Full text of Monthly Labor Review : October 1965, Vol. 88, No. 10
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Monthly
Labor
I ,■
KALAMAZOO
N O V 16 1965
UBLIC LIBRARY
Review
OCTOBER
1965
VOL.
88
NO.
Budgets of Urban and Rural Families
The Musicians’ Union and the Law
Why the Unemployed Sought Work
Wage Developments in 1964
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
W. Willard Wirtz , Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Arth u r M . R
R
obert
H. M. D
P aul
J. M
o ss,
Commissioner of Labor Statistics
y ers,
outy,
Deputy Commissioner of Labor Statistics
Associate Commissioner for Program Planning and Publications
R. K e r s c h b a u m , Associate Commissioner for Administrative Management
J ack A ltekman , Deputy Associate Commissioner for Economic Growth
G ertrude B ancroft , Special Assistant to the Commissioner
A rnold E. C hase , Assistant Commissioner for Prices and Living Conditions
E dward D iamond , Deputy Associate Commissioner for Administrative Management
J oseph P. G oldberg , Special Assistant to the Commissioner
H arold G oldstein , Assistant Commissioner for Manpower and Employment Statistics
L eo n G r e e n b e r g , Assistant Commissioner for Productivity and Technological Developments
P e ter H e n l e , Deputy Associate Commissioner for Program Planning and Publications
W alter G. K eim , Special Assistant to the Commissioner
L aw rence R. K lein , Chief, Division of Publications
H yman L. L ew is , Economic Consultant to the Commissioner
L eonard R. L insenm ayer , Assistant Commissioner for Wages and Industrial Relations
F rank S. M cE lroy , Chief, Office of Industrial Hazards
A be R othman , Deputy Associate Commissioner for Systems Analysis
W illiam C. S helton , Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
K e n n et h G. V an A u k e n , Special Assistant to the Commissioner
Regional Offices and Directors
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Monthly Labor Review
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
L aw rence
•
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
R. K l e i n , Editor-in-Chief
CONTENTS
Special Articles
1169
1177
1182
1189
1196
1204
1206
1213
Spending and Saving in Urban and Rural Areas
The Musicians’ Experience: Unions, Legislation, and the Courts
Wage Developments in 1964:
Wage Developments in Manufacturing
Developments Under Major Bargaining Agreements, 1964
Special Labor Force Report—The Unemployed: Why They Started
Looking for Work
The 49th Convention of the Federation of Teachers
The Earnings and Weekly Hours of Factory Workers
Employment Experience of Discharged Defense Workers
Summaries of Studies and Reports
1215
1219
1222
1228
Changes in Negotiated Pension Plans, 1961-64
Earnings in Fabricated Structural Steel, 1964
Employment of Negroes in the Federal Government
Regular Jobs for Household Help
Departments
ii
hi
1230
1233
1234
1239
1249
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
This Issue in Brief
The Labor Month in Review
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics
October 1965 • Vol. 88 • No. 10
This Issue in Brief. . .
families ’ annual after-tax money incomes
averaged a fourth higher than those of rural non
farm families and a third more than those of the
rural farm group, according to Kathyrn R.
Murphy’s analysis of Spending and Saving in
Urban and Rural Areas (p. 1169). While urban
and rural nonfarm families used 91 percent of their
after-tax income for current living expenses, farm
families spent only 81 percent of their income. In
addition to the comparison of the spending pat
terns of the three residential segments, the author
compares changes and trends over time and reports
that, “The net effect of the shifts since 1941 was a
greater uniformity in the shares each population
group allocated to food, housing, clothing, and
other types of living expenses.”
U rban
(p. 1196), says that the unemployment rate for
nonwhites was almost double that for whites and
the rate of job loss was 2% times higher. Young
adults were also reported to be less likely than
older workers to be unemployed because they had
lost a job.
Following are some recent key statistics from continuing B L S series. See Current
Labor Statistics, pp. 1219-1288.
September
196.5
Total civilian labor force (in thousands)_______________ 75,321
Employment______
72,446
Unemployment_____________ _________________
2,875
Unemployment rate (seasonallyadjusted) (percent)_______
4.4
Earnings of production workers in manufacturing (pre
liminary):
Average hourly earnings.........___________________
$2.63
Average weekly hours....................................................
41.1
Average overtime hours................................- ................
3.7
1964
74,122
70,805
3,317
5.1
$2.57
40.7
3.5
August
Index of average hourly earnings of production workers in
manufacturing (excluding overtime and interindustry
shifts) (1957-59=100)......................................................... 120.9
Consumer Price Index (including single workers) (1967-59
= 100)................................................................................. 110.0
118.1
108.2
D uring 1964, decisions on wage adjustments in
manufacturing firms affected 6.4 million produc
tion workers. About three-fourths of the workers
were in plants where wages were increased, and
the median increase was 6.6 cents an hour. The
comparisons given in Wage Developments in Man
ufacturing (p. 1182) by Ruth W. Benny show that
general wage changes in both union and nonunion
settlements were smaller than in 1963. A compan
ion study of general wage and benefit changes,
Developments Under Major Bargaming Agree
ments, 196Jj (p. 1189) by George Ruben covered
a different group of workers and included some
in selected nonmanufacturing industries. The
general wage increase in this study was 3.2 per
cent of straight-time average hourly earnings and
general wage increases averaged 9 cents an hour.
I n an attempt to distinguish between the unem
ployment caused by involuntary separation from
jobs and that caused by inflexibility in the labor
force, questions designed to determine why job
seekers started looking for work were included in
the monthly labor force surveys for June and De
cember 1964. Responses to the surveys indicated
that of the persons looking for work, less than half
had lost or quit a job; the majority were new en
trants or returnees to the labor force. Curtis L.
Smith, Jr., reporting on the surveys in The Un
employed: Why They Started Looking for Work
ii
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I n J une 1964, the proportion of Negroes working
for the Federal Government was larger than the
proportion of Negroes in either the entire popu
lation or the civilian nonagricultural labor force;
within each of the Government’s three major pay
systems, Negroes were employed predominately in
the low-skill occupations. These and other find
ings are included in Bernard Anderson’s Employment of Negroes in the Federal Government—
based on a study of the President’s Committee
on Equal Employment Opportunity (p. 1222).
J oseph C occo describes the current distribution of
wages and work schedules in the Nation’s manu
facturing industries and analyzes the changes
that have occurred in this distribution during the
1958-64 period in The Earnings and Weekly Hours
of Factory Workers (p. 1206). Earnings for the
estimated 14.6 million nonsupervisory employees
ranged widely; the largest concentration at any
5-cent wage interval was the group of 900,000 em
ployees who earned between $1.25 and $1.30 an
hour, just above the Federal minimum wage. A
comparison of straight-time hourly earnings re
vealed that employees who worked exactly 40 hours
had a higher pay level than those who worked a
longer or a shorter week.
The Labor Month
in Review
Of Ships, Subsidies,
and Seamen
i
T he 78-day Atlantic-Gulf Coast maritime strike,
involving three licensed officers’ unions, was played
out against the backdrop of a declining industry
with decreasing job opportunities. The U.S. mer
chant marine currently carries only 8 percent of
the Nation’s ocean trade, down from 24 percent
* 10 years ago. Since 1954, the active fleet of pri
vately owned oceangoing vessels of 1,000 gross tons
and over has decreased from 1,103 to 885 or 19.8
percent; the number of jobs aboard them from
56,000 to 48,000, a decline of 14.3 percent.
The basic issues confronting the maritime in
dustry, including ship construction and operating
subsidy problems, cargo preference, and transfers
of registry to foreign flags, are under study by the
President’s Maritime Advisory Committee, estab
lished by Executive order of June 17, 1964. To
date, two of the subcommittees appointed by
Secretary of Commerce John T. Connor, chair
man of the Committee, have made their reports.
On June 7, 1965, a subcommittee headed by
Theodore W. Kheel submitted proposals for the
expansion of bulk carrier tonnage, which accounts
for 85 percent of U.S. foreign trade, although U.S.
contract carriers (tramps) bear only 5 percent of
it. Government aid to contract carriers takes the
form of cargo preference, which reserves a stated
percentage of Government-sponsored cargo (as in
the grain shipment, and foreign aid programs) for
this segment of the fleet. Operating and construc
tion subsidies do not apply.
The subcommittee set a goal for U.S. bulk car
riers of one-third of foreign trade cargoes (30 to
35 percent for dry bulk cargoes; 30 percent of oil
imports), to be achieved principally by replacing
superannuated ships by vessels of increased pro
ductivity and efficiency. Government construction
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and operating subsidies would be extended to dry
bulk carriers, and import quotas would be set for
tankers.
The subcommittee recommended that the ques
tion of manning mechanized ships be settled by
agreement, prior to construction, “. . . under a
system of free collective bargaining and voluntary
arbitration. . . .” Savings resulting from in
creased productivity would be used to build addi
tional vessels and “. . . to provide in part on a
negotiated basis for interim relief to displaced sea
men for job loss or job dislocation. The costs of
such negotiated relief should be deemed qualified
for subsidy reimbursement.”
O n J uly 16, 1965, a second subcommittee, headed
by Deane W. Malott, reported on the expansion of
the subsidized segment of the liner fleet to include
presently unsubsidized liner operators. In view of
the relative age and competitive disadvantage of
these vessels, the subcommittee recommended a
construction program “. . . to replace them at the
fastest possible rate in order to pay operating sub
sidy only on the most efficient tonnage available.”
The Secretary of Commerce has appointed an
interdepartmental task force, chaired by Under
Secretary of Commerce for Transportation Alan
S. Boyd, to review various aspects of maritime
policy, including the recommendations made by
the several subcommittees.
most important element in Government aid
to the maritime industry is the operating differen
tial subsidy, which accounted, in 1964, for 72 cents
out of every dollar of wages received by seamen
holding some 21,000 jobs on subsidized ships.
On July 23, 1965, the Secretary of Commerce
prescribed a new procedure for reviewing collec
tive bargaining agreements for subsidy purposes:
Within specified time limits, the Maritime Admin
istration is to refer collective bargaining agree
ments and relevant information “. . . to a mari
time wage review panel consisting of members
from appropriate informed groups and persons
adequately representing the public interest.”
Following its review of such agreements,
T he
. . . this wage review panel . . . [will] make rec
ommendations to the Maritime Subsidy Board con
cerning the issues with regard to subsidy reimburse
ment.
in
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
IV
Upon receipt of the findings and recommendations
from the panel, . . . it will be the responsibility of the
Maritime Subsidy Board to make an official deter
mination on the matter in accordance with applicable
statutes . . . . Further, the final decision of the Mari
time Subsidy Board will be subject to review in ac
cordance with applicable departmental procedures.
In announcing this procedure, the Secretary re
versed that part of the Maritime Subsidy Board’s
decisions of July 13 which had disallowed subsidy
reimbursement for certain wage and benefit in
creases negotiated in three collective bargaining
agreements. The Board had held that the wage
increases exceeded the Presidential wage guide
lines, and that pensions were considerably higher
than those received in other industries.
I n h is rev ersal, th e S e c re ta ry s t a t e d :
Over the past several years, . . . the Maritime
Subsidy Board and its predecessor agencies have been
disposed to accept, for subsidy reimbursement pur
poses, the results of collective bargaining agreements
signed by the subsidized operators and the various
maritime unions, as . . . meeting the “fair and rea
sonable and in the public interest” standard required
by the applicable statutory law, [the Merchant Ma
rine Act of 1936] . . . [T]o a very considerable ex
tent, collective bargaining agreements have, for pur
poses of payment of Government subsidy, been
rubber-stamped. . . . It has become increasingly evi
dent during recent years that the Government . . .
cannot continue, in good conscience, to give routine
and automatic approval of substantial wage and em
ployee benefit increases after the collective bargain
ing agreements have been signed.
Nevertheless, the Secretary said, he had reversed
the Board’s disapproval of reimbursement for
“. . . two major reasons . . . first, the length of
time that has elapsed since the agreements were
executed; second, the statutory standard of ‘fair
and reasonable’ is not met by limiting considera
tion to the Presidential guidelines to the extent the
Board appears to have done.”
In explaining the new procedure, Secretary
Connor disclaimed any intention of interfering
in the collective bargaining process:
. . . I must observe that the Department of Commerce
should not endeavor to tell the parties during negotiations
what specific terms they should write into a collective bar
gaining agreement. And the Department of Commerce
will not negotiate with the parties or attempt to persuade
the parties to agree to a specific wage or employee benefits
with the understanding that [it] is later binding on the
U.S. Government.
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new subsidy reimbursement procedure, like
the recommendations of the Maritime Advisory
subcommittees, affects the interests of deep-sea
mariners represented in twTo big unions of un
licensed and licensed seamen, and a number of
smaller unions acting for licensed officers alone.
The National Maritime Union, at last count, had
contracts covering nearly 20,000 jobs on ocean
going vessels, and the Seafarers’ International
Union had contracts covering over 14,000 ocean
going jobs.
The SIU ’s principal deep-sea affiliates of un
licensed seamen are the Sailors’ Union of the Pa
cific with contracts covering 2,100 jobs, the Marine
Cooks and Stewards with coverage of 3,300, and
the Marine Firemen’s Association with contracts
covering 1,800. SIU licensed officer affiliates are
the Marine Staff Officers (Pacific Coast) with con
tracts covering 164, and the Staff Officers Associa
tion (Atlantic and Gulf Coasts), with contracts
covering 286, both representing personnel in the
purser’s department.
The NMU licensed officer affiliate is the Brother
hood of Marine Officers, wTith contracts covering
558 jobs, in the deck and engine departments.
The present-day alinement of other officers’
unions with the NMU and SIU are reflected in
AFL-CIO affiliations. Associated with the A FLCIO Maritime Trades Department, headed by SIU
President Paul Hall, are the Marine Engineers
Beneficial Association, with contracts covering
4,310, and the Radio Officers Union (an affiliate of
the Commercial Telegraphers’ Union) with con
tracts covering 420 jobs.
The American Radio Association, with contracts
covering 565, is affiliated with the AFL-CIO Mar
itime Committee, whose presiding officer is Joseph
Curran of the NMU. The Masters, Mates and
Pilots, whose contracts cover 3,480 deck officers’
jobs, are usually associated with the NMU, al
though they are not members of the Maritime
Committee.
Both the NMU and SIU have advocated the
strengthening of cargo preference laws and the
elimination of transfers of U.S.-owned vessels to
foreign registry. Through participation in inter
national labor bodies, they have attempted to raise
labor standards for foreign seamen, and they have
used a variety of methods to increase job oppor
tunities for their members.
T he
Spending and Saving
in Urban
and Rural Areas
Kathryn R. Murphy *
r b a n a n d r u r a l f a m i l i e s had distinctive spend
ing and saving habits in the early 1960’s even at
similar income levels. Those living on farms had
lower incomes, yet they saved more than other
families, on the average. However, this character
istic income-savings relationship is associated with
the high rate of self-employment among the farm
group rather than with where they lived. The
Survey of Consumer Expenditures in 1960-61
U
*Of th e D ivision of L iving C onditions Studies, B ureau of L abor
S tatistics.
1 In th is article, th e term s “fam ily ” a n d “consum er u n it” are
used in terch an g eab ly . The fam ily w as defined as a group of
people u su ally liv in g to g eth er who pooled th e ir incom es and
drew from a common fu n d fo r th e ir m ajo r item s of expense or as
a person liv in g alone o r in a household w ith o th ers, b u t who was
financially independent.
2 F o r ad d itio n al d etail on th e 1960-61 survey, conducted jo in tly
by th e U.S. D ep artm en ts of L abor and A griculture, see sources
cited in tab le 1. T he 1960-61 sam ple w as designed to be a rep
re sen tativ e cross section of all fam ilies residing in u rb an and
ru ra l a reas in th e 50 S tates. T he survey w as conducted in 2
y ears— in 1961, covering fam ily expenditures and incom e in
u rb an places in th e calen d ar year 1960, and in 1962, providing
1961 d a ta on u rb an , ru ra l nonfarm , and ru ra l farm fam ilies, as
defined in fo o tn o te 2, tab le 1. T he U.S. and regional d a ta have
been obtained by ap p ly in g population w eights to th e averages
fo r th e sam ple fam ilies. T hey rep re sen t th e estim ated universe
of 55,306,000 consum er u n its in th e U nited S tates, excluding
those living in in stitu tio n s or on m ilita ry posts.
D a ta fo r 1941 a re from F am ily Spending and Saving in
W a rtim e (BLS B u lletin 822, 1945) ; and R ural F am ily Spending
and S a vin g in W a rtim e (U.S. D ep artm en t of A g ricu ltu re M is
cellaneous P u b licatio n 520, 1943).
The B ureau of L abor S ta tistic s conducted a com prehensive
survey of consum er ex p en ditures in the u rb an U nited S ta te s in
1950 an d th e U.S. D ep artm en t of A g ricu ltu re conducted a survey
am ong farm o p erato rs fo r 1955, b u t com parable in fo rm atio n fo r
ru ra l n o n farm fam ilies w as n o t collected betw een 1941 and 1961.
3 F o r definition, see fo o tn o te 10, tab le 1.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
makes possible the first nationwide comparison of
family 1 income and expenditures since 1941.2 In
the two decades between surveys, the proportion of
the Nation’s families living on farms dropped from
16 to 6 percent; the urban fraction showed a cor
responding increase from 62 percent in 1941 to 73
percent in 1960-61, and the proportion living in
rural nonfarm areas remained at about 21 percent.
Contrasts in patterns of income, spending, and sav
ing were still evident for the three segments—ur
ban, rural farm, rural nonfarm—of the Nation’s
population in 1960-61, although a variety of eco
nomic and social developments accompanying the
population movements had diminished the differ
ences and encouraged greater uniformity in urban
and rural living.
Levels of Living, 1960-61
Urban families’ annual after-tax money income
in 1960-61 averaged $5,906, or a fourth higher
than the $4,700 for rural nonfarm families and a
third more than the $4,424 reported by the rural
farm group (table 1). Both urban and rural non
farm families used 91 percent of their after-tax
income for current living expenses,3 while farm
family spending amounted to only 81 percent of
income, on the average.
Variations were more notable in spending than
in income levels of the three groups. Total cur
rent consumption expenditures were half again as
high for urban ($5,390) as farm families ($3,594).
Urban families not only spent more than farm fam
ilies for each major category of expenditures but
also showed substantial differences in the propor
tions of total spending allotted to various kinds
of goods and services.
The most significant contrast was in shelter and
fuel expenditures, representing only 15 percent of
the total living expenses of farm families, but more
than 18 percent of the expenses of urban residents.
Several factors help to explain this divergence.
First, homeownership is more customary among
farm than among urban families, and the survey
showed that the proportions of total living ex1169
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
1170
Allocation of Average Annual Expenditures of Ur
ban and Rural Families, 1941 and 1960-61 1
FOOD
U
HOUSING.
PERCENT
PERCENT
50
50
1941
1960-61
MEDICAL CARE
1941
1960-61
ALL OTHER
EXPENDITURES
1 Data for rural nonfarm and farm families are for 1961 only.
2 Includes shelter; fuel, light, refrigeration, water; household operations;
and household furnishings and equipment.
3 Includes clothing and clothing materials and services.
4 Includes automobile purchase and operation.
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penses for shelter,4 fuel, and utilities were lower
for homeowners than for renters, whether they
lived in urban or rural areas. Second, about 45
percent of the farm families lived in the South,
where the percentage spent for shelter and fuel
was below national averages—for urban5 as well
as rural families. Furthermore, farm homes were
older, had fewer conveniences, and were generally
of lower quality than urban housing, as measured
by Census of Housing criteria.6
Farm families counterbalanced their relatively
low shelter costs by using a larger share of their
expenditures for automobiles—16.4 percent com
pared with 13 percent for urban families. Car
ownership was less prevalent among city families,
because they had easier access to local public trans
portation and for them auto ownership entailed
the greater expense and added problems of obtain
ing garage and parking facilities.
Families in all three residential segments used
about a quarter of their total living expenses for
food. However, farm families supplemented their
purchased food with home-produced food which
had an estimated retail value of $436 a family.
Rural nonfarm families reported an average of
$60 of home-produced food and urban families
only $6.
About 1 in 4 rural nonfarm families lived in
Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA).
Their levels of income and expenditures matched
those of urban metropolitan families, except in the
4 F o r u rb an an d ru ra l n o n farm hom eowners, sh e lte r includes
taxes, insurance, in te re st, repairs, an d o th e r c u rre n t operatio n
expenditures fo r p rin cip al non farm residence and v acation homes.
E x p en d itu res fo r fa rm dw ellings rep re sen t th e resp o n d en t’s e s ti
m ate of th e pro p o rtio n of to ta l taxes, in te re st, an d in suran ce
chargeable to th e dw elling r a th e r th a n th e fa rm business. E x
p en d itu res fo r all hom eow ners exclude p ay m en ts on m ortgage
p rin cip al an d hom e im provem ents w hich a re counted a s changes
in assets an d liabilities.
F o r ren ters, sh e lte r in c lu d e s : N et fam ily expense fo r co n tra c t
re n t (i.e., th e r e n t agreed upon reg ard le ss of any fu rn ish in g s,
u tilitie s, or services th a t m ay be included), a f te r a d ju s tm e n t fo r
receipts from su b le ttin g th e e n tire d w e llin g ; th e resp o n d en t’s
estim ate of th e value of r e n t as pay or value of th e dw elling
when i t w as included in re n t of a fa rm ; an d expenses fo r rep airs
n o t reim bursed by th e landlord, an d special fees paid to re a lto rs
or ag en ts to obtain possession of th e dwelling.
F am ily ex p en d itu res fo r owned or ren ted sh e lte r w ere a d
ju ste d to exclude th e am o u n t chargeable to business use.
F o r com parisons of exp en d itu res of hom eow ners a n d re n te rs
fo r th e v arious urb an izatio n s, see table 5 of re p o rts cited in
“ Source” fo r tab le 1.
5 See “C o n tra s ts in Spending by U rban F am ilies : V ariatio n s in
1960-61,” M o n th ly Labor R eview , December 1964, p. 1415.
6 See Census o f H o u sin g : 1960, F in a l R ep o rt HC ( 1 )—1, U nited
S ta te s S u m m a ry (U.S. B ureau of th e C ensus), pp. X L I I X L III.
SPENDING AND SAVING IN URBAN AND RURAL AREAS
categories of shelter and auto expenses, thereby
reflecting the higher frequency of home and auto
ownership among the nonfarm group. The 3 out
of 4 rural nonfarm families living outside SMSA’s
had more elderly and retired members and sub
stantially lower incomes and expenditures than the
nonfarm segment inside SMSA’s whose mode of
living was influenced by their proximity to a major
city.
Spending at Different Income Levels
Are the overall variations observed in urban and
rural spending patterns the result primarily of the
higher urban incomes? Or do they express basic
urban-rural consumption preferences that remain
after allowance is made for differences in income?
To explore these alternatives, the urban, rural non
farm, and farm families in each of three broad
money income7 classes are compared in table 2.
Nationwide, a fourth of the families had after
tax money incomes below $3,000 a year in 1960-61,
but the proportion in this range was about twice
as high for farm families as for urban families.
Regardless of their place of residence, these lowincome families generally spent more than they
7
Money incom e does not provide a stric tly com parable m easure
of th e level of liv in g of fa rm and non farm fam ilies. F o r ex
am ple, fa rm fam ilies generally supplem ent th e ir cash income
w ith s u b s ta n tia l noncash item s such as hom e-produced food, as
show n a t th e bottom of tab les 1 and 2. In recen t years, however,
th e tre n d to w ard frin g e benefits has increased th e noncash in
come of w age an d sa lary w orkers, the m ajo rity of whom live in
n o n farm areas.
T a b l e 1.
F a m il y E
x p e n d it u r e s ,
L o c a t io n
1171
I n c o m e , a n d S a v in g s , A l l F a m i l ie s 1 i n U n it e d S t a t e s ,
I n s id e a n d O u t s id e M e t r o p o l it a n A r e a s , 1960-61 3
Total United States
Item
by
U r b a n iz a t io n 2
Inside SMSA’s
and
Outside SMSA’s 4
Total
urban
and
rural
Urban
Rural
non
farm
Rural
farm
Total
Urban
Rural
non
farm
Rural
farm
Total
Urban
Rural
non
farm
55,306
100.0
13,728
40,131
72.6
9,476
11,663
21.1
2,285
3,512
6.3
1,967
35,237
63.7
8,476
31,804
57.5
7,679
3,095
5.6
608
339
.6
189
20,069
36.3
5,252
8,327
Í5.1
1,797
8,569
15.5
1,677
3,173
5. 7
1,778
Family size (number of persons)__________________
3.2
Money income before taxes $6,246
Net change in assets and liabilities «...
... _
+$199
--------- . . . ___
.8
Number of full-time earners 7_ .
48
Age of head (years) . . . ______________ .
Education of head (years of school completed)______
10
Number of children under 18 years_______ _______
1.2
3.1
$6, 691
+$177
.8
47
11
1.2
3.5
$5,168
+$176
.7
50
9
1.4
3.8
$4,732
+$519
1.1
51
9
1.5
3.1
$6,997
+$194
.8
47
11
1.2
3.1
$7,009
+$189
.8
47
11
1.1
3.6
$6,973
+$220
.9
46
10
1.6
3.7
$6,162
+$426
1.2
52
9
1.4
3.3
$4,926
+$208
.8
50
9
1.3
3.1
$5,479
+$134
.8
49
10
1.2
3.4
$4,516
+$161
.6
51
9
1.4
3.8
$4,579
+$529
1. 1
51
9
1.5
57
76
11
51
24
53
73
12
50
23
67
82
6
55
27
71
91
8
55
25
54
74
12
51
21
52
72
13
50
22
71
89
5
63
19
70
98
3
49
25
63
79
8
51
28
57
73
9
49
26
65
80
7
51
30
71
90
8
55
25
Receipts, to ta l.__ _ ___
_____ _ _ ___ _ __ __ $7,397
Money income after taxes____ _ _ ____ _____
5,557
Other money receipts. _ _ _ ________________
81
Decrease in assets. _ __
947
Increase in liabilities
_
______
812
$7,747
5,906
82
897
862
$6,414
4,700
76
831
807
$6,665
4,424
98
1,896
247
$8,209
6,164
86
1,014
945
$8,113
6,165
86
956
906
$9, 111
6,220
86
1,380
1,425
$8,972
5,516
54
3,168
234
$5,971
4,493
73
828
577
$6,349
4,917
63
673
696
$5,438
4,150
72
633
583
$6,420
4,309
103
1,760
'248
Estimated number of families (in thousands)__
Percent of estimated number of families____________
Number of families in sample—. ________________
Rural
farm
F amily C haracteristics
Percent of families
Homeowners, all year_____ ___
_ ___
Auto owners, end of year____
___ _________
Non white_________ _ . . . ______
With children under 18 years______ __ __ _____
With persons 65 years and over__________ _
F inancial C haracteristics
Account balancing difference 8 ____
________
Disbursements, total__
__
_ __
____
Increase in assets____ _ . . .
______
Decrease in liabilities_____ ___ _ _ _ _____
Personal insurance 8____
__ _____ _ _
Gifts and contributions_____ ___
_______
Expenditures for current consumption,10 total___
-186
-207
-158
-1 0
-221
-224
-231
+126
-127
-156
-136
-2 5
7,583
1,470
487
299
280
5,047
7,954
1,423
514
324
303
5,390
6,572
1,334
480
241
221
4,296
6,675
2,468
193
200
220
3,594
8,430
1,593
560
339
315
5,623
8,337
1,515
536
338
316
5,632
9,342
2,179
846
360
300
5,657
8,846
3,583
245
284
325
4,409
6,098
1,254
358
228
219
4,039
6,505
1,070
432
273
250
4,480
5,574
1,028
348
199
193
3,806
6,445
2; 349
187
191
209
3,509
1,235
989
246
91
78
1,461
658
269
354
35
249
288
266
1,311
1,036
275
95
90
1,588
748
325
385
38
244
319
277
1,083
905
178
85
50
1,189
453
127
300
26
274
222
240
866
728
138
64
27
917
310
100
178
32
231
156
220
1,362
1,070
292
98
98
1,661
792
334
419
39
249
331
289
1, 366
1,069
297
98
100
1,666
803
353
410
40
241
335
287
1,349
1,095
254
100
80
1,660
710
154
528
28
329
308
313
1,052
879
173
63
38
1,192
465
153
278
34
299
195
233
1,011
847
164
78
43
1,112
424
155
240
29
250
213
225
1,110
910
190
82
54
1,294
541
218
291
32
255
260
238
986
836
150
80
40
1, 018
359
117
217
25
254
191
214
846
712
134
65
26
887
293
95
167
31
224
152
218
D istribution of E xpen ditures
Food, total__________ ____ _
________ _____
Food prepared at hom e.. . _
_ _______ __
Food away from home. _
______ _
Tobacco______
_ _ _______ ____ ___ ___
Alcoholic beverages
_____
____
Housing, to ta l.. _______ ________ _
Shelter____ ______ _______ _ _________ __
Rented dwelling __ _ _ _____________
Owned dwelling _. ___ ________ __ __
Other shelter______________ __ _______
Fuel, light, refrigeration, water__
___ _
Household operations________ _ _ _______
Housefurnishings and equipm ent,_________ _
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1172
T
a ble
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
1.
F
a m il y
E x p e n d i t u r e s , I n c o m e , a n d S a v in g s , A l l F a m i l i e s 1 i n U n i t e d S t a t e s , b y U r b a n iz a t io n 2
L o c a t io n I n s i d e a n d O u t s i d e M e t r o p o l it a n A r e a s , 1960-61 3— Continued
Total United States
Total
urban
and
rural
Urban
518
145
340
200
45
53
770
693
77
111
Expenditures for current consumption_____________
Food, total__ .
-------- - - - Food prepared at h om e...
_
Food away from home___ - -------- -Tobacco_________________________ ---Alcoholic beverages. --------------------- .
Housing, total________________
__________
Shelter . . . _ ____
_
. . . -------- - Rented dwelling ---------------------Owned d w e llin g -..--------- -- ---Other shelter______ . ---------------------Fuel, light, refrigeration, water---------- .
Household operations.-. ------------- - _
Housefurnishings and equipment
Clothing, clothing materials, services___ . . . . Personal care.................... ......... ...
Medical care ----- -------------. . -Recreation------------ ---------------------------------Reading------------------- -------------------------------Education____________________________
Transportation------- ------------------------------------Automobile.
- - - - - - -.- -Other travel and transportation-.. ..
Other expenditures__________________________
Value of items received without expense, total------ _
Food__ ___________________ _ _ - ----------Shelter__ _____ ____ _
. __ - O ther... _ ________ ________
.. - . . .
Item
Inside SMSA’s *
Rural
nonfarm
Rural
farm
Total
558
155
355
217
49
60
793
700
93
119
408
123
297
165
35
33
737
700
37
91
427
106
310
123
25
39
613
588
25
77
580
160
368
227
51
63
830
731
99
125
100.0
24.5
19.6
4.9
1.8
1.5
28.9
13.0
5.3
7.0
.7
4.9
5.7
5.3
10.3
2.9
6.7
4.0
.9
1.0
15.3
13.7
1.5
2.2
100.0
24.3
19.2
5.1
1.8
1.7
29.5
13.9
6.0
7.1
.7
4.5
5.9
5.1
10.4
2.9
6.6
4.0
.9
1.1
14.7
13.0
1.7
2.2
100.0
25.2
21.1
4.1
2.0
1.2
27.7
10.5
3.0
7.0
.6
6.4
5.2
5.6
9.5
2.9
6.9
3.8
.8
.8
17.1
16.3
.9
2.1
100.0
24.1
20.3
3.8
1.8
.8
25.5
8.6
2.8
5.0
.9
6.4
4.3
6.1
11.9
2.9
8.6
3.4
.7
1.1
17.1
16.4
.7
2.1
195
15
12
168
202
14
11
177
192
19
19
154
134
13
11
110
45
6
60
436
and
Outside SMSA’s *
Rural
non
farm
Rural
farm
Total
585
160
366
227
52
65
822
718
104
125
547
158
384
231
46
49
920
858
62
133
452
127
430
132
31
36
736
720
16
120
410
120
291
154
33
36
665
626
39
86
458
135
315
179
38
43
683
629
54
99
358
111
266
141
30
28
671
643
28
77
424
104
297
123
25
39
600
574
26
73
100.0
24.2
19.0
5.2
1.7
1.7
29.5
14.1
5.9
7.4
.7
4.4
5.9
5.1
10.3
2.8
6.5
4.0
.9
1.1
14.8
13.0
1.8
2.2
100.0
24.2
19.0
5.3
1.7
1.8
29.6
14.3
6.3
7.3
.7
4.3
5.9
5.1
10.4
2.8
6.5
4.0
.9
1.2
14.6
12.7
1.8
2.2
100.0
23.8
19.3
4.5
1.8
1.4
29.3
12.5
2.7
9.3
.5
5.8
5.4
5.5
9.7
2.8
6.8
4.1
.8
.9
16.3
15.2
1.1
2.4
100.0
23.9
19.9
3.9
1.4
.9
27.0
10.5
3.5
6.3
.8
6.8
4.4
5.3
10.3
2.9
9.8
3.0
.7
.8
16.7
16.3
.4
2.7
100.0
25.0
21.0
4.1
1.9
1.1
27.5
10.5
3.8
5.9
.7
6.2
5.3
5.6
10.1
3.0
7.2
3.8
.8
.9
16.5
15.5
1.0
2.1
100.0
24.6
20.3
4.2
1.8
1.2
28.9
12.1
4.9
6.5
.7
5.7
5.8
5.3
10.2
3.0
7.0
4.0
.8
1.0
15.2
14.0
1.2
2.2
100.0
25.9
22.0
3.9
2.1
1.1
26.7
9.4
3.1
5.7
.7
6.7
5.0
5.6
9.4
2.9
7.0
3.7
.8
.7
17.6
16.9
.7
2.0
100.0
24.1
20.3
3.8
1.9
.7
25.3
8.3
2.7
4.8
.9
6.4
4.3
6.2
12.1
3.0
8.5
3.5
.7
1.1
17.1
16.4
.7
2.1
213
15
11
187
212
14
11
187
220
17
13
190
125
5
30
90
167
16
15
136
165
14
11
140
182
20
21
141
135
14
9
112
4
43
10
67
Urban
Urban
Rural
nonfarm
Rural
farm
D istribution of E xpen ditures —C ontinued
Housing, total—Continued
Clothing, clothing materials, services--------- ------Personal care.. . .
.................................
Medical c a r e _ . . . . .............
. ----------Recreation------- ------------------------ ----------------Reading------------ -------------------- ------------------------Education. __ ---- - -------- - ----------- - - - - Transportation______________________ _________
Automobile___ _ ___ ----- _ _
_ --------Other travel and transportation_______________
Other expenditures--------- ------------------------------P ercent D istribution
Value of home-produced food_______ . ___
____
1 For definition, see text footnote 1.
2 The CES classification by urbanization of place of residence follows the
definitions adopted for the 1960 Census of Population. The urban segment
comprises all persons living in incorporated or unincorporated places of
2,600 population or more and in the densely settled (urbanized) areas immedi
ately adjacent to cities of 50,000 population or more. The rural population,
located outside these urban areas, is subdivided into the rural-farm popula
tion, which comprises all rural residents living on farms, and the rural-nonfarm population, which comprises the remaining rural population. A farm,
according to the 1960 census, is a place of 10 acres or more from which the sale
of crops, livestock products, etc. (and/or government farm program pay
ments) amounted to $50 or more; or a place of less than 10 acres with sales
(and/or payments) of $250 or more. A dwelling is not considered to be on a
farm if rent is paid for the dwelling alone (i.e., if the dwelling is rented sepa
rately from the farm).
3 Data for rural nonfarm and farm families are for 1961 only. See text
footnote 2.
4 Each family was classified according to the location of its residence in
side or outside Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA’s), as used by
the Bureau of the Census.
5 Total money income during the survey year of all family members from
wages and salaries (including tips and bonuses) after deductions for such
occupational expenses as tools, special required equipment, and union dues;
net income from self-employment (including farming); and income other
than earnings such as net rents, interest, dividends, social security benefits,
pensions, disability insurance, trust funds, small gifts of cash, regular con
tributions for support, public assistance, or other governmental payments.
The value of two nonmoney items—food and housing received as pay—was
counted as money income and as expenditures. Farm income was adjusted
for change in inventory of crops and livestock. The value of home-produced
food did not enter into the computation of income.
6 The algebraic sum of increases and decreases in assets and liabilities.
Net increases in assets or decreases in liabilities represent a net saving (-+-)
during the survey year. Net decreases in assets or increases in liabilities
represent a deficit (—) or net dissaving.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
7 In general, the average was based on a count of family members who were
employed 48 weeks or more in the survey year, and for 35 hours or more per
week in wage and salary occupations. The minimum hours requirement did
not apply to self-employed workers in a profession or an unincorporated
business (including a farm), and all farm operators were counted as full-time
earners if they operated the farm throughout the year.
8 A statistical measure of the net reporting discrepancy of the receipts and
disbursements accounts. If reported receipts are less than disbursements,
the balancing difference is negative (—).
9 Personal insurance includes employee contributions to social security
and government and private retirement funds, as well as premium payments
for life and other types of personal insurance, except health insurance. The
family’s outlays for personal insurance are shown separately as a disburse
ment and do not enter into the computation of net change in assets and lia
bilities, i.e., average saving or dissaving.
10 Expenditures for current consumption include outlays for all goods and
services purchased for family use. The total cost of durable goods purchased
in the year is included, except for owned homes where only the costs of current
operation, i.e., interest on mortgages, taxes, insurance and repairs and replace
ments, are considered current consumption expenditures. Payments on
mortgage principal and installment debts are considered as reductions in
liabilities, i.e., saving in the current year. Mortgage and installment debts
incurred in the year are considered as dissaving.
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal
totals. Dashes indicate data not available.
Source : Survey of Consumer Expenditures, 1960-61: Consumer Expendi
tures and Income, Urban United States, 1960-61 (BLS Report 237-38, 1964);
the same, Rural Nonfarm Areas in the United States, 1961 (BLS Report 237-88,
1964); the same, Total United States, Urban and Rural, 1960-61 (BLS Report
237-93,1965); and Consumer Expenditures and Income, Rural Farm Population,
United States, 1961 (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research
Service, 1965, Consumer Expenditure Survey Report 5).
SPENDING AND SAVING IN URBAN AND RURAL AREAS
made. They went into debt or drew on past sav
ings to maintain a higher level of living than their
current income permitted.
The preponderance of farm families with after
tax incomes below $3,000 owned homes and auto
mobiles. Like farm families in the higher income
ranges, they used a smaller share of current living
expenses for housing and a larger share for auto
mobiles than either urban or rural nonfarm fami
lies. The farm families at the bottom of the income
scale departed from the general urban-rural spend
ing and saving relationship observed earlier. Not
only were their total current consumption expend
itures higher, but they also made larger gifts and
contributions and allocated more to personal in
surance than the urban and rural nonfarm families
with incomes below $3,000. Instead of saving
more, as higher income farm families did, these
farm families showed a deficit of $738—almost
three times the urban deficit. The availability of
these reserves suggests that many of the lower in
come farm families were below their normal in
T
a ble
2. F a m il y E
x p e n d it u r e s ,
1173
come position in 1961 and drew upon their savings
to maintain their customary level of living. In
contrast, the low-income families in nonfarm areas
included higher proportions of elderly persons,
relatively few of whom had full-time employ
ment,8 They tended to use their assets to supple
ment social security, pension, and similar regular
income payments.
Close to half the families in each of the three
groups were in the $3,000 to $7,499 income range.
In terms of such family characteristics as number
of full-time earners, car and home ownership,
family size, and age of members, farm and non
farm families were more homogeneous in the mid
dle-income class than in the group below $3,000.
On the average, urban families had higher living
expenses, gifts and contributions, and personal
insurance than the rural nonfarm or farm fam
ilies. Both of the latter, however, reported that
8
The co n sisten tly h ig h er average num ber of full-tim e earn ers
show n fo r farm th a n u rb an an d ru ra l n onfarm fam ilies in the
accom panying tables m ay be explained p a rtly by differences in
definition (see fo o tn o te 7, table 1.)
I n c o m e , a n d S a v in g s , A l l F a m i l i e s 1 i n
C l a s s e s , b y U r b a n i z a t i o n ,2 1960-61
U n it e d S t a t e s ,
in
Selec te d I ncom e
Money income after taxes
Under $3,000
Item
$3,000 to $7,499
$7,500 and over
Total
urban
and
rural
Urban
Rural
non
farm
Rural
farm
Total
urban
and
rural
Urban
Rural
non
farm
Rural
farm
Total
urban
and
rural
Urban
Rural
non
farm
13, 794
25. 0
8,445
21.0
3,941
33.8
1,407
40.0
29,231
52.9
21,658
54.0
5,953
51.0
1,621
46.2
12, 281
22.2
10,029
25.0
1,769
15.2
Family size (number of persons).... ....... .............
Money income before taxes....... .................. .........
Net change in assets and liabilities............_........
Number of full-time earners..................................
Age of head (years).................. ........ .....................
Education of head (years of school completed). .
Number of children under 18 years_____ _____
2.2
$1,878
-$269
.3
59
7
.6
1.9
$1,953
-$250
.2
58
8
.5
2.6
$1, 794
-$161
.2
60
7
.9
3.1
$1,654
-$738
1.0
56
7
1.0
3.4
$5,665
+$32
.9
44
10
1.4
3.2
$5, 755
—$25
.9
44
11
1.3
3.8
$5,460
+$108
.8
44
10
1.7
Percent of families:
Homeowners, all year.....................................
Auto owners, end of year________________
N on w h ite.......................................................
With children under 18 years.........................
With persons 65 years and o v er................... .
47
41
19
24
49
37
28
23
20
50
61
54
13
29
52
67
81
14
38
36
55
84
10
58
15
50
80
12
55
16
67
95
3
67
14
$2, 690
1,813
71
641
166
$2,609
1,884
60
493
172
$2,561
1,748
80
570
163
$3,468
1,556
80
1,690
142
$6,842
5,149
83
755
855
$6,861
5,202
84
709
865
$6, 773
5, 026
77
707
963
Estimated number of families (in thousands)__
Percent of families........... ......................................
Rural
farm
485
13.8
F amily C haracteristics
4.1
4.0
3.9
4.3
4. 7
$5,168 $12,525 $12, 717 $11, 764 $12,227
+$511 + $i ,118 +$976 +$1,174 +$4, 211
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.4
48
46
46
45
47
9
12
12
12
10
1.8
1.5
1.5
1.8
2.0
72
97
4
65
18
75
96
3
65
14
74
95
4
64
14
82
99
1
69
15
78
99
0
70
16
$6, 796 $13,996 $14, 000 $13,854
4,858 10, 729 10,822 10,223
91
89
95
60
1,541
1,744
1,647
1,848
305
1,434
1,437
1, 723
$15,530
11,313
169
3,694
'355
F inancial C haracteristics
Receipts, total......... ...... ............................... ........
Money income after taxes...............................
Other money receipts.....................................
Decrease in assets.................................. .........
Increase in liabilities........................................
Account balancing difference..............................
-102
-108
-113
-21
-227
-248
-207
-48
-183
-216
-102
+137
Disbursements, to tal________ _____ ________
Increase in assets____ ___________ _____
Decrease in liabilities........................ .............
Personal insurance.........................................
Gifts and contributions...______ ________
Expenditures for current consumption, total
2,792
442
95
60
94
2,101
2,717
322
94
62
96
2,144
2,674
475
95
50
85
1,969
3,489
998
95
85
107
2,203
7,069
1,171
471
276
237
4,914
7,109
1,071
479
282
241
5,036
6,980
1,267
511
267
230
4,705
6,844
2,139
218
225
217
4,046
14,179
3,332
964
620
591
8,673
14, 216
3,116
945
637
612
8,907
13,956
3,506
1,239
585
4%
8,130
15,393
7,865
395
445
565
6,123
See footnotes a t end of table.
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1174
T
a ble
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
2. F
a m il y
E x p e n d i t u r e s , I n c o m e , a n d S a v in g s , A l l F a m i l ie s 1 i n U n it e d S t a t e s ,
C l a s s e s , b y U r b a n i z a t i o n , 2 1960-61— Continued
in
Selected
I ncom e
Money income after taxes
Under $3,000
$3,000 to $7,499
Item
$7,500 and over
Total
urban
and
rural
Urban
Rural
non
farm
Rural
farm
Total
urban
and
rural
Urban
Rural
non
farm
Rural
farm
Total
urban
and
rural
Urban
Rural
non
farm
607
614
92
45
21
700
338
217
114
7
154
119
88
159
64
180
52
18
9
200
167
32
48
618
511
107
42
25
777
428
303
118
7
138
131
80
155
67
175
53
21
11
155
111
44
45
584
516
68
48
13
580
201
86
108
7
183
101
95
139
57
176
46
13
4
259
243
16
49
600
526
74
48
17
572
188
71
107
10
168
95
121
233
67
214
60
16
12
304
293
12
60
1,228
1,007
221
99
75
1,426
647
303
319
25
249
268
262
484
145
329
186
43
37
773
710
63
91
1,225
1,019
236
1,100
83
1,498
716
358
332
25
236
285
262
497
149
332
190
46
38
756
681
75
93
1,203
1,020
183
101
57
1,270
480
154
304
23
295
233
262
435
138
316
180
38
34
847
816
31
87
965
804
161
73
31
1,028
343
122
194
27
254
173
257
481
121
342
141
24
41
723
696
28
73
1,954
1,479
476
125
149
2,403
1,043
245
708
91
358
527
474
1,005
237
546
402
78
142
1,403
1,243
160
229
2,016
1,516
501
128
162
2,471
1,090
272
726
92
350
554
478
1,031
243
557
414
81
151
1,413
1,237
176
239
1,794
1,390
404
117
113
2,273
921
126
718
77
408
455
489
921
224
504
379
72
98
1,432
1,325
107
204
1,315
i;061
' 254
83
42
1,546
553
114
328
111
337
276
380
809
173
476
246
46
109
1,136
1,082
54
143
Expenditures for current consumption. ----Food, total -.
---------------------------------------Food prepared at hom e..
- - Food away from home _. .
_- - ------. ------- - ----- - Tobacco__
Alcoholic beverages... - ..
...
---. - Housing, total- ____________________________
Shelter--------- -. . ---- ... Rented dwelling. ______
. . - -.
Owned dwelling. . . . _
.. .
Other shelter —
- - ------Fuel, light, refrigeration, water . . ---- -- .
- Household operations ___
Housefurnishings and equipm ent__________
Clothing, clothing materials, services—
Personal care _
-------Medical care... . .
------ -------R ecreatio n ._____ ___________ - ------- . . . Reading - - - - - -----_
—
Education ----------------Transportation
__ .
-------Automobile_________ ______ _ ------------Other travel and transportation-----------------Other expenditures .
---------- —
100.0
28.9
24.5
4.4
2.1
1.0
33.3
16.1
10.3
5.4
.3
7.3
5.7
4.2
7.6
3.0
8.6
2.5
.9
.4
9.5
7.9
1.5
2.3
100.0
28.8
23.8
5.0
2.0
1.2
36.2
20.0
14.1
5.5
.3
6.4
6.1
3.7
7.2
3.1
8.2
2.5
1.0
.5
7.2
5.2
2.1
2.1
100.0
29.7
26.2
3.5
2.4
.7
29.5
10.2
4.4
5.5
.4
9.3
5.1
4.8
7.1
2.9
8.9
2.3
.7
.2
13.2
12.3
.8
2.5
100.0
27.2
23.9
3.4
2.2
.8
26.0
8.5
3.2
4.9
.5
7.6
4.3
5.5
10.6
3.0
9.7
2.7
.7
.5
13.8
13.3
.5
2.7
100.0
25.0
20.5
4.5
2.0
1.5
29.0
13.2
6.2
6.5
.5
5.1
5.5
5.3
9.8
3.0
6.7
3.8
.9
.8
15.7
14.4
1.3
1.8
100.0
24.9
20.2
4.7
2.0
1.6
29.7
14.2
7.1
6.6
.5
4.7
5.7
5.2
9.9
3.0
6.6
3.8
.9
.8
15.0
13.5
1.5
1.8
100.0
25.6
21.7
3.9
2.1
1.2
27.0
ld.2
3.3
6.5
.5
6.3
5.0
5.6
9.2
2.9
6.7
3.8
.8
.7
18.0
17.3
.7
1.8
100.0
23.9
19.9
4.0
1.8
.8
25.4
8.5
3.0
4.8
.7
6.3
4.3
6.4
11.9
3.0
8.5
3.5
.6
1.0
17.9
17.2
.7
1.8
100.0
22.5
17.1
5.5
1.4
1.7
27.7
12.0
2.8
8.2
1.0
4.1
6.1
5.5
11.6
2.7
6.3
4.6
.9
1.6
16.2
14.3
1.8
2.6
100.0
22.6
17.0
5.6
1.4
1.8
27.7
12.2
3.1
8.2
1.0
3.9
6.2
5.4
11.6
2.7
6.3
4.6
.9
1.7
15.9
13.9
2.0
2.7
100.0
22.1
17.1
5.0
1.4
1.4
28.0
11.3
1.5
8.8
.9
5.0
5.6
6.0
11.3
2.8
6.2
4.7
.9
1.2
17.6
16.3
1.3
2.5
100.0
21.5
17.3
4.1
1.4
.7
25.2
9. 0
1.9
5.4
1.8
5.5
4.5
6.2
13.2
2.8
7.8
4.0
.8
1.8
18.6
17.7
.9
2.3
Value of items received without expense, total ------Food __________
______________ _____Shelter_______________________ ______ ___
Other.- _____________________
_ __ _____
168
25
23
121
170
23
23
124
178
31
25
121
132
18
14
99
191
12
11
168
197
12
9
176
186
13
17
155
135
11
8
116
239
11
6
222
242
12
4
226
245
11
8
226
144
7
16
121
60
5
72
361
42
6
57
478
31
5
46
510
Rural
farm
D istribution of E xpenditures
Food, total
--------------------------------------------------Food prepared at home---------------------------------Food away from home-----------------------------------Tobacco_______________________________________
Alcoholic beverages--------------------------------------------Housing, total--------------------------------------------------Shelter.-- -------------------------------------------------Rented dwelling--------------------- ---------------Owned dwelling_________________________
Other shelter____________________________
Fuel, light, refrigeration, water- -------Household operations
------- -Housefurnishings and equipm ent-.. ----- -Clothing, clothing materials, services— - - -Personal care _ ---------------------------------------Medical care. --------------------------------------Recreation. - ----- ----------------------------------------Reading_______________________________________
Education- - - _ --------------------------------------------Transportation-------------------------------------------------Automobile-------------------------------------------------Other travel and tra n sp o rta tio n ..---- ----Other expenditures--------------------------- ------- ---------P ercent D istribution
Value of home-produced food _
. _ . ............. .......
1 For definition, see text footnote 1.
2 See footnotes 2 and 3, table 1.
they were able to save part of their income while
city and suburban families did not quite break
even and showed an average net decrease in assets
and liabilities of $25. Previously noted differences
in the relative importance of shelter and fuel,
clothing, and automobiles in the living expenses
of urban and rural families also were apparent in
this middle-income range.
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N o t e : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
Source : See sources cited on table 1.
The proportion of families with after-tax in
comes of $7,500 or more was about twice as high
in urban as in rural areas. Differences in the
characteristics of urban and rural families in the
lower income groups had narrowed and had vir
tually disappeared for such characteristics as car
and homeownership. At the upper end of the
scale, after-tax incomes averaged about $11,000
SPENDING AND SAVING IN URBAN AND RURAL AREAS
for families in each of the three residential groups,
but savings of farm families ($4,211) were ap
proximately four times those of urban and rural
nonfarm families. As observed in the middleincome category, current living expenses were
lower for farm than nonfarm families, and the
farm group spent relatively less for shelter and
fuel and more for automobile transportation,
clothing, and medical care.
In brief, farm and nonfarm families exhibit
contrasting spending patterns irrespective of in
come level. The degree of dependence on auto
mobile transportation, differences in residential
real estate values and housing quality (attributable
partly to municipal housing codes), and similar
considerations are apparently more influential
than variations in income in forming buying
habits that distinguish farm from other families.
Postwar Changes
After-tax income and consumption expenditures
of American families trebled in the 1941-61 period.
Gains were substantia] even after allowance for
rising consumer prices. “Real” after-tax income
rose 40 percent, while expenditures advanced 49
9 A djusted on th e basis of th e Consum er P rice Index (C P I).
T he C P I is basically a m easure of changes in prices of th e goods
an d services bou g h t by u rb an “w age-earner and clerical-w orker
fam ilies.” F rom its inception in 1913 th ro u g h 1963, th e C P I
applied only to fam ilies of 2 persons or m ore ; in 1960-61, it
rep re sen ted th ree-fifth s of all persons living in u rb an places and
ab o u t tw o-fifths of th e to ta l U.S. population. (Since Ja n u a ry
1964, th e C P I h as included w age an d clerical w orkers living
alone, i.e., 1-person fam ilies.) The C P I w as used in th e a d ju s t
m en t fo r all fam ilies because price indexes have n o t been devel
oped fo r th e e n tire po p u lation. N eith er did th e available d a ta
p erm it a d ju s tm e n t fo r th e fa c t th a t th e C P I is s tric tly applicable
to consum er ex p en d itu res fo r goods an d services, w hereas the
fam ily incom e d a ta include savings an d o th er outlays.
10 Though g enerally upw ard, th e m ovem ent in fa rm incom e in
th e in terv en in g y ears w as irre g u la r. In 1961, realized n e t farm
incom e w as th e h ig h est since 1953. The per c a p ita personal
income of th e fa rm popu lation w as estim ated a t 58.6 p ercen t of
th e n o n farm av erag e in 11961, com pared w ith 40 p ercen t in 1941.
E x cep t fo r 1951 an d 1948, th e 1961 percentage w as th e highest
fo r any y ear since th e beginning of the series in 1934. See F arm
Incom e S itu a tio n (U.S. D ep artm en t of A griculture, E conom ic
R esearch Service, 1962), F IS -1 8 7 , pp. 1, 6, 43.
11 The U.S. D ep artm en t of A g ricu ltu re index of fa rm o u tp u t
per m an-hour (195 7 -5 9 = 100) clim bed from 39 in 1941 to 106
in 1961. See E conom ic R eport of th e P resident T ra n sm itted to
th e Congress, J a n u a ry 1965. T ogether W ith the A n n u a l R eport
of th e Council of Econom ic A dvisers, p. 280.
12 Incom e from farm sources, w hich accounted fo r 68.5 percent
of th e to ta l per c a p ita incom e of farm resid en ts in 1941 and 78
percen t in 1946, h ad declined to 65.4 p ercen t in 1,961. See F arm
Incom e S itu a tio n , F IS -1 8 7 .
13 “M ultiple Jo b h o ld ers in May 1965,” M o n th ly Labor R eview ,
M arch 1965, pp. 269-270.
14 Based on ta b u la tio n s to be published by th e USDA.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1175
percent.9 These upsurges were accompanied by a
significant narrowing of the gap between urban
and rural incomes and spending. After-tax in
comes of urban families, which were more than
double the farm average in 1941 ($2,385 compared
with $1,134), had only a 34-percent advantage
($5,906 versus $4,424) two decades later.10
Continuing waves of mechanization in agricul
ture caused millions to drift from the farm into
the nonfarm labor force, and increased the produc
tivity 11 and incomes of those who remained on
farms. This rural-urban exodus was uneven, the
heaviest emigration being from the low-income
southern region, and thereby caused a more than
proportional increase in income.
The higher incomes of farm families in recent
years have come increasingly from nonfarm
sources, such as wages and salaries from nonfarm
employment, dividends, interest, unemployment
compensation, and social security payments.12 A
recent survey of “moonlighters” showed that “selfemployed farmers and paid agricultural workers
continued to have a substantially higher multiple
jobholding rate than workers in most nonagricultural industries.” 13
The tendency noted earlier for rural families
to save more than nonfarm families out of sub
stantially smaller incomes was evident in 1941 as
well as 1961. Because farm families reinvested
the greater part of their savings in their own farm
or other businesses in 1961,14the savings of the selfemployed in farm and nonfarm areas are compared
in the following tabulation :
Income after taxes... . .
Savings (net change in assets and liabilities)-. _________
Self-employed as percent of total families.
Income after taxes___
Savings (net change in assets and liabilities)_________ . . .
Total
Rural
urban
non- Rural
and rural Urban farm farm
Self-employed
$6,515 $8,477 $6,181 $4,579
653
11.0
681
623
6.4
9.3
Total families
$5, 557 $5,906 $4, 700
199
177
176
636
68.7
$4,424
519
The tabulation shows that the savings of inde
pendent business or professional people averaged
between $600 and $700 a family in each of the three
residential segments. In rural farm areas, the
self-employed were predominant but they headed
only a minor fraction of the nonfarm families.
In brief, the apparently greater frugality of the
rural population seems to be associated with their
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
1176
Rural and urban comparisons are hard to make
because of the different environment in which the
two budgets are placed. Nevertheless, this one
thing seems certain: The major ideals as to im
proved living among the upper classes in urban
life and the farmers are essentially the same . . . .
—Carle C. Zimmerman, Consumption and
Standards of Living.
entrepreneurial status 15 rather than with where
they lived.
Farm families achieved an impressive savings
record in 1961, but they saved much less in pro
portion to their incomes in 1961 than in 1941.
They increased their allotments to personal insur
ance by substantial amounts, about two-fifths of
which was paid into social security and other pub
lic pension and retirement funds. To the degree
that they earned wages and salaries from nonfarm
occupations, the expanding social security and
other insurance of farm families followed the pat
tern of urban workers.16 In addition, amendments
to the Social Security Act extended coverage un
der the old-age, survivors, and disability insur
ance (OASDI) program to self-employed farm
operators in 1955.17
Farm families enlarged their gifts and contri
butions and stepped up their current living ex
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penses relatively more than either urban or rural
nonfarm families over the two decades. The in
creased importance of housing in the average farm
family’s spending pattern is particularly notable;
their reported average expenditures for shelter
(including fuel, light, refrigeration, and water)
were more than seven times as high in 1961 as in
1941. Other significant increases were in expend
itures for restaurant and other meals away from
home, personal and medical care, and automobiles.
Although the average farm family’s level of ex
penditures for each major category of living ex
penses remained below the urban and—with few
exceptions—the rural nonfarm levels, the differ
ences had shrunk significantly by 1961. The net
effect of the shifts since 1941 was a greater uni
formity in the shares each population group allo
cated to food, housing, clothing, and other types of
living expenses.
15
See C arle C. Zim m erm an, C onsum ption and Sta n d a rd s of L iv
ing (New York, D. Van N o stran d Co., Inc., 1936), p. 328.
See also papers on “Who Saves” an d “E n tre p re n e u ria l S av
in g ,” in Irw in F rie n d a n d R obert Jones, eds., in S tu d y of Con
sum er E xp en d itu res, Incom e, and Savings, Vol. I I (P h ilad elp h ia,
U n iv ersity of P ennsylvania, 1960).
18 See “C o n tra sts in S pending by U rban F a m ilie s : T ren d s
Since 1950,” M o n th ly Labor R eview , Novem ber 1964, p. 1250.
Also re p rin te d in BLS R eport 238—8.
17
George H. T ra fto n , E m p lo ym en t and E arnings o f S elf-E m
ployed W orkers U nder Social S e cu rity (U.S. D ep artm en t of
H ealth, E ducation, and W elfare, Social S ecurity A dm in istratio n ,
R esearch R eport No. 5, 1964), p. 4.
The M usicians' Experience
Unions, Legislation, and the Courts
Leon E. Lunden *
e g i s l a t i v e a c t i v i t i e s of unions and labor litiga
tion that finds its way to the U.S. Supreme Court
bring dramatically to public attention a contempo
rary aspect of trade unionism in the United States
that seems to be far removed from the traditional
“pure and simple unionism.” That these activities
are now a significant part of the day-to-day busi
ness of many unions is indicated, rather obviously,
by the number of labor representatives visiting
Capitol Hill and the regular employment of attor
neys. In 1963, the Bureau of Labor Statistics re
ported that 99 of 181 national and international
unions had designated an attorney, who was not a
union official, to handle the legal affairs of the
organization. Subordinate bodies, of course, re
tained counsel of their own.
The American Federation of Musicians ( AFM ),
for example, has increased its legislative activities
to attain objectives that eluded the union at the
bargaining table. A Federation spokesman said :
L
. . . the Federation has no choice. Just as it has been
forced in late years to spend much of its time and
resources in defending itself in the courts, it now is
compelled to plead its cause before a jury of 100 Sen
ators and all members of the House, and a host of
Federal agencies. [We] have many problems that
can find solution only in the Congress.1
According to the reports at the union’s recent
convention in Minneapolis, 1966 was the year in
which a good segment of the federation’s legisla
tive and litigatory action converged into a string
of favorable court decisions and new legislation
benefiting musicians.
Legislation
The impact of events upon the union over several
decades has directed its resources toward legisla
tive action. The Federation has been the object
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
of special restrictive Federal legislation—namely,
the Lea Act. In addition, the AFM has turned to
Congress to improve the economic condition of its
members.
The Lea Act. The public law known as the Lea
A ct2came in response to a succession of the AFM’s
efforts to stem the loss of employment opportuni
ties in radio broadcasting. Increased program
ming of records had reduced the need for staff
orchestras, representing another link in the chain
of events, starting with the introduction of sound
motion pictures, which had curtailed the demand
for musicians. The union therefore moved in
several directions to safeguard job opportunities,
including the establishment in radio stations of
minimum quotas for staff orchestras and the em
ployment of standby musicians. It also barred
broadcasting by amateur groups over commercial
stations as competitive with professional musi
cians. The public protests made by the Interlochen (Michigan) Music Camp, a training insti
tution for young musicians, brought much
notoriety for the AFM and was instrumental in
bringing about a congressional investigation that
culminated in the enactment.
The Lea Act made it unlawful for the union to
use coercion (i.e., to use or to threaten to use force,
violence, intimidation, duress, or “any other
means”) to win observance of its rules by radio
stations or persons connected with radio stations.
The law also extended this bar to any compulsion
of persons to exact payment for the use of record
ings, or to restrict the manufacture and use of
*Of th e D ivision of In d u s tria l an d L abor R elations, B ureau
of L abor S tatistics.
1 S ta te m e n t a t th e AFM Sym phony O rch estra Sym posium , New
York City, Oct. 24, 1962.
2 Signed into law Apr. 16, 1946 (U.S. Code 1958, T itle 47,
Sec. 506).
1177
1178
recordings, or to exact payments for using tran
scriptions of programs previously broadcast and
paid for. Thus, it struck a blow at the Federa
tion’s basic policy. Recently, retiring treasurer
George Clancy reported the AFM’s decision not
to seek repeal of the Lea Act, on grounds that such
activity would be “fruitless and nonrewarding so
long as the repressive provisions of the Taft-Hartley and Landrum-Griffin Acts remain intact.” 3
Copyright Law. The AFM has never objected to
the private use of phonograph records since such
use represented no threat to job opportunities.
However, the production of phonograph records
and their commercial use on radio and in juke
boxes did present such a threat. The federation’s
insistence upon a royalty from the sales of records
derived from an original performance was re
solved through collective bargaining when the
record manufacturing industry agreed to pay a
royalty into a fund.4 But the repeated use of a
single record for profitmaking purposes by radio
stations and by juke box operators represented a
longstanding problem with which the union had
wrestled to no avail.
