Full text of Monthly Labor Review : October 1967, Vol. 90, No. 10

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Monthly
Labor
Review


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OCTOBER

1967

VOL.

90

KALAMAZOO
14 !967

PUBLIC LIBRARY

NO.

The Economics of Moonlighting
The 1967 ILO Conference
Prices of Used Cars
Productivity in Manufacturing

UNITED STATES DEPARTM ENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

Willard Wirtz , Secretary

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Arthur M. R oss, Commissioner of Labor Statistics
R obert J. M yers, Deputy Commissioner

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Monthly Labor Review
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

•

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Lawrence R. K lein , Editor-in-Chief
Jack F. Strickland, Executive Editor


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CONTENTS

Articles
1
6
12
17
23
29
36
42
48

Productivity in Manufacturing
The 1967 International Labor Conference
Seasonal Demand and Used Car Prices
Moonlighting—An Economic Phenomenon
Shunto: Japanese Labor’s Spring Wage Offensive
Unionization of Engineers and Technicians
Adjusting Manpower Requirements to Constant Change
Common Paradox: White-Collar Organization in Britain
The Administration of Large Pension Plans

Departments
II
III
51
53
56
57
58
65
75

This Issue in Brief
The Labor Month in Review
Foreign Labor Briefs
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Major Agreements Expiring in November
Developments in Industrial Relations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics

October 1967 . Voi. 90 • No. 10

This Issue in Brief
A n e w a t t e m p t to measure the organization of
engineers and engineering technicians is reported
by Archie Kleingartner in Unionization of E n­
gineers and Technicians (p. 29). “Of the un­
organized white-collar and professional categories,
engineers and technicians are most likely to be
employed in a union setting.” Nevertheless, with
only 2.4 percent of the engineers and only 3.9 per­
cent of the technicians belonging to unions, or­
ganized labor has only just begun to tap this field.
S i n c e t h e m i d - 1 9 5 0 ’s , organized labor’s role in
Japan has been undergoing a change from one
“concerned primarily with political ends” to one
devoted to the “use of economic pressure,” accord­
ing to Robert Evans, Jr. in Shunto: Japanese
Labor’s Spring Wage Offensive (p. 23). Prior to
the creation of the Joint Spring Wage Offensive
Action Committee, with its main emphasis on in­
creased wages, Japan’s largest labor federations
were concerned primarily with opposition to em­
ployee discharges, income-related disputes, and
principal management decisions. Two of Japan’s
largest labor federations, Sohyo and Churitsuroren, are the principal adherents of Shunto or
Spring Wage Offensive. “It is no surprise that the
industries in which the number of disputes has
grown are also those industries where many
workers are represented by the Sohyo and
Churitsuroren unions.”
T h e d i v i s i o n of Consumer Prices and Price In ­
dexes investigates seasonal movements of prices of
used cars in Seasonal Demand and Used Car
Prices (p. 12). Price and demand is highest during
summer vacation months and just prior to the in­
troduction of the coming year’s new models. On
the other hand, cold weather brings a drop in both
demand and prices. But the demand for used cars
is affected by factors other than weather. Used
car prices have been rising since the winter of
1965-66 and in June 1967 were about 3.6 percent
ii


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above the prices in the corresponding period of
June 1966.
T h e m i d d l e e a s t crisis of early June tended to
color the discussion of the Director General’s Re­
port to the 51st meeting of the International Labor
Organization. H. M. Douty reports on the accom­
plishments of the conference and on the emergent
political issues in The 1967 International Labor
Conference (p. 6).
a n u e a o t u r i n g p r o d u c t i v i t y rose at an annual
rate of nearly 3 percent from 1947 to 1966. Martin
Zeigler, in Productivity in Manufacturing (p. 1),
discusses many of the factors contributing to the
cumulative growth in manufacturing in the United
States and analyses the effect that short- and long­
term fluctuations in the economy have on
productivity.
A l m o s t o n e - h a l f of the private wage and salary
labor force is covered by some type of retirement
plan. This represents more than 100-percent in­
crease of such coverage since 1950. In The A d­
ministration of Large Pension Plans (p. 48),
Elsie K. Goodman discusses size and employee
coverage of the plans, and offers some observations
about the manner in which these plans “differ in
important respects from the generality of retire­
ment plans.”
A s t u d y o f m u l t i p l e j o b h o l d e r s by Harvey R.
Hamel in Moonlighting—An Economic Phenom­
enon (p. 17), indicates that moonlighting has not
“increased or even changed much in recent years.”
The primary reason why 3y2 million persons hold
two or more jobs appears to be economic. For
some, moonlighting is a necessity; a second job
permits others to live at a higher standard. Typi­
cally, moonlighters are comparatively young mar­
ried men drawn from the ranks of the country’s
teachers, policemen, firemen, postal workers, and
farmers, working an average of 13 hours a week
in their second job.

M

I n a n e f f o r t to analyse manpower responses to
technological change, the OECD has compiled 29
case studies in a new report. One of the cases is
presented in its entirety in Adjusting Manpower
Requirements to Constant Change (p. 36).

The Labor Month
in Review

Equal Employment Opportunity:
Probing and Problems
B e c a u s e o f t h e d e e p s e a t e d difficulties of elimi­
nating unequal job opportunity, Title V II of the
Civil Rights Act of 1964 was framed to make a
graduated attack upon employment discrimina­
tion because of race, religion, sex, or national
origin. The mesh becomes finer each year. In fiscal
year 1966, the year for which the Equal Employ­
ment Opportunity Commission has recently issued
its first annual report, it applied to firms or unions
with at least 100 employees or members, unions
that operate hiring halls, and employment
agencies which deal with employers of 100 work­
ers or more. Dropping to 75 persons in 1966-67,
and to 50 in 1967-68, the law will apply to organi­
zations with 25 persons or more beginning in
July 1968. To end job discrimination, the EEOC
depends on investigation, conciliation, promotion
of voluntary compliance, and recommendations
for Justice Department action.
During its baptismal year (July 1965 to June
1966), the Commission found that the effect of the
new law had been grossly underestimated, prob­
ably because of too much reliance on the experience
of State fair employment practices agencies. There
were almost 9,000 complaints of discriminatory
practices based on race, religion, color, sex, or na­
tional origin, about 4y2 times the expected num­
ber, and more than double the number all State
agencies of similar type had received in any year.
It was expected that the bulk of complaints
would allege racial discrimination; about 3 in 5
did. Surprisingly, over a third of the complaints
alleged sex discrimination, while comparatively
few complaints claimed discrimination because of
religion or national origin.
In the opinion of EEOC, the impetus for enact­
ment of the law was primarily toward elitninating


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racial discrimination, and in this light, the propor­
tion of such complaints is somewhat low. This
should be considered against the backdrop of a
finding in a study by the Labor and Industrial
Relations Institute of the University of MichiganWayne State University of 20 firms that have
adopted EEO policies. The investigators found
many Negro workers markedly reluctant to file any
complaint, since they felt this might jeopardize
their employment prospects.
Since the early exploration of the economic and
social consequences of Negro migration to the
North and West between the World Wars, their
employment difficulties have been well-mapped.
Despite the amount of this literature, however,
there is a striking similarity of findings and, by
implication, a similarity of effect on the design of
programs to change the situation.
Pause for Assessment. So extensive is the in­
formation on obstacles to Negro employment that
some researchers are pausing to assess what has
been uncovered thus far. In retrospect, these bib­
liographic surveys, broad-gage studies, and cata­
logings may mark the end of one family of equal
employment studies and the beginning of a new
one. Already a creeping rigor of method is becom­
ing evident, best shown in a narrowing of the field
of investigation, with more emphasis on spade­
work and less on exhortation.
Studies in the field of equal employment oppor­
tunity have explored both the landscape and the
substrata. Researchers concerned with the terrain
have turned to statistical aggregates and propor­
tions. Those concerned with the substrata probe
attitudes and equal employment experience.
The statistical approach is probably best ex­
emplified by the aggregate tabulations of occupa­
tion, family income, employment, labor force par­
ticipation, and other such indices by race, color, or
national origin. Out of this research, periodically
updated, has grown the familiar profile of the
average or median Negro : compared with his
white counterpart, he is over twice as likely to be
unemployed, has about half the income, is about
three times as likely to be in a family with income
below $3,000 a year, over four times as likely to be
employed as a laborer or private household worker,
and only one-third as likely to be in a managerial,
professional, or technical occupation, has about
three-quarters as much formal schooling (and that
m

IV

sometimes of poorer quality), and will have life­
time median earnings of about half as much, re­
gardless of schooling.
Such findings were cited by a Congressional
committee on the road to enactment of Title V II
of the Civil Rights A ct: “The evidence before the
Committee makes it abundantly clear that job op­
portunity discrimination permeates the national
social fabric—North, South, East, and West.”
Attitudinal Research. Once research leaves the
relatively secure area of numbers and proportions,
it may become what Louis Ferman, research di­
rector of the Labor and Industrial Relations In ­
stitute of the University of Michigan-Wayne
State University, has characterized as “testimo­
nial” in nature. The field of attitudinal or experi­
ential research is much more slippery than that of
numbers, because it often probes sensitive feelings.
Rigorous approaches are thwarted by exogenous
factors, such as when the race, education, speech
or demeanor of the interviewer affect results; and
the researcher may fall back upon exhortation.
This difficulty arose in the previously cited
study of 20 firms which was prepared for the De­
partment of Labor’s Office of Manpower Policy,
Evaluation, and Research. In a sample survey to
test the results of using white or Negro inter­
viewers to question Negro workers concerning
equal employment opportunity progress, the In ­
stitute found that the workers tended to be more
pessimistic and to give more negative responses
to Negro than to white interviewers.
Despite the variety of approaches and subject
matter, most of the studies arrive at conclusions
which are implied by the discrepancies in income,
occupation, and other indices: Negroes have pro­
gressed economically, particularly since World
War I I (which saw the pressure of manpower
shortages catapult them into jobs they had never
held before), but they are still disproportionately
employed in low-skilled, low-paying, dead-end
jobs—the result of both discrimination and the
lack of skills, a heritage of past discrimination. In
the words of the EEOC, in its first annual report,
“In the North as well as the South, Negroes tend to


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

be the hewers of wood and drawers of water; they
are de facto segregated in the lowest paying jobs.”
Programmatic Parallels. In the wake of new
legislation, there has been a sharp increase in
Government programs both to assure equality of
employment opportunity and to provide compen­
satory education and skill training, so that all
individuals will be able to take advantage of these
job opportunities. Like the MDTA, Neighborhood
Youth Corps, or Job Corps, these programs may
attempt to raise the skill level of the individual
so that he becomes employable. Like the fair em­
ployment covenants of the 1940’s or recent Execu­
tive Orders, they may seek to reduce job discrimi­
nation in activities financed wholly or in part with
Federal funds. The implementation of Title V II
of the 1964 CRA is the latest and perhaps the most
comprehensive attempt to insure equal job op­
portunities for all. Unlike previous Federal efforts
which were primarily directed at Federal con­
tractors, or fair employment statutes which were
confined to particular States, Title V II has nation­
wide scope and is limited in application only by
the size of the business or union.
The Complaints. While the general economic
position of Negroes is the basis for the general con­
clusion that racial discrimination exists, some spe­
cifics are illuminated by the EEOC report.
According to that report, complaints of dis­
crimination involved three types of acts: Refusal
to hire, refusal to promote, and different wage
scales for essentially the same work. In the Uni­
versity of Michigan-Wayne State 20-firm survey,
Negro workers alleged that much discrimination is
subtle and evanescent, An example was their feel­
ing that they received little help from white
workers in informal, on-the-job training or job
information that might aid promotion.
EEOC experience over the coming years will
provide an opportunity not available in attitudinal
and experiential research. Benchmarks for the def­
inition of employment discrimination should begin
to emerge from the shadowland of deduction,
opinion, feelings, and exhortation which has so
far clouded our understanding of what measurable
job discrimination is and how it takes place.

Productivity in Manufacturing

Martin Ziegler*

Trends in Unit Labor Costs
Correspond Closely With
Business Cycle Changes

P r o d u c t i v i t y in the Nation’s factories has in­
creased by over 80 percent since the end of World
War II, reflecting the cumulative influence of in­
vestment in human resources and capital equip­
ment, advances in technology and managerial
skills, and interindustry shifts within the manu­
facturing sector. Between 1947 and 1966, the vol­
ume of production (in constant dollars) in manu­
facturing more than doubled—it increased by
over 120 percent—while the man-hours required to
produce these goods increased by less than 25 per­
cent. Expressed as average annual rates, output
per man-hour increased by 2.9 percent, reflecting
an annual gain of 3.6 percent in production and an
0.7-percent gain in man-hours.
The cumulative growth in manufacturing pro­
duction has been accomplished not only by a more
efficient utilization of manpower but also by the
creation of more jobs. Total employment in the
Nation’s factories increased by over 21 percent in
the past 19 years, a figure which is about the same
as the increase in employment for the entire pri­
vate sector of the economy. During this same pe­
riod, the average rate of unemployment has fluctu­
ated considerably, depending on the various phases
of the business cycle. However, despite the yearto-year variation, the average rate of unemploy­
ment (in all industries) in the United States is
virtually the same in 1966 (3.8 percent) as it was
in 1947 (3.9 percent).
These are some of the findings from a new series
of data on output per man-hour,1 compensation
per man-hour and unit labor costs for the manu­
facturing sector which have been developed by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics (table 1). This series


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covers the period 1947-1966 and replaces the in­
dexes for the manufacturing sector published in
September 1965.2 The data for manufacturing
are consistent with the measures for the private
and nonfarm sectors released earlier3 and reflect
recent revisions in the national income and prod­
uct accounts as well as revisions of the man-hour
estimates.
Long-Term Trends

The growth in manufacturing at 2.9 percent was
moderately larger than the average rate for the
nonfarm sector (2.6 percent) and somewhat lower
than the annual rate for the total private sector of
the economy (3.2 percent). (See table 2.)
Within the 19-year period, there were wide fluc­
tuations in the annual rates of change of output
per man-hour in the manufacturing sector (table
3). The largest productivity gain was experi­
enced in 1950, following a business recession; out­
put per man-hour rose by 7.2 percent. In contrast,
the lowest point reached was in 1956 when pro­
ductivity actually declined by 1 percent. In 1966,
productivity in manufacturing registered a gain
of 1.6 percent, ending a cycle (which began in
♦Of the Office of Productivity, Technology and Growth, Bureau
of Labor Statistics.
1
This output per man-hour series is based on the constant
dollar gross product originating in the m anufacturing sector.
Gross product is the market value of final production exclusive
of intermediate m aterials purchased from other industries. This
output measure is not the same as the Federal Reserve Board
Production Index because of conceptual differences and dissim i­
larities in statistical methodology.
3 See M onthly Labor R eview, September 1965, pp. 1056-1060.
3
See BLS release of May 1967, “Indexes of Output Per ManHour and Unit Labor Costs in the P rivate Sector and Nonfarm
Sector, 1947-66.”

1

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

2
T a b l e 1.

I ndexes

of

O u t p u t P er M a n - H o ur , H ourly C o m pe n sa t io n , U n it L abor C osts
M a n u f a c t u r in g S ector , 1947-66

and

P rices

in

th e

[1957-59=100]
Output per man-hour
Year

1947 _________ ______ ___________
1948 __________________________
1949 ___ _______________________
1950 _______ ___________________
1951__ _______ ________ _______
1952 ___________ _______________
1953 __________ _______________
1954
______________________
1955________ ___________________
1956____________________________
1957_________ __________________
1958
. . . . ___
1959____________________________
1960____________________________
1961____________________________
1962____________________________
1963____________________________
1964____________________________
1965
........................
1966.......................................................

Compensation per
man-hour 1

Real compensation
per man-hour

Unit labor costs3

Prices 2

Total Dura­ Non­ Total Dura­ Non­ Total Dura­ Non­ Total Dura­ Non­ Total Dura­ Non­
durable
ble
durable
durable
ble
durable
ble
ble
durable
ble
72.3
76.4
79.3
85.0
86.9
87.3
90.2
91.8
97.2
96.2
98.2
98. 1
103.7
105.5
107.9
114.3
118.9
124.6
128.7
130.8

75.1
79.8
83.0
89.5
90.0
90.7
93.5
95.2
101.1
97.2
98.8
97.5
103.6
105.1
107.5
115.0
120.2
125.4
130.5
( 4)

69.1
72.5
75.2
79.6
82.8
82.8
85.2
87.1
91.9
94.6
97.0
98.9
103.8
105.9
108.6
113.3
117.1
123.5
126.0
(4)

52.5
57.6
60.3
63.2
69.7
74.2
78.3
81.8
85.0
90.5
95.8
100.0
104.2
108.5
111.9
116.5
120.3
126.0
129.1
135.5

50.7
55.9
58.7
61.6
68.4
73.4
77.4
81.0
84.6
90.0
95.4
100.4
104.6
108.7
112.0
116.9
120.7
126.2
128.9
(4)

55.7
60.8
63.4
66.3
72.0
75.4
79.3
83.2
85.5
91.0
96.3
99.8
103.7
108.2
112.1
115.9
118.4
124.9
128.3
m

67.5
68.7
72.7
75.4
77.0
80.2
84.0
87.4
91.1
95.6
97.8
99.3
102.7
105.2
107.4
110.5
112.7
116.6
117.5
119.8

65.2
66.7
70.7
73.5
75.6
79.4
83.0
86.5
90.7
95.0
97.3
99.7
103.1
105.4
107.5
110.9
113.1
116.7
117.3
«

71.6
72.6
76.4
79.1
79.6
81.5
85.1
88.9
91.6
96.1
98.3
99.1
102.2
104.9
107.6
110.0
111.0
115.5
116.7
(4)

73.0
77.9
79.3
79.5
85.1
86.8
87.3
89. 1
90.7
94.8
97.8
100.2
101.9
102.7
103.0
102.9
103.1
103.9
104.5
(4)

64.5
69.6
73.8
75.5
80.5
82.6
83.6
85.6
87.7
93.0
97.9
100.4
102.0
102.3
102.3
102.5
102.3
103.4
103.3
(4)

84.7
88.9
86.5
85.2
91.9
93.4
93.4
94.4
95.2
97.6
98.2
100.2
101.7
103.5
104.0
103.6
104.4
104.6
106.5
( 4)

72.6
75.4
76.0
74.4
80.2
84.9
86.8
89.1
87.4
94.1
97.6
101.9
100.6
102.9
103.7
102.0
101.2
101.1
100.3
103.6

67.4
70.0
70.7
68.8
76.0
80.9
82.8
85.1
83.7
92.6
96.5
103.0
101.0
103.6
104.1
101.6
100.5
100.7
98.8
(4)

80.7
88.9
84.3
83.2
87.0
91.0
93.0
95.6
93.0
96.2
99.3
100.0
99.9
102.1
103.2
102.3
101.2
101.2
101.9
(4)

1Wages and salaries of employees plus employers’ contributions for social
insurance and private benefits plans. Also includes an estimate of wages,
salaries, and supplemental payments for the self-employed.

2 Total payments in current dollars per unit of output (implicit deflator).
3 Compensation of all persons per unit of output.
4 Data not available.

1962) of 4 successive years of higher-than-average
productivity growth rates.
Although the increase in productivity during
this period appears to be substantial, the difference
between the long-term rates of productivity growth
in manufacturing and the nonfarm sector is sur­
prisingly small. Perhaps even more surprising is
the fact that this difference has been created only
recently. Prior to 1961, the post-war average an­
nual rate of productivity growth in manufactur­
ing (2.7 percent) was about the same as the growth
rate for the nonfarm sector as a whole (2.6 per­
cent) . However, between 1960 and 1966, there was
an exceptionally large increase in manufacturing
productivity (3.9 percent) ; by the end of this
6-year period, the long-term rate of growth was
raised from 2.7 percent to 2.9 percent.
The influence of the most recent 6-year period
on the trend of manufacturing productivity
growth suggests that the manufacturing sector
may be more sensitive to short-term fluctuations
in the economy than either the total private econ­
omy or the nonfarm sector. This sensitivity under­
scores the fact that the trend rate merely reflects
a diversity of movements caused by both secular
and cyclical factors.
These diverse movements can be seen more
clearly from the data in table 3, which depicts
the average rates of change for specific subperiods
between 1947 and 1966. An examination of these

data indicates that manufacturing’s productivity
was severely retarded between 1953 and 1960,
when the annual rate of growth was 2.1 percent.
This was considerably less than the growth in pro­
ductivity for either the preceding 6-year period
(3.7 percent) or the following 6-year period (3.9
percent).
There is also a striking difference between the
growth in manufacturing output in 1953-60 and
the output growth which occurred in each of the
other two subperiods. Between 1953 and 1960,
manufacturing output increased at an average an­
nual rate of 1.4 percent. However, output growth
for the manufacturing sector for each of the other
two subperiods was more than 4 times larger—
6.2 percent in 1947-53 and 6.7 percent in 1960-66.
The above description of developments in three
subperiods between 1947 and 1966 also suggests
that productivity movements tend to coincide with
changes in output—at least in the short run. When
manufacturing output increases substantially—as
in 1947-53 and 1960-66— productivity also grows
vigorously. Conversely, when output growth is re­
tarded, productivity growth is dampened.


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Effects o f Business Cycles

These short-term fluctuations in output to which
productivity is so highly sensitive also tend to coin­
cide with changes in the business cycle. Judging

PRODUCTIVITY IN MANUFACTURING

3

T a ble 2. A v era g e A n n u a l R a tes of C h a n g e 1 for
O u t pu t P er M a n -H our and R ela ted D ata in the
T otal P r iv a te E conomy , N on fa r m , and M a n u ­
fa c tur ing S ectors , 1947-66 a nd S elected P er io ds
[Percent]
Classification

194766

194760

194753

195360

2.9

2.7

3.7

2.1

3.9

2.6
3.2

2.6
3.2

3.3
4.2

2.2
2.6

3.2
3.6

196066

Output P er Man-Hour

Manufacturing... ____
Private_____________
Nonfarm________ ...
Total Private.................
Compensation P er Man-Hour

Manufacturing___________

6.0

5.7

6.8

4.9

3.8

Nonfarm_________
Total Private__ ___ ____

4.6
4.9

5.1
5.3

6.1
6.5

45
4.7

4. Q
4.5

R eal Compensation P er
Man-Hour

Manufacturing.............
Private__________
Nonfarm_________
Total Private...... .........

3.2

3.7

3.7

3.2

2.3

2.8
3.1

3.1
3.3

3.0
3.4

2.8
3.0

2.5
2.9

Manufacturing___ ____

2.0

2.9

3.0

2.8

-0 .2

Nonfarm_______
Total Private____

1.9
1.7

2.5
2.1

2.7
2.2

2.3
2.1

0.8
0.9

U nit Labor Costs

Output

Manufacturing______

3.6

3.4

6.2

1.4

6.7

Nonfarm_________
Total Private_____

3.8
3.7

3.7
3.5 j

5.1
4.9

2.7
2.6

5.3

5.2

1Based on the least squares trend of the logarithms of the index numbers.

from past experience, therefore, one can assume
that the greater-than-average growth in produc­
tivity during the period 1960-66 is merely a cycli­
cal phenomenon and does not indicate a signifi­
cant shift in the underlying trend.
Fortunately, it is not necessary to rely on past
experience alone to determine the significance of
the change in manufacturing productivity since
1960. It is possible, through regression analysis, to
isolate the cyclical movements from the underly­
ing trend by correlating the annual changes in
productivity with changes in capacity utilization.4
In this regression analysis, the capacity utilization
ratio can serve as a variable representing cyclical
change.
Separate regression equations were obtained for
each of three periods, 1947-66, 1947-60, and 196066.5 After the cycle phases were isolated, the trend
rate (constant term) for each period turned out
to be 3.0 in 1947-66, 2.8 in 1947-60, and 2.9 in 196066 .
Thus, it can be seen that when the" cycle is sep­
arated from secular movements the trend rate for

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each period is approximately the same. By re­
moving the cyclical effects, the trend rate for
1960-66 becomes 2.9c percent instead of 3.9 per­
cent. This confirms the fact that the greater-thantrend growth in productivity during this period
was merely cyclical in nature.
Movements in Unit Labor Costs

Unit labor costs rose at an average annual rate
of 2.0 percent in manufacturing between 1947 and
1966. The increase in the unit labor cost measure
was somewhat larger than the rise in labor costs
for the total private economy (1.7 percent) but
about the same as the rate of increase for the non­
farm sector (1.9 percent).
The indexes of unit labor costs have been de­
veloped by the Bureau of Labor Statistics by re­
lating compensation per man-hour to output per
man-hour. Changes in these indexes reflect diver­
gent movements of productivity and hourly com­
pensation and the interaction between these two
variables. Thus, the 2.0-percent rise in unit labor
costs in manufacturing reflected a 5-percent aver­
age annual increase in hourly compensation and a
2.9-percent annual growth in productivity.
In 12 of the 19 years between 1947-66, the in­
crease in hourly compensation was larger than the
growth in productivity. During these 12 years,
unit labor costs in manufacturing rose. The only
years in which unit labor costs declined—prior to
1963—were initial periods following a business re­
cession (1950, 1955, 1959, and 1962). This pattern
was broken in 1963,1964, and 1965 when unit labor
costs continued to decline, reflecting larger-thantrend increases in productivity and smaller-thantrend increases in hourly compensation.
4 The model used was :
V — a i - f - &2C

w h ere:

V=ycar-to-year percentage change in productivity
U=year-to-year percentage change in capacity u tili­
zation ratio.
6
The equations obtained were as follow s, with standard errors
in parentheses :
1947-66

Y = 2 .9 7 + .220
(.37)
(.054)
R 2 = .49

1947-60

Y = 2 .7 7 + .030
(.67)
(.08)
i i 2 = .15

1960-66

y = 2 .8 7 + .460
(.73)
(.28)
I?2 = .34

4
T a b l e 3.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967
Y ea r - to - Y ea r P e r c en t C h a n g e in O u t p u t P er M a n -H our and R ela ted D ata ,
U tilization R a te for t h e M a n u f a c t u r in g S ector , 1 947-66

and

A ctual C apacity

Percent change from previous year, total manufacturing (all persons)
Year

Output Compensation
per
per
man-hour
man-hour

1947-48............................................................ ................
1948-49........ .....................- ......................... ....................
1949-50____ _____________ ____ ______ ____ ____
1950-51......... ........ ............. ...................... .......................
1951-52.._____ ____________________ ___________
1952-53_________________________________- ........
1953-54_______________________ _______ ________
1954-55-_____________________________________
1955-56-...___ _____ _______ _____ ________ _____
1956-57___ ______________________ ____________
1957-58......... ............. ............................ ................. ........
1958-59_____________________________ ____ _____
1959-60___ ___________________________________
1960-61....... ..................................... ................ ........ ........
1961-62................................ ............ ............ .................
1962-63___ ___________________________________
1963-64. _____ _______________________________
1964-65__________ ____________________________
1965-66___ ____________ ___________ _______ _

5.7
3.8
7.2
2.2
.5
3.3
1.8
5.9
- 1 .0
2.1
- .1
5.7
1.7
2.3
5.9
4.0
4.8
3.3
1.6

9.7
4.7
4.8
10.3
6.5
5.5
4.5
3.9
6.5
5.9
4.4
4.2
4.1
3.1
4.1
3.3
4.7
2.5
5.0

In comparing the movements of unit labor costs
between 1947 and 1966, with compensation per
man-hour, and productivity, it is interesting to
note the sharp fluctuations in the productivity and
unit labor costs measures compared with the rather
mild swings in the hourly compensation indexes.
A good example of this characteristic can be
seen from the following :
Change in percent points
Year
1949-50 .................................
1954-55 .................................
1958-59 .................................
1961-62 .................................

Output per
man-hour
3.4
4.1
5.8
3.6

Compensation
per man-hour
0.1
.6
.2
1.0

Unit labor
costs
2.9
4.5
5.7
2.4

These periods were selected because they include
turning points in the business cycle. It can be seen
that the magnitude of change in unit labor costs
approximated the change in productivity, while
hourly compensation remained rather stable.6
This underscores the influence of cyclical move­
ments of productivity on unit labor costs.7
a The coefficient of variation (relative dispersion) of the annual
percent changes in unit labor costs was 1.61. For the productivity
measure, the coefficient of variation of the annual change was .70
compared w ith .38 for compensation per man-hour.
7
See Leon Greenberg and Jerome A. Mark, “Sector Changes in
U nit Labor Costs,” in Conference on Research in Income and
W ealth (New York, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.,
1966) and Charles L. Schultze and Joseph L. Tyron, Prices and
Costs in M anufacturing In du stries in Connection W ith the S tu dy
of Em ploym ent, G rowth, and P rice L evels (U.S. Congress, Joint
Economic Committee, 89th Cong., 1st sess., 1960, Study Paper
17).


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Real compensa­
tion per
man-hour
1.8
5.8
3.7
2.1
4.2
4.7
4.0
4.2
4.9
2.3
1.5
3.4
2.4
2.1
2.9
2.0
3.5
.8
2.0

Prices

6.7
1.8
.3
7.0
2.0
.6
2.1
1.8
4.5
3.2
2.5
1.7
.8
.3
- .1
.2
.8
.6

Unit
labor
costs

Gross product
in constant
dollars

3.9
.8
-2 .1
7.8
5.9
2.2
2.6
-1 .9
7.7
3.7
4.4
-1 .3
2.3
.8
-1 .6
- .8
- .1
- .8
3.3

4.9
-5 .5
16.0
10.2
2.2
8.2
- 7 .0
11.7
.4
.4
-8 .2
12.3
1.4
- .4
10.2
5.1
6.8
8.7
7.6

Actual capacity
utilization ra temanufacturing
(Percent)

8
7
8
9
9
9
8
9
8
8
7
8
8
7
8
8
8
8
9

A Second Look at Costs

Another way of looking at unit labor costs is
to compare their movements with unit nonlabor,
payments. (See chart.) Nonlabor payments in­
clude profits, noncorporate income, depreciation,
indirect business taxes, and other miscellaneous
items. The sum of unit labor costs and unit non­
labor payments equals “price.”
The average annual increase in unit labor costs
at 2.1 percent in the period 1947-65 was greater
than the increase in unit nonlabor payments for
the same period—1.7 percent. Although unit labor
costs grew at a faster rate than unit nonlabor
payments—over the 18-year period—the differen­
tial movements of these two measures seemed to
fluctuate in distinct phases.
In each of the 3 years between 1947 and 1950,
unit nonlabor payments grew faster than unit
labor costs. During this phase, labor’s share of
total cost (price) dropped from 68 percent to 64
percent. Between 1950 and 1961, the pattern was
reversed. In all but 2 years, 1955 and 1959—initial
periods of business recovery following a reces­
sion—unit labor costs grew faster than unit non­
labor payments. During this phase, labor’s share
of total cost increased from 64 percent in 1950 to
69 percent in 1961.
The third phase of the movement, 1961-65,
again reversed the pattern. In each of the inter-

5

PRODUCTIVITY IN MANUFACTURING

Indexes of Prices, Unit Labor Costs, and Unit Nonlabor Payments in the Manufacturing Sector,

1947-1965

vening 4 years, unit nonlabor payments grew
faster than unit labor costs. During this period, the
ratio of labor compensation to price declined from
69 percent to 66 percent.
Real Labor Income

Thus far, this discussion has centered on the
relationship between compensation per man-hour
and output per man-hour, in the context of costs.
Compensation can also be viewed as income, since
labor is a consumer as well as a producer of goods
and services. By comparing the change in real
hourly compensation in manufacturing with the
growth in productivity in the private economy, it
is possible to determine if labor—as a consumer—
has increased its purchasing power commensurate
with the increase in labor productivity. In this
instance, real hourly compensation reflects the
adjustment of compensation per man-hour for
changes in the consumer price index.
Real compensation per man-hour in manufactur­
ing rose at an average annual rate of 3.2 percent
between 1947 and 1966. This represents the same


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rate of growth as the growth in productivity for
the total private economy.
The close relationship between real hourly com­
pensation in manufacturing and productivity
growth in the private economy has only come about
in recent years. During the period 1947-60, for
example, real hourly compensation—at 3.7 per­
cent—grew considerably faster than productivity
in the private economy. On the other hand, during
the past 6 years, the growth in real hourly com­
pensation slackened considerably, increasing at an
annual rate of 2.3 percent. During this period, pro­
ductivity in the private economy increased faster
than average while compensation per man-hour
grew more slowly than its long-term rate of 5.0
percent.
Although in recent years, the real income of
factory workers has not kept pace with gains in
productivity for the economy, this appears to be a
short-term phenomenon. Over the past two dec­
ades, gains in real hourly compensation in manu­
facturing have actually been identical to the
growth in productivity in the private sector—3.2
percent.

The 1967 International Labor Conference
Social Security, Grievance
Procedures and Other Standards
Adopted at the 51st Session
H. M. D outy*

As the delegations of 109 Nations streamed into
Geneva for the 51st Session of the International
Labor Conference, June 7-29, war erupted in the
Middle East, Although the International Labor
Organization is a technical body concerned with
the improvement of working conditions and liv­
ing standards throughout the world, the Confer­
ence could not entirely escape the underlying
political aspects of the Middle East crisis. These
and other political issues emerged largely in the
debate on the Director-General’s Report.
The political overtones of the Conference did
not impede its basic technical work. Technical
committees considered at great length, and the
Conference took final action on, international in­
struments relating to old-age, invalidity and sur­
vivors’ pensions, grievance procedures and labormanagement communications within establish­
ments, and the maximum permissible weight to be
carried by one worker. There was a first discus­
sion 1 on the improvement of conditions of life and
work of tenants, sharecroppers, and similar cate­
gories of agricultural workers. The role of the
ILO in technical cooperation programs and in the
industrialization of developing countries was con­
sidered. Attention was directed to the application
by member States of ILO conventions and recom­
mendations, with particular reference to hours of
work. The Conference also acted upon a number
of resolutions.
The tripartite U.S. delegation took an active
and constructive part in all aspects of Conference
work.2
Getahun Tesemma, Minister of Community
Development and Social Affairs, Ethiopia, was
unanimously elected president of the Conference.
6

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The Conference also elected three vice-presidents:
L. E. Troclet, Government delegate of Belgium;
A. P. 0stberg, Employer delegate of Norway; and
Abid Ali, Worker delegate of India.
Director-General’s Report

General discussion in the Conference centers on
the report of the Director-General, which typically
deals with a substantive issue as well as with the
activities of the ILO during the preceding cal­
endar year.3 Such discussion, in view of the farflung interests and responsibilities of the ILO, will
♦Senior Research Consultant, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1 F inal action on an international instrum ent (Convention or
Recommendation) typically is taken only after the subject is dis­
cussed at two conferences. Occasionally, if the m atter has been
considered by a preparatory technical conference, action is taken
on the basis of one discussion.
2 Members of the delegation w e r e : Governm ent: Delegates—
George L -P Weaver (Chairman), A ssistan t Secretary of Labor
for International Affairs, and George P. Delaney, Special A ssist­
ant to the Secretary of State and Coordinator of International
Labor A ffairs; Adviser and Substitute Delegate— Robert B.
Bangs, Special A ssistant to the Secretary of Commerce; Con­
gressional Advisers— Senators Wayne L. Morse and Jacob K.
Javits, and Representatives Frank Thompson, Jr., W illiam H.
Ayres, James G. O’Hara, and John M. A shbrook; Advisers—
Harry M. Douty, Leonard O. Evans, John T. Fishburn, John E.
Lawyer, Irvin S. Lippe, Margaret Pallansch, Edward B. Persons,
James H. Quackenbush, W illiam M. Steen, Floyd A. Van Atta,
Gene Wunderlich, and W illiam Yoffee. E m ployers: Delegate—
Edwin P. Neilan, President and Chairman of the Board, Bank of
D elaw are; Advisers— John R. Gilbert, Howard Jensen, Lee E.
Knack, Robert S. Lane, Charles H. Smith, and E. S. W illis.
W orkers: Delegate— Rudolph Faupl, International Representa­
tive, International Association of M achinists and Aerospace
W orkers; Advisers— I. W. Abel, W illiam E. Fredenberger,
Matthew Guinan, Edward J. Hickey, Jr., David P. McSweeney,
W. Vernie Reed, Ralph Reiser, and Bert Seidman.
3 Report of the Director-General to the 51st Session of the
International Labor Conference, Geneva, 1967. P art I : NonManual W orkers: Problem s and P ro sp e cts; Part I I : A c tiv itie s of
the I.L.O., 1966, with Supplement entitled Fourth R eport of the
W orking P a rty of the Governing Body of the In tern ation al Labor
Office on the Program and S tru ctu re of the I.L.O. (Geneva,
International Labor Office, 1967).

7

INTERNATIONAL LABOR CONFERENCE

inevitably be broad in scope. Speakers expect and
are given wide latitude in presenting their views.
At the same time, there has been increasing con­
cern that the injection into the debate of political
issues on which the ILO is not in a position to take
effective action may “degenerate into mutual re­
crimination that will destroy rather than create
international understanding.” 4
At the beginning of the discussion of the
Director-General’s report, in which more than 200
speakers participated, the president of the Confer­
ence, on behalf of its officers, requested the dele­
gates “to abide by parliamentary language and by
the generally accepted procedure, to be relevant
to the subject under discussion, and to avoid refer­
ences to extraneous matters. It is the duty of the
presiding officer to enforce these standards,” he
added, “and none of us will hesitate to do so.”
Early in the debate, the president ordered ex­
punged from the record certain remarks considered
to be extraneous in speeches by the Venezuelan
and Cuban Workers’ delegates. Initially, political
attacks on the United States were mild. An early
address by the U.S.S.R. Minister attending the
Conference was largely within the framework of
the Director-General’s report; little more than
passing reference was made to “continuing aggres­
sion” in Vietnam. There was some reason to be­
lieve that the shock of the rapid Israeli victory in
the Middle East produced a brief period of un­
certainty in the political line of the Soviet Union
and its allies.
This hiatus lasted less than a week. On June 14,
the Soviet Workers’ delegate accused “American
imperialists” of “pursuing a criminal policy of
genocide against the people of South Vietnam;”
he attacked Israel for “launching aggression
against the neighboring Arab states,” and assailed
“the designs of the imperialists in the Middle East,
where the oil monopolies are struggling to force
back colonial oppression on Arab lands, employ­
ing Israel as their spearhead.” George L-P
Weaver, Chairman of the U.S. delegation,
promptly raised a point of order and demanded
that the remarks of the speaker inconsistent with
the ruling of the Chair in the Venezuelan-Cuban
exchange be expunged from the record. This point
of order was sustained by the Officers of the Con­
ference. The other U.S. Government delegate,
4
Supplement to part II of the Report of the Director-General
p. 19.


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George P. Delaney, and the U.S. Workers’ and
Employers’ delegates, also intervened on points of
order to protest political remarks.
Government delegates from a number of other
countries, as well as spokesmen for the Employ­
ers’ and Workers’ groups, intervened in the dis­
cussion to support the basic position that debate
within the ILO should be confined to the broad
spectrum of issues with which the ILO is compe­
tent to deal. Contrary to the assertion of commu­
nist delegates, this position has nothing to do
with “free speech.” As Mr. Weaver pointed out,
the Conference has “experienced the irony of
being lectured on freedom of speech by the
U.S.S.R., a country that denied a winner of the
Nobel Prize in literature the right to have his
works published in his own country. Under the
guise of freedom of speech, they ask for unre­
strained liberty to distort our procedures and sub­
vert the purpose of this debate.” The effort at the
51st session to confine the general debate to areas
of activity germane to the ILO may well have a
salutary effect on future Conferences.
On Human Resources

It should not be supposed that the general de­
bate was devoted wholly, or even largely, to ex­
traneous political issues. Indeed, the remarks of
most of the delegates were squarely within the
terms of reference of the Director-General’s re­
port. As previously noted, part I of that report
dealt with Non-Manual Workers: Problems and
Prospects. This study, which was organized with­
in the framework of human resources policy, was
prompted in part by the sharp rise in the absolute
and relative importance of white-collar workers
in the labor forces of advanced countries. Special
problems exist with respect to working conditions,
rates of pay, employee benefits, union organiza­
tion, education and training, and adjustment to
technological and other changes. The report was
also directed to the quite different situation relat­
ing to nonmanual workers in underdeveloped
countries. In such countries, the critical need is to
ensure a growing but occupationally balanced
supply of managerial, professional, technical, and
other types of white-collar employees required for
progress in both agriculture and industry, and in
such fields as education and health.
In commenting upon the report, Mr. Weaver,
for the U.S. Government, emphasized the impor-

8

tance of the continued use and refinement of fore­
casting of manpower requirements; reliance to the
greatest possible extent upon monetary and other
incentives to secure the occupational composition
of the labor force required for economic growth;
the need to encourage employee mobility among
occupations, industries, and areas; and the nation­
al dividends to be derived by investment, through
education and training, in human resources.
Edwin P. Neilan, for the U.S. employers, stressed
the leadership role of employers in industrial de­
velopment, the need for strict observance of agree­
ments and contracts, the intimate connection be­
tween economic and social progress, and the role
of incentives to obtain the most effective use of
worker skills. Speaking for the U.S. workers,
Rudolph Faupl pointed to the rise in unionization
among white-collar workers in the United States,
and the fact that their underlying interest in
organization does not differ materially from that
of blue-collar workers.
Technical Committees

The Conference had five substantive items on
its agenda. In three cases, the final adoption of
international instruments was under considera­
tion. One item was subject to a first discussion,
and another involved the formulation of conclu­
sions to guide the ILO in parts of its work.
Each of these items was considered at length by
tripartite committees, which presented reports
and proposed actions to plenary sittings of the
Conference. Where the proposed action involved
the adoption of an international instrument, the
form could be that of either a Convention or a
Recommendation. A Convention, when ratified by
a member State, imposes a binding treaty obliga­
tion and may require the enactment of implement­
ing legislation. A Recommendation is intended to
provide a guide to governments, and to employer
and worker organizations, in the development of
labor standards.
Social Security. The Conference had before it
for a second discussion a proposal to revise six
Conventions (Nos. 85-40) adopted prior to World
War II on old-age, invalidity and survivors’ pen­
sions. This matter was considered by a Committee
on Social Security in light not only of the first
discussion (50th session of the Conference), but

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

of the views developed at two prior meetings of
a Committee of Experts on Social Security. The
Committee on Social Security, which consisted of
113 members, held 20 sittings, of which 3 were de­
voted to consideration of a supplementary Recom­
mendation. The importance of this highly techni­
cal subject to the ILO delegates provoked extensive
Committee discussion and debate on numerous
amendments proposed to the draft texts.
The Committee submitted two reports to the
Conference. The first dealt with a Convention,
which it was hoped could be widely ratified by
member States. The text of the Convention estab­
lishes standards under governmental social securi­
ty systems for the three types of benefits con­
sidered. In view of the wide variation among
countries in their capacity to support social
security benefits, the Convention provides that
ratifying States may accept obligations separate­
ly for invalidity, old-age, and survivors’ pensions,
with a temporary exception, if necessary, in their
application to certain agricultural workers. Pro­
vision was also made for reduced requirements on
the extent of worker protection for countries
whose economies are insufficiently developed.
Other elements of flexibility are built into the in­
strument, which sets forth international stand­
ards for worker coverage, qualification for bene­
fits, size of benefits in relation to prior earnings,
suspension of benefits, and related aspects of pro­
tection of the rights of claimants and of social
security administration.
After discussion, the Conference adopted the
proposed Convention by 240 votes to 5, with 59
abstentions. It was supported by the U.S. Govern­
ment and Workers’ delegates, but opposed by the
Employers’ delegate who contended that emphasis
should be placed on increasing wage levels to
minimum standards before a country adopted a so­
cial security program, and that the form of the
instrument (i.e., a Convention) was inappropriate.
The representative of the U.S. Government who
served on the Committee argued that the standards
were “reasonable, responsible, and flexible, and
reflect the progress that has been made and that
can and must be made in this field of endeavor.”
The Committee’s second report dealt with a sup­
plementing Recommendation, which in general
covers additional aspects of social security protec­
tion that member States may want to consider. The
Conference adopted the Recommendation by 192

INTERNATIONAL LABOR CONFERENCE

votes to 45, with 54 abstentions. In opposing the
Recommendation, the U.S. Employers’ representa­
tive adhered to the position of most of the employ­
ers that the standards proposed were unrealistical­
ly high and that the discussion time was
insufficient.
Grievances and Communications. The Commit­
tee on Grievances and Communications, which
consisted of 142 members, held 12 sittings. Before
the Committee for a second discussion were two
proposed international instruments dealing with
basic industrial relations problems : ( 1) Grievance
procedures and (2) labor-management commu­
nications within the enterprise. The Committee de­
termined that each instrument should take the
form of a Recommendation. There was compara­
tively little controversy with reference to the pro­
posed Recommendation on communications, which
should serve admirably as a guide to management
and workers’ organizations in the development of
mutually advantageous communications systems.
The final record vote on the Recommendation was
321 to 0, with 3 abstentions.
The Committee debate on grievance procedures
was more extensive and difficult. This is not sur­
prising, in view of the diversity of existing ar­
rangements among advanced industrial countries,
the fact that in some countries such procedures
scarcely exist at all, and the close relation of
grievance procedures to the administration of
working rules and to plant discipline. Particularly
knotty problems arose over union and employer
roles in the establishment and implementation of
grievance procedures, the question of pay for
working time lost by employees and their repre­
sentatives in grievance activity, and the role of
workers’ organizations in the determination of
personnel policy. As it emerged from the Commit­
tee, several points in the instrument were unsatis­
factory to the Employer group. In a successful ef­
fort to reconcile differences that threatened the
wide measure of agreement that an ILO instru­
ment on industrial relations should enjoy, three
amendments were presented to the delegates in
plenary. These were adopted.
The instrument as amended, although providing
for substantial flexibility in its implementation,
sets forth clear guidelines for the establishment
and operation of grievance procedures. It draws
to a very considerable extent upon U.S. experience.
On the final record vote, the Recommendation was

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9
adopted by 290 votes to 0, with Y abstentions. All
of the U.S. delegates voted for the instrument, but
with some reservations expressed by the Employ­
ers’ representative.
Maximum Weight. In early 1966, a technical con­
ference was held under ILO auspices to consider
the subject of the maximum permissible weight to
be carried by one worker. In view of the work of
this committee, the question of international stand­
ards on maximum weight was considered in a single
discussion at the 51st session of the Conference.
The Committee on Maximum Weight had 66 mem­
bers and held 15 sittings. Its report proposed that
the Conference adopt a Convention and a supple­
menting Recommendation.
Both instruments relate to the “regular manual
transport of loads,” including activities in which
such transport is intermittent. The Convention
sets forth general standards, including consider­
ation of health and safety, training, the use of
technical devices where possible, and lower load
limits for women and young workers. The Rec­
ommendation is more interesting, for it suggests
specific standards. Thus, for an adult male worker,
55 kg. (121 lbs.) is recommended as the maximum
permissible weight to be transported manually.
For a woman worker, the maximum weight should
be “substantially less than that permitted for adult
male workers,” and for young workers substan­
tially less than that permitted for adult workers of
the same sex. The Recommendation also deals in
some detail with such matters as training, medical
examinations, and the packaging of loads.
In the Committee discussion, the U.S. Govern­
ment representative, supported by the representa­
tives of some other governments, attempted to
secure elimination of the distinction based on sex,
on the ground that such distinction is contrary
to U.S. law and is discriminatory. This was op­
posed by the Employer and Worker groups and by
most governments. There was substantial oppo­
sition to the adoption of a Convention. Thus, the
U.S. Employers’ representative, in view of the
highly general language of the proposed Conven­
tion and the complexity of the problem, stated:
“The Employers believe that the adoption of a
Recommendation alone would be a considerable
advance in itself over what was recommended by
the experts, and that it would be as much of an ad­
vance as is practicable.”

10

In the record vote, the Convention was adopted
by 196 votes to 74, with 54 abstentions. The U.S.
delegation was split on this issue, with the
Workers’ representative voting in favor, the Em­
ployers’ delegate against, and the Government
delegates abstaining. The Recommendation was
adopted by 267 votes to '8, with 50 abstentions. U.S.
delegates voted solidly for the Recommendation.
Agricultural Workers. The Committee on Agri­
cultural Workers was composed of 76 members
and held 16 sittings. On the basis of a first dis­
cussion, it considered measures calculated to im­
prove the conditions of life and work of tenants,
sharecroppers, and similar categories of agricul­
tural workers. The problems of hired farm labor
were not within its terms of reference. In its de­
liberations, the Committee was assisted by repre­
sentatives of the United Nations and of the UN
Food and Agriculture Organization.
The conclusions of the Committee were presented
to the Conference in the form of a proposed Rec­
ommendation. In terms of objectives, member
States were urged, while safeguarding the essen­
tial rights of landowners, to assist tenants, share­
croppers, and similar workers to become farm op­
erators having major responsibility for managing
their holdings; to facilitate access of such workers
to land; and to promote voluntary organizations
of tenants and landowners. The proposed Recom­
mendation, in its implementing clauses, deals with
such matters as the level of farm rentals; protec­
tion of tenants against the imposition by landowners of personal services in any form ; the form
and terms of tenancy contracts ; the establishment
or strengthening of cooperative organizations
(for production, processing, credit, and purchas­
ing) ; the provision of low-cost credit; programs
of education and training ; and protection against
loss of income from natural calamities.
Without objection, the Conference adopted the
report of the Committee and its conclusions. By
221 votes to 2, with 8 abstentions, it decided to
place the subject on the agenda of the 52d session
of the Conference for a second discussion. I t also
adopted a resolution urging the Governing Body
of the ILO to arrange for consideration of the
question of agrarian reform, with particular ref­
erence to its employment and social aspects, at
future sessions of the Conference.

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

Technical Aid and Industrialization. The ILO
has become deeply involved in the provision
of technical assistance to developing coun­
tries, particularly in such fields as manpower train­
ing, labor standards, labor administration, and
statistics. It is also concerned with a wide range
of problems relating to the process of industriali­
zation. Accordingly, these two subjects were placed
on the agenda of the Conference for discussion.
They were considered at 15 sittings by a 141-mem­
ber Committee on Technical Cooperation and In ­
dustrialization. The size of the Committee is in­
dicative of the wide interest among the delegations
in these areas of activity. The Committee sub­
mitted two reports and proposed two resolutions
to the Conference.
With respect to technical assistance, the Commit­
tee concluded that “priority should continue to be
given to human resources development and in
particular to vocational training and management
development.” It recommended also continuation
of technical cooperation activities in the fields of
small-scale industries and the tourist industry.
Where possible, assistance programs should be
planned over long periods of time and should
relate to two neighboring countries or more with
common problems. Experimental projects should
be undertaken. Necessary financial, physical, and
staff contributions by beneficiary governments
should be assured before programs are under­
taken. The recruitment of experts, and of their
counterparts in beneficiary countries, is considered.
Emphasis is given to the need for evaluation
studies of assistance programs, and to the partici­
pation of employers’ and workers’ organizations
in program planning, implementation, and
evaluation.
On the industrialization of developing countries,
emphasis is placed on the contributions that the
ILO is particularly qualified to make. These re­
volve about (1) all aspects of the development of
human resources, including training, manpower
statistics, labor force projections, and the problem
of migration of skilled manpower; (2) the estab­
lishment of appropriate working conditions in in­
dustry ; and (3) the development of social institu­
tions, especially strong employers’ and workers’
organizations, and the encouragement of progres­
sive personnel policies and good labor-manage­
ment relations at all levels of industry. The need
for collaboration between the ILO and UN agen-

INTERNATIONAL LABOR CONFERENCE

cies concerned with industrialization is stressed.
After discussion, the Conference unanimously
adopted the two reports and resolutions submitted
by the Committee.
Application of ILO Instrum ents

There is continuous review of the effect given
by member countries to ILO Conventions and Rec­
ommendations. For this purpose, a Committee of
Experts was established in 1927. This group makes
detailed examination of reports required of mem­
ber States, and also undertakes special studies. In
addition, a committee is organized at each annual
Conference to consider the work of the experts and
to report to the Conference. At the 51st session,
the Committee on the Application of Conventions
and Recommendations consisted of 95 members and
held 15 sittings.
The Committee devoted part of its discussion to
a special study by the experts of the effect given
to four ILO instruments, the earliest of which was
adopted in 1919, relating to hours of work. The
study covered 93 member States and 30 nonmetro­
politan territories. It revealed substantial progress
in hours reduction over the past half century, but
noted that normal hours of work exceeding 48 were
still found in many cases, particularly in service
industries.5 Attention was also given to average
hours actually worked in relation to normal or
standard hours.
Among other matters, the Committee examined
at length a number of situations in which “gov­
ernments have encountered serious difficulties in
discharging certain of their obligations under the
ILO Constitution or under Conventions they have
ratified.” Special concern was expressed on the ap­
plication of the Abolition of Forced Labor Con5 The standards embodied in the Hours of Work Recommenda­
tion (1962) provided for a normal workweek of 48 hours, with
progressive reduction to 40 hours in industrialized countries and,
by stages, in developing countries.
6 The complicated case of Portugal involves its African terri­
tories, and has been considered extensively by the committee in
recent years. There was considerable division of opinion w ithin
the committee on whether, on the basis of the record, Portugal
should be placed on the so-called “special lis t ” of countries this
year.
7 For a detailed analysis of ILO experience, see E. A. Landy,
The Effectiveness of In tern ational Supervision: T h irty Years of
I.L.O. Experience (London, Stevens and Sons, and Dobbs Ferry,
N.Y., Oceana Publications, Inc., 1966).
8 Two of the submitted resolutions were subsequently consoli­
dated and two were withdrawn.


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11

vention (1958) by Portugal,6 the Freedom of As­
sociation and Protection of the Right to Organize
Convention (1948) by Greece, and the FeeCharging Employment Agencies Convention
(1949) by Pakistan. Under various criteria, a
number of other countries were placed on a “spe­
cial list,” signifying that they were in difficulty
with respect to one or more ILO obligations.
Note was taken of the Committee’s report after
its discussion by the Conference. The work on the
application of ILO instruments by the Committee
of Experts and by the committee established at
each annual Conference represents a unique effort
at the supervision of international obligations.7
Resolutions

The 129-member Resolutions Committee acted
on all but one of the resolutions submitted in ac­
cordance with the Standing Orders of the Confer­
ence.8 In addition, on the basis of a communication
from the Governing Body of the ILO, it presented
a resolution providing for celebration in 1969 of
the 50th anniversary of the creation of the Inter­
national Labor Organization. The Committee sub­
mitted three reports to the Conference.
In addition to the anniversary resolution, the
Conference adopted resolutions on occupational
health and diseases, with particular reference to
the prevention and control of occupational cancer;
population growth in relation to training, employ­
ment, and worker welfare in developing countries;
international cooperation for economic and social
development; and the problem of equality of eco­
nomic and social treatment as between nationals
and workers who migrate from one country to
another.
The Conference condemned Southern Rhodesia
for racial discrimination in employment, occupa­
tion, and freedom of association; it also approved
a resolution dealing with covenants on human
rights adopted in 1966 by the General Assembly of
the United Nations in relation to ILO activity. A
resolution proposed by the U.S. Workers’ delegate
for an investigation by the ILO of international
action that might be taken on behalf of personnel
in the entertainment industry was adopted by the
Resolutions Committee, but failed of passage on
the record vote at a plenary sitting of the Confer­
ence for lack of a quorum.

Seasonal Demand
and Used
Car Prices
r i c e s o f u s e d c a r s tend to follow a seasonal pat­
tern. Usually they rise to peak levels during the
summer months, just before the advent of the next
year’s new models. Demand for used cars is strong
during these months with increased summer trav­
el, declining in the fall as vacations end and the
next year’s new car models are introduced. The on­
set of fall and cold weather tends to dampen used
car demands and prices decline to lows for the
year.
Used car prices have been rising, on a seasonally
adjusted basis, since the winter of 1965-66. Be­
tween December 1966 and June 1967, they rose by
5y% percent, seasonally adjusted, compared with a
slight decline during the first 6 months of 1966. In
June 1967, they were at about the same level as in
1964 and 1965, but 3.6 percent above June 1966.
This rise in prices resulted from shortages of
clean trade-ins during the first half of the year,
and the lack of some models of new cars, which
shifted consumer demand to late-model used cars.
Consumer concern about new car safety and wide­
ly publicized predictions of higher new car prices
in 1968, due to the addition of new safety features,
also tended to shift demand temporarily to the
used car market. As a result, prices of used cars
continued to rise strongly during the summer and
fall months.

P

Outlook for Used Car Prices

In June 1966, new auto sales passed the 9 million
mark for the first time, almost double the 1958
sales of 4.7 million. Usually, this would indicate
that there are potentially more used cars on the
market. Between 1955 and 1966, the number of
passenger cars in use jumped 57 percent, compared
with a 26-percent increase in new car sales during
the same period.
12


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Numerically, the “replacement demand” is the
most important factor in the new and used car
market. According to Ward's Automotive Reports,
replacement demand, out of a 9-million car total
output, is about 6 million new or used cars. Junk
cars (or “scrappage”) come mostly from the 10year-old and older groups, and replacements for
these cars are newer models with additional acces­
sories and more deluxe models, which can com­
mand higher prices. Since 1953, the scrappage rate
as a proportion of new car sales has varied from
about one-half in 1955 to almost four-fifths in
1958.
Coinciding with, or incidental to, the increase
in number of cars scrapped is the decline in the
average age of cars on the road, which declined
from 9 years in 1946 to 5.5 years in 1957, and has
varied from 5.5 to 6 years since then.
Thus, high replacement demand and the in­
crease in the number of later model used cars on
the road, coupled with the trend toward purchases
of higher priced used models which have more
extra equipment, should continue to bolster prices
over the long run.
Each year at the “birth month,” as the older
car is dropped from the index and the later model
added, extra costs tend to be reflected in higher
prices. For instance, during the 1964 model y e a r ,
about $500 of optional equipment was added to the
average standard-size new car at the factory, and
an average of over $250 to compact and intermedi­
ate cars.
Other factors entering the demand outlook for
used cars include:
(1) A further increase in the number of house­
holds owning more than one car. From 1954 to
1965, the number of multicar households has in­
creased from 4.2 million to 11.8 million. The num­
ber of households in the multicar group, as well
as the number of cars per household, can very well
be expected to continue to accelerate in the years
ahead.
(2) Motor travel by passenger cars. This has
averaged almost a 4-percent annual increase dur­
ing 1961-65, and is likely to continue to rise. Short
working hours, more liberal vacations, and earlier
retirements have made additional leisure hours
available for camping, picnicking, and adding
Editor’s Note.— This article was prepared in the D ivision of
Consumer Prices and Price Indexes, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

13

USED CAR PRICES

more miles to the family car. The increase in sub­
urban population has also meant more mileage as
commuting and shopping distances have, increased.
(3) The population expansion. Typically, used
car buyers are young—almost half are under 35
years of age, compared with about 30 percent of
new car buyers—and not well-to-do. As late as
the late 1950’s, income of the used car buyer was
about one-third less than that of a new car buyer.
(4) Military service. Because the typical used
car buyer is young, the draft can affect the demand
for used cars, as it removes potential car buyers
from the market place. To some extent this effect
is diminished by the tendency of many young men
awaiting induction to buy a used car instead of a
new car.
Balancing out these various influences, it can be
assumed that used car sales will continue at a
high level. Conditions appear to be favorable not
only for a high volume of sales but also for a con­
tinuation of rising prices.
Used Cars in the CPI

Prices of used cars have experienced sharp
movements, both upward and downward, since
they were first priced for the Consumer Price
Index in 1953. Since 1963, however, fluctuationshave been more moderate.
Used car prices were at high levels when they
were introduced into the CPI, partly because of
the Korean conflict. Following the end of hostili­
ties, as new car sales rose to record levels, a sharp
downward trend in used car prices was apparent
until the spring of 1956. Since that time, prices
have generally moved upward in line with the
general price level. However, a noticeable inter­
ruption to this upward trend occurred from Sep­
tember 1959 to March 1961, with a drop of about
15 percent registered. This period both coincided
with the influx into the market of lower priced
compact cars, and lagged the 1955 period of record
new car sales by 5 years (the average age of used
cars on the road during this time). Another fac­
tor in the temporary lull in the used car market
was the 1960 recession in business activity. Used
car prices rebounded in 1961 and continued to
rise through 1964, reaching an all-time high in
December of that year. Increasing prosperity, the
274-948 0 - 6 7 - 2


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rise in the number of multicar households, and a
return to “traditional” price levels from their de­
pressed levels of 1960 all contributed to the up­
swing in used car prices.
In 1965, prices moved downward about 4^/2
percent, followed by a further decrease of Sy2 per­
cent during 1966. Again, these declines coincided
with record new car sales. During 1966, the dis­
cussion of automotive safety led to Federal legis­
lation authorizing the setting of vehicle safety
standards for new cars. Some observers believe the
emphasis on safety has adversely affected new
car sales, shifting the demand to late-model used
cars, and bringing with it the recent strengthen­
ing of prices.
A consistent difference in new and used car
price movements was not noticeable in the CPI
until 1961. About mid-1961, the spread between
new and used car prices became pronounced, and
the divergence in price movement was maintained
through 1966 and 1967. (See chart.) From March
1961 to June 1967, the used car index increased
29 percent, while the new car index dropped 6
percent.
Used car prices in the Index represent the aver­
age change in price for four age groups and two
makes of standard-size used cars: 2-, 3-, 4-, and
5-year-old Chevrolets and Fords. Specification
pricing is not practicable, because of the lack of
established prices for uniform quality cars. The
Bureau of Labor Statistics therefore uses average
prices for a broad range of models, based on
actual sales by dealers, by State, as reported to
the National Automobile Dealers Association
(NADA). Used cars, of course, decline in value
simply because of the passage of time, and the
Bureau attempts to offset this “aging bias” so as
to measure price change for cars of a constant age,
by a procedure described in detail later in this
article.
Calculation Procedures

Prices, which are received monthly from
NADA, represent average transaction prices by
State. They are furnished separately for 5
model years which are updated each year to rep­
resent the 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old “index” cars
and also 1-year-old cars, for use in the adjustment
for aging bias. Cars of a given model are con-

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

14

Consumer Price Index, New and Used Cars, 1953 to June 1967

[1957- 59= 100]

INDEX
125

115

105

75
1953

1955

1957

1959

sidered to be 1 year older in November1 of each
year. Thus, a 1962 car was considered a 3-year-old
car (actually 3 years and 11 months) in October
1966, and a 4-year-old car beginning in November.
As orginally constituted, the used car index
included prices for the three cars which accounted
for the largest percentage of domestic produc­
tion—Chevrolet^, F ords, and Plymouths—and for
3-, 4-, and 5-year-old cars. By January 1962,
Plymouths were deleted from the Index when it
became apparent that a sufficient number of re­
ported sales of the specified models were not avail­
able because of declining production a few years
earlier. Two-year-old cars were added in the 1964
revision of the CPI.
Before computing the State average prices
according to BLS broad specifications, the re­
porter (NADA) eliminates the extreme values,
defined as the upper and lower deciles of the
array. Data received from NADA is reviewed by
the Bureau’s commodity specialist, and city or
SMSA prices are estimated by BLS from the ap­
propriate State or State’s price.2
The average city prices are then multiplied by
the appropriate Rational adjustment factor to off­

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1961

1963

1965

1967

set depreciation. National average prices needed
for this adjustment are derived by combining
prices for 34 States using weights based on num­
ber of sales of 2- to 9-year-old cars of each make
among the States included.
An adjustment factor is calculated separately
for each of the four ages and two makes (eight cars
in all). A price ratio (representing a full year’s
aging) is first calculated by comparing the current
national price for a car of a given age with the
current price for the 1-year-newer model. The ap­
propriate monthly depreciation factor is then cal­
culated by multipling the annual difference by suc­
cessively larger twelfths (i.e., 1/12, 2/12, 3/12)
from December through October. To illustrate the
calculation: In November 1966, the 1964 Fords
were introduced for the first time to represent
3-year-olcl Fords. In December they were 3 years
and 1 month old, and so on, until by October 1967
they will be 3 years and 11 months old. To offset
1 The month for the annual transition of 1-year-newer cars was
changed in 1964 from January to November, in order to approxi­
mate more nearly the industry model-year pattern.
2 For SMSA’s which spread into more than one State and some
small cities in States having lim ited sales, average prices are
derived by combining the State prices with weights representing
the proportion of sales occurring w ithin contiguous States.

15

USED CAR PRICES

the effects of this aging, the effects of a full year’s
aging are estimated each month by comparing the
current national price of a 3-year-old Ford with
the current price of a 2-year-old model. In June
1967, for example, the 1964 (3-year-old) models
were compared with the 1965 models.
To minimize the effects of monthly irregularities
in the data, the ratios of current prices to yearolder prices are calculated as 3-month moving
averages, i.e., the June 1967 ratio was averaged
with the ratios calculated for April and May. This
estimate of a full year’s depreciation was then
prorated over the 7 months that had been added
to the age of the cars between the month they were
introduced (November 1966) and June 1967. The
June prices for each city were then adjusted up­
ward by 7/12 of the estimated annual depreciation.
After adjustment for aging, average city prices
for Chevrolet and Ford in each age category are
combined, using weights of 60 and 40 percent,
respectively.
To continue the illustration of the 3-year-old
cars, the 1964 Fords introduced in November 1966
will have become a full year older by November
1967. At that time they will, of course, become the
4-year-old cars. The 1965 models will be introduced
into the Index as the 3-year-olds. Their prices in
November 1967, without adjustment of deprecia­
tion, will be compared directly with the October
adjusted prices in each city for 1964 Fords. This
corrects for any error in monthly estimates for
depreciation during the year.
Extra Equipment

The movement of used car prices over the years
may have been biased upward slightly by the fact
that the Bureau did not take into account changes
in quality for used cars,3 particularly those result­
ing from the increasing installation of extra-cost
options over the years (prices for one model year
are compared directly with those of a year earlier
when the newer models are introduced).
To evaluate the extent of this bias, values of
selected options were estimated for the 4-year
3
New car prices have been adjusted since 1959 for quality
changes, generally follow ing the guidelines most recently dis­
cussed in “Introductory Prices of 1966 Automobile Models.”
M onthly Labor R eview , February 1966, pp. 178-181. Before 1959,
m ost adjustm ents were based upon changes in optional equipment
only.


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period, 1961 through 1964, using available price
data on options and data on proportion of new
cars produced with specific options, as described
below. This seemed logical, because most new cars
eventually enter the used car market, so that the
proportions of new cars produced with options
provide a fair measure of proportions of used cars
sold later with these options. In any month-tomonth comparison, however, the proportions may
not be similar. There are also cases where optional
equipment is added after the initial purchase, but
it was felt that the number of these would be
insignificant.
The estimates of values for the 1961 to 1964
period were derived as follows: Prices for five im­
portant optional equipment items, as listed in the
National Automobile Dealers Used Car Guide,
were multiplied for each year by the proportion
of new cars equipped with the items originally.
Production data were obtained from Ward’s Auto­
motive Yearbooks. The cars involved were 3-, 4-,
and 5-year-old Chevrolets, Fords, and Plymouths;
the five optional items were automatic transmis­
sion, power steering, air conditioning, 8-cylinder
engines, and overdrive. Prices w^ere estimated
market values for the optional equipment included
on used cars of a certain year, as listed in the add­
on section of the NADA guidebook, except for 8cylinder engines. Prices for this option were de­
rived as the average difference in price between
the standard 6- and 8-cylinder car list prices of
used cars in the guidebook.
After adjusting each option value by the propor­
tion of production, total accumulated adjustments
for the five options were substracted from the
index price for each age-make for each year to
derive adjusted prices of stripped cars. The net
adjustment and the total cumulative net adjust­
ment for each age-make for the 4 years were also
derived. Year-to-year relatives of change in prices,
both before and after adjustment, were also
calculated.
The Adjusted Indexes

The use of the adjustments for all makes would
have increased prices over this period by the net
effect of the declining production of overdrive, but
would have reduced prices because of increasing
production of automatic transmission, power steer-

16
ing, and air conditioning. Ford prices would have
been adjusted upward because of a decline in the
proportion of Fords equipped with 8-cylinder
engines. This adjustment was large enough to out­
weigh downward adjustments for the same item
for the Chevrolet and Plymouth cars.
For the selected ages and makes combined, the
adjustments ranged from a low of $88 in 1963 to
a high of $115 in 1964. Total adjustments as a per­
centage of index prices ranged from 8.4 percent
in 1963 to 12.3 percent in 1961 when combined by
ages and makes.
If this adjustment procedure had been followed
at the time, the used car index would have declined
from 1960 to 1961 about 2 percent more than it
did; in 1962 and 1963, it would have risen by about
2 percent and 1 percent more, respectively; and in
1964, the advance would have been about iy 2 per­
cent less. The net effect in this 4-year period would
have been a very slight dampening of the rise—
about five-tenths of 1 percent. Even though this
long-term effect is negligible, the year-to-year
changes were fairly significant. Moreover, effects
might have been larger if it had been possible to
take all options into account.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

An adjustment procedure was introduced into
the used car index in November 1966. Adjustments
are confined to those options which are separately
valued and shown for 2 successive years in the
NADA guidebooks. Adjustments are made sep­
arately for each make and age of car based on the
guidebook prices, adjusted by the difference in the
proportion of “incoming” and “outgoing” models
equipped with each option. A national ratio is cal­
culated of the total adjustment for all options to
the respective U.S. average price for each car.
Finally, the October prices of the outgoing models
are adjusted separately for each car in each city by
the ratios thus obtained, to make their prices com­
parable with the November prices of the incoming
models. This adjustment will be made annually.
It has been suggested that the same types of ad­
justments for quality changes made in prices of
new cars be applied to used car prices. However,
the size of the adjustments for new cars does not
seem to warrant this type of adjustment on cars
that have depreciated from 2 to 5 years. For ex­
ample, the total new car quality adjustment on the
1961 model Chevrolet was only 0.4 percent of the
average purchase price.

Moonlighting—An Economic Phenomenon
The Primary Motivation Appears
To Be Financial Pressure, Particularly Among
Young Fathers With Low Earnings
H arvey R. H amel *

habits of the American worker
have not increased or even changed much in recent
years. The most recent survey of dual jobholdingshows that 3.6 million workers, just under 5 per­
cent of all employed persons, held two jobs or more
in May 1966. This proportion was somewhat
smaller than those revealed by the 1964 and 1965
surveys.
The typical multiple jobholder is a compar­
atively young married man with children who
feels a financial squeeze. He has a full-time pri­
mary job and moonlights about 13 hours a week
at a different line of work. Teachers, policemen,
firemen, postal workers, and farmers are most
likely to moonlight. Many of them work for them­
selves on their extra jobs (operating farms or
small businesses) while many others are sales or
service workers.
One of the major subjects explored in this arti­
cle is the relationship between moonlighting and
weekly earnings, data on which is available for the
first time. There is also an analysis of the associ­
ation between moonlighting and hours of work, an
indication of some of the possible reasons for
moonlighting, and a discussion of the industries
and occupations of moonlighters.1

M oonlighting

A Quest for Higher Earnings

Why do over Sy2 million persons hold two jobs
or more? The primary reason seems to be economic.
Many moonlighters need, or believe they need,
additional income. For some, a second job is a

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necessity. A second job enables others to live at a
higher standard.
For still others, a second job may be the means
by which they are able to maintain a standard of
living that would otherwise be lost because of, for
example, sudden large expenses, loss of wife’s in­
come, or a decline in earnings on the primary job.
Because financial reasons are a prime factor
motivating moonlighters, the Bureau of Labor
Statistics collected data on the usual weekly wage
*Of the Division of Labor Force Studies, Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
1
D ata in the current report are based primarily on information
from supplementary questions to the May 1966 m onthly survey of
the labor force, conducted for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by
the Bureau of the Census through its Current Population Survey.
The data relate to the week of May 8 through 14.
This is the seventh in a series of reports on this subject. The
most recent was published in the M onthly Labor R eview , Febru­
ary 1966, pp. 147-154, and reprinted with additional tabular data
and explanatory notes as Special Labor Force Report No. 63,
which also includes a complete listin g of earlier reports and their
coverage.
For purposes of this survey, m ultiple jobholders are defined as
those employed persons who, during the survey, (1) had jobs as
wage or salary workers w ith two employers or m ore; (2) were
self-employed and also held a wage or salary jo b ; or (3) worked
as an unpaid fam ily worker, but also had a secondary wage or
salary job. The primary job is the one at which the greatest
number of hours were worked. Also included as m ultiple job­
holders are persons who had two jobs during the survey week
only because they were changing from one job to another. This
group was measured in the December 1960 survey and was found
to be very sm all— only 2 percent of all m ultiple jobholders.
Persons employed only in private households (as a maid,
laundress, gardener, babysitter, etc.) who worked for two em­
ployers or more during the survey week were not counted as
m ultiple jobholders. Working for several employers was con­
sidered an inherent characteristic of private household work
rather than an indication of m ultiple jobholding. Also excluded
were self-employed persons w ith additional farms or business, and
persons w ith second jobs as unpaid fam ily workers.

17

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

18
and salary earnings of dual jobholders on their
primary job and of single jobholders. These data
show that generally the level of a worker’s earn­
ings determines his propensity to moonlight.
Multiple jobholding rates for men 25 to 54 years
old are highest at the lowest earnings level—under
$60 a week. As the level of earnings rises, the in­
cidence of dual jobholding declines (see chart 1).
The lowest rates were found among workers with
the highest weekly earnings—$200 or more.
The close association between multiple jobholding and earnings is most evident from the data
for married men 25 to 54 years old, the group,for
whom family financial responsibilities are usually
the greatest. Among these men, the moonlighting
rate for those earning less than $60 a week was
12.5 percent, more than twice as high as the 5.3
percent for men earning $200 or more a week.
Data available for the first time show that
among men who are heads of households, there is
a close relationship between the multiple jobholding rates, the number of young children, and
usual weekly earnings. The moonlighting rate
tends to increase with the number of children
under age 18. The rate for men with at least five
children was nearly twice that for men with no
young children, as shown in the following
tabulation:

viding some professional service in their spare time
without committing large resources or all their
time to the venture. Moreover, the fact that half
of this self-employed group operates a farm as
their second job suggests that some of these dual
jobholders have chosen not to abandon the farm
way of life even though economic reasons force
them to work at a full-time wage or salary job.
Others may have moved to the country and taken
advantage of the opportunity to do a little farm­
ing on the side.
Some persons moonlight because they are in­
terested in another line of work. They experiment
with a second job, but still maintain their primary
Chart 1. Multiple Jobholding Rates for Men
25 to 54 Years O ld, M a y 1966

A L L M EN

PERCENT
12

M u ltip le jobholding rates for m en who were heads of households, M a y 1966
Children under age 18

Total____________________________
None_________________________________
1 child________________________________
2 children_____________________________
3 or 4 children__________________________
5 children or more_______ _____________

7.9
5.4
8.3
9.1
9.8
10.3

Within each of these groupings, multiple jobholding rates tended to decrease as earnings in­
creased. For example, among men who were house­
hold heads with three or four children, the rate
was 16 percent for those who earned under $60
weekly, about double that for those with earnings
of $200 or more.
Financial pressure, however, is not the only rea­
son why workers moonlight. There are several
other considerations. Some workers with a regular
wage or salary job want to continue or try their
hand at working for themselves on a part-time
basis while still maintaining their basic source of
income. One-third of the multiple jobholders are
self-employed on their second job. They moonlight
at their own business or devote a few hours to pro­

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M A R R I E D M EN

PERCENT
14

Less
$ 6 0 to $100 to $150 to $ 2 0 0 or
than $ 6 0 $ 9 9
$149
$199
more
Weekly wage and salary earnings

MOONLIGHTING

job until they determine whether they like the
work on their new job and decide whether it is
feasible to make a change to this new line of work.
Still others moonlight because there is a shortage
of their particular skill (for example, teachers and
skilled craftsmen) and they find it very easy to
make extra money.
The basic characteristics of moonlighters have
remained about the same in the course of several
BLS surveys. The majority are men. Their mul­
tiple jobholding rate is about three times that for
women workers. (See table 1.) A smaller propor­
tion of Negro than white workers were multiple
jobholders.2
The incidence of holding two jobs or more was
highest among men 25 to 44 years old. This age
group accounted for 43 percent of all employed
men, but over half of all men holding more than
one job. Moonlighting was least likely among the
very young (14 to 19 years old), most of whom
are attending school, and among workers 65 years
old and over. Married men wTere twice as likely
to be moonlighters as single men.
In sum, the data suggest that the typical moon­
lighter is a highly motivated and energetic young
married man with a growing family, who works
at two jobs or more primarily to provide additional
income for his family but also for a variety of
other reasons: to try his hand at working for him­
self; to keep busy; to obtain satisfaction; to ex­
periment with another line of work; or to supply
his skills that are in demand in his community.
The moonlighter aspires to a better living and is
willing to work hard to obtain his goal.
Work-Hours on Both Jobs

Although the rate of multiple jobholding has
remained substantially the same in recent years, the
question still arises as to whether a shortened work­
week would lead to higher moonlighting rates
among workers who are affected by the cutback in
hours. There is no question that when hours are
shortened the opportunity to hold an extra job
increases. However, an individual’s decision on
how to use his free time—to moonlight or do some­
thing else—involves many factors other than the
number of hours worked.
One way of examining the relationship between
moonlighting and the length of the workweek is

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19
T a b l e 1.

E mployed P e r so n s W ith T wo J obs
b y S e x , 1 956-66

or

M ore ,

Persons with two jobs or more
Month and year

May 1966__________ __
May 1 9 6 5 .___ _____
May 1964___________
May 1963__________________
May 1962._____ ______
December 19602................
December 1959______
July 1958__________
July 1957________ _____
July 1956_______________

Number Multiple jobholding rate1
(thou­
sands) Both Men Women
sexes
3,636
3,756
3, 726
3,921
3,342
3,012
2,966
3,099
3,570
3, 653

4.9
5.2
5.2
5.7
4.9
4.6
4.5
4.8
5.3
5.5

6.4
6.7
6.9
7.4
6.4
5.9
5.8
6.0
6.6
6.9

2.2
2.3
2.1
2.4
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.2
2.5
2.5

1 Multiple jobholders as percent of all employed persons.
2 Data for Alaska and Hawaii included beginning 1960

to compare the dual jobholding rates of men work­
ing shorter hours with those on a longer work­
week. The data show that in nonfarm industries
persons who worked 35 to 40 hours on their main
job were no more likely to be multiple jobholders
than those who had worked 41 to 48 hours:
Multiple jobholding rates for men,
May 1966
Hours worked on primary job
Total______ __________
1 to 21 hours___________________
22 to 34 hours___ ________
35 to 40 hours__________________
41 to 48 hours________ ___________
49 hours or more_____ _____

All indus­
tries
6.5
7.3
10.3
6.8
6.7
4.5

Agricul­
ture
8.7
9.0
14.1
9.7
14.6
5.8

Nonfarm
industries
6.3
7.0
9.6
6.7
6.4
4.3

This suggests that reducing the workweek by
only a few hours would not in and of itself sub­
stantially affect the incidence of multiple jobhold­
ing provided there was no cutback in earnings. No
significant inverse relationship exists between
moonlighting and the length of the workweek.
This finding accords with the conclusions of a re­
cent study of rubber workers in Akron, Ohio.3 It
seems reasonable, therefore, to assume that among
full-time workers, factors other than the length of
the workweek determine whether a man looks for
a second job.
Men working part time (22 to 34 hours) were
more likely to be moonlighters than men with a
3 D ata for nonwhites w ill be reported as data for Negroes, who
constitute about 92 percent of all nonwhites in the United States.
3 John Dieter found no statistically significant difference in
m ultiple jobholding rates for Akron workers on a 36-hour work­
week and those on a 40-hour workweek. He concluded that the
high incidence of m oonlighting in Akron for many years may
reflect an established custom of these workers, and th at other
factors (primary job income, number of children in the family,
and employment of the spouse) offered better explanations of
moonlighting. See “M oonlighting and the Short Workweek,”
The Sou thw estern Social Science Q uarterly, December 1966, pp.
309-315.

20

full-time job (but since most men work full time,
the majority of multiple jobholders are full-time
workers). The rate was lowest for men workingover 48 hours a week on their main job. Dual jobholding rates for men who worked less than 22
hours weekly were relatively low, reflecting the
fact that men working so few hours a week are
mainly students or older men unlikely to be inter­
ested in a second job.
Typically, multiple jobholders worked full time
on their principal job and part time on their extra
job; about one-fourth worked part time on both
jobs; and 8 percent worked full time on both. On
the average, they worked a total of 52 hours, only
13 of which were on their second job. The 39 hours
on the primary job paralleled the 39 hours that
single jobholders worked on their only job. Of all
multiple jobholders, those who were farmers or
factory workers on their primary jobs worked the
longest total workweeks—59 and 57 hours, respec­
tively. Men worked much longer hours than wom­
en on their extra jobs, 14 compared with 9 hours.
Men who had additional wuige or salary jobs
worked longer at these jobs than those wTho were
self-employed on their extra jobs, 15 hours and 12
hours, respectively.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967
Chart 2. Class of Worker of Primary and Secondary
Jobs for Multiple Jobholders, M a y 1966

W AG E AND SALAR Y ON
PRIMARY JO B ,
SELF-EM PLO YED
ON S E C O N D A R Y JO B

SA LA R Y J O B S

ON PRIMARY JO B ,
W AGE AND SA LA R Y
ON S E C O N D A R Y

M oonlight Industries

One of the most significant aspects of moon­
lighting is the high incidence of self-employment.
About 1.5 million or more than 2 out of 5 multiple
jobholders operated their own farms or businesses
or were self-employed professionals on the first or
second job (chart 2). About half of them were
farmers, typically holding down a regular bluecollar job and running their farms in their spare
time (table 2). Workers who operated farms as
their normal line of work were nearly twice as
likely to have a second job as the average worker.
About 25 percent of the 200,000 moonlighting
farmers had second jobs as a hired hand on some­
one else’s farm ; 40 percent worked on construction
or transportation jobs or in factories.
On the other hand, the multiple jobholding rate
for nonfarm self-employed workers was low. This
reflected both their relatively high earnings and
the fact that businessmen and self-employed pro­
fessional people often do not have the time for a
second job. The majority of the dual jobholders


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JO B 1 /

1
Includes a small proportion of multiple jobholders who were unpaid
family workers on their primary jobs.

had two wage or salary jobs. Of salaried em­
ployees, public administration workers were more
likely to moonlight than workers in any other ma­
jor nonfarm industry. The dual jobholding rate is
particularly high for postal workers (1 out of 10),
a proportion which has remained consistently high
over the years (table 3). Other nonfarm wage or
salary workers with higher than average multiple
jobholding rates included those working in educa­
tional services, entertainment and recreation,
transportation, construction and forestry, fish­
eries, and mining.
One-third of all the secondary jobs were in
either farm or nonfarm self-employment. Another
43 percent of the moonlighters had paid jobs in the
trade or service industries, which can use many
part-time workers. Usually, moonlighters did not
work in the same industry on their second job as

21

MOONLIGHTING
T a ble 2.

T y pe

of

I n d u str y

and

C lass

W o r k er of P rim ary a nd S ec ondary J o bs ,
J obs or M ore , M ay 1966

of

for

P er so n s W ith T wo

[Numbers in thousands]
Persons with two
jobs or more
Total
employed

Type of industry and class of worker of primary job

Total....... ........................................... ............. - ......... --Agriculture
Wage and salary workers
Self-employed workers
Unpaid family workers
Nonagreuitimid industries
Wage and salary workers
Self-employed workers
Unpaid family workers

___ ___ _________ - - ___________ __
_______ ___ - ---- —
. ___ _ - - - ----- -_ _ __ _____ —
_ - _______
— _____

____ —

_____

Percent
Number of total
employed

and

C lass

of

Total

Selfemployed
workers

Total

Wage and
salary
workers

3,636

4.9

721

139

582

2,915

2,335

335
88
200
47
3,301
3,110
177
14

7.8
6.6
8.9
6.6
4.8
5.0
2.8
2.5

120
56
49
15
601
599
2

83
19
49
15
56
54
2

37
37

215
32
151
32
2,700
2,511
175
14

212
29
151
32
2,123
1,934
175
14

(9

(2)

545
545

(9
(9

3
3
(9
(9

577
577

(9
(9

N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal

employed and nearly half worked in service in­
dustries.
Occupations of M oonlighters

Multiple jobholding rates vary with the work­
er’s main occupation. As in prior surveys, moon­
lighting rates in May 1966 were highest among
men who were teachers—1 out of 5 had a second

W o rker of P e r so n s W ith O n e J ob
M ay 1966

and

W ith T wo J obs

Percent distribution
Persons with
one job

All industries............. .......................... .............................. - ............. - ..................................
Agriculture
___ -- _____ ______________ ______________
Waga and salary workers
__ __ - .. _________ _______________
Sal f-empi nyp.d workers
_ __ __ - _______________ __________ Unpaid family workers
- __ -- - - ____ ______________________
Non agricultural industries
_
_____ __________ ________________________
Wage and salary workers
_ _____ _________________________ ______ -Forestry fisheries, and mining
_____ __ _____ _____ ______ -Construction
____________________ ______________ ____ ___________
Manufacturing
_ _____ - _______________________________
Durable goods
___ ___________________________________________
Nondurable goods
_________________________ __ _
Transportation and public utilities
_______________________________
__
____________________
___ Wholesale and retail trade
_
Wholesale
_ _____________________________________
Retail
_____
- - _____ __________________________
Fating and drinking places
__ ______________________
Other retail trade
________ ___ - ________
Service and finance
__________________________ ___
Finance, insurance, and real estate
______ ___ ___ - - - _____ Business and repair services
______________ _______________
Private households
______________________ ______
Personal services, except private households
____________ _________
Fntertainment and recreation
_____________________ - - -- Fdncational services
__________
___ -- -Professional services, except education
_ ________________ ___ _____
Public administration
____________ -- ___ Postal services
__ _______ _____
- __ - Other public administration
___________
___ __
Self-employed workers
Unpaid'family workers
__ .
...
- -

1 Persons with two jobs or more as percent of all employed persons in industry of primary job.

580

totals.

Industry group and class of worker


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Selfemployed
workers

4,292
1,326
2,253
713
69,472
62,529
6,371
571

they did on their primary job. Except for service
and trade workers, only a small proportion had
two jobs in the same industry.
There was a sharp difference in the kinds of
second jobs held by white and Negro dual job­
holders. About one-third of the white moonlight­
ers were self-employed on the second job, and onefourth worked in service industries. Among
Negroes, however, fewer than 20 percent were self­
I n d u st r y G r o u p

Nonagriculturai industries
Wage and
salary
workers

73,764

1 Self-employed persons with a secondary business or farm, but no wage
or salary job, were not counted as multiple jobholders.
2 Persons whose primary job was as an unpaid family worker were counted
as multiple jobholders only if they also held a wage or salary job.

T a b l e 13.

Type of industry and class of worker of secondary job

Persons with two jobs or more
Primary job

Secondary job

or

M ore

Multiple
jobholding
rate 1

100.0

100.0

100.0

4.6

5.6
1.8
2.9
.9
94.4
84.7
.8
5.2
27.0
15.7
11.3
6.0
15.5
3.1
12.4
2.6
9.8
25.3
4.0
2.1
3.6
2.2
.9
6.3
6.1
4.9
.8
4.1
8.8
.8

9.2
2.4
5.5
1.3
90.8
85.5
1.0
6.5
23.8
15.4
8.4
7.3
11.9
2.8
9.1
1.4
7.7
25.4
3.9
2.4
.7
1.7
1.1
9.6
5.9
9.5
1.7
7.9
4.9
.4

19.8
3.8
16.0

7.8
6.6
8.9
6.6
4.8
5.0
6.0
6.1
4.4
4.9
3.7
5.9
3.8
4.5
3.7
2.8
3.9
4.9
4.8
5.6
1.0
3.9
6.2
7.3
4.7
9.2
10.1
9.0
2-8
2'5

(9

(9

80.2
64.2
.4
4.2
6.2
3.0
3.2
5.3
16.8
1.2
15.6
3.9
11.8
26.6
4.2
2.8
3.2
2.2
3.3
4.8
6.2
4.7
.9
3.8
16.0

2 Persons whose only extra job was as an unpaid family worker were not
counted as dual jobholders.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967
T a ble 4.

O c cupational D ist r ib u t io n

of
by

P e r so n s W ith T wo J obs or M ore ,
O c cupation and S e x , M ay 1966

and

R ate

of

M u l t ip l e J obh old in g ,

Persons w ith tw o jobs or m ore—

Occupation group

Percent distribution
Primary job

Multiple jobholding rate1

Secondary job

Men

Women

All occupations___________________ ________________________ ________ ________

100.0

100.0

6.4

2.2

Professional, technical, and kindred workers,. ________________________ _______ ______
Medical and other health workers_______________________________ _________ ______
Teachers, except college________________ _____________ _______ ________________
Other professional, technical, and kindred workers_________________________________
Farmers and farm managers ________ _____ ______________ _________ _______________
Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm______________________________________
Clerical and kindred workers ________________________________________ ______ ______
Sales workers____ _____________________________________ ______________ ______ ____
Retail trade_________________________________________________________________
Other sales workers________________________________, ___________ ____ __________
Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers_________________________ _________________
Operatives and kindred workers________________________________________ ___________
Private household workers, ______________________________________________________
Service workers, except private household___________ ______ ______________ _______ ___
Protective service workers _____________________________________________
Waiters, cooks, and bartenders__________________________________________ ____
Other service workers_____________________________________ ______________ _____
Farm laborers and foremen________________________________ ,
Laborers, except farm and mine____________________________________________________

17.8
1.8
5.2
10.8
5.5
7.8
10.4
5.2
2.1
3.1
15.8
17.0
.7
11.7
3.8
2.3
5.7
3.2
4.9

15.1
1.6
1.8
11.6
16.1
10.6
7.4
8.2
4.9
3.3
9.8
11.4
2.2
11.4
1.3
3.7
6.3
3.0
4.7

8.9
8.3
19.7
7.4
9.5
4.2
6.5
5.4
4.4
6.1
6.0
6.0

3.5
2.1
3.8
4.1
2.2
2.1
2.1
1.7
1.3
3.8
4. 7
.9
1.1
2.7

1 Persons with two jobs or more as percent of all employed persons in
occupation of primary job.

job (ta b le 4 ). Som e ele m e n ta ry a n d h ig h school
teach ers m ay m o o n lig h t because th e y h a v e a n o p ­
p o rtu n ity to ta k e ev e n in g jo b s a t school in some
p ro fessio n a l a c tiv ity , b u t o th e r evidence su g g ests
t h a t th e most, lik ely e x p la n a tio n is th e ir c o m p a ra ­
tiv ely low e a rn in g s o f te a c h e rs.4 T h e d u a l jo b h o ld ­
in g ra te fo r o th e r m ale p ro fe ssio n a l a n d te c h n ic al
w o rk ers is h ig h , b u t less th a n h a lf t h a t o f teach ers.
A v ery h ig h p ro p o rtio n o f m en em p lo y ed in
p ro tec tiv e services (policem en, firem en, a n d
g u a rd s ) h a d a n e x tra jo b in M ay 1966— 1 o u t o f
every 6. T h e ir flexible w o rk schedules m ak e m o o n ­
lig h tin g possible a n d th e ir re la tiv e ly low e a rn in g s
o fte n m ak e i t necessary. O th e r service w o rk e rs
(in c lu d in g b a rb e rs, cosm etologists, ja n ito rs , a t ­
te n d a n ts , a n d o th e r w o rk e rs) also h a d h ig h e r th a n
av erag e m o o n lig h tin g ra te s. M en w ho w ere
m an ag e rs, officials a n d p ro p rie to rs — an o ccu p a­
tio n g ro u p w h ich ty p ic a lly w o rk s lo n g h o u rs a n d
w hose e a rn in g s a re g e n e ra lly above av e rag e—
w ere lea st lik ely to be m u ltip le jo b h o ld ers. N onfa rm la b o re rs a n d re ta il sales w o rk e rs w ere also
u n lik e ly to be m u ltip le jo b h o ld ers. M o o n lig h tin g
ra te s w ere g e n e ra lly h ig h e r fo r w h ite th a n N eg ro
m en, p a r tic u la r ly am o n g b lu e -c o lla r a n d service
w orkers.
4
H a r o ld W . G u th r ie s u g g e s ts t h a t th e t e a c h in g p r o fe s s io n is
a n e c o n o m ic a lly d e p r iv e d o n e a n d m e n te a c h e r s , p a r tic u la r ly
t h o s e w h o a r e m a r r ie d w it h a n o n w o r k in g w ife , m u s t m o o n lig h t
to m a in t a in a s ta n d a r d o f l iv in g c o m m e n s u r a te w it h th e ir p r o ­
f e s s io n a l s t a t u s . S e e “ W h o M o o n lig h ts a n d W h y ? ” Illinois B usi­
ness R eview , M a rc h 1 9 6 5 , p . 8.


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2 Percent

(2)

9.6
16.8
6.4
7.5
6.7
4.8

(2)

3.3
2.4

6.2
3.1

not shown where base is less than 100,000.

A la rg e p ro p o rtio n o f th e m o o n lig h ters (42 p e r ­
cent) ea rn e d th e ir su p p le m e n ta ry incom e as p ro ­
fessional a n d te ch n ic al w o rk e rs o r m an ag e rs, o r
by o p e ra tin g th e ir ow n fa rm o r n o n fa rm b u si­
nesses. M uch sm aller p ro p o rtio n s o f th e m oon­
lig h te rs w ere c ra ftsm e n o r o p erativ es on th e ir
second th a n on th e ir first job. O ne o f th e p rin c ip a l
differences in th e ty p e s o f jobs h eld by w h ite com ­
p a re d w ith N eg ro m o o n lig h te rs is t h a t a m uch
la rg e r p ro p o rtio n o f N egroes w o rk in low er p a y ­
in g service o ccupations, in c lu d in g p riv a te h o u se­
h o ld service, w h ile a m u ch sm aller p ro p o rtio n of
N eg ro m o o n lig h ters h old w h ite-c o lla r jobs on
e ith e r th e ir m a in o r th e ir e x tra jobs.
T h e m a jo rity o f second jobs w ere in o ccupations
d iffe ren t fro m th e m o o n lig h te r’s m a in lin e o f
w ork, b u t u su a lly w ith in th e sam e m a jo r o ccu p a­
tio n g ro u p as th e ir first job. H a lf th e p r o ­
fessional a n d tech n ic al w o rk ers h a d a second job
in th e sam e o ccu p atio n g ro u p , a n d h a lf th e fa rm
lab o re rs w ere fa rm w o rk e rs on th e ir second job.
A b o u t o n e -th ird o f th e clerical a n d th e service
w orkers, a n d o n e -fo u rth o f th e m a n a g e rs a n d th e
cra ftsm e n , h a d second jobs in th e sam e b ro a d
o ccu p atio n g ro u p s. O n th e o th e r h a n d , th e m a n u al
sk ills o f fa rm e rs a n d b lu e-c o lla r w o rk ers m ade a
com m on m o o n lig h tin g com b in atio n . H a lf th e selfem ployed fa rm e rs h a d a second job i n , a blueco llar o ccu p atio n a n d about, o n e -fo u rth o f th e
cra ftsm e n , o p erativ es, a n d lab o re rs ra n th e ir own
fa rm as a sideline.

Shunto: Japanese
Labor’s Spring
Wage Offensive
R obert E vans , J r.*

D u r i n g t h e p a s t i 3 y e a r s , th e la b o r scene in J a p a n
h a s been en liv en ed b y th e speeches, p u b licatio n s,
a n d a c tiv itie s o f tw o o f th e p rin c ip a l la b o r fe d e ra ­
tio n s, Sohyo and Churitsuroren, as th e y h av e en ­
g ag e d in Shunto , o r S p r in g W a g e O ffensive. T h e
a d o p tio n o f th is system is in d ic a tiv e o f a g ra d u a l
ch a n g e in th e ro le o f o rg a n iz e d la b o r fro m one con­
cern ed p rim a rily w ith p o litic a l en d s to one devoted
to th e econom ic benefit o f its m em bers.
T h ese y e a rs o f tra n s itio n , how ever, h av e been
m a rk e d b y a c u rio u s p a tte r n o f in d u s tria l conflict.
W h ile th e n u m b e r o f d isp u te s a n d w o rk sto p p ag es
h as been ris in g , m a n -d a y s lost, a p rin c ip a l m easu re
of s trik e effects, h as show n w id e flu ctu a tio n s fro m
y e a r to y e a r, as can be seen in ta b le 1.

Coordinated Bargaining
I n 1950-56 th e n u m b e r o f w o rk sto p p ag es
reach ed a b o u t 600 a y e a r a n d to ta l d isp u te s ab o u t
1,300 a y e a r.1 I n 1957 th e n u m b e r o f d isp u tes an d
w o rk sto p p a g e s b eg a n to rise. T h e y e a r b efore, th e
J o in t S p r in g O ffensive A c tio n C o m m ittee, d i­
re c tly re p re s e n tin g 830,000 u n io n m em bers, an d
in d ire c tly 550,000 m ore, c o o rd in a te d its first set of
n eg o tia tio n s. I n su b seq u en t y ears, th e n u m b e r of
u n io n m em bers re p re se n te d in creased , b u t, w ith a
g ro w in g w o rk force, th e p ro p o r tio n w hose w ages
w ere d e te rm in e d by th is m eth o d becam e f a irly
stab le a t a b o u t 30 p e rc e n t.2 B y 1960 Shunto 's in ­
fluence on in d u s tria l re la tio n s w as reco g n ized by
special ta b u la tio n s in th e d is p u te sta tistic s. T h u s,


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since 1960, i t is possible to observe th e g ro w in g
im p o rtan ce o f Shunto in th e n u m b e r o f la b o r d is ­
putes. F o r exam ple, betw een 1960 a n d 1966, th e re
w as an in crease o f ab o u t 200 w o rk sto p p ag es (20
p e rc e n t), b u t d u rin g Shunto alone th e re w as a n
increase o f a b o u t 190 (65 p e rc e n t).
Shunto's ro le ca n also be seen in th e c h a n g in g
causes o f d isp u tes, fo r, p rio r to th e creatio n o f th e
J o in t S p rin g O ffensive A c tio n C om m ittee, w ith its
p rim a ry em p h asis on in creased w ages, th e p r i n ­
c ip al concern o f Sohyo w as o p p o sitio n to em ployee
disch arg es. W a g e n eg o tia tio n s w ere le ft to th e in d i­
v id u a l e n te rp rise u n io n s.3
T a b le 2 p re sen ts th e key issues in d isp u tes a n d
in d icates t h a t a m a rk e d s h ift in th e com position
o f these issues h a s ta k e n place. C o m p a rin g th e
1965-66 p e rio d w ith 1958-60, w a g e-re lated causes
h av e in creased to a p p ro x im a te ly 80 p e rcen t fro m
65 p ercen t, w h ile th o se co n cern in g m an ag e m en t
decisions, la rg e ly d isch arg e an d re in sta te m e n t,
h av e declined to 10 p e rcen t fro m 30 p ercen t. M ore
im p o rta n t, w ith in th e classification o f w ages, all
o f th e rise is associated w ith g en e ral w age in ­
creases. T h e g ro w th in th e p ro p o rtio n o f g en e ral
w age d em an d s to 50 p e rc e n t fro m 25 p e rc e n t is
evidence of th e influence o f Shunto.
A d d itio n a l s u p p o rt m ay be fo u n d in th e in d u s ­
tr ia l d istrib u tio n s. T h e n u m b e r o f w o rk sto p p ag es
in m in in g h as declined, w h ile t h a t in tr a n s p o r ta ­
tio n a n d co m m u n icatio n h as alm o st doubled. M a n u ­
fa c tu rin g , w ith 60 p e rc e n t o f th e sto p p ag es, is th e
d o m in a n t secto r a n d h as re m a in ed in th e sam e rel*Associate Professor of Economics, Brandeis University. This
article was w ritten while the author was V isiting Professor at
Keio U n iversity’s In stitu te of Management and Labor Studies,
as a participant in the Keio U niversity-U niversity of Illinois
Exchange Program.
1 For statistical purposes, the Japanese Government defines a
labor dispute as a disagreement, connected with the status of a
worker, between a worker’s organization and an employer in
which a third party intervenes through conciliation, mediation,
or arbitration, or which is accompanied by an act of dispute.
A work stoppage is a strike or lockout which lasts more than
4 hours.
2 Yoko Sano, “Waga Kuni no Shunto Soba no Bunseki to
Yosoku” [An Analysis and Prediction of Shunto in Japan] Keio
University, Management and Labor Series (Japanese) No. 195,
1966-67, p. 3.
3 An enterprise union is one whose members are all employed by
a single firm (usually) or at a single location. It is the basic unit
of Japanese trade unionism. Its role is a combination of that of
the local and the international in the United States.
A unit union and an enterprise union are essentially equivalent
terms, except that the unit union is a term used by the govern­
ment for statistical purposes, and enterprise union is used by
scholars to describe functions, characteristics, etc. Thus, all enter­
prise unions are unit unions, but in a few cases a unit union is
not an enterprise one.

