given a current hourly wage rate of $3 and a current price index number of 150, where 1967 = 100, Seasonal adjustment. Certain monthly and quarterly data are adjusted to the hourly rate expressed in 1967 dollars is $2 ($3/150 X 100 = $2). The eliminate the eifect of such factors as climatic conditions, industry pro resulting values are described as “ real,” “ constant,” or “ 1967” dollars. duction schedules, opening and closing of schools, holiday buying periods, and vacation practices, which might otherwise mask short-term movements Availability of information. Data that supplement the tables in this section o f the statistical series. Tables containing these data are identified as “ sea are published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in a variety o f sources. sonally adjusted.” Seasonal effects are estimated on the basis of past Press releases provide the latest statistical information published by the experience. When new seasonal factors are computed each year, revisions Bureau; the major recurring releases are published according to the schedule may affect seasonally adjusted data for several preceding years. given below. More information from household and establishment surveys is provided in Employment and Earnings, a monthly publication of the Seasonally adjusted labor force data in tables 3 - 8 were revised in the Bureau. Comparable household information is published in a two-volume February 1983 issue of the Review , to reflect experience through 1982. Beginning in January 1980, the BLS introduced two major modifications data book-L a b o r Force Statistics D erived From the Current Population in the seasonal adjustment methodology for labor force data. First, the Survey, Bulletin 2096. Comparable establishment information appears in data are being seasonally adjusted with a new procedure called X -11/ two data books-Em ploym ent and Earnings, United States, and Employ ARIMA, which was developed at Statistics Canada as an extension of the ment and Earnings, States and Areas, and their annual supplements. More standard X -l 1 method. A detailed description of the procedure appears in detailed information on wages and other aspects of collective bargaining The X -l 1 ARIMA Seasonal Adjustment Method by Estela Bee Dagum appears in the monthly periodical, Current Wage Developments. More (Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 12-564E, February 1980). The second detailed price information is published each month in the periodicals, the change is that seasonal factors are now being calculated for use during the CPI D etailed Report and Producer Prices and Price Indexes. first 6 months o f the year, rather than for the entire year, and then are Symbols calculated at mid-year for the July-Decemb^r period. Revisions o f historical data continue to be made only at the end of each calendar year. p = preliminary. To improve the timeliness of some series, pre Annual revision of the seasonally adjusted payroll data shown in tables 11, 13, and 15 were made in August 1981 using the X -l 1 ARIMA seasonal liminary figures are issued based on representative but in adjustment methodology. New seasonal factors for productivity data in complete returns. r = revised. Generally, this revision reflects the availability of tables 29 and 30 are usually introduced in the September issue. Seasonally later data but may also reflect other adjustments, adjusted indexes and percent changes from month to month and from n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified. quarter to quarter are published for numerous Consumer and Producer Schedule of release dates for BLS statistical series S e rie s O ctober P erio d N o vem b er P erio d D ecem ber P erio d M L R ta b le re le a s e s covered re le a s e s covered re le a s e s covered num ber Decem ber 2 Novem ber 1 -1 1 E m ploym ent situation ........................................... October 7 Septem ber Novem ber 4 October P roducer Price Index ........................................... O ctober 14 Septem ber Novem ber 10 October Decem ber 16 N ovem ber 2 3 -2 7 Consum er Price I n d e x ........................................... O ctober 25 Septem ber Novem ber 23 O ctober Decem ber 21 Novem ber 1 9 -2 2 Real e a r n in g s .............................................................. O ctober 25 Septem ber Novem ber 23 O ctober Decem ber 21 N ovem ber 1 2 -1 6 O ctober 27 3rd quarter P roductivity N onfarm business and m anufacturing. . . . 2 8-3 1 3rd q u a rte r. M ajor collective bargaining settlem ents . . . . O ctober 28 3 5 -3 6 1 st 9 months 3rd quarter U.S. Im p ort and Export Price Indexes 48 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . ... 2 8-3 1 Novem ber 9 3rd quarter 3 2 -3 4 EMPLOYMENT DATA FROM THE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY E m p l o y m e n t d a t a in this section are obtained from the Current Population Survey, a program of personal interviews conducted monthly by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The sample consists of about 60,000 households selected to represent the U.S population 16 years of age and older. House holds are interviewed on a rotating basis, so that three-fourths of the sample is the same for any 2 consecutive months. rate for all civilian workers represents the number unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force. The labor force consists of all employed or unemployed civilians plus members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. Persons not in the labor force are those not classified as employed or unemployed; this group includes persons who are retired, those engaged in their own housework, those not working while attending school, those unable to work because of long-term illness, those discouraged from seeking work because of personal or job market factors, and those who are voluntarily idle. The noninstitutional population comprises all persons 16 years of age and older who are not inmates of penal or mental institutions, sani tariums, or homes for the aged, infirm, or needy, and members o f the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. The labor force participation rate is the proportion of the noninstitutional population that is in the labor force. The employment-population ratio is total employment (including the resident Armed Forces) as a percent of the noninstitutional population. Definitions Employed persons include (1) all civilians who worked for pay any time during the week which includes the 12th day of the month or who worked unpaid for 15 hours or more in a family-operated enterprise and (2) those who were temporarily absent from their regular jobs because of illness, vacation, industrial dispute, or similar reasons. Members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States are also included in the em ployed total. A person working at more than one job is counted only in the job at which he or she worked the greatest number of hours. Notes on the data From time to time, and especially after a decennial census, adjustments are made in the Current Population Survey figures to correct for estimating errors during the preceding years. These adjustments affect the compara bility of historical data presented in table 1. A description o f these ad justments and their effect on the various data series appear in the Explanatory Notes of E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a rn in g s . Data in tables 2 - 8 are seasonally adjusted, based on the seasonal ex perience through December 1982. Unemployed persons are those who did not work during the survey week, but were available for work except for temporary illness and had looked for jobs within the preceding 4 weeks. Persons who did not look for work because they were on layoff or waiting to start new jobs within the next 30 days are also counted among the unemployed. The overall unemployment rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the labor force, including the resident Armed Forces. The unemployment 1. Employment status of the noninstitutional population, 16 years and over, selected years, 1950-82 [N u m b e rs in th o u s a n d s ] L ab o r force Em plo yed U n e m p lo y e d N o n in s ti Year tu tio n a l p o p u la tio n Num ber pop u latio n Not in C iv ilia n P ercen t of Total P ercen t ot pop u latio n R esid en t P erc e n t ot N o n a g ri- A rm ed Forces To tal A g ric u ltu re Num ber cu ltu ral la b o r force la b o r force in d u stries 1950 1955 1960 .................. .................. .................. 106,164 111,747 119,106 63,377 67,0 87 71,489 59.7 60.0 60.0 60,087 64,234 67,639 56.6 57.5 56.8 1,169 2,064 1,861 58,918 62,170 65,778 7,160 6,450 5,458 5 1,758 55,722 6 0,318 3 ,288 2 ,852 3 ,852 5 .2 4 .3 5.4 4 2,787 4 4,660 4 6,617 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. 128,459 130,180 132,092 134,281 136,573 76,401 77,892 79,565 80,990 82,9 72 59.5 59.8 60.2 60.3 60.8 73,034 75,017 7 6,590 7 8,173 8 0,140 56.9 57.6 58.0 58.2 58.7 1,946 2,122 2,218 2,253 2,238 71,088 72,895 74,372 75,920 77,902 4,361 3,979 3,844 3,817 3 ,606 6 6,726 6 8,915 7 0,527 7 2,103 7 4,296 3 ,366 2 ,875 2,975 2 ,817 2 ,832 4.4 3 .7 3 .7 3 .5 3.4 5 2,058 52,288 52,527 53,291 53,602 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. 139,203 142,189 145,939 148,870 151,841 84,889 86,355 88,8 47 91,2 03 93,6 70 61.0 60.7 60.9 61.3 61.7 80,796 81,340 83,966 8 6,838 8 8,515 58.0 57.2 57.5 58.3 58.3 2,118 1,973 1,813 1,774 1,721 78,678 79,3 67 82,1 53 85,064 86,794 3,463 3,394 3,484 3,470 3,515 7 5,215 7 5,972 7 8,669 8 1,594 8 3,279 4 ,093 5,016 4 ,882 4 ,355 5,156 4 .8 5 .8 5 .5 4.8 5 .5 54,3 15 55,834 57,091 57,667 58,171 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. 154,831 157,818 160,689 153,541 166,460 95,453 97,8 26 100,665 103,882 106,559 61.6 62.0 62.6 63.5 64.0 87,524 9 0,420 9 3,673 9 7,679 100,421 56.5 57.3 58.3 59.7 60.3 1,678 1,668 1,656 1,631 1,597 85,845 88,752 92,0 17 96,0 48 98,8 24 3,408 3,331 3,283 3 ,387 3 ,347 8 2,438 85,421 8 8,734 92,661 9 5,477 7,929 7,406 6,991 6,202 6,137 8.3 7 .6 6.9 6 .0 5 .8 59,377 59,991 60,0 25 59,659 59,900 1980 1981 1982 .................. ................... .................. 169,349 171,775 173,939 108,544 110,315 111,872 64.1 65.2 64.3 100,907 102,042 101,194 59.6 59.4 58.2 1,604 1,645 1,668 99,3 03 100,397 99,5 26 3 ,364 3 ,368 3,401 9 5,938 9 7,030 9 6,125 7,637 8,2 7 3 10,578 7 .0 7 .5 9 .5 60,806 61,460 62,0 67 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 49 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data 2. Employment status of the population, including Armed Forces in the United States, by sex, seasonally adjusted [N u m b e rs in th o u s a n d s ] 1982 Annu al ave ra g e 1983 1981 1982 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A pr. M ay 171,775 110,315 64.2 102,042 59.4 1,645 100,397 3,368 9 7,030 8,273 7.5 61,460 173,939 111,872 64.3 101,194 58.2 1,668 99,5 26 3,401 96,1 25 10,678 9 .5 62,0 67 174,200 112,303 64.5 101,372 58.2 1,689 99,683 3,429 96,254 10,931 9 .7 61,897 174,360 112,528 64.5 101,213 58.0 1,670 99.543 3,363 96,180 11,315 10.1 61,832 174,549 112,420 64.4 100,844 57.8 1,668 99,1 76 3,4 1 3 95,7 63 11,576 10.3 62,129 174,718 112,702 64.5 100,796 57.7 1,660 9 9,136 3 ,466 9 5,670 11,906 10.6 62,016 174,864 112,794 64.5 100,758 57.6 1,665 9 9,093 3,411 95,682 12,036 10.7 6 2,070 175,021 112,215 64.1 100,770 57.6 1,667 9 9,103 3 ,412 95,691 11,446 10.2 6 2,806 175,169 112,217 64.1 100,727 57.5 1,664 99,0 63 3,3 9 3 95,6 70 11,490 10.2 6 2,952 175,320 112,148 6 4 .0 100,767 57.5 1,664 9 9,1 03 3 ,3 7 5 9 5,7 29 11,381 10.1 63,1 72 1 75,465 112,457 64.1 101,129 57.6 1,671 9 9,4 58 3,371 96,0 88 1 1,328 10.1 6 3,0 08 175,622 112,418 64.0 1 01,226 5 7.6 1,669 9 9,5 57 3,3 6 7 9 6,1 90 11,192 10.0 63,2 04 175,793 113,600 64.6 102,454 58.3 1,668 100,786 3 ,522 9 7,264 11,146 9.8 6 2,193 175,970 113,539 6 4.5 102,949 58.5 1,664 101,285 3 ,527 9 7,7 58 10,590 9.3 62,431 176,122 113,943 64.7 103,245 58.6 1,682 101,563 3 ,489 9 8,074 10,699 9 .4 62,1 79 8 2,023 63,486 77.4 5 8,909 71.8 1,512 5 7,397 4,577 7.2 83,0 52 63,9 79 77.0 57,8 00 69.6 1,527 56,271 6,179 9 .7 83,1 73 64,055 77.0 57,710 69.4 1,551 56,1 59 6,345 9 .9 83,231 64,301 77.3 57,598 69.2 1,526 56,072 6 ,703 10.4 83,323 64,300 77.2 57,456 69.0 1,524 55,932 6,844 10.6 83,402 64,414 77.2 57,408 58.8 1,516 55,892 7,006 10.9 83,581 6 4,384 77.0 57,338 68.6 1,529 5 5,809 7,046 10.9 83,652 6 3,9 16 76.4 57,283 68.5 1,531 55,7 52 6,6 3 3 10.4 8 3,720 6 3,996 76.4 5 7,234 68.4 1,528 5 5,706 6 ,762 10.6 83,7 89 63,9 57 76.3 57,3 00 68.4 1,528 55,7 72 6,6 5 7 10.4 8 3,856 6 4,207 76.6 5 7,476 68.5 1,530 5 5,946 6,731 10.5 83,931 64,2 76 7 6.6 57,6 56 6 8.7 1,528 56,1 28 6,6 2 0 10.3 84,014 6 4,8 16 77.1 58,464 69.6 1,525 5 6,939 6,351 9.8 8 4,099 6 4,864 77.1 5 8,625 69.7 1,521 5 7,104 6 ,238 9.6 84,173 64,814 77.0 58,5 70 6 9.6 1,538 57,0 32 6,2 4 4 9 .6 89,751 4 6,829 52.2 4 3,133 48.1 133 4 3,000 3 ,696 7 .9 90,8 87 47,8 94 52.7 43,3 95 47.7 139 43,2 56 4,499 9 .4 91,0 27 48,2 48 4 3.0 43,6 62 48.0 138 43,5 24 4,5 8 6 9 .5 9 1,129 4 8,227 52.9 4 3,615 47.9 144 43,471 4,612 9.6 9 1,226 4 8,120 52.7 4 3,388 47.6 144 43,244 4 ,732 9 .8 9 1,316 48,288 42.9 4 3,388 47.5 144 43,244 4 ,900 10.1 91,283 48,4 10 43.0 43,420 47.6 136 4 3,284 4,990 10.3 91,3 69 48,2 99 52.9 43,4 86 4 7.6 136 43,3 50 4,8 1 3 10.0 9 1,449 4 8,220 52.7 4 3,493 47.6 136 4 3,357 4,727 9.8 91,5 32 48,191 52.6 3,4 6 7 47.5 136 43,331 4,724 9 .8 9 1,609 48,251 52.7 4 3,653 47.7 141 4 3,512 4 ,597 9 .5 91,691 48,1 42 52.5 43,5 69 4 7.5 141 43,4 28 4,5 7 2 9 .5 9 1,779 4 8,784 53.2 4 3,990 47.9 143 4 3,847 4 ,995 9 .8 91,871 4 8,6 75 53.0 4 4,3 24 48.2 143 44,181 4,351 8.9 91,9 49 49,1 30 53.4 44,6 75 4 8.6 144 44,531 4,4 5 5 9.1 June July Aug. TO TAL N oninstitu tion al pop ulatio n 1 -2 ............................. Labor fo rc e 2 .......................................................... P articipation rate3 ................................. Total e m ployed2 E m p loym en t-p op ulatio n 4 .................. Resident Arm ed Forces1 ......................... Civilian e m p lo y e d ........................................ A gricultu re ............................................... N o nagricultural in d u s t r ie s .................. U n e m p lo y e d ...................................................... Unem ploym ent rate5 ............................. Not In labor force ............................................... M e n , 1 6 y e a rs and over N o ninstitu tion al p o p ulatio n 1’ 2 ............................. Labor fo rc e 2 .......................................................... P articipation rate3 ................................. Total e m ployed2 ............................................... E m ploym ent-population rate4 . . . . Resident Arm ed Forces1 .......................... Civilian e m p lo y e d ........................................ U n e m p lo y e d ....................................................... Unem ploym ent rate5 ............................. W o m e n , 1 6 y e a rs and over N o ninstitu tion al p o p u la tio n 1’ 2 ............................. Labor fo rc e 2 .......................................................... P articipation rate3 ................................. Total e m ployed2 ................................................ E m ploym ent-population rate4 . . . . Resident A rm ed Forces1 ......................... Civilian e m p lo y e d ........................................ U n e m p lo y e d ....................................................... Unem ploym ent rate5 ............................. 1The population and A rm ed Forces figures are not adjusted fo r seasonal variation. in c lu d e s mem bers o f the A rm ed Forces stationed in the United States. 3 Labor force as a percent of the n oninstitutional population. 50 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4 Total em ployed as a percent of the nonin stitu tio na l p opulation. 5 U nem ploym ent as a percent o f the labor force (inclu d ing the resident A rm ed Forces). 3. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted [N u m b e rs in th o u s a n d s ] 1982 Annu al av e ra g e 1983 1981 198 2 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan . Feb. M a r. Apr. M ay June July A ug. 170,130 108,670 63.9 100,397 59.0 33,68 9 7,030 8,273 7.6 6 1,460 172,271 110,204 64.0 99,526 57.8 3,401 9 6,125 10,678 9.7 62,067 172,511 110,614 64.1 9 9,683 57.8 3,429 9 6,254 10,931 9 .9 61,897 172,690 110,858 64.2 99,543 57.6 3,363 9 6,180 11,315 10.2 61,832 172,881 110,752 64.1 99,176 57.4 3,413 95,763 11,576 10.5 62,129 173,058 111,042 64.2 99,136 57.3 3,466 95,670 11,906 10.7 6 2,016 173,199 111,129 64.2 99,093 57.2 3,411 9 5,682 12,036 10.8 62,070 173,354 110,548 63.8 9 9,103 57.2 3 ,412 95,691 11,446 10.4 62,806 173,305 110,553 63.7 99,0 63 57.1 3,3 9 3 95,6 70 11,490 10.4 62,952 173,656 110,484 63.6 9 9,103 57.1 3 ,375 9 5,729 11,381 10.3 6 3,1 72 173,794 1 10,786 6 3.7 99,4 58 5 7.2 3,371 96,0 88 11,328 10.2 63,0 08 173,953 110,749 63.7 9 9,557 57.2 3 ,367 9 6,190 11,192 10.1 6 3,204 174,125 111,932 64.3 100,786 57.9 3 ,522 9 7,2 64 11,146 10.0 6 2,193 174,306 111,875 6 4.2 101,285 58.1 3,5 2 7 97,7 58 10,590 9 .5 62,431 174,440 112,261 64.4 101,563 58.2 3,489 98,0 74 10,699 9 .5 62,179 72,419 -57,197 79,0 53,582 74.0 2,384 51,199 3,6 1 5 6 .3 73,644 5 7,980 78.7 52,891 71.8 2,422 50,469 5,089 8 .8 73,774 58,064 78.7 52,8 32 71.6 2,433 50,399 5,232 9 .0 73,867 58,354 79.0 52,776 71.4 2,436 50,340 5,578 9 .6 73,984 58,363 78.9 52,649 71.2 2,444 50,205 5,714 9 .8 74,094 58,454 78.9 52,589 71.0 2,434 50,155 5,865 10.0 74,236 58,443 78.7 52,534 70.8 2,389 50,145 5,909 10.1 74,339 58,048 78.1 52,452 70.6 2,4 2 6 50,0 25 5,597 9 .6 74,434 5 8,177 78.2 5 2,428 70.4 2 ,374 5 0,054 5 ,749 9.9 74,5 28 58,1 70 78.1 52,5 89 70.6 2,4 2 0 50,1 69 5,581 9 .6 74,611 5 8,454 78.3 5 2,752 70.7 2,404 5 0,348 5 ,702 9 .8 74,712 58,5 06 7 8.3 52,901 7 0.8 2,4 4 3 50,4 58 5,6 0 5 9 .6 7 4,814 5 8,804 78.6 5 3,516 71.5 2,529 5 0.987 5 ,288 9.0 74,927 59,0 16 78.8 53,808 71.8 2,544 51,264 5,208 8 .8 7 5,012 5 8,945 78.6 53,771 71.7 2,496 51,275 5,174 8.8 81,4 97 42,4 85 52.1 39,5 90 48.6 604 38,9 86 2,895 6 .8 82,864 43,6 99 5 2.7 40,0 86 4 8.4 601 39,4 85 3,613 8.3 83,035 44,039 53.0 40,368 48.6 590 3 9,778 3,671 8.3 83,152 43,9 96 52.9 40,286 48.4 588 39,698 3,710 8.4 83,271 43,9 36 52.8 40,112 48.2 578 39,534 3,824 8.7 83,385 44,1 12 52.9 40,1 23 48.1 590 39,533 3,989 9 .0 83,383 44,2 86 53.1 40,215 48.2 628 39,587 4,071 9 .2 83,4 90 44,201 52.9 40,238 48.2 625 3 9,613 3 ,963 9 .0 83,593 4 4,216 52.9 40,291 48.2 c657 3 9,634 3 ,925 8 .9 8 3,699 4 4,166 52.8 4 0,277 48.1 647 3 9,630 3 ,889 8.8 8 3,794 4 4,238 5 2.8 40,5 09 4 8.3 622 39,8 86 3,7 2 9 8.4 83,8 99 44,228 52.7 4 0,484 48.3 597 3 9,887 3 ,744 8 .5 8 4,008 4 4,648 53.1 4 0,789 48.6 636 4 0,1 53 3,8 5 9 8.6 8 4,122 4 4,685 53.1 4 1,164 48.9 607 4 0,557 3,521 7 .9 84,224 45,003 5 3.4 41,394 49.1 630 40,7 64 3,6 0 9 8 .0 16,214 8,988 55.4 7,225 44.6 380 6,845 1,763 19.6 15,763 8 ,526 54.1 6 ,549 41.5 378 6,171 1,977 23.2 15,702 8,511 54.2 6,483 41.3 406 6,077 2,028 23.8 15,671 8,508 54.3 6,481 41.4 339 6,142 2,027 23.8 15,625 8,453 54,1 6,415 41.1 391 6,024 2,038 24.1 15,579 8,476 54.4 6,424 41.2 442 5,982 2,052 24.2 15,580 8,400 53.9 6,344 40.7 394 5,950 2,056 24.5 15,525 8,299 53.5 6,4 1 3 4 1.3 361 6,0 5 2 1,886 22.7 15,478 8,1 6 0 52.7 6,3 4 5 4 1.0 362 5,983 1,815 22.2 15,429 8 ,148 52.8 6 ,237 40.4 308 5,929 1,911 2 3.5 15,389 8,094 52.6 6 ,197 40.3 344 5 ,853 1,897 23.4 15,342 8,0 1 5 5 2.2 6,1 7 2 4 0.2 327 5,845 1,843 23.0 15,303 8 ,480 55.4 6,481 42.4 357 6 ,124 1,999 2 3.6 15,257 8,1 7 3 53.6 6,3 1 3 4 1.4 376 5,937 1 ,860 22.8 15,204 8,313 54.7 6,397 42.1 362 6,035 1,916 23.0 147,908 95,052 64.3 88,709 60.0 6,343 6.7 149,441 96,143 64.3 87,903 58.8 8,241 8.6 149,536 9 6,375 64.4 87,979 58.8 8,396 8 .7 149,652 96,6 40 64.6 87,872 58.7 8,768 9.1 149,838 9 6,453 64.4 9 8,477 58.4 8,976 9 .3 149,887 96,7 19 64.5 87,435 58.3 9,2 8 4 9 6 150,056 9 6,864 64.6 87,443 58.3 9,421 9 .7 150,129 9 6,176 64.1 8 7,466 58.3 8,711 9.1 150,187 9 5,987 63.9 8 7,194 58.1 8,793 9 .2 150,382 95,9 96 63.8 87,3 24 58.1 8,672 9 .0 150,518 9 6,287 64.0 8 7,7 09 58.3 8 ,577 8 .9 150,671 9 6,362 64.0 8 7,777 58.3 8,585 8.9 150,810 97,2 50 64.5 88,8 80 58.9 c8 ,370 8 .6 150,959 97,341 64.5 89,382 59.2 7,9 5 9 8.2 151,003 97,602 64.6 89,573 59.3 8,0 2 9 8.2 18,219 11,086 6 0.8 9 ,355 51.3 1,731 15.6 18,584 11,331 61.0 9,189 49.4 2,142 18.9 18,626 11,400 6 1.2 9,2 2 0 4 9.5 2,180 19.1 18,659 11,443 61.3 9,172 49.2 2,271 19.8 18,692 11,398 6 1.0 9,102 48.7 2,296 20.1 18,723 11,475 61.3 9 ,159 48.9 2,316 202 18,740 11,522 61.5 9,127 48.7 2,395 20.8 18,768 11,542 61.5 9,142 48.7 2 ,400 20.8 18,796 11,548 61.4 9,2 7 6 4 9.4 2,271 19.7 18,823 11,554 61.4 9 ,253 49.2 2,302 19.9 18,851 11,631 6 1.7 9,2 0 9 4 8.8 2,4 2 3 20.8 1 8,880 11,672 61.8 9 ,270 49.1 2 ,402 20.6 18,911 11,783 62.3 9 ,352 49.5 2 ,432 20.6 18,942 11,764 62.1 9,4 6 9 50.0 2,2 9 5 19.5 18,966 11,745 61.9 9,3 9 8 4 9.6 2,347 20.0 9,3 1 0 5,972 64.1 5,348 57.4 624 10.4 9 ,400 5,983 63.6 5,158 54.9 825 13.8 9,689 6,045 62.4 5,162 53.3 883 14.6 9,464 5,961 63.0 5,097 53.9 864 14.5 9,474 5,973 63.0 5,075 53.6 898 15.0 9,355 5,923 63.3 5,012 53.6 911 15.4 9,301 5,898 63.4 4,998 53.7 900 15.3 9 ,328 5,981 64.1 5,053 54.2 929 15.5 9 ,368 5 ,992 64.0 5 ,042 53.8 950 15.8 9,551 6,074 6 3.6 5,0 8 8 53.3 986 16.2 9,6 6 5 6 ,206 64.2 5 ,304 54.9 902 14.5 9,7 4 7 6,1 6 7 6 3.3 5,3 1 8 54.6 849 13.8 9 ,738 6 ,253 64.2 5 ,379 55.2 874 14.0 9 ,640 6 ,079 63.1 5,331 55.3 748 12.3 9,690 6,124 6 3.2 5,3 3 3 55.0 790 12.9 TO TAL Civilian nonin stitu tio na l p o p ulatio n 1 .................. Civilian labor f o r c e ............................................... P articipation r a t e .................................... Employed .......................................................... Em ploym ent-population ra tio 2 . . . . A g r ic u ltu re ....................................................... N onagricultural industries ...................... U n e m p lo y e d ....................................................... Unem ploym ent rate ............................. Not in labor force ............................................... M e n , 2 0 y e a rs and over Civilian nonin stitu tio na l p o p ulatio n 1 .................. Civilian labor f o r c e ............................................... P articipation r a t e .................................... Employed ....................................................... E m ploym ent-population ra tio 2 . . . . A g r ic u ltu re ...................................................... N o nagricultural industries ...................... U n e m p lo y e d ...................................................... Unem ploym ent rate ............................. W o m e n , 2 0 y e a rs and over Civilian nonin stitu tio na l pop ulatio n 1 .................. Civilian labor f o r c e ............................................... P articipation r a t e .................................... Employed ...................................................... E m ploym ent-population ra tio 2 . . . . A g r ic u ltu re ...................................................... N o nagricultural indu strie s ...................... U n e m p lo y e d ...................................................... Unem ploym ent rate ............................. Both s e x e s , 1 6 to 1 9 yea rs Civilian nonin stitu tio na l pop ulatio n 1 .................. Civilian labor f o r c e ............................................... P articipation r a t e .................................... Employed ....................................................... E m ploym ent-population ra tio 2 .............. A g r ic u ltu re ...................................................... N o nagricultural industries ...................... U n e m p lo y e d ....................................................... Unem ploym ent rate ............................. W h ite Civilian nonin stitu tio na l pop ulatio n 1 .................. Civilian labor f o r c e ............................................... P articipation r a t e .................................... Employed .......................................................... Em ploym ent-population ra tio 2 . . . . U n e m p lo y e d ...................................................... Unem ploym ent rate ............................. Black Civilian nonin stitu tio na l p o p ulatio n 1 .................. Civilian labor f o r c e ............................................... P articipation r a t e .................................... Employed .......................................................... E m ploym ent-population ra tio 2 . . . . U n e m p lo y e d ....................................................... U nem ploym ent rate ............................. H is p a n ic o rig in Civilian nonin stitu tio na l p o p ulatio n 1 .................. Civilian labor f o r c e ............................................... P articipation r a t e .................................... Employed .......................................................... E m ploym ent-population ra tio 2 . . . . U n e m p lo y e d ...................................................... U nem ploym ent rate ............................. 1The population fig ures are not seasonally adjusted. 2 Civilian em ploym ent as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional p opulation. c = corrected. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NOTE: Detail fo r the above race and H ispanic-origin g roups w ill not sum to tota ls because data fo r the “ other races” gro up s are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the w hite and black population groups. 51 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data 4. Selected employment indicators, seasonally adjusted [N u m b e rs in th o u s a n d s ] Annu al ave ra g e 1 982 1983 S e le c te d c a te g o rie s 1981 1982 A ug. S ept. Oct. Nov. D ec. ......................... 100,397 99,5 26 99,6 83 99,543 99,176 99,136 9 9,093 M e n .................................................................................... W o m e n ............................................................................ M arried men, spouse p r e s e n t................................. M arried w om en, spouse p r e s e n t ......................... W om en who m aintain fam ilies ............................. 57,397 43,000 38,882 23,915 4,998 56,271 43,2 56 38,0 74 24,053 5,099 56,159 43,5 24 38,121 24,235 5,208 56,073 43,471 37,998 2 4,159 5 ,118 55,932 43,244 37,8 52 24,081 5,107 55,892 43,2 44 37,641 23,985 5,025 A griculture: Wage and salary w o r k e r s ........................................ Self-em ployed w orkers ........................................... Unpaid fam ily w o r k e r s ............................................... 1,464 1,638 266 1,505 1,636 261 1,548 1,620 255 1,537 1,569 254 1,576 1,621 229 N onagricultural industries: Wage and salary w orkers ........................................ G o v e rn m e n t.......................................................... Private in d u s tr ie s ............................................... Private households ................................. O ther .............................................................. S elf-em ployed w orkers ........................................... Unpaid fa m ily w o r k e r s ............................................... 89,543 C15,689 73,853 1,208 72,645 7,097 390 88,462 15,516 72,945 1,207 71,738 7,262 401 88,576 15,562 73,014 1,227 71,787 7,338 408 88,562 15,681 72,881 1,220 71,661 7,422 378 91,377 74,3 39 4,4 9 9 1,738 2,761 12,539 9 0,552 72,245 5,852 2,169 3,683 12,455 90,486 72,045 5,8 2 0 2,100 3,7 2 0 12,621 9 0,884 71,723 6 ,495 2,519 3 ,976 12,666 Jan . Feb. M a r. 99,1 03 99,0 63 9 9,103 55,809 4 3,284 3 7,5 07 24,1 55 4,9 8 5 55,752 43,3 50 37,4 50 24,205 5,038 5 5,706 4 3,3 57 3 7,4 28 2 4,070 5 ,050 1,584 1,628 241 1,547 1,627 224 1,637 1,587 231 88,064 15,436 7 2,628 1,216 71,412 7,332 403 8 7,936 15,514 72,422 1,221 71,201 7,349 382 87,976 15,477 7 2,499 1,163 7 1,336 7,335 383 90,232 71,394 6,903 2,381 4,022 12,435 90,238 71,442 6,411 2,228 4,183 12,385 9 0,219 71,499 6,425 2,153 4 ,272 12,295 A pr. May June July Aug. 9 9,458 9 9,557 100,786 1 01,285 101,563 5 5,772 43,331 3 4,452 24,171 5 ,097 55,9 46 43,5 12 37,5 23 24,371 4 ,944 5 6,128 4 3,4 28 3 7,560 2 4,229 4 ,942 5 6,939 4 3,847 3 7,9 25 24,3 35 5,0 1 6 57,1 04 44,181 3 8,293 2 4,640 5,088 57,032 44,531 3 8,308 24,972 5,104 1,624 1,541 223 1,515 1,585 260 1,560 1,607 c208 1,595 1,558 229 1,636 1,608 263 1,663 1,583 259 1,664 1,566 245 87,813 15,386 7 2,427 1,162 7 1,265 7 ,465 380 87,794 15,501 72,2 93 1,232 71,061 7,3 8 5 353 87,912 15,452 72,4 59 1,235 71,2 25 7,4 5 3 342 8 8,187 15,518 7 2,668 1,205 7 1,463 7,528 353 88,3 95 15,523 72,8 72 1,228 71,6 44 7,4 0 8 335 89,3 54 1 5,498 73,856 1,317 72,5 39 7 ,493 345 8 9,765 15,615 7 4,1 50 1,286 7 2,864 7 ,5 9 8 320 89,995 15,697 7 4,299 1,290 7 3,009 7 ,658 376 9 0,903 7 1,786 6 ,845 2 ,200 4 ,645 12,271 90,2 07 71,564 6,481 2,097 4,3 8 4 12,162 90,271 7 1,878 6 ,202 1,927 4 ,275 12,191 9 2,267 7 3,594 6 ,082 1,871 c4,211 12,592 90,941 7 2,9 75 5,9 2 8 1,685 4,2 4 3 12,038 9 0,539 7 2,978 5 ,729 1,702 4 ,027 11,833 9 2,2 53 74,0 04 5,636 1,809 3,8 2 6 12,614 9 1,986 7 3,495 5 ,789 1,718 4,071 12,701 C H A R A C TER ISTIC Civilian em ployed, 16 years and over M A JO R IN D U S T R Y A N D CLASS OF W O RK ER P ER SO N S AT W O R K 1 N o nagricultural in d u s tr ie s ................................................... F ull-tim e schedules ................................................... Part tim e fo r econom ic re a s o n s ............................. Usually w o rk fu ll tim e .................................... Usually w o rk part t i m e .................................... Part tim e fo r noneconom ic re a s o n s ...................... 1 Excludes persons “ w ith a jo b but not at w o rk ” during the survey period fo r such reasons as vacation, illness, o r industrial disputes. 52 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis c = corrected, 5. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted [U n e m p lo y m e n t ra tes] A nnu al a verag e 1 982 1983 S e le c te d c a te g o rie s 1981 1982 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan . Feb. M a r. Apr. M ay June July A ug. 7 .6 9.7 9 .9 10.2 10.4 10.7 10.8 10.4 10.4 10.3 10.2 10.1 10.0 9.5 9 .5 Both sexes, 16 to 19 y e a r s .................................... Men, 20 years and o v e r ........................................... W om en, 20 years and o v e r .................................... • 19.6 6.3 6.8 23.2 8.8 8.3 23.8 9 .0 8.3 23.8 9.6 8.4 24.1 9 .8 8 .7 24.2 10.0 9 .0 24.5 10.1 9 .2 22.7 9 .6 9 .0 22.2 9 .9 8 .9 23.5 9 .6 8 .8 23.4 9.8 8.4 2 3.0 9 .6 8.5 23.6 9 .0 8 .6 22.8 8.8 7.9 23.0 8 .8 8 .0 W hite, t o t a l ..................................................................... Both sexes, 16 to 19 years ......................... Men, 16 to 19 years ............................. W om en, 16 to 19 years ...................... Men, 20 years and o v e r ................................. W om en, 20 years and over ......................... 6 .7 17.3 17.9 16.6 5.6 5.9 8.6 20.4 21.7 19.0 7.8 7.3 8 .7 20.8 22.5 18.9 8 .0 7 .2 9.1 20.7 22.2 19.1 8.6 7.5 9 .3 21.5 23.0 19.9 8 .8 7 .6 9 .6 21.2 22.6 19.8 9.1 8 .0 9 .7 21.6 22.8 20.4 9.2 8.1 9.1 20.0 21.2 18.7 8.4 7.8 9 .2 19.7 21.1 18.2 8.7 7.7 9 .0 21.4 22.9 19.7 8.5 7.4 8.9 20.4 21.7 19.0 8.6 7.2 8 .9 19.8 2 0.2 19.4 8.6 7 .3 8.6 20.0 19.8 20.2 7.8 7.4 8.2 19.5 20.4 18.5 7.7 6.7 8.2 19.8 21.1 18.4 7 .7 . 6 .7 Black, t o t a l ................................................................. Both sexes, 16 to 19 years .......................... Men, 16 to 19 years ............................. W om en, 16 to 19 years ...................... Men, 20 years and o v e r ................................ W om en, 20 years and over ......................... 15.6 41.4 40.7 42.2 13.5 13.4 18.9 48.0 48.9 47.1 17.8 15.4 19.1 51.2 50.5 52.1 76.1 15.4 19.8 48.6 51.0 45.9 9 .2 15.7 2.1 47.7 49.2 45.9 19.6 16.2 20.2 49.8 53.0 46.2 19.2 16.5 20.8 49.5 52.5 46.2 20.5 16.5 20.8 4 5.7 45.9 45.5 19.7 18.2 19.7 45.4 45.3 45.4 18.7 17.0 19.9 43.5 44.5 42.3 18.8 17.7 20.8 49.0 48.0 50.0 20.3 17.0 20.6 4 8.2 53.1 4 2.3 19.8 17.1 20.6 50.6 51.1 50.0 19.2 17.0 19.5 48.1 47.6 48.8 18.7 16.0 20.0 53.0 56.8 48.9 18.4 16.4 Hispanic o rig in , t o t a l ......................... ......................... 10.4 13.8 14.6 14.5 15.0 15.4 15.3 15.5 15.8 16.2 14.5 13.8 14.0 12.3 12.9 Married men, spouse p r e s e n t................................. Married w om en, spouse p r e s e n t ......................... W om en w ho m aintain fam ilies ............................. 4.3 6 .0 10.4 6.5 7.4 11.7 6.8 7.3 11.7 7.2 7.6 12.4 7.5 7.9 11.3 7.6 8.2 12.5 7.8 8.2 13.2 7.1 7.8 13.2 7.2 7.6 13.0 7.1 7.5 13.5 7.1 7 .3 13.2 7.0 7.5 12.9 6.6 7.8 12.8 6.1 7.0 11.6 6.3 6.9 11.6 Full-tim e w o rk e rs .......................................................... P art-tim e w orkers ...................................................... Unem ployed 15 weeks and over ......................... Labor force tim e lo s t1 ............................................... 7 .3 9.4 2.1 8 .5 9.6 10.5 3.2 11.0 9.7 10.4 3.3 10.9 10.2 10.6 3 .5 11.7 10.5 10.3 3.8 12.0 10.6 11.3 4.1 12.4 10.8 11.1 4.3 12.7 10.3 10.6 4.2 11.7 10.4 10.1 4.2 12.0 10.3 10.5 4.2 11.8 10.2 10.6 3.9 11.4 9 .9 11.0 4.1 11.5 9 .7 12.1 4.1 10.8 9 .4 10.2 3 .9 10.4 9 .4 10.1 3 .6 10.6 7 .7 6 .0 15.6 8.3 8.2 8.4 5.2 8.1 5 .9 4 .7 12.1 10.1 13.4 20.0 12.3 13.3 10.8 6.8 10.0 6.9 4.9 14.7 10.2 16.0 20.4 12.4 13.3 11.0 7.1 10.0 7.0' 4.7 14.2 11.0 18.5 22.3 14.1 16.0 11.2 7.9 10.4 7.1 4 .9 13.3 11.0 17.9 22.3 14.1 16.0 11.2 7 .9 10.4 7.1 4.9 13.3 11.4 18.1 21.8 14.8 17.0 11.4 8.3 10.6 7.7 5.1 15.6 11.6 18.1 22.0 14.8 17.1 11.4 8.0 11.0 7.9 5.1 16.5 10.8 17.1 20.0 13.0 14.7 10.5 7.8 10.8 7 .6 5 .7 16.0 10.8 18.4 19.7 13.3 14.7 11.4 8.0 10.9 7.3 6 .0 16.4 10.8 18.6 20.3 12.8 14.1 11.1 7.8 11.2 7.2 5.9 16.3 10.5 20.3 20.3 12.4 13.5 10.8 7.7 10.4 7.3 6.1 17.2 10.5 2 2.7 20.4 12.3 13.5 10.5 7 .0 10.1 7.5 5.8 17.0 10.0 18.2 18.1 11.5 12.2 10.4 7 .8 10.2 7.2 5.1 17.0 9.6 16.6 18.0 10.5 11.2 9.6 7.0 9.7 7.3 5.5 14.2 9 .8 14.8 18.1 11.2 11.6 10.6 8 .0 9 .8 7.2 5 .0 14.6 C H A R A C TER ISTIC Total, all civilian w o r k e r s .................................................. IN D U S T R Y N o nagricultural private wage and salary w orkers . . M ining ............................................................................ C onstruction ................................................................. M anufacturing .............................................................. Durable goods .................................................. Nondurable goods ........................................... Transportation and public u tilit ie s ......................... W holesale and retail t r a d e ........................................ Finance and service industries ..................... G overnm ent w orkers .......................................................... A gricultural wage and salary w orkers ......................... 1 Aggregate hours lo st by the unemployed and persons on part tim e fo r econom ic reasons as a percent of potentially available labor force hours. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 53 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data 6. Unemployment rates by sex and age, seasonally adjusted [C iv ilia n w o rk e rs ] A nnu al av e ra g e 1 982 1983 S ex and age 1981 1982 Aug. S ept. Oct. Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. Apr. M ay June July A ug. Total, 16 years and over .................................................. 16 to 24 years ................................................................. 16 to 19 y e a r s ............................................................. 16 to 17 y e a r s .......................................................... 18 to 19 y e a r s .......................................................... 20 to 24 y e a r s ............................................................. 25 years and over .......................................................... 25 to 54 y e a r s .......................................................... 55 years and over .................................................. 7.6 14.9 19.6 21.4 18.4 12.3 5.4 5 .8 3 .6 9 .7 17.8 23.2 24.9 22.1 14.9 7.4 7 .9 5 .0 9 .9 18.2 23.8 25.8 22.5 15.3 7.5 8 .0 5.2 10.2 18.3 23.8 26.5 22.0 15.3 7.9 8.6 5.2 10.5 18.7 24.1 26.1 22.9 15.8 8.1 8.7 5.5 10.7 19.0 24.2 26.3 22.8 16.3 8.3 8.9 5.7 10.8 18.9 24.5 27.4 22.7 16.0 8.6 9.1 5.8 10.4 18.3 22.7 24.1 21.7 16.1 8.1 8 .7 5 .4 10.4 18.3 22.2 23.4 21.5 16.3 8.2 8 .7 5.4 10.3 18.1 23.5 25.1 22.7 15.4 8.1 8.7 5.4 10.2 18.1 23.4 26.3 21.8 15.4 8 .0 8 .5 5 .6 10.1 18.1 23.0 26.2 21.1 15.6 7 .9 8 .5 5 .3 10.0 17.6 23.6 25.8 2 2.4 14.4 7 .9 8.3 5 .6 9.5 16.8 22.8 25.3 21.1 13.8 7.4 7.8 5.3 9 .5 17.4 23.0 24.7 2 2.0 14.5 7.3 7.8 5.1 Men, 16 years and o v e r ........................................... 16 to 24 years .......................................................... 