The problem in part was one of a declining de
mand for live music and a rising use of recordings.
Today discotheques, for example, are the succes
sors to the “record hops” of some years ago, ex
cept that in some discotheques live musicians spell,
and occasionally play along with the records.
Radio programs in 1963, to cite another example
were preponderantly musical, filling 75 to 90 per
cent of total air time, and approximately 80 per
cent of radio broadcast time consisted of recorded
rather than live music. The AFM saw the com
mercial use of phonograph records as a menace to
3 R eport of th e T re a su re r to th e 68th A nnual C onvention of
th e AFM, Ju n e 1965, M inneapolis, M inn., pp. 166—167.
4 The A F M -adm inistered R ecord and T ra n sc rip tio n F und, w hich
d istrib u te d th e money to local unions fo r live-m usic p erfo rm
ances by th e ir mem bers. The fu n d fell u nder th e L abor M an
agem ent R elatio n s A ct’s ban on paym ents of money to union
officials. The F e d e ra tio n ’s subsequent agreem ent w ith th e re
cording in d u stry established th e p resen t M usic P erfo rm an ce
T ru s t F und, essen tially id en tical w ith its predecessor except th a t
th e co n tro l passed from th e union to an independent tru ste e .
A t th e AFM ’s 1965 convention, th e u n io n ’s p resid en t reported
th a t, since inception, th e tw o fu n d s had d istrib u te d over $75
m illion fo r free live-m usic perform ances.
5 T a x R elief = Job Gains, A F M pam phlet, 1963, p. 2.
6 P u b lic Law 89-44.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
the musicians’ work opportunities and sought
means of protecting the craft.
The union’s answer has been legislative action.
It views the copyright laws of the United States
as outmoded, most of them drafted (in 1909) be
fore the phonograph record’s commercial impact
was evident. Therefore, for more than 30 years,
the Musicians endeavored to have the copyright
laws amended so as to protect all performers, par
ticularly the instrumentalists, by requiring royalty
payments for the use of their recorded perform
ances. In late June 1965, AFM Secretary-Treas
urer Stanley Ballard appeared before the Congress
to oppose a bill calling for a general copyright re
vision, because the change would provide no bene
fits or protection to the musician.
An amendment to the act has since been intro
duced to protect songwriters, to which the AFM
hopes to add its own proposal that would require
royalty payments to musicians.
Cabaret Tax. Adopted during World War I, the
cabaret tax was continued into World War II
(when it was first raised to 30 percent and then
reduced to 20 percent) and kept after the war.
The AFM held it directly responsible for decline
in the demand for live music, hence for the decline
in work opportunities for musicians. It spent ap
proximately a quarter of a million dollars for two
surveys of musicians’ employment opportunities,
which it said verified its conviction. The results of
the first survey, made in 1955, impelled the AFM to
spearhead a drive for the elimination of the cab
aret tax. This first report concluded that if the
full 20 percent tax were removed, there would be
a 68-percent increase in the man-hours of employ
ment available to musicians in establishments sub
ject to the tax. After campaigning for 4 years,
in May 1960, the union gained half its loaf. Con
gress reduced the levy from 20 percent to 10 per
cent. As the Federation claimed in reporting on
its second survey, the tax increased man-hours of
live music in cabarets, nightclubs, restaurants, and
similar places by half the predicted 68 percent.5
The union’s campaign continued into 1965, when
the last 10 percent of the tax was finally eliminated,
effective December 31, 1965, as part of the admin
istration’s program to remove or reduce selected
excise taxes.6 However, the vacuum created when
the Federal Government vacated this area of taxa-
THE MUSICIANS’ EXPERIENCE
tion has proved a tempting source of revenue to
the States. Nevada has already set its own caba
ret tax and others are considering similar levies.
As a consequence, AFM President Herman D.
Kenin tempered the delegates’ elation at the 1965
convention with the warning to remain alert to
“States seeking added ‘nuisance’ revenues.”
Aid to Performing Arts. The American Federa
tion of Musicians has experienced much frustra
tion in its efforts to improve wages and working
conditions in major symphony orchestras. Bar
gaining for professional wage levels and yearround employment has fallen far short of union
goals, with some exceptions,7 mainly because the
union must negotiate with nonprofit, musical orga
nizations. On the average, symphony orchestras
derive only 52 percent of their total budgets from
ticket sales,8 the remainder coming from private
and public contributions.
In seeking subsidy legislation, however, the Fed
eration’s basic premise has been that the Federal
Government has a responsibility to support the
performing arts, especially music, regardless of
whether or not symphony associations are in fi
nancial need, since the Nation’s music makes an
important contribution to its cultural fabric.
To some degree, although indirectly, the Fed
eral Government already has been involved in the
affairs of the performing arts. I t has removed the
Federal admission tax (a 20-percent levy, the elimi
nation of which was absorbed by symphony orches
tra associations to offset growing deficits); it has
provided some incentives' to prospective donors
in the income tax and inheritance tax laws (al
though not as much as those connected with sym
phony orchestras desired) ; and it has designated
symphony orchestra associations in 1951 as non
profit institutions, thus making them immune from
7 Only th e New York P h ilharm onic, Boston Sym phony, P h ila
delphia O rch estra, C leveland O rchestra, and Chicago Sym phony
have w ages in th e neighborhood of $200 a week or seasons near
52 weeks, or both.
* T h e P erfo rm in g A r t s : P roblem s and P rospects (R ockefeller
P an el R eport, M cG raw -H ill, New York, 1905), p. 57. The
ran g e ru n s from 29 to 75 p ercent.
9 Sim ilarly, S tate, county, and m unicipal su p p o rt rep re sen ts a
grow ing a re a of o rc h e stra income. The form varies and includes
o u trig h t g ran ts, th e pu rch ase of sym phony services, th e reduc
tion of p ro p erty taxes, low or m oderate re n ta l of halls, and the
don atio n of lan d to build new halls.
10 P ublic Law 85-874.
11 S u b sid y M akes Sense, AFM pam phlet, p. 23.
12 P u b lic Law 88-579.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1179
Federal tax levies. Furthermore, the Government
has sponsored a limited number of overseas tours,
arranged under the State Department’s cultural
exchange program, absorbing any deficits that
designated orchestras might incur.9
The 1958 congressional authorization providing
land for the establishment of a national cultural
center in Washington, D.C.,10 represented the first
breakthrough toward subsidy. I t was a limited
measure, however, in that construction and operat
ing costs were to be paid from private funds. The
AFM commented, “It is a beginning.” 11
The union, joined other interested groups, in
supporting the formation of a Federal advisory
council on the arts, as its next step toward Federal
support legislation. At first, progress was pain
fully slow, but by 1962, the movement began to
accelerate. The House held hearings on the eco
nomic condition of the performing arts, which, for
the first time, brought together much data and
authorative testimony on the problems faced by
both performing arts organizations and by per
forming artists. Although no bill passed the Con
gress, the hearings nonetheless marked a turning
point, in that growing administration support
could now be supplemented by growing congres
sional support.
The next year, President John F, Kennedy estab
lished a National Council on the Arts by adminis
trative action and introduced a bill to ratify his
action by legislative enactment. The bill would
have also created a National Arts Foundation with
a budget of $5 million the first year and $10 mil
lion annually thereafter to be allocated as sub
sidies. The Senate supported the measure, but
the House took no action until September 1964,
when it rejected the proposed subsidies but en
acted that portion of the bill establishing the Coun
cil.12 Disappointed, the Musicians nevertheless
termed the statute a “threshhold psychological vic
tory” and declared efforts were now to be con
centrated directly on Federal support legislation.
The time appeared propitious for the passage of
Federal support legislation. Congress evidently
was favorably inclined, to judge by the deluge of
100 bills introduced to establish a foundation on
the arts or on both the arts and the humanities.
Congressional hearings in February and March
were chaired by legislators known to favor Federal
support of the arts—Senator Clairborne Pell of
1180
Rhode Island and Representative Frank Thomp
son of New Jersey; the Rockefeller Brothers Fund
issued its panel report on the problems and pros
pects of the performing arts, which helped focus
public attention on the plight of performers and
cultural institutions; and more favorable votes
apparently could be counted on because of the
inclusion of the humanities in the proposed found
ation.
Finally, the administration announced its sup
port for a bill combining both arts and humani
ties in one foundation. In making this legislation
part of the administration’s program, President
Johnson stated:
This Congress will consider many programs which
will leave an enduring mark on American life. But
it may well be that passage of this legislation, modest
as it is, will help secure for this Congress a sure and
honored place in the story of the advance of our
civilization.13
After lengthy debate, the House passed the bill
on September 16, 1965. The next day, the Senate
adopted the House version in lieu of its own, and
on Septemper 29, 1965, President Johnson signed
the legislation.14
Litigation
For the fiscal year ending March 31, 1965, the
Musicians disbursed almost $186,000 in legal fees.
About $98,000 of this represented the normal legal
services of the general counsel and his associates,
but almost $88,000 constituted the special costs in
volved in litigation between the union and certain
orchestra leader members. These special litigation
costs represented a $31,000 increase over the pre
vious fiscal year and, significantly, accounted for
almost one-third of the fiscal year’s deficit.
The union felt the full impact of Federal laws
in these cases: not only the Taft-Hartley and the
Landrum-Griffin Acts, but also the antitrust laws
were involved. Yet to the AFM, these actions were
a continuation of a variety of internal conflicts
spilling over into the courts. Some 7 years earlier,
for instance, dissident musicians in Los Angeles
formed an independent union and had brought
court action in a dispute over royalty payments to
the Music Performance Trust Fund. Similarly,
symphony orchestra musicians in Cleveland, unhappy with their new contract, brought several
suits.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
The most recent cases involved certain orchestra
leaders who sought to settle their differences with
the union through court proceedings. In one
case,15 certain leaders invoked the Labor-Manage
ment Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959 to chal
lenge the weighted voting procedures that the
union uses at its annual conventions. At issue was
the close vote in the 1963 Miami convention which
had increased both annual local membership dues
and initiation fees. In taking the vote, each local
was allocated a number of votes commensurate
with its reported membership. There was a maxi
mum number of votes that could be allocated to
each local.
The orchestra leaders alleged that the voting vio
lated that section of the LMRDA which required
that union dues could not be increased except by
majority vote of the delegates voting at a regular
convention. The Court concluded that weighted
voting was—
. . . a well-known system of voting embodied in many
union constitutions (which) well serves (the purpose
of the statute) to guarantee a member’s right to par
ticipate in deciding upon the rate of dues, initiation
fees and assessments . . . (The law requires) par
ticipation by all members, either directly or indirectly
or through their elected representatives, on certain
union matters thought to be of special importance.
We find nothing to indicate that Congress thought this
objective would be better fulfilled by allowing a dele
gate to cast one vote, regardless of the size of his con
stituency, than by permitting him to cast a vote equal
to the number of members he represents . . . (The)
pervading premise . . . is that there should be full
and active participation by the rank and file in the
affairs of the union. We think our decision today
that the vote of an elected delegate may reflect the
size of his constituency is wholly consistent with that
purpose.
13 As quoted in S enate R e p o rt 300, “E stab lish in g a N atio n al
F o u n d atio n on th e A rts an d H u m an ities,” 89th Cong., 1 st sess.,
Ju n e 7, 1965, p. 13.
14 Briefly, th e a c t establishes a N atio n al F o u n d atio n on th e A rts
and H u m an ities in th e executive bran ch of th e F ed eral G overn
m ent, w ith tw o se p a ra te n a tio n a l endow m ents— one fo r th e a r t s
and one fo r th e h u m an ities. T he a c tiv ities of th e endow m ents
a re to be coordinated by an advisory F ed eral Council on th e A rts
an d H um anities. T he p re se n t N atio n al Council on th e A rts
is to be absorbed into th e A rts E ndow m ent and w ill serve as ad
visor to th e E ndow m ent’s chairm an, in ad d itio n to review ing
app licatio n s fo r financial assistan ce. B oth endow nm ents w ill
carry out program s of gran ts-in -aid to S tates.
A ccording to H al L eyshon, AFM L egislative D irector, th e AFM
is disappointed th a t th e fu n d s available fo r su p p o rt a re n o t larg er
th a n they are, b u t th e union is also sufficiently re a listic to re a l
ize th a t th e door is now open and th a t fu tu re a p p ro p riatio n s
could re su lt in a m uch broader su p p o rt program .
15 A m erican F ederation of M usicians v. W itts te in , 376 U.S.
942 ; see also M o n th ly L abor R eview , F e b ru a ry 1965, p. 192.
THE MUSICIANS’ EXPERIENCE
In a second case,16 the orchestra leaders resorted
to both the LMRDA and Labor Management Re
lations Act to challenge the right of a local union
to impose local union work dues equivalents
on traveling orchestras, and to require the orches
tra leaders to file reports with those local unions
within whose jurisdiction they were going to play
an engagement. The orchestra leaders argued
that work dues equivalents violated LMRDA since
traveling orchestra members did not vote to im
pose them. The district court concluded, in deny
ing a preliminary injunction:
. . . To extend the right of franchise to nonlocal
members of the international organization is to dis
regard the plain language of the statute . . . . [Work
dues equivalents] are an obligation on traveling
members as a condition of their Federation member
ship out of consideration for the service, protection,
and accommodations furnished to traveling mem
bers by the locals within whose jurisdiction they
perform . . . .
The District court also rejected the leaders’
argument, that, as employers, they could
not, under LMRA, deliver or pay money or any
thing of value to union officers. Work dues equiv
alents and the filing of reports, they alleged, fell
within this ban. However, the court decided that
work dues equivalents “are levied upon [the or
chestra leader] not in his capacity as an employer
but rather as a Federation member . . . . So long
as the levy applies to employer and employeemembers alike, in practice as well as in theory,
section 302 [of the LMRA] is wholly inappli
cable.”
On filing reports, the court, decided:
. . . There is no merit in the plaintiff’s claim . . .
it would be a perversion of congressional purpose
to construe the phrase any . . . thing of value to
include the requested information.
18
8. Z en tn er v. T he A m erican F ederation of M usicians and
Local 802, 237 Fed. Supp. 457. T he F ed eral appeals co u rt in
New York C ity upheld th e decision on Apr. 8, 1965.
17 Carroll v. A m erican F ederation o f M usicians and Local 802,
241 Fed. Supp. 865.
18 An in stru m e n t filed w ith th e union th a t helps i t in the en
fo rcem en t of union sta n d ard s.
19 U nited M ine W orkers v. P en n in g to n (U.S. Sup. Ct., Ju n e 7,
1965) ; see also M o n th ly L abor R eview , Septem ber 1965, pp.
1106-1107.
20 R epublic P ro ductions v. A m erican F ederation o f M usicians
(U.S. D. Ct., N.Y., Ju ly 15, 1965) ; see also p. 1232 of th is issue.
21 R a lp h Quarnaccia v. H erm an D. K e n in ; an d A l Q urton v.
M ax L. A rons and A l M a n u ti, 234 Fed. Supp. 429.
787-480 0 — 65—
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2
1181
The U.S. Court of Appeals upheld the District
Court decision.
In a third case,17 band leaders submitted a host
of trade union activities to the test of antitrust
legislation. Among those activities were: The em
ployer status of orchestra leaders in the television
and recording fields, the right of the union to es
tablish minimum scales and employment quotas,
the use of the Form B contract,18 union member
ship of orchestra leaders, regulation of traveling
and transfer members, regulation of booking
agents and caterers, and a number of other activ
ities. A Federal district court found none of these
activities violative either of the Federal antitrust
laws or of the common law on restraint of trade.
The union also won an antitrust suit from Re
public Productions, Inc., whereby the company
sought to invalidate agreement provisions regulat
ing the use of music sound tracks of theatrical
motion pictures produced by AFM members. Re
public, along with other producers, had agreed in
1951 to make certain payments to the Music Per
formance Trust Fund, and the AFM consented to
TV use of Republic’s music sound track. In
1957, the company reversed its position and filed
suit alleging violation of the antitrust laws and
requesting treble damages amounting to $6 million.
In view of the recent Supreme Court decision in
the Pennington case,19 the union’s general counsel
said at the recent AFM convention that he looked
forward to the decision with “trepidation.” On
July 15, 1965, the Federal District Court for the
Southern District of New York proved his fears
unfounded. It ruled that there was no conspiracy
or illegal behavior, and that the AFM, in fact,
acted in good faith in what it believed to be the
best interests of its members.20
Despite these recent decisions, particularly
one urging restraint in using the LMRDA,21 the
AFM officials doubt that the workload of the
union’s legal staff will soon be eased. The cases
cited here constituted only a part of the 14 deci
sions successfully concluded since the 1964 AFM
convention. During that same period there were
45 law suits filed against the union; most of them
are still pending, and many are described by the
union as “drab run-of-the-mill” cases, but all are
challenging basic union rules. The dissenting
union leaders have recently entered a new suit, this
one with Stan Kenton as plaintiff.
Wage Developments in 1964
Changes in Wages and Benefits
In Manufacturing and Under
Large Bargaining Agreements
E ditor’s N ote.— These two articles summarize
wage developments in 196j. The first analyzes
changes in wages and related benefits in manu
facturing not only under major collective bar
gaining agreements but also in nonunion amd
smaller union situations. The second article
deals with changes negotiated in agreements
covering lfX)0 workers or more in both manu
facturing and selected nonmanufacturi/ng
industries.
,
Wage Developments
in Manufacturing
Ruth W. B enny *
decisions reached during the year resulted
in increases in 1964 for about 4.9 million produc
tion and related workers in manufacturing. In
creases for another 2.9 million workers were de
ferred or cost-of-living changes resulting from
decisions reached in earlier years. The 7.8 million
affected workers represented about 70 percent of
the 11 million employees in factories that have a
policy of adjusting pay by means of general wage
changes.1 The proportion of workers receiving
increases in 1964 was lower than in 1963 (71 and 76
percent, respectively), but a little higher than in
1962 (68 percent).
W age
♦Of th e D ivision of W age Econom ics, B ureau of L abor
S tatistics.
1 G eneral w age changes are defined as those affecting 10 p er
cent or m ore of th e production and related w orkers w ith in an
estab lish m en t or a group of estab lish m en ts th a t b arg ain as a
u n it. T hey u su ally affect a ll or a m a jo rity of those w ith in th e
estab lish m en t. An ad d itio n al 1.7 m illion production w orkers are
em ployed in m a n u fa c tu rin g estab lish m en ts th a t norm ally do not
m ake general w age changes.
2 F o r a stu d y of developm ents in larg e establishm ents, see the
follow ing artic le in th is issue.
1182
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In manufacturing establishments where wage
decisions were reached in 1964, about 3 out of 4
production workers received wage increases.
Among union establishments, there was an increase
in the proportion to about 89 percent, from about
77 percent in 1963 ; but in the nonunion segment
the percentage decreased to 56 percent from 69 per
cent. General wage changes were smaller than in
1963 in both union and nonunion establishments.
Measures of Wage Change
This summary is limited to manufacturing es
tablishments that have a policy of making general
wage changes and excludes those in which wage
adjustments are made on an individual basis only.
It includes not only establishments covered by col
lective bargaining agreements affecting 1,000
workers or more,2 but also nonunion and smaller
union situations. Table 1 summarizes the 1964
wage changes under two basic measures.
Total Effective Wage Changes. This measure
(the first two columns) covers all establishments
that have a policy of making general wage changes.
It shows the extent of all general wage adjust
ments, whether they were decided in 1964 or re
sulted from decisions reached in earlier years.
Establishments in which wages were not changed
during the year are also included.
Wage Decisions. The second group of two col
umns reflects the effect of economic and other con
ditions on wage actions during the year. This
measure is limited to those establishments in which
there were decisions on wages in 1964, either
through collective bargaining or unilateral em
ployer actions. Changes are limited to those de
cided on in 1964 and going into effect within 12
WAGE DEVELOPMENTS IN MANUFACTURING
months of the contract date ; cost-of-living escala
tor adjustments are excluded. All nonunion es
tablishments are included (there is no objective
way of determining whether a change in wages
was considered in such plants, and it is assumed
that decisions are made each year).
The tabulation of wage decisions is supple
mented by the last group of columns ; they include
the effects of any automatic cost-of-living adjust
ments and any previously negotiated deferred in
creases in the establishments in which there were
wage decisions during 1964.
The types of situations included in these meas
ures are shown in the following examples. In
1964, there was no bargaining in most major aero
space companies, but deferred and cost-of-living
escalator increases went into effect. These changes
are included under the heading “Total effective
wage changes” but omitted from the other col
umns. On the other hand, in the wage settlements
reached during the year in the major automobile
companies, the wage changes negotiated in these
settlements that were effective within 12 months of
the settlement are included under “Wage deci
sions.” Cost-of-living escalator increases in the
auto industry are excluded from the “Wage deci
sions” column. The total effect of the cost-ofliving increase, as well as the negotiated increase
effective within the first contract year, in these
automobile plants is shown under “Total wage
changes effective where decisions were reached”
(and both are, of course, included under “Total
effective wage changes”).
Effective Wage Changes
The 3.1 million workers whose pay was not in
creased during 1964 (table 1) included 313,000
covered by collective bargaining agreements ne
gotiated in 1964 that did not provide for wage
changes during the first contract year, 1.5 million
who were under agreements not subject to nego
tiation or where it was decided not to reopen in
1964, 202,000 in establishments where negotiations
were still in progress at the end of the year,3 and
3 The preceding to ta ls do n o t include sm all num bers of w orkers
who received cost-of-living increases (98,000, 35,000, an d 96,000
w orkers, resp ectiv ely ).
4 In creases of th is m ag n itude were more common th a n those
of an y o th e r size in th e tobacco, fu rn itu re , sm all p rim a ry m etal,
an d m iscellaneous m a n u fa c tu rin g establishm ents.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1183
1.1 million in nonunion factories that did not
change wages.
About 3 out of 10 workers were in establish
ments where wages did not change during the year.
In union firms, the proportion was 24 percent; in
nonunion, 44 percent. (See table 2.)
Increases in Cents Per Hour. Although the me
dian raise was 7 cents, the most frequent increases,
effective where 13 percent (1.5 million) of the
workers were employed, averaged 5 but less than
6 cents.4 Decisions to increase wages accounted
for only 635,000 of these workers; of these, 336,000
were in small union establishments, 204,000 in non
union establishments. More than 400,000 workers
in the automobile and farm equipment industries
received inequity adjustments plus cost-of-living
increases for a total of 5 but less than 6 cents.
Negotiations in these industries deferred any
across-the-board wage increase other than cost-ofliving adjustments until 1965.
Next most frequent for all manufacturing—and
most common in paper, chemicals, cement, fabri
cated metal, machinery, and professional and sci
entific instrument manufacturing—were increases
of 7 but less than 8 cents. In the paper industry,
most of these raises resulted from negotiations con
cluded during the year; in the cement industry,
they consisted of previously negotiated deferred
increases. In the other industries, some increases
of this size were negotiated during the year and
others resulted from contracts agreed to earlier.
Increases in Percent Terms. As a percent of
average hourly earnings (excluding premium pay
for overtime), the median increase was 2.7 percent,
with more than a third of the workers employed
where increases averaged 2 but less than &y2 per
cent. Increases of this magnitude were the most
common in a number of industries—food, lumber,
furniture, paper, printing, chemicals, petroleum,
rubber, cement, primary and fabricated metals,
machinery, and miscellaneous manufacturing.
Most prevalent was 2 but less than 2y2 percent (1.4
million), followed by 3 but less than 3y2 percent
(1.3 million), and 2y2 but less than 3 percent (1.2
million). These decisions affected some meatpack
ing employees under major collective bargaining
agreements, as well as both union and nonunion
workers in the petroleum refining industry, where
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
1184
a 2-percent wage increase was part of a settlement
that included vacation and pension changes. The
increases in the cement, rubber, and Pacific Coast
lumber industries were deferred changes negotiated
in 1963.
T able
1.
S umm ary of G en e r a l W age
M a n u f a c t u r i n g , 1964
C hanges
in
[Numbers in thousands]
Total
effective wage
changes 1
Type and amount of
wage action
Wage
decisions 2
Total wage
changes effective where
decisions were
reached 3
Production and related workers
Approxi
mate
num
ber
Per
cent
Approxi
mate
num
ber
Per
cent
Ap
proxi
mate
num
ber
Total <____________ 10,944
100.0
6,389
100.0
6,389
100.0
No wage changes------------ 8 3,128
Decreases in wages
___
4
7,813
Increases in w a g e s -
28.6
(«)
71.4
1,529
4
4,856
23.9
.1
76.0
1,412
4
4,973
22.1
.1
77.8
326
420
584
1,466
1,070
1,128
843
439
782
277
133
136
93
20
69
3.0
3.8
5.3
13.4
9.8
10.3
7.7
4.0
7.1
2.5
1.2
1.2
.9
.2
.6
839
119
274
635
667
705
558
216
357
157
99
118
29
17
41
13.1
1.9
4.3
9.9
10.4
11.0
8.7
3.4
5.6
2.5
1.6
1.8
.4
.3
.6
220
174
358
1,048
544
754
633
246
481
171
102
114
42
18
42
3.4
2.7
5.6
16.4
8.5
11.8
9.9
3.9
7.5
2.7
1.6
1.8
.7
.3
.7
25
.2
25
.4
25
.4
244
566
1,049
1,351
1,151
1,318
816
425
174
439
91
69
61
18
4
11
2.2
5.2
9.6
12.3
10.5
12.0
7.5
3.9
1.6
4.0
.8
.6
.6
.2
(6)
.1
769
187
323
698
644
718
448
327
142
381
65
51
44
18
4
11
12.0
2.9
5.1
10.9
10.1
11.2
7.0
5.1
2.2
6.0
1.0
.8
.7
.3
.1
.2
156
329
727
664
665
807
507
367
144
383
70
51
44
18
4
11
2.4
5.2
11.4
10.4
10.4
12.6
7.9
5.7
2.2
6.0
1.1
.8
.7
.3
.1
.2
25
.2
25
.4
25
.4
Per
cent
In C ents P ee H our
Under 3____ - --3 and under 4----------------4 and under 5----------------5 and under 6---- _
6 and under 7----- _ _ 7 and under 8---8 and under 9_. - _ __
9 and under 10...
10 and under 11------ 11 and under 12---_
12 and under 13.. __
13 and under 15---15 and under 17.. ---- ..
17 and under 19..
_. ._
-------19 and over
..
Not specified or not computed 7------- -----------I n P ercent
Under 1___ .
---- .
la n d under l% — ..: . . .
V/i and under 2-------------2 and under 2J^_____ .
2}4 and under 3___ __ ..
3 and under V/i---3J^ and under 4_____ _ .
4 and under 4J^_____
4Yi and under 5.. .
5 and under 5H---- ------5yi and under 6.. _ . .
6 and under 7__
7 and under 8---------8 and under 9____ _ . . . .
9 and under 10___ . . . . .
10 and over_____________
Not specified or not computed 7___ ___ . . .
1 Changes in wage rates negotiated or decided upon during 1964 plus
increases effective in 1964 but decided upon in earlier years and cost-of-living
escalator adjustments effective during the year.
2 Excludes changes decided upon in earlier years and cost-of-living escalator
adjustments.
3 Changes in wage rates negotiated or decided upon during the year plus
cost-of-living escalator adjustments and increases effective in 1964 but decided
upon in earlier years in these same establishments.
i Excludes about 1.7 million workers in establishments reporting that they
never make general wage changes as well as 139,000 in establishments in which
action on wages in 1964 was not known.
6 Includes 1,652,000 workers in union establishments in which there was
either no bargaining on wages in 1964 or bargaining was not concluded.
8 Less than 0.05 percent.
7 Insufficient information to compute amount of increase.
N o t e : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Wage Decisions
During 1964, decisions on wage adjustments in
manufacturing firms affected 6.4 million produc
tion workers: about three-fourths (4.9 million) of
them in plants where wages were increased, almost
a fourth (1.5 million) in plants where wages were
not changed, and only 4,000 where wages were
reduced.
Of the 1.5 million workers affected by decisions
not to change wages, 1.1 million were in nonunion
plants; about 200,000, or fewer than a fifth of
these, were employed where changes in supple
mentary practices were made. On the Other hand,
of the 411,000 employees covered by collective bar
gaining agreements who were affected by decisions
not to change wages, about 70 percent were affected
by improvements in supplementary practices.
Among these were employees of Bendix Corp.,
Allis Chalmers, and Deere & Co., firms with major
agreements with the Auto Workers which gener
ally followed the auto pattern but did not provide
for inequity adjustments. Those firms changing
neither wages nor fringes in negotiations during
the year included the American Can Co. and the
Continental Can Co., where contracts with the
Steelworkers were extended with no change for
5 months beyond the September 30 expiration
date; however, provision was made for retroactiv
ity to October 1,1964, of benefit changes negotiated
later. Decisions not to change wages were less
common than in 1963, when more than a fifth of the
union employees did not receive wage adjustments.
Most of these were in the basic steel, aluminum,
and related industries where settlements left wages
unchanged but improved fringe benefits.
Almost 70,000 workers in automobile parts and
farm equipment companies were covered by settle
ments that did not provide for inequity adjust
ments during the first contract year. Workers in
the automobile and related industries were covered
by settlements that provided for inequity adjust
ments, but deferred any across-the-board improve
ment factor increase until the second year. Most
automobile parts and farm equipment settlements
made substantial changes in supplementary bene
fits, although some made fewer changes than did
the major automobile contracts.
Cents. The median increase resulting from wage
decisions was 6.6 cents an hour. Two-fifths of the
WAGE DEVELOPMENTS IN MANUFACTURING
T a ble 2.
1185
T otal E ff e c t iv e G e n e r a l W age C ha n g es 1 in A ll M a n u f a c t u r in g , U n io n ,
196 0 -6 4
1964
1963
Type and amount of wage action
1962
and
O t h e r E st a b l is h m e n t s ,
1961
I960
Percent of production and related workers by type of establishment
A ll
U n io n 2 O th er
A ll
U n io n 2 O th e r
A ll
U n io n 2 O th er
A ll
U n io n 2 O th er
A ll
U n io n 2 O th er
M a n u fa c tu rin g e sta b lish m e n ts w ith g en eral w age
ch ange policies L ...............
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
N o w age changes 3 . . .
D ecreases in w ages_____ . . In crea se s in w ages 5 ...
...
28.6
(4)
71.4
23.9
.1
76.1
43.8
24.1
.2
75.8
22.0
.2
77.8
30.2
.2
69.6
31.7
.1
72.8
27.1
.1
68.1
47.1
23.7
.2
76.1
16.6
.1
83.3
45.6
.4
54.0
19.8
80.1
12.8
1
87.1
59.0
3.0
9.2
23.2
18.0
11.2
3.7
1.2
.9
.2
.6
.2
2.9
10.8
25.2
17.7
11.6
4.3
1.5
1.0
.2
.6
.1
3.2
3.8
16.8
18.9
9.6
1.9
.6
.3
2.1
7.0
18.4
19.5
18.3
2.7
1.9
2.0
2. 5
1.3
2.2
7.8
17.6
19.0
20.8
2.6
1.3
1.8
3.3
1.3
1.9
4.4
20.8
21.1
10.7
2 .9
3 .8
2.4
.1
1.5
2 .0
5.9
21.0
17.8
15.3
2.5
1.3
1.4
.2
.5
.1
2.1
6.2
21.0
19.4
17.7
2.7
1.3
1.4
3
.5
.2
1.8
5 .0
21.4
12.5
7.4
1.9
1.3
1.0
5.3
6.8
22.5
15.9
15.0
4 .8
2.3
2.1
_4
.4
.6
5.4
7.6
24.4
16.9
17.5
5.8
2 .6
1.5
5.1
4.5
16.3
12.8
7.1
1.7
1.6
3 .8
2 .6
5.6
15.0
20.4
24.8
4 .8
2 .6
1.8
2.1
6 .0
13.8
22.3
30.0
5.6
2.5
1.8
3 .9
4.4
18.8
15.0
8.9
2.4
2 .8
1.7
.5
.7
.2
.4
.8
.1
.8
1
.8
U n d e r 1_________________ .
1 a n d u n d e r 2 ____ . . . __________
2 a n d u n d e r 3 ___ . . .
------3 a n d u n d e r 4____________ _______
4 a n d u n d e r 5 . . ______ _
5 a n d u n d e r 6 . - - - - - - ___
6 a n d u n d e r 7___________________
7 a n d u n d e r 8 _______
_ _ 8 a n d u n d e r 9 . ._ „ ___
_ _
9 a n d u n d e r 10. __ ___ ___ . ____
10 a n d o v e r____
- - - - - - ____
N o t specified or n o t c o m p u te d «_
2.2
14.8
22.9
19.5
5.5
4. 8
.6
.6
.2
0)
.1
.2
2.2
18.3
25.7
20.1
4.4
3. 9
.6
.4
.2
(4)
.1
.1
2.3
3.4
13.7
17.6
9.0
7. 9
.6
1.0
.1
1.3
7.2
24.7
23.1
6.0
5. 9
3.0
1.2
1.0
1.7
.7
1.5
8.4
27.2
25.2
5.2
3. 9
2.8
.9
.4
2.1
.3
.9
3 .4
17.3
16.7
8.2
12.2
3.6
2.1
3 .0
.3
2 .0
1.3
6.9
24.6
24.6
5.8
2.9
1.0
.4
.1
(4)
.2
.1
1.4
7.3
27.0
27.5
5.1
2.6
.9
.5
.2
.1
(4)
.2
.7
5.6
16.5
15.2
8.2
4.1
1.3
.4
.1
3 .7
7.1
22.9
25.2
7.7
5.2
1.4
.4
.3
1
1.6
.6
3 .8
8.1
27.0
27.9
8.2
5.3
1.4
.3
.2
1.4
5.6
12.4
29,6
18.4
7.3
1.8
1.0
.7
1.6
.1
1.1
6.4
13.5
33.5
21.3
5.8
1.7
1.1
.6
.3
1.9
.1
2.3
3.4
8 .8
17.9
9.7
11.8
2.3
.8
1.1
.3
.7
3 .6
3.5
10.4
17.2
5.9
4.3
1.4
.7
.7
1
5.7
.4
T o ta l n u m b e r of w o rk ers (in
th o u s a n d s )____________________
10,944
8,361
2,584
10,941
8,212
2,729
10,902
8,352
2,549
10,512
7,945
2,567
11,355
8,537
2,818
56.2
52.9
41.0
I n C en ts P e r H our
U n d e r 3___ _____
_____
3 a n d u n d e r 5 ___
____________
5 a n d u n d e r 7___________________
7 a n d u n d e r 9 ---------------------- - 9 a n d u n d e r 11__________________
11 a n d u n d e r 13___________
13 a n d u n d e r 15___ . . . . . .
15 a n d u n d e r 17________
_____
17 a n d u n d e r 19.
19 a n d o v e r. _ _ ___ ________
N o t specified or n o t c o m p u te d « ._
.6
.6
.6
I n P e r c en t
.2
.6
1Includes all establishments that have a policy of making general wage
changes, including those in which the on ly general wage changes put into
effect during the year were cost-of-living escalator adjustments or increases
decided upon in earlier years—for example, deferred or improvement factor
increases—as well as union establishments in which there was either no
bargaining on wages in any or all of the 5 years or bargaining was not con
cluded. More than a million workers in establishments reporting that they
never make general wage changes are excluded from this total.
2 Establishments in which a majority of the production and related workers
were covered by union agreements.
3 Data on which percentages are based include workers in union establish
ments in which there was no bargaining on wages or bargaining was not con
.8
.8
cluded, as follows: 1,652,000 in 1964; 961,000 in 1963; 1,200,000 in 1962; 948,000
in 1961; and 911,000 in 1960.
4 Less than 0.05 percent.
5 In the case of union establishments, includes negotiated increases sched
uled to go into effect during the 12-month period following the effective date
of the agreement and other adjustments (deferred and cost-of-living escalator
adjustments) effective during the calendar year. In other establishments,
includes increases effective in the calendar year.
« Insufficient information to compute amount of increase.
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
land textile workers’ increases in May or June 1964
workers affected by decisions were in plants where
were the first since 1962; their contracts were not
increases averaged 5 but less than 9 cents. The
reopened in 1963.
proportion did not vary substantially between
Within this 4-cent spread, increases for non
union and nonunion situations; 42 percent of the v
union establishments were concentrated at 7 but
workers in union plants and 37 percent in non
less than 8 cents. Increases in union firms were
union plants were affected by wage increases of
more evenly distributed, with the greatest number
this size.
receiving 6 but less than 7 cents. In this category
Included were about 400,000 workers employed
were employees of chemical, paper, petroleum, and
in textile mills in the South and in New England.
metalworking firms in addition to those in meat
For workers in the southern mills (most of which
packing, where the Armour and Co. and Swift &
were unorganized), the increases were the second
Co. settlements in September with the Meat Cut
in less than a year—pay was raised in late 1963 and
ters, Packinghouse Workers, and Packinghouse
again in August or September 1964; increases had
and Dairy Workers set the pattern for the in
also been put into effect in 1962. The New Engdustry.5 By the end of the year, about 100,000
5
See M o n th ly Labor R eview , October 1964, p. 1191, an d No
workers in meatpacking were affected by the 6vem ber 1964, pp. 1309-1310.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1186
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
T able 3. C h a n g e s in S u ppl e m e n t a r y
M a n u fa c t u r in g , 1964
P ractices
in
[Numbers in thousands]
Production and related workers by type of
establishment
All
Supplementary practices
T o ta l2_____________
Not changing supplementary practices___________
Reducing supplementary
practices_______________
Liberalizing or establishing
1 or more supplementary
practice3_______________
Premium pay_________
Shift differentials______
Paid holidays_________
Paid vacations_____ . _
Pensions 4_______ _____
Health and welfare
plans 4__
________
Severance pay 6_______
Supplemental unemployment benefits 4___
Jury duty pay________
Paid funeral leave_____
Paid sick leave________
Other practices 7_______
Union 1
Other
Approxi
mate
num
ber
Per
cent
Approxi
mate
num
ber
Per
cent
Approxi
mate
num
ber
Per
cent
11,083
100.0
8,431
100.0
2,652
100.0
7, 054
63.6
5,083
60.3
1,971
74.3
11
.1
5
.1
6
.2
4, 018
773
460
1,920
2,094
1,996
36.3
7.0
4.1
17.3
18.9
18.0
3,343
745
419
1, 744
1,874
1,888
39.7
8.8
5.0
20.7
22. 2
22.4
674
28
40
176
219
108
25.4
1.1
1.5
6.6
8.3
4.1
2,868
903
25.9
8.1
2,484
886
29.5
10.5
384
17
14.5
.6
774
807
895
64
1,084
7.0
7.3
8.1
.6
9.8
762
796
881
63
1,023
9.0
9.4
10.5
.7
12.1
11
12
14
1
61
.4
.4
.5
(«)
2.3
1 Establishments in which a majority of the production and related workers
were covered by union agreements.
2 Unlike the totals in tables 1 and 2, these totals include employment in all
establishments that have a policy of making general wage changes, including
those in which the only general wage changes put into effect during the year
were cost-of-living escalator adjustments or increases decided upon in earlier
years, as well as union establishments in which there was no bargaining on
wages in 1964 or bargaining was not concluded. Also included are 139,000
workers in establishments in which action on wages or supplementary prac
tices was not known. Both tables exclude all workers in establishments in
which general wage changes are normally not made.
3 These totals are smaller than the sum of individual items since some
actions affect more than 1 item. Includes 10,000 workers in union and 19,000
in nonunion establishments in which some supplementary practices were
liberalized and others were reduced.
4 Includes actions in which contributions were increased to maintain
existing benefits, and excludes actions increasing benefits without increased
employer contributions.
6
Includes 18,000 workers in establishments in which extended layoff
allowances were introduced.
6 Less than 0.05 percent.
7 Includes 24,000 workers in establishments in which extended vacation
plans were introduced and 7,000 in establishments in which they were
improved.
N o t e : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals
cent general increase, and most of these were also
covered by changes in supplementary practices
similar to those provided under agreements with
Armour and Swift.
Almost one-fifth of the workers affected by de
cisions to increase wages received less than 5 cents.
The automobile and farm equipment settlements
accounted for a majority of these workers; their
immediate wage increases consisted only of in
equity adjustments.
Percentages. The median increase resulting
from wage decisions amounted to 2.7 percent. One
wrnrker out of eight, generally the same workers as
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
those receiving less than 3 cents, were employed
where increases averaged less than 1 percent.
Nearly as many were employed where increases
averaged 3 but less than 3y2 percent; the propor
tion was about the same for union and nonunion
establishments considered separately. Among
these were employees of California Processors and
Growers and some Western Electric Co. employees,
but increases of this size were not heavily concen
trated in any industry. Increases for about 1 out
of 10 workers averaged 2 but less than 2y2 percent,
and about the same proportion were employed
where decisions provided increases of 2y2 but less
than 3 percent.
On the whole, wage increases resulting from de
cisions were smaller than in 1963, when 1 worker
in 5 was employed where increases averaged at
least 10 cents, compared with 1 in 8 in 1964.
Total Changes. About 116,400 workers, em
ployed where decisions were made not to change
basic rates during the year, did receive cost-of-liv
ing increases; another 848,000 received 1 to 5 cents
in escalator raises in addition to changes in the
wages structure decided on in 1964. Addition of
these cost-of-living increases to those resulting ex
clusively from wage decisions during 1964 resulted
in concentrations at 5 and under 6 cents and at 3
and under 3y2 percent of “straight-time” average
hourly earnings (16.4 and 12.6 percent of the work
ers, respectively). Of the workers receiving esca
lator changes in addition to changes decided on in
1964, the vast majority were in the union segment,
where escalator provisions are far more prevalent.
Supplementary Practices
About 36 percent of all production and related
workers in manufacturing were employed where
supplementary practices were introduced or im
proved (table 3). Included were 60 percent of the
workers employed where wage decisions were
reached in 1964. The proportions in 1962 and 1963
were 53 and 57 percent, respectively. Where wages
were left unchanged, liberalization in fringes af
fected a third of the workers, compared with 55
percent in 1963.
Changes in health and welfare plans affected
far more workers than did changes in any other
benefit. As in 1963 and 1961, these improvements
WAGE DEVELOPMENTS IN MANUFACTURING
were effective where 1 worker in 4 was employed;
1 out of 5 was affected by such liberalizations in
1962.
Company assumption of full payment of all in
surance premiums was common, and benefit in
creases were widespread—hospitalization was ex
tended to a full year in a good many instances;
major medical plans were instituted or improved;
life insurance was increased; and weekly sick and
accident payments were raised, together with in
creases in the length of the period covered, as in
the auto settlements where benefits would continue
up to a full year rather than to 6 months as in the
past.
An interesting new development was the intro
duction of long-term disability benefit plans in a
few major settlements. Other benefits, concen
trated chiefly in the food industry on the Pacific
Coast, included dental care plans, similar to those
negotiated several years ago in a large settlement
in Southern California covering major grocery
chains. Prescription drug and eye care plans were
also introduced on the West Coast during 1964.
In many instances, more than one type of health
and welfare benefit was improved as the following
tabulation indicates.
Benefits introduced or
improved
Production and related workers (in thousands),
by types of establishment
Total
Union
Other
1964
1963
1964
1963
1964 1963
Life insurance and/or
sickness and accident
benefits only_____ ___ . 301.7
365.2
211.8
324.6 89.8 40.6
Hospitalization, surgical,
and/or medical only___ . 883.1
582.4
723.4
439.1 159.7 143.3
Both life insurance and
hospitalization and
related benefits-. _____. 1,558.4 1,728. 7 1,424.0 1,513. 7 134.5 215.0
Improvements in vacations (effective where
nearly 1 out of 5 workers was employed) ranked
second to improved health and welfare plans, and
almost as many were affected by improved pen
sions. A second week of paid vacation was fea
tured in contracts covering about 200,000 workers
in women’s and children’s apparel manufacturing
plants. The traditional method of financing vaca
tions from health and welfare funds was continued,
with the companies’ contributions increased by 2
percent of gross payroll to provide the second week
of vacation.
6
See M o n th ly L abor R eview , N ovem ber 1964, pp. 1306-1308,
an d December 1964, p. 1435.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1187
During the year, provisions for a fourth week
of leave or liberalization of eligibility requirements
for existing 4-week vacations were prevalent in
both large and small firms; in many instances,
changes were not made for short-service employees.
The auto and most farm equipment settlements
provided an additional week to all employees with
a year of service—bringing the top vacation leave
or pay to a fourth week after 15 years.
The trend toward a fifth week was more notice
able than in former years and, as in the past,
breweries led in length of annual vacations.
Pension improvements included liberalization of
early retirement and vesting provisions as well as
substantial increases in normal benefits. In the
fall of the year, pension negotiations between the
automobile and farm equipment companies and the
Auto Workers received wide publicity, particu
larly the liberalized early retirement provisions.6
Liberalization of paid holiday provisions •
affected nearly as many workers as did changes in
vacations and pensions—again reflecting effects
of the auto settlements, where 2 additional paid
holidays brought the total to 9.
Comparison With Earlier Years
General wage increases in manufacturing were
lower in 1964 than in any other year since 1959
(the first year for which such data are available).
This is true both for average changes limited to
those workers whose rates of pay were changed and
for averages that apply to all workers, including
those whose rates were not changed during the
year. The picture is the same whether attention is
focused on total changes effective during the year
or on wage decisions alone.
Average (median) percentage wage change1
Adjustment2
Total effective wage changes___
Wage decisions____
... .
liage increase3
Total effective wage changes___
Wage decisions.. _. . . . . . .
1964
2.1
2.2
1963
2.7
2.6
1962
2.5
2.4
1961
2.5
2.4
1960
3.2
3.1
1959
3.5
3.5
2.7
2.7
3.1
3.0
3.0
2.9
3.0
2.8
3.6
3.4
3.8
3.8
1 Computed from a distribution in which all workers were allocated to
the average change within an establishment.
2 Includes all establishments within which wages were increased, de
creased, or left unchanged.
3 Limited to establishments in which wage rates were increased.
Of the workers affected by decisions, about the
same proportion did not receive general wage in
creases in 1964 as in 1963 and 1961—nearly a
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
1188
fourth. The corresponding proportion was about
a third in 1962, a fifth in 1960, and less than a sixth
in 1959.
Union and Nonunion Comparisons
About 45 percent of the production and related
workers in manufacturing establishments where
wages are changed by general rather than individ
ual adjustments were covered by major collective
bargaining agreements.7 Thirty percent were in
smaller union plants, and 25 percent were in un
organized establishments. Median wage adjust
ments which include all establishments whether or
not they changed wages during the year were some
what lower in nonunion firms than in those under
collective bargaining agreements, as shown below :
Average (median) wage change in 1964
Adjustment i
Cents
A ll m a n u fa c tu r in g ________ _.
A ll u n io n ___________ ______________
M ajor u n io n ___ _________ _ ___ .
N o n u n io n ______ __
_ _ _____
5 .5
5 .5
5 .5
4. 6
Increase 2
Percent
Cents
Percent
Effective wage change
2 .1
2 .2
2 .0
2. 0
7 .0
6 .9
7 .0
7. 1
2 .7
2 .6
2 .6
3. 2
Average (median) wage change in 1964
Adjustment1
Cents
Percent
Percent
Wage decision
2.2
6.6
2.3
6.2
6.0
2.0
2.0
7.1
which wage rates were
All manufacturing, ________
5.0
2.7
6.0
All union_____ _______ ______
2.5
Major union__ _ ______ ______
2.2
5.7
Nonunion_____ _______ ______
3.2
4.5
1Includes employees in establishments in
not
changed or were reduced.
2 Limited to employees in establishments in which wage rates were
increased.
There was little difference in cents-per-hour
changes in a comparison of all establishments in
which wages were increased, but percentage in
creases in pay in nonunion plants were larger than
in union establishments. Where decisions were
made to increase wages, the raises in nonunion
plants averaged well above those in union plants.
Generally, nonunion establishments make less fre
quent but proportionately larger general wage in
creases than do organized plants.
7 S itu a tio n s affecting 1,000 w orkers or more.
[In America] people do not inquire concerning a stranger, What is
he? but, What can he do? If he has any useful art he is welcome; and if
he exercises it and behaves well, he will be respected by all that know
him; . . . . The husbandman is in honor there, and even the mechanic,
because their employments are useful. The people have a saying that God
Almighty is himself a mechanic, the greatest in the universe; and He is'
respected and admired more for the variety, ingenuity and utility of His
handiworks than for the antiquity of his family . . . . In short, America
is the land of labor.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Increase2
Cents
—Beniamin Franklin, Information to Those Who Would Remove to America.
DEVELOPMENTS UNDER MAJOR BARGAINING AGREEMENTS
Developments Under Major
Bargaining Agreements, 1964
George Ruben *
W it h n e w contrac ts negotiated in the automo
bile, farm equipment, railroad, trucking, and coal
mining industries, 1964 was a more active bar
gaining year than 1963 j1 approximately 4.3 million
workers were affected by 1964 settlements, com
pared with about 3.37 million in 1963.2
The automobile settlements deferred any an
nual improvement factor adjustments to the sec
ond year of the new contracts and provided only
for wage inequity adjustments during the first
year. Partly because of this, general wage changes
in major collective bargaining situations in manu
facturing (both those negotiated during the year
and those effective during the year) were propor
tionately lower on the average during 1964 than
in any year since 1954—the first year for which
there is a record of such changes. The decline in
the average adjustment in wage rates effective dur
ing the year was caused, in part, by the substantial
number of workers covered by agreements negoti
ated in earlier years, and not subject to renegotia
tion during 1964, that provided for no change in
wage rates during the year. Wage changes nego
tiated during 1964 were also relatively small in the
nonmanufacturing industries studied, although
they were higher than those negotiated in 1963 or
I960.3
Though wage changes lagged in 1964, this was
not generally true of changes in supplementary
1189
benefits. The proportion of major collective bar
gaining situations, and the proportion of workers
covered by these situations, in which supplemen
tary benefits were liberalized or introduced was
greater than in most earlier years, and the number
of benefits changed by the average settlement was
higher.
Settlements in two industries dealt with issues
that had been in dispute for a number of years.
In longshoring, the issue of manning was settled
for 24,000 New York City longshoremen4 by a
provision for reduction in 20-man work gangs to
2
In 1963, workers in the automobile and related industries and in trucking
received deferred wage increases under contracts negotiated earlier. Coal
miners and railroad employees received no wage increase. The following
tabulation shows the years in which wage settlements were reached under
most major agreements in specified industries or industry groups:
Industry
Meatpacking___________
Cotton textiles__ ______
Apparel:
Women’s dresses_____
Women’s coats and
suits_____________
Men’s coats and su its,..
Men’s shirts______ . . .
Paper and pulp:
West Coast__________
International Paper___
Petroleum refining_______
Rubber_________ _____
Cement___________ . . .
Basic steel and related
industries__________ . .
Aluminum_________ . . .
Farm and construction
equipment____________
Automobiles____________
Aerospace_________ __ .
Longshoring:
Atlantic and Gulf
Coast______ _. __
Pacific Coast_________
Trucking_______
_____
C ommunications_______
Bituminous coal mining___
Railroads _ ____________
1964 1963 1963 1961 1960 1959 1958 1957
....
....
+
+
+
....
+
....
....
+
+
+
+
+
....
....
+
....
....
+
....
_ __ + __ +
+
__ + _ __ + __ __ __
+
__
+
+
+
+
+
+
o
o
+
o
+
+
l+
....
+
+
+
-1+
o
__
_
o
O __ __
O __ __
+
+
+
....
+
+
—
....
+
o
....
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
__
__
__
+
....
+
+
__ __
+
3+ +
__ __ +
__ __ +
....
+
__ __ __
—
+
+
+
__
+
+
+
....
—
+
+
4“
*0f the Division of Wage Economics, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
__
__
__
__
__
+
+
i
This summary describes general wage changes and changes in supple
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
mentary benefits negotiated under bargaining agreements affecting 1,000
__
+
+
workers or more in all manufacturing and nonmanufacturing industries
—
__ __ +
+
4+ —
+
except construction, the service trades, finance, and government. A general
1 Some settlements in late 1962.
3 New York Port only.
wage change is defined as one affecting 10 percent or more of the workers in a
2 Some settlements in early 1960.
4 Nonoperating employees.
situation and is presented in the tabulations as the mean for all workers
covered by the agreement, including any who did not receive changes. In
N ote : “+ ” indicates that settlements provided wage increases in the
reporting the number of workers affected by a change in supplementary
first contract year for all employees in the bargaining unit; “O ” indicates
benefits, all workers in the situation are counted, even though some changes,
they did not.
such as additional vacations for long-service employees, might not immedi
ately affect all workers.
3 A high p ro p o rtio n of th e n o n m an u factu rin g w orkers covered
by th is sum m ary a re u nder a relativ ely sm all num ber of long-term
A distinction is made between changes negotiated in the year and those
agreem ents, some of w hich se ttle one y ear w hile o th ers se ttle in a
agreed upon earlier, to become effective in 1964. In reporting on negotiated
different year. T his fa c t co n trib u te s to year-to-year variatio n s.
changes, only those effective within the first contract year—i.e., within 12
4 By th e end of th e year, n eg o tiatio n s w ere n o t concluded fo r
months of the settlement—are reported. If a settlement provides wage
30,000 o th e r longshorem en on th e A tla n tic and G ulf C oasts. The
changes in the second or later contract years (deferred wage changes), they
New York agreem ent also increased wage ra te s, pension benefits,
are tabulated in the calendar year in which such contract years begin.
em ployer co n trib u tio n s fo r h e a lth an d w elfare benefits, and vaca
Information on changes in union scales in the construction industry, based
tion an d holiday provisions. See M o n th ly Labor R eview , F eb
on the Bureau’s quarterly survey of 7 trades in 100 cities, is presented sep
arately on p. 1195.
ru a ry 1965, P- 196.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3
+
+
+
+
+
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
1190
18 effective April 1,1966, and to 17 effective Octo
ber 1,1967. In return, union members working at
least 700 hours from April 1, 1965, to March 31,
1966, were to be guaranteed 1,600 hours of work or
pay in the following year.
T a ble
1.
l e c t iv e
A m ount
G en era l W age C hanges
B a r g a i n in g
S it u a t io n s ,
o f W a g e A c t io n , 1964
in
by
M a jo r
T y pe
C ol
and
[Numbers in thousands]
Total effective
changes 1
Type and amount of wage
action
Wage
decisions2
Total wage
changes effec
tive where de
cisions were
reached 3
Production and related workers
Approximate
number
Percent
Approximate
number
Percent
Approximate
number
Percent
T o ta l4___ ________
7,830
100.0
4,305
100.0
No wage changes 5_______
Decreases in wages______
Increases in wages.............
1,774
4
6,053
4,305
100.0
22.7217
4
(«)
77.3 4,084
5.0
138
.1
4
94.9 4,163
3.2
.1
96.7
109
161
295
793
508
624
644
804
821
401
160
217
109
56
341
1.4
2.1
3.8
10.1
6.5
8.0
8.2
10.3
10.5
5.1
2.0
2.8
1.4
.7
4.3
710
16
110
174
314
311
379
601
502
269
124
180
37
52
296
16.5
.4
2.6
4.0
7.3
7.2
8.8
14.0
11.7
6.3
2.9
4.2
.8
1.2
6.9
52
64
184
628
224
381
452
601
542
284
135
149
80
53
325
1.2
1.5
4.3
14.6
5.2
8.8
10.5
14.0
12.6
6.6
3.1
3.5
1.9
1.2
7.5
10
.1
9
.2
9
.2
130
315
670
662
720
1,269
1,132
342
103
174
137
44
44
114
138
49
1.7
4.0
8.6
8.5
9.2
16.2
14.5
4.4
1.3
2.2
1.7
.6
.6
1.4
1.8
.6
708
85
108
349
368
737
823
219
123
148
72
23
20
111
138
44
16.4
2.0
2.5
8.1
8.5
17.1
19.1
5.1
2.8
3.4
1.7
.5
.5
2.6
3.2
1.0
61
217
542
336
390
811
839
249
82
150
112
38
29
113
138
46
1.4
5.0
12.6
7.8
9.1
18.8
19.5
5.8
1.9
3.5
2.6
.9
.7
2.6
3.2
1.1
10
.1
9
.2
9
.2
I n C ents P e r H our
Under 3_____ _________
3 and under 4___________
4 and under 5___________
5 and under 6..................
6 and under 7___________
7 and under 8___________
8 and under 9___________
9 and under 10___ ______
10 and under 11_________
11 and under 12_________
12 and under 13___ _____
13 and under 15_________
15 and under 17_________
17 and under 19_________
19 and over____________
Not specified or not com
puted 7_ ............... ..........
I n P ercent
Under 1______________
1 and under 1M________
1M and under 2________
2 and under 2M________
2M and under 3________
3 and under 3M___ ____
3M and under 4________
4 and under 4M________
4M and under 5________
5 and under 5M................
5M and under 6________
6 and under 7-......... .........
7 and under 8__________
8 and under 9__________
9 and under 10_________
10 and o v e r___________
Not specified or not com
puted 7_____________
1 Changes in wage rates negotiated during 1964 plus increases decided upon
in earlier years and cost-of-living escalator adjustments effective during the
year.
2 Excludes changes negotiated in earlier years and cost-of-living escalator
adjustments.
3 Changes in wage rates negotiated during the year plus deferred and costof-living escalator adjustments effective during the year in these same es
tablishments.
4 Excludes 71,000 workers in situations in which action on wages in 1964
was not known.
5 Includes workers in establishments in which there was no bargaining on
wages in 1964 or bargaining was not concluded, but where contracts did not
specify wage changes to go into effect during the year.
6 Less than 0.05 percent.
7 Insufficient information to compute amount of increase.
N o t e : Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay no t equal totals.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The 41^-yearlong work rules dispute between
the Nation’s railroads and the operating brother
hoods 5was resolved by a settlement in April. The
basic unit of road service pay was maintained at
100 miles (150 miles for passenger train service),
with the proviso that until January 1968 any wage
increase would be added to the daily rates of work
ers paid on this basis and would not increase mile
age rates proportionately. Yard service employees
received wage inequity adjustments. Other terms
dealt with lodging allowances, paid holidays, and
changes in the types of work that could be per
formed by road crews. In the same month, the
constitutionality of the arbitration law and award
on the issue of firemen and train crew size was up
held by the Supreme Court,, and in May the car
riers began exercising their right to reduce the
number of firemen. Later in the year, wage in
creases were negotiated for most operating and
nonoperating brotherhood employees.
The 1964 settlement in the trucking industry
brought nearly 350,000 employees under a single
“national” master freight contract.6
Negotiated Wage Changes
Of the 4.3 million workers affected by 1964 wage
settlements, all but 5 percent were employed where
wages were increased in the first contract year.
Wage rates of 217,000 workers remained un
changed and those of 4,000 workers were reduced
(tables 1 and 2).
The proportion whose rates were not changed
was about the same as in the years from 1956
through 1961 (table 3), but represented a distinct
decline from 1962 and 1963 (in these years, steel
and related settlements provided for no wage in
crease and, consequently, the proportion of work
ers affected by settlements where wages were not
changed exceeded 20 percent).
In Percent. The average (median) general wage
increase negotiated during the year was 3.2 per
cent of straight-time average hourly earnings
“ T he Locom otive E ngineers (In d .), th e F irem en an d E nginemen, th e R ailro ad T rainm en, th e R ailw ay C onductors and Brakem en (In d .), and th e Sw itchm en. See M o n th ly L abor R eview ,
Ju n e 1964, p. 692.
6
P reviously, all economic m a tte rs were negotiated on a regional
or are a basis, alth o u g h th e m ain econom ic term s w ere sim ilar in
a ll agreem ents. See M o n th ly L abor R eview , M arch 1964,
pp. 321-322.
DEVELOPMENTS UNDER MAJOR BARGAINING AGREEMENTS
(table 4). The automobile settlements, which pro
vided only for inequity wage adjustments, reduced
the average for manufacturing to 2.2 percent, if
only settlements in which wages were increased
are considered, and to 2 percent if settlements in
which wages were left unchanged are included.
In the nonmanufacturing industries studied,
where practically all workers covered by settle
ments received increases, the median change was
3.6 percent.
Over one-third of the workers were covered by
agreements that provided wage-rate increases of
3 but less than 4 percent. Another sixth were em
ployed where wages were increased 2 but less than
3 percent, and the same proportion where they were
increased less than 1 percent; these latter changes
were concentrated in automobile and related indus
tries. More than 4 out of 5 workers in the nonmanufacturing industries studied were affected by
settlements that raised wages 2 but less than 5 per
cent. Over half of the nonmanufacturing em
ployees were covered by settlements providing in
creases of 3 but less than 4 percent; these were
primarily in trucking and railroads.7
In Cents. General wage changes for all industries
studied amounted to 9 cents on the average in those
settlements in which wages were increased and to
7 Also fa llin g w ith in th is in te rv a l w ere 24,000 New York City
longshorem en who received a 10-cent increase (about 3.1 p e rcen t).
8 UAW se ttlem en ts in th ese in d u stries w ere n o t id en tical fo r all
com panies, especially in th e autom otive p a rts an d fa rm and con
stru c tio n equipm ent in d u stries. T erm s of th e se ttlem en ts were
modified to m eet local conditions. E ven th e settlem en ts w ith the
m ajo r autom obile com panies v aried som ew hat. T he A m erican
M otors c o n tra c t m ade no provision fo r w age inequity ad ju stm en ts,
an d in eq u ity a d ju s tm e n ts v aried am ong th e o th e r com panies, w ith
th e h ig h est av erag e being 2.5 cents a t G eneral M otors. A C h rist
m as bonus, to be financed from SUB funds, w as established a t
G eneral M otors, F o rd , an d A m erican M otors, b u t n ot a t C hrysler,
w here th e SUB fu n d w as n o t expected to reach its m axim um d u r
ing th e life of th e co n tract. A t A m erican M otors, th e progress
sh a rin g p lan, n o t in existence a t o th er com panies, w as modified.
The 25,000 em ployees a t G eneral M otors rep resen ted by th e
E le ctrical W orkers (IU E ) received, in ad d itio n to 2 % -cent in
equity ad ju stm en ts, a 2-cent across-the-board increase. (U nder
th e previous co n tract, these w orkers had received 2 cen ts less
th a n th o se rep resen ted by th e UAW, in re tu rn fo r th e com pany’s
assu m in g th e fu ll co st of insurance.); M ost of th e fa rm equip
m en t an d autom obile p a r ts settlem en ts, like th e m ajo r au to se ttle
m ents, provided w age in creases of 2% percent, w ith a m inim um
of 6 cen ts an h o u r in 1965, an d 2.8 percent, w ith a m inim um of
7 cents, in 1966, b u t th ere w ere m odifications of th is p a tte rn as
well as g re a te r m odifications in su pplem entary benefit provisions.
All se ttle m e n ts g reatly im proved pensions including norm al ben
efits a n d in m ost cases d isa b ility and special early re tire m e n t
benefits. T hey also im proved insurance, w ith the com pany a s
sum ing th e fu ll cost of life an d sickness benefits, increased ju ry
d u ty pay, an d established paid fu n e ra l leave. D etails of these
se ttlem en ts a re p resen ted in C urrent W age D evelopm ents reports,
beginning w ith No. 202.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T
1191
a b l e 2.
G e n e r a l W a g e C h a n g e s in M a jo r C o l l e c
t i v e B a r g a i n in g S it u a t i o n s i n M a n u f a c t u r in g a n d
S e l e c t e d N o n m a n u f a c t u r in g I n d u s t r i e s ,1 b y T y p e
a n d A m o u n t o f W a g e A c t io n , 1964
Percent of production and related workers in—
Type and amount of
wage action
All industries
studied
Manufacturing
Selected nonmanufacturing
industries
Total Wage Total Wage Total Wage
effective deci effective deci effective deci
wage
sions 3 wage sions 3 wage sions 3
changes2
changes 2
changes 2
All wage actions..