23

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

24
T

able

1.

D

is p u t e s

and

W

ork

Sto ppa g es,

1950-66
Work stoppages

Disputes
Year

1950..
1951..
1952..
1953..
1954..
1955..
1956..
1957..
19581959..
1960..
19611962..
1963..
1964..
1965..
1966 ».

Number of
workers
Number Those attrib­
involved
uted to Shunto
(in millions)
1,487
1,186
l) 233
1,277
1,247
1,345
1,330
1,680
1,864
1,709
2.222
2,483
2,287
2,016
2,422
3,051
3,687

425
700
746
586
776
1,081
826

Number

2.3
2.8
3.7
3.4
2.6
3.7
3.4
8.5
6.4
4.7
7.0
9.0
7.1
9.0
8.0
9.0
10.9

Those attrib­
uted to Shunto

584
576
590
611
647
659
646
830
903
887
1,063
1,401
1,299
1,079
1,234
1,542
1,252

297
503
501
366
514
701
458

Number of
workers
involved
(in millions)
.8
1.2
1.6
1.3
.9
1.0
1.1
1.6
1.3
1.2
.9
1.7
1.5
1.2
1.1
1.7
1.1

Man-days lost
(in millions)

5.5
6.1
15.1
4.3
3.8
3.5
4.6
5.7
6.1
6.0
4.9
6.2
5.4
2.8
3.2
5.7
2.7

1 In October 1966, labor disputes in support of opposition to the war in
Vietnam were carried out. This accounts for perhaps 320 disputes.

Soukce: Rodo Sogi Tokei Chosa Nen Hokoku, 1952-66, [Yearbook of
Labor Dispute Statistics] Japan Ministry of Labor, 1961, 1965, and 1966,
Yearbook of Labor Statistics and Research, 1951.

a tiv e p o sitio n . W ith in m a n u fa c tu rin g , th e re a re
th e expfected differences. I n 1965, f o r exam ple,
th e re w as o n ly 1 s to p p a g e in f u r n itu r e , b u t 140 in
m a ch in e ry a n d 114 in chem icals. I n 1966, th e re
w ere 2 in fu r n itu r e , 123 in m a c h in e ry , a n d 63 in
electrical m ach in e ry . T h e n u m b e r o f w o rk s to p ­
p ag es d u r in g 1955-66 h as in cre ased a t a b o u t th e
sam e r a te in th e food, lu m b er, p u lp a n d p a p e r,
chem ical, ru b b e r, ceram ic m a te ria ls , fa b ric a te d
m etals, m a c h in e ry , ele c tric a l m ach in e ry , a n d
tra n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m en t in d u s trie s , w h ile th e
ra te f o r th e re m a in in g 10 m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s
a p p e a rs to h av e been re la tiv e ly c o n stan t. I t is no
s u rp ris e t h a t th e in d u s trie s in w h ich th e n u m b e r
o f d isp u te s h a s g ro w n a re also th o se in d u s trie s
w h ere m a n y w o rk e rs a re re p re se n te d by Sohyo an d
Churitsuroren unions.
I t m ay be a rg u e d th a t o th e r fa c to rs ac co u n t fo r
th e rise in d isp u tes. T h e a c co m p an y in g c h a rt
show s t h a t d u rin g 1950-56, w hen d is p u te a c tiv ity
was re aso n ab ly stab le, u n io n m em b ersh ip re ­
m ain ed a t a b o u t 5.8 m illio n , w h ile th e estim a te d
ra te o f u n io n o rg a n iz a tio n d eclin ed to 34.8 p e rc e n t
fro m 46.2 p ercen t. T h e p ro p o r tio n o f m em bers
covered b y co llective ag reem en ts, how ever, in ­
creased to 77.1 p e rc e n t fro m 58.8 p ercen t. F o r u n it
unions, th e in crease w as to 63.7 p e rc e n t fro m 45.1
percent. U n io n m em b ersh ip , a lo n g w ith d isp u tes,
b egan to g ro w in 1955-56, y e t th e e s tim a te d ra te
o f o rg a n iz a tio n re m a in ed alm o st c o n stan t. M ore
sig n ifican tly , coverage d id n o t im p ro v e, re m a in in g
alm ost co n sta n t a t 78 p e rc e n t f o r m em bers a n d 64

p ercen t fo r u n it unions. N e ith e r o f th ese fa c to rs
w ould th e n a p p e a r to be re la te d to th e g ro w th in
disp u tes.
F in a lly , one c a n n o t e x p la in th e la b o r tre n d in
J a p a n by th e re cen t h isto ry o f u n io n g ro w th . T h e
p ercen tag e o f u n io n m em bers em ployed by m a n u ­
fa c tu rin g in creased to 37 p e rc e n t in 1966 fro m
32 p e rc e n t in 1954, w h ile th e d is trib u tio n by size
o f firm w as essen tially th e sam e in 1960, 1963, a n d
1966. F ro m a p o litic a l view , th e acceptance by th e
D ie t o f a n u m b er o f In te r n a tio n a l L a b o r O rg a n i­
z a tio n conventions, in c lu d in g n u m b e r 87,1 a n d th e
g ra d u a l decline in th e L ib e ra l-D e m o c ra tic p a r ty 's
co n tro l o f th e D ie t is h a rd ly su g g estiv e o f an a t ­
m o sp h ere h o stile to unions. T h u s, th e rise in con­
flict a p p e a rs to h av e been g e n e ra te d n e ith e r by an
e x p a n d in g a n d ag g ressiv e la b o r m ovem ent, n o r
by a g ro w in g resistan ce to th e concept o f u n io n ­
ism . C onsequently, we can conclude t h a t Shunto
is th e basic cause o f th e r a p id increase in th e n u m ­
b er o f in d u s tria l conflicts.


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H ow

Shunto

W ork s

T o e x p la in th e re la tio n sh ip betw een Shunto a n d
in d u s tria l d isp u tes, it w ill be u sefu l to b eg in w ith
a b rie f d e sc rip tio n o f th e system , u sin g th e 1967
* IL O c o n v e n t io n 8 7 d e a ls w it h r ig h t s o f a s s o c ia t io n . O f p a r ­
t ic u la r c o n c e r n in J a p a n w e r e th e r ig h t s o f e m p lo y e e s o f s e v e r a l
e m p lo y e r s t o b e lo n g to t h e s a m e u n io n , a n d th e r ig h t o f a u n io n
t o c h o o s e it s b a r g a in in g r e p r e s e n t a t iv e s . S e e A lic e H . C ook , “ T h e
I n t e r n a t io n a l L a b o r O r g a n iz a tio n a n d J a p a n e s e P o l i t i c s , ” In du s­
tria l and Labor R elation s R eview , O cto b er 1 9 6 5 , pp . 4 1 —5 7 .

JAPAN’S SPRING WAGE OFFENSIVE

25

n eg o tia tio n s.5 O n N ov em b er 15, 1966, th e Sohyo
a n d Churitsurdren J o in t S p r in g O ffensive A c tio n
C o m m ittee issued a w h ite p a p e r on “A n O ffen­
sive to I n itia te th e P ro sp e c t o f a H ig h W a g e E r a
by F ig h tin g fo r H ig h W a g e R a te s in a P e rio d o f
P ro s p e rity .” I t p ro p o se d a n in crease in w ages o f
¥10,000 ($27.78) a m o n th (a b o u t 30 p e rc e n t). A t
th e sam e tim e, it u rg e d a v ig o ro u s d riv e fo r a
T h e 1 9 6 3 r o u n d is d e s c r ib e d in A lic e H . C ook , Japanese Trade
Unionism (I t h a c a , N .Y ., C o r n e ll U n iv e r s it y P r e s s , 1 9 6 6 ) , c h a p ­
te r 6. A s u m m a r y v ie w is c o n ta in e d in “ A D e c a d e o f th e S p r in g
O ffe n siv e ,” Japan Labor B u lletin , M a y 1 9 6 5 , pp . 3 - 8 .
5

s ta tu to ry fia t-ra te n a tio n a l m in im u m w age, th e
extension o f social sec u rity , ta x red u ctio n s, o p p o si­
tio n to th e rise in g o v ern m e n t m o nopoly p ro d u c t
prices, th e re s to ra tio n to g o v ern m e n t em ployees o f
th e r ig h t to strik e, a n d o p p o sitio n to a n y ra tio n ­
a liz a tio n w h ich m ig h t be in tro d u c e d in th e Avake
o f Avage increases.
O n J a n u a r y 17, Nikkeiren ( J a p a n F e d e ra tio n
o f E m p lo y e rs ’ A sso ciatio n s) re sp o n d ed Avith its
Avhite p a p e r, “ T h e NeAv S ta g e o f L ib e ra liz a tio n
(o f c a p ita l im p o rts) a n d W a g e Issu es.” I t said

Trade Union Membership In Japan

THOUSANDS

10,500
9500
8500
r

MEMBERS

Ml—

7500
6500
5500
1950

1952

1954

19 56

1958

1Ç60

1962

1966

1964

PERCE NT

100
UNION MEMBERSHIP cov ERED BY C<DLLECTIVE AGREEMEM!
HHI
WÊBmÊÊÊKSÊmÊH
hHI

80

___ .
------ -

60

UNI"r UNIONS COVERED BV COLLECTIVE AGREEMENT

40

mmwm
BM9

20

iM IM li —
R/ATE OF ORGANIZ/vriON

s

■■1

—I

0
1950


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1952

1954

1956

1958

1960

1962

1964

1966

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

26
T a b le 2.

P r in c ipa l I s su e s

in

D is p u t e s 1 955-66

[In percent]

Year

1955 __________
1956__________
1957 _________
1958___________
1959___________
1960___________
1961___________
1962___________
1963___________
1964___________
1965___________
1966___________

General Principal Opposition to
Number Income- wage management discharge
and for re­
decisions
of issues 1 related increase
concerning instatement
labor
1,538
1,419
1.768
1,874
1,711
2,222
2,566
2,313
2,068
2,474
3,144
3,613

71.1
72.3
72.4
59.6
67.4
70.0
80.9
83.4
88.9
81.9
82.1
76.2

17.4
25.0
29.5
22.9
27.3
36.2
43.0
48.7
40.7
41.8
50.2
52.0

17.2
16.8
14.9
18.4
12.6
6.9
7.3
9.1
8.4
7.2
7.7
6.2

12.4
11.4
9.2
11.6
8.4
4. 2
4. 6
5.9
4. 5
4.1
4. 2
3.6

i The ratio of issues per dispute is essentially stable at 1.05.
Source: 1955-66 Rodò Sògi Tòkei Chòsa Nen Hòkoku [Yearbook of Labor
Dispute Statistics] Japan Ministry of Labor, 1961, 1966.

th a t w ages sh o u ld be set on th e b asis o f lo n g -te rm
prosp ects, a n d n o t on th e ex p ected p ro s p e rity of
th e s p rin g o f 1967.
I n each Shunto , a “to p b a tte r ” u n io n is selected.
T h is u n io n b eg in s n e g o tia tio n s first, a n d is e x ­
p ected to be th e first to re ach a g r e e m e n t; th e hope
is t h a t th e te rm s w ill be h ig h ly fa v o ra b le a n d can
be em u lated . T h u s, a u n io n w hose econom ic p o si­
tio n is fa v o ra b le a n d w hose s p ir it is s tro n g is se­
lected. I n 1967, such a u n io n w as Tekkororen
(F e d e ra tio n o f I r o n a n d S te el W o rk e rs U n io n s ).
Tekkororen’s F e b ru a ry co n v en tio n decid ed to d e ­
m an d ¥5,000 ($13.89) fro m m a jo r firm s a n d ¥6,000
($16.67) fro m m in o r ones, in cre ased re tire m e n t
p ay , a boost o f 35 p e rc e n t in o v ertim e ra te s, a n d
th e in tro d u c tio n o f a m in im u m r a te o f ¥20,000
($55.56). T h e d em an d s w o u ld be s u b m itte d on
M arch 6, th e s trik e b a llo t w o u ld be h e ld on
A p r il 6, m a n a g e m e n t’s offer w o u ld be received
a b o u t A p r il 10, a n d th e ta r g e t d a te f o r th e com ple­
tio n o f n e g o tia tio n s w ould be A p r il 15, 1967.
O th e r u n io n s th e n a d ju s te d t h e ir d em an d s a n d
schedules, re flectin g Tekkororen^s le a d e rsh ip role,
so t h a t th e y co u ld in sist u p o n a n e q u iv a le n t s e ttle ­
m ent. T h e p la n received so m eth in g o f a jo lt w hen,
on A p r il 6, th e em ployees o f th e Y a w a ta I r o n
W o rk s v o ted a g a in s t g iv in g n a tio n a l executives
co n tro l o f a n in d u stry w id e s trik e , th u s m a k in g
th e p ro p o se d “ u n ite d s trik e ” im possible. T h e J o in t
A c tio n C o m m ittee th e n d ire c te d o th e r u n io n s to
be p re p a re d to “s tru g g le ” w ith o u t re g a rd to th e
outcom e in steel, since it w as fe a re d t h a t th e steel
u n io n ’s w age p o sitio n w as serio u sly w eakened. A ll


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tu rn e d o u t w ell, how ever, since th e steel m a n a g e ­
m e n t’s offer w as u n ex p e cted ly h ig h (¥4,300 o r
$11.94).

Ceremonial Aspects
T h e a p p a re n t need fo r p ro g ra m e d w o rk s to p ­
p ages a n d d isp u tes a n d fo r th e increase in th e ir
n u m b er is u n d e rsta n d a b le o n ly in th e co n tex t o f
th e la b o r scene in J a p a n , w h ich h as alw a y s been
m a rk e d by s h o rt strik e s a n d by th e ex ten siv e use
o f s ta tu te la b o r com m issions as co n ciliato rs a n d
m ed iato rs.6 T h is stem s fro m a v a rie ty o f fa c to rs :
(1) in a system o f life tim e co m m itm en t, n e ith e r
p a r ty w ishes to ris k p ro lo n g e d a n d open c o n flic t; 7
(2) th e use o f sym bolic force is a d eep ly in g ra in e d
c u ltu ra l t r a i t ; a n d (3) few w o rk ers can en g ag e
in le n g th y w o rk sto p p ag es. G iv en th is ty p e o f
d isp u te p a tte r n , it is easy to see how it can be in ­
c o rp o ra te d in to Shunto , w h e re one lik e th a t o f th e
U n ite d S ta te s, f o r ex am p le, could n o t be. T h e m a ­
jo r question, how ever, concerns th e ra tio n a le o f a p ­
p ly in g it b efo re, r a th e r th a n a f te r, a stalem ate h as
been reached.
Som e in s ig h t m ay b e g a in e d i f w e co n sid er th e
fu n c tio n a l p roblem s o f a u n io n as it p re p a re s fo r
n eg o tiatio n . T h e successful u n io n m u st convince
th e em p lo y er t h a t it tr u ly re p re se n ts th e m em bers
a n d t h a t th e m em bers firm ly s u p p o rt th e u n io n ’s
p o sitio n . C onversely i t m u st also convince th e
m em bers t h a t th e y w ill be ad e q u ately re p re ­
sented. I n th e U n ite d S ta te s th e leg itim a cy o f th e
u n io n is based u p o n its d a y -to -d a y presence in th e
p la n t, its u tiliz a tio n o f th e g riev a n ce p ro ced u re,
a n d its g e n e ra lly sin g lem in d e d d ev o tio n to th e
p ro b lem s o f th e m em bership. T h ese sam e fa c to rs
also convince m an ag e m en t t h a t th e w o rk e rs s ta n d
b eh in d th e unio n . F u r th e r , th ro u g h m eetings, ac­
tiv itie s o f th e I n te r n a tio n a l, a n d so fo rth , basic
tra d e u n io n ed u c atio n is c a rrie d fo rw a rd on a y earro u n d basis. T h e re fo re special efforts a t c o n tra c t
tim e a re n o t necessary, a lth o u g h a d d itio n a l g rie v ­
ances a re o fte n filed, efforts a re m ad e to im p ro v e
S ee S o lo m o n B . L e v in e , In d u stria l R elations in P ostw a r
(U r b a n a , 111., U n iv e r s it y o f I llin o is P r e s s , 1 9 5 8 ) ,
pp . 1 0 8 - 1 3 6 . T h e m e c h a n is m o f c o n c ilia t io n a n d m e d ia t io n is
b r ie fly d e s c r ib e d in K ic h ie m o n I s h ik a w a , “ T h e R o le o f G o v e r n ­
m e n t in L a b o r R e la t io n s in J a p a n ,” in Proceedings of th e Second
In tern ational Conference (T o k y o , J a p a n I n s t i t u t e o f L a b o r,
1 9 6 7 ).
7 “ W a g e s in J a p a n a n d th e U n it e d S t a t e s , ” M onthly Labor
R eview , A p r il 1 9 6 7 , pp . 2 5 - 2 8 .
8

Japan

27

JAPAN’S SPRING WAGE OFFENSIVE

a tte n d a n c e a t m o n th ly m eetin g s, a n d a ritu a l
s trik e vote is tak en .
N ow co n sid er J a p a n . F ir s t, th e p r in c ip a l u n io n
officers a re concerned chiefly w ith n a tio n a l p o liti­
cal a c tiv itie s a n d w ith th e ir re la tio n s h ip s to th e
socialist p a rtie s. I n b o th le g isla tiv e debates a n d
g e n e ra l elections, th e p ra g m a tic needs o f u n io n
m em bers a re o fte n sacrificed in o rd e r to ad vance
th e cause o f socialism . S econd, u n io n s do n o t p la y
a n im p o rta n t ro le in th e se ttle m e n t o f p la n t
griev an ces, w h ich in th e U n ite d S ta te s fo rm s th e
core o f th e g riev a n ce system . I n J a p a n , th e v a st
m a jo rity o f th e se issues a re h a n d le d betw een th e
fo re m a n a n d th e w o rk er. T h u s, ex cep t fo r w age
a n d b o n u s n e g o tia tio n s, th e u n io n w ith in th e p la n t
ceases to exist. L a s t, th e fu n c tio n s o f ed u cation,
co o rd in a tio n , a n d th e g e n e ra tio n o f s o lid a rity , ac­
tiv itie s re g u la rly p e rfo rm e d b y th e I n te r n a tio n a l
in A m eric a, te n d to be ig n o red .
I n su ch a c o n tex t, th e u n io n needs a n a lte r n a ­
tive system w h ich w ill allo w it to d ra w to g e th e r
d iv erse elem ents, ed u c ate th e w o rk e rs, im p ress th e
m an a g e m e n t w ith its leg itim a cy , a n d s tre n g th e n
th e s o lid a rity o f w o rk e rs.8 T h e Shunto system ,
w ith its e a rly d efin itio n o f goals, fo llo w ed b y an
e d u c a tio n a l c a m p a ig n o f speeches, m eetin g s, an d
so fo r th , a n d b u ild in g u p to lim ite d w o rk s to p ­
pag es w ith th e p ro m ise o f m o re strik e s to come if
d em an d s a re n o t m et, is one su ch a lte rn a tiv e .
Shunto also fu lfills th e re la te d need o f in s u rin g
th e in te g rity o f th e w o rk e rs’ re p re se n ta tiv e s, fo r
th e p re n e g o tia tio n ta c tic s closely tie th e h o n o r o f
th e re p re s e n ta tiv e to th e success o f th e b a rg a in in g ,
an d , th u s co m m itted , h e w ill persevere. V iew ed
T

able

3.

D

is p u t e s b y

m ore b ro a d ly , Shuntó re p re se n ts b o th a n im a g in a ­
tiv e use o f th e s trik e as n e g o tia tin g tactic, a n d th e
a lte ra tio n o f W e ste rn concepts, to th e needs of
th e Ja p a n e s e in d u s tria l re la tio n s system .
Shunto's v irtu e s a re sufficient to e x p la in th e
in itia l increases in w o rk sto p p ag es, b u t do th e y
necessarily im p ly a f a ir ly r a p id g ro w th o v er th e
n e x t 10 y ea rs? P ro b a b ly n o t, a lth o u g h an a p p r o ­
p ria te e x p la n a tio n is, a t best, com plex. I n J a p a n
a d isp u te betw een a co m b in atio n o f e n te rp rise
u nions a n d th e ir em ployers w o u ld be co u n ted as
one d isp u te. I f , how ever, th e a c tiv ity w ere only
co o rd in ated , a n d each e n te rp rise co n tro lled its ow n
strik e , each s trik e w ould be co u n ted se p a ra te ly .9
T h u s, th e c o n tin u ed in crease in th e n u m b e r o f d is­
p u tes m ig h t be asso ciated w ith changes in th e d e ­
g ree o f ce n tra liz e d co n tro l o r by a m ovem ent in to
sm all a n d m ed iu m firm s. D a ta on these a re p r e ­
sen ted in ta b le 3. T h is show s t h a t th e p o te n tia l fo r
a n increase d u e to th e lo catio n of co n tro l is n o t a
problem . N o r is th e re a n y clea rly a p p a re n t tre n d
in th e d a ta on firm s o f v a rio u s sizes, especially
d u rin g th e Shuntó p erio d .
A n o th e r p o ssib ility is t h a t its ow n success is
th e cause. S o m ew h at lik e th e boy w ith th e tig e r
by th e ta il, u n io n lead ers d a re n o t ris k c h a n g in g an
a p p a re n tly successful system . A n u m b e r o f schol­
a rs believe th is to be tru e a n d su p p o rt fo r i t can
be fo u n d in th e sta te m e n ts by som e u n io n leaders.
8 See, for example, Keizo Fujibayashi, Roshi Kankei to Roshi
K yogisei [Industrial Relations and Industrial Consultation],
Tokyo, 1964, chapter 7.
9 Coordination usually means identical demands, timing, and
consultation over responses to management decisions. It does
not include joint bargaining in the sense that we know it in the
United States.
S iz e

of

F

ir m

,

1955-66

[In percent]
All disputes
Year

1955.____ ______ ____ _______
1956________________________________
1957_______________________________
1958_____________________________
1959
_______ _____
1960_______________________
1961_________ _ ________
1962_____________________ .
1963___________________
1964 __ _
_ _ __
1965............... ..................... . ___ S.

1966.____________________

Firms per
dispute

1.05
1.33
1.75
2.02
1.46
1.43
1.80
1.80
2.17
1.85
1.86

1.65

Source: Rodo Sogi Tokei Chosa Nen Hokoku [Yearbook of Labor Dispute
Statistics], Japan Ministry of Labor, 1961, p. 13; 1964, p. 39; 1965, pp. 11,


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Shunto disputes

Number of employees
500 and
over
40.7
42.4
40.3
37.2
45.4
34.4
33.3
30.6
33.7
29.8
33.1

29.9

100-499
27.7
27.4
23.8
28.7
25.1
27.6
32.4
31.5
33.2
34.3
36.0

33.3

0-99

31.6
30.2
35.9
34.0
27.6
37.6
34.3
37.9
31.8
35.9
31.0

36.3

48-49; 1966, pp. 10, 48-49

Firms per
dispute

1.25
1.83
2.60
3.20
2.77
2.18

3.00

Number of employees
500 and
over

45.4
38.4
33.2
37.0
33.2
44.4

42.2

100-499

32.2
31.5
31.8
33.5
37.0
37.2

35.7

0-99

22.4
30.0
35.0
26.5
30.8
28.0

29.7

28

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

I f th is is th e case i t w o u ld n o t be th e first tim e t h a t
th e Ja p a n e s e c u ltu re h a s m a in ta in e d th e fo rm o f
a once m e a n in g fu l ac tio n even a f te r m u ch o f th e
m ean in g a n d necessity h av e d e p a rte d .
T h e re is also a po ssib le econom ic e x p la n a tio n .
T a b le 4 show s th e /Shunto w age in crease, th e s t a r t ­
in g w ag e f o r m id d le school g ra d u a te s , p ro fits p e r
em ployee, a n d th e p ro p o rtio n a te in creases in th e
incom e to p riv a te c o rp o ra tio n s a n d to em ployee
com pen satio n . T h ese figures su g g est t h a t since
ab o u t 1961 th e J a p a n e s e w o rk e rs h av e been o b ta in ­
in g an in c re a sin g ly la r g e r sh a re o f p ro fits. T h u s,
th e s ta r tin g w age, w h ich h a d in cre ased b y a b o u t 30
p e rc e n t betw een 1955 a n d 1960, m o re th a n d o u b led
betw een 1960 a n d 1966. T h e level o f th e Shunto
increase h a s also risen , as h a s th e r a te o f g ro w th in
th e co m p en satio n o f em ployees. T u r n in g to p ro fits,
how ever, a d iffe re n t p ic tu re is rev ealed . P ro fits p e r
em ployee h av e been ro u g h ly stab le since 1960, a n d
th e ra te o f in crease in th e incom e o f p riv a te c o r­
p o ra tio n s g e n e ra lly h a s la g g e d b e h in d t h a t o f th e
co m p en satio n o f em ployees since t h a t tim e. I t is
reaso n ab le to ex p e ct t h a t one re s u lt w as a n in ­
crease re lu c ta n c e on th e p a r t o f m a n a g e m e n t to
g r a n t h e a lth y w age increases.

T a b l e 4.

The Probable Course
T h e d ev e lo p m e n t o f a new sy stem o f a n n u a l
w age n e g o tia tio n in c o rp o ra te s in s titu tio n a liz e d
conflict d u rin g th e co u rse o f n e g o tia tio n s as a
m eans o f e d u c a tin g a n d s tre n g th e n in g th e eco­
nom ic fu n c tio n s o f a n o th erw ise p o litic a lly o r i­
en ted u n io n m ovem ent. I n te rm s o f ab so lu te a n d
re la tiv e w ag e g a in s i t a p p e a rs to h av e been a
p ro d u c tiv e system .
T h e re is som e evidence to in d ic a te t h a t a new
e q u ilib riu m level o f in s titu tio n a liz e d conflict m ay
h av e been re ach e d in th e la rg e firm s a n d t h a t th e
c o n tin u e d rise in th e n u m b e r o f s trik e s is associ­
a te d w ith th e s itu a tio n in sm a lle r firm s (th o se em ­
p lo y in g 100 to 299 p e rs o n s). T h e c o n tin u e d rise
is also p ro b a b ly closely lin k e d w ith th e w a g e-p ro fit
re la tio n s h ip in J a p a n e s e in d u s try , a n d to th e g e n ­
e ral difficulty o f c h a n g in g an a p p a re n tly success­
fu l system .
G iven th e com plex o f fo rces i t is difficult to su g ­
g est th e p ro b a b le f u tu r e g ro w th in th e level o f d is ­
p u tes a n d strik es. T h e p ro b a b le course, how ever,


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Year

1955____
1956_________
1957_________
1958_________
1959_________
1960_________
1961_________
1962_________
1963_________
1964_________
1965_________
1966
1967

W age

and

Shunto
Monthly
average
monthly
starting
wage
wage
increase1
(yen) 2
(yen)

1,063
1,518
1,050
1,281
1,792
2,970
2,515
2,237
3,305
3,014
3,273
4,206

4,966
5,230
5,570
5,700
5,630
6,470
7,490
8,880
9,860
11,070
13,070
13,820

P rofits , 1955-67
Profits 3
Percentage increase
per em­
in—
ployee
manufac­ Compen­ Income
sation of of private
turing
(thou­ employees corpora­
tions 4
sand yen)
114
180
186
145
233
301
299
241
309
298
251

108.6
113.7
113.1
109.2
112.1
116.1
120.1
117. 5
117.6
115.6
115.9

87.9
121.9
164.8
91. 5
110.2
164.8
118.9
105.4
104.4
116. 5
95.2

1 This includes the periodic increase as well as the general increase.
2 This is for male middle school graduates employed by firms of 500 em­
ployees or more.
3 For principal firms only.
4 Income of private corporations is equal to the sum of dividends from
resident corporations, corporate transfers to households and private institu­
tions, direct taxes and charges on private corporations, and the savings of
private corporations.
Source: Shunto average monthly wage increase, from unpublished tabu­
lations, Japan Ministry of Labor. Monthly starting wage, from “Shoninkyü
Chôsa” (Census of Initial Salaries) . Japan Ministry of Labor.
Profits per employee, from Shuy ô Kigyô Keiei Bunseki (Analysis of the
Management of Principal Forms) Bank of Japan, 1955-66.
Percentage increase in compensation of employees and income of private
corporations, from Kokumin Shotoku Tdkei Nenpyo, 1967 (Annual Report on
National Income Statistics), Japan Economic Planning Agency.

is fo r a m o d e ra tio n in th e ra te o f in crease, a n d p e r ­
h a p s som e decline. T h e fa c to rs fa v o rin g m o d e r­
a tio n a re econom ic, s tru c tu ra l, a n d p erso n al. T h e
econom ic fa c to rs a re th e in creased lib e ra liz a tio n in
th e im p o rta tio n o f c a p ita l a n d th e concern ov er
effect o f a r a p id increase in m oney w ages a n d p rices
u p o n th e b alan ce o f p ay m en ts. T h e s tru c tu ra l fa c ­
to r is th e g ro w in g re co g n itio n on th e p a r t o f em ­
p lo y ers a n d u n io n s t h a t a n n u a l w age n e g o tia tio n s
a n d sem ian n u a l bonus n eg o tiatio n s, especially
tho se u tiliz in g th e Shunto p a tte r n , invo lv e a d e ­
g ree o f in s ta b ility w h ich is u n d esirab le. T h e p e r ­
sonal fa c to r is th a t th e in tro d u c tio n o f Shunto
fo llo w ed K a o n i O h ta ’s b ecom ing c h a irm a n of
Sdhyd. Since h is re p la cem e n t in 1966 by T o sh ik a tsu H o rii, a n o th e r s h if t in p o licy em p h asis m ay be
in th e offing, p e rh a p s a lre a d y fo resh ad o w ed b y th e
m ild n ess o f 1967’s “ stru g g le .” Y e t i t sh o u ld be re ­
m em bered t h a t ra n g e d a g a in s t m o d e ra tio n is th e
fe elin g o f m an y u n io n lead e rs t h a t in Shuntò th e y
h av e a w in n in g com b in atio n . F u rth e rm o re , th e
locus o f po w er w ith in Sdhyd lies w ith th o se u n io n s
w h ich b a rg a in w ith th e g o v ern m e n t a n d w ho are
th u s m ore im m u n e to econom ic p re ssu res w hich
m ig h t m o d era te th e ir b eh av io r, a n d p e rh a p s m ore
in need o f h ig h ly visib le b a rg a in in g tactics.

Unionization
of Engineers
and Technicians
A rchie K leingärtner *

o f th e A m e ric a n tech n o lo g ical
re v o lu tio n s ta n d th e 850,000 e n g in ee rs a n d 650,000
e n g in e e rin g a n d a llie d te c h n ic ia n s em p lo y ed in th e
U n ite d S ta te s to d a y . M uch so u g h t a f te r by u nions,
th e ir response h as so f a r been u n e n th u sia stic , a l­
th o u g h o f a ll th e u n o rg a n iz e d w h ite -c o lla r an d
p ro fe ssio n a l categ o ries, e n g in ee rs a n d te c h n ic ia n s
a re m o st lik e ly to be em p lo y ed in a u n io n s e ttin g .
In d e e d , som e e n g in ee rs a n d m a n y te ch n ician s
s ta rte d as b lu e -c o lla r w o rk e rs a n d w ere once m em ­
bers o f p ro d u c tio n u n its.
T h is a rtic le describes an a tte m p t to d eterm in e as
com p letely as possible th e n u m b e rs o f en g in eers
a n d e n g in e e rin g te c h n ic ia n s in th e U n ite d S ta te s
w ho (1) a re re p re se n te d by u n io n s in collective
b a rg a in in g , a n d (2) a re m em bers o f u n io n s.1 F o r
o u r p u rp o se s, an y o rg a n iz a tio n w h ich a tte m p ts to
o b ta in exclusive re c o g n itio n is classified as a u nion.
T h is d efin itio n in clu d es th o se p ro fe ssio n a l o rg a ­
n iza tio n s th a t re je ct th e label u n io n , b u t b a rg a in
collectively, a n d excludes th o se e n g in e e rin g so­
cieties a n d asso ciatio n s— o f w h ich th e re a re well
o v er a h u n d re d — t h a t claim th e c a p a c ity to r e p re ­
sent th e e n tire sp e c tru m o f jo b a n d p ro fessio n al
needs o f th e ir m em bers, b u t do n o t seek re co g n itio n
as b a r g a in in g re p re se n ta tiv e s.2
A second m a jo r p u rp o se is to show th e d is tr ib u ­
tio n o f o rg a n iz e d en g in ee rs a n d te c h n ic ia n s am o n g
a lte r n a tiv e u n io n fo rm s. T h e ra n g e o f a v a ila b le
o rg a n iz a tio n s goes fro m th e sin g le p la n t u n io n s
(s u b s titu te asso ciatio n o r g u ild ) n o t affiliated w ith
A F L - C I O , w h ich o rg a n iz e o n ly p ro fe ssio n a l e n g i­
At

the

center


2 7 4 - 9 4 8 0 - 67 - 3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

neers and scientists, to the affiliated industrial or
multioccupational unions such as the IUE and
UAW.3
Union activity related to engineers and engi­
neering technicians is dispersed among organiza­
tional forms varying substantially in structure,
style, and behavior. The alternative forms may be
conveniently classified into four types: The un­
affiliated professional union, the unaffiliated mixed
professional-nonprofessional union, the A FLCIO affiliated craft union, and the AFL-CIO
affiliated industrial union.4
All four types seek recognition as collective bar­
gaining agent. It is this more than anything else
that distinguishes them from the numerous pro­
fessional associations operating among engineers,
and frequently in direct competition with the bar­
gaining organizations.5
♦A ssistant Professor of Industrial Relations, U niversity of
California at Los Angeles. The author was assisted in this study
by Paul Devore.
1
It is appropriate at this point to take note of some of the
specific lim itations on the scope of this research. Our basic inter­
est is in the unionization of professional engineeers and the sub­
professional engineering and allied technicians. We made no
attem pt to advise the unions on how to define engineers and
engineering technicians, how to distinguish between them, or
how to distinguish both groups from scientists and production
workers. There are certain to be variations among unions in their
approach to this matter. Thus, while we talk of engineers and
technicians it should be understood th at other categories of
workers w ill be included in our figures. It is likely th at our data
include alm ost all organized scientists.
3
Sim ilarly excluded are the “sounding board” type of organiza­
tions found at some 12 different locations of the General Electric
Co., as w ell as at a few other firms. Sounding boards, single plant
communication mechanisms, take an interest in the professional
and job problems of engineers, but do not bargain collectively and
accept as members engineers who are in management positions.
Their future has been made som ewhat uncertain by a Supreme
Court decision which held th at such organizations are “labor
organizations” w ithin the m eaning of the Taft-IIartley Act. For
a discussion of these issues, see Engineer-M anagement Communi­
cations: The Sounding Board A pproach (W ashington, National
Society of Professional Engineers, 1965), NSPE Publications
1409.
3 George Strauss has classified the associations available to
engineers into seven types: “ (1) learned societies, which seek
only to advance know ledge; (2) technical societies, which aim to
advance both knowledge and the professional interests of those
who wish this knowledge; (3) professional organizations (such
as the National Society of Professional E ngineers), which are
concerned purely w ith professional advancem ent; (4) ‘sounding
boards,’ which meet with management to discuss personnel prob­
lems, but which are not certified collective bargaining agents ;
(5) certified unions which admit only professional engineers and
are not affiliated with AFL-CIO unions ; (6) unaffiliated unions
which admit both engineers and tech n icia n s; and (7) unions
affiliated with the AFL-CIO .” George Strauss, “Professionalism
and Occupational A ssociations,” In du strial R elations, May 1963,
p. 27. Our interest extends only to the last three of these
categories.
4 Ibid.
5 See “Professional A ssociations: An Alternative to U nions?”
C ontem porary Labor Issues, W alter Fogel and Archie Kleingartner, eds. (Belmont, Calif., Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1966),
pp. 249-256.

29

30

Union Structural Forms
T h e “ u n affiliated p ro fe ssio n a l u n io n ” w ill g e n ­
era lly re s tr ic t its m em b ersh ip to e n g in ee rs a n d
scien tists on th e p re m ise t h a t an o rg a n iz a tio n
w hich serves p ro fe ssio n a ls sh o u ld h av e a c lea r p r o ­
fessional id e n tity . T h e “ u n affiliated m ix ed p ro f e s ­
sio n al-n o n p ro fessio n al u n io n s,” w h ile eschew ing
affiliation w ith th e A F L - C I O , te n d to view te c h ­
n ician s as a n im p o rta n t elem en t in o rg a n iz in g a n d
b a rg a in in g effectiveness.6 T h e “ affiliated c r a f t u n ­
io n ” ca te g o ry w as cre a te d to encom pass th e A m e ri­
can F e d e r a tio n o f T e c h n ic a l E n g in e e rs. T h e
A F T E is o f im p o rta n c e because it h o ld s th e A F L C IO c h a rte r to o rg a n iz e en g in eers a n d scien tists.
I t does n o t as a ru le o rg a n iz e p ro d u c tio n o r c le ri­
cal w o rk e rs a n d is jealo u s o f its fo rm a l ju r is d ic ­
tion. H o w ev er, its claim s a re n o t alw ay s resp ected
by o th e r affiliated u n io n s. “A ffiliated in d u s tria l u n ­
io n s” h a v e show n in c re a sin g in te re s t in e x p a n d in g
th e ir a c tiv ity to in clu d e e n g in ee rs a n d tech n ic ia n s.
O f p a r tic u la r im p o rta n c e in th is co n n ectio n are
th e U A W , U S W , I U E , a n d IA M . S om e in d u s tria l
unions h av e e stab lish ed se p a ra te u n its to o rg a n iz e
a n d service th e ir w h ite -c o lla r m em b ersh ip .
T h e lo n g ru n significance o f a lte r n a tiv e u n io n
fo rm s co m p e tin g f o r th e la rg e n u m b e r o f u n o rg a ­
n ized e n g in ee rs a n d te c h n ic ia n s is lik e ly to keep
th is an a re a o f tu r b u le n t u n io n ism f o r y e a rs to
come.
A Potential Barely Tapped
T o su m m arize th e d a ta developed in th is stu d y ,
unions o f all k in d s re p re s e n t a p p ro x im a te ly 45,927
en g in eers in co llective b a r g a in in g (see ta b le ) . O f
th is n u m b er, a p p ro x im a te ly 20,224 o r 44 p e rc e n t
are m em b ers.7 I n th e case o f tech n ic ia n s, a p p r o x i­
m ately 49,334 a re re p re se n te d by u n io n s, o f w hom
som e 25,567 o r 52 p e rc e n t are m em bers o f u nions.
C o m b in in g e n g in ee rs a n d te c h n ic ia n s (in c lu d in g
807 fo r w hom w e d id n o t g e t an o cc u p atio n al
b re a k d o w n ), we h av e a to ta l o f 96,068 en g in ee rs
a n d tec h n ic ia n s re p re se n te d b y u n io n s, o f w hom
46,598 o r 49 p e rc e n t a re m em bers.
I f we use 850,000 as th e to ta l n u m b e r o f e n g i­
neers em p lo y ed in th e U n ite d S ta te s (a n d a ro u g h
in d ic a to r o f th e u n io n p o te n tia l) , th e n we can see
th a t o n ly a ro u n d 5.4 p e rc e n t o f a ll em p lo y ed e n ­
g in eers are re p re se n te d by u n io n s a n d o n ly 2.4


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

p ercen t are u n io n m em bers. I t m u st be concluded
t h a t u n io n s th u s f a r a re a n e g lig ib le fo rce am o n g
sa la rie d en g in eers, a lth o u g h th e y fa re som ewdiat
b e tte r am o n g tech n ic ia n s. U s in g th e B L S fig u re of
650,000 en g in e e rin g tech n ic ia n s as th e u n io n p o ­
te n tia l, we h av e a p p ro x im a te ly 7.6 p e rc e n t o f th e
p o te n tia l re p re se n te d by u n io n s a n d a ro u n d 3.9
p ercen t as m em bers. C learly , in th e case o f b o th en ­
g in eers a n d tech n ic ia n s th e o rg a n iz a b le p o te n tia l
h as b a re ly been ta p p e d .

The Pattern of Organization
D a ta could h av e been developed in one o r m ore
o f several d iffe ren t w ays. C lassificatio n b y u n io n
ty p es w as chosen because it raises th e c e n tra l ques­
tio n o f w h a t w ill be (a n d p e rh a p s sh o u ld be) th e
p a tte r n o f u n io n o rg a n iz a tio n i f a n d w hen e n ­
g in eers a n d en g in e e rin g tech n ic ia n s b eg in jo in in g
u n io n s in la rg e nu m b ers. U n io n iz a tio n in these
g ro u p s is still so lim ite d t h a t th e re does n o t seem
to be a re a l basis fo r p re d ic tio n ab o u t th e fu tu re .
W h a t does s ta n d o u t is th e v ery lim ite d effect of
th e affiliated in d u s tria l unions. T h e re is, it w ould
a p p e a r, a good lik elih o o d t h a t in th e f u tu r e th e
d o m in a n t fo rm o f u n io n ism am o n g en g in eers a n d
en g in e e rin g tech n ic ia n s w ill be se p a ra te fro m , a n d
p e rh a p s in d ire c t conflict w ith , th e aim s o f th e
b ro a d e r la b o r m ovem ent. A s th e le a d e r o f one
in d e p e n d e n t u n io n p u t i t :
In the eyes of organized scientists and engineers,
there is no more unity and there are no more advan­
tages within the AFL-CIO than they now possess
within their own independent organizations.8

T h is viewT is w idely sh ared am o n g lead e rs o f in ­
d e p e n d en t unions. T h e issue is n o t sim p ly one o f
com plete d o m in a tio n by in d e p e n d e n t u n io n s o r by
0 However, this is not always true. In some cases m ixing of
engineers and technicians was an historical accident, or a mar­
riage of convenience to avoid association w ith production workers.
In a number of cases w ith which the author is acquainted, the
association is an unhappy one. In others, either the engineers or
technicians are relegated to a subordinate status in union affairs.
7 Dvorak estim ated in 1963 that unions possibly represented as
many as 41,100 engineers, of whom some 23,200 were members.
While precise comparisons cannot be made between his figures and
the ones presented in this paper, it would seem to suggest that
a slight increase in representation and a slight decrease in mem­
bership has taken place over the past 4 years. Eldon J. Dvorak,
“Will Engineers U nionize?” In du strial R elation s, May 1963, p. 60.
8 Henry J. Andreas, a report to the conference on Collective B ar­
gaining for P rofessional and Technical E m ployees, In stitu te of
Labor and Industrial Relations, U niversity of Illinois, May 20-21,
1965, p. 6.

UNIONIZATION OF ENGINEERS AND TECHNICIANS

AFL-CIO unions. There may be a middle way.
Kassalow has discussed one possibility:
Successful engineering unionism in the United States
will, ultimately, be closely related to industrial
unionism in the great American industries. Common
bargaining needs and pressures in dealing with the
great manufacturing corporations will make this a
necessity. Whether the result will be complete integra­
tion of professional and high-level technical workers
into the ranks of large industrial unions, I am not
quite certain. Even should this be the route, however,
there will doubtless be a need for institutions which
can establish occupational bonds of an interindustry
character among these groups of workers who have
such a strong desire for purely professional associa­
tion.9

Som e w o u ld a rg u e th a t fo r re a l p ro g re ss to be
m ad e in o rg a n iz in g , th e in d u s tria l u n io n s sh o u ld
giv e a ll n ecessary s u p p o rt (w ith no ex p e c tatio n
o f d o m in a tio n ) to th e in d e p e n d e n t a n d affiliated
c r a f t u n io n s in th e in te re sts o f e x p a n d in g u n io nism
ra th e r th a n tr y in g to o rg a n iz e th e m d ire c tly . W ith
ju stific a tio n , i t can be a rg u e d t h a t in d u s tria l
u n io n s h a v e tr ie d th e la tte r a p p ro a c h w ith o u t a n y
a p p re c ia b le effect.
T h e p re se n t p o sitio n o f u n io n s am o n g en g in eers
a n d e n g in e e rin g te ch n ic ia n s is n o t an au sp icio u s
one. T h is is n o t to im p ly th a t th in g s w ill n o t
change. In d e e d , i f h is to ry is a g ood te a c h e r th e
o dd s a re h e a v ily in fa v o r o f th e ir jo in in g p ro te c ­
tiv e o rg a n iz a tio n s in la rg e n u m b ers, as m a n y o th e r
p ro fe ssio n a l a n d sem ip ro fe ssio n a l wm rkers h av e
a lre a d y done. W h a t is n o t cle a r is w h en a n d u n d e r
w h a t c o n d itio n s th is w ill occur, o r th e p a tte r n
t h a t th is w ill tak e. A t p re sen t, o rg a n iz a tio n is so
lim ite d t h a t i t w o u ld be sh eer g u essw o rk to h a z a rd
a p re d ic tio n on th e b asis o f e x is tin g re p re s e n ta tio n
a n d m em b ersh ip d a ta .
D e ta ils o f th e classificatio n o f u n io n s b y ty p e
a n d th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f m em b ersh ip a n d r e p re ­
se n ta tio n d a ta a re g iv en below .

Going Alone
S om e u n io n s a tte m p t to re s tr ic t th e ir m em b er­
sh ip to p ro fe ssio n a l w o rk ers. C le a rly , som e o f th e
18,699 e n g in ee rs re p re se n te d w o u ld be m o re a c ­
c u ra te ly classified as scien tists o r tech n ic ia n s, b u t
th e n u m b e r is p ro b a b ly sm all. T h ese u n io n s w ould
g e n e ra lly d en y t h a t th e y h av e te c h n ic ia n s as m em ­
bers a n d w o u ld e x a g g e ra te th e n u m b e r o f scien­
tists. A ll tr y to g ive a d is tin c t o cc u p atio n al


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31
c h a ra c te r to th e ir o rg a n iz atio n s. T h e y do n o t call
them selves unions, b u t r a th e r p ro fe ssio n a l o rg a n i­
zatio n s t h a t p e rfo rm u n io n fu n c tio n s. S olom on
a n d B u rn s h av e sp ec u la ted t h a t
. . i f u n io n iz a ­
tio n o f en g in eers a n d scien tists sh o u ld e x p a n d to
s u b sta n tia l p ro p o rtio n s , th e p ro b a b ilitie s a re th a t
th e ex p a n sio n w ill be th ro u g h an o cc u p atio n al
u n io n r a th e r th a n th ro u g h in clu sio n in p rim a rily
b lu e-c o lla r in d u s tria l u n io n s.” 10
T h e S e a ttle P ro fe ssio n a l E n g in e e rin g E m ­
ployees’ A sso ciatio n ( S P E E A ) a t B oeing, th e
la rg e st u n io n in th is cate g o ry , re p re se n te d te c h ­
n ician s u n til 1959. I n t h a t y e a r i t rev ised its q u a li­
fications fo r m em b ersh ip to sp ec ify th a t n o one
w ill be accep ted as a fu ll m em b er w ith o u t h a v in g
com pleted a ll o f th e fu n d a m e n ta l courses n o rm a l­
ly in clu d ed in th e first 2 y ea rs o f th e m a jo r e n g i­
n e e rin g cu rric u la . T h e ch an g e f u r th e r p ro v id e d
th a t no one w ill be accep ted as a fu ll m em b er u n ­
less h is em p lo y er h as claim ed fo r h im a n ex em p ­
tio n as a p ro fessio n al em ployee u n d e r th e p r o ­
visions o f th e F a i r L a b o r S ta n d a rd s A ct. P r i o r to
th is, a n y in d iv id u a l cou ld becom e a m em ber o f th e
u n io n i f he h a d w o rk ed fo r 8 y e a rs in a b a r g a in ­
in g u n it job. T h e S P E E A h as n ev e r s tru c k o r
ta k e n a s trik e vote. I t re je c ts th e p h ilo so p h y o f
tra d e u n io n s t h a t th e re is an in h e re n t conflict o f
in te re st betw een m an ag e m en t a n d em ployees.11
H ow ever, i t w o u ld n o t be co rrec t to lab el a ll of
th e u n io n s in th is ca te g o ry as sh y in g aw ay fro m
th e ta c tic s a n d term in o lo g y o f unio n ism . T h e
E x e c u tiv e S e c re ta ry o f th e A sso ciatio n o f S cien ­
tis ts a n d P ro fe ssio n a l E n g in e e rin g P e rso n n e l at
R C A sp eak s o f th e m ore m ilita n t side o f p ro fe s ­
sional u n io n is m :
A review of early negotiation records of our Associa­
tion has disclosed that the major reliance for bar­
gaining results was placed on logic, reason, and moral
suasion, and very little on raw economic pressure.
But during the past few years the pendulum has
swung and the use and the threat of strike action
has been recognized as the more effective force in bar­
gaining.12
9 Everett M. Kassalow, “New Union Frontier : White-Collar
Workers,” H arvard Business R eview , January-February 1962,
p. 51.
10 Benjamin Solomon and Robert K. Burns, “Unionization of
White-Collar Employees : Extent, P otential and Im plications,”
The Journal of Business, April 1963, p. 164.
11 Bureau of National Affairs, W h ite Collar R eport, A ugust 10,
1959. For an interesting discussion of several aspects of the
SPEEA, see Dvorak, op. cit., pp. 49-54.
13 Andreas, op. cit., p. 5.

32
I n a b ro a d sense w e can lab el th e u n io n s in th is
ca te g o ry as th e m o st co n se rv ativ e w in g o f te c h n i­
cal w o rk e r u n io n ism . T h is w o u ld be a p p r o p ria te ,
a t le a st in th e sense t h a t th ese u n io n s re je c t ties
o r re sp o n sib ility f o r su b p ro fe ssio n a l tec h n ic a l an d
b lu e-c o lla r w o rk ers. H o w e v er, it w o u ld n o t neces­
s a rily a p p ly to th e ta c tic s th e y em ploy to o b ta in
specific g a in s a n d se ttle specific griev an ces. T h ese
u n io n s can be m ilita n t, in c lu d in g use o f th e s trik e ,
w hen th e in te re sts o f th e ir ow n m em b ers leave no
o th e r recourse.

A Composite Type

A number of unions, while not affiliated with
the AFL-CIO, do have as members the subpro­
fessional technicians. Some of them also organize
clerical workers; so far as we were able to ascer­
tain, none were interested in manual workers.
A lm o st a ll th e 19 u n io n s in th is c a te g o ry a re
sin g le-firm u n io n s. T h e la rg e s t is th e W e stin g house S a la rie d E m p lo y ees A sso cia tio n , w hose
m em b ersh ip is d is trib u te d am o n g 51 local unions.
Som e o f th e u n io n s in th is ca te g o ry re p re s e n t
m o stly e n g in ee rs, w h ile o th e rs co n sist alm o st e n ­
tire ly o f su b p ro fe ssio n a l tech n ic ia n s. I n one o r tw o
u n io n s, c le rical w o rk e rs a re in th e m a jo rity . W h ile
m o re en g in ee rs t h a n te c h n ic ia n s a re re p re se n te d , a
so m ew h at h ig h e r p ro p o r tio n o f te c h n ic ia n s elect
to becom e m em bers. F e w o rg a n iz a tio n s in th is c a te ­
g o ry w o u ld call th em selv es u n io n s, a p a tte r n also
observed am o n g th e u n affiliated p ro fe ssio n a l
unions.
S om e o f th e la r g e r u n io n s in th e ca te g o ry , such
as th e E n g in e e rs a n d S c ie n tists G u ild a t L o ck h eed
A ir c r a f t, w ere affiliated w ith th e E n g in e e rs a n d
S c ie n tis ts o f A m e ric a b efo re t h a t o rg a n iz a tio n
w e n t d e fu n c t in 1960. I n g ood p a r t th e reaso n fo r
th e E S A ’s dem ise w as th e v e ry q u estio n o f w h e th e r
te c h n ic ia n s sh o u ld be g iv en fu ll m em b ersh ip
rig h ts .
T h e collective b a r g a in in g b e h a v io r o f th ese o r ­
g a n iz a tio n s v a rie s co n sid erab ly . A r t h u r S h o sta k
h as d escrib ed th e W e stin g h o u se S a la rie d E m ­
ployees A sso cia tio n as “ . . . u n iq u e f o r its activ e
in tra -c o m p a n y o rg a n iz in g c a m p a ig n , its success­
fu l in te g ra tio n o f e n g in ee rs a n d clerical w o rk ers,
a n d its s tra in e d la b o r re la tio n s .” 13 H o w ev er, th e re
ex ist a n u m b e r o f o th e r p a tte rn s . S om e o f th e
u n io n s a re little m o re th a n s o u n d in g b o ard s. P e r ­


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

h a p s a m a jo rity o f th em ex ist a t th e sufferance o f
m a n ag e m en t.14

Affiliated With a Craft
O rig in a lly c h a rte re d b y th e A F L in 1917, th e
A m eric an F e d e ra tio n o f T ec h n ical E n g in e e rs
( A F T E ) re ta in s th e A F L - C I O c h a rte r to o rg a ­
nize scien tists a n d engineers. I t re s tric ts its a c tiv i­
ties to th ese g ro u p s a n d to th e su b p ro fessio n al
tech n ician s.
T h e A F T E , in c o n tra s t to m an y o f th e o rg a n iz a ­
tio n s in th e categ o ries d escrib ed e a rlie r, is o u tsid e
th e d eb a te o f w h e th e r it sh o u ld be consid ered a
u n io n , a p ro fessio n al asso ciatio n , o r so m eth in g in
betw een. I t is a u n io n , does n o t d isg u ise th is fa c t,
a n d h a s no in te re st in b ein g co n sid ered a n y th in g
else b u t a un io n . T h e A F T E show s re la tiv e ly little
in te re st in m a k in g a special a p p e a l to th e sta tu s
a m b itio n s o f engineers. N ev erth eless, it p o rtra y s
o p tim ism a b o u t its fu tu re in th is area. H isto ric a lly ,
th e b u lk o f th e A F T E m em b ersh ip w as concen­
tr a te d am o n g d ra fts m e n in o rd n a n ce a n d sh ip y a rd
estab lish m en ts.15 I n recen t y ea rs it h a s b ra n c h e d
o u t, b u t fin an cial a n d o th e r p ro b lem s p re v e n t it
fro m e n g a g in g in th e in ten siv e re c ru itin g o f new
m em bers.
S ince th e A F T E m em b ersh ip is sc a tte re d am ong
81 local u n io n s, i t w as difficult to assem ble a com ­
p lete set o f m em b ersh ip figures. W ith th e co o p era­
tio n o f th e A F T E n a tio n a l office, q u estio n n aire s
w ere m ailed to th e local unio n s, a n d a ro u n d 25
p e rc e n t re sp o n d ed w ith u sab le in fo rm a tio n . T o
give a m o re com plete p ic tu re o f re p re s e n ta tio n an d
m em b ersh ip , we to o k th e to ta l m em b ersh ip f o r th e
A F T E in 1965 o f 15,000 re p o rte d by th e B u re a u of
L a b o r S ta tis tic s 16 a n d p ro je c te d to ta l en g in ee r an d
te c h n ic ia n re p re s e n ta tio n a n d m em b ersh ip fro m
o u r q u e stio n n a ire rep lies. T h is p ro c e d u re assum es
13 Arthur B. Shostak, A m erica’s F orgotten Labor Organisation:
A S u rvey of the Role of the Single-Firm Independent Union
in Am erican In du stry, Industrial Relations Section, Department
of Economics (Princeton U niversity, 1962), p. 89.
11 This view has been expressed to the author by an executive
of one of the largest unions in this category. I am inclined to
agree.
15 See Everett M. Kassalow, “White-Collar Unionism in the
United S tates,” W hite-Collar Trade Unions: C ontem porary De­
velopm ents in In du strialised Societies, Adolf Sturmthal, ed. (Urbana, 111., The U niversity of Illinois Press, 1966), pp. 343-344.
10
D irectory of N ation al and In tern ation al Labor Unions in the
United S ta tes, 1965 (BLS Bulletin 1493, 1966), p. 19. This figure
is som ewhat higher than other estim ates. Kassalow, for example,
puts AFTE membership at 11,000 ; ibid., p. 344.

UNIONIZATION OF ENGINEERS AND TECHNICIANS
R epresentation

an d

M embership

of

S elect ed T y pe s of U nio n O rga niza tion s A mong E n g i n e e r i n g
P er s o n n e l
Representation

Type of organization

Unaffiliated professional engineering unions 1........................ ............
Mixed professional-nonprofessional unions 2----------------------------American Federation of Technical Engineers, AFL-CIO------------AFL-CIO affiliated industrial unions *------------------------------------

Total

18, 699
3 28,993
41,452
6,924

Engi­
neers
18,699
17,254
8,638
1,336

Membership

Techni­
cians

10,932
32,814
5,588

Total

8,023
3 18,280
15,000
5,345

Engi­
neers
8,023
9,436
2,034
731

and

R e l a te d

Membership as a percentage
of representation

Techni­
cians

7,987
12,966
4, 614

Total

43.0
62.9
36.2
77.2

Engi­
neers
43.0
54.7
23.5
54.7

Techni­
cians

73.1
39.5
82.6

1 Includes 8 unions: (1) Research and Engineering Professional Employees
Association, (2) Seattle Professional Engineering Employees’ Association,
(3) Association of Scientists and Professional Engineering Personnel, (4) West­
inghouse Engineers Association—National, (5) Association of Engineers and
Scientists, (6) Association of Industrial Scientists, (7) Wichita Engineering
Association, and (8) Professional Engineers and Scientists Association. Data
for (1) through (6) were obtained directly from the union; for (7), from the
NSPE Tabulation of Unions Representing Engineering and Technical Employ­
ees, 1965; and for (8), from the NSPE Engineering Employment Practices
Newsletter, April 1963.
2 Includes 19 unions: (1) Newark Dupont Employees’ Union, (2) Inde­
pendent Association of Technical and Clerical Personnel, (3) Association of
Technical and Professional Employees, (4) Syracuse Draftsmen’s Associa­
tion, (5) Society of Engineers, (6) York Engineering Employees’ Association,
(7) Association of Engineers and Engineering Assistants, (8) Sun Research
and Engineering Employees Association of Philadelphia, (9) Southern Cali­
fornia Professional Engineering Association, (10) Engineers and Scientists

Guild, (11) Independent Engineers and Draftsmen’s Association, (12) United
Association of Office, Sales, and Technical Employees, (13) Engineers and
Architects Association, (14) California Association of Professional Employ­
ees, (15) Westinghouse Salaried Employees Association, (16) Lockheed Inter­
national Engineers Association, (17) Railway Technical Engineers, (18)
Technical Engineers Association, and (19) TYA Engineers Association. Data
for (1) through (15) were obtained directly from the unions; for (16) through
(19) from the NSPE Tabulation of Unions Representing Engineering and
Technical Employees, 1965. Complete information on the procedures used in
compiling the figures in the table will be furnished by the author upon
request.
3 Includes 807 for whom occupational data were not available.
<Includes those locals of the UAW and IUE identified by the research
departments of the parent body as representing engineers or technicians, and
IAM lodges shown in a general index as representing professional or technical
workers.

th a t th e q u e stio n n a ire re p lie s show ed a n ac c u ra te
d is trib u tio n o f th e a c tu a l re p re s e n ta tio n a n d m em ­
b e rsh ip o f en g in eers a n d te c h n ic ia n s in th e u n ion.
T h e re a re a n u m b e r o f g ro u n d s on w h ich th is claim
m ig h t be d isp u te d . O n th e o th e r h a n d , th e f u r th e r
assu m p tio n t h a t th e A F T E m em b ersh ip consists
en tire ly o f e n g in ee rs a n d te c h n ic ia n s is p ro b a b ly
c o rre c t.17 T h e A F T E ’s ow n m em b ersh ip estim ates
v a ry o n ly s lig h tly fro m th o se in th e ta b le , a c c o rd ­
in g to A F T E p re s id e n t J a m e s W o odside.

fo r Scientific, P ro fe ssio n a l, a n d C u ltu ra l E m ­
ployees ( S P A C E ) . T h e la b o r m ovem ent con sid ers
th is a m a jo r effo rt a n d h as b u d g eted su b s ta n tia l
resources to m ak e it an effective o rg a n iz in g
device.18 T h e A F L - C I O D ire c to r o f O rg a n iz a tio n
to ld th e C o u n cil’s c h a rte r c o n v e n tio n :

Professionals in the Industrial Unions
A ffiliated in d u s tria l u n io n s h a v e lo n g s o u g h t to
ex p a n d th e ir m em b ersh ip a n d influence am ong
tech n ic a l w o rk ers. P re s e n t m em b ersh ip in th ese
u n io n s is, b y a n y s ta n d a r d , q u ite sm all, b u t e sti­
m ates v a ry w idely. T h e w hole q u estio n w as g iv en
renew ed em p h asis in M a rc h 1967, w h en 17 affiliated
u n io n s fo rm e d th e C ouncil o f A F L - C I O U n io n s
17 The NSPE in its 1965 tabulation of technical worker union­
ism, op. cit., shows 1,000 AFTE members as professionals and
11,450 as nonprofessional employees.
13 The constitution adopted by the Council provides that, “Each
affiliate, national or international union, shall pay an initiation
fee of $250 and shall pay m onthly a per capita tax of 1 cent per
member per month upon its affiliated membership.”
19 W illiam L. Kircher, quoted in Bureau of National Affairs,
W hite-Collar R eport, March 16, 1967, p. A -12.
20 See, for example, P olicy R esolutions, adopted December 1965,
by the Sixth Constitutional Convention AFL-CIO, Publication
No. 3D, March 1966.
21 Unions in this category would include the American Federa­
tion of State, County and Municipal Employees, American Fed­
eration of Government Employees, Oil, Chemical and Atomic
Workers, and the United Steelworkers.


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You are publicly constructing unionism whose near­
total purpose has to be the coming to grips with the
problem of making unionism attractive to those mil­
lions of workers in professional, technical, and kindred
fields who are eligible for unionism but who have
never joined.19

T h e cynics w ill re m a in u n im p ressed a n d re p ly t h a t
th e y h av e h e a rd a ll th is b efo re, a n d in d eed th e y
have.20 Y e t th is is th e first tim e t h a t so m an y o f
th e m a jo r affiliated u n io n s o p e ra tin g in th e p ro ­
fessio n al a re a h av e been able to ag ree on a unified
actio n p ro g ra m . A n u m b e r o f in d iv id u a l u n io n s
h av e also estab lish ed special o rg a n iz in g u n its an d
councils to deal w ith th e needs o f tech n ic al
p ersonnel.
A co n sisten t series o f d a ta fo r th e u n io n s in th is
ca te g o ry w as ex tre m ely difficult to develop, b e­
cause en g in eers a n d tech n ic ia n s c o n stitu te o n ly a
sm all p a r t o f an in d u s tria l u n io n ’s m em b ersh ip ,
are som etim es p a r t o f a p ro d u c tio n w o rk e r b a r ­
g a in in g u n it w h ich m akes re co rd k e ep in g difficult,
a n d a re lik ely to be sc a tte re d in m an y p la n ts an d
locations. A d d itio n a lly , th e ta b le p re se n ts in f o r ­
m a tio n fo r o n ly th re e unions, th e U A W , IA M , a n d
I U E , as w e w ere u n ab le to o b ta in sy stem atic d a ta
fo r o th e r affiliated u n io n s t h a t sh o u ld be in c lu d e d .21

34
T h u s, it is alm o st c e rta in t h a t th e ta b le u n d e r­
states th e a c tu a l s tre n g th o f in d u s tria l u n io n s
am on g en g in ee rs a n d tech n ic ia n s, b u t th e re is no
w ay o f k n o w in g b y e x a ctly how m uch. I n a ll p ro b ­
a b ility th e e rro r is g re a te r f o r te c h n ic ia n s th a n fo r
engin eers.

Reconciliations
S in ce th ese fig u res a re s m a lle r th a n o th e r a v a il­
able estim ates, m o re d e ta ile d c o m p ariso n s w ere
m ade. O f sp ecial im p o rt ance a re th e e s tim a te s 'd e ­
velop ed by E ld o n D v o ra k .22 W o r k in g fro m
figures o rig in a lly co m p iled b y th e N S P E , h e e s ti­
m ated t h a t in 1961 A F L - C I O u n io n s re p re se n te d
19,127 te ch n ic al w o rk ers, a n d t h a t o f th ese 4,900
w ere p ro fe ssio n a l en g in ee rs a n d scien tists. P r o ­
je c tin g th e p e rc e n ta g e o f m em b ersh ip o f th o se
re p re se n te d fo r w hom d a ta w ere a v a ila b le (91
p e r c e n t) , he e stim a te d th a t 4,500 o f th e 4,900 e n g i­
neers re p re se n te d by A F L - C I O u n io n s w ere m em ­
bers. T h ese fig u res a re s u b s ta n tia lly h ig h e r th a n
o u r ow n estim ates.
H o w e v er, a f te r a d ju s tin g D v o ra k ’s figures to
ta k e acco u n t o f differences in o u r a p p ro a c h e s a n d
m ore re cen t dev elo p m en ts, m an y o f th e a p p a re n t
d iscre p an cies a re rem oved. T h e N S P E ta b u la tio n
on w h ich he based h is estim ates in clu d es th e
A F T E , sh o w n as re p re s e n tin g 12,450 tec h n ic al
w o rk e rs ; th e E n g in e e rs A sso cia tio n o f B osch
A rm a ( I U E L o ca l 4 1 8 ), sh o w n as re p re s e n tin g
1,544 te c h n ic a l w o rk e rs ; a n d th e E n g in e e rs A sso ­
c ia tio n (a n I U E affiliate) a t S p e rr y G yroscope,
liste d as re p re s e n tin g 3,400 tec h n ic a l w o rk ers. T h e
en g in eers in th e I U E affiliate a t S p e rr y d e c e rti­
fied in a n N L R B election in 1962.23 T o d a y th e I U E
u n it a t B osch A rm a re p re s e n ts no m o re th a n 325
tech n ic al w o rk e rs.24 I n th e N S P E ta b u la tio n , th e
A F T E a n d th e tw o I U E locals a re show n as r e p ­
re se n tin g a to ta l o f 17,394 tec h n ic a l w o rk ers. I f
we s u b tra c t 17,069 (th e 12,450 A F T E m em bers,
h ere tre a te d s e p a r a te ly ; th e S p e rr y g r o u p ; a n d all
b u t 325 o f th e B osch A rm a u n it fig u re ) fro m
D v o ra k ’s 19,127, th e to ta l re p re s e n ta tio n o f te c h ­
n ical w o rk e rs by A F E - C I O in d u s tria l u n io n s is
2,058.
P ro fe s s o r D v o ra k e s tim a te d t h a t ro u g h ly 26
p ercen t o f all tech n ical w o rk e rs re p re se n te d by
A F L - C I O u n io n s a re p ro fe ssio n a l en g in eers or
scientists. I n d e v e lo p in g th is ra tio h e in c lu d e d th e


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

A F T E w h ich is k n o w n to be h ea v ily biased in
fa v o r o f th e n o n p ro fessio n al tech n ician s, a n d to
use th is sam e p ro p o rtio n a f te r ex c lu d in g th e A F T E
w ould p e rh a p s p re se n t a d isto rtio n . L e t us assum e,
th e re fo re , th a t 50 p e rc e n t is th e p ro p o rtio n of
“ tech n ical w o rk e rs” re p re se n te d by in d u s tria l
u n io n s w ho a re in fa c t p ro fe ssio n a l scien tists or
engineers. A p p ly in g th is p e rc e n ta g e to th e a d ­
ju s te d to ta l re p re se n ta tio n o f 2,058 leaves th e
A F L - C I O in d u s tria l u n io n s re p re s e n tin g 1,000
p ro fessio n al en g in eers a n d scien tists— a figure
c o m p a rin g fa v o ra b ly w ith th e 1,336 t h a t we w ere
able to id e n tify .
P ro je c tin g N S P E figures fu r th e r, D v o ra k es­
tim a te d t h a t 91 p e rc e n t o f th e en g in eers a n d scien­
tis ts re p resen te d by in d u s tria l u n io n s a re m em ­
bers. H e concluded, th e re fo re , t h a t 4,500 en g in eers
a n d scien tists a re m em bers o f A F L - C I O unions.
A 9 1-percent ra tio o f m em b ersh ip to re p re s e n ta ­
tio n seems h ig h . I n th e first place, th e N S P E ta b ­
u la tio n liste d th e A F T E as h a v in g as m a n y m em ­
bers (12,450) as it re p re se n te d in b a rg a in in g ,
w h ich is alm o st c e rta in ly n o t th e case. T h e re are
few en g in eers in b a rg a in in g u n its t h a t h av e th e
u n io n shop. A m o re re a listic estim ate is t h a t
a ro u n d 50 p e rc e n t o f en g in eers re p re se n te d are
m em bers.25 F if t y p e rc e n t of th e a d ju ste d re p re se n ­
ta tio n fig u re o f 1,000 w ould leave A F L - C I O in ­
d u s tria l u n io n s w ith 500 en g in eers as m em bers.
I n lig h t o f th ese a d ju stm e n ts, th e 731 m em bers
show n in th e ta b le a re n o t as m u ch o f a n u n d e r­
sta te m e n t as m ig h t seem a t first blu sh .
B o th o u r estim ates a n d those o f th e N S P E differ
co n sid erab ly fro m m em b ersh ip figures g iv en by
th e in d u s tria l u n io n s them selves. F o r exam ple, th e
A s sista n t D ire c to r o f th e T ec h n ical Office a n d P r o ­
fessional D e p a rtm e n t o f th e U A W re cen tly r e ­
p o rte d th a t th e U A W h a s a p p ro x im a te ly 50,000
w h ite-c o lla r m em bers, o f w hom som e 15,000 a re in
tech n ic al a n d p ro fessio n al occupations. H e ca u ­
tio n s how ever t h a t :
It is difficult to break this number down further,
because of the national debate going on as to where
the technical occupations begin above the level of
22 Dvorak, op. cit., pp. 59-60.
23 The engineers voted 1,669 to 1,069 against continued repre­
sentation. The technicians in the unit, on the other hand, voted
to retain the IUE by a vote of 345-198. See Bureau of National
Affairs, W hite-Collar R eport, May 31, 1962, p. A - l.
24 This figure was obtained directly from the local.
23 As the table shows, among the independents, the ratio for
engineers varies between 40 and 55 percent.

UNIONIZATION OF ENGINEERS AND TECHNICIANS
skilled trades and where they end at the top or pro­
fessional end of the spectrum.26

T h e N S P E ta k e s s h a r p issue w ith th e m em b er­
sh ip claim s o f in d u s tria l u nions. T h e N S P E a s­
serts t h a t in 1957, w h en th e U A W a p p a re n tly
claim ed to re p re s e n t 10,000 en g in eers, its ow n
checks show ed th e U A W to re p re se n t less th a n 100
p ro fe ssio n a l en g in eers. T h e N S P E co n cludes:
“ O b v io u sly , to th e u n io n th e g r e a t b u lk o f th e
10,000 in v o lv ed w ere en g in eers, b u t w ere in fa c t
tec h n ic ia n s o r sk ille d p ro d u c tio n w o rk e rs.” 27

Discrepancies in the Data
T h e re is no sim p le w a y o f e ra s in g th e d isc re p ­
ancies in th e v a rio u s m em b ersh ip estim ates. I t
w o u ld be a difficult i f n o t im p o ssib le ta s k to m ake
precise d e te rm in a tio n o f th e n u m b ers o f en g ineers
a n d te c h n ic ia n s in in d u s tria l u n io n s, since th e
basic m a tte r o f s e ttin g b o u n d a rie s as to w h a t con26 Hubert H. Emerick in a report to the conference on C ollective
Bargaining fo r P rofessional and Technical Em ployees, In stitu te
of Labor and Industrial Relations, U niversity of Illinois, May 2 0 21, 1965, p. 13. In a recent communication, Mr. Emerick pointed
out that applying a strict interpretation of “professional em­
ployee,” the UAW decided that 1,000 was the proper number to
affiliate with the new AFL-CIO Council on Scientific, Profes­
sional, and Cultural Employees.
27 Tabulation of Unions R epresenting Engineering and Techni­
cal E m ployees, op. cit., p. 2.
28 For a discussion of some of these problems see Irving Bern­
stein, “The Growth of American Unions, 1945-1960,” Labor
H isto ry, Spring 1961, pp. 131-157.
29 R egister of R eportin g L abor Organizations (U.S. Department
of Labor, Office of Labor-Management and W elfare-Pension Re­
ports, W ashington, D.C., 1964.) It “. . . contains the names of
all unions which had reports on file . . . as of January 1, 1964.”
Questionnaires were mailed to 65 unaffiliated unions ; 35 usable
questionnaires were returned. In a number of cases unions we
contacted had been decertified or were no longer in existence.
Others did not have engineers or technicians as members. Our
response rate was better than a simple percentage would indicate.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

35
s titu te s en g in eers a n d tech n ic ia n s is n o t th e o nly
p ro b lem t h a t w o u ld h av e to be faced.
T h e in h e re n t difficulties in u n io n m em b ersh ip
stu d ies h av e been v a rio u sly n o ted .28 U ltim a te ly ,
all figures m u st com e fro m th e u n io n s them selves.
W ith a ll th e k n o w n (a n d som e u n k n o w n ) v a r ia ­
tio n s am o n g u n io n s in th e c r ite ria th e y use in d e­
fin in g a m em ber, th e accu racy o f th e ir re c o rd ­
k eep in g , a n d th e ir w illin g n e ss to d iv u lg e
m em b ersh ip in fo rm a tio n , th e sources o f e r ro r are
num erous. W e h a d to consider th ese p ro b lem s p lu s
som e o th ers as a consequence o f o u r in te re st in
d a ta on re p re se n ta tio n , a n d because o f o u r in te re st
in specific occu p atio n s w ith in m u ltio c c u p a tio n a l
unions.
S ev eral m eth o d s w ere used to o b ta in re p re se n ­
ta tio n a n d m em b ersh ip figures. F ir s t, a sh o rt ques­
tio n n a ire w as m ailed to every in d e p e n d e n t u n io n
in th e co u n try w h ich we h a d re aso n to feel m ig h t
h av e en g in eers o r en g in e e rin g tech n ic ia n s as
m em bers.
F o r addresses we re lie d h e a v ily on th e Register
of Reporting Labor Organizations.2!) I n th e case
o f affiliated unio n s, th e co o p eratio n o f th e n a ­
tio n als w as so licited b o th fo r figures a n d th e a d ­
dresses o f locals activ e in th e tech n ic al area. I n
a d d itio n to d ire c t co n tac t w ith unio n s, th e B N A
White-Collar Report, u n io n p u b licatio n s, n ew s­
p ap e rs, a n d p u b lish ed stu d ies w ere search ed f o r
m em b ersh ip in fo rm a tio n . O f p a r tic u la r h elp in
th is connection w ere th e ta b u la tio n s o f tech n ical
w o rk e r u n io n ism com piled by th e N a tio n a l S o ­
ciety o f P ro fe ssio n a l E n g in ee rs. I n those cases
w here th e re w as a d iscre p an cy betw een q u estio n ­
n a ire re p lie s a n d figures fro m o th e r sources, we
g e n e ra lly used th e q u e stio n n a ire d ata.

Adjusting Manpower
Requirements
To Constant Change

I n a n e f f o r t t o a n a l y s e m a n p o w e r responses
to tech n o lo g ica l ch an g e, th e O rg a n iz a tio n f o r E c o ­
nom ic C o o p e ra tio n a n d D e v elo p m e n t (O E C D ) h a s
com piled 29 case stu d ies in a new re p o r t e d ite d
by S olom on B a rk in .1 T h e p r in c ip a l co n cern o f th e
O E C D w as to d e te rm in e how a firm ’s in d u s tria l
re la tio n s could be “b ro u g h t in to h a rm o n y w ith ,
o r . . . re in fo rc e , a n a tio n a l ac tiv e m a n p o w e r
p o licy .”
T h e 29 case stu d ies d eal w ith m e th o d s o f re c ­
o n c ilin g m a n p o w e r levels to tech n o lo g ica l ch a n g e
in e ig h t c o u n trie s— A u s tria , C a n a d a , F ra n c e , W e st
G e rm an y , N o rw a y , S w eden, U n ite d K in g d o m , a n d
th e U n ite d S ta te s. T h e s tu d ie s p ro v id e a n e x a m in a ­
tio n o f each firm ’s response to a specific m a n a g e ria l,
tech n ic a l o r econom ic c h a n g e w ith in th e firm . I n
1963, a co m m ittee o f th e O E C D m e t a t P a r is to
estab lish c r ite ria f o r th e case stu d ies. A u n ifo rm
set o f ru les a n d q u estio n s f o r th e co n d u c t o f th e
stu d ies, “ A G u id e f o r C ase A n a ly sis,” w as th e
p ro d u c t o f th e P a r is m eetin g s. T h e m an y q u es­
tio n s asked o f each firm c a n n o t be liste d h ere a n d
th e re a d e r is re fe rr e d to th e fu ll te x t o f th e O E C D
re p o rt f o r a tr a n s c r ip t o f th e “ G u id e .”
The planning and introduction of new investments
and the implementation of changes in production and
operations can be coordinated with the programing
for the adjustment and recruitment of manpower in
an enterprise, with benefit both to the latter and its
employees, without interference or costly adaptations
to the programs for business changes. Moreover, while
medium and long-term planning of manpower opera­
tions are feasible, the administrators should retain the
possibilities of adapting them to new developments
and operating needs. Such flexibility will be facilitated
by long-term planning and careful study in defining
objectives and alternative tools, techniques, and pro­
cedures. The formulation of a system of adjustments
in advance of the changes also helps in coordinating
technical change, and moreover tends to create an
36


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

established procedure and common outlook between
the people responsible for the innovation and those
primarily concerned with the impact on manpower.
It is particularly helpful to those who carry both
responsibilities since it enables them systematically
to take account of the imperatives both of the or­
ganization as an institution and of the people em­
ployed in it. Each system of adjustment should con­
tain a variety of tools and techniques, since changes
are usually continuing and diverse and the best
method of adjustment may differ.
The long-term results of careful planning of ad­
justments and coordination of the programs of change
appear to be greater acceptance to change by em­
ployees and therefore lower resistance; these favor­
able attitudes w ill continue to be associated with real
efforts at hard bargaining on the sharing of the bene­
fits of these changes. Continuing consultation and ac­
tive participation by employees and their representa­
tives in the process of effecting change, and the terms
and conditions under which they are performed, re­
inforce this positive disposition to change. Careful
planning of such changes permits enterprises both
to make the best use of public facilities and to co­
ordinate their programs with services to be provided
by the public agencies either to the enterprise or the
employees.

T h e m a jo rity o f th e O E C D ’s case stu d ies ex ­
am ine m a n p o w e r p ro b lem s as th e y evolve fro m a
one-tim e change. T h ey d eal also w ith th e p ro b lem
o f m an p o w e r re d u c tio n s as a consequence o f su ch
change. T h e U n ite d S ta te s ’ ex p erien ce w ith th e
p ro b lem s ra ise d b y th ese stu d ies h a s been p re sen ted
to th e re a d e rs o f th e Monthly Labor Review
in th e p ast. F o r an acco u n t o f tw o re cen t stud ies,
see “M an p o w e r P la n n in g a t an E le c tric a n d G as
U tility ,” Monthly Labor Review , A u g u s t 1965, p p .
965-967, a n d “ P ro d u c tiv ity in a n E x p a n d in g I n ­
d u s try ,” Monthly Labor Review , A p ril 1965, p p .
373-377.
O ne o f th e stu d ies in th e O E C D r e p o rt d e p a rts
ra d ic a lly fro m th is n o rm . M an p o w e r sta b ility ,
r a th e r th a n red u ctio n s, is discussed b y M . D u ra n d
o f th e F re n c h I n s titu te o f S ocial Sciences an d
L a b o r in “A P o lic y o f C o n tin u o u s C h an g e w ith a
S ta b le S ta ff,” d esp ite a c o n tin u ity o f m a n a g e ria l,
tech n ic al, a n d econom ic ch a n g e in th e firm . T h is
case, p re sen ted below , d e ta ils a less f a m ila r s itu a ­
tio n a n d offers a so m ew h at d iffe ren t p re s c rip tio n
fo r m a n a g in g change.
1 See Solomon Barkin, eel., Technical Change and M anpower
Planning (Paris, Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development, 19&7), Industrial Relations Aspects of Manpower
Policy, Series 4.

ADJUSTING MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS

The Anonymous Firm
T h is firm , a lim ite d co m p an y , is ru n as a fa m ily
business b y M r. X a n d h is nephew s, w h o betw een
th em m a n a g e th e v a rio u s sales a n d a d m in is tra tiv e
d e p a rtm e n ts. I t is one o f th e 15 la rg e s t te x tile b u si­
nesses in F ra n c e , a n d one o f th e fo rem o st in its
p a r tic u la r field, t h a t o f h o siery a n d k n itw e a r, w ith
an a n n u a l tu rn o v e r o f a ro u n d 7.0 m illio n fra n c s
(U S $1.4 m illio n ) .
T h e firm is e x p a n d in g . I n 1950, it em p lo y ed 600
p e o p le ; in 1963, i t h a d tw o fa c to rie s a t Y , e m p lo y ­
in g 1,350, one fa c to ry a t C w ith a staff o f 500, an d
it h a s ju s t b o u g h t a ll th e sh a re s o f a firm in th e
sam e field w ith 250 em ployees, th u s b rin g in g th e
to ta l to 2,100.
I n a d d itio n to th e fa cto ries, i t ru n s a m ech anical
e n g in e e rin g w o rk sh o p em p lo y in g 150 people.
A sales n e tw o rk o f 50 sole re p re se n ta tiv e s covers
th e w hole o f F ra n c e . A t th e h e a d office th e re are
a b o u t 40 p eople w o rk in g e ith e r in th e g e n e ral
m a n a g e m e n t d e p a rtm e n t, o r th e a d v e rtis in g d e­
p a rtm e n t.
T h e firm w o rk s in d ire c t co m p e titio n w ith o th e r
firm s, b o th as re g a rd s sales a n d lab o r.
T h e sales o f goods m a n u fa c tu re d b y th e firm are
su b ject to flu c tu a tio n s caused b y ch an g es in fa s h ­
ion, a n d F re n c h a n d fo re ig n co m p e titio n h a s an
influence on cost, on th e use o f new m a te ria ls a n d
new tech n iq u es, a n d on th e c re a tio n o f m odels.
A s re g a rd s th e la b o r s itu a tio n , th e firm ’s p ro d u c ­
tio n is ce n te red in to w n Y , w h ich f o r g e n e ra tio n s
(since 1850) h a s been tra d itio n a lly in v o lv ed in
th e h o siery a n d k n itw e a r tra d e , a n d h a s a la rg e
p o p u la tio n o f sk ille d w orkers. T e n y e a rs ago, th e
firm w as able to r e c ru it sk ille d staff, b u t f o r sev ­
e ral y e a rs n o w th e re h as been a sh o rta g e o f m a n ­
p o w er cau sed by th e ex p a n sio n in th e h o siery an d
k n itw e a r tra d e , a n d b y th e o th e r in d u s trie s w hich
h av e been set u p in th e tow n.

Economies of Scale
T h e firm s i n th e to w n a re g o in g th ro u g h a p ro c ­
ess o f c o n c e n tra tio n b ro u g h t a b o u t b y th e need
fo r a c o n s ta n t in crease in th e r a te o f in v e stm en t


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37
fo r m o d e rn iz a tio n : sm all firm s d isa p p e a re d first,
a n d a t th e p re se n t tim e even m edium -sized firm s,
em p lo y in g betw een 200 a n d 250 people, are d is ­
a p p e a rin g .
W ith th is b a c k g ro u n d o f fierce co m p etitio n , it
is im p e ra tiv e f o r th e firm to u n d e rg o co n tin u o u s
change, as m u ch in tech n ic al a n d a d m in is tra tiv e
areas as in p ro d u c tio n .
I n th is stu d y we h av e trie d to assim ila te th e ex ­
p erience g ain e d b y th e firm o f a ll ty p e s o f change.
O ne o f th e firm ’s co n d itio n s o f su rv iv a l is its a b ility
to keep u p an accelerated ra te o f change. I t seem ed
to us t h a t i t w o u ld be m ore f r u itf u l to observe th e
firm “on its ow n g ro u n d ,” i.e., in th e c o n tex t of
co n tin u o u s change, r a th e r th a n to c o n c en trate on
a specific tech n ic al change. M oreover, th is g av e
us an o p p o rtu n ity to show how changes in g en e ral
o rg a n iz a tio n w ere in te g ra te d in to th e n o rm a l life
o f a firm .
T ec h n ical ch an g e in th e firm is d irec ted to w a rd s
exp an sio n , th e d iv ersificatio n o f goods, a n d a d ju s t­
m en t to econom ic co n ditions. I t b rin g s a b o u t con­
tin u e d ch an g es in p ro d u c tio n processes, eq u ip m en t,
an d w o rk in g m ethods.
B efo re 1953, th e firm m a n u fa c tu re d exclusively
artic le s o f hosiery. I n t h a t y ea r, a f te r m ech a n iza­
tio n h a d been in tro d u c e d in to p ro d u c tio n processes,
one o f th e firm ’s a c tiv itie s d isa p p e a re d — th e re p a ir
o f stockings. T h e co rre sp o n d in g w o rkshop, w ith
ab o u t 30 em ployees, becam e superfluous. T h e firm
th e n trie d to re tr a in th e ho siery r e p a ir w o rk ers, so
t h a t th ey co u ld s ta r t in a new b ra n c h , t h a t of
u n d erw ear. T o b eg in w ith , staff w ere selected ac­
c o rd in g to age, th e o ld est b ein g tra n s f e rre d to
o th e r w orkshops. Som e w o rk ers a d a p te d q u ick er
to u n d e rw e a r w o rk th a n o th ers, b u t th e tech n ic al
d e p a rtm e n t considers th a t th e success ach iev ed w as
due to a la rg e e x te n t to th e “co o p e ratio n o f th e
w o rk ers, w ho w ere fu lly aw are o f th e ris k th ey
w ere ta k in g .”
I n 1954, a new w o rk sh o p w as opened fo r th e
sm all-scale m ass p ro d u c tio n o f p u llo v ers, th e aim
b ein g to o b ta in co m p etitiv e sellin g prices. T h is e n ­
ta ile d tech n iq u es w h ich w ere v ery d iffe re n t fro m
n o rm a l m a k in g -u p processes. H ow ever, fro m th e
staff an g le, it w as m erely an a d d itio n to c u rre n t

38
p ro d u c tio n , a n d d id n o t cause a n y g r e a t c h a n g e s :
th e firm re c ru ite d ex p erien ced staff.
I n 1963, i t could be seen t h a t p ro d u c tio n o f th ese
new goods h a d ex p a n d e d to a p o in t w h e re i t w as
o v e rta k in g t h a t o f th e old goods. H o s ie ry now
re p resen ts 20 p e rc e n t o f th e firm ’s tu rn o v e r, u n d e r ­
w ear 25 p ercen t, a n d p u llo v e rs 50 p ercen t.
I n 1964, a f te r a n e ig h b o rin g firm h a d been ta k e n
over, tw o new lin es w ere begun.
A lo n g sid e th e la u n c h in g o f th ese new lines, th e
firm h a d to fo llo w m a rk e t tre n d s b y d ev e lo p in g
c u rre n t p ro d u c tio n .

Seam less Stockings
A n im p o rta n t ty p ic a l case o f c h a n g e w as th e
d isap p e a ra n c e o f th e seam ed sto ck in g , w hose sales
g ra p h s d ro p p e d alm ost v e rtic a lly b y 70 p e rc e n t
betw een 1961 a n d 1962, in fa v o r o f seam less sto ck ­
ing. P ro d u c tio n m eth o d s w ere d iffe ren t. A ch an g e
w as m ad e fro m th e “ R e a d in g ” m ach in e to sm all
c irc u la r “ S c o tt s ta n d a r d ” m ach in es, a n d , because
o f th e q u alifica tio n s re q u ire d i t w as n o t possible
to co n sid er th e t r a n s f e r o f h o siery a n d k n itw e a r
o p erativ e s fro m one m ach in e to th e o th e r. T h is
led to a tr a n s f e r o f m a n p o w e r fro m one fa c to ry
to a n o th e r w ith in th e tra d e , a c tu a lly w ith in
to w n Y .
T h e firm h a d n o t exp ected th is n ew lin e to h av e
an y fu tu r e in F ra n c e , a n d fu rth e rm o re , since th e
firm w as a lre a d y firm ly e stab lish ed on th e m a rk e t,
c u rre n t p ro d u c tio n a n d stocks o f th e o ld lin es sold
w ell f o r a lo n g tim e. T h e re s u lt w as t h a t th e firm
d id n o t im m e d ia tely n o tice th e d ro p in sales o f its
seam ed sto ck in g s, a n d w as a y e a r o r tw o la te in
s ta rtin g re tr a in in g , co m p ared w ith its co m p etito rs.

This delay gave the firm time to equip a machine
shop with seamless stocking machines and to obtain
the necessary staff, i.e., recruit new staff and train
young people. However, this situation left little
scope for the transfer and retraining of the hosiery
and knitwear operatives.
T h e firm h a d a su rp lu s o f 74 h o siery a n d k n i t ­
w ear o p e ra tiv e s w ho w o rk ed o n ly on th e o ld loom s.
F ir s t, all re tr a in in g p o ssib ilities in sid e th e firm s
w ere ex p lo ited , a n d secondly, v o lu n ta ry d e p a r ­
tu re s a n d re c a te g o riz a tio n o u tsid e th e firm w ere
en co u rag ed b y m a k in g th em fin a n c ia lly a d v a n ­


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

tageous. T h e age fo r th e re tire m e n t fu n d w as lo w ­
ered fro m 60 to 50. I n s p ite o f all th is, th e firm
h a d to d ism iss som e 20 o f th ese operativ es.

Modernization Through Computers
S ev eral d ates s ta n d o u t :
1948-50: a p p e a ra n c e o f th e “ R e a d in g ” o r “ C o t­
to n ” loom , w h ich re q u ire d m ore h ig h ly -sk ille d
operativ es.
1958: first la rg e p u rc h a se o f au to m a te d loom s
a t th e B ru ssels E x h ib itio n .
B u t c h a ra c te ristic o f th e firm a re th e c o n tin u a l
changes in tech n iq u es used f o r new p ro d u c ts to
increase p ro d u c tiv ity . A p o in te r h e re is t h a t fro m
1955 to 1963 th e firm d id n o t ch a n g e th e sellin g
p rice p e r u n it o f its m a in p ro d u c t. T h e in crease
in p ro d u c tiv ity h a s m ad e u p fo r th e differences
in cost du e to increases in th e p ric e o f ra w m a te ­
ria ls a n d th e w age in creases d u rin g th is p erio d .
T h is in crease in p ro d u c tiv ity is p rim a rily a t ­
trib u te d to th e im p ro v em en t o f th e te c h n ic a l side
o f m ech an izatio n . T h e firm h a s a w o rk sh o p w hich
desig n s alid c o n stru c ts p ro to ty p e m ach in es f o r each
ty p e o f p ro d u c t.
A lo n g sid e re searc h in to new m ach in es o f new
p ro d u c tio n processes, w o rk sim p lificatio n stu d ies
a n d th e c o rre sp o n d in g te a c h in g m eth o d s a re u n d e r­
tak en .
T h e firm m akes use o f specialists. F o r exam ple,
a G e rm an e x p e rt red esig n ed a m ach in e p ro d u c ed
by th e firm so as to in crease its p ro d u c tiv ity . T h is
re searc h consisted o f : (1) a m o tio n stu d y o f
eq u ip m en t a n d m a te ria ls u sed ; (2) a stu d y in to
m eth o d s fo r te a c h in g o p erativ es to a p p ly th e re ­
su lts o f th e m o tio n stu d y .
So as to a d ju s t its p ro d u c tio n r a te to d em an d
flu ctu atio n s, th e firm h a d to h av e a t its d isp o sal
ac c u ra te in fo rm a tio n on sales, stocks, a n d o rd e rs
fo r each article. P la n n in g a t th is stag e m eans
b asica lly p la n n in g tim e, th a t is to say, in th e sh o rtterm . I n 1960, w ith th is aim in view , th e firm in ­
sta lle d a co m p u te r to deal w ith sales statistics.
T h is b ro u g h t ab o u t in creased speed a n d effi­
ciency in th e sales d e p a rtm e n t, m ad e new tools
av a ila b le fo r e s tim a tin g th e success o f a p a r tic u la r
p ro d u c t a n d th e q u a n titie s to be p ro d u ced , an d
in creased th e firm ’s flex ib ility w ith in its m ark e t.

ADJUSTING MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS

I n th is b ra n c h o f th e co n su m er in d u s try , tra d e
fo reca sts d e te rm in e th e w hole o f th e firm ’s a c tiv ­
ity . T h e ac q u isitio n o f a c o m p u te r sym bolizes th e
d e te rm in a tio n to p u t tr a d e fo re c a sts on a scientific
basis. T h e firm p ro g ra m s a n d c o n tro ls its a d ju s t­
m e n t to m a rk e t c o n d itio n s w ith th e accu racy r e ­
q u ire d b y th is ty p e o f p ro d u c tio n . A t th e end o f
th e p ro d u c tio n cycle, s ta tis tic s o f stocks a n d o rd e rs
keep p ro d u c tio n a c c u ra te ly g e a re d to dem an d.
T h e sales d e p a rtm e n t is re sp o n sib le f o r o rd e rs
a n d th e ir execution. T h e p ro d u c tio n d e p a rtm e n t,
w hose a p p ro a c h is m o re em p iric a l, is re sp o nsible
fo r a ll th e in te rv e n in g s ta g e s : (1 ) p la n n in g fo r
a n d c o n s tru c tin g m ach in es su ita b le fo r each p r o d ­
u c t; (2 ) re d e p lo y in g a n d tr a in in g s ta ff; (3) en ­
su rin g t h a t p ro d u c tio n is k e p t w ith in c e rta in cost
lim its.

Forecasting
W ith in th e firm , tw o d iffe re n t fo re c a stin g
ra n g e s m ay be d is tin g u is h e d : (a ) d ev elo p m en t
a n d m o d e rn iz a tio n fo re c a sts connected w ith th e
g en e ra l lo n g -te rm e x p a n sio n o f th e firm ; (b )
s h o rt-te rm o p e ra tin g fo re c a sts fro m th e sales
cu rv e f o r each p a r tic u la r p ro d u c t.

Expansion forecasts co m p rise fo re c a sts o f p u r ­
chases o f la n d o r p ro p e rty , o r o f in v e stm e n t in
h ea v y eq u ip m e n t o rd e re d fro m o th e r firm s. So,
w h en b u y in g a loom , th e firm is d e p e n d e n t on th e
d eliv e ry tim e s im posed by th e m a n u fa c tu re rs ;
it ta k e s a y e a r to g e t a loom . I n th e sam e w ay,
electro n ic m a n a g e m e n t aid s h av e to be o rd e red
a t le a st 3 y e a rs in advance.
Business forecasts a re e sse n tially s h o rt-te rm
sales fo recasts. T h e y a re m a d e f o r 1 y ea r. F o r ex ­
am p le, in D ecem ber 1963, th e sales d e p a rtm e n t
fo re c a st 1964 sales f o r each ty p e o f p ro d u c t, a f te r
w hich th e p ro d u c tio n d e p a rtm e n t w o rk ed o u t th e
effect on eq u ip m e n t, staff, a n d th e ir d istrib u tio n .
S im ila rly , fo re c a sts a re m ad e ju s t f o r a y e a r f o r
all th e w o rk sh o p s ; in th e case o f th e d isa p p e a ra n c e
o f fu lly -fa s h io n e d sto ck in g s, step s w ere ta k e n to
re c la ssify th e staff, w here n ecessary , ro u g h ly a
y e a r in advance.
W h e n a new p ro d u c t is p u t on th e m a rk e t, th e
fo llo w in g fo re c a sts a re m ad e :


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39
(a ) sales fo recasts, in c o n su lta tio n w ith re p ­
re se n ta tiv e s; (b ) in v e stm e n t fo recasts, in c o n su lta ­
tio n w ith th e tech n ic al d e p a rtm e n t, w h ich decides
u p o n th e m ach in es re q u ired , a n d p la n s w o rk sh o p
la y o u t, staff, a n d job classification.
T h e p ro d u c tio n p ro g ra m s f o r each w o rk sh o p are
decided u p o n once a m o n th . S to c k a n d o rd e r s ta ­
tistic s d eterm in e th e p r io r ity w h ich th e w o rk sh o p s
w ill g iv e to th e o rd er.