16 to 19 years ................................................... 16 to 17 y e a r s ............................................... 18 to 19 y e a r s ............................................... 20 to 24 years .................................................. 25 years and over ................................................... 25 to 54 y e a r s ............................................... 55 years and over ........................................ 7 .4 15.7 20.1 22.0 18.8 13.2 5.1 5.5 3.5 9 .9 19.1 24.4 26.4 23.1 16.4 7.5 8.0 5.1 10.2 19.5 25.1 27.4 23.4 16.6 7.7 8.2 5.5 10.7 20.0 25.4 29.0 23.0 17.3 8.2 9.0 5.5 10.9 20.2 25.6 28.8 23.4 17.4 8.5 9.1 6.0 11.1 20.6 25.7 28.2 24.1 18.0 8.6 9 .2 6 .2 11.2 20.5 25.8 29.0 24.0 17.8 8.8 9 .4 6 .3 10.6 19.7 23.9 24.4 23.5 17.6 8.2 8.7 5.8 10.8 19.8 23.6 23.6 23.4 17.8 8.5 9.1 5.7 10.7 19.5 25.3 26.0 24.8 16.6 8.4 9 .0 5.8 10.7 19.4 24.4 27.0 22.8 17.0 8.5 8.9 6.3 10.6 19.7 23.9 27.4 22.0 17.6 8.2 8.8 5.8 10.0 18.4 23.7 25.4 22.9 15.7 7 .8 8.4 5.4 9 .8 18.4 23.8 27.9 21.2 15.7 7 .6 8.1 5 .4 9.9 18.8 24.7 26.2 23.7 15.9 7.5 8.0 5.3 W om en, 16 years and o v e r .................................... 16 to 24 y e a r s .......................................................... 16 to 19 years ................................................... 16 to 17 y e a r s ............................................... 18 to 19 y e a r s ............................................... 20 to 24 years ................................................... 25 years and over ................................................... 25 to 54 y e a r s ............................................... 55 years and over ........................................ 7.9 14.0 19.0 20.7 17.9 11.2 5 .9 6.3 3.8 9.4 16.2 21.9 23.2 21.0 13.2 7.3 7.7 4.8 9 .5 16.8 22.5 23.9 21.5 13.7 7.1 7.7 4.8 9.6 16.3 22.1 23.8 20.9 13.1 7.5 8.0 4 .8 9 .9 17.0 22.5 22.9 22.3 14.0 7.6 8.2 4.8 10.2 17.2 22.6 24.2 21.4 14.4 7.9 8.5 4 .9 10.3 17.1 23.0 25.6 21.3 14.0 8.2 8.8 5.1 10.0 16.7 21.5 23.7 19.8 14.2 7.9 8 .7 4.8 9 .8 16.6 20.7 23.2 19.3 14.5 7 .7 8.2 4 .9 9 .8 16.6 21.5 24.2 20.5 14.1 7 .7 8.3 4.7 9 .6 16.5 22.4 25.5 20.7 13.5 7.4 7.9 4.5 9.5 16.2 21.9 24.7 20.2 13.3 7.6 8.2 4.6 9 .9 16.6 23.4 26.2 2 1.9 12.9 7 .9 8.2 5 .8 9 .0 14.9 2 1.6 2 2.3 2 1.0 11.5 7 .2 7 .6 5 .3 9.1 15.9 21.2 23.1 20.3 13.0 7 .0 7 .5 4 .7 7. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted [N u m b e rs in th o u s a n d s ] Annu al a verag e 1982 1983 R e a s o n for u n e m p lo y m e n t Job lo sers ................................................................................ On layoff ........................................................................ Other job lo sers .......................................................... Job le a v e rs ................................................................................ R e e n tra n ts ................................................................................ New e n tra n ts ............................................................................ 1981 1982 Aug. S ep t. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. M a r. Apr. M ay June July A ug. 4,257 1,430 2,837 923 2,102 981 6,258 2,127 4,141 840 2,384 1,185 6,446 2,218 4,2 2 8 814 2,440 1,304 6,979 2,625 4,354 786 2,437 1,303 7,325 2,519 4 ,806 803 2,322 1,296 7,369 2,531 4 ,838 794 2 ,546 1,244 7,295 2,468 4 ,827 826 2,529 1,288 6,704 2,131 4,573 839 2,623 1,174 6,809 2,024 4 ,784 848 2,491 1,161 6,823 1,945 4 ,878 901 2,426 1,155 6,750 1,948 4 ,803 815 2 ,488 1,245 6,766 1,943 4,8 2 3 801 2,365 1,251 6,513 1,822 4,691 782 2,425 1,440 6 ,193 1,719 4,474 738 2 ,429 1,225 6,2 0 2 1,658 4,545 767 2,524 1,214 100.0 51.6 17.3 34.3 11.2 25.4 11.9 100.0 58.7 19.9 38.8 7.9 22.3 11.1 100.0 58.6 20.2 38.4 7.4 22.2 11.9 100.0 60.7 22.8 37.8 6 .8 21.2 11.3 100.0 62.4 21.4 40.9 6.8 19.8 11.0 100.0 61.5 21.2 40.5 6 .6 21.3 10.4 100.0 60.6 20.5 40.1 6 .9 21.8 10.7 100.0 59.1 18.8 4 0.3 7.4 23.1 10.4 100.0 60.2 17.9 42.3 7.5 22.0 10.3 100.0 60.4 17.2 43.1 8.0 21.5 10.2 100.0 59.7 17.2 42.5 7.2 22.0 11.0 100.0 6 0.5 17.4 43.1 7.2 21.1 11.2 100.0 58.4 16.3 4 2.0 7.0 2 1.7 12.9 100.0 58.5 16.2 42.3 7.0 22.9 11.6 100.0 57.9 15.5 42.4 7 .2 23.6 11.3 3.9 .8 1.9 .9 5.7 .8 2.2 1.1 5.8 .7 2.2 1.2 6.3 .7 2.2 1.2 6.6 .7 2.1 1.2 6.6 .7 2.3 1.1 6.6 .7 2.4 1.2 6.1 .8 2 .4 1.1 6.2 .8 2 .3 1.1 6.2 .8 2.2 1.0 6.1 .7 2.2 1.1 6.1 .7 2.1 1.1 5 .8 .7 2 .2 1.3 5.5 .7 2 .2 1.1 5.5 .7 2.2 1.1 M a r. Apr. M ay June July Aug. 3 ,547 3 ,154 4 ,356 1,682 2,694 19.0 11.3 3 ,519 2,979 4,517 1,731 2,786 20.4 12.3 3 ,655 2,915 4,5 8 9 1,638 2,951 2 2.0 11.8 3 ,498 2 ,794 4 ,417 1,830 2 ,587 21.7 9 .9 3 ,660 3,026 4 ,020 1,573 2 ,447 19.9 8 .9 PER CENT D IS T R IB U T IO N Total unem ployed ................................................................. Job lo sers ................................................................................ On layoff ........................................................................ Other jo b lo sers .......................................................... Job le a v e rs ............................................................................... R e e n tra n ts ............................................................................... New e n tra n ts ............................................................................ PER CENT OF C IV IL IA N LABOR FORCE Job lo sers ................................................................................ Job le a v e rs ................................................................................ R e e n tra n ts ................................................................................ New e n tra n ts ............................................................................ 8. Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted [N u m b e rs in th o u s a n d s ] A nnu al a verag e 1982 1983 W e e k s of u n e m p lo y m e n t Less than 5 weeks ................................................................. 5 to 14 w e e k s ........................................................................ 15 weeks and over ............................................................. 15 to 26 w e e k s ............................................................. 27 weeks and over ...................................................... Mean duration in w e e k s ...................................................... Median d uration in w e e k s ................................................... 1981 1982 Aug. S ept. Oct. Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. 3 ,449 2 ,539 2 ,285 1,122 1,162 13.7 6 .9 3,883 3,311 3,485 1,708 1,776 15.6 8 .7 3,933 3,346 3 ,637 1,808 1,829 16.1 8.3 4,004 3,549 3 ,856 1,830 2,026 16.6 9.4 3,930 3,511 4,167 1,951 2,216 17.1 9 .6 3,963 3,549 4,524 2,191 2,333 17.3 10.0 4,0 1 9 3,4 6 0 4,7 3 2 2,1 2 5 2,607 18.0 10.1 3,536 3,328 4 ,634 1,928 2,706 19.4 11.5 3,731 3,1 0 6 4,6 1 8 1,928 2,6 8 9 19.0 9 .6 54 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis / 3,4 4 0 3,1 4 0 4 ,6 1 5 . 1,875 2,7 4 0 19.1 10.3 EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS DATA FROM ESTABLISHMENT SURVEYS E m p l o y m e n t , h o u r s , a n d e a r n i n g s d a t a in this section are com piled from payroll records reported monthly on a voluntary basis to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and its cooperating State agencies by 189,000 establishments representing all industries except ag riculture. In most industries, the sampling probabilities are based on the size of the establishment; most large establishments are therefore in the sample. (An establishment is not necessarily a firm; it may be a branch plant, for example, or warehouse.) Selfemployed persons and others not on a regular civilian payroll are outside the scope of the survey because they are excluded from establishment records. This largely accounts for the différence in employment figures between the household and establishment sur veys. Definitions Employed persons are all persons who received pay (including holiday and sick pay) for any part of the payroll period including the 12th of the month. Persons holding more than one job (about 5 percent of all persons in the labor force) are counted in each establishment which reports them. Production workers in manufacturing include blue-collar worker su pervisors and all nonsupervisory workers closely associated with produc tion operations. Those workers mentioned in tables 12-17 include production workers in manufacturing and mining; construction workers in construc tion; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; in wholesale and retail trade; in finance, insurance, and real estate; and in services industries. These groups account for about four-fifths of the total employment on private nonagricultural payrolls. Earnings are the payments production or nonsupervisory workers re ceive during the survey period, including premium pay for overtime or late-shift work but excluding irregular bonuses and other special payments. Real earnings are earnings adjusted to reflect the effects of changes in consumer prices. The deflator for this series is derived from the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W). The Hourly Earnings Index is calculated from average hourly earnings data adjusted to exclude the effects of two types of changes that are unrelated https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis to underlying wage-rate developments: fluctuations in overtime premiums in manufacturing (the only sector for which overtime data are available) and the effects of changes and seasonal factors in the proportion o f workers in high-wage and low-wage industries. Hours represent the average weekly hours of production or nonsuper visory workers for which pay was received and are different from standard or scheduled hours. Overtime hours represent the portion of gross average weekly hours which were in excess of regular hours and for which overtime premiums were paid. The Diffusion Index, introduced in table 17 of the May issue, represents the percent of 186 nonagricultural industries in which employment was rising over the indicated period. One-half of the industries with unchanged employment are counted as rising. In line with Bureau practice, data for the 3-, 6-, and 9-month spans are seasonally adjusted, while that for the 12-month span is unadjusted. The diffusion index is useful for measuring the dispersion of economic gains or losses and is also an economic indi cator. Notes on the data Establishment data collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics are pe riodically adjusted to com prehensive counts o f em ploym ent (called “ benchmarks” ). The latest complete adjustment was made with the release of May 1983 data, published in the July 1983 issue of the Review. Con sequently, data published in the Review prior to that issue are not necessarily comparable to current data. Earlier comparable unadjusted and seasonally adjusted data are published in a Supplement to Employment and Earnings (unadjusted data from April 1977 through February 1983 and seasonally adjusted data from January 1974 through February 1983) and in Employ ment and Earnings, United States, 1909-78, BLS Bulletin 1312-11 (for prior periods). A comprehensive discussion of the differences between household and establishment data on employment appears in Gloria P. Green, “ Com paring employment estimates from household and payroll surveys,” Monthly Labor Review, December 1969, pp. 9 -2 0 . See also BLS Handbook o f Methods f o r Surveys and Studies, Bulletin 1910 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1976). 55 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 9. Employment by industry, selected years, 1950-82 [Nonagricultural payroll data, in thousands] G o o ds-producing S e rv ic e -p ro d u c in g T ra n s p o r- Year Total P riv a te sector Total M in in g C onstruc M a n u fa c tion turing W h o le s a le an d re ta il tra d e tatio n To tal W h o le and public To tal sale tra d e u tilitie s G o vern m en t F in a n c e , in s u ra n c e , R e ta il an d re a l tra d e esta te S erv ic e s To tal F e d e ra l S ta te and local 1950 ........................................ 1955 ........................................ I 9 6 0 1 .................................... 1964 ........................................ 1965 ........................................ 4 5,197 50,641 5 4,189 58,2 83 60,7 65 3 9,1 70 43,727 45,836 4 8,686 5 0,589 18,506 20,5 13 20,434 21,0 05 21.9 26 901 792 712 634 632 2,364 2,8 3 9 2,9 2 6 3,0 9 7 3,232 15,241 16,882 16,796 17,274 18,062 26,691 3 0,128 33,755 37,2 78 38,8 39 4,034 4,141 4 ,004 3,951 4 ,036 9,3 8 6 10,535 11,391 12,160 12,716 2,6 3 5 2,926 3 ,1 4 3 3,3 3 7 3 ,4 6 6 6,751 7,6 1 0 8,248 8 ,823 9 ,2 5 0 1,888 2 ,2 9 8 2 ,629 2,911 2 ,977 5,357 6 ,240 7 ,378 8 ,660 9 ,036 6 ,026 6 ,914 8,353 9 ,5 9 6 10,074 1,928 2 ,187 2 ,270 2 ,348 2 ,378 4 ,098 4,727 6 ,083 7 ,248 7 ,696 ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ 63,901 65,803 67,897 70,384 7 0,880 53,116 54,413 56,058 58,189 58,325 23,1 58 23,3 08 23,7 37 24,361 23,578 627 613 606 619 623 3,317 3,248 3,350 3,575 3,588 19,214 19,447 19,781 2 0,167 19,367 40,7 43 42,4 95 44,1 60 46,0 23 47,302 4 ,158 4 ,268 4 ,318 4,442 4,515 13,245 13,606 14,099 14,706 15,040 3,597 3 ,689 3 ,779 3 ,907 3 ,993 9 ,6 4 8 9 ,9 1 7 10,320 10,798 11,047 3 ,058 3 ,185 3 ,337 3 ,512 3 ,6 4 5 9 ,498 10,045 10,567 11,169 1 1,548 10,784 11,391 11,839 12,195 12,554 2 ,564 2 ,719 2 ,737 2 ,758 2,731 8 ,220 8,672 9,102 9 ,4 3 7 9 ,8 2 3 1 9 7 1 ........................................ 1972 ........................................ 1973 ........................................ 1974 ........................................ 1975 ........................................ 7 1,214 7 3,675 7 6,790 7 8,265 7 6,945 58,331 60,341 63,058 64,095 6 2,259 22,935 23,668 2 4,893 24,794 22,600 609 628 642 697 752 3,704 3 ,889 4 ,097 4,020 3,525 18,623 19,151 20,154 20,077 18,323 48,2 78 50,007 51,8 97 53,471 54,345 4,476 4,541 4,656 4,725 4,542 15,352 15,949 16,607 16,987 17,060 4,001 4 ,113 4 ,277 4 ,433 4 ,415 11,351 1 1,836 1 2,329 12,554 12,645 3 ,7 7 2 3,9 0 8 4,0 4 5 4,1 4 8 4 ,1 6 5 11,797 1 2,276 12,857 13,441 13,892 12,881 13,334 1 3,732 1 4,170 1 4,686 2 ,6 9 6 2 ,684 2 ,6 6 3 2 ,724 2 ,7 4 8 10,185 10,649 11,068 11,446 11,937 ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ 79,382 82,471 86,6 97 89,8 23 90,4 06 64,511 67,344 71,026 7 3,876 74,166 23,352 24,3 46 25,5 85 26,461 25,658 779 813 851 958 1,027 3,5 7 6 3,851 4,2 2 9 4,463 4,3 4 6 18,997 19,582 20,505 21,040 20,285 5 6,030 5 8,125 6 1,113 6 3,363 6 4,748 4 ,582 4,713 4 ,923 5,136 5,146 17,755 18,516 19,542 20,1 92 20,3 10 4 ,546 4 ,708 4 ,969 5,204 5 ,275 13,209 13,808 14,573 14,989 15,035 4,271 4 ,467 4 ,7 2 4 4 ,975 5 ,180 14,551 1 5,303 1 6,252 17,112 1 7,890 14,871 15,127 15,672 15,947 16,241 2 ,733 2 ,727 2 ,753 2 ,773 2 ,8 6 6 12,138 12,399 12,919 13,147 13,375 1 9 8 1 ........................................ 1982 ........................................ 91,156 8 9,596 75,126 73,793 25,497 23,907 1,139 1,143 4,188 3,911 20,1 70 18,853 6 5,659 65,689 5,165 5,081 20,5 47 20,401 5,358 5 ,280 15,189 15,122 5 ,298 5 ,340 18,619 19,064 16,031 15,803 2 ,772 2 ,7 3 9 13,259 13,064 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1 Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959. 10. Employment by State [N o n a g ric u ltu ra l p a y ro ll d ata , In th o u s a n d s ] S ta te July 1 9 8 2 June 1 9 8 3 July 198 3 P S tate Ju ly 1 9 8 2 June 1 9 8 3 Ju ly 1 9 8 3 P A la b a m a ..................................................................... Alaska ........................................................................ Arizona ..................................................................... A rkansas ................................. ............................. California ................................................................. 1,3 1 6.2 207.2 1,0 0 2.8 710.6 9 ,7 8 9 .4 1,3 1 9.4 217.0 1,027.1 725.5 9 ,9 2 4.9 1 ,3 1 9.3 227.1 1 ,0 1 9.0 720.9 9 ,8 4 6 .9 M o n ta n a ..................................................................... Nebraska ................................................................. Nevada ..................................................................... New H a m p s h ire ....................................................... New J e r s e y .............................................................. 272 .0 601 .4 405 .9 399 .4 3 ,1 2 6 .4 273 .7 596.3 4 17.2 4 01.3 3 ,1 3 2 .8 2 66.6 5 92.3 417.1 4 00.7 3 ,1 3 4 .3 Colorado ................................................................. C o n n e c tic u t.............................................................. Delaware ................................................................. D istrict o f Colum bia ........................................... F lo r id a ......................................................................... 1 ,3 0 3.4 1,4 1 6.9 264.9 612.2 3 ,6 9 3.9 1 ,3 4 3.3 1,440.1 263.7 597.9 3 ,8 4 9.4 1,345.1 1,4 1 9.8 265.1 610.2 3 ,8 0 1 .2 New M e x ic o .............................................................. New Y o r k ................................................................. North Carolina ....................................................... North D a k o t a .......................................................... O h i o ............................................................................ 471 .7 7 ,2 5 1 .6 2 ,2 8 8 .2 252 .8 4 ,1 3 1 .3 4 81.9 7 ,2 6 4 .5 2 ,3 6 8 .6 2 57.2 4 ,1 2 7 .4 481 .2 7,201.1 2 ,3 2 0 .4 254 .2 4 ,0 8 9 .2 Georgia ..................................................................... H a w a ii......................................................................... Idaho ........................................................................ I llin o is ........................................................................ Indiana ..................................................................... 2,206.1 405.1 3 12.9 4 ,6 0 4 .8 1 ,9 9 7.8 2 ,2 5 4.0 399.7 319.4 4 ,5 2 9.9 1 ,9 9 1.0 2 ,2 3 6.2 4 01.6 3 15.3 4 ,5 3 7 .9 1 ,9 9 1.7 O k la h o m a ................................................................. Oregon ..................................................................... Pennsylvania .......................................................... Rhode Island .......................................................... South Carolina ....................................................... 1 ,2 3 0.2 956 .9 4 ,5 3 7 .2 385 .6 1 ,1 4 8.7 1 ,2 0 6.2 9 69.3 4 ,5 1 1 .9 3 95.8 1 ,1 8 0 .6 1,206.1 942 .2 4,468.1 388 .3 1 ,1 6 5 .9 I o w a ............................................................................ Kansas ..................................................................... Kentucky ................................................................. Louisiana ................................................................. M a in e ........................................................................ 1,0 1 4.9 904.5 1,1 3 9.9 1,607.6 415 .7 1 ,0 1 2.6 912 .8 1 ,1 7 3.3 1 ,5 8 5.0 418.5 999.3 902.1 1,1 4 9.8 1,5 8 3.5 418.0 South D a k o t a .......................................................... Tennessee ................................................................. Texas ........................................................................ U t a h ............................................................................ V e r m o n t..................................................................... 231.3 1 ,6 8 1.8 6 ,2 7 6 .4 5 57.0 2 03.2 2 39.0 1,680.1 6 ,1 6 2 .9 5 61.4 2 04.0 234.4 1 ,6 7 1.4 6 ,1 6 4 .9 558 .8 204 .3 Maryland ................................................................. Massachusetts ...................................................... M ichigan ................................................................. M in n e s o ta ................................................................. M ississippi ............................................................. 1 ,6 8 1.9 2 ,5 9 8 .2 3 ,1 6 9.4 1,6 9 9.4 787.9 1,9 1 3.7 1,688.1 2 ,6 3 6.5 3 ,1 9 2 .3 1,7 2 0.8 7 90.3 1 ,9 2 6.8 1 ,6 8 5.7 2 ,5 9 1 .0 3 ,1 7 8 .5 1 ,6 9 9.8 783.0 1 ,9 0 5.2 V irginia ..................................................................... W a s h in g to n .............................................................. W est V ir g in ia .......................................................... W is c o n s in ................................................................. W yom ing ................................................................. 2 ,1 3 5 .7 1 ,5 5 8 .8 6 11.9 1 ,8 6 8 .7 2 17.9 2 ,1 8 0 .3 1 ,6 0 0.4 5 84.4 1 ,8 6 7.7 2 18.0 2 ,1 6 5 .0 1 ,5 7 8.7 590 .4 1 ,8 5 8 .2 214.4 V irgin Is la n d s .......................................................... 36.7 35.7 3 6.2 p = prelim inary. 56 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 11. Employment by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted [N o n a g ric u ltu ra l p a y ro ll d a ta , in th o u s a n d s ] 1982 A nnu al av e ra g e 1983 In d u s try d iv is io n and group TO TAL ................................................................................... 1982 A ug. S ep t. Oct. Nov. D ec. Jan . Feb. M a r. Apr. M ay June JulyP A ug.P 91,156 89,596 89,264 89,235 88,938 88,785 88,665 88,885 88,746 88,814 89,101 89,421 8 9,844 9 0,202 89,791 ............................................... 75,126 73,793 73,579 73,451 73,158 73,013 72,907 73,132 73,004 7 3,090 73,377 73,6 77 7 4,123 7 4,476 7 4,047 ............................................................... 25,497 23,907 23,672 23,530 23,287 23,131 23,061 23,186 2 3,049 2 3,030 23,1 59 23,3 47 2 3,518 23,728 23,815 P R IVA T E SEC TOR G O O D S -P R O D U C IN G 1981 ............................................................................................... 1,139 1,143 1,113 1,100 1,082 1,066 1,053 1,037 1,014 1,006 997 994 1,003 1,015 1,021 C o n s t r u c tio n .................................................................................... 4,188 3,911 3,8 9 3 3,875 3 ,847 3,843 3,815 3,905 3 ,790 3 ,757 3,7 8 6 3,8 6 0 3 ,933 3,971 4 ,024 M a n u f a c t u r in g ............................................................................... 20.170 14,020 18,853 12,790 18,666 12,634 18,555 12,542 18,358 12,368 18,222 12,252 18,193 12,241 18,244 12,291 18,245 12,303 18,267 12,323 18,376 12,435 18,493 12,531 18,582 12,615 18,742 12,765 18,770 12,795 12,109 8,294 11,100 7 ,350 10,961 7,234 10,862 7,150 10,685 6,992 10,577 P roduction w o r k e r s ........................................... 6,900 10,559 6,892 10,594 6,931 10,608 6,949 10,617 6,961 10,689 7,035 10,788 7 ,115 10,844 7 ,169 10,962 7,2 7 7 10,994 7,307 Lum ber and wood p r o d u c ts .................................... Furniture and fixtures ............................................... Stone, clay, and glass products ......................... P rim ary metal in d u s trie s ........................................... Fabricated metal p r o d u c t s ........................................ 666 464 638 1,122 1,590 603 433 578 922 1,435 601 433 573 890 1,416 603 428 570 869 1,402 605 426 565 840 1,378 608 427 559 823 1,362 614 429 554 816 1,359 625 430 557 817 1,364 631 427 557 810 1,364 638 433 559 816 1,362 651 440 565 820 1,369 662 446 570 828 1,379 679 450 573 830 1,384 688 458 576 840 1,393 698 459 582 839 1,416 M achinery, except e le c tr ic a l.................................... Ele ctric and electronic equipm ent .......................... Transportation e q u ip m e n t........................................ Instrum ents and related p r o d u c ts ......................... M iscellaneous m a n u fa c tu rin g ................................ 2,498 2,094 1,898 730 408 2,267 2,016 1,744 716 386 2,213 2 ,008 1,773 712 382 2,184 1,992 1,724 710 380 2,122 1,976 1,691 705 377 2,088 1,975 1,661 700 374 2,066 1,957 1,696 695 373 2,048 1,974 1,710 695 374 2,042 1,981 1,729 693 374 2,0 3 0 1,988 1,723 691 377 2,031 1,999 1,743 690 381 2 ,064 2 ,010 1,757 689 383 2,0 6 6 2,0 3 0 1,762 687 383 2 ,093 2,051 1,793 687 383 2,100 2,030 1,794 691 385 P roduction w o r k e r s ........................................... 8,061 5,727 7,753 5,440 7,705 5,400 7,693 5,392 7,673 5,376 7,645 5,352 7,634 5,349 7,6 5 0 5,3 6 0 7,637 5,354 7,6 5 0 5,362 7,687 5,400 7,705 5,4 1 6 7,738 5,4 4 6 7,780 5,488 7,776 5,488 Food and kin dred p roducts .................................... Tobacco m a n u fa c tu re s ............................................... Textile m ill p r o d u c t s ................................................... Apparel and other textile products ...................... Paper and allied p r o d u c t s ........................................ 1,671 70 823 1,244 689 1,638 68 750 1,164 662 1,636 67 736 1,151 657 1,633 66 734 1,149 659 1,636 66 733 1,148 653 1,632 63 727 1,141 654 1,626 69 727 1,140 653 1,626 69 726 1,150 653 1,620 67 726 1,148 652 1,619 67 730 1,143 652 1,633 66 733 1,149 654 1,632 66 736 1,153 656 1,643 65 745 1,159 657 1,641 65 747 1,181 659 1,618 61 754 1,178 661 P rinting and publishing ........................................... Chem icals and allied p ro d u c ts ................................. Petroleum and coal products ................................. Rubber and m iscellaneous plastics products Leather and leather p roducts ................................. 1,266 1,109 214 737 238 1,269 1,079 201 701 221 1,267 1,074 200 698 219 1,266 1,070 202 696 218 1,265 1,066 201 689 216 1,263 1,064 200 685 216 1,263 1,059 199 685 213 1,266 1,057 200 688 215 1,265 1,056 199 691 214 1,269 1,056 199 699 216 1,274 1,058 199 707 214 1,276 1,058 198 716 214 1,281 1,056 198 721 213 1,285 1,059 197 732 214 1,288 1,059 196 741 220 S E R V IC E -P R O D U C IN G ............................................................... 65,659 65,689 65,592 65,705 65,651 65,654 65,604 6 5,699 65,697 6 5,784 6 5,942 66,0 74 6 6,326 6 6,474 65,976 T ra n s p o rta tio n and p u b lic u t i l i t i e s .................................... 5,165 5,081 5,056 5,054 5,033 5,019 5,008 4 ,979 4,966 4,963 4 ,988 4 ,993 4,992 4 ,986 4,331 W h o le s a le and re ta il t r a d e .................................................... 20,547 20,401 20,410 20,380 20,344 20,320 2 0,256 2 0,355 2 0,343 20,3 50 20,329 2 0,356 2 0,494 2 0,528 20,544 W h o le s a le t r a d e ........................................................................... 5,358 5,280 5,265 5,252 5,237 5,212 5,192 5,185 5,181 5,1 7 6 5,1 8 0 5 ,197 5,222 5,233 5,2 4 7 15,189 15,122 15,145 15,128 15,107 15,108 15,064 15,170 15,162 15,174 15,149 15,159 15,272 15,295 15,297 5,298 5,340 5,344 5,351 5,350 5,356 5,367 5,374 5 ,384 5,391 5,4 2 3 5,435 5,451 5,4 6 3 5,480 S e r v i c e s ............................................................................................ 18,619 19,064 19,097 19,136 19,144 19,187 19,215 19,238 19,262 19,356 19,478 1 9,546 19,668 19,771 19,877 G o v e r n m e n t ................................................................................... 16,031 2,772 13,259 15,803 2,739 13,064 15,685 2,739 12,946 15,784 2,735 13,049 15,780 2,742 13,038 15,772 2,746 13,026 15,758 2,747 13,011 15,753 2,7 4 8 13,005 15,742 2,742 13,000 15,724 2,7 4 2 12,982 15,724 2,7 4 9 12,975 15,744 2 ,7 5 6 12,988 15,721 2,7 4 2 12,979 15,726 2,737 12,989 15,744 2,733 13,011 M in in g P roduction w o r k e r s ........................................... D u ra b le goods ........................................................................ N o n d u ra b le goods R e ta il tra d e ............................................................... ................................................................................... F in a n c e , in s u ra n c e , a nd re al e state Federal ............................................................................ State and l o c a l .............................................................. p = prelim inary. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 57 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 12. Hours and earnings, by industry division, selected years, 1950-82 [G ro s s a ve rag es, p ro d u c tio n o r n o n s u p e rv is o ry w o rk e rs on n o n a g ric u ltu ra l p a y ro lls ] Year A v e ra g e A verage A verag e A verag e A verag e A verag e A verag e A verag e A verage w e e k ly w e e k ly hourly w e e k ly w e e k ly hourly w e e k ly w e e k ly hourly w e e k ly w e e k ly hourly ea rn in g s hours e arn in g s A verag e e arn in g s hours e arn in g s e arn in g s hours ea rn in g s e arn in g s hours e arn in g s P riva te sector A verage M in in g Construction A verage M a n u fa c tu rin g 1950 .......................... 1955 ......................... I9 6 0 1 ...................... 1964 ......................... 1965 ......................... $53.13 67.72 80.67 9 1.33 95.45 39.8 39.6 38.6 38.7 38.8 $1.34 1.71 2.09 2.36 2.46 $67.16 89.54 105.04 117.74 123.52 37.9 40.7 40.4 41.9 42.3 $1.77 2.20 2.60 2.81 2.92 $69.68 90.9 0 112.57 132.06 138.38 37.4 37.1 36.7 37.2 37.4 $1.86 2.4 5 3.07 3.5 5 3.7 0 $58 .32 75.3 0 89.72 102.97 107.53 4 0.5 40.7 39.7 40.7 41.2 $1.44 1.85 2.26 2.53 2.61 ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... 9 8.82 101.84 107.73 114.61 119.83 38.6 38.0 37.8 37.7 37.1 2.56 2.68 2.85 3.04 3.23 130.24 135.89 142.71 154.80 164.40 42.7 42.6 42.6 43.0 42.7 3.05 3.19 3.35 3.60 3.85 146.26 154.95 164.49 181.54 195.45 37.6 37.7 37.3 37.9 37.3 3.8 9 4.11 4.41 4.7 9 5.2 4 112.19 114.49 122.51 129.51 133.33 41.4 40.6 40.7 4 0.6 39.8 2.71 2.82 3.01 3.19 3.35 1 9 7 1 ......................... 1972 .......................... 1973 ......................... 1974 ......................... 1975 ......................... 127.31 136.90 145.39 154.76 163.53 36.9 3 7.0 36.9 36.5 36.1 3.45 3.70 3.94 4.24 4.53 172.14 189.14 201.40 2 19.14 249.31 42.4 42.6 42.4 41.9 41.9 4.06 4.44 4.75 5.23 5.95 211.67 221.19 235.89 249.25 266.08 37.2 36.5 36.8 36.6 36.4 5.69 6.06 6.41 6.81 7.31 142.44 154.71 166.46 176.80 190.79 39.9 40.5 40.7 40.0 39.5 3.5 7 3.82 4.09 4.42 4.83 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 .......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... 175.45 189.00 2 03.70 219.91 2 35.10 36.1 3 6.0 3 5.8 35.7 3 5.3 4.86 5.25 5.69 6.16 6.66 2 73.90 301.20 332.88 3 65.07 397.06 42.4 43.4 43.4 43.0 43.3 6.46 6.94 7.67 8.49 9.17 283.73 295.65 318.69 342 .99 367 .78 36.8 36.5 36.8 37.0 37.0 7.71 8.1 0 8.6 6 9.2 7 9.94 209.32 228.90 249.27 2 69.34 2 88 .62 40.1 40.3 40.4 40.2 39.7 5.22 5.68 6.1 7 6.7 0 7.27 1 9 8 1 .......................... 1982 ......................... 2 55.20 266.92 3 5.2 34.8 7.25 7.67 439.75 4 59.23 43.7 42.6 10.04 10.78 299.26 426.45 36.9 3 6.7 10.82 11.62 318 .00 3 30 .65 39.8 38.9 7.99 8.5 0 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 T ran sp o rtatio n and pu b lic 1950 ......................... 1955 ......................... I9 6 0 1 ...................... 1964 ......................... 1965 .......................... F in a n c e , in su ra n c e , and W h o le s a le an d re ta il trad e u tilitie s S ervices re a l e state $118.78 125.14 41.1 41.3 $2.89 3.03 $44.55 5 5.16 66.01 74.66 76.91 .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... 128.13 130.82 138.85 147.74 155.93 41.2 40.5 40.6 40.7 40.5 3.11 3.23 3.42 3.63 3.85 79.39 82.35 8 7.00 9 1.39 9 6.02 37.1 36.6 36.1 35.7 35.3 2.14 2.25 2.41 2.5 6 2.7 2 9 2.13 95.72 101.75 108.70 112.67 3 7.3 37.1 3 7.0 37.1 3 6.7 2.47 2.58 2.75 2.93 3.07 7 7.04 80.38 8 3.97 9 0.57 9 6.66 35.5 35.1 34.7 34.7 34.4 2.1 7 2.2 9 2.42 2.61 2.81 1 9 7 1 .......................... 1972 .......................... 1973 .......................... 1974 ......................... 1975 .......................... 168.82 187.86 203.31 2 17.48 2 33.44 40.1 40.4 40.5 40.2 3 9.7 4.21 4.65 5.02 5.41 5.88 101.09 106.45 111.76 119.02 126.45 35.1 34.9 34.6 34.2 33.9 2.88 3.0 5 3.2 3 3.4 8 3.7 3 117.85 122.98 129.20 137.61 148.19 3 6.6 3 6.6 3 6.6 3 6.5 3 6.5 3.22 3.36 3.53 3.77 4.06 103.06 110.85 117.29 1 26.00 134.67 33.9 33.9 33.8 33.6 33.5 3.04 3.2 7 3.4 7 3.7 5 4.0 2 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... 256.71 2 78.90 3 02.80 3 25.58 3 51.25 39.8 39.9 40.0 39.9 39.6 6.45 6.99 7.57 8.16 8.87 133.79 142.52 153.64 164.96 176.46 33.7 33.3 32.9 32.6 32.2 3.9 7 4.2 8 4.67 5.06 5.48 155.43 165.26 178.00 190.77 2 09.60 3 6.4 36.4 3 6.4 3 6.2 3 6.2 4.27 4.54 4.89 5.27 5.79 143.52 153.45 163.67 175.27 190.71 33.3 33.0 32.8 32.7 32.6 4.31 4.6 5 4.99 5.36 5.85 1 9 8 1 ......................... 1982 ......................... 382.18 401.70 39.4 39.0 9.70 10.30 190.62 198.10 32.2 31.9 5.92 6.21 229.05 245.44 36.3 36.2 6.31 6.78 2 08.97 2 24.94 32.6 32.6 6.41 6.90 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1 Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959. 58 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 40.5 39.4 38.6 37.9 37,7 $1.10 1.40 1.71 1.97 2.04 $50 .52 63.92 75.14 8 5.79 88.91 3 7.7 3 7.6 3 7.2 3 7.3 3 7.2 $ 1.34 1 70 2 02 2.30 2.39 $ 70.03 7 3.60 36.1 35.9 $1.94 2.05 13. Weekly hours, by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted [Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls] Annu al ave ra g e 1982 1983 In d u s try d iv is io n and group 1981 1982 A ug. Sept. Oct. Nov. D ec. Jan. F eb. M a r. Apr. May June JulyP A ug.P 35.2 34.8 34.8 34.8 34.7 34.7 34.8 35.1 34.5 3 4.8 3 4.9 35.1 35.1 3 5 .0 35.0 39.8 2.8 38.9 2 .3 39.0 2.3 38.8 2.3 38.9 2 .3 39.0 2.3 39.0 2 .3 3 9.7 2.4 39.2 2.4 3 9.5 2.6 40.1 2 .9 40.0 2 .7 40.1 2 .9 40.2 3 .0 4 0.3 3 .2 O vertim e h o u r s .................................................. 40.2 2.8 39.3 2.2 39.4 2.2 39.1 2.1 39.2 2.1 39.3 2.1 39.3 2 .2 40.1 2.2 39.7 2 .3 3 9.9 2 .5 4 0.5 2.8 40.4 2.6 4 0.6 2 .8 4 0.8 3 .0 4 0.9 3 .3 Lum ber and wood p r o d u c t s .................................... Furniture and fixtures ............................................... Stone, clay, and glass products ......................... P rim ary metal In d u s tr ie s ........................................... Fabricated metal p r o d u c t s ........................................ 38.7 38.4 40.6 40.5 40.3 38.0 37.2 40.0 38.6 39.2 38.2 37.8 40.2 38.6 39.2 38.4 37.5 40.2 37.8 38.9 38.1 37.5 40.2 38.2 39.0 38.7 37.6 40.2 38.3 39.2 38.8 37.8 40.1 38.8 39.2 40.5 3 8.6 41.4 3 8.9 3 9.9 39.5 37.9 40.5 39.1 39.6 3 9.5 3 8.3 4 0.6 39.4 3 9.7 4 0.0 3 9.3 4 1.0 3 9.9 4 0.5 39.8 39.2 41.2 40.3 40.4 40.0 39.6 41.6 40.3 40.5 3 9 .9 3 9 .8 4 1 .7 40.8 4 0.7 3 9.8 3 9.4 4 1.7 41.2 4 0.8 M achinery, except e le c tr ic a l.................................... Electric and electronic e q u ip m e n t......................... Transportation e q u ip m e n t........................................ Instrum ents and related p r o d u c ts .......................... 40.9 40.0 40.9 40.4 39.7 39.3 40.5 39.8 39.4 39.3 40.6 40.0 39.2 39.0 40.1 39.9 39.3 39.2 40.4 39.6 39.3 39.3 40.9 39.4 39.3 39.4 40.1 39.7 3 9.6 3 9.9 4 1.6 40.4 39.4 39.5 41.2 39.7 3 9.7 39.8 41.7 40.0 4 0.2 4 0.4 4 2.3 4 0.5 40.0 40.3 41.6 40.4 40.4 40.5 41.9 40.1 40.8 4 0.8 4 1.9 4 0.6 4 1.0 40.8 42.3 40.3 O vertim e h o u r s ................................................... 39.1 2 .8 38.4 2 .5 38.5 2.5 38.6 2 .6 38.5 2 .6 38.6 2.5 38.6 2 .5 39.1 2.6 38.5 2 .6 39.0 2 .7 39.5 3 .0 39.4 2 .9 3 9.6 3 .0 39.5 3 .0 39.4 3.1 Food and kindred p roducts .................................... Textile m ill p r o d u c t s ................................................... Apparel and other textile p roducts ...................... Paper and allied p r o d u c t s ........................................ 39.7 39.6 35.7 42.5 39.4 37.5 34.7 41.8 39.2 38.1 35.0 41.7 39.4 38.1 35.1 41.6 39.5 38.3 35.1 41.7 39.4 38.8 35.0 41.7 39.1 3 8.9 35.1 41.7 3 9.3 39.7 3 6.6 41.8 3 9.0 3 9.0 3 5.2 41.4 39.2 39.6 35.6 42.1 39.6 40.6 36.2 42.4 39.4 40.4 36.1 42.7 39.8 40.7 36.1 4 2.8 39.4 40.6 35.8 42.8 39.4 40.5 36.0 42.6 P rinting and publishing ............................................ Chem icals and allied p ro d u c ts ................................. P etroleum and coal products ................................. Leather and leather p roducts ................................. 3 7.3 41.6 43.2 3 6.7 37.1 40.9 43.9 35.6 36.9 40.9 44.0 36.0 37.0 41.0 44.2 35.7 37.1 40.8 43.8 35.4 37.1 40.7 44.1 35.8 37.1 4 0.9 44.4 35.8 37.5 41.0 44.5 36.3 37.1 4 1.0 4 4.4 34.9 37.4 41.2 44.9 36.0 37.7 41.5 43.5 37.0 37.4 41.6 43.6 36.8 37.6 41.9 43.8 36.8 37.7 41.8 43.6 37.5 37.5 41.6 43.5 37.6 P R IV A T E SEC TOR M A N U F A C T U R IN G O vertim e h o u r s ................................................... D u ra b le goods ........................................................................ N o n d u ra b le g oods ................................................................ TR A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B LIC U T IL IT IE S 39.4 39.0 39.2 38.8 38.8 38.9 38.9 38.6 38.6 38.8 38.8 3 8.9 38.9 39.0 39.0 W H O LE S A LE A N D R ET A IL TRA DE 32.2 3 1.9 32.0 31.9 31.9 31.8 32.1 31.9 31.4 31.7 3 1.7 3 1.9 32.0 3 1.9 31.8 W H O LE S A LE TRA DE 3 8.5 38.4 38.5 38.4 38.4 38.4 38.4 38.5 38.2 38.4 3 8.5 3 8.6 38.7 3 8.6 38.5 R ET A IL TRA DE 30.1 29.9 2 9.9 . 