No wage change______
Decreases in wages____
Increases in wages____
100.0 100.0
22.7
100.0 100.0
100.0
100.0
28.4
.1
71.6
-9.3
.2
90.5
12.8
0.3
77.3
5.0
.1
94.9
87.2
99.7
1.4
2.1
3.8
10.1
6.5
8.0
8.2
10.3
10.5
7.2
2.8
1.4
.7
4.3
16.5
.4
2.6
4.0
7.3
7.2
8.8
14.0
11.7
9.1
4.2
.8
1.2
6.9
1.7
3.2
5.9
13.8
9.1
9.2
8.7
4.5
7.3
5.3
1.5
.6
.2
.6
29.8
.7
4.9
5.7
12.2
9.0
10.4
2.8
3.6
7.0
2.9
.4
.3
.6
.9
1
1
3.8
2.0
5.9
7.5
20.1
16.0
10.3
4.9
2.7
1.7
10.8
1.8
2.3
1.8
5.2
7.0
26.3
20.6
11.5
5.7
1.3
2.2
13.9
.1
.2
.1
.3
.1
.1
1.7
4.0
8.6
8.5
9.2
16.2
14.5
4.4
1.3
4.0
.6
.6
1.4
1.8
.6
16.4
2.0
2.5
8.1
8.5
17.1
19.1
5.1
2.8
5.1
.5
.5
2.6
3.2
1.0
2.1
6.3
12.2
11.4
9.5
13.3
8.7
2.5
.6
3.9
.1
.4
.2
.1
(4)
29.7
3.8
4.0
12.6
8.7
9.9
8.6
3.5
1.0
7.2
.1
.5
.5
.1
.1
.9
.1
2.2
3.3
8.6
21.3
24.4
7.6
2.5
4.1
1.3
.9
3.5
4.7
1.7
1.8
.9
3.1
8.3
25.1
30.8
6.9
4.9
2.8
1.1
.5
4.8
6.6
2.1
.1
.2
.1
.3
.1
.1
4, 952 2,261
2,879
2,044
( 4)
I n C ents P e r H our
Under 3_____________
3 and under 4___ _____
4 and under 5________
5 and under 6________
6 and under 7________
7 and under 8___ ___
8 and under 9 ____________
9 and under 10________
10 and under 11_______
11 and under 13_______
13 and under 15_______
15 and under 17_______
17 and under 19_______
19 and over_________
Not specified or not
computed 5_________
I n P ercent
«
Under 1_____________
1 and under D /i..........
1Vi and under 2_______
2 and under 2Y i_______
2y?, and under 3_______
3 and under V/i_______
V/i and under 4_______
4 and under 4)^_______
4 and under 5_______
5 and under 6________
6 and under 7________
7 and under 8___ __ .
8 and under 9 .. .
9 and under 10_______
10 and over________ ._
Not specified or not
computed 3_________
Total number of
workers (in thousands)... . . _______
7,830 4,305
1 See footnote 1, table 1.
3 See footnote 3, table 1.
2 See footnote 2, table 1.
4 Less than 0.05 percent.
5 Insufficient information to compute amount of increase.
6 Percent of estimated straight-time average hourly earnings.
N o t e : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
8.4 cents for all settlements reached during the
period. In nonmanufacturing industries, the 9cent increases negotiated for many railroad work
ers and the 10-cent changes for most trucking em
ployees were reflected in the 10-cent median
increase and the concentration of almost half the
workers at 9 but less than 11 cents.
Contracts in the automobile, automotive parts,
and farm and construction equipment industries,
hereafter referred to as the “automobile pattern,”
accounted for most of the workers who received
increases of less than 3 cents.8
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
1192
ence between negotiated wage increases and total
wage changes effective in situations in which nego
tiations took place was relatively great in 1964,
since the automobile patterns settlements provided
negotiated wage increases of less than 3 cents, but
most of these workers received an additional 3
cents in escalator adjustments.9
Total Changes
Some of the workers covered by 1964 settlements
received cost-of-living escalator adjustments, and
a few received deferred wage increases in addition
to the changes specifically provided by their 1964
settlements. Cost-of-living escalator clauses are
more prevalent in manufacturing than in nonmanufacturing industries; hence, addition of the
escalator increases to negotiated changes substan
tially reduced the disparity in wage-rate changes
between the two groups of industries. The differ
T a ble 3.
C hanges
in
»E m ployees a t C hrysler Corp. also received a 5-cent Increase
effective Ju n e 29, 1964, as provided by th e ir 1961 agreem ent
(w hich expired Aug. 31, 1964) ; th is am o u n t h ad been tem p o rarily
diverted to th e SUB reserve fu n d from th e 1961, 1962, an d 1963
w age increases.
W age R a tes N ego tia ted
in S elec ted M ajor C ollective
clud ed in th e Y e a r , 1 956-64
B a r g a in in g S e t t l e m e n t s C o n
Percent of production and related workers in—
Industry division, type, and amount of wage action
1964
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
All I ndustries Studied
_ _ _______ _____________________
No wage changes __
Increases in wages_____________________________________
Under 5__ _
____________________________________
5 and under 7
. ________________ _________
7 and under 9
_________ . ____________ _______
____________________________
9 and under 11
11 and under 13 ___________ - _____________________
13 and under 15 ___________________________________
______________________________
15 and under 17
17 and under 19_________ ______________ __________
19 and o v e r _________ - ________________________
Not specified or not computed 2.
________ _________
100
100
All wage actions___________________ ______________
95
19
11
16
26
9
4
1
1
7
(')
75
4
13
23
13
5
3
3
6
5
8
78
4
22
18
21
6
2
1
1
3
(»)
92
21
22
15
14
10
4
2
2
1
1
0)
(»)
(»)
(■)
100
T
7
1
93
7
13
30
14
5
3
6
2
9
3
93
1
10
19
21
9
8
10
1
10
5
99
100
100
100
5
8
13
1
95
7
13
37
19
6
9
2
1
1
1
92
6
15
43
9
3
1
6
3
5
2
87
2
8
16
24
8
10
14
1
2
3
99
100
100
100
4
(!)
96
6
25
20
26
5
4
2
4
3
100
100
100
100
100
22
25
5
(l)
100
3
(')
97
4
13
33
18
12
9
3
1
3
1
(■)
(>)
(>)
7
11
44
18
5
4
3
5
3
Manufacturing
All wage actions_________________________________
No wage changes
-
. ____________ ______________
Increases in wages_____________________________________
Under 5 ..
- ________________________________
5 and under 7
.
_________________________
7 and under 9 __ ______________ _________________
9 and under 11
. . . . . . . _______ ______________
11 and under 13____________________________________
13 and under 15 . ________________________________
15 and under 17
.
_____________________
17 and under 19 _____________________________ ____
19 and over
_ __________________________ .
Not specified or not computed 2_ __ ________________
29
9
(J)
0)
1
71
6
16
23
8
3
3
2
9
2
100
100
91
35
18
20
6
7
3
(>)
(1)
(>)
65
6
29
16
7
3
2
2
(!)
(')
(>)
7
10
34
(i)
100
100
100
100
100
0)
89
30
19
15
9
7
6
1
(!)
1
2
0)
93
8
12
28
31
3
2
3
5
1
(>)
(')
100
(>)
8
u
40
23
6
5
2
1
2
Selected N onmanufacturing I ndustries
All wage actions______ ____________________________
No wage changes______________________________ _______
Increases in w a g e s__ ___________ ___________________
Under 5
. ____________________________
5 and under 7______________________________________
7 and under 9
. . _________ __________
9 and under 11
___ ___________ _ . ___________
11 and under 13
______________ _ ______________
13 and under 15 ____ _ __________________________
15 and under 17.. ___________
__________________
17 and under 19
_________ ___________
19 and over
______________
_____________
Not specified or not computed 2 ____ . . ____________
Approximate number of workers affected by wage decisions
(in thousands) :
_____________________
All industries
.
Manufacturing _
__ __ _____________________ ___
Selected nonmanufacturing industries___
. _________
Average (median) adjustm ent__
. . _______
______
Average (median) increase. _______________
________
1 Less than 0.5 percent.
2 Insufficient information to compute amount of increase.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(>)
100
2
4
12
47
12
6
1
2
14
(9
4,305
2,261
2,044
8.4
9.0
(')
100
100
18
3
82
1
8
24
22
9
4
3
1
9
1
97
1
12
20
41
10
3
2
1
97
4
26
15
24
16
2
4
4
3
(>)
3,370
2,192
1.180
7.4
8.5
2
7
100
1
(i)
99
4
44
10
20
8
5
1
2
6
(>)
0)
(')
4,037
2,362
1,676
7.0
8.0
4,035
2,601
1,435
6.9
7.0
4,508
2,601
1,907
8.5
8.7
(0
P)
1
5
99
1
14
27
16
21
8
5
95
9
9
6
24
10
6
6
7
1
3,343
2,121
1,223
8.8
8.8
(>)
18
5
100
(>)
12
22
17
11
5
5
1
19
7
4,109
2,709
1,400
8.6
8.8
2,961
1,567
1,394
10.1
10.4
0)
100
(')
100
(>)
4
11
50
10
3
2
11
5
5,708
3,406
2,303
10.7
10.7
N o t e : Because of rounding, sums of individual items m ay not equal
totals.
DEVELOPMENTS UNDER MAJOR BARGAINING AGREEMENTS
T
able
4.
A verage (M
e d ia n )
G eneral W
age
C hanges
M
in
All industries studied
Year
Median adjustment
Cents
Percent
C o l l e c t i v e B a r g a i n in g S i t u a t i o n s , 1 954-64
a jo r
Manufacturing
Median increase
Cents
1193
Percent
Median adjustment
Cents
Percent
Selected nonmanufacturing industries
Median increase
Cents
Percent
Median adjustment
Cents
Percent
Median increase
Cents
Percent
Negotiated in year
1954______________________
1955______________________
1956______________________
1957______________________
1958______________________
5.6
10.1
10.7
10.1
8.6
1959______________________
1960______________________
1961______________________
1962______________________
1963______________________
1964______________________
8.8
8.5
6.9
7.0
7.4
8.4
0)
(0
(0
(■)
(0
3.9
3.2
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.2
5.7
10.3
10.7
10.4
8.8
(>)
(>)
(0
(')
«
5.6
9.4
10.7
9.9
7.1
3.9
3.2
2.9
3.6
3.4
3.2
8.8
8.7
7.0
8.0
8.5
9.0
(>)
(0
0)
0)
(>)
7.3
8.7
6.0
5.0
6.8
5.7
5.7
9.5
10.7
10.4
7.2
3.5
3.2
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.0
5.6
13.3
10.5
10.4
9.7
(')
(>)
(0
(0
(>)
7.4
8.9
6.5
6.8
8.0
6.0
3.7
3.2
2.5
2.9
3.0
2.2
(>)
(>)
(0
(>)
(')
8.8
7.4
9.0
10.2
8.5
10.0
4.0
3.3
3.6
4.0
3.4
3.6
3.6
13.9
10.6
10.4
9.8
(•)
(>)
0)
(>)
(0
8.9
7.5
10.0
10.2
9.5
10.0
4.0
3.3
3.6
4.1
3.5
3.6
Effective in year
1954______________________
1955______________________
1956______________________
1957______________________
1958______________________
1959______________________
1960______________________
1961______________________
1962______________________
1963______________________
1964______________________
(»)
(>)
«
(0
12.5
7.8
8.5
6.2
7.3
7.5
7.1
(0
(>)
0)
0)
(>)
3.5
3.3
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.7
0)
(>)
10.8
12.7
12.6
8.8
9.4
8.0
9.0
9.4
8.5
«
«
(»)
(>)
«
(>)
(>)
(>)
(0
0)
(0
0)
(>)
(>)
(>)
(»)
(>)
(0
0)
0)
0)
0)
(0
(')
3.6
3.6
3.1
3.4
3.4
3.2
1 Not available.
Changes Effective in 1964. In addition to the 4.1
million workers who received wage increases as a
result of negotiations concluded during 1964, the
pay of approximately 2 million rose as a result of
contracts that were negotiated in earlier years.
Almost all of these received deferred increases
(1.5 million workers) or deferred plus cost-ofliving escalator adjustments (362,000), but a
small number received escalator increases only.
Most of the workers covered by deferred increases
were in aerospace, rubber (where 5-year pension
contracts were renegotiated), paper, shipbuilding,
glass, West Coast lumber, utilities, and trade. Al
together, the workers who received increases dur
ing the year either as a result of current negotia
tions or earlier settlements accounted for 6.1 mil
lion (77 percent) of the 7.8 million workers under
all major collective bargaining agreements.
Of the 1.8 million workers whose wages were
not raised, a majority—1.3 million, including more
than 500,000 in basic steel and 185,000 in the elec
trical equipment industry—were covered by agree
ments negotiated prior to and extending beyond
10
S ettlem en ts d iscontinued escalation fo r 10,000 w orkers and
estab lish ed it fo r 13,000.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
8.4
9.0
6.9
6.5
7.5
5.5
3.5
3.2
2.7
2.6
2.7
2.0
11.5
9.1
9.4
8.0
8.0
9.0
7.0
3.7
3.7
3.0
3.0
3.2
2.6
«
0)
(')
(0
0)
(0
0)
(0
(')
(•)
(>)
14.0
0)
(>)
(>)
7.0
7.0
5.7
10.0
7.4
9.2
3.1
3.2
2.6
3.5
3.2
3.5
7.6
8.5
9.0
10.2
10.0
10.0
(>)
(')
(0
(>)
(')
3.4
3.7
3.6
3.8
3.7
3.6
N ote : Adjustments include these types of wage actions: No wage changes,
decreases in wages, and increases in wages. Increases include only those
situations where wages were raised.
1964 that did not provide increases during the year.
Another 200,000 were affected by 1964 settlements
that did not change wages, and 290,000 were em
ployed where wage bargaining was not completed
by the end of the year.
Because of the substantial number of workers
who received no wage increase during the year, the
average increase in wage rates effective during the
period, including those whose rates were un
changed, was 2.7 percent. For those workers
whose wages were increased, the average increase
effective during the period was 3.2 percent.
Cost-of-Living Escalation
At the end of 1964, as a year earlier, the wages
of 2 million workers under major collective bar
gaining agreements were subject to automatic
escalation with changes in the BLS Consumer
Price Index. Relatively few escalator clauses were
established or discontinued,10 and most settle
ments—including the automobile pattern, meat
packing, and trucking—continued escalation,
with revised formulas related to the new index.
The trucking settlements postponed the first an-
1194
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
nual review under the new contracts until Feb
ruary 1966.
Of the 2 million workers subject to escalation,
1.3 million were under contract clauses calling for
quarterly reviews (including automobile pattern
settlements, aerospace, and other industries),
150.000 had provisions for semiannual reviews,
4.000 for monthly adjustments, and 80,000 for
annual adjustments. The remaining 475,000, in
trucking mainly, were under contracts that post
poned the first review until 1965 or later.
The most common escalator increases effective
in 1964 were 3 cents, the same as in 1963. In au
tomobiles, automotive parts, and farm and con
struction equipment, adjustments were 3 cents in
each year; in aerospace, 3 cents in 1964, but 3 or
4 cents in 1963; and in meatpacking 4 cents, com
pared with 3 cents in 1963.
Supplementary Benefits
Of the 4.3 million workers affected by 1964 wage
settlements, 3.7 million (86 percent) were em
ployed where at least one supplementary benefit
was improved or established (table 5 ) This was
about the same proportion as in 1963. Most fre
quently improved or established were paid
vacations, pensions, holidays, and job security
provisions.
T able 5. C h a n g es in S u pplem en ta r y P ractices
N egotiated in S elected M ajor C ollective B ar
g a in in g S ettlem ents , 1 9 5 9 -6 4
Supplementary benefit
Total establishing or liberalizing one
supplementary benefit or more__
Shift differentials____________
Paid vacations----- ----- --------Paid holidays__ ____ _ ____
Premium pay_______________
Pensions_____ _ - _________
Health and welfare plans_____
Supplemental unemployment
benefits___ ______ _ ____
Severance pay---- -----------------Jury d u ty .. . . _ _. ----------Paid funeral leave....... . . . . .
Paid sick leave_________ _____
Other practices. . . .
Total not changing any supplementary practice_____ . _____
Reducing supplementary practices..
Percent of production and related
workers in—
1964
1963
1962
1961
1960
85.7
9.1
67.8
44.9
16.2
67.8
62.1
87.4
5.9
43.4
14.7
2.9
37.2
72.8
62.5
6.6
38.1
10.9
2.9
34.9
35.1
76.7
6.4
39.6
16.8
4.1
48.1
58.4
85.5
5.0
40.2
30.1
6.3
40.8
70.7
81.0
9.5
43.8
29.9
8.7
42.0
42.1
17.8
25.4
18.1
20.7
3.6
21.3
4.2
8.4
3.5
8.7
3.4
27.8
17.3
5.3
4.3
7.4
4.2
25.8
18.8
21.5
19.3
5.8
3.3
34.0
.3
10.8
2.8
2.6
2.7
10.1
3.4
6.2
6.8
5.9
3.3
12.7
14.3
(9
12.4
.2
37.5
23.2
(9
14.5
18.7
.3
All workers in situations in which
bargaining over wage rates was
concluded during year:
P e r c e n t..._______ ______ . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number (in thousands)___ _ . 4,305 3,370 4, 037 4,035 4, 508
1959
100.0
3,343
1 Less than 0.1 of 1 percent.
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal
totals.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a ble 6.
C h a n g e s in U n io n S cales in
stru c tio n T r ad es in M ajor C it ie s ,
S e v e n C on
195 7 -6 4 1
Percent of scales in—
change in hourly rate
1964
1963
1962
1961
1960
1959
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
12
88
1
15
85
1
14
86
2
16
84
1
15
85
1
12
88
1
13
87
1
12
89
1
9
4
2
10
5
3
9
5
2
9
4
2
11
4
2
8
3
2
8
2
3
7
2
2
32
20
8
31
18
7
38
23
11
34
19
9
33
20
9
33
22
8
33
19
9
30
17
10
24
19
25
20
21
18
26
21
24
18
27
19
24
20
26
18
12
10
11
6
11
9
8
4
9
7
7
3
8
6
7
4
10
7
6
4
9
7
10
6
11
9
12
7
12
8
13
10
Adjustment in average
(mean) hourly scales:
In cents per hour... 15.4
3.8
In percent_______
13.6
3.5
14.2
3.8
14.2
3.9
14.8
4.2
15.6
4.7
14.5
4.5
15.0
4.9
All scales______
No scale change--. _ _
Increases in scalesUnder 5 cents____
5 and under 10
cents. - - - - - - 5 cents____
7.5 cents . . -10 and under 15
cents_____ - _ 10 cents______
12.5 cents_____
15 and under 20
cents.
. .
15 cents.. ___
20 and under 25
cents___ _
20 cents.. ___
25 cents and over...
25 cents_____
1958 1957
1
Bricklayers, carpenters, electricians, painters, plasterers, plumbers, and
building laborers in 100 cities. Includes changes effective in the year, re
gardless of when negotiated.
N o t e : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
Most frequent changes in paid vacations were
establishment of a fourth week for long-service
employees (715,000 workers, including 580,000 in
railroads and 24,000 in the New York City long
shore industry) ; reduction in the service required
for 4 weeks (at least 650,000, including 400,000 in
trucking, where 16 instead of 18 years of service
will be required) ; addition of a week’s leave for
all eligible employees, which affected 650,000
workers under the automobile pattern; reduction
in eligibility for 3 weeks (270,000) ; establishment
of a fifth week or more (140,000, including 65,000
in petroleum refining, where most settlements es
tablished a fifth week after 20 or 25 years and
improved the schedule for shorter service work
ers) ; and miscellaneous vacation changes (500,000
workers).
Changes in paid holidays included addition of
an eighth holiday—550,000 workers (including
nearly 400,000 represented by eight nonoperating
railroad brotherhoods); eighth and ninth holi
days—600,000 workers affected by the automobile
pattern; a ninth holiday—330,000 workers; a
seventh holiday—120,000 workers; or a half holiii
in addition, benefits w ere im proved or established fo r 110,000
w orkers em ployed w here th ere w as no provision fo r w age b a r
gaining du rin g the year, w here w orkers received d eferred in
creases, or w here w age b arg ain in g w as n ot com pleted by th e end
of th e year.
DEVELOPMENTS UNDER MAJOR BARGAINING AGREEMENTS
day—70,000 workers. Another 50,000 workers
were affected by liberalized eligibility for holi
days, 32,000 by increased pay for work on holi
days, and 120,000 by a variety of other changes.
Health and welfare benefits were changed most
frequently by improving hospital or surgical bene
fits or both (2.1 million workers, including the
automobile pattern; life insurance (915,000, in
cluding meatpacking) ; sickness and accident
benefits (825,000) ; and major medical benefits
(575,000). Major medical coverage was estab
lished for 100,000; life insurance for 70,000 (in
cluding 63,000 railroad employees) ; sickness and
accident benefits for 25,000; and hospital or sur
gical benefits, or both, for 7,000. Assumption
of an increased proportion of the premiums for
hospital and/or medical-surgical or for life and/or
weekly sickness and accident benefits affected
1.2 million, including those under automobile-type
settlements.
Wage settlement for 1.3 million also established
or improved one or more job or income security
benefits: Supplemental unemployment benefits
were established for 40,000 workers and improved
for 725,000, including those covered by automobile
and related settlements; severance benefits were
inaugurated for 63,000 workers and were improved
for 1.1 million, including automobile workers and
some in railroads; moving allowances were estab
lished for 3,000 workers and improved for 285,000,
mostly railroad employees; retraining provisions
were established for 2,000 workers and improved
for 4,000; and automation funds were established
for 6,000 workers.
Union Scales in Construction Trades
During 1964, the estimated increase in average
(mean) union scales for construction workers in
100 cities was 3.8 percent—higher than the com
parable increase in previous years. In cents-perhour terms, the rise wTas 15.4 cents.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1195
Because the information on construction is based
on wage changes occurring in 1964 regardless of
when they were negotiated, it reflects more than
1964 economic conditions in the industry. The
construction information presented in table 6 is
more nearly comparable with that on total effective
wage changes (in the other industries studied)
than with that on wage decisions or negotiations.
“Package Estimates”
The information presented in this article does
not include the value of changes in supplementary
benefits. The actual cost of various benefit changes
depends on a variety of factors—for example, age
and length of service of the workers affected and
decisions of workers as to when they will retire.
The best estimates of changes in total hourly labor
costs can only be approximations. However,
rough estimates were prepared of the cost of about
20 key collective bargaining settlements concluded
during 1964 (including all settlements affecting^
50,000 workers or more) which set the pattern for
approximately 2*4 million workers. These indi
cate that of the workers affected by this group of
key settlements, about 12 percent were employed
where settlements are expected to advance hourly
labor costs at an annual rate of less than 3 percent,
almost 60 percent where contracts will probably
increase such expenditures at an annual rate of 3
but less than 4 percent, and about 30 percent where
the packages were estimated to cost 4 percent or
more a year.12
12
These estim ates, in c o n tra s t to th e general w age changes
refe rred to in th e re st of th e article, include all w age increases
scheduled to go in to effect du rin g th e life of th e c o n tra c t r a th e r
th a n d u rin g th e first c o n tra c t year, a s well as th e cost of supple
m en tary benefits. T hey w ere com puted by e stim a tin g th e increase
in costs by th e end of th e c o n tra c t period and th en reducing th is
figure to an an n u al rate. Possible increases in w ages resu ltin g
from cost-of-living escalato r a d ju stm e n ts provided in some agree
m ents w ere om itted. T he estim ates, of course, do n o t ind icate
w h a t w ill happen to costs per u n it of o u tp u t, w hich w ill be
affected by changes in o u tp u t per m an-hour.
Special Labor Force Report
The Unemployed:
Why They Started
Looking for Work
Curtis L. S mith , Jr.*
t r a d i t i o n a l p i c t u r e of an unemployed per
son is that of a worker involuntarily separated
from his job. Although partially correct, this
image ignores the mobility of the American work
er and the flexibility of the American labor force.
In June 1964, persons seeking employment be
cause they had lost or quit a job constituted less
than half the unemployed (2.9 percent of the labor
force) ; the remainder of the unemployed (8.2 per
cent of the labor force) were persons who were
entering or reentering the job market. In Decem
ber of that year, persons separated from jobs again
made up 2.9 percent of the labor force, while un
employed labor force entrants accounted for 1.8
percent.
To gain insight into this aspect of unemploy
ment, questions to determine why jobseekers
started looking for work were included in the
monthly labor force surveys for June and Decem
ber 1964.1 Answers to these questions made it pos
sible to classify the unemployed into three groups.
The first includes all persons looking for work
since they were involuntarily separated from
(lost) their jobs. Included in this group are
workers on temporary or indefinite layoff. The
second group comprises all persons seeking
T he
employment since they voluntarily left (quit)
their last jobs. The third includes new workers
who began to look for work for the first time, and
persons with previous work experience whose job
seeking activity began after a period outside the
labor force. In this article, the first two groups,
job losers and job leavers, are called the disem
ployed; the last group is termed labor force
entrants.
Because the data cover 2 months which have
markedly different seasonal patterns, no conclu
sions can be drawn as to trends in different types
of unemployment. Instead, a comparison is made
of seasonal differences in the composition of the
unemployed, and the personal and economic
characteristics of jobseekers are examined in rela
tion to their reasons for looking for work.
Unemployment in June and December
Unemployment typically reaches its yearly high
in June with the influx of summer jobseekers, par
ticularly students, into the labor force. In June
1964, there were 4.7 million unemployed. As the
following tabulation indicates, over half of these
were labor force entrants, who were about equally
divided between experienced workers and persons
who had never held a full-time job. Most of the
inexperienced jobseekers were persons under 18
years of age.
June 1964
Reason for looking for work
Total, 14 years and over..
Disemployed............- ...............
Lost job...........—-...............
Temporarily laid off *—
All others2__________
Left jo b 3______ ________
Labor force entrants..................
Reentered4-------------------Never worked5__________
December 1964
Number Percent Number Percent
(Numbers in thousands)
100.0
3,466
4,692
100.0
62.1
2,153
48.2
2,261
49.1
1,703
1,714
36.5
3.0
103
1.9
90
46.1
1,600
1,624
34.6
13.0
450
11.7
547
37.9
1,314
51.8
2,431
21.6
749
25.1
1,178
16.3
565
26.7
1,253
♦Of th e D ivision of E m ploym ent an d U nem ploym ent A nalysis,
B u reau of L abor S ta tistic s. R e p rin ts of th is article, w ith ad d i
tio n al ta b u la r m aterial, are available w hile th e supply la s ts upon
i Persons on layoff who were told to report back to their jobs within 30 days
req u est to th e B u reau or any of its regional offices.
of the date they were laid off.
1
The questions w e r e : “You told me— sta rte d looking fo r
2 Persons who lost their jobs permanently and those on indefinite layoff.
work— weeks ago. W hy did he s t a r t looking fo r w ork? W as
3 Persons who started to look for work directly after quitting their jobs.
i t because he lo st o r q u it a job, or w as th e re some o th e r reason ?”
4 Persons with previous full-time work experience who were out of the labor
T hese questions w ere asked about all unem ployed persons except
force just prior to looking for work.
th ose on tem p o rary layoff and those w ith no p rio r w ork experience
3 Persons without previous full-time work experience who were out of the
whose s ta tu s h ad been d eterm ined e a rlie r in th e interview .
labor force just prior to looking for work.
1196
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1197
THE UNEMPLOYED : WHY THEY STARTED LOOKING FOR WORK
counted for less than a fifth of unemployed men
in the 45 to 64 age group, and a third of the women
in that bracket.
There was little difference in the reasons for un
employment among teenage boys and girls. For
both sexes, the prime reason for jobseeking was
their entrance into the labor force. Loss of job
was more prevalent among the older than the
younger group of teenagers, since more 18 to 19
year-olds were out of school and participating
full time in the labor force.
Movement into the labor force wTas also a major
reason for unemployment among persons in the
20- to 24-year-old group, but was less important
for this group than for teenagers. While job loss
was more common among men than women in their
early twenties, young women were more likely than
young men to have quit a job. Young adults of
both sexes were less likely than older workers to
be unemployed because they had lost a job.
Among adult workers, there was considerably
more difference between men and women in the
reasons for unemployment. For men age 25 to 64,
whose earnings are normally the primary means of
support for their families, loss of job was the ma
jor cause of unemployment. While loss of job was
also the most important reason for unemployment
In December 1964, unemployment was 1.2 mil
lion below the June level, with a reduction in the
number of labor force entrants accounting for al
most the entire decrease. Only 1 in 6 of the De
cember unemployed had no previous full-time
work experience. Except for the much smaller
number of labor force entrants, the composition
of unemployment in the 2 months was remark
ably similar. In each month, slightly more than
2 million persons were disemployed. In each, ap
proximately 1 in 5 of the disemployed had quit
his job, and about 1 in 20 was on temporary lay
off. The remaining disemployed either had per
manently lost a job or were on indefinite layoff.
Age and Sex
The reasons for unemployment varied consider
ably by age and sex (table 1). These variations
reflected the increase in labor force attachment
and the decrease in frequent or casual job shift
ing, that come with increasing age and work ex
perience. The older the age group of unemployed
persons, the lower was the proportion of labor
force entrants in the group. At one extreme, en
trants constituted the overwhelming majority of
unemployed teenagers. At the other, they ac
T
able
1.
U n em plo y ed P e r so n s,
by
R eason
fo r
L o o k in g
W
fo r
ork,
A ge,
and
Se x , J u n e
and
D
ecem ber,
1964
[Percent distribution]
December
June
Number
(in thou
sands)
Age and sex
Total
Disemployed
Lost job 1 Left job 2
N umber
Labor
(in thou
force
entrants 3 sands)
Total
Disemployed
Lost job 1 Left job 2
Labor
force
entrants 3
4,692
100.0
36.5
11.7
51.8
3,466
100.0
49.1
13.0
37.9
2,631
100.0
42.9
11.0
46.2
2,140
100.0
57.6
10.5
31.9
14 to 19 years_____ ______ _
___
14 to 17 years_______ . . . . . . . .
18 and 19 years.
. ... .
1,021
701
320
100.0
100.0
100.0
10.3
6.0
19.7
5.3
3.3
9.7
84.4
90.7
70.6
464
250
214
100.0
100.0
100. 0
26.7
17.2
37.9
7.5
6. 4
8.9
65.7
76.4
53. 3
20 years and over 4 . . .
20 to 24 years.. _____ _ _____ _
25 to 44 years
45 to 64 years_____________ ____
1,608
440
572
514
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
63.5
41.6
69.1
75.1
14.6
10.9
16.1
18.1
21.9
47.5
14.9
6.8
1,677
351
708
558
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
66.2
53.6
70.8
70.8
11.3
10.3
13.4
9.7
22.4
36.2
15. 8
19. 5
Total, 14 years and over 4________
Male, 14 years and over 4
2,063
100.0
28.5
12.5
59.0
1.326
100.0
35.5
16.9
47.6
14 to 19 y e a r s ...______ ______ ____
14 to 17 years.
18 and 19 years . . . . . . . . . ___
864
510
354
100.0
100.0
100.0
8.5
6.3
11.8
4.8
3.1
7.3
86.6
90.6
80.8
361
168
193
100.0
100.0
100.0
17.7
11.3
23.3
7.2
5.4
8.8
75.1
83. 3
67. 9
20 years and over 4 . . . _______ . . .
20 to 24 years____
25 to 44 years . .
45 to 64 years__ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _
1,199
324
501
338
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
43.0
19.8
43.9
57.4
18.0
24. 1
20.8
13.3
39.0
56.0
35.3
29.3
965
210
482
254
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
42.2
25.7
41.3
55.5
20.5
28. 1
21.0
15.0
37.3
46. 2
37. 8
29. 5
Female, 14 years and over 4 .
. . .
1 Persons who lost their jobs permanently and those on layoff.
2 Persons who started to look for work after quitting their jobs.
787—480 0 — 65------ 3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3 Both persons with and persons without previous full-time work experience, who were out of the labor force just prior to looking for work.
4 Persons age 65 and over, not shown separately.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
1198
T able 2.
U nem plo ym ent
and
Oth er S elected R ates ,
by
A ge
and
Se x , J u ne
and
D e c e m b e r , 1964
[Rates as a percent of total labor force]
December
June
Age and sex
Job-loser
rate 2
5.2
2.2
2.2
14 to 19 years-------14 to 17 years...
15 and 19 years.
19.8
2.0
20 years and over K.
20 to 24 years...
25 to 44 years...
45 to 64 years...
3.6
Total, 14 years and over 1
Male, 14 years and over 5-------
Disemployed
Disemployed
Unemploy
ment rate 1
21.1
17.4
8.8
2.7
3.1
Job-leaver
rate 3
1.3
3.4
2.3
3.7
1.9
2.3
Female, 14 years and over 1
14 to 19 years_____
14 to 17 years...
18 and 19 years.
25.5
27.0
23.5
20 years and over 5_.
20 to 24 years...
25 to 44 years...
45 to 64 years...
5.2
10.1
5.1
3.7
Unemploy
ment rate 1
E ntrant
rate 4
2.2
1.7
2.8
2.2
2.0
2.2
2.1
0.7
0.6
1.0
.7
1.7
.5
1.0
.4
1.0
1.2
.8
1.7
.9
2.4
1.1
.5
3.2
Job-loser
rate 2
Job-leaver
rate 3
4.7
2.3
0.6
E ntrant
rate 4
1.8
2.4
4.5
2.6
0.5
1.4
16.8
19.1
12.3
14.1
14.3
13.9
3.8
2.5
5.3
1.1
.9
1.2
9.2
10.9
7.4
.8
3.8
7.3
3.4
3.3
2.5
3.9
2.4
2.3
4.6
5.1
1.8
.9
2.4
22.1
13.3
12.9
13.6
2.4
1.5
3.2
1.0
9.9
10.7
9.2
4.1
6.4
4.9
1.7
2.0
1.8
1.0
4.1
.4
.2
24.5
19.0
2.1
5.7
1.8
1.1
2.8
1.6
1.6
.4
.8
.5
.4
.7
1.2
.8
.4
.9
2.6
.5
.6
1.6
3.0
1.9
.8
1Not seasonally adjusted.
2 See footnote 1, table 1.
3 See footnote 2, table 1.
4 See footnote 3, table 1.
3 See footnote 4, table 1.
among women 25 to 64 years old, it was reported
by slightly less than half of the unemployed.
The major difference between men and women in
the prime working years was in the proportions
looking for a job after a period of absence from
the labor force. Labor force reentrants accounted
for about a third of the adult women during both
months, but only a ninth of the men in June and
a sixth in December. Many of the unemployed
men in the prime working years who said they
had reentered the labor force were seasonal work
ers. Illness, discharge from the Armed Forces, and
movement from one locale to another were other
major reasons for reentry among these men.
Data on reasons for jobseeking now make it pos
sible to determine how much each particular rea
son contributes to overall unemployment. It is
therefore possible to examine age-sex differentials
not only in total unemployment rates, but also in
the rates for the various components of the un
employed.
In June of 1964, the unemployment rate was 6.1
percent; in December, 4.7 percent. In both
months, the proportion of the labor force looking
for work after losing a job or going on layoff
was only slightly above 2 percent (table 2). In
both months, the proportion of the labor force
looking for work after quitting a job was a shade
above one-half of 1 percent. In June, however,
slightly more than 3 percent of the labor force had
entered the job market to look for work, while less
than 2 percent of the labor force in December
were unemployed persons who had entered the job
market to look for work.2
The age-sex differentials in the extent of unem
ployment resulting from job loss and job leaving
were considerably smaller than the differentials in
the total unemployment rates. While there was a
wide gap between teenage and adult overall unem
ployment rates, for example, most of the difference
was accounted for by the appreciably higher labor
force mobility of teenagers. I t appears that once
a teenage boy or girl has a job he is not much more
likely than his adult counterpart to become un
employed because he lost or left it. The relatively
low rates of job loss and leaving for teenagers
probably underestimates their total job turnover,
however, since many young people who are sepa
rated from their work undoubtedly drop out of the
labor force for a time before they begin to look for
other employment.
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2 The ra te fo r each group— job losers, job leavers, and labor
force e n tra n ts — h a s been calculated as a percent of th e labor
force ; therefore, th e sum of th e ra te s fo r th e 3 groups equals the
to ta l unem ploym ent rate. T hese ra te s p e rta in only to job losers,
job leavers, and labor force e n tra n ts who were unem ployed a t the
tim e the surveys w ere taken.
1199
THE UNEMPLOYED : WHY THEY STARTED LOOKING FOR WORK
job loss for nonwhite men over 20 years of age
was close to three times the rate for white males.
The higher rate for nonwhite men is attributable,
for the most part, to their concentration in semi
skilled and unskilled jobs in industries where sea
sonal and economic cutbacks in employment are
common. The unemployment rates for adult men
who quit jobs or entered the labor force to look for
work were about the same for whites and non
whites.
Among teenagers and adult women, unemploy
ment because of quitting and because of labor force
entrance, as well as that caused by job, loss, was
significantly higher among nonwhites. These
higher rates reflected the more limited job op
portunities available to nonwhite teenagers and
women, as well as their employment in seasonal
and unsteady work.
The higher unemployment rates for adult women
compared with adult men also appear to be a func
tion of their greater labor force mobility. In fact,
in December, adult women were less likely than
adult men to be unemployed because of the loss of
a job. In the 20-44 age bracket, women wTere more
likely than men to be unemployed because they
quit a job and looked for another. Even for
women, how’ever, the specific rates for job leavers
in these age groups were quite low.
Color
For many years, the unemployment rates for
non white workers have been about double the rates
for whites. An examination of the rate of job loss
among nonwhite workers reveals that their con
dition in comparison with whites is even worse
than reflected in the overall rates (table 3). In
June and December of 1964, the unemployment
rate for non whites was almost exactly double that
for whites. The rate of job loss, however, was 2y2
times higher for nonwThites in both months.
This imbalance was especially pronounced
among adult males. In both months, the rate of
T a ble 3.
U nem plo yed P e r so n s ,
by
R easo n
for
The majority of unemployed persons seeking
full-time employment had been looking for work
steadily since they lost or left their last jobs. A
much larger majority of those seeking part-time
L ooking for W ork , C olor , A ge ,
1964
Number
(in thou
sands)
Color, age, and sex
Full-Time and Part-Time Jobs
Total
and
S ex , June
and
D ecem ber,
Percent distribution
As percent of total labor force
Disemployed
Disemployed
Labor
Unemforce en ployment
rate *
Lost job 1 Left job 2 trants 3
Jobloser
rate 1
Jobleaver
ra te 2
Entrant
ra te 3
J une
Total, 14 years and over
White, total _ _ _ _ _ _
__
__
4,692
100.0
36.5
11.7
51.8
6.1
2.2
0.7
3.2
3,753
100.0
34.6
11.7
53.7
5.5
1.9
0.6
3.0
____
1,544
1,297
911
100.0
100.0
100.0
8.3
60.9
41.9
4.9
15.2
18.1
86.8
23.9
40.0
20.5
3.2
4.6
1.7
1.9
1.9
1.0
.5
.8
17.8
.8
1.9
__ _ . . . _ . . .
939
100.0
44.3
11.5
44.2
10.8
4.8
1.2
4.8
_ _
341
312
286
100.0
100.0
100.0
15.2
74.4
46.3
5.8
12.2
17.5
78.9
13.5
36.1
33.2
7.0
8.9
5.1
5.2
4.1
1.9
26.2
_ ___ ____ ___ . . . __
___ ____ ________ ________
Both sexes, 14 to 19 years____ _ _ _ _ _ _
__
Male, 20 years and over.
Female, 20 years and over____
______ _
Nonwhite, to tal...
___ ___
_ __
Both sexes, 14 to 19 years ___
Male, 20 years and over. . . .
Female, 20 years and over__
.
_ ___
___
________
.9
1.6
.9
3.2
D ecem ber
Total, 14 years and over
____
___
White, to tal-- _ _ _____ ___ __ _ ____ _________ ___
Both sexes, 14 to 19 years____ ____ _
Male, 20 years and over.
Female, 20 years and over... _
_.. ___ _______
______ _____
Nonwhite, total______ ______ _ ______ ._ ___ _ ____
Both sexes, 14 to 19 years___
Male, 20 years and over___
Female, 20 years and over__
1 See footnote 1, table 1.
2 See footnote 2, table 1.
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_ ...
_______
3,466
100.0
49.1
13.0
37.9
4.7
2.3
.6
1.8
2,750
100.0
47.6
12.9
39.6
4.2
2.0
0.5
1.7
684
1,344
720
100.0
100.0
100.0
22.1
62.6
43.6
6.6
12.6
19.4
71.3
24.8
36.9
12.7
3.4
3.6
2.8
2.1
1.6
0.8
.4
.7
9.1
716
100.0
55.6
13.0
31.4
8.8
4.9
1.1
2.8
140
331
245
100.0
100.0
100.0
27.1
80.7
38.0
10.0
6.3
23.7
62.9
13.0
38.4
23.2
7.5
7.8
6.3
6.1
3.0
2.3
.5
1.8
14.6
.9
3.0
3 See footnote 3, table 1.
4 Not seasonally adjusted.
.9
1.3
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
1200
Chart 1. Reasons for Looking for Work Given by
Persons Seeking Full-Time and Part-Time Jobs,
June and December 1964
0
!0
20
30
40
Percent
50
60
70
80
90 I00
Three out of five of these adults were men, most
of whom were disemployed. Practically all of
the disemployed men had lost their jobs; relatively
few of these, about 1 in 6, had quit. Disemploy
ment was also the major cause of unemployment
among women who were looking for full-time
work. Like men, most of these disemployed
women had lost their jobs, but proportionately
more of them than men (about 1 in 3) had quit
their jobs.
Duration of Unemployment
jobs were labor force entrants—principally, house
wives or students who wanted or were available for,
part-time work (chart 1). As the following tabu
lation indicates, entrant rates were high among
persons looking for part-time work—6.9 percent
in June and 5.8 percent in December. The jobloser rate for this group, on the other hand, was
low, about 1 percent in each month.
Unem
ployment Job-loser Job-leaver Entrant
June 1964
rate
rate
rate
rate
Total, 14 years and over____
2.2
6.1
0.7
3.2
Looking for full-time w ork... _ _
5.8
2.4
2.6
.8
Looking for part-time work______
1.2
.4
8.5
6.9
In June, but not in December, reasons for un
employment appeared to be associated with mark
edly different patterns in duration of unemploy
ment. In June, for example, about three-fourths
of those who reported that they had entered the
laJbor force to look for wTork had been unemployed
for less than 5 weeks compared with half of those
who had left jobs and 40 percent who had lost jobs.
This situation must be attributed to the recently
ended school year, since in December, the com
parative advantage of labor force entrants had
disappeared. Job leavers in June also appeared
to hold a slight edge over job losers in terms of
duration of unemployment, but by December, this
was no longer the case, as indicated in the follow
ing tabulation:
Duration of unemployment
[Percent distribution]
Long-term
Reason for looking for work
Short-term
(less than
Total 5 weeks)
Total
15 to 26
weeks
27 weeks
and
over
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
59.3
40.7
51.6
73.4
21.5
34.0
24.2
11.2
10.3
17.0
12.0
5.5
11.1
17.0
12.2
5.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
47.0
47.1
39.2
49.2
23.2
21.3
25.7
24.4
12.0
10.6
13.5
13.9
11.2
10.7
12.2
10.5
June 196^
December 1964
Total, 14 years and over____
Looking for full-time work______
Looking for part-time work.. . . .
4.7
4.3
7.4
2.3
2.5
1.1
.6
.6
.5
1.8
1.2
5.8
While the majority of those looking for parttime work were teenagers, a sizable minority (2
out of 5) were adults. About 9 out of 10 teenagers
and more than 3 out of 5 adults looking for parttime work were labor force entrants. Most of the
teenage entrants had no prior full-time work ex
perience; the majority of the adults had worked at
full-time jobs in the past.
The rate of job loss (2.5 percent in both months)
was appreciably higher among those seeking full
time jobs than among those looking for part-time
work. Adults age 20 and over predominated
among those looking for full-time employment.
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Total, 14 years and
over. _
___
Lost j o b . . ___ _ ____
Left job_____
. . ___
Labor force entrant____
December 1964
Total, 14 years and
over. _
Lost job.. ----- -- -------Left job. ____ ___ ____
Labor force entrant______
Since December is a more representative month
than June, it is interesting to find the duration
patterns for job losers, job leavers, and labor force
entrants so similar in the 2 months. In each
group, about 1 in 4 had been unemployed more
than 15 weeks, and in each group, roughly 1 in 9
had been jobless for more than half a year.
THE UNEMPLOYED : WHY THEY STARTED LOOKING FOR WORK
While in each month about the same number
of persons gave loss of job as their reason for look
ing for work, a third of those who had lost their
jobs reported in June that they had been looking
for work for 15 weeks or more, while in December
only a fifth said they had been job hunting for
this long a period. The higher level of long-term
unemployment in June is surprising in view of the
seasonal expansion in employment which occurs
each spring in construction, agriculture, and other
outdoor activities. Two factors probably ac
counted for the difference: One, the strength of
the current economic expansion which undoubt
edly reduced extended unemployment among job
losers during the 6-month interval between June
and December; and two, the fact that many out
door workers who lost or were laid off from their
jobs in late fall had not been out of work long
enough by mid-December to be classified in the
long-term category.
Characteristics of Last Job
Traditionally, unemployment rates for indus
tries and occupations have been carefully observed
barometers of economic change. These rates are
subject to several limitations, however, which im
pair their use as economic indicators.
One of these is that the occupation and industry
reported for an unemployed worker describe his
Chart 2.
1201
last job.3 They therefore provide, at best, a good
guess at the type of job he is currently seeking.
Another, more serious, limitation is that unem
ployment rates by occupation and industry include
persons who are looking for work after a period of
absence from the labor force. Their joblessness
may have little or no relationship to the current
state of affairs in the occupation and the industry
in which they worked at some time in the past.
For example, labor force entrant rates in Decem
ber were highest for agricultural and construction
workers. It is unlikely that these December en
trants were looking for farm or construction jobs
even though their last job, probably in the previous
summer, had'been of that type.
Data on job loss overcome both of these difficul
ties to some extent. On the one hand, they reflect
the amount of unemployment resulting from re
cent employment changes in industries and occupa
tions. On the other, a person who begins seeking
work immediately after losing his job is more likely
to have a strong attachment to an occupation or
an industry than someone whose last job was fol
lowed by a period of withdrawal from the labor
force.
The information obtained from the June and
December 1964 surveys points up significant dif3
T his discussion excludes unem ployed persons w ith no previous
full-tim e work experience.
Rates of Unem ploym ent and Loss of Job of Experienced U nem ployed Persons,
June and December 1964
G oods-producing s e c to r^
S e r v ic e -p ro d u c in g sector-^
PERCENT
PERCENT
EZ3 U n e m p l o y m e n t
fMi Loss o f j o b
1 Includes mining, forestry, fisheries, construction, manufacturing, transportation, and public utilities.
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2 Includes wholesale and retail trade, finance, insurance, and real estate,
service, and public administration.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
1202
ferences between the unemployment and job-loser
rates. In June, the unemployment rate for ex
perienced nonagricultural wage and salary work
ers was 5 percent; in December, it was 4.2 per
cent. In both months the job-loser rate was 2.5
percent.
The differences between unemployment and jobloser rates by industry were considerably larger
in June than in December, because of the large
numbers of experienced workers who reentered
the labor force to look for jobs over the summer
months. The extent of unemployment because of
quitting was very low in both months, less than 1
percentage point in almost all industries.
In both June and December, the gap between
the job-loser rate and the total unemployment rate
was proportionately much larger for service-pro
ducing industries than for nonfarm goods-producing industries (chart 2). In both months, the jobloser rate in goods-producing industries was about
double that in the service-producing sector. Taken
together, these points illustrate a basic difference in
the work force in these two sectors of the nonfarm
economy.
Expanding employment opportunities in serv
ices have attracted many young workers and adult
women, partly because these jobs are often part
time or temporary. The demand for labor in serv
ices is met in large part by these secondary work
ers entering the labor force to take jobs. In June
T a ble 4.
U n em plo ym ent
and
1964, for example, the job-loser rate was less than
half the unemployment rate in each of the serviceproducing industries (table 4). At the same time,
seasonal or other contractions in the need for work
ers in service industries are accompanied by the
withdrawal of many women and teenagers from
the labor force. Relatively few persons are added
to the unemployed because of job loss. In the
goods-producing industries, on the other hand,
the work force is more stable, and cutbacks in em
ployment are more likely to be translated into a rise
in unemployment.
An examination of the differences in the total
unemployment rate and the job-loser rate for oc
cupations reveals a pattern similar to that among
industries. The job-loser rate is a less significant
component of the total unemployment rate in
white-collar and service occupations than in bluecollar occupations. In both June and December,
the rate of job loss accounted for half or less of
the unemployment rate in each white-collar and
service occupation. In fact, in June the rate of
job loss was no more than a third of the total
unemployment rate in each white-collar occupa
tion. Since the white-collar and service occupa
tions are expanding sectors, it is not surprising to
find the same gap between unemployment and
job-loser rates and to find it accentuated in June.
Despite the substantial difference between the
unemployment and the job-loser rates in a number
J ob -L oser R a t e s , by I n d u st r y
D e c e m b e r , 1964
and
by
O ccupation
of
L ast J ob , J u n e
and
[Rates as a percent of total experienced labor force]
Industry and occupation
Total, all industries_________________
Experienced wage and salary workers_______
Agriculture__________________________
Nonagriculture_______________________
Mining, forestry, and fisheries_______
Construction_____________________
Manufacturing___________________
Durable goods________________
Nondurable goods_____________
Transportation and public utilities__
Wholesale and retail trade__________
Finance, insurance, and real estate___
Miscellaneous service industries_____
Public administration_____________
Self-employed and unpaid family workers___
1 Not seasonally adjusted.
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U n e m Job- U n e m
p lo y loser
p lo y
m e n t ra te 2 m e n t
ra te 1
ra te 1
Jo b loser
ra te 2
D ecem b er
Ju n e
D ecem b er
Ju n e
I n d u s tr y a n d o cc u p atio n
U n e m Jo b - U n e m Jo b p lo y loser
p lo y loser
m e n t ra te 2 m e n t r a te 2
r a te i
r a te i
4.5
2.3
3.9
2.3
T o ta l, all o c c u p a tio n s _____________
4.5
2.3
3 .9
2.3
5.2
8.8
5.0
8.3
7.8
4.8
4.5
5.3
2.8
6.1
3.4
5.2
2.4
.8
2.6
4.2
2.5
7.2
5.7
3.2
2.9
3.6
1.6
2.3
.6
1.9
.8
.3
4.4
13.2
4.2
6.3
12.7
4.2
4.0
4.6
2.4
4.5
1.7
3.2
2.1
1.1
2.6
7.8
2.5
3.7
10.2
2.8
2.6
3 .2
1.4
2.4
1.0
1.4
.9
.1
W h ite-co llar w o rk ers. _ _ - . . - -- -- - -----P ro fessio n al a n d te ch n ica l w o rk e rs___ _
M an ag ers, officials, a n d p ro p rie to rs .- ----C lerical w o rk ers______ _ - - - _ _ _ Sales w o rk e rs_______
_
B lue-collar w o rk e rs ___
...
- C ra ftsm e n a n d fo re m e n .. _
O p e ra tiv e s. - .- ----N o n fa rm la b o re rs ________ _______
Service w o rk e rs. _ . . .
. .
---------P r iv a te h o u seh o ld w o r k e r s . ------ . ----O th e r service w o rk e rs___ _
....
F a r m w o rk e rs .. .
. .. ... - - - - -
3.2
3.0
1.3
4.3
3.7
5.8
3.2
6.2
9.9
6.4
5.9
6.5
2.8
1.0
1.0
.4
1.2
1.2
3 .9
2.4
4.1
6.2
2.3
2.2
2.3
1.4
1.9
1.0
1.3
3.0
2.4
6.0
4.7
5.6
10. 7
4.8
3.1
5.3
4.4
0.8
.4
.5
1.3
1.1
4.2
3. 5
3.8
7.5
2.1
1.0
2. 5
2.3
2
Includes all persons on temporary or indefinite layoff as well as those who
lost their jobs permanently.
THE UNEMPLOYED : WHY THEY STARTED LOOKING FOR WORK
of occupations and industries, there is a positive
relationship between the tw o: the occupations and
industries with highest unemployment rates also
had the greatest proportion of job losers. The ef
fect of the other two components of the unemploy
ment rate—job leaving and labor force entry—
is to obscure the great variation that appears
among occupations and industries in the incidence
of job loss.
►
►
►
Summary
►
The examination of the composition of unem
ployment by occupations, industries, and demo
graphic groups raises many challenging questions
about their relationship during the course of a
year and the course of the business cycle. These
questions cannot, of course, be adequately explored
on the basis of two monthly observations. But
the information collected in June and December
of 1964 has demonstrated that the total unemploy
ment rate is analytically less significant than the
sum of its parts examined separately. Major
findings were:
► More than half of the 4.7 million unemployed
in June were labor force entrants. Entrants
►
►
accounted for two-fifths of the 3.5 million job
less workers in December.
The majority of the disemployed in both
months were adults age 20 and over, most of
them men.
The majority of unemployed teenagers were
labor force entrants, most of whom had never
held a full-time job.
Most unemployed persons in the prime work
ing years cited loss of job as their reason for
looking for work.
Differentials among the various age-sex groups
were much less pronounced for the unemployed
who had lost their jobs than in the total un
employment rates; in contrast, differentials
among occupations and industries were con
siderably larger in the job-loser rates than in
the total unemployment rates.
The job-loser rate for non whites was c2l/2 times
as high as the comparable rate for white per
sons ; the gap between white and non white men
was even wider.
In June, patterns in duration of unemployment
varied somewhat among job losers, job leavers,
and labor force entrants; differences were rela
tively slight in December.
No one will question that every man is entitled to the opportunity to pro
vide for himself and his family. That is a fundamental right and society
cannot consider itself successfully organized until every man is assured of the
opportunity to preserve himself and his family from suffering and want. . . .
And it may as well be remembered that society is going to solve this prob
lem, is going to provide an opportunity for man to sustain himself, or is going
to sustain man. Society is going to provide an opportunity for man to pay
his own way or is going to pay for him. Society may as well make every ef
fort to do the job constructively, because no society can be strong in which its
members are encouraged or forced to adopt the position and the place of those
seeking charity, and secondly, because when society pays the bill through
charity or through the .cost of crime, the payments offer little possibility of
any advance for mankind.
—'“Report of Senate Committee on Causes and Relief of Unemployment,” Monthly
Labor Review, May 1929.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1203
The 49th Convention
of the Federation
of Teachers
J ack
F.
S t r ic k l a n d *
others. The determination to form themselves
into a kind of cadre for community leadership
was expressed often and in a variety of ways; it
may have overshadowed the importance of other
durable decisions which will affect the union’s fu
ture course within the trade union movement and
in its continuing competition with the National
Education Association (NEA).
Community Activity
In his report to the convention on the White
House Conference on Education, President
Charles Cogen said:
“A ll men dig ruts for their own comfort but some
ruts a re b ig g e r than others and the administration
of the public schools is the biggest and deepest rut
of all.” But, to judge by the activity at the Amer
ican Federation of Teachers’ August convention
in Los Angeles, teachers appear to want to drag
themselves, their administrators, their schools, and
their towns out of familiar comforts and into un
worn roadways.
Some 800 delegates there attended briskly to
pressing business matters, taxing themselves a
substantial 25-cent increase in per capita, endors
ing a moderate increase in an already extensive
organizing effort, then polished off 14 constitu
tional amendments and 103 resolutions. Between
sessions, they conducted lively panel workshops
and caucuses, and nevertheless made time to get up
to the chambers of the Los Angeles Board of Edu
cation to support the local union’s program for
meeting the school problems trailing in the wake
of the Watts uprising.
The lack of any major union election in this
odd-year meeting helped open up time to consoli
date administration, support the detailed program
presented by the officers, and attend to union
housekeeping. But some of the enthusiasm for
new ventures and responsibilities came from the
possibilities presented by the Elementary and Sec
ondary Education Act of 1965, and from the ex
pectations created by the veering of civil rights
activities into northern metropolitan centers. The
teachers were ready to respond to calls like that
of California’s Board of Education President
Thomas Braden, quoted above, and exhortations
by the union’s president, Charles Cogen, and
1204
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All the representatives of the old educational estab
lishment were there—but most of them might just
as well have been meeting in Death Valley. The old
establishment has outlived its usefulness ; teachers
have not yet reached their majority, but education
cannot wait, and into the vacuum has rushed a new
establishment; a fraternity of foundation executives,
leading lights from the schools of education, and free
lance reformers. I like the new educational estab
lishment infinitely better than the old, because it
is critical, flexible, ready for innovations, and not
tied to the apron strings of the hidebound NEA. But
the new establishment is peculiarly devoid of teachers,
just as the old one was.
In his summary of the union’s legislative efforts,
past AFT president Carl J. Megel, who is now the
union’s Washington legislative representative, also
urged the delegates to engage themselves fully in
the educational planning process : “Members of the
teacher’s union must insist that teachers partici
pate in all facets of programing and implementa
tion [of the aid to education law]. They must
make sure local people become involved and that
teachers and citizens ask searching questions . .
These arguments for greater teacher participa
tion in educational councils were accompanied by
a budget doubling the union’s expenditures for re
search, providing for research grants to professors
and graduate students, and establishing a profes
sional journal. But the emphasis was best indi
cated by the union’s establishment of special union
groups to work out compensatory educational
plans to enable slum communities to qualify for
Federal aid.
These interests in community action programs
appeared inextricably linked with the union’s demOf th e D ivision of P ublications, B ureau of L abor S tatistics.
THE 49th CONVENTION OF THE FEDERATION OF TEACHERS
onstrated interests in civil rights activities. For
example, in 1965, 55 union volunteers had staffed
23 schools in Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia.
Members had contributed $20,000 to projects that
had helped an estimated 4,000 Negro children in
the South.
To further dramatize the depth of the A FT’s
concern in the civil rights effort, the convention had
extended major speaking invitations to CORE Ex
ecutive Director James Farmer and to Ben Segal,
Special Assistant, President’s Council on Equal
Opportunity. Both urged the strengthening of
educational programs in Negro ghettos as an in
tegral part of the attempt to break the tensions
that led to riot in Watts.
The convention itself furnished an example of
such an attempt. Before the convention, the Los
Angeles local had presented the city’s Board of
Education a program that called for the use of
teachers to make home visits in advance of school
opening, a cut in class size to 20 or 22 students, and
other changes which followed closely the recom
mendations of the union’s National Council for
More Effective Schools. The delegates unani
mously adopted a resolution supporting the pro
gram and recessed the convention to permit the
delegates to appear at the Board meeting on its
behalf.
The State of the Union
The AFT appears to be sustaining its mo
mentum in organizing and negotiating new
agreements, and several convention actions were
designed to assure that the momentum will con
tinue. Its experiment with an unusual form of
organizing effort—the so-called Co-Org Plan—
which began last year was continued.
The 22 staff organizers who had been authorized
at the 1964 convention worked under the direction
of local leadership for about 6 months of the pres
ent year. With their assistance, the union gained
10,500 new members and chartered 83 new local
unions—including some composed of graduate
students (at Berkeley), teachers overseas, and in
structors in State colleges. Locals obtained bar
gaining rights in elections in eight cities (Phila
delphia; Taylor, Mich.; Minot, N. Dak.; Menasha
and Ashland, Wis.; Yonkers and Mastic, N.Y.;
and—for school secretaries—New York City).
Delegates accepted proposals for a 4-person in
crease in the organizing staff, appointment of a
coordinator for the various State Teacher federa
tions, and persistence of existing organizational
efforts.
The AFT has been inclined to accept elections
wherever it can get a school board to agree to one,
regardless of the amount of interest the union has
been able to demonstrate. Although it has
achieved upset victories in New York, Philadel
phia, and elsewhere, this readiness to poll has
doubtless cost the AFT some contests with the
NEA, and Director of Organization James Mundy
urged delegates to look situations over closely be
fore consenting to an election. Cogen deplored
the NEA’s unwillingness to agree on standardized
election ground rules, but his April proposal for
such negotiations 1 appears to have been stillborn,
and the convention decided to continue its quest
for Federal election standards. Until then, tests
of strength between the AFT and the NEA will
take place on shifting ground as the two organiza
tions adapt to wide variations in State laws and
local conditions.
1 See M o n th ly Labor R eview , Ju n e 1965, p. 697.
The most important kind of safety education, and perhaps the most impor
tant kind of education in general, is education to the effect that the world as I
see it, the world as I talk about it, is not the world—it is only the world as I
see it.
—S. I. Hayakawa, at The President’s Conference on Occupational Safety, June 1964.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1205
The Earnings
and Weekly Hours
of Factory Workers
J o s e p h C occo *
N o n s u p e r v i s o r y e m p l o y e e s of the Nation’s manu
facturing industries earned an average of $2.33 an
hour at straight-time rates and worked an average
of 40 hours a week in March 1964 This informa
tion was developed from a survey of employee
earnings and hours in manufacturing conducted
by the Bureau of Labor Statistics at that time.1
Half of the 14.6 million employees included in the
study earned at least $2.28 an hour and the middle
50 percent earned between $1.69 and $2.83 an hour.2
More than two-fifths of the employees worked ex
actly 40 hours a week while nearly three-tenths
worked more than 40 hours and about an eighth
worked less than 35 hours a week.
Characteristics of Manufacturing
Manufacturing includes the mechanical or chem
ical transformation of inorganic or organic sub
stances into new products and the assembly of com
ponent parts of products. These activities, carried
on in plants, factories, or mills, characteristically
use power-driven machines and material handling
equipment, although many products are completely
or partially made by hand.3 Manufacturing is di
vided into 21 major industry groups which cover a
wide range of activity, from food processing and
apparel manufacture to the manufacture of heavy
machinery and space vehicles.
While the Nation’s manufacturing industries
are sometimes viewed as a single entity, there are
numerous factors, such as specific industry, geo
graphical location, skill requirements, profit levels,
and degree of mechanization, which exert different
influences on the overall level and distribution of
employee earnings and hours in manufacturing.
1206
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Using data derived from the Bureau’s survey, this
article examines some of these factors and presents
a comparison between current data and those ob
tained in a 1958 survey 4in manufacturing.
Average Hourly Earnings
Earnings for the estimated 14.6 million nonsu
pervisory employees in the manufacturing indus
tries in the United States were broadly distributed;
6 of every 7 employees earned between $1.30 and
$3.50 an hour, and 1 out of 2 earned between $1.69
and $2.83 (table 1). Forming the largest concen
tration at any 5-cent wage interval were the more
than 900,000 employees who received between $1.25
(the Federal minimum wage) and $1.30 an hour.5
On the other hand, nearly 1.1 million employees
earned at least $3.50 an hour.
More than seven-tenths of the employees sur
veyed worked in the Nation’s metropolitan areas,
•O f th e D ivision of N atio n al W age and S alary Income, B ureau
of L abor S ta tistic s.