Hiring From Within
I t is th e firm ’s po licy a t p re s e n t n o t to ta k e on
staff fro m o u tsid e ; “ w h en ev er a job fa lls v a c a n t,
it is filled fro m in sid e th e fa c to ry .”
“W e h av e a la rg e p e rm a n e n t staff, v e ry m an y
o f w hom h av e been w ith th e firm f o r a lo n g tim e ;
i t is n o t u n u su a l to find p eo p le w ho h av e been w ith
us fo r 15 o r 20 a n d even 30 y ears. T h is m ak es fo r
c e rta in re stric tio n s : it is difficult to put. p eo p le fro m
o u tsid e in p o sitio n s o f a u th o rity o v er th e o ld e r
em ployees.”
“ T h e sam e th in g h a p p e n s w hen a new p ro d u c t
is b ro u g h t o u t; a t first ev ery b o d y accepts it, a n d
ta k e s on m o re w o rk ; in p rin c ip le , no new sta ff are
ta k e n o n .”
P re c a u tio n s a re ta k e n so t h a t no w o rk sh o p is
allow ed to am ass a su rp lu s o f u n sk ille d la b o r w h ich
th e firm w ill n o t necessarily re q u ire in th e lo n g ­
te rm : f o r exam ple, fo r one p a r tic u la r ra n g e o f
goods, th e p ro d u c tio n o f rib b o rd e rs f o r p u llo v ers
re q u ire d an o p e ra tio n to be c a rrie d o u t on each
b o rd er. I n view o f th e ex p a n sio n o f sales, th e very
s h o rt-te rm fo reca st w as t h a t th is w o rk sh o p w ould
re q u ire a staff o f 60. T h is u n sk ille d , m onotonous
w o rk w as done by old people, a n d i f th e staff o f
th is w o rk sh o p h a d been allow ed to ex p a n d , serious
reem p lo y m en t difficulties w o u ld h av e been en ­
co u n tered w hen th is p a r tic u la r ra n g e w as sto p p ed .
T h e tech n ic al d e p a rtm e n t th e re fo re d eveloped a
m ach in e w h ich w ou ld h a n d le 700 rib b o rd e rs
sim u ltan eo u sly . O n ly th re e o p erativ es a re n o w r e ­
q u ire d in th is section.
C h an g es in p ro d u c tio n a re r a p id a n d re q u ire
c o n tin u a l a n d im m e d ia te m ech a n izatio n o f p ro d u c ­
tio n processes. M ec h an izatio n m eans fewTe r changes
in staff s tre n g th a n d av o id s p ro b lem s a ris in g fro m

40

continual staff transfers and periodic hiring of
new staff.
I t can be seen that employment policy, though it
is empirical and cannot be forecast in the long­
term, is a policy of prudence and economy, based
on trying to prevent problems of staff strength
and staff transfers.
Automation has not brought about an increase
in qualifications required of employees.
It is estimated by the personnel department that,
under conditions of expansion, a 20-percent in­
crease in the number of workers would be accom­
panied by a 10-percent increase in the number of
technicians.
The vast majority of the workers employed by
the firm are specialized workers for whom experi­
ence is more necessary than actual qualifications,
which explains why the changes have not, on the
whole, brought with them difficult training
problems.
Training of specialized workers is short; it takes
the form of a 6- to 14-week training course. After­
wards, the firm considers that 1 year’s working ex­
perience is required for “normal” productivity to
be reached.
For training, the firm uses what was originally
an employer’s training center, the “Hosiery and
Knitwear Center,” an accelerated apprentice center
for female operatives. Trainees are paid by the
Ministry of Labor. In addition there is the Pro­
ductivity Center, where courses are given for
technicians and supervisors on timekeeping,
method organization, teaching methods and an in­
troduction to scientific management. Training is
carried out partly at the school and partly in the
factory.
Employee A ttitudes

The Board meets every month, at which time
staff representatives are informed of new projects
as and when decisions are made. They are also
informed of sales curves and are made aware of
slack periods or backlogs in the various workshops,
and of the future of all the products.
Product changes are in general welcomed by
the staff: “the work is very repetitive, and it breaks


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

the monotony.” Then again, when one particular
branch of production stops, the employees know
the risks involved and, apart from age considera­
tions, the firm generally obtains their cooperation
when trying to integrate them into a new work
field.
The staff is well aware that these changes are
a necessary economic part of the firm’s life. They
know that similar firms are disappearing and that
in the long run their security of employment de­
pends upon the firm being dynamic. It is lack of
change which would be disturbing.
The firm is consequently in a state of continuous
change, while keeping a permanent staff. Within
the firm itself staff are not interchangeable, not
particularly because jobs are specialized, but for
psychological reasons: female employees refuse to
change workshops or even cloakrooms, since they
feel at home where they are. They do not easily
settle in under a new supervisor. Since the work­
shop is a psychological unit, each type of product
has to be allocated within the workshop.
Adapting to Changes

From the very start of this industry, piecework
has been the traditional method of payment since
it seemed most suited to the extreme divison of
labor and to the repetitive nature of the jobs.
Moreover, it appeared to be a fair method, as each
is paid according to his work.
This naturally only concerns staff working on
an hourly basis, since mechanics and fitters, being
highly skilled, are on a monthly basis.
In 1953-54, the firm was the first in its field to
adopt a two-part wage system, with a relatively
large proportion as fixed wages, representing about
two-thirds of the wage, and only one-third remain­
ing as piecework.
This wage system appeared to have certain ad­
vantages for the staff, particularly in the circum­
stances in which it was adopted—in a new work­
shop using a new material which had only just
been brought out. This made for a reduction in
technical risks and avoided fluctuations in wages.
But after being the first with the “two-part
wage system,” the firm came back to piecework
following the technical changes of 1958-59.

ADJUSTING MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS

The major drawback of the two-part wage sys­
tem was that it did not give enough incentive to
the most expert workers, and it encouraged them
to move to other firms. The output of one operative
could in fact be as much as twice that of another.
However, according to the personnel depart­
ment, the piecework system is not satisfactory:
“each time a method is changed, the operative
starts by losing money, but in the end she benefits
after a period of recoupment during which we
guarantee her wages (and we guarantee this as
long as progress can be made in adapting to the
new work).” After progress has been made in
mechanization or method study, operatives manage
to produce 25 to 30 percent more without any extra
effort. This leads to wage disputes which to some
extent act as a brake on technical progress.
The firm has to recover part of its investment
in machines or design by higher productivity.
But the individual operative has no hand in this
improvement in her output, and selection of oper­
atives for working the new machines is likely to
be questioned by the other operatives who remain
at their old output. Consequently the firm lowers
the piecework rates for the new machines, thereby
causing discontent among the workers.
The present shortage of labor in this field makes
this problem of wage settlement even more acute.
Other firms in town Y follow a much freer and


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41
more fluctuating employment policy: in certain
circumstances, they take on people at any price,
only to dismiss them again a few months later if
this proves to be necessary.
On the production side, the firm’s manpower
policy is one of quick adaptation to changing needs.
This is possible only because the production de­
partment is to a certain extent self-sufficient as
regards the means of production. Using data and
orders from the sales department, the production
department provides for and decides upon the
means of production, and constructs them as and
when required, thus allowing a production rate to
be followed without dependence on outside agents.
Consequently it organizes, selects and trains staff,
and it coordinates and controls all production.
The indivisibility of jobs which there is at this
level is based on the knowledge that the production
department has of its staff and of the techniques
used. Production changes are carried out with a
permanent stable staff used to repetitive tasks.
This empirical method used by the firm when
adapting to changes proves particularly effective
in the case of short-term changes. More sweeping
changes require more detailed and longer-term
programing. Retrained hosiery and knitwear
operatives for example, could not be reabsorbed
by the normal machinery of the firm, which had
to resort to special measures.

42

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

Common Paradox: White-Collar
Organization in Britain
E ditor’s N ote.— The following is taken from

chapters I I and I I I of “Trade Union Growth
and Recognition,” Research Paper 6 of the
Royal Commission on Trade Unions and
Employers'1 Associations, written lay George
S. Bain of Nuffield College.
T he growth of the white-collar labor force1 is
one of the most outstanding characteristics of the
economic and social development of the twentieth
century. In every major industrial country in the
world the number of white-collar workers is
rapidly increasing. This growth is both absolute
and relative; not only are the total number of
white-collar workers increasing, but also the pro­
portion of these workers in the labor force.
While the growth of the white-collar occupa­
tions has not been as large in Britain as in some
other countries, it nevertheless has been significant.
Between 1911 and 1961, the number of whitecollar workers increased by 147 percent, while the
number of manual workers increased by only 2
percent, having actually decreased in numbers
since 1931. The disparate growth of these two
groups is reflected in the increasing relative im­
portance of the white-collar occupations. The
white-collar section of the labor force increased
from 18.7 percent to 35.9 percent of the total be­
tween 1911 and 1961, while the manual share de­
creased from 74.6 percent to 59.3 percent. During
this same period the remaining section of the labor
force, the employers and proprietors, showed a
slight tendency to decline, this decline being
balanced to some extent by an increase in the
number of managers and administrators.2

Proportion of Labor Force

Although the white-collar labor force as a whole
has increased enormously, there are significant
differences in the amount of growth of its con­
stituent occupational groups. It is clear that the
clerks have claimed most of the ground yielded by
the manual workers. During the period under re­
view clerical occupations grew by 260 percent and


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increased their share of the total labor force from
4.5 percent to 12.7 percent. The growth in the pro­
portionate share of the other white-collar occupa­
tional groups has been more moderate: The shop
assistants maintained a remarkable constancy;
the foremen and inspectors increased their share
from 1.3 percent to 2.9 percent; the managers and
administrators from 3.4 percent to 5.4 percent;
the lower professionals and technicians from 3.1
percent to 6.0 percent; and the higher professionals
from 1 percent to 3 percent.
The very broad occupational classifications tends
to obscure the extraordinary increase in the sci­
entific and technical occupations. Although the
total number of such workers is relatively small,
they are increasing more rapidly than any other
component of the white-collar work force. It was
not until the 1921 Census of Population that
draftsmen and laboratory assistants were con­
sidered sufficiently important groups to merit a
separate classification. Since that time the number
of draftsmen has increased by 376 percent, pro­
fessional scientists and engineers by 688 percent,
and laboratory technicians by 1,820 percent. If the
high growth rates of these occupations continue,
the occupational composition of the future whitecollar labor force will be considerably changed.
The large and growing proportion of women in
the white-collar labor force is one of its most
1 In this paper the concept of the white-collar labor force has
been taken in its widest context, and where there has been any
doubt as to whether an occupation was white-collar or manual
(e.g., foremen and shop assistan ts) it has been included in the
white-collar group. More specifically, the follow ing broad occu­
pational categories have been taken as composing the whitecollar group : government adm inistrators and executive officials ;
foremen, overlookers, and supervisors ; professionals ; scientists,
technologists, and technicians ; specially “creative” occupations
such as artists, m usicians, and entertainers ; clerical and admin­
istrative w ork ers; salesmen, commercial travellers, and shop as­
sistan ts ; and security personnel. Where the governm ent’s occu­
pational classification system s permit, managerial grades in
private industry have been excluded from the white-collar em­
ployee group. In modern, large-scale private industry it is the
managers who generally control the operation of the business and
direct the labor force. Functionally, therefore, they perform the
role of employer and cannot be realistically considered part of the
trade union potential. To date, only managerial grades in the
public sector have shown any general desire to join trade unions.
2 This decline in the employer and proprietor group should be
interpreted w ith caution. Although there is a legal distinction
between an employer and a manager, in social science the dividing
line is more im aginary than real, for an employer becomes a
manager as soon as his business is incorporated. The trend
towards the incorporation of business enterprises is at least part
of the explanation for the decline in employers and proprietors
and the increase in managers and administrators. On this point
see Guy Routh, Occupation and P ay in G reat B ritain (Cambridge,
Cambridge U niversity Press, 1965), pp. 19-21.

43

WHITE-COLLAR ORGANIZATION IN BRITAIN

noticeable characteristics. Between 1911 and 1961
the proportion of women in white-collar jobs in­
creased from 29.8 percent to 44.5 percent. Al­
though there were relatively few women in the
higher professions or the managerial and super­
visory grades, they formed a majority among the
lower professionals,3 shop assistants, and clerical
workers. The most significant substitution of
women for men occurred among clerical grades
during the First World War. Between 1911 and
1921, the number of male clerks increased a little
more slowly than the occupied population, while
the number of female clerks increased more than
three times. In general terms, the increased num­
ber of women in the white-collar occupations is
explained by: the increased demand for whitecollar skills in the face of relatively full employ­
ment, shorter hours, earlier marriage, mechaniza­
tion of housekeeping, improved educational
opportunity, and the particular attraction and
suitability of many of the white-collar occupations
for women.
Part of the increase in white-collar employment
can be explained by the shift of total employment
from the primary sector, and to a much lesser ex­
tent from the secondary sector, to the tertiary or
service sector of the economy—that sector with the
highest proportion of white-collar employees. The
primary or agricultural sector of the economy has
steadily declined while the service sector has in­
creased. During the period 1881 to 1951, gains in
the service sector were made primarily at the ex­
pense of the agricultural labor force. Contrary to
popular belief, neither the rise of white-collar
employment nor the decline of manual employ­
ment can be explained by any serious decline in
the secondary or manufacturing sector, the tradi­
tional manual stronghold. Although manufactur­
ing employment as a percentage of total employ­
ment has fluctuated, it has held up remarkably
well over the whole period.
3
The high proportion of women among the lower professionals
at such an early date is explained by the preponderance of the
traditional female occupations— teaching and nursing— in this
occupational group. Likewise, the decline in the proportion of
women in this group over the years is largely explained by the
influx of men into these “fem ale” occupations. Men accounted
for alm ost the entire increase in the number of teachers between
1911 and 1961. Even in nursing, men accounted for alm ost 10
percent of the total in 1961.
* Routh, op. cit., pp. 41-2. Salesmen and shop assistan ts were
not classified separately so it is not possible to determine the
industrial effect on this group.


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While manufacturing employment as a whole
has remained fairly constant, there are consider­
able differences between the growth rates of one
manufacturing industry and another. For ex­
ample, the growth of the chemical industry which
has a very high proportion of white-collar em­
ployees, and the decline of the clothing and foot­
wear industry which has a very low proportion of
white-collar employees, have obviously worked in
favor of increased white-collar employment. One
scholar who has analyzed the effects of industrial
change on occupational distribution in much
greater detail than is permitted by the scope of the
present study concludes:
For both lower and higher professionals, the
growth of industries has been more potent than their
proportions within each industry; for clerical work­
ers and foremen, the reverse has been true—it is
their increased proportions within industries that
have given the strongest impetus to their growth.4

A more detailed picture of the white-collar
labor force in manufacturing is given below, not
only because statistical data are more plentiful for
this sector of the economy than for others, but also
because manufacturing industries are 'the major
“commanding height” of the economy and offer the
trade union movement the largest untapped poten­
tial of white-collar employees.
Strategic Sector

Between 1901 and 1963 the white-collar work
force in manufacturing increased by 377 percent
whereas the manual work force grew by only 32
percent, having actually decreased in numbers
since 1954. The growth of white-collar occupations
in manufacturing is also reflected in the fact that
over this period their share of the labor force in­
creased from 8 percent to 23.8 percent.
The system of industrial classification has been
changed so often since the turn of the century that
it is not possible to obtain a picture of the chang­
ing composition of the work force in individual
manufacturing industries over any length of time.
The changing composition of the labor force is
most marked in the chemical industry and to a
lesser extent in the engineering; vehicle; and pa­
per, printing, and publishing industries. The in­
dustries least affected by the development are
clothing and footwear; textiles; leather, leather
goods and fur.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

44
The most outstanding characteristic of the occu­
pational distribution is the overwhelming numer­
ical importance of clerks in the white-collar labor
force of every manufacturing industry. In manu­
facturing as a whole, clerks comprise just short
of 50 percent of total white-collar employment:
Their share ranges from a low of 31.6 percent in
shipbuilding to over 60 percent in leather, leather
goods, and fur; timber and furniture; and paper,
printing, and publishing. The rest of the labor
force is divided fairly equally between foremen
(16.2 percent) ; scientists, technologists, and tech­
nicians (17.8 percent) ; and other white-collar
workers (16.5 percent). There are significant vari­
ations from these overall trends in the different
industries. Scientists, technologists, and techni­
cians are of much greater importance in engineer­
ing, chemicals, vehicles, and shipbuilding than in
the other industries; foremen are of greater im­
portance in textiles and shipbuilding than else­
where.
As in the economy as a whole, women form a
significant proportion, 36.8 percent in 1964, of the
manufacturing white-collar labor force. But in
manufacturing their numbers are largely restricted
to one occupational group—clerks. Women are
relatively unimportant in the scientific, technical,
and supervisory occupations, except in the clothing
and footwear, and to a lesser extent, in the textile
industries where there are a high proportion of
females in all the white-collar occupations.
Importance to the Labor Movement

The number of white-collar workers in Britain
is rapidly increasing. Already almost 4 out of 10
workers are white-collar employees. There is every
likelihood that this trend will continue and that
the future is to be one dominated by white-collar
workers. The American economy has already
reached a point where the white-collar employees
outnumber the manual employees, and if present
occupational trends continue in Britain, this point
will be reached here during the 1980’s.
The relevance of these labor force trends to the
question of trade unionism requires little elabora­
tion. The power and influence of the trade union
movement largely depends upon the size of its
membership and, in particular, upon the “density”
of its membership in various industries and occu­

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pations. If the trade union movement is to main­
tain its relative position in the power structure of
Britain, it will have to organize these white-collar
workers. If it does not or cannot, the best it will
achieve is numerical stability within an increas­
ingly narrow band of the occupational distribu­
tion, and its ability even to advance the interests
of its manual membership will be seriously
impaired.
Union Growth

Viewed over the long run the growth of British
trade unionism is most impressive. Although total
union membership has fluctuated widely with
changes in the social and economic environment,
the long-run trend has been steadily upwards. (See
table.) Between 1892 and 1964 trade union mem­
bership increased from 1.5 million to slightly over
10 million, while the number of employees in­
creased from 14.1 million to 23.6 million. Union
T

o tal

U

n io n

M

e m b e r s h ip

in

th e

U

n it e d

K

in g d o m

,

1 892-1964
[Numbers in thousands]

Year

Labor
force

1892
1901
1911
1921
1931
1933
1938
1948
1949___________
1950___________
1951___________
1952___________
1953___________

1 14,126
15, 795
17, 555
li, 618
19| 328
19, 498
20, 258
20, 767
20; 818
21, 096
21, 222
21, 322
21, 401

1954______________

21, 718

1955___________
1956___________
1957___________
1958___________
1959___________
1960___________
1961___________
1962___________
1963___________
1964___________

21,990
22, 230
22,382
22,346
22,404
22,764
23, 037
23,354
23,470
23, 616

Total
Annual
union
percent
change in member­
labor force
ship

+0.2
+1.3
+ .6
+ .5
+ .4
+ 1 .5

+1.3
+1.1
+ .7
- .2
+ .3
+1.6
+1.2
+1.4
+ .5
+ .6

1, 576
2,025
3,139
6,633
4,624
4, 392
6,053
9, 362
9, 318
9,289
9, 535
9, 588
9,527
9,566
9,738
9, 776
9,827
9, 636
9,621
9,832
9,893
9,883
9,928
10, 065

Annual Density of
union
percent
change in member­
union
ship (per­
member­
cent)
ship

- 0 .5
- .3
+2.6
+ .6
- .6
+. 4
+1.8
+ .4
+ .5
- 1 .9
- .2
+2.2
+ .6
-. 1
+ .5
+1.4

11.2
12.8
17.9
37.6
23.9
22.5
29.9
45.1
44.8
44.0
44.9
45.0
44.5
4 4 .0

44.3
44. 0
43.9
43.1
42. 9
43. 2
42.9
42.3
42.3
42. 6

1 This figure relates to 1891.
Source : The trade union membership figures are those published annually
by the Ministry of Labour. The latest figures published can be found m
“ Membership of Trade Unions in 1964,” M in istry of L abour Gazette, Novem­
ber 1965, pp. 480-1. The labor force figures for 1959-64 are from the “ Number
of Employees (Employed and Unemployed) June 1964,” M in istry o f L abour
Gazette, February 1965, pp. 61 and 64. The figures for 1948-58 were supplied
from unpublished data by the Ministry of Labour and are on a comparable
basis to the 1959-64 series. The figures exclude employers, self-employed, and
members of the armed forces, but include the unemployed. The labor force
figures for 1891, 1901, 1911, 1921, 1931, 1933, and 1938 were derived in modified
form from A. L. Bowley, Wages and Incom e in the United K in g d o m Since labu
(Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1937), pp. 134-5 and his Stu d ies
in the N a tio n a l Incom e 1924-1938 (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,
1944), p. 56.

WHITE-COLLAR ORGANIZATION IN BRITAIN

membership therefore increased by 539 percent
while potential union membership increased by
only 67 percent. As a result, the overall density of
unionization 5 increased from a little over 11 per­
cent to almost 43 percent.
Viewed over the immediate short run the growth
of British trade unionism is much less impressive.
Lately many signs have appeared which suggest
that an area of stabilization is following upon the
last great upsurge of union growth which began
around 1933. During the 15 years between 1933 and
1948, actual union membership increased by 113
percent while potential union membership in­
creased by only 6.5 percent. But, during the 16
years between 1948 and 1964, union membership
increased by only 8 percent while potential union
membership increased by 14 percent.
These disparate increases in actual and potential
union membership are reflected by changes in the
density of unionization. Although union density
figures are not continuously available prior to 1948,
it is fairly clear that union density increased stead­
ily from 1933 to 1946-47 when it reached a peak
of 45-47 percent. Since that time, there has been
a gradual but certain decline in union density. For
density to increase, actual union membership must
grow faster than potential union membership.
This condition has only existed in 5 of the 16 years
from 1948 to 1964, and, for the period as a whole,
potential union membership increased almost twice
as much as actual union membership. Con­
sequently, the overall density of unionization de­
clined from 45.1 percent in 1948 to 42.6 percent in
1964.
There are two major reasons for the decline in
the growth rate of unionism and in overall union
density. The first is the changing pattern of em­
ployment which was described above. There has
been a shrinkage of employment in a number of
basic industries which have a long tradition of
union activity and the highest density of member­
ship—railways, coal mining, national government,
cotton, and manual employment in general.6 At
the same time there has been a steady expansion of
employment in those areas which have proved
most difficult to organize and have a relatively low
density of unionization—professional and business
services; insurance, banking, and finance; distribu­
tion; chemicals; food, drink, and tobacco; and
274-948 0 - 87 - 4


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45
white-collar occupations in all industries. But not
all the industrial redistribution of employment
has worked against the unions. Employment in
agriculture, a low density industry, declined while
employment in metals and engineering and in
paper, print, and publishing expanded, although
a large proportion of this increase was composed
of white-collar employees. Nevertheless, it is clear
that on balance the industrial tide has been run­
ning against the trade union movement. In the
10 areas where employment expanded most rapidly
between 1948-64, density of unionization was in
every case less than 60 percent and in three of these
areas it was 20 percent or less. In the 10 industries
where employment expanded the least or declined,
density of unionization was in every case over 20
percent and in five of these areas it was over 60
percent. Clearly, union density is highest in the
declining industries and lowest in the expanding
industries, and this is causing the overall density
of unionization to fall.
The second factor explaining the diminishing
growth rate of unionism and the decrease in over­
all density is that the unions are not recruiting
members quickly enough among the expanding
areas of employment, in particular among the
white-collar occupations, to offset the decline in the
traditional industries and among manual workers
generally. Density of unionization declined in 8
of the 14 expanding industries between 1948-60.
Moreover, in spite of the increase in trade union­
ism among white-collar employees between 194864 being over thirty times greater than the increase
among manual workers, this growth was not suf­
ficient to increase or even maintain the overall
density of unionization. In order to maintain, let
alone extend, its numerical strength, the labor
movement must increase even further its rate of
growth among white-collar employees.
5 The “density” of union membership is given by the follow ing
formula : Actual Union M em bership/Potential Union Membership
(Number of Civil Employees) X 100. This concept has also been
referred to as the “percentage organized,” “real membership,” the
“degree of unionization,” and “com pleteness.” The “density of
union membership” is the accepted B ritish terminology and is
generally used throughout this study. Sometimes the term “real
membership” is used.
8 The fact that employment has declined in these industries
does not necessarily mean that union density has also declined.
In spite of a decline in employment in cotton, agriculture, coal
mining, and national government, the density of unionization in
these industries has increased.

46
Increase in White-Collar Membership

To assess the growth and present extent of
white-collar unionism in Britain is a most difficult
task. It is necessary to obtain the membership
figures of each of almost 600 unions operating in
Britain and classify them into manual and whitecollar categories. Moreover, more than 20 percent
of total white-collar union membership belongs to
partially white-collar unions, and they do not al­
ways compile separate figures for their whitecollar membership. In a sense, almost every man­
ual union in Britain is a partially white-collar
union because most of them take foremen into
membership. Unfortunately very few of these
unions keep separate membership figures for this
occupational category. In spite of all these diffi­
culties some conclusions regarding the growth and
extent of white-collar unionism can be drawn.
Of the 591 unions operating in the United King­
dom in 1964, there were approximately 280 purely
white-collar unions and at least 19 partially whitecollar unions. Forty-three of the purely whitecollar unions and all the partially white-collar
unions were affiliated to the Trades Union Con­
gress (TUC). Total white-collar union member­
ship in 1964 was 2,623,000 and close to 1,711,000
of this total was affiliated to the TUC; this rep­
resented almost 20 percent of total TUC member­
ship. In short, one in four trade unionists are
white-collar employees and slightly more than 65
percent of them are affiliated to the TUC.
The growth of white-collar unionism has been
an extremely important factor in the post-war
development of the TUC. In fact, almost the entire
expansion of the TUC since the war has been due
to the increase in its affiliated white-collar mem­
bership. Between 1948-64 the affiliated member­
ship of the TUC expanded by 11 percent. This
average overall expansion resulted from an in­
crease of 79 percent in the affiliated membership
of purely white-collar unions, and an increase of
only 4 percent in the affiliated membership of
manual and partially white-collar unions.
Although the above TUC figures exaggerate the
actual growth of white-collar unionism, it has
nevertheless increased substantially in total
amount since 1948. Between 1948-64, the “adjust­
ed” white-collar membership affiliated to the TUC
expanded by 36.2 percent while that portion of the
total which remained unaffiliated grew by 29 per­

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

cent. Total white-collar unionism increased by 33.6
percent as opposed to an increase in total manual
unionism of only 0.6 percent.
Taken by themselves these white-collar growth
figures are most impressive. To determine their
real significance, however, changes in the whitecollar labor force during the post-war period must
also be taken into account. Although the govern­
ment does not publish figures of the number of
white-collar employees in the economy as a whole,
it is possible to obtain some rough estimates by per­
forming a few arithmetical manipulations. During
the period 1948-64 when total white-collar union
membership increased by 33.6 percent, the whitecollar labor force increased by 32.4 percent. During
this same period when manual union membership
increased by 0.6 percent, the manual labor force
increased by 4.6 percent. In other words, the over­
all density of white-collar unionism has increased
only very slightly while the overall density of man­
ual unionism has fallen slightly.
In fact, the density of total white-collar union­
ism only increased from 28.8 percent to 29.0 per­
cent between 1948-64, while the density of manual
unionism declined from 53.1 percent to 51.0 per­
cent. There is also a significant difference in the
density of unionism between men and women.
Density of unionization among both manual and
white-collar female workers is considerably less
than among male workers. Moreover, the density
of unionization among female white-collar workers
has remained more or less constant since 1948.
Because of a lack of detail in the systems of
classifying both labor force and union membership
figures, it has only been possible to obtain rough
estimates of the real growth of white-collar union­
ism. Nevertheless, the relative changes in the size
of white-collar union membership and the whitecollar labor force are so nearly equal that, even
granted an error of a few percentage points, it is
obvious that at the very best the density of whitecollar unionism in the economy as a whole could
have increased only very slightly.
Marking Time

The growth of union membership in the post­
war period will hardly excite or reassure a realistic
supporter of trade unionism. The trade union
movement must do much better than simply keep
up with changes in the labor force. Even if both

WHITE-COLLAR ORGANIZATION IN BRITAIN

white-collar and manual membership had in­
creased sufficiently to maintain their respective
densities, the density of total union membership
would still have declined because the high density
manual sector of the labor force was contracting
while the low density white-collar sector was ex­
panding. Thus the trade union movement is at
present faced with the paradoxical situation that
in order simply to mark time, it must advance.
T}ie degree of unionization among white-collar
employees is considerably less than that found
among manual workers. In Britain only 3 out of
10 white-collar workers belong to a union whereas
5 out of 10 manual wmrkers are members. More­
over, the vast majority of white-collar union mem­
bership is concentrated in the public sector of the
economy. While roughly 8 out of 10 white-collar
employees in public employment belong to a trade
union, only 1 out of 10 are union members in pri­
vate manufacturing employment.
Since 1948, the absolute amount of white-collar
unionism has increased greatly. This has prompted
many people to speak of a boom in white-collar
unionism. Such people are suffering from a growth
illusion which results from considering changes
in union membership in isolation from changes in
the labor force. In real terms this membership
boom is nonexistent. In spite of the phenomenal
growth of some white-collar unions, white-collar
unionism in general has done little more than keep
abreast of the increasing white-collar labor force,
and the density of white-collar unionism has not
increased significantly during the post-war period.
Of even greater importance, the growth of trade
unionism among white-collar employees has not
been sufficient to offset a decline in the density of
manual unionism or to prevent a decline in the
density of total unionism. Thus despite all the re­
cruiting activity of white-collar unions during the
post-war period, the real membership strength of
white-collar unions in general is roughly the same
today as it was in 1948, while the real membership
7 W illia m M c C a r th y , The F uture of the Unions (L o n d o n ,
F a b ia n S o c ie ty , T r a c t N o . 3 3 9 , 1 9 6 2 ) , p . 4.
8 S o lo m o n B a r k in , The Decline of the Labor M ovem ent and
W hat Can Be Done A bout I t ( S a n t a B a r b a r a , C a lif., C e n te r fo r
t h e S t u d y o f D e m o c r a tic I n s t it u t io n s , 1 9 6 1 ) , p. 6.


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47
strength of manual unionism and the trade union
movement as a whole' has actually decreased.
It would be a mistake to underestimate the im­
portance of manual workers to the trade union
movement. They still constitute a majority of all
employees and in many areas they are still poorly
organized. If union membership among manual
workers could be expanded to its numerical limit,
this alone would greatly increase the strength of
the trade union movement. But it would be stra­
tegically unwise for the union movement to ignore
the expanding white-collar labor force and con­
centrate on increasing its membership among the
remaining pockets of unorganized manual workers.
There are already close to 9 million white-collar
employees in Britain and they are increasing so
rapidly that by the 1980’s they should outnumber
the manual workers. If trade unions focus their
attention on the manual labor force, they will be
concentrating on the least dynamic group in mod­
ern society—a group which is constantly losing its
younger and abler members to other sections of
society. They will run the risk of becoming “the
increasingly outdated representatives of a declin­
ing industrial minority.” 7
At this juncture in the history of the British
trade union movement, its ability to be a dynamic
and expanding force in our society is in doubt. Yet
from the viewpoint of the trade union movement
expansion is essential. I t has been well argued by
a former official of the American labor movement
that:
. . . an institution that does not grow tends to stag­
nate and atrophy, and that the trade union movement
cannot adequately serve its following if it is not ex­
panding. Restrictions on the area of union organiza­
tion necessarily circumscribe the movement’s economic
power and political prestige even in the sectors where
it is most powerful. It must constantly seek to capture
the leadership of new unorganized groups in order
to maintain the buoyancy of social leadership, the
role of innovator in working conditions and employee
benefits, and the position of social and industrial
critic to which it is committed.8

Whether the British trade union movement stag­
nates or expands in the second half of the twentieth
century will largely depend upon its willingness
and ability to organize white-collar employees.

48

The Administration of Large
Pension Plans
A lthough the N ation’s 100 largest retirement
plans account for less than one-half of 1 percent
of the total number, their assets represent more
than half the assets of all self-insured plans.1
In addition, these 100 plans cover over 5 million
workers and their dependents. According to re­
ports filed with the Office of Labor-Management
and Welfare-Pension Reports (LMWP) of the
Department of Labor during 1960-64, the large
plans have certain characteristics which differ
from the other programs.2

A ssets of the Plans

The enormous rise in the assets of the 100 larg­
est retirement plans over the 5-year period (to
$26.4 billion from $17.9 billion) is paralleled by
the rise in assets for all private pension and de­
ferred profit-sharing plans (to $51.9 billion from
$33.1 billion) as reported in data from the Securi­
ties and Exchange Commission.3 The overall fi­
nancial picture for the 100 largest retirement
plans is set forth in table 1.
The value of common stock held totaled $6.5
billion in 1960 and accounted for 36 percent of
total assets, compared with a total of $11.9 billion
in 1964 which accounted for 45 percent of total
assets. Among all private plans included in the
SEC universe, the proportion of assets invested in
common stock was 32 percent in 1960 and 40 per­
cent in 1964.
Those plans with profit-sharing, savings, and
stock purchase provisions tended to weight the
proportion of common stock held by the 100 plans
as a whole. In 1964, the 100 included 17 with profitsharing, savings, and stock purchase provisions;
their investments in common stock represented 77
percent of their total assets, as compared with 34
percent for plans without profit-sharing, savings,
and stock purchase provisions. As an illustration
of this difference, among the four plans which re­
ported assets of $1 billion or more in 1964, there
was one plan, a savings and profit-sharing plan,
which reported 95 percent of its total assets in­
vested in common stock. Another plan of the same
magnitude, which enabled employees to supple­

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

ment their future pension benefits through volun­
tary participation in a savings and stock purchase
fund, reported 73 percent of its total assets in­
vested in common stock. On the other hand, two
plans with $1 billion or more in assets, which did
not include such provisions, reported 39 percent
and 37 percent of their assets invested in common
stock in 1964.
Changes in Rank

The composition of the 100 largest plans and
their ranking within the group changed from year
to year, but there were 90 plans which remained
within the group in each of the 5 years. In 1964,
as shown below, 74 of the plans had assets of $100
million or more, compared with 44 plans of this
size in 1960:
Number of plans
Assets by size of plan
Total, 100 largest retirement
plans _ _ ____
___
$1 billion or more-_ . .
$500 to 999 million_____ . . . . . .
$250 to 499 million____ ____ _
$100 to 249 million.. _______ _ _
Less than $100 million___. . .

1964
100
4
7
15
48
26

1960
100
3
4
11
26
56

Percent of assets
1964
100.0
25.3
18.5
20.2
27.2
8.8

1960
100.0
21.5
13.6
20.9
22.5
21.5

The 10 plans which ranked highest in assets in
1964 retained the same relative position they had
held 5 years earlier. At the low end of the scale,
there was considerable shifting in the relative rank
and size of the plans.

1 Self-insured plans are those which hold their assets in a
trust or separately maintained fund as opposed to plans funded
through an insurance carrier.
2 The W elfare and Pension Plans D isclosure Act (W PPDA)
requires that plan administrators m ust file plan descriptions
(Form D - l ) for all plans covered by the law. Annual financial
reports (Form D -2 ) also are required of plan adm inistrators for
plans with 100 participants or more. This article summarizes a
forthcoming LMWP bulletin.
3 See P riv a te Noninsured Pension Funds, 1964 (U.S. Securities
and Exchange Commission, 1965), S tatistical Series, Release
2053. Coverage of plans included in the SEC statistical series is
narrower than that required by the WPPDA. The SEC coverage,
like that of the WPPDA, includes pension plans which provide
a stated level of benefits for life, and deferred profit-sharing
plans, but excludes some savings plans. Under the WPPDA,
however, such plans must be disclosed when they are deferred
savings plans, the benefits of which are payable, in whole or in
part, at or after retirement. The SEC statistical series presents
both the book value and market value of funds. The amounts
reported to LMWP, however, may represent either book or mar­
ket value depending on the basis the plan is required to use in
valuing investm ents. Despite these lim itations on comparability,
there are striking sim ilarities in the trends illu stratin g retire­
ment plan growth and distribution of assets, which may be de­
rived from the two sets of data.

PENSION PLANS ADMINISTRATION
T able
P lans

1.
at

49

A s s e t s o f t h e 100 L a r g e s t R e t i r e m e n t
E n d o f Y e a r , b y T y p e o f A s s e t , 1960-64

Type of asset

1964

1963

1962

1961

1960

Party-in-Interest

Millions of dollars
Total assets............. ......

$26,442 $23,811 $21, 566 $20,208

$17,916

Cash__________________
Government obligations........
Non-Government bonds.......
Preferred stocks___________
Common stocks___________
Other investment assets____
All other assets____________

310
1, 294
10,119
168
11, 880
2,305
366

Total assets__________

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

Cash__________ _________
Government obligations........
Non-Government bonds____
Preferred stocks________...
Common stocks___________
Other investment assets____
All other assets. ............ ......

1.2
4.9
38.3
.6
44.9
8.7
1.4

1.1
5.5
39.8
.8
42.8
8.5
1.5

1.2
5.7
41.2
1.0
41.3
8.1
1.5

1.1
5.9
41.9
1.2
40 8
7.6
1.5

0.9
6.5
45.6
1.4
80 4

278
1,306
9,480
189
10,184
2,022
352

251
1,223
8,886
213
8,916
1,752
325

216
1,186
8,477
236
8,255
1,529
309

166
1,164
8,157
258
6,519
1,365
287

Percentage distribution

7.6

1.6

Size of A ssets

There were 56 plans in 1960 with assets under
$100 million, which together accounted for slightly
over one-fifth of the total $17.9 billion held by the
100 plans. By 1964, there were only 26 plans which
held assets totaling less than $100 million and the
value of their combined assets was less than a tenth
of the total $26.4 billion held by the entire group.
The plan ranking 100th in 1964 had assets of
$80.4 million, compared with the $48.2 million held
by another plan in the same position in 1960.
In some instances, the change in asset size of a
plan resulted from the consolidation of several re­
tirement plans by corporations which had merged
the funds of subsidiaries into a common fund. The
American Telephone and Telegraph Company,
however, and the subsidiaries of the Bell Tele­
phone System, which have identical plans, report
the pension plans of the parent company and each
subsidiary separately. The 16 Bell System plans
included in the study for 1964 had trust funds
ranging in amount from about $100 million to
about $900 million. According to the company’s
annual report, the combined pension trust funds of
the Bell Telephone System amounted to $4.3 bil­
lion in 1963.4 A later report available from the
company stated that for 1965 the combined trusts
had risen to $5.3 billion.5
The 1964 list also included plans of 11 corporate
employers with two or three types of plans, each
reported separately. For example, General Motors
had three retirement plans each of which ranked
among the 100 largest: a plan for hourly rated

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employees, a plan for salaried employees, and a
savings and stock-purchase plan.

In 1962, 45 of the plans reported some party in-interest investments and loans.6 Thirty-six of
the plans held some investments in stocks or bonds
reported as party-in-interest investments. Of the
nine remaining plans, three disclosed loans to the
employer or other party-in-interest, and six plans
reported a combination of party-in-interest invest­
ments and loans.
Primarily, these investments were in “listed”
stocks or bonds traded on exchanges subject to
SEC regulations, or in securities subject to other
regulatory supervision by a Federal agency. The
proportion of the fund invested in such stocks and
bonds ranged from less than one-half of 1 percent
all the way up to 99 percent, but in each case where
the investment in stocks and bonds wTas greater
than 20 percent of the fund the plan was one with
some profit-sharing, savings, or stock purchase
provisions.
Number of plans with party-in-interest investments and loans, 1962
Percentage offund in
party-in-interest
investments or loans
Total, all plans_______
80.0 percent or more________
60.0 to 79.9 percent_________
40.0 to 59.9 percent____ . ___
20.0 to 39.9 percent_________
10.1 to 19.9 percent_________
10.0 percent or less_________

Total
plans
45
7
3
1
2
2
30

Plans with profitsharing, savings, or
stock purchase provisions
16
7
3
1
2
3

Other
plans
29

2
27

The 10-percent limitation on party-in-interest
investments recommended in 1965 by the Presi­
dent’s Committee on Corporate Pension Funds and
Other Private Retirement and Welfare Programs 7
was exceeded by one-third of the 45 plans report4 Moody’s Investors Services, Ltd., M oody’s Public U tility
Manual, 196b (New York, Moody’s, 1964), p. 166.
5 P riva te Pension P lans, P a rt I: H earings Before the Subcom­
m ittee on Fiscal P olicy, A pril 26-27, M ay 2, 1966 (Joint Eco­
nomic Committee, 89th Cong., 2d sess.), p. 288.
6 The WPPDA requires the reporting of financial transactions
which involve those who are deemed to be a “party-in-interest.”
The term “party-in-interest” is defined by the act to mean “any
administrator, oflicer, trustee, custodian, counsel, or employee of
any employee welfare benefit plan or employee pension benefit
plan, or a person providing benefit plan services to any such plan,
or an employer any of whose employees are covered by such a plan
or officer or employee or agent of such employer, or an officer
or agent or employee of an employee organization having mem­
bers covered by such plan.”
7 See P ublic P olicy and P riva te Pension P rogram s (President’s
Committee on Corporate Pension Funds and Other Private Re­
tirement and Welfare Programs, January 1965), p. xvi.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

50
ing party-in-interest investments and loans in
1962; 13 of the 15 plans so reporting were plans
with profit-sharing, savings, and stock purchase
provisions.
In an unpublished study by the Office of LaborManagement Policy Development involving a
small random sample of 174 retirement plans re­
porting party-in-interest investments in 1963, 30
percent of the pension benefit plans in the sample
reported such investments exceeding 10 percent of
their funds, but of the profit-sharing retirement
funds in this sample, 57 percent reported party-ininterest investments exceeding 10 percent. Al­
though the 10-percent recommendation cited above
referred to future investments of “retirement”
funds, the President’s Advisory Committee on
Labor-Management Policy, referred to a 10-per­
cent limitation on the investment of “pension”
funds.8 This difference in terminology may be
meaningful or simply a problem in semantics, but
it focuses on the distinct differences in party-ininterest funds held by pension benefit plans versus
profit-sharing or stock-purchase retirement benefit
plans.
Coverage

In 1962, the retirement plans provided coverage
for 5.4 million active and retired employees. This
figure represents about 21 percent of the Social
Security Administration estimate9 of 25.2 million
workers and beneficiaries covered by all types of
plans, and about 28 percent of the estimated 19.4
million workers and beneficiaries covered by non­
insured plans. Sixty-one of the 100 largest plans,
with almost 64 percent of the employees, were in
manufacturing. The 20 plans in communication
and utilities accounted for another 13 percent of
the total number of employees, as seen in table 2.
Management of Plans

To what extent did the administration of the
100 largest plans and their financial support differ
8 Ibid., appendix D, p. 9.
9 Alfred M. Skolnik, “Ten Years of Employee-Benefit P lan s,”
Social S ecu rity B u lletin , April 1966, table 5.
10 See C haracteristics of 161,750 P lans F iled as of Ju ly 1, 1963
(U.S. Department of Labor, Office o f Labor-Management and
W elfare-Pension Reports), table 4.
11 Ibid., table 7.


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T

a b l e

2.

N
E

u m b e r

of

m plo y ees

C

P

l a n s

a n d

o v e r e d

,

N

u m b e r

of

1962
Employees 1

Num­
ber of
plans

Industry division

Total

- - __

.

Mining
Construction

_____ ___ __________
......................................
__
Manufacturing
_ _ _ __
Transportation
_ _ __ __ _ - _____ Communication and other public utilities.. .
Wholesale and retail trade__ _ . .

KinanCo insurance and real estate
Services

Num­
ber
(In
thou­
sands)

Percent­
age

100

5,381.5

100.0

1
2
61
5
20
6
5

191.1
424.0
3,432.0
324.0
697.2
281.2
32.0

3.5
7.9
63.8
6.0
13.0
5.2
.6

_____

1 Includes active and retired employees but excludes duplicate coverage
under more than 1 plan offered by the same employer.

from that of all retirement plans on file with
LMWP ? In 1962, 94 of the 100 largest plans were
administered by an employer or employer associa­
tion; by comparison, as of July 1, 1963 (the near­
est date for which these figures are available), 77
percent of all the 33,000 retirement plans on file
with LMWP were administered by an employer
or employer association.10 Only 4 of the 100 larg­
est plans were administered by a joint employeremployee board of trustees, compared with 20 per­
cent for all retirement plans. There was one union
plan, administered by the International Brother­
hood of Electrical Workers (IBEW) AFL-CIO,
among the 100 largest, matching a 1-percent figure
for all retirement plans administered by unions
in. 1963.
Contributions were made by employers in 99
out of the 100 plans that ranked as the largest in
assets in 1962; one plan, that of the IBEW, was
financed solely by the union membership. There
were 57 noncontributory plans to which employ­
ers alone made payments and 42 contributory
plans to which payments were made by both em­
ployers and employees. The proportion of con­
tributory plans among the 100 largest was sig­
nificantly higher than that for all retirement
plans. As of July 1, 1963, only 24 percent of the
retirement plans on file with LMWP received con-,
tributions from both employers and employees.11
—Elsie K. Goodman
Division of Research and Analysis Office of LaborManagement Policy Development

Foreign Labor Briefs*

A t m i d y e a r , the economic sluggishness of many
West European countries was reflected primarily
in the flattening of economic growth, increased
unemployment (some of it resulting from the ef­
forts to redeploy labor), and the weakening of
domestic demand. Price and wage pressures, de­
cline in profits, and hesitancy in private invest­
ment due to mixed economic indicators were addi­
tional manifestations of the lagging economy. In
fact, the Austrian Institute of Economic Research
described the condition of most Western countries
in general as being “in the trough of the economic
cycle.” Increases in unemployment were particular­
ly pronounced in Great Britain and West Ger­
many. Apart from general monetary and fiscal
measures, efforts made in individual countries to
cope with this trend of the last few months in­
cluded increased stress on wage-price policy (Bri­
tain, France, and Italy) or voluntary wage-price
restraint (Germany), and more rigid control of
manpower migration (particularly Germany,
Italy, Portugal, and Sweden). Among the meas­
ures were stepped up programs to improve labor
productivity (Britain) ; improvements in unem­
ployment, sickness, dismissal, and retirement ben­
efits (Britain and France, for example) ; and
greater emphasis on other manpower adjustment
measures, such as retraining, improved counseling,
and placement services (Britain, France, and
Sweden).
The ahsterity in several countries of the Near
East and North Africa was an outgrowth of the
recent war, or represented an increase in taxes and
expenditures for rearmament. In Indonesia and
Argentina measures to curb inflation have included
the freezing of government salaries and reduction
in force, respectively. The Dominican Republic ex­
tended its July 1966 austerity program for another
year.
France —M a n p o w er A d ju s tm e n t
The Government recently issued a series of de­
crees designed to ease employment problems and

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increase labor mobility. It created a National Em­
ployment Agency (with provisions for the opera­
tion of private employment agencies meeting cer­
tain criteria), to improve the services to job­
seekers and to function as the statistical repository
for employment data. Under the new provisions,
employed workers may be eligible to receive re­
training allowances if their training is for critical
occupations, and partially unemployed workers,
in addition to those fully unemployed, may be
granted unemployment benefits. Moreover, the
previously voluntary contributions to a supple­
mental insurance scheme for all employers and
workers in commerce and industry were made
compulsory. Another measure provided for a 2month (instead of the previous 1-month) notice
period to precede the layoff of an employee with
at least 2 years of seniority, and set the minimum
severance indemnity at one-twentieth of the em­
ployee’s monthly pay for each year of service.
A ustralia — W ages

The Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitra­
tion Commission has recently abandoned a 50year practice of considering separately two wage
components, the basic wage and the margin
(differential based on difficulty of the job and
skill level), and for the first time adopted the
“total wage” concept, in which the two elements
are considered simultaneously by a single panel.
Under the old system, the establishment of basic
wages was followed by arbitration awards of in­
creases in the margins, which made the margins
larger than the original proportion of the total.
Employers have pushed for adoption of the total
wage concept as a means of avoiding the imbal­
ance; the unions have opposed the concept as less
rewarding to the workers. The total wage will now
be set annually after a comprehensive review of
the economic situation.
India —G ro w th o f M odern S e c to r

Employment in the modern sector (all public
establishments and private nonagricultural es­
tablishments) increased nearly 28 percent—from
12,090,000 to 15,460,00—during the Third Five
♦Prepared in the Office of Foreign Labor and Trade, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, on the basis of m aterial available in early
August.

51

52

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

Year Plan (1961-65). In 1961, the modern sec­
tor included only 6.4 percent of the total labor
force of 188 million. Despite this sector’s annual
growth at the rate of 5.6 percent during the Third
Plan period, the great majority of Indian workers
are still active in the traditional sector of small,
family-operated establishments, primarily in
agriculture, and in household industries, trade,
and services.
As a result of greater investment in the public
than in the private industries during the Third
Plan period, employment in the former increased
32.8 percent, compared with 21 percent in the
latter. The average annual growth rate during the
period has shown a decelerating tendency in the
most recent years, particularly in the private
group, where it was 1 percent in 1966. Annual em­
ployment growth (14 percent) in the public seg­
ment has been greatest in establishments con­
trolled and financed entirely or substantially by
Central and State Governments.

enterprise will be permitted to reduce its work­
week, provided there will be no decline in its pro­
duction, no increase in costs, and no cut in wages.

South A frica —A r tis a n T rain in g

The Minister of Economics and Finance has an­
nounced that civil service salaries are to be frozen
as part of the effort to stabilize the economy by
restraining increases in the money supply and
Government spending. He pointed out that be­
tween October 1966 and August 1961, public
servants’ salaries had increased 300 percent, but
prices in the same period rose only 80 percent. The
Minister also said that the Government was
pledged to limit further price increases in 1967 to
65 percent. However, he acknowledged that despite
the raises, Government salaries remained low.

All labor leaders speaking at a recent confer­
ence in Pretoria agreed that not enough young
men were undergoing apprenticeship training,
owing mainly to low wages and lack of motiva­
tion. T. P. Murray, president of the multiracial
Trade Union Council of South Africa, the largest
of the country’s three national trade union cen­
ters, stated that not only should artisan wages be
increased but artisan training programs should
be improved and modernized so that future work­
ers could better cope with the industrialization
taking place. The president of the Railways
Artisan Staff Association said that all the unions
concerned should meet to discuss the best possible
methods of dealing with the shortage of artisans.
Hungary —H o u rs o f W ork

The Council of Ministers has approved a plan
for the gradual reduction of the 6-day workweek
from 48 to 44 hours over a 2!A-year period, be­
ginning July 1, 1968. About 1.6 million persons
employed in the “socialist sector” (cooperative and
state-owned) of the economy will be affected. Any


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Japan —T ra d e U nions

The Secretary General of the General Council
of Trade Unions of Japan (/Sohyo, 4.4 million
members) presented to the organization’s annual
convention a draft “action policy” statement
promising large scale “struggles” this autumn
against the war in Viet-Yam and for the return of
Okinawa to Japan, attacking “foreign monopo­
lies” for allegedly pressuring Japan to liberalize
the import of capital, and condemning leaders of
the moderate Japanese Confederation of Labor
(Domei) for “undermining” Sohyo, calling them
“fifth columnists for capital.” The Convention
accepted the proposal.
Indonesia —C iv il S e rv ic e S a la rie s

Tunisia —S em in a r on C o o p e ra tiv e s

A seminar on the Tunisian cooperative move­
ment, held in Tunis on July 8 under the direction
of the National School of Cooperation, was de­
signed basically to highlight the expansion that
has been achieved in Tunisia’s cooperative system.
In the opening address, the Secretary of State
noted that the number of cooperatives in the
country has risen from 130 in 1960 to about 990
in 1967, and that a significant percentage of the
population is currently grouped into cooperatives
of one type or another.

Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases*

Apprenticeship Programs
I n A CASE 1 OF I N I T I A L J U D IC IA L A P P L IC A T IO N o f t h e

provision in the Natonal Apprenticeship Act of
1937 (section 50),2 granting authority to the Sec­
retary of Labor to establish apprenticeship stand­
ards, a Federal district court ruled that a group
of nonunion employers had no standing under the
act, to compel registration of their apprenticeship
program which had been rejected by the Depart­
ment of Labor as there already was an approved
program in the area. The court found that the
Department’s decision was within the discretion­
ary bounds under the act, the employer group had
suffered no legal harm, and no right of review had
been granted by any relevant legislation.
Under the National Apprenticeship Act (NAA)
the Secretary of Labor, through the Administra­
tor of the Bureau of Apprenticeship and Train­
ing, had registered a joint management-labor
apprenticeship program for the area in question.
A group of nonunion employers refused to join in
the registered program, and, instead, sought ap­
proval for a separate program of their own. When
this was denied by the Administrator, the em­
ployers instituted suit to compel the Department
of Labor to accept the program. As a basis for
their suit, they alleged that since only apprentices
in registered programs could be used in work on
Government contracts,3 the denial would cause
them to suffer a legal harm because, it was argued,
they would have to pay the higher journeymen
rates and thus could not bid competitively against
contractors with registered apprentices. The Fed­
eral Government opposed the suit on the ground
that the employers had no legal basis to compel
the registration of their program.
The court read section 10 of the Administrative
Procedure Act (APA) as requiring the employers
to show that the Administrator’s determination
was an abuse of discretion, that they suffered a


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legal harm, or that they were “adversely affected
or aggrieved” within the meaning of some relevant
statute.
Kejecting the employers’ implication that “the
APA requires an express statement that the agency
action involved is committed to the agency’s dis­
cretion,” the court found the Apprenticeship Act
to be broadly worded and to grant the Adminis­
trator great latitude in making decisions in an
area requiring the exercise of his expertise. The
court also found the employers had not suffered a
legal wrong under the Davis-Bacon Act, as Con­
gress in enacting the legislation intended to protect
laborers and not to grant rights to contractors. In
neither the apprenticeship statute nor the DavisBacon Act did Congress explicitly grant the au­
thority to sue, without which even economic in­
jury as a result of government action is insufficient
to confer standing, nor had Congress implicitly
provided for it, the court held.
The court parenthetically denied that a Bureau
circular authorizing its agents to assist nonunion
employers in the institution of apprenticeship pro­
grams created any legal right in the employers.
The court held that the circular had stated only
that the Bureau’s assistance was offered in starting
programs, but that the decision of whether or not
assistance would be rendered was within the Bu­
reau’s discretion. The court also pointed out that
the circular had not been published in the Federal
Register as is required for substantive rules of gen­
eral application.
♦Prepared in the U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solici­
tor. The cases covered in this article represent a selection of the
significant decisions believed to be of special interest. No attem pt
has been made to reflect all recent judicial and adm inistrative
developments in the field of labor law or to indicate the effect of
particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contrary results
may be reached based upon local statutory provisions, the exist­
ence of local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to
the issue presented.
1 Gregory E lectric Go., Inc. v. U.S. D epartm en t of Labor (D .C .S.C., May 30, 1967).
2 Reading in part, “The Secretary of Labor is authorized and
directed to formulate and promote the furtherance of labor stand­
ards necessary to safeguard the welfare of apprentices, to extend
the application of such standards by encouraging the inclusion
thereof in contracts of apprenticeship, [and] to bring together
employers and labor for the formulation of programs of ap­
prenticeship . . .” 29 U.S.C. 50
3 Secretary of Labor’s regulation 29 CFR 5 .5 ( a )( 4 ), promul­
gated by the authority of the D avis-B acon Act (section 2 7 6 a ( 2 )) .
Generally, the aet gives the Secretary the authority to determine
from legally prevailing wages the minimum wages to be paid
various classes of laborers and mechanics covered by government
construction contracts. 40 U.S.C. 276a— 276a-7.

53

54
Disclosure of Inform ation

In the first labor case decision 4 interpreting a
recent act to facilitate public access to government
information,5 a Federal district court ruled that a
company that had been investigated by the Na­
tional Labor Relations Board pursuant to unfair
labor practice charges had no right under the law
to obtain witnesses’ statements until after they had
testified at the Board’s hearing. The court con­
cluded that these statements were specifically
exempted by the act.
During the course of an investigation under the
Labor Management Relations Act, and before the
effective date of the act forming the basis of this
suit, the company requested the NLRB to make
available for their inspection “any statements or
evidence” obtained during the investigation. After
the Board denied this request and the act had be­
come effective—but prior to the Board’s hearing—
the company instituted suit to compel the produc­
tion of these files, which consisted of statements
given by company employees to NLRB representa­
tives concerning the unfair labor practice charges
being investigated by the Board.
The NLRB contended, and the court found, that
section 3(e)(7) of the act, pertaining to investiga­
tory files compiled for law enforcement purposes,
and section 3(e) (4) dealing with confidential
statements, exempted the Board’s files from the
act.
Stating that, under the Jencks Act,6 a criminal
law enforcement agency would not be obligated to
produce similar information under these circum­
stances, the court found it “inconceivable” that
Congress could have intended to give greater rights
of inspection to those charged with violating Fed­
eral regulatory statutes than those accused of
violating Federal criminal law.
In treating the statements as confidential and
exempt under section 7(e) (4) of the act, the court
recognized that an employee would be much less
willing to furnish an investigator information if
he knew that his employer would learn the con4 Barceloneta Shoe Corp. v. Raym ond J. Compton (D .C .-P R ,
July 31, 1967).
5 Public Law 89-487, 80 Stat. 250, revising 5 U.S.C. 552
6 18 U.S.C. 3500.
7 United S ta tes v. Local 5S, In tern ational A ssociation of Asbestos W orkers (D.C.-E.D. La., May 31, 1967).


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

tents of that statement prior to the employee’s
testimony at a Board hearing.
The judge stated that for lack of sufficient time,
because of the impending Board hearing, lie could
not prepare a formal opinion on “overall impact”
of the new law upon the work of law enforcement
agencies such as the NLRB, and was compelled
to resort to “this abbreviated Memorandum of
Decision and Order. . . .
Equal Employment Opportunity

In a “pattern and practice” su it7 brought by
the Attorney General under Title V II of the Civil
Rights Act of 1964, a U.S. district court held that a
union’s restriction of new membership to sons and
close relatives of members, and its requirement that
applicants be endorsed by three members and ap­
proved by a majority of the membership of the
all-white union, constituted a pattern and practice
of discrimination. The court further held the act
requires affirmative and mandatory preliminary
relief and ordered the union to admit certain named
Negro applicants, to otherwise cease admitting new
members to the union until a plan employing ob­
jective criteria for membership has been approved
by the court, and to refer nonmembers for employ­
ment, at first on an alternate white-Negro basis,
the register of applicants permitting, and subse­
quently in chronological order of applications for
work.
The case arose from charges made to the U.S.
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission that
the union refused to admit Negroes and MexicanAmericans to membership and to refer them for
employment in the asbestos and insulation trade.
After investigating the charges and finding rea­
sonable cause to believe that they were true, and
after its attempts to conciliate the matter had
failed, the EEOC referred the case to the Depart­
ment of Justice, which brought this suit.
The court found that the union controlled em­
ployment and training opportunities in the trade
in the New Orleans-Baton Rouge area in Loui­
siana. It was the bargaining agent of employees of
all major employers, and operated a system
whereby it approved or referred all journeymen
and helpers hired in the trade. No Negroes or
Mexican-Americans were members of the union.

DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES

The court found it to be the union’s policy not to
refer Negroes for employment or to consider them
for membership. The union required that appli­
cants for membership be recommended in writing
by three members and obtain approval of a ma­
jority of the members of the union. A longstanding
policy was to accept as new members only sons and
close relatives of union members.
The court held that each of the three require­
ments of the traditionally all-white union effec­
tively denied to Negroes and Mexican-Americans
the opportunity to join the union. A preliminary
injunction was granted, enjoining the union from
excluding applicants on the basis of race, color,
or national origin and from maintaining the three


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55

discriminatory membership requirements. The
court further ordered the union to admit certain
minority group members to membership; to refer
certain named persons for employment immedi­
ately ; and to refer, for a period of several months,
white and Negro applicants alternately, one white
and one Negro, subsequently reverting to the nor­
mal chronological order of job applications. F i­
nally, it ordered the union to develop a plan for the
admission of persons to membership, using objec­
tive criteria related to the trade. The court said
that such objective criteria may include experience
of working at the trade, but credit may only be
given for experience gained after the issuance of
this court order.

Chronology of
Recent Labor Events

If negotiations during the next 45 days prove futile, the
issue of protection will be submitted to arbitration by a
three-man panel. At its height, the dispute involved a 9-day
statewide walkout of the 25,000-member CWA. The sus­
pensions of three union officials involved in the strike
have also been withdrawn temporarily. (See p. 61, this
issue.)

August 16

August 1, 1967
A n A ppeals C ourt in New York ruled that a bylaw of
Local 6 of the Motel and Club Employees Union concern­
ing qualifications for union office was not within the pur­
view of the Secretary of Labor, who could neither establish
such qualifications, nor determine the validity of existing
ones. (The case was W i r t z v. H o t e l , M o t e l a n d Glut)
E m p lo y e s.)

A dispute between members of the Social Service Em­
ployes Union and the New York City Department of
Social Services (formerly Department of Welfare), was
settled through mediation, thus ending a 6-week work
stoppage by about half of the 5,800 caseworkers. In the
compromise settlement, all outstanding issues are to be
resolved through continued mediation, the planned sus­
pensions of 29 employees are canceled, and any transfers
of these employees will also be subject to mediation, and,
possibly, arbitration. (See p. 64, this issue.)
T h e N ation ’s leading textile producers announced an

overall wage increase, reportedly of 6% percent, for non­
union workers. The new terms, effective early in Septem­
ber, will cover mainly employees of companies who have
manufacturing facilities in the South. (See p. 58, this
issue.)

I n t h e fir st ruling under the “freedom of information”
amendment to the Administrative Procedure Act, the
U.S. District Court for Puerto Rico decided that the law
did not oblige the NLRB to open its flies to parties to a
proceeding. The suit was brought by the Barceloneta
Shoe Corp., which the Board was investigating for unfair
labor practice. The case was B a r c e l o n e t a S h o e C o r p . v.
C o m p t o n . (See p. 54, this issue.)

August 22
A n A ppeals C ourt in Philadelphia ruled that a 1963 con­

tract provision between the Teamsters and trucking as­
sociations in the Philadelphia area is in violation of
section 8(e) of the Taft-Hartley Act. The clause states
that leased equipment must be operated by an employee
of the carrier, and, in the view of the Court, this would
change the status of owner-operators and fleet owners
from independent contractors to employees, requiring them
to join the union under union shop arrangements. The case
was A . B u i e P y l e , I n c . , e t al. v. N L R B .
A fter a year of negotiations , the city of Detroit and the
3,300-member Detroit Police Officers Association signed a
collective bargaining agreement covering noneconomic
matters, and specifying binding arbitration in case of an
unresolved issue. The agreement was ratified by the De­
troit City Council on August 30.

A ugust 23

August 7
Colt I n du stries , I nc . and UAW Local 376 concluded a 3-

year contract affecting 1,700 workers and providing a
maximum increase of 5.9 percent a year in case of cost-ofliving adjustments, or 5.3 percent with no escalator clause
changes. The agreement ended a strike which began July
1 and which had interrupted production of the M16 rifle.

G overnor N elson A. R ockefeller of New York named a
three-man committee to negotiate contracts for the State
under the Public Employes Fair Employment Act, effec­
tive September 1. This act replaces the Condon-Wadlin law
and guarantees the right of collective bargaining to public
employees. (See MLR June, 1967, p. 79.)

August 24

August 9

T h e NLRB ruled that 84 petitions by the International

a dispute between the New York
Telephone Co. and the Communications Workers of Amer­
ica (CWA), the company agreed to provide escorts of
fellow workers for installers, repairmen, and other tele­
phone employees assigned to work in “high-crime” areas.
T emporarily

settling

56


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Society of Skilled Trades for representation elections
among skilled workers at the plants of General Motors
Corp., Ford Motor Co., and Chrysler Corp. did not justify
an election, and that no proof was furnished showing that
the United Auto Workers engaged in unfair practices.

Major Agreements Expiring in November
E ditor’s N ote.—A s a service to its readers, the Monthly Labor Review will publish each month a list of
collective bargaining agreements ending during the following month. The listing will include almost
all agreements 1 covering 1,000 workers or more.
Copies of Major Collective Bargaining Agreement Expirations, covering the entire year, are avail­
able upon reguest to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C.
2021%, or to any of the Bureau’s regional offices.

Company and location

Number
of
workers

Industry

Union 2

Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co. (West Allis, Wis.)___
Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co. (Independence, Mo.)
Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co. (Springfield, 111.)___

Machinery____ ..
Machinery__
Machinery___

Auto Workers_______________ _______ ___
Steelworkers__ __ . ______ __________ _.
Auto Workers.. .. ____ _ _ ___ ________

Beaunit Corp. Fibers Division (Childersburg, Ala.).......

Textiles...................

United Textile Workers..

Coleman Co., Inc. (Wichita, Kans.)....... ............. ............

Fabricated metals.. Mine Workers District 50 (Ind.)_____________

1,000

Dana Corp. (Interstate)........................... ..........................

Transportation
equipment.

Auto Workers.................................. ....................

6,000

Meat Cutters ............ ...... ..
_
Meat Cutters_____________________________

9,000
9,800

First National Stores, Inc. (New England area)_________ _____________ Retail trade______
Food Employers Council, Inc., Meat Dealers Assn, of So. Calif., Inc.; Retail trade______
Associated Meat Jobbers; Southern California Employers Council; and
Independent Retail Meat Operators. 4 agreements (Southern California).
Fruehauf Corp., Strick Trailers Division (Fairless Hills, Pa.)______ _____ Machinery
General Dynamics Corp., Stromberg-Carlson Division (Rochester, N .Y .).

Auto Workers

__

5,400
1, 500

3 ; 000

1,000

___ _ _ _

1,100

.............. .

Electrical products. Electrical Workers (IU E )______________ ____

2,400

Hotel and Motel Assn, of Greater St. Louis (St. Louis, Mo.)................... ....... Hotels.
Hotel and Restaurant Employees..
_ ___
Hughes Aircraft Co. (California)........................................... __......................... Electrical products. Carpenters. __________ ___________ _____

3 ; 000

I-A 3 Cab companies (New York, N .Y .)............................... ......... ................
- A 3 Hotels (Boston, Mass.)___ _______________________ . _______ ___
I-A 3 Independent packinghouses (Philadelphia, Pa.)__________ ______
I-A 3 Metropolitan Milk Industry Agreement (New York and Connecticut).
I-A 3 Office buildings (Pittsburgh, Pa.)....... ........ ........................................

Directly Affiliated Local Union_____________
Hotel and Restaurant Employees __ . . . . .
Meat Cutters. . .
__
........
. __
Teamsters (Ind.)_____ __________ __________
Building Service Employees________________

20,000
3,000
3, 500
1,000
2,000

Steelworkers_____________________________

1,100

International Smelting and Refining Co. (Perth Amboy, N.J.)__............

Local transit_____
Hotels.
Food products
Food products____
Miscellaneous business services.
Primary metals___

Jeflerson Electric Co. (Hillside and Bellwood, 111.)....... .................................

Electrical products. Electrical Workers (IBEW)_________________

Labor Relations Advisory Assn. (Interstate)............ .................................... . Trucking__
Louisville Gas and Electric Co. (Louisville, K y.)................ .......................... Utilities“ ................

3,000

1,000

Teamsters (Ind.)... .............. .
..................
Independent Protective Assn, of Utility Workers
(Ind.)

4,500
1,750

Maytag Co. (Hampton and Newton, Iowa)_____________ _____
Montgomery Ward, Department Store Division (Detroit, Mich.)

Electrical products. Auto Workers______ _____ ________________
.................
Retail Clerks
.. .
Retail trades

2,150
1,000

Olin-Mathieson Chemical Corp. (Saltville, Va.)..............................

Chemicals.—...........

Mine Workers District 50 (Ind.)_____________

1,050

RCA Communications, Inc. (Interstate).............................. ..........
Rockwell Standard Corp. (Interstate)........................................ .

Communication__ Communications Assn. (Ind.)........................ .
Transportation
Auto Workers____________________________
equipment.
Transportation
Auto Workers____________________________
equipment.

1,900
5, 100

Restaurants ____
Stone, clay, and
glass products.

Hotel and Restaurant Employees----------------Potters______ ___________________________

1,750
4,000

West Virginia Pulp and Paper Co. (Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania). Paper___________
Wisconsin Electric Power Co. (Milwaukee, W is.)................. ............. ........ . Utilities_________

Papermakers and Paper Workers____________
United Assn, of Office, Sales and Technical Employees (Ind.).

3,800
1,150

Rockwell Standard Corp. (Detroit, Mich.).....................................
United Restaurant Liquor Dealers of Manhattan, Inc. (New York, N .Y .).
United States Potters Assn. (Interstate)_______ ______________________

1 Excludes government, airlines, and railroads.
2 Unions affiliated with AFL-CIO except where noted as independent
(Ind.).


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3

1,000

Industry area (group of companies signing same contract).

57

Developments in
Industrial Relations*

T he

n u m b e r o f i n d u s t r y w i d e collective b a r g a in ­
in g settle m e n ts declined fro m J u ly , b u t w ag e d e ­
cisions w ere a n n o u n c ed f o r im p o rta n t g ro u p s o f
n o n u n io n em ployees a n d f o r g o v e rn m e n t w orkers.
A new ro u n d o f w ag e in creases w as effected a t th e
en d o f J u ly a n d in e a rly A u g u s t fo r o v er 200,000
u n o rg a n iz e d w o rk e rs in s o u th e rn te x tile m ills.
C a lifo rn ia ’s 100,000 S ta te em ployees w ere am o n g
th e p u b lic em ployees re ceiv in g p a y increases.
S trik e idleness in J u ly a m o u n te d to 4,710,000
m an -d a y s, co m p ared w ith 3,100,000 th e p re v io u s
J u ly a n d 3,670,000 in J u ly 1965. Id le n e ss w a s 0.43
p e rcen t o f th e e stim a te d to ta l w o rk in g tim e , com ­
p a re d w ith 0.29 p e rc e n t in J u ly 1966 a n d 0.34 p e r ­
cen t in th e p re v io u s J u ly .1

T extiles and Apparel
T h e fifth ro u n d o f w a g e in creases in 4 y e a rs
in th e so u th e rn te x tile in d u s try w as in itia te d on
J u l y 31 w h e n G reen w o o d M ills in G reenw ood, S.C.
an n o u n ced a w ag e in crease f o r som e 6,000 em ­
ployees, effective S e p te m b e r 4. A n an n o u n cem ent
fro m B u rlin g to n In d u s trie s , In c ., o f an in crease
effective in S e p te m b e r f o r 45,000 o f its 69,000 em ­
ployees fo llo w ed sh o rtly , a n d b y A u g u s t 3 a t le a st
20 o th e r firm s h a d an n o u n ced p la n s to ra ise w ages
in S ep te m b e r f o r n o n u n io n em ployees. A t som e o f
th e firm s, w ag e n e g o tia tio n s w ere u n d e r w a y fo r
em ployees re p re se n te d b y unions.
A m o n g th e com panies a n n o u n c in g p a y increases
w ere J . P. S tev en s, fo r 40,000 w o rk e rs; D e e rin g
M illik en , In c ,, fo r all h o u rly p ro d u c tio n a n d m a in ­
ten an ce em p lo y ees; W e s t P o in t- P e p p e r e ll, In c .,
fo r alm o st a ll o f its 20,000 e m p lo y e e s; B ib b M a n u ­
fa c tu rin g Co., fo r m o st o f its 8,500 em p lo y ees;
C o llins a n d A ik m a n C o rp ., fo r 4,000 o f 5,600 em ­
ployees ; F ie ld c re s t M ills, In c ., f o r 3,200 w o rk e rs ;
D a n B iv e r M ills, I n c .; F u lto n C o tto n M ills ; M.
L o w en ste in & S o n s; C a n n o n M ills ; C one M ills
C o r p .; A b n ey M ills ; a n d G ra n ite v ille Co. I n d u s tr y
58

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

sources in d ic a te d t h a t raises could be as h ig h as

6y2 p ercen t.
Som e spokesm en fo r th e in d u s try said t h a t th e
increases w ere g ra n te d — in sp ite o f recen t declines
in sales a n d e a rn in g s— because o f a sh o rta g e of
w o rk ers a n d th e rise in th e F e d e ra l m in im u m w age
(to $1.60, fro m $1.40) scheduled fo r F e b ru a ry 1,
1968.
T h e p re v io u s ro u n d o f ch an g es in s o u th e rn te x ­
tiles o ccu rred in m id-1966, w hen m ost m a jo r firm s
g ra n te d increases o f ab o u t 5 p ercen t. E a r lie r in
1967, several sm all com panies an nounced increases
o f ab o u t 5 p e r c e n t; 2 how ever, th is d id n o t s ta r t
a g en e ral ro u n d o f increases. W a g e increases w ere
m ade e a rlie r th is y e a r a t some d iv isio n s o f B u r l­
in g to n In d u s trie s , I n c . ; these d iv isio n s are n o t to
p a rtic ip a te in th e c u rre n t ro u n d o f increases.
T h e L a d ie s ’ G a rm e n t W o rk e rs a n d fo u r asso­
ciatio n s 3 o f k n itg o o d s m a n u fa c tu re rs ag reed J u ly
1 on a 3 -y ear c o n tra c t fo r 14,000 w o rk e rs in th e
N ew Y o rk C ity area. W a g es w ere in creased b y 7
p e rcen t (m ax im u m $10 a w eek) effective J u ly 17,
w ith an a d d itio n a l 6 -percent ($8-a-w eek m a x i­
m um ) effective on J u ly 16, 1968. M in im u m ra te s
fo r 26 c r a fts w ere in creased as m u ch as $26 a
w eek in 2 ste p s; G ood F r id a y w as m ad e a p a id
h o lid a y ; a n d im p ro v em en ts w ere m ad e in p ro v i­
sions fo r absence re s u ltin g fro m sickness, p re g ­
n an cy , m ilita r y service, o r ju r y d u ty .
N e g o tia tin g u n d e r a co st-o f-liv in g w age re ­
opener, th e C a lifo rn ia S p o rts w e a r a n d D ress A s ­
sociation, In c . a n d th e L a d ie s’ G a rm e n t W o rk e rs
sig n ed a 3 -y ear c o n tra c t in J u ly t h a t w ill ex p ire
J u ly 3, 1970, re p la c in g one scheduled to ex p ire
F e b ru a ry 28, 1968. Som e 2,000 w o rk e rs in L os
A n g eles received w age increases o f $3 a w eek each
y e a r effective J u ly 10, 1967, a n d in J u ly o f 1968
a n d 1969. C ra f t m in im u m s w ere in creased in th re e
ste p s; th e low est m in im u m w as to be m a in ta in e d
a t least 20, in ste a d o f 15 cents, above th e F e d e ra l
m in im u m w a g e ; a sev en th p a id h o lid a y w as
♦Prepared in the Division of Wage Economics, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, on the basis of published m aterial available in late
August.
1 1967 figures are preliminary.
3 See M onthly Labor R eview , May 1967, p. 63 for announcement
by Alamo Industries, Inc., and June 1967, p. 76 for wage in ­
creases at Opp and Micolas Mills and South Carolina Cotton
Mills.
3 United Knitwear Manufacturers League, Inc. ; Association
of Knitted Fabrics Manufacturers, Inc. ; Knitted Accessories
Group, Inc. ; and Passem enterie and Trimming Manufacturers
Association, Inc.

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

a d d e d ; th e em p lo y er c o n trib u tio n to th e v ac atio n ,
h e a lth , a n d severance p a y fu n d w as in creased to
9y2 p e rc e n t o f p a y ro ll, fro m 9 p e r c e n t; a n d p ro v i­
sion w as m ad e f o r w age b a r g a in in g w hen th e C o n ­
sum er P ric e In d e x rises 2 p erc e n ta g e p o in ts.
M e ta lw o r k in g

A 5-w eek s trik e a t th e H a r tf o r d , C onn., p la n t
of C o lt In d u s trie s , In c ., en d ed on A u g u s t 8 w hen
m em bers o f L o ca l 376 o f th e A u to W o rk e rs ac­
cep ted a 3 -y e ar co n tra c t. T h e s trik e b y th e 1,700
w o rk e rs h a d in te r r u p te d p ro d u c tio n o f th e M -16
rifle used in V ietn am . W a g e in creases o f 17 to 29
cents a n h o u r w ere effective th e first y e a r, w ith
increases o f 11 to 18 cents a n d 10 to 22 cents in
th e second a n d t h i r d y ears, resp ectiv ely . T h e esca­
la to r clause w as m odified a n d s h if t d iffe re n tials
w ere im p ro v ed . T w o a d d itio n a l h a lf h o lid ay s
b ro u g h t th e n u m b e r to 10. A lso im p ro v e d w ere
v ac atio n s, pensions, a n d in su ran c e, w ith th e com ­
p a n y a ssu m in g th e fu ll cost o f em ployees’ in s u r­
ance a n d a d d in g coverage f o r d ep en d en ts.
A b o u t 11,000 o f W e stin g h o u se E le c tric C o rp .’s
re tire e s received in creases in m o n th ly p en sions
a v e ra g in g $16, as a re s u lt o f a J u n e 30 co m pany
an n o u n c em en t t h a t m in im u m benefits w ere b ein g
ad v a n ced to $3 fo r each y e a r o f c re d ite d service,
effective J u l y 1. T h e p re v io u s m in im u m s f o r these
re tire e s ra n g e d fro m $2.15 to $2.80 a y e a r, d e­
p e n d in g on th e ir p re re tire m e n t w age a n d s a la ry
level, a n d th e d a te o f re tire m e n t. A b o u t 3,000 o th e r
re tire e s w ere n o t affected because th e y w ere re ­
ceiv in g v ested o r d is a b ility benefits o r h a d re tire d
re c e n tly ; benefits o f re c e n t a n d f u tu r e re tire es
w ere in cre ased to m o re th a n $3 in la te 1966.
A d d itio n a l in fo rm a tio n received on th e J u ly 9
s e ttle m e n t4 b etw een F a ir c h ild H ille r C o rp .’s R e ­
p u b lic A v ia tio n D iv isio n a n d th e M a c h in ists in ­
d icates t h a t w ages w ill be in cre ased a to ta l o f 12
cents on J u l y 10, 1967, a n d 11 cen ts each in J u ly
1968 a n d a g a in in J u l y 1969. T h e w ag e in crease
effective on each o f th ese d a te s w ill co n sist o f tw o
p a r t s : A g e n e ra l w ag e in crease a n d a p re p a id costo f-liv in g esc a la to r increase. O f th ese w age in ­
creases, th e co st-o f-liv in g co m p o n en t w ill consist
o f 4 cents in each o f th e first 2 y e a rs a n d 5 cents
4 See M onthly Labor R eview , September 1967, p. 71.
5 Composed of Rheingold Breweries, Inc., the F & M Schaefer
Brewing Co., and Jos. Schlitz Brewing Co.


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59

the third year, regardless of the course of the CPI.
Quarterly cost-of-living reviews tied to the Index
were continued; however, increases are not to be
granted until they exceed the prepaid increase.
Agreement on such an escalator clause in effect
earmarks part of each year’s wage increase as a
cost-of-living adjustment and makes the escalator
clause serve as a hedge against an unusually large
increase in the CPI.
B a rg a in in g u n d e r a re o p en in g p ro v isio n , th e
B rig g s a n d S tr a tto n C o rp . (m ak e rs o f g aso lin e
eng in es) a n d L o cal 232 o f th e A llie d I n d u s tr ia l
W o rk e rs reach ed ag reem en t in e a rly A u g u s t on a
2 -y ear c o n tra c t fo r 6,000 w o rk ers in M ilw aukee.
P ro v isio n s in clu d ed a n im m ed iate 6 p e rcen t w age
increase, a 5 -p ercen t in crease in 1968, a d d itio n a l
w age a d ju stm e n ts fo r some classifications, a n d im ­
pro v em en ts in s h ift d iffe ren tials, pensions, in s u r­
ance, a n d ju r y d u ty a n d fu n e ra l leave.
T h e T ra n e Co. o f L aC ro sse, W is., m a n u fa c tu re r
o f h e a tin g a n d a ir c o n d itio n in g eq u ip m en t, a n d
th e M ac h in ists ag reed J u ly 30 on tw o 3 -y ear con­
tra c ts, one fo r 1,900 p ro d u c tio n w o rk e rs a n d th e
o th e r fo r 90 to o lro o m w orkers. T h e p ro d u c tio n
w o rk er ag reem en t p ro v id e d 12- to 2 9 -cen t-an -h o u r
w age increases effective A u g u s t 3 a n d a to ta l o f
34 to 45 cents o v er th e te rm , in creased s h if t d i f ­
fe re n tia ls, a n in th p a id h o lid ay , a fifth week o f
v acatio n a f te r 25 years, im p ro v em en ts in th e n o n ­
c o n trib u to ry pen sio n p la n , a n d increases in in s u r­
ance coverage. T h e toolroom a g reem en t p ro v id e d
an im m ed iate 18-cent w age increase, 16 cen ts in
1968, a n d 18 cents in 1969; a n a d d itio n a l p a id h o li­
d a y ; a n d im p ro v em en ts in in su ran c e, pensions,
s h ift d iffe ren tials, a n d fu n e ra l leave. T h e com pany
also settled w ith th e Office a n d P ro fe ssio n a l E m ­
ployees, re p re se n tin g 90 em ployees. T e rm s w ere
n o t re p o rted .
Food

I n ea rly J u n e , m em bers o f tw o T e a m ste r locals
ra tifie d 3 -y ear c o n tra c ts w ith P ie l B ro s., In c. a n d
the B rew ers B o a rd o f T ra d e , In c .,5 co v erin g 4,800
w orkers in th e N ew Y o rk C ity area. T h e new
ag reem en ts, effective J u n e 1,1967, p ro v id e d w eekly
w age increases o f $8.50, $10, a n d $6.75 in th e first,
second a n d th i r d y ea rs resp ectiv ely fo r in sid e em ­
ployees, a n d $3.50, $5, a n d $1.75 fo r d riv ers. E m ­
p lo y er co n trib u tio n s to th e pen sio n fu n d w ere

60
increased to $2.30 fro m $2 p e r com pensible d ay
fo r each em ployee in th e first y e a r, a n d f u r th e r
increased to $2.95 in th e t h i r d y ear. I n se p a ra te
n eg o tia tio n s, sev eral c r a f t u n io n s re p re s e n tin g
600 em ployes accep ted 3 -y e ar c o n tra c ts w h ic h p r o ­
v id ed $10 w age a n d b en efit p ac k ag es in each y ear.
I n C a lifo rn ia , th e th r e a t o f a s ta te w id e b re w e ry
s trik e en d ed on J u l y 27, w h en T e a m ste r m em bers
ra tifie d a 3 -y ear c o n tra c t w ith th e C a lifo rn ia
B rew ers A sso ciatio n . T h e a g reem en t, w h ich cov­
ered 6,000 d riv e rs, b o ttle rs, salesm en, w areh o u se­
m en, a n d p ro d u c tio n w o rk ers, p ro v id e d w age
increases to ta lin g 39 to 53 cen ts a n h o u r ; new
m edical a n d d e n ta l benefits f o r em ployees, re tire e s
a n d th e ir d e p e n d e n ts; a n d im p ro v em en ts in o th e r
benefits.
I n J u n e , th e H o lly F a r m s P o u ltr y In d u s trie s ,
In c ,, o f N o rth W ilk esb o ro , N .C ., an n o u n ced
h o u rly w age increases o f 5 ,1 0 , a n d 5 cen ts effective
on J u ly 1, 1967, O c to b e r 1, 1967, a n d J a n u a r y 1,
1968, re sp ectiv ely , fo r its 3,000 em ployees in N o rth
C a ro lin a , V irg in ia , a n d M a ry la n d .

Furniture
I n m id -J u ly , th e U p h o ls te re d F u r n itu r e M a n u ­
fa c tu re r s ’ A sso cia tio n o f C a lifo rn ia , re p re s e n tin g
43 com panies, sig n ed a 3 -y ear c o n tra c t w ith th e
U p h o ls te re rs U n io n co v e rin g 4,000 w o rk e rs in th e
L os A n g eles area. W a g e s w ere n o t in creased d u r ­
in g th e first c o n tra c t y ea r, re p o rte d ly because o f
th e p o o r econom ic c o n d itio n o f th e in d u s try in th e
area. T h e w o rk e rs w ill, how ever, receive a 1968
bonus equal to a d a y ’s p a y in r e tu r n f o r th e w age
concession. T h e c o n tra c t also p ro v id e d 10-cent
w age increases in b o th 1968 a n d 1969 a n d im p ro v e ­
m ents in f r in g e benefits. I n th e p a s t, settlem en ts
w ith th e asso ciatio n h av e set th e p a tte r n f o r a
n u m b e r o f in d e p e n d e n t firm s.
I n J u ly , M P I In d u s trie s , In c . (a m a n u fa c tu re r
o f telev isio n a n d stereo ca b in e ts) a n d th e C a r ­
p e n te rs sig n ed a 31-m o n th a g re e m e n t affectin g
2,700 w o rk e rs in J a c k so n , M iss. T h e c o n tra c t p ro -

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

v id ed h o u rly w age increases o f 12 cents, 4 cents,
8 cents, a n d 6 cents effective J u l y 3, 1967, F e b r u ­
a ry 1, 1968, J u ly 1, 1968, a n d J u l y 1, 1969, resp ec­
tiv ely . S h if t d iffe ren tials, h o lid a y a n d v ac atio n
p ro v isio n s, sick leave p a y a n d fu n e ra l leave w ere
also im p ro v ed .

Other M anufacturing
T h e A rm s tro n g R u b b e r Co. a n d th e U n ite d
R u b b e r W o rk e rs (U R W ) in e a rly A u g u st ag reed
on a 3 -y ear c o n tra c t co v e rin g 3,000 em ployees in
fo u r p la n ts. M ansfield T ire a n d R u b b e r Co.,
M ansfield, O hio, also concluded a 3 -y ear c o n tra c t
in m id -A u g u st w ith L o cal 17 o f th e U R W . T erm s
fo r b o th ag reem en ts w ere s im ila r to th e se ttle ­
m en ts w ith th e B ig 5 p ro d u c e rs.6
T h e G e n eral T ire an d R u b b e r Co. a n d th e
U n ite d R u b b e r W o rk e rs ag re e d in ea rly A u g u s t
on a 3-y e ar c o n tra c t co v e rin g som e 325 w o rk ers
a t th e C o m p a n y ’s I n d u s tr ia l P ro d u c ts D iv isio n
p la n t in E v a n sv ille , In d . T h e c o n tra c t, w h ich w as
n e g o tia te d u n d e r a re o p en in g p ro v isio n , w as sim i­
la r to th e J u l y s e ttle m e n t7 f o r tw o tir e p la n ts,
in c lu d in g a 15-cent w age in crease re tro a c tiv e to
J u ly 1, a n o th e r 15 cents in 1968, 13 cen ts in 1969,
a n d im p ro v em en ts in frin g e s, in c lu d in g v acatio n s,
pensions, a n d S U B .
U n ite d S ta te s S teel C o rp ’s. U n iv e rsa l A tla s
C em ent D iv isio n a n d th e C em ent, L im e a n d G y p ­
sum W o rk e rs reach ed ag reem en t on J u l y 26 on a
2 -y ear c o n tra c t, e n d in g a 1-m o n th s trik e by 1,000
w o rk e rs a t five o f th e six p la n ts affected b y th e
settlem en t.8 T e rm s in clu d ed w age increases to ta l­
in g 35.5 cents an h o u r, m a tc h in g th e increases th e
u n io n h a d g a in e d in e a rlie r settlem en ts w ith o th e r
firm s.9
N e g o tia tin g u n d e r a re o p en in g p ro v isio n , H e r ­
cules, In c ., a n d th e O il, C hem ical a n d A to m ic
W o rk e rs in m id -J u ly ag re e d on a 11- to 17-cent
w age in crease fo r 6,000 w o rk e rs a t th e R a d fo rd
a rm y am m u n itio n p la n t in V irg in ia . T h e increase
av e ra g e d 14.6 cents.

Transportation and U tilities
6 See M onthly Labor Review , September 1967, pp. 69-70.
7 See M onthly Labor R eview , September 1967, p. 70. In that
issue it was incorrectly reported that General Tire does not have
any nontire plants. None of the nontire plants was affected by
the July settlem ent.
8 The five struck plants were located in Hudson, N.Y. ; North­
ampton, P a .; Leeds, A la .; Hannibal, Mo. ; and Waco, Texas ; the
sixth was in Independence, Mo.
9 See M onthly Labor Review , August 1967, p. 68.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

T h e P acific M a ritim e A sso ciatio n a n d th e M as­
te rs, M ates a n d P ilo ts sig n ed a m e m o ra n d u m o f
u n d e rs ta n d in g on J u n e 30 w h ich p ro v id e d an
8.02-percent, ($4.49 p e r m a n -d a y ) in crease to be
used fo r w age an d frin g e im p ro v em en ts b y jo in t
agreem en t. T h e 8.02-percent increase, secured

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

u n d e r a “ m e to o ” clause com m on in th e in d u s try .10
w as in a d d itio n to th e 3.2 -p ercen t a n n u a l in crease
effective J u n e 16, 1967 u n d e r th e 4 -y e a r c o n tra c t
n e g o tia te d in 1965. O th e r m a ritim e u n its h a d re ­
cen tly o b ta in e d s im ila r revisions.
T h e in cre ase w as d is trib u te d as a 5.212-percent
in crease in base w ages, effective J u n e 16, 1967, a
$210 in s te a d o f $156.66 a m o n th n o n -w a tc h s ta n d ­
in g allo w an ce, a n d a $4.43 in s te a d o f $3.14 a n h o u r
p e n a lty tim e ra te . T h ese im p ro v em en ts am o u n ted
to $3.52 a m a n -d a y , le a v in g 97 cents still to be
allo ca te d in f u r th e r neg o tiatio n s.
I n th e m o st re c e n t “m e to o ” m a ritim e a r b itr a ­
tio n a w a rd , D a v id L . C ole g ra n te d th e M a rin e
E n g in e e rs B eneficial A sso cia tio n (M E B A ) $1.78
a m a n -d a y in a d d itio n to th e $4.395 h e a w a rd e d in
F e b r u a r y 1967.11 T h e a w a rd covered a b o u t 3,500
licensed en g in ee rs on th e A tla n tic a n d G u lf C oasts
em p lo y ed b y th e M a ritim e S erv ice C o m m ittee, In c .
a n d th e T a n k e rs S erv ice C o m m ittee, In c .
A f t e r th e a w a rd , M E B A offered to fo rg o th e
$1.78, p ro v id e d th e o th e r u n io n s 12 in v o lv ed in th e
series o f “ m e to o ” in creases w o u ld n o t seek f u r th e r
increases. M E B A said it w as m a k in g th e offer b e­
cause it w as concerned w ith “th e so u n d econom ic
s tru c tu re o f th e in d u s try a n d p re fe rs n o t to
cause u n n ec essary im b alan ce .” Je sse M . C alhoon,
M E B A p re s id e n t, r e f e r r in g to th e endless ro u n d
o f increases, said h is u n io n fe lt t h a t “th is m a d ­
ness” co u ld n o t g o on.
I n e a rly A u g u s t, T ra n s W o rld A irlin e s, In c .,
reach e d a 2 9 -m o n th a g re e m e n t w ith th e T ra n s p o rt
W o rk e rs U n io n co v e rin g 3,500 stew ard esses an d
p u rse rs. I n a d d itio n to lu m p sum p a y m e n ts equal
to 5 y2 p e rc e n t o f th e em p lo y ee’s g ro ss e a rn in g s b e­
tw een M a rc h 2, 1967 a n d J u l y 31, 1967, th e p act
p ro v id e d w ag e in creases w h ich , on a p e rc e n tag e
basis, am o u n te d t o :
Percent increase

.
Effective date
August 1,1967---------------------

July 1, 1968-------------------------

Type
of
pay
Base
pay.
Overtime.
Base
Pay.
Overtime.

Domestic
Stewardesses

International
Stewardesses

Flight
Pursers

4.9-19.5

6.8-7.1 5.9-6.1

2.4-15.0

6.8-7.1 5.9-6.3

4.7-12.0

7. 0-7.1 5.9-6. 0

4.6-12.0

7.0-7.1 5.9-6.0

O th e r te rm s in c lu d e d in cre ased o p e ra tio n a l
d u ty p a y a n d sen io r p u rs e r p a y , in cre ased co m ­
p a n y c o n trib u tio n s to th e p u rs e rs ’ tr u s t fu n d , an d
2 7 4 - 9 4 8 0 - 67 - 5


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61
im p ro v ed v ac atio n a n d h e a lth a n d w e lfa re
benefits.
A 2 -y ear a g reem en t reach ed on J u l y 17 betw een
th e P u b lic S erv ice E le c tric a n d G as C o m p an y o f
N ew J e rs e y a n d th e in d e p e n d e n t U tility CoW o rk e rs A sso ciatio n p ro v id e d w age increases of
5.183 p e rcen t re tro a c tiv e to M ay 1, a n d an a d d i­
tio n a l 4.927 p e rc e n t effective M ay 1, 1968 f o r 1,800
clerical em ployees th ro u g h o u t th e S ta te . M in i­
m um ra te s w ere in creased a n d th e n ig h t s h ift p r e ­
m iu m w as ra ise d to 15 cents, fro m 14 cents, a n d to
16 cents effective in 1968. F o u r w eeks o f v ac atio n
w as p ro v id e d a f te r 18 in ste a d o f 20 y ea rs o f serv ­
ice, a n d a f te r 17 y e a rs in 1968; th e co m p a n y ’s con­
trib u tio n to w a rd h o sp ita l in su ran c e w as in creased
to $5.41 a m o n th (fro m $4.79) ; th e co m p an y
ag re e d to b eg in c o n trib u tin g $1 a m o n th to w a r d
d e p e n d en t in su ran c e a n d to increase th e c o n trib u ­
tio n to $2 in 1968; a n d m a jo r m edical a n d m e d i­
ca l-su rg ical benefits w ere im p ro v ed . P en sio n im ­
p ro v em en ts in clu d ed a re d u c tio n in th e y e a rs of
service re q u ire d fo r e a rly re tire m e n t. M eal allo w ­
ances w ere also increased.
A sta te w id e s trik e o f in s ta lle rs a n d re p a irm a n
ended on A u g u s t 8 w hen an ag reem en t w as
reach ed betw een th e C o m m u n icatio n s W o rk e rs
(C W A ) a n d th e NewT Y o rk T elep h o n e C om pany.
T h e strik e, w h ich la ste d 9 d ay s a n d u ltim a te ly in ­
volved som e 25,000 w o rk ers, w as p re c ip ita te d by
th e sh o o tin g a n d a tte m p te d h o ld u p o f a p a y p h o n e
coin c o lle c to r13 in th e B e d fo rd -S tu y v e s a n t section
o f B ro o k ly n .
T h is in c id e n t trig g e re d a w a lk o u t b y m em bers
o f th re e C W A locals w ho re fu se d to go o u t alone
on assig n m en ts in are a s h a v in g a h ig h crim e ra te .
A t issue w as th e in te rp re ta tio n o f an o ra l ag re e ­
m en t reach ed in 1962 betw een th e co m p an y an d
th e u n io n , w h ich p ro v id e d fo r th e escort o f
w o rk ers in d an g e ro u s areas. T h e u n io n co n ten d ed
t h a t th e ag reem en t le ft th e decision as to w h e th e r
an escort w as needed u p to th e w o rk er, w h ile th e
co m p an y m a in ta in e d th e decision m u st be m ad e by
a su p erv iso r.
10 These clauses obligate employers to grant increases equal to
any amount in excess of 3.2 percent a year gained by other sea­
going unions. See M onthly Labor R eview , May 1967, pp. 63 &
64 ; August 1967, p. 69 ; and September 1967, p. 69 for increases
for other unions.
11 See M onthly Labor R eview , May 1967, pp. 63 and 64.
12 The Masters, Mates and P ilots and the American Radio
Association.
13 The employee was a member of the independent Telephone
Workers Union.

62
A second issue aro se w hen th e u n io n p ro te ste d
th e susp en sio n o f th e p re s id e n ts o f th e th re e s tr ik ­
in g locals f o r th e ir p a r t in th e w a lk o u t.
T h e s e ttle m e n t p ro v id e d th a t th e co m p an y an d
u n io n w o u ld seek to resolve th e p ro b le m o f w o rk
in h ig h crim e -ra te are a s th ro u g h n eg o tia tio n s. I f
th e issue re m a in e d u n re so lv e d a f te r 45 d ay s, th e
ag reem e n t called f o r b in d in g a r b itr a tio n b y a
3-m an b o a rd .14 T h e co m p an y also te m p o ra rily
lifte d th e su sp en sio n o f th e 3 u n io n le a d e rs an d
ag reed to su b m it th is issue to th e sam e 3-m an
a r b itra tio n b o ard .
A 3 -y ear a g reem en t on econom ic te rm s reach ed
on M ay 23 h a d also been p re ced e d by a b rie f w a lk ­
o u t o v er th e crim e issue.15

Construction
U n d e r a re o p en in g p ro v isio n , L o ca l 825 o f th e
O p e ra tin g E n g in e e rs a n d th e A sso cia te d 'G eneral
C o n tra c to rs (A G C ) o f N ew J e rse y in J u l y n e g o ti­
a te d a c o n tra c t to e x p ire J u n e 30, 1970, re p la c in g
one t h a t w as to e x p ire J u n e 30, 1968. T e rm s in ­
clu d ed a 3 5 -c en t-an -h o u r in crease in th e em p lo y er
p a y m e n t to th e v a c a tio n a n d o u t-o f-w o rk fu n d
(in place o f th e 20- to 35-cent d e fe rre d w ag e in ­
crease sch ed u led f o r J u l y 1 u n d e r th e w idely
p u b licized 1966 s e ttle m e n t16) a n d 7 -p e rce n t w agefrin g e in creases in b o th 1968 a n d 1969.
O th e r re c e n t c o n stru c tio n settle m e n ts in c lu d e d :
A contract between the Painters and the Painting and
Decorating Contractors Association of Houston, Tex., end­
ing a 1-week strike, provided a 70-cent, 2-year package
for 1,700 workers.
Agreement between the Laborers and 6 employer asso­
ciations 17 in Oregon and southwest Washington, called for
a 93-cent to $1.08, 3-year package for 4,000 workers.
A settlement between Teamsters Joint Council 37 and
the AGC Chapters in Portland, Oreg., and Vancouver and
Longview-Kelso, Wash., provided a 96-cent to $1.06, 3-year
package for 3,000 workers.
An agreement between the Plumbers and Pipefitters in
the Columbus, Ohio, area and the Mechanical Contractors
Asociation of Central Ohio, which ended a 2-month strike,
and provided a $3,445, 3-year package for journeymen.
Accords between the Plumbers and Pipefitters in
Kansas City, Mo., and the AGC and the Mechanical Con­
tractors Association, which ended 21/£-month strikes at
some firms, and provided $1.65, 2-year packages for 2,200
workers.
The Sheet Metal Workers and the Houston Sheet Metal
Workers Contractors Asociation agreed on a $1.45, 3-year
package for 1,000 workers in 21 Gulf Coast counties of
Texas.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967
A settlement between the Carpenters and the AGC of
Columbus, Ohio, provided a $3, 5-year package for 1,800
workers.