29.9 29.9 29.8 30.1 29.9 29.3 29.7 29.6 29.9 29.9 29.8 29.8 SER V IC E S 32.6 3 2.6 32.6 32.8 32.6 32.6 32.6 32.9 32.5 32.7 3 2.7 32.9 32.7 32.6 3 2.6 p = pre lim in a ry. This is because the seasonal com ponent in these is sm all relative to the trend-cycle, o r irregular com - NOTE: M iscellaneous m anufacturing (a m ajor m anufacturing group, durable goods) and rubber and ponents, o r both, and consequently cannot be precisely separated, m iscellaneous plastics p roducts (a m ajor m anufacturing group, nondurable goods) are no lo nger shown. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 59 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 14. Hourly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group [G ro s s a ve ra g e s, p ro d u c tio n o r n o n s u p e rv is o ry w o rk e rs o n p riva te n o n a g ric u ltu ra l p a y ro lls ] 1982 A nnu al av e ra g e 1983 In d u s try d iv is io n and group 1981 1982 A ug. Sept. Oct. Nov. D ec. Jan . Feb. M a r. Apr. M ay June JulyP A ug.P $7.2 5 $7.67 <1) (1) $7.7 0 7.73 $7.7 6 7.73 $7.79 7.76 $7.81 7.78 $7.82 7.82 $7.9 0 7.88 $ 7.92 7.91 $ 7.9 0 7.91 $7.94 7.95 $7.97 7.9 7 $7.97 8 00 $7.9 9 8 .0 3 $7.94 7.97 M IN IN G 10.04 10.78 10.88 10.99 10 96 11.01 11.03 11.21 11.25 11.19 11.28 11.20 11.25 11.31 11.16 C O N S TR U C TIO N 10.82 11.62 11.66 11.74 11.88 11.72 11.96 11.95 12.00 11.95 11.90 1 1.80 11.74 11.78 11.85 7.99 8.50 8.51 8.5 9 8.56 8 61 8.68 8.71 8.75 8.74 8 .7 7 8.7 8 8.81 8.8 5 8.79 Furniture and f ix tu r e s ........................................ Stone, clay, and glass p r o d u c ts .................. P rim ary metal I n d u s tr ie s ................................. Fabricated metal p r o d u c t s ............................. 8.54 6.99 5.91 8.27 10.81 8.19 9 .0 6 7.46 6.31 8.86 11.33 8.78 9 09 7.56 6.37 8.92 11.48 8.85 9.1 7 7.65 6.40 9.03 11.54 8.90 9.13 7.57 6.40 9 03 11.41 8.85 9.1 7 7.59 6.4 3 9.04 11.49 8.90 9.24 7.55 6.46 9.08 11.49 8 96 9.2 6 7.68 6.49 9.1 0 11.56 8.98 9.31 7.72 6 .5 0 9 .1 0 11.53 9.04 9.2 9 7.68 6.51 9.1 3 11.24 9.0 5 9.31 7.74 6.51 9 .1 6 11.25 9 .0 7 9.34 7.78 6.52 9.2 0 11.28 9 .0 8 9.3 7 7.85 6.60 9.2 8 11.23 9.11 9.4 0 7 81 6.6 4 9.34 11.36 9.0 9 9.34 7 84 6.68 9.31 11.29 9.11 Machinery, except e le c t r ic a l......................... Ele ctric and electronic e q u ip m e n t .............. Transportation equipm ent ............................. Instrum ents and related p r o d u c t s .............. M iscellaneous m anufacturing ..................... 8.81 7.62 10 39 7.42 5 97 9.2 9 8.21 11.12 8.10 6.43 9.34 8.30 11.17 8.17 6.40 9.41 8.37 11.24 8.24 6.50 9.3 6 8.41 11.29 8.26 6.50 9.38 8.45 11.34 8.31 6.56 9.43 8.51 11.43 8.3 8 6.67 9.40 8 53 11.40 8.42 6.72 9.44 8 .5 6 11.49 8 .4 8 6 .7 3 9.4 6 8.60 11.49 8.47 6.7 5 9 .4 8 8 .6 0 11.53 8.46 6 .7 6 9.5 9 8.6 0 11.52 8.4 8 6.82 9.6 3 8.6 3 11.63 8 48 6.81 9.6 6 8.6 8 11.63 8.5 5 6.8 3 9.5 9 8.59 11.60 8.54 6.81 7.18 7.44 8.88 5.52 4.97 8.60 7.73 7.89 9.78 5.83 5.20 9 .3 2 7.74 7.86 9.51 5.83 5.20 9.45 7.84 7.91 9 .5 5 5.86 5.23 9.63 7.80 7.88 9.50 5.88 5.21 9.53 7 88 8.00 10.16 5.92 5.24 9 .6 0 7.95 8.06 9.6 3 6.04 5.28 9.65 7.97 8 .0 9 9 .8 7 6 .0 8 5.33 9 .6 5 7.99 8.11 9.96 6.10 5.33 9 .6 5 8.00 8.1 6 10.43 6.11 5.3 3 9.67 8 .0 3 8 .2 0 10.61 6.14 5.35 9 .7 2 8.03 8.18 10.74 6 .1 4 5.33 9.81 8.04 8.1 7 10.91 6.1 6 5.36 9 91 8.11 8.17 10.82 6.1 6 5.3 5 10.08 8.06 8.14 10.12 6.1 9 5.3 8 10.01 8.19 9.1 2 11.38 8.75 9.96 12.46 8.81 10.01 12.42 8.91 10.19 12.61 8.89 10.22 12.57 8.92 10.26 12.68 9.00 10.32 12.71 8.97 10.34 13.16 8.99 10.41 13.25 9.0 3 10.39 13.28 9 .0 3 10.43 13.27 9 .0 5 10.50 13.17 9.06 10.52 13.17 9 .1 0 10.56 13.20 9.16 10.59 13.20 7.17 4.99 7.65 5.32 7.66 5.33 7.78 5.41 7.74 5.39 7.81 5.41 7.91 5.44 7.91 5.5 0 7.91 5.5 0 7.92 5.5 2 7.95 5.52 7.97 5.51 7.96 5.4 9 8.05 5.51 7.99 5.52 9 .7 0 10.30 10.42 10.46 10.48 10.59 10.62 10.69 10.72 10.68 10.72 10.74 10.73 10.86 10.77 P R IV A T E SEC TOR Seasonally a d ju s te d ........................................... M A N U F A C T U R IN G D u ra b le goods N o n d u ra b le goods Food and kindred products ......................... Tobacco m a n u fa c tu re s .................................... Textile m ill products ........................................ Apparel and o ther textile p ro d u c ts ............... Paper and allied products ............................. P rinting and p u b lis h in g .................................... Chem icals and allied p r o d u c t s ...................... Petroleum and coal products ..................... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics p ro d u c ts .................................... Leather and leather products ...................... T R A N S P O R T A T IO N AN D PU B LIC U T IL IT IE S W H O LE S A LE AN D R ET A IL TRA DE 5.92 6.21 6.20 6.245 6.27 6.3 0 6 .2 7 6.42 6.45 6.4 3 6.45 6.46 6.4 6 6 .4 7 6.46 W H O LE S A LE TRA DE 7.56 8 02 8.07 8.10 8.13 8.14 8.20 8.31 8.2 8 8.27 8.34 8.36 8.3 5 8.41 8.4 3 RETAIL TRA DE 5.25 5.47 5.46 5 50 5.53 5.56 5.54 5.65 5.69 5.68 5.69 5.71 5.71 5.72 5.7 0 F IN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E , A N D REAL ESTATE 6.31 6.78 6.86 6.90 6.97 7.00 7.01 7.19 7.22 7.19 7.23 7.31 7.2 6 7.3 0 7.25 S ER VIC ES 6.41 6.90 6.980 6.99 7.04 7.08 7.12 7.18 7.19 7.17 7.2 0 7.2 3 7.20 7.1 8 7.17 1 Not available. 15. p = prelim inary. Hourly Earnings Index, for production workers on private nonagricultural payrolls, by industry [1 9 7 7 = 1 0 0 ] Not s e a s o n a lly adju sted S e a s o n a lly a d ju sted P ercent P e rc e n t change Industry change Aug. June July A ug. from : A ug. Apr. M ay June July A ug. trom : 1982 1983 1983P 198 3 P Aug. 1 9 8 2 1982 1983 1983 1983 1983P 198 3 P Ju ly 1 9 8 3 to to Aug. 1 9 8 3 A ug. 1 9 8 3 .............. 149.2 154.4 154.9 154.6 3.6 149.6 154.0 154.6 154.8 155.2 155.0 M ining ..................................................................... C o n s tr u c tio n .......................................................... M a n u fa c tu rin g ...................................................... Transportation and public utilities .............. Wholesale and retail trade ............................. Finance, Insurance, and real e s ta te ............... Services ................................................................. 161.0 142.1 153.6 150.0 145.5 150.1 148.2 166.4 143.7 157.7 155.4 151.5 158.2 154.5 168.6 144.2 158.1 157.2 152.0 155.9 154.5 165.6 145.0 157.3 157.2 151.8 158.5 154.6 2.9 2.0 2.4 4.8 4.3 5.6 4.3 (1) 141.4 154.1 149.9 145.8 (1) 145.9 157.0 155.9 150.5 (1) 144.6 157.7 156.6 151.2 (1) 144.6 157.8 156.8 151.6 (1) 144.1 158.1 158.0 152.1 (1) 144.3 157.8 157.0 152.1 <1) .2 .2 -.2 -.6 (1) 149.4 (1) 154.0 (1) 154.9 (1) 155.5 (1) 155.5 (1) 155.8 (1) .2 P R IV A T E SEC TO R (in c o n s ta n t d o l l a r s ) ................ 92.6 94.3 94.3 (2) (2) 93.0 94.8 94.7 94.8 94.6 <2) P R IVA T E SEC TOR (in c u rre n t d o lla rs ) 1This series is not seasonally adjusted because the seasonal com ponent is sm all relative to the tre nd cycle, irreg u lar com ponents, o r both, and consequently cannot be separated w ith sufficient precision. 60 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2Not available, p = prelim inary. -0 .1 <2) 16. Weekly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group [G ro s s a ve ra g e s, p ro d u c tio n o r n o n s u p e rv is o ry w o rk e rs o n p riva te n o n a g ric u ltu ra l p a y ro lls ] A nnu al av e ra g e 1982 1983 In d u s try d iv is io n an d group 1981 1982 A ug. Sept. Oct. Nov. D ec. Jan . F eb. M a r. A pr. May June JulyP $255.20 $ 266.92 (1) C170.13 (1) 167.87 $ 271.04 269.00 168.24 $ 270.05 269.00 167.42 $270.31 269 .27 167.06 $271.01 269.97 167.81 $27 3.7 0 272.14 170.11 $ 273.34 2 76.59 169.88 $27 0.8 6 2 72.90 168.24 $27 4.1 3 275 .27 169.85 $27 5.5 2 2 77 .46 169.55 $ 278.15 279 .75 170.33 $280.54 2 80 .80 171.37 $ 282.85 281 .05 172.15 281.08 2 78.95 M IN IN G 438.75 4 59.23 461.31 461.58 459 .22 458 .02 465 .47 4 76.43 4 64.63 4 67 .74 4 69.25 472 .64 4 78.13 475.02 4 70.95 C O N S T R U C T IO N 399 .26 426.45 438.42 433.21 440 .75 423.09 440 .13 4 40.96 4 24.80 4 34 .98 4 36.73 441 .32 4 44.95 4 50 .00 4 49.12 318 .00 c212.00 3 30.65 2 07.96 331.89 206.01 334.15 207.16 333.84 206.33 338.37 209.52 344 .60 214 .17 3 41.43 2 12.20 3 39.50 2 10.8? 3 46.10 2 14.44 3 49 .05 2 14.80 3 50.32 214 .53 355 .04 2 16 .88 3 54.00 2 15.46 353 .36 L um ber and wood p r o d u c t s .................................... Furniture and fixtures ............................................... Stone, clay, and glass p roducts .......................... P rim ary metal in d u s trie s ............................................ Fabricated metal p r o d u c t s ........................................ 343.31 270.51 226.94 3 35.76 437.81 3 30.06 3 56.06 283.48 234.73 354.40 437.34 344.18 356.33 2 9 3 .3 3 242 .70 362.15 439.68 346.04 357.63 296.06 241.28 365.72 438.52 345.32 357 90 289.93 2 43.20 366 62 4 31.30 346.04 3 63.13 292.97 244.34 366.12 440.07 3 50.66 371 .45 293 .70 250 .00 366 .83 450.41 359 .30 3 67.62 3 00.29 2 43.38 364.91 4 50.84 354.71 366.81 2 99.54 2 43.10 3 58.54 4 50.82 3 54.37 3 72 .53 3 02 .59 251 .29 3 68.85 4 56 .23 3 61 .10 3 75.19 3 08.05 2 53.89 3 74.64 4 51 .13 364.61 3 77 .34 3 12 .76 254 .28 3 80 .88 4 52 ,33 3 66 .83 3 82 .30 3 20 .28 263 .34 390 .69 454 .82 371 .69 3 79.76 3 13.18 2 58.96 3 91.35 4 60.08 3 65 .42 380 .14 316 .74 265 .86 391 .95 461 .76 3 70 .78 M achinery except electrical .................................... Ele ctric and electronic e q u ip m e n t......................... T ransportation e q u ip m e n t ........................................ Instrum e n ts and related p r o d u c ts .......................... M iscellaneous m a n u fa c tu rin g ................................. 360.33 304.80 424.95 299.77 231.64 368.81 322.65 450 .36 322.38 247 .56 364 .26 324 .53 446.80 325 .98 247.04 367.93 325.59 443.98 3 28.78 250.90 3 65.98 3 29.67 4 57.25 3 27.10 253.50 3 71.45 334.62 467.21 3 31.57 256.50 380 .97 342 .95 474.35 338.55 260.13 3 72.24 3 38.64 4 68.54 3 37.64 260.06 3 71.94 336.41 4 69.94 335.81 2 53.72 3 77 .40 3 44 .00 480 .28 340 .49 263 .25 3 79.20 3 44.86 4 84.26 3 39.25 2 63.64 3 82.64 3 45 .72 4 82 .69 3 41.74 264.62 388 .09 350 .38 491 .95 340 .90 264.91 3 88 .33 3 49.80 483.81 3 42.86 264.32 388 .40 3 48.75 483.72 343.31 264 .23 280.74 295.37 344 .54 218.59 177.43 365 50 296.83 310 .87 369 .68 218.63 180.44 389.58 299.54 311.26 362.33 223.29 183.56 393.12 3 04.19 315.61 379.14 223.85 183.57 402.53 301.08 312.05 370.50 227,56 183.91 397 .40 305.74 317 60 386.08 231.47 184.97 402.24 3 10.85 3 19.18 3 64.98 2 36.77 186.38 4 10.13 3 07.64 315.51 3 60.26 237.12 188.68 402.41 3 05.22 3 12.24 3 39.64 236.07 185 48 396.62 311 .20 316.61 378.61 242 .57 190.28 406.14 3 13.97 3 18.98 3 95.75 2 46.83 192.07 4 10.18 3 15 .58 3 21 .47 4 01.68 248 .67 192.41 4 15.94 319 .19 325 .17 420.04 253 .18 196.18 425 .14 3 19.53 3 22.72 3 99 .26 2 47.02 193.14 429.41 3 19.18 3 23.97 3 78 .49 251.93 195.83 4 25 .43 3 05.49 3 79.39 491.62 3 24.63 4 07.36 546.99 3 26.85 407.41 546.48 331.45 419.83 572 .49 329.82 416.98 555.59 332.72 4 20.66 564.26 3 41.10 4 27.25 5 63.05 3 32.79 421.87 5 72.46 330 .83 4 25 .77 573 .73 338 .63 428 .07 584 .32 3 37.72 4 32.85 5 81.23 3 37.57 4 35 .75 575 .73 338.84 440 .79 579 .48 3 41.25 4 39.30 5 83.44 3 45.33 438.43 574.20 288.95 183.13 302.94 189.39 304.10 192.95 308.09 192.06 304 .18 189.73 3 09.28 194.22 3 19.56 196.38 3 17.19 196.90 314 .03 190.30 321 .55 197.06 3 26.75 2 01.48 3 27 .57 204.42 328 .75 207 .52 3 29.25 2 07.73 3 28.39 209.21 TR A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B LIC U T IL IT IE S 382.18 401.70 410.55 405.85 406.62 413.01 4 16.30 4 09.43 411 .65 413 .32 4 13.79 4 15.64 419 .54 426 80 4 22.18 W H O LE S A LE A N D R ET A IL TRA DE 190.62 198.10 201.50 200.30 199.39 199.71 203.15 2 01.59 199.31 201 .90 2 03.18 205 .43 207 .37 2 10.28 209.95 W H O LE S A LE TRA DE 2 91.06 307.97 3 11.50 311.04 313.01 313.39 317.34 3 18.27 313.81 316 .74 3 19.42 3 21 .86 323 .15 326.31 3 26.24 R E T A IL TRA DE 158.03 163.55 167.62 165.55 164.79 164.58 168.97 164.98 163.30 166.42 167.29 169.59 171.87 175.03 174.42 F IN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E , A N D REAL ESTATE 229.05 245.44 249.02 249.09 252.31 253.40 254 .46 262.44 260.64 258.84 2 61.00 265 .35 2 62.09 2 64.26 262.45 S ER VIC ES 208.97 224.94 227.70 228.57 228.80 230.10 232.11 234 .79 2 32.96 233.74 2 34.72 236 .42 2 36.88 2 37.66 236.61 A ug.P P R IV A T E SEC TOR C urrent d o ll a r s .............................................................. S easonally a d ju s t e d ............................................... Constant (1977) d o l l a r s ............................................ (1) M A N U F A C T U R IN G C urrent d o ll a r s .............................................................. C onstant (1 977) d o l l a r s ............................................ D u ra b le goods N o n d u ra b le goods Food and kindred pro du cts .................................... Tobacco m a n u fa c tu re s ............................................... Textile m ill p r o d u c t s ................................................... A pparel and oth e r textile p roducts ...................... Paper and allied p r o d u c t s ........................................ P rinting and publishing ............................................ Chem icals and allied p ro d u c ts ................................. Petroleum and coal products ................................. Rubber and m iscellaneous plastics pro du cts ................................................... Leather and leather p roducts ................................. 1 N ot available. p = prelim inary. 17. (1) c = corrected, Indexes of diffusion: industries in which employment increased [In p e rc e n t] T im e Year span Jan . Feb. M a r. Apr. M ay June July A ug. S ep t. Oct. N ov. D ec. 33.3 29.3 29.3 32.0 30.9 42.2 Over 1 -m onth span 1981 1982 1983 . . .. . . .. . . .. 57.8 28.5 56.5 52.4 45.4 45.7 52.2 36.0 62.4 65.6 39.0 69.1 60.2 47.6 71.0 58.9 32.8 64.5 62.6 38.4 P70.7 49.5 37.1 P68.5 42.2 34.1 — — Over 3 -m onth span 1981 1982 1983 . ... . ... . . .. 58.3 25.3 45.4 54.6 28.8 55.1 59.1 32.0 6 5.6 65.9 34.1 75.8 67.5 32.5 76.1 66.7 33 6 P78.0 60.5 27.2 P74.2 50.5 27.2 3 3.3 26.1 30.1 25.5 — — Over 6-m o nth span 1981 1982 1983 . ... . ... . . . 6 8.5 20.2 50.5 65.3 23.7 63.2 63.7 25.3 73.4 69.4 29.8 P77.4 64.2 26.1 P80.1 58.6 26.1 45.7 23.4 34.4 19.1 29.6 2 1.2 24.2 26.1 — — — — — - - 71.2 20.7 P59.1 70.4 18.0 58.1 19.4 47.6 18.3 41.4 20.7 34.9 20.7 29.8 22.8 27.4 24.2 23.7 31.5 25.3 37.6 23.1 44.1 — — — — — — — — — — Over 12-m onth span 1981 1982 1983 . ... . ... . . 74.5 22.0 P50.0 p = pre lim in a ry. NOTE: - 24.5 24.7 25.0 26.6 23.4 40.6 22.0 3 5.8 are counted as rising .) Data are centered w ith in the spans. See the “ D efinition s” in th is section. Figures are the percent of industries w ith em ploym ent rising. (Half of the unchanged com ponents https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 61 UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE DATA N a t i o n a l u n e m p l o y m e n t i n s u r a n c e d a t a are compiled monthly by the Employment and Training Administration of the U.S. De partment of Labor from monthly reports of unemployment insur ance activity prepared by State agencies. Railroad unemployment insurance data are prepared by the U.S. Railroad Retirement Board. persons in unemployment insurance programs to indicate they are out of work and wish to begin receiving compensation. A claimant who continued to be unemployed a full week is then counted in the insured unemployment figure. The rate of insured unemployment expresses the number o f in sured unemployed as a percent of the average insured employment in a 12-month period. Definitions Average weekly seasonally adjusted insured unemployment data are computed by BLS’ Weekly Seasonal Adjustment program. This procedure incorporated the X - ll Variant of the Census Method II Seasonal Adjust ment program. Data for all programs represent an unduplicated count of insured un employment under State programs, Unemployment Compensation for ExServicemen, and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees, and the Railroad Insurance Act. An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning of his first period o f unemployment in a benefit year; no application is required for subsequent periods in the same year. Number of payments are payments made in 14-day registration periods. The average amount of benefit payment is an average for all compensable periods, not adjusted for recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments. However, total benefits paid have been adjusted. Under both State and Federal unemployment insurance programs for civilian em ployees, insured workers must report the completion of at least 1 week o f unemployment before they are defined as unemployed. Persons not covered by unemployment insurance (about 10 percent of the labor force) and those who have exhausted or not yet earned benefit rights are excluded from the scope o f the survey. Initial claims are notices filed by 18. Unemployment insurance and employment service operations [A ll ite m s e xce p t a verag e b e n e fits a m o u n ts are In th o u s a n d s ] 1983 1982 All program s: Insured u n e m p lo y m e n t................................ State unem ploym ent insurance p ro gra m :1 Initial c la im s2 ................................................... Insured unem ploym ent (average weekly v o lu m e ) ........................................... Rate of insured u n e m p lo y m e n t.................. W eeks o f unem ploym ent co m p en sate d... Average weekly benefit am ount fo r total unem ploym ent ......................... Total benefits paid ........................................ State unem ploym ent insurance p ro g ra m :1 (Seasonally adjusted data) Initial c la im s2 ................................................... Insured unem ploym ent (average weekly v o lu m e ) ........................................... Rate o f in sured u n e m p lo y m e n t.................. U nem ploym ent com pensation fo r exservicem en:3 Initial cla im s1 ................................................... Insured unem ploym ent (average weekly v o lu m e ) ............................................ Weeks of unem ploym ent co m p en sate d... Total benefits paid ........................................ Unem ploym ent com pensation fo r Federal civilian em ployees:4 Initial c la im s ...................................................... Insured unem ploym ent (average weekly v o lu m e ) ........................................... Weeks o f unem ploym ent co m p en sate d.. Total benefits paid ........................................ Railroad unem ploym ent insurance: A p p lic a tio n s ...................................................... Insured unem ploym ent (average weekly v o lu m e ) ........................................... Num ber of p a y m e n t s .................................... Average am ount of benefit paym ent . . . Total benefits paid ........................................ S ep t. A ug. July 4,495 4,398 4,283 4,391 4,635 M a r. F eb. 5,074 5,459 5 ,437 A pr. 5,134 M ay 4 ,642 June 3,9 4 7 JulyP 3,274 3,481 2,655 2,358 2,342 2,443 2,661 3,080 3 ,143 2,065 2 ,075 1,874 1,666 1,742 1,805 3,831 4 .4 15,015 3,712 4.2 14,547 3 ,828 4.4 13,786 4,156 4.7 15,170 4,581 5.2 17,873 4,923 5 .6 18,307 4,7 5 9 5.5 16,895 4,401 5 .0 19,529 3,9 0 6 4 .5 14,986 3,361 3.9 13,133 3 ,063 3 .5 12,896 3,0 4 9 3.5 10,969 $123.42 $ 124.29 $ 124.47 $125.47 $12 6.5 6 $ 123.43 $ 124.85 $124.49 $123.65 $118:97 $120.78 $122.81 $117.28 $1,6 79 ,37 8 $ 1,7 46 ,19 5 $ 1,7 10 ,57 3 $ 1,6 47 ,34 3 $ 1,8 20 ,01 9 $2,1 35 ,30 2 $2,205,551 $ 2,0 52 ,41 5 $ 2 ,3 67 ,75 2 $ 1 ,8 16 ,53 9 $1,5 87 ,88 8 $ 1,5 49 ,75 8- $1,298,661 2,317 2,814 2,902 2,688 2 ,680 2,586 2,187 2,138 2,1 4 8 1,952 1,993 1,836 1,575 3,959 4.5 4,137 4.7 4,4 4 6 5.1 4,680 5.3 4,618 5 .3 4,355 5.0 3 ,980 4 .6 3,9 7 9 4 .6 3,884 4 .5 3 ,774 4.3 3 ,538 4.1 3,301 3 .8 3,086 3 .6 10 11 11 10 17 24 21 16 18 15 14 16 16 7 25 $2,821 7 24 $2,793 8 25 $ 2,900 9 28 $3,366 14 33 $4,006 26 90 $11,191 37 132 $16,807 37 143 $18,032 34 156 $19,588 30 117 $14,776 26 104 $13,111 25 107 $13 ,55 5 25 94 $12 ,07 3 13 12 13 16 14 15 16 10 11 10 9 13 12 29 120 $13,445 27 118 $13,140 26 111 $12,303 28 110 $12,144 31 126 $14,023 33 146 $16,114 35 142 $16,045 33 131 $15,083 31 146 $16,871 26 109 $ 12,422 22 93 $10,603 21 90 $10,304 23 88 $10 ,21 9 68 68 14 20 17 17 20 7 c8 94 4 30 55 55 100 $202.54 $17,998 55 100 $ 202.54 $17,998 61 137 $216.14 $ 31,123 82 159 $212.35 $31,638 81 162 $216.55 $35,061 83 172 $217.00 $ 39,500 102 219 $220.32 $44,514 72 158 $214.54 $ 33,100 65 169 $ 213.44 $36 ,24 3 79 172 $203.87 $27,783 90 183 $215.15 $29,411 49 123 $ 203.54 $ 14,984 49 92 $199.87 $17,551 14,320 2 ,804 1 1nitial cla im s and State in sured unem ploym ent include data under the program fo r Puerto Rican igarcane w orkers. 1 Excludes tra nsition claim s under State program s. E x c lu d e s data on claim s and paym ents made jo in tly w ith other program s. 4 Excludes data o r claim s and paym ents made jo in tly w ith State program s. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Jan . 3,9 1 2 4.6 14,655 E m ploym ent service :5 New applications and re n e w a ls .................. N onfarm placem ents .................................... 62 Dec. Nov. Oct. 4,527 642 r8,381 1,184 11,987 1,921 5 Cumulative tota l fo r fiscal year (O ctober 1-Septem ber 30). Data com puted quarterly. NOTE: Data fo r Puerto Rico and the V irgin Islands included. Dashes Indicate data not available. p = prelim inary r _ revise(j c _ co rre cted PRICE DATA P r i c e d a t a are gathered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from retail and primary markets in the United States. Price indexes are given in relation to a base period (1967 = 100, unless otherwise noted). Definitions The Consumer Price Index is a monthly statistical measure of the average change in prices in a fixed market basket of goods and services. Effective with the January 1978 index, the Bureau of Labor Statistics began pub lishing CPI’s for two groups of the population. It introduced a CPI for All Urban Consumers, covering 80 percent of the total noninstitutional pop ulation, and revised the CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, covering about half the new index population. The All Urban Consumers index covers in addition to wage earners and clerical workers, professional, managerial, and technical workers, the self-employed, short-term workers, the unemployed, retirees, and others not in the labor force. The CPI is based on prices of food, clothing, shelter, fuel, drugs, transportation fares, doctors’ and dentists’ fees, and other goods and ser vices that people buy for day-to-day living. The quantity and quality of these items is kept essentially unchanged between major revisions so that only price changes will be measured. Data are collected from more than 24,000 retail establishments and 24,000 tenants in 85 urban areas across the country. All taxes directly associated with the purchase and use of items are included in the index. Because the CPI’s are based on the ex penditures o f two population groups in 1972-73, they may not accurately reflect the experience of individual families and single persons with dif ferent buying habits. Though the CPI is often called the “ Cost-of-Living Index,” it measures only price change, which is just one of several important factors affecting living costs. Area indexes do not measure differences in the level of prices among cities. They only measure the average change in prices for each area since the base period. Producer Price Indexes measure average changes in prices received in primary markets of the United States by products of commodities in all stages o f processing. The sample used for calculating these indexes contains about 2,800 commodities and about 10,000 quotations per month selected to represent the movement of prices of all commodities produced in the manufacturing, agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, gas and electricity, and public utilities sectors. The universe includes all commodities produced or imported for sale in commercial transactions in primary markets in the United States. Producer Price Indexes can be organized by stage of processing or by commodity. The stage of processing structure organizes products by degree o f fabrication (that is, finished goods, intermediate or semifinished goods, and crude materials). The commodity structure organizes products by sim ilarity o f end-use or material composition. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis To the extent possible, prices used in calculating Producer Price Indexes apply to the first significant commercial transaction in the United States, from the production or central marketing point. Price data are generally collected monthly, primarily by mail questionnaire. Most prices are ob tained directly from producing companies on a voluntary and confidential basis. Prices generally are reported for the Tuesday of the week containing the 13th day of the month. In calculating Producer Price Indexes, price changes for the various commodities are averaged together with implicit quantity weights repre senting their importance in the total net selling value of all commodities as of 1972. The detailed data are aggregated to obtain indexes for stage of processing groupings, commodity groupings, durability o f product groupings, and a number of special composite groupings. Price indexes for the output of selected SIC industries measure av erage price changes in commodities produced by particular industries, as defined in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual 1972 (Washing ton, U .S. Office of Management and Budget, 1972). These indexes are derived from several price series, combined to match the economic activity of the specified industry and weighted by the value of shipments in the industry. They use data from comprehensive industrial censuses conducted by the U .S. Bureau of the Census and the U.S. Department o f Agriculture. Notes on the data Regional CPI’s cross classified by population size were introduced in the May 1978 Review. These indexes enable users in local areas for which an index is not published to get a better approximation of the CPI for their area by using the appropriate population size class measure for their region. The cross-classified indexes are published bimonthly. (See table 20.) For details concerning the 1978 revision of the CPI, see The Consumer Price Index: Concepts and Content O ver the Years, Report 517, revised edition (Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 1978). As o f January 1976, the Producer Price Index incorporated a revised weighting structure reflecting 1972 values of shipments. Additional data and analyses of price changes are provided in the CPI D etailed Report and Producer Prices and Price Indexes, both monthly publications of the Bureau. For a discussion of the general method of computing producer, and industry price indexes, see BLS Handbook o f Methods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 7. For consumer prices, see BLS Handbook o f M ethods fo r Surveys and Studies (1976), chapter 13. See also John F. Early, ‘‘Improving the measurement of producer price change,” Monthly Labor Review, April 1978. For industry prices, see also Bennett R. Moss, “ Industry and Sector Price Indexes,” Monthly Labor Review, August 1965. 63 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 19. Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, annual averages and changes, 1967-82 [1 9 6 7 = 100 ] Food and A ll ite m s A p p arel and H ousing bev e ra g e s T ran sp o rtatio n upkeep M e d ic a l care O ther goods E n te rta in m e n t and s ervic e s Year In d e x 1967 1968 1969 1970 ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... 100.0 104.2 109.8 116.3 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... 121.3 125.3 133.1 147.7 161.2 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... 1981 1982 ...................... ...................... 20. P ercen t change Index P ercent change Index P ercent change Index P ercent Index change P ercent change In d ex P ercen t change In d ex P ercen t change In d ex P e rc e n t c hange 100.0 103.6 108.8 114.7 3.6 5.0 5.4 100.0 104.0 110.4 118.2 4 .0 6.2 7.1 100.0 105.4 111.5 116.1 5.4 5.8 4.1 100.0 103.2 107.2 112.7 3 .2 3 .9 5.1 100.0 106.1 113.4 120.6 6.1 6 .9 6 .3 100.0 105.7 111.0 116.7 5 .7 5 .0 5.1 100.0 105.2 110.4 115.8 5 .2 4 .9 5.8 4 .3 3 .3 6 .2 11.0 9.1 118.3 123.2 139.5 158.7 172.1 3.1 4.1 13.2 13.8 8.4 123.4 128.1 133.7 148.8 164.5 4 .4 3 .8 4 .4 11.3 10.6 119.8 -122.3 126.8 136.2 142.3 3.3 2.1 3 .7 7.4 4.5 118.6 119.9 123.8 137.7 150.6 5 .2 1.1 3.3 11.2 9 .4 128.4 132.5 137.7 150.5 168.6 6 .5 3 .2 3 .9 9 .3 12.0 122.9 126.5 130.0 139.8 152.2 5.3 2.9 2.8 7 .5 8 .9 122.4 127.5 132.5 142.0 153.9 4 .8 4 .2 3 .9 7 .2 8.4 170.5 181.5 195.3 217.7 247 .0 5 .8 6 .5 7.6 11.5 13.5 177.4 188.0 206.2 228.7 248.7 3.1 8.0 9.7 10.9 8.7 174.6 186.5 202 .6 227.5 263.2 6.1 6.8 8.6 12.3 15.7 147.6 154.2 159.5 166.4 177.4 3.7 4.5 3.4 4.3 • 6.6 165.5 177.2 185.8 212.8 250.5 9 .9 7.1 4 .9 14.5 17.7 184.7 202.4 219.4 240.1 2 87.2 9 .5 9 .6 8.4 9 .4 11.3 159.8 167.7 176.2 187.6 2 03.7 5.0 4 .9 5.1 6.5 8 .5 162.7 172.2 183.2 196.3 2 13.6 5 .7 5.8 6 .4 7.2 8.8 272.3 288.6 10.2 6.0 267.8 278.5 7.7 4.0 293.2 314 .7 11.4 7.3 186.6 190.9 5.2 2.3 281.3 293.1 12.3 4 .2 295.1 326.9 10.4 10.8 219.0 232.4 7.5 6.1 233.3 2 57.0 9 .2 10.2 4 .2 5.4 5 .9 * Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers and revised CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, U.S. city average— general summary and groups, subgroups, and selected items [1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o th e rw is e s p e c ifie d ] All U rban C onsu m ers G e n e ra l su m m a ry 1982 U rban W a g e E arn ers and C le ric a l W o rk e rs 198 3 1982 1983 July Feb. M a r. Apr. M ay June July July Feb. M a r. Apr. A ll i t e m s ............................................................................................................................................... 292.2 293.2 293.4 295.5 297.1 298.1 299.3 291.8 292.3 293.0 294.9 296.3 297.2 298.2 Food and beverages ............................................................................................................ Housing .................................................................................................................................. Apparel and u p k e e p ............................................................................................................ T ra n s p o rta tio n ....................................................................................................................... Medical c a r e ........................................................................................................................... E ntertainm ent ....................................................................................................................... Other goods and s e rv ic e s ................................................................................................. 280.8 319.2 189.7 296.1 330.0 236.6 257.2 281.6 318.5 192.0 289.9 351.3 243.1 281.6 283.2 318.6 194.5 287.4 352.3 244.6 281.9 284.6 320.3 195.5 292.3 353.5 244.6 283.2 2 85.0 321.8 196.1 296.2 354.3 244.8 2 83.6 284.7 323.1 195.6 298.3 355 .4 245.4 284.5 284.7 324.5 195.0 300.4 357.7 2 46.0 2 87.5 281.2 319.3 188.7 297.9 328.1 2 33.5 2 54.5 282.1 317.6 191.0 291.1 348.9 239.5 2 79.6 283.5 319.2 194.0 288.6 350 .0 240.8 280.0 284.9 320.3 194.8 293.5 351.2 241.1 281.4 285.4 3 21.3 195.3 297.5 352.1 2 41.3 2 81.8 285.0 322 .3 194.7 299.6 3 53.3 2 41.9 2 82.8 285.0 323.1 194.0 301 .9 3 55.6 2 42.5 286.4 C o m m o d itie s ........................................................................................................................... C om m odities less food and b e v e ra g e s ............................................................. Nondurables less food and b e v e ra g e s .......................................................... D u r a b le s ................................................................................................................... 266.5 255.7 268.2 244.7 266.7 255.2 265.2 247.1 266.7 254.3 263.4 247.4 269.2 257.3 267.8 248.7 270.9 259.7 271.3 249.5 271.6 260.9 272.3 251.2 2 72.5 262.3 273.5 2 52.9 2 66.9 2 56.3 2 70.3 2 43.9 267.8 257.1 266.9 2 47.8 268.4 257.4 265 .0 249 .7 270.9 260 .3 269 .7 251 .2 2 72.7 2 62.7 2 73.3 2 52.8 2 73.3 2 63.7 2 74.4 2 53.7 2 74.2 264.9 275.7 2 54.8 Services .................................................................................................................................. Rent, r e s id e n tia l..................................................................................................... Household services less rent of shelter (12/82 = 1 0 0 ) ......................... Transportation s e r v ic e s ...................................................................................... Medical care s e r v ic e s .......................................................................................... Other services ........................................................................................................ ■337.0 224.8 338.9 c233.1 101.0 299.9 381.5 272.6 339.4 233.6 101.6 299.8 382.2 272.9 341.2 234.5 102.0 300.8 382.8 274.2 3 42.6 235.1 103.2 301.2 3 83.5 274.7 344.0 235.9 104.2 301.4 384.6 275.6 3 45.6 237.1 104.8 3 02.3 387.2 2 76.3 3 37.9 2 24.3 3 37.8 2 32.5 338.5 233.1 339 .5 234.0 340.1 2 34.6 3 41.4 2 35.3 3 42.8 2 36.5 2 95.7 3 54.7 256.6 296.9 378.2 270.2 296.7 3 79.0 2 70.6 2 97.2 3 79.7 2 72.0 2 97.6 380.5 272.6 297.5 381 .7 273.5 298.4 384.4 2 74.2 291.5 292.6 100.2 292.4 100.3 294.7 101.0 296.5 101.6 297.8 101.9 2 99.3 102.3 291.4 291.9 292.4 294.4 296.1 297 .2 298 .5 253.5 263.0 304.3 275.7 252.4 258.9 296.5 274.4 101.3 332.7 268.4 272.6 399.9 388.3 285.6 282.6 239.1 333.1 255.4 263.0 302.1 277.3 101.6 334 .5 269.9 279.4 410.0 403.2 287.0 284.0 240.2 334.8 257.6 266.3 3 06.7 279.3 102.2 3 36.0 270.6 281.5 421.3 416.3 287.6 284.7 240.8 335.6 258.9 267.3 308.4 279.7 102.7 337.4 269.6 278.5 4 27.3 4 20.7 2 88.2 285.5 2 41.5 336.4 260.2 268.4 310.4 280.3 103.1 3 38.9 269.6 2 75.8 430.1 4 23.4 289.2 286.8 242.7 337.9 275.3 254.1 2 65.0 305.8 276.8 278.9 255.0 262.2 301.1 2 75.6 279.0 255.4 260.6 297.4 275.3 2 79.7 258.2 265.0 3 03.5 278.4 281.7 260.6 2 68.4 3 08.2 280.4 283 .5 261.6 269 .3 309 .9 280 .8 285 .3 262 .7 270 .6 312.1 281 .4 332.5 270.7 287.4 424.5 438.2 282.0 278.7 233.1 331.8 253.2 260.5 299.9 274.6 101.0 332.2 266.6 272.0 406.7 401.6 284.7 282.0 237.9 3 32.9 3 33.6 2 69.7 2 88.8 4 26.5 4 39.0 280.8 2 77.6 232.4 3 32.6 3 31.2 2 66.0 2 73.5 4 06.9 4 01.9 283.0 280.2 2 37.9 3 31.4 332 .0 267 .6 274 .0 399 .8 388 .7 284.4 281 .6 240.0 331.9 333.0 269.0 280.7 410.8 404 .3 285 .6 282 .6 241.2 332 .7 333.5 269.6 283.0 422.1 4 17.3 286.1 2 83.2 2 42.3 3 32.6 3 34.9 2 68.7 2 79.8 428.1 4 21.7 2 86.5 2 83.8 2 42.9 3 33.2 336.1 268.5 277.2 4 30.9 4 24.5 2 87.4 284.9 243.8 3 34.5 $ 0,342 $0,341 $0,341 $0,338 $0,337 $ 0,335 $0,334 $ 0,343 $ 0,342 $0,341 $0,3 39 $ 0,337 $ 0,336 $ 0,335 297.2 357.3 258.0 May June July S p e c ia l in d e x e s : All item s less f o o d ................................................................................................................ All item s less hom eow ners' costs ............................................................................... All item s less m ortgage interest c o s t s ........................................................................ C om m odities less food ..................................................................................................... Nondurables less food ..................................................................................................... N ondurables less food and a p p a r e l............................................................................... N o n d u ra b le s ........................................................................................................................... Services less rent of shelter (12/82 = 100) ............................................................. Services less medical care .............................................................................................. D om estically produced farm f o o d s ............................................................................... Selected beef c u t s ................................................................................................................ E nergy1 .................................................................................................................................. Energy co m m o d itie s1 ..................................................................................................... All item s less energy ......................................................................................................... All item s less food and e n e r g y ........................................................................ C om m odities less food and e n e r g y .......................................................... Services less e n e r g y ...................................................................................... P urchasing pow er o f the consum er dollar, 1967 = $1 See foo tno tes at end of table. 64 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ........................................ 20. Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average [1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le ss o th e rw is e s p e c ifie d ] All U rban C onsu m ers G e n e ra l s u m m ary FO OD A N D BEVERAGES 1982 U rb an W a g e E arn ers and C le ric a l W o rk e rs 1982 1983 July Feb. M a r. Apr. M ay 280.8 281.6 June July 283.2 284.6 285.0 284.7 2 84.7 292.4 292.0 292.0 July 1983 F eb. M a r. A pr. May 281.2 282.1 288.6 289.3 June July 2 83.5 284 .9 290.7 292.1 285.4 285.0 285 .0 292.6 292.2 292.1 ....................................................................................................................................................... 288.5 289.0 290.5 291.9 Food at home ....................................................................................................................... Cereals and bakery p roducts ............................................................................... Cereals and cereal products (12/77 = 100) ........................................ Flour and prepared flo u r m ixes (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ......................... Cereal (12/77 = 100) ........................................................................ Rice, pasta, and cornm eal (12/77 = 100) ................................ Bakery products (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................................. W hite b r e a d ............................................................................................. Other breads (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................. Fresh b iscuits, rolls, and m uffins (12/77 = 100) .................. Fresh cakes and cupcakes (12/77 = 100) ................................. Cookies (12/77 = 100) .................................................................... Crackers, bread, and cracker products (12/77 = 100) . . . Fresh sw eetrolls, coffeecake, and donuts (12/77 = 100) . . Frozen and refrigerated bakery products and fresh pies, tarts, and turnovers (12/77 = 100) . . . . 282.8 284.3 154.8 143.5 166.3 148.9 149.0 246.1 145.1 148.9 148.9 150.0 141.8 148.5 280.3 288.7 154.0 139.8 169.2 145.3 152.4 249.8 148.7 153.1 154.0 153.7 146.5 154.2 281.9 289.8 155.0 139.4 171.3 146.0 152.8 252.0 149.0 152.0 153.8 155.1 146.0 154.2 283.4 291.1 156.1 140.2 173.8 145.8 153.3 252.1 148.8 152.5 154.9 156.8 147.2 153.7 283.8 291.7 157.0 141.3 175.7 144.8 153.5 252.6 149.7 152.0 154.7 156.1 147.9 154.0 283.0 292.4 157.9 142.2 176.4 146.2 153.7 2a3.1 149.8 151.7 154.6 155.7 149.5 153.7 282.8 293.7 158.3 142.8 176.7 146.5 154.4 2 54.3 149.5 153.2 155.4 157.0 150.3 154.1 281.9 283 .0 155.8 144.0 168.5 150.0 147.8 241.9 147.0 145.4 147.2 150.9 143.2 151.1 279.7 287.4 154.7 140.1 171.4 146.3 151.2 245 .7 150.6 149.1 152.2 154.6 147.9 156.8 281.2 288.5 155.8 139.9 173.5 147.0 151.6 2 47.8 151.1 148.0 152.1 156.0 147.3 156.9 282.5 289.6 156.9 140.4 175.9 146.8 152.0 2 47.6 150.7 148.4 153.3 157.6 148.7 156.2 2 82.9 290.2 157.7 141.7 177.8 145.8 152.2 248.2 151.8 147.9 153.0 156.8 149.5 156.7 282.1 291 .0 158.7 142.7 178.5 147.3 152.4 248.8 151.8 148.0 152.9 156.4 151.0 156.6 281.8 292.3 159.2 143.3 178.8 147.7 153.2 249.9 151.6 149.6 153.6 157.9 151.8 156.9 156.2 155.7 156.2 157.1 157.4 158.8 159.4 149.2 149.0 149.4 150.2 150.5 152.0 152.5 Meats, p ou ltry, fish , and eggs ............................................................................ Meats, poultry, and f i s h ............................................................................... Meats ......................................................................................................... Beef and v e a l ...................................................................................... G round beef o ther than c a n n e d ............................................... Chuck roast ................................................................................... Round r o a s t ................................................................................... Round s t e a k ................................................................................... S irloin s t e a k ................................................................................... Other beef and veal (12/77 = 100) .................................... P o r k ........................................................................................................ Bacon .............................................................................................. Chops .............................................................................................. Ham other than canned (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................. Sausage .......................................................................................... Canned ham ................................................................................... Other pork (1 2/77 = 100) ...................................................... Other meats ...................................................................................... Frankfurters ................................................................................... Bologna, live rw urst, and salam i (12/77 = 100) . . . . Other lunchm eats (12/77 = 100) ........................................ Lamb and organ meats (12/77 = 100) ............................. P o u lt r y ........................................................................................................ Fresh whole c h ic k e n .................................................................... Fresh and frozen chicken parts (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .............. Other pou ltry (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................... Fish and seafood ................................................................................... Canned fish and seafood .......................................................... Fresh and frozen fish and seafood (12/77 = 100) . . . E g g s ....................................................................................................................... 268.5 276.2 278.8 286.7 272.5 296.2 251.8 271.2 295.6 173.3 265.4 283.9 248.9 115.3 331.9 255.3 150.3 272.0 274.2 156.5 137.3 143.9 199.6 201.2 129.4 127.3 370.2 140.5 141.3 173.6 264.0 271.7 273.2 272.2 261.8 286.9 242.6 259.8 260.3 163.5 273.6 294.5 252.1 125.0 3 33.9 276.2 150.4 269.2 269.4 154.5 139.7 137.2 194.0 190.6 126.2 127.7 379.2 139.1 147.6 169.3 264.2 271.4 272.8 272.8 263.6 284.8 239.9 257.9 262.8 164.4 271.1 288.7 246.4 125.6 336.9 277.3 148.1 269.7 270.8 155.2 139.0 138.2 193.7 190.7 126.6 126.6 380.1 138.3 148.6 175.0 264.2 271.4 273.3 279.4 267.0 291.2 251.1 263.9 274.8 168.3 262.1 276.6 241.8 116.7 332.5 272.0 143.5 268.6 267.4 154.4 139.7 137.0 191.0 184.5 125.7 127.2 379.4 137.9 148.4 174.9 263.8 270.5 272.7 281.3 266.9 289.5 249.6 268.8 284.3 170.2 257.3 272.5 237.7 112.0 330.6 266.6 141.4 267.7 266.7 154.2 137.7 139.1 192.0 187.7 126.6 125.4 372.6 137.2 144.7 181.8 261.5 268.7 270.2 278.6 264.5 277.4 245 .6 262.1 286.1 170.5 254.1 267.4 2 34.3 110.3 3 26.5 260.9 141.7 267.4 265.8 155.6 136.6 139.3 193.6 192.1 126.3 125.3 371 2 138.6 143.0 173.8 260.4 267.2 267.8 275.8 261.4 277.6 240.7 257.8 285.2 168.8 251.2 267 .3 232 .9 108.3 318 .9 256.8 140.0 266.9 265.9 154.0 137.1 138.4 198.1 198.7 129.6 126.0 3 68.9 135.7 143.3 177.9 268 .3 275 .8 278.2 287.4 273.9 305.3 254.7 2 69.4 298.0 171.7 264.9 288.7 247.3 112.4 3 32.9 2 58.7 149.5 271.3 273.4 156.6 135.1 147.3 197.8 198.8 127.9 126.9 368.7 139.9 140.8 174.7 2 63.9 271.4 2 72.9 2 72.9 263.0 295.9 245 .3 258 .0 261 .7 162.1 272 .9 299.5 250.3 121.7 334 .8 2 80.6 149.5 2 69.0 268.6 154.5 137.8 140.1 191.9 188.4 124.6 127.1 377.5 138.5 147.1 170.0 264.0 271.1 272.4 2 73.5 264.7 293.0 242 .8 257.1 264 .5 163.0 270 .4 293.1 244.7 122.4 337.0 2 82.2 147.3 269.3 270.1 155.1 137.0 140.9 191.6 188.4 125.1 125.6 3 78.9 137.8 148.3 175.8 2 63.9 2 71.0 2 72.9 2 80.0 268.0 3 00.2 2 54.0 2 62.0 2 76.0 166.8 2 61.7 2 81.4 239.7 113.9 333.1 277.1 142.8 268.3 266 .4 154.3 137.7 140.0 189.0 182.3 124.2 126.6 3 77 .5 137.4 147.7 175.8 263 .6 270 .2 272.1 282 .0 268.3 298.8 2 52.3 2 67.7 2 85.9 168.6 2 56.8 2 76.8 2 35.9 109.3 331.1 271.6 140.6 267.3 265 .2 154.1 135.8 142.2 190.1 185.7 124.9 124.9 3 71.5 136.8 144.4 182.7 261 .3 268.3 269.7 279 .2 265.7 285.7 249.1 2 60.5 2 87.5 169.1 2 53.9 2 71.9 2 32.5 107.5 3 27.3 266.4 141.1 266.9 2 64.9 155.6 134.6 142.3 191.8 190.4 124.7 124.7 3 69.8 138.1 142.5 174.8 260.1 266.8 267.3 276.5 262.7 286.3 243.8 256.5 287.5 167.4 250.8 271.6 231.1 105.5 320.0 262 .6 139.3 266.6 264.9 154.1 135.2 141.6 196.1 196.6 127.7 125.3 367 .3 135.2 142.8 178.7 Dairy products .......................................................................................... Fresh m ilk and cream (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................... Fresh whole m i l k ............................................................................... Other fresh m ilk and cream (12/77 = 100) ......................... Processed dairy p ro d u c ts ..................................................................... B u t t e r ..................................................................................................... Cheese (12/77 = 100) ................................................................. Ice cream and related products (12/77 = 100) .................. Other dairy products (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................ 247.5 135.6 221.6 136.2 145.9 251.1 144.2 150.4 141.3 249.7 136.7 223.4 137.3 147.4 253.6 145.5 153.1 141.6 249.6 136.8 223.4 137.7 147.2 253.5 145.5 150.7 143.9 250.1 136.6 223.5 136.7 148.1 253.9 146.5 152.0 144.5 250.3 136.5 223.2 136.8 148.6 254.4 146.5 153.6 144.6 249.8 136.3 222.9 136.8 148.1 252.7 146.0 154.0 143.1 249.8 136.2 222 .8 136.4 148.2 253.3 146.9 15V6 144.5 246.8 135.1 220.7 135.7 146.2 253.7 144.5 149.6 142.0 249.1 136.2 222.6 136.8 147.7 256.2 156.8 152.2 142.3 248 .9 136.3 222 .6 137.1 147.4 256.1 145.8 149.8 144.6 249 .4 136.1 222.7 136.1 148.4 2 56.5 146.8 151.1 145.3 249.6 136.0 222.3 136.3 148.8 256 .9 146.8 152.7 145.3 249.1 135.9 222.1 136.3 148.3 255.4 146.3 153.0 143.7 249.0 135.7 222.0 135.8 148.5 255.8 147.3 150.7 145.1 Fruits and v e g e ta b le s ...................................................................................... Fresh fru its and v e g e ta b le s ................................................................. Fresh f r u i t s .......................................................................................... Apples ............................................................................................. Bananas .......................................................................................... Oranges .......................................................................................... Other fresh fru its (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................... Fresh v e g e ta b le s ............................................................................... P o t a t o e s .......................................................................................... L e t t u c e .............................................................................................. Tom atoes ...................................................................................... O ther fresh vegetables (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................................ 299.7 313.8 332.4 331.8 245.4 438.2 161.6 296.4 370.9 254.5 270.2 155.6 278.1 272.0 270.5 244.0 254.0 286.3 145.1 273.4 240.6 249.0 265.0 165.6 286.9 288.6 282.8 249.3 257.1 299.1 154.4 294.0 241.1 247.9 352.2 175.8 294.9 3 04.3 291.9 259.9 295.1 301.3 155.8 3 16.0 258.7 316.0 327.5 186.9 298.2 311.0 3 00.6 266.4 312.5 297.2 162.4 320.8 282.3 340 .9 307.8 184.1 298.2 310.9 310.5 281.9 318.1 309.1 166.3 3 11.3 304.7 3 63.5 262.3 169.4 2 98.7 3 10.6 3 26.5 287.5 3 25.2 347.9 173.3 295 .8 320 .7 280.5 243.1 167.6 295.3 307.1 3 20.5 3 33.3 243.6 399.9 156.1 2 95.0 3 66.0 2 53.0 274.9 154.8 2 74.5 267.1 261 .0 243.9 250 .9 263.1 139.8 272.7 2 36.5 2 50.0 2 69.0 165.2 2 82.9 283.0 272.5 249 .6 254 .6 272.7 149.0 292.5 236.1 246.6 358.1 174.9 291.1 2 98.9 2 82.2 260.5 2 93.0 274.4 150.9 3 14.0 253.3 311 .6 332.1 186.4 294.5 305.5" 290 .6 266 .8 311.1 270.2 156.9 3 19.2 277.3 338 .0 313 .2 183.4 294.5 3 05.4 299.7 283 .4 316 .7 280.1 160.0 3 10.8 3 01.3 3 60.8 267.1 169.5 294.7 3 04.8 3 15.3 288.8 323.1 321.5 166.6 295.5 318 .2 280.6 247.3 167.3 Processed fru its and v e g e ta b le s ...................................................... Processed fru its (12/77 = 100) ............................................... Frozen fru it and fru it juices (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...................... Fruit ju ices other than frozen (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .................. Canned and dried fru its (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................. Processed vegetables (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................... Frozen vegetables (12/77 = 100) ........................................ 286.8 148.5 143.5 152.2 148.8 139.7 146.7 287.4 150.8 144.6 155.3 151.0 138.1 151.2 287.6 151.3 145.0 156.6 151.0 137.7 149.7 287.1 150.6 143.9 155.7 150.8 138.0 150.9 286.7 150.3 142.3 155.7 151.3 137.9 151.2 286.9 149.7 140.0 155.1 152.0 138.7 151.4 288.2 150.6 140.6 156.4 152.6 139.0 151.7 284.8 148.1 142.6 151.0 149.4 138.6 148.0 285.1 150.5 143.7 154.4 151.7 136.9 152.7 2 85.3 151.0 144.1 155.6 151.5 136.6 151.3 284.8 150.2 143.0 154.6 151.4 136.8 152.5 284.6 150.0 141.4 154.7 151.8 136.8 152.8 284.7 149.3 139.0 154.0 152.6 137.5 153.1 285.9 150.2 139.8 155.4 153.1 137.9 153.3 Food https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 65 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 20. Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average [1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o th e rw is e s p e c ifie d ] A ll U rban C onsu m ers G e n e ra l su m m a ry 1982 U rb an W a g e E arn ers and C le ric a l W o rk e rs 1983 1982 1983 July Feb. M a r. Apr. M ay June July Ju ly F eb. M a r. A pr. May June 141.0 135.4 332.2 3 69.5 150.5 164.6 149.8 259.3 258.4 154.9 129.2 422.8 302.9 143.3 364.3 344.9 139.2 268 O 136.9 146.7 152.7 152.7 151.4 149.3 144.6 138.5 131.1 338.2 370.7 149.6 165 9 152.3 258.0 255.9 151.8 129.8 432.2 312 .5 147.4 365 .9 349.3 140.6 275.1 139.0 152.0 157.6 161.1 154.9 151.5 146.4 138.9 131.1 339.1 372 .8 150.3 166.9 153.4 258.4 255.8 151.4 130.4 432.7 314.1 146.7 363.2 349.2 141.1 276.0 140.0 153.1 157.9 161.6 154.9 151.7 146.8 139.6 130.6 339.2 373 2 150.8 168.3 151.4 2 58.6 259.6 151.5 129.5 431.8 313.1 146.8 361 .4 349.5 140.6 276.9 140.9 155.0 159.2 159.3 155.3 151.6 147.4 138.4 130.8 339.1 373.1 151.0 167.2 152.0 258.3 257.1 150.7 130.2 431.1 3 11.5 147.3 360.8 351.6 140.1 277.2 141.6 154.4 160.6 159.3 155.6 152.0 146.2 140.5 131.2 338.8 374 .5 151.3 168.5 152.5 2 58.3 2 59.3 149.4 130.1 4 31.0 312.3 146.3 359.3 352.2 140.5 276.1 141.6 153.8 159.0 158.6 155.4 151.2 146.2 140.9 131.7 3 38.7 376.1 151.8 169.7 153.0 2 59.0 2 59.5 150.5 130.3 4 28.7 310.3 145.1 356 .6 351.4 140.4 276.8 141.9 154.4 159.3 158.5 156.1 151.6 146.8 138.6 134.1 333.1 3 69.7 150.6 166.1 147.9 2 59.3 2 58.0 153.1 129.7 424 .4 300.4 141.1 359 .3 344.4 139.5 269.8 138.9 146.0 154.8 152.1 153.2 149.5 145.9 136.2 129.8 339.1 3 70.6 149.6 167.1 150.2 258.1 2 55.3 150.1 130.3 433 .9 310 .0 144.9 360 .5 349.0 140.8 276.8 141.1 151.3 159.6 160.1 156.8 151.7 147.7 136.4 129.7 339.9 3 72.5 150.3 168.3 151.0 258.4 254 .5 149.7 131.0 4 34 .5 3 11.5 144.5 357.9 348.8 141.3 277.5 141.9 152.2 160.1 160.4 156.7 151.9 148.0 137.1 129.2 3 40.0 3 73 .0 150.8 169.7 149.1 258.4 258.1 149.9 130.1 433 .5 310.4 144.5 356.2 3 49.0 140.9 278.5 142.7 154.2 161.2 158.3 157.1 151.8 148.7 136.2 129.5 3 39.8 3 72.9 151.0 168.7 149.6 258 .2 255 .5 149.1 130.8 4 32.4 3 08 .5 144.9 3 55.6 351.0 140.4 278.8 143.6 153.7 162.7 158.4 157.4 152.3 147.5 138.1 129.8 339.5 374.1 151.2 169.8 150.2 2 58.0 2 57.5 147.7 130.7 432 .6 309 .7 143.9 354 .3 3 51.6 140.7 c2 77.7 143.4 153.1 161.1 157.6 157.2 151.5 c147.6 138.6 130.2 339 .3 376 .0 150.8 171.0 150.8 2 58.7 257 .6 148.8 130.9 430 .3 307.8 142.6 3 51.7 350.7 140.7 278.4 143.7 153.5 161.3 157.5 157.9 151.8 148.0 Food away fro m hom e ..................................................................................................... Lunch (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .............................................................................................. D inner (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .............................................................................................. Other meals and snacks (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .......................................................... 307.6 149.6 148.1 150.5 315.2 153.3 151.7 154.5 316.5 153.7 152.0 156.0 318.0 154.4 152.5 157.1 318.6 154.6 152.7 157.9 3 19.3 154.9 153.1 158.2 319.8 154.9 153.4 158.6 3 10.7 151.2 149.8 151.1 318 .4 155.0 153.4 155.1 319 .7 155.3 153.7 156.5 321 .3 156.1 154.2 157.7 321 .9 156.2 154.4 158.4 3 22 .5 156.5 154 .8 158.7 323 .0 156.5 155.1 159.1 A lc o h o lic b e v e ra g e s ................................................................................................................... 209.2 213.3 215.1 216.1 216.6 217.0 217.2 211.3 215 .6 217 .3 2 18.5 219.1 2 19.6 2 19.8 A lco ho lic beverages at hom e (12/77 = 100) .......................................................... Beer and ale ................................................................................................................ W h is k e y .................................... ...................................................................................... Wine ............................................................................................................ Other alcoholic beverages (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................................... A lco ho lic beverages away fro m hom e (12/77 = 100) .................................... 135.5 211.4 148.9 236.5 119.6 140.8 137.7 217.4 150.9 234.7 120.7 145.4 139.1 219.8 151.3 239.1 121.5 145.7 139.7 222.5 151.4 236.3 121.5 146.5 140.0 222.7 151.3 239.1 121.5 147.0 140.3 224.1 151.6 236.3 122.1 147.1 140.7 224 .8 152.1 237.1 121.7 146.1 136.9 210 .5 149.8 245 .0 119.6 142.1 139.2 216.4 151.6 241.8 120.5 146.6 140.6 218 .6 151.9 246.8 121.2 146.9 141.3 2 21.2 151.9 2 43.9 121.3 147.7 141.7 2 21.5 151.9 2 47.0 121.4 148.2 142.0 2 22.8 152.1 244.1 122.0 148.3 142.5 2 23.6 152.6 245.2 121.8 147.1 H O U S IN G ........................................................................................................................... 319.2 318.5 3 18.6 320 .3 321.8 323.1 324.5 319.3 3 17.6 319.2 3 20.3 321 .3 3 22 .3 323.1 S h e lte r (C P I-U ) 342.8 339.2 339.3 341 .7 3 42.7 343.6 3 45.3 3 44.6 101.2 233.1 340.8 100.9 100.9 100.9 339.4 373 .6 259.3 101.4 233.6 340.6 100.9 100.8 101.5 339.9 376.7 257.7 101.8 234.5 343.7 101.7 101.7 102.0 3 43.6 3 82.8 258.7 102.2 235.1 347.5 102.0 101.9 102.4 344.3 382.7 260.0 102.5 235.9 347 .9 102.2 102.2 C102.4 345.1 381.6 262.3 103.1 237.1 3 52.3 102.7 102.7 102.7 346.1 3 83.3 2 62.6 July FOOD A N D BEVERAG ES— Continued Food— C ontinued Food at hom e— Continued Fruits and vegetables— Continued Cut corn and canned beans except lim a (12/77 = 100) Other canned and dried vegetables (12/77 = 100) . . . . O ther foods at h o m e ................................................................................... Sugar and sweets .......................................................................................... Candy and chewing gum (12/77 = 100) .................................... Sugar and artificial sweeteners (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ......................... Other sweets (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .............................................................. Fats and o ils (12/77 = 100) ..................................................................... M a r g a r in e ........................................................................................... N ondairy su bstitutes and peanut butter (12/77 = 100) . . . Other fats, oils, and salad dressings (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .............. Nonalcoholic b e v e ra g e s .................................................................................. Cola drin ks, excluding diet cola ...................................................... Carbonated drin ks, including diet cola (12/77 = 100) . . . . Roasted c o ffe e .......................................................................................... Freeze dried and instant c o ff e e .............. ........................................... Other noncarbonated drinks (12/77 = 100) ............................. Other prepared f o o d s ....................................................................................... Canned and packaged soup (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................................ Frozen prepared foods (12/77 = 100) ....................................... Snacks (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................................ Seasonings, olives, pickles, and relish (12/77 '= 100) . . . Other condim ents (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .................................................. Miscellaneous prepared foods (12/77 = 100) ......................... Other canned and packaged prepared foods (12/77 = 100) . ................................................................................................... Renters' c o s t s ....................................................................................................................... Rent, residential ........................................................................................................ Other renters' c o s t s ................................................................................... H om eow ners' c o sts2 ................................................................. O wners' equivalent r e n t .......................................................................................... Household in s u ra n c e ....................................................................................... Maintenance and repairs ................................................................................................. Maintenance and repair services ........................................................................ Maintenance and repair c o m m o d itie s ................................................................. 224.8 330.0 334.7 366.9 258.7 S h e lte r ( C P I - W ) ........................................................................................................................... 344.6 338.8 341.1 342.4 3 42 .9 343.3 344.1 Rent, r e s id e n tia l.............................................................................................. 2 24.3 2 32.5 233.1 234 .0 234 .6 2 35.3 2 36.5 O ther re nters’ c o s t s .............................................................................................. Lodging w hile o ut of t o w n ...................................................................................... Tenants’ insurance (1 2/77 = 1 0 0 ) .................................................................... 3 29.4 354.2 144.8 3 39.0 3 53.6 151.5 3 39.0 353.1 152.6 342 .3 358.2 153.2 345.5 3 63 .0 154.0 345.8 3 63.5 153.5 3 50.4 370 .7 153.8 H o m e o w n e rs h ip ................................................................................................................... Home purchase ........................................................................................................ Financing, taxes, and in s u ra n c e ............................................................................ Property in s u r a n c e .......................................................................................... Property taxes ................................................................................................. Contracted m ortgage interest c o s t s .......................................................... M ortgage interest r a t e s ........................................................................ Maintenance and re p a ir s .......................................................................................... Maintenance and repair s e rv ic e s ................................................................. M aintenance and repair c o m m o d itie s ................................................................. Paint and w allpaper, supplies, too ls, and equipm ent (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................. Lum ber, aw nings, glass, and masonry (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .............. P lum bing, electrical, heating, and cooling supplies (12/77 = 100) .................................................................... M iscellaneous supplies and equipm ent (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .............. 3 88.0 286.8 5 32.4 4 03.7 221.1 694.0 239.2 331 .5 368.1 252 .9 376 .9 293 .7 491 .3 417 .9 231.4 625.1 211.1 3 36.2 3 74.5 2 54.5 379 .9 298.9 491 .8 419.2 231.7 625.7 207.5 3 37.5 3 76.6 2 54.2 3 81.2 3 01.0 492.2 4 22.3 232.9 6 25.5 2 06.0 3 39.0 3 78.9 2 53.9 3 81.7 3 03 .9 489.1 426 .3 233 .8 620.1 202 .4 339 .9 379 .5 255.6 3 81.9 3 03.5 4 90.0 430 .6 234 .6 620 .8 203 .0 341 .0 380 .0 257 .5 382 .5 303 .3 491 .3 4 30.8 235.1 6 22.5 2 03.8 3 42.0 3 81.4 2 58.0 146.5 122.5 148.0 122.2 146.0 124.1 145.7 123.4 148.1 124.3 149.4 124.2 149.2 125.8 136.6 140.5 136.6 142.2 137.5 142.4 137.4 143.1 138.0 141.3 138.8 144.1 138.7 143.3 66 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 20. Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average [1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le ss o th e rw is e s p e c ifie d ] All U rban C onsu m ers G e n e ra l su m m a ry July U rb an W a g e E arn ers and C le ric a l W o rk e rs 1983 1982 Feb. M a r. Apr. 1982 M ay June July July 1983 Feb. M a r. Apr. M ay June July F uel and o th e r u t i l i t i e s ............................................................................................................... 354.7 364.6 363.8 363.6 369.3 373.6 3 75.5 356 .2 365 .9 365.2 365.1 3 70.8 375 .5 377 .3 F u e l s .......................................................................................................................................... Fuel o il, coal, and bottled g a s ............................................................................... Fuel o il ................................................................................................................ Other fue ls (6/78 = 100) ............................................................................ Gas (piped) and e le c tr ic ity ....................................................................................... E le c tr ic it y ............................................................................................................. U tility (piped) gas .......................................................................................... 452.0 659.9 688.6 166.0 402.1 330.5 500.2 461.5 654.0 669.7 187.1 414.5 320.1 560.1 459.7 625.3 636.4 185.9 418.0 321.2 568.3 459.2 610.6 618.4 186.7 420.5 319.9 578.3 468.3 621.0 629.6 188.6 429.1 3 24.7 593.9 475.2 620 .0 628 .5 188.6 437.4 337.4 591.8 4 77.7 619.3 627.2 189.3 440.5 341.1 5 93.0 451 .9 662.9 691.1 167.4 401.5 330.8 4 96.9 461 .2 656 .0 671.3 188.1 413 .8 319 .4 557.6 4 59.5 627.3 6 37.9 187.0 4 17.5 320.7 565 .9 4 59.3 6 12.8 620.4 187.7 420.1 319 .3 576 .5 468.2 6 23.4 6 31.8 189.7 4 28.5 3 24.2 591 .0 4 75.6 6 22.4 6 30.7 189.5 4 37.4 3 37.9 588.8 477.9 621.7 629.5 190.2 440.3 3 41.6 5 89.5 Other utilities and public services ............................................................................... Telephone s e rv ic e s ..................................................................................................... Local charges (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .................................................................... Interstate to ll calls (12/77 = 100) .......................................................... Intrastate to ll calls (12/77 = 100) .......................................................... W ater and sewerage m a in te n a n c e ........................................................................ 201.4 163.8 131.9 119.7 110.0 327.7 210.9 171.7 139.9 121.8 115.9 343.9 211.4 172.1 140.3 121.8 116.3 345.6 211.7 171.9 139.9 121.8 116.6 347.5 212.5 172.8 140.9 121.8 117.1 348.2 213.2 173.4 141.8 121.8 117.4 3 48.9 214.2 173.8 141.8 121.9 118.2 353.5 202.1 164.2 132.3 120.1 109.6 3 30.8 2 11.6 172.1 140.2 122.2 115.8 3 47.2 212 .2 172.5 140.6 122.2 116.2 349 .0 212 .5 172.4 140.3 122.3 116.6 350.8 213.4 173.2 141.3 122.3 117.1 351.8 214.1 173.9 142.2 122.2 117.4 352 .6 215.3 174.3 142.3 122.3 118.2 3 57.7 H o u s e h o ld fu rn is h in g s and o p e ra tio n s H O U S IN G F ue l and o th e r u tilitie s ........................................................................... 234.1 236.7 237.6 239.9 238.4 238.6 238 .9 230.9 233.4 234.6 2 36.0 235.4 235 .5 235.8 H ousefurnishings ................................................................................................................ Textile h o u s e fu rn is h in g s .......................................................................................... Household linens (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................. C urtains, drapes, slipcovers, and sewing m aterials (12/77 = 100) ........................................................................ Furniture and b e d d in g ......................................................................................................... B edroom furnitu re (12/77 = 100) .......................................................... Sofas (12/77 = 100) ................................................................................... Living room chairs and tables (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .................................... Other furnitu re (12/77 = 100) ................................................................. A ppliances including TV and sound equipm ent ........................................... Television and sound equipm ent ............................................................. Television ................................................................................................. Sound equipm ent (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .................................................. Household appliances ................................................................................... Refrigerators and home f re e z e rs ...................................................... Laundry e q u ip m e n t............................................................................... Other household appliances (12/77 = 100) ............................. Stoves, dishw ashers, vacuum s, and sewing machines (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .......................................................... Office m achines, sm all electric appliances, and air conditioners (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .................................... Other household equipm ent (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................... Floor and w in d ow coverings, in fan ts', laundry, cleaning, and outd oo r equipm ent (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ......................... Clocks, lam ps, and decor item s (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................................ Tableware, serving pieces, and nonelectric kitchenware (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .................................................................... Lawn equipm ent, pow er too ls, and other hardware (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................................ 194.7 218.6 131.9 195.9 228.2 139.0 197.1 230.3 136.7 198.7 229.4 134.2 197.6 228.7 136.2 197.8 226.8 135.4 198.1 227 .3 134.4 192.7 221.1 133.3 193.8 232.2 140.7 195.3 2 34.8 137.9 196.7 2 33.6 135.3 195.8 232.7 137.3 195.9 230 .5 136.4 196.1 231.1 135.6 140.8 214.2 144.8 117.7 121.9 140.9 151.6 108.7 104.0 114.0 184.2 187.4 137.3 124.4 145.7 213.8 146.6 116.5 121.0 139.8 151.5 107.1 101.9 112.8 186.3 192.2 141.8 123.6 150.9 215.8 148.9 118.3 122.0 139.7 151.9 106.9 101.2 113.1 187.7 193.3 142.5 124.6 152.4 221.6 152.9 118.9 126.2 144.6 152.3 107.1 100.9 113.6 188.5 193.3 142.7 125.4 149.4 220.0 151.9 118.1 123.9 144.5 151.2 106.1 100.2 112.3 187.8 194.1 143.5 124.3 147.7 220.0 152.3 118.0 124.2 143.8 151.4 105.9 100.8 111.6 188.4 194.0 144.6 124.7 149.3 220.5 156.5 117.7 123.9 141.1 150.9 105.2 100.1 110.8 188.6 192.7 143.0 125.6 143.2 210 .5 141.2 118.1 122.0 136.3 151.5 107.8 102.7 113.2 184.8 192.9 137.5 123.0 149.5 2 10.2 142.7 117.1 121.5 135.1 151.3 106.1 100.5 111.8 186.7 198.1 142.3 121.5 156.2 2 13.2 146.0 118.9 122.6 136.0 151.7 105.9 9 9.9 111.9 188.0 198.9 142.9 122.7 157.8 218.1 149.4 119.1 126.6 140.2 152.4 106.2 99.7 112.6 188.9 199.2 143.6 123.5 154.1 216.7 148.8 118.6 124.5 139.8 151.7 105.1 99.0 111.3 188.9 2 00.3 144.6 122.6 152.1 216.5 148.9 118.3 124.9 139.0 151.9 105.0 99.6 110.5 189.5 200.2 145.2 123.2 154.0 217.6 153.0 118.0 125.0 137.1 151.2 104.3 9 9.0 109.8 189.0 199.2 143.5 123.6 123.3 122.3 124.2 125.0 123.2 123.9 124.0 122.2 120.2 122.4 123.3 121.7 122.8 122.6 125.6 139.6 125.1 140.2 125.2 140.7 126.1 140.4 125.5 139.9 125.7 141.2 127.3 142.0 123.9 137.5 122.9 137.9 122.9 138.6 123.8 138.4 123.6 138.0 123.7 139.0 124.8 139.7 142.7 132.3 143.3 132.4 143.0 133.9 143.2 133.3 143.2 132.5 142.2 133.0 145.1 133.6 135.4 128.3 134.9 127.3 135.0 129.2 135.3 128.3 135.5 128.3 134.3 128.8 137.3 129.3 145.9 145.7 146.4 145.5 145.1 149.2 149.1 141.9 141.8 142.6 142.0 141.6 145.0 144.9 133.2 135.4 135.5 135.9 135.1 135.0 135.5 138.5 140.6 140.9 141.4 140.2 139.9 140.4 Housekeeping supplies ..................................................................................................... Soaps and detergents .............................................................................................. Other laundry and cleaning products (12/77 = 100) ................................ Cleansing and to ile t tissue, paper tow els and napkins (12/77 = 100) Stationery, stationery supplies, and g ift wrap (12/77 = 100) .............. M iscellaneous household products (12/77 = 100) .................................... Lawn and garden supplies (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................................... 288.4 281.4 145.3 147.7 134.3 150.3 145.3 294.8 290.1 149.1 150.4 138.6 154.3 144.4 295.4 292.3 149.5 149.3 139.3 154.4 145.0 296.9 294.5 150.6 148.8 139.6 154.5 147.2 296.6 294.5 150.3 148.0 139.8 154.4 147.3 296.3 2 94.9 151.5 147.3 139.9 154.0 145.8 296.8 294.6 151.4 148.1 140.3 153.9 146.6 2 85.0 277.6 144.2 147.4 137.8 145.1 138.1 2 91.6 286.1 147.9 150.5 141.7 149.1 137.4 2 92.2 288.1 148.3 149.1 142.3 149.2 138.5 293 .9 290 .4 149.5 148.9 142.7 149.2 141.4 293 .6 290.6 149.2 148.0 142.9 149.1 141.4 2 93.2 290.9 150.4 147.4 142.8 148.7 139.4 293.5 2 90.3 150.2 148.2 143.2 148.6 139.7 Housekeeping services ..................................................................................................... P o s ta g e ........................................................................................................................... M oving, storage, fre ig ht, household laundry, and drycleaning services (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................. Appliance and furnitu re repair (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................... 312.5 337.5 315.9 337.5 316.4 337.5 317.1 337.5 318 .0 337.5 3 18.5 337.5 3 18.7 3 37.5 311 .6 337 .5 315 .6 337 .5 316.1 3 37.5 3 16.5 3 37.5 3 17.5 3 37.5 318 .0 3 37 .5 318 .3 337 .5 155.3 137.5 159.8 141.2 160.6 141.5 160.8 141.7 161.7 142.9 162.3 143.3 162.2 144.0 155.4 136.0 160.0 139.5 160.7 139.8 160.8 140.0 161.7 141.2 162.3 141.6 162.3 142.2 A PP A R EL AN D UPK EEP ............................................................................................................... 