1 The survey w as conducted fo r th e D ep artm en t of L ab o r’s
W age an d H o u r and P ublic C o n tracts D ivisions as p a r t of a
co n tin u in g p rogram fo r an an n u a l ev alu atio n and a p p raisal of
th e F a ir L abor S ta n d a rd s Act. I t relates to a ll establishm en ts
hav in g one or m ore paid em ployees engaged in m a n u fa c tu rin g as
defined in th e 1957 edition of th e S ta n d a rd In d u stria l Classifica
tion M anual, prepared by th e B ureau of th e Budget. Also in
cluded a re au x ilia ry u n its affiliated w ith an d p rim a rily engaged
in serving th e v ario u s estab lish m en ts (e.g., w arehouses an d cen
t r a l offices). The survey, conducted on a sam ple basis, was
designed to yield n a tio n a l and regional estim ates fo r a ll m an u
fa c tu rin g a n d fo r selected m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u stries.
T he d a ta reflect earn in g s an d hours of w ork of nonsupervisory
employees (except outside salespeople) fo r 1 week in M arch 1964,
in th e 50 S ta te s and th e D istric t of Columbia.
T he average stra ig h t-tim e hourly earn in g s presented in th is
artic le m ay differ som ew hat from those published in th e B u reau 's
m onthly em ploym ent a n d earn in g s series. T he difference be
tw een th e earnings estim ates is largely a ttrib u ta b le to differences
in th e com ponents and m ethod of com putation of th e average.
P rem ium pay fo r overtim e an d fo r w ork on w eekends, holidays,
an d la te sh ifts is excluded from th is re p o rt b u t included in the
m onthly series. G roup av erage ho u rly e arn in g s in th is rep o rt
w ere derived by to ta lin g in d iv id u al hourly earn in g s a n d dividing
th e sum by th e num ber of em ployees in th e group ; those in the
m onthly series are derived by dividing th e aggregate weekly
p ayrolls by th e aggregate num ber of weekly hours.
2 The lim its of th e in te rq u a rtile range an d th e m edian were
d eterm ined by in te rp o la tio n w ith in the 5- or 10-cent wage in te r
vals show n in table 1.
3 Included in m a n u fa c tu rin g a re estab lish m en ts w hich a re p a r t
of a m a n u fa c tu rin g com pany b u t are n ot directly involved in the
m a n u fa c tu rin g process. Such estab lish m en ts include cen tral
offices, research lab o rato ries, an d w arehouses, w hich service 1
or more m a n u fa c tu rin g p la n ts of th e com pany.
4 F actory W orkers’ E arnings, M ay 1958 (BLS B ulletin 1252.
1959).
5 F o r ease of reading in th is and subsequent discussions of
tab u latio n s, th e lim its of th e class in te rv a ls are designated as
from $1.25 to $L 30, or betw een 35 and 40 hours, instead of
using th e m ore precise term inology of “$1.25 an d under $1.30,”
or “35 an d u n d er 40 h o u rs.”
EARNINGS AND WEEKLY HOURS OF FACTORY WORKERS
T
a ble
M
M
1. C u m u l a t iv e P e r c e n t
a n u f a c t u r in g I n d u s t r i e s ,
a r c h 1964
1207
D is t r i b u t i o n o f N o n s u p e r v i s o r y E m p l o y e e s , b y A v e r a g e H o u r l y E a r n i n g s , 1
U n i t e d S t a t e s , M e t r o p o l it a n 2 a n d N o n m e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a s , a n d R e g i o n s ,3
United States
Average hourly earnings 1
Under $1.25______
____________
Total
Regions 3
Metropolitan 2 Nonmetro
areas
politan areas
South
Northeast
North Central
West
0.7
0.4
1.3
0.3
1.8
0.5
0.2
Under $1.30___
_ ___ _ _
Under $1.35____ —
________ ___
Under $1.40____ . _____ _
_
. ...
Under $1.45.- _______
Under $1.50- ___
_ _ _____
6.9
9.4
12.0
14.5
16.4
4.3
6.0
7.9
9.8
11.1
13.8
18.3
22.7
26.8
30.2
4.7
6.9
9.4
11.9
13.7
17.7
23.1
28.4
32.8
36.5
3.8
5.0
6.5
8.3
9.5
1.7
2.6
3.3
4.2
4.9
Under $1.55______ _ ___ ____
Under $1.00- . __________- Under $1.65___ _ _
Under $1.70________________
Under $1.75___ ______ ________ _ _
19.4
21.3
23.6
25.4
27.5
13.8
15.4
17.3
18.8
20.7
34.3
37.2
40.2
42.6
45.3
17.3
19.2
21.6
23.5
25.9
40.9
44.1
47.1
49.7
52.2
11.6
13.0
15.0
16.6
18.4
6.4
7.2
8.2
9.0
10.2
Under $1.80_____ _ _ _
Under $1.85___ _ _ _ _ _
Under $1.90_____.. ____ _
Under $1.95_____
___
Under $2.00___ - _ .
29.7
31.8
33.9
35.8
37.6
22.8
24.7
26.8
28.6
30.4
47.9
50.4
52.7
54.8
56.8
28.4
30.6
33.3
35.4
37.4
54.8
57.1
59.2
60.9
62.6
20.3
22.3
24.3
26.1
28.0
11.7
13.2
14.6
16.0
17.4
___
Under $2.10___
Under $2.20_______
Under $2.30___ ____ .
Under $2.40__ Under $2.50.
. .
42.4
46.7
51.1
55.5
59.8
35.1
39.4
43.9
48.3
52.9
61.7
65.9
70.1
74.3
78.0
42.8
47.7
52.8
57.5
62.0
66.7
70.0
73.0
76.0
78.5
32.8
37.2
41.9
46.6
51.5
21.3
25.4
29.6
34.8
40.5
Under $2.60______ . ______
Under $2.70___________________
Under $2.80__________
Under $2.90.. ...................... .
Under $3.00___
___
64.5
68.9
73.8
77.9
81.2
58.0
63.0
68.8
73.6
77.4
81. 6
84.4
86.8
89.2
91.4
66.8
70.8
75.0
78.7
81.8
81.4
83.6
86.0
87.9
89.8
57.0
62.6
69.6
75.3
79.4
46.4
52.2
58.1
63.2
68.2
Under $3.10______
Under $3.20___ __________ _
Under $3.30___
Under $3.40._ - - - - ....
Under $3.50______ _ _ . . .
84.2
86.8
89.1
91.1
92.8
80.8
83.9
86.6
89.0
91.0
93.2
94.6
95.8
96.7
97.4
84.9
87.6
89.7
91.4
92.9
91.6
93.3
94.9
96.1
97.0
82.5
85.3
87.5
89.6
91.6
72.4
76.5
81.0
84.7
87.7
14, 590.4
10, 577.9
4,012. 5
4, 922.6
3,229.0
4, 806.2
1, 632. 7
$2.33
$2. 45
$1.98
$2.33
$1.93
$2. 46
$2.68
...
Number of employees (in thousands)__
Average hourly earnings 1___
_ ____
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
2 Metropolitan areas as used in this report refer to those city and county areas
defined as Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA) by the Bureau
of the Budget. The SMSA must include at least 1 central city of at least
50,000 population, its county, and any contiguous counties which are metro
politan in character, and are economically and socially integrated with the
county containing the central city.
3 Regions used in this study include the following States: Northeast—
Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New
T
York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South—Alabama, Arkan
sas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana,
Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennes
see, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; North Central—Illinois, Indiana,
Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota,
Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; and West—Alaska, Arizona, California,
Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah,
Washington, and Wyoming.
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
2.
N u m b e r , A v e r a g e S t r a ig h t - t i m e H o u r l y E a r n i n g s ,1 a n d P e r c e n t o f N o n s u p e r v i s o r y E m p l o y e e s
S e l e c t e d M a j o r M a n u f a c t u r in g I n d u s t r y G r o u p s 2 E a r n i n g L e s s T h a n S p e c i f i e d A m o u n t s o f P a y ,
U n it e d S t a t e s , M a r c h 1964
a ble
in
Industry group 2
Food and kindred products________
Tobacco manufactures________ ______ _
Textile mill products______________ ..
Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar
materials__________ ___
Lumber and wood products except furniture_______________
F urniture and fixtures_________
Paper and allied products - - ___
Printing, publishing, and allied industries.- ________________
Leather and leather products____
..
Stone, clay, and glass products.. ____________
Fabricated metal products, except ordnance, machinery, and trans
portation equipment__ _______________
Machinery, except electrical__
______ _______
Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments; photographic
and optical goods; watches and clocks__________
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries____
1
See footnote 1, table 1.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Number Aver
Percent of nonsupervisory employees earning less than—
of emage
ployees hourly
(in thou earn $1.30 $1. 35 $1.40 $1.45 $1. 50 $1.75 $2.00 $2. 50 $3. 00
sands)
ings 1
1,292. 5
86.3
849.1
$2. 21
2. 06
1.66
11.7
10.2
10.2
14.4
14.4
16.6
17.3
16.8
23.9
19.9
19.2
32.1
21.8
22.3
38.9
32.1
37.5
66.2
42.2
48.7
83.9
64.9
81.4
96.6
83.3
91.3
98.9
1, 242.5
535.7
356.6
542.4
837.4
325.6
527.5
1.76
1.94
1.90
2. 31
2. 61
1.78
2.31
21.0
24.2
12.1
1.6
7.0
16.9
5.2
27.1
29.3
18. 1
2.5
9.0
24.0
6.6
33.5
33.3
23.7
3.5
11.0
31.0
9.1
40.5
36.5
28.4
4.4
12.9
36.7
10.8
44.4
39.2
32.4
5.5
14.3
41.4
12.0
65.2
50.7
51.7
13.2
26.3
60.1
21.4
76.0
57.6
64.4
26.9
36.0
72.6
33.2
88.4
78.2
83.1
68.6
53.9
88.6
63.5
94.4
91.6
92.8
89.1
65.7
95.2
85.9
1,033. 7
1,323. 5
2. 36
2.60
3.2
1.5
4.7
2.3
6.3
3.2
8.2
4.0
9.8
4.8
22.0
11.2
34.4
19.8
59.9
44.4
82.6
73.7
308.5
338.7
2.42
2. 03
2.5
9.6
4.2
14.5
5.9
19.5
7.5
23.0
8.7
25.9
18.4
42.4
30.5
57.2
57.6
77.4
79.0
90.1
2The industry groups shown are defined in the Standard Industrial Classifi
cation Manual (1957 edition), prepared by the Bureau of the Budget.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
1208
and these employees averaged $2.45 an hour, 47
cents an hour more than those in nonmetropolitan
areas. Earnings for the middle half of the em
ployees ranged from $1.86 to $2.94 an hour
in metropolitan areas and from $1.48 to
$2.42 an hour in nonmetropolitan areas. Earn
ings of less than $1.30 an hour were received
by more than an eighth of the employees in the
smaller population areas (accounting for more
than half the employees with such earnings) com
pared with fewer than a twentieth in the larger
areas. Nearly a fourth of the metropolitan area
employees earned at least $3 an hour (accounting
for seven-eighths of all employees with such earn
ings) compared with fewer than a tenth in nonmetropolitan areas.
The geographical distribution of manufacturing
employees showed a wide range; the Northeast and
North Central regions each accounted for about a
third, while the South claimed slightly more than
a fifth and the West a tenth. Average hourly
earnings varied from $1.93 in the South to $2.68
in the West; in the Northeast, hourly earnings
averaged $2.33 and in the North Central region,
$2.46. The marked difference between the average
in the South and those in the other regions reflects
differences among the earnings distributions. For
example, nearly 1 out of 5 employees in the South
earned less than $1.30 an hour compared with
fewer than 1 out of 20 in each of the other regions.
The South accounted for nearly three-fifths of all
factory employees earning less than $1.30 an hour.
Differences also existed between the South and the
other regions at higher pay levels: only about a
fifth of the employees in the South earned $2.50
or more an hour, but among the other regions the
proportions with such earnings ranged from close
to two-fifths in the Northeast to three-fifths in the
West.
Among the selected major manufacturing in
dustries for which data are shown, average pay
levels extended from $1.66 an hour in textile mill
products to $2.61 an hour in printing, publishing,
and allied industries (table 2). Other lower pay
ing industries were apparel and leather and
leather products with averages of $1.76 and $1.78
an hour, respectively. Of the remaining indus
tries, four had average levels of pay between $1.90
and $2.06 an hour, five were between $2.21 and
$2.42 an hour, and one, $2.60.
Part of the wide variation in wage levels among
the industries may be attributed to differences
among them in the distribution of the skill levels
of the work force. The average wage in an indus
try that requires a high proportion of skilled
employees will be above that of an industry with
minimum skill requirements, even if the wages for
equal skills were equal. Other factors such as
productivity, value of the product per hour of
labor input, managerial skill, unionization, supply
of labor, availability of capital, degree of automa
tion, regional wage patterns, and Federal and
T able 3. N u m b e r , A vera g e S tr aigh t -T im e H ourly E a r n in g s ,1 and P e r c e n t of N o n su p e r v iso r y E m ployees in
S elec ted M a n u fa c t u r in g I n d u str y G r o u ps 2 E a r n in g L e s s T h a n S p e c if ie d A m o un ts of P a y , U n it e d S t a t e s ,
M arch 1964
Industry group
Grain mill products_____ _______ ____________ .. _ _
Confectionery and related products______________ _
__
Cigars_____
________
Narrow fabrics and other smallwares mills: Cotton, wool, silk, and
manmade fiber . .
.. . . ______
Knitting mills.
_________
_
_____ __________________ _
Yarn and thread mills___
Men’s, youths’, and boys’ furnishings, work clothing, and allied
garments _____
_____________ ____ ________ _ ____ _
Women’s, misses’, children’s and infants’ undergarments..
__ _
Girls’, children’s, and infants’ outerwear ___ _____________ _ _
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories____ ____ . . .
Miscellaneous fabricated textile p ro d u cts_______ . . .
Miscellaneous wood products..."_____________ . . .
Paperboard mills. __ ___
Footwear, except rubber __
Handbags and other personal leather goods_________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown
Metalworking machinery and equipm ent..
Toys, amusement, sporting and athletic goods._
Costume jewelry, costume novelties, buttons, and miscellaneous
notions, except precious metals___
1 See footnote 1, table 1.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Number Aver
of emage
ployees hourly
(in thou earn
sands)
ings
Percent of nonsupervisory employees earning less than$1.30
$1.35
$1.40
$1.45
$1.50
$1.75
$2.00
$2. 50
$3.00
107. 9
65.9
24 2
$2. 21
1.90
1. 55
11.4
11.2
16 6
13.4
15. 7
24. 6
15.3
18.6
31.6
16.8
22.7
38.7
18.6
25.9
48.3
27. 7,
43.5
81.6
36.7
60.4
92.0
64.4
87.1
98.5
90.1
95.9
99.6
25. 9
200. 6
104.1
1.71
1. 62
1. 51
11.4
20. 0
15.1
21.0
27.8
25.9
31. 2
35.3
36.8
38.0
43.2
47.3
42. 5
49. 2
56.1
65.6
73.0
86.1
78.7
85.1
96.2
91.5
95.5
99.2
97.7
98.5
99.6
313.6
112.0
74.0
63.3
143.4
59.9
58.3
222. 3
30.9
105.2
251.0
85.1
1.53
1.63
1.59
1.80
1.66
1. 73
2.43
1. 78
1.64
2. 27
2. 69
1. 77
34.4
22. 2
24. 7
17.9
19.7
24.2
.9
18.8
16.5
.6
2.0
11.9
42. 5
28.6
33.5
22.2
29.6
30.4
1.1
25.5
28.1
1.0
3.3
20.9
50.9
34.9
40.0
29.0
37.7
36.1
1.5
32. 4
38.9
1.7
4.0
28.8
57.6
43.7
46.3
36.7
43.5
40.3
1.8
38.3
47.1
2.4
4.8
34.3
62.4
48.9
50.3
41.3
48.2
44.0
2.0
43.3
53.3
2.9
5.3
38.2
80.2
75.0
78.5
62.6
69.8
61.6
4.7
61.9
74.6
8.4
9.9
59.6
89.0
85.6
86.9
74.7
81.0
72.8
11.6
73.7
83.6
32.0
16.8
74.5
96.3
94.7
94.6
87.9
93.5
89.8
64.5
88.1
93.6
72.7
39.0
89.1
99.0
97.9
97.9
93.9
97.3
97.4
84.6
94.4
97.3
89.3
67.8
96.0
51.1
1.77
18.4
25.0
34.0
38.2
42.3
60.4
72.1
87.6
95.1
2 See footnote 2, table 2.
1209
EARNINGS AND WEEKLY HOURS OF FACTORY WORKERS
T able 4. P er c e n t D ist r ib u t io n of N o n su p er v iso r y E m ployees by W e e k l y H ou r s of W o rk , M a n u fa c t u r in g
I n d u s t r ie s , U n it e d S ta t e s , M e t r o p o l it a n 1 and N o nm etropolitan A r e a s , a nd R e g io n s ,2 M arch 1964
United States
Weekly hours
Metropolitan
areas 1
Total
Under 35___________________________
35 and under 40 . - - _.
40_________________________________
Over 40 and under 44 _
44_________________________________
Over 44 and under 48__.
48 and over___ .
_
_______
Not reported_________ . . . _____ . . . .
T o t a l __________ . . . . . _____
Number of employees (in thousands)...
Average weekly hours.. . .
12.7
12.1
41.8
6.8
1.7
6.1
14.4
4.5
11.8
13.0
42.6
6.6
1.6
5.7
13.2
5.5
Nonmetro
politan
areas
15.1
9.6
39.6
7.3
1.7
7.1
17.7
1.8
Northeast
13.2
16.8
40.6
6.4
1.5
6.2
12.0
3.3
South
North Central
14.3
8.9
39.8
8.5
2.0
6.3
18.3
2.0
11.0
10.1
41.1
6.3
1.7
6.6
15.2
8.0
West
13.0
10.0
51.3
6.2
1.3
4.1
11.5
2.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
14, 590.4
10, 577.9
4, 012. 5
4, 922. 6
3, 229.0
4,806.2
1, 632. 7
40.0
40.0
40.2
39.5
40.4
40.6
39.4
1 See footnote 2, table 1.
2 See footnote 3, table 1.
State minimum wage legislation also influence
the level and distribution of hourly earnings in
an industry. These factors are interrelated, and
the pressures they exert, either individually or
collectively, have not been measured in this survey.
The wide range of pay levels among the selected
major industry groups reflects again the marked
differences among earnings distributions. The
proportion of factory employees with average
earnings below $1.30 an hour, for example, ranged
from 2 percent in nonelectrical machinery (where
earnings averaged $2.60 an hour) to 24 percent
in lumber and wood products (with an average
of $1.94 an hour). Among those industry groups
with averages under $2 an hour as many as 44
percent of the employees earned below $1.50 an
hour, whereas among those with averages of $2
or more an hour no more than 26 percent of the
employees had such earnings.
Viewing a major industry group on a nation
wide basis may obscure sharp differences among
regions. For example, in the apparel industry,
two-fifths of the employees in the South earned
less than $1.30 and fewer than a tenth earned as
much as $2 an hour. In the Northeast, on the
other hand, only slightly more than a tenth of
the employees earned less than $1.30 and a third
earned at least $2 an hour. Pay levels for the
industry were $1.46 in the South and $1.93 in
the Northeast.
Data for a major industry group may also con
ceal sharp differences among the pay levels of the
industries within that group (table 3). For
example, the tobacco manufactures major group
with average earnings of $2.06 an hour includes
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Regions 2
N o t e : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
cigar manufactures with an average of $1.55 an
hour. Similarly, the average pay level in the food
and kindred products major group was $2.21 an
hour while earnings in confectionery and related
products—a part of that major group—were only
$1.90 an hour. Earnings for the various selected
manufacturing industry groups for which data
are presented separately ranged from $1.51 an
hour in yarn and thread mills to $2.69 in metal
working machinery and equipment.
Weekly Hours of Work
At the time of the survey, the Nation’s non
supervisory factory employees (for whom hours
of work were reported) worked an average of
40 hours a week (table 4). Forty hours is the
commonly accepted work schedule in manufac
turing, although only about two-fifths of the em
ployees worked such hours. Nearly three-tenths
of the employees, however, worked more than 40
hours a week, and a fourth of them worked less
than 40 hours, about half of these working less
than 35 hours a week.
Among the regions, average hours worked
ranged from 39.4 in the West to 40.6 in the North
Central region. In each region exactly 40 hours
was most prevalent. Approximately two-fifths of
the employees worked such hours in each region
except the West, where somewhat more than half
worked exactly 40 hours a week. The proportion
working longer hours ranged from fewer than a
fourth in the West to somewhat more than a third
in the South. The greatest proportion, one-sixth,
of employees working at least 35 but less than 40
1210
T a ble 5.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
P er c e n t D ist r ib u t io n of N o n su p e r v iso r y E m plo y ees , by W e e k l y H o urs of W ork , S elec ted M ajor
M a n u fa c t u r in g I n d u st r y G r o u ps ,1 U n it e d S t a t e s , M arch 1964
Percent of nonsupervisory employees workingIndustry group
Food and kindred products___. . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ ______ _ _
Tobacco manufactures_____ _____ _______ ___ _ ______
Textile mill products- _
_._. __ _____________ _ _____
Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar materials
Lumber and wood products, except furniture... ____
. . . ___ ____
___ __ _ _ _______
Furniture and fixtures___
Paper and allied products. . . . . . .
.
. . .
_
_____ _____
Printing, publishing, and allied industries___ __
....
Leather and leather products_____ __
._
___
_ _ _ _ _
_
Stone, clay, and glass products. _ _ _ _
______
_ _ ...
___
Fabricated metal products, except ordnance, machinery, and transportation
equipment ____ ______ _______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . _
Machinery, except electrical..
___
___ __
Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments; photographic and optical
goods; watches and clocks____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries ______
______
1 See footnote 2, table 2.
Ti
ji
Over
35 and
Over
48
under
40
40 and 44 44 and hours Notre40
hours under hours under and ported
hours
44
over
48
hours
hours
1,292. 5
86.3
849.1
1,242. 5
535.7
356. 6
542.6
837. 4
325.6
527.5
40.4
37.7
40.5
36.3
39.3
40 8
41.9
37 2
37.6
40.0
14.3
18.6
17.6
26.9
20.7
13 6
9.2
lfi 4
23.3
14.4
10.8
21.7
8.4
28.0
8.4
92
8.5
39 7
23! 8
7.4
32.7
40.6
35.7
27.4
34.4
39 fi
41.0
24 3
27.8
43.4
10.5
5.4
4.7
6.3
7.5
70
7.7
fi fi
9. 6
7.6
1, 033. 7
1,323. 5
41.0
42.2
10. 7
7.3
7.3
6.5
49.1
46.0
308.5
338. 7
40.4
39.4
8.0
14 3
10.1
12.4
56.1
47.9
Industry group
Grain mill products________________________________________________
Confectionery and related products___________________________________
Cigars____________________________________________________________
Narrow fabrics and other smallwares mills: Cotton, wool, silk, and manmade
fiber______________ _____________________________________________
Knitting mills_____________________________________________________
Yarn and thread m ills.____ _________________________________________
Men’s, youths’, and boys’ furnishings, work clothing, and allied garments__
Women’s, misses’, children’s and infants’ undergarments_________________
Girls’, children’s and infants’ outerwear_______________ _______________
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories__________________________________
Miscellaneous fabricated textile products_______________________________
Miscellaneous wood products_________________________________________
Paperboard mills___________________________________________________
Footwear, except rubber_____________________________________________
Handbags and other personal leather goods______ ________ _____ ________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown_________________________________
Metalworking machinery and equipment______________________________
Toys, amusement, sporting and athletic goods__________________________
Costume jewelry, costume novelties, buttons, and miscellaneous notions, ex
cept precious m etals._____________________________________________
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
7.7
5.3
7.0
5.2
8.2
Q Q
18.6
7.2
24.7
4. 6
17.8
3.3
.7
.1
.1
.8
18 1
1.6
2.6
8.8
49
6.8
6.7
22! 4
7.0
6.6
4.2
2.1
1.5
7.7
8.3
16.4
21.1
( 2)
7.4
5.8
1.9
6.7
5.9
9.8
11.7
(2)
1.9
2.1
15.9
.5
(2)
2.0
5.1
and publishing industry had the smallest (24 per
cent). In six other groups, from a third to twofifths of the employees worked exactly 40 hours.
The proportions of employees working longer than
40 hours ranged from about a sixth in the apparel
industry to slightly more than two-fifths in the
paper and allied products industry. More than a
fifth of the employees in the nonelectrical machin
ery and paper industries, and a fourth of those
in textile mills, worked at least 48 hours; in five
groups, however, fewer than a tenth of the em
ployees wmrked such long hours. Shorter hours
were commonplace in some industries. For ex
ample, 55 percent of the employees in apparel
P e r c e n t D ist r ib u t io n of N o n su p e r v iso r y E m plo y ees , by W e e k l y H ours
M a n u fa c t u r in g I n d u str y G r o u p s ,1 U n it e d S t a t e s , M arch 1964
1 See footnote 2, table 2.
2.0
.6
1.8
1.6
2.3
2 Less than 0.05 percent.
hours a week was found in the Northeast. About
a tenth of the employees in each of the other re
gions worked such hours. Differences among the
regions in the proportion of employees working
less than 35 hours a week were small.
Among the selected major manufacturing in
dustry groups, the average hours worked ranged
from 36.3 hours for employees in apparel to 42.2
hours for those in nonelectrical machinery (table
5). In 8 of the 14 major groups, the average was
within 1 hour of 40 hours. The professional, sci
entific, and controlling instruments industry had
the largest proportion of employees who worked
exactly 40 hours (56 percent), while the printing
T able 6.
of em- Average
ployees weekly
(in thou- hours
sands)
of
W ork , S elected
Percent of nonsupervisory employees working—
Number
of em
Aver
ployees
age
35 and
Over
Over
48
(in thou weekly Under under
40
40 and 44 44 and hours Not
sands)
hours
35
40
hours under hours under and
re
hours hours
44
48
over ported
hours
hours
107.9
65.9
24.2
42.3
39.2
39.6
9.9
18.0
17.7
10.1
10.4
10.3
37.5
45.3
34.1
8.3
8.0
6.2
2.9
1.0
.9
8.1
6.7
12.2
23.3
10.7
16.0
25.9
200.6
104.1
313.6
112.0
74.0
63.3
143.4
59.9
58.3
222.3
30.9
105.2
251.0
85.1
39.5
38.2
40.0
37.2
35.7
35.8
35.1
38.8
39.3
43.7
37.3
37.8
40.3
44.0
39.3
17.2
23.2
20.1
25.7
30.5
29.1
29.8
16.8
16.6
5.6
26.0
16.5
13.0
8.2
15.3
9.7
16.6
5.6
19.4
27.2
20.8
30.4
20.2
11.3
2.9
25.2
31.0
8.2
6.2
13.1
43.7
34.7
37.8
36.9
27.2
34.5
26.2
36.9
39.1
42.5
23.3
33.0
38.0
37.0
49.7
4.5
6.3
3.0
6.1
5.7
4.8
3.8
6.8
8.3
7.4
10.4
7.0
4.9
4.4
3.6
1.1
1.6
1.3
2.0
1.0
1.7
2.1
1.9
3.0
1.6
1.6
2.0
5.2
1.2
1.3
9.4
6.2
7.1
5.1
4.3
4.2
4.2
7.5
9.8
4.4
7.2
6.2
4.3
9.3
5.5
14.5
11.5
24.5
4.7
4.2
5.0
3.0
9.3
12.0
33.9
6.3
4.2
16.8
33.7
11.6
51.1
38.5
16.2
14.2
50.7
5.2
1.0
5.6
7.1
2 See footnote 2, table 5.
(2)
2.6
(2)
.6
(2)
.5
.5
1.6
9.5
EARNINGS AND WEEKLY HOURS OF FACTORY WORKERS
and in printing worked less than 40 hours, and
more than a fourth of those in apparel worked
less than 35 hours a week, the largest proportion
working these hours among the selected industries.
The printing industry had the largest proportion
of employees working between 35 and 40 hours,
two-fifths. These hours were also common in the
apparel, leather, and tobacco industries
Average hours showed greater variation among
the selected industry groups than among the se
lected major industry groups, ranging from 35.1
hours in miscellaneous apparel and accessories to
44 hours in metalworking machinery and equip
ment (table 6). In 12 of the 19 groups the aver
age workweek diifered by more than 1 hour from
the 40-hour average for all manufacturing. In
16 groups, from a third to half the employees
worked exactly 40 hours. In the three remaining
groups, about a fourth of the employees worked
40 hours, but in these groups from a fourth to
three-tenths worked 35 to 40 hours and similar
proportions worked less than 35 hours. Wide
variation existed in the proportion of employees
working in excess of 40 hours, from fewer than
an eighth in miscellaneous apparel and acces
sories to nearly half in metalworking machinery
and paperboard mills. In the last two industries,
a third of the employees worked at least 48 hours.
Relationships of Earnings to Weekly Hours
Straight-time earnings were compared among
nonsupervisory employees who worked less than
40 hours, those who worked exactly 40 hours, and
those who worked more than 40 hours.6 This
comparison as shown in the following tabulation
revealed that employees who worked exactly 40
hours had the highest pay level among the three
groups, $2.38 an hour, while those who worked
under 40 hours had the lowest, $2.18 an hour.
Average hourly
earnings
Under $1.30
$1.30 and under $1.50
$1.50 and under $2.00
$2.00 and under $2.50
$2.50 and under $3.00 _
$3.00 and under $3.50
$3.50 and over
T o ta l1
Average hourly earnings.
Percent of employees with
weekly hours of—
--------------------------------------Under lß
Over lß
i0
12
13
25
20
13
89
100
$2. 18
6
8
20
24
23
12
7
100
$2. 38
1 Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100.
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5
10
23
23
20
11
6
100
$2. 29
1211
The distribution by average hourly earnings of
employees who worked over 40 hours a week was
similar to that for employees who worked exactly
40 hours. As shown in the preceding tabulation,
however, there were marked variations between
these two groups and the group who worked less
than 40 hours a week. For example, about twofifths of both the employees who worked exactly
40 hours and those who worked over 40 hours
earned at least $2.50 an hour, whereas only threetenths of those who worked less than 40 hours had
comparable earnings. On the other hand, a fourth
of the employees who worked less than 40 hours
earned under $1.50 an hour, compared with slightly
more than an eighth of the employees in each of
the other two groups. Although the employees
who worked less than 40 hours a week had the low
est level of pay, they had the greatest proportion
earning at least $3.50 an hour. More than twofifths of the employees in this group with such
earnings were in printing and publishing.
When employees were grouped by average hourly
earnings and their weekly hours of work com
pared, it was generally found that as average
hourly earnings increased, the proportion of em
ployees working under 40 hours decreased and the
proportion working exactly 40 hours increased (as
shown in the following tabulation).
Percent of employees
with average hourly earnings of— Under lß
Under $1.30___________
$1.30 and under $1.50__
$1.50 and under $2.00__
$2.00 and under $2.50__
$2.50 and under $3.00__
$3.00 and under $3.50__
$3.50 and over_________
44
34
29
23
18
18
31
Weekly hours of work
iß
33
35
40
46
50
51
42
Over lß
Total *
23
32
31
31
32
31
27
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
1 Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100.
The proportion working over 40 hours changed
only at the lowest and highest earnings intervals.
For example, somewhat more than two-fifths of the
employees earning less than $1.30 an hour worked
under 40 hours compared with fewer than a fifth
of those who earned between $3 and $3.50. Forty
hours were worked by a third of the employees
earning less than $1.30 but by half of those earn8
T o ta l em ploym ent in th e 3 groups was ap proxim ately 13.9
m illion. The difference betw een th e num ber of employees in
these groups an d th e num ber included in th e survey is accounted
fo r by those em ployees fo r whom weekly h ours of w ork w ere not
reported.
1212
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
T a ble 7.
P er c e n t of P roduction E m ployees E a r n in g L e ss T h a n S p e c if ie d A m o un ts , 1 M a n u fa c t u r in g
I n d u s t r ie s , U n ited S ta tes , R e g io n s ,2 and M etr o po lita n 3 and N onm etr o po litan A r e a s , M ay 1 9 5 8 -M arch 1964
United States
Northeast
South
North Central
West
Metropolitan
areas
Average hourly earnings
1958
Less
Less
Less
Less
Less
Less
than
than
than
than
than
than
$1.25 _________________
$1.30 _______
$ 1 . 5 0 - ______
___
$2.00 __ _ _________
$2.50. _________ ______
$3.00______________
1964
1958
15.6
18.6
27.0
51.8
80.1
94.3
0.7
7.5
17.6
38.7
60.4
82.1
13.6
17.1
27.5
56.2
81.8
94.7
Number of employees (in thousands). 11,245
12, 576
$2. 30
Average hourly earnings____
____
$1.97
1964
1958
0.3
5.1
14.9
38.7
63.1
83.1
37.2
42.1
53.3
73.4
87.7
96.7
3,994
4,169
$1. 94
$2.29
1958
1964
1958
1.8
18.8
38.5
64.4
79.7
90.5
7.2
8.8
14.7
39.8
76.4
93.0
0.5
3.8
9.5
27.2
50.4
79.7
2,422
2,913
3,772
4,154
1,056
$1.63
$1.90
$2.13
$2. 47
$2.26
1 See footnote 1, table 1.
2 See footnote 3, table 1.
ing between $3 and $3.50. A notable exception to
the above pattern occurred among the group of
employees who earned at least $3.50 an hour, of
whom three-tenths worked under 40 hours and
about two-fifths worked exactly 40 hours. The ex
ception is due to the earnings and hours relation
ship noted above in printing and publishing.
Wage Changes, 1958-64
The Bureau’s previous survey of employee earn
ings in manufacturing, conducted in May 1958,
makes possible a measurement of the change in
employee pay levels and distributions between sur
veys. Since the 1958 survey included only pro
duction employees (that is, it excluded nonsupervisory employees such as those in office, clerical,
and sales jobs), the comparison is limited to that
group, which accounted for 86 percent of the em
ployees included in the 1964 survey.7
Average hourly earnings for production em
ployees in manufacturing increased from $1.97 to
$2.30 between 1958 and 1964. This 33-cent, ad
vance in the hourly pay level was accompanied
by significant changes in the earnings distribution.
In 1958, a fourth of the production employees
earned less than $1.45 an hour and another fourth
earned at least $2.39. By 1964, the middle half of
the work force was earning between $1.66 and $2.81
an hour. Thus, the earnings differential separat
ing the lowest from the highest paid fourth of
the employees increased by 21 cents, reflecting the
greater changes in the distribution of employees
at the higher than at the lower end of the pay
scale.
Regional pay levels advanced by from 27 cents
an hour in the South to 41 cents an hour in the
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1964
3.9
5.2
8.8
28.8
69.2
91.4
1964
0.1
1.8
5.4
18.1
41.1
68.2
1958
1964
N onmetropolitan
areas
1958
1964
10.3
12.7
19.9
44.1
75.5
92.6
0.4
4.7
12.0
30.9
52.8
78.0
1,340
7,821
8,942
3,424
3,634
$2. 67
$2.08
$2.44
$1.70
$1.96
27.8
31.9
43.0
69.2
90.1
97.8
1. 3
14.4
31.4
57.8
79.0
92.2
3 See footnote 2, table 1.
West. Relatively, however, earnings increased by
about a sixth in each region. Absolute and relative
differences in pay levels widened among the re
gions except between the Northeastern and North
Central regions. The pay differential between
the South, the lowest paying region, and the West,
the highest paying, increased from 63 cents to 77
cents an hour. Changes in the earnings distribu
tion in the South and Northeast were most pro
nounced around the lower and middle portions of
the pay scale while in the other regions changes
were sharpest in the upper reaches of the pay scale.
Average hourly earnings of production employ
ees in metropolitan areas advanced by 36 cents to
$2.44, compared with a 26-cent increase to $1.96 in
nonmetropolitan areas. (See table 7.)
In metropolitan areas, the sharpest changes in
the distribution of earnings occurred at the higher
pay levels. For example, the proportion of em
ployees earning less than $1.50 decreased from a
fifth to an eighth, whereas the proportion earn
ing at least $2.50 an hour increased from a fourth
to nearly half.
In nonmetropolitan areas, by contrast, the most
marked change in the distribution occurred in the
proportion earning less than $1.25 an hour, which
fell from 28 percent to 1 percent. Other changes
were small, by comparison. For instance, in 1958
somewhat more than two-fifths of the employees
earned less than $1.50 and a tenth earned $2.50
or more. By 1964, these proportions were approxi
mately three-tenths and a fifth, respectively.
7
T here a re some basic differences betw een th e 1958 an d 1964
d ata, b u t th ey do n o t m aterially affect th e ir overall com parability.
F o r exam ple, d a ta fo r A laska an d H aw aii are included fo r 1964
b u t n o t fo r 1958. S im ilarly, th e re w as an increase in th e num
ber of m etro p o litan a reas d u rin g th e 6-year period.
Employment Experience
of Discharged
Defense Workers
Robert B rand wein *
Challenging the prevalent view that defense
workers are so specialized that they can work only
for defense contractors, a Washington (State)
Employment Security Department study revealed
that laid-off defense workers found new jobs in a
variety of nondefense occupations. Laid off by
Boeing Co. of Seattle because of the cancellation
of the Dyna-Soar manned spacecraft program,
workers found new jobs in transportation and
wholesale and retail trade as well as government,
real estate, finance, and nondefense manufac
turing.
The reemployed worker reported 1 that his own
direct application was the most successful method
of obtaining a new position, indicating 2 a serious
deficiency in the operation of institutional job
seeking arrangements. Public and private em
ployment agencies, unions, and professional orga
nizations played only a minor role in finding jobs.
Eight months after the bulk of the terminations
had occurred, 30 percent of the surveyed employees
were still unemployed.
Finding Employment
On December 9, 1963, the Department of De
fense announced the cancellation of the Dyna-Soar
project, and 5,229 employees at the prime con
tractor, Boeing, were identified by company offi
cials as being subject to layoff because of the ter
mination. The State Employment Security De
partment undertook to study the employees who
were affected, their post-layoff experience, their ap
proach to seeking reemployment, and the assist
ance they received in their search.
As of May 15, 1964, 36.7 percent of the men and
69.1 percent of the women surveyed were unem
ployed. By August, the situation had improved,
787-480 O— 65— -—4
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
but 22 percent of the men and 59.4 percent of the
women were still out of work; the average length
of unemployment was 14.3 weeks for men and 23.4
weeks for women. Different groups and occupa
tions had varying degrees of unemployment: pro
fessionals averaged 12.3 weeks of unemployment,
men over 55 years of age averaged 21 weeks. The
younger the worker and the more education at
tained, the shorter the period of unemployment.
A large number of workers (73 percent) indi
cated a willingness to acquire new skills or to take
refresher courses other than entry training. The
number and distribution of persons in training by
type of program is shown below:
Male
Female
N um
N um
ber
Percent ber
Percent
Total
To acquire new skills
To reacquire old skills __
To complete high school
To complete college
To obtain advanced degree,_
Other
373
112
69
9
101
67
15
100 . 0
30. 0
18. 4
2. 4
27. 0
18. 0
4. 0
94
35
32
2
21
100 . 0
37.
34.
2.
22.
2
0
1
3
1
1. 1
3
3. 2
In looking for a job, the method most used by
male jobseekers was direct application. The pro
fessional group utilized the interviews arranged
by Boeing with other companies. Those who were
not high school graduates, those in clerical, service,
sem iskilled, a n d u n sk ille d o ccu p atio n s a t B o eing,
and those with 7 or more weeks of unemployment
relied upon the State Employment Service as their
primary source of contact with job opportunities.
Implications of a serious deficiency in the effec
tiveness of the employment agencies were substan
tiated by the fact that in August the discharged
workers had an unemployment rate almost six
times greater than the Seattle area rate and five
times greater than the U.S. average. This differ*Of th e Econom ics B ureau, U.S. A rm s C ontrol and D isa rm a
m ent Agency.
1 On May 15, 1964, q u estio n n aires were se n t to 5,229 em
ployees identified as subject to layoff because of th e D yna-Soar
term in a tio n . The 2,854 m en an d 904 women (72 percent of th e
m ailing) responding to th e q u estio n n aire w ere polled on Aug.
15, 1964, ab o u t th e ir labor force s ta tu s a t th a t tim e. T he re
sponse ra te w as 77 p ercen t fo r th e A ugust form . The tab u latio n
an d in te rp re ta tio n of th e q u estionnaires w ere perform ed by the
S ta te of W ashington E m ploym ent S ecurity D ep artm en t u n d er a
c o n tra c t sponsored by th e D ep artm en t of Defense an d th e U.S.
Arm s C ontrol an d D isarm am en t Agency.
2 C onclusions in th is artic le are te n ta tiv e sta te m e n ts based on
in fo rm atio n obtained from only one survey of displaced defense
w orkers. S im ilar stu d ies are underw ay in th e Long Isla n d and
D enver a reas and i t is a n tic ip a te d t h a t g re a te r s ta tis tic a l d etail
and analysis of th e m anpow er policy im plications of these th re e
com parable studies w ill be published a t a la te r date.
1213
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
1214
entiation existed even though the Boeing respond
ents had wage demands that were realistic in re
lation to area rates and previous wage levels and
were younger (median age 33 years), better edu
cated (1 out of 4 men a college graduate), and more
mobile (60 percent indicated a willingness to move
from the area) than the average worker.
Further indications of the inadequacies of pri
vate and public agencies stem from the responses
of the unskilled and service workers, who had
relied upon the agencies as a primary source of
contacts for jobs, that they were hindered in find
ing employment by a lack of job knowledge. Pub
lic and private employment agencies, unions, and
professional organizations accounted for a total
of only 17 percent of the jobs found:
Percent of reem
ployed workers
Source of jobs (males only)
Direct application______________________
Friends or relatives_____________________
Boeing company interviews______________
Advertisements_________________________
State employment service_______________
Commercial employment agencies________
Labor union____________________________
Professional organization________________
Other__________________________________
May 15
Prior to to AuMay 15 gust 15
32. 5
22. 0
11. 6
10. 7
7. 0
5. 6
3. 9
.7
6. 1
33.8
22.6
11.5
8.0
7.4
4.8
4.6
.3
6.8
Industry of Reemployment
There was a great deal of redistribution of oc
cupations, of industry, of employment, of wages,
and of geographic location for the people who
found employment. By mid-August, 29.9 percent
of the employed workers were no longer in the
Seattle area; of those wTho moved, however, more
than half were in a Pacific Coast State. Of the
male respondents who were working in August in
an industry that could be identified, less than onethird were employed in defense industry,3 and of
the employed male respondents, 55 percent were in
manufacturing—over half of them in the aero
space industry. (Most of the workers in the aero
space industry—450 of 583—were still in the
Seattle area, and, Boeing being the principal aero
space employer, probably were Boeing recalls.)
Moving into nondefense manufacturing, trade,
and services, the workers under 24 years of age
showed the greatest movement out of the defense
area. Older workers (men over 45 years of age)
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I n d u stry
of
at
E m plo y m en t of R es po n d en ts R eem plo y ed
T im e o f S e c o n d Q u e s t i o n n a i r e 1
Industry
Number employed
Total
Male
Female
All employed respondents__________
On defense contracts___________
2,465
774
2,140
678
325
96
Manufacturing____ ___________________
On defense contracts________________
Construction _________ ___________
Transportation, utilities, and communica
tion
. ______ _
. . _________ _
Wholesale and retail trade______________
Finance, insurance, and real estate___ ___
Service __ __ ____________ ______
Government . ____________________ - _
On defense contracts . _____________
1,167
679
63
1,032
583
60
135
96
3
109
184
103
229
238
49
98
166
88
192
198
49
11
18
15
37
40
0
1 For description of questionnaires, see text footnote 1.
left the defense field for finance, insurance, and
real estate. Government, wholesale and retail
trade, and services employed the majority of work
ers in nonmanufacturing. (See table.)
Salaries
Among the men working at mid-May, 33.5 per
cent were earning less than they earned while at
Boeing and 26.1 percent were earning more than
their Boeing pay level. The median monthly
salary of the working men was $25 lower than they
had earned at Boeing; for employed women, the
median was $325, or $63 a month lower. Of these
working women, 60.5 percent were in a lower pay
interval and only 4.5 percent were at higher rates.
By mid-August, salary gaps had narrowed; the
median monthly pay for men and women respec
tively was $499 and $375, compared with a median
at Boeing of $513 for men and $406 for women
working and providing earnings data.
Though no clear patterns emerged when levels
of educational attainment were compared with
median pay, patterns did emerge when occupa
tional characteristics and median pay were com
pared. Male workers in the professional classifica
tions were averaging, in May and August respec
tively, $12 and $50 a month more than they
had averaged while at Boeing. Semiprofessional
and unskilled workers were also getting higher
pay. In all other occupation groups, average pay
was less in May and had dropped still further by
August.
3
Includes aerospace, research an d governm ent defense agencies.
D efense em ploym ent is u n d e rsta te d to th e e x te n t t h a t shipyard s
an d o th e r nonaerospace in d u strie s w ith defense c o n tra c ts are
excluded.
Summaries of Studies and Reports
Changes in Negotiated
Pension Plans, 1961-64
B e t w e e n t h e s p r i n g o f 1961 and. the winter of
1964, 81 of 100 pension plans regularly summarized
by the Bureau of Labor Statistics1 were signifi
cantly revised as a result of collective bargaining.
The most important changes raised benefit levels,
lowered normal retirement ages, and liberal
ized early retirement and disability retirement
provisions.
This article discusses those aspects of pension
plan features that received the most attention from
labor and management during the interval between
Bureau digests. Most of the plans cover large
numbers of workers or illustrate important ap
proaches to pension planning. Coverage ranged
from 1,000 to over 375,000 active workers, in a
wide variety of manufacturing and nonmanufac
turing industries, with total coverage of 3,508,000.
Although these plans were not selected as repre
sentative of all plans under collective bargaining,
their changes probably do roughly reflect the trend
of collective bargaining developments during this
period.
Normal Retirement
Nearly all plans making changes liberalized one
or more aspects of the normal retirement formula
(table 1). Three out of four plans with formulas
based entirely on length of service made increases
in their monthly benefits ranging from 10 cents to
$3.50 for each year of service.
For example, the plans negotiated by the Auto
Workers with major car and truck manufacturers
in the fall of 1964 increased the monthly benefit
from $2.80 to $4.25 for each year of service. An
exception to the usual Auto Workers plan was one
with the Caterpillar Tractor Co. Like the major
automobile plans, it provides a monthly benefit of
$4.25 for each year of service, but for workers re
tiring after September 30, 1965, it provides $6 for
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
each year of service instead of the supplemental
allowance for early retirement described below.
The monthly benefit was increased from $2.50
to $3.25 for each year of service in plans nego
tiated by the Rubber Workers with the Big Four
rubber companies. The increases made in 19 other
plans with basic formulas based solely on service
mostly ranged between 75 cents and $1.25 for each
year of service.
Chiefly owing to the absence of important
changes since 1960 in most of the pension agree
ments in steel and other primary and fabricated
metals industries, only four plans with benefits
based on both earnings and service liberalized
their formulas. The percentage of earnings used
to compute the benefits was raised 0.1 points by
one plan and 0.25 points by two plans.
Benefits were also increased by 12 plans that
provided a uniform benefit to all retirees who com
plete a specified amount of service. Nine made
increases ranging from $2.50 up to $33 a month
($15 was most common). Another three plans
made larger increases: The Teamsters-Milk
Dealers of Chicago program raised benefits by $50
a month; the Sheet Metal Workers plan of the
New York metropolitan area plan raised them
$75; and the Master, Mates and Pilots Atlanta and
Gulf Coast plan doubled benefits from $150 to
$300 a month. Effective January 1, 1965, the
United Mine Workers bituminous coal industry
plan raised its monthly benefits from $75 to $85—
still somewhat short of the $100 paid from 1946
to 1961, lowered the age requirement for an un
reduced normal benefit from age 60 to 55, and
liberalized the service requirements.
The Bell Telephone System plans (represented
in the digest by the Southern Bell Telephone and
1
See D igest o f O ne-H undred Selected P ension P lans Under
C ollective B argaining, L a te 196k (BLS B u lletin 1435, 1965)
an d D igest of One-Hundred Selected P ension P lans Under Col
lective B argaining, S p ring 1961 (BLS B ulletin 1307, 1962).
T his a rtic le is based on th e changes in these 100 plans.
F o r a re p o rt on changes betw een 1958 and 1961, see “ R ecent
C hanges in N egotiated P ension P la n s,” M o n th ly Labor R eview ,
May 1962, pp. 528-532.
1215
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
1216
Telegraph Co. plan) raised pensions by reducing
the amount of social security offset from one-half
to one-third of the worker’s social security benefit.
The General Telephone Co. plans (represented in
the digest by the General Telephone Company of
California) are eliminating the offset over a 10year period by reducing it 5 percentage points a
year.
Recent changes in age requirements for retire
ment and improvements in benefit formulas have
made retirement prior to eligibility for full social
security benefits both feasible and attractive. Of
the 100 plans studied, most still considered 65 the
normal retirement age, but 16 plans have been
changed to permit retirement before age 65 with
unreduced normal benefits. With this increase,
approximately one-fifth of the plans now permit
early retirement with full pay.
Service requirements were reduced by nine
plans. Thus, 23 plans liberalized either their
age or service requirements, or, in one case, both
(table 2).
The normal retirement age was lowered to 62
in 11 plans, including the major automobile and
farm equipment plans.2 It was reduced to 55 in
the United Mine Workers bituminous coal indus
try plan, to 57 in the Teamsters-Central States,
Southeast, and Southwest areas plan, and to 60 in
the Retail Clerks plan covering workers in the
retail food industry in southern California. The
T a b l e 1.
M
a jo r
C hanges
in
Masters, Mates and Pilots and National Maritime
Union plans eliminated the age requirement for
workers that met specified service requirements.
Furthermore, some plans made provision for
the payment of a supplemental benefit until the
worker was eligible for a full social security bene
fit. For example, most plans negotiated by the
Auto Workers provided a supplemental allowance
that will give the employees a total monthly bene
fit of $400 to age 65. This is subject to a maxi
mum of 70 percent of the base monthly wages
while actually employed. The $400 is reduced
proportionately if his years of service are less
than 30 or his age is less than 60. To make com
parisons between plans, normal retirement bene
fits were computed for men retiring at age 65
after 30 years of future service with average an
nual earnings of $4,200, $4,800 and $5,400.
As thus computed, 47 plans raised benefits
levels (table 3). The increases ranged from less
than 10 percent in eight plans to 100 percent and
over in four plans; most frequently, however, the
increases were between 30 and 50 percent. Among
the plans with the largest percentage in
creases in benefits were those negotiated by
the Masters, Mates and Pilots with Atlantic and
2 F o r technical reasons related to o th e r benefits, some p lan s
continued to style age 65 as th e “ norm al re tire m e n t age” even
th o u g h full, unreduced benefits were payable to all eligible
w orkers re tirin g a t age 62.
100 S e l e c t e d P e n s i o n P l a n s U n d e r C o l l e c t i v e B a r g a i n i n g , S p r i n g 1961
1964
to
W in t e r
[Workers in thousands]
Benefit or provision
Benefit formulas:
Normal retirement, basic. ___
Normal retirement, minimum
Early retirem ent.. . _
Special early retirem ent...
Disability retirement
Vested benefit
.........
Social security integration:
Normal retirement, basic..
Normal retirem ent, minimum _
Involuntary retirem ent:2
Compulsory. . .
. . .
Automatic.
. . ..
Optional forms of payment:
Death benefits:
Before retirem ent.. . . . ________
After retirement-
Total with bene
fit or provision
in 1961
Unchanged be
tween 1961 and
1964
Plans
Workers
Plans
Workers
Plans
Workers
100
35
69
17
75
58
3,508. 5
' 770. 4
2,385. 8
047. 9
3,029. 6
2,164. 9
47
22
51
11
42
48
1, 338. 3
' 498.2
1, 519.4
375. 7
1,055. 5
1,479. 6
53
10
18
6
32
10
2,170. 2
' 219.1
866. 4
672.2
1, 943.1
685.3
14
9
467.1
213.3
9
6
321. 7
96.1
3
3
117.2
117.2
54
20
49
2,147. 7
' 840.2
1,220. 8
53
20
44
2,137. 7
' 840. 2
1,161.5
1
10.0
5
59.3
22
32
820.2
1,176. 4
19
27
802.0
810.3
1
4
3.2
352.0
1 Sum of plans with benefit or provision in 1961, plus plans which added
benefit or provision between 1961 and 1964, minus plans which eliminated
benefit or provision between 1961 and 1964.
2 The compulsory retirement age is the age at which the worker loses the
privilege of deciding whether he should retire, which he has the right to do,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Revised betwee n 1961 and 1964
Eliminated
Changed
Added benefit or
provision be
tween 1961 and
1964
Total with bene
fit or provision
in 1964 >
Plans
Workers
Plans
Workers
Plans
3
53.1
1
31.0
4
12
1
7
7
123.2
857.1
21.9
28.3
295.0
100
36
81
18
81
65
3, 508. 5
840.5
3,242. 9
1,069.8
3,026. 9
2, 459. 9
2
28.2
12
9
438.9
213.3
2
1
15.0
14.1
Workers
1
2
16
4.5
32.1
1,035.4
55
22
65
2,152.2
872.3
2,256.2
8
8
810.6
311.2
28
39
1,615. 8
1,473.5
or to continue working. Automatic retirement age is the age at which the
worker must cease his employment, the plan having irrevocably established
this age as a maximum.
N ote : Dashes indicate no data reported.
CHANGES IN NEGOTIATED PENSION PLANS
Gulf Coast ship operators, by the Sheet Metal
Workers with the construction industry in the
New York City area, and by the Auto Workers
with the Caterpillar Tractor Co.
Benefit amounts remained unchanged in 53
plans.3 However, other significant aspects of
normal retirement provisions were revised in 30
of these plans. These included changes in the
early retirement, disability retirement, involun
tary retirement, and vesting provisions, as well as
death before and after retirement.
Among the 100 plans studied, average monthly
plan benefits payable to hypothetical retirees with
30 years of service under formulas for current
service in 1961 and 1964 increased, as shown in
the following tabulation:
Average monthly plan
Social
benefits1
Total benefits
Annual
security ---------------------------- ----------------------------earnings
benefits
1961
1964
1961
1964
$4,200________
$116.00
$83.72
$96.30
$199.72
$212.30
$4,800_______
127.00
88.29
100.93
215.29
227.93
$5,400________
127.00
93.60
106.31
220.60
233.31
1 Average of the 100 plans studied weighted by number of workers covered.
Early Retirement
Most plans that increased their normal retire
ment benefits also indirectly increased regular
early retirement benefits because the latter are
usually a specified percentage of the former. In
addition, most plans with separate early retire
ment formulas also liberalized them.
Regular early retirement benefits for both men
and women were added by 11 plans; another plan
added early retirement for women only, and two
plans that had limited early retirement benefits
to women made them available to men. Special
early retirement provisions designed to protect a
worker compelled to retire early or who retires
under “mutually satisfactory” conditions did not
spread beyond the companies with such provisions
in 1961.
Sixteen plans relaxed age and service require
ments; 6 plans reduced the age at which the
worker could retire and receive a reduced bene
fit; another 6 lowered both age and service re
quirements; and 4 plans reduced only the service
requirements.
1217
T able 2. C h a n g es
m en ts , by T y pe s
W in t e r 1964
in
of
A ge and S er vic e
B e n e f it s , S pr ing
Requirements
changed since
1961
With benefit 1961
Benefit type
Plans
Normal retirem ent...
_ ____
Early retirem ent... _
______
Special early retirem ent.._ _ _ ..
Disability retirem ent______ ..
Vested benefit____ ___________
R e q u ir e
1961 to
Workers
Plans
Workers
(thousands)
(thousands)
100
69
17
75
58
3, 508. 5
2, 385. 8
1, 047. 9
3, 029. 6
2,164. 9
23
16
9
23
10
1, 235. 8
328.6
899.8
1, 200. 0
693.3
The Auto Workers negotiated revisions in the
special and regular retirement provisions of plans
with the major car and truck manufacturers, low
ering the age requirement from 60 to 55 and in
creasing sharply the previous benefits of $2.80 and
$5.60 a month for each year of service under the
regular and special formulas, respectively. The
reduction in the age requirement did not affect the
10-year service requirement except for workers
retiring voluntarily before age 60, whose age and
service must total at least 85.
These plans pay workers retiring after the
summer of 1965 under either the regular or spe
cial early retirement provisions a benefit of $400 a
month until age 65 if they have 30 years of
credited service, have attained age 60, and have
been earning $3.30 or more per hour. Benefits are
reduced proportionately for workers not meeting
these requirements. However, those retiring un
der the special early retirement provision are
guaranteed a minimum monthly benefit of $9.45
for each year of service up to 25, and $4.25 for
T a ble 3. I n cr e a se s in P riv a te P e n sio n P lan B e n e
fit s
U n d e r N ormal R e t ir e m e n t F ormula for
W o rkers R e t ir in g at A ge 65 W ith A vera g e A n n u a l
E a r n in g s of $4,200 and 30 Y ea r s of C r ed it e d
F u t u r e S er vic e in 100 S elec ted P la n s U n d e r
C ollective B a r g a in in g , S pr in g 1961 to W in t e r 1964
Workers
(thousands)
Plans
Percent change
100
3, 508. 5
Benefits increased.. ___ ______. -- ------50 percent and over A. . . . . .
. .
40 to 49.9 percent___________ . . . . . . . .
30 to 39.9 percent___ _ . . -------- ---20 to 29.9 percent..
___ ..
10 to 19.9 percent----------- -------------------0.1 to 9.9 percent______
__________
47
17
21
6
7
8
8
2, 065. 6
895.6
1.3
113.8
592.1
106.8
356.0
Benefits unchanged___
53
1, 442. 9
Total plans studied. . . . ---- .. --------
..
----
...
. ..
3
Changes n o t affecting th e am ounts payable to w orkers w ith
1 One plan, accounting for 36,891 workers and providing no benefits in
1961, is included in this group.
th e assum ed service an d earnings are n o t considered. Such
2
Except for this plan, which increased its benefits by smaller amounts
changes m ig h t include raisin g the m inim um or m axim um benefits
for workers with higher earnings, the distributions of increases were the same
fo r w orkers in o th e r service or earn in g s groups.
for workers earning $4,800 and $5,400 a year.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1218
each additional year. For example if a worker
with 30 years of service retires voluntarily at age
55, he would ordinarily receive $200 a month un
til age 65; but if a worker with the same qualifi
cations retires under the special early retirement
provisions, he would receive $257.50 a month. If
both workers retired at age 60 instead of age 55
and both had an hourly rate of at least $3.30, they
would both receive $400 a month until age 65.
Although the benefits payable before age 65 are
the same under the regular and special early retire
ment provisions of the Auto Worker plans, they
differ considerably after the retiree passes that age.
The special early retiree receives the full normal
retirement benefit of $4.25 a month for each year
of service while the voluntary retiree’s benefit is
reduced depending on his age at retirement.4
Thus, a 30-year worker retiring voluntarily at 55
would receive $73.82 a month after age 65 while a
special early retiree with the same service would
receive the full normal monthly benefit of $127.50
regardless of his age at retirement.
Special early retirement provisions of the other
plans in the digests remained unchanged except
that the rubber companies’ plans increased their
special benefits as they did their normal benefits,
from $2.50 a month for each year of service to
$3.25.5
Disability Retirement
Overall disability retirement provisions were
liberalized in 38 of the 75 plans with such provi
sions in 1961 and were added by 7 plans. Six plans
reduced age requirements, 14 trimmed service re
quirements, and 3 plans liberalized both age and
service requirements. The largest improvement in
disability provisions occurred in the plans nego
tiated by the Auto Workers where the new special
early retirement benefit formula described above
was also applied to disability retirement. Thirtytwo other plans improved the benefit formula.
One company, Radio Corp. of America, discon
tinued providing disability benefits under its pen
sion plan after providing them under its group
insurance program.
4The red u ctio n s range from 42.1 percent a t age 55 to 6.7
p ercen t a t age 61.
5The special early re tire m e n t benefit provision of A rm our and
Co., B. F. Goodrich Co., and U nited S ta te s Rubber Co., were
in a d v e rte n tly o m itted from the 1961 an d 1964 digests, and
F ire sto n e T ire an d Rubber Co.’s provision was om itted from the
1964 digest.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
Vesting
Benefits or requirements of vesting provisions,
which guarantee the worker a right to benefits
based on employer contributions made in his be
half, were improved by 15 of the 57 plans contain
ing such provisions in 1961 and w^ere added by 7
plans. Age and service requirements were liberal
ized in two of these plans and six plans—negotiated
by the Auto Workers—dropped their age require
ments. One other plan, the Pacific Gas and Elec
tric Co., dropped its age requirement but increased
the service requirement from 10 to 15 years. Bene
fit formulas were liberalized in 10 of the plans,
generally to permit the wmrker to receive his vested
benefit 5 or 10 years prior to the normal retirement
age of 65. Only one plan, the Robert Gair Co.,
changed its requirements by calling for 15 instead
of 10 years of service and by requiring for the first
time that age 40 be attained.
Other Provisions
Death benefits for the survivors of workers who
die before retirement were added by eight plans.
Benefits for survivors of deceased pensioners were
added by eight plans. Only one plan revised its
benefit for death prior to retirement and two plans
eliminated it. Four plans changed their post-re
tirement death benefits: Two increased them from
$500 to $1,000 and one increased them from $500
to $1,500 plus the difference between $2,000 and
pension benefits already paid. The fourth plan,
which is representative of all telephone companies
belonging to the Bell System, increased its bene
fit to 1 year’s earnings, based on the rate of pay
at the time of retirement.
Involuntary retirement provisions remained al
most unchanged between 1961 and 1964. Only one
plan added a compulsory retirement provision un
der which a worker could be compelled to retire
solely because of his age, and two plans added an
automatic retirement age for all workers. The
Ford Motor Co. plan wTas amended by gradually
reducing the automatic retirement age for workers
with 25 years of service from age 68 to 65; for those
with less service, it remains at age 68.
Methods of financing and administration were
unchanged between digests.
— H arry E. D avis
Division of Industrial and Labor Relations
EARNINGS IN FABRICATED STRUCTURAL STEEL
Earnings in Fabricated
Structural Steel, 1964
S t r a i g h t - t i m e e a r n i n g s of production workers in
the fabricated structural steel industry averaged
$2.50 an hour in October-November 1964, accord
ing to a Bureau of Labor Statistics survey.1 Indi
vidual earnings of almost all the 55,429 workers
covered by the study (nearly all men) were within
a range of $1.25 to $3.50 an hour, with the middle
half earning between $2.18 and $2.89. Average
earnings varied by location, community size, es
tablishment size, union contract status, and occu
pation.
Paid holidays, paid vacations, and at least part
of the cost of life, hospitalization, and surgical in
surance were provided by establishments employ
ing more than nine-tenths of the production
workers.
Earnings
Average earnings ranged from $1.93 in the
Southeast to $3,11 in the Pacific region,2 with the
workers in the Great Lakes and Middle Atlantic
regions (a total of slightly more than two-fifths of
the employment) averaging $2.69 and $2.83,
respectively. (See table.)
Six metropolitan areas, together accounting for
a sixth of the workers, were studied separately.
Average hourly earnings for workers in these areas
ranged from $1.87 in Houston to $3.09 in Los
Angeles-Long Beach, as shown below:
Number of
production
workers
Birmingham
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles-Long Beach
1, 626
1, 385
839
2, 612
1, 011
1, 366
Average
straight-time
hourly
earnings
$2.