Services, Trade, and Insurance
A f te r 7 m o n th s of b a rg a in in g , 31 u n io n s reach ed
ag reem en t w ith W a lt D isn ey P ro d u c tio n s, In c ., on
5-year co n tra c ts fo r 4,800 wmrkers a t D isn ey lan d .
T h e 1,850 p e rm a n e n t em ployees received a 20-cent
w age increase re tro a c tiv e to M arch 1,1967,19 cents
in 1968, a n d 18 cents in 1969. S easonal em ployees
received th e in itia l 20-cent in crease a n d a re to r e ­
ceive 5-cent increases in 1968 a n d 1969 if th e y r e ­
tu r n fo r those seasons. F rin g e im p ro v em en ts cost­
in g 19 cents w ere also p ro v id e d , in c lu d in g an in ­
crease to $200 fro m $120 in th e m ax im u m m o n th ly
pension. T h e ag reem en t m ay be reo p en ed a f te r
th e th ir d y e a r on econom ic term s.
I n e a rly J u ly , th e A sso ciatio n o f M o tio n P ic tu re
P ro d u c e rs, In c . a n d th e th re e m a jo r telev isio n n e t­
w o rk s (A B C , C B S , a n d N B C ) ag reed to co n tra c ts
w ith th e S creen A c to rs G u ild (S A G ) e x p irin g in
J u l y 1971.18 T h e settlem en t, w h ich affected 18,000
em ployees, ra ise d m in im u m ra te s by 12 p e rc e n t on
J u ly 1, 1967 fo r telev isio n w o rk a n d on A p ril 1,
1968 fo r m o tio n p ic tu re w o rk an d by 8 p e rcen t e f ­
fectiv e J u ly 1,1969, fo r b o th . D om estic re ru n ra te s
w ere a u to m a tic a lly ra ise d b y th e sam e p ercen tag es,
w h ile th e m in im u m s a n d th e fo rm u la w ere revised
to in clu d e p a y m e n t fo r u p to 10 in ste a d of 6 show ­
ings. R e ru n ra te s on fo re ig n telecasts w ere also
im p ro v ed .
O th e r te rm s in clu d ed a 6 y2 in ste a d o f 5 p e rcen t
em p lo y er c o n trib u tio n to th e pen sio n a n d w e lfare
fu n d to be allo cated by th e u n io n fo r in creased
benefits. M ost o f th e li^ - p e r c e n t in crease w as ex ­
pected to be used to im p ro v e pensio n s a n d one11
Consisting of James McFadden, a special mediator for the
State of New York and one member each from the Commerce and
Industry Association of New York City, and the City’s Central
Labor Council.
15 See M onthly Labor R eview , July 1967, p. 61.
16 See M onthly Labor R eview , September 1966, pp. 990-993
and 1007, and December 1966, pp. 1400-1401 for further details
of the original settlem ent and subsequent recommendations.
17 Oregon-Columbia Chapter, AGC ; Vancouver Contractors
Association ; Longview-Kelso Contractors Association ; Eugene
Contractors Association ; Concrete Contractors Association ; and
the Portland Homebuilders Association.
18 In the past, SAG negotiated two separate contracts— one for
motion picture production and one for television. In 1967, this
practice was modified to provide a common expiration date by
negotiating a 4-year television contract (instead of the usual 3
years), and by extending the m otion picture contract (due to
expire o n July 3 1 , 1 9 6 9 ) another 2 years.

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

fo u r th o f a p e rc e n t w as e a rm a rk e d f o r a new in ­
su ran ce p ro g ra m c o v e rin g ac cid en ts on th e job.
U n d e r th e c o n te m p la te d p la n , an in ju re d w o rk e r
w ou ld receive u p to $350 a w eek ( a f t e r th e first
week o f d is a b ility ) f o r a t least 1 y ear.
O n J u l y 6, a f te r a 4 -d a y strik e -lo c k o u t, m em ­
b ers o f th e H o te l a n d R e s ta u ra n t E m p lo y ees U n ­
ion ra tifie d a 3 -y e ar c o n tra c t w ith S a n M ateo
C o u n ty (C a lifo rn ia ) R e s ta u ra n t O w ners. T h e
c o n tra c t p ro v id e d f o r n o n tip p e d em ployees an 8p e rc e n t w age in crease re tro a c tiv e to J a n u a r y 1, 7
p e rc e n t in th e second y e a r, a n d 6 p e rc e n t in th e
th ir d y e a r, a n d f o r tip p e d em ployees 5-, 5- an d 4p e rc e n t in creases on th e c o rre sp o n d in g d ates.
H e a lth a n d w e lfa re benefits w ere im p ro v ed .
A lso in e a rly J u ly , th e H o te l a n d R e s ta u ra n t
E m p lo y ees re ach e d a g re e m e n t w ith th e E a s t B a y
R e s ta u ra n t A sso cia tio n , In c . a n d th e C a lifo rn ia
L icen sed B ev e ra g e A sso cia tio n , In c ., on a 4-year
c o n tra c t f o r 7,500 r e s ta u r a n t a n d ta v e r n em p lo y ­
ees in n o rth e r n A la m e d a C o u n ty . T h e ag reem en t
p ro v id e d f o r 5 -p e rce n t w ag e in creases in each of
th e firs t 3 y ears, fo r w age b a r g a in in g in th e la s t
y e a r, a n d f o r im p ro v em en ts in h e a lth a n d w e lfare
benefits.
A w eek la te r, th e u n io n settle d w ith th e tw o as­
so ciatio n s on a s im ila r c o n tra c t fo r 2,800 w o rk ers
in th e s o u th e rn p a r t o f th e county.
A b o u t 1,500 w o rk e rs in S a n ta C la ra C o u n ty ,
C a lif., w ere affected b y a la te J u l y settle m e n t b e­
tw een th e P e n in s u la E m p lo y e rs C ouncil, r e p re ­
se n tin g 35 d in in g a n d lo d g in g e stab lish m en ts, an d
th e H o te l a n d R e s ta u ra n t E m p lo y ees U n io n . T h e
3 -y ear a g reem en t p ro v id e d to ta l w ag e increases in
excess o f 16 p e rc e n t fo r n o n tip p e d w o rk e rs an d
17 p e rc e n t fo r tip p e d w o rk ers, in c lu d in g 8 p e rc e n t
increases re tro a c tiv e to J u n e 1.

This agreement was similar to an earlier one
the union negotiated with the Santa Clara County
Hotel and Restaurant Association.
I n e a rly A u g u s t, th e H o te l a n d R e s ta u ra n t
E m p lo y ees a n d th e O re g o n F o o d a n d B ev erag e
I n d u s tr y , w h ich re p re se n ts 80 c u lin a ry firm s in
th e P o r tla n d area, re ach e d ag re e m e n t on a 3-year
c o n tra c t. A b o u t 6,000 w o rk e rs w ere affected. T erm s
in clu d e d a 10-cent w age increase- re tro a c tiv e to
J u ly 16, 8 cen ts in 1968, a n d 7 cen ts in 1969; 2
19
Under the previous agreement, there were 3 unpaid holidays,
the Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas Day, on which
employees received time and one-half pay if they worked.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

63
p a id h o lid ay s, C h ristm a s E v e a n d C h ristm a s D a y
(p a id a t d o u b le-tim e ra te s i f w o rk ed o r a t s tra ig h ttim e i f n o t w o rk e d ) ; 19 $12.50 in ste a d o f $7.50 a
m o n th co m p an y co n trib u tio n s fo r h e a lth a n d w el­
fa re b en efits; a n d 2 cents a n h o u r em p lo y er con­
trib u tio n s b eg in n in g in 1968 to esta b lish a p en sio n
p la n , w ith an a d d itio n a l 3 cents effective in 1969.
T h e S ta te F a r m M u tu a l A u to m o b ile In s u ra n c e
Co., th e N a tio n ’s la rg e s t au to m o b ile in su re r, on
A u g u st 22 an n o u n ced p la n s to estab lish tw o n o n ­
com m ission m u tu a l fu n d s f o r its 17,600 em ployees
a n d 10,300 agents. U n d e r th e p ro p o sa l, w h ich w as
su b ject to a p p ro v a l 'by th e S e c u ritie s a n d E x ­
ch an g e C om m ission, em ployees w o u ld be allow ed
to c o n trib u te p a r t o f th e ir ern in g s to a sav in g s
p la n , m atch e d in p a r t by co m p an y co n trib u tio n s
t h a t w o u ld v a ry w ith c o rp o ra te profits. T h e new
p la n p ro v id es th re e em ployee o p tio n s : in v estm en t
in U n ite d S ta te s sav in g s b o n d s, a m u tu a l fu n d
in te n d e d to p ro v id e c a p ita l a p p re c ia tio n , o r a fu n d
to p ro v id e in v estm en t incom e. T h e fu n d s w ould
be m a n ag e d by a new co m p an y su b sid ia ry .

Government and Minimum Wage
A 4.9-percent s a la ry in crease f o r C a lifo rn ia ’s
100,000 civil service em ployees w as a p p ro v e d by
th e S ta te P e rso n n e l B o a rd on J u ly 7. A b o u t 5,000
o f th e w o rk e rs received a d d itio n a l eq u ity a d ju s t­
m en ts ra n g in g fro m 2.5 to 5 p ercen t. T h e increases
w ere re tro a c tiv e to J u ly 1.
T h e L os A n g eles C ity C o u n cil in ea rly J u ly
a p p ro v e d a 5 .5-percent s a la ry in crease f o r th e c ity ’s
8,700 policem en a n d firem en.
S a n F ra n c is c o ’s 3,400 policem en a n d firem en re-*
ceived w age increases effective J u l y 1. T h e increase
w as $21 a m o n th fo r p a tro lm e n a n d th e ir eq u iv a­
le n t in th e fire d e p a rtm e n t, b rin g in g th e ir base
s a la ry to $797, a n d 2.7 p e rc e n t fo r h ig h e r ranks.
I n O regon, th e 23,000 classified S ta te em ployees
w ere affected by a 2-step w ag e increase— an a v e r­
age 1 0-percent increase on J u ly 1, 1967, a n d an
in crease, as y e t u n d e te rm in e d , to be effective J u ly
1968. I n a n o th e r leg islativ e act, pensio n s w ere im ­
p ro v e d fo r th ese em ployees.
I n D e tro it, M a y o r Je ro m e P . C a v a n a g h on
A u g u st 22 sig n ed a collective b a rg a in in g a g re e ­
m e n t betw een th e c ity a n d th e 3,300-m em ber
D e tro it P o lice Officers A ssociation. T h e ag reem en t,
w hich w as lim ite d to noneconom ic m a tte rs , com-

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

64
m itte d b o th sides to b in d in g a r b itr a tio n o f u n ­
resolved g riev an ces. T h e c o n tra c t is to be rev iew ed
a n n u a lly a n d w as su b ject to a p p ro v a l b y D e tr o it’s
C om m on C o u n cil. E a r li e r in th e m o n th , th e city
re in s ta te d 186 policem en w h o h a d been su sp en d ed
d u rin g a re c e n t w ag e d is p u te .20 A t th e tim e o f th e
c o n tra c t sig n in g , th e p a r tie s w ere a w a itin g th e
re su lts o f a s tu d y o f th e w ag e issue u n d e rta k e n by
a fa c tfin d in g com m ittee.
O n J u l y 1, policem en a n d firem en in M em p h is,
T en n ., received m o n th ly s a la ry in creases a v e ra g ­
in g $35 a n d o th e r city em ployees received $20
increases. A to ta l o f 2,200 w o rk e rs w ere affected.
N ew Y o rk C ity w e lfa re w o rk e rs re tu r n e d to
th e ir jo b s on A u g u s t 1 a f te r a 6-w eek w o rk s to p ­
page. T h e 6,500-m em ber S ocial S ervices U n io n
h a d called a s trik e in J a n u a r y 1967 o v er a w age
d isp u te , b u t re tu r n e d to w o rk a f te r 3 d a y s w hen
th e city a n d th e u n io n a g reed to su b m it th e w age
issue to fa c tfin d in g .21 A lth o u g h a $1,300 p a y in ­
crease o v er 2 y e a rs reso lv ed th e w age issue, th e
u n io n ’s in sisten ce t h a t o th e r issues be s u b m itte d

20 See M onthly Labor R eview , August 1967, p. 71.
21 See M onthly Labor R eview , March 1967, p. 60.
22 See M onthly L abor R eview , August 1967, p. 71.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

to fa c tfin d in g led to a w o rk sto p p a g e in J u n e ,
w h ich re su lte d in th e su spension o f 625 case­
w o rkers. T h ese re m a in in g issues w ere m a tte rs t h a t
th e city a d m in is tra tio n believed w ere p o licy m a t­
te rs a n d n o t w ith in th e scope o f collective b a r ­
g a in in g .22 T h e a d m in is tra tio n offered to w ith d ra w
suspensions o f a ll ex cep t 29 w o rk ers, w hom th e
c ity w a n te d to su sp en d f o r 10 d ay s a f te r th e r e ­
su m p tio n o f w o rk a n d tr a n s f e r to new w o rk lo ca­
tio n s as a p e n a lty fo r alleg e d ly d e stro y in g c ity
p ro p e rty . T h ro u g h th e m e d ia tio n efforts o f D r.
W a lte r E is e n b e rg o f H u n te r C ollege, a co m p ro ­
m ise w as reach ed u n d e r w h ich it w as ag reed t h a t
th e c ity w o u ld w ith d ra w all suspensions, th e ques­
tio n o f tra n s f e rs w o u ld be stu d ie d by D r. E is e n ­
b e rg fo r p o ssible subm ission to a rb itra tio n , a n d th e
w o rk ers w ould r e tu r n to th e ir jobs. N e g o tia tio n s
on th e u n reso lv ed issues co n tin u ed .
I n S an A n to n io , T ex., a S ta te D is tric t C o u rt
J u d g e ru le d on A u g u s t 10 t h a t a c ity o rd in a n c e es­
ta b lis h in g a m in im u m w age o f $1.25 an h o u r w as
c o n stitu tio n a l a n d v alid . T h e ru lin g cam e as th e
c o u rt d en ied a te m p o ra ry in ju n c tio n so u g h t b y a
c ity bu sin essm an to p ro h ib it th e c ity fro m m a k in g
effective th e o rd in a n c e a p p ro v e d in a re fe re n d u m
on J u ly 15.

Book Reviews
and Notes
In Sickness and in H ealth

Bargaining for Health: Labor Unions, Health
Insurance, and Medical Care. B y R ay m o n d
M u n ts. M ad iso n , W is., U n iv e rs ity o f W isco n ­
sin P re ss, 1967. 320 p p . $7.50.
R a y m o n d M u n ts w ro te th e volum e u n d e r r e ­
view in th e b e lief t h a t th e re is “e n o u g h evidence
fo r co n cern a b o u t th e q u a lity o f ca re t h a t A m e r­
ican s receive. . . . I f we a d d th e ev id en ce o f u n ­
tre a te d d isease am o n g th e p o o r g e n e r a lly ; a n d th e
lo n g e v ity a n d m o rta lity s ta tis tic s w h ich show
sh o ck in g differences betw een w h ites a n d N egroes,
we th e n b eg in to see t h a t th e ‘b est m ed ical ca re in
th e w o rld ’ is a r a r e c o m m o d ity .” F u r th e r , in h is
view , “ o u r e g a lita r ia n id eals im pose a m o ra l u r ­
gency fo r o rg a n iz e d co n su m er p re ssu re w h e rev er
th e m ed ical p ro fe ssio n its e lf is fig h tin g th e re ­
q u ire m e n ts o f p ro g re ss.”
M r. M u n ts describes in som e d e ta il th e b a c k ­
g ro u n d fro m w h ich u n io n b a r g a in in g re la te d to
h e a lth a n d m edical ca re sp ra n g . H e n o tes a n d d e­
scribes th e in v o lv em en t o f e a rly 19th c e n tu ry
u n io n s in w e lfa re p ro g ra m s a n d th e m o re re cen t
in v o lv em en t o f u n io n s (su ch as th e M in e W o r k ­
ers, S teel a n d A u to W o rk e rs, som e seg m en ts of
th e T ea m ste rs, a n d u n io n s in th e n eed le tra d e s ) in
m uch m ore so p h istic a te d a n d com plex n e g o tia te d
p ro g ra m s fo r p re p a y m e n t o f h o s p ita l a n d m edical
care, th e e s ta b lish m e n t o f u n io n h e a lth centers,
a n d o th e r efforts.
T h e a u th o r recognizes t h a t u n io n s a re p rim a rily
la b o r m a rk e t in s titu tio n s t h a t h av e been in th e
lab o r m a rk e t p rim a rily to n e g o tia te th e c o n d itio n s
u n d e r w h ich w o rk e rs sell lab o r. S u ch experience
does n o t a p p ly v e ry w ell to n e g o tia tin g fo r b e tte r
m edical care p ro g ra m s. E v e n so, resp o n sible
u n io n s m u st a c t (a n d a c q u ire ex p erien ce as th ey
u n d e rta k e a new g o a l) to h e lp th e ir m em b ers m eet
th e m o re p re ssin g p ro b lem s th e y fa ce such as r is ­
in g costs o f h e a lth p ro te c tio n .

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

T h is new d im ension to th e a c tiv itie s o f unio n s
h as ta k e n th e m in to a field o f g re a t c o m p lex ity ;
th e ir advances a d m itte d ly h av e been sm all. F u r ­
th e r, th e u n io n s h av e en co u n tered s tro n g o p p o ­
sitio n fro m d o cto rs a n d m edical asso ciatio n s w ho
fe a r a n y en cro ach m en t o f collectivism in th e m ed i­
cal field. M r. M u n ts n otes t h a t som e o f th e m ore
successful m u ltie m p lo y e r b a rg a in in g f o r p re p a id
h e a lth p ro g ra m s h a s come in areas such as S t.
L o u is w h ere th e fa c u lty o f a good m ed ical school
(n o t q u ite so closely a lig n e d w ith th e p riv a te m e d i­
cal p ra c titio n e r) w as d ra w n u p o n fo r assistance.
M r. M u n ts is a w are t h a t th e m a n n e r in w h ich
collective b a rg a in in g h as evolved in th e U n ite d
S ta te s does n o t len d itse lf to effective b a rg a in in g
on h e a lth a n d m edical care. B a rg a in in g done on
an in d u s tria l o r c r a ft b asis t h a t m ay cover only
sm all segm ents o f a to ta l co m m u n ity does n o t r e ­
late v ery closely to ad e q u ate m edical care. P erso n s
g e t sick a n d need to be tre a te d in com m unities,
a n d m an y o f th e n o n in d u s tria l illnesses an d d is ­
eases a re not a t a ll closely re la te d to th e c r a f t o r
in d u s try o f cu sto m ary em p lo y m en t, a n d such ill­
ness p e rh a p s is n o t b est a tta c k e d on th e b asis o f
c r a f t a n d in d u s try n eg o tiatio n s. H e re , in th e view
o f M r. M u n ts, a c e n tra l la b o r body (o r b e tte r still
a co m m u n ity w ide o r are a w ide o rg a n iz a tio n )
w ould be a b e tte r agency fo r a tta c k in g th e p ro b lem
o f ad e q u ate h e a lth a n d m edical care.
D e sp ite th e in ex p erien ce o f u n io n s a n d th e
m odest achievem ents o f n e g o tia tio n s fo r h e a lth
a n d m ed ical care, M r. M u n ts ’ book is sig n ific a n t
a n d w o rth w h ile in d esc rib in g th e efforts a n d ex ­
p lo rin g th e pro b lem s o f some u n io n s in a tte m p tin g
to m eet one o f th e m ore p re ssin g consum er p ro b ­
lem s o f w o rk in g people. T h e r a p id rise in th e cost
a n d th e lack o f ad e q u ate m edical ca re f o r m an y
o f th e econom ically less fo r tu n a te g ro u p s is well
know n. I t is re a ssu rin g to know th a t u n io n s fro m
a w ide v a rie ty o f in d u strie s a n d sections o f th e
n a tio n h av e tu rn e d th e ir a tte n tio n to th is p ro b ­
lem a n d t h a t co n sid erab le p ro g ress is b ein g m ade.
T h e re is every reason to assum e th a t, d esp ite
th e pro b lem s t h a t h av e a p p e a re d in th ese n e g o tia ­
tions, th e effo rt a n d achievem ents w ill go fo rw a rd .
E v e n so, th e ty p e o f effo rt w h ich M r. M u n ts d e­
scribes a n d an aly zes m ay p ro v e by th e en d o f th e
c e n tu ry to be o nly an in te re stin g c h a p te r in u n io n
h isto ry , b u t n o t a u n io n po licy o f g re a t im p o rtan ce
a t t h a t tim e. E v e n a t th e p re se n t we a re to ld th a t
65

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

66
g o v ern m e n t is p u rc h a s in g fro m o n e -fo u rth to onethird. o f th e m ed ical services a n d su p p lies con­
sum ed in th e U n ite d S ta tes. C e rta in ly th e m ove
to w a rd w id e sp re a d p u b lic ly financed m ed ical care
h as g on e a lo n g w ay , a n d it m ay go m u c h fa rth e r.
O f course, even if t h a t w ere to occur, p ro g re s ­
sive u n io n s m ay believe (a s is tr u e to d a y in areas
such as u n e m p lo y m e n t co m p en sa tio n ) t h a t th e
level o f p u b lic ly financed p ro te c tio n is n o t suffi­
cien t a n d t h a t n e g o tia te d em p lo y er-fin an ced s u p ­
p lem en ts a re ca lle d fo r. I f so, th e ty p e o f a c tiv ities
d escrib ed b y M r. M u n ts m ay be a p re lu d e to th e
policies o f society a n d f u tu r e u nions.

—G lenn W. M iller
Department of Economics
Ohio State University

Purely Elem ental

school stu d e n ts w ho seek a one-sem ester in tro d u c ­
tio n to th e field,” in s tru c to rs m ay re g re t th e com ­
p lete absence o f m a te ria l d esc rib in g tra d itio n a l
w age an d em p lo y m en t th eo ry .
T h e co n c lu d in g sta te m e n t o f th e a u th o rs su m ­
m arizes th e ir g en e ral p o sitio n : “ [C o llectiv e b a r ­
g a in in g ] does n o t create th e p ro b lem s o f th e em ­
p lo y m en t re la tio n s h ip ; issues such as w ages, h o u rs
a n d overtim e, v acatio n s, h o lid a y s d iscip lin e, job
classification, p ro m o tio n s, a n d em ployee sa fe ty
a n d h e a lth ex ist w ith o r w ith o u t collective b a r ­
g ain in g . . . . B u t i f collective b a rg a in in g does n o t
create th e p ro b lem s o f th e em p lo y m en t re la tio n ­
sh ip , it does estab lish a definite p ro c ed u re w h erein
th e y a re h a n d le d a n d reso lv ed .”
T h is is a v ery e lem e n ta ry p ro p o sitio n . B u t so
is th e level o f u n d e rs ta n d in g c a rrie d in to th e in ­
tro d u c to ry class.

—D onald J. M cCltjrg
Department of Economics
University of Colorado

Labor Relations. B y A r t h u r A . S lo a n e a n d F r e d
W itn e y . E n g le w o o d C liffs, N .J ., P re n tic e H a ll, In c ., 1967.150 p p . $8.95.
T ex tb o o k s w h ich d e riv e fro m th e a c tu a l class­
room ex p erien ce o f th e a u th o rs a re lik e ly to benefit
g re a tly in c la rity , o rg a n iz a tio n , a n d s tu d e n t a p ­
peal. P ro fe ss o rs S lo a n e a n d W itn e y h a v e p ro d u c e d
such a book a n d i t is a good one. T h e w o rk h a s
m an y evidences o f c o n trib u tio n s m ad e by in q u ir­
in g a n d p a r tic ip a tin g stu d en ts.
T h e o rg a n iz a tio n o f th e m a te ria l is w ith o u t
m a jo r s u rp rise s b u t it is clean a n d lo g ical. B e g in ­
n in g w ith a g e n e ra l c h a p te r w h ich sets th e o v erall
la b o r-m a n a g e m e n t scene a n d e x p lo re s m a n a g e ria l
ideolog y , th e a u th o rs follow w ith a c h a p te r on
tra d e u n io n h is to ry , one on la b o r law , a n d one on
u n io n s tru c tu re a n d g o v ern m e n t. T h e la s t six
c h a p te rs a re d ev o ted to th e processes a n d issues of
collective b a rg a in in g . O f th ese, th e sections on
w age issues a n d frin g e s are e x c e p tio n a lly good.
I n a d d itio n to th e g e n e ra l level o f sensible com ­
p etence w h ich c h a ra c te riz e s th e book, th e collec­
tiv e b a r g a in in g p o rtio n is p a r tic u la r ly good. I t
co n tain s a series o f 10 w ell-chosen a n d u se fu l case
stu d ies o f g rie v a n c e a n d a r b itr a tio n p ro ceed in g s.
A lso in c lu d e d is m a te r ia l f o r a m ock n e g o tia tio n
to be sta g e d b y m em bers o f th e class, com plete
w ith su g g ested o rg a n iz in g a n d te a c h in g tech n iq u es
fo r th e in s tru c to r. A lth o u g h i t is c le a rly s ta te d in
th e p re fa c e t h a t th e te x t is d esig n ed f o r “business


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Where There’s a W ill

Automation and Economic Progress. E d ite d by
H o w a rd R . B ow en a n d G a rth L . M angum .
E n g lew o o d C liffs, N .J ., P re n tic e -H a ll, In c .,
1966.170 pp. $4.95.
Technology, Economic Growth and Public Policy.
B y R ic h a rd P . N elson, M erto n J . P eck , an d
E d w a rd D . K a la ch ek . W a s h in g to n , B ro o k in g s
I n s titu tio n , 1967.238 p p . $6.
T ech n o lo g ical in n o v a tio n is no lo n g e r re g a rd e d
as a n ig h tm a re o r an event w h ich w ill fo rce a sp o n ­
tan eo u s re so lu tio n o f th e p ro b lem s it b rin g s in its
w ake. T h e processes o f m a k in g a n d in tro d u c in g
chan g es a n d a d ju s tin g to th em a re su b ject to m a n ’s
co n tro l. H e m u st h av e th e w ill to a d a p t to th ese
changes. T h e R e p o rt o f th e N a tio n a l C om m ission
on T echnology, A u to m a tio n a n d E conom ic P r o ­
gress, su m m arize d in th e first book, show s th a t th is
w ill ex ists am o n g p ro g ressiv e lead e rs in business,
th e tra d e u n io n s, co m m u n ity o rg a n iz a tio n s, an d
academ ic life.
T h e C o m m ission’s R e p o rt is sig n ifican t because
it rev eals th e d eg ree o f consensus w h ich ex ists
am o n g these lead e rs on a b ro a d ra n g e o f issues.
B esides reflectin g u n a n im ity on th e p o te n tia l b less­
in g s o f n ew er tech n o lo g y a n d confidence in
m a n ’s c a p a c ity to m a ste r th e econom ic a n d social

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

forces fo r p o sitiv e ends, th e r e p o rt a d o p ts a clear
p o sitio n on th e G o v e rn m e n t’s re sp o n sib ility to b e­
com e a n em p lo y er o f la s t re s o rt fo r th e activ e
p o p u la tio n . I t also clea rs u p th e co n fu sio n ab o u t
th e re la tio n o f jo b d em an d s a n d tech n o lo g y , con­
c lu d in g t h a t th e fo rm e r a re m alleab le an d can
be m ad e to fit th e la b o r su p p ly . I t recom m ends a
p e rm a n e n t m o n ito rin g g ro u p to fo llo w u p a n d re c ­
om m end ac tio n on f u tu r e te c h n ic a l d evelopm ents.
I t h a s n o t, how ever, a d o p te d its ow n p re s c rip ­
tio n o f a p p ly in g system s a p p ro a c h e s fo r its own
an a ly sis, re co m m en d atio n s, a n d p ro g ra m s. I n p a r t
th is m ay be because th e R e p o rt u n d e rto o k to ro u n d
u p a v a s t n u m b e r o f reco m m en d atio n s, some o f
w h ich a re s till a t th e in c u b a tio n sta g e w h ile o th ers
h av e been co n sid ered m o re a d e q u a te ly elsew here.
T h e d iv e rs ity o f th e C o m m issio n ’s m em b ersh ip also
m a y h av e d e te rre d th e d r a f te r s fro m u n d e rta k in g
such a task .
B esid es a s u m m a ry o f th e C om m ission’s R e p o rt,
th e B o w en -M a n g u m p u b lic a tio n co n ta in s 8 o f th e
41 stu d ies p u b lish e d by th e C om m ission. T h is re ­
v iew er believes t h a t i t w o u ld h av e been m ore h e lp ­
fu l to m ak e th e s u m m a ry a se p a ra te p u b lic a tio n
an d p lace in th is book e ith e r s h o rt su m m aries of
a ll in d iv id u a l stu d ie s o r, p re fe ra b ly , a n in te g ra te d
p re s e n ta tio n o f th e m a te ria ls to serve as a n a n ­
n o ta te d su p p le m e n t to th e R e p o rt. T h is could in ­
d ica te d iv erg en cies in view s, conclusions, a n d re c ­
om m en d atio n s. T h e l a tte r w o u ld be v e ry w o rth ­
w h ile f o r fa c ilita tin g f u r th e r u n d e r s ta n d in g an d
debate.
T h e second book is a n a p p r o p ria te co m p lem ent
to th e first, since it d eals p r im a rily w ith th e fa c ­
to rs w h ich d e te rm in e th e volum e a n d d ire c tio n of
e x p e n d itu re on te ch n o lo g ica l in n o v a tio n . T h e re is
a h ig h ly co n se rv ativ e b ia s in c u rre n t in d u s tria l re ­
sea rch a n d d ev e lo p m e n t w h ich th e a u th o rs believe
'■‘m ay be less d e sira b le fo r th e econom y as a w hole.”
I t “ d is to rts th e process o f tech n o lo g ica l ad v a n ce.”
T h e a ttr itio n r a te o f new id eas is h i g h ; th e “d i f ­
fu sio n p ro cess” is p ro d u c in g w ide differences in
p ra c tic e s am o n g firm s. S o ciety as a w hole is n o t
b en e fitin g sufficiently fro m o u r a v a ila b le stock of
b asic scientific a n d te c h n ic a l know ledge.
T h e a u th o rs offer five p ro p o sa ls fo r c o rre c tin g
th e deficiencies in th e p re s e n t a llo ca tio n o f th e r e ­
sea rch a n d d ev e lo p m e n t effort, B o th th e a u th o rs
a n d th e C om m ission ag ree g e n e ra lly on th e need
fo r a n e x p e rim e n ta l p ro c u re m e n t service, in d u s try

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67
research p ro g ra m s, a n d larg e-scale ssytem s d e­
v elo p m en t p ro jects. T h e a u th o rs f u r th e r u rg e th e
c reatio n o f a N a tio n a l I n s titu te fo r T ech n o lo g y
a n d an in d u s tria l ex tension service. T h e book is a
com petent, c a re fu lly developed a p p ra is a l o f a v a il­
able re searc h in th e field. I t s fo o tn o tes p ro v id e
re a d y access to differences in fin d in g s, conclusions,
a n d ap p ro ach e s am o n g econom ists on im p o rta n t
aspects o f th e pro b lem .
— S olomon B a r k in
Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development
C u s to m e r R ig h t s

Consumer Choice in the American Economy. B y
C a ro ly n S. B ell. N ew Y o rk , R an d o m H ouse,
In c ., 1967.429 p p . $7.95.
S ince books on consum er econom ics a p p e a r so
ra re ly , each one th a t is w ritte n m u st be re g a rd e d
as a w o rth w h ile a d d itio n to th e lite ra tu re on th is
subject. T h e a u th o r ’s p u rp o se is to “ a p p ly eco­
nom ic an a ly sis to th e stu d y o f consum er choice a n d
m a rk e t c o m p etitio n .” T h e discussion cen ters
m ain ly a ro u n d tw o m o d e ls : th e tr a d itio n a l th e o ry
o f in d iv id u a l choice as developed by M a rsh a ll,
H ick s, A llen , a n d o th ers, w ith th e househ o ld as
th e p rin c ip a l d ecisio n m ak in g u n i t ; a n d th e th e o ry
o f m o n o p o listic co m p etitio n as o rig in a lly d ev el­
o ped b y P ro fe ss o r C h am b erla in .
C h a p te r 1 trac es th e ch an g e in consum er sp e n d ­
in g on goods a n d services since 1900, a n d c h a p te r
2 re p o rts th e ch an g e in fa m ily incom e a n d incom e
d is trib u tio n since 1929. I n th e th i r d c h a p te r, th e
allo ca tio n o f fa m ily incom e am o n g a lte rn a tiv e uses
by incom e class, size of fa m ily , a n d o th e r fa c to rs
is p re sen ted , re ly in g m a in ly u p o n th e 1960-61 S u r ­
vey o f C on su m er E x p e n d itu re s o f th e U .S . D e p a r t­
m ents o f L a b o r an d A g ric u ltu re . F in a lly , a m odel
of consum er choice b ased u p o n indifference curves
is p re sen ted in c h a p te r 4.
T h e n e x t fo u r c h a p te rs focus a tte n tio n on th e
sellin g asp ect o f th e con su m er choice problem .
T h e y c o n ta in a d esc rip tiv e acco u n t o f re ta ilin g
p ra c tic e s; th e w ell-know n m odel o f m o n o p o listic
co m p etitio n w hich c h a rac te rizes m ost re ta il m a r­
k e ts; a n d a discussion o f th e significance o f n o n ­
p rice com p etitio n .
T h e a u th o r in sists th a t in s titu tio n a l a r ra n g e ­
m en ts h av e created a situ a tio n o f re la tiv e p rice

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

68
c o n fo rm ity a n d s ta b ility t h a t en co u rag es n o n p ric e
co m p etitio n . S h e m a in ta in s t h a t c o n c e n tra tio n on
n o n p ric e co m p e titio n h a s c re a te d m o re p ro b lem s,
r a th e r th a n less, f o r th e consum er. W ith a n in ­
crease in v a rie ty o f goods a n d c h a n g e in th e ir q u a l­
ity , con su m ers a re less able to ju d g e w h a t ty p e s o f
goods b est s a tis fy th e ir w an ts. T h u s, consum ers
a re view ed as a b a n d o n in g th e n o tio n o f m a x im iz ­
in g u tility in fa v o r o f w h a t som e a u th o rs h av e
called “satisficin g .” A c c o rd in g to th is co n cep t
consum ers a re satisfied w ith a choice t h a t is “good
en o u g h ” a n d c o m p atib le w ith th e in fo rm a tio n a n d
e v a lu a tio n ca p a c itie s o f th e consum er. I n m an y
cases th e co n su m er is view ed as g iv in g u p h is d eci­
sio n m a k in g a b ility a lto g e th e r a n d re ly in g u p o n th e
ju d g m e n t o f th e te c h n ic ia n w ho is m o re fu lly
in fo rm e d th a n th e av e ra g e co n su m er on th e m e rits
o f v ario u s g oods a n d services.
A c c o rd in g to M iss B ell, th e c o n su m er’s ow n ex ­
p erience offers th e m o st re lia b le a n d in fo rm a tiv e
b asis fo r co nsum er choice. T h e re fo re , she ad v o cates
in creased co n su m er p ro te c tio n b y G o v e rn m e n t in
cases w h e re co n su m er ex p erien ce is n o t a re lia b le
g u id e, a n d in cases o f new p ro d u c ts a b o u t w h ich
consum er ex p erien ce m u st be g a in e d f o r th e first
tim e. S u c h co n su m er p ro te c tio n in clu d es w e lfa re
p a y m en ts w h ich w o u ld en ab le th e co n su m er to b u y
specific q u a n titie s o f c e rta in goods, in cre ased co n ­
tro l o v er a d v e rtisin g , a n d th e s e ttin g o f m o re r ig id
s ta n d a r d s f o r m e rc h a n d is in g p ro d u c ts.
T h is is a n in te re s tin g a n d in fo rm a tiv e book. T h e
a u th o r dbes n o t use a n y o f th e fo rm a l m a th e m a tic a l
tech n iq u es t h a t a re c u rre n tly a v a ila b le f o r a n a ly z ­
in g sta tis tic a l d a ta . N ev erth eless, h e r conclusions
seem to be in lin e w ith th o se o f o th e r re searc h
w orkers.

—J oseph Zaremba
Department of Economics
Fordham University

Machine Management

The Impact of Computers on Management. E d ite d
The

by C h a rle s A . M yers. C a m b rid g e , M ass., T h e
M .I.T . P re ss, 1967. 310 p p . $10.
Advance Against Paperwork: Computers,
Systems, and Personnel. B y L e o n a rd R ico.
A n n A rb o r, U n iv e rs ity o f M ich ig a n , 1967. 330
p p . $6.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

P ro fe ss o r M y ers’ concise review o f th e fin d in g s
of th e v ario u s c o n trib u to rs m akes m y job fa ir ly
easy. T h is book of re a d in g s is concerned w ith th e
im p a c t o f co m p u ters on o rg a n iz a tio n a l s tru c tu re
a n d th e co n c o m itan t m an ag e m en t d ec isio n m ak in g
process.
T h o m as W h is le r su g g ests t h a t co m p u te riz a tio n
w ill lead to m o re c e n tra liz e d decisio n m ak in g . T h is
h a s n o t o ccu rred a lre a d y because firm s h av e n o t y et
d e c e n tra liz e d ; it is im possible, th e re fo re , fo r th em
to re cen tra liz e. H o w e v er, th e fu tu re m ay see s tru c ­
tu r a l ch an g es w h erein hom e offices m ay becom e in ­
fo rm a tio n p ro cessin g cen ters le a v in g p erso n al in ­
te ra c tio n to th e field offices.
G eorge D e le h a n ty agrees w ith W h is le r th a t
c o m p u ters h av e s tim u la te d little so f a r in th e w ay
o f c e n tra liz a tio n . H e a ttrib u te s th is to th e fa c t
t h a t m ost firm s still confine d ecisio n m ak in g to to p
m an ag em en t. B u t, to D e le h a n ty , a fa s c in a tin g
asp ect o f c e n tra liz a tio n lies in th e in su ra n c e in d u s ­
t r y w here field offices m ay becom e m o re a u to n o ­
m ous th a n hom e offices. M oreover, D e le h a n ty fo re ­
sees a d ra s tic re d u c tio n in th e m an p o w e r needs of
th is in d u s try in th e n e x t decade.
T h e dev elo p m en t o f in fo rm a tio n tech n o lo g y , its
effects on m a n a g e ria l d ec isio n m ak in g a n d th e im ­
p lic a tio n s fo r th e o rg a n iz a tio n a re discussed by
D o n a ld C a rro l. H e ag rees w ith W h is le r a n d D e le­
h a n ty t h a t in fo rm a tio n system s w ill “c u t a sw ath
th ro u g h m id d le m a n a g e m e n t.”
N o t a ll o f th e c o n trib u to rs a re in ag reem en t,
how ever. J o h n D e a rd e n , fo r ex am p le, does n o t see
how c o m p u ters w ill h av e such a d ra m a tic effect
on an o rg a n iz a tio n ’s d is trib u tio n o f a u th o rity ,
since m u ch o f th e in fo rm a tio n a b o u t p eo p le (w h ich
is n ecessary fo r d e c isio n m ak in g ) is n ’t tra n s la ta b le
in to co m p u te r lan g u ag e . T h is n o tio n is en fo rced by
J a y F o r r e s te r ’s com m ent t h a t 90 p ercen t o f w h a t
concerns a business o rg a n iz a tio n can be p u t in th e
E D P system , b u t t h a t 90 p e rc e n t o f w h a t m a tte rs
to th e successful business is o u tsid e th e E D P
system .
T h is a ll lead s u p to an e x c itin g a n d v ery h u m a n
c h a p te r by C h a rle s D e C a rlo . M r. D e C a rlo e m p h a ­
sizes t h a t w e m u st n o t fo rg e t th e “n o n fu n c tio n a l or
th e h u m an , em o tio n al m a n .” A ll c o g n itio n a n d no
effect m akes J a c k a v e ry d u ll boy. T h e re a re m an y
aspects o f m an w h ich can n o t be sto red in th e com ­
p u te r a n d o u r concern fo r ra tio n a liz a tio n a n d sp e­
c ia liz a tio n m ay fo ste r a b reed o f m a n a g e rs w ho

69

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

can id e n tify ev ery tre e in th e fo re st, b u t c a n ’t te ll
w h e th e r th e y a re in a n o rc h a rd a lo n g th e N ia g a ra
R iv e r o r in th e lu sh m o u n ta in c o u n try s u rro u n d ­
in g B e th e l, M aine.
P ro fe s s o r M y ers h as p u t to g e th e r a good book
o f re a d in g s. T h e discussions a t th e en d o f th e c h a p ­
te rs a re re fre s h in g a n d illu m in a tin g , a n d th e case
s tu d y b y E d g a r H u se w h ich a p p e a rs in th e a p ­
p e n d ix is q u ite in te re stin g .
T h e second book, how ever, is n o t so good. P r o ­
fesso r R ico focuses on th e im p a c t o f co m p u ters on
in fo rm a tio n p ro cessin g , m an ag e m en t, a n d p e rso n ­
n el policies. H e su rv e y ed 12 B o sto n a re a firm s b e­
tw een 1959 a n d 1960 a n d 6 firm s in th e P h ila d e l­
p h ia a re a in 1965. I t is h a r d to fig u re o u t, th o u g h ,
w h e th e r M r. R ico collected e m p iric a l d a ta on these
v isits o r i f he sim p ly m ad e a su b jectiv e a n aly sis
o f th e im p a c t o f c o m p u ters on each firm .

Economic and Social Security. B y J o h n G. T u rn -

— J o h n T . D r o tning

b u ll, C. A r t h u r W illia m s, J r . , a n d E a r l F .
C h eit. N ew Y o rk , R o n a ld P re ss Co., 1967.
671 p p ., b ib io g rap h ies. 3d ed. $8.
A s in th e tw o p re v io u s ed itio n s, th e a u th o rs
tr e a t a n d e v a lu a te “n o t o nly th e cu sto m ary fields
o f social in su ran c e a n d assistan ce b u t also p riv a te
in su ran c e a n d s u b s ta n d a rd co n d itio n s.” T h e g e n ­
e ra l fo rm a t o f th e book a n d th e su b areas o f eco­
nom ic se c u rity h av e n o t been essen tially changed.
H o w ev er, since th e field is w id e n in g a n d becom ing
m ore com plex, th is e d itio n p laces th e em p h asis
u p o n b ro a d e r fe a tu re s o f p ro b lem s a n d p ro g ra m s
(b o th p u b lic a n d p riv a te ) a n d u p o n b asic p rin c i­
ples r a th e r th a n u p o n d e ta ile d facts. N ew er
a n a ly tic a l m eth o d s h av e been in c o rp o ra te d w here
useful.
T h e g e n e ra l a re a o f p o v e rty n o t tre a te d b efo re
is in clu d ed in th is volum e. T h e causes, possible
cures, a n d th e m a jo r c h a ra c te ristic s o f its p ro b ­
lem s a n d p ro g ra m s a re o u tlin ed . A re a s w h ere th e
w a r on p o v e rty p la y s a n im p o rta n t p a r t in p la n ­
n in g a n d p ro g ra m in g a re discussed. T h e g ro w th
a n d s h ifts o f o ld er p ro g ra m s as w ell as new ones
are ev alu ated .

Department of Industrial Relations
State University of New York at Buffalo

National Economic Planning. E d ite d by M ax F .

T h e a u th o r relies on th e ty p ic a l d is s e rta tio n
sty le o f e x ten d e d quotes, a n d th is d e tra c ts fro m
h is ow n fin d in g s. A lth o u g h he to u ch es on a w ide
ra n g e o f to p ics, som e a re n o t d ev elo p ed v ery w ell,
n o r a re th e y v e ry co n v in cin g . F o r ex am p le, in h is
discussion o f th e u n io n ’s resp o n se to c h a n g in g te c h ­
no lo g y th e a u th o r sta te s t h a t “ th e u n io n s h a d l i t ­
tle o r n o effect on th e r a te o r cost o f c o m p u te riz a ­
tio n .” I ’m n o t so su re o f th is.
O th e r fin d in g s seem to be e ith e r tr iv ia l o r a l­
re a d y accep ted tr u th s . F o r ex am p le, h e fo u n d th a t
th e effect o f c o m p u ters on th e c o n d itio n s o f w o rk
w as to im p ro v e “ w o rk o rg a n iz a tio n , lig h tin g an d
v e n tila tio n . H o w e v er, a g r e a t d eal m o re w a lk in g
a n d b e n d in g w as n ecessary w ith th e new o p e ra ­
tio n s.” I n a d d itio n , P ro fe s s o r R ico finds t h a t “since
1950 E D P h a s r a p id ly g ro w n ” a n d t h a t th is tre n d
w ill co n tin u e. M o reo v er, h e finds t h a t tech n o lo g ical
ch a n g e g e n e ra te s o cc u p atio n al ch a n g es in th e com ­
p o sitio n o f th e la b o r force. A n d so on.

M illik an . N ew Y o rk , N a tio n a l B u re a u o f
E conom ic R esearch , 1967. 413 p p . (C o n fe r­
ence S eries 19.) $10, C o lu m b ia U n iv e rs ity
P ress, N ew Y o rk .

Summaries of Recent Books
Labor Relations Yearbook— 1966. W a sh in g to n ,
B u re a u o f N a tio n a l
531 pp. $9.50.

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

T h is book p ro v id es ex ten siv e referen ce an d r e ­
search m a te ria l on w h a t h a p p e n e d in th e la b o r re ­
la tio n s field in 1966. F o llo w in g a b rie f chro n o lo g y
o f su m m aries o f im p o rta n t dev elo p m en ts, th e re
is a section on collective b a rg a in in g a n d in d u s tria l
p ra c tic e s w h ich covers g e n e ra l b a rg a in in g in f o r ­
m a tio n as w ell as special issues such as pen sio n
a n d w e lfare p ra ctices, b a rg a in in g p ro b lem te c h ­
niques, a n d special co n tracts.
T h e re a re re p o rts on la b o r re la tio n s conferences
a n d stu d ies, a c tiv itie s o f la b o r o rg a n iz a tio n s, an d
th e role o f th e F e d e ra l G o v e rn m en t in la b o r re la ­
tions.
C o m p reh en siv e s ta tis tic a l tab les c o n ta in eco­
nom ic d a ta o f th e y e a r’s developm ents.

A ffa irs,

In c .,

1967.

Action Under Planning: The Guidance of Eco­
nomic Development. E d ite d by B e rtra m M.
G ross. N ew Y o rk , M c G ra w -H ill B o o k Co.,
1967.314 pp. $12.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

70
T h e first book c o n tain s a co m p ila tio n o f p a p e rs
(w ith c o m m e n ta ry ) a b o u t som e o f th e p ro b lem s
en co u n te red b y p la n n e rs, a n d th e n goes on to d is ­
cuss th e v a rie d ex periences o f th e S o v ie t U n io n ,
F ra n c e , I n d ia , a n d Y u g o slav ia. T h e book does
n o t p ro v id e c lea r conclusions since no econom ic
tools h av e y e t been devised to m easu re th e in flu ­
ence a n d u tility o f p la n n in g on a c o u n try ’s d e ­
velopm en t.
B e rtra m G ross h a s also collected som e p a p e rs
on econom ic p la n n in g . H is discussions d ea l m ore
w ith th e so cio -p o litical p ro b lem s th a n w ith th e
econom ic ones en c o u n te red in p la n n in g a c o u n try ’s
developm en t. I n th e first p a r t, th e im p le m e n ta tio n
o f p la n s (d ecisio n s) is co v ered ; th e p ro b le m s o f
p la n -m a k in g a re d iscussed in th e second section
o f th e book.

T h e R o le o f th e S e c o n d a r y S c h o o ls in th e P r e p a r a tio n o f
Y o u t h f o r E m p l o y m e n t : S u m m a r y , C o n c lu s io n s , a n d

By Jacob J. Kaufman and others.
University Park, Pa., Pennsylvania 'State University,
1967. 20 pp.

R e c o m m e n d a tio n s .

E d u c a tio n

and

S o c ia l C r is is : P e r s p e c tiv e s

on T e a c h in g

Edited by Everett T. Keach,
Jr., Robert Fulton, William E. Gardner. New York,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1967. 413 pp. $7.95.
D is a d v a n ta g e d

Y o u th .

S y m p o s iu m o f R a te s o f R e tu r n to I n v e s tm e n t in E d u c a ­
tio n . ( I n Journal of Human Resources: Education,
Manpower, and Welfare Policies, University of Wis­
consin Press, Madison, Wis., Summer 1967, pp.
291-374. $2.)

By I. J. 'Seligsohn.
New York, Julian Messner, 1967. 222 pp. bibliography.
$3.95.

Y o u r C a r e e r in C o m p u te r P r o g r a m m in g .

H ealth and Safety

Profile of the U.S. Economy: A Survey of
Growth and Change. B y E m m a S. W o y tin sky. N ew Y o rk , F re d e ric k A . P ra e g e r, P u b ­
lish ers, 1967. 601 p p . $12.50.
F o r a co m p reh en siv e s ta tis tic a l su m m a ry o f th e
A m eric a n econom y, one need go n o f u r th e r th a n
th is volum e by M rs. W o y tin sk y . T h e m a te ria l is
p re sen te d on a b ro a d h is to ric a l b asis a n d is o rg a ­
n ized to p ic a lly . E v e r y p e r tin e n t asp e ct o f each
to p ic a p p e a rs to be in clu d ed .
S u b je c ts covered a re th e b asic e n v iro n m e n ta l
fa c to rs (la n d , w a te r, a i r ) , p o p u la tio n , h e a lth a n d
ed u catio n , th e w o rk force, p rice s a n d w ages,
sp e n d in g h a b its, n a tio n a l incom e a n d w e a lth , so­
cial sec u rity , all in d u strie s, a n d science a n d te c h ­
nology. T h e la s t c h a p te r is on th e election o f th e
P re s id e n t a n d th e C ongress.
T h e book is d o cu m en ted w ith m a n y tab les,
ch a rts, a n d m a p s w h ich h av e been in te rp re te d to
show th e ir relevance to A m e ric a ’s econom ic an d
social developm ent.

H e a lth

C h a r a c te r is tic s

by

G e o g r a p h ic

R e g io n ,

L arge

M e tr o p o lita n A r e a s , a n d O th e r P la c e s o f R e s id e n c e ,
U n i t e d S t a t e s , J u l y 1 9 6 3 - J u n e 1 9 6 5 . Washington, U.S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Pub­
lic Health Service, 1967. 58 pp. (Vital and Health
Statistics Data From the National Health Survey;
PHS Publication No. KXXPSeries 10-No. 36.) 40 cents,
'Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
W ork

I n ju r ie s

and

A c c id e n t

C a u s e s in

School L un ch ­

By T. ¡H. Rockwell and David Kandel.
Washington, U.'S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1967. 71 pp. (BLS Report 316.)
ro o m s.

Industrial Relations
a n d L a b o r R e l a t i o n s . Edited by A. Fraser
Isbester. Boston, D. C. Heath and Co., 1967. 118 pp.
(New Perspectives in Business Economics.) $1.95,
paperbound.

I n d u s tr ia l

L a b o r-M a n a g e m e n t

R e la tio n s :

S e le c te d

R e a d in g s

and

Washington, U.S. Department of Labor,
Library, May 1967. 8 pp.

R e fe r e n c e s .

L a b o r R e la tio n s in th e A lo to r I n d u s t r y : A S tu d y o f I n ­
U n r e s t a n d I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o m p a r is o n . By
H. A. Turner, Garfield Clack, Geoffrey Roberts. Lon­
don, George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1967. 365 pp. 55s.
d u s tr ia l

Other Recent Publications
Education and Training
Y o u th

fo r

E m p lo y m e n t:

A

C o m p a r a tiv e

S tu d y

of

By
Jacob J. Kaufman and others. University Park, Pa.,
Pennsylvania State University, Institute for Research
on Human Resources, 1967. Various pagings.
V o c a ti o n a l ,

A c a d e m ic , a n d


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

By Robert
M. MacDonald. ( I n Industrial and Labor Relations
Review, Ithaca, N.Y., July 1967, pp. 553-577. $1.75.)

C o lle c tiv e B a r g a in in g in th e P o s tw a r P e r io d .

T h e R o l e o f t h e S e c o n d a r y S c h o o ls i n t h e P r e p a r a t i o n o f
G en eral

C u r r ic u la .

T ea ch ers, S ch o o l B o a rd s, an d

C o lle c tiv e B a r g a in in g : A

By Robert E. Doherty and
Walter E. Oberer. Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University,
C h a n g in g o f t h e

G u a rd .

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

71

New York State School of Industrial and Labor Re­
lations, 1967, 139 pp. (ILR Paperback No. 2.) $2.

C o m p e t i t i o n f o r S k i l l e d L a b o r . By Richard L.
Worsnop. Washington, Editorial Research Reports,
1967.17 pp. (1967, Vol. I, No. 20.) $2.

W o r ld

C o lle c tiv e B a r g a in in g in E d u c a tio n : T h e A n a to m y o f a
P r o b l e m . By William R. Hazard. ( I n Labor Law
Journal, Chicago, July 1967, pp. 412-419. $1.35.)
A

to C o l l e c t i v e N e g o t i a t i o n s i n E d u c a t i o n . By
Charles T. Schmidt, Jr., Hyman Parker, Bob Repas.
East Lansing, Mich., Michigan State University,
School of Labor and Industrial Relations (in coop­
eration with Michigan State Board of Education),
1967. 85 pp., bibliography. $1.50.

G u id e

B a ck g ro u n d

F a c ts

on

W om en

W orkers

in

th e

U n ite d

Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Wom­
en’s Bureau, 1967.17 pp.

S ta te s ,

M a n p o w e r U t i l i z a t i o n , 1 9 6 7 . Hearings before
the Special Subcommittee on the Utilization of Scien­
tific Manpower of the Committee on Labor and Public
Welfare, U.S. Senate, 90th Congress, 1st session, on
S. 430 and S. 467. Washington, 1967. 377 pp.

S c ie n tific

a n d E n g i n e e r s F r o m A b r o a d , 1 9 6 2 - 6 4 - Wash­
ington, National Science Foundation. 1967. xii, 58
pp. (NSF 67-3.) 45 cents, Superintendent of Docu­
ments, Washington.

S c ie n tis ts
P itf a lls o f C o lle c tiv e B a r g a in in g in P u b lic E m p lo y m e n t.

By Jack R. Clary. ( I n Labor Law Journal, Chicago,
July 1967, pp. 406-411. $1.35.)
C o lle c tiv e

B a r g a in in g

in

T r a n s itio n :

1,

C o a litio n

B a r­

By Guy Farmer. New
York, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc., 1967. 59
pp. (IRC Research Monograph 27.) $2.50.
g a in in g

and

U n io n

P ow er.

B a r g a i n i n g i n A f r i c a n C o u n t r i e s . By R. C.
Roberts and L. Greyfie de Bellecombe. London, Mac­
millan and Co., Ltd., 1967. xviii, 158 pp. (Interna­
tional Institute for Labor Studies publication.) $7.25,
St. Martin’s Press, New York.

C o lle c tiv e

T h e D e v e lo p m e n t o f J u d ic ia l A r b itr a tio n in L a b o r -M a n ­
a g e m e n t D i s p u t e s . By Paul Prasow and Edward
Peters. Los Angeles, University of California, In­
stitute of Industrial Relations, 1967. 10 pp. (Reprint
169; from California Management Review.)
The

E a r ly

A m e r ic a n

Labor

C o n s p ir a c y

C a ses:

T h e ir

By Mar­
jorie S. Turner. San Diego, Calif., San Diego State
College Press, 1967. 86 pp. ( Social Science Mono­
graph Series, Vol. 1, No. 3.) $2.50, paperbound.
P la c e in L a b o r L a w — A

R e in te r p r e ta tio n .

C u r r e n t P r o p o s a ls f o r D e a lin g W ith S tr ik e s A ffe c tin g th e

Princeton, N.J., Princeton Univer­
sity, Industrial Relations Section, July 1967. 4 pp.
( Selected References 136.) 40 cents.

N a tio n a l I n te r e s t.

P a r ty , G o v e r n m e n t a n d th e L a b o r M o v e m e n t in M e x ic o :
T w o C a s e S t u d i e s . By Frederic Meyers. Los Angeles,
University -of California, Institute of Industrial Re­
lations, 1967. 31 pp. (Reprint 170; from Industrial
Relations and Economic Development.)

Labor Force
C o n c e p ts a n d M e t h o d s U s e d i n M a n p o w e r S t a t i s t i c s F r o m
t h e C u r r e n t P o p u l a t i o n S u r v e y . Washington, U.S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics and
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Cen­
sus, 1967. 20 pp. (BLS Report 313.)
M i g r a t i o n a n d C h a n g e s i n t h e Q u a l i t y o f th e L a b o r F o r c e .

By Thomas W. Gavett. Morgantown, West Virginia
University, Bureau of Business Research, 1967.
53 pp.

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By Vernon M.
Buehler. ( I n Statistical Reporter, Bureau of the
Budget, Office of Statistical Standards, Washington,
July 1967, pp. 1-9.)

E c o n o m ic I m p a c t o f D e fe n s e P r o g r a m s .

W o r k s h o p on N o n p r o fe s s io n a l C a r e e r s f o r D is a d v a n ta g e d
Y o u t h : S u m m a r y o f P r o c e e d i n g s . New York, New
York University, Graduate School of Social Work,
Center for the Study of Unemployed Youth, 1967. 141
pp. $1.
C hanges

in

E m p lo y m e n t

A m ong

School

L ea vers:

A

S a m p le S tu d y o f O n e C o h o rt o f S e c o n d a r y M o d e rn

By Joan Maizels. ( I n British Journal of Indus­
trial Relations, London School of Economics and
Political Science, London, July 1967, pp. 211-221.
$2.80.)

B oys.

T h e F o r e i g n W o r k e r : A d a p t i o n to I n d u s t r i a l W o r k a n d
U r b a n L i f e . By R. Descloitres. Paris, Organization
for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1967. 173
pp., bibliography. (Labor Mobility Series, 4.) $3. D is­
tributed in United States by OECD Publications
Center, Washington.
i n A g r i c u l t u r e . Geneva, International
Labor Office, 1967. 77 pp. (Report V (1) prepared for
International Labor Conference, 52d session, 1968.)
$1. Distributed in United States by Washington
Branch of ILO.

L a b o r In s p e c tio n

E s tim a te s a n d P r o je c tio n s o f th e L a b o r F o r c e a n d C iv il­
ia n E m p l o y m e n t i n t h e U .S .S .R ., 1 9 5 0 - 1 9 7 5 . By
Ritchie H. Reed. Washington, U.S. Department of
Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1967. 39 pp. (Inter­
national Population Reports, Series P-91, No. 15.)
30 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.

Prices and Consumption Economics
o f P r i c e T h e o r y . By Clark Lee Allen.
Belmont, Calif., Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc., 1967.
373 pp.

T he F ram ew ork

By George Katona. ( I n
American Psychologist, Washington, March 1967, pp.
219-226. $1.)

W h a t I s C o n su m e r P s y c h o lo g y ?

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

72
C lo th in g f o r U r b a n F a m ilie s : E x p e n d itu r e s P e r M e m b e r

Washington, U.S. Depart­
ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1967. 149
pp. (Bulletin 1556.) 75 cents, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.

W ages and Hours

b y S e x a n d A g e , 1 9 6 0 -6 1 .

By Fabian Linden.
Conference Board Record, National Industrial
Conference Board, New York, August 1967, pp. 20-22.)

a n d M a n p o w e r i n C h i l d W e l f a r e i n 1 9 6 6 . By
Ralph W. Colvin, Lydia Hylton, Barbara G.
Rothschild. New York, Child Welfare League of
America, Research Center, 1967. 153 pp. $3.

S a la r ie s

C h a n g in g P a t t e r n s o f S p e n d i n g P o w e r .
{In

New York,
Engineering Manpower Commission of Engineers Joint
Council, 1967. 68 pp. $5.

P r o f e s s io n a l I n c o m e o f E n g in e e r s , 1 9 6 6 -1 9 6 7 .

Productivity and Technological Change
P o l i c y : T h e B r i t i s h E x p e r i e n c e . By Bryan L.
Davies. { I n Labor Law Journal, Chicago, July 1967,
pp. 427-439. $1.35.)

In com es
C o lle c tiv e

B a r g a in in g

F a c to r s

in

th e

fo r

G r e a te r

A m e r ic a n

P ro d u c tiv ity :

Labor

R e la tio n s

Som e
S y s te m

By M. S.
Ryder. { I n British Journal of Industrial Relations,
London School of Economics and Political Science,
London, July 1967, pp. 190-197. $2.80.)

P o s s ib ly G e n e r a tin g G r e a te r P r o d u c tiv ity .

By Martin Carnoy. { I n
Economic Development and Cultural Change, Uni­
versity of Chicago Press, Chicago, July 1967, pp.
408-419. $2.)

E a r n i n g s a n d S c h o o l i n g i n M e x ic o .

P e r c e p tio n o f a n d A ttitu d e s T o w a r d A u to m a tio n : A S tu d y
o f L o c a l U n io n L e a d e r s . By Steven E. Deutsch. { I n
Labor Law Journal. Chicago, July 1967, pp. 396-405.
$1.35.)

Geneva, Interna­
tional Labor Office, 1967. 113 pp. (Labor and Automa­
tion Series, Bulletin 5.) $1.50. Distributed in United
States by Washington Branch of ILO.

A u to m a tio n a n d N o n -M a n u a l W o r k e r s.

S p e c u l a t i o n s A b o u t M a n a n d H i s W o r k —A .D . 2 0 0 0 .

By
Edward A. Shaw. { I n Personnel Journal, Swarthmore, Pa., July-August 1967, pp. 419-426. 75 cents.)

W a g e s i n C h ile . By Peter Gregory. Ithaca,
N.Y., Cornell University, New York State 'School of
Industrial Labor Relations, 1967. 113 pp. (Cornell In­
ternational Industrial and Labor Relations Report 8.)
$5.50, cloth ; $3, paperbound.

I n d u s tr ia l

By
Robert J. Ballon, Makoto Sakurabayashi, Ichiro
Tsunekawa. Tokyo, 'Sophia University, Socio-Eco­
nomic Institute, Industrial Relations 'Section, 1967.
35 pp. (Bulletin 14.)

W a g e S u r v e y o f M a le B lu e -C o lla r W o r k e r s [ J a p a n ] .

A r e a W a g e S u r v e y : T h e A l b a n y - S c h e n e c t a d y - T r o y , N .Y .

By Paul Baran. { I n Pub­
lic Interest, New York, Summer 1967, pp. 75-87.
$1.50.)

T h e F u tu r e C o m p u te r U tility .

U s e t h e C o n t r o l l e r i n C o n t r a c t N e g o t i a t i o n s . By
Alex J. Simon and Virginia L. Bean. { I n Management
of Personnel Quarterly, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Spring 1967, pp. 12-15.)

L e t ’s

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J

Current Labor Statistics
TABLES
A.—Labor Force and Employment
76
76
77
77
78
78
79
83
87

88
89

A -l.
A -2..
A-3.
A-4.
A -5.
A-6.
A-9.
A - 10.
A -ll.
A-12.
A-13.

Summary employment and unemployment estimates, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted
Seasonally adjusted rates of unemployment
Rates of unemployment, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted
Employed persons, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted
Unemployed persons, by duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted
Full- and part-time status of the civilian labor force, not seasonally adjusted
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups, seasonally adjusted
Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally adjusted
Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations

B.—Labor Turnover
90

B - l.

Labor turnover rates, by major industry group

C. —Earnings and Hours
93
106

C—1.
C-2.

106
107

C-3.
C-4.

108

C-5.
C-6.

110

Gross hours and earnings of production workers, by industry
Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagri­
cultural payrolls in current and 1957-59 dollars
Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries
Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing, by major industry
group
Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry
Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction activities

D. —Consumer and Wholesale Prices
111

D -l.

112

D -2.

113
114
116
117

D -3.
D -4.
D -5.
D -6.

Consumer Price Index—U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers, all items,
groups, subgroups, and special groups of items
Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers, selected groups,
subgroups, and special groups of items, seasonally adjusted
Consumer Price Index— U.S. and selected areas for urban wage earners and clerical workers
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings
Indexes of wholesale prices, by stage of processing and durability of product

E. —Work Stoppages
118

E - l.

Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes

1Tables A-7 and A-8 appear quarterly in the February, May, August, and November issues of the Review.
N ote: With the exceptions noted, the statistical series here from the Bureau of Labor Statistics are described in B L S Handbook of Methods for Surveys
and Studies (BLS Bulletin 1458, 1966).

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75

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

76

A.—Labor Force and Employment
T able A -l. Summary employment and unemployment estimates, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted
[In th o u sa n d s]
1966

1967

A nnual
a v er a g e

E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s , age, a n d sex
J u ly

June

M ay

A pr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

D ec.

N ov.

O c t.

S e p t.

A ug.

1966

81,160 80,954

80,681

79,645

80,189

79,959

80,443

80,473

80,154

79,934

79,360

79,268

79,247

78,893

A ug.

1965

T otal
T o t a l la b o r fo rce_____________________
C iv ilia n la b o r fo r c e ----------------------------E m p l o y e d . . . ------- ---------------------------A g r ic u ltu r e _____________________ -N o n a g r ic u ltu r a l in d u s tr ie s ---------U n e m p l o y e d ------------------------------------

73,141 72,895
3,935
3,979
69,206 68,915
2,928
2,8 7 5

77,178
74,455
71,088
4,361
66,726
3,3 6 6

47,437
44,787
43,667
2,894
40,773
1,119

47,115
44,857
43,422
3,174
40,246
1,435

24,504 24,427
23,556 23,507
652
675
22,904 22,832
919
948

23,687
22,630
748
21,882
1,056

77, 701 77,505 77, 237 76,189 76,740 76,523 77,025 77,087 76,764 76,612 76,081 76,039 76,069 75,770
74,147
3,727
70,420
3,0 9 0

73,910
3,8 9 0
70,020
2,830

73,289
3 ,6 5 2
69,637
2,900

74, 718
3 ,9 9 2
70,726
2,9 8 3

74,489
3,8 5 6
70,633
3,0 1 6

48, 365
45, 559
44", 479
2,835
41, 644

48,273 48,196 47,920
45; 433 45,314 45,021
44,338 44,156 43,922
2,753
2,7 2 6
2,791
4 i; 547 41,430 431,169
1,099
1,095
1,158

25, 557

25,516

25,177

24,730

705
23,853
'999

624
23,797
E 095

581
23,513
1,083

6,585
5, 681
452
5,229
904

6,556
5,730
441
5,289
826

6,746
5,897
420
5,477
849

73,747 74,137 74,255 73,893
4,011
3,8 9 0
4,015
3,8 5 5
69,892 70, 247 70, 240 69,882
2,871
2,832
2,888
2,776

73,897
3 ,8 9 2
70,005
2,715

73,199 73,195
3,7 7 9
3,8 8 6
69,420 69,309
2,882
2,844

M e n , 20 Y e a r s a n d O v e r
T o t a l la b o r fo rce______________________
C iv ilia n la b o r fo r c e ----------------------------E m p lo y e d __________________ ________
A g r ic u ltu r e _______________________
N o n a g r ic u ltu r a l in d u s tr ie s ---------U n e m p l o y e d ------------------------------------

i; oso

48,033 47,921
45,140 45,047
44,092 44,010
2,795
2,8 7 0
41,222 41,215
1,048
1,037

48,081
45, 222
44,236
2,875
41,361
986

48,591 47,842 47,604
45, 239 44,987 44,797
44,227 43,898 43,711
2,884
2,807
2,861
41,366 41,014 40,904
1,086
1,012
1,089

25,023

24,862

25,071

25,221

537
23,236
957

625
23,377
1,021

636
628
23, 206 23,421
1,014
1,028

6,438
5,594
362
5,2 3 2
844

6,577
5,8 1 6
395
5,421
761

47,493 47,465 47,506
44,723 44,736 44,822
43,654 43,655 43, 688
2,8 5 2
2,875
2,800
40,854 4 0 ,780 40,836
1,134
1,081
1,069

W o m e n , 20 Y e a r s a n d O v e r
C iv ilia n la b o r fo r c e ----------------------------E m p lo y e d __________________________
A g r ic u ltu r e _______________________
N o n a g r ic u ltu r a l in d u s tr ie s ----------U n e m p l o y e d _______________________

25,139

593
663
23,615 23,298
993
867

24,938
23,994
645
23,349
944

6,474
5,654
386
5,268
820

6,365
5,546
366
5,180
819

25,145

24,884

24, 558 24,421 24,094 23,773 24,002 23,834 24,057 24,128 24,167 24, 278 23,891
702
23,426
1,093

729
23,438
972

6,627
5,900
452
5,448
727

6,638
5,828
398
5,4 3 0
810

B o t h S e x e s , 16-19 Y e a r s
C iv ilia n la b o r fo r c e ----------------------------E m p lo y e d __________________________
A g r ic u ltu r e _______________________
N o n a g r ic u ltu r a l in d u s tr ie s _______
U n e m p l o y e d ------------------------------------

T able A-2.

6,614
5,903
432
5,471
711

6,7 3 2
5,844
379
5,465
888

6, 670
5,908
422
5,4 8 6
762

6,743
5,897
431
5,4 6 6
846

6,557
5,721
410
5,3 1 0
836

5,9 1 0
5,036
439
4,5 9 8
874

Seasonally adjusted rates of unemployment
Annual
average

1966

1967
Selected unemployment rates

Total (all civilian workers)------------- __
Men, 20 years and over ____ _ --------Women, 20 years and over___ _ _____
Both sexes, 16-19 years. _ ___ _
...
White workers______________________
Nonwhite workers---- -- --------- . ----Married m en..
___ __
. -----Full-time workers---------- . . . - -- -Blue-collar workers_____ . ----------------Experienced wage and salary workers... ..
Labor force time lo st1---------------------

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1966

3.8
2.4
3.9
13.7

3.9
2.4
4.3

4.0

3.8
2.4
3.9
13.1
3.3
7.8
1.9
3.5
4.6
3.6
3.8

3.7
2.3
4.1

3.6
2.3
4.1
10.7
3.1
7.4
1.7
3.1
4.2
3.4
4.1

3.7

3.7

3.7
2.4
3.9

3.5
2.4
3.4
11.4
31.
6.9
1.7
3.4
4.3
3.4
3.8

3.8
2.4
4.0
12.7
3.4
7.4
1.9
3.4
4.1
3.5
4.1

3.7
2.4
3.8
12.9
3.2
7.2
1.9
3.4
4.1
3.6
4.2

3.8
2.5
3.9
12.5
3.3

3.8
2.5
3.8
12.7

3.5

12.6

6.9

3.5
7.2

3.6
4.4
3.6
4.3

3.6
4.7
3.7
4.3

2.0

1.8

2.6
4.3
12.6
3.5
7.8

2.0

3.9
4.7
3.8
4.5

11.6
3.3
7.3
1.9
3.3
4.6
3.4
4.0

7.1

2.2
11.0
3.3
6.6

3.0
4.1
3.4
4.0

3.1
4.2
3.5
4.1

2 .2

4.0
13.2
3 .3

1.6

4.3

1 .7

1 2 .2
3 .3

7.6
1.7

3 .3

4.3
3.5
4.1

8.0
2.0
3.4
4.5
3.7
4.2

1 M an -h ours lo s t b y t h e u n e m p lo y e d a n d p erso n s o n p a rt t im e for e c o n o m ic re a so n s as a p e r c e n t o f p o t e n t ia lly a v a ila b le la b o r force m a n -h o u r s.

Beginning in the March issue, the 1965 and 1966 statistics on the labor force were revised to
take account of the lower age limit change from 14 to 16 years of age. The 1967 data reflect all
the definitional changes which became effective in January 1967. (See the February 1967 E m ­
p l o y m e n t a n d Earnin gs a n d M o n th ly R e p o rt on th e Labor Force, Vol. 13, No. 8.) Although
these data are not strictly comparable with those published prior to January 1967, they may be
treated by most users as continuing the previous series.


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3 .3

7.3
1.9
3.4
4.3
3.5
4.2

1965
4.5
3.2
4.5
14.8
4.1

8.1
2.4
3.5
5.3
4.3
5.0

77

A.—LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT

T able A-3.

Rates of unemployment, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted
1966

1967

Annual
average

Age and sex
Oct.

Sept.

1966

1965

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

3.8

3.9

4.0

3.8

3.7

3.6

3.7

3.7

3.7

3.5

3.8

3.7

3.8

3.8

4.5

11.4
12.9
10.6
5.0
2.5
2.5
2.4

12.7
14.7
11.4
5.4
2.6
2.7
2.5

12.9
14.8
11.2
5.2
2.6
2.6
2.5

12.5
14.2
11.3
5.4
2.7
2.7
2.6

12.7
14.8
11.3
5.3
2.6
2.6
2.6

14.8
16.5
13.5
6.7
3.2
3.2
3.2

Dec.

Nov.

Aug.

Aug.
Total
16 years and over

__________________

13.7
15.3
12.7
5.5
2.5
2.6
2.5

12.6
14.4
11.4
6.2
2.6
2.7
2.3

12.6
14.0
13.1
5.8
2.8
2.9
2.3

13.1
13.7
12.8
5.2
2.6
2.7
2.7

11.6
14.8
10.9
5.1
2.6
2.7
2.5

10.7
12.0
9.8
5.4
2.6
2.6
2.5

13.2
16.4
11.0
5.2
2.5
2.6
2.2

11.0
13.1
9.5
5.6
2.6
2.6
2.9

12.2
13.8
10.8
5.6
2.6
2.5
2.5

3.1
12.4
15.3
10.2
5.0
2.0
2.0
2.4

3.1
11.6
14.5
9.2
5.0
2.1
2.0
2.3

3.3
12.3
14.2
10.3
5.1
2.2
2.1
2.5

3.2
12.9
14.5
11.8
4.9
2.1
2.0
2.8

3.0
11.8
16.8
10.8
4.0
2.1
2.0
2.6

2.9
10.1
11.3
9.0
4.2
2.1
2.0
2.4

3.0
12.6
14.8
10.3
3.6
2.0
1.9
2.2

2.9
11.1
13.9
8.8
4.2
2.0
1.8
2.8

3.2
12.2
13.8
10.8
5.3
2.1
2.0
2.3

3.0
10.5
11.5
9.7
4.9
2.2
2.1
2.4

3.1
11.7
14.1
9.9
4.3
2.1
2.1
2.1

3.1
12.3
14.1
10.2
4.3
2.2
2.1
2.6

3.2
10.9
12.5
9.7
4.7
2.3
2.2
2.7

3.2
11.7
13.7
10.2
4. 6
2.2
2.1
2.7

4.0
14.1
16.1
12.4
6.3
2.8
2.7
3.3

5.1
16 years and over _ _____________
16 to IQyears
_ _ ______ _ __ 15.4
Ifiand 17 years
_ __________ _ 15.4
18 and IQyears
__ ________ 15.4
6.1
20 to 24 years
____ _________
3.5
25 years and over
___ ___ ____ - 3.7
25 to 54 years _
____ _ _______
2.7
55 years and over _ _ _____ _______

5.3
13.8
14.3
13.8
7.6
3.7
4.1
2.2

5.2
13.0
13.8
12.4
6.8
3.9
4.5
1.7

4.8
13.4
12.4
13.8
5.5
3.4
4.0
2.6

4.9
11.3
12.0
11.0
6.6
3.6
3.9
2.4

4.9
11.6
13.1
10.7
6.9
3.6
3.9
2.8

5.1
13.9
18.7
11.7
7.3
3.5
3.7
2.1

5.0
10.8
11.9
10.2
7.4
3.8
4.0
3.3

4.7
12.2
13.7
10.7
6.1
3.5
3.6
3.0

4.4
12.6
14.9
11.5
5.2
3.1
3.4
2.3

5.0
13.9
15.7
13.0
6.9
3.5
3.8
3.1

4.8
13.6
15.8
12.2
6. 5
3.3
3.6
2.3

5.0
14.6
16.8
13.0
6. 4
3.4
3.7
2.3

4.8
14.1
16.6
12.6
6.3
3.3
3.6
2.4

5.5
15.7
17.2
14.8
7.3
4.0
4.3
2.8

16 to IQyears
___ ___- ________
16 anil 17 years
__ __ ______
_ ...
18 and IQyears. _____
20 to 24 years
___
__ ____
25 years and over ____________ __ __
25 to 54 years _ __ ____________
55 years and over. ________ _____
Male
16 years and over__ _____________ -16 to IQyears
___
_
___
1fi and 17 years. _____ ___ - .. ..
18 and IQyears _ ___ . ________
20 to 24 years _
____________
25 years and over _ ____ ______ _
25 to 54 years
________________
55 years and over__________ _______
F emale

Table A-4.

Employed persons, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted
[In th o u s a n d s]

Annual
average

1966

1967

A ge and sex
A ug.

J u ly

June

M ay

A pr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

D ec.

N ov.

O c t.

S e p t.

A ug.

1966

1965

T otal
16 y e a r s a n d o v e r -----------16 t o 19 y e a r s ---------------16 a n d 17 y e a r s --------18 a n d 19 y e a r s --------20 t o 24 y e a r s —..............
25 y e a r s a n d o v e r .............
25 t o 54 y e a r s -----------55 y e a r s a n d o v e r ------

73,195 73,141 72,895
5,721
5,897
5,5 4 6
2,2 6 9
2,311
2 ,2 2 9
3 ,3 0 4
3, 587 3,4 5 2
7,963
7,937
7,9 1 6
59,761 59,294 59,212
46,119 45,845 45,944
13, 417 13,394 13,268

71,088
5,036
2,074
2,962
7, 702
58,351
45,318
13,033

46,919
3, 252
1,380
1,862
4,5 9 9
39, 069
30,378
8,6 9 1

4 6,340
2,918
1,284
1, 634
4, 583
38,839
3 0,240
8, 599

26,375 2 4 ,426 26,105 25,976
2, 469
2, 549
2,4 3 2
2,484
879
906
882
864
1, 590
1, ö53
1,526
1,596
3
,3
64
3
,
3
4
5
3 ,3 4 6
3,391
20, 508 20, 671 20,207 20,143
15,566
15,534
15,833 15,817
4, 577
4, 669 4, 656
4,591

24,748
2,118
790
1,328
3,119
19, 512
15,078
4,434

74, 718 74,489 74,147 73,289 73,910 73, 747 74,137 74,255 73,893 73,987 73,199
5,6 5 4
5,9 0 8
5 ,9 0 0
5,828
5,8 4 4
5,903
5, 594 4 ,8 1 6
5; 730
5,8 9 7
5, 681
2 ,341 2,322 2,3 6 3 2,201 2 ,3 4 6 2,478 2,3 9 9 2,3 8 9 2 ,4 2 7 2,3 6 2 2,2 3 3
3
,5
3
7
3
,3 8 6
3
,4
8
7
3,
516
3
,4
6
5
3,
465
3, 470
3,491
3,3 5 8
3,4 0 2
3| 331
7,977
8, 062
8,2 2 8
8 ,1 2 6
8,3 5 5
8,3 4 8
8,571
8, 420 8, 418
8,604
8| 612
59,
593
59,925
59,886
60,
000
60,125
59,516
60,393 60,128 59; 678 59,300 59,650
46, 709 46, 471 46,062 46,044 46,295 46,391 46, 616 46, 742 46, 541 46,399 46,146
13,332
13,544
13,
405
13,468
13,450
13,224
13, 632 13; 563 13, 627 13,244 13,360

Male
16 y e a r s a n d ' o v e r ..................
16 t o 19 y e a r s ____________
16 a n d 17 y e a r s ................
18 a n d 19 y e a r s ............20 t o 24 y e a r s ____________
25 y e a r s a n d o v e r _______
25 t o 54 y e a r s ____ _____
55 y e a r s a n d o v e r --------

47, 712 47, 555 47,448 47,050 47,273 47,358 47,475 47, 533 47,116 47,011 46,824 46,769 47,036
3 ,3 4 8
3,1 1 4
3 ,1 7 0
3 ,3 0 0
3,2 1 8
3 ,3 0 6
3 ,2 3 9
3 ,3 4 8
3 ,2 9 2
3,1 2 8
3 ,1 7 6
3,2 1 7
3’ 233
1,405
1,347
1,451
1,369
1,463
1,453
1, 436 1,399 l" 403 1,324 1,351 1,512 1,444
1,934
1,778
1,7 9 0
1,858
1,8 1 0 T 8 5 6 1,766 1,825 1,854 1,852 1,867 1,802
1, 786
4,5
92
4,
570
4,
594
4
,5
8
6
4,588
4,
721
4
,8
1
2
4,
762
4,
771
4,
750
4,881
4,8 5 6
4,891
39,566 39,468 29,266 39,177 39,306 39,276 39,474 39,493 39,259 39,098 39, 085 39, 090 39,087
30,311
30,302
30,313
30,331
30,
519
30,
776
30,
697
30,
645
30,
558
30,402
30, 638 30| 584 30i 425
8,7 3 8
8,7 4 8
8,741
8,8 0 5
8,7 5 8
8, 767
8,7 3 8
8, 717 8, 670 8, 777
8i 860 8; 870
8 ,8 8 9

F emale
16 y e a r s a n d o v e r -----16 t o 19 y e a r s —.........
16 a n d 17 y e a r s —
18 a n d 19 y e a r s —
20 t o 24 y e a r s ______
25 y e a r s a n d o v e r . .
25 t o 54 y e a r s ____
55 y e a r s a n d over .


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2 7 ,006 26,934 26, 699 26,239 2 6 ,637 26,389 26,662 26, 722 26, 777 26,887
2,5 1 3 2,6 0 5 2 ,4 6 6 2 ,6 4 0 2, 555 2,6 0 5 2,5 9 4 2, 610 2,6 0 8
2, 448
964
911
955
936
995
966
960
877
'9 2 3
905
1,685
1,679
1,649
1,643
1,645
1,611
1,592
1,592
1,635
1, 545
3 ,6 8 8
3,5 3 8
3 ,5 0 7
3 ,5 4 3
3 ,5 8 6
3 ,6 4 7
3| 748 3^690 3 ,6 7 0
3, 721
2 0 ,827 20', 660 20' 412 20,123 20,344 20,240 20,526 20, 632 20, 627 20,827
16,071 15’ 887 15,638 15, 642 15,737 15, 746 15,919 159, 66 16,022 16, 068
4,739
4, 638
4,7 1 0
4, 673
4, 554
4,6 4 3
4,5 0 6
4; 703 4; 757
4, 743

78

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

T able A-5.

Unemployed persons, by duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted
[In th o u s a n d s]
1967

1966

A nnual
a v er a g e

D u r a tio n o f u n e m p lo y m e n t

L e s s t h a n 5 w e e k s _____ _____________________
5 t o 14 w e e k s __ _ __________________________
15 w e e k s a n d o v e r ____ _____ _______________ .
1 5 t o 26 w e e k s ________________________ _ _
27 w e e k s a n d o v e r ___ __ _
__ _ _
15 w e e k s a n d o v e r as a p e r c e n t o f c iv ilia n
b o r force _______
______ ______ . .

T able A-6.

A ug.

J u ly

June

M ay

A pr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

D ec.

N ov.

O c t.

S e p t.

A ug.

1966

1,660
945
441
231
210

1,805
876
435
265
170

1,649
919
444
298
146

1,371
877
414
271
143

1,468
900
436
251
185

1,408
986
560
354
206

1,678
771
439
249
190

1,542
787
485
282
203

1,562
760
496
269
227

1,397
789
484
287
197

1,493
900
517
293
224

1,523
831
493
291
202

1,576
891
462
254
208

1,535
804
536
245
241

1,628
983
755
404
351

.6

.6

.6

.5

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.7

.6

.6

.7

1 .0

1965

Full- and part-time status of the civilian labor force, not seasonally adjusted
[In th o u sa n d s]
1967

A nnual
a v er a g e

1966

F u ll- an d p a r t-tim e e m p lo y m e n t
s ta tu s
A ugu st

J u ly

June

M ay

A p r il

M arch

February

January

D ecem ber

N ovem b er

1966

1965

F ull T ime
C iv ilia n la b o r fo r c e . _________________
E m p lo y e d :
F u ll- t im e s c h e d u le s ■__ _
__
P a r t t im e for e c o n o m ic r e a so n s___
U n e m p lo y e d , lo o k in g for fu ll-tim e
w o r k ________ _____________________
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e ___ ___________ _

71,134

71,058

70,195

65,538

65, 640

65,425

65,445

65, 610

66,205

66,312

66,943

66,145

66,264
2 ,4 8 6

65,909
2,499

64,688
2,507

61,978
1,573

61,447
2,079

60,916
2,209

60,793
2,283

60,953
2,195

62, 285
1,875

62,713
1,632

62,734
1,894

61,144
2,209

2 ,3 8 4
3 .4

2,650
3 .7

3,0 0 0
4 .3

1,987
3 .0

2,114
3 .2

2,300
3 .5

2,369
3 .6

2,4 6 2
3 .8

2,045
3 .1

1,967
3 .0

2,315
3 .5

2,7 9 2
4 .2

7,978
7,421

8,413
7,813

8,8 2 5
8,1 9 7

10,557
10,086

10,471
9 ,9 2 0

10,088
9,433

10,246
9 ,4 3 2

9,7 1 0
9,0 1 3

10,047
9,439

10, 261
9 ,6 5 0

8 ,8 3 0
8,2 7 9

8,3 1 0
7,735

557
7 .0

600
7 .1

628
7 .1

471
4 .5

551
5 .3

655
6 .5

814
7 .9

697
7 .2

608
6 .1

611
6 .0

560
6 .2

575
6 .9

P art T ime
C iv ilia n la b o r fo r c e ____
_ ______
E m p lo y e d (v o lu n ta r y p a rt t i m e ) ___
U n e m p lo y e d , lo o k in g for p a r t-tim e
w o rk ----------------------------------------- _ _
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a te ____________ __ __

1 E m p lo y e d p erso n s w it h a jo b b u t n o t a t w o r k are d is tr ib u te d p r o p o r tio n a te ly a m o n g t h e fu ll- a n d p a r t-tim e e m p lo y e d ca teg o r ies.


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79

A.—LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT

Table A-9.

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In th o u sa n d s]
A nnual
a v er a g e

1966

1967
In d u stry
A u g . 2 J u ly 2

June

M ay

A pr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

D ec.

N ov.

O ct.

S ep t.

A ug.

1966

1965

66,473

66,139

66,514

65,594

65,215

64,843

64,491

64,531

66, 087

65, 559

65,351

65,017

64, 607

63,982

60,832

M in in g ___________________________________
M etal m in in g ___________________________
Iron ores______________________________
Copper ores___________________________
Coal m in in g _________________ - - - - - --------B itu m in ou s coal and lign ite m in in g ----Oil and gas extraction----------------------------Crude petroleum and n atural gas field s.
Oil and gas field services______________
N on m etallic m inerals, except fu els---------Crushed and broken sto n e------------------Sand and gravel-----------------------------------

619

636
9 0 .2
2 8 .4
3 2 .9
140.0
133 .2
277.4
154.7
122.7
128.1
4 4 .4
42 .7

633
9 0 .6
2 8 .8
3 3 .0
142.4
135.4
273 .6
152.4
121.2
126.0
4 3 .2
4 2 .2

618
8 8 .3
2 7 .9
3 2 .2
140.2
133.2
267.9
148.6
119.3
121.8
4 3 .0
39.1

614
8 7 .4
27.1
3 2 .2
139 .0
131.8
269.1
148.8
120.3
118.4
4 1 .3
3 7 .3

607
8 7 .7
27 .2
32 .3
140.2
132.9
266.1
148.7
117.4
112.5
3 8 .4
3 4 .5

606
8 6 .9
2 6 .9
32.1
141.4
133.8
267.3
148.5
118.8
110.1
3 7 .2
3 3 .5

611
8 5 .9
26.1
3 1 .9
141.5
134.1
272.1
148.6
123.5
111.6
3 7 .7
3 4 .2

622
8 6 .3
2 6 .6
3 1 .6
14 2 .0
134.6
275.8
148.7
127.1
117.9
4 0 .9
3 7 .0

624
8 6 .4
26 .8
3 1 .8
141.5
134.1
274.3
149.4
124.9
122.1
4 2 .2
3 9 .7

627
86.1
2 6 .8
3 1 .5
14 2 .4
135 .0
274.5
150 .0
124.5
124 .4
4 3 .0
4 1 .2

634
8 7 .9
2 7 .3
3 2 .0
141.4
133.9
278.1
153.2
124.9
126.7
4 4 .0
4 1 .9

645
89.1
2 7 .2
3 2 .5
141.1
133.5
2 8 6 .6
156.5
130.1
128.4
4 4 .6
4 2 .5

625
8 6 .5
2 6 .3
3 1 .7
137.7
129.9
279.8
152.4
127.4
120.8
4 1 .6
39.1

632
8 3 .8
2 5 .9
3 0 .0
141.4
131.8
287.1
156. 6
130.5
119.6
4 1 .0
4 0 .0

Contract construction______________________
General b u ildin g contractors------------------H e a v y construction contractors-------------H igh w ay and street con stru ction --------H ea v y construction, n e c ______________
Special trade contractors------------------------P lum bing, heatin g, air conditionin g —
P aintin g, paperhanging, decorating----E lectrical w o r k _______________________
M ason ry, stonew ork, and p lasterin g. . .
Roofing and sheet m etal w ork--------■-----

3,581

M anufacturing------------------------------------------D urable goods________________________
N ondu rab le goods____________________

19,480
11,268
8i 212

19,161
11,219
7,9 4 2

19,382
11,383
7,999

19,133
11,282
7,851

19,181
11,298
7,883

19,263
11,359
7, 904

19,297
11,389
7,908

294.8
221. 4

289.8
217.9
16.1
5 5 .8
61 2 .6
9 3 .0
237 .5
167.7
3 6 .3
78.1

288.7
215.9
15.7
57.1
613.5
9 1 .9
239.1
166.9
37.1
78 .5

285.8
214.1
15.3
56.4
57 9 .6
7 4 .0
231 .6
159.7
3 5 .8
7 8 .5

283 .2
211.5
1 4 .6
57.1
576.8
7 6 .4
230.8
154.9
3 5 .9
7 8 .8

316 .7
3 6 .6
4 7 .6
50.1
624.5
3 0 .9
122.2
3 6 .5
65.4
4 2 .0

285.3
213.2
1 5 .0
57.1
577 .6
7 4 .0
231 .4
157.3
3 5 .9
7 9 .0
455 .8
319 .8
3 7 .2
4 7 .5
51 .3
617.7
3 2 .3
122.1
3 5 .4
64.1
4 2 .3

171.8

165.2

T o ta l em p loyees------------------------------------ ---

3,186
3,292
3,5 4 0
3,653
3,466
S, 146
3,328
2,863
2,947
3,106
2,9 2 2
3,227
3,407
3,547
994. 0
942.4
931.3
962 .9 1 ,0 2 8 .0 1, 066. 6 1, 095. 7 1 ,1 1 3 .8 1 ,1 5 1 .9 1, 047.3
979.1
1, 095. 6 1, 057.1 1, 005.9
648.5
673.9
780 .3
803. 0
696.2
762.8
593.3
518.9
538.2
530 .9
614.9
677.5
782.4
744.9
324.4
415.4
3 2 6 .8
40 4 .5
390 .4
339 .4
262.4
211.7
216 .2
286 .4
224 .8
3 8 0 .2
3 3 5 .6
404 .6
324.1
3 8 7 .6
347.1
37 5 .8
372 .4
307.2
330.9
3 5 6 .8
313 .4
314 .7
328 .5
341.9
364 .7
37 7 .8
1, 669.2 1, 605. 0 1, 543.7 1 ,5 1 1 .8 1 ,4 4 1 .0 1 ,4 1 3 .1 1, 452. 7 1, 525. 0 1, 565.1 1, 607. 2 1, 646.2 1, 698. 2 1, 570.9 1,543. 4
3 6 6.2
373.1
382.1
384 .9
379.7
371.3
3 7 6 .6
360 .6
366 .7
358.4
3 5 8 .0
357.7
3 7 2 .0
3 8 3 .7
143.1
141 .0
156 .6
164.8
150.8
128.5
138.8
109.7
111.6
136.5
127.3
115.6
144.5
152.4
233.7
250.4
26 2 .2
266 .6
257.3
248.5
255.9
257.1
251.9
24 8 .5
252 .9
265.3
254.9
273.5
238.8
261
.2
2
3
5
.0
243.9
221
.2
234
.6
213.1
196.2
2 0 0 .0
218.5
207.9
233.4
227.1
239.9
110.2
112.2
119.6
118 .6
117.9
117.5
113.5
106.2
9 8 .8
102.9
112.6
110.8
11 8 .0
122.9
19,534
11,516
8, 018

19,625
11, 549
8 ,0 7 6

19,640
11,538
8,1 0 2

19,638
11,502
8 ,1 3 6

272.7
201.9
14.2
5 6 .6
584.3
7 8 .0
232.1
159.2
3 5 .6
7 9 .4

271 .6
202.5
1 4 .0
55.1
598.4
8 3 .4
236.7
162.7
3 5 .2
8 0 .4

471. 6

474. 2

323 .3
37 .4
47.4
5 1 .3
612.6
3 1 .8
121.6
3 4 .9
63. C
42. 5

279 .2
207.9
1 4 .3
5 7 .0
577.1
7 7 .0
230 .4
155.2
3 6 .1
78 .4
462 .4
324 .8
3 7 .5
48 .1
52. C
616.5
3 2 .5
122.3
35 .4
63.1
4 2 .2

3 3 2 .6
3 7 .4
4 8 .3
5 3 .3
629.4
3 2 .7
123.4
3 6 .5
66. C
4 2 .7

335 .4
3 7 .0
4 8 .4
53.4
642. 6
32 .7
124.7
38.1
67 .8
4 3 .7

26 7 .2
199.5
1 4 .0
5 3 .7
607.8
8 4 .8
240.4
167.3
3 5 .3
8 0 .0
472 .8
334 .5
3 6 .4
4 8 .2
5 3 .7
647.9
3 2 .3
124.2
3 8 .6
69.1
4 3 .9

263 .6
197.4
1 3 .9
5 2 .3
619.8
8 5 .8
246 .6
171.9
3 5 .3
8 0 .2
471 .2
3 3 3 .6
3 5 .9
48. 5
53. 2
657.1
32.1
125.8
39 .4
7 0 .9
44.1

162.1

164.1

170.2

176.1

180 .0

184 .0

19,333
11,413
7, 920

19,186
11,256
7,9 3 0

18,062
10,406
7, 656

259.5
193.9
13.9
51.7
638.8
8 8 .7
253.1
179.1
3 6 .6
8 1 .3
472. 4
333 .7
35 .9
49. 8
53. U
664.8
32. 2
126 .4
40. 0
7 2 .6
4 3 .4

2 5 6 .0
192 .6
1 3 .4
5 0 .0
612.6
8 1 .3
244 .9
171.3
35. 5
79. 6
461. 7
328.1
3 4 .8
47. 2
51. 6
644. 6
32. 7
122. 6
38. 0
7 0 .3
4 3 .3

22 5.8
173. 0
1 2.2
4 0 .7
606.9
84. 2
249.4
164.7
34. 4
74. 2
43U. i
309. 2
3 0 .2
43. 5
47. 8
628.3
3 2 .3
115.4
38. 0
69. 7
4 3 .4

187.5

178.9

177.8

19,499
11,318
8,181

Durable goods
Ordnance and accessories-----------------------A m m u n ition , except for sm all arm s----Sigh ting and fire control eq u ip m en t—
Other ordnance and accessories-----------L um ber and w ood produ cts-------------------L ogging cam ps & logging contractors . .
Saw m ills and p lan ing m ills -----------------M illw ork, plyw ood , & related p rod u cts. .
W ooden containers_____________________
M iscellaneous w ood p rod u cts___________
F u rniture and fixtures__________________
H ousehold fu rn itu re__________________
Office fu rn itu re_______________________
P artitions and fixtures________________
Other furniture and fixtu res---------------Stone, clay, and glass produ cts__________
F lat glass_____________________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or b low n .
C em ent, h yd rau lic--------- -------------------Structural clay produ cts______________
P ottery and related produ cts--------------C oncrete, gypsum , and plaster prod­
u c ts_________________________________
Other stone & non m etallic mineral
products____________________________
Prim ary m etal in d u stries______________
B last furnace and basic steel p rod u cts..
Iron and steel foundries_______________
Nonferrous m e ta ls____________________
N onferrous rolling and draw ing_______
Nonferrous foundries__________________
M iscellaneous prim ary m etal products .
Fabricated m etal prod u cts------------------M etal cans____________________________
C utlery, hand tools, and hardw are-----P lu m b in g and heating, except electric..
F ab ricated structural m etal p rod u cts. .
Screw m achine products, bolts, e tc -----M etal stam p in gs______________________
M etal services, n ec____ _______________
M isc. fabricated w ire produ cts------------M isc. fabricated m etal produ cts_______
M achinery, except electrical. ................ .......
E ngines and tu rb ines_________________
Farm m ach in ery------------ ------------- ------C onstruction and related m achinery —
M etal w orking m achin ery_____________
Special in d u stry m ach in ery----------------General ind ustrial m ach in ery_________
Office and com pu ting m a c h in e s ...........
Service in d u stry m ach in es____________
M iscellaneous m achin ery, except elec­
trical......................... ............... .....................
See footnotes at end of tab le.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

5 6 .8
615.0
93. 0
238.7
169.1
35.1
79.1
458. 4
319. 0
5 2 .8
646.1
124.2
3 7 .0
67. 7
187.2

4 4 4 .4

451. 6

3 0 8 .6
3 5 .8
4 8 .8
5 1 .2
644.5
3 0 .2
122.9
37 .4
68.1
41 .2

313 .9
3 5 .8
4 8 .8
53.1
641.9
2 9 .7
124.5
3 7 .7
68.3
4 1 .7

285.1
213.1
15.5
5 6 .5
584.8
7 8 .0
233.4
160.4
3 6 .3
76 .7
448.3
313 .2
3 6 .4
47 .3
51 .4
628.4
3 0 .4
122.0
3 6 .7
66 .6
4 1 .4

185.4

181.2

175.5

137.3
137. 4
1,278. 4 1, 299. 5
' 632. 3 ' 637.1
214.2
216.1
8 2 .2
66. 6
207.2
203.1
87.1
89. 6
71.7
70. 7
1 ,3 5 2 .8 1,340. 4
68.1
6 8 .5
153.4
153.7
77 .7
80. 2
406. 5
410.3
111.5
111.3
225.2
221.7
8 4 .2
84. 9
65.8
66. 2
151.5
152. 5
1,972. 6 1 ,9 7 2 .8
103.1
102.3
147.6
276.8
277.9
346.9
344.
203.4
205.3
291.4
294.0
237.3
242.
133.4
130.7
231.2

232.9

451. 0

4 5 9 .4

13 0.0
135.7
139.8
137.7
136.0
136.6
134.0
134.6
134.1
133.7
134.1
133.7
136.7
1 ,3 1 9 .9 1 ,3 1 0 .2 1 ,3 1 4 .1 1 ,3 3 0 .9 1 ,3 3 8 .2 1,348. 2 1, 347. 4 1 ,3 4 8 .9 1,352. 4 1 ,3 6 5 .1 1 ,3 7 1 .7 1,345. 4 1,301. 0
657. 3
651.3
672.2
661.8
645.4
651.7
63 5 .6
640.1
639 .6
636.0
628.5
630.1
63 4 .6
227. 0
238.5
240.4
239.1
23 9 .0
239.3
237.2
241. 4 239.2
227.4
227.8
232.3
228.8
73. 9
78.1
7 9 .0
7 9 .0
78 .4
7 9 .2
80. C
80 .7
8 1 .2
8 0 .6
81.1
8 0 .9
8 1 .9
196. 5
2 1 5 .0
216.7
219 .5
218.9
218 .8
218.6
219. f
215.5
217.1
211.2
212.1
210.4
81. 5
90.
5
9
1
.7
9
2
.8
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.4
9
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93.
£
9
2
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89
.4
9
1
.5
8
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9 0 .5
64.8
72.1
71.7
7 2 .9
74 .2
7 3 .0
74. f
74.6
7 4 .4
75 .0
7 3 .6
7 3 .0
7 3 .7
1,
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1 ,3 6 9 .1
61.
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6
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6 8 .0
6 6 .0
6 3 .9
63 .5
63 .7
62.1
63 .7
66 .5
6 6 .0
64.9
68.1
155.1
161.3
158.9
163.2
164.4
165.4
165.2
162.0
163
.4
158
.4
156.2
159.2
157.1
7 9 .9
80. 2
8 0 .8
8 0 .6
8 0 .4
80. (
77 .2
79 .4
77 .3
78.1
76 .3
77 .3
79.1
397. 7 375.1
40 9 .9
403. 1 4 0 1 .1 407 .5
400.2
393 .0
394.1
395 .9
391 .3
407.7
396.8
97.
8
107.9
109.4
108.2
114. 6 112.8
110.9
115. f
115.0
115.2
113.6
113.3
112.7
235. y 22 0.9
228.1
238.8
248.5
245.6
243.2
247.;
239.9
233.4
235.9
236 .6
234.9
77.3
85.
0
8
6
.2
8 6 .0
87.1
87 .4
8 5 .5
85 .2
8 6 .;
8 5 .2
86.1
84. 1
8 5 .9
61.9
66. 2
6 6 .9
66 .9
67.6
68 .7
68.6
68.5
68 .8
6 7 .2
68.4
6 6 .0
66 .3
139.9
150. 2
151.1
151.7
155. 1 152.6
154.2
153.3
153.9
152.7
151. 1 152.0
152.9
1,
735.3
1
,9
1
1
.1
1
,9
3
6
.4
1
,9
4
1
.0
1
,9
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7
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1
,9
8
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1
,9
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1
,9
9
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.0
1
,9
8
8
.7
1,977.
6
1 ,9 8 8 .1
91.1
9 9 .1
102.7
103.3
102.2
9 2 .5
98 .4
104.1
104.6
104.3
105.1
103.1
104.5
135. /
148. 0
146.0
145.9
145.9
147.7
156.7
151.9
154.6
157. ‘
158.8
154.3
152.0
2uG.
2
277
.8
'2
8
2
.4
282. 7
281.0
282 .4
280.9
279.1
280.6
279.;
277.«
275.8
278.1
335. 5 304.2
338.1
342.4
341.0
343.7
347.7
349.7
351.6
350.8
348.1
350.8
349.5
193.3
2ü5.
5
207.3
207.9
207.7
207.9
209. (
209.;
208.7
209.0
208.3
205.7
204.8
284. 7 261.0
28 7 .7
288.0
289.3
294.2
291.6
291.2
294.8
290.4
293.7
292.1
296.0
190.5
220. 7 217.1
221 .8
224.1
227.1
229.8
232. ‘
230.8
233.6
231.5
234.3
234.3
114.1
126.2
129.7
126.8
127.2
131.4
129.0
131.3
130.6
132.4
132.6
133.3
134.5
233.5

231.8

232.4

233.9

233.1

230.5

231.0

227.8

225.2

222 .2

22 1 .8

217 .3

189.3

80

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

Table A-9.