189.7 192.0 194.5 195.5 196.1 195.6 195.0 188.7 191.0 194.0 194.8 195.3 194.7 194.0 A p p a re l c o m m o d it ie s ................................................................................................................... 178.6 180.2 182.8 183.7 184.2 183.6 182.8 178.2 179.7 182.9 183.5 183.9 183.2 182.4 Apparel co m m o dities less f o o tw e a r .................................................................... M en’ s and b o y s ' ......................................................................................................... M en’s (12/77 = 100) ................................................................................... S uits, sp o rt coats, and jackets (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ......................... Coats and ja c k e t s ................................................................................... Furnishings and special clothing (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...................... S hirts (1 2/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................ Dungarees, jeans, and trousers (12/77 = 100) ...................... B oys’ (12/77 = 100) ................................................................................... Coats, ja ckets, sweaters, and shirts (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............... Furnishings (12/77 = 100) ............................................................. S uits, tro use rs, sp ort coats, and jackets (12/77 = 100) . . W o m e n 's and g irls ’ ................................................................................................. W om en’ s (12/77 = 100) ............................................................................ Coats and ja c k e t s ................................................................................... Dresses ..................................................................................................... 174.0 182.4 114.9 105.5 98.2 138.7 121.6 109.5 118.6 109.0 132.1 120.7 154.6 102.1 154.9 152.8 176.0 184.4 116.2 106.7 98.1 142.6 122.0 110.5 119.3 108.1 132.5 122.9 155.7 '103.2 160.9 154.9 178.9 186.7 117.1 109.1 100.0 141.4 121.7 111.5 123.2 115.5 134.0 124.9 160.0 106.2 170.1 158.5 179.4 187.8 117.9 C110.3 100.0 142.8 122.0 112.0 123.5 115.2 134.9 125.5 160.6 106.5 168.1 161.5 180.2 189.5 119.2 110.9 101.1 144.5 124.6 113.2 123.3 115.4 136.1 124.4 160.1 106.1 164.7 162.7 179.7 189.1 118.8 111.2 100.7 144.3 122.6 113.0 123.7 116.3 135.8 124.7 159.7 106.1 164.7 164.3 179.3 188.2 118.3 110.7 98.2 145.3 120.9 112.8 123.0 114.9 134.9 124.6 158.8 105.5 164.8 161.4 173.4 182.6 115.4 99.2 99.8 135.3 123.6 115.0 116.9 109.7 128.2 118.3 156.2 103.5 161.8 138.4 175.3 184.8 116.9 100.2 99.9 139.1 125.0 116.1 117.7 109.3 128.4 120.2 157.2 104.4 165.5 140.6 178.9 187.0 117.6 102.1 102.2 137.6 124.4 117.4 121.4 116.4 129.6 122.3 162.8 108.4 178.4 144.4 179.4 187.9 118.3 103.5 102.4 1 38.6 125.0 117.7 121.5 115.7 130.4 122.6 163.1 108.3 177.1 145.7 179.8 189.7 119.9 103.9 104.3 140.4 C127.6 119.1 121.4 116.1 131.6 121.7 162.4 107.6 172.7 146.7 179.2 189.0 119.2 103.9 103.3 140.3 125.8 118.6 121.6 116.6 131.2 121.9 161.5 107.4 171.8 148.8 178.7 188.1 118.7 103.3 100.7 141.3 124.2 118.4 120.9 115.5 130.4 121.6 160.8 107.0 169.4 147.2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 67 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 20. Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average [1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o th e rw is e sp e c ifie d ] All U rban Consu m ers G e n e ra l s u m m ary 1982 U rban W a g e E arn ers and C le ric a l W o rk e rs 1983 1982 1983 July Feb. M a r. Apr. May June July July Feb. M a r. Apr. M ay June July A P P A R E L AN D UPK EEP— Continued A p p a re l C o m m o d itie s — C ontinued Apparel co m m o dities less footw ear— Continued Separates and sportsw ear (1 2/77 = 100) ................................ Underwear, nightwear, and hosiery (12/77 = 100) .............. Suits (1 2/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................ G irls’ (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................................................................... Coats, jackets, dresses, and suits (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .................. Separates and sportsw ear (12/77 = 100) ................................ Underwear, nightwear, hosiery, and accessories (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .......................................................... In fa nts’ and to d d lers' .............................................................................................. Other apparel co m m odities ................................................................................... Sewing materials and notions (12/77 = 100) .................................... Jew elry and luggage (12/77 = 100) ...................................................... 96.7 127.7 77.6 106.3 98.8 103.6 94.6 130.0 79.7 105.1 96.5 101.5 98.5 131.0 83.7 107.6 98.4 105.6 100.1 131.1 80.5 108.2 97.1 107.5 98.1 133.0 77.8 108.4 96.3 108.1 97.7 132.8 77.2 C106.5 96.3 103.5 96.3 131.7 81.0 106.2 100.1 99.8 97.6 127.4 93.1 105.4 96.0 104.1 95.3 129.7 95.6 104.9 95.8 102.0 99.2 130.7 104.7 108.0 97.6 107.5 101.0 130.8 99.4 109.2 9 8.5 109.1 9 8.9 132.7 9 5.9 109.4 9 7.3 110.3 98.4 132.4 93.9 107.4 96.5 106.1 96.9 131.4 99.8 106.6 100.0 101.3 123.8 268.8 209.7 120.0 142.2 125.8 278.8 213.4 120.5 145.4 126.4 280.1 213.4 120.4 145.4 127.8 280.4 214.4 121.8 145.8 128.6 280.7 2 15.0 122.9 145.9 128.6 283.0 214.0 122.4 145.1 127.7 282.4 2 15.9 123.0 146.7 122.7 2 83.0 198.7 118.5 133.1 124.9 289 .5 201 .7 118.5 135.9 125.6 291.1 201.9 118.4 136.1 126.9 291 .0 202 .5 119.4 136.2 127.4 290 .9 203.3 120.6 136.5 127.5 2 93.4 2 03.0 120.5 136.2 126.8 293.1 2 04.6 121.0 137.4 F o o tw e a r....................................................................................................................... M en’s (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .............................................................................................. B oys’ and g irls ’ (1 2/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................ W o m e n ’s (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................................................................... 206.4 132.3 131.7 125.6 205.6 132.2 131.2 124.6 206.6 133.2 131.1 125.5 207.5 133.9 130.7 126.5 208.0 133.7 131.7 126.9 2 06.8 133.7 130.7 125.6 2 03.8 132.8 128.9 122.9 206.7 134.3 134.4 121.5 205 .2 133.9 133.4 120.4 206.1 134.8 133.2 121.1 2 07.2 135.6 133.4 122.0 2 07.7 135.4 134.3 122.5 2 06.6 135.5 133.1 121.3 203.7 134.7 131.0 118.9 A p p a re l s e rv ic e s ........................................................................................................................... 276.6 285.4 286.7 288.7 290.3 290.9 291.8 274 .3 2 83.6 284.9 287.1 288.6 289.2 290 .0 Laundry and drycleaning other than coin operated (12/77 = 100) ............... O ther apparel services (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................................ 165.4 144.1 170.3 149.1 170.8 150.4 171.7 152.0 172.8 152.5 173.5 152.4 174.1 152.7 163.8 144.6 168.8 150.3 169.3 151.4 170.3 153.1 171.3 153.7 171.9 153.7 172.5153.9 2 88.6 2 93.5 297 .5 299 .6 3 01.9 TR A N S P O R T A T IO N ....................................................................................................................... 296.1 289.9 287.4 292.3 296.2 2 98.3 300.4 297 .9 291.1 P r i v a t e ............................................................................................................................................... 292.3 285.2 282.7 287.5 291.7 2 93.8 296 .0 295.1 2 87.6 2 85.0 2 89.9 294.1 296 .3 298.6 New c a r s .................................................................................................................................. Used cars ............................................................................................................................... G asoline .................................................................................................................................. A utom obile maintenance and repair ............................................................................ Body w o rk (1 2/77 = 100) ................................................................................... A utom obile drive tra in , brake, and miscellaneous mechanical repair (1 2/77 = 100) ................................................................. Maintenance and servicing (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................................... Power plant repair (12/77 = 100) .................................................................... O ther private tra n s p o rta tio n .............................................................................................. Other private transportation co m m odities ...................................................... M o tor oil, coolant, and o ther p roducts (12/77 = 100) .................. A utom obile parts and equipm ent (12/77 = 100) ............................. T i r e s ............................................................................................................ Other parts and equipm ent (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................................ Other private transportation s e r v ic e s ................................................................. A utom obile insurance ................................................................................... A utom obile finance charges (12/77 = 100) ........................................ A utom obile rental, registration, and other fees (12/77 = 1 0 0 ). . State registration ................................................................................... D rivers’ licenses (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................................... Vehicle inspection (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................... Other vehicle-related fees (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .................................... 198.6 302 .4 400 .3 318 .0 157.5 201.3 309.1 3 59.4 3 25.9 162.7 201.2 309.3 348.6 326.6 163.6 201.1 312 .7 367.6 327 .4 164.7 201.6 317.1 380.9 3 28.7 165.5 2 01.6 322.7 386.1 329.5 166.4 201.4 3 29.6 3 89.3 3 29.8 166.6 198 .5 3 02.4 4 01.6 3 18.7 2 01.0 309.1 3 61.2 3 26.6 161.5 2 00.9 3 09.3 350.3 327 .4 162.5 2 00.7 312.7 369 .3 328.1 163.4 201 .3 317.1 3 82.4 3 29.4 164.3 201 .2 322 .7 387 .4 3 30 .2 165.3 2 01.0 3 29.6 3 90.6 330.4 165.6 151.9 147.9 151.7 260.8 216.3 151.5 138.2 191.8 136.6 275.1 275.4 193.6 137.4 183.6 132.8 128.5 151.0 156.1 151.1 155.4 259.7 215.0 154.8 136.7 190.6 133.7 274.1 295 .6 165.0 140.1 184.9 133.5 128.6 156.2 156.3 150.9 156.2 259.2 213.3 154.8 135.5 188.1 133.9 273.9 297.0 161.9 141.1 186.6 133.9 129.2 157.0 157.3 151.0 156.2 258.4 212.2 156.1 134.5 186.4 133.4 273.1 299.0 157.3 141.4 186.6 133.9 131.1 157.6 157.7 151.7 156.8 258.7 210.9 155.1 133.6 185.1 132.7 273.9 301 .2 154.5 143.8 192.3 133.9 131.2 158.5 157.7 152.2 157.0 258.1 210 .4 156.0 133.2 184.3 132.7 273 .3 301.1 152.2 144.7 192.3 150.3 131.2 159.0 158.3 152.0 157.3 2 58.6 209.6 155.3 132.7 183.5 1 32.3 274.1 3 02.4 151.7 145.6 194.8 152.9 139.0 157.9 156.0 147.3 151.2 2 64.0 218.8 150.3 140.1 195.5 136.8 278 .5 274.9 192.6 138.4 183.2 133.1 129.9 158.7 160.1 150.5 154.8 261.1 217.4 153.8 138.5 194.1 133.6 275 .2 294 .9 164.0 140.8 184.3 133.7 129.9 164.1 160.3 150.3 155.6 260 .5 215 .8 153.8 137.4 191.7 133.8 2 74.8 2 96.3 161.0 141.9 186.3 134.1 130.5 165.1 161.2 150.4 155.7 259 .3 214.7 155.0 136.4 190.1 133.4 2 73.7 2 98.2 156.6 142.2 186.3 134.1 132.4 165.4 161.6 151 .0 1 56.3 2 59.6 2 13.3 153.9 135.4 188.8 132.4 2 74.4 3 00.5 1 53.8 144.9 192.1 134.1 132.5 166.5 161.7 151 .5 156.4 2 58.9 2 12.9 154.8 135.0 187.9 132.5 2 73.6 3 00.5 151.4 146.0 192.1 150.6 132.5 167.0 162.2 151.3 156.6 2 59.4 212.1 154.1 134.5 187.2 132.1 2 74.5 3 02.0 151.1 146.9 194.7 153.4 139.8 165.5 P u b lic ............................................................................................................................... 347.2 355.2 354.5 361.1 359.1 361.2 363.2 339.8 347.7 347.3 3 53.3 3 51.2 352.7 354.4 A irline f a r e ....................................................................................................................... Intercity bus fare ................................................................................................................ Intracity mass t r a n s i t ......................................................................................................... Taxi fare .................................................................................................................................. Intercity train f a r e ................................................................................................................ 397.4 368.3 311.0 299.3 338.4 405.5 383.8 319.4 301.2 351.8 402.9 389.4 320.1 300.8 351.9 417.2 394.6 320.2 302.0 352.0 411.2 401.7 321.7 302.1 352.3 415.4 403.9 321.7 301.0 353.2 418.8 404.2 322.6 301.0 361.3 393.2 370.6 310.3 308.7 338.4 401.5 385.4 318.3 310.8 352.2 398.9 392.0 319.0 310.4 352.3 415.9 396.9 319.1 311.4 352.5 407.4 403.0 320.1 311.6 352.7 410.9 4 05.2 320.6 3 11.0 3 53.6 415.9 404.1 320.7 311.0 362.3 M E D IC A L CARE ............................................................................................................................... 330.0 351.3 352.3 353.5 354.3 355.4 357.7 328.1 348.9 350.0 351.2 352.1 353.3 355.6 M e d ic a l c are c o m m o d it ie s ....................................................................................................... 206.5 216.7 218.6 221.2 222.5 223.2 224.2 207.1 217.2 219.0 221.6 222.8 223.6 224.5 Prescription d r u g s ................................................................................................................ Anti-infective drugs (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .................................................................... Tranquilizers and sedatives (12/77 = 100) ................................................... C irculatories and diuretics (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................................... H orm ones, diabetic drugs, biologicals, and prescription medical supplies (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................... Pain and sym ptom control drugs (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................ Supplem ents, cough and cold preparations, and respiratory agents (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................................. 193.4 144.2 156.1 139.3 205.9 153.3 168.2 147.2 208.7 153.8 171.4 151.2 211.6 155.2 174.7 153.4 212.9 155.8 176.3 153.5 213.7 156.6 177.0 153.3 214.5 157.2 177.6 154.0 194.4 146.0 155.8 139.1 207.1 155.5 167.9 147.2 209.9 155.8 171.2 151.0 212.8 157.2 174.5 153.2 214.1 157.8 176.1 153.4 214.8 158.8 176.7 153.2 215.6 159.2 177.2 153.9 179.6 155.4 189.0 168.6 192.4 170.0 196.1 171.7 197.8 172.3 198.1 173.3 198.1 175.1 181.1 157.1 190.8 170.3 194.2 171.7 198.1 173.4 199.7 174.1 199.9 175.1 199.8 176.8 147.9 156.4 157.8 159.4 160.7 161.8 162.3 148.1 156.7 158.1 159.7 161.0 162.0 162.5 N onprescription drugs and medical supplies (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ............................. Eyeglasses (12/77 = 100) ................................................................................... Internal and respiratory over-the-counter d r u g s ........................................ Nonprescription medical equipm ent and supplies (12/77 = 100) . . . 146.4 131.6 234.9 142.2 151.6 134.6 245.1 146.1 152.3 134.9 245.5 148.0 153.8 135.1 248.7 149.4 154.7 134.8 250.9 150.0 155.2 135.0 251.9 150.4 155.9 135.8 253.5 150.3 147.1 130.4 236.2 143.2 152.4 133.4 246.4 147.4 153.1 133.7 246.8 149.4 154.6 133.9 250.2 150.6 155.4 133.8 252.1 151.3 156.0 133.9 253.3 151.4 156.7 134.6 254.9 151.3 ............................................................................................................... 357.3 381.5 382.2 382.8 383.5 384.6 387.2 354.7 378.2 379.0 379.7 380.5 381.7 384.4 Professional services ......................................................................................................... Physicians’ s e r v ic e s ................................................................................................. 302.8 328.7 315.4 344.8 316.7 346.4 318.0 348.2 319.7 349.4 322.0 351.7 324.2 353.9 302.9 331.6 315.7 348.2 316.9 349.8 318.4 3 51.8 320.0 353.9 322.2 3 55.3 324.6 357.6 M e d ic a l c are s e rv ic e s Digitized for68 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 20. Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average [1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o th e rw is e s p e c ifie d ] All U rban Consu m ers G en e ra l su m m a ry 1982 U rb an W a g e E a rn e rs an d C le ric a l W o rk e rs 1983 1982 1983 July Feb. M a r. Apr. May June July July Feb. M a r. A pr. May June Ju ly Professional services— Continued Dental s e rv ic e s ............................................................................................................ O ther professional services (12/77 = 100) .................................................. 284.8 144.8 294.0 150.5 294.6 151.6 295.7 151.9 298.6 151.8 301.2 152.3 3 03.8 153.0 282.9 141.5 291.8 147.2 292.3 148.3 293.4 148.5 296.1 148.5 298 .9 148.7 301.6 149.6 Other m edical care s e rv ic e s .............................................................................................. Hospital and other medical services (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................ Hospital room ............................................................................................................ Other hospital and medical care services (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ......................... 423.2 174.7 557.8 171.2 461.3 188.6 604.1 184.5 461.4 189.5 606.2 185.6 461.1 190.2 608.0 186.3 460.5 190.8 609.6 187.0 460.4 191.5 609.6 188.3 4 63.3 193.8 619.1 189.9 419 .4 172.9 549.7 170.0 457 .0 187.0 596 .7 183.3 457.1 187.8 598.8 184.3 4 56.9 188.4 6 00.7 184.9 4 56.4 189.0 6 01.8 185.6 456 .4 189.6 602 .2 186.8 459.4 191.9 611.2 188.4 M E D IC A L CARE— C ontinued M e d ic a l c a re s e rv ic e — Continued E N T E R T A IN M E N T ........................................................................................................................... 236.6 243.1 244.6 244.6 244.8 245.4 246.0 233.5 239 .5 2 40.8 241.1 2 41.3 241.9 242 .5 E n te rta in m e n t c o m m o d itie s ................................................................................................... 241.1 244.5 246.8 246.0 246.3 246.3 246.7 235.5 238.8 240.8 240.5 240.7 240.7 241.4 Reading materials (12/77 = 100) ............................................................................... Newspapers ................................................................................................................ Magazines, periodicals, and books (12/77 = 1 0 0 )........................................ 150.4 285.9 156.1 156.1 296.5 162.2 159.3 299.6 167.1 158.4 300.2 164.8 159.7 301.6 166.8 158.5 302.0 164.2 158.5 302.7 163.6 149.7 285.6 156.0 155.5 296.4 162.1 158.7 299.8 167.3 157.8 300.4 164.8 159.1 301.7 167.0 158.0 3 02.0 164.2 158.0 302.7 163.6 S porting goods and equipm ent (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................................... S port vehicles (12/77 = 100) ............................................................................ Ind o or and warm w eather sport equipm ent (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ..................... B ic y c le s ........................................................................................................................... O ther sp orting goods and equipm ent (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................................ 132.8 135.4 120.3 198.3 129.4 133.4 136.1 120.5 196.7 132.1 134.2 137.3 120.8 197.8 131.6 133.6 136.3 121.3 196.1 132.0 133.2 135.7 120.5 196.6 132.2 134.0 136.7 119.9 199.2 132.2 134.2 137.1 118.6 199.8 132.8 125.7 124.1 118.0 199.4 129.8 127.0 126.0 117.9 197.7 131.9 127.2 126.4 118.4 198.0 131.5 127.5 126.7 118.9 197.4 132.0 127.3 126.5 118.0 197.9 132.3 127.7 126.8 117.6 2 00.2 132.2 128.3 127.8 116.4 200.7 132.7 Toys, hobbies, and other entertainm ent (12/77 = 100) .................................... Toys, hobbies, and m usic equipm ent (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................................ P hotographic supplies and equipm ent (12/77 = 100) ............................. Pet supplies and expenses (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................................... 137.3 137.2 130.8 142.0 138.0 136.9 131.2 144.9 138.6 137.6 131.6 145.6 138.5 137.3 131.6 145.8 138.4 137.4 131.7 145.1 138.6 137.4 131.4 145.9 139.0 137.7 131.6 146.6 136.1 133.7 131.9 143.0 136.7 133.0 132.3 145.9 137.3 133.7 132.8 146.5 137.2 133.4 132.6 146.9 137.1 133.5 132.6 146.1 137.3 133.6 132.4 146.9 137.7 134.0 132.7 147.6 E n te rta in m e n t s e r v i c e s ............................................................................................................... 230.8 241.6 241.9 243.1 243.2 244.7 245.4 231 .3 2 41.8 242.1 2 43.3 243 .5 245.1 245.8 151.3 144.7 131.8 151.8 146.4 130.6 143.0 134.6 128.8 151.7 139.8 131.2 152.2 139.1 131.8 152.4 140.7 132.4 152.1 143.7 132.6 152.5 143.7 132.6 152.8 145.4 131.4 Fees fo r participant sp orts (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................................. A dm issions (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .............................................................................................. O ther entertainm ent services (12/77 = 100) ......................................................... 141.8 135.5 127.8 150.6 140.9 130.3 150.9 140.1 131.0 151.3 141.7 131.6 150.8 142.4 131.9 ........................................................................................... 257.2 281.6 281.9 283.2 283.6 284.5 2 87.5 254.5 279.6 280.0 281.4 2 81.8 282.8 286.4 Tob a c c o p r o d u c t s ........................................................................................................................... 239.2 282.8 283.3 284.9 285.3 285.9 2 94.6 2 38.3 282.2 282.7 2 84.3 284.8 285.4 294.3 Cigarettes .............................................................................................................................. Other tobacco p roducts and sm oking accessories (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .................. 242.2 142.1 290.0 147.8 290.4 148.6 292.0 149.6 292.4 149.6 293.1 149.9 3 02.8 150.5 2 41.3 142.2 288 .8 147.7 289.3 148.5 2 90.9 149.5 2 91.5 149.6 292.0 149.8 301.7 150.5 O THER G O OD S A N D S ER VIC ES ....................................................................................................................... 249.4 257.8 257.8 259.1 259.4 260 .9 261.3 2 47.5 255 .5 255 .8 257.1 257 .3 259.0 259.4 Toilet goods and personal care a p p lia n c e s ................................................................. P roducts fo r the hair, hairpieces, and w ig s (12/77 = 100) .................. Dental and shaving products (12/77 = 100) ............................................... Cosm etics, bath and nail preparations, manicure and eye makeup im plem ents (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................... Other toilet goods and small personal care appliances (12/77 = 100) . . . 247.7 145.0 150.9 256.0 148.1 159.3 257.1 148.5 160.4 258.5 150.9 160.5 258.6 150.8 161.2 261.4 151.7 162.5 262.3 152.5 162.6 248.6 144.2 149.5 256.8 147.4 157.8 257.8 147.8 158.9 259 .3 150.3 158.9 2 59.3 150.0 159.6 262.1 150.9 160.8 263.0 151.7 160.8 139.9 141.8 145.6 144.1 146.0 144.9 145.6 146.0 145.1 146.7 148.5 147.1 148.8 147.9 140.5 145.4 146.4 147.7 146.7 148.5 146.3 149.8 145.7 150.3 149.2 150.7 149.5 151.6 Personal care services ..................................................................................................... Beauty parlor services fo r wom en .................................................................... Haircuts and oth e r barber shop services fo r men (12/77 = 100) . . . 251.8 254.4 139.8 260.4 264.4 143.1 259.5 262.4 143.7 260.7 264.2 143.8 261.1 264.5 144.1 2 61.6 2 65.0 144.4 261.5 264.3 145.1 2 46.9 2 47.9 138.5 2 54.7 2 56.8 141.9 2 54.3 2 55.5 142.6 255.4 2 57.2 142.7 255.7 2 57.4 143.0 256~3 258.0 143.2 256.4 257.5 143.9 P e rs o n a l and e d u c a tio n a l e x p e n s e s ................................................................................... 294.5 323.3 323.9 3 24.9 325.6 3 26.0 327 .2 2 96.4 3 25.0 3 25.7 3 26 .8 3 27.7 328.1 329.4 S choolbooks and supplies .............................................................................................. Personal and educational services ............................................................................... Tuitio n and o ther school f e e s ............................................................................... College tu itio n (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .................................................................... Elementary and high school tu ition (12/77 = 100) ......................... Personal expenses (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .................................................................... 264.8 301.7 152.0 151.8 152.2 166.0 292.0 331.0 167.4 167.0 168.8 179.6 292.3 331.5 167.4 167.0 168.8 181.2 292.5 332.7 167.6 167.4 168.8 183.1 292.9 333 .5 167.7 167.4 168.9 185.1 2 93.6 3 33.8 167.6 167.3 168.9 186.1 294.2 335.1 168.0 167.8 168.9 187.9 269.0 303.4 152.5 152.0 152.9 16611 296.0 3 32.5 167.9 167.1 169.8 179.5 2 96.3 3 33.2 167.9 167.1 169.8 181.1 2 96.5 334 .5 1 68.2 167.5 169.8 183.1 2 96.8 3 35.5 168.2 167.5 169.9 185.3 297 .6 335 .8 168.2 167.4 169.9 186.2 298.3 337.3 168.5 167.9 169.9 188.3 3 95.0 355.8 345.2 363.4 376.2 381 .2 384.3 318.7 350.3 329.4 355.1 331.1 356.0 333.4 357.3 337.2 358.2 341.5 358.6 343.6 3 58.9 396 .2 438.8 317.8 351.0 357 .3 411 .6 328 .5 3 56 .5 3 46.7 4 11.8 330.4 357.9 3 65.0 4 11.6 332 .6 359 .5 3 77.6 4 10.0 3 36.5 3 60.3 c3 82.4 C41 0 .2 c3 4 1 .1 c360 .8 385.4 4 11.4 343.1 361.7 P ersonal care S p e c ia l in d e x e s : Gasoline, m o to r oil, coolant, and oth e r p r o d u c t s .................................................. Insurance and fin a n c e ........................................................................................................ U tilities and pub lic tra n s p o rta tio n ................................................................................... Housekeeping and home maintenance s e r v ic e s ...................................................... 'E xclu d e s m o to r o il, coolant, and other products as of January 1983. 2See box w ith “ Price D a ta ." https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis c = corrected. 69 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 21. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Cross classification of region and population size class by expenditure category and commodity and service group [D e c e m b e r 1 9 7 7 = 1 0 0 ] Size class A S ize c lass B Size class C S ize c lass D ( 1 .2 5 m illio n or m o re) ( 3 8 5 ,0 0 0 - 1 ,2 5 0 m illio n ) ( 7 5 ,0 0 0 - 3 8 5 , 0 0 0 ) ( 7 5 ,0 0 0 or less) C ateg o ry and group 1983 Feb. Apr. 1983 June Feb. Apr. 1983 June Feh. 1983 Apr. June Feh. Apr. June N o rth east EXP E N D ITU R E CATEGO RY All Item s ............................................................................................................................................................... Food and beverages .............................................................................................................................. H o u s in g ........................................................................................................................................................ Apparel and upkeep .............................................................................................................................. T ransportation ......................................................................................................................................... Medical care .......................................................................................... .................................................. E n te rta in m e n t............................................................................................................................................. Other goods and services ................................................................................................................... 151.8 146.0 156.7 120.3 159.1 158.1 141.6 154.4 153.1 147.0 158.0 122.6 160.1 159.6 143.1 156.2 153.9 147.4 158.9 122.6 161.7 160.9 144.1 156.7 158.2 144.2 168.8 121.9 164.8 161.6 139.1 157.3 159.0 146.2 169.1 122.4 165.4 163.0 139.1 158.6 160.8 146.8 170.7 124.4 169.2 163.5 138.8 159.8 162.9 149.8 176.2 126.6 164.2 165.5 140.0 160.4 163.5 151.1 176.4 128.5 164.3 166.0 139.8 162.3 164.2 150.6 176.7 128.9 166.6 166.7 142.1 163.1 156.1 144.0 163.1 124.3 162.5 164.1 147.2 159.4 158.2 145.8 165.1 130.2 164.3 165.8 146.5 162.1 158.5 146.3 163.9 129.5 166.7 168.5 148.1 162.2 147.6 148.4 157.1 148.4 149.0 159.0 149.1 150.0 160.0 153.1 157.1 166.1 153.0 155.7 168.2 154.8 158.3 169.8 153.3 154.5 178.3 153.6 154.3 179.4 154.3 155.8 180.1 150.2 152.7 165.1 151.3 153.4 168.5 152.3 154.8 167.9 158.3 145.0 165.2 127.0 167.1 166.3 147.3 153.8 156.6 149.1 162.2 122.0 160.6 171.0 135.2 163.3 158.1 150.9 163.8 123.5 161.2 172.2 136.5 165.2 159.3 151.7 163.9 122.2 165.7 173.1 137.1 166.3 C O M M O D IT Y AN D SER VIC E G R O U P C o m m o d itie s ........................................................................................................................................................ C om m odities less food and beverages .......................................................................................... S e rv ic e s ................................................................................................................................................................... North C en tral R eg io n EXP E N D ITU R E CATEGORY All item s ............................................................................................................................................................... Food and beverages .............................................................................................................................. H o u s in g ........................................................................................................................................................ Apparel and upkeep .............................................................................................................................. Transportation ......................................................................................................................................... Medical care ............................................................................................................................................. E n te rta in m e n t............................................................................................................................................. O ther goods and services ................................................................................................................... 162.4 144.7 180.2 115.4 160.7 166.1 167.7 141.3 155.4 163.6 145.4 181.9 117.9 161.7 165.3 141.9 156.2 141.9 156.7 151.2 153.9 178.8 152.7 155.9 179.9 153.5 157.5 182.4 164.2 165.2 145.0 185.3 116.8 164.2 159.6 143.4 170.2 124.4 162.1 135.9 167.5 161.1 144.1 171.7 128.8 164.0 168.3 136.7 167.4 162.0 143.8 172.2 129.2 167.1 168.5 136.9 168.5 144.3 152.9 157.3 145.6 164.1 128.4 163.9 165.8 145.9 152.6 149.7 152.0 175.3 151.7 154.6 176.1 152.8 156.8 176.8 147.2 148.4 169.6 149.1 150.3 170.7 150.0 152.2 171.7 147.2 146.2 171.5 148.5 147.3 173.0 149.9 149.0 174.1 155.8 143.8 163.2 124.1 162.0 164.7 C O M M O D IT Y AN D SER VIC E G R O UP C o m m o d itie s ........................................................................................................................................................ C om m odities less food and beverages .......................................................................................... S e rv ic e s ................................................................................................................................................................... South EXP E N D ITU R E CATEGO RY All item s ............................................................................................................................................................... Food and beverages .............................................................................................................................. H o u s in g ........................................................................................................................................................ Apparel and upkeep .............................................................................................................................. Transportation ......................................................................................................................................... Medical care ............................................................................................................................................. E n te rta in m e n t............................................................................................................................................. Other goods and services ................................................................................................................... 158.0 148.7 164.9 127.6 162.1 167.1 137.5 157.5 159.1 150.5 163.5 128.7 163.8 168.7 138.6 158.4 161.2 150.9 168.5 129.8 166.8 169.0 139.4 159.3 159.5 147.3 166.1 124.0 165.0 167.2 151.0 163.2 160.9 149.2 166.9 126.2 167.1 167.9 169.0 154.5 161.7 148.9 167.9 124.6 170.3 167.5 153.0 162.9 159.0 146.1 167.3 120.1 163.8 176.8 145.9 157.8 160.2 147.4 167.8 123.1 165.9 177.5 146.5 153.5 161.2 147.3 168.7 123.0 168.5 178.5 146.1 160.0 159.5 147.7 169.9 108.3 161.3 182.5 145.4 160.3 160.8 149.9 169.9 112.5 162.9 183.0 145.6 160.4 162.0 150.7 170.3 113.9 166.0 184.4 145.5 161.0 150.9 151.5 167.9 152.3 152.7 168.6 153.7 154.8 171.5 151.7 153.2 171.1 153.8 155.5 171.6 154.5 156.8 172.6 149.2 150.2 173.9 151.0 152.4 174.4 152.0 154.1 175.3 149.2 149.6 174.9 151.1 151.4 175.3 153.0 153.8 175.7 C O M M O D IT Y A N D SER VIC E G R O UP C o m m o d itie s ........................................................................................................................................................ C om m odities less food and beverages .......................................................................................... S e rv ic e s ................................................................................................................................................................... W est EXP E N D ITU R E CATEGO RY All item s ............................................................................................................................................................... Food and beverages .............................................................................................................................. H o u s in g ........................................................................................................................................................ Apparel and upkeep .............................................................................................................................. Transportation ......................................................................................................................................... Medical care ............................................................................................................................................. E n te rta in m e n t............................................................................................................................................. Other goods and services ................................................................................................................... 157.8 149.3 163.2 120.1 162.8 174.4 139.2 162.9 159.2 151.8 164.0 121.0 165.1 175.3 139.7 163.5 161.4 151.2 166.2 121.8 171.3 176.7 139.6 155.5 158.3 150.6 162.2 125.1 165.3 170.5 144.7 161.7 159.5 152.8 163.5 121.7 165.8 171.5 145.6 162.8 161.8 153.7 165.1 128.4 171.6 172.6 145.9 163.4 151.0 146.0 150.1 122.4 161.0 174.2 143.3 155.9 152.2 148.6 151.8 122.7 162.4 174.8 139.6 158.1 153.5 148.6 151.2 123.3 167.7 176.4 144.8 158.0 157.9 150.6 159.3 139.7 162.0 173.3 155.2 168.8 157.0 153.1 154.4 139.8 161.1 175.0 157.0 169.3 160.0 154.4 159.1 142.9 165.6 177.5 157.3 169.2 148.0 147.0 170.7 149.9 148.6 171.6 152.4 153.1 173.5 150.5 150.1 169.0 151.7 150.7 170.2 154.6 154.9 171.8 148.5 148.6 154.0 149.8 149.6 155.3 152.1 153.3 155.3 148.0 146.8 172.5 149.0 147.0 168.8 151.2 149.6 173.0 C O M M O D IT Y AN D SER VIC E G R O UP C o m m o d itie s ........................................................................................................................................................ C om m odities less food and beverages .......................................................................................... S e rv ic e s .................................................................................................................................................................. 