2.
2.
2.
1.
3.
46
73
59
84
87
09
All metropolitan areas accounted for about
seven-eighths of the work force. Workers in met
ropolitan areas averaged 25 cents an hour more
than those in smaller communities. In the South
east, the only region permitting comparison, a
similar wage advantage was recorded.
Accounting for nearly three-fourths of the work
force, production workers in establishments em
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1219
ploying 100 persons or more averaged $2.53 an
hour, compared with $2.41 for those in smaller
establishments. Approximately this relationship
existed in most of the regions where comparisons
were possible.
Establishments with collective bargaining
agreements covering a majority of their produc
tion workers employed three-fourths of the work
force. Where comparisons could be made, aver
age earnings were higher in these establishments
than in those without such contract coverage.
The exact impact on earnings of any of the
characteristics mentioned above cannot be isolated
and measured because of their interrelationship.
To illustrate, establishments with labor-manage
ment contracts accounted for a greater proportion
of the workers in larger than in smaller estab
lishments in most of the regions.
Slightly more than nine-tenths of the produc
tion workers were paid time rates. Formal plans
providing a single rate for a specific occupation
applied to half the workers ; ranges of rates, to a
fourth ; and informal plans with wages primarily
determined according to the worker’s qualifica
tions, to about a sixth. The remaining workers
were paid under incentive systems, usually indi
vidual or group bonuses.
About 7 percent of the production workers
earned less than $1.50 an hour; 2.6 percent earned
$3.50 or more. The distribution of workers in
1 The survey covered estab lish m en ts em ploying 20 w orkers or
more, engaged p rim a rily in m a n u fa c tu rin g fa b ric a te d iro n and
steel or o th er m etal fo r s tr u c tu r a l purposes, fo r bridges, an d fo r
buildings ; and sections fo r ships, boats, an d barges (in d u stry
3441 as defined in th e 1957 edition of th e S ta n d a rd In d u stria l
C lassification M anual and 1963 S u p p lem en t, U.S. B ureau of the
B u d g e t). F o r an account of an e a rlie r study, see M o n th ly Labor
R eview , December 1957, pp. 1484—1488.
A m ore com prehensive acco u n t of th e survey w ill be presented
in a forthcom ing BLS B ulletin. S ep arate releases, including in
fo rm atio n on earn in g s and su pplem entary benefits, w ere issued
e a rlie r fo r th e New E ngland region an d 6 a reas of in d u stry con
c e n tra tio n ; copies are available upon request.
E arn in g s in fo rm atio n developed by th e stu d y excludes pre
m ium pay fo r overtim e and fo r w ork on weekends, holidays, and
la te sh ifts and, th u s, is n ot com parable w ith th e gross average
hourly earn in g s published in th e B u reau ’s m onthly h ours and
earnings series.
The forthcom ing b u lletin w ill contain an ex p lan atio n of the
differences betw een th e earn in g s an d em ploym ent estim ates p ro
vided by th e stu d y and those contained in th e B u reau ’s m onthly
h ours and earnings series.
The term “production w o rk ers” as used in th is study, excludes
w orkers of th e covered estab lish m en ts who w ere em ployed a t a
co n stru ctio n site aw ay from th e shop.
2F o r definitions of regions used in th is article, see fo o tn o te 2
of th e table.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
1220
the individual earnings array varied regionally.
In the Southeast, for example, slightly more than
a fifth of the workers (compared with fewer than
2 percent in most of the other regions) earned
less than $1.50 an hour, as indicated below:
Percent of production workers
earning less than—
$1.30
United States
New England
Middle Atlantic
Border States
Southeast
Southwest
Great Lakes
Middle West
Mountain
Pacific
$140
$1.50
1. 8
.1
0)
6.7
6. 7
2.9
.2
C)
4. 5
.2
0)
11. 0
16. 3
9. 9
.2
.2
6. 6
.2
0)
14. 0
22. 5
16. 5
.2
1. 4
0)
C)
0)
i Less than 0.05 percent.
Data were tabulated separately for a number
of occupational classifications, most of which are
listed in the accompanying table. Nationwide,
averages ranged from $1.72 an hour for watchmen
to $2.96 for Class A inspectors and for template
makers. Averages for most of these jobs exceeded
$2.50 an hour. Hand welders, numerically most
important of the jobs studied separately, averaged
$2.62. Among the jobs for which comparisons
cover all regions, averages usually were highest
in the Pacific region and lowest in the Southeast.
Differences between the respective highest and
lowest regional averages for these jobs typically
exceeded 40 percent.
Largely because of the predominance of timerate pay system^, earnings of workers in a specific
job and area tended to cluster. In many instances,
N u m b e r a nd A vera g e S tr aigh t -T im e H o urly E a r n in g s 1 of P rod uc tion W o r k e r s in F a bric ated S t r u c tu ra l
S te e l E st a b l ish m e n t s , by S elec ted C h a r ac ter istic s a n d R e g io n s ,2 O ctober - N o v e m ber 1964
United States
Characteristics
Number
All production workers s________ _________
Earn
ings 1
New England
Number
Earn
ings 1
Middle Atlantic
Number
Earn
ings 1
Border States
Number
Earn
ings 1
Southeast
Number
Earn
ings 1
55,429
$2.50
1,530
$2.56
11,794
$2.83
2,805
$2.16
8,099
$1.93
47,259
8,170
$2. 54
2.29
1,411
$2. 56
9,461
$2.81
2,437
$2.16
5,912
2,187
$1.99
1.76
15,135
40; 294
2. 41
2.53
2,951
8,843
2.81
2.83
2,938
5,161
1.85
1.97
41 557
13,872
2 70
1. 90
3,343
4, 756
2.27
1.69
91
1,999
401
3,690
1,372
238
3,197
527
343
479
2,380
390
1,857
1,299
368
1,106
711
671
139
521
1,095
255
161
8,052
1,119
2. 62
2. 53
2.93
2.81
2. 64
2. 46
2.33
2.13
2.96
1.91
2.87
2.87
2.76
2. 32
2. 64
2. 47
10
2.31
2.06
2. 34
2.32
2.14
1.92
1. 52
1.62
2.50
1.56
2.25
2.63
1.95
Size of C ommunity
Metropolitan areas 4______________ ___________
Nonmetropolitan areas
Size of E stablishment
20-99 workers
100workers or more
.
___-
L abor -Management C ontract Status
Establishments with—
Majority of workers covered
None or minority of workers covered
1,332
2.60
11, 335
2.85
25
2.54
36
619
48
21
2.63
2. 67
2. 68
2.38
185
254
56
2.92
2. 85
2.60
2.46
18
26
17
2. 51
2.69
2.43
63
2. 46
170
72
2.61
2.62
2.99
2. 75
3.03
3.17
2.87
2. 67
2. 54
2. 77
3.21
2.26
3. 27
3.04
3.19
2. 70
2.87
2.96
2. 95
2.82
3.06
3.11
2.96
2.71
2.06
2.87
2. 95
Selected O ccupations s—Men
Buckers-up, pneumatic
_ ______
Crane operators, electric bridge _ ___ _
Electricians, maintenance___________ ________
Fitters, structural__________________________ _
F lame-cutting-machine operators...
Friction-sawing-machine operators. . . . ____
Helpers, general.. _ . . . ______ ____ _ . . . _ . . .
Helpers, power-shear______ . . .
Inspectors, class A
Janitors _______________________ ____________
Layout men, structural steel. ________________
Machinists, m aintenance...
_
__ _____
Mechanics, general__________________________
Painters, rough, spray__
_
___________
Power-brake operators, structural steel
Power-shear operators.____ _____ . . .
...
Punch-press operators, structural steel, class A ...
Punch-press operators, structural steel, class B . .
Riveters, pneumatic
Template makers .
.
. ________
Truck drivers...
_ __ ____
_ __ . . . __
Truckers, power (forklift)
Watchmen
Welders, hand.. . . __________________________
Welders, machine_______ _______ . . . ________
See footnotes at end of table.
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2.68
2.44
2. 79
2. 96
2.36
2. 64
1.72
2.62
2. 72
7
147
8
122
833
360
42
1,128
99
127
90
549
128
512
171
57
183
204
164
65
221
136
39
54
1,328
265
7
112
21
190
73
14
78
27
1.75
2.22
2. 69
2.58
2.38
2. 41
2.16
2.06
17
48
32
49
1.51
2.65
2.85
2. 07
1.99
2. 49
2.46
2.19
2.29
19
94
2. 57
2.19
313
93
2.37
2.42
35
159
11
26
66
272
39
508
185
32
254
128
60
99
377
30
181
258
33
169
48
119
12
38
253
25
31
1,173
109
1.66
1.88
2. 33
2. 25
1.99
2. 52
2.53
1.71
2. 27
1.41
2.03
2. 07
EARNINGS IN FABRICATED STRUCTURAL STEEL
1221
N u m b er a n d A vera g e S t r a ig h t -T im e H ourly E a r n i n g s 1 of P roduction W o r k e r s in F a bric at e d S tr uc t u r a l
S t e e l E st a b l is h m e n t s , b y S elec ted C h a r ac ter ist ic s a n d R e g io n s ,2 O c tober - N o v e m ber 1964— Continued
Southwest
Characteristics
All production workers 3_____________ ___
Great Lakes
Middle West
Mountain
Pacific
Number
Earn
ings 4
Number
8,526
$2.09
13,248
$2.69
3,666
$2.46
1,810
$2.72
3,951
$3.11
6,806
$2. 09
12,494
$2.71
3, 027
$2. 50
1,760
$2.72
3,951
$3.11
1,446
7,080
1.80
2.14
3,446
9,802
2. 57
2. 73
981
2,685
2. 26
2.53
615
1,195
2.72
2.72
890
3,061
3.25
3.07
3,230
5, 296
2.41
1.89
12,485
2.70
2,846
820
2. 52
2.25
1,596
2. 72
3,951
3.11
7
157
53
671
159
28
394
74
31
2. 06
2.27
25
537
104
830
298
81
551
104
79
2.61
2.64
3. 12
2.91
2.76
2.60
2.26
2.40
3.02
2.18
3.00
2. 98
2.71
2.60
2. 77
2.64
123
2.47
2.79
2.93
2.58
2.46
1.93
43
15
130
52
2. 63
2. 96
2.87
250
111
22
100
12
2.97
3.21
3.23
3.06
2.94
2.72
2. 64
3.21
2.42
3.42
3.21
3.26
3.06
3.10
2.96
3.10
2.84
Earn
ings 1
Number
E arn
ings 1
Number
Earn
ings 1
Number
E arn
ings 1
Size of C ommunity
Metropolitan areas 4___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ ___
Nonmetropolitan areas, _ ___ ______
Size of E stablishment
20-99 workers___ - ____
100workers or m ore.. _ _
____
_ __
L abor -M anagem ent C ontract Status
Establishments with—
Majority of workers covered__
_
None or minority of workers covered.
__ _
__
Selected O ccupations «—M e n
Buckers-up, pneumatic___
__
Crane operators, electric bridge._
___
Electricians, maintenance. _ ........... Fitters, structural____
_
Flame-cutting-machine operators...
_ ___.
Friction-sawing-machine operators __ _____ _
Helpers, general—
_
____ _
___
Helpers, power-shear.
____
Inspectors, class A__ _ _
__ _ _
_ _ __
Janitors___ ___ ___ ___ ----------- ----------------- _
Layout men, structural steel__ _
. __
Machinists, maintenance__ _____ ______ _
Mechanics, general__ ___________________
Painters, rough, spray__ _
.__ _ _
Power-brake operators, structural steel. _ _ . _ _
Power-shear operators.. _
__
Punch-press operators, structural steel, class A ___
Punch-press operators, structural steel, class B __ __
Riveters, pneumatic
Template makers_____
Truckdrivers________ ______ ____
_____
Truckers, power (forklift)
W atchmen. .
Welders, h an d ______________ ________ . _ . . .
Welders, machine
..
_____
___
68
263
93
130
188
58
153
73
82
30
163
14
30
1,327
53
2.77
2.45
2.39
2.04
2.02
1.58
2.54
1.48
2.37
2.59
2.36
1.95
2.18
1.92
2.09
1.91
2.18
1.78
2.10
1.35
2.40
2.15
111
473
55
299
344
124
352
174
159
39
133
198
125
22
2,641
113
2.68
2.67
2.64
3.04
2.89
2.72
1.83
2.79
2. 74
21
230
124
12
40
51
19
40
93
28
109
75
35
80
47
52
8
34
77
10
510
79
2.10
2.85
1.98
2.78
2.91
2.26
2.42
2. 50
2.38
2.51
2. 40
2.61
2.88
2.48
1.72
2.51
2.68
2.68
10
2.57
2.35
11
2.96
2.17
2.94
2. 96
2.71
2. 61
2.75
2.64
2.69
2. 57
247
9
80
24
136
61
9
33
33
11
6
51
20
127
205
358
39
15
25
201
13
210
80
33
70
74
18
2.81
2.64
2.63
36
60
20
3.20
3.29
2.91
2.83
2.78
463
130
3.24
3.19
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
2The regions in this study include: New England—Connecticut, Maine,
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle
Atlantic—New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; Border States—Dela
ware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, M aryland, Virginia, and West
Virginia; Southeast—Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina,
South Carolina, and Tennessee; Southwest—Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma,
and Texas; Great Lakes—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and
Wisconsin; Middle Uesf—Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota,
and South Dakota; Mountain—Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New
Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; and Pacific—California, Nevada, Oregon, and
Washington. Alaska and Hawaii were not included in the study.
3Virtually all men.
4Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined by the U.S. Bureau
of the Budget in 1961.
5The forthcoming BLS bulletin will provide earnings information for occu
pations in addition to those shown here.
within single establishments in the six areas
studied separately, all workers in the same job re
ceived the same rate. When differences did exist,
they usually were less than 10 percent.
in all but the Middle Atlantic, Mountain, and Pa
cific regions. Particularly noteworthy were sched
ules of 50 hours or more applying to a fourth of
the workers in both the Southeast and Southwest.
About one-sixth of the workers were employed
on second shifts; practically all received differen
tial pay for such work, most commonly 8 cents an
hour. Third or other late shifts accounted for
less than 2 percent of the workers.
Nearly all establishments provided paid holi
days. Regionally, the most common provisions
were 9 days in New England, 6 or 7 days in the
Border States, and 7 days in the other regions.
Establishment Practices
Work schedules of 40 hours a week applied to
four-fifths of the production workers; shorter
workweeks were not scheduled in any of the es
tablishments visited. Forty-hour schedules were
typical in each region, although longer schedules
applied to significant proportions of the workers
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N o t e : Dashes indicate no d ata reported or d ata th a t do not m eet publica
tion criteria.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
1222
Paid vacations3 after qualifying periods of
service were available to virtually all of the pro
duction workers. Typical vacation pay provi
sions were 1 week after 1 year of service, 2 weeks
after 3 years, and 3 weeks after 15 years. Pro
visions for 4 weeks’ pay after 25 years of service,
available to three-fifths of the workers in both the
Great Lakes and Middle Atlantic regions, applied
to three-tenths of the industry’s work force.
Life, hospitalization, and surgical insurance, for
which employers paid at least part of the cost,
were available to more than nine-tenths of the pro
duction workers. Sickness and accident insurance
applied to three-fourths of the workers ; accidental
death and dismemberment insurance and medical
insurance, to about two-thirds; and catastrophe
insurance, to about a fourth.
Pension plans providing regular payments (in
addition to Federal social security benefits) for
the remainder of the worker’s life after retirement
were provided by establishments employing ap
proximately three-fifths of the production work
ers. Plans providing lump-sum payments at re
tirement were available to less than a tenth of the
work force.
Information on the incidence of other supple
mentary wage provisions indicated that periodic
cost-of-living pay adjustments were provided to a
tenth of the workers.4 Provisions for severance
pay to employees permanently separated from the
company through no fault of their own applied to
a sixth of the employees; nonproduction bonuses
and supplementary unemployment benefits, to a
fifth each ; funeral leave pay, to a fourth ; and juryduty pay, to one-half. The proportions of work
ers in establishments providing these benefits
varied considerably among the regions.
— C h arles
M.
O ’C onnor
Division of Occupational Pay
3In clu d es basic p lans only. P la n s such as vacation-savings
an d th o se offering “extended” or “sa b b atical” benefits beyond
basic p lan s to w orkers w ith qualifying len g th s of service are
excluded.
4U nless periodic a d ju s tm e n ts were c u rre n tly provided for,
estab lish m en ts w ere considered as n o t having th is provision,
even tho u g h a d ju s tm e n ts accrued e a rlie r had n o t been incorpo
ra te d in basic wage ra te s and continued to be paid as a supple
m en t to such rates.
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Employment of Negroes
in the Federal Government
T h e c i v i l i a n w o r k f o r c e of the Federal Govern
ment increased by 3.3 percent from June 1961 to
June 1964, as the number of Negroes in that work
force increased by 5.9 percent. This increase of
16,911 raised the total of Negro employees to
299,527, or 13.2 percent of all Federal workers.
Negroes were almost equally distributed among
the Government’s three major pay systems, but
made up a larger proportion of the work force un
der the Wage Board and Postal Field Service pay
systems than under the Classification Act. Within
each pay system, Negroes were employed predomi
nantly in lower paid jobs. However, the propor
tion of Negroes employed, and their grade and sal
ary levels, varied substantially by agency and
location. These and other findings of the 1964
Minority Group Study are discussed in this
article.1
Employment in June 1964
Negroes made up a larger proportion of the Fed
eral Government’s work force in June 1964 (13.2
percent) than they did of the Nation’s population
or of its civilian nonagricultural employed labor
force (approximately 10 percent each).2 This
difference largely reflects the Government’s hiring
policy which has motivated large numbers of
Negroes to seek Federal employment. Another
factor contributing to this difference is the dis
proportionate concentration of Federal jobs in
areas having a relatively large Negro population.
1 The study, th e fo u rth in an a n n u a l series conducted by th e
P re sid e n t’s C om m ittee on E qual E m ploym ent O pportunity, is
based on ta b u la tio n s p rep ared fo r PCEEO by th e U.S. Civil S erv
ice Com m ission. T he stu d y covered all F ed eral executive de
p a rtm e n ts and agencies (except th e N atio n al S ecurity Agency
an d th e C e n tral Intelligence A gency), th e G eneral A ccounting
Office, and th e G overnm ent P rin tin g Office. A laska, H aw aii,
an d P u erto Rico w ere excluded ; however, U.S. citizens employed
overseas w ere included.
A lthough n o t discussed in th is rep o rt, th e stu d y provides
se p ara te in fo rm atio n on th e em ploym ent of o th er m inority
groups (A m erican In d ian s, M exican A m ericans, O rientals, and
P u erto R icans) in selected areas.
2Negroes m ade up 10.6 p ercen t of th e population an d 9.2 p e r
cent of th e civilian n o n a g ric u ltu ra l em ployed labor force in 1960.
A lthough these p ro p o rtio n s m ay have increased slig h tly by 1964,
it seems ce rta in th a t th ey have n o t approached 13 percent. See
Census of P opulation: 1960, F in a l S ta te R ep o rts, D etailed C har
a cteristics, Series P C (1 )D (U.S. B ureau of th e C ensus).
EMPLOYMENT OF NEGROES IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
The six metropolitan areas having the largest
number of Federal jobs accounted for 28.2 percent
of the total Federal employment in the United
States and 50.8 percent of the Negroes (chart 1).
As indicated in the following tabulation, the ratio
of Negroes in the total nonagricultural civilian em
ployed labor force was higher, for the six areas as
a whole, than for the remainder of the country:
Metropolitan areas having largest number of
Federal jobs
United States, total_______________
Six areas, total___________
W ashington,D.C_______________________
New York_____________________________
Philadelphia____________________________
Chicago-----------------------San Francisco__________________________
Los Angeles____________ ____ ___________
Remainder of United States__________________
Negroes in the nonagri
cultural civilian employed
labor force, as a percent
of the total, 1960
9.2
11.4
24.5
n. 5
14. 7
11.9
7.1
6.5
8.6
B y Pay Plan. In June 1964, approximately onethird of the Negroes in the civilian work force of
the Federal Government were employed under each
of the three major pay systems.3 Negroes, how
ever, accounted for a substantially smaller pro
portion of the Government’s white-collar em
ployees, whose pay is determined by the Classi
fication Act, than of its blue-collar workers, whose
pay is generally determined by Wage Board action
or of the workers in the Postal Field Service.
In each of the major pay systems, Negroes held
a much larger proportion of the lower paid jobs
than of those in the higher pay categories, as the
following tabulation indicates:
Negroes employed by the
Federal Government, June
1964
Pay system and grade or salary group
Classification Act (or similar pay plans)
GS-1 to GS-4_________________
GS-5 to GS-8_____________
GS-9 to GS-11________________
GS-12 to GS-18_______________
Wage Board.
___
___
Less than $4,500.. ____________
$4,500 to $6,499_________
$6,500 to $7,999_____________
$8,000or more
_ ____
Number
102,697
63,911
28,304
8,145
2,337
A s percent of
all Federal
employees
9.3
19.0
9.1
3.1
1.1
102,918
33,486
57,841
10,967
624
19.3
47.2
90,078
83,650
6,165
223
40
1 Includes Fourth Class Postmasters and Rural Carriers.
15.5
16.8
9.1
1.7
Postal Field Service... . . . ___
PFS 1 to PFS 4 i___________
PFS 5 to PFS 8______
PFS 9 to PFS 11__________
PFS 12 to PFS 20___________
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
22.1
6.9
1.5
1.1
1223
By Grade and Salary Level. In all three pay
systems, the proportion of workers whose jobs
were in the lower pay categories was greater among
Negroes than among other employees. This pat
tern primarily reflects the concentration of Negro
Federal employees in jobs requiring limited skills
and responsibilities.4 The following tabulation
illustrates this occupational disparity:
Percent distribution of Federal
employees, June 1964
Pay system and grade or salary group
Classification Act (or similar pay plan)___
GS-1 to GS-4_____________________
GS-5 to GS-8_____________________
GS-9 to GS-11____________________
GS-12 to GS-18___________________
Wage Board. . . . ___________ ____
Less than $4,500. __
___ ________
$4,500 to $6,499____________________
$6,500 to $7,999____________________
$8,000or more. _. . . . _ ________
» Negroes
A ll other
100.0
100.0
62.2
27.6
7.9
2.3
27.1
27.9
24.9
100.0
32.5
56.2
10.7
.6
100.0
20.0
100.0
8.7
47.4
34.6
9.3
Postal Field Service___ _____________
100.0
PFS 1 to PFS 4 i __________________
92.9
84.1
PFS 5 to PFS 8___________________
6.8
12.6
PFS 9 to PFS 11__________________
.2
2.6
PFS 12 to PFS 20_________________
.7
0
1 Includes Fourth Class Postmasters and Rural Carriers.
2Less than 0.05 percent.
N o t e : Because of rounding, sums of individual items m ay not equal 100-
About 3 of every 5 Negroes under the Classifica
tion Act were in the four lowest grades, where the
bulk of clerical jobs are found. In contrast, less
than 3 of every 10 other employees held these
grades. Almost an equal proportion of Negro
and other employees were in the middle range
GS-5 through GS-8, which covers upper level
clerical and entry level professional, technical, and
administrative jobs. Only about 10 percent of
the Negroes, compared with nearly 45 percent of
all other employees, were in jobs classified GS-9
or above.
The Wage Board system also displayed a similar
gap. Almost 1 of every 3 Negro workers earned
less than $4,500 per year, compared with only 1
3 T hese 3 m ajo r pay system s accounted fo r all b u t 2.1 percent
of the to ta l and 1.3 percent of th e Negro full-tim e civilian em
ployees in th e 1964 M inority G roup Study.
4 In fo rm atio n on job co n ten t is n o t available in th e M inority
G roup S tudy. However, F ed eral pay levels generally correspond
to th e degree of skill and n a tu re of responsibility involved in th e
perform ance of F ed eral jobs. F o r th is reason, th e grade and
sa lary level d istrib u tio n of F ed eral employees m ay be considered
a guide to th e ir relativ e occupational sta tu s w ith in each of the
G overnm ent’s pay system s.
1224
of every 12 other employees. Again, while only
11.3 percent of the Negroes held jobs paying $6,500
or more a year, 43.9 percent of all other Wage
Board workers were so employed.5
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
Chart 2. Percent Distribution of Classification A c t
Employees by Grade Level, June 1962 and June
By Agency. In June 1964, almost all the 2.3
million workers included in the Minority Group
Study were employed in the 19 Federal depart
ments and agencies shown in table 1. The three
largest agencies—Department of Defense, Post
Office Department, and Veterans Administration—
accounted for almost three-fourths of the total (73
percent), and for slightly more than the same pro
portion of Negro employees (77.3 percent).
Negro employment ratios varied widely among
Federal agencies. These wide variations reflect
to some extent differences in the location and oc
cupational staffing requirements of the agencies.
For example, the Government Printing Office,
5 Tile relativ e pay level of W age B oard employees m ay n o t in d i
cate co rresponding differences in job ch a ra c te ristic s, since wage
ra te s are set in line w ith p rev ailin g r a te s fo r sim ilar jobs in local
areas, an d th u s employees in th e sam e job classification m ay fa ll
in to different pay categories depending upon th e geographic area
in w hich th ey work. N onetheless, w ith in th e overall pay system ,
th ere is a gen eral relatio n sh ip betw een broad skill requirem ents
an d levels of pay.
Chart 1. Proportion of Federal Employees Located
in Six Metropolitan Areas Having Largest Num
ber of Federal Jobs, June 1964
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
with a large proportion of Negroes among its em
ployees, was almost entirely concentrated in Wash
ington, D.C., where Negroes represent almost onefourth of the civilian nonagricultural labor force.
The Department of Agriculture, an agency with
a much smaller proportion of Negroes, had em
ployees widely scattered throughout the Nation in
many areas with a relatively small Negro work
force.
The proportions of employees working under
the different pay systems—and in the various
grade and salary levels within those systems—may
indicate differences in the occupational structure
of the agencies and in agency requirements for
professional, clerical, and other skills, which in
turn may influence the proportion of Negroes em
ployed. The following tabulation shows the per
centages in five agencies :
Percent of all employees—
Working under—
Classification A c t ___ _ ..
Wage B o a rd .. ___
In lowest pay category of—
Classification Act (GS 1-4)..
Wage Board (less than $4,500).
Negro employees as a percent of all
employees in agency. _ ________
OPO
VA
HEW
FA A N A S A
18.1 74.9
77.7 23.2
85.2
8.1
92.9
7.0
77.5
20.9
59.2 47.0
32.3 53.3
37.1
44.2
6.8
3.7
15.1
4.8
39.8 24.2
19.7
2.9
2.9
EMPLOYMENT OF NEGROES IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
Other factors contribute to agency variations
in Negro employment. These include differences
in the growth of the agencies, the degree of im
plementation of the Government’s equal employ
ment opportunity policy, and the extent to which
Negroes meet the educational requirements for
many professional and scientific jobs in the Fed
eral service.
ment in the three pay systems. As illustrated in
the following tabulation, the Washington area ac
counted for a third of the Negroes in the Classifi
cation Act, compared with a fifth of the Negro
Wage Board employees and less than a tenth of
those in the Postal Field Service. These propor
tions were notably higher than those for all em
ployees, among whom 18 percent of Classification
Act employees, 7 percent of Wage Board em
ployees, and 2 percent of those in the Postal Field
Service were in the Washington area.
B y Location. Almost all Negro Federal em
ployees worked in the United States; 6 approxi
mately one-fifth were employed in the Washington,
D.C., metropolitan area and another fifth in the
Chicago civil service region.7 Almost a sixth of
the Negroes holding Federal jobs were in the
Philadelphia region. The Atlanta, New York,
and San Francisco regions each had about a tenth.
No other region had as much as 6 percent of the
Government’s Negro employment.
There was considerable variation among these
locations in their contribution to Negro employ-
Location of employment of Negroes
employed by the Federal Government,
by pay system, in selected locations,
June 196Jf
Selected civil service regions
United States, total 2_ . ___
Washington, D.C., metropolitan
area_________ ___ _ _
A tlanta______ _____________
Chicago___
_______________
__________ _
New York___
Philadelphia___ ______________
San Francisco_______ ________
6 L ess th a n 0.5 p ercen t of th e N egroes an d 2 percent of all o th er
employees w orked in overseas in sta lla tio n s.
7 See fo o tn o te 2, tab le 2, fo r definition of th e 10 civil service
regions ; th e W ashington, D.C., m etro p o litan are a is n ot included
in an y of th ese regions.
T a b l e 1.
T otal
and
N egro E m ploym ent
1225
Classifica
tion Act
(or similar Wage
pay plan)
Board
100.0 100.0
20.5
10.3
19.1
11.4
15.6
10.6
33.5
4.5
18.3
10.1
14.3
8.1
Postal
Field
Service
100.0
6.8
7.0
32.2
18.6
11.6
11.1
19.7
18.7
9.3
6.8
20.0
12.9
1 Includes data for Federal pay plans in addition to those shown separately.
2Includes data for civil service regions in addition to those shown sepa
rately; excludes Alaska and Hawaii.
in the
F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t , 1 by P a y P l a n , J u n e 1964
Classification Act (or simi
lar pay plans)
All pay plans
All
pay
plans 1
100.0
Other pay plans (in
cluding Postal Field
Service s)
Wage Board
Selected agencies
All
employees
All agencies 3 __ _______
_
___
Department of Defense____
_ ...
Office of the Secretary of Defense____
A rm y... . . .
_ _ ...
. . . ________
Navy _ __ ______ ______ ____ _
.
Air Force.. _ _______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Post Office D ep artm en t___ _______ _____
Veterans Administration_______________ __
Department of Agriculture___
_ _
Department of the Treasury.
______ _
Department of Health, Education, and Weif a r e . . . ___ __ _ _____ __________ _ ._
Department of the In terio r.. . . _____ __
Federal Aviation Agency_________ _ _ _ __
General Services Administration
National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
_ . . . ______________________ _
Department of Justice ____
Department of Commerce_____ ___________
Department of State 4____
. . . _____ _ _
Tennessee Valley A uthority____ _ . ___
Housing and Home Finance Agency. _ _ __
Department of L abor.. . . . .
Atomic Energy Commission
Government Printing Office_______ .
Selective Service System _______
. . . .
Negro
Negro
Negro
All
em
ployees Number Per
cent
All
em
ployees
Negro
Number
Per
cent
2,271,599
299,527
13.2
1,109,647
102,697
9.3
531,971
102,918
19.3
629,981
93,912
14.9
923,838
33,329
322, 043
302,424
266, 042
584,560
149,551
91,457
85, 054
105,039
6,372
37,320
41,459
19,888
90,312
36,242
3,057
10,903
11.4
19.1
37,810
3,221
17,454
9,695
7,440
213
21,970
2,287
8,231
7.4
13.0
8.5
7.6
4.9
13.2
19.6
2.9
10.7
410,185
6,954
117,373
173,741
112,117
37
34,735
10,069
6,389
65,921
2,138
19, 861
31, 747
12,175
582,902
2,830
1,672
1,437
1,308
1,013
5
17
273
90, 078
606
31.3
60.6
13,666
759
2,640
16.1
30.7
16.9
18.3
10.9
56.8
39.3
7.5
41.3
4,178
1,672
176
1,230
12.8
509,475
24,703
204,494
127,453
152,825
1,611
111,986
79,716
77,228
32
2.2
80, 047
62,557
41,904
34,347
15,765
2,281
11,225
12,259
19.7
3.6
2. 9
35.7
68,186
48,855
38 941
16Ì 787
12, 013
1,325
940
2,939
17.6
2.7
2. 4
17.5
6,491
13,136
2 982
n ’, 531
3, 524
926
285
9,295
54.3
7.0
97
53.0
32,299
31,855
29,981
21,486
17,177
13; 429
8,805
7,172
6,965
5,123
931
1,486
3,867
2,341
1,138
lj 674
1,740
209
2,772
250
2.9
4.7
12.9
10.9
25,024
29,591
26, 567
7,663
571
1,336
3,054
1,849
2.3
4.5
11.5
24.1
12.5
19.8
2.9
39.8
4.9
13,294
1,582
1,648
176
466
47
11.9
19.0
2.5
36.9
5.2
6,748
1,476
2,258
397
10,426
129
358
95
759
186
777
91
85
5.3
6.4
33.6
46.9
7.5
70.5
84.2
44.0
42.5
11.6
13.7
7.5
15.4
24.2
3.3
6.6
1Includes full-time employees in all executive departments and agencies
("except the National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency),
the General Accounting Office, and the Government Printing Office. Agen
cies with 5,000 employees or more in June 1964 are listed separately. Agencies
not listed separately employed 11,644 (0.5 percent of all employees).
2 The Post Office Department is the only agency using the Postal Field
Service pay plan.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
All
employees
8,688
6,945
1,264
912
Number
Per
cent
101
50
5,410
17
21
22
2,301
15
88.2
Num
ber
Per
cent
2.8
11
1.4
24.8
15.5
21.4
.7
5,370
566
31
29
228
30
4.2
5.3
25
86.2
527
788
1,156
13,426
6,751
2
55
54
306
361
16
177
291
4,194
.4
7.0
4.7
2.3
5.3
16.7
43.8
5
188
1,100
6
1
7
11
6.2
1.7
4.5
3Includes agencies not listed separately.
4Includes Agency for International Development, Peace Corps, and the
International Boundary and Water Commission.
N ote : Data exclude employment u f Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico.
1226
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
As indicated in table 2, the proportion of Negro
employees to all Federal employees varied widely
among the different sections of the country, rang
ing from nearly a fourth in the Washington metro
politan area to less than 5 percent in the Boston,
Denver, and Seattle civil service regions. These
variations were due largely to regional differences
in the proportions of Negroes in the labor force.
In most of the regions, the proportion (of Negro
employees to all employees) in the Federal Gov
ernment was greater than the proportion of Ne
groes in the nonagricultural civilian labor force.
As indicated below, however, this relationship did
not hold in the Atlanta and Dallas regions:
Percent of Negroes —
Civil service region
United States____________
Washington, D.C., metropolitan
area________________________
A tlanta_______________________
Boston_______________________
Chicago______________________
Dallas________________________
Denver________________ ______
New York____________________
Philadelphia___ _______________
St. Louis_____________________
San Francisco_________________
Seattle.____ __________________
Among Federal
employees,
June 196It
13.4
In the nonagricul
tural civilian
labor force, 1960
9.2
24.3
24.5
11.1
3.4
18.8
8.5
2.9
15.0
17.7
7.7
12.6
2.3
21.6
2.1
7.3
14.3
1.9
8.5
10.5
4.6
5.1
1.0
In Washington, D.C., and in each of the civil
service regions, Negroes accounted for a much
larger proportion of Wage Board and Postal Field
Service employees than of those under the Classifi
cation Act.
A substantial part of the 1964 Federal employ
ment was located in Standard Metropolitan Sta
tistical Areas (SMSA). The 41 areas for which
separate data were collected8 accounted for onehalf of all employees (49.9 percent) and almost
four-fifths of the Negro employees (78.0 percent).
Metropolitan areas, like civil service regions,
displayed wide variations in the proportion of
Negro employees to all employees (table 2). The
proportion of Negro employees was higher in most
metropolitan areas than in the regions or in the
Government at large.
A notable characteristic of metropolitan area
employment was the high proportion of Negroes
in Wage Board and Postal Field Service jobs,
compared with the proportion in Classification
Act jobs. This pattern is illustrated in the follow
ing tabulation of 10 metropolitan areas, each
having 5,000 Negro Federal employees or more.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Together, these areas accounted for 32.2 percent
of the total employment, and 60 percent of the
Negro employment, included in the study.
Negro employees as a percent of all employees, June 196A
S M S A ’s with 6,000-----------------------------------------------------------------------Negro Federal emA ll pay
ClassifiWage
Postal Field
ployees or more
plans
cation Act
Board
Service
Baltimore_______
25.6
17.2
46.0
35.1
Chicago_________
35.7
22.1
37.3
48.5
Cleveland_______
28.5
17.9
24.6
42.7
Detroit_________
29.6
24.5
35.7
34.7
Los Angeles_____
19.7
13.7
26.1
23.3
New York_______
20.7
17.0
23.2
22.7
25.7
6.9
33.5
42.3
Norfolk_________
Philadelphia_____
24.1
19.3
25.0
30.5
San Francisco____
21.4
12.7
28.7
28.8
Washington, D .C .
24.3
17.5
55.5
52.5
In each of these areas, except New York, Ne
groes held one-fourth or more of all Wage Board
jobs, and one-fifth or more of all those in the Postal
Feld Service. But Negroes held less than one-fifth
of all Classification Act jcbs in each area except
Chicago and Detroit. In each of the areas except
Norfolk, however, Negroes held a higher propor
tion of Classification Act jobs than they did in the
total survey.
Trends in Negro Employment
During the 3-year period, there was a slight
change in the distribution of employees among the
three pay systems. The proportion of employees
under the Wage Board system declined, largely as
a result of Defense Department economies, while
increased requirements for professional and tech
nical personnel in many Federal agencies raised
the proportion of all employees working under
the Classification Act. The employment of Ne
groes followed this general pattern as indicated
in the following tabulation:
Percent distribution by pay pla n
A l l employees Negro employees
All pay plans 1___
___ ____ ...
Classification Act (or similar pay plan) __
Wage Board.__ __ ____________ __
Postal Field Service____ _
______
1 Includes data for pay plans in addition to
1961
1964
1961
1964
100.0
100.0 100.0 100.0
34.3
46.1
48.9
31.8
25.9
23.4
37.8
34.3
29.4
30.3
25.5
25.6
those shown separately.
An examination of changes in grade and salary
levels shows the relative progress of Negroes in the
Federal Government, compared with other Fed
eral employees.9 As the Government’s require8 D ata fo r 29 of these 41 SMSA’s are provided in table 2.
9 T his com parison is lim ited to the C lassification A ct and P o stal
F ield Service pay system s. B ecause of changes in the rep o rtin g
system betw een 1961 an d 1962, com parisons a re lim ited to th e
years 1962 an d 1964.
EMPLOYMENT OF NEGROES IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
1227
T a b l e 2 . T o t a l a n d N e g r o E m p l o y m e n t i n t h e F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t ,1 b y S e l e c t e d P a y P l a n s i n C i v i l S e r v i c e
R e g i o n s 2 a n d i n S e l e c t e d S t a n d a r d M e t r o p o l it a n S t a t is t ic a l A r e a s 3 W i t h i n T h o s e R e g i o n s , J u n e 1964
All pay plans
1
Classification Act (or similar
pay plans)
Wage Board
Postal Field Service
Region and area
All em
ployees
Total Federal employment 5 ___
All regions.
_ __ 2,271,599
. _ __ ______
Atlanta Region_____ ___ _ ______
A tlanta.. ._ __ ___________
Charleston_____ ____ _______ _ _
Huntsville..
_ __________
Macon_____ _
_______
Mobile______ _
Boston Region__ ___ ______________
Boston___ _ __ _ ___________ _
Chicago Region______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Chicago___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _
Cincinnati. __________________
Cleveland__________ ______ ___
D e tr o it..... ___ ____ _________
Indianapolis. __ _ _ ___
__ _.
Dallas Region____
_ _ _ __ _
D allas.__ _____ _____ _ _ _ _ _ _
H ouston.. _ _ _ _________ ___
New Orleans____
San Antonio________________ _
Denver Region
Denver________ __ _____
New York Region______________ __
Newark__________ _________
New York___ _____ _
Philadelphia Region___ ______
Baltimore
_
'
_ _
Philadelphia. _ _ ___
__ ___
P ittsburgh... ___
Newport News
Norfolk-Portsmouth____ _____
St. Louis Region__ _ ________ _ _ _
Kansas City.
_
_._
_____
St. Louis____
______
__ _
San Francisco Region _
Los Angeles-Long Beach. _____
San Francisco-Oakland ____
Seattle Region____ .
___
Washington, D.C__ _____
__
Negro
Number Percent
All em
ployees
Number Percent
Ail em
ployees
Negro
Number Percent
All em
ployees
Negro
Number Percent
299,527
13.2
1,109,647
102,697
9.3
531,971
102,918
19.3
597,544
90,871
15.2
2, 230,261
298,073
13.4
1,089,751
102,233
_ 9.4
525,237
102, 780
19.6
582,836
90,019
15.4
278, 268
20, 586
11, 472
17, 743
16, 266
14, 769
109, 719
43,882
304,338
66, 559
10,854
19,898
25, 369
14, 463
198, 536
10,115
11,892
11,567
30,957
116, 762
21,531
227,146
18,702
123,148
262, 750
29.116
69, 693
16,113
13, 571
29, 793
142,404
16, 841
27,990
250, 832
56, 019
61, 873
88,317
251, 189
30,762
3,021
11.1
124,179
12, 849
4, 041
13,619
7,320
6,947
39, 369
18,126
130, 286
28, 682
4, 915
9,322
12, 283
8,405
98,185
5, 492
6,584
7,102
15,299
67,631
14, 441
85, 758
9,428
42.109
125,717
17,938
35,525
5,609
7,599
8, 890
65, 577
9, 703
16,000
111,593
23,113
27,551
45,476
195,980
4, 637
524
75
145
117
255
1,171
684
18, 664
6,345
607
1,672
3,006
1,896
3, 852
3.7
4.1
1.9
83, 715
3,020
6,973
3,591
8, 561
7,196
28,944
11,342
47, 486
7,126
576
2, 550
2, 236
2, 548
55,146
654
1,080
1.758
13,967
32,910
3,177
40,122
3,102
19,504
77,183
5,497
17, 555
1,442
5,398
19,159
15, 861
971
3, 785
82, 678
8,350
21, 952
24, 668
36, 524
19, 270
1,108
1, 717
259
1,577
1,575
1,169
565
9,519
2,660
244
627
799
596
7, 812
260
448
752
1,459
23.0
36.7
24.6
7.2
18.4
21.9
4.0
5.0
61,482
4, 449
439
365
344
599
40,476
13,995
123,434
30,165
5,127
7, 812
10,631
3,434
43,328
3,802
4,083
2,409
1,633
15,345
3,763
99, 533
6,067
60,427
56,264
5,221
14, 781
8, 912
479
1,509
59,702
6,016
8,019
54, 722
24,037
11, 939
17,040
11,510
6,262
1,386
94
31.2
21.4
1,886
414
1, 773
2, 041
3, 763
1,895
57, 099
23, 764
2,228
5,666
7, 513
3, 806
16, 839
1.073
2, 775
2, 580
2,148
3, 436
1,879
33, 965
2, 773
25, 529
46, 611
7,465
16, 792
2.549
2,645
7, 661
11,015
2,818
5, 621
31, 577
11, 039
13, 252
2,012
60, 994
14.7
16.4
2.3
10.9
13.8
3.4
4.3
18.8
35.7
20.5
28.5
29.6
26.3
8.5
10.6
23.3
22.3
6.9
2.9
8.7
15.0
14.8
20.7
17.7
25.6
24.1
15.8
19.5
25.7
7.7
16.7
20.1
12.6
19.7
21.4
2.3
24.3
1 See footnote 1, table 1.
2Civil service regions are defined as follows: Atlanta—Alabama, Florida,
Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee;
Boston Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode
Island, and Vermont; Chicago—Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan,
Ohio, and Wisconsin; Dallas—Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas;
Denver—Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; New Y o rk New Jersey and New York; Philadelphia—Delaware, Maryland, except
Montgomery and Prince Georges counties, Pennsylvania, Virginia, except
Alexandria and Falls Church cities and Arlington and Fairfax counties, and
West Virginia; St. Louis—Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska,
ments for relatively unskilled workers declined,
there has been a notable shift of employment from
the lower to the middle and upper grades of the
Classification Act system.10 This shift has been
more pronounced for Negroes than for all other
employees. In 1964, however, as shown in chart 2,
more than three-fifths of the Negroes were still
in the lower grades. A little more than a tenth
of the jobs held by Negroes in 1964 were in grades
9 and above (an increase of 2.6 percent from
10
G rade level g roupings are defined as fo llo w s: Low er (GS-1
to G S -4 ), m iddle (G S -5 to GS-11), an d upper (GS-12 to GS-18).
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Negro
222
556
522
527
1,600
844
10,299
1,118
7,154
14,616
3, 092
6.850
671
622
609
4, 275
879
2,395
8,318
3,178
3,498
593
34,208
1.1
1.6
3.7
3.0
3.8
14.3
22.1
12.3
17.9
24.5
22.6
3.9
4.0
8.4
7.4
3.4
2.4
5.8
12.0
11.9
17.0
11.6
17.2
19.3
12.0
8.2
6.9
6.5
9.1
15.0
7.5
13.7
12.7
1.3
17.5
1,202
543
6,946
442
4,526
20, 569
2,527
4.395
379
1, 750
6,411
1,956
335
1,025
13,224
2,178
6,306
838
20,275
20.0
37.3
42.4
24.6
35.7
23.4
14.2
39.8
41.5
42.8
10.4
3.7
17.1
17.3
14.2
23.2
26.6
46.0
25.0
26.3
32.4
33.5
12.3
34.5
27.1
16.0
26.1
28.7
3.4
55.5
8
74
211
1,407
638
28,642
14,622
1,371
3.339
3, 689
1,304
5,020
580
1,742
1,255
161
616
488
16, 527
1,187
13, 714
10, 330
1,835
4,512
1,480
263
639
4,758
1,602
2.184
9,848
5,601
3, 424
569
6,040
10.2
2.2
21.5
35.2
3.5
4.6
23.2
48.5
26.7
42.7
34.7
38.0
11.6
15.3
42.7
52.1
9.9
4.0
13.0
16.6
19.6
22.7
18.4
35.1
30.5
16.6
54.9
42.3
8.0
26.6
27.2
18.0
23.3
28.7
3.3
52.5
North Dakota, and South Dakota; San Francisco—California and Nevada;
Seattle—Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington.
3 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas, as defined by the U.S. Bureau
of the Budget in 1961.
* Includes 32,437 employees (of whom 3,041 or 9.4 percent were Negroes)
under pay plans other than the Classification Act (or similar pay plans),
Wage Board, and Postal Field Service.
8 Includes Federal employment outside of the United States.
N o t e : Data exclude employment in Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico.
1962) ; close to half of all other employees were in
these grades (an increase of 4.7 percent).
In the Postal Field Service, employment in
creased by 12,334 from 1962 to 1964. Negroes
accounted for nearly two-thirds of this increase.
Compared with the Classification Act employment,
the distribution of Postal Field Service employ
ment among the various grade level groupings re
mained about the same during the 2-year period.
—B ernard E. A nderson
Office of Wages and Industrial Relations
1228
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
, ,
She was a good cook as
cooks go; and as cooks go she went.
Types of Household Jobs, and
January 1965
Days
Worked.
—Saki (H. H. Munro)
Regular Jobs
for Household Help
A mong the signs of the times, few are better
known than “Help Wanted—Domestic” and “Sit
uation Wanted—Domestic.” Metropolitan area
commuters see each day an early-morning stream
of household help into residential areas and the
return flow at night.
In January 1965, only 1 out of 12 households in
the United States regularly employed household
help.1 These 4.8 million households had 5.2 mil
lion household jobs on a regular basis.2 Few of
the households employed more than one household
worker; 92 percent reported the regular use of
only one. The number of regular jobs was about
twice as large as the estimated number of persons
who worked as household help in that month (2.4
million), indicating that several jobs were filled by
the same worker. The 2.4 million figure includes
both those who had regular jobs and those who
worked for one or more employers on a nonrepetitive basis.
Households where both the husband and the
wife were in the labor force were more likely to
have household help (12 percent) than were those
where only the husband was in the labor force or
where a woman was the head and in the labor force
1 U n til recently, th ere has been no reliable in fo rm atio n on the
num ber of households em ploying dom estic w orkers or th e num ber
of re g u la r jobs, alth o u g h d a ta h ave been available on th e num
ber of p riv a te household w orkers. Since m any of them reg u larly
w ork in tw o households or m ore durin g a week, th e num ber of jobs
w as known to be considerably h ig h er th a n th e num ber of persons
in th e occupation. In fo rm atio n on th e num ber an d ty p e of
reg u lar household jobs an d the num ber of em ployer households
h a s now been obtained by th e B ureau of L abor S ta tistic s, in con
nection w ith a p ilo t survey of job vacancies in p riv ate households,
tak en in Ja n u a ry 1965, a s a supplem ent to th e re g u la r M onthly
Survey of th e L abor F orce conducted by th e B ureau of th e Census
th ro u g h its C u rren t P o p u latio n Survey. All respondents w ere
asked w h eth er an y household help worked fo r them on a reg u lar
basis. F o r purposes of th is survey, “household h elp ” included
anyone w orking fo r w ages in or about a p riv a te residence who
was em ployed by a m em ber of th e household occupying t h a t resi
dence, an d covered th e sta n d a rd B ureau of th e Census occupa
tio n al group “p riv a te household w orkers” plus p ra c tic a l nurses,
chauffeurs, gardeners, and odd-job men.
2 In th is discussion, “ re g u la r” denotes a w ork p a tte r n such as
daily o r weekly, b u t no less th a n once every 2 weeks.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
DAYS WORKED
1Includes odd-job men, practical nurses, butlers, chauffeurs, etc.
(7 percent each)—probably because of both the
greater need for household help and the availa
bility of extra income.
Almost all the jobs were in nonfarm households
(97 percent), with about two-thirds in metropol
itan areas, equally divided between the central city
and the surrounding satellite cities and suburbs.
REGULAR JOBS FOR HOUSEHOLD HELP
About, nine-tenths of the jobs called for inside
work, in the type of jobs usually filled by women.
Almost half the jobs were for day workers and a
fifth for babysitters (44 and 19 percent, respec
tively). (See chart.) The fact that the survey
was taken in a winter month may have affected
the number reported for gardeners.
About half the housekeeper and babysitter jobs
were for a full workweek of 5 days or more. Most
of the gardener and day worker jobs (96 and 82
percent, respectively) were for a day or less.
Overall, as shown in the chart, about three-fifths
of the jobs offered only a day or less of work each
week; only a fourth of the jobs were for a full
week.
3
All households in th e survey w ere asked if any steps had been
tak en th e previous week to find household help to w ork on a regu
la r basis, e ith e r fu ll tim e o r p a r t tim e. I f someone w as n o t h ired
fo r th e job d u rin g th e week, th e job w as counted a s a vacancy.
1229
Approximately 175,000 vacancies for regular
household jobs were reported at the time of the
survey,3 or about 3 percent of the total number
of household jobs. Most of them were for dayworkers and housekeepers. In the same month,
84,000 private household workers were reported as
unemployed. Obviously, since one person could
fill two or more jobs, the number of workers re
quired would be considerably smaller than the
number of job vacancies.
Information was also collected on wages offered
and hours worked in the vacant jobs, but reliable
estimates of these characteristics cannot be devel
oped because of the small number of vacancies re
ported and the extreme sampling variability of the
data.
— S am uel S aben
Division of Population and Labor Force Studies
During the past year ordinary domestic servants have been demanding
in Montana as high as $40 and even $50 and $60 per month. That many of
these girls hired for domestic duties are careless, indolent, and incompetent is
doubtless a fact. With the work considered degrading and the stamp of
inferiority placed upon the word servant, this is but a natural consequence.
It is not to be wondered at that the more intelligent and ambitious girls are
driven into other pursuits. This leaves the demand so great that the few
who condescend to perform the work have a perfect monopoly on this branch
of the labor market, and can therefore afford to be independent.
From the Fourth Biennial Report of the Montana Department of Labor and
Industry, 1919-1920, summarized in Monthly Labor Review, September 1921.
787-480 O— 65------5
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Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases*
Labor Relations
Protected Activities. A Federal court of appeals
affirmed 1 a National Labor Relations Board de
cision that the protection of the Labor Manage
ment Relations Act extends to employees making
a concerted effort to secure racially integrated
working conditions. The court agreed with the
Board that the meaning of “labor dispute” may
be interpreted to include a protest over an em
ployer’s discriminatory hiring practices.
A taxicab company discharged one of its em
ployees after he had requested that the company
hire Negroes. The alleged reason for discharge
was the worker’s involvement in two traffic acci
dents. When another employee, along with some
members of a civil rights group, joined the first
employee in picketing the company, he was im
mediately informed of being fired; the following
day, however, he was reinstated.
The court agreed with the Board that the em
ployees had been discharged for their civil rights
activities. I t also agreed that while not every
concerted activity in furtherance of a labor dis
pute is protected, the discharged employee’s action
to secure racially integrated working conditions
was sanctioned by the act since hiring policies
seriously affect terms and conditions of employ* P re p are d in th e U.S. D ep artm en t of Labor, Office of the Solici
to r. The cases covered in th is artic le rep re sen t a selection of th e
significant decisions believed to be of special in te re st. No a t
tem p t h as been m ade to reflect all recen t jud icial an d a d m in istra
tiv e developm ents in th e field of labor law or to ind icate th e effect
of p a rtic u la r decisions in ju risd ictio n s in w hich c o n tra ry re su lts
m ay be reached based upon local s ta tu to ry provisions, the ex
istence of local precedents, or a different ap proach by th e co u rts
to th e issue p resented.
1 N L R B v. T anner M otor L ivery, L td . (C.A. 9, Ju n e 29, 1965) ;
see also M o n th ly Labor R eview , December 1964, p. 1431.
2 U nited S teelw o rkers of A m erica an d P rice, 154 NLRB No. 54
(Aug. 29, 1965).
3 Local 138, O p eratin g E ngineers (C harles S. S k u ra ), 148
NLRB No. 74 (1964).
1230
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ment. The Board had dealt only with this issue
and ordered the employee reinstated.
The court, however, raised an issue that had not
been considered by the Board. The question was:
can an employer discharge employees who, without
acting through their collective bargaining repre
sentative, protest against racial discrimination in
hiring? On this issue, the court remanded the
case back to the Board for consideration.
The court noted that, for collective bargaining
purposes, the act gives the chosen representative of
the employees a preferred status. While the law
also protects the right of individual employees to
present grievances independently of the union, the
court was wary of having “grievances” become a
guise for what in fact is continuous collective bar
gaining. The court thus asked the Board to make
a finding as to whether the stability of contract re
lations, which the act encourages, might not be
jeopardized by permitting the employees’ direct
action without the union’s support to be classified
as protected activity.
Union Discipline. The NLRB ruled2 that a
union did not violate the LMRA by fining and
suspending a union member for filing a decer
tification petition with the Board. The union had
a right to defend itself from “conduct which seeks
to undermine its very existence,” the Board said.
A union member filed a petition with the Board
seeking decertification of the Steelworkers as the
local’s representative. The union’s trial commit
tee found him guilty of violating a section of the
union constitution which prohibited “advocating
or attempting to bring about the withdrawal from
the international union of any local union or any
member or group of members . . . .” The penalty
imposed upon the member, as approved by the
international, was suspension from membership
and exclusion from union meetings for 5 years.
The General Counsel contended, in line with
the Board’s decision in the Skura case,3 that the
union’s disciplinary action was an attempt to re
strain and coerce the member from exercising his
statutory rights and, as such, was in violation of
section 8(a)(1) of the LMRA. In Skura , the
Board held a union had unlawfully fined a mem
ber for filing unfair labor charges against it with
out first exhausting internal remedies, and that
DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES
the union’s statutory right to “prescribe its own
rules with respect to membership” had to yield
to the “overriding public interest involved in pre
serving the right of an employee to file.”
In the instant case, the Board rejected the Gen
eral Counsel’s argument and, relying on one of its
previous decisions,4 distinguished between union
discipline against filing unfair labor practice
charges and that applied to members who had
petitioned for decertification. The later situation
had not involved the infringement of statutory
rights because the disciplinary action there had
neither affected job interests nor constituted inter
ference with the election process, the Board con
cluded. Rather, the Board pointed out, such ac
tion is permissible as a means of preserving the
union’s very existence.
Jurisdictional Dispute. The NLRB decided 5 to
give the new AFL-CIO Joint Board for the Set
tlement of Jurisdictional Disputes an opportunity
to settle a long-standing dispute between Iron
Workers and Carpenters locals, and rejected a plea
to expand to future controversies enforcement of
a settlement agreement reached on a particular
project.
The millwrights, represented by the Carpenters,
and the riggers, represented by the Iron Workers,
had fought for more than 20 years over the right
to perform certain work which a cartage company
assigned at a General Motors job. Picketing by
the millwrights gave way to a settlement agree
ment reached by that union, the Carpenters coun
cil of which it was a member, and the Board’s
4 Taw as Tube P ro d u cts, In c., 151 NLRB No. 9 (1965).
5M illw rig h ts Local Union 1102 an d Don Cartage Co., 154
NLRB No. 45 (Aug. 20, 1965).
6 T he m ajo r changes included th e follow ing, as quoted from a
jo in t release of th e new agreem ent by labor and m anagem ent on
F e b ru a ry 2, 1965 :
1. E sta b lish m e n t of a new A ppeals Board, headed by an im
p a r tia l um pire, to ren d er final decisions. In th e p ast, any appeal
from a decision of th e N atio n al J o in t B oard could be tak en only
to th e sam e trib u n a l.
2. P ro te ctio n of th e in te re sts of the consum er in the se ttle
m en t of ju ris d ic tio n a l d isputes, w ith due reg ard given to such
fa c to rs as efficiency an d economy of operation.
3. D efinition of th e c rite ria to be used by th e J o in t B oard in
m aking decisions. T hese include decisions an d agreem ents of
record as se t f o rth in th e “ Green Book,’’ v alid agreem ents be
tw een affected in te rn a tio n a l unions a tte s te d by th e ch airm an of
th e J o in t Board, estab lish ed tra d e p ractice an d p rev ailin g p ra c
tice in th e locality.
4. C o n su ltatio n w ith a p p ro p ria te m anagem ent groups in th e
n eg o tiatio n of ju ris d ic tio n a l agreem ents betw een in te rn a tio n a l
unions.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1231
regional officer. The agreement provided that the
millwrights would no longer request assignment
of the disputed work at the particular project.
The riggers and the companies involved were not
party to the settlement and asked the Board for a
broader ruling which would apply to future dis
putes over similar work assignments at other
projects.
The Board rejected the idea of such an award.
In so doing, it laid great stress upon the new pro
cedures adopted by the Building and Construc
tion Trades Department of the AFL-CIO to settle
just such disputes.6
The Board noted that both unions involved are
bound by the procedures of the new Joint Board,
though the employer in this case was not. Even
so, the Board said, “we believe that the new Joint
Board should be given the opportunity to resolve
this dispute on a voluntary basis.” The Board
speculated that the employer may, upon studying
the new procedures, submit the dispute to the Joint
Board. If ultimately the NLRB must make the
award, it continued, guidance may well be derived
from an award given by the Joint Board.
The Board justified exercising its discretion in
not making a broader award in this case by stating
that it best effectuates the “public policy to en
courage voluntary settlements of jurisdictional dis
putes.” The Board had no desire to undercut the
“new Joint Board at the very beginning of its
operation and lessening its chances of success.”
Member Jenkins, dissenting, would not have
approved the settlement agreement. He pointed
out that neither the riggers nor the employer nor
other parties had participated in forging its terms.
He further noted that at the original hearing in the
case, all the parties agreed to have a broad award
covering similar work in the area. Finally, he
said that the LMRA requires the Board to make
a determination as to which of the competing em
ployee groups should have the work. The settle
ment agreement did not, in his judgment, stand
in the place of a determination which would settle
a dispute that had continued for decades and may
be expected to continue and to “vex parties and
lead to wasteful work stoppages.” Member Jen
kins also expressed his hope that the new Joint
Board would be successful for determining future
submissions to it, but he thought the present con
troversy was “ripe” for the Board’s decision that
would carry out its statutory duty, especially since
1232
all the parties had not agreed upon a voluntary
method of adjustment.
Antitrust Laws
A p p lic a tio n to U nions. A U.S. district court
held 7 that the Musicians Union had not violated
the Federal antitrust laws by entering into agree
ments which either restricted the sale of movies for
television, or required payments to a trust fund
as a condition of such exhibition. After scrutiniz
ing the U.S. Supreme Court rulings on applica
bility of the laws to labor organizations, the court
found the musicians’ agreements to be within the
“labor exemptions.”
There were two types of contracts involved.
The first, negotiated in 1946, had the effect of pro
hibiting the motion picture producers from selling
their pictures for television without the union’s
consent. This was agreed to only after the union
threatened to strike. The second contract, nego
tiated in 1950, covered films designed expressly for
television; it was later extended to films designed
for theaters, which the producers wanted to sell
for television. This contract required the pro
ducers to make payments into a trust fund admin
istered for the benefit of musicians. The complaint
lodged by the employers alleged that the union
unlawfully conspired to and did monopolize and
restrain interstate commerce in the distribution
of the films.
The district court ruled that the union had not
violated the antitrust laws. In the course of its
reasoning, the court distinguished the present situ
ation from an unlawful one where the union con
spires with a group of businessmen to injure
another group.8 The court further observed that,
had the Musicians actually struck to obtain the
agreements, which it believed to be in the best
interests of its members, it would have been im
mune from antitrust prosecution.9 Thus, in the
court’s view, the issue was “whether the result here
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
should be any different because no strike was
necessary.”
The court went on to cite a suggestion in the
Supreme Court’s recent decision in United Mine
Workers v. Pennington10 that acceptance of the
agreement without a strike may make a difference
as to the union’s immunity. As the court read
that decision, the majority of the High Court had
held there that the agreement involved was not
immune from antitrust prosecution if the union
combined with large employers to impose a high
wage scale upon smaller employers, who could not
afford it, for the purpose of putting the smaller
employers out- of business. The district court
found no such combination in the circumstances
surrounding the Musicians agreement and held
the agreement to be within the labor exemptions to
the Clayton and Norris-La Guardia Acts.
Finally, the district court discussed the decision
in Meat Cutters Local v. Jewel T ea11 (decided the
same day as Pennington) , in which the Supreme
Court held that an agreement (regarding store
hours) was sufficiently related to wages, hours, and
working conditions to fall within the protection
of national labor policy and, thus, within the ex
emption from the antitrust laws. In line with
that case, the district court concluded that the
Musicians agreement was also sufficiently within
the union’s—i.e., the members’ “self-interest” to
qualify for antitrust immunity. The clauses re
lated to “the economic welfare of union members,
to their job opportunities, and to the wages which
they would eventually receive,” the court said
7 R epublic P roductions v. A m erican F ederation of M usicians
(U.S. Dis. Ct., N.Y., July 15, 1965).
8 A llen B radley Co. v. L ocal Union No. 3, IB E W , 325 U.S. 797
(1945).
9 U nited S ta te s v. A m erican F ederation of M usicians, 47 F.
Supp. 304 (1942), affirmed, 318 U.S. 741 (1943).
10 33 U.S. Law W eek 4520 (Ju n e 7, 1965) ; see also M o n th ly
Labor R eview , Septem ber 1965, p. 1106.
11 33 U.S. Law Week 4525 (J u n e 7, 1965) ; see also M o n th ly
L abor R eview , Septem ber 1965, pp. 1107-1108.
Chronology of
Recent Labor Events
September 1, 1965
P r o v id in g fo r a 3.2-percent increase in economic benefits,
elimination of contract inequalities between the various
seagoing unions, and the establishment of greater job
security and pension benefits, similar 4-year contracts
ended 78-day strikes by the Masters, Mates and Pilots
and the Radio Association against the American Merchant
Marine Institute. The Marine Engineers had reached
agreement with the Institute on August 19.