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1967

1966

A nnual
a v er a g e

Industry
A u g . 2 J u ly

J une

M ay

A pr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

D ec.

N ov.

O c t.

S e p t.

A ug.

1966

1965

M anufacturing—C ontinued

Durable foods—C ontinued
E lectrical eq u ip m en t and su p p lies______ 1 ,8 9 8 .8 1,872.1 i, 868.1 1, 885.0 1 ,9 0 2 .9 1,933. 4 1 ,9 5 4 .7 1 ,9 6 2 .0 1 ,9 7 4 .2 1 ,9 7 7 .8 1 ,9 7 9 .9 1 ,9 5 7 .4 1,941. 7 1 ,8 9 6 .4 1, 659.2
E lectric test & distribu ting eq u ip m en t.
200.9
199. i
200.7
198.0
198.6
197. (
194. i
196.6
196. £
195.'
196.9
196.2
196.0
189.8
170.0
E lectrical ind ustrial apparatus________
218.7
218. £
221.0
220.3
221.6
224.6
226.0
226.6
220.6
217.8
221.7
220.2
221 .2
214.3
192.3
H ousehold appliances___________ ______
176.1
171.1
174.4
177.9
174.8
178. i
181.6
184.5
192.2
189.;
191.9
185.9
182.6
181.3
165 .3
191.8
188. E lectric ligh ting and w iring eq u ip m en t.
192.3
191.9
193.4
192.1
194. f
196.7
197.;
196.1
198.0
197.2
195.5
193.1
173.0
144.1
139.1
R adio and T V receiving eq u ip m en t___
117.9
134.8
154.1
138.5
162.7
170.2
174. £
178.8
176. £
171.3
165.6
133.4
159.8
C om m u nication e q u ip m e n t...................... 603 .2 501. £ 499. C 497. C 497.1
494.6
49 1 .7
478.7
476. £
486.0
481.;
478.8
477.1
465.5
416 .8
347.1
342. (
E lectronic com ponents and accessories.
344 .4
354.9
365. i
378. (
393 .2
38 5 .8
395.9
395.9
396.3
392.3
39 2 .2
381.5
307.1
116.9
112.1
Misc. electrical eq u ip m en t & su p p lies..
114.9
113.7
113.6
114.7
117. £
119.5
118.5
117.'
115.7
101 .4
111.3
lll.£
116.0
T ransportation eq u ip m en t_________ _____ 1 ,8 5 8 .3 1 ,8 6 7 .' 1,952. 6 1 ,9 3 8 .1 1,927. 6 1, 941.2 1,947. 7 1,951.4 1, 995.9 1 ,9 9 4 .2 1 ,9 8 0 .0 1,958. 5 1 ,7 8 2 .9 1 ,9 1 1 .5 1, 740. 6
750. £ 829 .8
826. £
Motor vehicles and eq u ip m en t________
707 9
859 2 842 7
813. i
837. £
845 4 854 7 887 £ 894 S 887 7 878 2
Aircraft and p a rts............................... .......... 829 .0 824. t 820 .3 812 .5 812 .8 810.1
805 .2
8 0 5 .2
810 .0
803.2
789.2
750.5
624.2
781.5
770.9
Ship and boat building and r e p a ir in g ..
164.0
161. (
176.4
172.5
174.6
171.1
175.6
174.6
175.4
170.1
175.5
170.9
176.4
160.2
175.8
Railroad e q u ip m e n t__________________
58. i
5 7 .4
57.1
59.1
59.£
60.7
62.1
63 .8
63 .7
62. £
63.1
6 2 .2
5 6 .2
6 1 .6
Other transportation eq u ip m en t______
72. t
72 .6
67. C
66. C
6 3 .5
5 4 .8
5 8 .8
60.6
63 .0
64 .7
6 4 .8
66.1
63 .8
57 .3
459.9
454. £ 456.0
In stru m ents and related products_______
451. C 453.2
453.8
451.2
4 5 2 .;
452 .8
447.9
446.2
441.2
440.7
433.1
38 9 .0
E ngineering & scientific in stru m en ts. __
86 .9
88 .1
85 .9
8 5 .7
85. S
8 4 .2
83. £
8 5 .0
83.1
82.1
8 0 .6
8 0 .8
71 .7
80.1
M echanical m easuring & control devices.
108.1
108. t
107.5
107.6
108.6
109.4
9 9 .4
109.7
110.5
111.5
111.3
110.8
110.8
111.0
108.5
51.1
O ptical and oph thalm ic good s_________
49.9
50 .5
50 .5
5 0 .8
51. C
50 .8
5 0 .8
5 0 .8
5 0 .2
4 9 .7
4 9 .3
4 9 .1
45 .5
51 .0
O phthalm ic good s_____________ ____
31. 6
31 .0
3 1 .7
31.9
32 .1
32 0
32 .c
31 8
31 5
31 0
31 0
32 1
32. 0
67.1
65.9
M edical in stru m en ts and su p p lies_____
6 6 .0
65 .2
65 .5
65 .2
6 4 .4
64 .3
6 3 .9
63 .4
5 6 .4
64 .0
6 2 .8
6 1 .6
6 2 .0
104.1
Photographic eq u ip m en t and su p p lies.
104.7
102.9
101.0
101.6
101.6
101 .6
101.2
101. £
101.2
8 4 .1
100.6
9 8 .9
100.1
9 6 .8
37 4]
W atches, clocks, and w atch cases______
39 c
39.5
40.9
40.9
40 5
38 9
38 4
4 1 .3
41 3
41.0
432 .4
M iscellaneous m anufacturing in d u str ies..
428.1
421.0
433.5
424.2
419.3
417.0
414.5
432.9
460.1
463.3
456.8
450.5
434.5
419.5
Jew elry, silverw are, and plated w a r e ...
5 0 .3
5 1 .4
47 .6
5 1 .0
5 1 .4
5 1 .5
5 1 .0
5 0 .8
51.4
5 1 .6
50.9
49 .7
4 9 .4
4 9 .2
4 5 .7
T o y s and sporting goods______________
115.9
117. 5
114.5
98 2
111 0 133 5 130 8
134 2
lift 7
109. 5
103. 4 100 4
P en s, pencils, office and art su p p lies__
3 4 .9
3 4 .6
35.1
35 1
35 3
35 3
35 2
35 3
34 6
33 3
3 4 .9
34. 6
3 5 .0
3 4 .8
C ostum e jew elry and n o tio n s_________
55. 4
58. 2
57. 7
58. 2
5 7 .5
59 3
01 1
01 1
5 7 .4
5 7 .5
Other m anufacturing in d ustries_______
170.9
167.5
171.3
172.1
170.0
170.8
172 .6
173.4
175.5
178.6 ■179.2
176.9
167.4
177.6
174.0
2 5 .2
2 6 .4
M usical instrum en ts and parts______
2 5 .4
2 5 .7
2 6 .8
2 8 .0
2 8 .0
28 0
27 0
27 5
27 2
24 7
27. 5
27. 3

Nondurable goods
F ood and kindred produ cts_____________ 1,905. 4 1,827. 6 1, 792.9 1 ,7 3 1 .8 1, 713.8 1 ,7 1 3 .0 1, 708.3 1, 725. 4 1 , 7 7 9 . 2 1 ,8 2 0 .0 1 ,8 5 7 .0 1 ,9 0 2 .2 1 ,9 1 9 .5 1, 778.9 1, 756. 7
336.9
M eat p rod u cts________________________
334.1
321 .4
329 .3
318 .0
321 .4
322 .3
325.1
3 3 3 .4
335.1
334.2
333.9
318 .4
332 .0
323.8
D airy products ...................... ....... ...........
279 .0
281.3
280.2
273 .5
271.4
268.8
26 7 .4
26 9 .7
273.2
268.0
270 .6
278.1
28 7 .3
277.5
28 5 .8
C anned, cured, and frozen food s______
292.1
264.9
241.0
380 4 383 3
275 7 260 2
236.1
232.9
233 4 252 5 283 0 322 9
228 4
Grain m ill products ________ __________
132.7
132.1
128.2
132.6
126.5
127.2
126.4
126.7
127.0
125.6
126.9
128.5
130.0
131.3
127.8
B akery produ cts. ................................ .........
2 9 5 .7
288 .9
2 9 6 .0
295 .0
286 .4
287.7
287 .4
286 .7
285.8
28 7 .4
288.0
285.5
285.2
288.6
284 .4
Sugar_____ ______ _____________________
28.1
29. 8
32 4
39 0
43 9
50 1
47 7
36 2
30. 6
27. 5
29 1
C onfectionery and related produ cts___
8 0 .0
73.9
75.1
74 .6
74 .3
77 .2
78 .9
8 0 .0
9 0 .3
89! 6
8 5 .6
8 3 .0
8 0 .5
8 0 .7
7 7 .2
B everages_____________________ ____ _
244 .2
232.1
24 5 .0
242 .7
230.3
225.9
2 2 8 .4
241.1
223 .9
230.9
233.2
223.0
236.1
229 .3
2 2 1 .5
145.1
Misc. foods and kindred p rod u cts_____
144.5
142.3
143.0
143.3
142.8
143.5
146.6
147.1
146.2
143.7
144.1
143.2
142.8
144.6
T obacco m anufactures__________________
9 5 .2
77.1
7 6 .2
74.9
75 .3
77.0
9 5 .4
8 1 .5
8 8 .6
9 2 .6
9 5 .3
8 8 .5
8 3 .9
8 6 .8
9 2 .0
C igarettes____________________ _______
41.1
41.1
39 0
39 0
39 7
39 0
39 4
39 7
39 9
39 0
38 6
40.1
40. 0
3 9 .8
C igars................................................................
21.1
21. 7
21. 2
21. 6
21 8
21 0
21 8
21 9
22 0
21 8
21 0
24 2
21 8
956 .9
T extile m ill p rod u cts___________________
934 .9
944.1
9 5 7 .0
941 .0
948.1
9 4 5 .2
95 0 .8
960 .0
9 6 6 .6
969.' 4 97 0 .7
9 7 7 .1
96 1 .5
9 2 5 .6
W eaving m ills, c o tto n _________________
236.1
235.1
237.8
235.9
236.4
238.1
237.2
240 .5
229 .2
240.0
240.0
238.9
23 8 .2
238.5
237.2
9 5 .3
W eaving m ills, sy n th e tics_____________
9 3 .8
9 5 .0
9 4 .4
9 4 .4
9 5 .2
9 7 .4
9 5 .9
9 6 .8
9 7 .5
9 7 .3
9 8 .3
9 2 .4
9 7 .8
9 7 .0
W eaving and finishing m ills, w ool_____
4 5 .0
44 .8
45 .9
44 .9
4 4 .8
4 4 .6
4 4 .5
4 4 .2
4 3 .5
4 3 .4
4 3 .9
45.1
4 6 .4
4 5 .4
4 5 .5
N arrow fabric m ills___________________
3 1 .0
3 0 .0
3 1 .9
3 1 .6
3 1 .8
3 1 .9
32.1
3 2 .3
3 2 .6
3 2 .4
32 .1
3 1 .6
3 1 .4
2 9 .4
31 .8
K n ittin g m ills ________________________
233.9
225 .7
232 .9
227.5
226.1
224 .9
220.9
23 4 .4
229.1
219.9
226 .2
237.7
242 .0
233.8
238.8
T extile finishing, except w o o l_________
8 1 .7
79 .7
8 1 .7
7 7 .3
79 .9
8 0 .3
8 0 .3
79 .7
8 0 .2
7 6 .9
8 0 .0
8 0 .8
8 0 .5
79 .7
7 9 .6
Floor covering m ills __________________
44. 3
43 4
43 8
44 3
44 9
44 9
44 0
44 1
43 5
41 4
4 3 .7
43 .2
4 3 .2
112.1
Y arn and thread m ills................................
111.2
113.9
112.3
112.6
113.5
116.4
114.3
116.3
116.9
117!3
115 !9
109.2
115.8
118.8
7 4 .2
M iscellaneous textile goods____________
70 .9
7 3 .6
73.9
7 4 .9
76 .2
76 .5
7 7 .2
7 7 .6
7 7 .4
77 .2
7 7 .2
7 2 .6
78 .0
7 7 .8
Apparel and other textile p rod u cts______ 1 ,4 0 3 .2 1,340. 0 1 ,3 9 5 .4 1 ,3 8 2 .2 1,376. 2 1 ,3 9 6 .3 1 ,4 0 7 .5 1 ,3 9 2 .4 1,405. 0 1 ,4 2 1 .9 1 ,4 2 2 .7 1 ,4 1 7 .2 1 ,4 2 4 .5 1 ,3 9 8 .8 1 ,3 5 4 .2
M en ’s and b o y s’ su its and c o a ts_______ 124.9
115.6
123.9
123. 1 121.1
122.8
122.9
123.3
124.3
123.1
123.1
119.3
122.9
122.3
122.9
M en ’s and b oys’ fu rn ish in g s____ ______ 372.4 3 5 8 .0 369.8 365 .7 3 6 6 .0 366 .9 367 .7 369.1 3 6 9 .9 3 7 2 .0 37 3 .5 374 .8 3 7 7 .6 3 7 0 .6 35 1 .9
W om en’s and m isses’ outerw ear_______ 430.9 409.3 424 .6 4 2 3 .0 4 2 1 .0 431 .6 4 3 6 .6 423 .7 422.7 4 2 7 .6 42 7 .5 4 2 5 .7 431.4 423 .5 417.1
W om en’s and children’s undergar­
m en ts_______________________________
123.2
118.1
122.4
123.1
124.1
125.1
126.0
130.2
127.4
125.2
124.9
12 7 .6
129.7
128.5
120.8
H ats, caps, and m illin ery_____________
24. 6
23. 8
22. 6
22. 6
29 3
28 9
28 3
27 1
28 1
28 5
28 0
29 1
27 7
29 2
C hildren’s outerw ear__________________
7 7 .8
7 8 .4
8 1 .7
79 .9
7 8 .0
77 .4
78 .4
78.1
80 .1
80.1
80.1
8 0 .2
8 0 .5
7 9 .1
8 1 .9
Fur goods and m iscellaneous apparel___
7 5 .5
7 9 .0
7 6 .6
7 7 .0
77 .4
7 7 .5
8 0 .0
8 3 .8
8 4 .8
83 .1
8 3 .3
7 9 .5
7 6 .3
7 5 .8
M isc. fabricated textile produ cts______
167.6
160.5
170.2
168.2
166.4
167.4
174.1
161.4
167.0
178.2
173.4
170.6
169 .0
167.6
176.7
Paper and allied produ cts_______________
698 .7
690 .0
674.2
693.6
675 .6
676.8
680 .2
680.4
639.1
674.3
674.3
6 8 1 .0
675.9
673.5
667.5
Paper and p u lp m ills .________________
224.1
223. 7 223.9
215.6
216.9
216 .2
215.2
215.3
216 .6
216.4
215.3
216.1
219 .8
211.9
215 .8
Paperboard m ills_____________________
7 4 .9
7 3 .9
75.1
7 3 .6
7 3 .6
7 3 .9
7 4 .2
7 3 .6
7 2 .1
7 2 .2
7 2 .9
68.1
7 4 .0
7 2 .9
7 1 .8
M isc. converted paper produ cts_______
183.9
179.9
176.0
180.3
177.0
176.5
159.6
176.7
175.3
174.6
176.7
177.1
175.8
174.7
171.7
Paperboard containers and boxes______
215 .8
212 .5
214.3
2 0 9 .0
208.1
211.2
21 0 .0
209.2
210.2
210.5
208.8
199.6
213.3
214.6
212.7
P rin tin g and p u b lish in g________________ 1, 070. 0 1 ,0 6 6 .4 1 ,0 6 7 .3 1 ,0 5 9 .3 1 ,0 6 0 .8 1 ,0 6 0 .4 1, 052.9 l, 047.3 1, 050. 6 1 ,0 4 3 .6 1, 040. 0 L, 033. 7 l, 030. 7 L, 021. 8 9 7 9 .4
N ew spap ers___________________________ 364 .6 3 6 4 .0 365.7 363 .4 3 6 1 .7 3 6 1 .0 3 5 9 .1 357 .5 360.5 3 5 8 .8 35 7 .7 356.1 3 5 2 .5 353. 1 34 5 .4
Periodicals____________________________
74. 4
7 5 .3
73 7
73 5
73 3
72 9
72 8
7 4 .9
74 7
74 1
72 2
72 7
69. 7
71 7
B o o k s________________________ _______
97.1
97. 0
90 2
94 4
93 1
97.1
97. 5
9 7 .4
90 0
89. 3
81. 3
91 0
90 7
91. 8
Com m ercial p rin tin g __________________ 3 3 6 .4 33 4 .4 335 .3 332 .5 334 .7 335 .8 33 1 .8 3 3 1 .5 33 1 .8 3 3 0 .0 329 .4 327.1 3 2 4 .0 322 .8 309 .3
B lankb ooks and b ook b in d in g_________
60.1
5 8 .6
5 7 .6
5 6 .4
5 1 .2
56 .7
5 6 .9
5 6 .2
5 7 .9
5 6 .7
5 6 .2
56 .3
5 5 .9
5 4 .9
5 5 .8
Other pu blishing & printing ind us­
tries_______ ________________________
137.2
137 .0
136.7
135.3
130.0
122.5
135.3
1 3 5 .4l 135.9
133. 51 131.9
131.8
135. 61 134.7
134 .6

___

S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

81

A.—LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT
T able

A-9.

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In th o u sa n d s]
1966

1967

A nnual
a v er a g e

In d u stry
A u g . 2 J u ly 2

June

M ay

A pr.

M ar.

F eb.

Jan.

D ec.

N ov.

O ct.

S e p t.

A ug.

1966

1965

Manufacturing — C o n t in u e d
N ondurable goods— C o n tin u e d
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts ------------------ 1, 004. 0
3 1 1 .3
I n d u s tr ia l c h e m ic a ls -----------------------------2 0 3 .6
P la s tic s m a te r ia ls a n d s y n t h e t i c s ............
138.4
D r u g s ___________________________________
117.4
S o a p , c lea n ers, a n d to ile t g o o d s ------------71 .4
P a in t s a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts --------------------5 3 .0
A g r ic u ltu r a l c h e m ic a ls _________________
108.9
O th er c h e m ic a l p r o d u c t s _______________
196.1
P e tr o le u m a n d co a l p r o c u c ts _____________
156 .9
P e tr o le u m r e fin in g --------------------------------3 9 .2
O th er p e tr o le u m a n d co a l p r o d u c ts -----525 .9
R u b b e r a n d p la s tic s p r o d u c ts, n e c ----------111.6
T ir e s a n d in n er t u b e s .--------------------------174.2
O th er r u b b e r p r o d u c t s _________________
240.1
M isc e lla n e o u s p la s tic s p r o d u c ts -----------3 5 6 .3
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c ts ------------------3 0 .9
L e a th e r ta n n in g a n d fin is h in g --------------231 .5
F o o tw e a r , e x c e p t r u b b e r _______________
9 3 .9
O th er le a th e r p r o d u c ts --------------------------H a n d b a g s a n d p e r so n a l le a th e r
g o o d s .-------------------------------------------

Transportation and public utilities----------

4,346

R a ilr o a d t r a n s p o r ta tio n _________________
G lass I ra ilro a d s 2______________________
L o c a l a n d in te r u r b a n p a ssen g er t r a n s it ..
L o c a l a n d s u b u r b a n t r a n s p o r ta tio n —
T a x ic a b s ________________________________
I n t e r c ity h ig h w a y t r a n s p o r ta tio n -------T r u c k in g a n d w a r e h o u s in g ---------------------P u b lic w a r e h o u s in g ____________________
T r a n s p o r ta tio n b y a ir ___________________
A ir tr a n s p o r ta tio n _____________________
P ip e lin e tr a n s p o r ta tio n ---------- ---------------O th er tr a n s p o r ta tio n a n d s e r v ic e s ---------C o m m u n ic a tio n __________________________
T e le p h o n e c o m m u n ic a t io n ____________
T e le g r a p h c o m m u n ic a t io n ____________
R a d io a n d te le v is io n b r o a d c a s tin g -----E le c tr ic , gas, a n d s a n ita r y s e r v ic e s --------E le c tr ic c o m p a n ie s a n d s y s t e m s ---------G as c o m p a n ie s a n d s y s t e m s ----------------C o m b in a tio n c o m p a n ie s a n d s y s t e m s .
W a te r , s te a m , & s a n ita r y s y s t e m s -----

Wholesale and retail trade--------------------W h o le s a le tr a d e ___________________________
M o to r v e h ic le s , & a u t o m o t iv e e q u ip ­
m e n t __________________________________
D r u g s, c h e m ic a ls , a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts .
D r y go o d s a n d a p p a r e l-------------------------G r oceries a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts ------------E le c tr ic a l g o o d s _________________________
H a r d w a r e , p lu m b in g , & h e a tin g e q u ip ­
m e n t __________________________________
M a c h in e r y , e q u ip m e n t, a n d s u p p li e s ..
M isc e lla n e o u s w h o le s a le r s --------------------R e ta il tr a d e _______________________________
R e ta il gen eral m e r c h a n d is e ............. ............
D e p a r tm e n t s to r e s --------------------------------M a il ord er h o u s e s ______________________
V a r ie ty s to r e s __________________________
F o o d s to r e s _______________________________
G r o cery , m e a t, a n d v e g e ta b le s to r e s —
A p p a r e l a n d a c c e ss o r y s to r e s ------------------M e n ’s & b o y s ’ c lo th in g & fu r n is h in g s.
W o m e n ’s r e a d y -to -w e a r s to r e s ------------F a m ily c lo th in g s to r e s _________________
S h o e s to r e s _____________________________
F u r n itu r e a n d h o m e fu r n is h in g s s t o r e s . .
F u r n itu r e a n d h o m e f u r n is h in g s ______
E a t in g a n d d r in k in g p la c e s ............... .............
O th er r e ta il t r a d e ________________________
A u t o m o t iv e d ealers & se r v ic e s t a t io n s .
M o to r v e h ic le d e a le r s_______________
O th er
a u to m o tiv e
& a cc esso ry
d e a le r s_____________________________
G a so lin e se r v ic e s t a t io n s ____________
M is c e lla n e o u s r e ta il s to r e s _____________
D r u g sto r e s a n d p r o p r ie to r y s t o r e s ..
F a r m a n d ga rd en s u p p ly s to r e s _____
F u e l a n d ic e d e a le r s......... .........................

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

998 .3
3 1 2 .0
203 .7
137.5
114.5
7 0 .7
5 1 .8
108.1
194.5
155.9
3 8 .6
47 0 .4
7 9 .6
161.2
2 2 9 .6
34 2 .3
2 9 .7
223 .5
8 9 .1

993 .6
311 .9
202.3
135.6
113.0
7 0 .2
5 5 .2
105.4
192.3
154.0
38 .3
478 .7
79.3
164.5
234.9
351.7
3 0 .7
228.1
9 2 .9

985 .3
307 .7
200.1
134.2
110.7
6 8 .4
6 1 .2
10 3 .0
187.4
150.9
3 6 .5
469.1
7 7 .5
162.3
229.3
3 4 5 .6
30 .1
226.1
8 9 .4

3 5 .8

3 7 .9

3 5 .9

4,304
4,250
4,339
697.2
706. 6 706.9
616.5
616.6
606.7
277.3
256.1
269.1
8 2 .2
8 2 .2
8 1 .6
108.5
110.1
107.3
4 3 .2
4 4 .2
4 4 .9
1 ,0 6 3 .0 1 ,0 4 1 .5 1 ,0 2 2 .8
84 .3
8 6 .0
8 8 .3
2 8 9 .0
293.3
297.1
264.4
260 .6
268.1
1 8 .2
19.1
19 .3
3 5 5 .0
356.4
3 5 3 .6
962 .5
984 .8
973.3
803 .4
812 .5
822 .6
3 4 .0
3 4 .1
34.1
117.2
118.5
115.7
629.4
656. 6 644.2
269.4
257 .6
263.8
155.4
150.6
157.5
177.4
179.7
183.6
4 3 .8
46.1
45 .3

9 8 8 .6
3 0 8 .5
201 .8
133.3
110.7
6 8 .0
64 .4
101.9
185.9
150.4
3 5 .5
517 .0
109.2
177.6
130.2
346.1
3 0 .1
226.1
8 9 .9

980.1
307 .7
199.4
132.2
111.1
67 .8
61 .0
100.9
182.8
149 .0
3 3 .8
518.4
109.6
178.3
230 .5
351 .4
3 0 .4
229.6
9 1 .4

3 6 .7

976 .3
307.1
203.1
131.6
109.8
67.4
57.1
100.2
183.0
149.4
3 3 .6
521.4
109.2
181.7
230 .5
357 .8
3 0 .7
234.7
9 2 .4

3 7 .8

39.1

4,191
4,174
693.4
695.3
602 .0
603.6
275.4
27 6 .8
8 2 .2
80 .7
111.0
111.7
4 1 .8
4 2 .5
9 5 9 .6 1, 000.1
8 3 .9
8 0 .5
28 5 .2
281.1
25 7 .5
253 .9
18.1
18.1
3 5 2 .6
335 .8
95 9 .4
958.1
802.2
800.7
3 3 .5
3 3 .7
114.2
114.7
627.2
628 .0
257.4
257.8
150.1
150.1
176.8
176.9
4 3 .2
4 2 .9

4,175
695.7
603 .6
276.2
82.1
111.7
4 1 .5
994.1
8 6 .3
276.4
250.0
18.1
334 .2
953 .9
796.9
3 3 .6
114.3
625.9
257.1
149.8
176.5
4 2 .5

90 7.8
290.1
193.7
118.1
105.6
66.3
53.2
8 0 .8
182.9
148.1
3 4 .8
470.8
101.8
171.6
197.5
352.9
31. 6
234.5
8 6 .8

973 .9
306 .5
205.3
131.7
110.2
66 .9
5 4 .5
9 8 .8
182.5
149.1
3 3 .4
526.8
109.4
185.2
232.2
3 5 7 .5
3 1 .0
235 .4
91.1

97 2 .5
3 0 5 .6
2 0 6 .6
130.5
112.3
6 7 .0
5 2 .8
9 7 .7
184.2
149.7
3 4 .5
531.4
110 .0
185.2
236 .2
362 .3
3 1 .5
2 3 9 .0
9 1 .8

971.4
305 .0
206 .6
129.9
113.0
67 .3
52 .3
97 .3
185.8
149.8
3 6 .0
529.7
109.7
183.0
23 7 .0
3 6 3 .9
31 .1
23 8 .4
9 4 .4

96 8 .7
3 0 2 .4
206 .6
128.8
114.3
67 .5
5 2 .7
9 6 .4
186.5
149.8
3 6 .7
524 .6
108.7
181.3
234 .6
361 .7
3 0 .9
236.8
9 4 .0

971 .5
305 .9
208 .9
128.4
113.4
6 8 .2
5 0 .8
9 5 .9
189.1
150.9
3 8 .2
519.1
108.4
180.4
230.3
363 .3
3 1 .3
23 9 .2
9 2 .8

9 8 0 .8
3 0 8 .8
211.8
130.8
113.3
6 9 .9
5 0 .8
9 5 .4
191.7
152 .4
3 9 .3
516 .6
108.9
178.7
2 2 9 .0
371 .3
3 2 .0
245 .6
9 3 .7

9 5 7 .9
3 0 1 .5
205 .4
126.9
109.7
6 7 .6
54 .7
9 2 .1
18 6 .0
149.6
3 6 .4
509.8
107.2
178.7
22 3 .9
3 6 3 .5
3 1 .7
24 0 .6
9 1 .2

3 8 .4

3 8 .9

4 0 .7

4 0 .6

3 9 .5

3 9 .8

3 8 .6

3 6 .3

4,171
4,151
4,238
4,229
4,219
4,2 2 2
4,183
730 .2
718 .5
716.2
721.1
713 .0
714. 9
699.4
636 .5
624 .9
620.6
6 2 3 .6
627.5
619.1
608.0
249 .5
268.7
272.2
268 .6
272 .8
2 7 5 .6
2 7 6 .6
8 2 .0
8 2 .3
8 0 .9
8 2 .1
8 1 .9
8 2 .8
8 2 .2
108.7
105.3
107.0
105.7
108 .6
110.8
111.7
44.1
4 1 .8
4 3 .3
4 1 .9
4 2 .5
42 .1
42 .2
998 .9 1 ,0 3 0 .4 1, 045. 0 1, 044. 7 1, 044.8 1,029. 2 1, 007. 5
8 4 .4
8 4 .5
92.1
86.1
9 1 .3
9 4 .9
8 7 .0
200.2
246.9
260 .5
263 .3
268.1
264 .9
272 .9
175.2
221 .9
235.1
237.7
2 4 6 .6
241 .9
238 .9
19.4
18 .8
18.4
18 .5
1 8 .9
18.2
18 .3
335.1
344 .9
3 3 6 .5
347 .5
341 .2
341 .3
343.1
952 .4
9 2 7 .0
946 .5
9 4 1 .0
942 .3
947 .4
950.1
773.4
796.5
786.7
790 .5
785.1
79 0 .8
793.6
3 3 .0
3 3 .5
3 3 .4
3 3 .3
33 .1
3 3 .6
3 3 .3
112.2
113.9
113.9
114.1
113.8
113.9
114.2
628.2
645.6
626.2
634.3
625 .0
62 5 .9
625.7
256.7
26 3 .7
259 .5
256.5
256.7
256 .5
257.1
152.2
156.3
153.1
150.8
150.6
150.7
149.8
177.4
182.3
179.2
176.4
176.6
176.5
176.3
4 1 .9
4 3 .3
42 .1
4 2 .5
4 2 .2
4 1 .5
4 2 .5

4,036
735.3
640.1
268.8
8 2 .5
109.5
4 1 .8
9 6 3.5
8 2 .0
2 2 9.0
205.9
19. 5
315. 4
880.8
735.2
3 1 .8
106.9
623.4
253. 0
153. 6
176. 5
4 0 .4

13,627
3,5 8 3

13,675
3 ,5 6 2

13,503
3,5 0 3

13,412
3 ,4 9 9

13,332
3 ,4 8 6

13,218
3,479

13,334
3,491

14,248
3,534

13,603
3,5 1 2

13,385
3 ,5 0 0

13,251
3 ,4 7 6

13,219
3 ,4 9 8

13,211
3 ,4 3 8

12,716
3,312

274.3
215.4
152.0
51 8 .0
290.3

271.9
213.5
149.9
520 .5
288.4

265 .2
211.8
147.7
50 6 .0
285.1

265.4
211.7
147.9
503 .0
285.4

264 .5
211.4
149.0
501 .5
283.5

264.9
209. S
147.3
499.7
281.8

263.4
210.4
147.0
505.7
279 .2

264.1
212.2
146.3
522.7
280.1

264.1
212.5
147.0
520 .2
277.9

261.4
210.7
145.7
525.1
275.3

261.7
208.9
145.0
511 .0
275.1

264 .2
210 .6
144.6
513 .0
280.1

261.1
206.9
142.8
511. 6
2 7 2 .0

255.3
198. 0
139.4
510. 7
256. 0

157.8
671.9
1 ,2 1 3 .4
10, 038 10,044
1 ,9 4 3 .1
1,236. 0
113.1
315.2
1 ,5 6 8 .3
1 ,3 8 9 .5
656.7
111.5
239.1
110.5
130.5
4 3 1 .0
275 .6
2,206. 0
3 ,2 3 8 .8
555 .0
1, 548. 6
' 750 .2

157.5
666.8
1 ,2 0 8 .1
10,113
1,958. 2
1 ,2 4 6 .8
112.5
3 2 0 .5
1,576. 0
1 ,3 9 2 .9
682.3
114.9
246 .2
114.5
135.6
431.1
27 5 .2
2 ,2 2 6 .8
3 ,2 3 8 .4
549.5
1, 533.3
' 747. 0

155.6
65 7 .6
1,188. 5
10,000
1,942. 0
1,229. 6
112.7
3 2 3 .0
1, 581. 4
1,397. 2
675.8
111.4
247.7
112.1
134.1
425 .6
272.1
2 ,1 8 3 .4
3 ,1 9 1 .8
529 .6
1,510. 0
740.1

155.9
155.7
637.4
641.5
1 ,1 9 6 .4 1,189. 7
10,714 10,091
2, 532.1 2 ,1 5 4 .4
1, 648.7 1,378. 5
147.4
155.8
407 .9
3 4 6 .0
1, 599.2 1,570. 0
1 ,4 1 5 .4 1,394. 0
807 .4
694.9
143. C 114.7
291. S 256.1
115.9
144 .6
134.1
148.7
432.5
442 .4
27 8 .6
284.3
2, 085. 7 2, 092. 0
3 ,2 4 7 .3 3 ,1 4 7 .4
529 .2
529.8
1,500. f 1,489. 0
742.2
744.5

156.4
634.4
1,184. 2
9,8 8 5
2, 002. 6
1 ,2 7 2 .3
131.1
3 2 6 .0
1,562. 2
1 ,3 8 8 .2
6 7 2 .0
110.3
250.4
109 .6
130.1
4 2 6 .0
273 .6
2,104. 7
3 ,1 1 7 .8
536.3
1 ,4 7 8 .1
737.1

155.4
63 4 .0
1,179. 2
9,7 7 5
1,932. 2
1,219. 2
120.9
3 1 7 .6
1,540. 8
1 ,3 6 8 .1
66 1 .0
10 8 .2
2 4 3 .0
10 8 .6
131.7
421 .9
271.9
2 ,1 1 1 .4
3,107. 6
541. 6
1 ,4 7 7 .8
7 3 5 .2

157.1
639.1
1,185. 5
9,721
1,885. 6
1 ,1 8 9 .3
117.2
3 0 3 .4
1, 527.8
1, 358. 0
639. 6
106. 5
240. 6
103 .7
123.7
421 .3
271.3
2 ,1 2 1 .1
3 ,1 2 5 .3
554.9
1 ,4 8 5 .3
737 .2

154.5
623. 8
1 ,1 6 5 .0
9,773
1 ,9 6 8 .8
1 ,2 5 0 .6
124. 9
319. 9
1, 538. 3
1,365. 2
665. 5
111. 2
246. 6
109. 6
129.3
421. 8
272. 0
2, 063.8
3 ,1 1 5 .3
539. 9
1,470. 0
737. 8

150.1
579. 4
1 ,1 2 2 .3
9,404
1 ,8 7 3 .4
1,173. 0
119. 5
312. 7
1,468. 6
1 ,2 9 6 .1
640. 2
104.9
237.7
104.4
123.9
409. 6
265. 0
1,987. 9
3, 023. 7
539. 3
1, 424.2
723. 0

13,635
3,5 9 7

154 8
154.5
155.2
155.2
641. C 639. S 643.7
653.6
1
,1
8 2 .2
1,183.
C
1,188. 2 1 ,1 8 8 .7
9,8 4 3
9 ,8 4 6
9, 739
9,9 1 3
1 ,9 2 2 .1 1 ,9 2 4 .1 1,886: 9 1,984. 2
1,219. 2 1 ,2 1 7 .5 1 ,1 9 7 .7 1, 266.3
115.3
118.8
130.7
113.7
310.2
31 9 .8
3 2 3 .8
320 .7
1
,5
7
6
.9
1
,5
7 1 .0
1,576.
7
1 ,5 7 7 .1
1,397. C 1 ,3 9 5 .1 1,395. 7 1 ,3 9 5 .9
650.4
676.8
667.7
682.7
110.9
118.1
110.8
111.8
244.1
235.1
24 5 .3
244.8
116.8
110.8
110.6
112.9
129.3
140. C 125.9
132.8
42 6 .9
42 7 .5
427 .5
427.1
273.4
272.9
272.3
273.3
2 ,1 5 0 .4 2, 097. 7 2, 064. 7 2, 045.8
3
,1
3
2
.4
3,138.
0
3 ,1 6 8 .2 3,137. 2
511.8
509 .2
524. i
513.4
1
,4
8
7
.8
1
,4
8
1
.0
1, 504.3 1, 486. 7
741.7
739.7
739 .6
740.5

179.3
193.3
199.9
197.8
197.1
20 1 .2
195.4
206.3
192.6
201.7
195.7
208 .5
204.9
211.8
521.9
548. 2 538.9
545. 5
543. 2
54 5 .6
550.1
550.7
551.4
548.7
562.1
565 .0
577.8
586 .6
1,
060.3
1,135. 2 1,155. 6 1 ,1 5 2 .2 1,139. 2 1,137.1 1,142. 2 1 ,1 3 8 .4 1 ,2 1 7 .2 1,128. 6 1,103. 4 1, 088. 2 1, 085.1 1,105. 4
401. 0
420.1
415.1
418 .3
43 0 .2
425.2
463 .9
442 .5
440.5
4 3 7 .2
436.7
437.4
431 .8
440 .3
95. 0
95. 7
92. 7
9 4 .4
9 2 .6
9 3 .6
9 4 .3
9 4 .7
9 7 .2
100. i
102 .0
105.2
9 9 .4
9 5 .7
108.5
109.
0
102
.0
103.2
108.4
112.5
115.8
116.5
113.5
115.9
104.5
107.6
104.8
102.9

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967
T able

A-9.

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In th o u sa n d s]
1967

1966

A nnual
a v er a g e

I n d u s tr y
A ug.

Finance, insurance, and real estate __ ..

2 J u ly 2

__ _ _ _ _ _ _

_

F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t 4____________________
E x e c u t i v e ___ . . . _ . _ ______________ . . .
D e p a r tm e n t o f D e f e n s e _________________
P o s t O ffice D e p a r t m e n t _____________ __
O th er a g e n c ie s . _______
_. . . .
L e g is la t iv e . _
. . . . _ . ___ . . . .
J u d i c i a l .._
_________ __ __________ .. _
_ ..
S ta te a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t 5___
S ta te g o v e r n m e n t .. _ _ ______ _ . . . __ _
S ta te e d u c a tio n _______ _ _
O th er S ta te g o v e r n m e n t________________
L o ca l g o v e r n m e n t ..
__
L o ca l e d u c a t io n _________________________
O th er lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t________ ____ _

A pr.

F eb.

Jan.

D ec.

N ov.

O c t.

S e p t.

A ug.

1966

1965

3,1 0 2
823.1
3 3 5 .0
9 6 .3
1 8 0 .0
140.7
9 0 9 .8
4 8 6 .6
60.1
3 2 2 .2
239 .2
573 .2
4 1 .0
8 0 .8

3,0 2 3
7 9 2 .0
32 6 .9
97 .1
171.8
129 .0
893.4
481 .2
5 4 .2
3 1 5 .8
232 .8
568 .9
4 5 .8
7 9 .6

3,253
8 6 5 .6
34 5 .9
9 8 .9
187.5
153.1
9 5 2 .6
500.9
74. 0
338 .7
252. 0
601.4
41.1
8 2 .1

3 ,2 0 2
851.1
341 .6
9 7 .0
185. 6
149.2
9 4 3 .0
497. 5
7 2 .3
3 3 4 .9
247. 0
588.5
3 8 .8
81. 6

3,181
848 .0
34 0 .4
9 6 .7
184.9
147.9
939 .2
496.3
7 1 .8
333. 0
246. 2
57 8 .2
3 7 .3
81. 5

3,157
846.3
339 .3
9 5 .8
185. 2
146.3
936.1
494.4
71. 3
332 .4
245.1
5 6 2 .6
3 5 .6
8 1 .3

3,1 3 3
8 4 3 .6
3 3 7 .0
9 4 .9
184. 2
143.8
931 .4
491. 8
69 7
331 .6
244 2
552.8
3 3 .6
80. 2

3,1 1 4
8 3 8 .2
3 3 6 .0
9 5 .8
182. 6
141.8
923 .2
489 5
67.1
328.1
241 1
552 .6
3 3 .4
80 6

3,125
838 .3
3 3 6 .2
9 4 .6
183 4
142 .6
9 2 3 .2
490 2
66 1
327 .9
243 6
559 .8
3 4 .5
8 0 .9

3,116
83 5 .4
3 3 4 .4
9 4 .2
182.3
142.2
91 7 .9
487. 6
65. 0
3 2 6 .2
242. 0
563.1
3 5 .6
81. 0

3,117
8 3 3 .2
334 .3
9 4 .9
181 3
142.6
915 .9
488 0
64 0
324 .4
240 4
570.1
3 8 .0
80 8

3,127
833 .7
3 3 5 .0
9 4 .5
182.1
142.7
917 .2
489 2
62. 8
325.1
240 8
576.7
3 9 .0
81 2

3,164
842 .3
338 .8
9 6 .4
183.1
14 5 .0
9 2 4 .0
492 .4
6 3 .0
3 2 7 .6
243.4
588.5
4 2 .0
8 1 .8

10,263

10,260
818.7
684.7
1, 031.1
564.2
1 ,3 4 1 .4
113.5
71 .3
202.5
5 5 .3
147.2
2,476. 5
1 ,5 7 0 .0
208 .6
927.1
290.1
560.9
523. 0
284 .2
75 .4

10,196
733 .5
656.2
1, 030. 5
564. 0
1 ,3 3 1 .6
113.1
7 0 .9
196.8
5 3 .5
143.3
2, 453. 5
li 549. 7
203 .8
1, 000. 4
335 .3
588. 7
515.8
282.7
7 4 .6

10,057
687.8
621 .6
1, 022.1
' 556.5
1,306. 4
112.9
70.1
190. 5
4 9 .3
141.2
2,400. 5
1 ,5 2 5 .3
195.1
1, 068. 5
3 4 6 .9
644. 9
498.7
272 .8
73.4

9,963
671.9
611.0
1, 020. 7
556 .0
1, 300. 3
112.5
69 .6
183.4
4 7 .3
136.1
2,383. 5
1 ,5 1 6 .1
19 5 .0
1 ,0 6 6 .1
346 .4
642.9
500. 6
270.5
73 .5

9,8 1 7
647 .0
590.8
1, 016. 2
552.8
1, 284.1
112.9
69.1
173.9
4 7 .3
126.6
2 ,3 6 7 .1
1 .5 0 6 .6
194.7
1, 065.4
345 .8
643. 4
501.4
269 .8
7 3 .6

9,7 2 5
635.9
580.5
1 ,0 1 0 .5
548.9
1 ,2 7 1 .8
112.1
68. 5
178. 2
5 2 .8
125.4
2,343. 3
1, 493. 3
194.2
1 ,0 5 7 .0
345.1
636.1
500. 7
2 6 8 .0
73 .7

9,643
625.3
570.1
1, 010.1
550.5
1, 268. 6
111.5
68 .3
180.3
55 .2
125.1
2 ,3 1 2 .1
1 ,4 7 5 .5
193. 5
1, 046.9
344 .5
626.1
496. 2
266 .5
7 3 .6

9,693
629. 7
572.5
1 ,0 1 6 .9
555.7
1 ,2 7 1 .6
111.5
69 .4
187.8
59 .5
128.3
2,290. 2
1 ,4 6 5 .1
196.2
1 ,0 4 8 .7
3 4 6 .7
625 8
491. 6
266 .8
7 3 .7

9,695
641.4
583.1
1, 022. 7
55 9 .5
1,260. 7
111.8
69 .4
189.7
58 .7
131.0
2 ,2 7 8 .1
1,460. 6
195.1
1, 049.5
3 4 6 .6
626. 5
490. 2
265.7
73 .5

9,704
665 .9
604.1
1, 024.2
562.9
1,254. 0
112.7
6 9 .0
191.9
5 6 .6
135.3
2,259. 5
1,449. 9
194.5
1, 029. 5
339 .5
614 4
487 .8
264.5
7 3 .3

9,667
7Ò9.2
634.2
1, 017. 3
560 .0
1 ,2 4 1 .5
113.3
68 .2
195.3
5 3 .7
141.6
2, 241. 3
1,437. 0
194.3
9 3 6 .0
319 .5
545 1
493 0
267 .9
7 3 .8

9,736
808 .3
672.6
1 ,0 2 3 .1
568 .4
1, 246. 0
114.9
68 .7
204 .5
5 6 .8
147.7
2 .2 3 8 .1
1 .4 3 6 .2
196.7
839.3
2 7 6 .0
494.3
501 2
2 7 3 .0
7 5 .2

9,545
9,087
684 .6
659.1
610.1
58 4 .2
1, 012.9
985 .4
559.1
54 8 .4
1, 220. 2 1 ,1 0 9 .1
112.5
111.9
6 8 .4
65 .7
190.2
185.1
5 4 .0
48 .5
136.2
13 6 .6
2,206. 5 2, 079. 5
1 ,4 1 8 .5 1 ,3 5 6 .5
190.3
181.5
968.1
9 2 4 .6
32 5 .9
3 1 5 .6
570.8
544.3
488.5
449 .0
242.4
26 4 .9
6 8 .2
73 .4

11,280
2,798
2, 763.4
1 ,1 4 4 .1
713.7
9 0 5 .6
2 8 .5
6 .3
8, 441
8,482
2 ,2 8 4 .1
777.5
1, 506. 6
6 ,1 9 7 .9
3,198. 5
2,999. 4

11,664
2, 766
2, 731.8
1,135. 3
714.4
882.1
28.1
6 .3
8,8 9 8
2,347. 5
877 .2
1, 470.3
6, 550. 2
3, 627. 0
2,923. 2

11,604
2,6 9 0
2, 657. 2
1,103. 0
697.8
856.4
2 6 .9
6 .3
8, 914
2,342. 0
9 2 0 .0
1 ,4 2 2 .0
6, 572.4
3, 762. 2
2,810. 2

11,584
2,683
2, 650. 3
1,100. 4
696.9
8 5 3 .0
2 6 .7
6 .3
8,901
2 ,3 4 0 .8
922 .5
1 ,4 1 8 .3
6,560. 0
3, 771.4
2, 788. 6

11,554
2, 669
2, 635. 7
1 ,0 9 8 .1
693.1
844.5
2 6 .5
6 .3
8,885
2,333. 4
918.8
1 ,4 1 4 .6
6, 551.1
3, 775.1
2,776. 0

11,474
2,6 5 2
2, 619. 7
1, 092. 7
689.4
837 .6
2 6 .4
6 .2
8,822
2 ,3 1 3 .4
905.8
1 ,4 0 7 .6
6, 508.1
3, 747. 8
2, 760.3

11,366
2, 643
2, 609. 3
1, 084. 3
697.2
827 .8
2 7 .0
6 .2
8,723
2, 289. 8
891.2
1 ,3 9 8 .6
6,433. 0
3, 693.7
2 ,7 3 9 .3

11,497
2,769
2, 736. 4
1, 076. 3
837.8
822 .3
2 6 .0
6 .1
8,7 2 8
2,282. 0
891.2
1,390. 8
6,445. 7
3 ,7 0 4 .5
2, 741. 2

11,339
2,641
2, 608. 2
1 ,0 7 1 .7
706.3
830 .2
2 6 .4
6 .2
8,6 9 8
2,279. 8
8 9 3 .0
1 ,3 8 6 .8
6, 418. 6
3, 686.9
2,731. 7

11,193
2, 612
2, 579. 3
1 ,0 5 7 .4
689.6
832 .3
2 6 .2
6.1
8, 581
2,250. 6
866 .2
1,384. 4
6 ,3 3 0 .3
3, 612. 8
2 ,7 1 7 .5

10,922
2, 589
2 ,5 5 6 .3
1, 042. 8
682 .0
831 .5
2 6 .5
6 .1
8,333
2,170. 6
759.4
1 ,4 1 1 .2
6 ,1 6 2 .3
3,395. 6
2,766. 7

10,520
2,631
2 ,5 9 8 .1
1 ,0 5 5 .4
689.4
853.3
27.1
6 .0
7,889
2, 091. 4
656.2
1 ,4 3 5 .2
5,797. 6
2,940. 2
2 ,8 5 7 .4

10,871
2, 564
2 ,5 3 1 .9
1 ,0 2 3 .6
680.9
827.3
2 6 .0
6 .0
8,3 0 7
2,161. 9
782 .6
1,379. 3
6,145. 0
3 ,4 1 9 .1
2, 726. 0

11,245
2,804

1 B e g in n in g w it h t h e O c to b e r 1967 is s u e , fig u re s d iffer fro m th o s e p r e v io u s ly
p u b lis h e d . T h e in d u s t r y series h a v e b e e n a d ju s te d t o M arch 1966 b e n c h ­
m a r k s (c o m p r e h e n s iv e c o u n ts o f e m p lo y m e n t ) . F o r c o m p a r a b le b a c k d a ta ,
se e E m p lo y m en t and E arnings Statistics for the U nited States, 1909-67 (B L S
B u lle t in 1312-5). S ta tis tic s from A p r il 1966 fo rw a rd are s u b je c t t o fu rth er
r e v is io n w h e n n e w b e n c h m a r k s b e c o m e a v a ila b le .
T h e s e series are b a se d u p o n e s ta b lis h m e n t re p o r ts w h ic h c o v e r a ll fu lla n d p a r t-tim e e m p lo y e e s in n o n a g r ic u ltu r a l e s ta b lis h m e n ts w h o w o r k e d
d u r in g , or r e c e iv e d p a y for a n y p a rt o f t h e p a y p e r io d w h ic h in c lu d e s t h e 12th
o f t h e m o n th . T h ere fo re, p e r so n s w h o w o r k e d in m o r e t h a n 1 e s ta b lis h m e n t
d u r in g t h e r e p o r tin g p erio d are c o u n te d m o r e t h a n o n ce. P r o p r ie to r s, selfe m p lo y e d p e r so n s, u n p a id fa m ily w o rk ers, a n d d o m e s tic s e r v a n ts are
e x c lu d e d .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M ar.

3,2 8 9
877.8
349 .5
101.3
187.8
157.8
9 6 1 .8
503 .2
7 5 .6
343.1
254.7
604.8
4 1 .9
82.1

H o te ls a n d o th e r lo d g in g p la c e s _____
H o te ls , to u r is t co u r ts, a n d m o t e ls ______
P e r so n a l se r v ic e s .
L a u n d r ie s a n d d r y c le a n in g p la n t s _____
M is c e lla n e o u s b u s in e ss ser v ic e s
A d v e r tis in g ____ ______ . . .
.
C r e d it r e p o r tin g a n d c o lle c tio n _.
.
_ _
. . .
M o tio n p ic tu r e s ____
M o tio n p ic tu r e film in g & d is tr ib u tin g .
M o tio n p ic tu r e th e a te r s a n d s e r v ic e s ..
M e d ic a l a n d o th e r h e a lth s e r v ic e s . . .
H o s p ita ls _
______
L e g a l s e r v i c e s ... . . .
E d u c a tio n a l s e r v i c e s ___
______ . . . _
E le m e n ta r y a n d se c o n d a r y s c h o o ls ._ ._
C o lle g es a n d u n iv e r s itie s
M is c e lla n e o u s ser v ic e s
E n g in e e r in g a n d a r c h ite c tu r a l s e r v ic e s .
N o n p r o fit research a g e n c ie s ____ . . . . .

Government

M ay

3,3 0 4

B a n k in g _ _
C r e d it a g en cies o th e r t h a n b a n k s ___ _ _
S a v in g s a n d lo a n a s s o c ia tio n s _____
P e r s o n a l c r e d it in s t it u t io n s
S e c u r ity , c o m m o d it y b ro k ers, & s e r v ic e s .
In su r a n c e car rier s.
L ife in s u r a n c e ..
A c c id e n t a n d h e a lth in s u r a n c e .
F ir e , m a r in e , a n d c a s u a lty in s u r a n c e ..
In su r a n c e a g e n ts , b ro k ers, a n d s e rv ice
R e a l e s t a t e _______ ______ _ . . . __ . . . .
O p e r a tiv e b u ild e r s
O th er fin a n ce, in su r a n c e , & re a l e s ta te .

Services ...

June

10,091
2,378
2,346. 7
938.5
614.2
793.9
2 5 .4
5 .9
7,714
1 ,9 9 5 .9
679.1
1 ,3 1 6 .8
5, 717. 6
3 ,1 1 9 .9
2,597. 7

2 P r e lim in a r y .
3 B e g in n in g J a n u a r y 1965, d a ta r e la te t o ra ilro a d s w it h o p e r a tin g r e v e n u e s
o f $5,000,000 or m o re.
4 D a t a r e la te t o c iv ilia n e m p lo y e e s w h o w o r k e d o n , or r e c e iv e d p a y for
t h e la s t d a y o f t h e m o n th .
5 S ta te a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t d a ta e x c lu d e , as n o m in a l e m p lo y e e s , e le c te d
o fficia ls o f s m a ll lo c a l u n it s a n d p a id v o lu n te e r fir em en .

Source: U .S . D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r , B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s for a ll
series e x c e p t th o s e for t h e F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t, w h ic h is p rep a re d b y t h e
U .S . C iv il S e r v ic e C o m m is sio n , a n d th a t for C la ss I ra ilro a d s, w h ic h is p re­
p a red b y t h e U .S . I n te r s ta te C o m m e r c e C o m m is sio n .

83

A.—LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT

Table A-10.

Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In th o u sa n d s]
A nnual
a v er a g e

1966

1967
I n d u s tr y

T o ta l p r iv a t e . __

M ining..

_

_________

Contract construction____

Manufacturing__ __
D u r a b le g o o d s. ________________________
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s . _ . ________ ________

45,157

45, 097 45, 072 44,234

42,309

484
7 1 .6
2 2 .5
2 5 .6
123.5
116.8
188.4
8 1 .5
106.9
100.9
35. 7

487
71 .4
2 2 .5
25 .9
123.3
116.7
188.8
8 2 .0
106.8
103.4
3 7 .0

485
71 .8
2 2 .1
26.1
119.7
112.7
194.1
8 4 .5
109.6
99 .8
3 5 .3

494
69.8
2 2 .0
24.7
123.7
115.2
201.8
8 8 .4
113.4
99.1
3 4 .9

43,895

465
7 2 .5
2 2 .6
2 6 .6
121.8
115.4
179.0
80 .4
98. 6
91. 3
32. 0

465
7 2 .2
2 2 .6
2 6 .5
123.2
116.5
180. 1
8 0 .4
9 9 .7
89. 0
30. 7

45,545

490
74. 2
2 3 .7
2 6 .7
121.5
115.4
188.6
8 4 .6
104.0
105.8
37 fi

488
74 .9
2 4 .2
27 .0
123.5
117.3
185.4
8 3 .4
102.0
104.2
3fi fi

14,288
8,177
6,111

45,167

482
7 1 .6
22 .3
2 6 .1
123.7
117.1
190.1
8 1 .3
108. 8
9 6 .6
3 4 .3

44,136

472
72.4
2 2 .6
26 .6
120. 6
114.3
181.8
8 0 .5
101.3
96. 8
34 9

45,488

474

3,067

44, 079 45,517

44, 782 44, 440

45,812

G e n e ra l b u ild in g co n tr a c to r s
...
_
H e a v y c o n s tr u c tio n c o n t r a c t o r s .. . _
H ig h w a y a n d s tr e e t c o n s t r u c t io n ...
H e a v y c o n s tr u c tio n , n e c .
S p e c ia l tr a d e c o n tr a c to r s.
.
. .
P lu m b in g , h e a tin g , air c o n d itio n in g ___
P a in tin g , p a p e r h a n g in g , d e c o r a tin g ____
E le c tr ic a l w o r k ___
M a s o n r y , s to n e w o r k , a n d p la s te r in g
R o o fin g a n d s h e e t m e ta l w o r k ____

S e p t.

Jan.

M ay

M e ta l m in in g .
_ ._
Iro n o r e s .A
___ . . . .
...
.
C o p p er o r e s ___ . . . . .
C o a l m in in g ___ .
.
_ __ _
B itu m in o u s c o a l a n d lig n ite m in in g _
O il a n d gas e x tr a c tio n
. . .
_ __ _
C r u d e p e tr o le u m a n d n a tu r a l gas field s
O il a n d gas fie ld s e r v ic e s _
_ _
N o n m e ta llic m in e r a ls , e x c e p t fu els
C rusher! an d broke,n s to n e

O ct.

Feb.

June

476
73.1
23. 3
2 6 .5
121.8
115.6
180.5
8 0 .2
100.3
100.3
36. 5

A.pr.

471
71.1
21 .8
26 .3
123.5
116.9
185.7
8 0 .6
105. 1
90 .3
31. 2

D ec.

493
7 3 .0
2 3 .0
2 6 .4
123.1
116.4
191.4
8 4 .3
107.1
105.5
3 7 .7

A ug.

503
74.1
2 3 .0
26 .7
122.9
116.2
199.4
8 6 .9
112.5
106. 6
3 8 .2

1966

1965

N ov.

M ar.

A u g . 2 J u ly 2

2,799
2,710
3,151
2,964
3,039
2, 648
2,828
2,369
2,451
2,724
2,425
3,033
2,893
2,603
852.7
948.8
966 .5 1, 004. 7 902 .0
9 1 9 .9
859.4
832.4
796.2
784.8
817. 5 881.4
945 .9
907.3
560.1
707. 7 581.2
502.4
602.4
666.7
685.9
428 .4
440.3
522.9
447.3
687.0
583. 4
647.3
289.2
290.2
3 5 2 .0
367 .6
3 7 8 .0
302 .5
226 .4
176.3
180.6
249.1
188. 6
365 .8
340 .5
296.9
270.9
329.7
291.1
318.3
276 .0
299.9
314 .7
321 .2
28 6 .5
259.7
306.8
273.8
258. 7 252.1
1 ,3 9 9 .7 1 ,3 3 8 .8 1,281. 0 1, 248.1 1,181. 2 1,155. 5 1,193. 0 1,264. 2 1 ,3 0 5 .3 1 ,3 4 8 .1 1 ,3 8 6 .7 1, 438.1 1 ,3 1 5 .2 1 ,2 9 7 .2
313.5
302 .5
2 9 8.0
304 .4
307.9
311.3
288 .6 ' 294. 5 299.4
310 .2 ' 298.7
287.1
286.1
285.9
128.4
125.5
123.4
135.4
148.7
140.9
113.1
9 5 .0
9 6 .5
137.4
121.6
101.0
129.4
112.3
187.6
212.4
201 .2
216.9
206.4
207.3
197.4
201.2
2 0 4 .0
202.8
201. 0
219. 3
211.5
196.8
2 1 7.6
239.3
213 .6
22 3 .0
199.9
213.5
191.3
174.8
178.6
20 4 .0
186.1
216. 6 211.1
196. 2
8 9 .6
9 0 .9
9 6 .3
97 .9
9 2 .4
9 5 .9
9 7 .0
8 4 .6
9 0 .8
89. 0
82. 0
77.9
100.5
9 5 .9
13,996
8,142
5,854

14,249
8,3 3 2
5,917

14,059
8,261
5, 798

14,104
8,271
5,833

14,200
8 ,3 4 0
5,8 6 0

14,252
8 ,3 8 0
5,872

14,304
8,4 1 7
5,887

14,513
8, 528
5,985

14,619
8,5 7 2
6,047

14,653
8, 574
6,079

14,657
8,5 4 5
6,112

14,490
8,349
6,141

14,273
8,349
5,9 2 5

13,434
7,715
5,719

Durable goods
124.4
121.8
9 6 .1
128.4
131.3
134.9
137.5
O r d n a n ce a n d a c c e sso r ie s_________ _____ __
144.4
145.6
145.6
145.6
141.2
151.7
148.3
148.0
6 4 .0
8 5 .4
8 2 .0
80 .9
8 7 .0
8 9 .3
A m m u n itio n , e x c e p t for s m a ll a r m s . . .
9 0 .6
9 8 .4
9 8 .0
9 6 .9
94.1
9 8 .5
104.3
101.6
100. 6
4 .9
5
.6
5
.9
5
.9
6
.0
5
.9
S ig h tin g a n d fire c o n tr o l e q u ip m e n t .
6 .2
6 .0
6 .7
6 .4
6. 0
6 .8
6. 7
6. 6
2 7 .2
3 6 .5
3 5 .3
3 8 .4
37.1
3 9 .6
O th er o r d n a n c e a n d a cc e sso r ie s________
4 0 .5
41 .3
41.1
4 0 .9
40 .2
4 0 .5
41 .2
3 9 .9
4 0 .7
532.4
535.0
542.2
559.3
530.5
521.8
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts _ . . . _______
507.4
501.5
500.3
501. 2 508.3
536.3
533.3
534.2
502.5
2 2 5 .0
231. 2 223. 4 228. 0
215. 5 218.8
S a w m ills a n d p la n in g m ills
212.2
209 .2
210.9
209.9
209.1
217.7
216.8
209.9
217.7
M illw o r k , p ly w o o d , & r e la te d p ro d 138.8
143.9
144.6
150.8
140.3
u c t s _____ ______________ ____________
135.8
134.2
132.6
140.2
133.4
131.4
128.8
129.2
142.3
140.0
3 1 .0
3 1 .9
3 3 .1
3 1 .8
3 1 .7
3 1 .6
32.1
W o o d e n c o n ta in e r s ____________________
3 2 .3
32.4
3 2 .5
3 2 .6
32.1
32.3
31.3
3 3 .3
63. 5
8 8 .2
69 .8
68 .4
68 .9
68 .9
M isc e lla n e o u s w o o d p r o d u c t s ___ __ .
67 .5
67 .3
67.0
67.9
6 4 .6
66 .9
6 5 .7
66.1
66.9
357.4
3
8
2
.6
392.
0
391
.2
392 .5
394.1
391.1
F u r n itu r e a n d f ix t u r e s .. ________________
3 6 9 .0
375 .4
378.9
381 .4
377.8
370 .5
36 3 .7
371.3
264.6
285. 2
280.3
285.1
285.5
286. 3
___
H o u s e h o ld fu r n itu r e
. _ __
264 .5
274.2
269.2
259.2
267.4
270.9
275. 5 283.3
264.7
2 3 .6
2 7 .9
27 .2
28 .5
28.1
2 9 .2
O ffice fu r n itu r e _ .
28 .4
29.3
29. 0
2 9 .2
29 .3
27 .8
28. 6
27. 7
32.4
3 5 .0
3 7 .2
3 6 .1
3 6 .0
3 6 .3
3 6 .4
P a r titio n s a n d fix tu re s _ _ _________ _
35. 4
3 6 .4
3 5 .3
3 5 .5
3 5 .5
3 6 .1
36. 7
3 6 .8
4
0
.1
41
.7
41
.9
4 2 .5
42 .3
4 2 .1
O th er fu r n itu r e a n d fix tu re s _________
4 0 .0
40.1
40 .5
4 2 .0
40 .3
4 0 .8
3 9 .0
4 2 .2
504. 6
517.5
536.5
520.1
528.7
502. 6 515.1
483.8
S to n e , c la y , a n d glass p r o d u c ts ___________
512.4
499 .0
4 8 9 .6
489.1
514.4
513.8
495.3
25. 2
2 5 .9
26.1
2 5 .2
25 .5
2 5 .9
F la t g la s s .
2 5 .9
2 3 .4
2 5 .2
2 4 .7
25 .5
23. 9
22 .9
22 .8
100.7
107.0
110.3
110.1
108.2
108.5
105.4
107.1
G la ss a n d g la ssw a r e, p r e sse d or b lo w n .
106.1
105.8
105.9
105.8
108.2
106.7
107.9
2
9
.2
29.4
3
1
.2
3
0
.2
2 9 .8
29 .3
2 5 .9
2 7 .7
C e m e n t, h y d r a u lic ___ _ ___ _______
28.1
2 8 .0
2 6 .9
26 .7
28.1
28 .7
29.1
59. 0
5 9 .4
61 .8
59 .9
5 8 .0
5 6 .7
5 5 .0
S tr u c tu r a l c la y p r o d u c t s . _____________
55 .2
5 2 .6
5 1 .3
51 .8
5 6 .0
56 .8
5 4 .2
5 6 .9
3
6 .9
3
6
.8
3
6
.9
3
7
.4
3 7 .2
37.1
3 6 .2
P o t t e r y a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts ____
.
34. 6
35. 6
3 5 .5
34. 5
35.1
3 5 .7
35. 2
C o n c r e te , g y p s u m , a n d p la s te r p rod 137.2
137.8
142.8
146.
0
139.0
135.5
129.9
u c t s ________ _____________ __________
125.2
122.4
124.4
134.3
130.9
145.3
143.7
140.1
O th er s to n e & n o n m e ta llic m in e r a l
9 7 .7
102.5
106.4
103.4
104.1
102.8
p r o d u c ts ___ __ __ ______ _____ ____
100.1
101.7
102. 5
102. 7
9 9 .9
9 9 .5
100.2
9 9 .8
102.5
P r im a r y m e ta l in d u str ie s
1, 015. 6 1, 038. 8 1, 061. 0 1, 054. 6 1, 058. 2 1, 073. 4 1, 084.9 1, 093. 7 1 ,0 9 3 .4 1 ,0 9 5 .9 1, 099. 2 1 ,1 1 1 .5 1 ,1 1 6 .1 1, 095.7 1, 062. 0
538.4
530
.4
547.6
538.9
529.3
523.4
517.5
B la s t fu rn ace a n d b a sic s te e l p r o d u c t s ..
514.4
517.4
503.4
505.5
511 .2
511.2
507.1
509.6
194. 6
205. 0 203 .8
204 .2
203 .9
2 0 4 .0
204.1
Ir o n a n d s te e l fo u n d r ie s ________________
192. 4
192.6
197.0
201.8
205.9
180.5
179.0
193.6
57.4
60 .3
6 0 .6
6 0 .8
60 .3
61.1
6 1 .9
N o n fe r r o u s m e t a l s . . . . . ______________
62.3
62.4
6 2 .6
6 2 .6
62 .5
63.1
49.1
62 .8
151.1
166. 6
170.4
167.8
169.9
170. 0
170.4
N o n fe r r o u s r o llin g a n d d r a w in g ________
161.5
167.9
169.0
156.4
162.3
165.7
152.6
160.6
68.3
7
6
.3
7
7
.6
7
8
.6
7 6 .8
77.4
N o n fe r r o u s fo u n d r ie s ___ _____________
78 .2
7 8 .8
7 4 .2
7 4 .5
7 6 .9
77 .8
7 4 .0
71 .9
7 5 .2
52.2
5 8 .3
5 7 .5
5 8 .6
5 9 .0
6 0 .0
60.4
6 0 .7
M is c e lla n e o u s p r im a r y m e ta l p r o d u c ts .
6 0 .0
60.7
57 .2
5 9 .2
5 8 .7
5 9 .3
5 6 .0
982.7
1,
050.
2
1,
054.
8
1,
074.
6
1,
068.
6
F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s .. __________ _ 1, 041.7 1, 029.3 1 ,0 6 0 .1 1, 039. 5 1, 039. 6 1, 044. 7 1 ,0 5 3 .5 1, 060. 3 1, 075. 6 1 ,0 8 1 .3
51. 2
55. 0
58. 0
5 6 .3
5 4 .3
5 4 .0
M e ta l c a n s . . . ___ _
. ___ _________
54.1
5 3 .9
58.4
5 7 .0
5 6 .5
55 .2
5 3 .3
58 .5
58 .5
122.5
127.9
125.5
129.8
131.4
130.9
128.4
131.5
C u tle r y , h a n d to o ls , a n d h a r d w a r e ____
124. 9
129.8
120.4
119.4
123.0
125. 6
123. 7
60. 0
60. 4
6 0 .6
60 .7
6 0 .7
60 .2
5 9 .6
P lu m b in g a n d h e a tin g , e x c e p t e le c tr ic .
58 .2
5 7 .5
5 6 .6
57.5
57.1
57 .5
58 .9
5 8 .7
270.9
289. 4
297.9
299.7
293.9
292. 7
289.7
F a b r ic a te d s tr u c tu r a l m e ta l p r o d u c t s .. _ 296.1
285.4
281.2
282.9
284 .6
284.7
293.3
295.5
77.4
8 5 .8
8 5 .6
8 6 .9
8 8 .3
9 0 .3
9 2 .4
9 1 .9
9 2 .2
S c r e w m a c h in e p r o d u c ts, b o lts , e t c ___
8 9 .6
9 2 .3
88 .5
88.1
9 0 .0
9 0 .6
180.5
192. 5
184.2
195.2
201. 8
204.4
203.4
195.4
M e ta l s t a m p in g s ______________ ___ . . .
191.2
198.3
190.8
188.7
181.1
176.5
191.8
64. 8
71. 7
7 2 .9
74. 0
72 .7
74 .2
72.1
7 1 .6
7 2 .9
M e ta l s e r v ic e s , n e c . . . ________________
70.3
71 .7
7 1 .0
70.3
71.1
71 .9
50.1
53. y
54. 3
54 .4
5 5 .2
56.1
55 ,5
5 5 .9
M is c . fa b r ic a te d w ir e p r o d u c ts ____ _
5 4 .0
5 5 .6
5 2 .9
55 .3
53.1
52.7
5 3 .2
105.2
113. 7
114. 0
114.7
115.5
116.8
118.0
M is c . fa b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c ts ___ ____
115. 0
116.0
116.7
114.1
113.1
113.0
113 7
114.9
1
,2
1
4 .8
1,
344.8
1
,3
5
7
.3
1,364.
7
M a c h in e r y , e x c e p t e le c tr ic a l______________ 1 ,3 6 4 .4 1 ,3 6 3 .8 1, 386 .0 1 ,3 8 1 .2 1 ,3 9 1 .9 1,399. 2 1, 397.1 1 ,3 9 8 .3 1 ,3 9 1 .5 1 ,3 6 7 .1 1 ,3 6 6 .1
6 2 .2
6 8 .5
71 .4
7 1 .9
7 0 .7
61.4
6 7 .2
7 2 .5
7 2 .9
E n g in e s a n d t u r b in e s ___________________
72.4
73.1
7 0 .2
72.1
71 .8
72 .3
9
9 .0
109.
6
107.5
106.1
107.4
109.2
113.3
F a r m m a c h in e r y _____
_ _ _. _
117.3
115.4
114.5
117.4
118.9
107.8
112.1
175.6
190.3
193.4
192.8
191.7
191.3
191.9
190.3
C o n s tr u c tio n arid r e la te d m a c h in e r y . _ _ 184.2
185.7
188.3
188.8
187.1
184.6
186.8
229.4
254.7
255.8
258.6
258
.6
261.0
264.9
267.2
266.3
266.2
267.9
M e ta l w o r k in g m a c h in e r y ______________
263.3
258.5
260.6
264.3
133.7
142.2
143.4
144.0
143.9
143.6
144.2
143.7
144.1
S p e c ia l in d u s t r y m a c h in e r y ____________
142.7
143.1
140.0
137.0
139.9
138.9
175.8
191. 5
192.9
191. 5
193.9
195.7
198.0
193.7
192.0
198.1
G e n e ra l in d u s tr ia l m a c h in e r y __________
195.3
194.0
192.0
196.8 -193.6
112.2
128.3
130.7
131.8
132.7
134.0
135.8
137.4
137.0
136.8
135.9
134.4
O ffice an d c o m p u tin g m a c h in e s ________
138.0
136.9
135.9
79.4
8
8
.4
9
1
.3
8
8
.9
8
9
.2
9 0 .9
9 3 .2
9 4 .4
9 3 .9
9 2 .7
9 2 .2
9 3 .8
S e rv ice in d u s t r y m a c h in e s _____________
9 1 .4
9 5 .2
9 3 .3
147.5
171.4
174,3
175.7
178.0
180.0
183.0
184.2
182.2
181.7
184.6
M isc. m a c h in e r y , e x c e p t e le c tr ic a l_____
181.4
182.7
182.6
182.1

S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

84
Table A-10.

Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
A nnual
a v er a g e

1966

1967
I n d u s tr y
A u g . 2 J u ly 2

June

M ay

A pr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

D ec.

N ov.

O ct.

S e p t.

A ug.

1966

1965

Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods— C o n tin u e d
E le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s . _ . . . . 1 ,2 6 5 .4 1 ,2 4 1 .9 1, 247.2 1, 267.4 1, 285.2 1 ,3 1 7 .2 1 ,3 3 9 .4 1 ,3 5 2 .3 1, 36 6 .9 1, 374 .9 1 ,3 8 1 .9 1 ,3 6 2 .9 1 ,3 4 4 .5 1 ,3 1 6 .8 1,140. 5
135.7
135.2
130 .6
115.6
135.2
135.7
E le c tr ic t e s t & d is tr ib u tin g e q u ip m e n t .
134.2
134.5
137.8
136.7
137.5
136.6
137.4
136.3
138.6
158.4
134.9
156.7
152.6
156.7
162.4
154.7
E le c tr ic a l in d u s tr ia l a p p a r a tu s .
161.3
158.4
152.3
153.2
155.6
156.6
159.6
155.9
147.1
142.9
142.8
129.7
152.7
H o u s e h o ld a p p lia n c e s __________________
136.4
145.7
149.2
138.2
139.6
142.6
152.5
133.4
136.6
139.6
150.8
134.6
152.3
E le c tr ic lig h tin g an d w ir in g e q u ip m e n t152.4
153.5
148.7
149.6
152.9
147.6
143.7
147.3
155.2' 154.2
147.2
147.0
105.7
137.0
131.5
127.1
134.1
140.1
144.0
141.4
R a d io an d T V r e c e iv in g e q u ip m e n t ___
102.7
103.4
125.6
118.0
99 .1
8 4 .6
234 .5
209 .2
241.0
237 .6
C o m m u n ic a tio n e q u ip m e n t ____________
246.9
235 .7
23 4 .6
245.2
249.3
248 .3
247 .9
242 .6
246.9
247.4
248.1
292 .4
2 3 2 .6
301.1
3 0 1 .5
E le c tr o n ic c o m p o n e n ts an d a c c e ss o r ie s .
296.2
300.4
288.3
301 .9
3 0 3 .2
247.3
255.3
2 6 7 .0
280.0
24 3 .4
245.5
7 8 .2
9 0 .1
8 5 .1
M isc. e le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t & s u p p l i e s . . .
9 3 .2
9 0 .2
8 9 .9
9 1 .6
9 2 .5
9 2 .0
8 8 .4
8 7 .5
8 7 .3
8 8 .5
8 4 .8
T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t ----------------------- 1, 283.3 1, 296.8 1, 383. 0 1, 374.1 1, 360 .8 1,375. 7 1 ,3 8 2 .2 1, 386.8 1, 430.3 1 ,4 2 9 .8 1 ,4 1 9 .9 1 ,3 9 8 .3 , 221.2 1 ,3 6 1 .0 1, 240.7
668.4
658.9
689.0
515.8
M otor v e h ic le s a n d e q u ip m e n t _____
656 .2
665 .7
625.7
699.5
705.5
698.6
56 6 .0
648.1
643. 5 640. 7
444 .7
356 .3
464.4
455 .0
A irc ra ft an d p a r t s . . --------- ------------------48 8 .7
4 8 3 .0
495 .6
489 .5
488 .9
48 4 .9
484 .5
47 2 .6
492.9
490 .5
492 .6
134.3
141.7
146.6
146.8
S h ip a n d b o a t b u ild in g an d r e p a ir in g . .
145.4
144.2
143.9
143.8
139.2
145.9
133.4
143.4
131.6
141.7
140.6
4 4 .1
4
9
.9
4
9
.0
4
8
.6
R a ilr o a d e q u i p m e n t ______ _
_ ____
5
0
.7
4
7
.6
5
0
.6
4
9
.7
4 9 .0
45. 5
44. 6
4 4 .3
46 .1
4 6 .3
4 7 .1
5 4 .8
5 2 .5
53 .3
O th er tr a n s p o r ta tio n e q u i p m e n t .. ___
4 3 .7
4 7 .6
5 1 .5
54.1
4 9 .3
53 .1
55. 2
51. 8
60 8
60. 6
281
.7
2
7
6
.6
248.1
282
.0
I n s tr u m e n ts a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts ________
286.7
284.4
286.8
287.2
287.5
287.8
284.4
282.0
288.0
285 .6
286.1
4 2 .4
4 2 .2
4 1 .7
3 6 .8
E n g in e e r in g & s c ie n tific in s t r u m e n t s . . .
4 4 .5
4 4 .5
4 4 .0
4 3 .7
4 5 .2
4 5 .1
4 5 .0
4 3 .3
4 5 .0
4 5 .6
..............
M e c h a n ic a l m e a s u r in g & c o n tr o l de7 2 .7
7 1 .0
65. 1
7 2 .5
v ic e s ___________________________________
7 2 .7
70.4
71.1
7 2 .2
7 2 .9
7 2 .7
69.1
68 .4
6 9 .0
71 .0
3 2 .5
3 5 .4
3 4 .9
3 5 .0
O p tic a l a n d o p h th a lm ic g o o d s _________
3 6 .4
3 6 .0
3 6 .2
3 6 .2
3 6 .3
3 5 .6
3 5 .1
3 5 .9
3 6 .5
36.1
3 5 .8
2 3 .2
2 4 .2
2 4 .0
24 .1
O p h th a lm ic g o o d s ___________
2 4 .2
24. 2
2 4 .4
24 .3
2 4 .5
2 4 .3
2 3 .3
24. 0
2 4 .6
2 3 .8
4 2 .7
3 9 .0
4 3 .5
4 3 .9
M e d ic a l in s tr u m e n ts an d s u p p lie s _____
4 3 .9
44.1
4 5 .6
4 4 .8
4 4 .8
4 4 .3
4 4 .3
4 3 .9
4 4 .6
4 4 .5
4 5 .1
5 6 .5
5 7 .3
55 .9
4 8 .9
P h o to g r a p h ic e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s .
5 6 .7
5 7 .2
5 7 .3
5 8 .0
5 7 .9
5 7 .0
5 7 .0
5 6 .8
56 .3
5 6 .7
57.3
3
0
.9
3
0
.2
25 .8
3
1
.5
W a tch es, c lo c k s, an d w a tc h c a s e s ______
3
3
.4
3 3 .6
3 4 .0
34. 0
3 2 .8
30. 7
3 1 .9
3 2 .1
33. 5
3 3 .5
366 .7
3 6 1 .6
3 4 6 .8
3 3 5 .5
M isc e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s tr ie s . _ 3 3 9 .9
3 3 4 .7
325 .4
3 4 3 .0
3 7 1 .0
3 7 3 .2
330.1
329 .6
3 2 7 .9
342 .8
3 3 8 .3
3
8
.4
3
6 .0
3
8
.6
3
8
.5
J e w e lr y , silv e r w a r e , an d p la te d w a r e ..3 9 .4
4 0 .3
3 9 .4
3 9 .4
3 9 .8
3 9 .7
3 9 .6
4 0 .5
3 9 .5
3 8 .1
3 5 .9
9 7 .4
113.4
9 8 .2
108.0
T o y s a n d sp o r tin g g o o d s ___ ________
8 3 .7
8 0 .8
9 0 .9
113.4
95. 8
9 7 .3
94. 7
90 .1
78 .8
116.1
2
4 .6
2
5
.4
2
6
.0
2
6
.0
P e n s , p e n c ils, office an d art s u p p lie s —
25 .4
2 5 .8
2 5 .7
2 5 .7
2 5 .8
2 5 .9
24 .8
2 5 .6
2 5 .6
2 5 .8
46. 5
4 9 .5
5 0 .6
4 8 .6
C o s tu m e je w e lr y a n d n o t io n s .
____
4 7 .0
4 6 .8
4 6 .9
4 8 .8
45 3
4 7 .6
4 7 .3
4 7 .6
50. 7
50. 8
136.2
139.2
138.5
131.1
O th er m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s tr ie s ________
132.1
137.2
140.9
131.5
133.7
134.3
134.9
140.6
128.3
132.7
131.3
2 2 .5
20. 5
2 2 .7
M u sic a l in s tr u m e n ts a n d p a r ts _______
2 0 .5
22 .4
2 3 .2
2 2 .3
2 3 .0
23 .1
19.9

100.6

86.0

1

68.8

20.2

21.2

22.8

21.8

N ondurable goods

1

P o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s .. ___________ 1 ,2 9 1 .0 1 ,2 1 4 .2 1 ,1 8 3 .8 1 ,1 3 2 .4 1 ,1 1 4 .8 1 ,1 1 6 .3 1 ,1 1 3 .2 1 ,1 3 1 .8 1 ,1 8 1 .1 ,2 2 2 .4 1, 259.4 1 ,3 0 0 .9 1 ,3 1 0 .0 1 ,1 8 0 .9 1 ,1 5 9 .1
258 .7
252 .9
266 .7
267 .7
M e at p r o d u c t s __________________________
252.4
256.4
256.7
260 .2
268 .0
269 .7
269.5
269.8
268.1
2 6 3 .4
256.3
131.2
127.3
127.7
133.8
D a ir y p r o d u c t s _________________________
122.5
130.1
126.5
124.6
122.3
124.0
132.5
132.0
219.7
233
.3
336
.1
3
3
8
.0
C a n n e d , cu r e d , a n d frozen food s
____
279.4
245.4
192.8
191.0
240 .4
219 .8
197.9
189. 7 186.1
8 9 .1
9 1 .8
9 3 .5
8 9 .6
G r a in m ill p r o d u c ts . . _________________
8 8 .7
8 8 .4
8 9 .2
8 9 .3
9 0 .4
9 4 .8
9 4 .1
8 9 .2
8 7 .8
9 3 .6
9 0 .1
166.7
169.4
165.0
166.5
B a k e r y p r o d u c ts ________________________
165.1
164.7
168.2
173.0
173.6
167.6
166.1
165.3
166.1
166.1
172.6
29 .3
2 8 .7
2 5 .8
2 2 .9
S u g a r ____________________________________
25 .4
3 6 .9
2 0 .5
3 1 .9
42. 7
4 0 .3
2 3 .3
62 .5
6 6 .3
C o n fe c tio n e r y a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts ____
6 0 .0
6 4 .7
65.1
5 9 .4
5 9 .9
6 2 .8
73 .8
74 .3
71 .2
60 .4
113.8
118.4
123.0
125.5
B e v e r a g e s _______________________________
117.7
126.7
117.8
112.4
122.4
126.8
119.3
114.8
113.5
126.6
9 4 .1
9 4 .3
9 2 .9
9 3 .8
M isc. food s an d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s ______
9 3 .7
9 6 .7
9 3 .2
9 2 .2
9 2 .9
9 2 .9
9 3 .4
94.1
9 6 .9
9 2 .1
9 6 .1
7 4 .8
75 .8
7 1 .5
8 2 .6
T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu r e s . _ . . _____________
8 1 .9
8 0 .0
6 5 .0
64.1
6 2 .9
6 3 .3
6 5 .0
69 .5
7 6 .2
79 .4
8 2 .6
3
2 .1
3
2
.0
3
2
.6
3
2
.7
C ig a r e tt e s .. ___________________________
3 3 .9
3 2 .9
3 2 .8
3 2 .6
3 2 .7
32. 6
3 3 .8
3 2 .6
32. 6
3 2 .3
2 2 .5
20 .4
2 0 .3
C ig a r s ___________________________________
2 0 .4
19. 5
19. 7
20 .4
2 0 .5
20. 4
20. 5
.2
826
.7
8
6
5
.0
871
.7
857.1
T e x tile m ill p r o d u c t s ..
_________________
848 .4
827 .7
8 3 5 .0
837 .5
841.7
839 .7
84 4 .7
854 .3
849 .2
860.9
863 .5
210.5
21 8 .0
218 .6
219.3
W ea v in g m ills , c o t t o n __________________
2 1 7 .0
216.3
215.4
21 6 .6
2 1 8 .7
218 .2
220 .4
221.3
219 .5
218 .2
8
3
.4
88
.3
8
7
.5
W ea v in g m ills , s y n t h e t i c s ______________
8 5 .6
8 4 .8
8 6 .4
8 7 .9
8 7 .9
8 4 .6
8 5 .5
8 4 .8
8 5 .6
8 7 .2
8 7 .9
3 9 .9
3 9 .3
4 0 .4
3 9 .6
W e a v in g a n d fin is h in g m ills , w o o l_____
3 9 .0
3 « .7
3 8 .9
3 7 .7
3 8 .9
3 8 .6
3 8 .5
3 9 .8
3 8 .3
3 7 .6
3 8 .1
2 6 .2
2 7 .9
28 .3
2 8 .2
N a r r o w fab ric m il ls _____________________
2 7 .6
2 6 .5
2 8 .4
2 8 .3
2 8 .9
2 8 .6
28 .3
2 8 .5
2 8 .5
2 8 .8
2 8 .9
205 .8
209 .8
21 3 .9
217 .2
K n it t in g m ills _________________________
208.3
207.5
199.9
195.9
195.2
201 .3
2 1 2 .7
20 8 .8
6 5 .4
6
7
.2
6
7
.6
6
7
.3
T e x t ile fin is h in g , e x c e p t w o o l ________
6 7 .0
6 8 .7
6 4 .8
67.1
6 7 .6
6 7 .7
6 8 .5
67 .1
67 .5
6 7 .8
3 4 .0
3 6 .5
3 5 .6
3 5 .9
F lo o r c o v e r in g m i l l s . _________________
3 4 .9
3 4 .9
3 5 .2
3 6 .8
35. 7
3 4 .8
35. 7
36 .1
3 6 .8
3 6 .8
107.7
108.9
110.4
Y a r n an d th r e a d m il ls _________________
103.4
102.5
103.6
103.9
104.8
107.2
107.8
105.3
105.8
107.9
108.5
6 0 .2
6 3 .8
6 4 .0
6 3 .9
M isc e lla n e o u s te x tile g o o d s _____________
6 1 .0
64 .1
57.1
6 0 .6
6 1 .6
6 2 .9
6 4 .4
6 4 .3
60.1
63.1
6 3 .8
A p p a r e l a n d o th er te x tile p r o d u c ts ______ 1 ,2 4 3 .0 1 ,1 8 4 .2 1 ,2 3 5 .0 1,223. 6 1 ,2 1 8 .8 1,239. 5 1,250. 7 1 ,2 3 5 .2 1, 247. 7 1 ,2 6 2 .8 1 ,2 6 5 .7 1, 259. 8 1 ,2 6 6 .9 1,243. 0 1,205. 6
107.0
109.8
109.7
109.9
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ s u its a n d c o a ts _______
110.9
102.3
108.9
107.5
109.3
110.5
109.8
108.8
109.9
109 .2
109.7
319 .3
341.1
3 3 4 .9
338 .7
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ fu r n is h in g s ___________
335. 0 3 2 1 .8
329. 5 329 .4
3 3 4 .0
333.1
331.1
3 3 2 .0
333.1
335. 7 337 .3
3 7 3 .6
386 .3
378 .7
380 .9
W o m e n ’s a n d m is s e s ’ o u te r w e a r ____ __
36 3 .4
383 .3
37 6 .3
374 .8
3 7 8 .0
377.1
3 8 2 .6
376 .8
3 8 5 .7
390 .2
3 8 1 .8
W o m e n ’s a n d c h ild r e n ’s u n d er g a r1 0 6 .6
113.6
113.2
m e n t s _________ . . . _________________
108.2
108.1
109 .4
103.6
107.6
110.5
115 .0
114.8
. 1 109.9
2 5 .9
24.9
26.0
2 5 .4
H a ts , c a p s, a n d m illin e r y . _ ______ __
.0
.0
25. 4
.8
2 4 .8
26. 4
26. 0
24. 2
2 5 .1
7 0 .2
7
3
.4
7
1
.8
71
.3
C h ild r e n ’s o u te r w e a r _____ _____ __ __ . .
6 9 .6
7 0 .0
7 3 .0
7 1 .6
69 .9
7
2
.6
7
0
.0
6 9 .3
7 0 .9
71 .2
7 1 .5
6 8 .9
7 2 .5
72 .3
F u r g o o d s a n d m is c e lla n e o u s a p p a r e l. .
65 .4
6 5 .7
69.1
67 .2
67 .3
6 9 .5
72 .9
7 3 .8
M is c e lla n e o u s fa b r ic a te d te x tile p ro d 136.9
143.5
14 4 .6
u c t s ____
_
______
. ______
147.7
142.3
14 1 .0
148.6
151.4
135 .6
144.8
142.3
142.1
141.8
142.0
152.3
49 7 .7
5 1 9 .0
529.3
523.5
P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s _____ . .
543.2
535. 2
539.5
521 .6
522.5
524.1
522.2
528 .5
52 5 .2
522.7
530.1
168.2
170 .0
170.4
173.6
P a p e r a n d p u lp m il ls . ________________
176.2
176.0
169.0
170.6
176.7
170.1
169.8
169.7
169.2
170.5
169.1
54.1
5 6 .4
57 .3
P a p e r b o a r d m il ls . _______ _ _
_
5 6 .9
59.4
5 7 .6
5 7 .5
5 7 .5
5 7 .5
5 6 .6
5 8 .7
57 .7
5 7 .6
57 .7
57 .4
M isc e lla n e o u s c o n v e r te d p a p e r p ro d 116.8
125.8
129.2
u c ts ______
.
. . . . . .
127.9
135.9
129.1
132.2
133.0
129.9
129.4
129.2
129.7
128.7
128.2
130 .0
158.6
166.8
169.2
P a p e r b o a r d c o n ta in e r s a n d b o x e s ____ .
168.3
169.4
166.0
171.7
165.0
171.0
171.1
166.9
166.2
167.6
172.2
170.3
620 .6
649.5
P r in tin g a n d p u b lis h in g _______ __ _ _ _
654.3
658.6
673.9
671 .0
670.1
672.4
667.3
673.1
671.7
663 .0
667.9
663.3
661.3
175.4
178.4
177 .0
N e w s p a p e r s _____ _______________ ____
180.8
181.4
180.8
181.0
180.6
182.6
182.7
181.2
179.8
178.8
182.4
181.2
2 5 .3
25 .4
2 5 .2
P e r io d ic a ls ____ . . .
___ __________ _
25. 4
25. 4
25. 4
2 5 .3
25. 8
25. 8
25. 7
2 5 .8
25. 6
25. 5
26. 0
5 0 .1
5 5 .3
B o o k s _________ . . . ___ __ _ . __ . .
57 .1
5 5 .2
58. 6
58. 6
59.1
60. 0
59. 9
59 .2
5 6 .9
55. 6
55 .3
5 7 .9
241
.9
253
.4
C o m m e r c ia l p r in tin g _______ ________ __
25
3
.9
257.2
263.1
261.1
262.1
260.8
26 2 .5
263 .3
260.1
2 5 9 .6
26 0 .6
25 8 .9
258 .9
4 1 .7
4 5 .3
48.1
B la n k b o o k s a n d b o o k b in d in g .
4 6 .8
50. C
4 8 .5
4 6 .8
46 .4
4 7 .7
4 6 .8
4 6 .9
46.1
4 6 .3
4 6 .5
4 6 .2
8
6
.3
9
1
.7
9
3
.0
O th er p u b lis h in g & p r in tin g in d u s tr ie s .
9
3
.2
9 5 .4
9 6 .8
9 6 .8
9 6 .7
9 5 .2
9
6
.0
9 5 .1
9 4 .9
9 5 .9
9 5 .5
9 4 .6

120.8 121.2

21.1

22.1

22.6

66.0

20.1

20

210.1

122.2

120.2

201.0

66.1

20.1

20.1

220.8

68.8

68.8

88.8

202.6 201.0

101.2

21

S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f t a b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

21

20.1
66.8

20
66.8

111

112.6

110.6

66.1

A.—LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT
T able

A-10.

85

Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
1967

1966

A nnual
a v er a g e

In d u stry
A u g . 1 J u ly

June

M ay

A pr.

58 7 .6
172.6
132.1
71. 1
6 9 .0
3 9 .3
3 2 .0
7 1 .5
121.9
9 3 .9
2 8 .0
352. 4
4 7 .7
122.9
181.8
295.1
2 5 .6
195. 6
73 .9

586.9
174.0
130.9
7 0 .8
68.3
3 8 .8
3 5 .3
68 .8
120.8
9 3 .2
2 7 .6
360.5
4 7 .5
125.6
187.4
304 .0
2 6 .7
200.1
7 7 .2

584.8
172.5
129.9
70.1
66 .3
3 7 .5
41 .7
66 .8
117.2
9 1 .4
2 5 .8
351. 5
4 5 .5
124.3
181.7
298. 5
26.1
198.4
74. 0

589. 6
173.9
131 .0
6 9 .6
66. 6
3 7 .0
4 5 .2
66 .3
116.2
9 1 .3
2 4 .9
399 .5
77 .2
139. 3
183. 0
299.1
2 6 .2
198.3
74. 6

3 0 .4

3 2 .5

3 0 .4

77 .3
41 .3

7 8 .0
40 6

77. 9
39 5

2

Jan.

D ec.

581.2
173. 0
128.5
68. 7
67. 0
37. 1
4 2 .0
64 .9
113. 6
90. 2
23. 4
401 .3
7 7 .6
140.2
183.5
304. 6
2 6 .4
201.9
76 .3

580. 0
173.1
132.7
68. 5
66. 0
3 6 .9
38 .1
64. 7
113.9
9 0 .8
23.1
405 .2
77. 5
143. 7
184. 0
310. 0
26. 7
206.4
7 6 .9

578.4
172.9
134.6
68. 6
66. 5
3 6 .8
35. 6
&3. 4
113.4
90. 6
22. 8
410.9
77 .8
147. 3
185. 8
310. 4
2 7 .0
207. 3
76.1

578.4
172.0
136.5
6 8 .2
6 8 .4
3 7 .0
3 3 .9
62 .4
115.3
91. 2
24 .1
415. 5
7 8 .2
147.3
190. 0
3 1 6 .0
2 7 .6
211.1
77 .3

578.9
172.0
136.8
6 7 .7
6 9 .5
3 7 .3
3 3 .3
6 2 .3
116.6
9 1 .0
2 5 .6
414 .6
7 8 .0
145.2
191.4
317 .8
2 7 .2
210.5
80.1

577 .0
169.7
136.7
67. 1
70 .9
3 7 .3
3 3 .8
6 1 .5
117.0
9 0 .5
2 6 .5
410.7
77.1
144.1
189.5
316.1
2 7 .0
209 .3
7 9 .8

579.2
172.5
137.8
67.3
7 0 .2
3 7 .9
3 1 .9
6 1 .6
118.5
9 1 .0
2 7 .5
405.4
76 .8
143.2
185.4
3 1 8 .0
2 7 .3
211 .9
7 8 .8

3 1 .3

3 2 .5

3 3 .9

3 3 .2

3 3 .8

3 5 .8

3 5 .6

76.4
3 8 .8

77 .9
38. 2

77. 8
37. 8

78. 0
38. 7

77. 7
3 8 .7

7 7 .6
38. 6

15.1

1 5 .2

1 5 .2

la 3

N ov.

O c t.

S e p t.

Feb.

M ar.

A ug.

1966

1965

585.1
173.7
139.9
6 9 .0
69 .8
3 9 .5
3 1 .7
61 .5
120.3
9 1 .9
2 8 .4
40 2 .3
77.1
141.1
184.1
325. 7
2 7 .9
218.1
7 9 .7

572.3
170.5
136.4
66 .7
6 7 .0
3 7 .7
3 5 .5
58 .7
115.8
9 0 .1
2 5 .7
3 9 7 .2
7 6 .0
141.7
179.6
318 .4
2 7 .6
213.4
7 7 .3

546.1
166.7
130.8
6 1 .6
6 4 .8
3 7 .1
3 4 .7
50.5
112.9
8 8 .7
2 4 .3
365.9
72.7
135.7
157.5
3 1 0 .0
2 7 .5
208.8
7 3 .8

3 4 .6

3 5 .0

3 3 .6

3 1 .4

78.1
3 8 .9

7 7 .8
3 9 .8
Q54 8

76 .4
4 0 .7
940 fi

77 .5
3 8 .3
918 Ft

78.1
3 8 .5
878 4

2 3 .0
9 1 .7
550.5
221.3
132.4
159.5
3 7 .3

23.1
92.1
561,1
225. 4
135 3
162.4
3 8 .0

2 2 .8

2 2 .2

9 0 .5
544.9
218.4
131.7
158.2
3 6 .6

542.4
2 1 4.6
134.5
158.1
3 5 .2

M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d

Nondurable goods—C o n tin u e d
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts
I n d u s tr ia l c h e m i c a l s , . . .
P la s tic s m a te r ia ls a n d s y n t h e t i c s ______
D r u g s _________________
...
S o a p , c lea n ers, a n d to ile t g ood s
P a in t s a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts
A g r ic u ltu r a l c h e m i c a ls .. _
O th er c h e m ic a l p r o d u c ts . _
P e tr o le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c ts
P e tr o le u m r e f in in g .. ________
O th er p e tr o le u m a n d co a l p r o d u c ts ____
R u b b e r a n d p la s tic s p r o d u c ts, n ec
T ir e s a n d in n er t u b e s . .
O th er ru b b e r p r o d u c ts . _____
M is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic s p r o d u c ts
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c ts . .
L e a th e r ta n n in g a n d fin ish in g
F o o tw e a r , e x c e p t r u b b e r .
O th er le a th e r p r o d u c ts
H andbags
and
p erso n a l le a th e r
g o o d s . _ _ ._ ______ _ .