70 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 22. Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average, and selected areas [1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le ss o th e rw is e s p e c ifie d ] All U rban C onsu m ers A re a 1 July Feb. M a r. Apr. U.S. city average2 ....................................................................................... 292.2 293.2 293.4 295.5 Anchorage, Alaska (10/67 = 100) ...................................................... A tlanta, Ga.......................................................................................................... Baltim ore, M d ................................................................................................... Boston, M a ss.................................................................................................... Buffalo, N .Y ....................................................................................................... 263.6 261.0 295.1 319.9 D etroit, M ic h ..................................................................................................... 292.4 292.3 289.3 270.4 317.3 292.3 286.8 H onolulu, H a w a ii.......................................................................................... H ouston, Tex..................................................................................................... Kansas City, M o.-K ansas ........................................................................ Los Angeles-Long Beach, A naheim , C a lif.............................................. 293.7 307.6 319.9 304.5 M iam i, Fla. (11/77 = 100) ..................................................................... Milwaukee, W is ................................................................................................ M inneapolis-S t. Paul, M in n .-W is .............................................................. New Y ork, N .Y .-N ortheastern N .J ............................................................ Northeast, Pa. ( S c r a n to n ) ........................................................................ 155.1 296.5 Philadelphia, P a .-N .J..................................................................................... P ittsburgh, Pa................................................................................................... Portland, O reg.-W ash.................................................................................... St. Louis, M o .-Ill............................................................................................. San Diego, C alif............................................................................................... 281.1 292.5 290.2 3 34.8 San Francisco-O akland, C alif...................................................................... Seattle-Everett, W ash..................................................................................... W ashington, D .C .-M d .-V a ........................................................................... 296.6 281.3 277.3 275.1 295.3 Feb. M a r. Apr. M ay June July c297.1 298.1 299.3 291 .8 292.3 2 93.0 294.9 c2 96.3 c297 .2 298.2 2 65.8 259.1 302.3 294.9 287.1 272.8 316.7 295.9 289.5 283.0 283.5 305.2 284.7 293.2 327.5 297.3 294.9 c296.6 292.0 271.4 321.3 297.5 c293.6 159.4 308.8 309.4 286.5 287.4 281.7 c284.3 312.6 c288.1 c286.1 305 .4 288.5 295.4 332.0 303.0 299.3 297.8 289.0 287.0 278.7 300.9 292.6 291.4 335.8 3 26.3 298.4 2 89.3 287.1 294.5 293.0 274.8 3 17.4 2 89.0 290.1 160.8 310.1 156.9 299 .6 291.4 307 .6 3 13.7 298.1 276.1 277 .3 288.3 280 .9 291.5 299.3 335.2 290.6 289.2 329 .4 295 .0 289.6 276 .9 317 .6 293.5 c290 .2 159.7 311.0 283 .3 296.6 292.9 2 86.3 2 83.3 2 94.8 3 09.5 2 85.5 2 86.8 3 00.7 296.4 308.0 3 16.8 3 06.3 331.7 298.9 c300 .7 3 03.8 292.1 2 73.4 3 19.7 298.3 c292.1 293.2 161.4 315.4 312.4 2 82.2 2 83.0 2 93.2 3 15.4 2 83.8 282.9 2 86.5 162.8 325.0 311 .8 c285.9 c288.7 299.5 286.1 286 .5 291.1 286.4 296.7 320.0 283.8 294.0 314.8 294.7 290.8 294.3 c295.8 3 31.9 289 .8 293.9 • 306 .3 296.8 293 .6 315.4 301.7 2 80.3 2 80.6 297.4 288.0 2 96.7 285.1 326 .8 309 .0 279 .6 257.5 3 02.0 278.4 276.5 2 92.7 289.1 283.4 2 54.7 300.1 295.0 284.3 299.6 3 12.4 3 25.5 314.1 334.7 292.4 283.5 278.9 300.4 289.1 c298.6 253.9 297.0 2 84.3 296.3 311.3 320.6 308.6 1The areas listed include not only the central city but the entire portion of the Standard M etropolitan S tatistical Area, as defined fo r the 1970 Census of Population, except tha t the Standard Consolidated Area is used fo r New Y ork and Chicago. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis July 296.5 287.3 159.0 305.0 282.9 304.8 July 262.5 329.6 305.8 283.2 June 282.5 280.3 293.7 Chicago, III.-N orthw estern In d ................................................................... C incinnati, 0 h lo -K y .-ln d ............................................................................... Cleveland, O h io .............................................................................................. Dallas-Ft. W o rth , T ex..................................................................................... Denver-Boulder, C olo..................................................................................... 1983 M ay 297.6 292.4 285.9 286.1 279.2 293.1 293.3 U rban W a g e E arners and C le ric a l W o rk e rs (re v is e d ) 1982 1983 1982 2 98.6 290.4 297 .5 294.2 300.0 A v e ra g e of 85 cities. c = corrected, 71 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices 23. Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing [1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 ] 1982 Annual C o m m o d ity g rouping 1983 a verag e 1982 A ug. S ept. Oct. Nov. D ec. Jan . Feb. Finished g o o d s .............................................................................................. 280.6 282.3 281.2 284.1 284.9 285.5 2 83.9 284.1 2 83.4 r2 8 3 .1 284.3 2 85.0 285.7 286.2 Finished consum er goods ............................................................. Finished consum er foods .......................................................... C r u d e .............................................................................................. Processed ................................................................................... Nondurable goods less f o o d s ................................................... Durable goods ............................................................................... Consum er nondurable goods less food and energy . . . Capital e q u ip m e n t............................................................................... 281.0 2 59.3 252.7 257.7 3 33.6 226.7 223.8 279.4 282.8 259.7 239.2 259.4 337.2 227.5 224.3 280.7 281 .9 259 .9 228.2 260.6 338.3 223 .0 225.5 278.8 284.3 257.7 232.4 257.9 340.0 231.0 227.8 283.2 285.3 257.4 236.1 257.2 342.5 231.2 228.4 283.8 285.6 258.3 247.6 257.1 342.2 232.0 229.2 2 84.9 283.5 258.4 232.9 2 58.5 3 36.6 231.7 228.3 285.2 2 83.7 2 61.0 240.8 2 60.7 3 33.7 2 32.9 228.9 285.6 2 82.7 261.1 247.9 260.1 3 32.0 231.9 229.4 285.6 r282.3 r262.9 r265.8 r260 .5 r3 28 .7 r232.2 r2 3 0 .1 r286.2 283.5 262.6 266.8 260.1 332 .0 232.6 230.2 286.8 284.4 2 61.0 2 50.9 259.8 3 35.6 232.8 230.4 2 86.9 285 .2 260 .8 249 .7 259 .6 337 .8 233.1 232 .2 287 .4 285.6 261 .0 262.4 258 .7 338 .4 233 .5 232 .3 288 .0 Interm ediate m aterials, supplies, and c o m p o n e n ts ......................... 310.4 310.8 310.5 309.9 309.9 310.1 3 09.2 3 09.9 3 09 .5 r308.7 310.1 3 11.7 313 .0 314 .4 M aterials and com ponents fo r m a n u fa c tu rin g ......................... 289.8 2 88.7 289 .9 289.4 288.7 2 88.3 2 88.6 291.1 290.2 r2 9 1 .0 2 92.0 292.4 293 .4 294.8 food m a n u fa c tu rin g ........................................... nondurable m anufacturing ............................. durable m anufacturing .................................... fo r m a n u fa c tu rin g ............................................... 255.1 284.4 310.1 273.9 258.0 282.6 3 06.5 274.3 257 .3 281.7 310 .5 275.8 254.2 280.4 309.8 276.7 2 51.0 279.2 3 09.3 276.9 249.8 278.0 309.4 277.3 250.9 277.0 312.0 276.8 254.1 277.0 3 19.2 277 .6 252.8 276.6 315 .7 278 .3 r255.1 r2 77.3 r316 .6 r2 78.9 2 56.8 2 77.7 3 18.4 2 79.6 257.1 2 78.0 3 18.4 2 80.6 257 .3 2 78 .3 320.1 281.8 260.8 281.4 3 20.6 2 81.7 Materials and com ponents fo r c o n s tru c tio n ............................. 293.7 293.5 294.2 293.7 293.6 294.7 2 96.5 298.8 299 .6 r3 00.9 3 00.5 3 01.5 3 02 .9 303.6 Processed fuels and lu b r ic a n ts ...................................................... M anufacturing In d u s trie s ............................................................. N onm anufacturing industries .................................................. 591.7 4 97.8 674.3 603.8 510.7 685.5 592.3 496.4 676 .9 590.0 496 .6 672.1 593.0 500.4 6 74.2 5 95.0 502.2 676.4 5 77.9 485.2 659.4 565.4 4 75.5 644.6 564.2 4 80 .6 637.2 r5 43.3 r460.4 r615 .9 5 52.8 470.1 6 24.9 5 67.4 4 83.6 6 40.5 572.7 487 .7 647 .0 576.4 491.1 650 .9 M a r. A p r.1 May June July A ug. F IN IS H E D GO ODS IN T E R M E D IA TE M A TER IA LS Materials fo r Materials fo r Materials fo r Com ponents C o n ta in e rs .............................................................................................. 285.6 285.4 285.3 285.1 284.9 285.0 2 85.0 285 .3 285.2 r2 84.8 286.1 2 85.9 286 .5 286.8 S u p p lie s ................................................................................................. M anufacturing in d u s trie s ............................................................. N onm anufacturing industries .................................................. Feeds .............................................................................................. Other s u p p lie s ............................................................................ 272.1 265.8 275.7 207.0 289.8 272.6 266.5 276.0 203.1 291.1 272 .2 266.7 275.3 198.1 291.3 272 .0 266.9 274.9 192.9 291.9 272.8 266.9 276.1 199.8 291.9 2 73.0 267.2 276.3 204.7 291.1 273.1 267.4 276.4 206.5 2 90.9 273.5 267.8 276.8 207.4 291.2 273 .9 268.1 277.1 207 .7 291 .6 r275.5 r268.6 r279.3 r219.8 r2 91.9 2 75.9 269.2 2 79.6 2 18.0 2 92.5 275.9 270.2 279.1 2 13.6 292.8 276.4 270 .4 279.8 216.1 293.1 278 .0 270 .6 282.0 230.2 293.1 313.9 320.2 3 21.6 r325.8 3 25.7 323.2 320 .6 326 .9 CR UDE M A TE R IA LS Crude materials fo r fu rth e r processing ............................................... 319.5 3 1 9 .8 316.1 312 .0 3 13.2 3 12.7 Foodstuffs and fe e d s tu ffs ................................................................. 247.8 249.6 242.9 236.3 236.3 237.1 2 39.6 249 .3 249.1 r2 56.8 2 56.5 252.1 248 .6 256.6 N onfood m a te ria ls ............................................................................... 473.9 471.0 473.7 474.8 4 78.6 4 75.3 4 73.6 473 .0 477.7 r4 74.6 475.1 4 76.4 4 75 .5 478.4 Nonfood m aterials except f u e l ................................................... M anufacturing Industries ...................................................... C o n s tr u c tio n ............................................................................... 376.8 387.2 270.3 369.5 3 78.9 270.3 369.5 379.1 268.8 371 .9 382 .2 266.3 3 69.2 3 79.2 265.6 365.8 375.0 268.1 3 68.0 3 77.6 2 67.5 366 .0 375.1 269.1 366 .8 375 .9 269 .3 r3 67.0 r376.1 r2 70.0 3 68.5 378.1 2 67.6 3 69.9 3 79.6 268.1 3 70 .5 3 79 .6 2 72.9 3 74.2 3 83.9 272.5 Crude f u e l .......................................................................................... M anufacturing Industries ...................................................... N onm anufacturing I n d u s tr ie s ............................................... 886.1 1,0 3 4.8 782.2 906.9 1,061.1 798.9 923.5 1,0 8 3.6 810.7 917.2 1,0 7 5.3 805.9 954.7 1 ,1 2 5.5 834.2 952.2 1,1 2 1.4 832.2 9 30.7 1 ,0 9 3.8 8 15.5 937 .7 1 ,1 0 3.9 820 .0 961 .8 1 ,1 3 4.3 839 .2 r9 4 1 .6 r1 ,107.6 r8 24.0 9 36.8 1 ,1 0 2.2 8 19.7 9 37.7 1,1 0 3.6 820.1 929.1 1 ,0 9 1 .9 814.1 9 26.8 1 ,0 8 9 .5 8 11.7 Finished goods excluding f o o d s ............................................................. Finished consum er goods excluding foods ............................. Finished consu m e r goods less e n e r g y ........................................ 285.8 287.8 244.1 287.9 290.2 244.7 286.3 288.9 243.9 290.8 293.3 246.5 292.0 294.8 246.7 292.5 295.0 247.6 290.3 291.4 247.1 289 .6 290 .3 248 .7 288 .7 288 .9 248 .6 r2 87.7 r287.3 r2 49.5 2 89.3 2 89.3 2 49.6 290.8 291.4 2 49.2 2 91.9 2 92.7 2 49.8 292.4 2 93.2 250.1 Interm ediate materials less foods and feeds .................................... Interm ediate materials less e n e r g y ............................................... 315.7 290.4 316.0 289.7 315.9 290.5 315.5 290.1 315.5 289.8 315.7 290.0 3 14.6 290.5 315 .2 292.4 314 .8 292.1 r313 .6 r2 93.2 3 15.0 293.9 3 16.8 294.3 318.1 2 95.3 3 19.2 2 96.6 Interm ediate foo d s and feeds ................................................................. 239.4 240.2 238.1 234.4 234.4 235.1 236.4 238 .8 238 .0 r2 43.6 244.2 242.9 243.8 250.9 Crude materials less agricultural products ........................................ Crude m aterials less energy .......................................................... 536.3 240.4 532.0 240.7 535.5 235.6 537.2 , 230.0 541.9 229.2 537.4 229.9 5 36.0 232.5 535.1 241 .4 539 .7 242 .7 r536.1 r248.6 536.2 248.8 537.5 246.0 5 36.3 2 43.7 5 39.0 2 50.9 SPE CIA L G R O U P IN G S 1Data fo r A pril 1983 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. A ll data are subject to revision 4 m onths after original publication. 72 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis r = revised, 24. Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] A ll c o m m o d itie s A ll c o m m o d itie s (1 9 5 7 -5 9 = 1 0 0 ) Fa rm p roduc ts a nd p ro cessed foods and feed s In d u s tria l c o m m o d itie s 1983 1982 Annu al C o m m o d ity group and subgroup Code ave ra g e 1982 A ug. S ept. Oct. Nov. D ec. Jan . F eb. M a r. A p r.1 M ay June Ju ly A ug. 299.3 317.6 300.2 318.5 299 .3 317 .6 299.8 318.1 300.3 318.6 300 .7 319.0 299 9 318.2 300 .9 319 .3 3 00.6 3 18.9 r300 .6 r3 1 8.9 3 01 .7 320.1 3 02 .5 3 21.0 303.2 321 .7 304 .9 323 .5 248.9 3 12.3 249.6 313.2 247.4 312.7 243.8 314 .3 243.9 3 15.0 2 44.8 3 15.2 245 .8 313 .9 250.4 313 .9 250 .6 313 .5 254 .7 r312.4 254 .7 313 .8 352 .4 315 .4 251 .6 316 .6 255.7 317 .5 FA R M P R O D U C TS AN D PR O CES SED FO ODS AN D FEEDS 01 0 1 -1 0 1 -2 0 1 -3 0 1 -4 0 1 -5 0 1 -6 0 1 -7 0 1 -8 0 1 -9 Farm p ro d u c ts .............................................................................................. Fresh and dried fru its and v e g e ta b le s ................................................... G r a in s ................................................................................................................ L iv e s t o c k ......................................................................................................... Live p o u lt r y ..................................................................................................... Plant and anim al fib ers ............................................................................ Fluid m i l k ......................................................................................................... E g g s .................................................................................................................... Hay, hayseeds, and oilseeds ................................................................. Other farm p r o d u c t s ................................................................................... 242.4 253.7 210.9 257.8 191.9 202.9 282.5 178.7 212.8 274.5 240.8 238.6 197.2 268.4 189.3 207.5 278.8 171.7 204.5 274.4 234.5 2 21.0 187.3 259.0 196.5 196.8 281 .9 173.3 201.8 276 8 299.2 223.0 183.2 248 5 177.1 198.1 285.0 177.9 194.3 274.0 230.7 233.4 198.6 239.1 181.6 195.3 285.9 172.5 204 8 276.3 2 32.6 248.8 262.3 237.2 177.8 200.6 285 .5 170.0 209 .0 280 1 2 33.2 2 27.6 206.3 242.3 177.1 201.7 284.5 170.0 212.4 279.9 2 40.7 227.8 222.4 251.1 200.1 206.4 2 84.3 170.0 2 17.9 281 2 2 41.5 2 34.9 227.4 251.4 177.8 217.0 282.9 170.0 217.8 280.3 2 50.5 r2 66.6 2 43.8 260.6 170.8 213.6 280.8 170.0 2 26.3 2 79.2 250 3 2 59.5 242.2 2 58.0 186.9 2 23.9 2 79.8 185.1 2 27.3 281 .0 2 47.3 2 63.9 241.5 251.7 199.3 2 29.7 2 78.6 169.3 2 13.3 2 84.4 2 44.3 2 58.0 2 36.7 2 40.7 214.5 230.4 278.7 177.2 227.3 282 .5 253.5 269.9 251.8 242.2 221.4 2 40.7 2 81.7 189.5 262.8 285.7 02 0 2 -1 0 2 -2 0 2 -3 0 2 -4 0 2 -5 0 2 -6 0 2 -7 0 2 -8 0 2 -9 Processed foo d s and f e e d s .............. ............................................................. Cereal and bakery p r o d u c t s ..................................................................... Meats, poultry, and f i s h ............................................................................ Dairy p r o d u c t s .............................................................................................. Processed fru its and v e g e ta b le s ............................................................. Sugar and c o n fe c tio n e r y ............................................................................ Beverages and beverage materials ...................................................... Fats and o ils .................................................................................................. M iscellaneous processed f o o d s ............................................................. Prepared anim al f e e d s ............................................................................... 251.5 253.8 257.6 248.9 274.5 269.7 256.9 215.1 248.6 211.3 253.5 252.7 262.2 248.8 274.1 285.5 258.0 215.6 245.9 207.5 253.5 254.0 265.7 249.1 272.8 278.5 257.1 211.4 247.0 204.3 250.8 253.0 256.9 249.8 273.4 276.3 257.9 213.8 247.9 199.8 250.2 254.2 251.6 250.2 272.8 280.4 258.4 207.2 247.8 206.0 250.5 256.2 2 49.9 250.8 275.7 280 1 258.8 203.0 248 .6 210.1 251.7 257.3 2 52.3 2 50.7 2 74.8 282.1 260.1 201.7 248.8 2 11.6 254 .7 256.8 261 .0 250 .9 274.3 286.4 261.3 2 05.3 2 49.3 2 12.3 254 .5 256 .9 260.7 250.7 274.9 283.7 2 62.0 2 06.0 2 48.5 212.4 256.0 r258.8 r2 5 9 .1 251 .0 r273.7 r287.4 263 .0 r214 .6 249 .9 r222.8 256.1 259 .8 257 .7 250 .9 275 .0 289 .5 263 .3 219.4 249.9 221.2 254.2 260 .0 250 .3 250.4 2 76.8 296.0 262.8 219.4 250.4 217 .3 254 .6 261 .9 248 .2 250.3 277 .0 296.4 263.0 222.7 253.9 219.9 255.8 262.6 245.1 250.4 278.2 298.9 263.4 2 45.7 251.8 232.6 03 0 3 -1 0 3 -2 0 3 -3 0 3 -4 0 3 -8 1 0 3 -8 2 Textile p roducts and a p p a r e l........................................................................ S ynthetic fibers (12/75 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................. Processed yarns and threads (12/75 = 100) ................................ Gray fab rics (12/75 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................... ..................... Finished fab rics (12/75 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................. A p p a r e l............................................................................................................. Textile h o u s e fu rn is h in g s ............................................................................ 204.6 162.1 138 3 145.3 124.6 194.4 238.5 204.2 162.2 135.9 144.6 124.3 195.1 236.4 204.3 162.5 136 6 143.6 123.7 195.4 238.2 204.1 161.1 136.5 143.7 123.2 195.7 236.2 203.9 161.2 136.7 143.1 123.0 195.4 236 .2 202.6 159.7 136.7 143.3 122.8 193.0 236.2 202.7 156 7 134.7 144.4 122.2 194.4 236.5 202.6 153.1 135.0 144.3 122.3 195.0 234.3 203.4 153.9 135.8 145.1 122.4 196.1 2 34.2 r2 03.5 r153.8 136.0 r 145.8 r123.1 r195.8 r234.2 2 03.9 157.2 137.6 146.0 122.2 195.1 241.9 204 .5 156.6 137.6 145.8 122.5 196.6 2 39.5 205.1 159.1 138.5 146.0 122.4 197.1 2 38.9 205.7 158.4 140.2 146.6 123.5 197.3 238.5 04 0 4 -2 0 4 -3 0 4 -4 Hides, skins, leather, and related p r o d u c t s ........................................... Leather ............................................................................................................ Footwear ......................................................................................................... O ther leather and related products ...................................................... 262 6 311.4 245.0 247.4 262.0 304.9 247.7 244.9 263.5 309.2 248.3 247.7 263.2 309.5 248.0 247.2 263.2 312 8 249.1 247.1 264.1 314.4 247.7 249.1 266.7 314.4 2 51.5 2 50.8 264.3 312.8 247.7 2 51.0 264 9 316.2 248.1 250 .9 r267.4 r320.5 r250 .0 r2 5 1 .0 270.1 3 24.5 2 48.7 2 55.2 2 70.6 3 34.0 249.0 252.1 272.7 3 33.3 249.9 257.4 275.5 345 .7 250.1 257 .6 05 0 5 -1 0 5 -2 0 5 -3 0 5 -4 0 5 -6 1 0 5 -7 Fuels and related p roducts and p o w e r ...................................................... C o a l.................................................................................................................... C o k e .................................................................................................................... Gas fue ls2 ..................................................................................................... Electirc pow er .............................................................................................. Crude p etroleum 3 ....................................................................................... Petroleum p roducts, refined4 ................................................................. 693.2 534.7 461.7 1,0 6 0.8 406.5 733.4 761.2 705.6 539.0 459.1 1,074.6 414.9 718.4 781.7 700.4 538.5 460.0 1,112.2 415.0 718.3 761.6 698.8 538.1 4 52.3 1,130.1 408.7 735.3 754.6 706.1 539.6 5 62.3 1 ,1 9 0.0 4 04.9 733.6 758.0 703.4 538 .7 452 .3 1 ,1 8 1.2 409 9 720.0 754.2 683.6 535.6 450 .9 1 ,1 4 7.3 410 .8 719.7 720.6 6 68.6 533.4 4 50.9 1 ,1 5 4.7 4 10.8 6 92.9 6 92.8 658 .0 r644 .8 538.6 r538.0 4 47.3 447.3 1 ,1 8 0.0 r 1 ,156.1 411.4 r4 09.2 6 78.0 r6 78.0 6 66.6 r6 45.9 654.8 535 .0 438 .4 1 ,1 5 9.0 412 .5 678.4 6 64.5 668 .7 534.0 438.4 1 ,1 5 7.4 419.7 6 78.4 690.1 6 71.6 535.5 438.4 1 ,1 5 1.2 425.1 676.1 694.9 674 .3 534.0 434.6 1,1 4 8.2 425.9 675.5 701.1 06 0 6 -1 0 6-2 1 0 6 -2 2 0 6 -3 0 6 -4 0 6 -5 0 6 -6 0 6 -7 Chem icals and allied p r o d u c t s .................................................................... Industrial chem icals5 ................................................................................... Prepared paint Paint m a t e r ia ls .............................................................................................. Drugs and pharm aceuticals .................................................................... Fats and o ils, in e d ib le ............................................................................... A gricultural chem icals and chem ical p r o d u c t s ................................ Plastic resins and m a t e r ia ls .................................................................... O ther chem icals and allied p roducts .................................................. 292.3 352.6 262.8 304.6 210.1 267.1 292.4 283.4 270.1 291.6 349.1 264.7 302.5 211.2 254.2 290.8 282.2 272.3 290.7 346 .5 264.7 303.0 212.4 254.1 289.9 281.6 271.2 289.9 345.8 264.7 303.0 214.9 242.3 288.8 281.3 268.6 290.5 345.2 264.7 302.4 215.5 239.6 286.5 282.2 272.3 289.6 342.4 264.7 301 7 216.0 240.8 285.2 282 .5 272.0 289.3 339.3 264.7 3 01.5 2 18.6 242.0 283.2 283.8 272.8 290.5 340.1 264.7 299 .5 222.2 253.4 283 .3 283.1 274.4 289.8 3 38.8 264.7 298.4 222.9 262.2 284 .2 282.1 272 .0 291.3 r338.7 r264.7 r299.8 225.1 r2 78.3 r2 82.8 r285.4 r2 74.7 2 91.3 3 39.8 265.1 3 00.0 2 25.3 2 86.2 2 82.9 285.4 2 72.3 2 91.3 3 39.7 265.1 299.3 225.7 2 77.9 281.7 289.1 2 72.0 291.3 338.8 265.6 300.4 227.5 263.6 278.6 290 .6 273 .6 294.9 348.5 265.7 305.5 227.8 277.8 277.6 294.1 274.4 07 0 7 -1 0 7 -1 1 0 7 -1 2 0 7 -1 3 0 7 -2 Rubber plastic p roducts ............................................................................... Rubber and rubber p ro d u c ts .................................................................... Crude rubber ................................................................................................. Tires and t u b e s .............................................................................................. Miscellaneous rubber products ............................................................. Plastic products (6/78 = 100) ............................................................. 241.4 267 8 278.9 255.2 276.9 132.3 242.6 270.1 278.7 257.8 279.7 132.5 242.5 269.5 276.6 255.6 281.6 132.7 242.2 268.9 272.5 255.7 281 4 132.7 241.7 267.9 2709 254.5 280.7 132.7 242.2 268.2 271.1 256.0 279.7 133.0 2 42.9 269.6 271.1 259.1 284.5 133.0 242.3 2 68.3 2 74.3 250.5 289.6 133.1 241.8 267.1 281.2 2 46.6 285.8 133.2 r243.0 r267.0 r2 8 1 .3 r246.5 r285.7 r134.6 242.9 269.2 280.5 246 5 291.8 133.4 2 42.7 2 67.8 280.1 244.0 291.5 133.9 244.4 267 .6 283.1 242.7 2 91.5 135.9 2 44.6 267.2 284.4 242.4 290.6 136.3 08 0 8 -1 0 8 -2 0 8 -3 0 8 -4 Lum ber and wood products ........................................................................ L u m b e r ............................................................................................................ M illw o r k ............................................................................................................ P ly w o o d ............................................................................................................ Other wood p ro d u c ts ................................................................................... 284.7 310 .8 279.4 232.1 236.2 284.2 311.6 280.2 229.0 235.8 283.0 310.3 279.5 228.5 235.6 279.4 305 .6 278.6 224.0 235.8 279.9 305.1 280.3 227.8 233.0 2 85.6 3 12.6 286.5 231.2 231.2 293.3 326 .8 293.7 235.3 2 32.0 303.1 344.7 300 .5 239 .5 233.2 3 05.8 3 49.3 3 04.0 2 38.9 2 31.6 r307 .2 r354 .2 r302.8 r239.4 230.8 306 .2 357 .3 298.8 240.9 231.1 3 12.5 3 71.3 294.7 253.4 229.6 3 14.5 3 72.5 296.1 2 52.5 2 29.7 313.9 366.6 307 .7 244.8 229.3 IN D U S T R IA L C O M M O D IT IE S See foo tno tes at end o f table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 73 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices 24. Continued— Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings [1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o th e rw is e s p e c ifie d ] 1982 Annu al Coliti C o m m o d ity group and subgroup 1983 av e ra g e 1982 Aug. S ept. Oct. Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r.1 M ay June July A ug. IN D U S T R IA L C O M M O D IT IE S — Continued 09 0 9 -1 0 9-1 1 0 9 -1 2 0 9 -1 3 0 9 -1 4 0 9 -1 5 0 9 -2 Pulp, paper, and allied p r o d u c ts ................................................................. Pulp, paper,and p roducts,excluding building paper and board W o o d p u lp ........................................................................ W a s te p a p e r............................................................. Paper .............................................................................................. Paperboard ................................................................................... Converted paper and paperboard p r o d u c t s ........................................ Building paper and board ..................................................................... 288.7 273.2 379.0 121.1 286.3 254.9 264.4 239.5 289.3 272.2 367 .0 116.0 285.3 255.4 264.3 244.4 289.4 271.5 365.0 116.0 285.3 250.7 264.2 243.4 289.8 270.3 350.4 116.0 285.4 248.0 264.0 242.1 289.8 269.4 347.3 116.0 280.6 247.6 264.7 241.0 2 90.5 2 68.8 347.2 116.0 279.2 244.1 264.8 242.0 2 93.6 269.8 346.6 116.0 279.3 243.3 265 .0 241.1 294.2 268.7 3 45 .7 116.0 278.8 244.1 265.1 241.4 294.8 268.7 3 43.0 116.0 278.4 246.3 265.1 2 44.2 r295.4 r268.5 r342.5 116.0 r2 78.5 r2 4 8 .1 r264.2 r2 47.0 295.7 269.1 345.8 116.0 279.1 2 48.9 2 64.5 2 49.3 296.7 269.4 3 46.5 116.0 179.6 249.6 264 .7 255 .7 297.7 269.9 347.5 116.0 281.7 2 49.5 264 .5 256 .2 2 98.0 270.1 348.2 116.0 281.0 250.4 265.0 252.1 10 1 0-1 1 0 -1 7 1 0 -2 1 0 -3 1 0 -4 1 0 -5 1 0 -6 1 0 -7 1 0 -8 Metals and metal p r o d u c t s ............................................... Iron and s t e e l............................................................. Steel m ill p r o d u c t s ...................................................... N onferrous m e t a l s ............................................................. Metal containers .......................................................... H a r d w a r e ........................................................................ P lum bing fixtures and brass fittin g s ................................................... Heating e q u ip m e n t................................................................................... Fabricated stru ctura l metal products ........................................ Miscellaneous metal p r o d u c t s ...................................................... 3 01.6 339.0 349.5 263.6 328.5 280.3 278.7 237.2 304.8 282.3 299.2 337.1 348.6 255.7 328.8 3 82.6 2 74.6 238.4 304.3 283.3 301.8 336.5 348.2 265.1 328.8 282.7 277.1 239.1 306.4 283.8 301.6 337.6 349.8 262.9 329 .7 283.0 277.8 238.4 305.9 284.1 300.5 335.9 3 48.6 261.7 3 29.0 283.1 2 78.3 238.8 305.3 283.4 2 99.9 332.8 3 44.7 263.2 328.3 285.8 279.2 239.3 304 .7 283.2 300 .3 333.3 343.7 267.0 3 27.9 287.2 2 80.6 2 40.7 3 03.6 279.1 304.7 339.9 351.1 275.8 331.1 287.9 2 83.5 240.7 302.8 279.0 304.4 3 41.6 3 49.8 270.6 3 31.4 2 88.2 2 85.6 241.1 303 .7 280.4 r3 04.6 r3 4 1 .5 r349.7 r271.8 r3 3 1 .9 r288 .6 r287 .7 242.3 r302.5 r2 80.7 306.7 341.1 3 50 .0 277.9 337 .4 286 .2 288 .8 242.4 302.1 284 .9 306.4 340.4 349 .0 275.5 3 36.8 289.2 290.6 142.6 3 01.9 2 87.4 307.4 341 .3 349 .9 277 .6 337.4 289 .7 292.1 249 .0 3 02.2 287.4 3 08.5 342.8 351.4 279.6 338.0 289.8 291.9 244 8 3 02.8 287.6 11 1 1 -1 1 1 -2 1 1 -3 11 4 1 1 -6 1 1 -7 1 1 -9 M achinery and equipm ent .......................................................... A gricultural m achinery and equipm ent ........................................ C onstruction m achinery and e q u ip m e n t........................................... M etalw orking m achinery and equipm ent . . . . ......................... General purpose m achinery and equipm ent .................................... Special industry m achinery and e q u ip m e n t............................. Electrical m achinery and e q u ip m e n t................................................... M iscellaneous m achinery .................................................. 278.8 311.1 343.9 320.9 304.0 325.1 231.6 268.4 279.9 312 .2 346 .5 322 .8 304.9 326.7 231.8 270.9 280.2 314.1 347.5 323.1 3 05.0 326.8 231.7 271.5 281.1 3 17.5 3 47.6 323.1 305.9 327.8 232.6 271.6 281.8 318 .7 347 .9 323.5 306.4 329.1 233.7 272.0 282.4 320.7 348.1 323.6 3 07.0 3 29.9 234.2 272.3 283.3 3 22.4 3 48.3 324.1 307.4 331.8 235.2 272.9 284.3 323 .3 349 .3 325 .2 307.9 332.6 237.2 272.7 284.7 323 .5 349 .6 325 .5 307 .5 333 .6 237.5 273.7 r2 85.4 r3 23.9 r3 50.9 r326.2 r3 08.2 r334.5 r238.4 r274.2 285.6 3 26.0 3 52.2 326.1 3 08.4 335 .6 2 37.7 275.2 2 85.8 3 25 .5 3 52.5 3 26.6 3 08.5 3 36.3 2 38.2 274.8 2 86.9 3 26.2 3 52.7 3 26.5 308 .4 337 .8 240.8 274 .9 287.1 327.1 3 52.8 326.1 308.2 338 .9 241 .2 275 .0 12 1 2 -1 1 2 -2 1 2 -3 1 2 -4 1 2 -5 1 2 -6 Furniture and household d u r a b le s ....................................• . ..................... Household furnitu re ................................................................. C om m ercial fu r n itu r e ................................................................................... Floor c o v e r in g s ............................................................. Household appliances ............................................................................... Home electronic e q u ip m e n t .................................................................... Other household durable g o o d s .......................................................... 206.9 229.8 275.5 181.2 199.1 88.1 289.3 208.1 230.4 278.1 181.0 201.0 88.0 291.8 208.3 230.7 278.2 181.5 201.2 87.4 293.4 208.9 231.2 278.3 181.6 201.3 87.8 296.5 208.9 231.4 278.6 181.3 201.2 87.0 297.2 209.2 232.0 278.5 181.5 201.8 87.1 298.1 210.7 231 .9 281.1 182.2 203 .9 87.3 3 02.8 212.5 2 32.6 282.2 182.1 2 04.9 87.0 3 14.8 2 12.3 231.1 285.1 182.0 2 05.0 87.0 312 .9 r212.8 r2 3 1 .8 r2 86.2 r182.2 r206.3 r86.6 r312 .0 213.3 234 .3 286 .6 181.3 205 .7 86.7 3 13.7 213.6 234.8 287 .0 180.6 207 .0 86.4 3 12.9 214.4 235 .3 287 .9 185.1 2 07.4 86.1 3 13.5 214.5 235.4 287.2 188.1 2 07.3 86.0 312 .3 13 13-11 1 3 -2 1 3 -3 1 3 -4 1 3 -5 1 3 -6 1 3 -7 1 3 -8 1 3 -9 N onm etallic mineral products ............................................... Flat g l a s s .............................................................................................. Concrete in g r e d ie n ts ..................................................................... Concrete products ..................................................................... S tructural clay p roducts, excluding refractories ............................. R e fra c to rie s ............................................................................ A sphalt r o o f in g ....................................................................................... G ypsum products ................................................................................... Glass containers .................................................................... Other nonm etallic m inerals .......................................................... 320.2 221.5 3 10.0 297.8 260.8 337.1 298.4 256.1 355.5 471.8 320 .5 221.1 311.2 299.0 263.9 340.7 400.1 253.9 358.0 466.0 321.2 221.1 310.8 298.7 264.0 340 .8 413.4 253 .9 358.6 467.7 321.1 221.1 309.9 298.6 264.0 340.8 406.7 255.1 358.5 470.4 321.2 225.3 310.0 298.2 264.8 337.2 399. Ò 2i)5 .0 357.8 471 .3 3 20.5 225.3 3 06.7 2 98.5 264.8 337.2 397.0 253.9 357.6 4 71.0 3 21.5 229.7 307.2 299.4 264.9 337 .7 393 .7 263.1 356 .6 471 .5 3 22.3 229.7 310.0 300.1 264.3 337 .7 380 .4 267 .4 355 .8 476.1 322 .0 229.7 308.5 3 00.4 270.7 3 37.7 3 74.7 2 65.9 354.1 476.4 r324.1 229.7 r3 12.8 r3 01.0 r275.7 r3 38.2 r3 84.0 r2 7 1 .9 r353.5 r4 78.7 3 24.2 229.7 3 14.8 3 01 .0 2 77.0 338.7 3 78.6 275.3 3 51.8 478.1 3 24.6 229.7 315.4 301.4 2 80.8 3 37.3 378.1 273.5 3 51 .7 479 .4 3 25.4 229.8 315.4 3 02.2 2 81.7 3 38.7 3 83 .9 2 76.0 3 51.7 480.8 326 .2 229.8 317.2 302 .3 281 .7 339 .9 381.9 289.2 351.3 4 81.5 14 1 4-1 1 4 -4 Transportation equipm ent (12/68 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................... M o to r vehicles and e q u ip m e n t.................................................. Railroad e q u ip m e n t................................................................................... 249.7 251.3 346.5 250.6 252.8 3 47.7 244.5 244.6 348.0 2 5 6 .Ò 257.8 350 .8 256.3 257.8 3 50.8 257.5 258.1 350.8 256.3 257.0 350.8 255.8 256.3 3 50.5 255.2 2 55.4 3 50.3 255.6 255 .9 r350 .0 256.0 256.2 357.1 256 .3 256 .6 3 56 .8 256 .4 256 .7 358.1 2 57.0 2 56.9 3 57.8 15 1 5-1 1 5 -2 1 5 -3 1 5 -4 1 5 -5 1 5 -9 M iscellaneous p ro d u c ts ................................................................................... Toys, sp orting goods, sm all arm s, a m m u n itio n ............................. Tobacco p roducts ........................................................................ N o t io n s ............................................................................ P hotograhic equipm ent and s u p p lie s ................................ M obile hom es (12/74 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................... Other miscellaneous p r o d u c t s ...................................................... 276.4 221.5 323.1 277.0 210.4 161.9 338.3 2 72.0 223.5 311.5 280.1 208.9 162.8 327 .0 279.5 221.8 329.1 280.1 209.9 162.9 345.2 285.4 221.2 365.4 280.1 209.7 162.6 345.2 285.2 2 21.3 3 64.5 279.8 209.7 161.6 345.1 290.4 223 .7 382 .9 279 .8 210.0 161.7 351.6 285.7 2 22.7 356.2 280.5 210.0 161.8 3 50.8 288.8 2 25.3 356.4 2 80.6 211.8 161.7 359 .8 2 87.4 2 25.7 353.8 280.6 216 .6 162.9 350 .5 r287.4 r226 .3 r354.1 r280.3 r216.6 r162.3 r350.3 287.1 226 .5 353 .9 280 .3 216.9 162.3 3 48.6 2 88.0 2 26.4 3 52.2 2 80.3 216.8 1 63.0 3 52.7 291.7 224 8 3 73.5 2 80.3 2 16.8 163.4 3 53.5 291.5 225.0 3 73.3 2 79.7 216 9 163 5 3 52.3 1 Data fo r April 1983 have been revised to re fle ctth e availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 m onths after original p ublication. 2 Prices fo r natural gas are lagged 1 m onth. 3 Includes only dom estic production. 