September 2
T r u s t e e s of the Welfare and Retirement Fund of the
Mine Workers voted to increase pensions for the Nation’s
69,000 retired soft-coal miners to $100 from $85, effective
October 1. The increase followed an annual rise in the
balance- of the fund from $114 million to $140 million.
September 3
As t h e l a s t s t e p of the wage adjustment process under
the 1961 amendments to the Fair Labor Standards Act,
the minimum wage for the 3.6 million workers first cov
ered by the act in 1961 was increased to $1.25 and a ceil
ing on the straight-time workweek was set at 40 hours. An
estimated 810,000 workers, mostly in large retail stores
and service trades, received pay raises of up to 10 cents
an hour in order to bring them to the higher wage level.
of 350,000 Steelworkers and of the Na
tion’s 10 major basic steel producers signed a 35-month
agreement. Providing for an immediate pay increase
ranging from 10 to 19 cents an hour, depending upon job
classification, and for additional increases of 6 to 12 cents
to be effective on August 1, 1967, the pact also spells out
increases in vacations, medical benefits, life insurance
coverage, and relocation pay as well as changes in pen
sions. Though the previous contract expired on May 1,
1965, negotiations continued under two interim extensions.
R e p r e s e n t a t iv e s
September 9
T h e c a n c e l e d 1965-66 s e a s o n of the Chicago Symphony
orchestra was reinstated as orchestra members ratified a
5-year contract. The pact provides increases in the mini
mum weekly wage from $211 in the first year to $220, $225,
$235, and $245 in succeeding years. Guaranteed employ
ment is to increase from 50 weeks in each of the first 2
years to 51 weeks in the third and 52 weeks in the fourth
and fifth years of the contract.
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September 10
T h e Board of Education of New York City and the United
Federation of Teachers agreed to a new 2-year contract
that gives the city’s 50,000 teachers an average increase of
about $800 a year in salary and welfare benefits. In addi
tion to financial benefits, the pact also provides a reduction
in class size and special periods for work preparation.
P h il a d e l p h i a T e a c h e r s ratified their first contract with
the Philadelphia Board of Education and obtained annual
wage increases averaging $850 for 11,500 school employees.
A reduction in class size and a “classroom betterment”
payment were among the 225 separate items1included in
the agreement.
September 11
T h e American Motors Corp. and the Auto Workers reached
agreement ending a 20-day strike by 17,000 workers at the
company’s Kenosha and Milwaukee, Wis., plants. The
company agreed to rehire a union steward fired for
allegedly setting off an unauthorized strike. Other issues
involved were production standards, employee discipline,
and work schedules.
U n d e r an annual wage reopener, the Communications
Workers signed a contract with the Ohio Bell Telephone
Co. that will raise wages and fringe benefits an average
of 14 cents an hour for 16,500 hourly paid employees. In
addition to wage increases, the number of wage zones was
narrowed from six to four, and 14 cities and towns were
upgraded to higher wage zones. Company payment for
basic health care increased to 50 percent from 25.
September 21
T h e S e n a t e c o n f ir m e d the nomination of Arthur M. Ross
of Berkeley, Calif., to be commissioner of the Department
of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics. Mr. Ross succeeds
Ewan Clague who is retiring after serving as commissioner
for 19 years.
September 25
w e e k s of wildcat strikes by nearly 10,000 miners
in Ohio, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania ended as Mine
Workers officials pledged complete support to the strikers
in handling the discharge grievance that caused the walk
outs. The strikes stemmed from a dispute over the firing
of six miners at the Moundsville, W. Va., mine of the
Hanna Coal Co.
T h ree
September 27
M ore t h a n 4,000 employees of six plants of the Worthing
ton Corp. returned to work after a 6-week strike. Threeyear contracts providing pay raises averaging 8 cents an
hour in each year, increased pension and insurance bene
fits, and an additional paid holiday were signed by the
company and locals of the Machinists, the Steelworkers,
and the Office Employes.
1233
Developments in
Industrial Relations*
Wages and Collective Bargaining
August and early September were highlighted
by conclusion of agreements in the basic steel and
maritime industries. The steel agreement was ne
gotiated in Washington after the President of the
United States intervened to secure extension of
the contract scheduled to expire at the end of
August, and thus averted a strike. The maritime
agreements ended a work stoppage that had begun
on June 16. Other industries in which settlements
were reached during the month included the paper,
shirt, pajama, and raincoat industries.
Basic Steel. A 35-month agreement between the
10 major basic steel companies and the Steelwork
ers was approved in Pittsburgh on September 5 by
the union’s Wage Policy Committee and, after con
tract language was spelled out, by participating
companies on the following evening.
On August 28, when a strike on September 1
appeared likely, the President sent Senator Wayne
Morse and Under Secretary of Commerce Leroy
Collins to Pittsburgh as a special mediation and
factfinding commission. After receiving their re
port on August 30, the President requested that
negotiations be moved to Washington, where the
Secretary of Labor W. Willard Wirtz and Secre
tary of Commerce John Connor acted as mediators,
and Gardner Ackley, Chairman of the Council of
Economic Advisers, acted as statistical umpire.
On August 30, as the deadlock continued, the in
terim agreement scheduled to expire the next day
was extended for 8 days.
Wage provisions of the approved contract in
cluded an increase averaging 12.1 cents an hour
effective September 1, 1965, and ranging from 10
cents for the lowest labor grade to 19 cents for the
top labor grade; additional increases to skilled
maintenance and other craft workers effective
January 1, 1966, amounting to 2 cents an hour
1234
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
when averaged over all employees in the bargain
ing unit; and an average 7.4-cent-an-hour wage
increase (ranging from 6 to 12 cents an hour) ef
fective August 1, 1967. The increases for the
skilled crafts and trades (who do not participate
in incentive earnings programs) added an average
14.6 cents an hour to the pay of these workers and
resulted from upgrading each worker in these oc
cupations by two job classes. Wage-rate increases
were to be added to total hourly earnings, not to
base rates, and hence would not result in propor
tionate increases in incentive pay. The existing
cost-of-living allowance was incorporated into
hourly rates.
Pensions were liberalized effective August 1,
1966; minimum pensions were to be raised to $5 a
month for each year of service up to 35, from the
previous $2.50 for service before January 1, 1960,
and $2.60 for subsequent years of service. Bene
fits were further liberalized by changing the deduc
tion for social security to $60 from $80, and pen
sions of those already retired or retiring before
July 31, 1966, were to increase by $15 a month.
Workers with 30 years’ service would receive full
rather than actuarially reduced pensions for each
year of service regardless of age. A supplement
of $75 a month was to be added for workers re
tired early because of plant closings, for disabled
workers, or for those laid off for 2 years. Defer
red vested pensions were extended to employees
40 years of age with 15 years of service whose serv
ice was broken by disability, and employees
eligible for deferred vested pensions on or after
July 31, 1966, were given the option of an ac
tuarially reduced pension at age 60 instead of 65.
Severance payments were no longer to be deducted
from deferred pensions.
Weekly sickness and accident benefits for work
ers with 2 or more years’ service were to be in
creased, beginning on August 1,1967, to an average
of $80 a week, from the previous average of $67.50,
and the maximum duration of such benefits was to
be extended to 52 weeks, from 26 weeks. Dura
tion of hospital benefits for employees with 10 or
more years’ service was to be increased to 2 years
from 1 year, and medical insurance was to pro* P rep ared in th e D ivision of W age Econom ics, B ureau of L abor
S ta tistic s, on th e basis of published m a te ria l available in early
Septem ber.
1235
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
vide full rather than partial reimbursement for inhospital doctors’ fees, surgical fees, and maternity
benefits. Life insurance (the amount of which
varies by company) was to be increased by
$500 for workers retiring on or after August 1,
1967. Insurance coverage was extended to 52
weeks, from 26 weeks, for laid-off or disabled em
ployees with 10 or more years’ service, and hospital
and surgical benefits were extended to dependent
children regardless of age if they are disabled and
until age 25 for regular full-time students.
Provisions for transfer of workers to other
plants were liberalized: eligibility to transfer was
extended to workers with 5 rather than 10 years’
service, and relocation allowances were increased
by $75 for single workers and $200 for married
workers.
Vacation provisions were revised to permit the
company to offer the option of pay in lieu of time
off for regular vacations in excess of 2 weeks a
year or for up to 3 weeks of the extended 13-week
sabbatical vacation. Workers can also split ex
tended vacations to cover a shutdown period.
The escrow fund established under the interim
agreement signed April 28, which had been ac
cumulating at the rate of 11.5 cents an hour worked,
was to be distributed to the workers in lump sums.
Seniority provisions were revised to provide
greater job protection. It was agreed to work out
a definition of emergency conditions under which
supervisors could perform work regularly assigned
to members of the bargaining unit.
Transportation and Utilities. The 11-week
strike in the maritime industry on the Atlantic and
Gulf Coasts ended in early September as members
of the Masters, Mates and Pilots and the Radio
Association ratified 4-year contracts with the
American Merchant Marine Institute (AMMI).
Representing eight federally subsidized shipping
companies, the AMMI had previously signed a 4year contract with the Marine Engineers, who had
precipitated the strike on June 16.1
All three agreements provided that 3.2 percent
of total hourly employment costs (except payroll
1 In Ju n e, th e unio n s had reached agreem ent w ith th e A m erican
M aritim e A ssociation, b arg ain in g ag en t fo r nonsubsidized sh ip
p in g com panies.
See M o n th ly L abor R eview , A ugust 1965,
p. 98®.
2 See pp. I l l an d IV of th is issue.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
taxes), for the groups affected, be set aside each
year, with its use to be decided upon by the respec
tive union.
The Engineers agreement, signed on August 19,
authorized Secretary of Labor W. Willard Wirtz
and AFL-CIO President George Meany and a 3man panel to work out “long-range overall machin
ery” for settling the problems of manning auto
mated and retrofitted (semi-automated) ships, the
major issue in the dispute. Ships currently in
service were to continue existing manning for
at least 6 months. Inequities, the chief issues in
the Masters, Mates and Pilots and ARA disputes,
were eliminated under the new agreements. Both
mates and radio officers won 60 days’ vacation each
year for all of their members; previously, they had
received 60 days if they worked for one company
but 30 days if they worked for two companies or
more. Another change was the leveling of pay of
all mates with that of their counterparts in the
engineering department. For example, on a Class
B ship, the monthly pay scale below master or chief
engineer had been:
M ates
(M
Chief______
Second_____
T hird_____
Fourth____
M P)
$769.25
671.74
615.02
559.04
Engineers
(M
EBA)
First assistant__________ $772.32
Second assistant_________
681.73
Third assistant__________
629.39
Licensed junior__________
577.05
Difference
$3.07
9.99
14.37
18.01
This difference had resulted from a decrease in
basic pay scales accepted by MMP in order to fi
nance increased pension benefits that went into
effect in January 1964.
Negotiations continued between the Seafarers
and the American Maritime Association on the
Atlantic and Gulf Coasts; on the Pacific Coast,
the Seafarers and the Marine Engineers bargained
wTith the Pacific Maritime Association.2
A 2-year contract affecting 1,800 pilots and co
pilots signed by American Airlines, Inc., and the
Allied Pilots Association (Ind.) on August 7 pro
vided a 2y2- to 8%-percent increase in pay, de
pending on the type of equipment flown, retro
active to July 9, 1965. A second increase rang
ing from 3 to 4)4 percent was to be effective on
September 1, 1966. Beginning on September 1,
1965, and continuing for 1 year, the company was
to be free to schedule a pilot for one extra tour
of duty each month which would not be charged
against the maximum hours he is allowed to fly (75
hours on jets and 80 hours on piston equipment).
As compensation, each pilot was to receive the
1236
hourly pay plus a bonus of 3 percent of his full
monthly earnings.
A wage increase averaging 11% cents an hour
was agreed to under the final reopening of a 3-year
contract between the Communications Workers,
representing some 20,000 telephone switchboard
and equipment installers, and the Western Electric
Co., the manufacturing division of the Bell Tele
phone System. The increase was retroactive to
July 28, after having been ratified by a nationwide
mail referendum on August 27. Increases were to
be at least 12 cents for 12,000 employees; increases
for equipment installers were to range from 6 to
20 cents and average 9.9 cents, and the average in
crease for clerks was $4.79 a week. Twenty-four
towns were classified into higher wage brackets.
In addition, employees in New York City were put
on a higher wage schedule, which amounted to an
additional 5-cent-an-hour increase. Per diem ex
penses on temporary transfers were increased to
$8 a day on short hauls, from $7, and to $11.50 on
long hauls, from $11; the allowance given per
manently transferred workers was increased to
$250, from $200.
Stoppages of about a month at operations of
two mid-western gas companies were concluded by
settlements reached in July and August. On July
19, a 2-year agreement between the East Ohio Gas
Co. and the Building Service Employees ended a
34-day strike and on August 12, Laclede Gas Co.
of St. Louis, Mo., and the Oil, Chemical and
Atomic Workers agreed to a 2-year contract, end
ing a 32-day strike which had been marked by
vandalism and service interruptions. The Ohio
settlement provided an average wage increase of
10.06 cents an hour to 2,400 workers, with an addi
tional increase averaging 10.39 cents to become ef
fective in 1966. Other benefits, valued by the
company at 2.27 cents an hour, included a 25-per
cent increase in the company payment of hospitali
zation premiums, while the maximum hospital
benefit coverage was increased to $15,000, from
$10,000. The Laclede Gas Co. contract provided
that workers’ average hourly earnings would in
crease 21 cents an hour over the 2-year period. In
addition, about 70 laborers were reclassified, 4
weeks’ vacation was provided after 18 instead of
20 years, and a fifth week after 25 years was estab
lished. Improved pension benefits included early
retirement at age 62 and an improved formula for
calculating benefits. Travel allowances for about
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
100 meter readers were increased to 80 cents a day,
from 60 cents, and the company agreed to provide
uniforms for all working foremen and mechanics
in the transportation department.
Trade. On August 4, the Great Atlantic and Pa
cific Tea Co. and the Meat Cutters, representing
some 18,000 employees in the greater metropoli
tan New York area announced conclusion of a 3year agreement. Wages for meat department
managers and butchers were increased by $5 a
wTeek in the first year, $4 in 1966, and $5 in 1967;
full-time grocery clerks received increases of $4,
$3, and $3.50 a week on the same dates. The max
imum hourly rate for part-time workers was in
creased to $2.31, from $2.15. Dental and optical
plans were established, though final details were
to be worked out later. An additional paid holi
day, the employee’s birthday, was provided, and
hospital insurance coverage was improved.
Construction. The Bay Area Painters and Deco
rators Joint Committee, Inc., and the Painters
signed a 3-year contract which provided a $1.50
package increase for 9,500 workers in the San
Francisco Bay area. Concluded in mid-August,
the contract ended a li/2 -month strike. Provisions
were made for the journeyman wage scale to in
crease 25 cents July 1 of 1965, 1966, and 1967, to a
total of $5.22 an hour in 1967. Contractor pay
ments for benefits, currently 54% cents an hour,
were also to rise 25 cents an hour each year, be
coming $1.29% by the contract termination date.
Apparel. A 10-cent-an-hour general wage in
crease, effective September 7, was included in 1year contracts signed August 19 by several major
shirt and pajama manufacturers and the Clothing
Workers. More than 35,000 .employees were af
fected by the settlement, which is expected to set
the pattern for an additional 100,000 workers in
the cotton garment, outerwear, and single pants
industries. Other provisions of the contract were
a third week of paid vacation after 1 year’s service
(to be taken during the Christmas holidays), and
an increase of one-half of 1 percent of hourly pay
in employer contributions to the Cotton Garment
Welfare and Retirement Funds; both provisions
were to be effective January 1966. Following a
joint committee’s study of possible improvements,
details of improved pension and welfare benefits
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
were to be released. The total package increase
was estimated by an industry spokesman at 16 cents
an hour.
On July 22, members of the New York Raincoat
Manufacturers Association and the Association of
Rain Apparel Contractors ratified a 3-year agree
ment with the Ladies’ Garment Workers. Cover
ing some 5,000 workers in the New York City area,
the contract deferred a 10-cent-an-hour wage in
crease until January 1, 1966, and a 35-hour stand
ard workweek was made effective for all employees
(resulting in an additional 7-percent increase in
hourly pay for a small number of shipping clerks
previously on a 3 7 ^ -hour week). Provisions were
made for a wage reopener after the second year.
Other improvements included higher craft minimums, a second week’s paid vacation (2 percent of
annual earnings, with a $100 maximum), election
day as a full paid holiday rather than a half holi
day (a total of 6 guaranteed holidays), a $2 in
crease in holiday pay, an increase in employer pay
ments to the health and welfare fund (from 5 per
cent to 5y2 percent of payroll), effective Septem
ber 1965, with resulting increases in hospitalization
(from $10 a day with a 30-day maximum, to $20
a day with a 60-day maximum), surgical benefits
(from $100 to $250), and maternity benefits (from
$75 to $100), with coverage extended to employees’
wives. Free medical prescriptions up to $25 a
year and eyeglass allowances were also provided.
The last previous pay increase for these workers
had been effective January 1,1963.
Paper. Agreement on a 2-year contract between
the northern division of International Paper Co.
and three unions 3 was announced July 28, after
a majority of the 15 locals ratified the settlement
reached July 1. Approximately 4,100 employees
of six plants in Chisholm, Maine, and Niagara
Falls, North Tonawanda, Ticonderoga, and Cor
inth, N.Y., and York Haven, Pa., wrere to receive
a 10-cent-an-hour wage increase in 1965 and 9 cents
in 1966. Four weeks’ vacation after 15 years’ serv
ice (instead of 20), and effective June 1, 1966, a
fifth and sixth week of vacation after 25 and 30
years, respectively, were provided. Pension im
provements, including full retirement benefits at
age 62, a 15-percent increase in pension benefits
3
U n ited P ap erm ak ers an d P aperw orkers, th e P ulp, S ulphite
an d P a p e r Mill W orkers, an d th e F irem en an d O ilers.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1237
based on the employee’s earnings prior to Janu
ary 1, 1965, and a 16%-percent increase in benefits
based on the first $3,000 of the employee’s earnings
thereafter were also provided by the contract,
which was retroactive to June 1.
The Papermakers reached agreement in August
with the two divisions of KVP-Sutherland Paper
Co. in Kalamazoo and Parchment, Mich. On
August 2, 1,200 employees of the KVP Division in
Parchment ratified a 1-year contract providing
a 3y2-percent wage increase (ranging from 8 cents
to 11 cents an hour), 3 days’ paid funeral leave
for death of grandparents, and other benefits.
The 2,100 members of the Sutherland Division’s
three plants in Kalamazoo also ratified a 1-year
contract on August 16. A 9-cent package increase,
including 6 cents an hour in wages, w7as provided.
Union locals at both divisions had struck on July
24 after existing contracts expired.
Glass. The Glass Container Manufacturers’ In
stitute, representing 23 member companies, and
the Flint Glass Workers on August 12 reached
agreement on a 3-year settlement for 3,000 mold
making department employees. The pact pro
vided a 5-percent wage increase immediately, 2
percent on September 1, 1966, and 4 percent the
following year. Other benefits, generally follow
ing the Glass Bottle Blowers agreement for produc
tion and maintenance employees negotiated in
March 1965, included $3 instead of $2.50 monthly
pension benefits for each year of service, establish
ment of a fourth week of vacation after 20 years,
an eighth paid holiday, and an additional iy 2 cents
a man-hour for insurance benefits.
Furniture. An immediate general wage increase
and an additional 3-percent increase after a year
were provided for 2,000 workers in a contract be
tween the Hamilton Manufacturing Co. of Two
Rivers, Wis., manufacturer of professional and
office furniture, and the Carpenters. The 3-year
agreement also improved insurance benefits and
other provisions.
Metalworking. A 3-year agreement between the
Pacific Coast Shipbuilders and the Pacific Coast
Metal Trades Council, consisting of nine unions
representing about 10,000 workers, was ratified by
a mail referendum the last week of July. A pre-
1238
vious tentative agreement had been rejected be
cause the workers wanted larger increases in
fringe benefits.
The new contract included a 10-cent increase in
wages each year. Company payments both to
health and welfare and to pension funds were in
creased to 14 cents from the former 10 cents.
There was a 1-percent increase (equivalent to 3.4
cents) for vacations and the payment for holidays
was raised to 10 cents, from 9 cents, for each hour
worked during the year. The 25-cent differential
for leadmen was increased to 35 cents an hour.
The strike of the Machinists against the asso
ciation continued as the Machinists rejected the
latest offer of the association on September 1,
but in Seattle and Portland, the MTC craftsmen
began crossing Machinists picket lines to return
to work. The Marine Carpenters, who had nego
tiated separately, returned to work August 16. A
few independent shipyards in the San Francisco
Bay area had settled in early July.
The Goodyear Aerospace Corp. of Akron, Ohio,
reached agreement with the Auto Workers and
ended a strike by 2,800 workers that began July
23. The 2-year contract, ratified August 8, was
similar to the rubber industry settlements
reached earlier in the year and provided a 7^2'
cent-an-hour increase the first year, with an addi
tional 9 cents effective the second year. Inequity
adjustments averaging 5 cents an hour were also
provided. Other provisions included a ninth
paid holiday; 4 weeks’ vacation after 15 years’
service (instead of 25), and a fifth week after 25
years; and an additional 5 cents an hour company
contribution to the SUB fund.
Other Developments
On September 3, the last step of the 1961
amendment4 to the Fair Labor Standards Act
became effective. The minimum hourly wage for
the 3.6 million workers brought under coverage
by the amendment was raised to $1.25 (from
$1.15) and time and one-half pay was required
for any hours they worked in excess of 40 (in
stead of 42) a week. These workers were brought
to the current standards for others covered by
the act. Of the 3.6 million workers (including 2.2
million in retail trade and 1 million in construc
tion), an estimated 810,000 were earning less than
$1.25 prior to September 3.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
On August 24, The New York Post announced
it was giving up its attempt to use a typesetting
computer because it was unable to agree with
Local 6 of the Typographers on how the machine
would be used. Mrs. Dorothy Schiff, publisher
of the Post, said the computer was removed be
cause the union wanted to exact “an enormous
tribute” for permitting its use in the composing
room. Negotiations were continuing on the use
of “outside tape” (perforated tape prepared by
wire services to set type for material such as
stock exchange quotations).
A call for greater cooperation between the
printing trades unions was the central theme of
the 107th annual convention of the Typographers,
held in Washington, D.C., beginning August 14.
In his annual report, President Elmer Brown said
“We are optimistic that an eventual merger of
printing and kindred trades will be consummated
in spite of many problems remaining.” He told
delegates that discussions to improve bargaining
and jurisdictional cooperation had been held with
officials of the Printing Pressmen and the News
paper Guild and additional discussions would be
undertaken with other trades.
Alvin F. Grospiron defeated W. J. Forresten
by a 75,633 to 72,910 vote to become president of
the Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers. Mr.
Grospiron succeeds O. A. Knight, who had an
nounced in May that he would not seek reelection.5
The vote was held during the union’s biennial
convention in Bal Harbour, Fla., August 16-21.
B. J. Fisher, a vice president, was elected to suc
ceed Grospiron as secretary-treasurer.
U.S. Commissioner of Education Francis Keppel, speaking at the 49th annual convention of the
Teachers union, said, “Educators and teachers have
a special responsibility to our society, and strikes
should be the point of very last resort.” He also
cautioned against use of sanctions and boycotts,
the principal bargaining weapons of the rival
National Education Association. Delegates to
the August 23-27 Los Angeles meeting of the
Teachers raised dues to 90 cents a month in 1966,
from 75 cents, and to $1 in 1967. (See p. 1204 of
this issue.)
4 See M o n th ly L abor R eview , Ju ly 1961, p. 770.
5 See M o n th ly L abor R eview , Ju ly 1965, p. 872.
Book Reviews
and Notes
Tactics for Accommodation
A Behavioral Theory of Labor Negotiations: A n
Analysis of a Social Interaction System. By
Richard E. Walton and Robert B. McKersie.
New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1965.
437 pp., bibliography. $8.95.
Professors McKersie and Walton’s book is an
important contribution to knowledge about the
behavioral aspect of collective bargaining, in the
manner of Carl Stevens, Ann Douglas, T.
Schelling, and Edward Peters. Some scholars
have postulated simple behavioral models to de
scribe the bargaining process; others have used
illustrative case material to develop theoretical
models. But McKersie and Walton go much
further in their development of a behavioral model
of labor negotiations.
The most significant aspect of this book focuses
on attitude structuring, 1 of the 4 postulated sub
processes comprising the negotiating process.
Can the fundamental conflict inherent in early
phases of negotiating be altered to one of ac
commodation—or even cooperation ? The authors
feel that it can, and they explore various tactics
that may be used to change the nature of the bar
gaining relationship. They interweave behavioral
science research findings and abstracts from actual
negotiations with their model in illuminating
fashion. In addition, the effect of a negotiator’s
personality, his social belief system, and his prior
bargaining experience on the character of the
bargaining relationship are examined.
Moreover, their discussion of integrative bar
gaining (another subprocess—characterized by
both sides gaining from problem resolution in con
trast to the I win-you lose nature of the fixed sum
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
game) is also based on small group research and
sensitivity training and is part and parcel of the
analysis of attitude structuring.
Their treatment of these two subprocesses will
hasten our understanding of conflict resolution.
The analysis of attitude structuring is relevant
not only to labor negotiations and social relations,
but also to less dramatic forms of interpersonal or
interdepartmental conflict stemming from com
peting interests within a single plant.
My chief criticism is that the book’s significant
discussion of attitude structuring and integrative
bargaining is obscured to some extent by the de
tailed and lengthy analyses of bargaining as a
fixed sum game (the distributive bargaining
subprocess) and the effect of home organization
conflict (the intraorganizational bargaining sub
process) on the negotiator’s role. For example,
when discussing distributive bargaining, factors
affecting the upper and lower wage limits as well
as the findings of others are unnecessarily de
tailed. There are other instances when it may
have been more fruitful to make the point, citing
pertinent research, and go on to the book’s major
purpose of building a behavioral model.
Consequently, it seems as if the emphasis on
analysis is partially at the expense of an organized
effort to synthesize the various subprocesses.
Integrative statements exist, but they are scattered
throughout the book and it is hard for the reader
to pull them together into a comprehensive model
of the negotiating process.
Nonetheless, McKersie and Walton’s work con
stitutes a big step forward in examining bargain
ing from a behavioral point of view and generates
many research hypotheses. It will be particularly
useful to students of industrial relations and be
havioral sciences who have not had actual bargain
ing experience. It also will benefit negotiators
and those researchers interested in public policy
questions such as the one raised by the recent
General Electric case.
— J ohn
E. D r o tning
Department of Industrial Relations
State University of New York at Buffalo
1239
1240
Protective Isolationism
The Professions in America. E dited by Kenneth
S. Lynn and the E ditors of Daedalus. Bos
ton, H oughton Mifflin Co., 1965. 273 pp. $5.
The Market for College Teachers: A n Economic
Analysis of Career Patterns Among South
eastern Social Scientists. By David G.
Brown. Chapel H ill, U niversity of North
Carolina, 1965. 301 pp. (Studies in Eco
nomics and Business A dm inistration, 5.)
$7.50, U niversity of N orth Carolina Press,
Chapel H ill.
A t the height of their success, prestige, and
power, America’s professions are in trouble. K en
neth S. Lynn, Professor of English at H arvard
University states, “. . . in the mid-1960’s t h e ‘prob
lem of the professions’ is nothing less than the
‘problem of America.’ ”
Among the conditions Professor Lynn seeks to
correct are the dearth of systematic knowledge of
the professions and the prevalence of a sanguine
attitude concerning the existence of a professional
problem. The book by David G. Brown, Asso
ciate Professor of Economics at the U niversity of
N orth Carolina, makes a significant contribution
toward meeting these needs. As if in partial re
sponse to L ynn’s concern, he subjects to highly
systematic study the academic labor m arket for
social scientists in the southeastern U nited States.
The most visible p a rt of the problem of the pro
fessions is of course the manpower aspect: the
rising shortages which testify to the geometrically
increasing professional needs of a profession-led
society as against finite if expandable sources of
supply. An awareness of the staggering quantita
tive challenge is reflected frequently throughout
the 15 essays of the Daedalus volume. T heir p ri
m ary concern is qualitative although their focus
is on the professions as related organically to the
greater community.
Several of the essays discuss problems in the
structure and regulation of the professions. Lynn
points particularly to the loss by the American
professions of their precious historic fluidity and
the rise of protective isolationism and “club rules”
seriously compromising the moral charter implied
in the freedom which society accords the profes
sions.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
Complicating the condition of the professions
is a growing body of occupations claiming profes
sional status. E verett C. Hughes and Bernard
B arber examine professional functions, behavior,
and attitudes—the form er author dealing more
w ith the professions’ structural context in our
society and the latter w ith topics ranging from
university professional schools to the relation be
tween professionals and politics. B arber’s obser
vations on the im itative behavior of emerging and
m arginal professional groups are particularly
trenchant, and only his scholarly approach avoids
a satirical effect.
This reviewer shares Professor L ynn’s uneasi
ness over the m agnitude of the responsibilities fac
ing the presently constituted professions. The is
sues raised in the volume are ripe for discussion,
and the w riters adm irably accomplish the p u r
poses of exploring and awakening.
Professor Brown regards his study as an eco
nomic analysis and devotes several chapters to a
technical treatm ent of the professorial m arket in
the hope th at it “may serve as a prototype of a
professional labor m arket.” A reviewer not p a r
ticularly at home w ith the economist’s quantita
tive tools will perhaps be excused for finding
Brown’s well-synthesized clinical observations and
interpretations more engaging than the m ethod
ological pum p-prim ing which, though technical
ly necessary in extending a sophisticated discipline
to subject m atter of uncertain consistency, may
take some time to produce a m eaningful flow. The
author has distilled from 150 extensive question
naires and interviews a great deal of understand
ing about job m arket behavior of career scholars
and academic employers. A lthough the results
may contain few surprises for readers fam iliar
w ith academia, they provide many of us with an as
sured fram ework on which to hang personal obser
vations.
In addition to contributing to our knowledge of
the professions, Professor Brown’s succinct find
ings afford a useful how-to handbook for both de
partm ent chairmen and jobseekers. H is conclud
ing proposals for improving communications in
the academic labor m arket deserve attention.
— C h arles P. D e n n is o n
Bureau of Higher Education
U.S. Office of Education
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
Dramatic Irony
Lockout: The Story of the Homestead Strike of
1872. By Leon Wolff. New York, H arper
& Bow, Publishers, 1965. 297 pp. $5.95.
Homestead’s scar across American labor history
epitomizes nearly everything th at could have gone
wrong in the accommodation of the new capitalism
to its worker’s needs. M arked by steel manage
m ent’s determination to escape the obligation of
bargaining with the Am algam ated Union, pre
m editated use of the Pinkerton force to quell any
recalcitrance, and by the furious response of the
company’s work force, the outcome of the episode
was to help create a public conscience determined
to find a better method. So Homestead’s story can
stand retelling as rem inder and milepost.
Aside from utility, the lockout was intrinsically
dramatic. B ut the author who sets out to exploit
dram atic veins in labor’s chronicles is almost sure
to encounter two tough w riting problems, and he
may as well recognize them at the outset. The
issues were never cleanly and totally resolved at
Homestead, and this fact m ilitates against d ra
matic resolution. Then, even at a distance of 75
years it is difficult to achieve the detachment from
the underlying context needed to accept the story’s
ironies. Yet Wolff brings off his dram atic tre a t
ment successfully, and brings it off without arous
ing the reader’s unwilling suspension of belief—
a nice accomplishment.
He achieves his purpose by handling Home
stead as a kind of low tragedy going on onstage
while the author beavers in the pit, sorting facts
and opinions th at explain the prosaic historical
questions at the bottom of the tale. Skillfully
enough, he awakens the cast of characters from
their beds of newspaper clippings and gets them
up to strut and fret. In the addled anarchist
Berkman, Wolff finds everybody’s fool, who muffs
not only F ric k ’s assassination but his own—and
that twice. H ere are the Pinkertons again (al
ways), playing a whole arm y in motley. T here’s
Sheriff McCleary agonizing, procrastinating, m ak
ing his public utterances sound like soliloquies.
So the personae run, through Carnegie, a spiderking, and F rick himself, a villain who comes
within a callus’ width of being the hero of the
piece, displayed as a swashbuckling miser, deter
mined to draw himself in some daring, egregious
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1241
posture—and ready to pay hell to do it. All the
portraits succeed, and the narrative comes off as
dram a, even though it diffuses at the end into
pathos and anticlimax.
But Wolff goes beyond that. He conscientiously
sifts a roomful of sources, and comes up with one
telling fact after another to bring perspective and
grounds for judgment. He does a patient research
job, and puts some of his findings to use in stun
ning fashion, without inflicting extraneous detail
on the reader. He shows the plain people off the
stage caught up unwillingly and painfully in a
history they wanted no p art of. H e shows the
pathetic Pinkertons trapped in a day-long fusil
lade, and only wanting out. H e shows them not
as cowards but as sensible men who were reluctant
to die on behalf of such a wretched cause because
they were unprepared to die for any; men who
felt the lack of fitness in the battle. H e also draws
perceptive portraits of the sober strike leaders,
O ’Donnell and McLuckie. H is assessment of the
wool-headed W illiam Wiehe, president of the
Amalgamated, is no more cruel than the man
earned.
F or a footnote on the uses of time in gaining
a wider viewpoint, read the contemporary assess
ment of two of the principals quoted on page 178.
I t concludes, “Say what you will of Frick, he is a
brave man. Say what you will of Carnegie, he is
a coward.” Nothing in the book allows any im
provement on th at just judgment,
— J ack F. S tric k la n d
Division of Publications
Bureau of Labor Statistics
The State Scene in Union History
Organized Labor in Minnesota. By Joseph S.
Smolen. St. Paul, Minn., Minnesota A F L CIO Federation of Labor, 1965. 32 pp.,
bibliography.
Organized T^abor in New Jersey. By Leo Troy.
Princeton, N .J., D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc.,
1965.
237 pp,
$5.95.
The past, decade or so has seen a revival of in
terest, in the history and development of organized
labor in particular geographic areas. B arbara
Newell's Chicago and the Labor Movement, for
example, represents the scholarly treatm ent of a
metropolitan area.
1242
Professor Smolen’s (pamphlet notes, on the 'back
cover, “printed and distributed courtesy” of the
State Federation, but no other inform ation is
given as to the genesis of the work or its purpose.
Many State and local bodies have, of course,
printed their “histories” on anniversary occasions
or simply to uncritically laud their leaders. The
Smolen piece is not of this genre. Necessarily
sketchy in presenting the story of the origin and
growth of unionism in the State (from the sole
viewpoint of the unions) in only 30 pages, it es
chews personalities, and though lacking in critical
evaluation it does not lack candor in certain re
spects. Thus, it is frank in reporting the A F L
opposition to unemployment insurance prior to its
1932 convention.
In brief, it is a handy compendium of the main
events of M innesota’s union history—probably
useful for union members and those with a be
ginner’s interest in the field.
Professor T roy’s book is one of the supplemen
tary volumes of the New Jersey H istorical Series
which was spawned by the State’s tercentenary
celebration. I t is not a work which bears open
evidence of its scholarship via footnotes, for there
are few of these, but the content and presentation
attest its excellence on this score.
I t has been said th at the middle ground is the
most difficult to cultivate, and this volume bears
some evidence along this line. F o r the specialist,
there is no need for detailed m aterial on particular
local conflicts which attracted national attention,
or for much of the m aterial on the national union
and economic scene amid which the New Jersey
unions moved toward more effective organization.
F or the layman, perhaps more is needed for full
understanding.
W ithin these lim itations, Professor Troy tells
his story smoothly and effectively—starting with
labor in the colonial era, moving forw ard chrono
logically to 1964, then to the three subjects of law
and labor relations, civil rights and politics, and
the future of unionism in New Jersey. There are
details w ith which one can easily quarrel, and some
generalizations which can be questioned, but none
of great consequence. The course of the New J e r
sey unions sometimes varied from the national pic
ture and from th at in States of comparable indus
trial development, but by and large it was not
much different from the other States of the n orth
eastern region.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
Of interest in recent history is the split in the
labor movement between the old A F L and the old
CIO adherents. Merged by a virtual shotgun
wedding in 1961, the combined State federation
has been the first to burst assunder. In 1964, the
New Jersey State Industrial Union Council was
formed by the old CIO adherents, and though for
mally the breach was healed early in 1965, the
Council continues to exist and function. How this
happened is well-detailed, but why it did is ex
plained only in the terms of the original A F L
versus CIO conflict. O ther States have outgrown
the original conflict, a t least on the surface—
clearly New Jersey never has.
Professor Troy closes this valuable contribution
to labor history with a gloomy prognosis—not a
union eclipse, he says, but clearly a passing from
the crest of their development.
—H erbert J . L ahne
Labor-Management Services Administration
U.S. Department of Labor
Grudge Fight
Corrupt Decisions on Vnemploynaent Insurance.
By Leon R. Powell. New York, Vantage
Press, 1965. 201 pp. $4.95.
H ere is an unusual book, with an unusual and
startling title. W ith no table of contents and
no obvious pattern of organization, the reader must
rely on the publisher’s jacket for an overview.
The author, a machinist and student of the law,
was denied unemployment benefits in 1961, where
upon he assembled a collection of court decisions,
appended brief commentaries, and sandwiched the
result between an “Introduction” and “Saluta
tion.” H is general thesis is th at the courts in a
number of States have unfairly substituted wages
for unemployment insurance, denying benefits, for
example, when severance pay is offered. Although
he suggests changing the statutes, m ajor onus is
placed on the courts which he charges with “in
tentional deceit.”
There’s doubtless much room for improvement,
both in the laws and their interpretation. B ut a
heavyhanded, intemperate, disorganized approach
seems unlikely to win friends, especially among
legislators and jurists.
—W illiam P apier
Director of Research and Statistics
Ohio Bureau of Unemployment Compensation
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
Ethos Missing
The Common Market: Economic Integration in
Europe. By F in n B. Jensen and Ingo W alter.
Philadelphia, J . B. Lippincott Co., 1965.
278 pp., bibliography. $4.95.
A dd another strong entry to the growing list of
book-length treatm ents of the uniquely attractive
phenomenon of European unification. Here, w ith
out fuss and feathers, the authors have served up
a crisp, textbook-style exposition of an incredibly
complex subj ect. They have barely flinched before
some of the most intricate and many-faceted prob
lems encountered by the Six.
Especially strong in describing the workings of
the institutions of the trailblazing if somewhat
beleaguered European Economic Community, this
book should be a valuable text for the upper level
college student or the serious nonspecialist. I t is
hardly a laym an’s guide, however, and the reader
seeking a simple key to a detailed understanding
of the Common M arket will not find it here.
Jensen and W alter have composed a tight, factfilled little study, but the terrain covered is vast,
and the reader is advised to proceed slowly and
with care.
As a practitioner in this field, the reviewer is
bemused by the heavy stress on institutions and the
general lack of atmospheric or analytical scene
setting. F o r the Europe of the Six is quintessentially a spirit. I t is only secondarily a set of work
ing institutions and common policies. This spirit
is an incontestably political one, soundly based and
heading Europe into new and crucially im portant
sectors of political experience. I t both feeds and
draws from the Common M arket. I t places the
substantive content of the E E C in its proper focus:
the tangible m anifestation in economic term s of
E urope’s political and psychological will to unite.
Here is the Jensen-W alter shortcoming. They
have skillfully reduced this dram atic tale to its
factual essentials. B ut in so doing, they have left
the reader questioning larger motivations, long
term possibilities, and ultim ate meanings. Prece
dents are being shattered and prejudices destroyed
in the common drive to unite. Economic union,
whether it comes about in 1967 or 1970, is held by
the overwhelming m ajority of Europeans to be
but a way-station. O f this, the book has too little.
B ut there is no dearth of interpretations seeking
to illum inate this European dynamism and our
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1243
positive response to it which do not explain, as
Jensen and W alter have done, exactly how the
thing works. F o r this as well as for the quality of
their explanation they deserve high marks.
— G eorge It. K a pla n
Officer-in-Charge, European Integration Affairs
U.S. Department of State
Distaff
American Women: The Report of the President’s
Commission on the Status o f Women and
Other Publications of the Commission.
E dited by M argaret Mead and Frances Balgley K aplan, w ith an introduction and epi
logue by M argaret Mead. New York, Charles
Scribner’s Sons, 1965. 274 pp. $6.95.
Careers for Women A fter Marriage and Children.
By B arbara Powell O’Neill. New York, Mac
m illan Co., 1965. 401 pp. $5.95.
F or over 2 years, the Commission’s report has
been available from the Superintendent of Docu
ments. Now, we have the same report, with an
introduction and an epilogue by M argaret Mead.
Miss Mead traces women’s progress toward po
litical, educational, and economic freedom, noting
th at with the Commission’s report the Federal
task, except for some cleaning-up work, is done.
Progress now depends on the States, and even more
on women themselves. Miss Mead assails the com
mon American assumptions—and the Commis
sion’s acceptance of them—th at all women wish to
m arry and have children and th a t only paid work
is accorded human dignity. There is nothing new
here, nor in her rather questionable assumptions
that the economy will require smaller numbers of
workers in the future and th at the American style
of living (i.e., “early m arriage, an isolated house,
and children born close together” ) results prim ar
ily from fear of the bomb.
One of Miss M ead’s proposals, “m arriage and
motherhood for young women and an independent
career when the children are grown,” was favored
by the Commission. F or women who choose this
alternative, as more and more women are doing,
Mrs. O ’Neill offers practical suggestions for select
ing an occupation, educating oneself for it, and
getting a job.
— M a r th a F. R ic h e
Division of Publications
Bureau of Labor Statistics
1244
Quotations From Recent Books
Writing for Business. By M ary C. Bromage.
A nn A rbor, U niversity of M ichigan Press,
1965. 178 pp. $4.40, cloth; $1.95, paperback.
Any w riter needs to be aware of all he is actually
im parting by his words. Justice Oliver W endell
Holmes went fu rth er than most persons, but he
had a point when he w rote: “I rarely look at a dic
tionary, which after all is merely somebody’s esti
mate of polite usage, a m atter on which one can
form one’s own opinion.” Titles in government,
in education, in business are constantly being up
graded. People become deputies instead of assist
ants, directors general instead of directors. To
give status is one semantic possibility. To give
a noninvidious impression is another, which
explains why “underdeveloped” or “emerging”
countries have become “developing” countries.
“Nonproductive” labor has become, in some plants,
“indirect” labor as distinct from “productive” or
“direct.”
Though “nondestructive” engineers
have not yet objected to th a t terminology as it is
applied to them, how long before they will ?
Economics: Theory and Practice. By Mellville J.
Ulmer. Boston, H oughton Mifflin Co., 1965.
757 pp. 2d ed. $7.95.
Have unions raised wages? In the opinion of
almost all labor leaders and businessmen, yes. . . .
Yet some economists are not so sure. They are
troubled by the fact th a t it has not yet been possible
to prove, statistically, th at unions have increased
wages more than they m ight have advanced w ith
out unions. . . . Studies of the trend in the share
of the national income going to labor are weakened
by the fact th a t it has not been possible to demon
strate what the trend would have been in the ab
sence of unions. . . .
International Economic Integration. By J a n
Tinbergen. New York, American Elsevier
Publishing Co., 1965. 142 pp. 2d rev. ed. $5.
I f it is true th at a certain consensus of opinion
prevails w ith regard to the general aims form u
lated above, it cannot be denied th a t the big d if
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
ferences in economic policies between the nonCommunist and the Communist countries can only
partly be explained in this way. I t is true th at
inequalities in the latter countries were larger than
in many western countries and it is true th a t the
disturbances created by the F irst W orld W ar in
Russia and by the Second W orld W ar in the pres
ent Communist countries were large indeed. But
there are other countries where this also applies
and these countries are not—or, shall we say, not
yet—Communist. . . .
International Economics. By W alter Krause.
Boston, H oughton Mifflin Co., 1965. 672 pp.
$8.75.
Thus, the Soviet Union (and the Communist
Bloc in general) has been growing richer and the
planning emphasis is on growing even richer.
This process of enrichment has im portant im plica
tions w ithin a cold-war context. F irst, with
heightened economic capacity, it becomes possible
to support a greater Communist trade-and-aid ef
fort. Second, a dram atic performance record is
likely to enhance the appeal of a Communist eco
nomic system, especially for underdeveloped coun
tries desirous of development and not yet firmly
committed to an ideology.
Economic Development in Nigeria—Its Problems ,
Challenges, and Prospects. By Victor P.
Diejomaoh. Princeton, N .J., Princeton U n i
versity, Industrial Relations Section, 1965.
134 pp. $3, paperback.
Because of lack of proper counseling, some
youths, who could probably find jobs in rural
areas, do not know exactly what they w ant and
so d rift aimlessly to the cities, believing th a t some
thing good is w aiting for them there. There is
thus a need for improvement in counseling services
at school, at home, and by labor exchange officers.
I t should be stressed, though, th a t the labor ex
change problem, hiring practices of employers,
and lack of adequate counseling are not a t the
heart of the unemployment problem. I f these
adverse factors were eliminated, the employment
situation would be ameliorated, but unemployment
would remain. . . .
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
The German Economy at War. By A lan S. Milward. London, Athlone Press, 1965. 214 pp.,
bibliography. $6, O xford U niversity Press,
New York.
. . . The blanket generalization ‘breakdown of
the economy’ does more to conceal fact than reveal
it. The ‘breakdown’ did not occur at the same
time everywhere. The economy did not snap, like
an overstrained plank of wood, suddenly and ir
reparably. Each sector performed differently un
der the strain. Some branches of German pro
duction did not decline. Tank production targets
were achieved almost until the b itter end. M uni
tions production, on the other hand, began to
decline in September 1944, and in Jan u ary 1945
sank to the level of November and December 1942.
Even at this level it was more than twice as high
as it had been throughout 1941. The production
of weapons generally did not begin its overall de
cline until December. B ut its collapse was terribly
sudden. . . .
Business Data Processing. By Elias M. Awad.
Englewood Cliffs, N .J., Prentice-H all, Inc.,
1965. 310 pp., bibliography. $10.
D uring the survey and evaluation stage, the
employees should be informed of the possibility of
introducing electronic data-processing equipment
into the plant. Although the employees should
not share in decisionmaking with regard to the
installation itself, before any installation is con
sidered seriously, the project team should investi
gate its effect upon them. . . .
1245
Other Recent Publications
Education and Training
Training Methods for Older Workers. By R. M. Belbin.
Paris, Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development, 1965. 72 pp. $2, McGraw-Hill Book
Go., OECD-Unit, New York.
Accelerated Vocational Training for Adults.
By Victor
Martin. Paris, Organization for Economic Coopera
tion and Development, 1965. 132 pp. $2, McGrawHill Book Co., OECD-Unit, New York.
Apprentice Training Programs and Racial Discrimina
tion. By Irving Kovarsky. (In Iowa Law Review,
Iowa City, Spring 1965, pp. 755-776. $2.)
An Evaluation of the Concept of Trainee Camps for Un
employed Youth. By Gertrude D. Peterson (for Office
of Manpower, Automation and Training, U.S. Depart
ment of Labor). Menlo Park, Calif., Stanford Re
search Institute, 1965. 269 pp., bibliography.
Employee Benefits
Employer Expenditures for Selected Supplementary Com
pensation Practices for Production and Related
Workers and Composition of Payroll Hours—Manu
facturing Industries, 1962. Washington, U.S. De
partment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1965.
126 pp. (Bulletin 1428.) $1, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.
Public Policy and Private Pension Plans. Princeton, N.J.,
Princeton University, Industrial Relations Section,
July 1965. 4 pp. (Selected References 124.) 40
cents.
Health and Safety
Equal Justice Under Law: The /Supreme Court in
American Life. W ashington, Foundation of
the Federal B ar Association (with the coop
eration of the National Geographic Society),
1965. 143 pp. $2.75, clo th ; $1.25, paperback.
V irginia rose in w rath; her General Assembly
declared th at the Court had no jurisdiction, H er
lawyers fought the Cohens’ request for a hearing.
They warned the Supreme Court against “excit
ing the hostility of the State governments,” which
would decide how long the Union should endure.
F o r trouble had flared again as Congress debated
M issouri’s proposed constitution and States’ rights
in general. Now what had been a trivial criminal
case took on political importance at a time of m ajor
crisis.
787-480 O— ©i
6
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Health Education of Workers. Washington, U.S. Depart
ment of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public
Health Service, 1965. 93 pp. (PHS Publication
1279.)
35 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
Occupational Health in Western Europe. By Henry N.
Doyle. (In Journal of Occupational Medicine, New
York, August 1965, pp. 361-364, $1.)
Yrkesskador Ar 1961.
ringsverket, 1965.
in English.)
Stockholm, Sweden, Riksfdrsak135 pp. (Contents and Summary
Industrial Relations
Labor-Management Cooperation in TVA. By John E.
Massey. (In Public Personnel Review, Chicago, July
1965, pp. 130-134.
$2.)
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
1246
Tests and “The Requirements of the Job.” By John H.
Metzler and ElDean V. Kohrs.
{In Arbitration
The “Wage-Productivity” Theory of Underemployment:
A Refinement. By Pan A. Yotopoulos. {In Review
Journal, New York, Vol. 20, No. 2, 1965, pp. 103-111.
*1.75.)
of Economic Studies, Edinburgh, Scotland, January
1965, pp. 59-66. $2.50.)
Major Collective Bargaining Agreements: Supplemental
Unemployment Benefit Plans and Wage-Employment
Guarantees. By Dorothy Kittner and Arne H.
Long-Term Manpower Projections. (Proceedings of a con
Anderson. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1965. 107 pp. (Bulletin
1425-3.) 70 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
Collective Bargaining for Federal Employees. By Ray C.
Roberts, Jr. {In Iowa Business Digest, University
of Iowa, Bureau of Business and Economic Research,
Iowa City, July 1965, pp. 12-20.)
The Future of Labor Arbitration. By Paul R. Hays.
{In
Yale Law Journal, New Haven, Conn., May 1965, pp.
1010-1038. $2.50.)
Interplay Between the LMRA and Arbitration: Concur
rent Unfair Labor Practices and .Grievances. By S.
G. Clark, Jr.
{In Labor Law Journal, Chicago, July
1965, pp. 412-422.
$1.35.)
Work Stoppages in California, 196Jt. San Francisco, State
Department of Industrial Relations, Division of Labor
Statistics and Research, 1965. 28 pp.
Industrial and Labor Relations in Canada—A Selected
Bibliography. By A. F. Isbester, D. Coates, C. B.
Williams. Ontario, Queen’s University at Kingston,
Industrial Relations Center, 1965. 120 pp. (Bibliog
raphy Series, 2.)
Manpower Shortages and Active Manpower Policies in
Europe in 1964. {In International Labor Review,
Geneva, July 1965, pp. 1-20. 60 cents. Distributed
in United States by Washington Branch of ILO.)
State Committees on Seasonal Agricultural Labor—Their
Organization and Programs. Washington, U.S. De
partment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards, 1965.
72 pp. (Bulletin 274.)
Some Observations on the Agricultural Labor Market. By
Lamar B. Jones and James W. Christian. {In Indus
trial and Labor Relations Review, Ithaca, N.Y., July
1965, pp. 522-534. $1.75.)
On the Nature and Conditions of Working Life. By Sey
mour L. Wolfbein. {In American Statistician, Wash
ington, April 1965, pp. 19-23.
60 cents.)
Labor Organizations
The Effects of Unions on E-fjffciency in the Residential
Construction Industry; A Case Study. By Allan B.
Mandelstamm. {In Industrial and Labor Relations
Review, Ithaca, N.Y., July 1965, pp. 503-521. $1.75.)
Labor Force
Two Views of American Labor. By Frances Perkins and
J. Paul St. Sure. Los Angeles, University of Cali
fornia, Institute of Industrial Relations, 1965. 39
pp. $1.
Adam Smith on the Division of Labor: Two Views. By
Nathan Rosenberg. {In Economica, London School
of Economics and Political Science, London, May
1965, pp. 127-139. 10s.)
Classification on the Basis of Sex and the 1964 Civil
Rights Act. {In Iowa Law Review, Iowa City, Spring
1965, pp. 778-798.
ference conducted by the Research Program on Unem
ployment and the American Economy, University of
California, June 25-26, 1964.) Edited by R. A. Gor
don. Berkeley, University of California, Institute of
Industrial Relations, 1965. 64 pp.
$2.)
Discrimination and Fair Employment Practices Laws. By
Wallace F. Caldwell. {In Labor Law Journal, Chi
cago, July 1965, pp. 394-403. $1.35.)
Racial Discrimination in American Labor Unions. By
Mary Ellen Guha. (In Vocational Guidance Quar
terly, Washington, Summer 1965, pp. 237-242.
$1.)
Personnel Management
Psychological Tests and Personnel Decisions.
By Lee J.
Cronback and Goldine C. Gleser. Urbana, University
of Illinois Press, 1965. 347 pp. 2d ed. $7.95.
Testing and Title VII \of the Equal Employment Oppor
tunity Act~\. By Cameron Fincher. (In Atlanta
Economic Review, Georgia State College, Atlanta,
June 1965, pp. 15-19.)
Testing Minority Applicants for Employment. By How
ard C. Lockward. (In Personnel Journal, Swarthmore, Pa., July-August 1965, pp. 356-360, 373.
cents.)
75
Trends in Employment of College and University Graduuates in Business and Industry. By Frank S. Endi-
Office Personnel Practices: Nonmanufacturing. New York,
cott. Evanston, 111., Northwestern University, 1965.
14 pp. (19th annual report.)
National Industrial Conference Board, 1965. 196 pp.
(Personnel Policy Study 197.)
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BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
1247
Recruitment Problems in Manpower Training and Pov
erty Programs. By William F. Brazziel. {In Voca
tional Guidance Quarterly, Washington, Summer
1965, pp. 291-295. $1.)
Prices and Consumption Economics
Kazanowski. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1965. 301 pp. (Bulletin
1411.) $1.75, Superintendent of Documents, Wash
ington.
{In Federal
Reserve Bulletin, Washington, April 1965, pp. 518529. 50 cents.)
Consumer Credit in the American Economy—Vigor of
Youth or Middle Age Spread. {In Business Review,
Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Philadelphia,
July 1965, pp. 3-12.)
Family Expenditure Survey [of Great Britain]—Report
for 1963. London, Ministry of Labor, 1965. 78 pp.
15s., H.M. Stationery Office, London.
Productivity and Technological Change
Industrialization and Labor Productivity Differentials.
By Carlos F. Diaz Alejandro. {In Review of Eco
nomics and Statistics, Cambridge, Mass., May 1965,
pp. 207-214. $2, Harvard University Press, Cam
bridge. )
I n s tr u c tio n a l M a te r ia ls on P r o d u c tiv ity a n d A u to m a tio n :
An Annotated Bibliography, by Omar Kussow; A
Descriptive List of Films, by William Dunwiddie.
Madison, University of Wisconsin, Center for Pro
ductivity Motivation, 1965. 14 pp.
Easing the Impact of Technological Change on Employ
ees: A Conspectus of United States Experience. By
Roy B. Helfgott. {In International Labor Review,
Geneva, June 1965, pp. 503-520. 60 cents. Distrib
uted in United States by Washington Branch of ILO.)
The Impact of Automation Upon Clerical Employment.
By Marvin J. Levine. {In Personnel Administrator,
American Society for Personnel Administration, Fort
Collins, Colo., July-August 1965, pp. 28-37. $1.25.)
The Office Worker and Automation. By J. C. Davidson.
{In Best’s Insurance News, New York, July 1965, pp.
32, 34-36.
50 cents.)
Social Security
Medicare and Social Security Explained.
(Including the
Social Security Amendments of 1965, approved July
30, 1965.) Chicago, Commerce Clearing House, Inc.,
1965. 176 pp. $2.50.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Chicago Press, Chicago, June 1965, pp. 129-140.
$2.25.)
The Role of Benefits in Meeting Expenditures During
Unemployment. By Philip A. Klein. {In Quarterly
Wholesale Prices and Price Indexes, 1962. By Edward J.
Consumer Income, Spending, and Saving.
Social Security in Evolution: Toward What? By Eveline
M. Burns. {In Social Service Review, University of
Review of Economics and Business, University of
Illinois, Urbana, 111., Summer 1965. pp. 37-52. $1.50.)
Disqualification for Unemployment Compensation Bene
fits: Misconduct Defined. By David Morris. {In In
dustrial and Labor Relations Forum, Cornell Univer
sity, New York State School of Industrial and Labor
Relations, Ithaca, N.Y., May 1965, pp. 115-130. $1.50.)
Individual Rights and Social Welfare: The Emerging
Legal Issues. By Charles A. Reich. {In Yale Law
Journal, New Haven, Conn., June 1965, pp. 1245-1257.
$2.50.)
Los Subsidios Familiares en los Trabajadores de la In
dustria, en la Argentina. By Orestes Fernando De
salvo. {In Revista Iberoamericana de Seguridad So
cial, Ministerio de Trabajo, Madrid, March-April
1965, pp. 195-201.)
Social Security Reforms [in Brazil.]
{In Conjuntura Eco
nómica, Getulio Vargas Foundation, Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil, April 1965, pp. 47-52. $2.)
Wages and Hours
Wages and Related Benefits: Part II, Metropolitan Areas,
United States and Regional Summaries, 1963-64.
Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1965. 106 pp. (Bulletin 1385-82.)
70 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Occupational Wage Survey: Portland, Oreg.-Wash., May
1966. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1965. 23 pp. (Bulletin
1430-70.) 25 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington. Other bulletins in this series include:
Paterson-Clifton-Passaic, N.J.,
May 1966
Chicago, III., April 1965
Lubbock, Tex., June 1965
Atlanta, Ga., May 1965
Lawrence-Haverhill, Mass.-N.H.,
June 1965
_ _
Worcester, Mass., June 1965____
Norfolk-Portsmouth and Newport
News-Hampton, Va., June
1965_______________________
Akron, Ohio, June 1965
Spokane, Wash., June 1965
B u lle tin
N o.
P ages
P r ic e
(cents')
1430-71
1430-72
1430-73
1430-74
21
35
19
23
25
30
20
25
1430-75
1430-76
19
21
20
25
1430-77
1439-78
1430-79
29
21
27
25
25
25
Salary Trends: City Public School Teachers, 1925-63.
Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1965. 36 pp. (Bulletin 1448.) 30
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
1248
Wage Chronology : Sinclair Oil Companies, 1941-66.
Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1965. 25 pp. (Bulletin 1447.) 25
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Industry Wage Survey: Work Clothing, May-June 1964Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1965. 45 pp. (Bulletin 1440.) 35
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
The Impact of National Wage Policies. By Everett M.
Kassalow.
(In Challenge, New York University,
New York, June 1965, pp. 36-40.
70 cents.)
Wage Drift, Wage Fixing and Drift Statistics. By Shirley
W. Lerner. (In Manchester School of Economic and
Social Studies, Manchester, England, May 1965, pp.
155-177. $1.50.)
Regarding the Minimum Wage. By James E. Blair.
(In
F reem an, F ou n d ation for Econom ic E du cation , Inc.,
Irvington-on-Hudson, N.Y., July 1965, pp. 13-21.
cents. )
The
50
Relationship Between Wage and Employment
Changes in Individual Firms. By Yngve Âberg. (In
Swedish Journal of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden,
June 1965, pp. 101-124.)
Association of Manufacturers, [1965]. 14 pp.
(NAM Industrial Relations Sourcebook Series.) 50
cents.
30th Anniversary of the Bureau of Labor Standaras:
Forging Labor Standards, 1934—1964—1994- Wash
ington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
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Glossary of Current Industrial Relations and Wage
Terms. Washington, U jS. Department of Labor, Bu
reau of Labor Statistics, 1965. 103 pp. (Bulletin
1438.) 45 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Wash
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World Economic Problems and Policies. Edited by Her
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lishers, 1965. xlv, 382 pp. $6.95.
T h e N e w Y o r k T im e s W o rld E c o n o m ic R e v ie w a n d F o re
cast, 1965. Edited by Lee Kanner. New York, Grosset & Dunlap, 1965.
256 pp.
$2.95.
Economic Development.
By Charles P. Kindleberger.
New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1965. 425 pp.
2d ed. (Economic Handbook Series.) $8.95.
Basic Economic Principles.
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Areas, 1964• San Francisco, State Department of In
dustrial Relations, Division of Labor Statistics and
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Can We Afford Not to Reduce Hours of Work? By Sar
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New York, American Management Association, 1965.
208 pp. $9 ; $6 to AMA members.
Identifying and Developing
Shortages and Remedies.
Managers— World-Wide
(In Conference Board
Record, National Industrial Conference Board, Inc.,
New York, June 1965, pp. 21-48.)
New Perspectives on Poverty.
Edited by Arthur B.
Shostok and William Gomberg. Englewood Cliffs,
N.J., Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1965. 185 pp., bibliography.
$1.95, paperback.
The Contracting Out of Work—An Annotated Bibliog
raphy. By David M. Farrell. Ontario, Queen’s Uni
Poverty and Social Change. By Alexander H. Leighton.
(In Scientific American, New York, May 1965, pp.
Labor Law and Practice in Morocco. By Ann C. Suter.
21-27.)
Public Policy, Private Enterprise and the Reduction of
Poverty. By Norton E. Long. New York, National
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versity at Kingston, Industrial Relations Center, 1965.
61 pp. (Bibliography Series, 1.)
Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1965. 73 pp., bibliography. (BLS
Report 282. ) 45 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
Current Labor Statistics
TABLES
A.—]
1250 A -l.
1251 A-2.
1255 A-3.
1259 A-4.
1259
A-5.
1260
A-6.
Estimated total labor force classified by employment status and sex
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups,
seasonally adjusted
Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally
adjusted
Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations
B.—]
1261
B -l.
c.-]
C.—Earnings and Hours
1264
1276
1276
C -l.
C-2.
C-3.
1277
1279
C-4.
C-5.
1279
C-6.
Gross hours and earnings of production workers, by industry
Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries
Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing,
by major industry group
Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry
Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction
activities
Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing
D —Consumer and Wholesale Prices
1280
D -l.
1281
D-2.
1282
1284
1285
D-3.
D-4.
D-5.
Consumer Price Index—U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers
(including single workers) all items, groups, subgroups, and special groups of items
Consumer Price Index—U.S. and selected areas for urban wage earners and clerical
workers (including single workers)
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings
Indexes of wholesale prices, by stage of processing and durability of product
E—
1286
E -l.
F.—
1287
F - l.
> T h is ta b le is in c lu d e d in th e J a n u a r y , A p r il, J u ly , a n d O c to b e r iss u e s o f th e Review.
N ote : W it h th e e x c e p tio n s n o te d , th e s ta tis tic a l series h ere from th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s are d e sc r ib e d in Techniques of Preparin g M ajor B L S Statisti
cal Series ( B L S B u lle tin 1 1 6 8 ,19E4), a n d c o v e r th e U n it e d S ta te s w it h o u t A la s k a a n d H a w a ii.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1249
1250
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
A.—Employment
T
able
A -l. Estim ated total labor force classified by employment status and sex
[In th o u san d s]
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over i
Employment status
1965
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Annual
average
1964
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1964
1963
Total, both sexes
Total labor force________________ ____
80,163 81,150 80,683 78,425 77,307 76,612 76,418 75,699 76,567 76,897 77,112 76,865 78,509 76,971
Civilian labor force____________________
Unemployment_____________________
Unemployment rate seasonally adjusted 2.