591.5
171.3
132.1
71.3
7 2 .0
3 9 .6
33 .3
71 .9
123.2
9 4 .6
2 8 .6
406.3
78.9
135.9
191.5
308.4
2 6 .8
203 .6
7 8 .0

T ran sp or tation a n d p u b lic u tilitie s :
L o c a l a n d in te r u r b a n p a ssen g er tr a n sit:
L o ca l a n d s u b u r b a n t r a n s p o r ta tio n ____
I n t e r c ity h ig h w a y tr a n s p o r ta tio n ______
T r u c k in g a n d w a r e h o u sin g
P u b lic w a r e h o u sin g . _ _ _
P ip e lin e t r a n s p o r ta tio n _____
C o m m u n ic a tio n ____ _
T e le p h o n e c o m m u n ic a tio n
T e le g r a p h c o m m u n ic a tio n s 3
R a d io a n d te le v is io n b r o a d c a s tin g
L le c tr ic , gas, a n d s a n ita r y ser v ic e s
E le c tr ic c o m p a n ie s a n d s y s te m s
G a s c o m p a n ie s a n d s y s t e m s ..
C o m b in a tio n c o m p a n ie s a n d s y s t e m s ..
W a te r , s te a m , & s a n ita r y s y s t e m s .
—

15. 1

15 1

2 3 .2
95.1
556. 9
224 9
133. 9
158.1
4 0 .0

23.1
93. 2
543.1
219 .0
129.4
156. 2
3 8 .5

H8 0
23. 0
92.1
541 .7
219 2
129. 0
155. 7
3 7 .8

22 9
9 2 .7
540. 9
21 9 .0
128.9
155. 6
37 .4

22. 9
9 1 .8
539. 8
218. 5
128.9
155. 5
3 6 .9

22 8
91. 7
540.1
2 1 8 .6
129.1
155. 5
3 6 .9

23. 0
9 1 .9
540. 8
218 .3
129. 6
156.1
3 6 .8

2 3 .0
9 1 .8
539. 8
218 3
129. 5
155.8
3 6 .2

23.1
9 1 .9
541.4
218 .5
129.8
156. 4
3 6 .7

W h o le s a le a n d re tail trad e
12,140 12. m
12,184
W h o le s a le tr a d e _ .
3 ,0 3 8
3,0 2 4
3,0 0 4
M o to r v e h ic le s & a u t o m o t iv e e q u ip m en t. _
229.1
227 3
D r u g s , c h e m ic a ls , a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ..
178.4
176.7
D r y good s a n d a p p a r e l__________
123.6
121. 5
G roceries a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts
452. 3
454. 7
E le c tr ic a l g o o d s.
237.9
235 .6
H a r d w a r e , p lu m b in g & h e a tin g e q u ip m e n t _______ _.
134.1
133.9
M a c h in e r y , e q u ip m e n t, a n d s u p p l i e s ...
570 7 566.6
M is c e lla n e o u s w h o le sa le r s
1. 023 1 1 .0 1 7 .7
K e ta il tr a d e __
_
9,1 0 2
9.1 0 9
9 .1 8 0
R e ta il gen er al m e r c h a n d is e .. . .
______ 1 .7 8 6 .0 1.800 9
D e p a r tm e n t s t o r e s .
1 ,1 3 4 .8 1,145. 6
M a il order h o u se s . . _
104. 8
105. 2
V a r ie ty s to r e s .
295.5
300. 6
F o o d sto res __ ___
1 .4 5 1 .4 1 .4 5 9 .2
G r o cery , m e a t, a n d v e g e ta b le s to r e s ._
1 ,2 8 4 .6 1 .2 8 8 .2
A p p a r e l a n d a c c e sso r y sto r e s _ _ _
—
588.1
613 .0
M e n ’s & b o y s ’ c lo th in g & fu rn ish m g s ---------------------------------------------------9 9 .9
103 .2
W o m e n ’s r e a d y -to -w e a r sto res
F a m i ly c lo th in g sto res .
102.3
10a3
S h o e sto res _
_
F u r n itu r e a n d h o m e fu r n is h in g s s to r e s .
376 .7
377 .2
F u r n itu r e a n d h o m e fu r n ish in g s
241 6 941 Ft
E a t in g a n d d r in k in g p la c e s _____________
2 ,0 6 2 .9 2. 083. 2
O th er i e ta il tra d e ____
2 ,8 4 3 .9 2 ,8 4 6 .9
B u ild in g m a te r ia ls a n d fa rm e q u ip m e n t ____ .
M o to r v e h ic le dealers
636! 5 633.9
O th er a u t o m o t iv e
& a cc esso ry
d e a le r s . _ .
18.1 1 17Q 8
D r u g sto r e s a n d p r o p r ie to r y sto res
391 9 401 3

12.018
2,9 4 7

11,9.37
2,948

11,858
2 ,9 4 0

11.7.50
2,935

11.87J
2 ,9 4 7

12.789
2,9 9 2

17,147
2,9 7 4

11.941
2,9 6 3

11,806
2,941

11,787
2,964

11,786
2,911

11,358
2,814

221.6
175. 4
119 3
44 1 .0
232 .2

221 .7
175.6
120.4
437. 7
232 .7

22 1 .2
175. 2
121. 6
437. 0
23 2 .5

221. 6
173. 5
120.1
435. 7
231 .6

220. 7
173.8
119.7
441.7
229.7

221. 5
175.9
118.8
458.8
229 .6

221 .2
176.4
119.5
457.3
228 .5

218.3
174.5
118.3
4 6 1 .2
225.7

218 .9
172.6
118.0
448.4
224 .2

221.5
174.1
117.6
450.7
229 .9

218 .8
171.1
116 .0
449.1
2 2 4 .0

214.3
164.0
112.9
4 5 0.2
213.1

131.8
556. 2
999. 5
9.0 7 2
1 ,7 8 2 .8
1.127. 7
105. 0
30 2 .9
1 .4 6 6 .7
1 .2 9 4 .2
606.9

131.6
554. 5
1. 000 7
8.9 8 9
1.763. 1
1 .1 1 7 .6
105. 9
300 3
1. 463. 6
1 .2 9 5 .4
598.1

131.7
543. 2
1 .0 0 1 .4
8.918
1,765. 0
1 ,1 1 5 .8
107. 5
303 3
1.462. 0
1 .2 9 1 .7
613.4

131.1
542. 6
996.4
8. 815
1, 728. 4
1. 095. 6
111.4
289.9
1 .4 6 2 .8
1 ,2 9 3 .2
582.1

131. 4
545.8
99 4 .9
8.9 2 7
1 ,8 2 5 .8
1 ,1 6 4 .4
123. 0
299.3
1.458.1
1,294. 4
607 .6

132. 2
5 4 5 .0
1 .0 1 1 .6
9. 788
2. 365.1
1 ,5 4 0 .0
148.2
386 .8
1,487. 2
1 .3 1 4 .9
738.3

132.5
541. 0
1, 005.8
9.1 7 3
1 ,9 9 2 .4
1 ,2 7 5 .3
139.2
325. 7
1 .4 5 8 .4
1 ,2 9 3 .8
626.5

133.1
537.9
1 ,0 0 2 .3
8,9 7 8
1 .8 4 2 .8
1 ,1 6 9 .1
123.3
305 .8
1 ,4 5 2 .9
1,290. 0
604.5

132.2
538 .6
997 .5
8 ,8 6 5
1.773. 4
1 ,1 1 6 .9
113.2
297.1
1 ,4 3 0 .8
1,269. 6
592 .5

133.8
544.3
1, 004. 2
8,8 2 3
1,728. 6
1, 088.1
109 .7
283.1
1 ,4 1 8 .5
1 ,2 6 0 .1
573.2

131.2
529.1
9 8 6 .6
8 ,8 7 6
1 ,8 1 0 .7
1,149. 6
117.3
299 .3
1, 428.9
1 ,2 6 7 .1
598 .9

127.8
490.8
9 5 4.0
8, 544
1 ,7 1 9 .6
1, 077.6
112.3
292.1
1 ,3 6 4 .3
1,201. 7
577. 1
9 4 .6

2 3 .2
9 6 .3
568.7
230 .2
135. 8
162.0
4 0 .7

___

___

Fuel and ice dealers...
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

88.4

90. 5

15.1

/ ¡ill. yi

/ <iZ. J

719!
filfi

Ft
Ft
8 6 .7

9 9 .9

9 9 .2

9 9 .6

9 9 .4

106.8

132.1

104.3

100.0

9 7 .7

9 6 .3

100.7

104.0

102.2

104.9

102.8

136.3

107.7

101.6

100.1

9 5 .9

lo i! 6

9 7 .2

373. 0

375. 3

375. 5

108 .0
11Z. d
376.1

390 .7

380. 7

374 .7

370 .7

3 7 0 .5

3 7 1 .0

362.3

JZt). (
918 9

376.1

2 , 0 3 9 .1

2. 006. 6 1. 958. 1 1 . 9 2 a 3 1 .9 0 7 .7 1 . 9 4 4 .0 1 , 9 4 9 .2 1,966. 5 1 ,9 7 0 .1 1,9821 5 1 ,9 2 a 6 1 ,8 5 2 .9
2 ,8 0 3 .1 2, 782. 4 2 ,7 4 3 .8 2 , 7 3 9 . 3 2 ,7 5 1 .9 2 ,8 6 2 .9 2 ,7 6 5 .3 2,736. 5 2 ,7 2 7 .1 2,749. 2 2,739. 2 2,668. 0
627.5

628.7

398 fi

1Q8 Q

90.1

9 3 .2

627.3

99! 0

628.1

631 .6

6 3 5 .0

632.9

628 .8

626 .6

630 .8

10L 6

102! 2

lOL 4

97! 9

94! 2

181 ?
89! 2

88l0

631.1

62a 5

182 7

Ififi 1
95.6

94.8

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

86
T able

A-10.

Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
A ug.2 July 2 June
2,637
Banking
Credit agencies other than banks___
Savings anti loan associations
Security, commodity brokers & services.
Insurance carriers
__
Life insurance
Accident, and health insurance
Fire marine, and casualty insurance.

—

2.623
732.4
277.8
81.2
138.8
676.0
290.3
66.1
286.7

2,589
720.1
274.1
79.1
134.0
668.1
288.0
64.7
283.3

May

Apr.

2,544
706.8
271.3
77.4
130.2
660.9
286.1
63.3
279.9

2,527
7Ó4.1
269.9
77.1
129.0
659.5
286.8
62.8
278.6

Mar.
2,507
702. 7
268.8
76.3
127.7
656.9
285.0
62.2
278.5

Feb.
¿, 487
700.5
266.8
75.5
125.5
654.5
283.7
60.9
278.4

Jan.
2,472
696.6
266.2
76.6
123.4
647.8
282.8
58.3
274.9

Dec.
2,490
699.0
267.0
75.7
125.1
649.9
284.2
57.8
275.5

Nov.
2,485
696.9
265.5
75.4
125.0
645.1
282.5
56.6
273.7

Oct.
2,486
694.4
265.4
76.1
125.7
643.2
282.3
55.7
272.4

Sept.
2,497
695.6
266.3
75.9
125.4
645. 8
284.1
54.6
273.7

Aug.

1966

1965

2,534
704.8
270. 5
77.9
127.4
652.1
286.9
54.8
276. 2

2,478
686. 4
267.1
77.8
123.8
640.7
282.9
51.9
271.7

2,426
663. 5
263.4
79.7
113.9
634.0
282.9
46.3
269.2

Services:

Hotels and other lodging places:
TTntels tourist, courts, and motels
__
Personal services:
T,sundries and drveleanine plants .
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming & distributing.

638.8

613.3

580.5

570.0

549.7

540.9

531.9

534.7

546.1

565.7

593.7

631. 0

571.1

546.8

512.5

511.7

504.8

503.7

499.9

496.8

498.0

503.1

506.3

509.5

506.4

514.9

505.2

492. 0

34.2

33.8

31.3

29.8

31.0

31.6

34.0

37.2

36.5

35.4

34.4

36.6

33.5

30.4

i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1967, and coverage of these series, see footnote 1, table A-9.
For mining and manufacturing, data refer to production and related
workers; for contract construction, to construction workers; and for all other
industries, to nonsupervisory workers. Transportation and public utilities,
and services are included in total private but are not shown separately in this
table.
Production and related workers include working foremen and all nonsuper­
visory workers (including leadmen and trainees) engaged in fabricating,
processing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing,
warehousing, shipping, maintenance, repair, janitorial, and watchmen
services, product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use
(e.g., powerplant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated
with the above production operations.

Construction workers include working foremen, journeymen, mechanics,
apprentices, laborers, etc., engaged in new work, alterations, demolition,
repair, and maintenance, etc., at the site of construction or working in shop
or yards at jobs (such as precutting and preassembling) ordinarily performed
by members of the construction trades.
Nonsupervisory workers include employees (not above the working super,
visory level) such as office and clerical workers, repairmen, salespersons,
operators, drivers, attendants, service employees,jlinemen, laborers, janitors,
watchmen, and similar occupational levels, and other employees whose
services are closely associated with those of the employees listed.
2 Preliminary.
3 Data relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
4 Nonoffice salesmen excluded from nonsupervisory count for all series in
this division.

CAUTION
The series on employment, hours, earnings, and labor turnover in nonagricultural establishments
have been adjusted to March 1966 benchmarks and are not comparable with those published in the
Monthly Labor Review prior to the October 1967 issue, nor with those for periods after April 1965
appearing in the H a n d b o o k o f L abor S ta tis tic s , 1967. (See footnote 1, table A-9, and “BLS Estab­
lishment Employment Estimates Revised to March 1966 Benchmark Levels” appearing in the Sep­
tember 1967 issue of E m p l o y m e n t a n d Earnings a n d M o n th ly R e p o rt on the Labor Force.)
Moreover, when the figures are again adjusted to new benchmarks, the data presented in this issue
should not be compared with those in later issues which reflect the adjustments. Comparable historical
data appear in E m p l o y m e n t a n d Earnings S ta tis tic s for the U n ited S ta te s , 1909-67 (BLS
Bulletin 1312-5).
Beginning with the October 1967 issue of the Monthly Labor Review, industry titles have been
changed, as necessary, to conform to the Bureau of the Budget’s Standard list of short SIC titles—
definitions are unchanged.


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A.—LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT
T able

A -ll.

87

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups,
seasonally adjusted 1
[In thousands]
1967

Industry division and group
Aug.2 July 2 June

May

1966

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Total employees___________________________________ 66, 250 65,947 65,903 65, 639 65, 653 65, 749 65, 692 65, 564 65, 251
Mining_____________________________ ______ .
Contract construction_______________ ________ ______
Manufacturing____________________________

. ...

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

65, 014 64, 694 64,394

Aug.
64,345

605

623

619

617

620

624

624

625

623

621

623

625

630

3, 212

3,230

3,187

3,192

3, 276

3,313

3, 352

3,311

3,291

3,241

3,239

3, 260

3, 273

19,358 19,172 19, 285 19, 238 19,331 19, 445 19, 507 19, 558 19, 526 19, 498 19, 422 19,337

19,371

Durable goods___ ____ ___ ____________ . . . .
Ordnance and accessories__________ ______
Lumber and wood products______________________
Furniture and fixtures . ______________________ .
Stone, clay, and glass products____________________
Primary metal industries ___________ _
Fabricated metal products _____________ .
Machinery, except electrical___ ___ _
Electrical equipment and supplies______
Transportation equipment______________ ...
Instruments and related products______________
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries____________

11,352 11, 224 11, 285 11, 283 11,322 11,434 11, 482 11, 507 11, 496 11,485 11,457 11,401
277
296
291
290
286
286
283
272
267
288
270
263
602
607
588
588
590
584
592
603
596
602
598
599
453
448
452
459
465
455
466
469
469
466
465
453
625
626
626
624
638
640
642
639
628
640
640
640
1,270 1,283 1,295 1,299 1,305 1,332 1,348 1,362 1,364 1,369 1,370 1,361
1, 353 1,349 1,357 1,348 1,354 1,364 1,372 1,374 1,374 1,372 1,364 1,358
1,979 1, 969 1,972 1,972 1,979 1,984 1, 984 1,988 1,978 1,968 1,959 1,947
1,907 1,889 1,872 1,904 1,916 1,947 1,959 1,958 1,955 1,956 1,956 1, 942
2, 004 1,897 1,947 1,927 1,916 1,932 1,938 1,938 1,959 1, 959 1,955 1,949
454
454
458
454
454
456
456
453
451
439
446
445
434
419
430
430
432
436
442
433
438
436
436
438

11, 395
261
611
467
643
1,364
1,358
1,942
1,950
1,923
439
437

Nondurable goods______________________
Food and kindred products.. . . . .
Tobacco manufactures______ . .
Textile mill products_____________
Apparel and other textile products. .
Paper and allied products.
Printing and publishing_____________ _
Chemicals and allied products___
Petroleum and coal products.. . .
Rubber and plastics products, nee.
Leather and leather products___

8, 006
1,774
89
948
1,378
691
1,069
992
191
525
349

7,948
1,787
89
941
1,377
690
1, 066
988
191
477
342

8, 000
1,806
87
948
1,396
688
1,066
990
189
479
351

7, 955
1,797
86
941
1,395
679
1, 064
982
187
472
352

8,009
1,800
86
945
1,390
680
1,063
984
187
520
354

8, 011
1,803
84
952
1,384
684
1,065
981
186
521
351

8,025
1,798
85
954
1, 401
681
1,056
984
187
523
356

8, 051
1,795
89
963
1,414
680
1, 053
983
187
527
360

8,030
1,795
86
962
1,411
679
1,044
978
187
527
361

8,013
1,793
84
962
1,408
678
1, 041
976
187
523
361

7,965
1,769
79
963
1, 404
673
1, 037
973
186
519
362

7,936
1, 763
80
964
1, 396
667
1,032
969
186
517
362

4,299

4,296

4, 266

4, 267

4,212

4,246

4, 247

4,242

4, 218

4,212

4,190

4,184

4,126

13, 677 13, 645 13,648 13, 609 13, 572 13, 557 13, 541 13, 515 13, 416 13, 406 13,354 13, 279
3, 558 3, 551 3, 555 3, 549 3, 545 3, 535 3, 521 3,512 3,496 3, 484 3, 469 3,455
10,119 10, 094 10, 093 10, 060 10, 027 10, 022 10, 020 10, 003 9,920 9,922 9, 885 9, 824

13, 259
3,460
9, 799

Transportation and public utilities___
Wholesale and retail trade
Wholesale trade. _ ____ . _
Retail trade________ .
Finance, insurance, and real estate

7, 976
1, 787
83
968
1,399
673
1,030
969
187
516
364

3,227

3,205

3,194

3,179

3,165

3,152

3,144

3,132

3,120

3,118

3,114

Services______________

10,131 10, 069 10, 035

9, 987

9, 973

9, 946

9,883

9,840

9,781

9,744

9, 675

9, 619

9, 611

Government___
Federal__________
State and local___

11,716 11,678 11, 636 11, 524 11,475 11,439 11,373 11,321 11, 252 11,160 11, 071 10,972
2, 765 2, 759 2,747 2,698 2,688 2,685 2, 673 2,667 2, 653 2,616 2,617 2,597
8, 951 8,919 8, 889 8, 826 8, 787 8, 754 8, 700 8, 654 8, 599 8,544 8, 454 8,375

10,961
2,595
8,366

1 For coverage of the series, see footnote 1, table A-9.
2 Preliminary.


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3,252

3,234

N ote : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in appendix A,
BLS Handbook of Methods for Surveys and Studies (BLS Bulletin 1458, 1966).

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

88

Table A-12.

Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally
adjusted 1
v

Revised series; see box, p. 86.
[In thousands]

Aug.2 July 2 June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

____ 14,215 14, 055 14,170 14,147 14,233 14,358 14,436 14,506 14,495 14,490 14,434 14,363
Manufacturing.
...
___ . . . . .
__
Durable goods...
. _ ____ . . .
. . .
8,283 8,170 8,240 8,254 8, 286 8,407 8,459 8,502 8,501 8,505 8,488 8,448
133
130
128
136
143
140
154
147
146
Ordnance and accessories___ ______ _ ___ _____
150
149
147
522
524
521
524
519
514
525
530
512
507
Lumber and wood products.
_________________
511
510
386
385
389
384
385
389
374
379
371
375
Furniture and fixtures__
. . . . . ___ . ______
372
368
512
512
511
512
513
509
509
494
495
499
Stone, clay, and glass products. .
.. . _________
498
498
Primary metal industries___ _
______________ 1,012 1,026 1,037 1,042 1,049 1,073 1,091 1,106 1,109 1,116 1,117 1,108
Fabricated metal products.. . . .
_________ .. _ 1,044 1,040 1,048 1,041 1,046 1,059 1,065 1,068 1,069 1,069 1,062 1,057
Machinery, except electrical. . . . _ _________ ____ 1,375 1,367 1,372 1,373 1,380 1,388 1,392 1,398 1,390 1,384 1,380 1,372
Electrical equipment and supplies____ ___ ______ 1,271 1,260 1,251 1,284 1,298 1,332 1,345 1,348 1,347 1,352 1,356 1,349
1,437 1,329 1,377 1,361 1,347 1,363 1,371 1,373 1,394 1,396 1,393 1,390
Transportation equipment_____
. . . ____ .
279
284
283
289
286
284
289
289
288
286
285
287
Instruments and related products... . . _______
345
349
347
349
353
344
347
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries______ _____
327
338
340
342
343

14,409
8,447
126
534
386
516
1,112
1,057
1,368
1,351
1,368
281
348

5,915
1,166
68
858
1,240
516
655
578
116
402
316

5,962
1,188
70
863
1,245
524
655
580
117
402
318

_ _ ____________ 5,932
Nondurable goods_________ . . .
Food and kindred products... _ ______ ________ 1,170
Tobacco manufactures_____ ____________________
76
Textile mill products.. _______
840
Apparel and other textile products___
_____
1,221
Paper and allied products.
_____
537
Printing and publishing... . . . .
. . . .................
675
Chemicals and allied products____ . . . _____ . . . .
587
Petroleum and coal products.
___ .
119
Rubber and plastics products, nec___
___
406
Leather and leather products__ _______
301
1 For definition of production workers, see footnote 1, table A-10.
2 Preliminary.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

5,885
1,182
76
835
1,221
537
674
586
119
360
295

5,930
1,201
75
841
1,239
535
673
583
119
362
302

5,893
1,196
74
835
1,235
525
672
580
117
354
305

5,947
1,195
73
838
1,232
526
673
583
118
402
307

5,951
1,200
72
845
1,226
531
674
580
116
403
304

5,977
1,197
73
848
1,243
529
670
585
117
406
309

6,004
1,196
77
856
1,254
527
668
585
117
411
313

5,994
1,195
74
856
1,252
527
663
584
118
411
314

5,985
1,195
72
856
1,252
526
660
584
117
408
315

5,946
1,174
67
858
1,248
522
658
581
116
406
316

N ote : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in appendix A,
B L S Handbook of Methods for Surveys and Studies (BLS Bulletin 1458,1966).

89

A.—LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT
T a b l e A -1 3 .

U n e m p lo y m e n t in su ra n ce an d e m p lo y m e n t se rv ic e p rogram o p era tio n s 1
[All Items except average benefit amounts are in thousands]
1966

1967
Item

Employm ent service: *
N ew applications for work...........................
Nonfarm placements......................................

967
487

Apr.

May

June

Aug.

1,335
537

859
476

974
507

Feb.

Mar.

887
460

853
407

Nov.

Dec.

Jan.

966
440

721
420

Oct.

794
513

Aug.

Sept.

819
592

801
619

June

869
619

1,314
622

State unemployment insurance programs:
709
626
826
690
915
1,280
1,346
1,087
1,005
1,061
848
803
1,218
Initial claims * 4...................................... .........
Insured unemployment * (average weekly
903
755
928
793
1,254
753
1,582
1,558
1,532
1,142
1,360
1,184
1,019
volume) •..............................- ........................
1. 6
1.8
1.9
1.6
2.0
3.4
3.3
2.7
2.4
2.9
3.3
2.4
2.1
Rate of insured unem ploym ent 7................
2,817
3,639
2,960
2,
476
3,087
5,615
3,971
5,398
4,663
4,977
6,323
4,071
3,807
Weeks of unemployment com pensated...
Average weekly benefit amount for total
$40.10 $39.99 $40.99 $41.81 $42.07 $41.97 $41.73 $41.39 $40. 57 $39.84 $39. 68 $40. 65 $38.72
unem ployment....................................... --Total benefits paid.......................................... $147, 307 $156,083 $183,645 $200,588 $257,488 $219,480 $224,787 $157,566 $114,814 $93,697 $106, 548 $143, 058 $114,358
Unemployment compensation for ex-service­
men: 8 9
Initial claim s 3 8 ...................................... .........
Insured unem ploym ent 9 (average weekly
volum e)............................................. - ...........
Weeks of unemployment com pensated...
Total benefits paid..........................................

22

17

14

24
75
$3,125

19
82
$3,471

19
81
$3, 404

Unemployment compensation for Federal
civilian employees : 910
Initial claims *.................... ..................
Insured unem ploym ents (average weekly
volum e)................................ ................
Weeks of unemployment compensated—
Total benefits paid.............................. - .........

12

9

9

8

8

9

15

10

9

9

7

8

9

20
67
$2,754

18
81
$3,370

18
78
$3,237

19
81
$3,354

22
103
$4,192

24
91
$3,728

23
87
$3,581

20
75
$3,045

17
67
$2, 752

16
60
$2, 466

16
67
$2,731

18
79
$3,239

18
79
$3,255

21

15

3

4

5

6

11

7

6

6

7

8

25

19
40
$76.70
$2,858

18
38
$73.80
$2,550

16
34
$71.99
$2,126

16
36
$72. 07
$2, 422

15
35
$74.96
$2,499

15
54
$60.07
$2,913

1,313

955

799

802

980

841

16

15

19

17

15

13

12

16

14

24
21
101
85
$3, 576 $4,199

25
93
$3,878

25
96
$3,963

21
72
$2,973

16
59
$2, 450

14
51
$2,117

15
63
$2, 561

19
81
$3,204

17
72
$2,872

14

Railroad unemployment insurance:
Applications u ........................................... —
Insured unemployment (average weekly
volum e).........................................................Number of payments 13-----------------------Average amount of benefit payment w„ .
Total benefits paid 14............................... —

17
32
$73. 45
$2,069

14
36
$73. 44
$2,478

17
42
$71.2£
$2,812

20
44
$74.10
$3, 013

23
57
$77.16
$4,233

24
53
$75. 54
$3,784

25
48
$72.95
$3,499

All programs: 13
Insured unemployment •_............................

1,246

1,070

1,196

1,422

1,602

1,654

1,631

1 Includes data for Puerto Rico beginning January 1961 when the Common­
wealth’s program became part of the Federal-State UI system.
3 Includes Guam and the Virgin Islands.

» An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning
of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is re­
quired for subsequent periods in the same year.

periods of unemployment. Excludes transitions claims under State programs.
4 Includes interstate claims for the Virgin Islands.
>Number of workers reporting the completion of at least 1 week of unem-

h The average amount is an average for all compensable periods, not ad­
justed for recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments.
14Adjusted for recovery of overpayments and settlement of underpayments.
15 Represents an unduplicated count of insured unemployment under the
State, Ex-servicemen and UCFE programs and the Railroad Unemployment
Insurance Act.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security for
all items except railroad unemployment insurance which is prepared by the
U.S. Railroad Retirement Board.

»Initial claims are notices filed by workers to indicate they are starting

Pl«lS tia i claims and State insured unemployment include data under the
program for Puerto Rican sugarcane workers.
7 The rate is the number of insured unemployed expressed as a percent of
the average covered employment in a 12-month period.
8 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with other programs.
9 Includes the Virgin Islands.
19 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with State programs.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

12

Payments are for unemployment in 14-day registration periods.

90

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

B.—Labor Turnover
Table B -l.

Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1
[Per 100 employees]
1967

1966

Annual
average

Major industry group
July 2 June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1966

5.0

4.3

1965

Accessions: Total
Manufacturing__ _________ ___ _ _ _ _ . ------Seasonally adjusted_
- - - ___ -

4.5

5.9

4.6

3.9

3.9

3.6

4.3

2.9

3.9

5.1

4.1

4.0

4.6

4.2

4.1

4.3

6.0

4.6

4.6

4 .8

6.4

6.1

4.9

6.1

.
---- _ _
Durable goods_________
Ordnance and accessories. _ . ______ ______
Lumber and wood products____
--Furniture and fixtures. _______________ Stone, clay, and glass products_____________
Primary metal industires._____ ______ ____
Fabricated metal products
_________ _
Machinery, except electrical-----------------Electrical equipment and supplies______ _ _
Transportation equipment
Instruments and related products _________
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries---------

4.0
3.8
5.7
6.6
4.7
2.8
4.8
2.9
3.7
3.9
3.5
6.3

5.5
5.0
9.2
6.4
6.9
4.6
6.1
4.3
4.7
5.5
4.9
7.2

4.3
3.1
8.3
5.3
5.4
3.2
5.1
3.0
3.3
4.9
2.9
6.3

3.7
2.8
7.0
4.5
5.0
2.6
4.5
2.7
2.9
3.7
2.9
6.0

3.7
2.7
6.5
4.9
4.7
2.7
4.4
2.9
3.0
3.9
3.0
5.8

3.4
2.9
5.4
4.5
3.7
2.6
4.0
3.0
3.1
3.3
2.9
5.1

4.1
3.8
6.4
5.3
3.7
3.2
4.7
3.6
3.8
4.0
3.5
6.2

2.7
2.2
3.6
3.4
2.3
2.3
3.2
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.3
3.0

3.8
3.7
4.5
5.6
3.1
2.8
4.4
3.2
3.7
3.8
3.0
5.5

4.8
4.7
5.9
7.4
3.9
3.3
5.4
3.9
5.1
5.1
3.9
8.2

5.9
4.4
6.8
8.5
4.5
3.8
6.2
4.2
5.5
8.4
4.1
9.2

6.2
4.3
6.9
8.9
5.0
4.4
7.1
4.4
5.9
8.9
4.3
8.3

4.8
3.8
6.7
6.6
4.5
3.7
5.3
3.9
4.7
5.3
3.8
6.9

4.1
2.9
6.0
5.5
4.0
2.9
4.6
3.3
3.9
4.7
3.2
6.3

Nondurable goods _______ . .
. . . __
Food and kindred products______ . . . . . .
Tobacco manufactures.. .. . . . . . .
Textile mill products ________ __________
Apparel and other textile products__________
Paper and allied products ____ _____ _
Printing and publishing. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Chemicals and allied products. _______ ____
Petroleum and coal products
. __. ..
Rubber and plastics products, nec. _.
Leather and leather products _______ ______

5.3
7.6
9.1
5.1
6.6
3.5
3.4
2.6
2.4
5.6
7.4

6.5
9.5
5.9
5.7
6.2
6.1
5.1
4.5
4.6
7.1
6.4

5.1
7.0
5.4
5.4
5.9
3.9
3.6
2.8
2.7
5.3
5.7

4.3
5.6
2.9
4.8
5.1
3.3
3.1
2.5
2.6
4.3
5.0

4.2
5.1
2.8
4.7
5.0
3.3
3.5
2.7
2.0
4.3
4.8

3.8
4.3
3.2
4.1
5.0
2.9
3.3
2.4
1.6
4.1
4.7

4.5
5.0
3.7
4.7
6.3
3.4
3.7
2.4
1.5
4.6
7.0

3.1
4.1
7.0
2.9
3.4
2.5
2.7
1.8
1.1
3.2
4.1

4.2
5.3
5.9
4.2
4.9
3.4
3.3
2.2
1.4
4.9
5.3

5.4
7.6
6.2
5.2
5.8
4.4
4.1
2.7
1.9
6.0
6.2

6.3
9.2
7.2
5.9
6.7
4.8
4.8
3.0
2.0
6.9
6.6

6.8
10.4
16.4
6.3
7.5
4.4
4.4
2.8
2.0
7.1
7.2

5.2
6.9
6.4
5.1
6.1
4.0
3.8
2.9
2.1
5.5
6.3

4.6
6.1
6.1
4.3
5.8
3.2
3.2
2.4
1.8
4.4
5.4

N onmanufacturing:
Metal mining _. . . .
..
.
.
... _
Coal m ining...
. . . ____ ____________

2.7
2.2

6.5
1.7

4.0
1.6

4.7
1.8

3.4
1.4

3.0
1.5

4.6
2.3

3.0
1.4

2.8
1.7

3.0
2.0

3.0
1.8

3.6
2.3

3.5
1.7

3.2
1.7

3.8

3.1

Accessions: New hires
Manufacturing

.._

.......
_

___

3.2

4.5

3.3

2.8

2.8

2.9

2.7

3.0

2.1

3.2

3.2

3.1

3.1

4.1

4.7

3 .2

3 .4 .

3 .6

4.8

3 .6

3 .7

3 .9

3 .7

3 .8

Durable goods._ _
_ _ . ______ ___
Ordnance and accessories. _________ _
Lumber and wood products . ._ _______
Furniture and fixtures._ _
.__ _____
Stone, clay, and glass products_____________
Primary metal industries.. . . ________
_________
Fabricated metal products.. .
Machinery, except electrical________________
Electrical equipment and supplies______ ..
Transportation equipment___
__ . . .
Instruments and related products___ ______
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries . . . .

2.8
3.2
5.0
4.9
3.5
1.7
3.3
2.2
2.4
2.4
3.0
4.3

4.1
4.3
7.8
5.3
5.4
3.1
4.9
3.4
3.3
3.7
4.2
5.6

3.0
2.6
6.5
4.3
4.0
1.9
3.8
2.4
2.1
2.7
2.4
4.7

2.6
2.3
5.5
3.8
3.3
1.5
3.3
2.2
2.0
2.3
2.4
4.1

2.7
2.2
4.8
4.2
2.9
1.7
3.4
2.4
2.2
2.3
2.6
4.0

2.5
2.5
3.9
3.8
2.2
1.7
3.1
2.6
2.3
2.1
2.6
3.8

2.9
3.1
4.2
4.5
2.3
2.0
3.5
3.0
2.8
2.1
3.0
3.9

2.1
1.8
2.9
3.0
1.6
1.5
2.5
2.1
2.0
1.7
2.0
2.5

3.1
3.1
3.8
5.1
2.5
2.1
3.7
2.7
3.1
2.8
2.7
4.9

4.1
4.1
5.2
6.8
3.3
2.7
4.6
3.3
4.3
3.9
3.5
7.5

4.5
3.8
6.1
7.6
3.8
3.2
5.4
3.7
4.7
4.1
3.7
8.2

4.5
3.5
6.3
7.9
4.1
3.1
5.4
3.5
4.6
4.1
3.8
7.2

3.8
3.2
5.7
5.9
3.5
2.7
4.3
3.3
3.8
3.4
3.4
5.5

3.0
1.8
4.7
4.6
2.7
2.0
3.5
2.6
2.9
2.8
2.6
4.5

Nondurable goods .
_
____
Food and kindred products.._ ____________
Tobacco manufactures... . _______
_ _ ____
Textile mill products. ............
Apparel and other textile products
Paper and allied products. . . . . _
___
Printing and p u b lish ing..___ _ _ ___ . . .
Chemicals and allied products_________
Petroleum and coal products. . . . _ ________
_____
Rubber and plastics products, nec
Leather and leather products_____________

3.8
5.7
4.7
3.7
3.9
2.9
2.8
2.0
2.2
3.9
4.6

5.1
7.4
3.8
4.6
4.2
5.1
4.2
3.7
3.9
6.0
4.9

3.7
5.1
2.8
4.2
3.6
3.3
2.9
2.2
2.4
4.0
3.9

3.2
4.0
1.9
3.7
3.3
2.8
2.7
2.1
2.0
3.3
3.1

3.1
3.4
1.7
3.5
3.5
2.8
2.8
2.1
1.5
3.3
3.2

2.8
2.9
2.3
3.1
3.4
2.4
2.7
1.9
1.3
3.2
3.3

3.2
3.4
2.6
3.5
4.0
2.8
3.0
1.9
1.1
3.5
4.8

2.3
2.8
3.4
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.2
1.4
.9
2.6
3.1

3.3
3.9
4.6
3.3
3.5
3.0
2.8
1.8
1.2
4.1
4.1

4.2
5.5
4.4
4.1
4.3
4.0
3.5
2.3
1.7
5.3
4.8

5.0
7.1
4.9
4.9
5.0
4.4
4.1
2.6
1.8
6.1
5.3

5.3
7.9
10.2
5.2
5.4
3.9
3.7
2.4
1.7
5.7
5.6

4.0
5.0
3.7
4.1
4.2
3.5
3.2
2.4
1.7
4.6
4.8

3.2
4.1
3.3
3.3
3.7
2.5
2.6
1.9
1.4
3.4
3.9

N onmanufacturing:
Metal mining. ______ _
________
Coalmining___ . _ ______ . . . _________

2.1
1.1

5.1
1.2

2.7
1.1

2.4
1.1

2.3
.9

2.1
1.0

2.7
1.2

2.0
1.0

2.0
1.1

2.3
1.3

2.5
1.2

2.7
1.4

2.5
1.1

2.2
.9

Seasonally adjusted ______________ . . .

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

B.—LABOR TURNOVER
T able

B -l.

91

Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued
[Per 100 employees]
1967

1966

Annual
average

Major industry group
July 2 June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1966

1965

Separations: Total

Seasonally adjusted .............................................

4.8
4-4

4.3
4.8

4.2
4.6

4.3
4.7

4.6
5.2

4.0
4.9

4.5
4.6

4.2
4-4

4.3
4.6

4.8
4.6

6.6
5.0

5.8
4-7

4.6

4.1

Durable goods.. . ____ _____ _________
Ordnance and accessories........................
Lumber and wood products..................
Furniture and fixtures______________
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Primary metal industries........................
Fabricated metal products...... ...............
Machinery, except electrical..............
Electrical equipment and supplies------Transportation equipment......................
Instruments and related products..........
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.

4.8
2.5
5.5
5.8
4.3
3.0
4.7
3.4
3.4
9.2
2.9
6.0

4.1
2.9
5.9
5.6
4.6
3.2
5.3
3.5
3.4
4.3
3.0
5.3

3.9
2.8
6.5
5.8
4.2
3.1
4.5
3.1
3.7
3.8
2.9
5.4

4.1
3.3
6.4
5.8
4.2
3.3
4.8
3.3
4.3
4.1
2.9
5.1

4.4
3.0
6.8
6.4
4. 5
3.6
5.0
3.5
4.8
4.3
3.0
5.4

3.9
2.4
5.3
5.2
4.2
3.0
4.9
2.8
4.0
4.5
2.7
5.0

4.4
2.6
6.3
6.2
5.2
3.6
4.9
3.1
4.2
5.1
2.9
5.7

3.9
1.7
6.4
4.9
4.8
2.9
4.3
2.5
3.2
3.8
2.4
12.2

3.9
2.1
7.3
5.7
4.5
3.1
4.7
2.6
3.4
3.7
2.4
8.6

4.5
2.8
7.4
6.8
4.7
3.6
5.3
3.3
4.0
4.4
3. 5
6.8

6.1
4.1
9.4
8.3
6.8
5.6
7.1
5.2
5.8
5.3
4.9
8.6

5.5
3.2
8.5
8.4
5.9
4.3
6.3
4.5
4.5
6.5
3.6
7.2

4.4
2.6
7.1
6.3
4.6
3.2
5.1
3.4
3.8
4.9
3.1
6.9

3.8
2.5
6.0
5.1
3.9
3.0
4.2
2.8
3.1
4.3
2.7
5.9

Nondurable goods___________ ________
Food and kindred products____ ______
Tobacco manufactures______________
Textile mill products_______________
Apparel and other textile products........
Paper and allied products______ _____
Printing and publishing........................ .
Chemicals and allied products________
Petroleum and coal products_________
Rubber and plastics products, nec____
Leather and leather products........ ........

4.8
5.5
3.5
5.2
7.4
3.3
3.1
2.1
1.7
5.3
7.6

4.5
5.4
3.6
4.8
5.9
3.5
3.6
2.7
1.8
5.0
5.0

4.5
5.6
4.2
4.8
5.8
3.5
3.3
2.5
1.9
5.0
5.7

4.6
5.6
4.8
5.0
6.2
3.6
3.1
2.3
1.8
4.9
6.1

4.7
5.5
7.7
5.2
6.4
3.5
3.3
2.4
1.7
5.1
6.2

4.1
5.0
7.2
4.6
5.0
3.0
3.0
2.1
1. 5
5.1
5.6

4.8
6.0
8.1
5.2
5.7
3.5
3.5
2.4
2.0
5.3
6.2

4.6
7.1
6.0
4.2
5.5
3.0
3.0
2.1
1.8
4.2
6.4

4.7
7.2
6.5
4.8
5.4
3.5
3.0
2.0
1.9
4.5
5.2

5.4
8.4
4.9
5.3
5.8
4.1
3.5
2. 5
2.1
5.5
5.9

7.3
10.9
5.6
6.7
7.2
6.6
5.1
4.6
3.9
7.2
8.4

6.2
7.9
8.5
6.5
7.2
5.0
4.6
3.0
2.6
6.2
7.8

5.0
6.8
6.0
5.1
6.1
3.8
3.4
2. 5
2.1
5.0
6.4

4.4
6.1
6.4
4.1
5.8
3.1
3.1
2.2
1.9
4.2
5.3

Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining.............. .................. .........
Coal mining................. ..........................

3.1
2.5

3.1
1.6

3.5
1.9

4.0
2.2

3.5
2.!

2.9
1.6

3.8
2.3

3.3
1.4

3.4
1.6

4.0
1.8

6.0
1.9

3.8
1.6

3.5
1.8

3.1
1.9

Manufacturing________________________

Separations: Quits
2.1

2.1

2.3
2. 4

2.2

2.2

2.2
2.3

2.1

Seasonally adjusted........... .......................

2.4

1.9
2.5

2.1
2.5

1.7
2.7

2.6

2.6

2.6

4.5

3.6

2.6

2.6

1.9

D urable goods......................................................
Ordnance and accessories......... ...................
L um ber and w ood produ cts..... ..................
Furniture and fix t u r e s ....................... ........
Stone, clay, and glass produ cts------------P rim ary m etal in d u stries______________
Fabricated m etal p r o d u cts........................
M achinery, except electrica l-.....................
E lectrical eq u ip m en t and su p p lies_____
Transportation eq u ip m en t_____________
In stru m en ts and related products______
M iscellaneous m anufacturing industries.

1.8
1.5
3.6
3.4
2.2
1.1
2.2
1.5
1.7
1.5
1.7
2.7

2.1
1.6
4.1
3.3
2.4
1.4
2.4
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.8
3.0

2.0
1.4
4.5
3.5
2.2
1.3
2.4
1.7
1.8
1.6
1.6
3.0

2.0
1.6
4.1
3.7
2.0
1.3
2.4
1.7
1.9
1.5
1.6
2.9

2.0
1. 5
3.7
3.8
1.9
1.3
2.4
1.7
1.9
1.6
1.7
2.8

1.7
1.3
2.9
3.1
1.6
1.1
2.1
1. 5
1.8
1.4
1.6
2.5

1.9
1.2
3.1
3.5
1.8
1.4
2.3
1.7
2.0
1. 5
1.7
2.7

1.5
.9
2.6
2.7
1.4
1.1
1.8
1.3
1.6
1.1
1.3
2.6

1.9
1.1
3.4
3.6
1.9
1.3
2.4
1. 5
1.9
1.5
1.5
3.9

2.6
1. 6
4.6
4.8
2.6
1.8
3.0
1.9
2.5
2.0
2.4
4.6

4.2
2.7
6.8
6.5
4. 5
3.8
4.8
3.5
4.2
3.1
3.7
6. 5

3.4
1.9
6.0
6.2
3.6
2.7
4.0
2.7
3.1
2.6
2.5
4.9

2.4
1. 5
4. 5
4.3
2.4
1.7
2.8
1.9
2.3
1.9
2.0
3.6

1.7
1.1
3.4
3.1
1.7
1.2
1.9
1.4
1.6
1.3
1.4
2.6

N ondu rab le g o o d s ............................. ...............
F ood and kindred products____________
T obacco m anufactures_________________
T extile m ill produ cts__________________
A pparel and other textile produ cts..........
Paper and allied produ cts______________
P rin tin g and p u b lish in g _____ ____ _____
C hem icals and allied products_________
Petroleum and coal produ cts......................
R ubber and plasties products, n e c _____
Leather and leather produ cts.....................

2.4
2.8
1.5
3.2
3.0
1.8
1.9
1.0
.8
2.6
3.6

2.6
2.9
1.7
3.3
2.8
2.2
2.2
1.3
.9
3.1
3.3

2.5
2.8
1.7
3.4
3.0
2.1
2.0
1.3
.9
2.9
3.4

2.4
2.5
1.6
3.4
2.8
2.1
1.9
1.2
.7
2.7
3.3

2.4
2.5
1.7
3.3
2.8
2.1
2.0
1.2
.7
2.7
3.2

2.1
2.2
1.7
2.8
2.5
1.7
1.8

1.9
2.2
1.6
2.3
2.1
1.6
1.6
.9
.6
2.0
2.9

2.4
2.9
1.8
2.9
2.8
2.1
1.8

.7
2.4
3.0

2.4
2.5
1.9
3.1
2.9
2.0
2.0
1.1
.7
2.5
3.6

.6
2.7
3.4

3.1
3.9
2.3
3.6
3.4
2.7
2.2
1.4
.9
3.5
4.3

5.0
6.7
3.4
5.1
4.7
5.1
3.7
3.3
2.3
5.3
6.3

4.0
4.8
2.8
4.9
4.6
3.5
3.1
2.1
1. 4
4. 3
5.9

2.8
3.2
1.9
3.5
3.3
2.4
2.2
1.4
.9
3.1
4.1

2.1
2.4
1.5
2.5
2.6
1.7
1-7
1.0
.7
2.1
3.0

Nonm anufacturing:
M eta l m in in g ............. .............. .....................
Coal m in in g ................................ ................. ..

1.6
.8

2.0
.5

2.0
.6

1.9
.6

1.9
.7

1.4
.7

1.7
.6

1.1
.6

1.3
.6

1.7
.8

4.8
1.1

2.7
.9

2.0
.7

1.7
.6

M a n u fa ctu rin g ......................... .............................

See footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.0

2.1

1.0

2.8

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

92
T able B -l.

Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued
[Per 100 employees]
Annual
average

1966

1967
Major industry group
Ju ly2 June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1966

1965

Separations: Layoffs
M a r i u ta c t u r i n g -------------------------------------------- ---------

Seasonally adjusted..... ........ - .........................
Durable goods.................................................
Ordnance and accessories..............................
Lumber and wood products------------------Furniture and fixtures............ ......................
Stone, clay, and glass products...................
Primary metal industries......... ....................
Fabricated metal products--------------------Machinery, except electrical- ---------------Electrical equipment and supplies----------Transportation equipment.......... .................
Instruments and related products..............
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries—

Nondurable goods--------------------------------

Food and kindred products-------------------Tobacco manufactures-------------------------Textile mill products............. .......................
Apparel and other textile products---------Paper and allied products........................
Printing and publishing................... ..........
Chemicals and allied products---------------Petroleum and coal products______ _____
Rubber and plastics products, nec----------Leather and leather products___________

N onmanufacturing:
Metal mining_________________________
Coal mining---------------------------------------

1.5
1.4

1.3

1 .2

1.5

.9
1.4

.8
2 .1

1.4
.5

1.5
.5
2.3
1.5

3.1

.4
3.0

1 .2

1.0

1 J¡

1.4

1.1

1.3
1. 5

2 .1

1.1

1.0

1.0

.8
1 .2
1 .2

1.5
1 .2

1.0

1.7

.4

.6

.9
1 .2
1 .2

1 .1

.9

.9

1 .2

1 .8

1.0

2.3

.9
.7
1.7
.4
1.3

1.7

1 .2

1.3

1 .1
.6

2 .0
2 .0
.6
2 .1

1 .1

1.0

6.9
.6

2 .0

1.5
1.3
3.4

1.7

.7

2.3
.4
.7

.6

.8

.6

.3
1.7
3.1
.8
1 .1

.6
1.1

1.4
.6

1.3

.3

.5
.7
.7
.3

.8

1.0

1.3

1.4
1.7
1.3

1 .6
1.1

1.7
1.0

1 .8

1.5
.2

2 .6

2.7

1.0

1.0

1 .2

1 .2

.7
1.3

1.9
1.9
.5
1.5

2.4
.5

2.7
.5

1.5
.5
.7
1.9
.4

1 .6

2 .0

8 .6

1.4
2.3
2.5
.7

1.5
2.3
5.2
.9

1 .6

2 .1

2 .1

2 .6

2 .8
.6
.6
.6

1.4
.7
1.4
1 .8

.7

.6

.5
.5
1.1

1.9

.7

1.5

.5
.7

.7

1.0

.8

1 .2

i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1967, see footnote 1, table A-9.
Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing and
nonmanufacturing industries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not
comparable with the changes shown by the Bureau’s employment series
for the following reasons: (1) the labor turnover series measures changes


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.3
1.5

1 .1

.4

1.3
1.3

1.5
1.7

1.9
1 ft

1 .6
.8

.4
1.3

2 .0
.6

.9

1.9
.5

1.3
4.9
.9
1.7
.5
.6

1 .6

.5

2.7
5.6
1 .2

1.9
.7
.8
.6

.5
.4
1.7
1.7

.7
1.5
1.7

.7
.5

1 .1
.8

1.1

.5

1.4

.8

1 .1

1.1

.4

1 .2
.8

1 .6
.8

1.7
1.0

1.3

1.5

.6
1 .2

1.0

.3

.5
.5

.6
.8

1 .2

2 .8

2.1

.3

.4

.8

.8

1.1

2 .1

2.3

1.5
3.5

1.4
3.2
1.5

1.3
2.3
5.0

1.4

1 .6

2 .8

2.9
4.4

.6
1 .6

.6
1 .8

2 .1

2.4

.8

1 .8
.8

1.1

1.0

1.3
.4
.5
1.3
.3
3.5

.7

1.1
.6

1.1

1.0
.6

1 .0
.8

.4

1 .6

1.1
1 .8
.6
.6

1.0

1 .2

.4
1.4
.7

1 .2
2 .8

1.3
2.7

1.1

1.0

.4
1.4
.5

3.5
4.0

.8

1.1

1.1

.5
1.7
.7

4.2
3.6
.7
.9
.7

1 .1

1.1

.4
.4
1.3
.4

1 .8
.8

1.5
.4
.6

.4

.5
.7

.5
.7
.7

.5
.6

.9

1 .0

.8

.6
1.1

1.5
.5

1.3
.4

.2
.2

.7

.6

.5

.5
.8

.3
.6
.6

.9
.2
.2

3.5
.7
.5
.7
.6
.6

1.4

.6

.8

.8

.9
.7

.6
1 .2

.9
1.4

1.5

.7

.7
.9

.6

during the calendar month, while the employment series measures changes
from midmonth to midmonth and (2) the turnover series excludes personnel
changes caused by strikes, but the employment series reflects the influence
of such stoppages.
2 Preliminary.

0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS

93

C.—Earnings and Hours
T able C-l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry
1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
Aug.2 July 2 June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1966

1965

$99. 71
132. 32
134. 62
138. 32
140. 51
149. 33
152. 44
121 . 84
125. 96
118. 90
129. 33
131. 14
149. 77
138. 37
152. 34
152. 60
152. 25
156. 49
164. 30

$98. 69
130. 66
133. 77
138. 09
140. 07
145. 95
148. 44
122 . 69
128. 11
118. 63
123. 39
123. 45
145. 89
136. 49
145. 14
142. 80
147. 97
153. 22
161. 44

$95. 06
123. 52
127. 30
129. 24
136. 71
137. 51
140.26
116.18
123. 62
110. 31
117. 45
116.58
138. 38
128.16
137. 90
136. 36
140.00
145. 39
152.47

141. 99
181. 24
142. 26
127. 45

139. 59
179. 79
138. 75
123. 50

134. 61
170. 28
133.21
117. 30

Average weekly earnings
Total private.................. - ........... ................ $103. 06 $102. 53 $101. 88 $100. 06 $99. 41 $99. 56 $99. 30 $99. 70 $99. 97 $99.84 $100. 62 $100.88
Mining______________________ - ............... 140. 51 140.18 136. 53 134. 09 134. 51 132. 09 131. 14 134. 09 133. 45 131. 66 135.10 133. 73
137. 90 137. 48 135. 98 137. 05 137. 60 136. 00 136. 00 136. 53 135.24 134.82 136.21
Metal mining________________ - .........
140. 34 134. 40 134. 37 137. 67 139. 40 136. 31 138. 65 136. 86 136. 29 136. 29 142.23
Iron ores__________________________
142. 33 145. 08 142. 35 142. 35 143. 55 142. 46 142. 79 144. 21 143.11 142.46 140. 62
Copper ores..----- -------------------------157. 25 154. 01 148. 37 148. 45 145. 39 146. 10 153. 38 155. 91 146. 20 156.98 151. 37
Coal mining____________ ___________
Bituminous coal and lignite mining---158. 53 156. 38 151. 07 150. 78 147. 68 148. 40 155. 77 158. 30 148.13 159.80 154. 09
133. 98 127. 56 127. 75 129. 63 127. 75 126. 42 127. 50 124. 91 124.95 124.10 123.68
Oil and gas extraction________________
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields.
139. 03 133. 25 132. 51 135. 71 131. 78 133. 42 135. 62 129. 65 129. 34 129. 74 129. 34
129.60 122. 82 124. 24 125. 27 123. 52 121 . 26 120. 96 121. 39 121. 33 119. 30 119. 30
Oil and gas field services____________
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels-------133. 34 131. 96 128. 03 124. 65 119. 03 116. 72 119. 30 120. 94 124. 48 129.91 129.91
133.16 131. 04 127. 84 122. 89 115. 84 110. 16 115. 14 120 . 19 125. 76 130.95 131.49
Crushed and broken stone---------------Contract construction__________________ 158. 69 157. 51 153. 56 149. 54 147. 23 146. 83 143. 60 149. 14 148. 83 144.14 152. 46 152. 05
General building contractors__________
145. 43 142. 03 141. 12 139. 32 139. 26 135. 84 141. 21 141. 21 136.96 142. 07 140.93
162.11 154. 14 144. 32 139. 48 138. 90 139. 26 142. 56 142. 04 138. 55 155. 55 156.09
Heavy construction contractors-----------Highway and street construction_____
163. 39 151. 87 139. 88 131. 60 126. 86 127. 40 130. 28 129. 75 131.14 154. 34 156. 52
160. 63 156. 62 148. 52 146. 28 147. 75 147. 45 150. 88 151. 62 145. 91 157. 73 155.86
Heavy construction, nec____________
163. 62 160. 39 157. 81 155. 86 154. 64 150. 73 157. 14 156. 09 151. 56 158. 34 157.88
Special trade contractors______________
Plumbing, heating, air conditioning__
170. 38 167. 52 165. 46 164. 74 164. 35 162. 26 166. 53 165. 36 159.14 166. 63 166.60
Painting, paperhanging, and deeorat149. 69 146. 65 145. 40 140. 54 140. 54 138. 80 140. 70 141. 60 141.20 143.60 144. 44
in g ...-----------------------------------191. 35 188. 46 187. 50 184. 89 184. 78 181. 45 185. 81 186. 44 179. 65 186.05 184. 24
Electrical work_________________
Masonry, stonework, and plastering.
147.91 147. 74 144. 01 141. 45 138. 58 127. 00 138. 43 140. 22 134. 39 143. 72 142. 27
Roofing and sheet metal work____
136. 82 132. 75 127. 53 122. 88 118. 72 116. 29 125. 25 125. 21 120.85 131.74 128.12
Average weekly hours
Total private_________________________
Mining...------------------------------------------Metal mining_____________
Iron ores__________________________
Copper ores_______________________
Coal mining________________________
Bituminous coal and lignite mining—
Oil and gas extraction_______________
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields.
Oil and gas field services____________
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels-------Crushed and broken stone__________
Contract construction__________________
General building contractors__________
Heavy construction contractors________
Highway and street construction_____
Heavy construction, nec____________
Special trade contractors______________
Plumbing, heating, air conditioning__
Painting, paperhanging, and decorat­
ing—
Electrical work________ ___________
Masonry, stonework, and plastering__
Roofing and sheet metal work_______

—

43.5
41. 5
45.0
46.3
47.9
38.7
37.1
43.0
44.4
41.4
37.7
38.9

38.3
42.8
42.3
41.1
43.7
41.4
41.7
42.1
40.5
43.4
46.3
48.0
38.2
36.7
42.0
42.9
41.0
37.3
38.6

37.9
42.3
42.1
41.6
43.4
40.1
40. 5
42.3
40.4
43.9
45.4
47.0
37.2
36.0
40.2
40.9
39.5
36.7
38.3

37.8
42.3
42.3
42.1
43.4
39.8
40.1
42.5
41.0
43.8
45.0
46.2
36.9
36.0
39.4
40.0
38.8
36.5
38.4

38.0
41.8
42.6
42.5
43.9
39.4
39.7
42.3
40.3
43.8
43.6
44.9
36.8
35.8
39.8
40.4
39.4
36.3
38.4

37.9
41.5
42.5
42.2
43.7
39.7
40.0
42.0
40.8
43.0
42.6
43.2
35.9
35.1
38.9
39.2
38.7
35.3
38.0

38.2
42.3
42.5
42.4
43.8
40.9
41.1
42.5
41. 6
43.2
43.7
44.8
37.1
36.3
39.6
39.6
39.6
36.8
39.0

38.6
42.5
42.4
41. 6
44.1
41.8
42.1
42.2
40.9
43.2
44.3
45.7
37.3
36.3
39.9
39.8
39.9
36.9
39.0

38.4
42.2
42.0
41.3
43.9
39. 3
39.5
42.5
40.8
43.8
45.1
47.1
36.4
35.3
38.7
38.8
38.6
36.0
37.8

38.7
43.3
42.0
41.3
43.7
42.2
42.5
42.5
40.8
43.7
46.9
48.5
38.5
36.9
42.5
43.6
41.4
37.7
39.3

38.8
43.0
42.7
43.1
43.4
40.8
41. 2
42.5
40.8
43.7
46.9
48.7
38.3
36.7
42.3
43.6
40.8
37.5
39.2

39.1
43.1
42.2
42.3
43.1
40.8
41.2
42.6
40.5
44.2
47.2
49.3
38.5
36.8
42.2
43.6
40.6
37.8
39.4

38.7
42.7
42.2
42.1
43.5
40.3
40.6
42.6
40.8
44.1
45.7
47.3
37.6
36.3
41.0
42.0
40.1
37.1
38.9

38.8
42.3
41.6
40.9
43.4
39.9
40.2
42.4
40.8
43.6
45.7
47.2
37.4
36.1
40.8
41.7
40.0
36.9
38.6

—

36. 6
39.7
35.3
36.1

36.3
39.1
35.6
35.4

35.9
38.9
34.7
34.1

35.4
38.6
34.5
33.3

35.4
38.9
33.8
32.0

34.7
38.2
30.9
31.6

35.0
39.2
33.6
33.4

35.4
39.5
34.2
33.3

35.3
37.9
33.1
33.2

35.9
39.5
35.4
35.8

36.2
39.2
34.7
35.1

36.5
39. 4
35.3
35.6

35.7
39.0
34.6
34.4

35.8
38.7
34.6
34.5

38.6
43.5

38.8

38.4
43.4
42.3
42.4
43.0

Average hourly earnings
Total private........... ......................................
Mining______________________________
Metal mining_______________________
Iron ores.____ _______________ _____
Copper ores_______________________
Coal mining________________________
Bituminous coal and lignite mining__
Oil and gas extraction..-------- -------------Crude petroleum and natural gas fields.
Oil and gas field services____________
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels_____
Crushed and broken stone__________
Contract construction__________________
General building contractors__________
Heavy construction contractors________
Highway and street construction_____
Heavy construction, nec.... ........... ........
Special trade contractors______________
Plumbing, heating, air conditioning__
Painting, paperhanging, and decorating---------------------------------------Electrical work_________________
Masonry, stonework, and plastering.
Roofing and sheet metal work____
See footnotes at end of table.
2 7 4 -9 4 8 0 - 6 7 - 7

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3.89
3. 76
3. 61
3.50
3.75
4.14
4.17
3.89
4.60
4.03
3.58

3.91
4. 61
4. 01
3.59

3. 76
4. 40
3.85
3. 40

$2.60
3.12
3.22
3.30
3.26
3. 72
3.75
2.94
3.17
2.77
2.76
2.67
3.96
3.88
3.58
3.38
3.78
4.21
4. 21

$2.60
3.12
3. 21
3.30
3.26
3.72
3. 76
2.92
3.18
2.73
2. 77
2.70
3.96
3.85
3.66
3.54
3.81
4.20
4. 24

$2.60
3.11
3.19
3. 30
3.24
3.71
3. 74
2.91
3.17
2.73
2.77
2.70
3.97
3.84
3.69
3.59
3.82
4. 21
4. 25

$2. 55
3.07
3.19
3.27
3. 26
3.66
3. 70

3.99
3.87
3. 54
3.29
3. 77
4.27
4.29

$2.59
3.14
3.22
3.29
3.27
3.73
3. 76
2.96
3.17
2.81
2.73
2.63
3.99
3. 89
3. 56
3.26
3.80
4.23
4. 24

3. 97
4. 79
4.10
3.69

3.97
4. 75
4.10
3.71

4.00
4. 75
4.11
3.68

4.02
4.74
4.12
3.75

4.00
4.72
4.10
3. 76

4.00
4.74
4.06
3.64

4.00
4.71
4.06
3.68

3.99
4.70
4.10
3.65

2. 78
4.07
3.92
3. 77
3.68
3.88
4.34
4.38
4.09
4.82
4.19
3. 79

4.04
4.82
4.15
3. 75

4.05
4.82
4.15
3. 74

2.88
2.88

4. 09

$2. 61
3.17
3.20
3.27
3. 26
3. 75
•3.79
3.00
3.26
2.80
2. 73
2. 57
4.02
3.89
3.60
3.29
3.81
4. 27
4. 27

$2.63
3.18
3. 24
3.27
3.28
3.73
3.76
3.05
3. 31
2 . 86
2. 77

3.08
3. 35

3.14
2.69
2.70
2 . 61
3.88
3.76
3.54
3. 40
3.69
4.13
4.15

$2.62
3.16
3.20
3. 23
3. 26
3.68
3.71
3.01
3.27
2.82
2.74
2. 55
4.00
3.87
3.58
3. 25
3. 81
4. 27
4. 27

$2.64
3.17
3. 23
3.23
3.28
3. 70
3.73
3.02
3.28
2.83
2.82
2. 72
4.02
3.92
3.59
3.42
3. 76
4. 30
4. 32

$ 2. 66

$2. 45
2. 92
3.06
3.16
3.15
3. 46
3.49
2.74
3.03
2. 53
2. 57
2.47
3. 70
3.55
3.38
3.27
3.50
3. 94
3. 95

$2.62
3.16
3.23
3.28
3.27
3.69
3.72
3.02
3.27
2.82
2.73
2.58
3.99
3.89
3.49
3.14
3.75
4. 26
4.28

3.19
3. 25
3. 27
3. 32
3. 72
3. 75
3.03
3.29
2. 83
2.85
2. 73
4.02
3.87
3.67
3.54
3. 82
4.30
4.34

$2. 67 $2. 67
3.23
3. 23
____ 3.26
____ 3.31
____ 3.31

2 .6 6

2.86

3.11
2.69
2. 74
2.66

$ 2.

55

3.0'
3. r
3.28
3.2?
3.6?
3.65
2.88

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

94
T able

C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
Aug. 2 July 2 June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing________________________ $114.49 $113. 93 $114. 49 $113. 52 $112. 56 $112. 44 $111.88 $113. 42 $114. 40 $113. 99 $113.85 $114.13 $111. 78 $112. 34 $107. 53
Durable goods___________________ 123. 30 122.40 123.19 122. 89 121.18 121. 36 120. 77 122.84 124. 62 123. 77 124.07 123. 94 120.96 122.09 117.18
Nondurable goods________ ______ 102. 80 102.03 101. 63 100. 73 100. 22 100.08 99.18 99.65 100. 25 100.10 99.94 99.54 99.23 98.49 94. 44
132.48
131. 46
140. 51
133. 22

133. 22
134. 23
137. 70
129.58

136. 63
135.71
139. 43
138.03

138.02
135. 38
135. 46
143.28

Lumber and wood products. ------------- 97. 61 96.88 97.27 95.18 94. 77 93.09
Sawmills and planing mills__________ 92. 52 90. 97 91.98 89. 02 88. 84 88.22
Millwork, plywood, & related products^ 104. 96 103. 02 103.63 102. 41 103. 41 101.09
Wooden containers_________ ______ 80.20 81.00 81. 60 80. 36 79. 56 77. 76
Miscellaneous wood products------------- 90. 94 91.58 91.88 90. 20 89.35 88. 56

91.08
86.24
99. 70
76.00
86. 83

90. 80
85. 75
99.38
75. 44
86.88

90.80
84. 53
99. 47
76.36
88.37

Furniture and fixtures_______________
Household furniture_______________
Office furniture
__ __ -Partitions and fixtures
Other furniture and fixtures--------------

132. 25
131. 46
134. 96
133. 56

134.08
133. 72
135. 98
133. 73

133. 54
134. 55
137. 60
130. 20

Ordnance and accessories. _ ---- - - ... 136. 08 135.11
Ammunition, except for small arms---- 137. 34 136. 03
137. 05
Sighting and fire control equipment -.
Other ordnance and accessories--------- - 133. 35 131. 99

136. 75
134.88
133. 35
141. 48

136. 21
134. 72
121 60
141.48

135. 78
134.64
128 96
139. 02

134. 08 134.94 131.15
134. 72 134. 55 135. 66
126 66
133. 72 135! 25 121.93

91.43 94. 02 94.02 93.89
85.17 87.08 87. 89 88. 34
98.00 100.12 100. 61 100.12
76.04 75. 44 76.96 76. 49
88.78 88.58 88.38 87.77

91.80
86. 07
99. 70
75. 53
87.34

88. 75
82.42
96.93
72.92
84.67

92.40 93.09 91. 25 90.46 90.74 90.12 90.63 93. 79 93.15 94.28 93.63 93.68 91. 72 88.19
85. 89 86.76 84.41 84.24 84.71 83. 89 83.95 87. 76 87.13 88. 40 87.14 87. 36 85.49 83.21
114. 58 108. 94 110.12 110. 24 109. 82 110. 51 114. 01 115. 61 114.38 115. 01 114.75 116 02 112 32 104 06
114. 74 118.28 116. 69 113. 65 113.12 113. 55 114. 95 117. 04 114 81 117 74 118 83
99. 46 99.22 101.09 100. 45 99.14 97.68 97.10 95. 75 101.10 99. 36 101.15 102.15 ioao2 97. 90 92.18
94.89
88. 70

Average weekly hours
Manufacturing________________________
Durable goods_________ _______
Nondurable goods ______________

40.6
41.1
40.0

40.4
40.8
39.7

40.6
41.2
39.7

40.4
41.1
39.5

40.2
40.8
39.3

40.3
41.0
39.4

40.1
40.8
39.2

40.8
41.5
39.7

41.3
42.1
40.1

41.3
42.1
40.2

41.4
42.2
40.3

41.5
42.3
40.3

41.4
42.0
40.5

41.3
42.1
40.2

41.2
42.0
40.1

Ordnance and accessories. ___________
Ammunition, except for small arms---Sighting and fire control equipment
Other ordnance and accessories_______

42.0
42.0

41.2
40.7
41.4
42.4

41.9
41.4
42.1
43.0

41.4
40.7
43.1
42.7

41.6
41.4
42.6
42.0

41.5
41.3
42.5
41.8

42.3
41.5
42.9
44.1

42.6
41.4
42. 2
45.2

42.6
41.5
42 2
45.2

42.3
41.2
39 1
45.2

42.3
41.3
41 6

41.9
41.2
40 8

44.7

4 3.7

42.3
41.4
41 8
44 ! 2

41.0
42.0

42.2

41.7
41.6
42.3
41.9

Lumber and wood products ------------Sawmills and planing mills_____ ___
Millwork, plywood, & related products.
Wooden containers_________________
Miscellaneous wood products________

40.5
40.4
41.0
39.9
40.6

40.2
39.9
40.4
40.5
40.7

40.7
40.7
40.8
40.8
41.2

40.5
40.1
40.8
41.0
41.0

40.5
40.2
41.2
40.8
40.8

40.3
40.1
40.6
40.5
41.0

39.6
39.2
40.2
40.0
40.2

40.0
39.7
40.4
41.0
40.6

40.0
39.5
40.6
41.5
41.1

40.1
39.8
40.0
41.1
41.1

40.7
40.5
40.7
41.0
41.2

40.7
40.5
40.9
41.6
41.3

41.0
40.9
41.2
41.8
41.4

40.8
40.6
41.2
41.5
41.2

40.9
40.6
41.6
41.2
41.3

Furniture and fixtures. ______________
Household furniture ______________
Office furniture
Partitions and fixtures
Other furniture and fixtures_________

40.9
40.5

40.0
39.4
43.9
40.4
41.0

40.3
39.8
41.9
41.5
41.6

39.5
38.9
41.4
40.8
41.0

39.5
39.0
41.6
40.3
40.8

39.8
39.4
41.6
40.4
40.7

39.7
39.2
41.7
40.7
40.8

40.1
39.6
42.7
41. 2
40.4

41.5
41.2
43. 3
41 8
42.3

41.4
41.1
43. 0
41 3
42.1

41.9
41.7
43 4
42 2
42.5

41.8
41.3
43 3
42 Q

42.2
41.8
43 9

4 3 .1

4 3.3

41.5
41.1
43 2
42 0
42.2

41.6
41.4
42J*
41 8
4L 9

$2 .7 5

$2. 70
2.88
2.45

$2. 72
2.90
2.45

$2. 61
2. 79
2. 36

3.20
3.27

3.19
3.25

3.13
3. 23

41.1

4L 9

Average hourly earnings
Manufacturing________________________
Durable goods. _________________
Nondurable goods________________

$2.82
3.00
2. 57

$2.82
3.00
2. 57

$2.82
2.99
2. 56

$2.81
2.99
2. 55

$2.80
2. 97
2. 55

$2. 79
2. 96
2.54

$2.79
2. 96
2. 53

$2.78
2.96
2. 51

$2. 77
2. 96
2. 50

$2. 76
2.94
2.49

$2.75
2. 94
2.48

Ordnance and accessories. ___________
Ammunition, except for small arms___
Sighting and fire control equipment
Other ordnance and accessories_______

3. 24
3. 27

3. 21
3. 23
3.26
3.15

3. 20
3. 23
3.23
3.11

3.20
3. 23
3.26
3.12

3. 21
3. 25
3. 23
3.10

3.21
3. 25
3. 24
3.10

3. 23
3. 27
3 26
3.13

3. 24
3.27

3. 21
3. 25

3.22
3.27

3.16

3.24
3. 27
3. 24
3.15

3.17

3.13

3! 13

3.11

3! 06

3. 06

2. 91

Lumber and wood products. _ ________
Sawmills and planing mills _________
Millwork, plvwood, & related products.
Wooden containers___ ___________
Miscellaneous wood products________

2. 41
2.29
2. 56
2. 01
2. 24

2. 41
2.28
2.55
2.00
2. 25

2. 39
2. 26
2.54
2.00
2.23

2. 35
2. 22
2.51
1.96
2. 20

2. 34
2. 21
2. 51
1.95
2.19

2. 31
2. 20
2. 49
1.92
2.16

2.30
2.20
2.48
1.90
2.16

2.27
2.16
2. 46
1.84
2.14

2.27
2.14
2. 45
1.84
2.15

2.28
2.14
2. 45
1.85
2.16

2. 31
2.15
2. 46
1.84
2.15

2.31
2.17
2. 46
1.85
2.14

2.29
2.16
2.43
1.83
2.12

2. 25
2.12
2.42
1.82
2.12

2.17
2.03
2.33
1.77
2. 05

Furniture and fixtures________________
Household furniture________________
Office furniture ___________________
Partitions and fixtures. .
Other furniture and fixtures_________

2.32
2.19

2. 31
2.18
2. 61
2. 84
2. 42

2. 31
2.18
2.60
2. 85
2. 43

2. 31
2.17
2. 66
2. 86
2. 45

2.29
2.16
2.65
2 82
2. 43

2.28
2.15
2.64
2 80
2. 40

2.27
2.14
2.65
2 79
2.38

2.26
2.12
2.67
2 7Q
2.37

2. 26
2.13
2.67

2.25
2.12
2.66

2.25
2.12
2.65

2.24
2.11
2.65

2. 22
2.09
2.62

2. 21
2.08
2.60

2.12
2. 01
2. 46

2.39

2. 36

2.38

2.37

2 ! 31

2.32

2. 20

S ee f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2. 42

2 .9 3
2 .4 7
3 .2 1

3.26

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
Table

C -l.

95

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
A ug.2 July 2 June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Stone, clay, and glass products________ $119. 70 $118.01 $117. 46 $116. 62 $115.23 $113. 70 $112.19 $113. 71 $115.23 $116. 20 $116.89 $116. 05 $115. 48 $114. 24 $110. 04
148.10 152. 46 149. 56 150. 33 149. 24 150. 28 152. 64 155.06 160. 60 159. 87 153. 99 152. 44 153. 36 149. 60
Flat glass. ......... ................................... .
115. 02 113.93 113.93 113. 24 115. 34 112. 59 114. 26 114. 68 114.12 111.38 111.38 110. 30 111.93 106. 25
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown.
132. 07 130. 70 130. 41 132. 70 129. 02 128. 70 130. 79 131. 65 138.22 132. 39 133. 76
Cement, hydraulic______ _________
132. 61 124. 42
99.80 99. 80 100. 45 99. 72 99.55 97. 77 96. 07 95.92 96. 48 97. 44 98.16 97. 99 132.61
Structural clay products-----............—
98.12 97. 00 94.02
99. 32 102. 57 102. 31 103. 22 101. 26 100. 22 101.12 101.75 102. 36 100.15 100. 44 98.50 98.85
Pottery and related products.............
95.12
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster prod­
ucts.............................. ............ ......... . 131.45 128. 25 124. 60 121.05 116. 57 113.40 111.38 112.44 114. 90 116.42 121.83 121. 76 122.94 117. 65 113.08
Other stone & nonmetallic mineral
116.40 117.99 117. 71 116.60 114. 93 113. 65 115. 36 116. 76 116. 20 118. 86 117. 32 115. 79 115. 64 110. 62
products....... .......................................
Primary metal industries_____________
Blast furnace and basic steel products..
Iron and steel foundries_____________
Nonferrous metals_________________
Nonferrous rolling and drawing--------Nonferrous foundries.................. ..........
Miscellaneous primary metal products.

137.02
143.92
126.16
134. 37
132. 62

136. 61
144. 23
125. 55
134. 40
132. 93
120.88 117. 71
146.02 143.15

136.12
141. 55
128. 74
134. 20
132. 71
119. 95
143.85

134. 64
141. 20
125.86
131.88
130. 09
120.95
144.14

133. 57
139. 35
123.11
132. 51
130. 40
117.68
142. 27

135. 38
142. 31
124. 73
131.15
131. 24
117. 27
147. 70

134.97
140. 80
125.44
130. 21
133. 65
119. 25
148.12

138. 69
144. 02
129. 20
132. 60
136. 66
121. 30
150. 66

137. 61
140. 45
131.63
131.86
138. 03
123. 77
152.14

139. 02
142. 97
130.42
132. 60
139. 42
122. 93
155.14

139.02
144. 43
130.90
132.91
136. 47
122. 38
153. 56

141.10
148.16
130.16
132.71
138.22
124.41
154. 34

41.8
44.0
41.2
42.4
40.6
40.3

42.2
43.8
40.8
41.5
40.9
39.9

42.2
43. 5
40.8
41.8
41.0
39.7

130. 20
136. 27
119. 00
147.32,

138.09
144. 73
128. 57
129. 98
136. 27
120. 56
150.25,

133.88
140.90
125. 72
124. 44
130. 07
113.97
143.52

42. 3
42. 7
40. 7
41. 7
41. 4
39.4

42. 0
42. fi
41. 0
41 7
41.1
39.7

42 0
42 fi
40 4
41 2
41 fi
39.8

Average weekly hours
S to n e , c la y , a n d g la ss p r o d u c t s .. ................
F la t g la s s . ..............................................................
G la ss a n d g la ssw a r e , p r e sse d or b l o w n . .
C e m e n t, h y d r a u l i c .._______ _____________
S tr u c tu r a l c la y p r o d u c ts ______ _____ ____
P o t t e r y a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts ___________
C o n c r e te , g y p s u m , a n d p la s te r p r o d ­
u c t s ........... ............................................. ...............
O th er s to n e & n o n m e ta llic m in e r a l
p r o d u c t s ...............................................................
P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s t r i e s .................................
B la s t fu rn a ce a n d b a sic s te e l p r o d u c t s ..
Ir o n a n d s te e l fo u n d r ie s ________________
N o n fe r r o u s m e t a ls ________ ________ _____
N o n fe r r o u s r o llin g a n d d r a w in g ________

Nonferrous foundries..... ........ ......... ......

M is c e lla n e o u s p r im a r y m e ta l p r o d u c ts .

42.0

40.9
45.8

40.9
40. 2
41. 5
41. 6
42.1
40. 7
41. 6

41.7
40.8
40. 5
41. 4
40.9
38.2

41.8
42.0
40.4
41.1
41.0
39.3

41.5
41.2
40.4
41.4
40.7
39. 5

41.3
41.3
40.3
41.6
40.8
39.7

40.9
41.0
40.9
40.7
40.4
39.4

40.5
41.4
40.5
40.6
39.7
39.3

41.2
42.4
41.4
41.0
39.8
39.5

41.6
42.6
41.4
41.4
40.2
39.9

45.0

44.5

43.7

42.7

42.0

41.1

41.8

42.4

42.8

44.3

44.6

45.2

43.9

44.0

40.7

41.4

41.3

41.2

40.9

40.3

41.2

41.7

45 5

42.3

41.9

41.8

41.9

41.9

40.9
40.4
41. 3
42.0
42. 2
39.9
40.9

41.0
40.1
41.8
42.2
42.4
40.8
41.1

40.8
40.0
41.4
42.0
42.1
41.0
41.3

40.6
39.7
40.9
42.2
42.2
40.3
41.0

40.9
40.2
41.3
41.9
42.2
40.3
42.2

40.9
40.0
41.4
41.6
42.7
40. 7
42.2

41.9
40.8
42. 5
42.5
43.8
41.4
42.8

41.7
39.9
43.3
42.4
44.1
42.1
43.1

42.0
40. 5
42.9
42.5
44.4
42.1
43.7

42.0
40.8
43.2
42.6
43.6
42.2
43.5

42. 5
41. 5
43.1
42. 4
44.3
42.9
43.6

42.1
41. 2
42. 8
42. 0
44.1
42. 2
42.7

42 1
41 0
43 0
42 2
44.1
42 3
43.3

42 1
41 2
43 fi
41 9
43 5
41 9
43.1

$2. 62
3.52
2.63
3.02
2. 26
2. 39

Average hourly earnings
Stone, clay, and glass products....... ..........
Flat glass_________________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown..
Cement, hydraulic_________________
Structural clay products........... .............
Pottery and related products........ ........
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster prod­
ucts..... ................................ ..................
Other stone & nonmetallic mineral
products................................................

$2.85

Primary metal industries...........................
Blast furnace and basic steel products..
Iron and steel foundries_____________
Nonferrous metals..................................
Nonferrous rolling and drawing______
Nonferrous foundries...............................
Miscellaneous primary metal products.

3. 35
3. 58
3.04
3. 23
3.15
2.97
3. 51

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2. 44
2. 87

$2.83
3. 63
2.84
3.19
2. 44
2.60

$2.81
3. 63
2.82
3.18
2.45
2.61

$2.81
3.63
2.82
3.15
2. 45
2.59

$2.79
3. 64
2.81
3.19
2. 44
2. 60

$2.78
3. 64
2.82
3.17
2. 42
2.57

$2. 77
3.63
2. 78
3.17
2. 42
2. 55

$2.76
3. 60
2. 76
3.19
2.41
2. 56

$2. 77
3.64
2.77
3.18
2.40
2. 55

$2.78
3. 65
2.77
3. 26
2.40
2.54

$2.77
3. 65
2.73
3.19
2.40
2.51

$2.75
3.54
2.73
3. 20
2. 39
2.53

$2. 73
3. 57
2.71
3.18
2. 37
2. 50

$2.72
3.60
2. 73
3.18
2. 36
2.49

2.85

2.80

2. 77

2. 73

2.70

2.71

2. 69

2. 71

2. 72

2.75

2. 73

2.72

2.68

2.57

2.86

2. 85

2.85

2.83

2.81

2.82

2.80

2. 80

2.80

2.81

2. 80

2. 77

2. 76

2.64

3. 34
3. 57
3. 04
3.20
3.15
2.95
3. 50

3. 32
3. 53
3.08
3.18
3.13
2.94
3. 50

3. 30
3. 53
3.04
3.14
3.09
2.95
3.49

3.29
3. 51
3.01
3.14
3.09
2.92
3.47

3.31
3.54
3.02
3.13
3.11
2.91
3.50

3. 30
3. 52
3.03
3.13
3.13
2.93
3. 51

3. 31
3. 53
3.04
3.12
3.12
2.93
3. 52

3.30
3.52
3.04
3.11
3.13
2.94
3.53

3. 31
3.53
3.04
3.12
3.14
2.92
3. 55

3.31
3.54
3.03
3.12
3.13
2.90
3.53

3.32
3.57
3.02
3.13
3.12
2. 90
3.54

3.28
3. 54
2.96
3.10
3.09
2.82
3. 45

3.28
3. 53
2.99
3.08
3.09
2.85
3. 47

3.18
2.42
2.89
2.97
2.99
2.72
3. 33

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

96
T able

C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1966

1967

Annual
average

Industry
A ug.2 July 2 June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings

Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Fabricated metal products-----------------Metal cans____ ,----------------------------Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware----Plumbing and heating, except electric..
Fabricated structural metal products. .
Screw machine products, bolts, etc----Metal stampings----------------------------Metal services, nec-------------------------Misc. fabricated wire products----------Misc. fabricated metal products---------

$123.85 $122.36 $122.84 $123.26 $121. 54 $120. 72 $120.83 $122.89 $124. 53 $123.81 $124.26 $125.27 $121.98 $121. 69 $116.20
149. 41 150.41 147.84 147.94 143. 38 142.86 137.12 137.85 139. 40 136.92 136. 73 143. 66 148. 40 140. 40 137. 49
114.17 112.92 114. 62 116.16 115.30 115. 46 114. 74 116. 60 117. 03 116. 62 116.90 116. 76 113.98 114. 54 111.64
113.08 112.12 113.81 111.56 110.88 109.14 108.31 109.02 111.35 110.95 113.30 114. 40 111.65 110.16 105.06
124.15 121.84 122. 43 122.13 121.25 122.13 121.42 123.31 125.83 123.09 123.97 124.26 121.11 120.83 114.26
127.89 123.35 125.83 125.24 125. 27 128.33 129.95 131.26 133.18 131.98 130. 79 130.92 125.24 128.13 120. 73
135. 78 135. 66 134. 72 136.31 131.02 125.02 127.08 131.25 133.76 135. 65 138.21 139.28 132.56 133. 61 129.03
108.14 107.07 109. 06 108.26 107.98 108.39 106.92 108.21 109. 20 107.90 108. 78 110.85 108.54 107. 26 100. 43
110.84 108.81 111.25 110.03 108. 54 109. 75 108.27 111.10 112. 71 112.98 112. 59 113.10 110.88 110.88 104.92
121.64 117. 74 118.20 119.77 119.07 120.35 118.78 121.51 121.09 119.83 120.98 121.55 119.00 119. 43 113.84

Machinery, except electrical----------------Engines and turbines----------------------Farm machinery----------------- ----------Construction and related machinery—
Metal working machinery----------------Special industry machinery-------------General industrial machinery-----------Office and computing machines--------Service industry machines---------------Misc. machinery, except electrical-------

133. 88 132.51
136.06
123.80
132.19 128.52
149. 64 151.70
125.28 124.80
133.98 132.40
132.19 130.41
118. 08 119.19
128. 78 128. 65

134.09
140.15
126.32
129. 78
153. 53
126.90
132.93
129. 78
117.96
130.90

134.30
141.93
128.30
130. 73
154. 35
126. 78
133.88
128. 34
118.24
129. 60

134.82
142.27
130.38
130. 52
156.07
128.14
132.29
130. 20
115.83
129.17

136.20
146.20
135.14
131. 57
156.29
128.01
133.65
130.51
117.83
129. 47

135.88
143.72
136.21
130. 83
156.52
127. 41
131.66
129. 58
116.52
130.80

137. 03
143.48
136. 40
131.35
157. 42
129. 65
136. 47
131.75
115.26
133.20

138. 60
154. 51
132.29
134. 08
157.17
132. 61
138.92
133.85
119.81
132. 46

136.78
144.66
127.89
135. 45
155.69
130.10
137.09
132.18
119.68
132.76

136.34
138. 69
130.29
135.14
153. 77
128.92
137.9C
132.49
118.85
132.02

136.53
143.81
131.57
135.33
153.05
130.09
138. 40
131.44
116.05
130.83

133. 55
143.29
127.31
132.99
148.79
126.58
135.39
128.21
115.51
127.01

134.90
142.95
129.89
133.92
153.72
127.16
135.21
131.33
117.18
128.91

127.58
133.44
121. 72
126.39
144.37
120.22
126.56
127.20
112.19
121.21

Average weekly hours
Fabricated metal products-----------------Metal cans-------- ---------------------------Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware----Plumbing and heating, except electric..
Fabricated structural metal products..
Screw machine products, bolts, etc----Metal stampings.--------------------------Metal services, nec-------------------------Misc. fabricated wire products----------Misc. fabricated metal products---------

41.7
44.6
40.2
40.1
41.8
43.5
42.3
40.2
40.6
41.8

41.2
44.5
39.9
39.9
41.3
42.1
42.0
40.1
40.3
40.6

41.5
44.0
40.5
40.5
41.5
42.8
42.1
41.0
40.9
40.9

41.5
43.9
40.9
39.7
41.4
42.6
42.2
40.7
40.6
41.3

41.2
42.8
40.6
39.6
41.1
42.9
41.2
40.9
40.5
41.2

41.2
42.9
40.8
39.4
41.4
43.8
40.2
40.9
40.8
41.5

41.1
41.3
40.4
39.1
41.3
44.2
40.6
40.5
40.4
41.1

41.8
41.9
41.2
39.5
41.8
44.8
41.8
41.3
41.3
41.9

42.5
42.5
41.5
40.2
42.8
45.3
42.6
42.0
41.9
41.9

42.4
42.0
41.5
40.2
42.3
45.2
43.2
41.5
42.0
41.9

42.7
42.2
41.6
41.2
42.6
45.1
43.6
42.0
41.7
42.3

42.9
43.8
41.7
41.3
42.7
45.3
43.8
42.8
42.2
42.5

42.5
44.7
41.6
41.2
42.2
44.1
42.9
42.4
42.0
42.2

42.4
43.2
41.5
40.5
42.1
44.8
43.1
41.9
42.0
42.2

42.1
43.1
41.5
40.1
41.7
43.9
43.3
41.5
41.8
41.7

Machinery, except electrical----------------Engines and turbines----------------------Farm machinery------------------ - - - .......
Construction and related machinery—
Metal working machinery.---------------Special industry machinery-------------General industrial machinery-----------Office and computing machines--------Service industry machines---------------Misc. machinery, except electrical-------

42.1

41.8
39.9
39.3
40.8
44.1
41.6
41.9
41.4
41.1
42.6

42.3
41.1
40.1
41.2
44.5
42.3
42.2
41.2
41.1
43.2

42.5
41.5
40.6
41.5
45.0
42.4
42.5
41.4
41.2
43.2

42.8
41.6
41.0
41.7
45.5
43.0
42.4
42.0
40.5
43.2

43.1
42.5
42.1
41.9
45.7
43.1
42.7
42.1
41.2
43.3

43.0
41.9
42.3
41.8
45.9
42.9
42.2
41.8
40.6
43.6

43.5
42.2
42.1
42.1
46.3
43.8
43.6
42.5
40.3
44.4

44.0
44.4
41.6
42.7
46.5
44.8
44.1
42.9
41.6
44.6

43.7
42.8
40.6
43.0
46.2
44.1
43.8
42.5
41.7
44.7

43.7
41.4
41.1
42.9
45.9
44.0
44.2
42.6
41.7
44.6

43.9
42.8
41.9
43.1
46.1
44.4
44.5
42.4
41.3
44.5

43.5
42.9
41.2
42.9
45.5
43.8
44.1
41.9
41.4
44.1

43.8
42.8
41.9
43.2
46.3
44.0
43.9
42.5
41.7
44.3

43.1
41.7
41.4
42.7
45.4
43.4
42.9
42.4
41.4
43.6

41.7
43.5
41.9
42.4
42.1
41.0
42.5

Average hourly earnings
Fabricated metal products------------------ $2.97
3.35
Metal cans_____________ ___________
2.84
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware----2.82
Plumbing and heating, except electric..
Fabricated structural metal products. _ 2.97
2.94
Screw machine products, bolts, etc----3.21
Metal stampings---- -----------------------2.69
Metal services, nec-------------------------2.73
Misc. fabricated wire products----------2.91
Misc. fabricated metal products:--------

$2.97
3.38
2.83
2.81
2.95
2.93
3.23
2. 67
2.70
2.90

$2.96
3.36
2.83
2.81
2.95
2.94
3.20
2. 66
2.72
2.89

$2.97
3.37
2.84
2.81
2.95
2.94
3.23
2.66
2. 71
2.90

$2.95
3.35
2.84
2.80
2.95
2.92
3.18
2.64
2.68
2.89

$2.93
3.33
2.83
2.77
2.95
2.93
3.11
2.65
2.69
2.90

$2.94
3.32
2.84
2.77
2.94
2.94
3.13
2.64
2.68
2.89

$2.94
3.29
2.83
2.76
2.95
2.93
3.14
2.62
2.69
2.90

$2.93
3.28
2.82
2. 77
2.94
2.94
3.14
2. 60
2.69
2.89

$2.92
3.26
2.81
2.76
2.91
2.92
3.14
2.60
2.69
2.86

$2.91
3.24
2.81
2. 75
2.91
2.90
3.17
2.59
2.70
2.86

$2.92
3.28
2.80
2.77
2.91
2.89
3.18
2.59
2.68
2.86

$2.87
3.32
2.74
2. 71
2.87
2.84
3.09
2. 56
2.64
2.82

$2.87
3.25
2.76
2.72
2.87
2.86
3.10
2.56
2.64
2.83

$2.76
3.19
2.69
2.62
2.74
2.75
2.98
2. 42
2.51
2.73

3.18

3.17
3.41
3.15
3.15
3. 44
3.00
3.16
3.15
2.90
3.02

3.17
3.41
3.15
3.15
3. 45
3.00
3.15
3.15
2.87
3.03

3.16
3.42
3.16
3.15
3.4£
2.9E
3.15
3.10
2.87
3.00

3.15
3.42
3.18
3.13
3.4;
2.98
3.12
3.10
2.86
2.99

3.16
3. 44
3.21
3.14
3. 42
2.97
3.1f
3.10
2.86
2.99

3.16
3.42
3.22
3.13
3.41
2.97
3.12
3.10
2.87
3.00

3.15
3.40
3.24
3.12
3.40
2.96
3.1;
3.10
2.86
3.00

3.15
3.48
3.18
3.14
3.38
2.96
3.15
3.12
2.88
2.97

3.13
3.38
3.15
3.15
3.37
2.95
3. If
3.11
2.87
2.97

3.12
3.35
3.17
3.15
3.35
2.9;
3.12
3.11
2.85
2.96

3.11
3.36
3.14
3.14
3.32
2.9f
3.11
3. If
2.81
2.94

3.07
3.31
3.09
3.10
3.27
2.8i
3.07
3.06
2.79
2.88

3.08
3.31
3.10
3.10
3.32
2.89
3.08
3.09
2.81
2.91

2.96
3.20
2.94
2.96
3.18
2.77
2.95
3.00
2.71
2.78

Machinery, except electrical----------------Engines and turbines----------------------Farm machinery___________________
Construction and related machinery—
Metal working machinery----------------Special industry machinery-------------General industrial machinery________
Office and computing machines--------Service industry machines................... .
Misc. machinery, except electrical____
S ee f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3.17
3. 41
2.9£
3.16
3.14
2.88
3.03

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

C -l.

97

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
July 2 June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings

Manufacturing—Continue
Durable goods—Continued
Electrical equipment and supplies..........
Electric test & distributing equipment..
Electrical industrial apparatus_______
Household appliances. .........................
Electric lighting and wiring equipment .
Radio and TV receiving equipment__
Communication equipment...................
Electronic components and accessories.
Misc. Electrical equipment & supplies.
Transportation equipment----------------Motor vehicles and equipment.........
Aircraft and parts...........................
Ship and boat building and repairing
Railroad equipment .......................... .
Other transportation equipment____

$111. 60 $111.60 $111.88 $110.12 $108. 35 $108. 93 $107. 98 $109. 35 $111.24 $110. 56 $109. 74 $110. 54 $107.83 $109.18 $105.78
116. 87 118. 55 119.48 119.19 119. 36 120.10 118.82 118. 43 123. 69 120. 69 118. 02 119.99 116. 34 117. 46 113.02
117. 74 119.02 116. 76 116.93 117. 62 117. 26 116. 85 118.85 119. 71 118. 02 118. 44 120. 70 118. 58 118.72 113.70
122.10 121.80 119. 39 118. 70 111.93 115.15 114. 76 115. 63 116. 80 121.01 119. 65 122. 51 119. 55 118.82 114. 54
103. 88 101. 79 104. 26 104. 00 100.74 102. 56 100.10 103.97 104. 70 104. 45 104.14 103.82 102. 34 102. 41 99. 55
93.17 92.20 91. 37 86. 76 89. 21 90.82 92. 97 94. 80 96.88 96.72 96. 32 94. 30 94.33 91.54
124. 24 125. 05 126. 48 124. 03 123. 62 124.12 123.82 124. 56 125. 63 123.02 122.18 122. 64 118. 78 120.93 116. 47
94.23 94. 47 93.60 92.19 91.48 91.42 90. 56 91.41 92.86 92.00 92.40 92.06 91.43 92.11 89.28
119. 60 119. 90 118.80 117.91 116.13 116. 82 115.94 121.18 125.40 127. 32 123.90 122. 43 115.02 119. 89 115. 36
139. 60 139.94 141.17
143. 47 145.14
146. 20 144. 67 144. 24
126.94 130.90
136. 46 135.32
100. 84 106.50

141. 78
144. 96
145. 09
133. 09
138. 23
102.97

137. 30
135.76
145.18
132.93
139. 09
98. 60

136. 49
133.86
145.09
132. 60
136. 00
98.89

136. 21
135. 63
143. 06
127. 59
139.19
94.75

141.02
143. 50
144. 24
133. 63
141. 66
93. 07

144. 93
150.80
144.14
136. 21
141.92
94.92

145.18
151.71
145. 92
130. 60
141.80
95. 01

146.29
154.86
144. 05
134.18
140. 70
97. 60

144. 41
151.87
143. 52
129. 51
135.81
99. 55

139. 35
142.27
144.09
128.93
135.74
97.68

141. 86
147.23
143. 32
130. 41
137. 09
95. 52

137. 71
147.63
131.88
121. 50
129.44
93.09

Average weekly hours
Electrical equipment and supplies-------Electric test & distributing equipment.
Electrical industrial apparatus.... .........
IIousehold appliances........... ...... ..........
Electric lighting and wiring equipment
Radio and TV receiving equipment---Communication equipment-------------Electronic components and accessories
Misc. electrical equipment & supplies..

40.0
40.3
40.6
40.7
39.8

Transportation equipment......................
Motor vehicles and equipment______
Aircraft and parts________________
Ship and boat building and repairing.
Railroad equipment....... .................. .
Other transportation equipment.........

40.7

40. 6
39.1
40.0

42.5

40.0
40.6
40.9
40.6
39.3
38.5
40.6
39.2
40.1

40.1
41.2
40.4
40.2
40.1
38.1
41.2
39.0
40.0

39.9
41.1
40.6
40.1
40.0
37.6
40.8
38.9
39.7

39.4
41.3
40.7
38.2
39.2
36.0
40.8
38.6
39.5

39.9
41.7
41.0
39.3
39.6
37.8
41.1
38.9
39.6

39.7
41.4
41.0
39.3
38.8
38.0
41.0
38.7
39.3

40.5
41.7
41.7
39.6
40.3
38.9
41.8
39.4
40.8

41.2
42.8
42.3
40.0
40.9
39. 5
42.3
40.2
41.8

41.1
42.2
42.0
41.3
40.8
40.2
41.7
40.0
42.3

41.1
42.0
42.0
41.4
41.0
40.3
41.7
40.0
42.0

41.4
42.7
42.5
42.1
41.2
40.3
42.0
40.2
41.5

41.0
42.0
42.2
41.8
41.1
40.3
41.1
40.1
40.5

41.2
42.1
42.4
41.4
40.8
39.8
41.7
40.4
41.2

41.0
41.4
41.8
41.2
40.8
39.8
41.3
40.4
41.2

40.8
40.3
42.3
38.7
39.9
39.7

41.4
41.0
42.3
40.4
39.8
41.6

41.7
41.3
42.8
40.7
40.3
40.7

40.5
38.9
42.7
40.9
40.2
39.6

40.5
38.8
42.8
40.8
40.0
39.4

40.3
39.2
42.2
39.5
40.7
37.9

41.6
41.0
42.8
41. 5
41.3
38.3

42.5
42.6
42.9
42.3
40.9
38.9

42.7
43.1
43.3
41.2
41.1
39.1

42.9
43.5
43.0
41.8
40.9
40.0

42.6
42.9
43.1
40.6
40.3
40.8

42.1
41.6
43.4
40.8
40.4
40.7

42.6
42.8
43.3
41.4
40.8
39.8

42.9
44.2
42.0
40.5
40.2
40.3

Average hourly earnings
Electrical equipment and supplies-------Electric test & distributing equipment..
Electrical industrial apparatus______
Household appliances- ____________
Electric lighting and wiring equipment
Radio and TV receiving equipment..
Communication equipment________
Electronic components and accessories
Misc. electrical equipment & supplies

$2. 79
2. 90
2.90
3.00
2.61

Transportation equipment___________
Motor vehicles and equipment______
Aircraft and parts.............. ...... ........ .
Ship and boat building and repairing
Railroad equipment ______________
Other transportation equipment-........