74 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4 M ost prices fo r refined petroleum products are lagged 1 m onth. 5 Some prices fo r inc|u s tria| chem icals are lagged 1 m onth. r = revised. 25. Producer Price Indexes, for special commodity groupings [1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le ss o th e rw is e s p e c ifie d ] 1 982 Annual C o m m o d ity g rouping A ll c o m m o d itie s — le s s fa rm p r o d u c t s ................................................... All foods ................................................................................................................... P ro c e s s e d foods ................................................................................................... Industrial co m m o dities less f u e l s .......................................................... Selected textile m ill products (Dec. 1975 = 1 0 0 ) ......................... Hosiery ............................................................................................................ Underwear and n ightw ear ........................................................................ Chem icals and allied p roducts, including synthetic rubber and fibers and y a r n s ............................................................................... 1983 a verag e 1 982 A ug. S ept. Oct. Nov. D ec. Jan . Feb. M a r. A p r.1 May June July Aug. 303.0 254.4 256.0 272.8 138.2 138.3 217 .6 304.1 255.8 258.7 272.6 137.8 138.5 218.6 303.7 255.3 259.2 272.5 137.8 138.7 219.6 304.7 252.8 256.2 274.4 137.4 138.7 220.1 305.1 251.9 254.7 274.4 137.1 139.7 219.7 305.4 252.7 254.7 274.9 136.8 139.7 219.7 304.4 252.4 255.8 275.4 136.7 141.7 223 .3 3 04.9 255.7 2 59.3 2 77.0 136.8 144.5 222.6 304 .5 255 .8 258 .9 276 .9 137.2 144.5 223.8 r3 03.8 r258 .2 r259 .5 r277 .6 r137.4 144.5 r223 .4 305.0 258.2 2 59.6 278.1 137.2 144.5 2 24.0 306.1 2 56.5 2 57.8 2 78.6 137.2 144.5 223.1 307.1 256.4 258.0 2 79.5 137.7 144.5 223.2 308.2 257.5 258.1 280.4 138.8 145.6 223.5 283.8 283.3 282.5 281.8 282.3 281.4 280.8 281.4 280.7 r2 8 1 .8 281.9 282.0 282 .5 285.5 212 .8 289.6 344.8 215.8 300 .7 343.1 219.4 314 .3 349 .9 2 20.3 317.2 3 48.4 r2 23.3 r320 .8 r348.4 223.2 3 23.3 3 48.7 223 .9 337 .0 347 .7 226.0 337 .6 348 .4 2 26.6 331.0 349.8 207.4 288.3 348.1 209.0 287.2 347.8 211.7 282.5 349.1 212.3 283.4 348.5 348.4 347.3 346.9 348 .6 348.0 344.0 342.1 349 .8 3 48.3 r348.4 348.7 347 .7 348 .5 350.1 348.1 346.7 346.3 347.8 347.2 343.3 341.6 348 .5 3 47.0 r3 47.0 3 47.3 346 .4 347 .0 348.4 286.6 291.6 185.5 272.1 306.4 286.8 291.9 179.8 273.3 308.1 284.0 292.9 181.0 270.7 308.6 289.5 293.0 178.8 276.4 309.4 288.9 292.5 181.2 277.0 310.0 288.7 292.5 181.8 277.9 3 10.6 288.6 291.1 190.7 277.8 3 11.3 290.9 291.3 2 01.5 278.2 3 11.9 290.3 292.3 198.9 278.1 3 12.2 r290.7 r292.2 r200.9 r278.7 r3 1 2 .9 292.1 293.9 206.7 279 .0 313 .6 292.1 295.2 201.5 2 79.3 3 13.7 292.7 2 95.5 202.2 2 79.9 3 13.9 293.5 295.9 2 01.2 280.3 314.1 A gricultu ra l m achinery, including tra ctors ........................................ M etalw orking m a c h in e ry ............................................................................ Total t r a c t o r s ................................................................................................. A gricultural m achinery and equipm ent less p a r ts ............................. 323.1 350.4 355.0 313.8 322.8 353.1 355.5 313.8 325.5 353.5 359.6 315.8 3 30.6 354.1 361.4 320.1 332.2 354.2 361.4 321.5 335.1 354.1 364.2 324.3 3 37.0 354.6 365.6 325.9 3 37.7 3 55.7 3 65.6 3 26.6 337.8 3 55.6 3 65.7 3 26.8 r338 .2 356 .3 r366.1 r327.1 341.1 358 .0 370 .5 329 .6 340.4 357.7 3 70.6 3 29.0 341.4 357.7 3 70.7 3 29.8 342.4 357.6 369.9 3 30.9 Farm and garden tra ctors less parts ................................................... A gricultural m achinery, excluding tra ctors less parts .................. C onstruction m a t e r ia ls ................................................................................ 327.8 3 19.6 288.0 326.0 320.4 288.3 333 .0 319.6 288.4 336.1 326.4 288.0 336.1 329.3 287.8 340.3 331.1 287.9 3 42.2 333.1 2 90.3 3 42.2 334.4 294.6 3 42.2 3 34.5 295.0 r342 .2 r335 .2 r296.1 348 .8 335.1 296.3 3 48.8 3 33.8 297.7 3 48.8 3 35.6 299.1 3 47.6 338.4 299.8 Pharm aceutical p re p a ra tio n s ..................................................................... Lum ber and wood products, excluding m illw o r k ............................. Steel m ill products, including fabricated w ire products .............. Finished steel m ill p roducts, excluding fabricated wire p roducts ..................................................................................................... Finished steel m ill products, including fabricated wire p roducts ..................................................................................................... 206.0 288.8 349.4 Special m etals and metal p roducts ...................................................... Fabricated metal p r o d u c t s ........................................................................ Copper and copper p ro d u c ts ..................................................................... M achinery and m otive p r o d u c t s ............................................................. M achinery and equipm ent, except electrical .................................... 1 Data fo r A pril 1983 have been revised to reflect the availability o f late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 m onths after original publication. 26. r = revised. Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product [1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 ] 1982 Annual 1983 a verag e 198 2 A ug. S ep t. Oct. Nov. D ec. Jan . Feb. M a r. A p r.1 M ay June July A ug. Total durable goods ................................................................................... Total nondurable goods ............................................................................ 279.0 315.3 278.8 317.1 278.6 315.7 281.2 314 .3 281.2 315 .3 282.0 315.3 282.6 313.3 2 84.8 313.4 284.6 3 13.0 r285.3 r3 1 2.4 285.9 313.9 286.4 3 15.0 287 .3 315 .5 287.8 318.2 Total m a n u fa c tu re s ....................................................................................... Durable .................................................................................................. Nondurable .......................................................................................... 292.7 279.8 306.4 293.8 279.8 308.6 292.9 279.5 307.1 293.8 282.3 306.0 293.9 282.4 306.1 294.3 283.2 305.9 2 93.5 283.7 3 03.8 2 93.9 285.7 3 02.5 2 93.2 2 85.3 3 01.4 r2 9 2 .7 r2 86.0 r2 99.7 293.9 286.6 301.4 295.1 287.0 303 .6 296.1 287.9 304 .7 297.1 288.3 306.4 Total raw o r slig h tly processed goods ............................................... Durable .................................................................................................. Nondurable .......................................................................................... 3 31.2 233.8 337.3 331.1 225.0 337.9 329.9 226.2 336.5 327.9 224.2 3 34.5 330.9 219.2 338.1 3 31.6 217.4 339.0 3 30.4 224.2 337.2 335.2 235.4 3 41.5 337.3 243.3 343.2 r3 40.4 r244.1 r3 46.5 341 .2 246.9 347 .0 339 .3 250 .2 344 .8 3 38.3 250.7 3 43.7 343 .7 257.6 348.9 C o m m o d ity grouping 1Data fo r A pril 1983 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 m onths after original publication. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis r = revised, 75 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices 27. Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] 1972 Annu al Industry d escrip tio n code 1982 1983 av e ra g e 1982 A ug. S ept. Oct. Nov. D ec. Jan . Feb. M a r. Apr. 1 May June July A ug. 175.2 312.2 925.8 151.2 177.1 287.5 926.7 151.7 177.1 289.5 937 .6 151.7 177.1 312.5 945.9 151.7 177.1 3 08.3 9 69.0 151.7 177.1 312.5 958.4 151.7 177.1 3 06.2 9 45.2 153.6 177.1 2 89.5 931.2 156.3 177.1 2 85.4 934.4 158.4 177.1 272.9 r922.1 164.3 177.1 268 .7 922 .7 164.3 177.1 254.1 9 25.0 164.3 177.1 2 37.5 9 17.4 164.3 177.1 231.2 916.6 164.3 M IN IN G 1011 1092 1311 1455 Iron ores (12/75 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................................... M ercury ores (12/75 = 100) ........................................... Crude petroleum and natural gas .................................... Kaolin and ball clay (6/76 = 1 0 0 ) .................................... M A N U FA C TU R IN G 2021 2044 2067 Creamery b u t t e r ........................................................................ Rice m i l l i n g ............................................................................... Chewing g u m ............................................................................ 276.0 185.1 304.1 276.3 183.0 304.7 276.8 183.0 304.7 276.8 183.0 304.8 276.5 175.2 306.0 277.8 196.1 306.1 275.5 191.3 326.0 275.6 183.0 326 .0 2 75.6 183.0 326.1 275 .6 188.9 326.1 275 .6 191.3 326.1 2 75.6 194.5 327 .2 2 75.6 193.7 327.2 276.1 198.1 3 27.3 2074 2083 2091 2098 Cottonseed oil m i l l s ................................................................. M alt .............................................................................................. Canned and cured seafoods (12/73 = 100) .............. Macaroni and s p a g h e tti.......................................................... 168.3 256.9 187.0 258.5 173.1 259.8 184.3 259.5 164.4 251.2 186.2 259.5 157.6 251.2 186.3 255.5 r164.1 240.6 186.4 255.5 169.4 240.6 186.6 255 .5 157.5 232.6 182.8 255.5 173.4 232.6 179.2 255 .5 167.1 232.6 177.9 2 55.5 r 186.8 232.6 r 177.7 2 55.5 172.2 232.6 175.7 2 55.5 179.2 232.6 173.4 255.5 192.4 2 32.6 173.7 2 55.5 2 20.6 2 32.6 169.4 2 55.5 2251 2261 2262 2284 2298 W o m e n 's hosiery, except socks (12/75 = 100) . . . Finishing plants, cotton (6/76 = 100) ......................... Finishing plants, synthetics, silk (6/76 = 100) . . . . Thread m ills (6/76 = 1 0 0 ) .................................................. Cordage and tw ine (12/77 = 100) ................................ 116.8 139.5 128.2 157.2 141.5 116.9 139.8 129.0 158.0 141.0 116.9 138.5 128.2 158.0 142.6 116.9 136.8 127.5 157.9 142.6 118.5 136.2 127.8 157.9 142.6 118.3 136.1 127.3 157.8 142.6 118.5 135.3 125.7 157.9 142.6 122.6 136.0 126.7 161.9 142.7 122.7 136.1 126.2 165.6 142.8 r122.7 r139.8 r127.2 165.7 137.6 122.8 132.8 125.3 165.7 137.6 122.8 132.9 125.8 165.7 137.6 122.9 132.6 125.1 165.7 137.6 123.0 133.8 127.2 165.7 137.6 2323 2361 2381 M en’ s and boys’ neckwear (12/75 = 100) ............... C hildren’s dresses and blouses (12/77 = 100) . . . . Fabric dress and w o rk gloves ........................................... 119.5 120.6 292.1 121.3 120.3 288.2 121.3 118.6 288.2 121.3 118.6 287.4 121.3 117.0 287.4 121.3 117.0 287.4 121.3 117.0 288.8 121.3 117.0 2 88.8 121.3 115.5 288.8 121.3 115.5 291 .0 121.3 115.5 291.7 121.3 117.0 291 .7 121.3 117.0 296 .3 121.3 117.0 2 96.3 2394 2396 2448 2521 Canvas and related products (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .............. Autom otive and apparel trim m in g s (12/77 = 100) W ood pallets and skids (12/75 = 1 0 0 ) ......................... W ood office f u r n it u r e ............................................................. 145.4 131.0 145.6 270.3 143.1 131.0 143.9 271.3 144.8 131.0 143.8 2 71.3 147.3 131.0 144.3 271.4 147.3 131.0 144.2 271.4 147.3 131.0 144.6 271.4 148.7 131.0 144.6 2 71.4 148.7 131.0 145.2 273.4 146.2 131.0 145.7 279 .6 r 14 6.2 131.0 M 4 6 .9 r282 .5 146.8 131.0 148.3 281.5 146.8 131.0 149.3 283.6 146.8 131.0 150.8 284 .7 146.8 131.0 151.2 2 84.7 2654 2655 2911 2952 Sanitary food containers ...................................................... Fiber cans, drams, and sim ilar products (12/75 = 100) Petroleum refining (6 /76 = 100) .................................... A sphalt felts and coating (12/75 = 100) ...................... 2 59.7 177.8 278.3 173.5 259.9 177.5 283.7 174.4 260.8 177.5 279.6 180.4 261.7 177.9 278.3 177.2 261.7 180.7 280.1 173.7 261.7 183.8 278.3 172.9 2 61.7 183.8 267.2 171.4 261.7 183.8 257.4 165.8 265.1 183.8 250.4 163.2 r265 .2 r185.6 r240 .6 r166.9 2 66.7 185.6 246.7 164.4 266.7 185.9 2 54.9 164.2 268 .6 187.7 2 56.3 166.8 2 68.7 187.7 258.1 165.8 3251 3253 3255 3259 B rick and stru ctura l clay t i l e ............................................... Ceramic wall and flo o r tile (12/75 = 100) .................. Clay re fra c to rie s ........................................................................ S tructural clay products, n .e .c ............................................. 307.4 140.6 3 52.8 219.7 313 .8 140.7 358 .8 219.0 314 .0 140.7 356 .9 219 .0 3 14.0 140.7 3 57.0 2 19.0 3 15.5 140.7 350.3 218.9 3 15.5 140.7 3 50.3 2 19.0 315 .7 140.7 351.1 219.0 3 15.6 140.7 351.1 2 15.7 3 28.3 140.7 3 51.2 2 15.7 r3 32.2 r 14 0.7 r3 52.2 r2 32.7 334.9 139.7 353.1 234 .8 3 35.7 146.8 350 .4 234.8 3 37.5 146.8 3 53.0 2 35.4 337 .5 146.8 355 .3 235 .4 3261 3262 3263 3269 3274 V itreous plum bing f ix t u r e s .................................................. V itreous china food utensils ............................................... Fine earthenware food u te n s ils ........................................... Pottery p roducts, n.e .c. (12/75 = 100) ...................... Lime (12/75 = 100) ............................................................. 2 65.0 357.8 318.2 167.3 186.3 263.9 360.2 316.9 167.4 188.0 267.2 360.2 316.9 167.4 187.8 269.1 360.8 323.5 169.6 187.7 270.3 370.2 324.8 171.9 187.5 269.7 377.7 326.0 173.7 185.7 272.1 380.1 365.7 186.5 187.3 273.3 380.1 365.7 186.6 185.5 275.1 380.1 365.7 186.6 185.1 r2 75.3 r380.1 r3 65.7 M 8 6 .6 r 187.8 276 .0 369.2 363 .6 183.8 185.5 276 .9 369 .2 364 .3 183.8 186.5 2 77.2 3 69.2 3 64.3 183.8 187.3 277 .2 3 69 .2 364.3 183.8 187.9 3297 3482 3623 Nonclay refractories (12/74 = 1 0 0 ) ................................. Small arm s a m m unition (12/75 = 1 0 0 ) ......................... W elding apparatus, e lectric (12/72 = 1 0 0 ) .................. 201.8 164.2 239.6 203.8 170.3 242.4 203.8 149.0 242.8 203.8 150.1 243.0 203.7 150.6 243 .3 203 .6 174.1 243.3 203 .7 175.1 243.6 203.6 175.1 244 .0 203 .6 181.6 243.4 2 03.8 r181.6 r2 43.3 2 03.7 187.6 2 37.9 203.7 187.6 237.3 2 03.8 187.6 2 38.4 2 03.8 187.6 2 38.4 3636 3641 3648 3671 3942 Sewing m achines (12/75 = 100) .................................... Electric la m p s ............................................................................ Lighting equipm ent, n .e .c. (12/75 = 1 0 0 ) .................. Electron tubes, receiving type ........................................... Dolls (12/75 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................. 154.6 294.0 170.0 382.1 136.7 153.6 293.7 171.2 375.4 136.8 153.6 296.3 171.2 380.2 136.8 154.2 302.9 171.3 380.3 136.8 154.2 303.0 171.3 414.0 136.8 154.2 303.4 171.4 414.1 136.5 154.2 3 06.0 171.4 431.6 137.1 154.4 311.5 171.5 4 32.0 136.8 155.0 3 11.4 171.6 4 31.9 136.8 r156.8 r316 .2 172.6 r432.1 r137.7 156.1 313 .8 172.6 4 31 .9 137.4 156.1 3 16.7 173.1 4 32.2 137.4 156.1 319 .4 173.4 432 .4 137.3 156.1 319.8 173.4 432 .4 137.3 3944 3955 3995 3996 Games, toys, and child re n ’ s v e h ic le s ............................. Carbon paper and inked ribbons (12/75 = 100) . . . Burial caskets (6/76 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................... Hard surface flo o r coverings (12/75 = 1 0 0 ) .............. 234.0 140.0 148.4 155.9 234.4 140.5 150.8 155.7 234.8 139.3 150.8 156.9 235.3 139.3 150.8 158.9 2 35.3 139.2 150.8 158.9 2 35.5 139.4 150.8 156.8 235.3 139.2 147.0 159.2 243.4 139.2 152.1 159.2 2 41.8 139.2 152.1 159.2 r242 .2 139.2 152.1 r159.7 237 .9 139.2 152.1 159.4 237.9 139.2 152.1 159.4 231 .9 139.2 155.4 162.0 231 .9 139.2 155.4 163.4 Data fo r A pril 1983 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 m onths after original publication. 76 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NOTE: Indexes which were deleted in the Septem ber issue may now be found in Table 4 of the BLS m onthly report, Producer Prices and Price Indexes. r = revised. PRODUCTIVITY DATA P r o d u c t i v i t y d a t a are compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from establishment data and from estimates of compensation and output supplied by the U.S. Department of Commerce and the Federal Reserve Board. the components of unit nonlabor payments except unit profits. Unit profits Definitions estimate o f gross product by the constant dollar estimate, making the include corporate profits and inventory valuation adjustments per unit of output. The implicit price deflator is derived by dividing the current dollar deflator, in effect, a price index for gross product of the sector reported. Output is the constant dollar gross domestic product produced in a given period. Indexes o f output per hour of labor input, or labor productivity, Hours of all persons describes the labor input of payroll workers, self- measure the value o f goods and services produced per hour of labor. employed persons, and unpaid family workers. Output per all employee Compensation per hour includes wages and salaries of employees plus hour describes labor productivity in nonfinancial corporations where there employers’ contributions for social insurance and private benefit plants. are no self-employed. The data also include an estimate of wages, salaries, and supplementary payments for the self-employed, except for nonfinancial corporations, in which there are no self-employed. Real compensation per hour is com pensation per hour adjusted by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers. Unit labor cost measures the labor compensation cost required to pro duce one unit o f output and is derived by dividing compensation by output. Unit nonlabor payments include profits, depreciation, interest, and in direct taxes per unit o f output. They are computed by subtracting com pensation o f all persons from the current dollar gross domestic product and dividing by output. In these tables, unit nonlabor costs contain all 28. Notes on the data In the business sector and the nonfarm business sector, the basis for the output measure employed in the computation of output per hour is Gross Domestic Product rather than Gross National Product. Computation of hours includes estimates of nonfarm and farm proprietor hours. Output data are supplied by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U .S. Department o f Commerce, and the Federal Reserve Board. Quarterly man ufacturing output indexes are adjusted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to annual estimates of output (gross product originating) from the Bureau o f Economic Analysis. Compensation and hours data are from the Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years, 1950-82 [1 9 7 7 = 1 0 0 ] Ite m B usiness sector: O utput per h ou r of all p e r s o n s ................................. Com pensation per h o u r ............................................... Real com pensation per hour .................................... U nit labor c o s t s ............................................................. U nit nonlabor p a y m e n ts ............................................... Im p lic it price d e f la t o r ................................................... N opfarm business sector: O utput per hou r of all p e r s o n s ................................. C om pensation per h o u r ............................................... Real com pensation per hou r .................................... U nit labor c o s t s .............................................................. U n it nonlabor p a y m e n ts ............................................... Im p licit price d e f la t o r ................................................... N onfinance corporations: O utput per hou r of all p e r s o n s ................................. Com pensation per h o u r ............................................... Real com pensation per hou r .................................... U nit labor c o s t s ............................................................. U nit nonlabor p a y m e n ts ............................................... Im p licit price d e f la t o r ................................................... M anufacturing: O utput per hou r of all p e r s o n s ................................. Com pensation per h o u r ............................................... Real com pensation per h o u r .................................... U nit labor c o s t s .............................................................. U nit nonlabor p a y m e n ts ............................................... Im p licit price d e f la t o r ................................................... 1 N ot available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1950 1955 1 960 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 50.4 20.0 50.5 39.8 43.4 41.0 58.3 26.4 59.6 45.2 47.6 46.0 65.2 33.9 69.5 52.1 50.6 51.6 78.3 41.7 80.1 53.3 57.6 54.7 86.2 58.2 90.8 67.5 63.2 66.0 94.5 85.5 96.3 90.5 90.4 90.4 97.6 92.9 98.9 95.1 94.0 94.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.6 108.6 100.9 108.0 106.7 107.5 9 9.4 118.7 99.1 119.5 112.8 117.2 98.9 131.2 96.5 132.7 119.0 128.1 101.3 143.9 95.9 142.1 136.2 140.1 101.2 155.1 97.4 153.3 136.9 147.7 56.3 21.8 55.0 3 8.8 4 2.7 40.1 62.7 28.3 64.0 45.1 47.8 46.0 68.3 35.7 73.0 52.3 50.4 51.6 80.5 42.8 82.2 53.2 58.0 54.8 86.8 58.7 91.5 67.6 63.8 66.3 94.7 86.0 96.8 90.8 88.5 90.0 97.8 93.0 99.0 95.1 93.5 94.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.6 108.6 100.9 108.0 105.3 107.1 99.1 118.4 98.9 119.5 110.4 116.5 98.4 130.7 96.1 132.8 118.5 128.1 100.3 143.5 9 5.6 143.0 135.0 140.4 100.2 154.7 97.1 C154.4 137.0 148.6 (1) (1) ( 1) ( 1) (1) <1) (1) ( 1) (1) ( 1> (1> ( 1) 68.0 37.0 75.8 54.4 54.6 54.5 81.9 43.9 84.3 53.5 60.8 56.1 87.4 59.4 92.7 68.0 63.1 66.3 95.5 86.1 96.9 90.2 90.8 90.4 98.2 92.9 98 9 94.6 95.0 94.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.9 108.5 100.7 107.5 104.2 106.4 100.7 118.7 99.1 117.8 106.9 114.1 99.8 130.9 9 6.3 131 .2 117.4 126.4 102.3 143.6 95.7 140.3 134.4 138.3 102.8 154.8 9 7.2 150.6 137.6 146.1 49.4 21.5 54.0 43.4 54.3 46.6 56.4 28.8 65.1 51.0 58.5 53.2 60.0 36.7 75.1 61.1 61.1 61.1 74.5 42.8 82.3 57.5 69.3 61.0 79.1 57.6 89.8 72.7 65.0 70.5 93.4 85.4 96.2 91.5 87.3 90.3 97.5 92.3 98.3 94.6 93.7 94.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.8 108.3 100.6 107.4 102.5 106.0 101.5 118.8 9 9.2 117.0 9 9.9 112.0 101.7 132.7 9 7.6 130.5 97.7 120.9 105.3 145.8 9 7.2 138.5 110.2 130.2 106.5 158.2 99.3 148.5 109.2 137.0 c = corrected. 77 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Productivity 29. Annual changes in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, 1972-82 A n n u a l rate Y ea r Ite m Business sector: O utput per hou r o f all p e r s o n s .......................... Com pensation per h o u r ........................................ Real com pensation per hou r ............................. U nit labor c o s t s ....................................................... U nit nonlabor p a y m e n ts ........................................ Im p licit price d e f la t o r ............................................ N onfarm business sector: O utput per hou r of all p e r s o n s ......................... Com pensation per h o u r ........................................ Real com pensation per hou r ............................. U nit labor c o s t s ....................................................... U nit nonlabor p a y m e n ts ........................................ Im p licit price d e f la t o r ............................................ Nonfinancial corporations: O utput per hou r o f all e m p lo y e e s ...................... Com pensation per h o u r ........................................ Real com pensation per hou r ............................. U nit labor c o s t s ....................................................... U n it nonlabor p a y m e n ts ........................................ Im p licit price d e f la t o r ........................................... M anufacturing: O utput per hou r of all p e r s o n s .......................... Com pensation per h o u r ........................................ Real com pensation per hour ............................. U nit la bo r c o s t s .......................................................... U nit nonlabor p a y m e n ts ........................................ Im p lic it price d e f la t o r ............................................ 1 Not available. 78 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis of c hang e 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1 97 7 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 3 .5 6 .5 3.1 2.9 4 .5 3.4 2 .6 8 .0 1.6 5 .3 5.9 5.5 -2 .4 9 .4 -1 .4 12.1 4 .4 9 .5 2 .2 9 .6 0 .5 7 .3 15.1 9 .8 3 .3 8 .6 2.6 5.1 4 .0 4.7 2.4 7 .7 1.2 5.1 6 .4 5 .6 0 .6 8 .6 0 .9 8 .0 6 .7 7.5 -1 .2 9.4 -1 .7 10.7 5 .8 9 .0 -0 .5 10.5 -2 .6 11.1 5 .5 9 .2 2.4 9.7 -0 .6 7.1 14.4 9.4 -0 .1 7.7 1.5 7 .9 0 .5 5 .4 2 .2 6 .6 2.1 4 .3 3 .7 4.1 0 .9 8.9 0 .2 7 .9 6 .8 7 .6 3.7 6.7 3 .3 2 .8 3.2 3 .0 2.4 7 .6 1.3 5 .0 1.3 3.8 -2 .5 9 .4 -1 .4 12.2 5.9 10.2 2 .0 9 .6 0 .4 7 .5 16.7 10.3 3 .2 8.1 2.2 4.8 5.7 5.1 2.2 7.5 1.0 5 .2 6 .9 5.7 0 .6 8 .6 0 .9 8 .0 5 .3 7.1 -1 .5 9 .0 -2 .0 10.7 4 .8 8 .8 -0 .7 10.4 -2 .8 11.1 7.4 10.0 1.9 9 .8 -0 .6 7.7 13.9 9 .6 -0 .1 7 .8 1.6 7 .9 1.4 5 .8 1.8 6 .3 1.8 4 .4 3 .7 4 .2 0 .8 8 .8 0.1 8 .0 6 .8 7 .6 2 .9 5 .7 2 .4 2 .8 2 .7 2.8 2.4 7 .5 1 .2 4 .9 1.5 3 .8 -3 .7 9 .4 -1 .5 13.6 7.1 11.4 29 9 .6 0 .4 6 .5 20.1 10.9 2 .9 7 .9 2 .0 4 .9 4 .6 4.8 1.8 7 .6 1.1 5.7 5 .3 5.6 0 .9 8 .5 0 .7 7.5 4 .2 6 .4 -0 .2 9 .4 -1 .7 9 .6 2 .6 7 .2 -0 .9 10.3 -2 .8 11.3 9 .8 10.8 2 .5 9 .7 -0 .6 7.0 14.5 9 .4 0.5 7.8 1.6 7.3 2.4 5.7 (1) ( 1) <1) <1) ( 1) (1) 0 .9 8 .8 5.0 5.4 2.0 0.3 0.8 0.5 5.4 7.2 0.9 1.7 -3 .3 0.3 -2 .4 10.6 -0 .3 13.3 -1 .8 9 .0 2 .9 11.9 2 .5 8.8 25.9 13.1 4.4 8 .0 2.1 3.4 7.4 4 .6 2.5 8.3 1.8 5.7 6.7 6 .0 0 .8 8 .3 0 .6 7.4 2 .5 6 .0 0 .7 9 .7 -1 .4 9 .0 -2 .6 5 .7 0.2 11.7 -1 .6 11.5 -2 .2 7 .9 3 .5 9 .9 -4 6.1 12.8 7 .7 1.2 8.5 2.2 7.2 -0 .9 5.2 2 .4 6 .4 1.9 3 .9 2 .2 3 .4 1 9 5 0 -8 2 1 9 7 2 -8 2 0.0 7 .8 7.1 7 .6 1.9 9 .4 0 .6 7.4 4.1 6 .5 30. Quarterly indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted [1 9 7 7 = 1 0 0 ] Business sector: O utput per hou r of all persons ............................. Com pensation per hou r ............................................ Real com pensation per h o u r .................................... U nit labor c o s t s .............................................................. U nit nonlabor paym ents ........................................... Im p lic it price d e fla to r ................................................... N onfarm business sector: O utput per hou r o f all persons ............................. Com pensation per hou r ........................................... Real com pensation per h o u r .................................... U nit la bo r c o s ts .............................................................. U nit nonlabor paym ents ............................................ Im p licit price d e fla to r ................................................... Nonfinancial corporations: O utput per hou r o f all e m p lo y e e s ......................... C om pensation per hou r ........................................... Real com pensation per h o u r .................................... Total unit c o s t s .............................................................. U nit labor c o s t s ................................................... U nit nonlabor c o s t s ............................................ U nit p ro fits ................................. Im p lic it price d e fla to r ................................................... M anufacturing: O utput per h ou r o f all persons ............................. C om pensation per hou r ............................................ Real com pensation per h o u r .................................... U nit labor c o s ts .............................................................. Q u a rte rly Ind exes Annu al a verag e Ite m 1980 IV 1981 1982 1983 1981 1982 101.3 143.9 9 5.9 142.1 136:2 140.1 101.2 155.1 97.4 153.3 136.9 147.7 99.1 136.0 96.1 137.2 124.2 132.8 100.5 139.7 96.3 139.0 131.2 136.3 101.1 142.2 96.1 140.7 133.4 138.2 102.3 145.5 95.6 142.3 139.9 141.5 101.2 148.2 95.6 146.4 140.2 144.3 101.1 151.6 97.1 149.9 137.0 145.5 100.7 153.9 97.4 152.9 137.0 147.5 101.1 156.5 97.1 154.7 136.3 148.5 100.3 143.5 95.6 143.0 135.0 140.4 100.2 154.7 97.1 154.4 137.0 148.6 98.8 135.5 95.8 137.2 123.2 132.5 100.1 139.3 96.0 139.2 130.3 136.2 100.1 141.8 95.8 141.6 132.2 138.4 101.1 145.1 95.3 143.5 138.3 141.8 9 9.9 147.7 9 5.4 147.8 139.5 145.0 100.0 151.3 9 6.9 151.3 136.4 146.4 99.9 153.5 97.1 153.6 137.7 148.3 102.3 143.6 95.7 142.7 140.3 149.4 104.1 138.3 102.8 154.8 97.2 153.5 150.6 161.8 88.9 146.1 100.4 135.8 96.0 135.9 135.3 137.9 90.9 130.8 101.8 139.5 96.2 138.4 137.0 142.3 103.0 134.3 102.1 142.0 95.9 141.1 139.0 147.0 100.3 136.4 103.0 145.0 9 5.2 143.6 140.7 151.9 108.6 139.6 102.2 147.8 95.4 147.7 144.6 156.6 104.2 142.7 102.4 151.7 9 7.2 150.9 148.1 158.9 90.8 144.0 105.3 145.8 97.2 138.5 106.5 158.2 9 9.3 148.5 103.6 138.3 97.8 133.5 105.1 141.6 r97.6 r134.8 105.4 144.3 97.5 136.9 106.1 147.0 96.5 138.5 104.4 150.5 97.1 144.1 105.1 155.1 99.4 147.6 1 II III IV I ' II III IV 1 II 101.9 158.7 98.0 155.6 137.4 149.4 102.5 160.7 99.4 156.9 140.8 151.5 103.9 162.1 99.2 156.1 145.8 152.6 100.4 156.1 96.9 155.4 136.5 149.1 100.8 158.3 9 7.8 157.1 137.2 150.5 101.7 161.0 99.5 158.3 140.7 152.4 103.2 162.7 99.6 157.6 145.7 153.6 102.3 153.7 9 7.2 153.1 150.2 161.2 9 0.3 145.9 103.2 156.1 96.9 153.8 151.1 161.3 91.2 146.6 103.4 158.1 97.7 156.3 152.9 165.9 83.0 147.9 104.3 160.4 99.2 156.7 153.9 164.7 96.1 149.7 105.7 161.6 98.9 155.7 152.9 163.5 114.1 150.9 105.3 157.1 9 9.4 149.1 107.8 159.6 99.1 148.1 108.1 161.4 99.7 149.3 110.2 165.5 102.3 150.2 112.4 166.4 101.8 148.0 r = revised. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 79 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Productivity 31. Percent change from preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted at annual rate Q u a rte rly p e rc e n t chan g e a t a n n u a l rate Ite m B usiness sector: O utput per hou r o f all p e r s o n s ...................... Com pensation per h o u r .................................... Real com pensation per h o u r ......................... U nit labor c o s t s ................................................... U nit nonlabor paym ents ................................. Im p licit price d e f la t o r ........................................ N onfarm business sector: O utput per hour of all p e r s o n s ...................... Com pensation per h o u r ..................................... Real com pensation per h o u r ......................... U n it labor c o s t s ................................................... U nit nonlabor paym ents ................................ Im p licit price d e f la t o r ........................................ Nonfinancial corporations: O utput per hou r of all employees ............... Com pensation per h o u r .................................... Real com pensation per h o u r ......................... Total units co sts ............................................... U nit labor costs ........................................... U nit nonlabor costs .................................... U nit p ro fits .......................................................... Im p licit price d e f la t o r ........................................ M anufacturing: O utput per hou r of all p e r s o n s ...................... C om pensation per h o u r .................................... Real com pensation per h o u r ......................... U nit labor c o s t s ................................................... 1 N ot available. c = corrected. 80 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis IV 1981 11982 I1 1982 III 1 9 8 2 P e rc e n t c h an g e fro m s a m e q u a rte r a y e a r ago IV 1 9 8 2 11983 11981 I 1 1981 III 198 1 IV 198 1 11982 I1 1982 to to to to to to to to to to to to 1 1982 II 1 9 8 2 III 1 9 8 2 IV 1 9 8 2 1 1983 I1 1983 1 1982 I1 1982 III 1 9 8 2 IV 1 9 8 2 11983 I1 1983 -0 .4 9.4 6.3 9 .8 -8 .8 3.4 1.6 6.4 1.1 8.1 -0 .1 5 .5 1.7 6.7 -1 .0 5.0 2.0 2.7 3 .3 5.7 3 .7 2.3 3 .2 2.6 2.0 5.4 5.8 3 .3 10.5 5.5 5.7 3.5 -0 .7 -2 .1 15.0 3.1 0 .6 8 .5 0 .8 7 .9 4 .4 6 .7 -0 .4 8.2 1.3 8.7 2.7 6.7 1.1 7 .5 1.6 8 .7 2 .6 4 .9 0 .7 7.1 2 .5 6 .3 20 3 .5 1.3 6.1 2 .4 4 .7 2 .8 4.1 3.2 5 .3 1 .9 2.1 6 .5 3 .5 0.1 10.0 6.8 9.9 c -8 .5 3.7 c -0 .4 5 .8 0 .5 6 .2 3 .7 5.4 2.3 7.2 -0 .6 4.7 -3 .4 2.2 1.3 5.8 3 .7 4 .4 2 .0 3 :7 3 .7 6.8 7.2 3 .0 10.6 5.3 6.1 4 .3 0.1 ® -1 .6 15.0 3 .3 -0 .1 8 .6 0 .9 8 .7 4 .7 7.4 -0 .3 8.2 1.3 8.5 4.2 7.1 c -0 .6 7 .6 1.7 8 .3 -1 .3 5 .2 0 .8 7 .2 2 .6 6 .3 -1 .6 3 .7 1.7 6 .4 2 .7 4 .6 3.1 4.1 3 .3 6 .0 2 .6 2 .6 5 .8 3 .6 0.9 10 9 7.7 8.8 9.9 6.1 -4 2 .2 3.6 0 .5 5.4 0.1 6 .0 6 .0 6 .0 -2 .1 5.4 3 .8 6 .4 -1 .3 1.8 2.4 0.1 3 .8 1.9 0 .6 5.4 3 .4 6 .7 4 .8 11.9 - 3 1 .4 3 .6 3 .4 6.0 6.4 1.0 2.5 -2 .8 79.9 5.1 5.5 2.9 -1 .3 -2 .5 -2 .4 -2 .8 98.5 3.2 0 .6 8 .7 1.0 9 .0 8.1 11.7 c — 11.8 7.2 0.1 8.2 1.3 8.5 8.1 9 .7 -9 .9 7.0 0 .2 7 .6 1.7 7.1 7.4 6 .2 - 1 6 .1 5 .0 1.2 7 .0 2.4 5.8 5.7 6.0 20.3 3.6 1.8 5 .8 2.1 3 .8 3 .9 3 .7 5 .8 4 .0 3 .3 5 .2 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.4 26.3 3 .4 c2 8 13.1 9.8 9.9 0 .8 5.1 -0 2 4 .3 9 .6 6 .5 -1 .2 -2 .8 1.2 4 .5 2 .5 3 .3 8 .0 10.7 11.1 2 .5 8.4 2.1 -2 1 -5 .9 r0.0 -0 .1 8 .8 1.9 8 .9 1.6 8 .6 2 .6 6 .9 3 .5 7.3 2.7 3 .6 4 .8 6 .7 3 .0 1.8 6.7 5.9 2 .5 -0 .8 r = revised, 9 .6 1.8 9 .5 WAGE AND COMPENSATION DATA D a t a f o r t h e e m p l o y m e n t c o s t i n d e x are reported to the Bureau pf Labor Statistics by a sample of 2,000 private nonfarm estab lishments and 750 State and local government units selected to represent total employment in those sectors. On average, each reporting unit provides wage and compensation information on five well-specified occupations. Data on negotiated wage and benefit changes are obtained from contracts on file at the Bureau, direct contact with the parties, and secondary sources. Definitions The Employment Cost Index (ECI) is a quarterly measure o f the average change in the cost o f employing labor. The rate of total compensation, which comprises wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee ben efits, is collected for workers performing specified tasks. Employment in each occupation is held constant over time for all series produced in the ECI, except those by region, bargaining status, and area. As a consequence, only changes in compensation are measured. Industry and occupational employment data from the 1970 Census of Population are used in deriving constant weights for the ECI. While holding total industry and occupational employment fixed, in the estimation of indexes by region, bargaining status, and area, the employment in those measures is allowed to vary over time in accord with changes in the sample. The rate of change (in percent) is available for wages and salaries, as well as for total compensation. Data are collected for the pay period including the 12th day of the survey months o f March, June, September, and December. The statistics are neither an nualized nor adjusted for seasonal influence. Wages and salaries consist of earnings before payroll deductions, ex cluding premium pay for overtime, work on weekends and holidays, and shift differentials. Production bonuses, incentive earnings, commissions, and cost-of-living adjustments are included; nonproduction bonuses are included with other supplemental pay items in the benefits category; and payments-in-kind, free room and board, and tips are excluded. Benefits include supplemental pay, insurance, retirement and savings plans, and hours-related and legally required benefits. Data on negotiated wage changes apply to private nonfarm industry collective bargaining agreements covering 1,000 workers or more. Data on compensation changes apply only to those agreements covering 5,000 workers or more. First-year wage or compensation changes refer to average negotiated changes for workers covered by settlements reached in the period https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and implemented within the first 12 months after the effective date of the agreement. Changes over the life of the agreement refer to all adjustments specified in the contract, expressed as an average annual rate. These meas ures exclude wage changes that may occur under cost-of-living adjustment clauses, that are triggered by movements in the Consumer Price Index. Wage-rate changes are expressed as a percent of straight-time hourly earn ings; compensation changes are expressed as a percent of total wages and benefits. Effective wage adjustments reflect all negotiated changes implemented in the reference period, regardless of the settlement date. They include changes from settlements reached during the period, changes deferred from contracts negotiated in an earlier period, and cost-of-living adjustments. The data also reflect contracts providing for no wage adjustment in the period. Effective adjustments and each of their components are prorated over all workers in bargaining units with at least 1,000 workers. Notes on the data The Employment Cost Index data series began in the fourth quarter of 1975, with the quarterly percent change in wages and salaries in the private nonfarm sector. Data on employer costs for employee benefits were in cluded in 1980, to produce a measure of the percent change in employers’ cost for em ployees’ total compensation. State and local government units were added to the ECI coverage in 1981, providing a measure o f total compensation change in the civilian nonfarm economy. Data for the broad white-collar, blue-collar, and service worker groups, and the manufacturing, nonmanufacturing, and service industry groups are presented in the ECI. Additional occupation and industry detail are pro vided for the wages and salaries component of total compensation in the private nonfarm sector. For State and local government units, additional industry detail is shown for both total compensation and its wages and salaries component. Historical indexes (June 1981 = 100) of the quarterly rates of changes presented in the ECI are also available. For a more detailed discussion of the ECI, see chapter 11, “ The Em ployment Cost Index,” of the BLS Handbook o f Methods (Bulletin 2 1 3 4 1), and the Monthly Labor Review articles: “ Employment Cost Index: a measure of change in the ‘price of labor,’ ” July 1975; “ How benefits will be incorporated into the Employment Cost Index,” January 1978; and “ The Employment Cost Index: recent trends and expansion,” May 1982. Additional data for the ECI and other measures of wage and compen sation changes appear in Current Wage Developments, a monthly publi cation of the Bureau. 