Unemployed 4 weeks or less_________
Unemployed 5-10 weeks___________
Unemployed 11-14 weeks___________
Unemployed 15-26 weeks___________
Unemployed over 26 weeks__________
Employment_____ _________________
Nonagricultural_______
________
Worked 35 hours or more__________
Worked 15-34 horns_______________
Worked 1-14 hours_____ ________
With a job but not at work 3_______
Agricultural___________ ______ ____
Worked 35 hours or more________ .
Worked 15-34 h o u rs... ___________
Worked 1-14 hours_______________
With a job but not at work 3_______
77, 470
3, 258
4.5
1,612
745
287
296
316
74,212
69, 077
51,108
7,313
3, 093
7,562
5,136
3, 617
955
394
169
78,457
3,602
4.5
1,888
948
180
250
337
74,854
69, 228
50,539
7,402
3,373
7,912
5,626
3,933
1,168
404
119
78, 003
4,287
4.7
2,696
634
196
384
378
73, 716
68, 094
52,867
7,448
4, 012
3,765
5, 622
3,866
1,243
402
108
75,741
3,335
4.6
1,688
656
187
442
363
72,407
67, 278
53,008
7,563
4,403
2,304
5,128
3,475
1,162
394
97
74,621
3,552
4.9
1,620
614
268
627
423
71,070
66, 597
47, 686
12,140
3,976
2,798
4,473
2,907
1,067
350
147
73,909
3,740
4.7
1,511
711
499
602
417
70,169
66,180
51,983
7, 758
4,223
2,216
3,989
2,427
921
420
221
73,714
4,218
5.0
1,671
1,085
412
616
434
69,496
65,694
50,128
8,940
4,225
2,400
3,803
2,160
936
457
250
72, 992
3,996
4.8
1.863
922
366
457
389
68,996
65,257
51,430
7,744
3,937
2,148
3,739
2,187
985
355
213
73,841
3,466
5.0
1,630
740
294
416
387
70,375
66,590
52,317
8,131
4,166
1,975
3,785
2,220
993
357
218
74,166
3,373
4.9
1, 658
707
248
372
387
70,793
66,248
47,115
12,826
4,084
2,221
4,545
3,011
1,044
361
129
74,375
3, 252
5.2
1,623
610
238
390
390
71,123
65, 997
49,349
9, 824
4,033
2,791
5,126
3,366
1,231
399
133
74,122
3,317
5.1
J , 701
537
315
353
410
70,805
65,575
33,986
24,268
3,887
3,432
5,230
3,577
1,181
346
128
75,758
3,654
5.1
1,691
862
312
296
494
72,104
66,704
49,212
7,115
3,169
7,205
5,400
3,716
1,085
440
160
74,233
3.876
5.2
1,787
797
319
490
482
70,357
65,596
48,421
9.877
3,971
3,326
4,761
3,079
1,101
409
169
75,712
72,975
4,166
5.7
1,847
877
354
535
553
68,809
63,863
48, 679
8,028
3,827
3,327
4,946
3,216
1,124
432
174
Males
Total labor force_______________ _____
53, 360 54,019 53,395 51,908 51,168 50,628 50,538 50, 212 50,480 50,709 50, 918 51,083 52,584 51,118
50,573
Civilian labor force____________________
Unemployment.. _______ . . . _______
Employment_______________________
Nonagricultural_________________ ..
Worked 35 hours or m o re _________
Worked 15-34 hours_______________
Worked 1-14 hours._____ . _______
With a job but not at work 3_______
Agricultural_____ _______________
Worked 35 hours or more__________
Worked 15-34 hours_______________
Worked 1-14 hours_______________
With a job but not at work 3_______
50,697
1,801
48, 896
44, 801
36, 046
3,293
1,311
4,151
4, 095
3,092
553
300
153
47,867
2,537
45,330
41,309
34,051
3,736
1,617
1,905
4,021
2,826
707
333
154
51,356
2,069
49,287
44,903
35,920
3,305
1,465
4, 213
4,384
3,357
652
275
101
50, 746
2,315
48, 431
44, 015
37, 018
3,213
1,797
1,986
4,416
3, 321
710
298
87
49, 255
1,941
47,314
43, 216
36,648
3,246
1,922
1,399
4,098
3, 022
690
299
87
48, 513
2,091
46,422
42,683
33,530
5,955
1.665
1,538
3,738
2,611
711
288
125
47,957
2, 283
45, 675
42,253
35, 760
3,415
1,720
1,359
3,422
2,202
661
365
194
47,866
2,558
45,307
42, Oil
34,614
4,105
1,765
1,526
3,296
1,959
712
397
230
47, 537
2,481
45,056
41,810
35,425
3,434
1,619
1,331
3, 246
1,998
731
316
201
47, 784
2,139
45,645
42,398
35, 783
3,684
1, 727
1,204
3,247
2,005
738
305
200
48,008
1,856
46,152
42, 487
32,895
6,554
1,680
1,357
3,666
2,597
673
273
122
48, 211
1,762
46, 448
42, 423
34,338
4,658
1,680
1,747
4,026
2,912
727
274
113
48,370
1,813
46,557
42,476
25,120
13,729
1,599
2,028
4,081
3,035
708
232
106
49,864
2,074
47,791
43,443
34,831
3,391
1,429
3, 790
4,348
3,243
657
314
135
48,410
2,271
46,139
42,255
33,854
4,811
1,679
1,911
3,884
2,705
709
323
147
Females
Total labor force___________ _________ 26, 804 27,132 27,288 26, 517 26,139 25,984 25,880 25,487 26,086 26,188 26,194 25,782 25,925 25,854
25,141
Civilian labor force_____________ ______
Unemployment___
__________ ____
Employment_______________________
Nonagricultural________ _________
Worked 35 horns or more__________
Worked 15-34 hours_______________
Worked 1-14 hours__. . . ________
With a job but not at work 3_______
Agricultural______________________
Worked 35 hours or more_________
Worked 15-34 hours____ ____ _____
Worked 1-14 hours_________ _____
With a job but not at work 3_______
25,109
1,629
23,479
22,554
14,629
4,292
2,211
1,422
925
388
416
99
20
26, 773
1,457
25,316
24, 275
15,061
4, 019
1,784
3,410
1,041
528
403
95
16
27,101
1,534
25,567
24,325
14, 619
4,098
1,910
3, 700
1,242
576
516
130
18
27, 257
1,972
25, 284
24, 079
15, 848
4,235
2, 218
1, 779
1,206
544
533
105
21
26, 486
1,393
25,093
24,062
16,360
4,318
2,481
905
1,031
453
473
95
10
26,108
1,460
24,648
23,913
14,155
6,185
2,312
1,260
735
295
356
61
22
1 E s tim a te s are b ased on in fo rm a tio n o b ta in e d from a sa m p le of h o useh o ld s
a n d are s u b je c t to sa m p lin g v a ria b ility . D a ta re la te to th e c a le n d a r w eek
c o n ta in in g th e 12th d a y of th e m o n th . T h e e m p lo y ed to ta l in c lu d es all
w age a n d s a la ry w o rk ers, self-em ployed p ersons, a n d u n p a id w o rk ers in
fam ily -o p era ted en terp rises. P erso n s in in s titu tio n s are n o t in c lu d ed .
B ecause of ro u n d in g , su m s of in d iv id u a l ite m s do n o t n ecessarily eq u a l
to tals.
2 U n e m p lo y m e n t as a p e rc e n t of la b o r force.
3 In c lu d e s p ersons w ho h a d a job or b u sin ess b u t w ho d id n o t w o rk d u rin g
th e su rv e y w eek b ecause of illness, h a d w e a th e r, v a c a tio n , or la b o r d is p u te .
P rio r to J a n u a ry 1957, also in c lu d e d w ere persons on layoff w ith d efin ite
in s tru c tio n s to r e tu rn to w o rk w ith in 30 d a y s of layoff a n d persons w ho h a d
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
25,952
1,458
24,494
23,927
16,224
4,343
2, 503
857
567
226
259
55
27
25,848
1,659
24,189
23, 682
15, 513
4,835
2,460
874
506
203
225
60
19
25,455
1, 515
23, 940
23, 447
16,003
4,309
2,317
817
492
187
255
39
13
26,056
1,327
24,730
24,192
16,535
4,446
2,439
771
538
213
255
50
18
26,158
1,517
24,641
23,762
14,221
6,272
2,407
863
879
414
371
88
7
26,164
1,489
24, 674
23, 574
15, Oil
5,166
2,353
1,044
1,100
454
502
123
20
25,752
1,503
24,248
23,099
8,867
10,539
2,290
1,404
1,149
541
473
112
22
25,894
1,581
24,313
23,261
14,382
3,723
1,740
3,415
1,052
471
428
126
25
25,823
1,605
24,218
23,341
14,566
5,066
2,294
1,414
877
378
391
87
21
n ew jo b s to w h ich th e y w ere sch ed u led to r e p o rt w ith in 30 d ay s. M o st of
th e p erso n s in th e se g ro u p s h av e , since th a t tim e , b ee n classified as u n e m
plo y ed .
N o t e : F o r a d escrip tio n of th e se series, see E x p la n a to ry N o tes (in E m p l o y
m e n t a n d E a r n i n g s , U .S . D e p a r tm e n t of L a b o r, B u re a u of L a b o r S ta tis tic s,
c u rre n t issu es).
F ig u res for p erio d s p rio r to A p ril 1962 are n o t s tric tly co m p arab le w ith
c u rre n t d a ta because of th e in tro d u c tio n of 1960 C en su s d a ta in to th e e s ti
m a tio n p ro ced u re . T h e ch an g e p rim a rily affected th e la b o r force a n d e m
p lo y m e n t to ta ls , w h ich w ere re d u c e d b y a b o u t 200,000. T h e u n e m p lo y m e n t
to ta ls w ere v ir tu a lly u n ch a n g ed .
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T a b l e A-2.
1251
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
Revised series; see box, p. 1258.
[In th o u sa n d s]
1965
1964
Annual
average
Industry
Aug.2 July 2 June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1964
1963
Total em ployees.._
61,070 60, 736 60,884 60,058 59, 545 58,847 58,398 58,271 59,938 59,441 59,164 59,258 58,680 58,188 56, 643
645
644
642
632
615
616
623
619
644
635
643
645
647
635
635
86.0
86.6
85.2
83.5
84.8
83.9
84.1
84. (
84.7
83.9
79.8
77.7
81.8
80 5
28.6
29.2
29.1
27.2
28.3
27.8
27.2
26.7
27.2
28.0
28.2
27.7
26.9
24 7
29.8
30.4
29.6
29.4
29.3
29.2
29.2
29.2
28.9
27.9
23.5
21.5
27.0
27.7
Coal m ining..
136.3 138.6 139.2 140.7 139.9 142.8 143.5 145.7 145.2 144.7 144.0 142.8 144.4 148 1
Bituminous.
125.1 128.5 129.2 130.7 130.1 132.6 132.8 134.7 134.0 133.6 132.8 131.5 133.3 136.9
Crude petroleum and natural gas..
290.5 288.3 282.4 278.5 278.9 279.8 282.0 287.3 289.4 288.0 291.8 297.3 288.6 289 1
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields.
160.0 158.9 156.0 155.8 155.7 156.0 156.5 158.2 159.1 159.6 162.4 165.0 161.5 164 8
Oil and gas field services........... ............. —
130. 5 129.4 126.4 122.7 123.2 123.8 125.5 129.1 130.3 128.4 129.4 132.3 127.1 124.8
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining.
131.2 128.3 124.7 119.0 112.1 109.4 109.2 117.6 124.0 127.1 129.1 129.1 120.0 117.7
Contract construction............... ...... .........
3,606 3,499 3,429 3,245 3,020 2,865 2.756 2,837 3,053 3,273 3,376 3,391 3,482 3,106 2 982
General building contractors________
1,103.3 1,078.5 1,010. 2 944.2 908.0 875.2 913.6 979.0 1,043.6 1,056.9 1,058.3 1,095.3 974.8 921 9
Heavy construction_______________
728.8 716.3 653.5 557.3 483.1 444. 6 465.6 540.5 640. 8 701.0 712.8 736.8 608.9 600 1
Highway and street construction_____ —
3%. 6 387.5 347.1 276.8 223.0 197.1 210.2 260.6 334.1 381.8 394.0 411.0 317.3
315 n
Other heavy construction..............
332. 2 328.8 306.4 280.5 260.1 247.5 255.4 279.9 306.7 319.2 318.8 325.8
291.7 285 1
Special trade contractors......................
1,666.4 1, 634.2 1,581.1 1518. 8 1,473. 7 1,436.2 1,457.9 1,533.7 1,588.5 1,617.8 1,619. 4 1, 649. 5 1,522.4
1,461.3
Manufacturing______
18,299 18,096 18,109 17,826 17,732 17,643 17.538 17,456 17,601 17,638 17,428 17,792
17, 303 17 005
D u ra b le goods____
10,449 10,481 10, 503 10,339 10, 272 10,162 10,101 10,045 10,093 10,071 9,806 10,105 17,498
9,’836 9,848 9* 625
N o n d u ra b le g oods.
7,850 7,615 7,606 7,487 7, 460 7,481 7,437 7,411 7,508 7,567 7,622 7,687 7,662
7,455 7,380
Durable goods
Mining_______
Metal mining.
Iron ores__
Copper ores.
Ordnance and accessories............. ...........
Ammunition, except for small arm s.—
Sighting and fire control equipm ent...
Other ordnance and accessories.........
255.3
194.9
49.0
251.3
192.0
11. 4
47.9
245.4
187.1
11.2
47.1
243.3
186.1
11.1
46.1
241.0
183.8
11.2
46.0
241.5
183.8
11.5
46.2
242.3
183.8
11.7
46.8
243.9
185.1
11.8
47.0
243.8
184.7
11.8
47.3
246.0
186.2
12.1
47.7
246.6
186.8
12.2
47.6
248.2
187.8
12.4
48.0
249.2
189.2
12.5
47.5
257.5
195.3
13.1
49.1
274 1
202 3
19 2
52.5
630.6
97. 9
265. 8
624.7
97.0
264.4
621.2
93.9
263.7
597.3
85.7
255.7
582.4
77.5
250.4
574.6
73.9
247.8
569.8
75.8
244.6
565.2
73.7
242.6
584.4
82.4
250.0
596.6
88.7
254.2
605.9
92.0
257.3
618.0
94.9
262.1
625.0
97.4
265.6
596.5
86.6
255.5
254.3
162.3
36.4
68.2
159.0
37.2
67.1
157.8
38.3
67.5
153.0
36.9
66.0
151.2
36.2
67.1
150.1
35.7
67.1
148.3
35.2
65.9
148.1
35.1
65.7
150.8
35.8
65.4
151.7
36.5
65.5
153.9
36.4
66.3
157.5
36.9
66.6
158.5
36.8
66.7
153.3
36.3
64.8
149 9
36 1
63.0
Furniture and fixtures.............. .........
Household furniture____________
Office furniture________________
Partitions; office and store fixtures.
Other furniture and fixtures______
430.6
313.2
419.8
305.1
27.4
41.1
46.2
422.5
308.8
27.6
40.0
46.1
417.0
306.1
27.3
38.9
44.7
419.4
307.6
27.3
39.6
44.9
416.5
306.4
27.4
38.5
44.2
412.9
303.7
27.2
38.1
43.9
410.6
301.9
27.1
37.5
44.1
413.5
304.1
27.5
37.3
44.6
414 8
304.4
27.6
37.9
44.9
415.6
303.5
27.7
39.0
45.4
413.1
300.9
27.8
39.1
45.3
408.5
298.0
27.2
39.1
44.2
402.0
293.9
26.9
37.4
43.9
388 9
279 8
27 5
39 2
42.4
Stone, clay, and glass products________
Flat glass________________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown.
Cement, hydraulic__ ______________
Structural clay products____________
Pottery and related products________
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products.
Other stone and mineral products____
654.2
647.4
34.9
119.0
39.8
70.8
41.9
185.5
133.1
639.9
33.1
119.5
39.5
69.9
41.4
185.1
130.0
626.9
33.3
117.6
38.7
68.1
41.9
179.4
126.6
618.2
33.6
116.5
38.3
67.7
42.3
169.9
128.5
602.6
33.6
115.2
36.9
65.6
42.3
160.4
127.5
592.1
33.2
114.1
36.2
64.3
41.5
155. 5
126.7
591.2
33.6
112.5
36.3
65.4
41.0
155.8
126.2
607.2
33.9
112.8
38.7
67.5
41.1
164.8
127.9
624.2
34.4
114.4
38.9
68.8
41.5
175.8
129.2
630.1
34.4
115.5
39.6
68.7
41.8
179.7
129.1
640.0
33.8
117.4
40.5
69.8
43.8
183.4
130.0
640.3
32.5
117.3
40.6
70.6
43.6
185.7
128.8
615.7
32.6
113.7
38.7
68.0
42.8
172.3
127.0
601.6
31 ft
110 7
38 9
68 7
43 1
168 4
121.6
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture_______________________
Logging camps and logging contractors.
Sawmills and planing mills..................
Millwork, plywood, and related
products_______________________
Wooden containers.____ ___________
Miscellaneous wood products________
46.8
121.3
39.9
70.8
186.2
133.0
586 6
83 9
Primary metal industries_____________ 1,312.7 1,314.0 1,317.0 1,294.7 1294.2 1, 284.1 1,277.2 1,266. 7 1,262.1 1, 255. 5 1,244.1 1,258. 8 1,241.2 1,226. 5 1,171 7
Blast furnace and basic steel products.. 681.1 682.3 682.2 667.1 670.0 662.4 657.8 651.5 648.4 644.8 642.3 '649.0 641.3 624.9 589.4
Iron and steel foundries_____________ 224.6 225. 7 227.5 225.2 225.4 221.4 221.8 220.1 219.0 216.9 209.4 216.7 213.1
211.7 198 1
74.1
74.1
Non ferrous smelting and refining........
73.4
72.6
72.8
72.0
71.7
71.5
71.5
71.4
68.9
71.1
69.6
70.3
68.8
Nonferrous, rolling, drawing, and
extruding_________________ _____
191.5 191.9 193.5 191.0 188.4 189.9 188.0 186.8 187.0 186.9 186.2 188.2 184.5 186.0 184.8
Nonferrous foundries_______________
78.8
76.8
76.1
75.7
77.3
76.2
75.3
76.3
75.4
74.9
75.7
74.9
74.0
74.1
71 8
62.6
63.2
Miscellaneous primary metal industries.
62.1
63.1
62.2
62.5
61.3
61.8
60.8
60.6
60.3
60.2
58.7
59.5
58.9
Fabricated metal products____________ 1, 269.5 1, 276.7 1,286.5 1,266. 6 1254.8 1,220. 6 1,240.2 1,229.9 1,233.5 1, 225.7 1,197.1 1,239. 2 1, 209. 2 1,196.7 1,152.6
Metal cans________________________
65.0
64.6
63.6
34.3
60.4
63.9
62.5
63.3
59.0
59.7
64.5
60.3
65.2
61.4
60.4
Cutlery, handtools, and general hard
ware___________________________
151.7 151.2 156.5 157.0 155.5 156.1 155.5 154.0 154.3 153.4 136.7 150.7 144.6 145.1 138.8
Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures_________________________
77.0
77.9
77.5
77.2
78.8
77.6
76.8
77.5
78.1
79.4
81.1
80.6
79.5
79.4
76.7
Fabricated structural metal products.. 387.8 385.1 380.0 367.8 359.6 358.4 354.4 356.4 362.7 365.2 366.3 368.5 365.9 353.6 339.3
98.1
Screw machine products, bolts, etc___
96.9
95.0
97.1
95.3
93.0
95.9
94.2
92.6
93.0
91.9
92.2
91.2
90.9
89.3
Metal stampings___________________ 209.7 221.0 227.5 226.3 225.2 222.6 221.7 219.7 219.2 206.8 192.9 212.6 199.9 203.1 195.5
78.2
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
75.3
78.7
78.5
77.7
78.5
77.7
78.1
74.7
75.5
77.7
77.5
75.7
74.5
70.8
63.1
63.9
62.1
60.7
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
64.3
61.4
64.0
62.6
60.8
60.8
60.0
59.8
58.7
58.4
55.2
Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod
ucts.......... ........................................... 137.7 138.4 140.2 138.4 137.0 136.1 134.9 133.2 132.1 131.9 130.1 132.9 128.8 130.0 126.5
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
1252
T a b l e A-2.
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1— Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1258.
[ in th o u san d s]
A nnual
averag e
1964
1965
I n d u s tr y
A u g .2 J u l y 2
Ju n e
M ay
A p r.
M ar.
F eb .
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S ep t.
A ug.
1964
1963
Manufacturing—Continued
D u ra b le goods— C o n tin u e d
M a c h in e ry --------------- --------------------------- 1,743.0 1,736.4 1,731.0 1,710.7 1,706.3 1,697.0 1,675.8 1,666.8 1,658.1 1,628.2 1,627.8 1,636.4 1,617.3 1, 612.2 1,531.3
86.1
86.0
84.9
86.3
87.3
86.6
87.5
87.4
89.1
84.9
87.8
88.6
E n g in es a n d tu r b in e s ____
_
89.6
89.6
90.5
124.2 118.9
134.6 134.8 133.0 130.0 126.5 119.8 122.2 123.2 122.2
131.9 133.3 133.1
F a rm m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t______
C o n s tru c tio n a n d re la te d m a c h in e ry __
249.8 249.3 246.3 244.0 242.8 242.7 240.6 240.1 239.5 233.4 235.4 237.3 235.0 231.0 216.9
M e ta lw o rk in g m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip 308.6 307.8 308.1 305.3 304.9 300.3 298.6 299.0 296.6 289.5 289.1 291.0 286.0 287.7 268.6
m e n t_____________________ - - - -- 175.0 169.8
S pecial in d u s try m a c h in e ry ___________
185.7 185.2 184.4 183.8 183.0 182.3 180.9 179.8 178.6 176.8 175.9 176.2 174.7
G en eral in d u s tria l m a c h in e ry _________
272.3 270.5 269.5 265.0 262.2 261.3 256.8 254.5 256.9 254.4 253.3 253.7 252.0 250.0 235.7
Office, c o m p u tin g , a n d ac co u n tin g
166.5 161.3
188.4 184.5 181.7 178.9 179.0 177.1 175.1 173.5 172.6 171.2 169.8 168.2 167.3
m a c h in e s ___ - _. ----------------------- .
104.6 101.7
112.2 113.9 114.1 112.6 111.8 110.0 108.9 106.9 106.5 105.6 105.1 105.6 103.6
Service in d u s tr y m a c h in e s ____________
M iscellaneous m a c h in e ry _____________
205.0 203.7 204.0 200.6 199.4 199.4 197.0 195.2 193.4 191.2 190.9 193.9 189.9 187.2 173.5
E lectrical e q u ip m e n t a n d su p p lie s ______ 1,671. 2 1,657. 9 1,658.8 1,632. 6 1,621.8 1,613.3 1,603.9 1, 598.7 1,602.3 1,594. 4 1,582.4 1,576.8 1,544.7 1,549.1 1,556.6
172.4 168.1
177.8 176.3 176.8 176.7 176.8 176.2 176.1 174.3 173.7
E lectric d is trib u tio n e q u ip m e n t_______
186.1 184.7 182.6 180.1
184.7 178.5
E le c tric a l in d u s tria l a p p a ra tu s ______ 205.3 205.1 203.3 199.8 197.7 195.5 193.7 192.9 192.0 189.2 187.2 188.4 185.9
160.3
158.1 154.8
161.0
162.0
162.0
155.9
159.6
164.9
162.7
163.8
162.1
164.6
160.2
.
.
158.5
H o u se h o ld ap p lia n c e s________
154.8 148.7
E le c tric lig h tin g a n d w irin g e q u ip m e n t162.9 163.9 165.4 162.8 163.1 162.4 160.0 160.2 160.6 160.3 159.5 157.9 154.7
122.4 125.8 127.7 125.4 120.8 114. 6 111.4
R ad io a n d T V rece iv in g s e t s . ____ 133.0 128.5 129.7 122.0 119.0 119.2 119.8 120.3
C o m m u n ic a tio n e q u ip m e n t_________
425.5 420.4 418.7 415.0 413.6 413.4 412.1 411.2 410.9 409.0 406.1 403.5 400.7 405.8 433.5
E lectro n ic c o m p o n e n ts a n d accessories.
302.2 297.8 298.2 291.7 288.4 284.5 282.0 279.4 278.1 276.9 273.4 269.5 263.8 264.2 262.4
M iscellan eo u s electrical e q u ip m e n t
94.4
99.1
92.1
97.0
99.5
98.2
89.2
97.1
96.8
95.0
97.4
97.6
a n d s u p p lie s________________________
97.3
97.7
98.8
T ra n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t______________ 1,658.6 1,750.3 1,772.0 1,759.1 1,745.1 1, 730. 3 1,714.8 1,710.9 1,706.1 1,682.4 1,453.2 1,677.0 1,517.9 1,622.6 1,609.3
M o to r vehicles a n d e q u ip m e n t, _ _
767.4 878.5 893.4 883.0 874.9 868.8 860.6 853.9 848.0 824.2 607.8 823.1 677.0 771.1 745.2
A ircraft a n d p a r t s .. __ _______ ____
623.2 617.0 604.7 603.7 599.9 596.8 590.9 598.0 598.5 598.6 596.6 599.7 592.5 605.5 635.1
143.8 141.9
161.0 156.4 156.1 155.3 152.9 152.4 148.7 147.3 143.3
S h ip a n d b o a t b u ild in g a n d r e p a ir in g ..
153.2 141.9 160.3 160.4
53.0
57.4
45.0
57.6
56.5
56.0
48.3
54.8
53.8
57.6
58.1
57.2
R a ilro a d e q u ip m e n t__
__
_ _ __
58.2
58.7
49.2
50.2
42.1
49.8
52.1
51.3
51.2
51.8
50.7
46.1
53.9
52.1
54.9
O th e r tra n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t______
54.7
I n s tru m e n ts a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts ----------E n g in e e rin g a n d scientific i n s tru m e n ts .
M e ch an ical, m e asu rin g , a n d co n tro l
_________
d e v ic e s.. . . .
.
...
O p tic al a n d o p h th a lm ic goods_________
S urgical, m e d ical, a n d d e n ta l eq u ip m e n t___________
_ ------------P h o to g ra p h ic e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s ..
___ ________ .
W a tc h e s a n d clocks
390.4
388.7
69.1
384.6
68.1
375.8
64.1
377.2
67.8
376.4
67.7
374.6
67.6
372.8
67.1
374.5
66.9
374.1
67.0
370.4
66.8
372.2
67.0
370.8
67.1
369.0
68.1
364.7
72.9
100.3
48.4
100.2
47.4
99.7
47.8
98.6
47.6
97.9
47.4
98.1
47.6
97.8
47.3
97.8
46.9
98.0
46.5
97.6
46.1
95.4
45.5
97.1
45.2
96.7
44.9
96.1
45.0
94.4
42.1
57.3
84.9
57.7
84.3
30.0
57.6
81.7
29.7
56.8
79.5
29.2
56.7
78.7
28.7
56.3
78.0
28.7
56.0
77.5
28.4
55.8
76.7
28.5
55.9
78.3
28.9
55.7
78.4
29.3
54.8
78.0
29.9
55.3
78.2
29.4
55.3
78.9
27.9
54. 6
76.5
28. 6
52.7
73.3
29.3
M iscellaneous m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s tr ie s ..
J ew elry , s ilv erw are, a n d p la te d w a re ___
T o y s, a m u se m e n t a n d sp o rtin g goods__
P e n s , pencils, office a n d a rt m a te ria ls . .
C o s tu m e je w e lry , b u tto n s , a n d n o tio n s.
O th e r m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s _______
433.1
45.7
414.0
43.1
123.8
33.3
51.3
162.5
423.9
46.0
123.3
32.8
53.8
168.0
415.4
46.3
116.7
32.7
52.7
167.0
411.3
46.2
113.9
32.1
52.7
166.4
405.1
46.0
107.8
32.3
53.8
165.2
397.8
45.5
101. 5
32.0
54.1
164.7
388.0
45.2
95.3
31.8
52.6
163.1
407.1
46.8
109.6
32.5
55.1
163.1
429.2
47.0
126.7
33.6
55.9
166.0
432.6
46.9
129.6
33.6
55.4
167.1
424.8
46.6
125.2
32.9
55.1
165.0
411.9
45.3
116.3
32.1
55.3
162.9
400.1
44.9
108. 5
31.8
54.2
160.6
387.4
41.8
102.7
31.5
54.5
157.0
167.2
N o n d u r a b le goods
F o o d a n d k in d re d p ro d u c ts ___________ 1,850. 6 1,756. 4 1,705. 8 1, 657.8 1,635.1 1,640. 3 1,638.9 1,663.5 1,716.8 1, 753. 4 1,810.6 1,861.9 1,858.7 1,730. 3 1,743.7
318.5 312.2 313.8
311.1 308.9 304.7 299.5 296.8 299.6 303.3 308.9 318.2 322.7 316.4 318.1
M e a t p ro d u c ts ________________________
287.2 293.9
292.2 294.4 291.8 285.1
282.2 279.6 278.5 278.0 279.2 280.3 283.5 290.1 297.2
D a iry p ro d u c ts __ __
_ ______ __
..
C a n n e d a n d preserv ed food, except
m e a ts .
___
______ . . .
_____
273.8 229.3 208.3 197.8 197.9 195.3 199.8 216.9 240.6 295.9 356.6 347.4 243.1 247.3
128.3 125.8 127.1 123.4 122.1 122.6 122.3 123.8 123.3 123.7 128.0 129.9 130.0 127.0 130.0
G ra in m ill p ro d u c ts __________ __
284.1 286.0 285.0 281.7 280.3 281.3 281.8 282.4 288.7 290.1 290.3 289.8 291.3 288.3 288.9
B a k e ry p ro d u c ts ______________________
39.0
31.8
37.0
33.2
49.3
42.6
50.7
34.4
33.2
50.9
30. 5
30.8
30.9
S ugar
_________
__
31.0
74.9
76.3
74.3
80.7
80.2
74.1
74.0
78.1
80.9
73.2
70.1
75.1
67.1
69.9
C o n fec tio n ery a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts ___
70.8
227.7 229.0 227.4 221.2 215.7 214.0 211.1 212.8 217.0 218.9 220.8 222.3 226.5 217.2 213.6
B ev e rag es___ .
.
___________
M iscellaneous food a n d k in d re d prod139.7 140.9 139.6 137.8 138.4 139.2 139.4 140.1 143.5 145.3 144.8 142.6 140.5 141.4 143.0
u c ts _______ _______________________
T o bacco m a n u fa c tu re s . ----------------------C ig a r e tt e s __________ _____ .
_
C igars
_________ .
86.1
72.9
37.9
21.5
73.3
38.2
22.5
72.8
37.6
22.1
73.7
37.6
22.4
76.5
37.8
22.6
81.4
37.3
23.3
84.9
37.6
22.7
91.6
37.9
25.0
96.9
37.9
25.4
107.6
37.8
25.7
102.6
38.3
25.4
93.6
38.3
25.0
87.5
37.6
24.7
87.9
38.0
22.7
T e x tile m ill p r o d u c t s ______ _______ . . .
C o tto n b ro ad w oven fa b ric s.. . .
...
S ilk a n d s y n th e tic b ro a d w oven fab rics.
W e a v in g a n d finishing bro ad w oolens.
N a rro w fabrics a n d sm allw ares________
K n ittin g _____ _________ _ _ _ _ _
F in is h in g te x tiles, except w ool a n d k n it .
F lo o r covering
____________ _ ___
Y a m a n d th re a d _ _
_______ . . . .
M iscellaneous te x tile goods___
.. .
933.7
233.7
88.6
45.7
31.1
239.2
76.1
921.0
233.4
87.9
45.9
29.5
232.4
76.0
37.2
109.8
68.9
930.1
233.6
88.2
46.6
30.8
234.5
77.9
37.4
111.0
70.1
920.9
232.1
87.2
46.3
30.5
230.4
77.9
37.8
109.4
69.3
920.6
232.0
87.4
46.0
30.5
229.8
78.2
38.4
109.2
69.1
915.4
231.6
87.3
45.7
30.3
226.4
78.5
38.5
108.5
68.6
908.1
231.4
87.3
45.6
30.0
221.6
77.9
38.4
107.9
68.0
901.7
231.7
87.6
44.7
30.0
216.2
77.4
38.3
108.2
67.6
905.6
231.6
87.9
44.7
30.0
218.8
77.6
38.9
108.2
67.9
909.4
231.9
87.8
45.0
29.8
223.6
77.2
38.7
107.6
67.8
906.6
231.2
87.4
45.4
29.4
224.2
76.9
38.3
107.0
66.8
906.9
230.0
87.0
46.8
29.2
224.3
77.1
37.9
107.0
67.6
903.6
229.4
87.1
46.3
29.0
224.1
77.3
37.0
107.3
66.1
897.2
229.5
87.1
47. 1
28.9
218.0
76.7
37.4
105.8
66.9
888.8
229.1
84.8
50.4
27.8
216.0
75.2
37.4
101.4
66.8
See fo otnotes a t e n d of ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
112.2
69.1
A —EMPLOYMENT
T a b l e A-2.
1253
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1258.
[In th o u san d s]
1965
1964
A nnual
av erag e
I n d u s tr y
A u g .2 J u l y 2
Ju n e
M ay
A p r.
M ar.
F eb .
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S ep t.
A ug.
1964
1963
Manufacturing—Continued
N o n d u ra b le goods —C o n tin u e d
A p p a re l a n d re la te d p r o d u c t s . . . ................. 1,401.6 1,324.9 1,367.4 1,341.3 1,339.2 1,363.0 1, 347.8 1,316.2 1,327.9 1,342.2 1,337.3 1,342.2 1,341.4 1,309.8 1,284.5
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ su its a n d c o a ts..........
119.0 110.3 118.7 117.3 115.4 116.5 116.1
115.5 116.0 114.5 114. C 114.1 114.3 112.8 114.5
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ fu rn is h in g s ......... ............ 368.7 355.2 363.8 358.5 355.0 351.1 347.1 342.6 343.0 344.0 341.9 342.9 343.8 335.6 326.4
W o m e n ’s, m isses’, a n d ju n io rs ’ o u te r
w e a r______________________ ______ _
422.7 395.0 406.9 393.1 398.0 414.9 411.7 396.6 394.9 401.7 402.5 405.2 408.9 397.9 392.3
W o m en ’s a n d c h ild re n ’s u n d e rg a r
m e n ts ______ ____________ ___________
123.8 116.4 121.3 120.2 120.4 121.1 119.2 117.5 122.0 125.1
125.2 124.0 122.2 119.5 116.7
H a ts , caps, a n d m illin e ry ......................... .
32.1
30.3
30.2
31.8
35.1
35.9
33.6
32.7
31.0
32.3
32.6
34.2
32.1
33.0
G irls’ a n d c h ild re n ’s o u te rw e a r_______
78.6
80.3
82.0
75.9
80.6
79.3
81.2
78.3
76.5
76.8
77.5
77.3
79.1
77.8
76.7
F u r goods a n d m iscellaneou s a p p a re l...
76.7
78.8
76.3
76.4
75.0
76.7
72.3
77.2
79.1
79.7
78.6
76.7
73.3
74.9
M iscellan eo u s fab ricate d te x tile p ro d
u c ts ........................................................ .........
170.3 160.6 165.6 166.0 166.4 165.9 163.0 159.8 165.6 170.0 164.2 167.5 162.2 159.1
151.6
P a p e r a n d allied p ro d u c ts __________ ____
P a p e r a n d p u l p . . .................... .....................
P a p e r b o a r d .................. ................. ...............
C o n v e rte d p a p e r a n d p a p e rb o a rd
p r o d u c ts ......................................................
P a p e rb o a rd c o n tain ers a n d boxes______
P rin tin g , p u b lish in g , a n d allie d in d u s
tr ie s __________________________ ______
N e w sp a p e r p u b lish in g a n d p rin tin g ___
P erio d ical p u b lish in g a n d p rin tin g ____
B o o k s_________________________ _______
C o m m e rc ia l p rin tin g __________________
B o o k b in d in g a n d re la te d in d u s trie s ___
O th e r p u b lish in g a n d p r in tin g in d u s
tr i e s .............................................. .................
655.4
223.3
648.2
646.9
221.2
67.3
67.6
636.6
216.7
66.5
636.7
216.4
66.4
633.4
215.9
66.7
629.1
222.6
66.4
629.8
213.2
66.4
635.3
214.6
66.4
638.1
217.6
65.9
638.0
217.7
66.9
639.7
218.1
67.4
638.2
221.6
66.4
630.4
217.7
66.2
620.3
217.9
65.3
161.3
204.7
158.4
199.9
156. 7
201.4
155.1
198.3
155.4
198.5
154.6
196. 2
153.1
196.8
152.7
197.5
154.7
199.6
154.9
199.7
154.8
198.6
156.5
197.7
155.1
195.1
152.6
194.0
147.3
189.7
981.1
349.3
976.5
349.2
67.3
77.1
310.5
53.9
968.5
344.1
311.0
55.2
979.7
350.5
67.6
77.6
310.2
54.6
969.6
344.4
67.4
77.9
310.4
52.5
968.4
344.3
67.5
77.7
310.3
51.9
963.2
343.1
67.4
76.6
308.3
51.2
959.7
341.3
67.7
76.4
307.6
50.7
968.5
344.8
68.6
75.6
311.3
50.9
963.2
340.5
69.0
74.4
310.3
51.3
961.9
339.5
68.9
74.2
310.4
51.5
958.6
337.1
68.3
74.7
309.6
51.5
952.7
338.2
67.2
74.2
304.6
52.0
951.9
338.2
67.8
74.7
305.4
50.7
931.1
329.6
68.0
72.1
297.7
50.6
66.1
66.8
77.7
310.2
52.7
212.8
119.3
119.2
118.5
117.0
117.0
116.7
116.6
116.0
117.3
117.7
117.4
117.4
116.5
115.1
113.0
C h em ica ls a n d allie d p ro d u c ts __________
I n d u s tria l ch e m ica ls___________ _______
P la s tic s a n d s y n th e tic s , except glass___
D ru g s _________________ ____ _________
S o ap , cleaners, a n d to ile t g o o d s ............ ..
P a in ts , v a rn ish e s, a n d allie d p ro d u c ts ..
A g ric u ltu ra l ch e m ica ls_______ _____ _
O th e r chem ical p r o d u c t s ..........................
918.5
290.3
206.7
118.8
102.0
913.7
289.5
205.2
118.5
100.9
899.7
283.5
199.1
110.7
99.0
900.9
284.2
195.4
113.6
98.9
48.8
83.3
49.4
82.0
903.6
285.9
203.0
112.9
100.5
67.7
52.3
81.3
61.5
79.9
63.0
79.7
891.5
282.4
196.2
112.7
98.3
65.6
56.8
79.5
881.6
280.7
194.6
112.3
97.1
65.1
52.3
79.5
878.1
282.1
192.6
112.4
97.2
64.5
50.2
79.1
879.5
284.5
191.5
112.2
98.4
64.3
48.6
80.0
878.1
284.4
190.1
111.8
99.3
64.4
47.8
80.3
875.9
282.6
189.0
110.6
99.9
64.8
48.8
80.2
884.3
287.0
190.2
111.6
99.8
65.9
48.8
81.0
886.4
288.7
189.3
113.0
99.9
66.9
47.8
80.8
877.3
285.1
185.8
112.0
97.4
64.9
52.0
80.0
865.2
283.6
176.2
112.4
97.0
63.2
51.0
81.7
P e tro le u m refin in g a n d re la te d in d u s trie s .
O th e r p e tro le u m a n d coal p ro d u c ts ____
188.5
151.3
37.2
187.6
150.7
36.9
185.7
149.8
35.9
182.1
148.0
34.1
182.0
148.3
33.7
181.6
148.3
33.3
180.7
148.4
32.3
180.5
148.7
31.8
181.7
149.0
32.7
184.0
149.2
34.8
186.9
151.3
35.6
188.4
151.8
36.6
189.6
152.9
36.7
186.7
152.1
34.6
189.8
154.7
35.1
R u b b e r a n d m iscellaneous p la stic p ro d
u c ts ...... ......... ........................... .....................
T ire s a n d in n e r tu b e s _________________
O th e r r u b b e r p ro d u c ts ________________
M iscellaneous p la stic p ro d u c ts ________
467.7
102.8
173.8
191.1
453.0
99.3
170.1
183.6
457.0
99.4
173.2
184.4
452.7
99.7
171.9
181.1
451.7
99.7
172.0
180.0
449.4
99.5
171.7
178.2
446.2
99.1
170.3
176.8
441.1
99.3
168.4
173.4
440.7
99.4
168.2
173.1
442.3
99.3
168.4
174.6
440.8
96.8
168.9
175.1
443.9
100.4
169.3
174.2
435.3
99.3
164.2
171.8
430.2
98.4
165.2
166.7
417.7
97.3
163.5
157.0
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p ro d u c ts ___
L e a th e r ta n n in g a n d finishing.
F o o tw e a r, except r u b b e r _____
O th e r le a th e r p ro d u c ts _______
366.6
32.3
243.4
90.9
357.3
31.6
240.6
85.1
360.1
31.8
240.5
87.8
354.2
31.3
237.7
85.2
350.8
31.8
236.7
82.3
361.4
31.6
241.9
87.9
360.2
31.6
241.5
87.1
355.7
32.1
239.7
83.9
360.2
32.2
239.9
88.1
359.6
32.0
236.5
91.1
356.5
32.0
233.9
90.6
358.0
32.3
236.2
89.5
362.6
32.3
241.0
89.3
353.7
31.8
236.0
85.9
350.8
31.3
233.2
86.3
4,120 4,109
749.9 748.2
652.5 650.8
254.6 271.7
85.7
86.3
101.4 107.4
44.6
42.6
1, 027.7 1,018. 5
232.6 229.0
211.1 208.3
20.2
20.1
308.1 315.1
898.2 881.4
750.7 735.2
31.1
30.9
111.5 110.4
629.0 624.7
258.0 255.1
151.9 154.3
179.9 176.6
39.2
38.7
4,041
741.2
643.6
280.4
86.5
108.6
41.3
976.6
226.4
205.8
19.5
313.8
872.2
726.7
31.0
109.6
611.2
249.5
150.3
173.5
37.9
4,004
736.4
637.9
279.5
86.0
110.5
40.8
957.1
223.9
203.2
19.4
309.5
868.2
723.2
30.8
109.3
610.2
249.0
150.2
173.2
37.8
3,985
730.3
632.4
280.4
86.1
111.7
40.1
950.4
222.1
201.9
19.4
313.4
861.7
717.5
30.7
108.6
607.4
247.7
150.0
172.7
37.0
3,933
726.1
630.0
280.9
86.1
112.2
40.1
936.0
220.4
200.3
19.4
286.5
857.0
712.6
30.8
108.7
607.0
247.3
150.1
172.4
37.2
3,880
728.5
633.0
282.7
85.9
112.5
42.3
938.7
220.0
199.5
19.6
228.6
854.3
710.6
30.6
108.2
607.4
247.2
150.2
173.1
36.9
4, 024
748.2
649.6
281.5
86.1
111.8
41.6
974.6
219.7
199.0
19.7
317.0
854.5
710.3
31.0
108.3
608.9
247.9
150.8
173.1
37.1
4,013
747.1
653.5
279.8
86.2
109.8
41.6
980.2
218.3
197.7
19.7
305.3
854.0
709.5
31.1
108.5
608.2
247.5
150.9
172.5
37.3
4,028
754.8
661.1
279.9
86.7
108.5
42.4
983.9
217.0
196.5
19.9
311.1
851.5
707.5
31.3
107.8
609.9
248.2
150.9
173.2
37.6
4,045
761.4
667.5
276.6
86.6
105.9
44.9
991.3
216.7
196.5
20.4
306.9
854.8
711.8
31.5
106.6
616.9
250.5
152.6
176.0
37.8
4,043
770.2
677.1
260.2
85.9
106.0
45.4
977.2
215.7
195.6
20.8
313.6
860.3
716.5
31.9
107.0
624.9
253.5
154.9
177.6
38.9
3,976
757.6
665.2
275.0
86.4
110.0
42.6
949.1
212.2
192.2
20.2
305.4
843.9
701.8
32.0
105.2
612.1
248.4
152.2
174.0
37.5
3,914
771.9
679.3
272.0
88.9
112.0
41.4
912.1
201.4
180.7
20.8
302.9
823.4
685.1
33.7
99.7
609.9
246.1
153.3
174.2
36.3
Petroleum refining_________________
Transportation and public utilities_______
Railroad transportation_______ ____ _
Class I railroads3__________________
Local and interurban passenger transit__
Local and suburban transportation___
Taxicabs_________________________
Intercity and rural buslines_________
Motor freight transportation and storage.
Air transportation____ ________ ______
Air transportation, common carriers__
Pipeline transportation_____ _________
Other transportation____________ ____
Communication______ ______________
Telephone communication...................
Telegraph communication__________
Radio and television broadcasting____
Electric, gas, and sanitary services______
Electric companies and systems______
Gas companies and systems...................
Combined utility systems___________
Water, steam, and sanitary systems__
See fo o tn o tes a t en d of ta b le.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
68.6
4,135
68.2
66.0
66.1
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
1254
T a b l e A -2 .
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1258.
[In thousands]
1965
1964
Annual
average
Industry
Aug.2 J u ly 2 June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1964
1963
Wholesale and retail trade . . .
----------- 12,681 12,655 12,665 12,528 12,517 12,262 12,209 12,275 13,166 12,518 12,341 12,243 12,201 12,188 11,803
Wholesale trade . . . .
— 3, 402 3,373 3,335 3,286 3,272 3,260 3,252 3,254 3,298 3,272 3, 269 3,258 3,266 3,220 3,119
Motor vehicles and automotive equip251.7 250.0 247.4 246.8 245.7 245.5 244.9 245.7 246.4 244. S 245. f 246.2 242.6 235.5
piftTlt
_ ___
196.7 195.6 194.4 193.9 193.5 192.9 192.6 193.8 193.5 192.8 192.6 191.1 191.5 188.5
Dmgs (*b@micals, find allied products
141.9 140.6 138.1 138.0 137.9 137.7 136. Ç 138.4 138.2 137. 1 137.2 138.1 135.8 132 2
p>ry goods and apparel
539.5 531.2 515.9 512. 7 512.3 511.2 511. ( 518.0 516.0 520.0 522.0 520.4 510.8 493.6
Groceries and related products
257.0 252.8 248.9 248.4 245.5 243.6 240.5 240.9 239.7 238. 7 239.2 241.7 238.0 232.6
Klectrieal goods
___ - __- __
Hardware,“ plumbing, and heating
153.2 151.3 149.2 148.0 147.2 146.9 146.6 147.7 147.7 147.3 147.6 149.4 146.6 144.2
goods
__ _ _______ _
593.8 590.1 584. S 578.8 573. £ 567.5 565.7 566.0 564.8 565.1 566.1 566.6 559.3 530.4
Machinery equipment,, and supplies
9, 279 9,282 9, 330 9,242 9, 245 9,002 8,957 9, 021 9,868 9,246 9,072 8,985 8,935 8,969 8,685
Retail trade
.
.
1, 785. 5 1,801.2 1,790. C 1,804. C1,722.8 1,711.3 1,783.3 2,323. 7 1, 929. 4 1,804. 0 1, 741. 2 1,697.9 1, 764.1 1,684.9
General merchandise stores. _
1,103.4 1,112.5 1,104. C 1,108.1 1,059. 5 1,056. 8 1,105. 9 1,465.3 1,196. 2 1,107. 2 1,060.9 1,035.2 lj 083.4 1,021. 5
_
Department stores _
285.9 297.4 302.6 312.3 295.4 286.7 296.5 391.3 322.5 307.0 301.5 291.5 306.2 310.6
T/imited priee variety stores
1, 466. 7 1, 472.2 1,460.6 1,469. 6 1,462.3 1,463. 5 1,451.1 1,472.6 1,450. 5 1,434. 9 1,414.3 1,407.8 1,420.9 1,383.4
Food stores
_ __ __
1, 294. 7 1, 298.4 1,288.4 1, 290. 0 1,292.8 1,290. C 1,282. 2 1,294.6 1, 278. 4 1, 265. 8 1,249. 6 1, 245.0 1,252.2 1,211.6
Grocery meat, and vegetable stores
622.4 646.0 649.5 691.9 618.9 614.0 637.5 776.4 659.1 639.8 630.1 605.3 632.7 617.4
Apparel and accessories stores
106.6 109.4 106.7 108.8 103.2 105.2 111.3 138.4 108.5 103.2 100.5
99.6 104.4
99.8
Men’s and boys’ apparel stores
229.9 237.0 240. C 250.2 232.5 228.0 236.0 283.7 247.3 241.6 235.8 228.5 236.5 229 9
Women’s ready-to-wear stores
98.7 103.8 132.5 104.8 100.5
97.4 100.5
99.7 104.4
97.7
98.4
93.7 100.1
Family clothing stores
95.7
116.7 120.3 124.6 142.2 113.2 111.3 114.7 135.1 119.9 117.2 123.1 115.5 118.1 120.8
Shoe stores
413.9 412.0 409.0 407.5 406.9 407.1 407.1 421.9 408.8 402.5 395.8 396.3 398.8 390.3
Furniture and appliance stores
1,906.0 1,911.1 1, 879. 6 1,841. 7 1,807. 3 1,783.8 1,770.7 1,808. 8 1, 819. 9 1, 830. 5 1,842.9 1,857.1 1,808.9 1, 747.9
Fating and drinking places
3, 087.9 3, 087. 5 3,053.3 3,030. 6 2,984.1 2,977. 5 2,971. 6 3,064.8 2,978. 3 2, 960.4 2,960. 3 2,970.3 2,943.5 2,861.0
Other retail trade
739.9 735.3 728.6 725.4 721.4 717.4 713.3 709.0 703.2 704.1 703.1 704.1 698.2 672.3
Motor vehicle dealers .
180.1 180.9 177.7 174.4 169.1 168.8 169.6 180.4 171.6 169.9 168.8 172.1 167.4 159.4
Other vehicle and accessory dealers . . .
407.6 406.8 402.4 402.7 400.8 397.9 398. 7 413.6 394. 8 392.0 392.2 390.4 389.1 378.1
Drug stores
3,069 3,069 3,034 3,002 2,985 2,973 2, 960 2,949 2,957 2,958 2,961 2,972 2,998 2,944 2,873
Finance, insurance, and real estate... ._
791.7 781.3 771.1 771.6 770.1 768.8 765.9 767.3 764.8 763.6 765.7 774. 5 761.4 740.4
Banking
339.4 334.9 331.8 330.1 329.2 326.6 326.1 326.7 324.6 323.0 321.2 321.9 318.1 300.6
Credit agencies other than banks
95.6
96.2
96.1
95.5
96.5
95.8
95.8
99.3
97.1
95.5
95.3
96.2
94.9
Savings and loan associations
88.8
182.0 180.5 178.7 177.2 176.9 174.3 173.3 174.0 172.3 171.3 169.8 169.2 167.2 158.7
Personal credit institutions
127.5
127.0 127.5 127.2 126.7 127.1 129.1 126.7 123.9
132.0 129.9 128.7 128.6 128.0
Security dealers and exchanges
902.6 892.4 887.1 888.4 887.7 886.1 884.7 885.4 886.5 886.8 889.8 895.8 884.7 870.2
Insurance carriers. ____
475.0 470.3 469.6 470.2 469.9 469.3 469.0 469.4 470.4 470.2 471.9 474.8 469.6 463.4
Life insurance.
__
______
55.1
55.0
55.2
55.3
56.2
55.5
55.5
55.3
55.3
56.8
55.6
55.8
55.1
Accident and health insurance
53.3
323.2 319.3 316.5 317.2 316.9 316.0 315.3 315.3 315.4 316.0 316.9 319.1 314.8 309.9
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance
235.6 232.5 230.6 230.1 229.5 229.3 227.0 227.4 227.0 226.3 227.2 229.0 225.2 218.6
Insurance agents, brokers, and services
586.0 582.4 572.6 555.9 548.4 542.2 538.7 543.6 549.8 555.7 562.3 568.0 549.8 540.7
Real estate
39.8
40.7
38.6
40.8
46.5
44.0
42.0
42.5
44.4
46.8
44.6
45.3
43.4
46.3
Operative builders
79.7
79.7
80.4
80.1
79.4
79.2
81.2
78.5
80.6
79.1
79.1
79.3
78.5
78.4
Other finance, insurance, and real estate..
9,013 9,029 8,964 8,859 8,754 8,623 8,564 8,515 8,585 8,608 8,676 8,661 8,676 8,533 8,230
Services and miscellaneous..
_____
764.7 689.4 649.8 622.2 601. 6 596. 5 585.9 588.7 596.0 625.2 647.0 735.4 627.8 6Ó5.4
Hotels and lodging places
650.1 624.3 594.3 571.6 555.4 551.0 540.5 541.5 548.0 574.2 584.2 618.9 565.4 543.1
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels
Personal services:
555.8 557.3 550.0 542.1 534.9 533.6 538.0 538.1 538.0 542.6 540.6 542.1 536.7 524.0
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants.. _____
Miscellaneous business services:
114.2 113.0 112.9 112.1 113.5 111.2 110.3 110.6 110.5 110.4 110.0 110.6 110.0 109.2
Advertising. _____ _
193.6 185.4 176.5 171.9 167.0 164.3 169.2 170.6 171.5 178.0 181.1 188.5 174.1 175.4
_______ ..
Motion pictures____
Motion picture filming and distrib44.1
44.2
48.2
42.4
47.3
45.5
51.4
46.3
40.6
46.1
44.3
46.1
43.0
41.1
uting. _
142.2 139.1 134.1 131.3 122.8 120.2 121.0 123.3 126.0 131.9 136.8 142.4 131.1 134.3
Motion picture theaters and services
Medical services:
1, 423.6 1,410.3 1,400. 4 1, 399. 5 1, 396.3 1,387.8 1,378.0 1,375.8 1,374.1 1,372. 0 1, 367.1 1,367.0 1,357.6 1,309. 6
H o s p ita ls ..__
_______
9,622 9,624 9,932 9,925 9,910 9,881 9,822 9,740 9, 917 9,790 9,710 9,509 9,135 9,502 9,199
Government
Federal Governm ent4____ ________ 2, 410 2, 407 2,373 2,338 2,337 2,326 2,319 2,323 2,482 2,352 2,329 2,320 2,356 2,348 2, 358
2, 375.1 2, 341.6 2,307. 6 2,305. 9 2,294.8 2,288. 7 2,293.3 2,452.1 2,321. 7 2,298. 8 2,289.9 2, 325. 5 2,317.5 2,328.1
Executive__
_
_ ______
951.3 940.5 927.9 924.5 920.9 921.2 920.5 922.9 926.5 927.5 929.6 938.5 933.7 949.2
Department of Defense
604.1 593.9 594.5 594.9 592.1 589.8 592.7 734.6 596.0 591.8 582.9 591.6 599.9 598.4
Post Office Department__
819.7 807.2 785.2 786.5 781.8 777.7 780.1 794.6 799.2 779.5 777.4 795.4 783.9 780.5
Other agenciesl_________ _____ _
24.9
24.3
25.0
24.5
25.9
25.0
24.8
26.4
24.7
24.6
24.7
25.0
24.5
24.1
Legislative_____________
_______
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.9
5.8
5.9
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.7
5.8
5.8
5.7
Judicial. ______ _
State and local government5. . . __ _ _ . 7, 212 7, 217 7, 559 7,587 7, 573 7,555 7,503 7,417 7,435 7,438 7,381 7,189 6, 779 7,155 6,841
1, 918. 4 1, 961. 5 1,959. 0 1, 951. 2 l, 944. 0 1,921.8 1,898.2 1,902.5 1, 908. 2 1,892. 0 1,830.1 1, 790.1 1,839. 5 1, 743. 4
State government . .
581.5 653.8 691.1 686.0 684.3 666.6 654.4 657.8 661.4 648. 1 562.9 507.2 601.6 555.0
State education_____
1,336.9 1, 307. 7 1, 267. 9 1, 265. 2 L, 259.7 1,255.2 1,243.8 1,244.7 1, 246. 8 1, 243. 9 1,267. 2 1, 282.9 1, 237.9 1,188.5
Other State government__
5, 298. 5 5, 597. 4 5,628. 2 5, 621. 4 5,610. 5 5, 581.4 5, 518.3 5, 532.4 5,530.0 5,489. 2 5,358. 6 4, 988.4 5.315.3 5,097.3
Local government... __
2, 678. 2 3.044.8 3.156.2 3,167. 5 3,169.6 3,149.9 3,104.9 3,107.2 3,100. 3 3, 061. 2 2, 894. 5 2, 466.8 2.884.3 2,731. 5
Local ed u catio n ..___ _____ ____
2,620.3 2, 552.6 2,472. 0 2, 453. 9 2,440.9 2,431.5 2,413.4 2,425. 2 2,429. 7 2,428.0 2,464.1 2, 521. 6 2,431.0 2,365.8
Other local government_________
■
] Beginning with the January 1965 issue, figures differ from those previously
published. The industry series have been adjusted to March 1963 bench
marks (comprehensive counts of employment). For comparable back data,
see Employment and Earnings Statistics for the United States, 1909-64 (BLS
Bulletin 1312-2). Statistics from April 1963 forward are subject to further
revision when new benchmarks become available.
These series are based upon establishment reports which cover all fulland part-time employees in nonagricultural establishments who worked
during, or received pay for, any part of the pay period which includes the 12th
of the month. Therefore, persons who worked in more than 1 establishment
during the reporting period are counted more than once. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants are
excluded.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 Preliminary.
3 Beginning January 1965, data relate to railroads with operating revenues
of $5,000,000 or more.
4 Data relate to civilian employees who worked on, or received pay for,
the last day of the month.
3 State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, elected
officials of small local units and paid volunteer firemen.
S ource : U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except those for the Federal Government, which is prepared by the
U.S. Civil Service Commission, and that for Class I railroads, which is
prepared by the U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission.
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T
able
A-3.
1255
Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
Revised series; see box, p. 1258.
[inthousands]
1965
1964
Annual
average
Industry
Aug.2 J u ly 2 June
M in in g ___________________________________
M e ta l m in in g ----------------------------------------Iro n ores................ ........................... ...............
C o p p er o re s .—.........— ............. ......... .........
506
71.9
24.5
24.3
C o a lm in in g ---------------------- ------------- ------B itu m in o u s ............ ......... ............................. C ru d e p e tro le u m a n d n a tu ra l g as-----------C ru d e p e tro le u m a n d n a tu r a l gas field s.
O il a n d gas field s e r v ic e s ..-------------------
___
504
72.3
24.9
25.0
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb,
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1964
1963
495
71.2
24.9
24.3
487
71.0
24.1
24.2
480
70.2
23.6
24.1
480
69.8
23.1
24.1
484
70.:
23.0
24.1
498
70.2
22.6
24.1
507
70.7
23. Î
23.7
507
69.7
23.8
22.7
507
65.7
24.0
18.4
508
64.2
23.6
16.9
498
67 9
22 9
22.0
499
fifi 6
21 0
118.6
108.6
121.1 121.9
112.2 113.1
123.1
114.4
122.7
114.1
125.5
116.5
126.4
116.8
128.5
118.7
127.9
118.0
127.4
117.6
126.5
116.7
125.6
115.6
127 1
117.3
130 5
120.6
204.9
90.9
114.0
203.0 197.8
90.0 87.3
113.0 110.5
194.0
87.3
106.7
195.0
87.6
107.4
195.6
87.5
108.1
197.8
87.9
109.9
202.4
89.7
112.7
204.4
90.7
113.7
202.9
91.1
111.8
206.2
93.1
113.1
210.4
94.5
115.9
203 1
92 3
110.8
204 4
90 2
108.1
22.7
C o n tra c t c o n s tru c tio n ____________________
G en eral b u ild in g c o n tra c to rs-------- ------- H e a v y c o n s tru c tio n .................................. .......
H ig h w a y a n d s tre e t c o n s tru c tio n ............
O th e r h e a v y c o n s tru c tio n ...........................
S pecial tra d e c o n tra c to rs ..............................
89.1
110.6 107.5 104.5
91.8
98.6
89.2
97.2 103.7 106.6 108.2 108.0
99.4
97.1
3,006 2.939 2,764 2,544 2,395 2,289 2,374 2,591 2,811 2,912 2,927 3,015 2, 649 2,539
951.2 927.8 863.1 798.6 763.6 730.7 771.3 838.4 9Ô3.1 917. 2 919.1 956.9 , 838.4 791.6
645.9 632.4 571.5 476.6 404.8 366.8 387.2 461.1 562.2 619.3 630.1 653.0 528.0 523.1
360.7 350.7 311.9 241.8 189.2 163.6 177.6 226.5 300.0 347.2 358.4 375.7 283.0 282.3
285.2 281.7 259.6 234.8 215.6 203.2 209.6 234.6 262.2 272.1 271.7 277.3 245.1 240 7
1,409.0 1,378.7 1,329.5 1,269. 2 1,227.0 1,191.9 1,215.2 1,291.3 1,345.6 1, 375. 0 1,377.3 1,405. 2 1,282.3 1,224. 5
M a n u f a c tu r in g .....................................................
D u ra b le goods............................................... .
N o n d u ra b le goods......... ............................ -
13,616 13,433 13,486 13,254 13,176 13,108 13,011 12,941 13,082 13,125 12,915 13,280 12,966 12,808 12 558
7,713 7, 759 7,808 7,674 7,619 7,523 7,467 7,421 7,471 7,454 7,190 7,490 7,211 7,238 7 030
5, 903 5,674 5,678 5,580 5,557 5,585 5,544 5,520 5,611 5,671 5,725 5,790 5,755 5,570
5,528
Q u a rry in g a n d n o n m e ta llic m in in g .........
Durable goods
32.8
103.3
66.8
4. 5
32.0
101.5
65.8
4. 4
31.3
99.9
65.1
4.4
30.4
99.1
64.3
4.5
30.3
99.8
64.8
4. 6
30.4
100.6
64.7
4.8
31.1
101.2
65.1
4.9
31.2
101.6
65.4
4.9
31.3
103.0
66.1
5.1
31.8
102.7
65.7
5.1
31.9
104.3
66.8
5.2
32.3
102.6
65.7
5.2
31.7
106.6
68.2
5.5
32.9
115. 8
71.9
80
35.9
565.0
92. 5
243.6
559.9
91.9
242.7
556.6
88.8
241.9
532.7
79.9
234.1
518.1
71.4
229.0
510.9
68.3
226.4
506.7
70.0
223.5
502.3
68.2
221.2
521.2
77.0
228.4
534.0
83.8
232.7
543.4
87.0
235.5
555.4
90.3
240.0
560.8
92.6
243.5
533.3
81.3
233.4
524. 6
78.0
232.3
137.4
32.8
58.7
134.2
33.6
57. 5
133.4
34.4
58.1
128.8
33.1
56.8
127.3
32.4
58.0
126.4
31.9
57.9
124.8
31.4
57.0
124.7
31.4
56.8
127.2
32.1
56.5
128.1
32.7
56.7
130.4
32.8
57.7
133.8
33.3
58.0
134.5
33.2
57.0
129.8
32.8
56.1
127.1
32.7
54.6
F u r n itu re a n d f i x t u r e s ... ..............................
H o u se h o ld fu rn itu re ......... ..........................