3.43

See footnotes at end of table.

274 -94 8 0 - 6 7 - 8


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3. 06
2.41
2.99
3. 44

$2. 79
2.92
2.91
3.00
2.59
2.42
3.08
2.41
2.99

$2.79
2.90
2.89
2.97
2.60
2. 42
3.07
2.40
2.97

$2.76
2.90
2.88
2.96
2.60
2. 43
3.04
2. 37
2.97

$2.75
2.89
2. 89
2.93
2.57
2. 41
3. 03
2. 37
2.94

$2.73
2.88
2. 86
2.93
2. 59
2. 36
3. 02
2.35
2.95

$2.72
2.87
2.85
2.92
2. 58
2. 39
3.02
2.34
2.95

$2. 70
2.84
2. 85
2.92
2.58
2.39
2.98
2. 32
2.97

$2.70
2.89
2.83
2.92
2.56
2. 40
2. 97
2.31
3.00

$2.69
2.86
2.81
2.93
2. 56
2.41
2.95
2. 30
3. 01

$2.67
2.81
2.82
2.89
2. 54
2.40
2.93
2. 31
2.95

$2.67
2.81
2.84
2.91
2.52
2.39
2.92
2.29
2.95

$2.63
2.77
2.81
2.86
2.49
2.34
2.89
2.28
2.84

$2. 65
2.79
2.80
2.87
2. 51
2.37
2.90
2.28
2.91

$2.58
2.73
2.72
2.78
2.44
2.30
2.82
2.21
2.80

3.43
3. 56
3. 42
3.28
3. 42
2.54

3.41
3.54
3.41
3.24
3.40
2.56

3.40
3. 51
3. 39
3. 27
3. 43
2.53

3. 39
3.49
3.40
3. 25
3. 46
2.49

3. 37
3.45
3. 39
3. 25
3. 40
2. 51

3.38
3.46
3. 39
3. 23
3.42
2.50

3.39
3. 50
3. 37
3. 22
3. 43
2. 43

3.41
3.54
3. 36
3.22
3.47
2. 44

3.40
3.52
3. 37
3.17
3. 45
2. 43

3.41
3. 56
3. 35
3. 21
3. 44
2. 44

3. 39
3.54
3. 33
3.19
3.37
2.44

3.31
3.42
3. 32
3.16
3.36
2.40

3.33
3.44
3. 31
3.15
3.36
2.40

3.21
3.34
3.14
3.00
3.22
2.31

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

98
T able C - l.

G ross h ou rs a n d ea rn in g s o f p ro d u c tio n w o rk ers,1 b y in d u str y — C o n tin u ed
1966

1967

Annual
average

Industry
Aug. 2 July 2 June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods— Continued

$119.23 $116.00 $117.01 $115.90 $115.77 $115. 51 $114.11 $115.65 $116.89 $116.20 $116.05 $116.05 $113.70 $114.93 $108. 47
Instruments and related products
Engineering & scientific instruments.-. _____ 136. 75 137.90 137.14 138.85 137.85 133. 65 133.30 136.97 134.23 134.23 133.80 130. 05 133.18 125.33
Mechanical measuring & control de112.44 109. 69 110.92 113.24 111.20 112.72 110.92 116.06 117.88 117.18 117.04 116.34 113.98 115. 78 109. 03
Optical and ophthalmic goods______ 108.36 107. 57 107.94 105.82 105. 67 104.86 103.68 105.22 106. 59 105. 41 103. 75 105.59 102. 75 103. 66 99. 30
95.44 94.80 94.09 94.09 93.06 92.59 93.20 94.42 94.60 93.20 94. 71 92.62 92.84 89.40
Medical instruments and supplies____ 101.09 98.21 98.40 98. 74 98.33 97. 44 97.69 96. 64 97.68 97. 51 97.17 96. 76 94. 54 95.24 90.63
141.10 141.67 137. 48 135.98 137.49 136.53 136.21 136.28 134. 59 137. 66 136.47 132.99 134. 54 128.14
Photographic equipment and supplies..
92. 58 93.06 90.87 91.77 91.43 90.23 92. 06 92.11 91.69 91.65 92.48 92.70 91.39 87.85
Watches, docks, and watchcases-------- —
92.36
90.
56 92.20 91.57 91.57 92.20 90.17 91.87 91.20 90.45 90.09 89.20 88.22 88.80 85.39
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware . 104. 28 102. 70 104.26 105.30 105.18 104. 52 100.47 103. 38 108.03 109.23 108.20 105. 42 102.51 102.26 95.53
81.75 83.10 82.11 82.71 83.10 81.79 82.53 79.17 79.60 79.60 78.41 79.00 78.80 76.44
90. 23 90.68 90.06 89.33 89.04 87. 58 88.31 90.17 90.45 89.38 88.07 86.43 86.65 82.82
81.53 85.36 84.07 84. 46 83.42 81.32 82. 47 82.35 80.13 81.37 81.58 80. 40 81.39 77.62
98.60 96. 47 97.86 96.97 96. 58 97.71 96.08 97.66 97.84 97.84 97.28 96.16 95.04 95.68 92.46
Other manufacturing industries. ___
100.
08 98.39 96.75 99.15 99.43 98.89 100.85 103.91 104. 75 103. 42 99.55 99.39 100. 53 97.75
Musical instruments and parts..........
Average weekly hours
41.4
Instruments and related products. . .. .
Engineering & scientific instruments. _____
Mechanical measuring & control de40.3
vices. __ _. . ________ ____
41.2
Optical and ophthalmic goods----------Medical instruments and supplies------Photographic equipment and supplies
Watches, docks, and watchcases*--------

40.6
—

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware...
Toys and sporting goods
Pens, pencils, office and art supplies__

39.3
39.8

Other manufacturing industries-------Musical instruments and parts_____

39.6

40.7
42.6

41.2
43.5

41.1
43.4

41.2
43.8

41.4
43.9

40.9
42.7

41.6
43.0

42.2
43.9

42.1
43.3

42.2
43.3

42.2
43.3

41.8
42.5

42.1
43.1

41.4
41.5

39.6
40.9
40.1
39.6
42.5
38.9

39.9
41.2
40.0
40.0
42.8
39.6

40.3
40.7
39.7
40.3
42.3
39.0

40.0
40.8
39.7
40.3
42.1
39.9

40.4
40.8
39.6
40.1
42.7
40.1

39.9
40.5
39.4
40.2
42.4
39.4

41.6
41.1
40.0
40.1
42.7
40.2

42.1
41.8
40.7
40.7
43.4
40.4

42.0
41.5
40.6
40.8
43.0
41.3

42.1
41.5
40.7
41.0
43.7
41.1

42.0
41.9
41.0
41.0
43.6
41.1

41.6
41.6
40.8
40.4
42.9
41.2

42.1
41.8
40.9
40.7
43.4
40.8

41.3
41.9
41.2
40.1
43.0
40.3

38.7
39.5
38.2
39.4
38.1
38.9
39.4

39.4
40.1
39.2
39.6
39.7
39.3
39.2

39.3
40.5
39.1
39.5
39.1
39.1
38.7

39.3
40.3
39.2
39.7
39.1
39.1
39.5

39.4
40.2
39.2
39.4
38.8
39.4
39.3

38.7
39.4
38.4
39.1
38.0
38.9
39.4

39.6
40.7
39.3
39.6
38.9
39.7
40.5

40.0
42.2
39.0
40.8
39.4
40.1
41.9

40.2
42.5
40.0
41.3
38.9
40.1
41.9

40.4
42.6
40.0
41.0
39.5
40.2
41.7

40.0
42.0
39.4
40.4
39.6
39.9
40.8

40.1
41.5
39.7
40.2
39.8
40.1
40.9

40.0
41. 4
39.4
40.3
39.7
40.2
41.2

39.9
41.0
39.2
40.4
39.6
40.2
40.9

Average hourly earnings
Instruments and related products--------Engineering & scientific instruments. ..
Mechanical measuring & control devices___________________________
Optical and ophthalmic goods-----------Ophthalmic goods _
__
Medical instruments and supplies____
Photographic equipment and supplies . .
Watches, clocks, and watchcases..

$2.88

$2.85
3.21

$2.84
3.17

$2.82
3.16

$2.81
3.17

$2.79
3.14

$2.79
3.13

$2.78
3.10

$2. 77
3.12

$2.76
3.10

$2.75
3.10

$2. 75
3.09

$2.72
3.06

$2.73
3.09

$2.62
3.02

2.79
2.63

2.77
2.63
2.38
2.48
3.32
2.38

2.78
2.62
2.37
2.46
3.31
2.35

2.81
2.60
2.37
2.45
3.25
2.38

2.78
2.59
2.37
2.44
3.23
2.3C

2. 79
2.57
2.35
2. 43
3.22
2.28

2.78
2.56
2.35
2.43
3.22
2.25

2.79
2. 56
2.38
2.41
3.19
2.2£

2.80
2.55
2.32
2. 40
3.14
2.28

2.79
2.54
2.32
2.39
2.22

2.78
2.50
2.29
2.37
3.15
2.27

2. 77
2.52
2.31
2.36
3.13
2.25

2.74
2.47
2.27
2.34
3.10
2.25

2.75
2. 48
2.27
2.34
3.10
2. 24

2. 64
2.37
2.17
2.26
2.98
2.18

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are...
Toys and sporting goods
Pens, pencils, office and art supplies__
Costume jewelry and notions
Other manufacturing industries______
Musical instruments and parts_____

2.35
2.62

2.34
2.60
2. V
2.29
2. P
2.48
2.54

2.34
2.60
2.12
2.29
2.15
2.49
2.51

2.33
2.60
2.1C
2.28
2.15
2. 48
2.50

2.33
2.61
2.11
2.25
2.16
2. 47
2. 51

2.34
2.60
2.12
2.26

2.33
2.55
2.1Í
2.24
2. V.
2. 47
2.51

2.32
2.54
2.1(
2.23
2.12
2.46
2.49

2.28
2.56
2.0Í
2.21
2.0$
2.44
2.48

2.25
2.57
1.9$
2.19
2.06
2.44
2. 50

2.23
2.54
1.9Í
2.18
2.06
2. 42
2.48

2.23
2.51
1.9$
2.18
2. 06
2 . 41

2.20
2. 47
1.9$
2.15
2.02
2.37
2. 43

2.22
2.47
2.0(
2.15
2.05
2.38
2. 44

2.14
2.33
1.95
2.05
1.96
2.30
2.39

S ee fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.49

2.49

2 .1 5

2. 48
2. 53

3 .1 3

2. 44

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

C -l.

99

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1966

1967

Annual
average

Industry
Aug.2 July 2 June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dee.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Cont inued
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products----------------Meat products. ___________________
Dairy products____________________
Canned, cured, and frozen foods. .
Grain mill products _______________
Bakery products___________________
Sugar
Confectionery and related products___
Beverages________________________
Misc. foods and kindred products_____

$107.38 $108.62 $108.50 $107.18 $105.86 $106.52 $105.18 $106.08 $106.14 $104.90 $104.08 $104.92 $103.34 $103.82
114.96 116.20 115.09 113.83 113.96 112.16 110. 76 115. 64 116.05 114.51 112.44 113.94 107.98 109.74
113.58 116.31 114.38 111.57 110.62 110.62 110.88 110.46 110.56 110.30 109.88 110.50 108.80 109.13
83.66 83. 76 84.52 82.06 84.26 83.11 82. 60 81.87 80.32 82.58 87.34 87.33 83.35
125.49 125.85 120.50 120.39 118.53 120.01 119.14 122.30 123.12 122.94 124.01 124.08 117.97 118.61
108. 68 109. 75 108. 68 107.07 104. 28 104. 67 104. 67 103.49 104.01 104.54 105.99 106.11 106.08 104.38
117.35 122.06 124.64 126.59 127.30 115.53 110.68 111.28 110.11 101.39 119.48 122.09 114.78
95.68 92.34 92.86 91.94 87.85 91.66 90.45 88.80 87.85 88.22 89.06 89.06 89.69 87.34
126.24 128.17 127.26 123.42 123.93 122.91 119.20 117.89 122.36 121.99 120. 07 119.14 119.68 119.60
107. 52 107. 59 107. 78 106. 50 105.16 105. 59 104.17 103.91 105.11 105.35 104.25 104. 55 102.41 102.12

$99.87
107.27
105.08
78.99
113.40
101.40
110.33
83.53
114.09
98.79

82.08 83.16 88.10 81.24 82.14 83.62 82.68 84.97
98.19 103.95 112.47 100.77 105.72 106.23 106.11 105.45
64. 78 64.98 68.02 68.24 66.41 64.61 64.25 65.84

79.21
97.27
63.95

Tobacco manufactures_______________
Cigarettes
Cigars
. . .. __________

86.14

Textile mill products_________________
Weaving mills, cotton______________
Weaving mills, synthetics___________
Weaving and finishing mills, wool____
Narrow fabric mills_________ .'_____
Knitting mills ____________________
Textile finishing, except wool _______
Floor covering mills. . .
_„_ _____
Yarn and thread mills______________
Miscellaneous textile goods__________

83.64
83.43
85.28
92.02
82.42
76.83
90.69
77.68
94.85

90.82 94.41 90.30 91.33 87. 52
111.04 113.98 107.48 110.25 105. 71
64.44 68.81 68.08 66.97 64.80
81.41
81.40
84.46
91.81
80.80
74.11
88.10
88.39
75.01
93.52

82.82
83.42
83.43
91.16
81.81
74.88
94.81
88.19
75.39
94.62

82.22
84.03
84. 25
90.10
81.40
73.72
94.38
87.15
74.24
92.43

81.20
84.23
83.43
87.99
79.40
72.75
93.94
83.43
72.93
92.89

81.20
84.64
82.62
86.73
78.21
72. 56
92.43
82.42
72.91
91.88

80.60
85.04
82.62
86.11
77.82
71.80
90.91
79.39
72. 73
90.98

81.61
86.28
83.84
87. 57
80.15
70.68
90. 27
82.01
74.37
93.44

82.40
87.29
84.84
87.78
81.34
70.88
93.31
83.82
75.48
93.66

83.42
87.29
87.11
85.68
81.16
72.58
92.66
86.88
77.42
96.53

83.40
86.46
86.70
86. 53
82.15
73.51
92.66
86.88
78.35
96.54

83.38
87.06
87.31
87.78
81.90
72.93
91.59
86.68
79.24
96.56

83.36
86.23
89.35
88.60
81.25
72.84
90. 74
85.43
79.00
94.38

82.12
85.54
87.03
87.54
80.26
71.60
91.58
83.36
77.59
93.95

78.17
80.28
83.90
83.69
75.99
68.29
85.85
81.51
73.70
88.83

Average weekly hours
Food and kindred products___________
Meat products_____________________
Dairy products____________________
Canned, cured, and frozen foods............
Grain mill products________________
Bakery products___________________
Sugar
Confectionery and related products___
Beverages.. _____________________
Misc. foods and kindred products_____

41.3
41.5
42.7
45.8
40.4
41.6
41.8
42.0

41.3
41.8
43.4
38.2
46.1
40.8
38.1
39.8
42.3
41.7

41.1
41.4
43.0
37.9
44.3
40.4
39.5
40.2
42.0
42.1

40.6
40.8
42.1
37.9
44.1
40.1
41.0
39.8
40.6
41.6

40.1
40.7
41.9
36.8
43.1
39.5
41.1
38.7
40.9
41.4

40.5
40.2
41.9
38.3
43.8
39.8
41.6
40.2
40.7
41.9

40.3
39.7
42.0
38.3
43.8
39.8
39.7
40.2
40.0
41.5

40.8
41.3
42.0
38.6
44.8
39.5
40.1
40.0
40.1
41.9

41.3
42.2
42.2
38.8
45.1
39.7
42.8
40.3
41.2
42.9

41.3
42.1
42.1
38.8
45.2
39.9
44.4
40.1
40.8
43.0

41.3
41.8
42.1
39.7
46.1
40.3
39.3
40.3
40.7
42.9

41.8
42.2
42.5
41.2
46.3
40.5
41.2
40.3
40.8
42.5

41.5
40.9
42.5
41.0
45.2
40.8
42.1
40.4
41.7
41.8

41.2
41.1
42.3
39.5
45.1
40.3
42.2
39.7
41.1
42.2

41.1
41.1
42.2
39.3
45.0
40.4
42.6
39.4
40.6
42.4

Tobacco manufactures_______________
Cigarettes . .
Cigars

38.8

38.0
39.8
35.6

39.5
41.0
37.6

38.1
38.8
37.2

38.7
39.8
37.0

37.4
38.3
35.8

36.0
36.1
35.4

37.8
38.5
35.9

40.6
41.5
38.0

38.5
37.6
37.7

39.3
39.3
37.1

40.2
39.2
36.5

38.1
39.3
36.3

38.8
39.2
37.2

37.9
37.7
37.4

Textile mill products___ _____________
Weaving mills, cotton______________
Weaving mills, synthetics. _________
Weaving and finishing mills, wool____
Narrow fabrics mills_______________
Knitting mills_____________________
Textile finishing, except wool _______
Floor covering mills
Yarn and thread m ills.. ___________
Miscellaneous textile goods__________

41.0
41.3
41.6
43.0
40.6
39.0
41.6

40.3
40.7
41.4
42.9
40.4
38.2
40.6
42.7
39.9
41.2

40.8
41.5
41.1
42.8
40.7
38.6
42.9
42.4
40.1
41.5

40.5
41.6
41.3
42.5
40.7
38.0
42.9
41.9
39.7
40.9

40.2
41.7
41.1
41.9
40.1
37.5
42.7
40.5
39.0
41.1

40.2
41.9
40.7
41.3
39.5
37.4
42.4
40.4
39.2
41.2

40.1
42.1
40.7
41.2
39.5
37.2
41.7
49.3
39.1
40.8

40.6
42.5
41.3
41.7
41.1
37.2
41.6
40.4
40.2
41.9

41.2
43.0
42.0
42.0
41.5
37.7
43.0
41.7
40.8
42.0

41.5
43.0
42.7
40.8
41.2
38.4
42.7
42.8
41.4
42.9

41.7
42.8
42.5
41.4
41.7
39.1
42.9
42.8
41.9
43.1

41.9
43.1
42.8
42.0
42.0
39.0
42.8
42.7
42.6
43.3

42.1
42.9
43.8
42.8
42.1
39.7
42.6
42.5
42.7
42.9

41.9
43.2
43.3
42.7
41.8
38.7
43.2
42.1
42.4
42.9

41.8
42.7
43.7
42.7
41.3
38.8
42.5
42.9
42.6
42.3

$2.63
2.78
2.68
2.19
2.73
2.69
3.08
2.32
3.03
2. 58

$2. 64
2.78
2.66
2.21
2.72
2.69
3.09
2.31
3.03
2.56

$2.64
2.79
2.65
2.23
2. 73
2. 67
3.04
2.31
3.04
2.56

$2.64
2.80
2.64
2.23
2. 75
2.64
3.08
2.27
3.03
2. 54

$2.63
2.79
2.64
2.20
2.74
2.63
3.06
2.28
3.02
2. 52

$2.61
2.79
2.64
2.17
2.72
2.63
2.91
2.25
2.98
2.51

$2.60
2.80
2.63
2.14
2. 73
2.62
2.76
2.22
2.94
2.48

$2.57
2.75
2.62
2.11
2. 73
2.62
2. 60
2.18
2.97
2.45

$2.54
2.72
2.62
2.07
2.72
2.62
2.48
2. 20
2.99
2.45

$2.52
2.69
2.61
2.08
2.69
2.63
2. 58
2.21
2.95
2.43

$2.51
2.70
2.60
2.12
2.68
2.62
2.90
2.21
2.92
2.46

$2.49
2.64
2.56
2.13
2.61
2.60
2.90
2.22
2.87
2.45

$2.52
2.67
2.58
2.11
2.63
2.59
2.72
2.20
2.91
2.42

$2.43
2.61
2.49

41.1
41.6

Average hourly earnings
F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s ____________
M e at p r o d u c t s ____________ ___________
D a ir y p r o d u c t s ...............................................
C a n n e d , c u r e d , a n d frozen fo o d s _____
G r a in m ill p r o d u c t s ........ ......................
B a k e r y p r o d u c ts ____________ _________
Sugar___............................................ .................
C o n fe c tio n e r y a n d r e la te d p r o d u c t s ..
B e v e r a g e s _________________ __________ _
M isc. food s a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s ____

$2.60
2. 77
2.66

T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s ..................... .............
C ig a r e tte s ------ ---------------------- --------------C ig a r s ______ ____ _______ _________ _____

2.22

2.39
2.79
1.81

2.39
2.78
1.83

2.37
2.77
1.83

2.36
2.77
1.81

2.34
2.76
1.81

2.28
2. 72
1.83

2.20
2. 70
1.81

2.17
2.71
1.79

2.11
2.68
1.81

2.09
2.69
1.79

2.08
2.71
1.77

2.17
2.70
1.77

2.19
2.69
1.77

2.09
2.58
1.71

T e x t ile m il l p r o d u c t s ......................................
W e a v in g m ills , c o t t o n ____ ______ _____
W e a v in g m ills , s y n t h e t i c s ____________
W ea v in g a n d fin is h in g m ills , w o o l----N a r r o w fab ric m il ls .......................................
K n it t in g m i l l s _______ _______ ______ _
T e x t ile fin is h in g , e x c e p t w o o l________
F lo o r c o v e r in g m i l l s __________ ______ _
Y a r n an d th r e a d m i l l s . ........................... ..
M isc e lla n e o u s te x tile g o o d s ___________

2.04
2.02
2.05
2.14
2.03
1.97
2.18

2.02
2.00
2.04
2.14
2.00
1.94
2.17
2.07
1.88
2.27

2.03
2.01
2.03
2.13
2.01
1.94
2.21
2.08
1.88
2.28

2.03
2.02
2.04
2.12
2.00
1.94
2.20
2.08
1.87
2.26

2.02
2.02
2.03
2.10
1.98
1.94
2.20
2.06
1.87
2.26

2.02
2.02
2.03
2.10
1.98
1.94
2.18
2.04
1.86
2.23

2.01
2. 02
2.03
2.09
1.97
1.93
2.18
2.02
1.86
2.23

2.01
2.03
2.03
2.10
1.95
1.90
2.17
2.03
1.85
2.23

2.00
2.03
2. 02
2. 09
1.96
1.88
2.17
2.01
1.85
2. 23

2.01
2.03
2.04
2.10
1.97
1.89
2.17
2.03
1.87
2.25

2.00
2.02
2.04
2.09
1.97
1.88
2.16
2.03
1.87
2.24

1.99
2.02
2.04
2.09
1.95
1.87
2.14
2.03
1.86
2.23

1.98
2.01
2.04
2.07
1.93
1.86
2.13
2.01
1.85
2.20

1.96
1.98
2.01
2.05
1.92
1.85
2.12
1.98
1.83
2.19

1.87

S ee fo o t n o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.74
2.69
2.30
3.02
2. 56

1.89
2.28

2.01

2.52
2.51
2.59
2.12

2.81
2.33

1.88

1.92
1.96
1.84
1.76
2.02

1.90
1.73
2.10

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

100
T able

C -l.

Gross hours and earnings

of

production workers,1 by industry—Continued

1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
A ug.2 July 2 June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Apparel and other textile products .. . . . $73.49 $72.32 $72.52 $71.80 $72.16 $71.80 $71.04 $70.40 $69.87 $70.25 $70. 64 $67.83 $70. 30 $68.80 $66. 61
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats______ 89.62 85.31 88. 67 88. 22 87. 75 87.00 85.70 88.09 87.78 86.94 87.17 84.83 87.19 85. 79 81.86
Men’s and boys’ furnishings . . ____
63.32 63.66 62. 78 62.97 62.80 63.15 61.42 61.34 60.64 59.68 59.36 60.10 59.15 57. 90
Women’s and misses’ outerwear___ _
76.81 74.58 74.43 75.99 75.77 74.21 72.08 71.02 71.32 72.42 68.55 73.43 71.34 68.68
Women’s and children’s undergarments. 67.51 66.25 65.88 65.70 65. 51 65.70 64.98 63.89 63.70 65.98 66.12 64.18 64.09 63.10 60.19
Hats, caps, and millinery________ _ .
75.76 72.62 68.75 69.58 71.75 75.90 74.16 72.27 70.62 72.69 67.86 75.38 71.18 70.08
Children’s outerwear__ _ . . . .
66. 72 66.91 67.49 66.01 65.08 64.40 65.14 64.62 62. 66 62.48 62.48 59.86 63.86 62.99 60.79
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel .
78.18 77.83 78.12 76.96 75.75 75.18 74.57 76.34 77.91 78. 58 72.92 74.97 74.70 71.18
77.93
Mise, fabricated textile products*_____
74.91 78.00 78.83 76.84 77.25 75.85 77.29 79.15 79. 54 81.56 77. 55 76.81 76. 02 74.11
Paper and allied products__ __________
Paper and pulp m ills.. . . .
Paperboard mills______
______
Mise, converted paper products... ..
Paperboard containers and boxes_____

124.56 123. 69
141.64 141.96
143.68
107. 07 107.64
112.94 109. 71

122.41
139. 67
141.88
106.30
110.88

120.28
137.64
136.22
104.86
108.47

119. 00
136.40
137.28
103.38
107. 01

119. 71
136.89
139. 78
105.22
107.38

119.14
136.75
137.90
104. 55
105.41

119.84
137.20
138.08
106.08
107.07

120.81
138.12
138. 57
105.84
109.65

121.80
139. 05
140.43
105.84
110.33

121.37
138.43
139.05
104.75
111. 11

121.92
138.29
138.91
106.17
111.89

120. 77
137.39
138.12
104. 66
109.82

119.35
135.30
138.62
104.16
108.63

114.22
128.16
132.14
99.42
104.23

. . . _____
Printing and publishing___
Newspapers___________________ ._
Periodicals____ _____ _ ___
Books___ _____
_____ _________
Commercial printing
.
. _
Blankbooks and bookbinding____ . . .
Other publishing & printing ind ..

125.90 125. 24
129. 60 128. 52
138.17
112.40
130.35 129.30
96.11 94.75
127.44 125.68

124.86
129.95
133.12
112.16
128.58
96.64
125.68

124.86
129.60
130.42
115. 65
127. 59
98.16
126.34

124.03
127.44
130. 02
114. 26
127.47
97. 78
125.18

125. 06
126. 71
130.87
115.51
129.17
96. 75
127. 71

123.33
125. 65
129.81
113.71
126.75
93.99
128.43

123.97
124.95
129.63
115.09
127. 26
96.36
128.64

125.90
131.33
132.20
114. 54
128.08
96.72
127.14

124.87
129.55
133.72
115.08
128.16
96.33
125.32

125. 51
128.47
136. 78
115.93
129. 52
96.92
126.10

125.51
127.75
139.78
117.04
129.44
95.31
127. 20

123. 24
125.90
133. 66
115.78
127. 20
94.23
124.94

122. 61
125. 24
130. 65
114.53
126. 56
95.16
124.94

118.12
119.85
126.23
110.68
120.96
91.57
120.90

Average weekly hours
35.8
36.3
36.6
34.6
36.4
36.6
35.4
35.7
36.9

35.9
37.1
36.8
33.9
36.2
35.6
35.9
35.7
37.5

35.9
37.7
36.5
34.3
35.9
34.9
35.3
36.0
37.9

35.9
37.5
36.4
34.7
35.8
35.5
34.8
36.3
37.3

35.9
37.5
36.3
34.6
36.1
35.0
35.0
35.9
37.5

35.7
37.1
36.5
34.2
35.9
35.8
35.4
35.8
37.0

36.1
38.3
37.0
34.0
36.3
36.0
36.1
36.2
37.7

36.2
38.5
37.4
33.5
36.4
36.5
35.4
36.7
38.8

36.4
38.3
37.2
33.8
37.7
36.4
35.7
37.1
38.8

36.6
38.4
37.3
34.0
38.0
36.9
35.7
37.6
39.4

35.7
37.7
37.1
32.8
37.1
34.8
34.4
36.1
38.2

37.0
39.1
37.8
34.8
37.7
37.5
36.7
37.3
38.6

36.4
38.3
37.2
34.3
36.9
36.5
36.2
36.8
38.2

36.4
37.9
37.6
34.0
36.7
36.5
36.4
36.5
38.4

42.8
44.5
44.9
41.4
41.4

42.8
44.2
44.9
41.2
42.0

42.5
44.4
43.8
40.8
41.4

42.2
44.0
44.0
40.7
41.0

42.6
44.3
44.8
41.1
41.3

42.4
44.4
44.2
41.0
40.7

42.8
44.4
44.4
41.6
41.5

43.3
44.7
44.7
42.0
42.5

43.5
45.0
45.3
42.0
42.6

43.5
44.8
45.0
41.9
42.9

43.7
44.9
45.1
42.3
43.2

43.6
44.9
44.7
42.2
42.9

43.4
44.8
45.3
42.0
42.6

43.1
44.5
45.1
41.6
42.2

39.5
38.6

38.3
36.0
40.4
40.0
39.3
37.9

38.3
36.3
39.5
40.2
39.2
38.5

38.3
36.2
38.7
41.6
38.9
38.8

38.4
36.0
39.4
41.4
39.1
38.8

38.6
36.1
39.3
41.7
39.5
38.7

38.3
35.9
39.1
41.2
39.0
37.9

38.5
35.7
39.4
41.4
39.4
38.7

39.1
37.1
39.7
41.2
39.9
39.0

38.9
36.7
40.4
41.1
39.8
39.0

39.1
36.6
41.2
41.7
40.1
39.4

39.1
36.5
41.6
41.8
40.2
38.9

39.0
36.6
41.0
42.1
40.0
39.1

38.8
36.3
40.2
41.8
39.8
39.0

38.6
36.1
40.2
41.3
39.4
38.8

3 8 .5

3 8 .2

3 8 .2

3 8 .4

3 8 .4

3 8 .7

3 8 .8

39 .1

3 9 .0

3 8 .8

3 8 .8

3 8 .9

3 8 .8

3 8 .8

3 9 .0

Apparel and other textile products.___
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats______
Men’s and boys’ furnishings
Women’s and misses’ outerwear
Women’s and children’s undergarments.
Hats, caps, and millinery ____ __
Children’s outerwear... I . . . . . .
_ .
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel .
Mise, fabricated textile products'._____

$2.0 3
2 .4 0

$2 .0 2
2.3 5
1.73
2 .2 2
1.8 2
2.0 7
1.89
2.1 9
2 .0 3

$2.0 2
2.3 9
1.73
2 .2 0
1.8 2
2.0 4
1.88
2.18
2 .0 8

$2 .0 0
2.34
1.72
2.1 7
1.83
1.97
1.87
2.17
2.0 8

$2. 01
2.3 4
1.73
2.1 9
1.83
1.9 6
1.87
2 .1 2
2 .0 6

$2 .0 0
2 .3 2
1.73
2.1 9
1.8 2
2.0 5
1.84
2.11
2 .0 6

$ 1.99
2.31
1.73
2.1 7
1.81
2 .1 2
1.84
2 .1 0
2.0 5

$ 1.95
2 .3 0
1.6 6
2 .1 2
1.7 6
2 .0 6
1.79
2 .0 6
2 .0 5

$1.93
2.2 8
1.6 4
2 .1 2
1.75
1.98
1.77
2 .0 8
2.0 4

$1.93
2.27
1.6 3
2.1 1
1.75
1.94
1.75
2 .1 0
2. 05

$1.93
2.27
1. 60
2.1 3
1.74
1.97
1.75
2.0 9
2.0 7

$ 1.90
2. 25
1 .6 0
2.0 9
1.73
1.95
1.74
2 .0 2
2 .0 3

$1.9 0
2.2 3
1.59
2.11
1.7 0
2.01
1.74
2.01
1.99

$1.89
2.2 4
1.59
2 .0 8
1.71
1.95
1.74
2.0 3
1.9 9

$1.83
2 .1 6
1.5 4
2 .0 2
1.6 4
1.92
1.67
1.95
1.93

Paper and allied products.. . . .. .........
Paper and pulp mills___ . . . ______
Paperboard mills
Mise, converted paper products..
Paperboard containers and boxes.........

2.8 9
3 .1 9

2.8 9
3 .1 9
3 .2 0
2 .6 0
2.6 5

2 .8 6
3 .1 6
3 .1 6
2.5 8
2 .6 4

2.8 3
3 .1 0
3.1 1
2.57
2.6 2

2 .8 2
3 .1 0
3 .1 2
2. 54
2. 61

2.81
3 .0 9
3 .1 2
2. 56
2 .6 0

2.81
3 .0 8
3 .1 2
2.5 5
2. 59

2 .8 0
3 .0 9
3.1 1
2.5 5
2.5 8

2.7 9
3 .0 9
3 .1 0
2 .5 2
2.5 8

2 .8 0
3 .0 9
3 .1 0
2 .5 2
2.5 9

2 .7 9
3 .0 9
3 .0 9
2. 50
2 .5 9

2.7 9
3 .0 8
3 .0 8
2.51
2.'i59

2.7 7
3 .0 6
3 .0 9
2.4 8
2. 56

2.7 5
3 .0 2
3 .0 6
2.4 8
2.5 5

2 .6 5
2 .8 8
2.9 3
2.3 9
2.47

Printing and publishing______ ______
Newspapers__ ._ __ . . . . . . . . . .
Periodicals.
.
_____ __________
Books
Commercial printing
. ______ .
Blankbooks and book b in d in g...----Other publishing & printing ind ___

3 .2 7
3 .5 9

3 .2 7
3.5 7
3 .4 2
2.81
3 .2 9
2 .5 0
3 .2 9

3 .2 6
3 .5 8
3.3 7
2.7 9
3 .2 8
2.51
3 .2 9

3. 26
3 .5 8
3 .3 7
2.7 8
3 .2 8
2.5 3
3 .2 9

3 .2 3
3 .5 4
3 .3 0
2 .7 6
3. 26
2 .5 2
3 .2 6

3 .2 4
3.51
3 .3 3
2.7 7
3 .2 7
2. 50
3 .3 0

3 .2 2
3 .5 0
3 .3 2
2 .7 6
3 .2 5
2.4 8
3.3 1

3 .2 2
3 .5 0
3 .2 9
2 .7 8
3 .2 3
2.4 9
3 .2 9

3 .2 2
3. 54
3 .3 3
2.7 8
3. 21
2.4 8
3 .2 6

3.2 1
3.5 3
3.31
2 .8 0
3 .2 2
2.47
3 .2 3

3 .2 1
3. 51
3 .3 2
2 .7 8
3 .2 3
2 .4 6
3 .2 5

3.2 1
3 .5 0
3 .3 6
2 .8 0
3 .2 2
2.4 5
3 .2 7

3 .1 6
3 .4 4
3 .2 6
2. 75
3 .1 8
2.41
3. 22

3 .1 6
3 .4 5
3 .2 5
2.7 4
3 .1 8
2.4 4
3 .2 2

3 .0 6
3 .3 2
3 .1 4
2.6 8
3 .0 7
2 .3 6
3 .1 0

Apparel and other textile products_____
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats. ___
Men’s and boys’ furnishings_________
Women’s and misses’ outerwear.. . . .
Women’s and children’s undergarments.
Hats, caps, and millinery..
Children’s outerwear...I_____ . . . . . .
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel..
Misc7 fabricated textile products’. _____

36.2
37.3
37.3
35.3
38.2

Paper and allied products . . . . . .............
Paper and pulp mills__
Paperboard mills.
Mise, converted paper products______
Paperboard containers and boxes........

43.1
44.4

Printing and publishing. _
____
Newspapers_______
. ___
Periodicals
Books___ _______ _________________
Commercial printing
...
___ _
Blankbooks and bookbinding.. ..
Other publishing & printing ind . . . . .

38.5
36.1

41.5
42.3

Average hourly earnings

S ee f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.81
1.89
2 .0 4

2. 58
2.6 7

3 .3 0
2.4 9
3.3 1

101

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
Aug.2 July

2

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
N ondurable goods— Continued

Chemicals and allied products_________
Industrial chemicals. . . . .
Plastics materials and synthetics........
_______ _ _________
Drugs___
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods______
Paints and allied products . _____ __
Agricultural chemicals___ . . . . . .
Other chemical products.

$129. 58 $129.90 $128.65 $127.10 $127. 49 $126.88 $125. 25 $126.16 $127. 68 $127.98 $127.56 $127.14 $125.70 $125.16 $121.09
144. 97 143. 72 142.12 142.8C 142. 04 140.19 141. 20 143. 65 145.09 143. 65 142. 04 140.19 140.86 136. 08
129.16 129.89 128.63 126. 46 125.33 125.33 123.19 123.07 126. 78 126. 48 125.88 125.33 125.63 125.08 120. 70
115. 66 114. 57 114.97 115. 26 118.08 118. 24 117.96 117. 55 117.01 116.18 115.49 113.96 110.95 113. 02 107.04
125.87 126. 07 124.34 125.05 123.32 122. 61 122.10 122.29 120.83 122. 06 122.35 122.35 122.93 119.94 113.15
121. 72 121. 60 122. 47 120.60 117. 91 117. 50 115. 66 116.81 118. 24 118. 40 118. 24 119.83 118.58 118.01 113.15
108.09 110. 40 107.19 105. 40 112. 70 109.31 105. 40 107. 75 106.32 104.90 106. 70 105. 58 103.81 105. 27 100. 69
123.49 123.00 123.37 121.13 122.43 121.84 119.95 120.30 123. 77 122. 47 122. 22 123.97 121.09 119.97 116. 48

Petroleum and coal products___ ______ 151.30 156. 24 152. 72 153.58 153.15 150.94 147.97 144.90 145.67 146. 70 145.01 146.80 142. 72 144. 58 138. 42
Petroleum refining
. .
163. 07 159. 47 161. 41 161.36 159.38 156.19 151.94 152.82 154.34 150.12 152.04 148. 57 151.56 145.05
Other petroleum and coal products...^. 134. 54 134. 23 131. 24 126. 58 123. 41 117. 04 114. 90 116. 05 118.02 119.85 127.84 130. 42 123.48 120.22 115.90
Rubber and plastics products, nec . . 113.16 105. 06 109.03 107. 57 110.30 110.16 109.35 112.19 113.13 113. 67 113.94 114. 21 111.72 112.14 109.62
Tires and inner tubes.. ___ . . . .
142.60 164. 94 162. 50 154. 45 154. 76 154.03 161.62 165.10 165.17 166.66 165.99 163. 02 163.39 158. 06
Other rubber products..
. . . . __
104.54 107.3G 105.18 106. 66 106.52 105.73 108. 09 110. 09 110. 62 110.62 110. 72 107.33 107. 74 103.82
Miscellaneous plastics products___ . . . 95.18 95. 51 96.29 94.94 94. 71 94. 54 93.43 94.37 94.30 94.35 95.45 95.68 93. 52 94.39 92.77
Leather and leather products.. ___ .. 81.12 79.95 79.28 77. 04 75.19 75. 65 76.13 77.20 76.63 76.03 74.68 74.09 75.85 74.88
Leather tanning and finishing_______ 104. 94 102.96 107.45 107. 57 104. 66 103. 20 101.65 102. 66 104.19 104. 23 103. 53 101.85 100.19 101. 75
Footwear, except rubber__ _ ___
78.98 77.81 76.20 74.00 71.64 72. 44 73.68 75.08 73. 92 72.39 70.88 71.25 73.32 71.81
Other leather products. . . _______
78.54 77.14 76. 73 74. 57 73. 77 75.35 73.80 74.86 74.87 76. 05 75.08 71.62 73.71 73.15
Handbags and personal leather goods _.
73.70 72.89 70.79 70.40 70.36 70.59 71.05 69.19 72.20 71.82 66. 22 70.49 69.38

71.82
97.99
68.80
70.49
67.86

Average weekly hours
Chemicals and allied products____
Industrial chemicals_____ . _ . . .
Plastics materials and synthetics.......
Drugs___ ____ _ . . . ._ _ _ ____
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods_____
Paints and allied products.. .. .........
Agricultural chemicals______________
Other chemical products_____ ______

41.4
41.8
40.3
41.0
41.4
41.1
41.3

Petroleum and coal products___ _____
Petroleum refining. . ..
_ _
Other petroleum and coal products.......

42.5

Rubber and plastics products, nec______
Tires and inner tubes_____ ____ ..
Other rubber products.
Miscellaneous plastics products______

41.3

45.3

40.5

41.5
41.9
41.9
40.2
40.8
41.5
42.3
41.0

41.5
41.9
41.9
40.2
40.9
41.8
42.2
41.4

41.4
41.8
41.6
40.3
41.0
41.3
42.5
41.2

41.8
42.0
41.5
41.0
40.7
40.8
46.0
41.5

41.6
41.9
41.5
41.2
40.6
40.8
44.8
41.3

41.2
41.6
41.2
41.1
40.7
40.3
42.5
40.8

41.5
41.9
41.3
41.1
40.9
40.7
43.1
41.2

42.0
42.5
42.4
41.2
41.1
41.2
42.7
42.1

42.1
42.8
42.3
41.2
41.8
41.4
42.3
41.8

42.1
42.5
42.1
41.1
41.9
41.2
43.2
42.0

42.1
42.4
42.2
40.7
41.9
41.9
42.4
42.6

41.9
42.1
42.3
40. 2
42.1
41.9
42. 2
41.9

42.0
42.3
42.4
40.8
41.5
41.7
43.5
41.8

41.9
42.0
42.5
40.7
40.7
41.6
43.4
41.9

43.4
42.8
45.5

42.9
42.3
45.1

42.9
42.7
43.8

42.9
42.8
43.3

42.4
42.5
41.8

41.8
42.1
40.6

41.4
41. 4
41.3

42.1
42.1
42.0

42.4
42.4
42.5

42.4
41.7
44.7

42.8
42.0
45.6

42.1
41.5
44.1

42.4
42.1
43.4

42.2
41.8
43.9

40.1
39.5
39.9
40.3

41.3
44.7
40.8
40.8

40.9
44.4
40.3
40.4

40.7
42. 2
40. 4
40.3

40.8
42.4
40. 5
40.4

40.5
42. 2
40. 2
40.1

41.4
43.8
41.1
40.5

41.9
44.5
41.7
41.0

42.1
44. 4
41.9
41.2

42.2
44.8
41.9
41.5

42.3
44.5
42.1
41.6

42.0
44.3
41.6
41.2

42.0
44.4
41.6
41.4

42.0
44.4
41.2
41.6

37.5
39.4
37.4
36.9
36.2

38.6
40.1
38.7
38.0
37.2

38.7
40.7
38.7
38.2
37.0

38.4
40.4
37.9
39.0
38.0

38.1
40.6
37.5
38.7
37.8

37.8
40.1
37.7
37.3
35.6

39.1
40. 4
39.0
39.0
38.1

38.6
40.7
38.4
38.3
37.5

38.2
41.0
37.8
38.1
37.7

Leather and leather products___
Leather tanning and finishing... . . . _
Footwear, except rubber_____ ____
Other leather products. . ..
Handbags and personal leather goods..

39.0
39.9
39.1
38.5

39.0
39.6
39.3
38.0
37.6

38.3
40.7
38.1
37.8
37.0

37.4
40.9
37.0
37.1
36.3

36.5
40.1
36.0
36.7
36.1

36.9
40.0
36.4
37.3
35.9

Chemicals and allied products_________
Industrial chemicals_____ _ _______
Plastics materials and synthetics_____
Drugs______ ___________ _______
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods. . . .
Paints and allied products__________
Agricultural chemicals. . . . . . .
Other chemical products.___ ______

$3.13

$3.13
3.46
3.10
2.85
3.09
2.93
2.61
3.00

$3.10
3. 43
3.07
2.86
3.04
2.93
2. 54
2.98

$3. 07
3.40
3.04
2. 86
3.05
2.92
2.48
2.94

$3.05
3.40
3.02
2.88
3.03
2.89
2. 45
2. 95

$3.05
3.39
3.02
2.87
3. 02
2.88
2. 44
2.95

$3.04
3.37
2.99
2.87
3.00
2.87
2.48
2. 94

$3.04
3.37
2.98
2.86
2.99
2.87
2.50
2.92

$3.04
3.38
2.99
2.84
2.94
2.87
2.49
2.94

$3.04
3.39
2.99
2.82
2.92
2.86
2.48
2.93

$3.03
3.38
2.99
2.81
2.92
2.87
2.47
2.91

$3.02
3.35
2.97
2.80
2.92
2.86
2.49
2.91

$3.00
3.33
2.97
2.76
2.92
2.83
2.46
2.89

$2.98
3.33
2.95
2.77
2.89
2.83
2. 42
2.87

$2.89
3. 24
2.84
2.63
2.78
2.72
2.32
2.78

Petroleum and coal products... . . . ..
Petroleum refining.
Other petroleum and coal products___

3. 56

3.60
3.81
2.95

3. 56
3. 77
2.91

3.58
3.78
2.89

3. 57
3. 77
2.85

3.56
3. 75
2.80

3. 54
3. 71
2.83

3.50
3. 67
2.81

3.46
3.63
2.81

3. 46
3. 64
2.82

3. 42
3.60
2.86

3.43
3.62
2.86

3.39
3. 58
2.80

3.41
3.60
2. 77

3.28
3.47
2.64

Rubber and plastics products, nec_____
Tires and inner tubes
. . .
Other rubber products__
...
Miscellaneous plastics products.............

2. 74

2.62
3. 61
2.62
2.37

2.64
3. 69
2.63
2.36

2.63
3.66
2.61
2.35

2. 71
3. 66
2. 64
2.35

2. 70
3. 65
2.63
2.34

2.70
3. 65
2. 63
2.33

2.71
3. 69
2.63
2.33

2.70
3. 71
2.64
2.30

2.70
3.72
2.64
2.29

2.70
3. 72
2.64
2.30

2.70
3.73
2.63
2.30

2.66
3.68
2.58
2.27

2.67
3.68
2.59
2.28

2.61
3. 56
2.52
2.23

Leather and leather products_______ ._
Leather tanning and finishing.._ ._ ..
Footwear, except rubber____ ______
Other leather products.. . . .
...
Handbags and personal leather goods .

2.08
2.63
2. 02
2. 04

2.05
2.60
1.98
2.03
1.96

2.07
2.64
2.00
2.03
1.97

2.06
2.63
2.00
2.01
1.95

2.06
2.61
1.99
2.01
1.95

2.05
2.58
1.99
2.02
1.96

2.03
2. 58
1.97
2.00
1.95

2.00
2. 56
1.94
1.97
1.91

1.98
2.56
1.91
1.96
1.87

1.98
2.58
1.91
1.95
1.90

1.96
2.55
1.89
1.94
1.90

1.96
2. 54
1.89
1.92
1.86

1.94
2.48
1.88
1.89
1.85

1.94
2. 50
1.87
1.91
1.85

1.88
2.39
1.82
1.85
1.80

Average hourly earnings

S e e fo o t n o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3.09
2.87
3.07
2.94
2.63
2.99

2.97

2.35

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

102
T able

C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Annual
average

1966

1967
Industry
Aug.2 July 2 June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads 3_________________
Local and suburban transportation........
Intercity highway transportation_____
Trucking and warehousing__ *----------Public warehousing_________ _____
Pipe line transportation_____________
Communication------ -----------------------Telephone communication-------------Telegraph communication 4________
Radio and television broadcasting----Electric, gas, and sanitary services------Electric companies and systems..........
Gas companies and systems------------Combination companies and systems _
Water, steam, & sanitary systems------

$119. 28 $117. 32 $117. 73 $114.11
153. 72 150.34 146.03 144. 57
141.19 141. 34 136. 27 121.86
101.85 101. 66 99.15 101 . 81
159. 83 155. 77 159. 08 166. 53
120. 50 119. 59 117. 69 117. 90
114.34 113.87 112. 03 112 . 22
136. 71 135.14 133.90 128. 23
157.19 154. 81 154. 45 154. 01
142.76 142.00 140. 49 140. 83
146. 72 145. 95 144. 07 143. 59
130. 65 128. 88 129. 43 129. 20
153.35 153. 77 151. 89 152.94
114.49 113. 52 113.12 113. 27

$138. 53 $143. 77 $137. 49 $137. 22 $137. 90 $132.99 $135.96 $136.34 $135. 65 $130.80
113. 70 112 . 88 112.74 112.71 114.33 115.13 112. 41 113.48 112.36 108. 20
136.12 142.43 145. 29 143. 22 145. 53 142. 46 151.01 160.32 144. 95 133. 72
135.11 • 134. 60 132.80 137. 82 136.85 138.14 138. 78 136. 63 135.15 130. 48
97.71 98. 40 97. 61 99.12 98.18 96.82 98.33 98.71 96. 80 93. 50
155. 80 157.38 161. 66 154. 34 152. 31 152. 25 152. 77 148.37 151. 29 145. 85
117. 00 120.10 118. 01 120.40 122. 54 119. 54 119. 43 117. 62 118. 55 114. 62
111.36 114. 62 112.97 115. 31 117. 03 114. 24 114.11 112.33 113. 27 109.08
128. 35 131. 07 128. 35 128. 53 127. 62 130.16 131. 94 131.37 128. 01 122. 55
153. 65 154.42 152. 05 154. 41 158.36 154. 77 152.82 149. 27 151. 24 147. 63
139. 59 141.86 139.18 140.11 140. 53 141. 20 137.86 136. 95 136.95 131. 24
143. 24 143. 87 141. 52 142. 20 142.96 142.54 139. 93 140. 03 139. 70 133.31
128. 02 128. 52 129. 78 128. 33 129. 90 131.36 128. 03 124. 64 125. 77 120.83
151.37 156.14 150. 75 154. 28 152. 52 154. 40 149.82 148. 93 149. 70 143. 79
111.91 113.42 112 . 06 111.79 112.89 111.52 111. 24 109. 74 110. 42 105.16
Average weekly hours

Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads 3________________
Local and suburban transportation___
Intercity highway transportation____
Trucking and warehousing__________
Public warehousing______________
Pipeline transportation_____________
Communication___________________
Telephone communication________
Telegraph communication 4________
Radio and television broadcasting__
Electric, gas, and sanitary services----Electric companies and systems____
Gas companies and systems_______
Combination companies and systems
Water, steam, & sanitary systems___

42.6
43.3
42.4
40.1
41.3
39.9
39.7
43.4
40.1
41.5
41.8
40.7
41.9
40.6

42.2
43.2
42.7
40.5
41.1
39.6
39.4
42.9
39.9
41.4
41.7
40.4
41.9
40.4

42.5
42.7
41.8
39.5
41.0
39.1
38.9
43.9
39.5
41.2
41.4
40.7
41.5
40.4

41.8
42.9
38.2
40.4
42.7
39.3
39.1
42.6
39.9
41.3
41.5
40.5
41.9
40.6

43.7
41.8
41.0
41.7
39.4
41,0
39.0
38.8
42.5
39.6
41.3
41.4
40.9
41.7
40.4

44.1
41.5
42.9
41.8
40.0
41.2
39.9
39.8
43.4
39.8
41,6
41.7
40.8
42.2
40.8

43.1
41.6
43.5
41.5
40.5
42.1
39.6
39.5
42.5
39.7
41.3
41.5
41. 2
41.3
40.6

43.7
41.9
43.4
42.8
41.3
41.6
40.0
39.9
42.7
39.9
41.7
41.7
41.0
42.5
40.8

44.2
42.5
44.1
42.5
41.6
41.5
41.4
41.5
42.4
40.5
41.7
41.8
41.5
41.9
41.2

42.9
42.8
43.3
42.9
41.2
40.6
40.8
40.8
43.1
40.2
41.9
41.8
41.7
42.3
41.0

44.0
42.1
45.9
43.1
40.8
41.4
40.9
40.9
43.4
39.9
41.4
41.4
41.3
41.5
41.2

44.7
42.5
48.0
43.1
41.3
41.1
40.7
40.7
43.5
39.7
41.5
41.8
41.0
41.6
41.1

43.9
42.4
44.6
42.5
40.5
41.0
40.6
40.6
43.1
39.8
41.5
41.7
41.1
41.7
41.2

43.6
42.1
43.7
42.5
40.3
41.2
40.5
40.4
43.0
39.9
41.4
41.4
41.1
41.8
41.4

$3.12
2.69
3.30
3. 22
2.36
3.67
2. 96
2.82
3. 01
3.91
3.37
3.42
3.13
3.64
2.74

$3.10
2.69
3.29
3. 22
2. 35
3.75
2.93
2 . 80
3.02
3.85
3.37
3. 41
3.15
3.65
2. 72

$3. 09
2.67
3.29
3. 22
2.41
3.69
2. 92
2.79
3.04
3.83
3.33
3.38
3.10
3. 61
2. 70

$3. 05
2.67
3.34
3.17
2.39
3. 61
2.89
2. 76
3.02
3.76
3.30
3.35
3.04
3.58
2.67

$3.09
2. 65
3. 25
3.18
2.39
3.69
2. 92
2.79
2.97
3. 80
3.30
3.35
3. 06
3.59

$3.00
2.57
3. 06
3.07
2.32
3. 54
2.83
2. 70
2.85
3. 70
3.17
3. 22
2.94
3. 44
2.54

Average hourly earnings
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads3____________
Local and suburban transportation___
Intercity highway transportation____
Trucking and warehousing_____ ____ _
Public warehousing______________
Pipeline transportation_____________
Communication________ ______ ____
Telephone communication________
Telegraph communication 4________
Radio and television broadcasting__
Electric, gas, and sanitary services----Electric companies and systems____
Gas companies and systems_______
Combination companies and systems
Water, steam, & sanitary systems___
S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2. 78
3.48
3.31
2. 51
3. 79
3.02
2.89
2.88
3.15
3.15
3. 92 3.88
3.44
3.43
3. 50
3. 51
3.19
3. 21
3. 66 3. 67
2.81
2.82

$2. 80
3. 55
3.33
2. 54
3. 87
3. 02

$2. 73
3. 37
3.19
2. 52
3.90
3.00
2.87
2 .8 8
3. 05 3.01
3.86
3.91
3.41
3.41
3.48
3. 46
3.18
3.19
3. 66 3. 65
2. 79
2.80

$2. 77
3. 42
3. 26
2. 51
3.88
3. 01

$3.17
2. 72
3.32
3.24
2. 48
3. 80
3. 00
2.87
3. 02
3.88
3.38
3.46
3.13
3.63
2. 77

$3. 26
2.72
3.32
3. 22
2.46
3.82
3.01
2 . 88
3. 02
3.88
3.41
3. 45
3.15
3. 70
2. 78

$3.19
2. 71
3.34
3.20
2.41
3.84
2.98
2 .8 6

3.02
3.83
3.37
3. 41
3.15
3.65
2.76

$3.14
2. 69
3.30
3. 22
2.40
3.71
3.01
2.89
3.01
3.87
3.36
3. 41
3.13
3.63
2. 74

2.68

103

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1967

1966

A nnual
a v er a g e

In d u stry
A u g . 2 J u ly 2

June

M ay

A pr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

D ec.

N ov.

O ct.

S e p t.

A ug.

1966

1965

A v e r a g e w e e k ly ea r n in g s
W h olesale a n d r e ta il tra d e _
___ $84. 00 $84.15
W h olesale t r a d e ..
. . .
116. 64 117.33
M otor v e h ic le s & a u to m o tiv e e q u ip ­
107. 23
m e n t _____
D r u g s , c h e m ic a ls , a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts
120.90
114. 00
D r y go o d s a n d a p p a r e l...
___ .
111.76
G roceries a n d re la te d p r o d u c ts . . .
E le c tr ic a l g o o d s . . . .
.....
129.25
H a r d w a r e , p lu m b in g & h e a tin g e q u ip ­
m en t
111.78
M a c h in e r y , e q u ip m e n t, a n d s u p p lie s . _. —
129.83
115. 20
M isc e lla n e o u s w h o le s a le r s.
R e t a il tra d e .
73.00
73.16
R e t a il g en er a l m e r c h a n d is e
66.05
D e p a r t m e n t sto res
. .
70.10
M a il ord er h o u s e s . .
.
. _
76.8 2
51.51
V a r ie ty s t o r e s ..
F o o d stores .
.
_
...
__
77. 70
G r o cery , m e a t, a n d v e g e ta b le sto res
78.98
63.65
A p p a r e l a n d a cc esso ry s to r e s . .
M e n ’s & b o y s ’ c lo th in g & fu r n is h in g s .
76.60
W o m e n ’s re a d y -to -w e a r sto res
58.10
61.5 2
F a m ily c lo th in g s to r e s _________ _____
....
..
S h o e sto res . _________
64.68

$82.80 $81.09 $80.73 $80.59 $80. 22 $80.30
116.64 115. 66 115. 26 114. 74 114.05 114.09

$79.92
114.52

$79. 57 $79.86 $79. 55 $80. 73 $79.02
113. 27 112. 74 112.33 111. 38 111.38

$76.53
106.49

107.38 106.97
117.90 117.51
112. 48 112. 05
108. 79 106.92
129. 63 129. 20

107.23 105.32
118. 59 117.51
112.48 111.81
106. 25 105. 73
129. 20 132.98

106.17
117. 27
109.16
104.39
136.95

105. 66 105. 41 106. 26 103. 42
115. 60 115. 49 115. 66 113. 08
109.15 110. 78 108.95 109.16
104.04 103.48 104. 55 103.91
126.65 128. 87 127.97 123. 65

104.08
114.17
107.26
102.09
126.98

100.14
109. 08
103.19
97. 00
122.84

111.10
129. 51
114.80
71.56
64.35
68.31
76.38
49.57
75. 70
76.83
62. 59
76. 47
56. 72
60.78
62.51

109.34
127. 80
113.83
69.80
62.34
65.81
74.48
48.16
72.37
73. 25
60. 86
73. 22
55.53
60. 40
58.98

108.12 106. 90 107.30
122. 59 123.49 121.66
111.35 110. 83 110.95
69.09
70.11
68. 57
61.38
62. 59
60.9 4
65.87
66. 50
64. 55
71.25
71.51
71. 66
46.66
47.85
46.19
73.10
72. 21
75.19
74.34
76. 25
73.22
59.01
59. 66
58.89
71.48
73. 64
71.96
52.97
52.98
52.63
59.
81
57.64
58.21
60.41
60. 52
58.4 0

101.91
115.23
107. 20
66.61
59.15
62.98
71.00
44.10
70.66
71.69
57.46
69. 84
51.46
56.28
56.64

110.02
128.30
113. 43
69.80
62.99
66. 65
75.26
48.00
73.14
73.80
60.80
73. 01
56.00
60.35
59.69

104.65 105. 41
118. 50 117.89
110. 58 109. 53
105. 59 105. 26
130.85 132. 98

108. 27 108.14
126. 27 125. 05
113. 60 112. 92
69.3 0
69.10
61.18
61.88
65.04
64.52
75.39
72.24
48.34
47. 70
72. 49
72.27
73.47
73.47
60.03
60.03
72.91
71.99
55. 21
55. 01
59. 52
58.06
57.83
58.53

108. 68 108.81
124. 24 125.97
113. 08 114. 05
69. 65
69.15
61.05
62.24
64.92
64. 70
69.42
83.83
46.35
48. 77
72.14
72.27
73.15
72.81
60.35
61.15
75.15
74.13
55.38
55.78
57.22
59.43
59.03
60.03

108.00
125.46
112. 40
68.64
60.26
63.36
73.08
46.97
72.59
73.81
58.24
72.12
52.95
57.14
56.36

108.95
124. 53
111.60
68.87
61.01
65.27
70. 04
46.66
71.81
72.81
58.97
72.03
53.13
58. 50
58.02

A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s
W h o lesa le a n d r e ta il tr a d e ___ . . .
W h olesale t r a d e ..
. . .
. . .
M otor v e h ic le s & a u to m o tiv e e q u ip ­
m e n t ____
. ________
D r u g s , c h e m ic a ls , a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ..
D r y g o o d s a n d ap p a r el .
G roceries a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts . ____
E le c tr ic a l g o o d s .
. . . .
__ __
H a r d w a r e , p lu m b in g & h e a tin g e q u ip ­
____________ _____ . . . .
m en t
M a c h in e r y , e q u ip m e n t, a n d s u p p li e s .._
M isc e lla n e o u s w h o le s a le r s ..
R e t a il t r a d e _____
R e t a il g en er a l m e r c h a n d is e
____
D e p a r tm e n t s t o r e s .
..
...
M a ll ord er h o u s e s .. . .
. . .
V a r ie ty s t o r e s ...
F o o d s to r e s ___ .
G r o cery , m e a t, a n d v e g e ta b le s t o r e s ..
A p p a r e l a n d a c c esso ry sto res .
"Men’s & b o y s ’ c lo th in g & fu r n is h in g s .
W o m e n ’s r e a d y -to -w e a r s to r e s ___
F a m ily c lo th in g s t o r e s .. . . .
Shoe sto r e s.
. . . ....................

3 7 .5
40 .5

3 6 .5

3 7 .4
40 .6

3 6 .8
40.5

36 .2
40.3

3 6 .2
40.3

3 6 .3
4 0 .4

3 6 .3
40.3

3 6 .5
40.6

3 7 .0
4 0 .9

3 6 .5
40 .6

3 6 .8
4 0 .7

3 7 .0
40 .7

3 7 .9
40 .8

37 .1
40.8

3 7 .7
40.8

4 1 .4
3 9 .9
3 8 .0
4 1 .7
42.1

41.3
3 9 .3
3 8 .0
40.9
42.5

41.3
3 9 .3
3 7 .6
40 .5
42 .5

41.4
39. 4
3 8 .0
40.4
4 2 .5

41.3
3 9 .7
3 7 .9
4 0 .2
4 3 .6

4 1 .2
3 9 .9
3 8 .0
40.3
42.9

4 1 .5
40.1
3 7 .9
40 .8
4 3 .6

41.8
40 .3
3 8 .3
41.1
44.9

41 .6
4 0 .0
3 7 .9
40.8
42 .5

41 .5
40.1
3 8 .2
4 0 .9
43.1

4 2 .0
4 0 .3
3 7 .7
4 1 .0
4 2 .8

41.7
40.1
3 8 .3
41.4
4 2 .2

41.8
4 0 .2
3 7 .9
4 1 .0
4 2 .9

4 1 .9
40.4
3 7 .8
41.1
42.8

4 0 .5
4 0 .7
40 .0
3 6 .4
3 3 .7
3 3 .7
3 5 .4
3 1 .6
3 5 .0
35.1
3 3 .5
35 .3
3 3 .2
3 2 .9
3 3 .0

40.4
40 .6
40 .0
3 5 .6
3 3 .0
33. 0
3 5 .2
3 0 .6
34.1
3 4 .3
3 2 .6
3 4 .6
3 2 .6
3 2 .5
31.1

40 .3
40 .6
3 9 .8
3 4 .9
3 2 .3
3 2 .2
3 5 .5
3 0 .0
3 2 .8
3 2 .8
3 2 .0
3 3 .8
3 2 .0
3 2 .1
3 0 .3

4 0 .2
4 0 .7
3 9 .8
3 4 .9
3 2 .3
32 .1
3 5 .3
30 .1
3 2 .6
3 2 .7
3 2 .2
3 3 .9
32.1
3 2 .3
3 0 .4

40.1
4 0 .6
4 0 .0
3 5 .0
3 2 .4
3 2 .2
3 5 .9
3 0 .4
3 2 .8
3 2 .8
3 2 .1
3 3 .8
32.1
3 2 .0
3 0 .6

4 0 .2
40 .6
3 9 .9
3 4 .9
3 2 .2
32 .1
3 4 .4
3 0 .0
3 2 .7
3 2 .8
32.1
3 3 .6
3 1 .8
3 1 .9
3 1 .3

40 .4
40 .6
40.1
35 .1
3 2 .3
3 2 .3
3 3 .7
30.1
3 3 .0
33 .1
32 .1
3 3 .7
3 2 .2
31 .1
3 1 .4

40 .6
40 .9
40 .3
3 5 .9
3 4 .2
33. 7
41 .5
3 2 .3
3 3 .4
3 3 .4
3 3 .6
3 5 .3
3 3 .6
3 3 .2
3 2 .1

40 .6
4 1 .0
4 0 .0
3 5 .2
3 2 .4
3 2 .0
3 6 .0
3 0 .9
3 3 .3
3 3 .4
3 2 .0
3 3 .7
3 1 .9
32.1
30 .3

40 .5
41.1
4 0 .0
3 5 .5
3 2 .8
3 2 .8
3 4 .5
3 0 .7
3 3 .4
33 .4
3 2 .4
3 4 .3
3 2 .2
3 2 .5
3 0 .7

4 0 .8
4 1 .0
4 0 .2
3 5 .8
3 3 .0
33 .1
35 .1
3 0 .7
3 4 .0
34 .1
3 2 .6
3 4 .7
3 2 .5
3 2 .2
3 1 .3

4 0 .8
41.3
40.3
3 6 .9
3 4 .2
34.1
35 .3
31 .9
3 5 .3
3 5 .3
3 3 .9
3 6 .1
3 3 .1
3 3 .6
3 4 .0

4 0 .8
41.1
4 0 .2
3 5 .9
3 3 .3
33.1
3 5 .4
3 1 .0
3 3 .9
3 3 .9
3 2 .9
35.1
3 2 .7
3 2 .7
3 1 .4

40.6
4 1.3
40.3
3 6 .6
3 3 .8
3 3 .5
3 6 .6
3 1 .5
3 4 .3
3 4 .3
3 3 .6
3 6 .0
3 3 .2
3 3 .3
3 2 .0

A v e r a g e h o u r ly ea r n in g s
W h o lesa le a n d r e ta il tr a d e .
W h o lesa le tr a d e __
.
___
-....
M otor v e h ic le s & a u to m o tiv e e q u ip ­
m e n t ___ . . .
. .
...
D r u g s, c h e m ic a ls , a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts .
D r y g o o d s a n d a p p a r e l...
G roceries a n d r e la te d p r o d u c t s ..
E le c tr ic a l g o o d s ..
..
..
H a r d w a r e , p lu m b in g & h e a tin g e q u ip ­
m e n t ___
. _ _______ . . .
M a c h in e r y , e q u ip m e n t, a n d s u p p lie s .
M isc e lla n e o u s w h o le s a le r s .
I*
R e ta il t r a d e ___ . .
R e ta il g en er a l m e r c h a n d is e .
. . .
D e p a r tm e n t sto r e s _
M ail ord er h o u s e s _____
. _
____
V a r ie ty s t o r e s .. . ____ . . . . .
F o o d s to r e s ____. . .
. . .
G r o cery , m e a t, a n d v e g e ta b le s t o r e s ..
A p p a r e l a n d a cc e sso r y s to r e s ___
"Men’s & b o y s ’ c lo th in g & f u r n is h in g s .
W o m e n ’s r e a d y -to -w e a r sto res
F a m ily c lo th in g stores .
. . . .
S h o e sto res ___

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.2 4
2 .8 8

2 .0 0

$2.25
2.89

$2.25
2.8 8

$2.2 4
2.8 7

$2.2 3
2 .8 6

$2. 22
2 .8 4

$2. 21
2.83

$2.20
2.81

$2.1 6
2.8 0

$2.1 8
2.7 9

$2 .1 7
2 .7 7

$2.15
2 .7 6

$2.13
2.73

$2.13
2.7 3

$2.03
2.61

2.59
3 .0 3
3 .0 0
2 .6 8
3. 07

2 .6 0
3 .0 0
2.9 6
2.6 6
3. 05

2. 59
2.99
2.98
2. 64
3 .0 4

2.5 9
3. 01
2.9 6
2.63
3 .0 4

2. 55
2 .9 6
2 .9 5
2 .6 3
3. 05

2. 54
2 .9 7
2.91
2 .6 2
3. 05

2. 54
2.9 4
2.89
2.5 8
3. 05

2. 54
2.91
2.8 5
2. 54
3 .0 5

2.5 4
2.8 9
2.8 8
2. 55
2.9 8

2 .5 4
2 .8 8
2 .9 0
2.5 3
2 .9 9

2 .5 3
2 .8 7
2 .8 9
2 .5 5
2 .9 9

2.4 8
2 .8 2
2.8 5
2.51
2.9 3

2 .4 9
2 .8 4
2 .8 3
2 .4 9
2 .9 6

2 .39
2 .7 0
2 .73
2 .3 6
2.87

2 .7 6
3 .1 9
2 .8 8
2.01
1.96
2 .0 8
2.1 7
1.63
2.2 2
2.25
1.9 0
2.1 7
1.75
1.87
1.96

2.7 5
3 .1 9
2.8 7
2. 01
1.95
2.0 7
2 .1 7
1 .6 2
2 .2 2
2.2 4
1 .9 2
2. 21
1.74
1.87
2.01

2.73
3 .1 6
2.85
2.0 0
1.95
2.0 7
2 .1 2
1.60
2.2 3
2.2 5
1.90
2.1 6
1.75
1.88
1.97

2. 72
3 .1 4
2 .8 6
2 .0 0
1.93
2.05
2.11
1.6 0
2.2 2
2.2 4
1.8 9
2.1 6
1.73
1.87
1.9 4

2. 70
3.11
2 .8 4
1.98
1.91
2 .0 2
2 .1 0
1.59
2. 21
2.2 4
1.87
2.13
1 .7 2
1.86
1.89

2 .6 9
3 .0 8
2.83
1.98
1.90
2.01
2 .1 0
1.59
2. 21
2.2 4
1.87
2.17
1.73
1.82
1.87

2.69
3 .0 6
2.8 2
1.97
1.89
2.01
2.0 6
1.5 4
2.1 9
2. 21
1.88
2 .2 3
1 .7 2
1.84
1.88

2.68
3 .0 8
2 .8 3
1.9 4
1.8 2
1 .9 2
2 .0 2
1.51
2 .1 6
2.13
1.82
2 .1 0
1 .6 6
1.79
1.87

2.6 6
3 .0 6
2.81
1.95
1.8 6
1.98
2.03
1.5 2
2.18
2.21
1 .8 2
2.1 4
1.6 6
1.78
1.86

2.6 9
3 .0 3
2 .7 9
1.94
1.86
1.99
2.0 3
1.52
2.1 5
2.1 8
1.82
2 .1 0
1.65
1.80
1.89

2 .6 5
2 .9 9
2. 77
1 .9 3
1 .8 6
1.99
2.0 3
1 .5 2
2.1 5
2.1 8
1.81
2 .0 6
1.63
1 .7 9
1.93

2 .6 2
2 99
2.7 5
1 90
1.83
1.95
2.0 3
1 50
2.13
2 .1 6
1.76
2.0 4
1.59
1.78
1,78

2 .6 3
2 .9 6
2 .7 6
1.91
1.83
1 .9 5
2 .0 2
1.49
2.1 3
2.1 6
1.7 9
2 .0 5
1.6 2
1.78
1.86

2.51
2 .7 9
2 .6 6
1 .82
1.75
1.88
1 .9 4
1 .4 0
2.06
2 .0 9
1.71
1.94
1.55
1.69
1.77

104

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

Table C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
Aug. 2 July 2 June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade—Continued
Retail trade—Continued
Furniture and home furnishings stores_______ $95.16 $93. 27 $91. 30 $90.92 $90.68 $89. 54 $91. 33 $95. 28 $91. 65 $91. 34 $91.64 $91. 37 $90.46 $88.18
Furniture and home furnishings__________ 93. 45 92.58 90.48 90.09 89.01 89. 24 89.63 93.60 90. 55 90.39 90. 46 91.20 89. 27 86.58
Eating and drinking places 5------------- --------51.21 50. 06 49. 32 48. 84 48. 80 48. 33 48.62 48.72 48.10 47. 91 48. 00 48. 93 47. 60 45.76
Other retail trade__________________ ______ 90. 27 88.93 87. 02 87. 25 86.07 85.67 86. 33 86.62 86.37 86.80 85.81 86. 90 85.63 83. 23
Building materials and farm equip­
ment...... ..........-............. —------- ------------97. 06 96.41 94. 39 93. 56 92. 51 92. 03 92.10 92.99 91.91 93.63 93.02 93. 28 91. 54 88.41
Motor vehicle dealers____________________ 115. 33 114. 48 111. 57 110.99 108. 45 107. 02 108.12 110. 59 110. 76 110. 33 106.93 109.82 108.97 105. 75
Other automotive & accessory dealers_______ 95. 91 94. 61 92. 44 92. 66 92. 44 91.37 90.48 90. 05 90. 29 90. 48 89.20 91. 54 89.38 85. 70
Drug stores and proprietary stores________
67. 36 65. 43 63.22 63. 22 62. 75 62. 89 62. 79 63. 83 63. 02 63.58 63.64 64. 60 63.14 61.60
Fuel and ice dealers_____________________ 102. 41 102. 50 101. 71 105. 32 104. 49 111. 71 107. 43 106. 07 105.15 103. 03 99.66 97. 70 101. 28 96.05
Finance, insurance, and real estate6--------- $97. 09
Banking___________________________
Credit agencies other than banks______
Savings and loan associations________
Security, commodity brokers & services..
Insurance carriers___________________
Life insurance_____________________
Accident and health insurance_______
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance...

97.20
86. 54
90. 62
92.74
153.12
103. 04
104. 03
90.28
104. 33

96.20
85. 47
88. 40
88. 56
152. 76
102. 77
103. 66
88. 45
104. 43

96.20
85. 47
88. 64
89.28
149. 71
102. 49
103. 66
89. 30
103.88

95.83
85. 93
89. 25
90.38
148. 58
102. 58
103.09
89.67
104. 63

95. 35
84.82
88. 50
88. 30
143.64
102.12
103. 49
90. 65
103.60

94.98
85.19
88.60
89. 89
138. 76
102. 67
103.49
90.27
104. 71

94. 61
85.04
89.44
91. 96
137. 63
100. 74
100. 08
90. 27
103. 57

93.62
84.15
87.00
87.08
132. 47
101. 08
101. 02
90.13
103.47

93.00
83.10
86.02
86. 85
131. 73
100. 81
100. 56
90.27
103.19

93.25 92.01 92.13 92. 50 88.91
83.18 82.14 82.21 82.21 79. 24
86.71 85. 27 85. 96 85. 96 84.29
87.32 86.25 87. 05 87.05 84.67
131.72 133. 20 132. 82 138. 38 127. 43
100. 07 99. 70 99. 32 99. 32 95. 86
100.19 99. 46 100.10 99.19 95.27
89.30 90.88 89. 65 89.41 85.38
102. 71 101. 52 101.41 101.68 97.92

Average weekly hours
Fu rn iture and hom e furnishings stores.
F u rniture and hom e furnishings____
E a tin g and drinking places 5__________
O ther retail trad e_____________________
B u ild in g m aterials and farm eq u ip ­
m e n t......... ........................................... ..
Motor veh icle dealers_______________
O ther au tom otive & accessory dealers.
D rug stores and proprietary s to r e s .. .
F u el and ice dealers_________________

37.2

Finance, insurance, and real e s ta te 6_______
B an k in g .............. ................... ................. ..........
Credit agencies other than ban ks________
Savin gs and loan asso cia tio n s.............
Security, com m od ity brokers & services..
Insurance carriers............ ......................... .......
Life insurance......................................... ........
A ccid en t and health insurance________
Fire, marine, and casu alty in su r a n c e ...

39.0
39.1
34.6
40.3

38.7
38.9
33.6
39.7

38.2
38.5
33.1
39.2

38.2
38.5
33.0
39.3

38.1
38.2
33.2
39.3

38.1
38.3
33.1
39.3

38.7
38.8
33.3
39.6

39.7
40.0
33.6
40.1

39.0
39.2
33.4
39.8

39.2
39.3
33.5
40.0

39.5
39.5
33.8
40.1

39.9
40.0
35.2
40.8

39.5
39.5
34.0
40.2

39.9
39.9
35.2
40.8

42.2
42.4
43.4
34.9
40.8

42.1
42.4
43.2
33.9
41.0

41.4
42.1
42.6
33.1
40.2

41.4
42.2
42.9
33.1
41.3

41.3
42.2
43.4
33.2
41.3

40.9
42.3
43.1
33.1
43.3

41.3
42,4
43.5
33.4
42.8

41.7
42.7
43.5
34.5
42.6

41.4
42.6
43.2
33.7
42.4

41.8
42.6
43.5
34.0
42.4

41.9
42.6
43.3
34.4
41.7

42.4
42.9
43.8
35.3
41.4

41.8
42.9
43.6
34.5
42.2

42.1
43.7
43.5
35.4
42.5

37.1
37.3
37.6
37.7
37.9
37.2
36.5
36.7
37.8

37.0
37.0
37.3
36.9
38.0
37.1
36.5
36.7
37.7

37.0
37.0
37.4
37.2
37.9
37.0
36.5
36.9
37.5

37.0
37.2
37.5
37.5
38.0
36.9
36.3
36.9
37.5

37.1
37.2
37.5
37.1
37.8
37.0
36.7
37.0
37.4

37.1
37.2
37.7
37.3
37.3
37.2
36.7
37.3
37.8

37.1
37.3
37.9
38.0
36.8
36.9
36.0
37.3
37.8

37.3
37.4
37.5
36.9
36.9
37.3
36.6
37.4
37.9

37.2
37.1
37.4
38.8
36.9
37.2
36.7
37.3
37.8

37.3
37.3
37.7
37.0
37.0
37.2
36.7
36.9
37.9

37.1
37.0
37.4
36.7
37.0
37.2
36.7
37.4
37.6

37.3
37.2
37.7
37.2
37.1
37.2
36.8
37.2
37.7

37.3
37.2
37.7
37.2
37.3
37.2
36.6
37.1
37.8

37.2
37.2
37.8
37.3
37.7
37.3
36.5
36.8
38.1

Average hourly earnings
Furniture and home furnishings stores..
Furniture and home furnishings____
Eating and drinking places 5_________
Other retail trade__________________
Building materials and farm equip­
ment............. .....................................
Motor vehicle dealers_____________
Other automotive & accessory dealers.
Drug stores and proprietary stores...
Fuel and ice dealers______________
Finance, insurance, and real estate 6_____
Banking__________________ _____ ___
Credit agencies other than banks______
Savings and loan associations________
Security, commodity brokers & services..
Insurance carriers......................................
Life insurance_____________________
Accident and health insurance_______
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance...
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2. 61

—

$2. 44
2.39
1.48
2. 24

$2.41
2.38
1.49
2.24

$2.39
2. 35
1. 49
2. 22

$2.38
2.34
1. 48
2. 22

$2.38
2. 33
1.47
2.19

$2. 35
2. 33
1.46
2.18

$2. 36
2. 31
1.46
2.18

$2.40
2.34
1.45
2.16

$2. 35
2. 31
1.44
2.17

$2. 33
2. 30
1.43
2.17

$2. 32
2.29
1.42
2.14

$2.29
2.28
1.39
2.13

$2.29
2.26
1.40
2.13

$2. 21
2.17
1.30
2.04

2.30
2. 72
2.21
1.93
2. 51

2.29
2. 70
2.19
1.93
2. 50

2.28
2. 65
2.17
1.91
2. 53

2. 26
2.63
2.16
1.91
2. 55

2.24
2. 57
2.13
1.89
2. 53

2.25
2. 53
2.12
1.90
2.58

2.23
2. 55
2.08
1.88
2.51

2.23
2. 59
2.07
1.85
2. 49

2.22
2.60
2.09
1.87
2.48

2. 24
2.59
2.08
1.87
2.43

2.22
2.51
2. 06
1.85
2. 39

2.20
2. 56
2.09
1.83
2. 36

2.19
2. 54
2. 05
1.83
2.40

2.10
2.42
1.97
1.74
2.26

2.62
2. 32
2. 41
2. 46
4.04
2. 77
2.85
2. 46
2. 76

2.60
2. 31
2.37
2. 40
4.02
2.77
2.84
2.41
2. 77

2.60
2. 31
2. 37
2. 40
3.95
2. 77
2.84
2. 42
2. 77

2.59
2. 31
2.38
2.41
3.91
2.78
2. 84
2. 43
2. 79

2.57
2.28
2. 36
2.38
3.80
2.76
2.82
2. 45
2. 77

2. 56
2.29
2. 35
2.41
3. 72
2. 76
2.82
2. 42
2. 77

2. 55
2.28
2. 36
2.42
3. 74
2. 73
2. 78
2. 42
2. 74

2. 51
2. 25
2. 32
2. 36
3. 59
2.71
2.76
2.41
2. 73

2. 50
2. 24
2. 30
2. 36
3.57
2.71
2. 74
2. 42
2. 73

2. 50
2. 23
2. 30
2. 36
3. 56
2.69
2.73
2. 42
2.71

2.48
2. 22
2.28
2. 35
3.60
2.68
2.71
2. 43
2. 70

2. 47
2. 21
2.28
2.34
3.58
2.67
2. 72
2.41
2.69

2.48
2.21
2.28
2.34
3.71
2.67
2.71
2.41
2.69

2.39
2.13
2.23
2.27
3.38
2. 57
2. 61
2. 32
2. 57

C — EARNINGS AND HOURS

Table C -l.

105

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
Aug.2 July 2 June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Services:
Hotels and other lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels 6__.
Personal services:
Laundries and drycleaning plants__
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming & distributing.

$57.07 $56.36 $56. 42 $55.85 $56.15 $56.00 $55.05 $55.72 $54.83 $55.06 $53.73 $53.96 $53.34 $51.54
65.42

65. 77

64. 53

64.13

63.24

62.02

62. 79

62.87

61.99

62.65

61.88

60.74

61.12

58.98

164.37 162.38 155.16 154. 77 150.91 160. 24 162.89 166.96 159.83 164.55 159. 71 162.93 157. 77 148.08
Average weekly hours

Services:
Hotels and other lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels «.......
Personal services:
Laundries and drycleaning plants____
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming & distributing.

37.3

36.6

36.4

36.5

36.7

36.6

36.7

36.9

36.8

37.2

36.8

38.0

37.3

37.9

37.6

37.8

37.3

37.5

37.2

36.7

37.6

38.1

37.8

38.2

38.2

38.2

38.2

38.8

41.3

40.8

40.3

40.2

39.3

41.3

42.2

42.7

41.3

42.3

41.7

42.1

41.3

39.7

1.36

Average hourly earnings
Services:
Hotels and other lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels6___
Personal services:
Laundries and drycleaning plants____
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming & distributing..

1.53

1.54

1.55

1.53

1.53

1.53

1.50

1.51

1.49

1.48

1.46

1.42

1.43

1.74

1.74

1.73

1.71

1.70

1.69

1.67

1.65

1.64

1.64

1.62

1.59

1.60

1.52

3.98

3.98

3.85

3.85

3.84

3.88

3.86

3.91

3.87

3.89

3.83

3.87

3.82

3.73

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1967 see footnote 1, table A-9. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-10.
2 Preliminary.
3 Based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report by the Inter­
state Commerce Commission, which relate to all employees who received
pay during the month, except executives, officials, and stall assistants (ICC
Group I). Beginning January 1965, data relate to railroads with operating
revenues of $5,000,000 or more.


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4 Data relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
5 Money payments only, tips not included.
8 Data for nonoffice salesmen excluded from all series in this division.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except that for Class I railroads. (See footnote 3.)

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

106
Table C-2.

Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on
private nonagricultural payrolls in current and 1957-59 dollars 1
1966

1967

Annual
average

Item
July 2 June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

1966

1965

Total private
Gross average weekly earnings:
$102.53 $101. 88 $100. 06 $99.41 $99. 56 $99.30 $99. 70 $99. 97 $99.84 $100. 62 $100.88 $99. 71 $99.84 $98.69 $95. 06
Current dollars ----- ----------..
88. 01 87.83 86. 56 86. 22 86. 57 86. 50 86. 92 87.16 87.12 87. 88 88.41 87.62 88.12 87. 26 86. 50
1957-59 dollars______________________
Spendable average weekly earnings:
Worker with no dependents:
83.91 83.42 82.04 81.54 81. 66 81.46 81.76 82.17 82.07 82.66 82.86 81.97 82. 07 81.19 78.99
Current dollars__________
____
1957-59 dollars_____________________ 72.03 71.91 70.97 70. 72 71.01 70.96 71.28 71.64 71.61 72.19 72.62 72.03 72.44 71.79 71.87
Worker with 3 dependents:
Current dollars__________ ________ 91.41 90.90 89.45 88.93 89. 05 88.84 89.16 89. 58 89.47 90.09 90.30 89.37 89.47 88.55 86.30
1957-59 dollars_____________________ 78. 46 78.36 77. 38 77.13 77.43 77. 39 77.73 78.10 78. 07 78.68 79.14 78. 53 78.97 78.29 78. 53
Manufacturing
Gross average weekly earnings:
na. 9 3 114.49 113.52 112.56 112.44 111.88 113.42 114.40 113.99 113.85 114.13 111.78 111.38 112.34 107.53
Current dollars -- - _______
97. 79 98.70 98. 20 97. 62 97. 77 97.46 98.88 99.74 99.47 99.43 100. 03 98.22 98.31 99.33 97. 84
1957-59 dollars______________________
Spendable average weekly earnings:
Worker with no dependents:
Current dollars_____ . . . - . ---------- 92. 55 92.97 92.24 91.51 91.42 91.00 92.16 93.13 92.82 92. 72 92.93 91.14 90.84 91.57 89.08
1957-59 dollars_____________________ 79.44 80.15 79. 79 79.37 79. 50 79.27 80.35 81.19 80.99 80.98 81.45 80. 09 80.18 80.96 81.06
Worker with 3 dependents:
Current dollars__________ ______ - 100.49 100.93 100.16 99. 40 99.30 98.86 100. 08 101. 09 100. 76 100.65 100.88 99. 00 98.68 99.45 96.78
1957-59 dollars_____________________ 86.26 87.01 86.64 86. 21 86. 35 86.11 87.25 88.13 87. 92 87.90 88.41 86.99 87.10 87.93 88. 06
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1967, see footnote 1, table A-9. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-10.
Spendable average weekly earnings are based on gross average weekly
earnings as published in table C-l less the estimated amount of the workers’
Federal social security and income tax liability. Since the amount of tax
liability depends on the number of dependents supported by the worker as
well as on the level of his gross income, spendable earnings have been com­

Table C-3.

puted for 2 types of income receivers: (1) A worker with no dependents and
(2) a married worker with 3 dependents.
The earnings expressed in 1957-59 dollars have been adjusted for changes
in purchasing power as measured by the Bureau’s Consumer Price Index.
2 Preliminary.
N ote: These series are described in “The Calculation and Uses of Spend­
able Earnings Series,” Monthly Labor Review, April 1966, pp. 406-410.

Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries 1
1966

1967
In d u stry d ivision and group
A u g .2 Ju ly 2 June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

D ec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Ai

M ining_________________________________ ________________

43.1

43.3

42.2

42.0

42.7

42.4

42.2

42.6

42.5

42.7

42.7

42.8

42.7

- - - - - - ___

37.5

37.5

37.4

36.4

37.4

37.4

37.6

38.2

38.1

37.4

37.5

37.7

37.2

----------------------------------------------------------

40.6

40.5

40.3

40.3

40.5

40.4

40.3

41.0

41.0

41.3

41.3

41.4

41.4

D urable good s-------- . . . -------------------------- ------------- . .
Ordnance and a c c e s s o r i e s - _ _ _ _ __ ___ _
L um ber and w ood products
..
. ______
Fu rn iture and fixtu res___ _ _ . ______________ _
Stone, clay, and glass prod u cts. .
___ . . . .
___ ____
. _____________
P rim ary m etal industries
Fabricated m etal p r o d u c t s ...
_ . _ ._
. _____
M achinery, except electrical___ _____
_ __________
E lectrical equip m ent and s u p p l ie s ...._____ . . . .
T ransportation eq u ip m en t. . . . - ____ . ________
In stru m ents and related p r o d u c ts..
_ _ _ _ _ ...
M iscellaneous m anufacturing in d u stries_______________

41.3
42.2
40.0
40.3
41.5
41.1
41.6
42.4
40.2
41.6
41.5
39.2

41.0
42.0
40.0
40.2
41.3
41.0
41.4
42.0
40.4
41.3
40.9
39.1

40.9
41.2
40.1
40.3
41.3
40.6
41.2
42.0
40.0
41.2
41.0
39.4

41.0
42.0
40.1
40.1
41.1
40.6
41.3
42.3
39.9
41.7
41.1
39.5

41.0
41.6
40.6
40.3
41.3
40.2
41.5
42.8
39.6
40.9
41.5
39.7

41.1
41.9
40.7
40.2
41.5
40.8
41.5
42.9
40.0
40.7
41.5
39.2

41.0
41.7
40.3
40.2
41.5
40.9
41.4
43.0
49.7
40.7
40.9
38.7

41.7
42.0
40.4
40.7
41.9
41.8
42.2
43.5
40.7
41.6
41.8
40.0

41.7
42.0
40.3
40.6
41.7
41.7
42.1
43.6
40.6
41.6
41.9
39.7

42.1
42.4
40.5
41.0
41.7
42.3
42.3
43.8
40.9
41.9
41.9
39.9

42.1
42.1
40.4
41.2
41.9
42.5
42.4
43.8
41.0
42.2
42.0
40.0

42.3
42.3
40.5
41.3
42.0
42.5
42.7
44.2
41.2
42.8
42.1
39.9

42.2
42.1
40.5
41.5
41.8
42.3
42.4
43.9
41.2
43.0
41.9
40.0

N ondu rab le g o o d s . ___ _____ _
_______ . . . . ___
F ood and kindred products____ _ ____ ____ _ . . .
T obacco m anufactures____ _____ - - - . . . . . . .
T extile m ill produ cts. . . .
A pparel and other textile produ cts__
....
Paper and allied produ cts__________________
. .
Prin ting and p u b lish in g .. - _ - _ __ _____ _____ _.
C hem icals and allied produ cts_______ ______
_____
Petroleum and coal p r o d u cts.. .
. . . . . .............
R ubb er and plastics products, nec .
_ _______ _
L eather and leather p r o d u cts...
_ _
_ __ - . .

39.7
40.9
38.7
40.9
35.7
42.8
38.3
41.5
42.4
41.1
38.6

39.6
40.6
38.3
40.6
35.8
42.7
38.4
41.5
42.8
40.5
38.5

39.5
41.0
39.0
40.4
35.7
42.6
38.3
41.3
42.6
41.2
37.9

39.5
40.6
38.3
40.5
35.9
42.5
38.3
41.2
42.6
40.9
37.7

39.8
40.8
39.4
40.8
36.2
42.5
38.6
41.5
42.6
41.1
37.7

39.5
41.1
38.2
40.2
35.5
42.8
38.5
41.6
43.0
41.0
37.0

39.5
41.0
38.2
40.2
35.6
42.8
38.6
41.4
42.6
40.9
37.1

40.0
41.1
38.7
40.9
36.6
43.2
38.8
41.8
42.0
41.5
38.3

39.9
41.0
39.0
40.9
36.4
43.1
38.6
41.9
42.4
41.4
38.0

40.2
41.1
38.5
41.2
36.5
43.3
39.0
42.1
42.5
41.9
38.6

40.1
41.1
38.0
41.4
36.6
43.2
39.0
42.1
42.4
42.0
38.5

40.1
41.1
38.6
42.0
35. 9
43.4
38.9
42.1
42.0
41.9
38.3

40.2
41.1
38.0
42.0
36.5
43.3
38.8
42.0
42.0
41.8
38.7

W holesale and retail trad e___
_________ . . . . . . . . .
W holesale trade________ _ . .
...
_ .
- ..
R eta il trade
. . .
____
... . .
. . . ___

36.8
40.5
35.7

36.7
40.4
35.5

36.7
40.5
35.4

36.3
40.3
35.2

36.4
40.4
35.1

36.6
40.5
35.3

36.6
40.5
35.3

36.8
40.7
35.5

36.7
40.6
35.6

36.9
40.6
35.6

36.9
40.7
35.7

37.1
40.7
35.9

37.2
40.8
36.1

C ontract construction . . .
M an u factu rin g—

.. .

1 For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-10.
2 Preliminary.


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N ote : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in appendix A.
BLS Handbook of Methods for Surveys and Studies (BLS Bulletin 1458, 1966).

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS

Table C-4.

107

Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing, by
major industry group 1
1967

Annual
average

1966

Major industry group
Aug.2 July 2 June

Manufacturing________________________ $2.71

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1966

1965

$2. 71

$2.71

$2. 70

$2. 70

$2.69

$2.68

$2. 67

$2.65

$2.64

$2.62

$2.61

$2.58

$2.59

$2.51

Durable goods______________________
Ordnance and accessories . .
Lumber and wood products
Furniture and fixtures..
Stone, clay, and glass products ...
Primary metal industries
Fabricated metal products_________
Machinery, except electrical
Electrical equipment and supplies
Transportation equipment .
Instruments and related products.
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.

2.88

2.88
3.10
2.30
2.24
2.69
3.22
2.84
3.03
2. 71
3.27
2.76
2.28

2.88
3.09
2.29
2.23
2.68
3.20
2.83
3.02
2.71
3.27
2. 74
2.27

2.87
3. 07
2.25
2.24
2.68
3.19
2.84
3.01
2.69
3.27
2. 73
2.26

2.86
3.08
2.24
2.22
2,67
3.18
2.83
3.00
2.67
3.26
2.71
2.26

2.85
3.08
2.21
2.21
2. 66
3.18
2.81
2.99
2.65
3. 26
2.69
2.27

2.84
3. 08
2.21
2.19
2.66
3.16
2.81
2.98
2.64
3.25
2.69
2.26

2.84
3.08
2.18
2.18
2.65
3M6
2.80
2.98
2. 61
3.26
2.67
2.25

2.82
3.08
2.18
2.16
2. 64
3.15
2.79
2.96
2. 60
3.25
2.66
2.21

2.80
3.06
2.19
2.15
2.64
3.16
2.77
2.95
2.58
3.22
2.64
2.17

2.79
3.07
2.20
2.14
2.62
3.15
2.76
2.94
2.57
3.22
2.62
2.14

2.78
3.06
2.20
2.13
2. 61
3.15
2.76
2.92
2.56
3.21
2.62
2.14

2. 74
3.05
2.18
2.11
2.59
3.13
2.72
2.89
2.53
3.13
2.61
2.12

2. 76
3.05
2.15
2.11
2.59
3.13
2.73
2.90
2.54
3.15
2.61
2.14

2. 67
3.03
2.07
2.03
2.49
3.04
2. 64
2.81
2.49
3.04
2. 53
2.07

Nondurable goods_________________ .
Food and kindred products.
Tobacco manufactures...
Textile mill products___ ___
Apparel and other textile products
Paper and allied products*.___ .
Printing and publishing. . . __
Chemicals and allied products.. ____
Petroleum and coal products. _. _____
Rubber and plastics*products, nec____
Leather and leather products.'_______

2.47

2.47
2.50
2.34
1.94
1.98
2.72

2. 46
2.51
2.32
1.94
1.98
2.70

2. 46
2.52
2.32
1.94
1.97
2.68

2. 46
2.53
2.31
1.94
1.97
2.67

2.45
2.51
2.30
1.94
1.97
2.66

2. 44
2. 50
2.25
1.93
1.96
2.66

2.42
2. 48
2.17
1.93
1.91
2.65

2.40
2.45
2.12
1.91
1.90
2. 64

2.39
2.42
2.08
1.91
1.89
2.63

2.37
2.40
2.05
1.91
1.88
2.62

2.37
2.39
2.04
1.89
1.86
2.62

2.34
2.37
2.12
1.88
1.85
2. 60

2.35
2. 40
2.15
1.87
1.85
2.59

2.27
2.33
2.06
1.78
1.80
2.50

( 3)

3.02
3. 44
2. 52
2.00

( 3)

2.99
3.42
2.52
2.02

( 3)

2.97
3. 44
2.52
2.02

( 3)

2.94
3. 43
2.61
2.02

1 F or com parability of data w ith those pu blished in issues prior to October
1967, see footnote 1, table A -9. For em ployees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-10. A verage hourly earnings excluding overtim e are derived b y assum ing
th a t overtim e hours are paid for at the rate of tim e and one-half.