81 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Wage and Compensation Data 32. Employment Cost Index, by occupation and industry group [J u n e 1981 = 1 0 0 ] P erc e n t change June Sept. D ec. M a rch June 1983 Sept. D ec. M a rch June 3 m onths 1 2 m onths ended ended June 1 9 8 3 100.0 102.6 104.5 106.3 107.5 110.1 111.4 113.2 114.5 1.1 6 .5 W orkers, by occupational group W hite -co lla r w o r k e r s .......................................................................................... B lue-collar w o rkers .......................................................................................... Service w orkers .................................................................................................. W orkers, by Industry division M anufacturing ..................................................................................................... N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g .............................................................................................. Services ............................................................................................................ Public a d m inistratio n 2 ................................................................................ 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.7 102.3 102.8 104.9 104.1 104.2 106.5 105.7 107.2 107.7 107.1 108.3 110.7 109.2 110.8 111.9 110.5 112.4 113.7 112.3 114.3 114.9 113.6 115.1 1.1 1.2 .7 6.7 6.1 6 .3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.1 102.8 104.4 104.3 104.0 104.8 107.1 106.0 106.0 106.4 108.2 108.1 107.2 107.7 109.2 109.1 109.3 110.5 113.5 112.8 110.4 111.8 115.0 113.6 112.5 113.5 116.6 116.2 113.5 114.9 117.1 117.0 .9 1.2 .4 .7 5 .9 6 .7 7.2 7 .2 P riv a te in d u stry w o r k e r s ............................................................................................... 100.0 102.0 104.0 105.8 107.2 109.3 110.7 112.6 113.9 1.2 6 .3 . 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.8 102.2 101.9 104.0 104.0 103.1 105.8 105.6 106.7 107.2 107.0 107.9 109.5 109.0 109.6 110.8 110.3 111.8 112.8 112.1 113.8 114.2 113.5 114.6 1.2 1.2 .7 6 .5 6.1 6 .2 100.0 100.0 102.1 102.0 104.0 103.9 106.0 105.7 107.2 107.1 109.3 109.3 110.4 110.8 112.5 112.6 113.5 114.2 .9 1.4 5.9 6 .6 C iv ilia n w o rk e r s 1 ................................................................................................................... W orkers, by occupational group W hite -co lla r w orkers ................................................................................... B lue-collar w orkers ....................................................................................... Service w o r k e r s .............................................................................................. W orkers, by industry division M a n u fa c tu rin g .................................................................................................. N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g .......................................................................................... S ta te and lo cal g o v e rn m e n t w o r k e r s ................................................................... W orkers, by occupational group W hite -co lla r w orkers ................................................................................... B lue-collar w o r k e r s ....................................................................................... W orkers, by in du stry division Services ............................................................................................................ S c h o o ls ......................................................................................................... Elementary and secondary ............................................................. H ospitals and other services3 ............................................................. P ublic a dm inistratio n 2 ............................................................................... E x c lu d e s farm , household, and Federal w orkers. C o n s is ts o f legislative, judicial, adm inistrative, and regulatory activities. 82 1982 1981 S e rie s https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 100.0 106.3 107.4 108.8 109.3 114.3 115.1 116.5 117.1 .5 7.1 100.0 100.0 106.7 104.2 107.8 105.9 109.1 108.2 109.5 108.9 114.9 112.7 115.8 113.0 117.0 114.9 117.5 115.8 .4 .8 7.3 6.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 105.8 106.0 106.3 105.0 104.3 107.9 107.9 108.3 107.8 106.0 109.0 108.9 109.3 109.5 108.1 109.4 109.1 109.5 110.3 109.1 114.9 114.8 115.6 115.3 112.5 115.9 115.8 116.6 116.0 113.6 116.8 116.6 117.2 117.5 116.2 117.4 116.9 117.4 118.8 117.0 .5 .3 .2 1.1 .7 7.3 7.1 7.2 7.7 7 .2 in c lu d e s , fo r exam ple, library, social, and health services. 33. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group [J u n e 1981 = 1 0 0 ] P erc e n t change 1981 S e rie s 1982 1983 3 m onths 1 2 m onths ended ended June Sept. D ec. M a rch June S ep t. D ec. M a rch June ................................................................................................................... 100.0 102.5 104.4 106.3 107.3 109.7 110.9 112.2 113.4 1.1 5 .7 W orkers, by occupational group W hite -co lla r w o r k e r s .......................................................................................... B lue-collar w orkers .......................................................................................... Service w orkers .................................................................................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.6 102.4 102.5 104.7 104.0 103.6 106.7 106.5 106.8 107.6 106.7 107.9 110.4 108.6 110.1 111.4 109.8 111.8 113.0 110.8 113.2 114.2 112.0 113.9 1.1 1.1 .6 6.1 5.0 5.6 W orkers, by industry division M anufacturing ..................................................................................................... N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g .............................................................................................. Services ............................................................................................................ P ublic a dm inistratio n 2 .................. ............................................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.1 102.7 104.4 103.8 104.0 104.5 106.6 106.5 105.9 106.5 108.6 107.5 107.0 107.5 109.5 108.4 108.8 110.1 113.2 111.9 109.8 111.3 114.4 112.6 111.0 112.7 115.8 114.6 112.0 114.0 116.3 115.4 .9 1.2 .4 .7 4 .7 6 .0 6.2 6 .5 P riv a te in d u stry w o r k e r s ............................................................................................... 100.0 102.0 103.8 105.9 107.1 109.0 110.3 111.6 112.9 1.2 5.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.8 103.3 101.6 98.0 102.7 102.3 102.9 102.1 101.0 101.5 101.8 103.9 105.5 102.8 101.9 104.2 103.9 104.3 104.1 102.7 103.3 102.7 106.2 108.0 105.8 102.2 107.0 105.4 106.2 105.4 103.2 104.1 106.7 107.3 109.4 107.2 101.8 108.3 106.6 107.6 106.6 104.1 105.1 107.9 109.4 111.8 108.5 104.5 110.3 108.5 109.6 108.3 106.0 106.5 109.3 110.6 112.9 109.3 106.2 111.6 109.7 111.2 109.3 106.9 107.8 111.4 112.2 114.8 112.0 105.7 113.4 110.7 112.2 110.0 108.0 109.0 112.9 113.6 115.9 114.0 107.1 114.6 111.9 113.4 111.1 110.3 109.8 113.5 1.2 1.0 1.8 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 2.1 .7 .5 5.9 5.9 6.3 5.2 5.8 5.0 5.4 4 .2 6 .0 4 .5 5 .2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.1 102.1 102.0 102.0 103.0 102.0 101.3 102.0 101.0 98.3 103.6 104.0 104.5 103.1 103.8 104.3 103.6 102.3 103.4 101.9 102.3 105.8 105.9 106.3 105.3 105.9 105.9 105.7 103.9 106.3 103.0 103.7 108.8 107.0 107.4 106.3 107.1 107.3 106.9 105.8 108.9 104.5 102.4 110.0 108.8 109.0 108.5 109.1 109.1 109.5 106.5 109.0 106.5 106.1 112.5 109.8 110.3 109.1 110.5 109.7 111.1 107.2 109.8 106.1 109.0 114.3 111.0 111.1 110.9 112.0 110.4 112.9 108.5 111.8 107.2 110.6 116.0 112.0 111.8 112.3 113.4 112.1 114.7 110.8 114.1 109.4 111.1 116.6 .9 .6 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.6 2.1 2.1 2.1 .5 .5 4 .7 4.1 5 .6 5 .9 4 .5 7.3 4.7 4.8 4.7 8.5 6.0 C iv ilia n w o rk e r s ’ W orkers, by occupational group W hite -co lla r w orkers ................................................................................... Professional and technical w o r k e r s .................................................. M anagers and adm inistrato rs .............................................................. S a le s w o rk e rs .............................................................................................. Clerical w o rk e rs .......................................................................................... B lue-collar w o r k e r s ....................................................................................... Craft and kindred w o r k e r s ..................................................................... O peratives, except t r a n s p o r t ................................................................. Tra n spo rt equipm ent o p e ra tiv e s .......................................................... N onfarm la b o r e r s ....................................................................................... Service w o r k e r s .............................................................................................. W orkers, by industry division M a n u fa c tu rin g .................................................................................................. D u ra b le s ......................................................................................................... Nondurables .............................................................................................. N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g .......................................................................................... C onstruction .............................................................................................. Transportation and public u t i lit ie s ...................................................... W holesale and retail t r a d e ..................................................................... W holesale trade ................................................................................... Retail t r a d e .............................................................................................. Finance, in surance, and real e s t a t e .................................................. S e r v ic e s ......................................................................................................... S ta te a nd lo c a l g o v e rn m e n t w o r k e r s ................................................................... W orkers, by occupational group W hite -co lla r w o rkers ................................................................................... B lue-collar w orkers ....................................................................................... W orkers, by in du stry divisio n * S e r v ic e s ............................................................................................................. S c h o o ls ......................................................................................................... Elem entary and secondary ............................................................. H ospitals and other services3 ................................................................. P ublic a d m in istra tio n 2 ............................................................................... 1 Excludes farm , household, and Federal w orkers. C o n s is ts o f legislative, ju dicial, adm inistrative, and regulatory activities. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 1 9 8 3 100.0 105.0 107.0 108.2 108.7 113.5 114.0 115.1 115.7 .5 6.4 100.0 100.0 105.4 103.9 107.5 105.5 108.5 107.5 108.9 107.9 114.2 111.5 114.6 112.0 115.6 113.3 116.1 114.3 .4 .9 6.6 5.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 105.5 105.7 106.0 104.6 103.8 107.6 107.7 107.9 107.3 105.5 108.4 108.3 108.7 108.8 107.5 108.8 108.5 108.8 109.5 108.4 114.2 114.2 114.9 114.3 111.9 114.6 114.5 115.1 114.9 112.6 115.5 115.2 115.6 116.5 114.6 115.9 115.4 115.8 117.7 115.4 .3 .2 .2 1.0 .7 6.5 6.4 6.4 7 .5 6 .5 in c lu d e s , fo r exam ple, lib ra ry, social and health services. 83 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Wage and Compensation Data 34. Employment Cost Index, private industry workers, by bargaining status, region, and area size [J u n e 1981 = 1 0 0 ] P erc e n t change 1982 1981 1983 3 m onths 1 2 m onths ended ended June S ep t. D ec. M arch June S ept. D ec. M a rch June June 1 9 8 3 W orkers, by bargaining statu s1 Union ........................................................................................................................... M anufacturing ..................................................................................................... N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g .............................................................................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.5 102.3 102.7 104.8 104.6 105.0 106.5 106.3 106.8 108.4 108.0 108.7 110.6 110.3 111.0 112.3 111.8 112.8 114.5 114.0 114.9 116.0 114.8 117.1 1.3 .7 1.9 7 .0 6 .3 7.7 N onunion .................................................................................................................... M anufacturing ..................................................................................................... N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g .............................................................................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.7 101.8 101.7 103.5 103.5 103.5 105.3 105.7 106.2 106.5 106.6 106.4 108.5 106.4 108.6 109.7 109.2 109.9 111.5 111.2 111.6 112.8 112.3 113.0 1.2 1.0 1.3 5 .9 5 .3 6.2 W orkers, by area size1 M etropolitan areas .................................................................................................. O ther areas ................................................................................................................ 100.0 100.0 102.1 101.8 104.1 103.2 105.7 106.2 107.2 107.0 109.4 108.6 110.9 109.1 112.9 110.8 114.2 112.3 1.2 1.4 6 .5 5 .0 W orkers, by bargaining statu s1 Union ........................................................................................................................... M anufacturing ...................................................................................................... N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g .............................................................................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.7 102.6 102.8 105.0 104.7 105.2 106.5 105.9 107.0 108.1 107.3 108.8 110.3 109.5 111.1 111.8 110.8 112.7 112.9 111.4 114.3 114.2 112.3 116.0 1.2 .8 1.5 5.6 4 .7 6 .6 Nonunion .................................................................................................................... M anufacturing ..................................................................................................... N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g .............................................................................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.6 101.7 101.6 103.2 103.3 103.2 105.6 105.9 105.5 106.5 106.7 106.4 108.3 108.2 108.3 109.5 109.1 109.6 110.9 110.7 111.0 112.2 111.8 112.4 1.2 1.0 1.3 5.4 4.8 5 .6 W orke rs, by re g ion 1 N o r t h e a s t .................................................................................................................... South ........................................................................................................................... North Central ............................................................................................................. W e s t .............................................................................................................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.7 101.9 101.6 103.2 104.4 102.8 103.3 105.1 106.1 105.7 104.7 107.9 106.7 107.4 106.1 108.6 109.7 108.8 107.6 110.7 111.5 109.8 108.6 112.0 112.0 111.4 110.1 114.1 113.6 112.5 111.5 114.9 1.4 1.0 1.3 .7 6.5 4.7 5.1 5.8 W orkers by area size1 M etropolitan areas .................................................................................................. Other areas ................................................................................................................ 100.0 100.0 102.1 101.8 104.0 103.1 105.9 106.0 107.1 106.8 109.1 108.3 110.5 108.8 111.9 110.1 113.2 111.4 1.2 1 .2 5 .7 4 .3 C O M P E N S A TIO N W AG E S A N D SALARIES 1The indexes are calculated d ifferently fro m those fo r the occupation and Industry groups. For a detailed description of the Index calculation, see BLS Handbook o f Methods, Bulletin 1910. 84 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 35. Wage and compensation change, major collective bargaining settlements, 1978 to date [In percent] Q u a rte rly a v e ra g e M e a s u re 1981 1982 III IV 1 II 3.2 2.8 10.5 8.1 11.0 5.8 1.9 1.2 9.8 7.9 3 .8 3 .6 10.8 8.7 9 .0 5 .7 7.4 5.4 7.2 6.1 2.8 2.6 9 .0 7.5 7.6 6 .2 9 .5 6 .6 9.8 7.3 4 .3 4.1 8 .8 8.3 13.6 11.5 13.5 11.3 6 .5 6 .3 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 8 .3 6 .3 9 .0 6 .6 10.4 7.1 10.2 8.3 First year of co ntra ct ................................. Annual rate o ver life o f c o n tra c t............... 7 .6 6 .4 7.4 6 .0 9 .5 7.1 M anufacturing: First year o f contra ct ................................. Annual rate o ver life of c o n tra c t............... 8 .3 6 .6 6 .9 5.4 N onm anufacturing (excluding constru ctio n): First year of contra ct ................................. Annual rate over life of c o n tra c t.............. 8 .0 6 .5 C onstruction: First year of contra ct ................................. Annual rate o ver life o f c o n tra c t............... 6 .5 6 .2 198 3 P III IV I 2 .6 c2.1 6 .2 4 .7 3.3 4.8 -1 .7 1.5 4 .7 3 .9 3 .0 2 .8 3.4 3.2 5 .4 4 .5 3 .8 4 .8 -1 .2 2 .3 2 .9 3.1 6 .6 5.4 2 .5 2 .7 1.8 1.7 5.1 3 .9 4.1 4 .5 -3 .4 .9 1.3 1.6 8.6 7.2 9 .6 5.6 2 .7 2.1 6.6 6.1 5 .5 4 .8 3 .6 5 .2 3 .9 5.9 6 .8 6.1 16.4 12.4 11.4 11.7 8 .6 8.2 6 .2 6 .3 6 .3 5 .9 3.4 2 .9 c .3 2 .6 1.9 2.5 II Total com pensation changes, covering 5 ,0 0 0 w orkers o r m ore, all industries: First year o f contract ................................. Annual rate over life of c o n tra c t.............. Wage rate changes covering at least 1,0 0 0 w orke rs, all industries: p = pre lim in a ry. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis c = corrected. 85 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW October 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Wage and Compensation Data 36. Effective wage adjustments in collective bargaining units covering 1,000 workers or more, 1978 to date Y e a r and q u arte r Year M e a s u re 1982 1981 1978 1979 1980 1981 1983P 1982 III IV I II III IV II I Average percent adjustm ent (including no change): All in d u s t r ie s ........................................................................................................ M a n u fa c tu rin g ................................................................................................. N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g .......................................................................................... 8.2 8.6 7.9 9.1 9 .6 8.8 9.9 10.2 9.7 9 .5 9.4 9 .5 6 .8 5.2 7.9 3 .3 3.1 3 .4 1.5 1.9 1.1 1.0 .9 1.1 2 .0 1.0 2 .7 2.4 1.7 2 .9 1.3 1.5 1.2 0 .4 -.4 .9 1.3 1.0 1.4 From settlem ents reached in p e r io d ............................................................. Deferred fro m settlem ents reached in earlier p e r io d ............................. From co st-o f-livin g clauses ............................................................................ 2 .0 3 .7 2.4 3 .0 3.0 3.1 3 .6 3 .5 2.8 2 .5 3 .8 3 .2 1.7 3.6 1.4 .5 1.5 1.2 .4 .4 .6 .2 .6 .3 .4 1.4 .2 .5 1.3 .6 .6 .4 .3 -.2 .4 .2 1.0 .1 — — — 8,648 7,852 4,364 3 ,225 2,8 7 8 3,423 3,7 6 0 3,441 3 ,030 3,108 — — — 2,270 1,907 540 604 204 511 620 825 434 454 — — — — — — 6,267 4,593 4,846 3,830 3 ,023 2,934 882 2 ,179 1,001 1,920 1,594 1,568 2 ,400 2,251 860 1,970 c840 2 ,075 1,446 1,395 — — — 145 483 4,4 2 8 5,568 5,4 5 7 4,9 1 2 4 ,5 7 5 4,895 5 ,085 5,007 Total n um ber of w orkers receiving wage change (in th o u sa n d s)1 .............................................................................................. From settlem ents reached in p e r io d ............................................................................................................ Deferred fro m settlem ents reached in earlier period ............................................................................ From co st-o f-livin g clauses ............................................................................ Num ber of w o rkers receiving no adjustm ents (in t h o u s a n d s )................................................................................................. 1 The total n um ber of w orkers who received adjustm ents does not equal the sum of w orkers that received each type o f a djustm ent, because some w orkers received m ore than one type of adjustm ent during the period. 86 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis p = prelim inary, c _ corrected, .1 ‘ WORK STOPPAGE DATA o r k s t o p p a g e s include all known strikes or lockouts involving 1,000 workers or more and lasting a full shift or longer. Data are based largely on newspaper accounts and cover all workers idle one shift or more in establishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or secondary effect on other establishments whose employees are idle owing to material or service shortages. W 37. Estimates of days idle as a percent of estimated working time measures only the impact of larger strikes (1,000 workers or more). Formerly, these estimates measured the impact of strikes involving 6 workers or more; that is, the impact of virtually all strikes. Due to budget stringencies, collection of data on strikes involving fewer than 1,000 workers was discontinued with the December 1081 data. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, 1947 to date W o rke rs in vo lved N u m b e r of stoppages M o n th and y e a r B eg in n in g in In effect m onth o r y ear during m onth D ays id le B eg in n in g in In effect m onth or y e a r d u rin g m onth (in th ousands) (in th ousands) Num ber (in th o u san d s) P e rc e n t of e s tim a te d w o rk in g tim e 1947 ........................................................................................................................ 1948 .............................................................................................. 1949 ........................................................................ 1950 270 245 262 424 1,629 1,435 2,537 1,698 25,7 20 26,1 27 43,4 20 30,3 90 .22 .38 26 1951 . . . ............................................................................................................. 1952 ............................................................................ 1953 1954 ........................................................................................................................ 1955 .................................................................................................................... 415 470 437 265 363 1,462 2,746 1,623 1,075 2,055 15,070 4 8 '8 2 0 18 130 16,630 2 1,180 12 38 14 .13 16 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 . .............................................................................................. ................................................................................... 287 279 332 245 222 1,370 887 1,587 1,381 896 26,840 10 340 17,900 6 0,850 13 260 20 07 13 .43 09 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 .................................................................................................................... . 195 211 181 246 268 1,031 793 512 1,183 999 10 140 11,760 10 020 16 220 15 140 07 08 07 11 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... 321 381 392 412 381 1,300 2,192 1,855 1,576 2,468 16,000 3 1,320 3 5,567 29 397 52,761 10 .18 20 16 29 1 9 7 1 ....................................................................................................................... 1972 ....................................................................................................................... 1973 ....................................................................................................................... 1974 ....................................................................................................................... 1975 ....................................................................................................................... 298 250 317 424 235 2,516 975 1,400 1,796 965 35 16 16 31 17 538 764 260 809 563 19 09 08 16 09 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................... 231 298 219 235 187 1,519 1,212 1,006 1,021 795 23 21 23 20 20 962 258 774 409 844 12 10 11 09 09 1 9 8 1 ....................................................................................................................... 1982 .................................................................................................................... 145 96 729 656 16 908 9 061 07 04 10 1982 January ................................................................................... February ................................................................................... M arch ....................................................................................... A pril .......................................................................................... May .......................................................................................... June .......................................................................................... J u ly .............................................................................................. A u g u s t ...................................................................................... 2 3 4 14 15 18 13 9 4 7 9 21 23 27 25 23 6.1 3.9 13.3 59.5 42.7 42.8 38.4 18 8 11.4 15.3 26.1 79.1 66.1 66.9 65.9 58.0 202.8 241.1 3 57.0 533.1 657.6 9 07.2 844.7 754.3 .01 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .04 .04 1983P January ................................................................................... February ................................................................................... M arch ...................................................................................... A pril .......................................................................................... May .......................................................................................... June .......................................................................................... J u ly .............................................................................................. A u g u s t ...................................................................................... 1 5 5 2 11 r15 r9 8 3 7 10 9 16 r24 r22 1.6 14.0 10.5 2.8 23.6 r59.8 r46.1 677.6 38.0 50.4 54.9 52.4 32.9 r79.7 r8 1 .3 732.2 794.8 844.4 1 ,1 3 1.5 789.5 493.9 r6 89.0 r1 ,190.5 1 0 ,8 78 .7 .04 .05 .05 .04 .03 .03 .06 .52 p = p relim inary. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 20 r = revised. 87 Published by BLS in August SALES PUBLICATIONS BLS Bulletins Em ployee Benefits in M edium and Large Firms, 1982. Bulletin 2176, 56 p p ., $4.50 (G PO Stock N o. 029-001-02761-3). The fourth in an annual series, this bulletin provides inform ation on the incidence and detailed characteristics o f 11 private sector em ployee benefits paid for at least in part by the em ployer: Paid lunch and rest periods, holidays, vacations, and personal and sick leave; accident and sickness, long-term disability, health, and life insurance; and private retirement pension plans. Also provides incidence o f 18 other em ployee benefits, including stock, savings and thrift, and profit sharing plans; nonproduc tion bonuses; em ployee discounts; educational assistance, relocation allowances; and free or subsidized parking. Injuries in Oil and Gas Drilling and Services. Bulletin 2179, 23 p p ., $3.50 (G PO Stock N o . 029-001-02760-5). Results o f a survey o f workers w ho were injured perform ing well-drilling and servicing activities during the period o f M ay through A ugust 1982. industry statistics on the N ation ’s nonagricultural workers ad justed to M arch 1982 benchm arks. Included are m onthly and annual average em ploym ent from January 1977 through February 1983 for all em ployees and w om en employees; produc tion workers in m anufacturing and mining; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in the re m aining private nonagricultural industries. A lso shown are average weekly and hourly earnings and average weekly hours. Mailgram Service Consum er price index data summary by mailgram within 24 hours o f the CPI release. Provides unadjusted and seasonally adjusted U .S . City Average data for A ll Urban Consum ers (C PI-U ) and for Urban W age Earners and Clerical W orkers (CPI-W ). (N T ISU B /158). $125 in contiguous United States. FREE PUBLICATIONS Area Wage Survey Summaries Area Wage Survey Bulletins These bulletins cover office, professional, technical, m aintenance, custodial, and material m ovem ent occupations in major m etropolitan areas. The annual series o f 70 is available by subscription for $115 per year. Individual area bulletins are also available separately. Fresno, C alifornia, M etropolitan Area, June 1983. Bulletin 3020-26, 40 p p ., $3.50 (G PO Stock N o. 029-001-90219-1). N o r f o l k — V ir g in ia B e a c h — P o r t s m o u t h an d N e w p o r t N ew s— H am pton, Virginia— N orth Carolina, M etropolitan Areas, May 1983. Bulletin 3020-23, 29 pp. $3.50 (G PO Stock N o . 029-001-90216-6). P aterson— C lifton — Passaic, N ew Jersey, M etropolitan Area, April 1983. Bulletin 3020-24, 42 p p ., $3.75 (G PO Stock N o. 029-001-90217-4). Richm ond, Virginia, M etropolitan A rea, June 1983. Bulletin 3020-25, 43 p p ., $3.75 (G PO Stock N o. 029-001-90218-2). San A n ton io, Texas, M etropolitan A rea, M ay 1983. Bulletin 3020-21, 42 p p ., $3.75 (G PO Stock N o . 029-001-90214-0). T oled o, O hio— M ichigan, M etropolitan A rea, June 1983. Bulletin 3020-22, 29 p p ., $3.50 (G PO Stock N o . 029-001-90215-8). W orcester, M assachusetts, M etropolitan A rea, April 1983, Bulletin 3020-17, $3.75 (G PO Stock N o. 029-001-90210-7). Periodicals CPI D etailed Report. June issue provides a com prehensive report on price m ovem ents for the m onth, statistical tables, charts, and technical notes. 145 p p ., $5 ($28 per year). Em ploym ent and Earnings. A ugust issue covers em ploym ent and unem ploym ent developm ents in July, plus regular statistical tables on national, State, and area em ploym ent, unem ploym ent, hours, and earnings. 139 p p ., $6 ($39 per year). Producer Prices and Price Indexes. June issue includes a com prehensive report on price m ovem ents for the m onth, plus regular tables and technical notes. 124 p p ., $5 ($34 per year). Supplem ent to Em ploym ent and Earnings. July 1983, 335 p p ., $7.50 (GPO Stock N o. 029-001-72300-8). Presents revised detailed https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A lbany, G a., July 1983, 6 pp. Alpena-Standish-Tawas City, M ich., July 1983. 6 pp. Baton R ouge, L a., June 1983. 7 pp. Brunswick, G a., June 1983. 13 pp. C olum bus, M iss., June 1983. 3 pp. Fort W ayne, Ind., June 1983. 3 pp. Gadsden and A nniston, A la ., July 1983. 3 pp. G oldsboro, N .C ., July 1983. 3 pp. Logansport-Peru, Ind., April 1983. 6 pp. Northern New York, June 1983. 6 pp. Oxnard-Sim i Valley-Ventura, C alif., June 1983. 7 pp. Raleigh-Durham , N .C ., June 1983. 6 pp. Selm a, A la ., July 1983. 3 pp. South D akota, June 1983. 6 pp. Tulsa, O kla., June 1983. 3 pp. BLS Reports Em ploym ent in Perspective: W orking W om en, Second Quarter 1983. Report 696. 3 pp. Presents highlights o f current data on w om en in the labor force, including sections on unem ploym ent, discouraged workers, longer worklives and the high school class o f 1982. Department Store Inventory Price Index— July 1983. 1 p. To order: S a le s p u b l i c a t i o n s — Order from BLS regional offices (see inside front cover), or the Superintendent o f D ocum ents, U .S . G overn ment Printing O ffice, W ashington, D .C . 20212. Order by title and G PO stock number. Subscriptions available o n l y from the Superintendent o f D ocum ents. Orders can be charged to a deposit account number or checks can be made payable to the Superinten dent o f D ocum ents. Visa and MasterCard are also accepted. In clude card number and expiration date. M a ilg r a m s e r v ic e — A vailable from the N ational Technical Infor m ation Service, U .S . Departm ent o f Com m erce, 5285 Port Royal R oad, Springfield, Virginia 22151. F r e e p u b l i c a t i o n s — A vailable from the Bureau o f Labor Statistics, U .S . Departm ent o f Labor, W ashington, D .C . 20212 or from any BLS regional o ffice. Request regional office publications from the issuing office. Free publications are available while supplies last. NOW AVAILABLE Local Area Personal Income, 1976-81 Personal Income Statistics for: U.S. Regions States Counties SMSA’s • T o ta l P erso n a l In com e • L a b o r a n d P r o p r ie to r s ’ In c o m e B y T y p e o f In co m e B y In d u stry G ro u p • P e r C a p ita P e r s o n a l I n c o m e VOLUME STOCK NUMBER PRICE 1— Summary ............................................ 003-010-00113-5 .... .... $4.50 2— New England .................................... 003-010-00114-3 .... .... $4.00 When ordering refer to GPO stock number. 3— Mideast .............................................. 003-010-00115-1 .... .... $4.25 To order, contact: Superintendent of Documents 4— Great Lakes ....................................... 003-010-00116-0 .... ....$4.50 Government Printing Office 5— —Plains ............................................... 003-010-00117-8 .... ....$5.50 Washington, DC 20402 6— Southeast ........................................... 003-010-00118-6 .... ......$ 6.00 Telephone order desk: (202) 783-3238 7— Southwest .......................................... 003-010-00119-4 .... ....$4.75 8— Rocky Mountain ............................... 003-010-00120-8 .... ....$4.25 9— Far West (including Alaska and Hawaii) 003-010-00121-6.... ....$4.25 For additional information, contact the Regional Economic Information System, Regional Economic Measurement Division, BE-55 Bureau of Economic Analysis, Washington, D.C. 20230. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of LaboF Statistics Washington D.C. 20212 Postage and Fees Paid U.S. Department of Labor Lab-441 Official Business SECOND CLASS MAIL Penalty for private use, $300 RETURN POSTAGE GUARANTEED https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MLR L I6 R A 4 4 2 L IS S D U E 0 0 6 R LIBRARY FED PO RESERVE BOX 4 4 2 BANK OF ST L O U IS U .S .M A IL
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