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(3)

2.94
3.43
2.60
2.01

( 3)

2.94
3.41
2.59
1.98

( 3)

2.94
3.38
2.59
1.95

( 3)

2.93
3.34
2.57
1.93

( 3)

2.92
3.33
2.56
1.93

( 3)

2.91
3.30
2.56
1.91

( 3)

2.90
3.29
2.56
1.91

( 3)

2.89
3.27
2.53
1 .8 8

( 3)

2.87
3.29
2.54
1.89

( 3)

2.79
3.18
2.49
1.84

2 Prelim inary.
3 N o t available because average overtim e rates are significantly above tim e
and one-half. Inclusion of data for th e group in th e nondurable goods total
has little effect.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

108
Table C-5.

Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry 1
Annual
average

1966

1967
Industry
A ug.2 July 2 June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1966

1965

3.3
3. 5
3.1

3.3
3.4
3.1

3.3
3. 4
3.1

3.2
3.3
3.0

3.1
3.2
2.9

3.2
3.4
3.0

3.2
3.4
2.9

3.4
3.7
3.0

3.7
4.1
3.3

3.9
4.3
3.4

4.1
4.5
3.6

4.2
4.6
3.7

4.0
4.3
3.5

3.9
4.3
3.4

3.6
3.9
3.2

O rdnance and accessories.......... ............. .....................
A m m u n ition , except for sm all arm s___ _______
Sighting and fire control eq u ip m en t— ______
Other ordnance and accessories------------ ----------L um ber and w ood p rod u cts------------------------------Saw m ills and planing m ills ----------------------------M illwork, plyw ood , & related produ cts. ............
Wooden c o n ta in e r s ----------------------------- ----------M iscellaneous w ood p rod u cts--------------- ----------Furniture and fixtures---------------------------- ----------H ousehold fu rn itu re---------------------------- -------Office fu rn itu re_______________________ _______
P artitions and fixtures________________ _______
Other furniture and fixtu res__________________
Stone, clay, and glass products--------------- -------F la t g lass. ----------------------------------------------------Glass and glassware, pressed or blow n — ____
C em ent, hyd rau lic-----------------------------------------Structural clay produ cts______________ ..... . . .
P o ttery and related products--------------- ----------Concrete, gyp su m , and plaster p r o d u c t s .______
O ther ston e & n on m etallic m ineral
products ----------------------------------------------------Prim ary m etal in d u stries----------------------------------B la st furnace and basic steel prod u cts. . ______
Iron and steel foundries----------------------- --------- N onferrous m e ta ls------------------------------- ----------N onferrous rolling and draw ing----------- ----------N onferrous foundries--------------------------- ----------M iscellaneous prim ary m etal p rod u cts. ______
F ab ricated m etal prod u cts--------------------------------M etal can s____________________________ _______
C utlery, han dtools, and hardw are------------------P lu m b in g and heatin g, except e le c t r ic ..______
F abricated structural m etal p r o d u c t s ..______
Screw m achin e products, b olts, e tc ____ _______
M etal stam p in gs______________________ _____ _
M etal services, n e c ____________________ _______
M iscellaneous fabricated w ire prod u cts.. ______
M iscellaneous fabricated m etal products. ______
M achinery, except electrical-------------------- ----------E ngines and tu rb in es-------------------------------------Farm m ach in ery---------------------------------- ----------C onstruction and related m a c h in er y .. . ______
M etal w orking m ach in ery-------------------- ----------Special in d u stry m ach in ery----------------- ----------General ind ustrial m ach in ery -------------- ----------Office and com p u tin g m ach in es----------- ----------Service in d u stry m ach in es------------------- -----------M iscellaneous machinery, except electrica l.______
E lectrical eq u ip m en t and s u p p l ie s -------- -------- E lectrical test & d istrib u tin g equip­
m e n t-----------------------------------------------------------E lectrical in d u strial a p p a r a t u s ....____ _______
H ousehold a l l i a n c e s -------------------------- ----------E lectric ligh tin g and w iring e q u ip m e n t.______
R adio and T V receiving eq u ip m en t___ _______
C om m u nication eq u ip m en t----------------- ----------E lectron ic com pon en ts and a c c e s so r ie s..______
Misc. electrical eq u ip m en t & su p p lies_________
T ransportation eq u ip m en t--------------------------------Motor vehicles and eq u ip m en t------------- ----------Aircraft and p a rts-------------------------------- ----------Ship and boat b u ild in g and rep airin g.. ______
Railroad e q u ip m en t- -----------------------------------O ther transportation eq u ip m en t--------------------In stru m ents and related p r o d u c t s --------------------E ngineering & scientific in str u m en ts--------------M echanical m easuring & control de­
v ices-------- ---------------------------------------- ----------O ptical and op h th alm ic goods---------------------- O ph thalm ic good s__________________________
M edical in stru m en ts and su p p lie s ------------------Photographic eq u ip m en t and su p p lies------------W atches, clocks, and w a tc h c a s e s -------------------M iscellaneous m anufacturing in d u str ies.................
Jew elry, silverw are, and plated w are__________
T o y s and sporting goods-------- ----------------- ------P en s, pencils, office and art s u p p lie s ...................
C ostum e Jew elry and n otions...............................
Other m anufacturing ind ustries_______ _______
M usical instrum en ts and p arts______________

3.8
3.7
4.1
3.8
3.7
3.7
3.6
3.3
3.6
2.6
2.2
4.6
3.3
3.5
4.5
3.1
4.5
2.6
3.5
2.0
7.1

3.2
2.9
3.5
3.8
3.6
3.7
3.4
3.5
3.6
2.9
2.5
3.2
4.0
3.7
4.3
3.1
4.3
2.4
3.6
2.0
6.8

3.4
3.1
3.9
4.2
3.5
3.6
3.3
3.5
3.8
2.4
2.1
3.1
3.3
3.4
4.1
2.8
4.4
2.2
3.3
2.1
6.2

3.2
2.7
4.9
4.1
3.6
3.6
3.4
3.4
3.5
2.5
2.2
3.4
2.9
3.2
3.9
3.2
3.7
2.5
3.3
2.3
5.7

3.4
3.2
4.3
3.7
3.3
3.4
3.2
3.1
3.4
2.6
2.4
3.3
2.9
3.3
3.7
3.2
4.0
2.2
3.0
2.2
5.1

3.6
3.4
4.6
3.7
3.2
3.2
3.1
3.1
3.3
2.7
2.4
4.2
3.2
3.3
3.5
3.1
3.7
2.0
2.6
2.2
4.9

4.0
3.3
4.5
5.4
3.3
3.3
3.0
3.7
3.5
2.8
2.6
4.4
2.7
3.3
3.5
3.8
3.6
2.3
2.6
2.3
4.6

4.3
3.4
3.0
6.3
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.9
3.5
3.8
3.6
5.1
3.6
4.3
3.9
3.7
4.1
2.3
2.8
2.6
4.9

4.2
3.4
3.9
6.3
3.4
3.3
3.3
3.8
3.8
3.9
3.7
4.9
3.5
4.3
4.3
5.9
4.2
3.0
3.4
3.1
5.3

4.1
3.3
2.2
6.2
3.9
3.9
3.7
3.7
4.0
4.3
4.1
4.9
4.7
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.1
2.8
3.7
2.8
6.6

4.2
3.5
3.4
6.0
4.0
3.9
3.8
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.0
4.9
5.5
5.2
4.7
3.8
4.1
3.0
3.7
3.0
7.0

4.1
3.5
3.0
5.6
4.1
4.1
3.9
4.7
4.1
4.2
3.9
5.2
5.4
5.0
4.8
4.0
4.2
3.0
3.8
2.7
7.3

3.9
3.2
3.4
5.4
4.0
4.0
3.9
4.1
3.9
3.8
3.6
4.7
4.2
4.2
4.5
4.3
4.2
2.8
3.6
2.5
6.3

3.0
3.1
1.6
2.9
3.8
3.7
4.0
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.7
3.7
4.2
4.1
4.0
2.2
3.6
2.2
6.2

3.4
3.0
2.1
3.8
3.9
4.0
3.0
4.1
3.6
5.3
2.5
2.2
3.5
4.6
4.6
3.5
3.1
2.8
4.0
3.2
2.2
3.3
6.0
3.6
3.8
2.4
3.2
5.2
2.4

3.4
3.1
1.9
4.6
4.1
4.2
3.4
4.5
3.8
4.7
2.7
2.7
3.7
5.0
4.5
3.9
3.4
3.2
4.2
3.7
2.6
3.1
6.4
4.2
4.1
2.3
3.1
5.5
2.4

3.3
2.8
1.8
3.7
4.0
3.8
3.5
3.8
3.7
5.0
2.8
2.1
3.6
4.9
4.5
3.8
3.2
3.3
4.3
4.1
3.1
3.2
6.5
4.3
4.2
2.3
3.1
5.3
2.2

3.3
2.8
1.8
3.8
3.9
4.1
3.0
4.2
3.5
4.9
2.8
2.0
3.4
5.0
3.8
3.8
3.2
3.1
4.5
4.0
3.4
3.2
7.0
4.8
4.2
2.8
2.5
5.3
2.1

3.2
3.3
2.3
4.0
3.9
4.7
3.2
5.2
3.7
4.1
3.1
2.2
3.5
5.9
3.4
4.2
3.6
3.6
4.8
5.1
4.1
3.4
7.3
5.0
4.5
3.2
3.0
5.5
2.4

3.0
3.4
2.2
4.4
3.8
5.2
3.6
5.3
3.7
3.5
3.1
2.0
3.6
6.5
3.5
4.0
3.6
3.6
5.0
4.7
4.5
3.6
7.6
5.2
4.6
3.2
2.9
6.0
2.5

3.1
3.7
2.4
4.9
4.1
5.3
4.3
5.4
3.9
3.2
3.2
2.1
3.8
6.7
3.9
4.4
3.9
3.7
5.2
4.5
4.2
3.6
7.7
5.4
5.1
3.6
2.5
6.4
2.8

3.7
3.8
2.1
5.4
4.0
5.8
4.7
5.6
4.3
3.1
3.4
2.6
4.5
7.1
4.3
4.9
4.0
3.9
5.6
6.7
3.6
4.2
7.9
6.0
5.6
3.9
3.4
6.4
3.3

3.9
4.0
2.4
5.4
4.2
6.1
4.9
6.5
4.5
3.7
3.5
2.6
4.4
7.2
5.3
4.7
4.5
4.1
5.4
4.9
3.1
4.7
7.6
5.8
5.5
3.8
3.6
6.5
3.3

4.3
4.2
2.8
5.4
4.4
6.3
4.9
6.5
4.8
3.6
3.6
3.3
4.5
7.1
5.8
5.1
4.5
4.2
5.6
4.9
3.7
4.9
7.6
5.7
5.8
4.0
3.5
6.6
3.5

4.2
4.5
3.3
5.3
4.3
6.3
5.3
6.5
5.0
5.1
3.8
3.3
4.7
7.3
6.1
5.7
4.5
4.4
5.7
5.7
4.0
4.9
7.7
6.1
6.1
3.9
3.3
6.6
3.7

4.2
4.2
3.0
5.1
4.2
6.0
4.5
5.4
4.7
5.6
3.5
3.0
4.4
6.6
5.4
5.1
4.4
4.3
5.4
5.9
3.4
4.9
7.2
5.4
5.7
3.4
3.8
6.3
3.3

4.1
4.0
2.7
5.3
3.9
6.0
4.7
5.9
4.5
4.4
3.5
2.7
4.1
6.9
5.3
4.9
4.3
4.2
5.5
5.4
3.8
4.9
7.8
5.6
5.5
4.0
3.4
6.3
3.3

3.5
3.8
2.8
5.5
3.5
5.1
3.9
5.2
4.0
4.5
3.4
2.3
3.6
5.4
5.3
4.3
3.8
3.5
4.6
4.1
2.9
4.2
6.7
4.8
4.4
3.4
2.9
5.4
2.8

2.9
2.7
3.0
1.9
1.7
2.7
1.9
2.4
3.9
3.7
4.5
3.4
2.0
3.3
2.8
4.3

2.9
2.7
2.5
2.1
1.6
2.7
1.9
2.3
3.5
3.4
3.8
3.4
2.2
3.7
3.0
4.7

2.9
2.8
2.2
2.1
1.0
2.6
1.7
1.9
3.6
3.2
4.2
3.5
2.3
3.2
3.0
4.5

3.1
3.1
1.7
2.1
.5
2.5
1.7
1.8
3.1
2.2
4.2
3.6
2.1
2.8
3.0
4.9

3.6
3.3
1.8
2.2
1.3
2.9
1.9
2.2
2.9
1.7
4.4
3.6
2.3
2.3
3.2
4.9

3.4
3.5
1.8
2.3
1.2
3.1
2.3
2.0
3.1
2.2
4.4
3.2
3.6
1.8
3.1
4.3

3.5
3.7
1.9
2.7
1.7
3.2
2.6
3.0
3.5
2.9
4.4
3.9
3.7
1.6
3.3
4.1

4.2
4.0
2.5
2.9
2.7
3.7
2.9
3.8
4.1
4.1
4.5
4.2
3.7
1.9
3.8
4.7

3.9
4.0
3.3
3.1
3.1
3.3
2.7
4.1
4.8
5.0
5.1
3.9
3.4
2.1
3.8
4.3

3.8
4.2
3.6
3.4
3.7
3.4
2.7
3.8
5.2
5.9
4.9
4.5
3.2
2.8
4.0
4.7

4.4
4.8
4.0
3.3
3.4
3.6
2.9
3.5
4.9
5.2
5.1
3.7
2.9
3.4
4.0
4.6

3.7
4.4
3.7
3.2
3.0
2.9
2.7
3.1
4.8
5.0
5.2
3.8
3.4
3.1
3.5
4.0

3.8
4.4
3.4
3.0
2.8
3.3
3.0
3.3
4.7
4.9
5.0
4.0
3.3
2.7
3.7
4.3

3.0
3.5
3.0
2.7
2.4
2.7
2.4
3.2
4.8
6.2
3.3
3.4
2.6
2.9
3.0
3.4

2.3
2.6
2.0
2.4
3.6
1.7
1.9
2.6
2.1
1.5
1.6
1.9
1.3

2.4
2.9
2.1
2.4
3.5
1.8
2.4
3.2
2.5
1.7
2.6
2.3
1.7

2.7
2.6
1.9
2.4
3.4
1.6
2.4
3.6
2.3
2.0
2.4
2.2
1.7

2.3
2.8
2.1
2.3
3.7
1.6
2.4
3.6
2.4
1.9
2.4
2.1
1.6

2.9
2.9
2.1
2.2
4.0
2.3
2.6
3.7
2.5
2.3
2.1
2.5
2.4

2.6
3.0
2.3
2.3
4.1
2.2
2.5
3.1
2.4
2.2
2.5
2.3
2.2

3.4
3.0
2.2
2.2
4.0
2.5
2.5
3.4
2.3
2.2
2.5
2.4
2.3

4.1
3.1
2.4
2.6
4.4
2.8
2.9
4.8
2.4
3.1
2.7
2.6
3.5

4.1
3.1
2.7
2.8
4.5
2.8
3.1
4.9
2.8
3.2
2.9
2.9
3.9

4.4
3.4
2.8
2.8
5.1
2.9
3.4
5.3
3.2
2.8
3.2
3.2
3.7

4.4
3.6
3.0
2.9
5.1
2.8
3.3
4.9
3.3
2.7
3.0
3.2
3.5

3.8
3.2
2.6
2.7
4.1
2.6
3.1
4.6
3.1
2.4
2.9
2.8
2.9

4.1
3.2
2.7
2.7
4.6
2.6
3.0
4.3
2.7
2.5
2.9
2.9
3.2

2.9
2.8
2.4
2.1
4.1
2.4
2.7
3.6
2.6
2.3
2.5
2.7
3.0

Manufacturing-----------Durable goods___
Nondurable goods
Durable goods

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS

Table C-5.

109

Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by
industry 1—Continued
1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
A ug.2 July 2 June

May

Apr.

Mar.

3.1
4.2
4.0
3.0
6.0
3.8
3.5
2.7
3.7
4.5
1.7
2.2
1.1
3.5
4.1
3.6
4.4
3.1
2.1
5.2
4.3
3.3
3.6
1.2
1.6
.9
1.2
1.0
.8
1.1
1.1
1.8
4.6
5.8
6.1
3.3
3.8
3.1
3.0
3.0
4.4
3.1
2.7
2.7
2.9
2.9
2.6
2.4
2.7
3.1
4.8
2.8
3.5
2.9
5.4
3.5
6.6
2.6
3.3
1.6
3.8
1.3
1.5
1.4

3.6
4.0
3.9
2.3
5.7
3.0
3.6
2.2
3.8
4.1
1.8
2.5
.9
3.4
4.4
3.4
3.9
2.8
1.9
5.0
3.3
3.0
3.6
1.2
1.4
.9
1.3
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.5
4.6
5.8
6.6
3.2
3.7
3.2
2.6
3.5
4.6
3.4
2.5
2.9
3.1
3.0
2.3
2.6
2.5
2.4
8.2
3.2
3.5
3.0
5.5
3.2
4.3
2.8
3.0
1.4
3.5
1.2
1.4
1.3

3.6
3.7
3.7
2.7
6.0
3.1
3.7
2.8
3.6
4.4
1.3
1.8
.9
3.3
4.4
3.2
3.5
2.8
1.9
4.7
3.3
2.8
3.5
1.3
1.5
.9
1.4
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.7
4.8
6.0
6.9
3.6
3.8
3.4
2.6
3.8
4.9
3.8
2.5
3.1
3.1
3.1
2.4
2.6
2.9
2.5
6.6
3.0
3.1
2.8
4.2
3.4
4.2
3.0
3.4
1.7
3.1
1.5
1.7
1.7

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1966

3.8
4.8
3.4
2.9
7.0
2.9
3.0
2.6
3.0
4.2
1.1
1.1
.6
3.5
4.6
3.5
4.0
3.5
1.8
4.4
3.5
3.3
4.2
1.3
1.6
1.1
1.3
1.1
1.5
1.3
1.0
1.5
5.0
6.0
7.0
3.9
4.0
3.1
2.0
3.7
4.5
3.5
2.8
3.3
2.9
3.2
2.3
3.2
2.7
2.1
4.6
2.8
2.7
2.5
3.7
3.9
6.1
3.3
3.3
2.0
3.0
2.0
1.7
1.6

4.0
5.1
3.7
2.9
6.7
3.1
3.1
3.2
3.5
4.7
1.9
2.2
1.0
3.8
5.0
3.9
3.9
3.9
1.9
5.1
4.3
3.5
4.2
1.4
1.5
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.6
2.2
5.2
6.1
7.0
3.9
4.6
3.7
3.4
3.4
4.4
4.0
2.7
3.5
3.1
3.3
2.9
3.1
2.8
2.4
4.2
3.3
3.0
2.6
4.4
4.2
6.6
3.6
3.6
2.1
3.7
1.9
2.1
1.7

4.0
5.1
3.5
2.9
6.6
3.3
3.7
3.2
3.6
4.9
1.2
1.2
1.2
4.2
5.3
4.5
3.9
4.1
2.3
5.2
5.1
4.0
5.0
1.5
1.7
1.3
1.3
1.9
1.3
1.3
1.8
2.5
5.5
6.3
7.5
4.3
5.0
3.6
3.2
4.5
4.1
3.9
2.7
3.5
3.3
3.7
2.9
2.8
3.6
2.7
3.9
3.4
3.3
2.9
4.8
4.5
6.4
4.1
4.0
2.1
3.5
1.6
2.8
2.9

4.2
4.8
3.6
3.2
7.8
3.6
3.8
3.1
3.8
4.8
1.4
1.7
1.1
4.2
5.0
4.3
3.9
4.1
2.5
5.1
5.3
4.4
5.2
1.7
2.0
1.4
1.3
2.2
1.3
1.4
2.1
3.1
5.7
6.6
7.2
4.3
5.5
3.9
3.2
5.8
4.8
4.3
3.2
3.6
3.5
3.7
3.2
2.9
3.9
2.9
4.6
3.7
3.3
2.3
6.6
4.7
6.4
4.2
4.4
2.1
3.6
1.6
2.8
2.8

4.4
5.1
4.0
3.5
8.5
3.8
4.4
3.1
4.0
5.0
1.5
1.8
.9
4.4
5.2
4.7
4.3
4.3
2.7
4.9
5.4
5.0
5.2
1.5
1.7
1.3
1.2
1.9
1.3
1.5
1.5
2.4
5.9
6.5
7.4
4.5
5.7
4.0
3.1
5.9
5.2
4.4
3.3
3.9
3.5
3.5
3.2
3.1
3.9
3.4
4.2
3.9
3.7
2.6
7.4
4.8
6.1
4.4
4.5
2.0
3.4
1.7
2.5
2.2

4.0
4.2
3.9
3.4
7.1
3.8
4.0
2.9
4.1
4.2
1.7
2.2
1.2
4.5
5.1
5.2
4.3
3.9
3.1
4.8
4.9
4.9
4.7
1.7
1.8
1.5
1.4
1.9
1.7
1.8
1.7
2.5
5.6
6.4
7.4
4.3
5.1
3.7
2.7
4.6
5.4
4.1
3.2
3.5
3.4
3.4
.3.5
2.6
3.8
3.3
3.7
3.3
3.0
2.2
5.7
4.3
5.7
4.0
4.0
2.2
3.3
2.0
2.5
2.7

4.0
4.3
3.7
3.1
6.8
3.5
3.9
2.7
3.8
4.4
1.4
.1.7
1.1
4.4
5.3
5.0
4.7
4.1
2.5
5.3
4.5
4.8
4.9
1.5
1.6
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.6
1.5
2.1
5.5
6.3
7.5
4.1
4.9
3.5
2.8
4.2
4.9
3.9
2.9
3.3
3.3
3.4
3.2
2.8
3.3
3.0
5.2
3.3
3.2
2.5
5.4
4.4
6.2
3.8
4.1
2.1
3.5
1.9
2.3
2.2

1965

Nondurable goods
Food and kindred produ cts________ ____
M eat p rod u cts......................... .......................
D airy produ cts....... ................. ........... .........
Canned, cured, and frozen fo o d s ............
Grain m ill p rod u cts_________ ________
B akery p r o d u c t s ..........................................
Sugar.................... ......... ....................... ............
C onfectionery and related produ cts___
B everages________ ___________ _______
Misc. foods and kindred p rod u cts_____
T obacco m anufacturers....... ...........................
C ig a rettes........................................ ...............
C igars...............................................................
T extile m ill products................... ...................
W eaving m ills, co tto n .................... .............
W eaving m ills, s y n th e tic s ..........................
W eaving and finishing m ills, w ool_____
N arrow fabric m il ls ................................. ..
K n ittin g m ills .................................. .............
T extile finishing, except w o o l . . . ............
Floor covering m ills .....................................
•Yarn and thread m ills ......... ................. ..
M iscellaneous textile goods........................
A pparel and other textile produ cts______
M en’s and b o y s’ su its and coats.......... ..
M en’s and b o y s’ fu r n ish in g s ....................
W omen’s and m isses’ o u te r w e a r ............
W omen’s and child ren’s un dergarm ents.
H ats, caps, and m illin ery ........... ...............
C hild ren’s outerw ear__________________
Fur goods and m iscellaneous apparel—.
Misc. fabricated textile products_______
Paper and allied produ cts........................ . . .
Paper and pu lp m ills............................... ..
Paperboard m ills ................... ...................
Misc. converted paper p r o d u cts..............
Paperboard containers and boxes______
P rin tin g and p u b lish in g.................................
N ew sp ap ers................................. ...................
Periodicals............ ............. ................... .........
B ook s......................................................... ........
Com m ercial p rin tin g _______________ _
B lankb ooks and b ook b in d in g. ................
O ther p u b lish in g & printing in d ______
C hem icals and allied p rod u cts....... .............
Industrial ch em icals.....................................
P lastics m aterials and sy n th e tic s ...........
D r u g s . . ............. ...............................................
Soap, cleaners, and toilet g o o d s ..............
P ain ts and allied prod u cts....... .................
A gricultural chem icals_________ ______
O ther chem icals p r o d u cts..........................
Petroleum and coal p r o d u c ts......................
Petroleum refin in g.......................................
Other petroleum and coal produ cts____
R ubber and plastics products, n e e ............
T ires and inner tu b e s..................................
Other rubber prod u cts_________ ______
M iscellaneous plastics products________
L eather and leather produ cts......... ..............
Leather tan n in g and fin ish in g _________
Footw ear, except rubber______________
Other leather products________________
H and bags and personal leather goods.

4.4
4.7
4.6
3.3
7.5
3.9
4.0
2.9
4.5
4.5
1.5
2.3
.4
3.2
3.4
3.6
4.9
2.7
2.3
3.8
4.8
3.0
3.3
1.2
.7
.9
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.3
.9
1.6
5.2
6.6
7.2
3.7
4.3
3.0
2.4
4.4
3.2
3.4
1.8
3.0
2.9
3.2
2.7
2.0
3.1
2.9
3.7
2.9
4.1
3.2
7.3
3.2
4.2
2.8
3.1
1.8
2.9
1.6
1.9
1.8

4.2
4.4
4.7
3.2
6.1
3.8
3.6
2.8
4.9
4.8
2.2
3.3
1.1
3.5
3.9
3.2
4.5
3.0
2.3
5.5
4.9
3.4
3.7
1.2
1.3
1.0
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.3
1.1
1.7
4.9
5.9
7.1
3.5
4.2
3.0
2.9
3.3
3.0
3.2
2.1
2.8
2.9
3.0
2.8
2.1
2.7
3.2
3.6
3.4
3.7
2.8
6.8
3.9
6.7
3.3
3.7
1.8
3.8
1.5
1.9
1.6

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1967, see footnote 1, table A-9. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-10.
These series cover premium overtime hours of production and related
workers during the pay period which includes the 12th of the month. Over­
time hours are those paid for at premium rates because (1) they exceeded


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3.6
3.7
3.8
2.8
5.8
3.2
3.0
3.1
3.1
4.3
.9
1.0
.7
3.3
4.6
3.2
3.6
2.9
1.8
4.6
2.9
2.8
3.6
1.2
1.5
1.0
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.0
1.5
4.8
6.1
6.8
3.7
3.8
3.0
2.1
3.4
4.3
3.4
2.3
3.3
2.9
2.9
2.3
2.9
2.9
2.1
4.8
3.0
3.0
2.8
3.6
3.4
4.2
3.0
3.3
1.8.
3.2
1.7
1.6
1.7

3.8
4.2
3.6
2.9
6.6
3.3
4.0
2.4
3.3
4.3
1.1
.8
1.3
4.2
4.8
5.3
4.4
3.6
2.5
4.6
5.1
4.7
4.3
1.4
1.5
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
2.1
5.1
6.0
7.0
3.5
4.5
3.1
2.4
3.8
4.2
3.4
2.5
3.1
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.6
2.5
2.7
4.9
3.0
2,8
2.1
5.5
4.1
6.1
3.3
4.0
1.8
3.3
1.6
2.0
1.9

either the straight-time workday or workweek or (2) they occurred on week
ends or holidays or outside regularly scheduled hours. Hours for which
only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of premiums
were paid are excluded.
2 Preliminary.
\

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

110
Table C-6.

Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction
activities 1
[1957-59=100]

Annual
average

1966

1967
Activity
Aug.2 July2 June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Jan.

Feb.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1966

1965

Man-hours
116.4
Total _______
____
_____
81.9
Mining- _ _
---------129.4
_ _ ---- -Contract construction__
115.8
Manufacturing
118.5
Durable goods _
__
Ordnance and accessories_ — ___ _ _ 179.4
97.0
---- _
Lumber and wood products
124.4
Furniture and fixtures____ _____
Stone, clay, and glass products--- _ _ 110.5
Primary metal industries - _ ---- -- - 105.2
123.2
Fabricated metal products.. _______
135.5
Machinery, except electrical--- ------Electrical equipment and supplies------ 136.2
105.2
Transportation equipment. _ __
130.1
Instruments and related products.
Misc. manufacturing industries---------- 109.0

113.8
84.5
127.8
112.8
117.4
173.9
95.7
117.0
109.5
107.7
120.2
134.6
133.6
106.6
125.9
104.4

114.8
83.0
120.2
115.4
121.0
171.5
97.1
120.5
109.6
110.2
124.8
138.2
134.6
115.0
129.1
110.4

111.7
80.0
110.4
113.5
119.9
171.6
91.6
117.3
106.0
109.1
122.3
138.5
136.1
115.3
128.0
108.6

110.5
79.2
104.7
113.2
119.1
169.5
90.8
117.7
104.5
108.7
121.3
140.4
136.4
111.0
129.4
107.5

110.2
77.1
97.1
114.3
120.6
170.4
90.1
120.1
102.5
111.3
122.0
142.2
141.4
112.1
130.6
106.0

109.4
76.7
92.5
114.1
120.5
168.6
88.4
121.1
100.1
112.5
122.5
141.6
143.2
112.1
128.7
103.7

112.3
79.1
99.1
116.4
123.4
168.1
89.4
123.1
103.0
116.0
125.6
143.5
147.3
116.0
131.0
105.2

116.2
81.4
107.4
119.6
126.6
164.8
90.7
130.6
106.9
115.4
129.4
144.6
151.3
122.3
133.1
112.1

117.6
81.1
111.9
120.5
127.3
161.9
93.3
131.3
110.1
116.5
129.7
141.1
152.1
123.0
131.7
121.9

120.1
83.6
124.3
121.2
127.8
156.1
96.3
132.4
112.2
117.0
129.9
140.7
152.9
122.6
131.7
123.0

120.7
84.2
126.8
121.4
127.7
152.8
98.5
131.6
114.1
119.6
129.9
141.3
151.9
119.8
130.5
119.8

120.2
86.0
131.9
119.7
123.9
146.8
102.3
133.2
116.1
119.1
126.9
139.2
148.4
103.4
128.9
118.4

115.9
82.2
114.7
117.8
124.2
144.9
97.4
127.7
111.2
116.9
126.1
139.0
145.8
116.7
127.7
113.4

109.3
83.0
110.5
110.4
114.3
113.3
97.0
119.5
108.3
113.3
117.2
123.6
125.7
107.1
112.7
109.4

112.3
105.7
96.8
102.7
117.9
119.5
119.3
118.0
86.6
147.5
98.5

106.8
99.4
75.2
98.4
111.3
116.9
118.0
117.4
87.4
124.2
94.2

108.0
96.2
77.1
102.2
116.2
118.0
118.6
117.4
85.7
130.9
95.2

105.2
91.0
73.0
100.0
115.3
113.1
118.0
116.7
83.1
126.3
91.3

105.4
88.6
74.6
99.5
114.7
112.7
118.5
118.7
82.3
143.1
89.4

106.1
89.5
74.2
99.9
116.6
114.0
119.3
116.6
79.5
144.1
92.0

105.7
88.8
76.2
99.4
117.1
112.9
117.4
115.2
78.6
144.5
95.0

107.3
91.4
87.8
101.3
116.9
114.1
117.2
115.5
77.5
149.4
98.2

110.4
96.6
98.9
103.9
118.6
116.9
119.9
117.1
80.1
153.2
100.2

111.7
99.9
93.3
105.4
120.5
117.8
118.6
117.5
81.7
153.4
99.8

112.6
102.9
98.9
106.3
121.6
116.6
118.7
117.0
81.9
152.6
98.5

113.2
107.7
101.2
107.0
118.1
116.9
118.3
117.4
83.8
150.9
98.4

114.3
107.7
88.1
108.4
122.8
117.7
117.4
118.1
83.7
148.4
104.2

109.5
96.2
84.6
106.0
118.7
115.0
115.8
115.9
81.0
146.8
100.6

105.3
94.4
86.4
102.0
115.1
109.6
110.0
110.2
78.7
135.2
96.9

102.6
151.7
156.9

101.6
157.0
157.4

104.7
174.3
157.9

105.0
178.3
157.7

105.8
181.9
152.9

100.8
157.6
151.4

97.1
144.6
136.6

Nondurable goods __ _ _ _ _ ----- _
Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco manufactures- . _ ------Textile mill products__ __
Apparel and other textile products___
Paper and allied products _
------Printing and publishing __ _ -------Chemicals and allied products------- __
Petroleum and coal products. --------Rubber and plastics products, nec___
Leather and leather products____ . . .

Payrolls
Mining _ _
_
__
Contract construction ___ _ _ ------- _
Manufacturing .............................................

106.3
187.5
154.3

109.4
184.5
150.6

106.2
171.1
153.8

101.8
157.3
150.9

101.0
147.9
149.9

97.7
137.2
151.1

97.. 1
131.3
150.4

100.4
141.0
153.1

1
F or com parability of data w ith those pu blished in issues prior to October workers and for contract construction, to construction w orkers, as defined
in footnote 1, tab le A -10.
1967, see footnote 1, table A -9.
2 Prelim inary.
F or m in ing and m anufacturing, data refer to production and related


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D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES

111

D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
T able

D -l.

Consumer Price Index1—U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers,
all items, groups, subgroups, and special groups of items
[1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified]
1967

1966

Annual
average

Group
Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1966

1965

All items ________
. ______
All items (1947-49=100)________________

116.9
143.4

116.5
142.9

116.0
142.3

115. 6 115.3
141.8, 141.5

115.0
141.1

114.8
140.9

114.7
140.7

114.7
140.7

114.6
140.6

114.5
140.5

114.1
140.0

113.8
139.6

113.1
138.8

109.9
134.8

F o o d ... ---------------------------- ------Food at home_________
_____
Cereals and bakery products... ___
Meats, poultry, and fish____ .
Dairy products__
____ ______
Fruits and vegetables______________
Other foods at home 2 . _ . ____ ..
Food away from home________________

116.6
113.9
118.4
113.1
116.6
122.7
102.6
130.3

116.0
113.3
118.2
112.3
116.4
124.4
100.2
129.7

115.1
112.3
118.3
111.6
116.3
119.9
100.0
129.1

113.9
110.9
118.8
108.5
115.9
116.4
100.7
128.7

113.7
110.8
118.5
109.0
115.7
114.2
101.4
128.3

114.2
111.5
118.6
110.0
115.7
115.2
102.3
127.7

114.2
111.7
118.5
110.7
116.1
114.2
102.5
127.4

114.7
112.3
118.8
110.3
116.4
115.3
104.9
127.0

114.8
112.6
118.8
110.9
116.5
114.3
105.7
126.3

114.8
112.8
118.6
111.8
116.7
114.9
104.8
125.7

115.6
113.8
118.3
113.8
117.1
115.3
106.0
125.2

115.6
114.0
118.4
114.8
116.0
116.6
105.3
124.6

115.8
114.4
117.3
114.5
114.8
122. 3
104.9
124.0

114.2
112.6
115.8
114.1
111.8
117.6
103.9
123.2

108.8
107.2
111.2
105.1
105.0
115.2
101.8
117.8

Housing--------------------------------------------Shelter 4____________________________
R ent...
... .
Homeownership 5._ . . . . . .
Fuel and utilities«
. .
.......
Fuel oil and coal7... ______________
Gas and electricity______ _ _____ __
Household furnishings and operation 8__

114.7 3U4.3
118.4 3117.9
112.6 112.4
120.8 3120. 2
109.1 108.9
111.7 111.4
108.5 108.3
108.3 108.2

114.1
117.7
112.2
119.9
108.6
110.5
108.2
108.1

113.9
117.5
112.1
119.7
108.7
110.8
108.3
107.9

113.6
116.9
111.9
119.0
108.8
111.0
108.4
107.7

113.3
116.6
111.8
118.6
108.7
111.1
108.3
107.3

113.3
116.8
111.7
118.9
108.7
111.1
108.3
107.0

113.1
116.5
111.4
118.7
108.6
110.5
108.3
106.7

113.0
116.4
111.3
118.6
108.4
110.2
107.9
106.7

112.6
115.8
111.2
117.8
108.3
108.9
108.1
106.5

112.2
115.5
111.0
117. 4
108.1
108.3
108.0
106.1

111.8
115.0
110.7
116.8
108.0
107.4
108.1
105.7

111.5
114.6
110.6
116.4
107.9
107.0
108.1
105.2

111.1
114.1
110.4
115.7
107.7
108.3
108.1
105.0

108.5
110.6
108.9
111.4
107.2
105.6
107.8
103.1

Apparel and upkeep 8_____ _. ____ __
Men’s and boys’. . _________ ____ ..
Women’s and girls’___ . _____________
Footwear______ _______ . . . __ _

113.8
114.5
108.8
126.0

113.7
113.9
109.2
125.4

113.9
114.1
109.7
125.4

113.8
114.0
109.6
125.2

113.0
113.5
108.4
124.9

112.6
112.7
108.2
124.2

111.9
111.8
107.3
123.4

111.3
111.6
106.4
122.9

112.3
112.6
108.1
122.9

112.0
112.4
107.8
122.8

111.5
111.5
107.5
122.2

110.7
111.2
106.3
121.3

109.2
109.9
103.8
120.4

109.6
110.3
105.1
119.6

106.8
107.4
103.1
112.9

Transportation.
. _ ____
116.4
Private____ . -------- ------ ------- ------- 114.4
Public__________________
___ . . 132.8

116.2
114.1
132.7

115.7
113.7
132.2

115.5
113.6
130.9

115.1
113.2
130.6

114.2
112.2
130.5

113.8
111.8
130.0

113.4
111.4
129.8

113.8
111.7
129.8

114.5
112.6
129.6

114.3
112.3
129.6

113.3
111.3
129.5

113.5
111.6
129.2

112.7
111.0
125.8

111.1
109.7
121.4

124.2
137.5
116.1
120.0
118.8

123.6
136.9
115.5
119.8
117.8

123.2
136.3
115.3
119.7
116.9

122.8
135.7
115.0
119.6
116.7

122.6
135.1
114.9
119.4
116.6

122.2
134.6
114.4
118.9
116.4

121.8
133.6
114.1
118.6
116.3

121.4
132.9
113.8
118.5
116.2

121.0
131.9
113.7
118.4
115.9

120.8
131.3
113.4
118.3
116.0

120.4
130.4
113.3
118.0
115.9

119.9
129.4
113.0
117.5
115.7

119.5
128.4
112.7
117.4
115.5

119.0
127.7
112.2
117.1
114.9

115.6
122.3
109.9
115.2
111.4

Special groups:
All items less shelter .
... . .
116.5
All items less food _ . . .
. _____ 117.1
115.6
All items less medical care. ____ . . .

116.1
116.8
115.2

115.6
116.5
114.8

115.1
116.3
114.4

114.8
115.9
114.1

114.6
115.4
113.8

114.3
115.2
113.7

114.2
114.8
113.6

114.3
114.9
113.7

114.4
114.8
113.6

114.3
114. 4
113.6

113.9
113.8
113.1

113.6
113.4
112.9

112.9
113. 0
112.3

109.6
110.4
109.1

Commodities 11___________ __________
Nondurables 12__ _ . . . . . . ________
Durables1113______ ____ _. . . . . _.
Services 111415.......... . . . . . . .. . . . __

111.9 111.5
114.8 114.3
104.7 104.4
128.2 3127.7

111.0
113.8
104.1
127.4

110.5
113.2
103.9
127.0

110.2
113.0
103.4
126.6

110.0
112.9
102.9
126.3

109.9
112.7
102.8
125.9

109.9
112.7
102.7
125.5

110.1
113.0
103.1
125.2

110.2
112.9
103.5
124.7

110.3
113.1
103.5
124.1

110.0
112.9
102.7
123.5

109.8
112.5
103.0
123.0

109.2
111.8
102. 7
122.3

106.4
107.9
102.6
117.8

Commodities less food 11_____ _____ ____
Nondurables less food...
. _____ .
Apparel commodities . . .
...
Apparel commodities less footwear.__
Nondurables less food and apparel___
New cars .
. . . ___. . .
Used cars___ _____
Household durables 16.._ ___ ___ ._
Housefurnishings___________________

109.4
113.2
112.7
110.0
113.4
96.9
125.2
98.2
100.8

109.1
112.8
112.6
110.0
113.0
97.0
124.8
98.1
100.8

108.9
112.7
112.8
110.3
112.7
96.8
122.4
98.0
100.7

108.7
112.7
112.7
110.2
112.6
96.9
121.4
98.1
100.6

108.4
112.4
111.9
109.4
112.7
97.0
118.8
98.0
100.6

107.8
111.8
111.5
109.0
112.0
97.2
115.9
97.8
100.3

107.6
111.5
110.7
108.2
111.9
97.3
114.0
97.7
100.0

107.3
111.0
110.1
107.6
111.6
97.6
113.0
97.6
99.7

107.7
111.4
111.2
108.8
111.6
98.6
114.2
97.7
100.0

107.8
111. 3
110.9
108.6
111.5
99.3
119.3
97.6
99.9

107.6
110.9
110.4
108.1
111.2
98.4
120.8
97.4
99.5

107.0
110.5
109.7
107.4
111.0
94.4
120.1
97.3
99.3

106.6
109.6
107.9
105.5
110.5
95.8
122.1
97.0
98.9

106.5
109.7
108.5
106.3
110.3
97.2
117.8
96.8
98.8

105.1
107.2
105.8
104.4
108.0
99.0
120.8
96.9
97.9

Services less rent1114__. .. . . . . . . . . . ...
Household services less rent » ... . . . ___
Transportation services____ _ .... .. .
Medical care services______. . . _ _____
Other services 1117. . . . .
.
___

131.7 3131.2
127.5 3127.0
128.8 128.3
146.7 146.0
131.9 131.6

130.8
126.7
128.1
145.2
131.3

130.4
126.5
127.7
144.4
130.8

130.0
126.0
127.6
143.6
130.3

129.5
125.6
127.4
142.9
129.7

129.2
125.5
127.2
141.6
129.4

128.8
125.1
126.9
140.6
129.1

128.3
124.9
126.5
139.4
128.9

127.7
124.2
126.1
138.6
128.5

127.1
123.5
125.9
137.4
128.2

126.5
123.0
125.5
136.2
127.5

125.9
122.4
125.3
134.7
127.1

125.0
121.5
124.3
133.9
126.5

120.0
117.0
119.3
127.1
121.8

. . ....
Health and recreation__
Medical care.......
...........
Personal care ___ . . . . . . . . . . .
Reading and recreation____ _ ___ _
Other goods and services 10____________

1 The CPI measures the average change in prices of goods and services
purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker families. Beginning
January 1964, the index structure was revised to reflect buying patterns of
wage earners and clerical workers in the 1960’s. The indexes shown here are
based on expenditures of all urban wage-earner and clerical-worker consumers,
including single workers living alone, as well as families of two or more
persons.
2 Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, nonalcoholic beverages, and
prepared and partially prepared foods.
3 Corrected index.
4 Also includes hotel and motel room rates not shown separately.
5 Includes home purchase, mortgage interest, taxes, insurance, and main­
tenance and repairs.
6 Also includes telephone, water, and sewerage service not shown separately.
7 Called “Solid and petroleum fuels” prior to 1964.
8 Includes housefurnishings and housekeeping supplies and services.
9 Includes dry cleaning and laundry of apparel, infants’ wear, sewing
materials, jewelry, and miscellaneous apparel, not shown separately.
>o Includes tobacco, alcoholic beverages, and funeral, legal, and bank
service charges.
n Recalculated group—indexes prior to January 1964 have been recomputed.
I2 Includes foods, paint, furnace filters, shrubbery, fuel oil, coal, household
textiles, housekeeping supplies, apparel, gasoline and motor oil, drugs and


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

pharmaceuticals, toilet goods, nondurable recreational goods, newspapers,
magazines, books, tobacco, and alcoholic beverages.
13 Includes hom e purchase, w h ich w as classified under services prior to
1964, building m aterials, furniture and bedding, floor coverings, household
appliances, dinnerware, tablew are, cleaning equip m ent, pow er tools, lam p s,
Venetian blinds, hardware, autom obiles, tires, radios, telev isio n sets, tape
recorders, durable to y s, and sports equip m ent.

14 Excludes home purchase costs which were classified under this heading
prior to 1964.
is Includes rent, mortgage interest, taxes and insurance on real property,
home maintenance and repair services, gas, electricity, telephone, water,
sewerage service, household help, postage, laundry and dry cleaning, furni­
ture and apparel repair and upkeep, moving, auto repairs, auto insurance,
registration and license fees, parking and garage rent, local transit, taxicab,
airplane, train, and bus fares, professional medical services, hospital services,
health insurance, barber and beauty shop services, movies, fees for sports,
television repairs, and funeral, bank, and legal services.
16 Called “Durables less cars” prior to 1964. Does not include auto parts,
durable toys, and sports equipment.
17 Includes the services components of apparel, personal care, reading and
recreation, and other goods and services. Not comparable with series pub­
lished prior to 1964.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

112

Table D-2. Consumer Price Index1—U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers,
selected groups, subgroups, and special groups of items, seasonally adjusted 2
[1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified]
11

r

"'

' "
1966

1967
G r ou p
A pr.

M ar.

F eb.

Jan.

D ec.

N ov.

O c t.

S ep t.

A ug.

115.3 • 114. 5
112.6
111.5
113.1
110.3
117.4
116.6
115.1
113. 5
101.6
101.7

113.9
110.9
110.0
116.3
112.1
101.9

114.3
111.6
110.4
115.6
114.7
102.8

1 1 4 .0
111.4
110.4
115.9
114 .4
102 .3

114.9
112.5
110.4
115.8
118.5
104.4

115.3
113.1
111.3
115.9
117.6
104.9

115.3
113.4
111.5
116.1
119.6
104.1

115.8
114 .0
112.8
116.5
120.9
104 .5

115.3
113.7
112.4
115.8
121.0
103.8

115 .5
113.9
112.9
114.9
121.4
105.1

109. 3
1 1 3 .7

108.8
112.4

108.8
112.4

108.7
110.3

108.4
109.4

108.7
108.9

108.2
108 .3

1 0 8 .0
108.3

108.1
108.3

1 0 8 .0
108 .5

108.2
108.8

108.4
109 .2

114 .3
115.0
109.6
126 .3

114. 2
114.4
109.7
125 .8

113.9
114.2
109.8
125.3

113.7
114.0
109.6
125.2

113.1
113.6
108.7
124.8

112.9
113.2
108.6
124.3

112.3
112.2
107.9
123.5

111.9
111.9
107.5
123 .0

111.7
111.9
107.1
122 .5

111.3
111.7
107.5
122 .3

11 0 .8
111.1
106.3
1 2 2 .0

110.5
111. 0
105.8
121.3

109.6
110.2
104. 5
120.6

T r a n s p o r ta tio n _______________________________________________
P r iv a t e ----------------------- -------------------------------- ----------

116 .3
114. 3

1 1 6 .0
113.9

115.9
113.8

11 5 .6
113.7

115.3
113.4

114.5
112.7

114.3
112.2

113.2
111.3

113.3
111 .4

114 .0
112 .0

114.1
1 1 2 .0

113.5
111.5

113.5
111.6

S p e c ia l grou p s:
C o m m o d it ie s 6.
.
. . . . . .
N o n d u r a b le s .
. . .
..
. . . .
D u r a b le s 6 7 _____________________ __
___________

111.8
114.6
104.9

111. 3
113 .7
104 .4

111.1
113.9
104.1

110.6
113.4
103.9

110.3
113.1
103 .4

110.1
113.0
103.0

110 .0
112.7
103 .0

110.1
112.9
102 .7

110.1
113.1
102.9

110.1
112.9
103.1

110.2
113 .0
103.3

109.9
112.8
102.9

109.8
112.4
103 .2

109.6
11 3 .4
1 1 3 .2
110.6
9 8 .2
1 2 3 .3
101.1

109 .2
1 1 3 .0
1 1 3 .2
110.6
9 8 .0
123.1
100.9

108.9
112.8
112.9
110.4
9 7 .2
120.9
100.6

108.8
112.8
112.6
110.2
97.1
121.9
100.5

108.4
112.5
112.1
109.6
9 6 .8
119.4
100.4

108.0
112.0
111.9
109.4
97.1
117.9
100.2

107 .9
111.8
111.3
108.9
9 6 .9
117.2
100 .2

107 .4
111.1
110.8
108 .4
9 6 .9
115.1
100 .0

107 .4
111.1
110.5
108 .0
9 7 .5
114.0
100 .0

107 .4
111.0
110.0
107.6
97 .7
118.0
9 9 .8

107.3
110.6
109 .5
107.2
9 7 .9
119 .6
9 9 .5

107 .0
110.3
109.5
107.1
9 6 .2
118.7
9 9 .3

106.9
109.8
108.4
106.0
97.1
120.8
9 9 .2

A ug.

J u ly

June

F o o d ____ . ________ -----------------------------------Food at h om e.
.......................
M e a ts , p o u ltr y , a n d fis h —
—
--- --D a ir y p r o d u c ts —
------------------- - ----------F r u its a n d v e g e ta b le s ___
. _ .. . . ---------O th er food s a t h o m e ---------- ----------- --------------------------- ---

11 5 .8
112.9
112.1
116.6
120 .6
102 .5

1 1 5 .0
112.0
112. 2
117. 0
1 1 6 .0
101.1

F u e l a n d u tilit ie s 3 . .
______
- --------------- - - - F u e l o il a n d co a l A
---------------------- --- - - - - --------------

109. 5
113.9

. ------- —
A p p a r e l a n d u p k e e p 5____
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’______
___ - _
----------- . .
- -- -W o m e n ’s a n d gir ls’________________________________________
F o o tw e a r ____________
____ ________________ __________

C o m m o d itie s le ss fo o d 6. . .
. . .
-----N o n d u r a b le s le ss fo o d . . . . . . . .
.
A p p a r e l c o m m o d it i e s ...
. . .
A p p a r e l c o m m o d itie s le ss f o o t w e a r ...
.
N e w cars__________________________
U se d cars__________________________________
H o u s e fu r n is h in g s ____
.
.
.

...
___

-------------. .
. . .
...
....
. . . ------.
. .
___ . . . . .

1 See footnote 1, table D -l.
2 Beginning January 1966, seasonally adjusted national indexes were com­
puted for selected groups, subgroups, and special groups where there is a
significant seasonal pattern of price change. Previously published indexes
for the year 1965 have been adjusted. No seasonally adjusted indexes will be
shown for any of the individual metropolitan areas for which separate indexes
are published. Previously, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has made
available only seasonal factors, rather than seasonally adjusted indexes (e.g.,
Department of Labor Bulletin 1366, Seasonal Factors, Consumer Price Index:
Selected Series). The factors currently used were derived by the BLS


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M ay

Seasonal Factor Method using data for 1956-66. These factors will be up­
dated at the end of each calendar year. A detailed description of the BLS
Seasonal Factor Method is provided in appendix A, B L S Handbook of Meth­
ods for Surveys and Studies (BLS Bulletin 1458,1966).
3 See footnote 5, table D -l.
4 See footnote 6, table D -l.
5 See footnote 8, table D -l.
6 See footnote 10, table D -l.
7 See footnote 12, table D -l.

113

D.— CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able

D-3.

Consumer Price Index—U.S. and selected areas for urban wage earners and clerical
workers 1
[1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified]

1967

Area2
Aug.

July

June

May

Annual
average

1966

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1966

194749=1006

1965

Aug.
1967

All items
116.5

116.0

115.6

115.3

115.0

114.8

114.7

114.7

114.6

114.5

114.1

113.8

113.1

109.9

143.4

Atlanta, Qa__________________ - (4)
(4)
Baltimore, Md.__ _ . ___ _____
«
(4)
5119.9
Boston, M a s s ..- _______________ «
Buffalo, N.Y. (Nov. 1963=100)___ 110.4
(4)
Chicago, Ill.-Northwestern Ind___ 114.5 5113.7
Cincinnati, Ohio-Kentucky.. . . . (4)
(4)

114.8
115.7
(4)
(4)
112.9
113.1

(4)
(4)
(4)
109.5
112.6

(4)
(4)
118.8
(4)
112.2

(4)
(4)
(4)
108.5
112.2

(4)
(4)
118.6
(4)
111.8

(4)
(4)
118.5
(4)
112.0

( 4)

( 4)

( 4)

111.5
113.4
117.0
107.0
110.7
110.3

108.1
109.6
113.2
103 5
107.6
107.2

(4)
(4)
(4)

( 4)

112.8
114.3
(4)
(4)
111.9
111.7

(4)
(4)
(4)
107. 7
111.4

( 4)

113.3
114.5
(4)
(4)
112.2
111.2

(4)
(4)
(4)
108. 0
111.9

( 4)

114.0
114.8
(4)
(4)
112.3
111.6

Cleveland, Ohio.......... . . . ____ 113.2
(")
Dallas, Tex. (Nov. 1963=100)____ 108.9
(4)
Detroit, Mich.. ____ ___________ 115.3 5115.0
Honolulu, Hawaii (Dec. 1963 = 100). ( 4)
(4)
114.3
Houston, Tex__________________
( 4)
Kansas City, Mo.-Kansas_______
( 4)
( 4)

(4)
(4)
114.7
107.9

111.8
107.5
114.5
(4)

(4)
(4)
114.3
106.7

111.5
107.0
113.5
(4)

110.9
106. 5
112.7
(4)

110.2
105.6
111.9
(4)

( 4)

( 4)
( 4)

( 4)

( 4)
( 4)

(4)
(4)
112.6
(4)
112.4

(4)
(4)
112.1
105.6

( 4)
( 4)

(4)
(4)
113.3
(4)
113.0

(4)
(4)
113.3
106.6

( 4)

(4)
(4)
114.6
(4)
113.6

109.7
105.0
llt.l
105.1
111.5
116.3

106.9
101. 4
106.4
102.1
108.5
113.3

118.3 5117.5
113.6
( 4)
5115. 6
( 4)
119.4 119.1
117.4 116.7
115.0
( 4)
5118.2
( 4)

117.3

114.7
110.6
112.2
116.0
113.7
113.0
115.3

112.5
108.2
109.5
112.2
110.6
110.2
111.8

113.5
102.1
115.6
111 9
114.1
113.3

109.9
100.1
112.7
111.0

U.S. city average3---------------------

Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif___
Milwaukee, Wis___ . ________
Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn_____
NewYork,N.Y.-Northeastern N.J.
Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J. . ________
Pittsburgh, Pa__ . . . . .
....
Portland, Oreg.-Wash._ ________
St. Louis, M o.-Ill______ . ____
San Diego, Calif. (Feb. 1965=100)...
San Francisco-Oakland, Calif____
Scranton, Pa____ _____ . ____
Seattle, Wash___________ . . _.
Washington, D .C .-M d.-V a... __

116.9

(4)

105.9
( 4)

118.7
118.2
117.3

(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)

117.4
( 4)
( 4)

116.9
112.2
( 4)

118.7
116.6

118.4
116. 0

( 4)
( 4)

( 4)
( 4)

116.5
( 4)

118.4
( 4)
( 4)
( 4)

( 4)

104.1
( 4)

117.1
116.8
115.7

( 4)

117.9

116.3

115.4

( 4)

( 4)
( 4)

114.2
118.2
115.8
114.2
117.4
( 4)
( 4)
( 4)

(4)
( 4)
( 4)

115.7
111.4
( 4)

118.2
115.5

118.0
115.3

( 4)
(4)

( 4)
( 4)

115.5
(4)

117.1
( 4)
( 4)
( 4)

(4)

103.7
(4)

116.3
115.9
115.1

( 4)

117.3

115.8

116.3

( 4)

(4)
(4)

113.4
117.5
115.0
114.0
117.1

( 4)

117.6
115.3

117. 7
115.0

(4)
(4)

( 4)
( 4)

114.9

( 4)
( 4)
( 4)
( 4)
( 4)
( 4)

116.3
111.6

( 4)

117.2
(4)

( 4)

103.5
( 4)

( 4)
( 4)

116.2
115.6
114.6

( 4)

( 4)

( 4)

117.1

( 4)
( 4)

115.9

115.7

( 4)

( 4)
( 4)

114.6
111.5

113.4
117.8
115.0
114.1
116.6
( 4)
( 4)
( 4)

( 4)

117.3
114.7

116.7
114.5

( 4)
( 4)

( 4)
( 4)

114.7
( 4)

(4)

116.4
(4)

( 4)
( 4)

( 4)
( 4)

( 4)

102.0
( 4)

115.5
114.5
114.0

1 1 1 .0

109.6

144.4
(4)
140.6
142.2
( 4)
«

147.5
143.2
(4)

143.9
144.2
(4)
( 4)
(4)
(4)

141.6
148.6
141.2

Food
U.S. city average 3. ____________

116.6

116.0

115.1

113.9

113.7

114.2

114.2

114.7

114.8

114.8

115.6

115.6

115.8

114.2

108.8

Atlanta, Ga..
Baltimore, M d..
....
Boston, M ass.. ___ . .
__
Buffalo, N.Y. (Nov. 1963=100)___
Chicago, Ill.-Northwestern Ind___
Cincinnati, Ohio-Kentucky____ .

115. 4
118.3
121.1
111.3
117.7
114.4

114.4
117.6
120.1
111.1
116.4
115.2

114.3
115. 5
119.0
110.6
114.5
113.7

113.6
114.9
118.3
108.9
113.9
111.9

112. 9
114 8
117 7
108.9
113.1
111.3

113. 6
114.9
118.4
109.4
114.1
111.4

113. 5
115.2
118. 2
109.3
114.7
111.2

114. 1
115.3
119.0
109.7
114.1
111. 5

113. 8
116. 0
118. 8
109.3
114.7
111. 7

114.0
115 9
118 5
109.7
114.7
112.4

114. 7
116.7
119. 3
109.7
115.4
113.6

114. 2
117.9
119.3
109.9
116.3
113.4

114. 0
117. 4
118. 9
110.5
116.8
113.9

112. 9
115. 9
117. 0
108.8
114.6
111.8

107 4
109 3
112 5
104.1
108.8
106.2

Cleveland, Ohio__
Dallas, Tex. (Nov. 1963 = 100)___
Detroit, Mich.. . _ . . . . . . .
Honolulu, Hawaii (Dec. 1963=100).
Houston, Tex. ..
Kansas City, Mo.-Kansas. .

113.0
110.8
116.3
110.1
116.1
119.1

112.2
110.2
115.1
109.9
115.9
118.4

111. 5 109.9
109.4 108.4
113.5 113.0
109.5 108.4
115 0 114.2
117. 8 116.1

109 6
107 9
112 6
108.0
115 fi
116 0

110.3
108.9
113.2
108.3
115. 7
116. 6

110.0
109.8
112.7
107.7
116.0
117.2

110.9
110. 5
113.0
108.1
116.6
118.0

111. 5
110.9
113.1
108.0
116.9
117. 8

111. 8
111.0
113 1
108.7
116 6
117 5

112.1
111. 0
113. 5
108.4
117. 0
118. 7

112.4
111. 1
113. 7
107.3
117.0
119. 0

113.1
111.6
114. 4
106.6
117. 0
118 1

110 9
110.0
112.2
107.0
115.4
117.2

104.8
103.9
105. 0
103.5
109. 2
111.3

Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif.. .
Milwaukee, Wis.... ___1______ ..
Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn____
New York, N.Y.-Northeastern N.J.
Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J
Pittsburgh, Pa.
. .
Portland, Oreg.-Wash... . . . . . .

114.6
116.5
114.3
117.2
115.9
113.1

114.3

113.6

112. 4

112.5

114. 0

113.7

112.2
114.4
113 0
109 5
114 1

112.5
114.9
113.1
109.7

113.0
115.5
113. 7
111.3
115.7

112.9
115.3
114. 0
111.2
115.6

113 7
114.3
112.6
115.7
113 5
111.4
116.0

114.2

112.3
115.5
114. 5
111.6

112. 8
112.8
112. 5
115.0
113 6
110.2
116.0

113.7

113.1
116.5
114.7
112.9
115.9

114.2
116.5
114. 5
112.8
115.6

113.4
116.3
114. 5
112.8
116.1

113.8
116.2
113.3
116.4
114.9
112.8
115.6

113.3
114.0
112.4
115.1
113.1
111.8
1117

110. 7
107.7
107.1
109.8
107. 2
107.5
109.6

St. Louis, M o.-lil___
San Diego, Calif. (Feb. 1965 = 100) ..
San Francisco-Oakland, Calif
Scranton, Pa____
. . .
Seattle, Wash______ _ _
Washington, D.C.-Md.-Va_____

120.0
109.1
116.4
116.0
115.2
118.0

119.9

118. 8

117.2

118.1

119.3

119.2

119.7

119.4

116.1

114. 4

113 0

113.2

115.4
116.3

114.4
115.7

113 1
114.8

113.3
115.3

114. 4
112.6
114.0
114.7

114.4
113.1
114.3
114.7

115. 0
11S. 8
115.1
115.1

114.7
113.7
115.2
115.6

119.8
106.8
114. 2
113.7
114.9
115.8

117.8
106.5
114.2
112.8
114.1
114.0

111.5
102. 7
110.2
107.7
110.3
108.4

112.4
H I3. 5
111.8
114.3
113. 3
109.1
117.4
106. 2
112.8
112. 0
113.6
114.4

1 See footnote 1, table D -l. Indexes measure time-to-time changes in
prices. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live in one area than in
another.
2 The areas listed include not only the central city but the entire urban
portion of the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined for the 1960
Census of Population; except that the Standard Consolidated Area is used
for New York and Chicago.
3 Average of 56 “cities” (metropolitan areas and nonmetropolitan urban
places) beginning January 1966.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

118. 5
105. 9
113.3
112.1
113.5
114.7

118. 6
106.6
115.1
113.2
114. 7
113.5

4 All items indexes are computed monthly for 5 areas and once every
months on a rotating cycle for other areas.
5 Corrected index.
6 Corrected index, All items, July (1947-49=100): Chicago, 143.4; Detroit,
141,8; Los Angeles, 146.5; Boston, 148.6.; Minneapolis, 143.0; Portland, Oreg.,
146.4.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

114

T able

D-4.

Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified]2
1966

1967

Annual
average

Commodity group

All commodities.......................................................
Farm products and processed foods and feeds----Farm products........................ ................... - ...........
Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables..............
Grains_________ _____________ __________
Livestock..................... ................ ........ ........ .
Live poultry____________________________
Plant and animal fibers___________________
Fluid milk_____________________________
Eggs-------------------------- -------------------------Hay, hayseeds, and oilseeds_______________
Other farm products.......... ...................... ........
Processed foods and feeds------------------------------Cereal and bakery products_______________
Meats, poultry, and fish......................... .........
Dairy products.... .................. ........... ................
Processed fruits and vegetables------------------Sugar and confectionery---------------------------Beverages and beverage materials--------------Animal fats and oils_____________________
Crude vegetable o ils.--------- --------------------Refined vegetable oils_________________ _
Vegetable oil end products------------------------Miscellaneous processed foods--------------------Manufactured animal feeds.------- --------------All commodities except farm products--------------Industrial commodities------------ --------------------Textile products and apparel_________________
Cotton products_________________________
Wool products.....................................................
Manmade fiber textile products------- ------ —
Silk yam s........... ................................................
Apparel______ ___________ ____ __________
Textile housefurnishings__________________
Miscellaneous textile products_____________
Hides, skins, leather, and related products--------Hides and skins_________________________
Leather----- ---------------------------- ------------Footwear----------------------------------------------Other leather and related products...................
Fuels and related products, and power____ ____
Coal________ ___________________________
Coke__________________________________
Gas fuels (Jan. 1958=100)_________________
Electric power (Jan. 1958=100)____________
Crude petroleum........... .......................... .........
Petroleum products, refined_______________
Chemicals and allied products________________
Industrial chemicals_____________________
Prepared paint------- ------------ ------------------Paint materials_____________ _________ —
Drugs and pharmaceuticals_______________
Fats and oils, inedible------------- ---------------Agricultural chemicals and chemical products
Plastic resins and materials_______ _______ _
Other chemicals and allied products________
Rubber and rubber products______ __________
Crude rubber.............. .......................................
Tires and tubes....... ............. ............................
Miscellaneous rubber products_____________
Lumber and wood products.................................. .
Lumber........... ......................... ................. ........
Millwork.............................................................
Plywood____ __________ ___________ ____
Other wood products (Dec. 1966=100). ...........
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Aug.

July June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb.

106.1
105.2
99.2
96.6
86.1
106.3
77.3
71.4
120.9
82.1

106.5 106.3 105.8
107.3 106.8 105.0
102.8 102.4 100.7
107.9 114.3 104.4
92.6 96.1 98.0
107.4 104.9 102.6
91.9 85.7 85.6
70.9 70.9 69.9
121.3 121.3 120.9
86.0 76.0 74.5
117.1 116.6 117.8
99.7 100.2 99.9
113.1 112.6 110.7
116.9 117.2 117.4
109.9 108.3 103.8

111.6

99.3

112.1

116.8
107.4

105.3
103.4
97.6
99.6
98.3
94.0
89.0
69.9
119.1
77.0
118.4
99.2

105.7
104.6
99.6
98.4
99.9
97.4
90.8
70.3
119.0
90.8
120.5
99.5

110.0

110.6

112.5
104.7
103.0

117.2
100.6
122.0 122.2 120.8 120.1
107.0 106.5 105.1 104.3
113.7 112.7 112.0 111.8
106.4 106.3 106.0 105.9
77.4 82.4 89.8 91.5
86.8 91.7 93.9 93.8
88.3 93.5 96. 6 96.8
101.3 101.6 101.6 101.6
113.1 112.6 112.4 112.9
123.2 122.4 118.7 122.9
106.8 106.7 106.4 106.2
106.0 106.0 106.0 106.0
101.5 101.6 101.6 101.8
98.9 99.7 100.3 100.8
103.3 103.2 103.1 102.9
85.5 85.8 86.3 86.8
168.4 167.0 167.0 164.5
107.1 106.7 106.3 106.2
105.3 105.3 105.5 105.2
117.1 118.0 118. 5 119.4
115.2 115.6 115.2 115.7
93.4 95.8 87.2 88.3
109.5 110.2 110.9 112.9
121.4 121.5 121.4 121.5
112.9 113.3 114.3 114.5
103.9 104.0 104.4 103.3
103.0 102.4 102.6 102.7

112.0

112.0

122.1

107.1
113.8
106.6
83.0
89.8
91.9
101 0
112.1

119.6
106.8
106.3
101.7
98.8
102.9
85.9
172.6
107.3
105.3
116.0
114.4
86.8
109.2
121.2

132.0 131.8
100.5 100.6
99.0 98.4
104.6 103.3
98.0 98.3
97.1 97.2
108.8 108.8
90.7 90.9
93.6 94.1
77.2 77.1
101.8 103.5
89.5 90.0
108.7 108.7
97.8 95.8
84.8 85.7
98.7 94.0
102.3 101.6
106.1 105.3
109.0 108.3
112.6 112.1

90.9

89.4

117.5
101.7
120.7
104.2
112.5
105.6
89.6
94.2
96.9
101.8
112.0

124.8
106.3
106.0
101.8

101.3
104.0
86.9
164.1
106.0
105.1
120.8

116.9
98.9
114.6
121.7
114.4
103.7
102.2
112.0 112.0 112.0 112.0
134.3 135.0 134.8 134.6
100.5 100.6 100.6 100.6
98.3 98.3 98.3 98.3
103.1 103.7 101.7 102.4
98.5 98.8 98.8 98.5
97.2 97.5 97.6 97.0
108.8 108.8 108.8 108.8
91.0 91.0 91.2 90.8
94.1 94.1 94.0 94.4
79.5 82.9 85.3 81.5
105.1 105.2 105.2 105.9
90.3 90.7 90.4 90.3
108.5 108.7 108.6 107.8
95.8 95.8 95.9 95.9
86.2 85.9 86.5 86.5
94.0 94.0 94.0 94.9
101.5 101. 5 101.5 100.9
104.7 104.2 104.1 103.6
108.0 107.0 106.6 106.0
111.7 111.7 111.6 111.2
87.6 87.5 87.9 87.7

101.6 102.0 102.0 102.0 102.0 102.0

Jan.

Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug.

106.0 106.2 105.9
105.7 107.0 106.7
101.0 102.6 101.8
104.5 101.8 101.3
95.8 100.7 101.5
99.5 101.4 97.9
97.1 88.1 77.2
70.2 70.8 71.0
122.9 123.4 124.0
84.0 100.0 109.0
120.3 123.5 124.5
100.5 99.6 100.5
111.7 112.8 112.8
117.3 117.6 118.0
104.7 105.4 104.4
121.2 121.8 122.3
104.3 105.9 105.8
112.6 113.0 112.6
105.9 105.8 105.8
92.0 94.9 97.5
94.1 94.1 98.1
96.7 93.0 101.2
103.5 106.3 106.3
111.5 112.6 113.7
125.9 132.1 132.0
106.5 106.5 106.3
106.0 105.8 105.5
102.0 102.0 101.8
101.8 102.5 102.7
104.7 104.7 104.8
87.1 87.1 86.9
164.1 166.1 163.2
105.9 105.7 105.4
105.3 105.3 105.3
121.0 120.5 119.7
118.0 117.9 117.3
107.8 110.1 109.2
116.3 116.9 116.2
121.6 120.9 120.3
114.6 114.5 114.2
103.4 102.6 102.4
102.3 102.3 102.4
112.0 112.0 112.0
134.5 134.6 132.0
100.6 100.6 100.8
98.2 98.2 98.1
101.9 100.3 100.2
98.5 98.4 98.2
96.9 96.6 96.4
108.7 108.7 108.5
90.8 90.6 90.6
94.2 94.7 94.7
89.1 92.3 95.1
105.4 104.2 103.1
90.5 90.3 90.2
107.6 107.4 107.0
95.8 95.6 95.0
87.1 87.6 87.6
94.9 94.9 93.9
100.4 99.7 99.3
103.6 102.6 102.5
105.4 104.5 104.5
111.1 110.3 110.3
89.2 87.3 87.4
102.0 102.0 100.0

105.9
107.1
102.5
104.2
98.0
98.4
85.1
70.9
124.4
121.8
122.9
98.7
112.6
118.7
104.2
122.6

105.9
112.1

105.6
105.6
99.2
102.2

106.8
114.6
128.4
106.3
105.5
102.1
103.0
105.1
87.7
161.1
105.5
105.3
119.1
117.5
114.3
114.1
120.1
115.1
102.7
101.9
112.0
130.6
100.3
98.1
101.3
98.0
96.0
107.8
90.4
95.0
91.6
103.3
90.2
106.9
95.0
87.9
93.9
99.2
103.0
105.6
110.3
86.9

106.2
108.8
104.4
97.9
98.9
106.5
83.1
71.4
125.8
114.7
121.5
100.8
113.9
118.7
108.1
124.5
105.7
111.6
105.6
108.9
100.1
97.0
108.2
115.1
128.1
106.4
105.3

106.8
111.5
108.7
110.4
104.6
109.2
87.5
71.7
125.4
128.0
126.3
102.3
115.5
118.9

102.2

102.2

103.3
105.6
88.1
161.1
105.3
105.2
118.8
118.7
120.8
117.5
120.1
115.6
102.6
100.6
112.0
130.7

106.8
111.3
108.1
97.7
105.6
112.0

119.1
115.1

89.8
72.3
124.1
108.6
139.2
102.5
115.7
118.9
111.1
124.0
102.3
110.9
106.4
120.9
127.5
118.4
108.7
114.1
133.6
106.6
105.2
102.4
103.3
106.6
89.6
156.7
105.2
104.3
121.2
121.2
141.2
124.9
119.1
116.0

102.2

102.0

112.2

124.2
103.7
111.4
105.6
115.9
112.4
107.6
110.4
114.2
132.3
106.6
105.2
103.1
106.1
88.6
158.6
105.1
105.1
120.3
119.9
134.2
121.8

99.6

98.5

112.0

112.0

129.2 128.9
100.2 100.3 100.3
98.1 97.7 97.7
101.3 101.0 100.7
97.9 98.0 97.9
95.9 95.8 95.8
107.3 106.8 106.8
90.2 90.3 90.5
95.0 94.8 94.7
94.5 103.8 105.5
102.8 102.2 101.9
90.2 89.9 89.1
106.9 106.8 106.8
94.6 94.7 95.1
87.4 87.9 88.8
93.4 93.4 93.9
98.9 99.0 99.0
104.8 105.9 106.2
108.0 109.5 110.2
110.8 110.9 110.9
88.1 89.2 90.0

1966

1965

105.9 102.5
108.9 102.1
105.6 98.4
102.5 101.8
97.3 89.6
110.0 100.5
91.4 87.2
82.3 91.1
117.6 103.5
107.9 93.5
122.9 112.9
101.5 97.6
113.0 106.7
115.4 109.0
110.2 101.0

118.5
104.8
110.5
105.8
113.1
107.2
108.7
104.6
114.0
126.6
105.8
104.7
102.1

102.5
106.0
89.5
153.6
105.0
104.4
122.6

119.7
140.8

108.5
102.1

109.0
105.7
113.4
100.9
97.0
101.2

113.6
116.3
102.9
102.5
101.8
100.2
104.3
95.0
134.3
103.7
103.1
123.0
109.2
111.2

121.1 108.1

118.2
114.4
101.3
98.6
109.8
129.3
100.3
97.5
99.5
97.8
95.7
106.8
90.1
94.5
102.8
102.8
89.0
106.6
94.8
89.2
93.3
98.8
105.6
108.5

110.7
106.1
98.9
96.5
107.3
124.1

100.8

96.8
95.9
97.4
95.0
105.4
89.8
94.4
112.7
101.8

88.4
105.3
92.9
90.0
90.0
97.1
101.1

101.9
107.7
92.8 92.3

110.0

115

D.— CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able

D-4.

Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities—Continued
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified]2
1967

1966

Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan.

Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug.

Annual
average

Commodity group

Industrial Commodities—Continued
Pulp, paper, and allied products-------- ------ -----------------Pulp, paper, and products, excluding building paper
and board___ ______ _ ------- _. - ----------—- - ---Woodpulp___ Wastepaper_____. .
- - -------------- -------__ _ _ --------- ------ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Paper _- _ ---- -Paperboard.
- ---- —
----------Converted paper and paperboard products-- _ _ __
Building paper and board________________________
Metals and metal products - ................ ...................
Iron and steel.-.
_ ------- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Steel mill products______________________________
_
_ ______
Nonferrous metals___ _ _
_ -- - ___________
Metal containers___
Hardware__ _
_____ _ ___ ----------------------Plumbing fixtures and brass fittings_______________
Heating equipment_____________________________
Fabricated structural metal products______________
Miscellaneous metal products_____________________
Machinery and equipment.. .......................
Agricultural machinery and equipment. _________
Construction machinery and equipment___________
Metalworking machinery and equipment..... .........
General purpose machinery and equipment. _____
Special industry machinery and equipment (Jan.
1961=100)____________________________________
Electrical machinery and equipment. _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Miscellaneous machinery_____ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Furniture and household durables____________________
Household furniture------- -- --------- ----- ___ _ __ _
Commercial furniture.
.
-------Floor coverings.-. ___
- ___
___
Household appliances.
_
Home electronic equipment______________________
Other household durable goods___________________
Nonmetallic mineral products_______________________
- ________________ _
Flat glass__
Concrete ingredients
_______
Concrete products______________________________
Structural clay products excluding refractories____
Refractories___ _______ _________ ____ ___ —
Asphalt roofing__ _
Gypsum products___
Glass containers_____
Other nonmetallic minerals______________________
Transportation equipment3_____ _ _ . . .
Motor vehicles and equipment____________________
Railroad equipment (Jan. 1961=100)__ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Miscellaneous products___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
____
Toys, sporting goods, small arms, ammunition.
Tobacco products__ ___________________ _______
Notions____ . . . ____________________ _______
Photographic equipment and supplies_____ ______
Other miscellaneous products____________________

104.0 104.1 103.9 103.9 103.9 103.6 103.3 103.1 103.0 103.0 103.1 103.1 103.2 102.6
104.5
98.0
74.6
110.9
97.3
104.6
91.3
109.2
103.5
105.7
118.9
111.7
115.2
110.1
92.5
105.5
114.2
111.8
122.0
122.4
124.4
113.6

104.6
98.0
76.2
110.9
97.3
104.7
91.5
109.0
103.4
105.7
118.6
111.7
113.8
110.0
92.6
105.1
113.8
111.6
121.9
122.1
123.9
113.2
116.3
101.7
109.1
100.9
112.6
111.9
92.9
90.1
81.8
116.6
104.2
104. 5
106.0
105. 8
109.9
104.9
91.6
100. 7

1965

99.9

104.3
98.0
76.7
109.6
97.3
104.9
91.5
108.9
103.3
105.7
118.7
111.7
113.0
110.8
92.5
104.9
113.7
111.6
121.8
121.9
123.6
113.1

104.3
98.0
77.5
109.5
97.3
104.9
91.7
108.9
103.2
105.7
118.9
111.7
112.9
110.7
92.0
105.1
113.7
111.6
121.8
121.9
123.6
113.2

104.3
98.0
79.1
109.3
97.3
104.9
92.2
109.1
103.2
105.6
120.0
111.5
112.8
110.5
92.0
104.9
113.6
111.6
121.8
121.8
122.9
113.0

104.0
98.0
79.7
108.5
97.3
104.7
92.3
109.4
103.3
105.6
121.1
111.5
112.4
110.5
92.2
104.8
113.7
111.5
121.9
121.5
122.6
113.0

103.7
98.0
83.2
108.5
97.3
104.0
92.4
109.6
103.2
105. 6
122.3
111.5
112.0
110.5
92.3
104.8
113.6
111.2
121.7
121.4
122.2
113.0

103.5
98.0
83.9
108.5
97.3
103.7
92.4
109.4
103.0
105.4
121.8
111.5
111.9
110.5
92.6
104.8
113.6
111.1
121.5
121.3
121.9
112.8

103.4
98.0
90.5
108.5
97.2
103.2
92.7
109.0
102.9
105.3
120.5
110.2
111.9
110.5
93.4
104.9
113.2
110.7
120.8
121.0
121.8
112.4

103.4
98.0
92.7
108.5
97.2
103.1
93.1
109.0
102.8
105.2
121.0
110.2
111.5
110.5
93.4
104.8
113.1
110.2
120.4
120.6
121.5
112.2

103.5
98.0
98.8
108.4
97.2
103.0
93.0
108.6
102.5
105.1
120.3
110.1
110.9
110.6
93.3
104.6
112.7
109.4
118.5
119.8
121.1
111.8

103.6
98.0
102.9
108.4
97.2
103.0
92.7
108.4
102.5
105.1
119.9
110.1
110.3
110.6
92.9
104.4
112.4
108.9
118.2
119.4
120.5
111.1

103.6
98.0
106.7
108.4
97.2
102.8
92.8
108.5
102.7
105.0
120.4
110.1
110.1
110.0
92.5
104.2
112.3
108.5
118.3
118.9
119.5
110.6

103.0
98.0
105.0
107.3
97.1
102.3
92.6
108.3
102.3
104.7
120.9
110.0
109.6
108.4
92.5
103.9
111.6
108.2
118.5
118.9
118.8
109.7

100.2
98.1
99.4
104.1
96.4
99.3
92.7
105.7
101.4
103.3
115.2
107.6
106.0
103.1
91.7
101.2
109.4
105.0
115.1
115.3
113.6
105.1

116.7
101.6
109.4
101.0
112.8
111.9
92.6
90.1
81.8
117.9
104.5
106.9
106.0
105.8
110.4
104.9
91.8
100.7
101.1
101.8

116.1
101.8
109.1
100.8
112.4
111.9
93.1
90.0
82.0
115.9
103.9
103.3
105.9
105.7
109.7
104.9
88.3
100.9
101. 1 101.0
102.2 102.2

116.1
101.9
108.9
100.8
112.4
111.9
93.1
89.7
82.9
115.8
103.8
103.3
105.9
105.2
109.7
104.9
88.3
102.3
101.0
102.1

115.8
102.3
108.8
100.6
112.4
109.3
93.1
89.8
83.3
115.7
103.9
103.3
106.0
104.6
109.4
104.9
94.8
102.3
101.0
102.0

115.4
102.2
108.8
100.6
112.4
109.3
93.8
89.8
83.3
115.2
103.8
103.3
105.8
104.5
109.3
104.9
94.8
102.3
101.0
101.8

115.1
101.8
108.7
100.4
112.0
109.3
93.9
89.7
83.5
114.8
103.7
103.3
105.6
104.4
109.3
104.8
94.8
103.5
101.0
101.1

114.8
101.9
108.5
100.4
111.9
108.7
94.1
89.6
83.6
114.8
103.6
103.3
105.8
103.9
109.3
104.8
95.7
103.5
101.0
101.1

114.3
101.5
108.1
100.4
111.8
108.7
96.2
89.2
83.8
114.0
103.3
103.3
104.3
103.9
109.1
104.2
95.7
103.5
101.1
101.3

114.1
100.7
107.8
100.3
111.5
108.0
96.6
89.2
83.8
113.8
103.3
103.3
104.2
103.5
109.3
104.2
97.6
103.5
101.1
101.3

113.9
99.5
107.4
99.7
110.3
107.3
96.6
88.9
83.8
113.6
103.2
102.1
104.3
103.5
108.8
104.2
97.6
102.7
101.1
102.0

113.2
99.2
106.8
99.2
109.8
106.0
96.6
88.7
83.3
112.6
103.0
100.6
103.9
103.6
108.7
103.9
97.6
102.7
99.2
101.8

112.9
99.1
106.6
99.1
109.4
105.8
96.6
88.8
83.1
112.1
102.7
99.7
103.8
103.3
108.7
103.9
97.6
102.7
99.2
101.8

111.8
99.0
106.5
99.1
109.1
105.7
97.0
89.1
83.6
111.6
102.6
100.7
103.9
103.0
108.4
103.7
96.0
102.4
99.9
101.7

108.0
96.8
105.2
98.0
106.2
103.7
97.7
89.2
85.2
108.9
101.7
100.9
103.2
101.5
106.6
103.0
92.8
104.0
98.1
101.3

ioi.3
102.9
110.0
105.8
114.8
100.8
111.3
108.5

101.3
102.9
109.7
105. 6
114.8
100.8
110.1
108.3

101.4
102.9
109.6
105.3
114.8
100.8
110.1
108.0

101.6
102.9
108.0
105.3
110.3
100.8
110.1
107.4

101.6
102.7
108.0
105.2
110.3
100.8
110.2
107.4

101.6
102.7
107.7
104.0
110.3
100.8
110.1
107.3

101.6
102.7
108.0
105.3
110.3
100.8
110.3
107.2

101.6
102.7
107.9
105.2
110.3
100.8
110.1
107.2

101.7
102.7
107.5
104.8
110.3
100.8
109.9
106.1

101.7
101.0
107.4
104.8
110.2
100.8
109.8
106.0

101.7
101.0
107.2
105.0
110.3
100.8
108.4
105.6

100.1
101.0
107.1
104.8
110.3
100.8
108.4
105.5

100.5
101.0
107.1
104.9
110.3
100.8
108.6
105.5

100.8
101.2
106.8
104.1
109.6
100.5
108.9
105.3

100.7
100.9
104.8
102.7
106.2
99.1
109.2
103.8

1As of January 1967, the indexes incorporated a revised weighting structure
reflecting 1963 values of shipments. Changes also were made in the classi­
fication structure, and titles and composition of some indexes were changed.
Titles and indexes in this table conform with the revised classification struc­
ture, and may differ from data previously published. See Wholesale Prices
and Price Indexes, January 1967 (final) and February 1967 (final) for a descrip­
tion of the changes.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1966

2 As of January 1962, the indexes were converted from the former base of
1947-49=100 to the new base of 1957-59 = 100. Technical details and earlier
data on the 1957-59 base furnished upon request to the Bureau.
3 Not available.
N ote : For a description of the general method of computing the monthly
Wholesale Price Index, see BLS Handbook of Methods for Surveys and Studies
(BLS Bulletin 1458, October 1966), Chapter 11.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

116
T able D-5.

Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings 1
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified]2
1966

1967

Annual
average

Commodity group
Aug. July
All commodities—less farm products---------------------------All foods__________________________________________
Processed foods____________________________________
Textile products, excluding hard and hast fiber productsHosiery__________________________________________
Underwear and nightwear----------------------------------------Kefined petroleum products_________________________
East Coast, refined------ ------- -----------------------------Mid-Continent, refined__________________________
Gulf Coast, refined_____________________________
Pacific Coast, refined-----------------------------------------Midwest, refined (Jan. 1961=100)--------------------------Pharmaceutical preparations-------------------------------------Lumber and wood products excluding millwork and other
wood products 3______________ ____ _______________
Special metals and metal products4----------------------------Machinery and motive products_______________ ______
Machinery and equipment, except electrical-----------------Agricultural machinery, including tractors-------------------Metalworking machinery-----------------------------------------Total tractors____________________ ________________
Industrial valves__________________________ ____ ____
Industrial fittings__________________________________
Abrasive grinding wheels___________________________
Construction materials______________________________

Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug.

1966

1965

106.8
108.8
111.1
95.6
91.6
109.7
104.6
104.3
103.0
108.6
92.2
98.8
95.6

106. 8
110. 7
112. 0
95. 5
91. 3
109. 7
103. 3
104. 3
103. 0
107. 0
92. 2
95. 2
96. 1

106.7
110.3
111.4
95.9
91.3
109.7
103.1
101.6
103.0
107.0
92.1
95.2
96.1

106.4
107.8
109.6
96.3
91.7
108.7
103.7
101.6
103.0
107.2
95.6
95.2
96.2

106.2
106.4
108.2
96.7
91.6
108.4
101.7
101.6
103.0
102.5
95.6
94.0
95.9

106.3
107.3
108.8
97.0
91.6
107.7
102.4
101.6
103.0
104.1
95.6
94.7
96.4

106.5
108.5
109.9
97.3
91.6
107.5
101.9
101.6
100.9
104.1
95.6
93.4
96.3

106.5
109.5
110.6
97.5
91.4
107.5
100.3
99.9
98.7
102.5
94.8
92.7
96.9

106.3
109.8
110.6
97.5
91.4
107.1
100.2
99.9
97.9
102.5
94.8
92.7
97.1

106.3
110.6
110.7
98.0
91.4
107.1
101.3
98.1
99.5
105.1
94.4
92.7
97.5

106.4
111.3
112.4
98.4
91.4
106.8
101.3
98.1
98.6
105.1
96.4
92.0
97.3

106.6
114.0
113.8
98.6
91.2
106.8
101.0
98.1
100.2
104.9
90.4
93.3
97.2

106.6
112.4
113.8
99.0
91.2
106.8
100.7
96.4
100.2
104.5
90.4
93.3
97.0

105.8
110.7
111.5
98.5
92.0
106.8
99.5
97.5
98.6
102.2
90.7
92.7
96.8

102.9
104.5
105.1
99.1
93.5
104.6
95.9
95.3
97.6
95.1
90.6
91.7
96.5

105.1
107.5
108.5
118.2
123.9
131.5
123.7
121.9
101.5
94.6
105.3

104. 1
107. 4
108. 4
117. 8
123. 9
130. 6
123. 4
121. 8
102. 6
94. 6
104. 9

103.4
107.3
108.4
117.6
123.8
130.4
123.3
121.5
102.6
94.6
104.6

102.6
107.5
108.5
117.6
123.7
130.5
123.3
122.7
102.6
94.7
104.4

102.5
107.6
108.5
117.3
123.7
129.5
123.0
122.7
101.7
94.7
104.7

101.9
107.7
108.4
117.2
123.8
129.2
123.1
122.7
101.7
94.7
104.5

102.0
107.9
108.3
117.0
123.7
128.4
123.1
122.7
101.7
94.7
104.4

100.7
107.8
108.2
116.8
123.4
128.1
123.0
122.4
101.7
94.7
104.1

100.8
107.5
108.0
116.4
122.7
128.2
122.7
122.1
99.1
94.7
104.0

101.6
107.5
107.7
116.1
122.4
127.8
122.3
121.9
99.1
94.7
104.0

103.7
107.2
107.1
115.5
120.2
127.2
120.7
121.0
100.5
94.7
104.3

105.1
106.6
106.3
114.9
119.9
126.4
120.3
118.8
100.5
94.7
104.3

105.8
106.8
106.2
114.5
120.0
125.2
120.0
118.4
99.1
94.7
104.5

105.1
106.7
106.0
114.0
120.3
124.1
120.2
116.3
95.9
93.9
103.9

99.8
104.7
103.7
110.1
116.6
117.4
116.8
105.7
90.8
94.2
100.8

1 See footnote 1, table D-4.
2 See footnote 2, table D-4!
3 Formerly titled “ Lumber and wood product?, excluding millwork.”


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan.

4 Metals and metal products, agricultural machinery and equipment, and
motor vehicles and equipment.

117

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able

D-6.

Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by stage of processing and durability of product
[1957-59=100] J
1967

1966

A n n u a l average

C om m od ity group

A ll com m od ities......... . ......................................... .....................

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

A ug.

July

106.1

106.5 106.3 105.8 105.3 105.7

99.5
101.4
94.5

101.7 101.4 100.6
104. 7 104.2 103.1
94. 6 95.1 94.7

Feb.

Jan.

D ec.

N ov.

O ct.

Sept. A ug.

1966

1965

106.0 106.2 105.9 105.9 106.2 106.8 106.8

105.9

102.5

98.0 99.7 100.8 101.9 100.8 101.1 103.6 106.1 107. 4
99.2 101.3 102.7 104.2 102.3 102.5 106.2 109.9 111.2
94.6 95.7 96.5 97.0 97.4 97.6 98.2 98.9 100. 2

105.3
107.2
101.9

98.9
98.3
99.8

93.6

94.9

95.8

96.3

96.8

97.0

97.7

106.0 105.9 105.7 105.7 105.6
110.3 110.2 109.8 110.3 110.2
110.0 109.9 109.5 110.1 109.9
110.8 110.7 110.3 110.7 110.6

105.0
109.4
109.3
109.6

104.7
109.3
109.2
109.6

104.7
109.4
109.3
109.7

104.3
109.7
109.6
109.9

104.3
108.9
108.9
109.1

104.3
108.1
108.1
108.3

Stage of processing
C rude m aterials for further processing-----------------------Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs ------------------------Crude nonfood m aterials except fuel ------------------Crude nonfood m aterials, except fuel, for
m an ufacturin g. . . ------------------------------------Crude nonfood m aterials, except fuel, for
c o n s tr u c tio n .. _____ .
-------------C rude fu el. . .
.
- --- . . . .
Crude fuel for m an ufacturin g________________
C rude fuel for non m an u factu rin g. --------------Interm ediate m aterials, supplies, and com p on en ts-----Interm ediate m aterials and com pon en ts for m an u ­
fa c tu rin g ... _ ----- --- ------------------ -------Interm ediate m aterials for food m an ufacturing.
Interm ediate m aterials for nondurable m an u ­
facturing___
...
---------------- . . ----Interm ediate m aterials for durable m an u ­
facturing______
____ . . ------- . . ..
C om pon en ts for m an ufacturin g_______ _____
M aterials and com ponents for con stru ction --------Processed fuels and lu b rican ts--------- ----------------Processed fuels and lubricants for m anufac­
tu rin g —
Processed fuels and lubricants for n on m an u ­
facturing________ . -------------------- --------------C ontainers________ . . --------- ---------- ----------------.
. ---------- . .
---------S u p p lie s .. _____ _
Supplies for m anufacturing
. . . ----------------Supplies for nonm anufacturing_______________
M anufactured anim al fe e d s .. . ----- ---------Other su p p lies--------- ------------------------- . .
Finished goods (goods to users, inclu ding raw foods
........... . . . . .
. . ------and fu els). .
Consum er finished g o o d s _______________________
Consum er fo o d s... - - - - - - - .
..............
-------- ..
C onsum er crude foods. . . . .
C onsum er processed foods----------------------Consum er other nondurable good s--------------Consum er durable goods____ _________ . . .
________
Producer finished goods______________
Producer finished goods for m an u factu rin g.. .
Producer finished goods for nonm anufacturing.

93.5

93. 7

94.2

93.7

98.5 100.0

101.8

99.5

103.8
106.2
106. 2
106.4

103.9
106.4
106.3
106.6

103.2
103.3
103.2
103.5

105.3 105.3 105.6 105.8

104.8

102.2

104.5 104.4 104.4 104.4 104.6 104.6 104.8 104.7 104.5 104.4 104.3 104.6 104. 8
109.9 110.2 110.2 109.1 108.1 108.7 109.0 110.1 110.9 111.2 111.6 113.6 114. 8

104.0
111.3

102.0
106.6

105.4

105.4 105.4 105.3 105.5

105.5 105.5 105.6 105.4

103.9
107.0
107.0
107.2

98.4

98.4

98.6

98.9

99.1

99.1

99.3

99.3

99.2

99.2

99.5

99.5

98.7

107.7
107.9
105.5
102.4

107.5
107. 5
105.2
102. 1

107.4
107.5
104.9
102.7

107.4
107.6
104.8
103.2

107.7
107.9
104.9
102.5

107.7
107.9
104.8
102.7

107.9
107.6
104.7
102.5

107.6
107.5
104.4
102.3

107.1
107.1
104.3
101.9

107.0
106.6
104.3
102.5

106.8
105.9
104.5
102.6

106.9
105.4
104.6
102.1

106.6
104.9
104.1
101.4

104.6
101.3
101.4
99.5

102.8

102.9 103.5 103.7 103.6 103.7 103.7 103.6 103.2 103.4 103.5 103.1 103.1

99.8 100.1
106.8
105.5
104.6
102.1

102.5

101.0

101.5 100.8 101.5 102.3
106.4 106.4 106.5 106.6
110.8 111. 5 111.3 110.4
110.7 110. 6 110.6 110.4
110.0 111. 1 110.9 109.7
112.2 115.9 115.2 111.6
105.4 105. 3 105.3 105.2

100.6
106.6
111.4
110.4
111.1
115-9
105-2

101.1
106.4
111.8
110.1
111.7
117.8
105.3

100.6
106.0
111.6
109.7
111.7
118.8
104.8

100.3
105.9
112.9
109.5
113.6
124.9
104.5

99.8
105.3
112.6
109.2
113.3
124.8
104.2

100.8
105.2
111.6
109.5
111.8
121.2
104.0

100.9
105.1
111.5
109.5
111.6
120.9
103.9

100.5
104.9
112.8
109.7
113.4
125.0
104.3

100.4
104.9
113.3
109. 5
114.1
126. 3
104.6

99.4
104.9
110.7
108.9
110.7
119.5
103.4

97.1
102.1
106.0
106.1
105.4
109.7
100.9

108.3
107.2
109.6
98.3
111.7
108.0
101.2
111.4
115.8
107.2

108.7
107. 7
111.5
104. 6
112.7
107.4
101.1
111. 2
115.4
107.2

108.4
107.4
110.9
104.4
112.1
107.2
101.0
111.2
115.3
107.1

107.6
106.4
108.5
99.9
110.0
106.9
101.3
111. 1
115.2
107.2

107-0
105-7
106-9
97.8
108-6
106-4
101.3
110-8
114-7
107-0

107.2
106.0
107.9
100.5
109.2
106.4
101.3
110.7
114.5
107.0

107.6
106.5
109.3
103.1
110.4
106.3
101.3
110.6
114.3
106.9

107.7
106.6
110.3
106.0
111.0
105.8
101.3
110.5
114.0
106.8

107.6
106.6
110.5
108.0
110.9
105.5
101.3
110. 2
113.7
106 6

107.8
107.0
111.3
112.7
111.0
105.7
101.2
109.8
113.4
106.1

107.8
107. 2
112. 2
108.1
112.8
105.5
100.9
109.1
112.7
105.4

108.1
107.8
114.5
116.6
114.2
105.4
100.0
108.4
112.0
104.8

107.5
107.1
112.8
105.3
114.0
105.2
100.1
108.3
111.7
104.7

106.9
106.4
111.2
106.5
112.0
104.8
100.2
108.0
111.3
104.6

103.6
102.8
104.5
100.2
105.2
102.8
99.6
105.4
108.0
102.9

107.9
104.8
106.8
108.1
105.6
102.3
100.3
102.4

107. 6
105. 6
106.8
107.9
105.8
104.5
99.4
104.8

107.5
105.4
106.6
107.7
105.6
104.4
99.6
104.7

107.5
104. 6
106.3
107.7
105.0
103.1
99.9
103.3

107-6
103-7
106-2
107.8
104.6
101.0
99. 2
101.1

107.6
104.2
106.3
107.7
104.8
102.5
102.0
102.4

107.6
104.7
106.4
107.7
105.1
103.6
103.4
103.6

107.4
105.2
106.4
107.5
105.3
104.7
104.1
104.7

107.1
104.9
106.2
107.2
105.2
104.0
103.9
104.1

106.9
105.1
106.2
107.0
105.3
104.7
106.3
104.6

106.6
105.8
106.3
106.7
105.8
106.0
105.6
106.0

106.2
107.1
106.4
106.3
106.5
108.4
104.4
108.7

106.2
107.0
106.4
106.3
106.5
108.2
105.0
108.4

106.0
105.6
105.7
106.0
105.3
106.5
109.0
106.4

103.7
101.5
102.8
103.7
101.9
100.7
104.7
ICO. 5

Durability of product
T otal durable goods__________________________________
T otal nondurable goods______________________________
T otal m anufactures_________________________ _______
Durable m anufactures___________________________
N ondurable m an ufactures. -------------------------------T otal raw or sligh tly processed goods ------------------- ..
D urable raw or sligh tly processed goods_____
N ondurable raw or sligh tly processed g o o d s ...
1 See footnote 1, table D -4.
5See footnote 2, table D - 4 .


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

N ote : For description of th e series b y stage of processing, see Wholesale
Prices and Price Indexes, January 1967 (final) and February 1967 (final);
and b y d u rab ility of product and data beginning w ith 1947, see Wholesale
Prices and Price Indexes, 1957 (B L S B u lletin 1235, 1958).

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1967

118

E.—Work Stoppages
T able

E -l.

Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1
Number of stoppages

Month and year

Beginning in
month or year

Workers involved in stoppages

In effect dur­
ing month

Beginning in
month or year

1945
_____________________________
1946
. ________________________________
1947
_
_______________________________
___________________________ _
1948
- 1949
___- _______________ ___________
1950
_______ ____________________________
1951
_______________________________________
1952
.
_____________________________
1953 „
...
_________ ____________________
1954
. . . . _____________________ __________
1955 .
______________________________________
1956
. . . . ____________________________
1957 .
_________________________________________
1958 .
. . . . . _____________________________
1959
I960 .
_________________________________________
1961 . _
__________ ________ . . .
1962 .
_________________________________________
1963 .
_____ __________________________________
1964 ________ _____ ___ _______________________
1965
___________________________________________
1966
. __________________________________

4,750
4,985
3,693
3; 419
3,606
4,843
4,737
5,117
5,091
3,468
4,320
3,825
3; 673
3,694
3,708
3,333
3,367
3,614
3,362
3,655
3,963
4,405

1965: January_______ .
---------------- ... .
February---------------- -----------------------------------March. ________
_______ ___________
April_______________________________________
May____
-------- --------------June___ . . --------------------- ------- ---- -July________________________________________
August_______ . . . . _________ _________
September.._ . . . . . . . . . . .
_
. . . _________
______ ____
____
October.. . . _________
November.. _______ . . . _______________ . ___
December____________________ ______ ..

244
208
329
390
450
425
416
388
345
321
289
158

404
393
511
603
669
677
702
685
631
570
505
371

98,800
45,100
180,000
141,000
127,000
268,000
156,000
109,000
155,000
101,000
140,000
24,300

1966: January ____________________________________
February.. _________________________________
March_______________________________________
April________________________________________
May_____ ___________________________________
June.. _____________________________________
July________________________________________
August______________________________________
September___________________________________
October______________________________________
November_____ ____________________________
December_____ ________________________. . . : . .

238
252
336
403
494
499
448
442
422
410
288
173

389
421
536
614
720
759
704
718
676
651
533
389

113,000
101,000
217,000
227,000
240,000
161,000
286,000
117,000
132,000
191,000
126,000
49,000

1967: January 2__ . . . _______ . . . . .
___
February2. .
___ ..
_______________
March 2 _____ _____________ ______ _. _______ _
April2_____
__
_____ . . . .
May 2________________________ _
June2. . ...................
. . .
July 2_________________________
__________

275
325
430
440
535
430
375

440
465
575
600
695
670
630

98,000
106,000
141,000
409,000
255,000
177,000
804,000

i The data include all known strikes or lockouts involving 6 workers or
more and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers involved
and man-days idle cover all workers made idle for as long as 1 shift in estab­
lishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

In effect dur­
ing month

3,470,000
4,600,000
2,170,000
1,960.000
3| 030,000
2,410,000
2,220,000
3,540,000
2,400,000
1,530, 000
2,650, 000
1,900,000
1,390.000
2, 060,000
1,880,000
l', 320,000
lj 450,000
1,230,000
' 941,000
1,640,000
1,550,000
1,960,000

Man-days idle during month
or year

Number

Percent of
estimated
working time

38,000,000
116,000,000
34,600,000
34,100,000
50,500,000
38,800,000
22,900,000
59,100,000
28,300,000
22,600.000
28,200.000
33.100.000
16,500,000
23.900,000
69, 000. 000
19|l00,000
16,300,000
18,600,000
16,100,000
22,900,000
23,300,000
25,400,000

0.47

183,000
149,000
274,000
194,000
201.000
354,000
334,000
229,000
250,000
209,000
192,000
75,800

1,740, 000
1, 440. 000
1,770,000
1,840.000
1,850,000
2, 590,000
3,670. 000
2,230,000
2,110,000
1,770,000
1,380,000
907,000

.18
.15
.16
.17
.19
.23
.34
.20
.20
.16
.13
.08

140,000
138,000
265,000
392,000
340,000
265,000
347,000
310,000
226,000
255, 000q
234,000
158,000

1,090,000
928,000
1,410,000
2,600,000
2,870,000
2,220,000
3,100,000
3,370,000
1,780,000
2,190,000
2,150,000
1,670,000

.10
.09
.12
.24
.26
.19
.29
.27
.16
.19
.19
.15

1,270,000
1,280,000
1,490,000
2,170,000
3,900,000
4,360,000
4,710,000

.11
.12
.12
.20
.33
.36
.43

190,000
151,000
202,000
443,000
402,000
350, 000
1,010,000

143

.41
.37
.59
44

.23
. 57
.26
.21

.26
.29
.14
.22
.61
.17
. 14
. 16
.13
.18
.18
. 19

or secondary effect on other establishments or industries whose employees
are made idle as a result of material or service shortages.
2 Preliminary.

U. S. G O V ER N M EN T P R IN T IN G O F F I C E : 1967 O - 274-9 4 8


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

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O FFICIA L B U S IN E S S


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