Office fu rn itu re _______________________
P a rtitio n s ; office a n d store fix tu re s ____
O th e r fu rn itu re a n d fix tu res___________
359.3
269.0
348.8
261.1
21.3
30.7
35.7
351.4
264.4
21.5
29.9
35.6
346.3
262.0
21.2
28.8
34.3
348.8
263.4
21.1
29.6
34.7
346.5 342.3
262. 6 259.5
21.4
21.2
28.5
28.0
34.0 33.6
341.1
258.5
21.1
27.5
34.0
344.5
261.3
21.6
27.2
34.4
345.6
261.6
21.7
27.7
34.6
346.6
260.7
21.8
28.9
35.2
344.5
258.4
22.0
29.3
34.8
340.8
256.4
21.3
29.2
33.9
334.5
252.1
21.0
27.6
33.9
323.3
239.3
21.8
29. 4
32.7
S to n e, clay, a n d glass p ro d u c ts __________
F la t glass........... ............. .............. ............. .
G lass a n d glassw are, pressed or b lo w n ..
C e m e n t, h y d ra u lic ____________________ .
S tru c tu ra l clay p ro d u c ts ______________
P o tte ry a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts __________
C o n cre te, g y p s u m , a n d p la ste r p ro d
u c ts _________________________________
O th e r sto n e a n d m in e ra l p ro d u c ts _____
530.0
106.1
31.2
60.2
522.9
27.8
103.8
31.1
60.2
35.6
517.2
26.5
104.6
30.8
59.3
35.0
505.9
26.8
102.8
30.1
57.6
35. 6
498.0
27.0
101.9
29.7
57.2
36.0
484.2
27.4
100.5
28.4
55.1
35. 9
473.6
26.8
99.4
27.7
53.8
35.1
473.1
27.2
98.0
28.0
54.8
34.5
489.0
27.4
98.3
30.1
57.2
34.5
505.6
28.0
100.0
30.4
58.4
35.0
510.8
27.9
100.9
31.0
58.3
35.2
519.4
27.5
102.8
31.9
59.3
37.1
519.0
26.0
102.7
32.1
60.2
36.8
496.4
26.3
99.2
30.3
57.7
36.2
484.5
25.1
95.4
30.9
58. 4
36.6
146.9
100.2
146.0
100.0
146.3
97.3
141.2
94.5
132.0
96.8
123.4
96.4
119.1
95.1
119.8
94.4
128.5
96.4
139.1
97.4
142.8
97.4
145.6
97.8
147.2
96.8
134.9
95.1
131.9
90.4
P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s trie s ____ __________ L, 072.8 1,074.1 1,080.1 1,061.0 1,060.8 1,052.8 1,045.3 1, 035.4 1,031.9 1,025.5 1,013.1 1,027.4 1,009.1
B la st fu rn ace a n d b asic steel p ro d u c ts ..
559.7 561.0 562.8 549.4 552.5 546.3 542.0 535.8 533.9 530.4 526.8 533.7 526.3
Iro n a n d stee l fo u n d rie s_______________
192.1 193.3 195.3 193.5 194.0 190.3 190.6 189.0 188.2 186.4 178.9 186.2 182.1
N o n ferro u s s m e ltin g a n d re fin in g ______
57.9
56.8
55.9
57.7
57.3
56.4
55.4
55.5
55.3
55.4
54.9
52.9
53.3
N o n ferro u s ro llin g , d raw in g , a n d ex
tr u d in g _____________________________
146.3 146.8 148.6 147.0 144.3 145.9 144.0 143.0 142.7 142.4 141.8 143.4 139.4
N o n ferro u s fo u n d rie s__________________
66.4
63.8
64.2
64.4
65.1
63.5
63.0
62.7
62.3
63.7
62.4
63.0
61.6
M iscellan eo u s p rim a ry m e ta l in d u s
tr ie s _____________________ ____ _____
50.4
50.5
50.2
50.9
51.0
50.1
49.2
48.9
48.7
48.3
49.6
48.2
46.4
998.2
512.0
181.5
54.2
946.9
478.7
168.2
53.2
141.5
61.6
140.8
59.6
O rd n an ce a n d accessories...............................
A m m u n itio n , except for sm all a rm s ----S ig h tin g a n d fire co n tro l e q u ip m e n t___
O th e r o rd n a n c e a n d accessories________
L u m b e r a n d w ood p ro d u c ts, except fu r
n itu r e .............................. ......... ............. .......
Logging ca m p s a n d logging c o n tra c to rs .
S aw m ills a n d p la n in g m ills ___________
M illw o rk , p ly w o o d , a n d re la te d p ro d
u c ts ___________________________ ____
W o o d en c o n ta in e rs________________ —
M iscellan eo u s w ood p ro d u c ts ...................
F a b ric a te d m e ta l p ro d u c ts ______________
M e ta l c a n s ___________________ _______
C u tle ry , h a n d to o ls , a n d g en eral h a rd
w a re ________________________________
H e a tin g e q u ip m e n t a n d p lu m b in g fix
tu r e s ______ _____ ___________________
F a b ric a te d s tru c tu ra l m e ta l p r o d u c t s ..
S crew m a c h in e p ro d u c ts, b o lts, e tc ____
M e ta l s ta m p in g s ______________________
C o atin g , en g rav in g , a n d allie d serv ic es.
M iscellaneous fab ric a te d w ire p ro d u c ts .
M iscellan eo u s fab ricate d m e ta l p ro d u c ts
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
105.8
68. 5
36.6
47.5
46.5
979.0
55.1
987.3
54.7
998.7
53.8
982.2
53.2
972.0
53.6
940.7
25.7
958.5
52.8
950.5
50.8
954.0
49.5
946.1
50.0
918.2
50.6
960.6
54.8
930.9
55.4
920.5
51.7
883.7
50.5
118.6
118.1
123.9
124.1
123.5
124.2
123.6
121.9
122.4
121.6
105.2
119.2
113.2
114.0
109.1
57.6
283.6
77.5
167.0
65.2
52.0
102.4
58.6
281.8
76.0
178.8
64.1
51.6
103.6
59.3
276.5
76.7
185.6
65.6
51.7
105.6
58.2
265.6
75.9
185.0
65.9
50.5
103.8
57.4
257.8
75.3
184.1
66.4
51.0
102.9
58.3
256.5
75.1
182.0
66.2
50.2
102.5
58.1
252.5
74.2
181.2
65.3
49.6
101.2
58.0
254.7
73.2
180.0
63.0
49.0
99.9
58.5
260.0
72.7
180.0
63.1
49.0
98.8
59.7
262.4
73.2
168.0
63.4
49.0
98.8
61.3
263.6
72.5
154.0
65.5
48.4
97.1
60.9
265.8
72.2
174.0
65.8
48.2
99.7
59.5
263.0
71.3
161.6
63.8
47.1
96.0
59.8
252.2
71.5
164.8
62.7
47.0
96.8
57.7
240.8
70.3
158.4
58.9
44.0
94.1
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
1256
T
able
A-3.
Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1258.
[in thousands]
Annual
average
1964
1965
In d u s tr y
A u g .2 J u l y 2
June
M ay
A p r.
M a r.
F eb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug
1964
1963
Manufacturing—Continued
D u rable goods —C o n tin u e d
, 215.8
M a c h in e ry ------------ ---------------------------61.5
E n g in es a n d tu r b in e s ----- --------------F a rm m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t—
171.6
C o n s tru c tio n a n d re la te d m a c h in e ry —
M e ta lw o rk in g m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip
m e n t________________________________ 231.8
127.5
Special in d u s tr y m a c h in e ry ----------------G eneral in d u s tria l m a c h i n e r y ...---------- 183.1
Office, c o m p u tin g , a n d a c c o u n tin g m a
108.3
ch in es_______________________________
78.6
Service in d u s tr y m a c h in e s ..................... —
159.2
M iscellaneous m a c h in e ry --------------------E le c tric a l e q u ip m e n t a n d su p p lie s ---------E lectric distrib u tion eq u ip m en t---------E le c tric a l in d u s tria l a p p a ra tu s -----------H o u se h o ld a p p lian ce s-------------------------E le c tric lig h tin g a n d w irin g e q u ip
m e n t_______________________________
R ad io an d T V receiving s e ts ---------------C o m m u n ic a tio n e q u ip m e n t----------- ---E lectro n ic c o m p o n en ts a n d accessories
M iscellaneous electrical e q u ip m e n t
a n d su p p lie s -------------------------------------
1,211.21,213.0 1,199. 0 1,196.9
, 190. 7 1,172.8 1,164. 3 1,159.3 1,130.5 1,131.8 1,141.8 ,117.8 1,121.4 ,058.7
57.7
57.9
59.1
59.5
56.1
58.0
60.8
57.4
59.7
57.6
92.2
87.9
88.9
85.4
86.1
99.5
98.0
95.0
87.2
90.4
164.5
160.8
158.7
167.4 165.5 164.9
162.9 160.5 157.1 144.8
60.8
95.4
171.2
60.8
97.1
168.9
58.9
97.5
167.9
60.1
98.9
166.9
230.4
127.6
182.2
232.7
127.6
182.3
230.6
127.3
178.6
230.6
126.7
176.7
226.2
126.6
175.9
225.1
125.4
172.4
225.3
124.2
170.9
223.6
123.4
173.0
216.8
121.9
170.8
216.8
120.9
169.8
218.8
121.4
170.5
213.0
119.3
167.7
216.1
200.6
120.2
167.1
116.2
156.8
105.3
80.2
158.1
104.7
80.5
158.4
103.3
79.3
155.6
103.8
78.6
154.6
102.3
76.9
155.1
100.6
99.2
73.6
151.5
99.6
73.8
150.1
98.6
72.8
147.6
97.9
72.2
147.8
96.8
72.6
150.4
95.1
70.4
146.0
96.1
71.9
144.9
95.1
69.2
133.9
75.7
152.7
, 141.8 1,131.9 1,136.8 1,115.0 1,107. 7 1,099. 5 1,091.9 1,087.8 1,091.9 1,085.7 ,074.7 1,068.3 ,037.2 1,040.1 ,036.6
119.3
118.8
118.8
116.9
116.2
119.2
115.1
124.4 123.2 121.2 120.1 118. 3 118.9
125.5
134.4 133.6 130.7 129.1 130.5 128.1 127.2 122.1
143.5 143.9 142.5 139.5 137.6 136.6 134.9
120.2 122.1 118.7
125.7 126.3 126.5 124.6 124.1
123.5 125.1 126.9 128.6 128.8 129. 0 127.1
111.1
125.9
99.8
206.9
205.2
126.2
105.3
212.8
230.2
127.0
101.7
210.6
225.2
128.8
102.5
210.4
226.6
126.4
94 9
209.5
220.4
127.0
92.6
209.8
217.0
126.6
92.6
208.7
213.3
124.8
93.4
208.5
210.5
125.0
93.6
208.1
207.9
125.7
96.4
208.0
206.3
74.8
74.0
75.9
74.5
74.8
74.4
73.8
73.9
76.3
71.9
., 145.3 1,241.2 1,267. 5 1,261.4 1,247.9 1,236.6 1,221.7 1,222. 6 1,215.2
T ra n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t----------------570.8 681.4 700.1 693.7 686.5 683. 3 674.7 672.4 665.5
M o to r vehicles a n d e q u ip m e n t-------352.7 351.2 341.2 342.7 339.3 335.6 330.0 336.3 336.5
A ircraft a n d p a r ts --------------------------129.4 117.9 134.9 134.9 134.7 131.1 131.4 131.4 127.8
S h ip a n d b o a t b u ild in g a n d r e p a i r in g ..
44.2
45.2
45.4
44.8
45.2
45.4
46.1
45.7
R a ilro a d e q u ip m e n t------- ----------------41.2
41.4
37.1
40.4
44.4
42.6
45.2
45.3
O th e r tra n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t-----
1,191.9
643.2
335.2
127.4
43.8
42.3
I n s tru m e n ts a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts -----E n g in eerin g a n d scientific in s tru m e n ts .
M ec h a n ic a l m e a su rin g a n d co n tro l d e
vices________________________________
O p tic al a n d o p h th a lm ic goods------------Surgical, m edical, a n d d en tal equipm ent.
P h o to g ra p h ic e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s.
W a tc h e s a n d clocks----------------------------M iscellaneous m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s
Je w e lry , silv e rw a re , a n d p la te d w a re —.
T o y s, am u se m e n t, a n d s p o rtin g goods.
P en s, p en c ils, office a n d a r t m a te ria ls ..
C o stu m e je w e lry , b u tto n s , a n d n o tio n s.
O th e r m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s ------
124.9
123.7
99.1
201.6
197.4
120.3
94.8
198.6
192.9
120.8
88.6
204.6
202.3
69.2
75.0
66.1
71.2
101.2
115.9
84.0
217.7
192.1
201.7
193.4
963.6 1,186.5 1,026.6 1,133.3
426.6 641.8 495.1
593.2
333.8 336.0 327.5 338.4
124.2 122.8 119.8 120.1
42.6
36.1
41.5
41.1
43.3
42.9
40.6
42.7
75.0
1,112.8
576.7
348.4
119.3
34.0
34.4
250.9
248.3
36.0
246. 2
35.5
238. 5
31.4
240.5
35.2
239.5
34.9
238.3
34.7
237.2
34.6
238.1
34.6
238.4
35.0
234.4
34.3
236.8
34.7
234.9
34.3
233.6
35.2
232.2
38.5
65.9
34.9
40.2
49.4
65.5
33.9
39.8
48.8
24.3
65.3
34.2
39.9
47.4
23.9
64.5
34.3
39.2
45.7
23.4
63.9
34.0
39.2
45.2
23.0
64.3
33.9
38.9
44.5
23.0
64.0
33.9
38.8
44.1
64.3
33.4
38.6
43.7
22.6
64.3
33.0
38.6
44.6
23.0
64.2
32.8
38.4
44.6
23.4
61.9
32.4
37.6
44.2
24.0
63.8
32.1
38.1
44.4
23.7
63.5
32.0
38.3
44.7
62.8
32.1
37.7
43.0
22.1
22.8
61.4
30.2
36.8
41.5
23.8
328.9
36.4
94.6
23.5
43.5
130.9
322.2
36.0
88.3
23.8
44.6
129.5
305.6
35.3
76.0
23.4
43.4
127.5
324.7
37.0
90.3
24.1
45.7
127.6
347.3
37.2
107.4
25.1
46.7
130.9
344.6
37.0
106.9
24.5
46.0
130.2
331.3
35.7
97.6
23.8
46.0
128.2
320.5
35.2
90.1
23.6
44.9
126.6
311.0
32.2
85.6
23.7
45.1
124.3
346.8
35.8
129.9
329.7
33.5
103.3
24.6
42.1
126.2
339.4
36.0
102.7
24.3
44.4
132.0
332.4
36.5
97.2
24.1
43.6
131.0
22.8
314.9
35.6
82.0
23.6
44.8
128.9
351.1
37.2
110.7
25.1
46.2
131.9
N o n d u r a b le goods
1,130.8 1,167.8 1,223.6 1,271.5 1,262.4 1,143.9 1,160.8
F o o d an d k in d re d p r o d u c ts -------------------- , 255. 5 1,160.1 1,113.4 1,072.4 1,052.0 1,059. 4 1,056.6 1,081.4
247.9 245.3 241.4 236.4 233.6 236.3 240.0 245.2 255.1 259.4 253.4 255.6 255.6 249.8 252.4
M e a t p ro d u c ts ________________________
131.6 132.3 134.0 139.0 144.4 138.0 144.5
131.8
130.3
130.0
140.2
133.0
139.
9
141.6
135.3
D a iry p ro d u c ts _______________________
C a n n e d a n d p re se rv e d food, except
178.2 201.8 257.0 315.9 306.2 204.3 207.8
159.5
161.3
157.0
232.3
158.8
188.3
168.9
m e a ts _______________________________
85.9
91.0
88.
85.8
90.1
92.0
91.7
84.3
85.2
87.2
84.0
84.2
89.4
88.9
85.2
G ra in m ill p ro d u c ts ___________________
166.9
165.8 168.2 168.6 168.2 168.4 165.
161.8
162.0
161.5
166.7
166.2
161.9
165.7
163.6
B a k e ry p ro d u c ts ______________________
43.6
30.4
31.
41.9
26.1
43.1
27.2
24.7
35.6
23.6
24.0
26.1
23.6
23.8
S u g a r_________________________________
60.9
65.9
60.
63.
65.4
59.8
60.2
65.5
61.1
52.9
56.6
59.7
56.1
59.0
56.0
C o nfectionery a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts ----112.0
113.7
112
.
118.6
115.6 116.
116.6 118.3 117.7 113.6 109.8 109.6 106.7 108.6 112.1
B everages_____________________________
M iscellaneous food a n d k in d re d p ro d
95.0
93.
97.0
94.9
94.
96.3
91.6
91.2
92.1
91.4
92.2
90.3
90.4
91.5
89.6
u c ts .............. .....................- --------------------76.0
76.
82.1
85.1
80.1
95.4
90.
65.4
73.5
61.8
70.1
62.7
74.6
62.2
61.8
T o b acco m a n u fa c tu re s .
31.6
31.
31.5
31.6
31.4
32.
31.9
31.4
31.3
31.0
31.6
31.2
31.2
31.7
C ig a re tte s .....................
21.1
23.
23.
23.6
23.9
23.5
24.1
21.0
21.2
21.8
19.9
20.8
20.5
21.0
C ig a rs ---------- -----------T e x tile m ill p ro d u c ts ___________________
C o tto n b ro a d w o v en fab rics---------------S ilk a n d s y n th e tic b ro a d w o v en fabrics
W e a v in g a n d fin ish in g b ro a d w oolens.
N a rro w fabrics a n d sm all w a re s -----------K n itt in g ____________________________ _
F in is h in g te x tiles, except w ool a n d k n it
F lo o r co v e rin g ________________________
Y a m a n d th r e a d _____________________
M iscellaneous te x tile g o o d s.------ --------See footnotes a t e n d of ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
833.3
214.2
80.0
40.1
27.7
214.3
64.8
104.0
57.3
821.1
214.2
79.3
40.3
26.2
207.9
64.6
30.3
101.3
57.0
830.8
214.5
79.6
41.0
27.4
210.3
66.1
30.7
102.9
58.3
821.9
213.3
78.5
40.6
27.1
206.6
66.0
31.0
101.3
57.5
822.2
213.4
78.9
40.3
27.2
205.9
66.4
31.7
101.0
57.4
817.7
213.1
78.8
40.0
26.9
202.7
66.9
31.9
100.5
56.9
811.3
213.0
78.8,
39.9
26.6
198.4
805.1
213.3
79.0
39.1
26.5
193.1
809.2
213.2
79.2
39.0
26.5
195.9
31.8
99.9
56.3
31.7
100.2
56.0
32.3
100.1
56.4
66.6
66.2
66.6
812.8
213.5
79.2
39.2
26.4
200.1
66.3
32.2
99.7
56.2
811.1
78.8
39.7
26.1
201.4
811.
211.
78.
41.
25.
201.
31.8
99.0
55.5
31.
99.
56.
212.8
66.0
66.
808.1
802.
211.1
211.
78.4
40.6
25.6
201.4
66.4
30.4
99.
54.8
78.
41
25.
195.
65,
30.
97.8
55.7
796.4
212.1
76.5
44.4
24.4
194.4
64.2
31.0
93.3
56.1
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able A-3.
1257
Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1258.
[inthousands]
1965
Annual
average
1964
Industry
Aug.2 July 2 June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1964
1963
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
M en’s and boys’ furnishings.................
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outer
wear___________________________
Women’s and children’s undergar
ments__________________________
Hats, caps, and millinery----------------Girls’ and children’s outerwear--------Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel—
Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod
ucts____________________________
Paper and allied products...............
Paper and pulp---------------------Paperboard----------------- --------Converted paper and paperboard prod
ucts_______________________
Paperboard containers and boxes.
Printing, publishing, and allied indusNewspaper publishing and printing.
Periodical publishing and printing. .
Books__________________________
Commercial printing-------------------- .
Bookbinding and related industries....
Other publishing and printing indus
tries___________________________
1,249.1 L, 176. 2 1,216. 8 1,192. 4 1,191.1 1,214.8 1,200.2 1,170.2 1,181.4 1,195.1 1,189. 2 1,195.6 1,193.8 1,163.9 1,139.4
107.0
98.5 106.6 105.5 103.6 104.3 104.0 103.4 103.6 102.3 102.0 102.1 102.2 100.9 ' 102.3
335.0 321.6 330.9 325.7 322.8 319.3 314.9 310.7 311.1 312.3 309.8 311.6 312.2 304.5 296. 5
380.3 354.2 364.5 351.6 356.3 373.3 370.4 355.7 354.5 360.2 360.8 363.7 366.7 356.0 349.7
109.3
107.2
26.8
73.7
68.2
106.0
26.6
71.1
66.4
103.4
29.9
70.0
62.7
102.3
28.7
70.5
66.3
143.4
134.1
138.9
139.5
140.4
140.4
137.2
134.4
140.0
144.5
513.1
179.2
52.7
505.3
177.8
53.8
505.6
176.2
54.2
496.4
172.2
52.8
496.5
172.0
52.9
493.7
171.7
52.9
489.5
168.7
52.6
489.9
169.0
52.3
495.6
170.3
52.5
498.8
173.1
52.4
118.2
163.0
115.5
158.2
115.1
160.1
113.8
157.6
114.1
157.5
113.4
155.7
111.9
156.3
111.7
156.9
114.0
158.8
114.3
159.0
621. 5
176.9
619.8
177.3
23.8
47.8
242.0
44.9
618.0
176.8
23.7
47.4
242.7
43.9
614.8 615.2
175.1 174.7
24. 1 24.5
47.9
48.1
242.6 242.9
42.9
42.9
614.4
174.5
24,9
48.0
243.0
42.1
610.6
174.3
24.5
47.4
241.0
41.5
607.3
172.7
24.8
47.4
240.3
41.0
615.1
175.9
25.4
46.8
243.6
41.2
611.7
173.1
25.8
45.5
243.1
41.6
243.0
45.3
106.1
28.0
67.7
66.2
106.7
32.0
72.6
66.2
71.7
105.0
31.4
72.3
65.0
107.5
29.2
68.1
67.4
110.8
27.4
68.6
69.0
111. 1
28.6
69.3
69. 8
109.9
28.9
69.0
68 8
108.2
30 4
70.8
fi7 0
105.8
28. Ft
69.6
fifi 2
137.8
141.6
136.3
133.4
126.6
499.4
173.2
53.5
501.4
174.0
54.2
498.8
176.7
53.0
492.8
173.6
52.6
487.7
175.2
52.1
114.2
158.5
115.6
157.6
114.2
154.9
112.5
154.1
109.7
150.7
610.5
172.2
26.2
45.3
243.2
41.5
609.5
170.9
26.0
45.8
242.6
41.7
602.5
170.3
25.1
45.1
237.8
42.2
603.0
171.1
25. 7
45.9
238.7
40.8
590.7
165.7
97 n
43. 7
233.5
40.7
103.4
6A5
84.2
84.0
83.5
82.2
82.1
81.9
81.9
81.1
82.2
82.6
82.1
82.5
82.0
80.8
80.2
551.6
Chemicals and allied products----_ 165.5
Industrial chemicals--------------Plastics and synthetics, except glass. . . 139.5
62.5
D r u g s ...________________________
62.6
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods------38.7
Paints, varnishes, and allied products
30.3
Agricultural chemicals------------------52.5
Other chemical products-----------------
548.0
164.9
138.2
62.5
61.6
38.6
30.9
51.3
544.2
163.6
137.7
58.1
61.4
38.3
33.9
51.2
544.6
162.5
135.2
56.5
60.4
36.8
43.3
49.9
546.5
163.4
132.0
59.4
60.2
37.0
44.9
49.6
540.4
162.9
133.4
59.2
60.1
36.6
38.9
49.3
532.0
161.8
132.3
58.6
59.2
36.2
34.6
49.3
528.8
162.5
131.0
58.9
58.9
35.7
32.7
49.1
528.4
162.8
130.1
59.2
59.8
35.6
31.0
49.9
526.6
162.5
128.0
59.0
60.7
35.8
30.5
50.1
524.8
160.4
127.1
57.9
61.8
36.4
31.4
49.8
532.3
164.7
128.3
58.7
61.7
37.3
31.4
50.2
532.0
164.9
126.8
59.6
61.5
38.3
30.4
50.5
528.7
163.3
124.9
59.5
59.5
36.7
34.6
50.1
525.4
164.1
118.2
60.6
59.2
36.0
34.4
52.9
117.1 116.6
91. C 90.7
26.1
25.9
115.4
90.1
25.3
112.1
88.5
23.6
112.0
88.7
23.3
111.5
88.6
22.9
110.2
88.3
21.9
109.6
88.1
21.5
110.9
88.6
22.3
113.1
88.7
24.4
115.8
90.7
25.1
117.5
91.4
26.1
118.5
92.3
26.2
116.0
91.9
24.1
120.5
95.8
24.8
341.7
71.4
132.8
137.5
342.0
71.7
132.7
137.6
343.3
71.5
132.7
139.1
342.2
69.1
133.2
139.9
344.9
72.5
133.2
139.2
336.7
71.0
128.4
137.3
332.1
70.5
129.4
132.3
322.1
69.8
128.3
124.1
Petroleum refining and related indus
tries —
Petroleum refining---------------------Other petroleum and coal products.
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prod
364.0
ucts______________________
73.7
Tires and inner tubes________
136.6
Other rubber products-----------_ 153.7
Miscellaneous plastic products..
350.9
70.7
133.7
146.5
354.6
70.6
136.8
147.2
351.7
71.2
135.6
144.9
351.0
135. £
143.9
349.7 346.9
71.2
70. Í
135. S 134.7
142.6 141.3
323.1
28.2
216.7
78.2
314.2
27.6
214.2
72.4
317.0
27.7
214.1
75.2
311.5
27.Í
211.6
72.6
307.9
27.7
210.5
69.7
317.9
27.5
215.2
75.2
316.8
27.4
214.9
74.5
312.8
28.0
213.4
71.4
317.1
28.1
213.4
75.6
316.7 313.4 314.9
27.9
28. C 28.2
210. C 207.4 209.7
78.8
78.0
77.0
319.8
28.2
214.5
77.1
311.2
27.8
209.7
73.8
309.2
27.4
207.7
74.1
81.2
40.
938.
17.
81.6
39.
929.
16.
81. S 81.6
38.1
37.6
888.
868.
16. a 16.2
81.8
36.9
861.8
16.3
81. 7
36.8
848 2
16.3
81.6
39.0
850.3
16.5
81.9
38.3
887.4
16.6
82.0
38.3
891.6
16.6
82.2
39.2
896. 0
16.8
82.3
41.7
902.6
17.2
81.6
42. 1
888.3
17.5
82.1
39.4
860.9
17.1
84.7
38.4
828.2
17.8
601.
2i.:
90.
549.
219.
133.
161. 3
34. 51
587.
21. £
89. £
545. C
217.
136.
158.:
580.1
21. £
89.1
532.
211.:
132.
155.
33.
573.3 568.9
21. £ 21.6
88.6
88.1
528.
528.'
209.
209.:
132.
132.6
154. £ 154.:
32.1
32.
566.7
21.6
88.1
528.9
209.3
132.
154.
31.9
568.2
21.8
87.9
531. C
210.3
133.7
154.9
32.:
568.2
21.9
87.8
530.2
210.1
133.8
154.1
32.2
566.3
22.0
87.7
532. (
210.7
134.0
154.8
32. £
569.9
22.4
87.2
539.7
213.1
136.0
157.7
32.9
575.9
22.5
87.1
547.7
216.0
138.4
159.4
33.9
562.5
22.4
85.9
533.6
211.2
134.4
155.4
32.7
552.9
24.0
81.9
532.7
210.1
135.3
155.5
31.8
Leather and leather products---Leather tanning and finishing.
Footwear, except rubber------Other leather products--------Transportation and public utilities:
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation .
Intercity and rural buslines---------Pipeline transportation_____________
Communication:
Telephone com m unication......... ......
Telegraph communication 3-----------Radio and television broadcasting.__
Electric, gas, and sanitary services-----Electric companies and systems------Gas companies and systems-----------Combined utility systems--------- . . . .
Water, steam, and sanitary systems.
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
33.
71. a
576.
21. £
88. t
531.'
210.
132.
155.
33.
1258
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
T able
A-3.
Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
Revised series; see box below.
1965
1964
Annual
average
Industry
Aug.^
Wholesale and retail trade 4____________
Wholesale trade_____________________
Motor vehicles and automotive equip
ment----- ----------------------------------Drugs, chemicals, and allied products..
Dry goods and apparel_______ ____
Groceries and related products_______
Electrical goods_________ . ------------Hardware, plumbing, and heating
goods__________________________
Machinery, equipment, and supplies..
Retail trade 4_______________________
General merchandise stores-------------Department stores_______________
Limited price variety stores_________
Food stores_________________________
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores__
Apparel and accessories stores_________
Men’s and boys’ apparel stores______
Women’s ready-to-wear stores_______
Family clothing stores______________
Shoe stores_______________________
Furniture and appliance stores________
Other retail trade___________________
Motor vehicle dealers______________
Other vehicle and accessory dealers___
Drug stores_______________________
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banking___________________________
Security dealers and exchanges A...........
Insurance carriers s___ _______________
Life insurance 5_________________ : . .
Accident and health insurance 8______
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance A
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels____
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants A
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distribution.
July 2 June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1963
9,516 9,522 9,428 9,459 9,247 9,221
,871 2,835 2,791 2,778 2,769 2,762 2,767
210.3
161.9
114.7
468.7
211.9
10, 156 9,506 9,323 9,218 9,172 9,212 8,953
2,814 2,789 2,788 2, 779 2,788 2, 746 2,670
206.9 206.7 205.6 206.6 207.2 204.1 199.6
161.3 160.9 160.2 159.8 158.6 158.7 156.5
113.7 113.5 112.8 112.9 114.1 112.0 109.3
457.2 455.4 458.9 460.9 459.4 451.0 435.7
199.9 199.1 198.5 199.4 201.9 199.5 200.9
1124. 6 126.0 126.1 125.8 126.2 127.9 125.6 124.3
478.1 479.5 478.5 479.0 480.7 481.7 474.
466.8
540 7,342 6,717 6,535 6,349 6,384
6, 283
631. 7 2,165.1 1,774.9 1,649. 9 1, 589. 8 1, 548. 0 1,613. 1.545.3
014. 9 1,370.7 1,104. 7 1,016.0 970.7 945.6 993.
936.9
275.9 367.9 299.0 283.2 278.6 268.5 282.
288.3
350. 2 1,370. 9 1,349.2 1,334. 7 1,314.3 1,310. 0
1,289.6
190. 4 1,202.6 1,187.1 1,175.3 1,159. 2 1,155.4
1.126.3
574.1 711.3 595.6 577.7 568.7 544.6 571.
559.3
100.3 127.2
98.1
93.2
91.0
89.9
90.5
94.
214.0 261.4 224.9 219.9 214.3 206.8 215.
209.3
97.4 125.0
98.0
93.5
91.2
93.
87.3
88.7
99.2 119.6 104.6 102.1 108.0 100.5 103.
106.9
361.4 375.8 362.8 356.4 350.5 351.5 353.
346.9
622.1 2,719.3 2,634.0 2,616. 5 2,615. 6 2,629. 6 ,604. 2,541. 5
616.7 612.7 607.2 608.8 608.4 609.9 604.
585.0
146.8 158.3 149.0 146.9 145.6 149.3 144.
136.1
365.3 380.6 362.4 359.5 357.6 358.2 357.
350.3
207.7
160.9
112.4
454.5
208.6
207.1
160.3
112.5
450.6
207.8
206.0
160.0
112.4
450.3
205.2
206.1
159.8
112.4
449.5
202.5
130.5 128.9 127.1
504.1 500.3 495.5
645 6, 687 6,637
631.7 1.647.3 1,637.2
009.1 1.019.3 1,011.4
265.7 277.1 282.6
360.5 1, 366. 8 1,357. 5
198.3 1,202.6 1,195.1
558.4 582.1 584.5
95.6
98.5
95.9
207.5 215.0 217.4
90.3
93.3
92.2
101.3 105.0 109.1
365.4 363.9 362.4
728.8 2, 727.3 2,695.6
640.1 636.0 630.1
157.3 157.7 154.5
373.3 371.8 368.0
125.7
490.1
681
650.3
015.1
292.0
367.1
197.0
626.7
97.9
227.5
97.3
126.0
361.2
675.3
627.6
151. 5
368.7
125.0
485.9
478
571.1
968.1
274.8
359.8
199.6
554.4
92.5
209.7
90.6
97.8
359.9
632.3
624.8
146.3
366.9
124.5
480.0
459
560.5
965.9
266.6
361.3
197.2
550.5
94.6
205.9
91.9
95.8
361.0
626.1
620.5
146.4
364.5
665.5
116.7
637.6
273.1
48.3
275. 8
645.7
113.5
627.1
270.8
47.1
270.7
644.6
113.0
627.0
270.9
46.9
270.6
643.8
641.8
626.4
271.3
46.8
269.7
626.3
272.2
46.6
269.3
644.5
112.6
629.6
274.2
47.1
269.8
212.0
163.3
115.7
475.4
215.6
655.0
114.6
629.3
270.2
47.7
271.9
645.3
113.5
625.3
269.9
47.1
269.8
112.6
112.1
643.2
112.2
631.4
276.3
47.0
269.8
642.8
111.7
632.7
276.8
47.1
270.5
645.3
112.7
636.8
279.0
47.3
271.8
654.3
114.6
642.7
281.9
47.6
274.0
641.6
112.3
634.0
278.7
46.9
270.1
627.0
113.8
779.7
418.5
47.6
276.3
609.8
584.6
556.0
533.4
516.9
514.0
503.2
505.4
512.7
538.0
547.3
581.5
529.2
511.3
499.7
500.1
493.0
485.3
478.4
477.2
481.3
480.7
480.4
484.0
482.8
483.3
477.8
384.2
31.7
29.2
26.4
25.1
27.8
27.1
29.6
29.3
27.9
28.5
27.8
29.5
27.2
25.7
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to January
1965, and coverage of these series, see footnote 1, table A 2.
For mining and manufacturing data, refer to production and related
workers; for contract construction, to construction workers; and for all other
industries, to nonsupervisory workers.
Production and related workers include working foremen and all nonsuper
visory workers (including leadman and trainees) engaged in fabricating,
processing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing,
warehousing, shipping, maintenance, repair, janitorial, and watchmen
services, product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use
(e.g., powerplant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated
with the above production operations.
Construction workers include working foremen, journeymen, mechanics,
apprentices, laborers, etc., engaged in new work, alterations, demolition,
, mm luamoeiiaiice, ecc., ai cne site oi construction or working in shop
or yards at jobs (such as precutting and preassembling) ordinarily performed
by members of the construction trades.
Nonsupervisory workers include employees (not above the working super
visory level) such as office and clerical workers, repairmen, salespersons,
operators, drivers, attendants, service employees, linemen, laborers, janitors,
watchmen, and similar occupational levels, and other employees whose
services are closely associated with those of the employees listed.
2 Preliminary.
3 Data relate to nonsupervisory emplovees except messengers.
4 Excludes eating and drinking places.
! Beginning January 1964, nonoffice salesmen excluded from nonsuper
visory count.
6 Beginning January 1964, data relate to nonsupervisory workers and are
not comparable with the production worker levels of prior years.
Caution
The revised series on employment, hours, and earnings, and labor turnover in non
agricultural establishments should not be compared with those published in issues prior
to January 1965. (See footnote 1, table A-2, and “BLS Establishment Employment
Estimates Revised to March 1963 Benchmark Levels” appearing in the December 1964
issue of E m p lo y m e n t a n d E arnings. Moreover, when the figures are again adjusted
to new benchmarks, the data presented in this issue should not be compared with those
in later issues which reflect the adjustments.
Comparable data for earlier periods are published in E m p lo y m e n t a n d Earnings
S ta tis tic s for th e U n ited S ta te s , 1909-64 (BLS Bulletin 1312-2), which is available at
depository libraries or which may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents
for $3.50 a copy. For an individual industry, earlier data may be obtained upon request
to the Bureau.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1964
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able A-4.
1259
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups,
seasonally adjusted 1
Revised series; see box, p. 1258.
[in thousands]
1965
Industry division and group
Aug.2 July 2 June
1964
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
629
629
633
635
633
637
639
638
634
634
3,304
3,281
3,235
3,244
3,162
3,106
3,080
3,103
Jan.
Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug.
60,711 60,589 60,382 60,110 59,913 59,992 59, 676 59,334 59,206 58,878 58,382 58,458 58,301
632
Contract construction--------------------------------------- ------ - 3,214
637
3,175
630
3,220
3,207
3,186
Manufacturing-------------------------------------------------------- 18,155 18,147 18,045 17,915 17,896 17,849 17, 772 17, 705 17,622 17,505 17,171 17,449
10,511 10,519 10,426 10,320 10,311 10,259 10, 210 10,150 10,088 9,992 9,702 9,986
242
245
241
243
251
247
242
242
256
245
247
248
Ordnance and accessories------------------------------------604
600
594
595
600
599
608
597
598
595
591
593
Lumber and wood products, except furniture----------418
424
423
425
423
422
415
425
413
409
407
405
Furniture and fixtures.. . ---------------------------------621
624
623
629
622
628
623
620
630
618
616
620
Stone, clay, and glass products-----------------------------Primary metal industries ...
------------------------ 1,314 1,326 1,304 1,272 1,280 1,278 1,278 1,277 1,271 1,269 1,253 1,258
Fabricated metal products. ------------------------------- 1,269 1,286 1,276 1,266 1,265 1,237 1,260 1,242 1,232 1,213 1,179 1,223
M achinery.. . - - - - - .-------------------- 1,752 1,738 1,716 1,699 1,691 1,687 1,674 1,672 1,665 1,643 1,644 1,643
Electrical equipment and supplies-------------------------- 1,673 1,678 1,667 1,651 1,640 1,626 1,610 1,597 1,588 1,572 1,560 1,558
Transportation equipm ent------------------------------ ----- 1,784 1,775 1,770 1,752 1,748 1,733 1, 706 1,696 1,671 1,646 1,429 1,667
378
392
378
374
385
379
374
378
388
371
368
369
Instruments and related products--------------------------421
418
421
417
414
414
419
420
420
411
408
402
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries------------------Nondurable goods .. - --------------------- 7,644 7,628 7,619 7,595 7,585 7,590 7,562 7, 565 7,534 7,513 7,469 7,463
Food and kindred products --------------------------------- 1,719 1,710 1,708 1,720 1,712 1,735 1,734 1,741 1,743 1,737 1, 717 1,716
84
85
86
85
85
86
85
88
92
90
77
82
Tobacco manufactures. . . . -- .
---------------------922
924
921
917
914
927
923
909
904
925
899
899
Textile mill products _ ___
..
---------------1,340
1,382
1,361
1,357
1,344
1,333
1,358
1,347
1,370
1,329
1,319
1,317
Apparel and related products.
-----------------------641
641
637
634
649
643
639
635
635
634
632.
648
Paper and allied products.. . - ---------------------973
967
964
962
985
978
973
971
982
956
956
955
Printing, publishing, and allied industries.. -----------890
901
895
909
893
894
887
885
882
912
881
878
Chemicals and allied products— . --------------------184
183
184
185
185
183
181
184
185
187
185
185
Petroleum refining and related industries----------------450
461
456
438
458
453
442
439
457
436
433
468
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products-------------359
361
361
358
359
359
358
357
357
358
357
356
Leather and leather p roducts...-----------------------------
17,339
9,886
250
595
403
617
1,242
1,208
1,625
1,546
1,632
369
399
7, 453
1,726
83
895
1,311
631
954
879
185
435
354
Transportation and public utilities-------- ------ --------------- 4,090 4,071 4,068 4,057 4,044 4,042 3,997 3,939 4,020 3,997 3,996 4,005 3,999
Wholp.salft and retail trade ____ ___ _________ 12,712 12,707 12,673 12,636 12,563 12,622 12,532 12,447 12,362 12,311 12,278 12,229 12,231
3,358 3,360 3,352 3,329 3,318 3,303 3, 288 3,270 3,259 3,246 3,233 3,226 3,224
Retail trade________ _____________________ _______ 9,354 9,347 9,321 9,307 9,245 9,319 9,244 9,177 9,103 9,065 9,045 9,003 9,007
Finance, insurance, and real estate------------------------------ 3,021
Service and miscellaneous------- ------------------- --------------- 8,906
Government
_____ -- - __________ — ------ 9,981
2,381
State and local------- ---------------------------------------------- 7,600
3,018
3,013
3,005
2,997
2,997
2,987
2,979
2,975
2,970
2,964
2,960
8,887
8,814
8,797
8,763
8,754
8,730
8,689
8,654
8,634
8,633
8,592
8, 573
9,947
2,374
7,573
9,919
2,352
7, 567
9,864
2,345
7,519
9,835
2,344
7,491
9,791
2,340
7,451
9,742
2,335
7,407
9,707 9,692
2,342 2,352
7,365 7, 340
9,660
2,354
7,306
9,596
2,331
7,265
9,509
2,320
7,189
9,471
2,328
7,143
1 For coverage of the series, see footnote 1, table A-2.
N ote : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “ New Seasonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” Monthly Labor
Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827.
2Preliminarv
T able A -5.
2,951
Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally
adjusted 1
Revised series; see box, p. 1258.
[in thousands]
1965
Major industry group
Aug.2 Ju ly 2 June
May
Apr.
1964
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
Manufacturing_____________________________________ 13,511 13,510 13,428 13,321 13,318 13,298 13,227 13,168 13,099 12,993 12,661 12,956 12,847
7,792 7,808 7,731 7,644 7,649 7,615 7,570 7,518 7,467 7,376 7,089 7,377 7,279
Durable goods. . . . ..
------- -----101
104
100
102
102
103
100
104
103
101
100
99
107
Ordnance and accessories .
-------------------------540
532
530
531
533
536
528
529
544
535
531
535
535
Lumber and wood products, except furniture . ------348
338
335
345
344
340
339
352
352
352
354
353
353
Furniture and fixtures.. .
---.....
503
500
498
503
498
500
501
500
500
504
508
506
508
Stone, clay, and glass products-----------------------------1,076 1,089 1,068 1,037 1,043 1,047 1,046 1,044 1,041 1,038 1,022 1,026 1,012
Primary metal industries ___
....
964
945
932
979
933
901
951
987
981
982
957
980
997
Fabricated metal products— ----- ------- - ...
1,228 1,216 1,200 1,186 1,180 1,179 1,168 1,166 1,165 1,145 1,146 1,149 1,129
Machinery ____
. ..
___ _____ . . . ..
1,145 1,153 1,145 1,130 1,125 1,113 1,099 1,086 1,078 1,065 1,053 1,049 1,040
Electrical equipment and supplies--------- -942 1,180 1,145
1,276 1,268 1,265 1,251 1,247 1,237 1,212 1,207 1,181 1,156
Transportation equipm ent.. . ------------------- . . .
234
234
240
232
241
238
235
246
252
240
243
237
250
Instrum ents and related products------ . .
-------319
334
323
332
333
330
326
336
337
334
335
334
338
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. ---- --------5,719
Nondurable goods-----------------------------Food and kindred products . .
------------- -------- 1,137
66
Tobacco manufactures.
. . . . . _ --------824
Textile mill products . . .
--------------- -----Apparel and related products. -------- ---------------- 1,219
507
Paper and allied products.
623
Printing, publishing, and allied industries. . _
550
Chemicals and allied products___ _____ ____ ..
114
Petroleum refining and related industries
-------- .
364
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products---- ---------315
Leather and leather products-------------------1 For definition of production workers, see footnote 1, table A-3.
2 Preliminary.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5,702 5,697
1,123 1,121
74
73
824
826
1,209 1,233
501
507
619
625
542
549
113
115
355
359
316
315
5,677
1,131
73
822
1,211
499
618
539
111
354
319
5,669
1,124
73
824
1,207
501
617
538
113
356
316
5,683 5,657
1,147 1,144
73
72
820
824
1,199 1,192
498
500
615
616
537
539
112
114
350
354
316
318
5,650
1,150
74
817
1,196
495
611
536
113
343
315
5,632
1,154
76
812
1,186
495
610
532
113
339
315
5,617
1,151
80
808
1,181
496
605
530
114
337
315
5,572
1,132
78
803
1,173
494
604
526
116
334
312
5,579
1,133
71
803
1,173
494
606
530
116
340
313
5,568
1,142
72
799
1,165
493
604
63Ü
115
337
311
N o t e : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “New Sea
sonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components.” Monthly Labor
Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
1260
T able
A-6. Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations 1
[All items except average benefit amounts are in thousands]
1965
Item
June
July
Employment service:2
New applications for work------------------Nonfarm placements____
945
554
1,410
610
1964
Apr.
May
890
573
Mar.
857
555
Jan.
F eb.
894
491
897
421
Nov.
D ec.
958
418
772
433
853
508
Oct.
S e p t.
846
579
854
639
Aug.
816
554
July
896
549
State un employment insurance programs:
1,078
870
763
956
1,009
Initial claims 34. ---1,100
1,453
1,618
1,185
966
858
937
1,238
Insured unem ploym ent5(average weekly
1,132
1,059
1,470
1,179
1,718
1,932
volume) 6______
----------1,996
1,675
1,293
1,138
1,125
1,261
1,343
2.6
2.4
3.4
Rate of insured unem ploym ent7. _______
2.7
4.0
4.5
4.6
3.9
3.0
2.6
2.5
2.9
3.1
4,101
4,142
Weeks of unemployment compensated__
4,450
6,039
7,504
6,757
7,003
5,901
4,069
3,996
4,149
4, 556
5,098
Average weekly benefit amount for total
$36. 40 $36.07 $36.40 $37.16 $37.41 $37. 39 $37.18 $36.81 $36.38 $35.92 $35.40 $35.60 $35.35
unemployment_____
$149,495 $156,276 $165,717 $224,897 $273,372 $245,731 $252,098 $211,446 $146,974 $143,165 $148,423 $164, 510 $180,519
_ ____
Total benefits paid____
Unemployment compensation for ex-servicemen: 8 8
Initial claim s36______ _____
Insured unemployment8 (average weekly
volume)—
---Weeks of unemployment compensated__
Total benefits paid _____________
26
22
17
21
26
25
30
32
27
25
25
26
32
33
119
$4,461
30
134
$5,241
33
142
$5,339
41
182
$6,752
49
220
$7,984
53
209
$7,618
55
219
$7,971
48
188
$6,867
40
144
$5,380
35
136
$5,043
36
159
$5,888
43
173
$6,285
44
173
$6,172
Unemployment compensation for Federal
civilian employees:810
Initial claims 3______
_____________
Insured unem ploym ent8(average weekly
volume)________________
Weeks of unemployment compensated__
Total benefits paid_______ _ - ----------
12
10
8
10
10
11
16
13
12
12
10
10
15
22
79
$3,182
20
91
$4,008
22
92
$3,919
27
119
$4,815
31
146
$5,548
34
133
$5,058
34
134
$5,086
30
126
$4,797
27
104
$4,119
25
100
$3,986
24
103
$4,178
25
104
$4,212
26
102
$3,993
Railroad unemployment insurance:
Applications 11_____ _______________
Insured unemployment (average weekly
volume)__
_ _ ---------------------_ _
Number of payments 12__
Average amount of benefit paym ent13__
Total benefits paid 14___
_____
30
19
5
5
6
6
16
12
11
11
12
12
38
24
48
$75.15
$3,494
21
53
$73.39
$3,794
26
62
$71. 27
$4,264
33
81
$77. 27
$6,207
39
101
$80.44
$8,006
45
92
$82.05
$7,404
47
98
$80.68
$7,808
40
91
$81.16
$7,263
37
72
$79.47
$5, 557
33
74
$77.27
$5,602
32
69
$79.31
$5,259
29
67
$79.65
$5,169
31
66
$76.53
$4,928
All programs: 18
Insured unemployment »________ _____
1,255
1,182
1,316
1,622
1,863
2,066
2,135
1,801
1,417
1,264
1,256
1,396
1,491
1 Includes data for Puerto Rico beginning January 1961 when the Common
wealth’s program became part of the Federal-State U I system.
2 Includes Guam and the Virgin Islands.
8 Initial claims are notices filed by workers to indicate they are starting
periods of unemployment. Excludes transitional claims under State programs.
4 Includes interstate claims for the Virgin Islands.
5 Number of workers reporting the completion of at least 1 week of unem
ployment.
6 Initial claims and State insured unemployment include data under the
program for Puerto Rican sugarcane workers.
7 The rate is the number of insured unemployed expressed as a percent of
the average covered employment in a 12-month period.
8 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with other programs.
8 Includes the Virgin Islands.
10 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with State programs.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
11
An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning
of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is re
quired for subsequent periods in the same year.
18 Payments are for unemployment in 14-day registration periods.
13 The average amount is an average for all compensable periods, not ad
justed for recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments.
14Adjusted for recovery of overpayments and settlement of underpayments.
18 Represents an unduplicated count of insured unemployment under the
State, Ex-servicemen and U C FE programs and the Railroad Unemployment
Insurance Act.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security for
all items except railroad unemployment insurance which is prepared by the
U.S. Railroad Retirement Board.
B.—LABOR TURNOVER
1261
B.—Labor Turnover
T able
»-1. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1
[Per
Revised series; see box, p. 1258.
1 0 0 employees]
1965
1964
Annual
average
Major industry group
Ju ly 2 June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
1964
1963
Accessions: Total
Manufacturing:
Actual___________________________
Seasonally adjusted....................... ...........
Durable goods................ - -------------------Ordnance and accessories...... ...............Lumber and wood products, except
furniture________ _______________
Furniture and fixtures_____ _______
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Primary metal industries___________
Fabricated metal products.—.............. .
Machinery__________________ _____
Electrical equipment and supplies........
Transportation equipment......... ............
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus
tries.......................................................
4.4
4.0
5.6
4-5
4.1
4.0
S.9
4.0
4-3
11
3.8
4.0
4.1
4.1
4.0
4.0
4.8
5.8
5.1
4.0
4.4
4.0
4.0
3.9
3.8
2.7
5.3
3.9
3.9
2.6
3.7
2.2
4.0
2.5
3.5
1.9
3.7
1.8
2.4
1.5
3.0
1.6
3.5
1.8
4.3
2.3
4.8
2.0
3.8
2.1
3.7
1.9
3.6
2.4
6.3
5.1
3.9
2.5
4.3
3.0
3.3
3.9
3.4
8.5
5.8
5.7
4.5
5.9
4.6
4.6
5.3
4.6
7.3
5.1
4. 6
2.8
4.3
3.0
3.4
4.0
2.9
6.3
4.8
4.9
2.6
4.2
2.8
3.2
3.7
2.8
6.3
5.5
4.6
3.0
4.5
3.2
3.5
4.0
2.9
5.3
4.6
3.6
2.8
3.8
2.9
3.1
3.8
2.7
5.5
4.6
3.2
2.7
4.2
3.2
3.1
4.0
2.6
2.7
3.0
1.9
1.9
2.8
2.3
2.4
2.7
1.8
3.6
3.7
2.4
2.3
3.8
2.6
3.0
3.4
2.5
4.5
4.9
3.0
2.4
4.0
2.8
3.6
4.0
2.8
5.8
6.2
3.6
3.3
5.0
3.3
4.0
5.0
3.3
5.5
6.6
3.6
3.0
5.4
3.1
4.0
8.0
3.6
5.7
5.8
4.0
2.9
4.8
3.0
3.1
3.8
2.9
5.3
4.8
3.7
3.0
4.3
3.0
3.2
4.1
2.8
5.6
4.4
3.8
3.0
4.0
2.9
3.1
4.0
2.7
3.8
3.5
2.6
3.2
6.9
7.4
5.7
5.8
6.7
5.7
7.5
3.1
3.9
6.1
7.6
7.5
6.8
5.7
5.4
5.1
8.0
6.2
4.2
7.0
3.0
6.0
8.5
4.4
5.0
7.0
5.3
4.4
6.1
3.4
4.4
5.9
3.0
3.9
5.0
1.9
4.2
4.9
2.8
4.0
4.5
1.9
4.5
5.3
3.0
3.6
3.8
2.4
3.8
5.4
2.4
3.9
4.1
4.7
3.8
6.1
2.4
2.7
3.3
7.1
2.5
3.5
1.9
3.4
4.3
1.8
3.4
4.7
2.1
4.5
7.2
6.1
3.8
5.5
2.6
5.4
8.7
14.8
4.5
5.9
3.2
5.4
8.7
18.1
4.5
6.2
3.0
5.2
8.0
7.9
4.4
7.3
2.9
4.3
6.0
6.5
3.8
5.6
2.8
4.2
5.9
6.6
3.6
5.3
2.6
3.0
2.3
4.5
4.0
2.9
2.4
2.8
2.5
3.0
2.6
2.7
2.3
2.8
2.0
2.3
1.4
2.6
1.6
3.1
1.9
3.8
2.4
3.4
2.0
3.1
2.1
3.1
2.1
2.9
2.1
1.9
3.6
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.4
1.2
.9
1.1
1.3
1.7
1.5
1.7
1.6
1.5
4.5
6.6
5.6
6.3
4.1
5.4
3.7
4.6
4.3
4.7
3.8
4.7
3.9
5.5
2.4
3.9
3.2
4.4
3.8
4.9
4.8
4.9
4.9
5.5
4.9
6.1
3.9
5.1
3.6
5.0
5.7
2.1
3.3
1.9
4.0
1.6
2.5
2.1
2.1
1.3
2.8
1.5
2.3
1.2
2.8
1.5
2.8
1.9
2.9
2.0
3.2
2.2
2.7
1.3
3.2
1.7
3.1
2.0
Nondurable goods_________ ____ _____
Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco manufactures______________
Textile mill products___ _____ ______
Apparel and related products................
Paper and allied products___________
Printing, publishing, and allied indus
tries___ _____________ ___________
Chemicals and allied products_______
Petroleum refining and related indus
tries____________________________
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products_____ ______________ ____
Leather and leather products................
N onmanufacturing:
Metal mining________________ ______
Coal m in in g ..................... ........................
2.7
2.1
Accessions: New hires
Manufacturing:
Actual____________________ ______
Seasonally adjusted...............................
Durable goods________________ _____
Ordnance and accessories___________
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture________________________
Furniture and fixtures........... .................
Stone, clay, and glass products..........
Prim ary metal industries________ ___
Fabricated metal products__________
M achinery__________________ _____
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment__________
Instrum ents and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus
tries_____________ ______________
Nondurable goods________ _______ ___
Food and kindred products_____ ____
Tobacco manufactures______________
Textile mill products..............................
Apparel and related products________
Paper and allied products___________
Printing, publishing, and allied indus
tries____________________________
Chemicals and allied products_______
Petroleum refining and related indus
tries______________ _______ _____
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products________________________
Leather and leather products________
N onmanufacturing:
Metal m in in g ...______ ______________
Coal m ining________________________
See footnotes at end of table.
787-480 O—-65— — 7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3.1
2. 7
4.3
3.1
2.9
2.8
2.6
2.8
2.8
3.5
2.4
3.1
2.4
2.9
1.6
2.9
2.2
2.8
2.6
2.8
3.5
2.7
3.4
2.5
2.9
2.6
2.6
2.4
2.8
1.6
4.2
2.6
2.8
1.5
2.6
1.4
2.8
1.4
2.4
1.1
2.3
1.0
1.6
.7
2.1
.8
2.5
1.0
3.3
1.1
3.1
1.1
2.5
1.1
2.4
1.0
2.1
1.6
5.2
4.5
3.0
1.9
3.2
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.7
7.4
5.0
4.5
3.7
4.7
3.8
3.5
3.6
3.9
5.7
4.4
3.3
2.0
3.3
2.3
2.4
2.6
2.2
4.7
4.0
2.9
1.9
3.0
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.1
4.5
4.5
2.4
2.2
3.3
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.2
3.4
3.7
1.9
1.9
2.6
2.3
2.1
2.4
2.0
3.2
3.6
1.7
1.8
2.8
2.4
2.1
2.4
1.8
2.0
2.3
1.0
1.1
1.9
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.2
2.9
3.2
1.6
1.5
2.5
2.0
2.1
2.0
1.7
3.8
4.2
2.1
1.6
3.1
2.1
2.5
2.3
2.0
5.1
5.4
2.7
2.5
3.9
2.5
2.8
3.4
2.3
4.7
5.7
2.6
2.1
4.0
2.3
2.6
3.1
2.1
4.7
4.9
2.9
1.7
3.0
2.1
1.9
1.9
2.2
4.1
3.9
2.4
1.8
2.9
2.2
2.0
2.1
1.9
4.3
3.5
2.3
1.2
2.5
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
4.4
5.4
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.3
3.3
2.1
3.1
5.0
6.1
5.7
4.4
3.8
3.4
3.5
5.6
2.4
3.1
4.0
2.3
4.4
5.8
2.5
4.1
4.3
4.4
3.1
4.0
1.5
3.4
3.7
2.3
2.7
2.9
1.0
3.2
3.3
2.0
2.7
2.5
1.0
3.2
3.8
2.2
2.4
2.1
1.2
2.6
3.5
1.6
2.4
2.2
1.8
2.6
3.6
1.7
1.7
2.0
2.5
1.7
1.9
1.2
2.2
2.7
1.3
2.4
2.8
1.5
3.1
4.6
3.7
2.8
3.6
2.2
3.8
5.8
9.2
3.4
3.9
2.7
3.8
5.7
12.4
3.4
4.1
2.4
3.4
5.5
2.3
3.0
3.9
2.2
2.8
3.8
3.6
2.7
3.3
2.0
2.7
3.6
3.8
2.5
3.3
1.8
2.4
1.8
3.6
3.4
2.2
1.8
2.2
1.9
2.3
2.0
2.0
1.7
2.1
1.4
1.7
1.0
2.0
1.2
2.5
1.4
3.0
1.7
2.7
1.5
2.4
1.5
2.4
1.5
2.2
1.4
1.6
3.0
1.5
1.2
1.1
.9
.7
.6
.9
1.0
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.1
1.1
3.0
4.3
4.5
4.8
2.9
3.8
2.7
3.1
3.1
3.2
2.8
3.0
2.5
3.3
1.5
2.6
2.1
3.0
2.8
3.5
3.8
3.6
3.6
4.2
2.8
4.2
2.6
3.4
2.3
3.2
2.4
.9
4.9
1.0
2.3
.8
1.9
.9
1.4
1.2
1.4
.7
1.6
.8
1.5
.6
1.7
.8
2.1
.9
2.2
1.1
2.0
.9
2.0
.8
2.0
.9
1.7
.8
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
1262
T able
B -l.
Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1258.
[P e r 1 0 0 em ployees]
1965
July 2 1 June
i
May
Apr.
1964
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Annual
average
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
1964
1963
4.3
Separations: Total
Manufacturing:
3.6
4.0
3.6
4.2
3 .8
3 .6
3 .9
5.1
i.l
3 .8
4.4
4-2
3.9
3 .6
3.9
3 .8
3.1
S.6
3.7
3 .9
3.7
u
3.7
3 .7
3.5
2.0
3.3
2.3
3.2
2.2
3.3
2.4
3.2
2.2
2.9
2.5
3.4
3.1
3.3
2.5
3.1
2.5
3.6
3.0
4.4
3.0
4.0
3.2
4.3
3.6
3.6
3.3
3.6
2.7
5.5
5.0
3.2
2.3
4.2
2.8
3.2
3.9
2.9
5.3
4.8
3.5
2.2
4.0
2.7
3.0
3.4
2.5
5.1
4.9
3.5
2.3
3.8
2.5
2.9
3.2
2.4
5.5
5.1
3.3
2.2
3.7
2.6
3.0
3.3
2.6
5.8
4.6
3.0
2.1
3.7
2.4
3.0
3.3
2.5
4.7
4.0
3.3
1.9
3.4
2.0
2.6
3.2
2.4
6.8
4.4
4.2
2.1
3.7
2.2
2.9
3.8
2.4
6.3
3.5
4.6
1.8
3.5
1.9
2.8
2.9
2.2
5.2
4.0
3.7
2.0
4.0
2.0
2.8
3.0
2.2
5.6
4.9
3.8
2.5
4.7
2.7
2.8
4.0
3.1
7.4
5.9
4.8
3.5
5.3
3.5
3.8
4.1
3.6
6.2
5.4
3.9
2.7
4.3
3.0
3.1
5.3
3.0
5.2
4.9
3.5
2.4
4.7
3.2
3.2
7.6
2.7
5.6
4.6
3.7
2.3
4.1
2.6
3.2
4.1
2.7
5.5
4.4
3.8
2.8
4.0
2.7
3.4
4.1
2.7
3.9
Ordnance and accessories
________
Lumber" and wood products, except
furniture
_________________
Furniture and fixtures. -.............. -........
Ofnrio /VIa-XT (mrl cl O.cjq TYTOdllCtS______
Primary metal industries _________
Fabricated metal products _____ -__
Machinery......................... ...... ...............
Electrical equipment and supplies........
Miscellaneous manufacturing indusNondurable goods------ ----------------------Food and kindred products--------------Tobacco manufactures-.........................Textile mill products
____________
Apparel and related products ______
Printing, publishing, and allied indusPetroleum refining and related indus-
3.6
3.4
5.5
5.3
5.2
5.0
4.5
4.0
5.1
12.5
6.4
5.5
5.9
4.9
5.8
5.7
5.5
4.4
5.4
3.3
4.1
6.9
2.6
3.9
4.9
2.7
3.7
5.3
2.7
4.0
4.9
4.0
3.9
5.9
2.7
4.2
4.8
4.8
3.9
6.9
2.8
3.6
4.5
6.8
3.7
4.7
2.6
3.4
4.8
6.4
3.3
4.2
2.3
4.1
5.5
4.3
3.9
5.3
2.9
4.2
6.4
10.7
3.5
5.4
2.6
4.1
6.3
12.4
3.5
5.0
2.5
4.8
7.7
5.6
4.0
5.8
2.9
5.9
9.7
4.6
4.7
6.2
4.5
4.6
6.4
7.2
4.3
5.5
3.3
4.4
5.5
3.6
4.4
7.4
2.6
4.2
5.9
6.6
3.8
5.6
2.8
4.2
6.0
6.2
3.8
5.5
2.7
2.-5
2.0
3.0
2.3
2.7
2.5
2.8
2.0
2.6
1.8
2.4
1.5
3.2
1.9
2.8
1.6
2.5
1.7
3.0
2.1
4.2
3.3
3.4
2.3
2.7
1.9
3.0
2.1
2.9
2.0
1.6
1.6
1.3
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.7
2.2
1.8
2.0
3.0
2.2
1.6
1.8
2.0
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prodnets
___________________
Leather and leather products _______
4.8
6.4
3.8
4.5
3.9
4.8
3.9
5.6
3.7
4.7
3.4
3.9
3.5
5.1
3.3
4.9
3.7
4.4
4.5
5.1
4.8
6.0
4.0
5.4
4.3
4.9
3.8
5.0
3.7
5.0
N onmanufacturing:
Metal m ining.....................................—
Coal m ining.............................................
3.8
1.6
2.8
1.6
2.3
2.3
2.8
2.0
2.5
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
1.7
3.1
1.6
3.8
1.2
3.2
1.6
4.3
2.0
3.3
1.3
3.4
1.7
3.0
1.8
3.1
2.1
1.5
1.4
Separations: Quits
Manufacturing:
Actual
- ___
Durable poods
_____ - --
—
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture
_ __ ____ ____
- —
Furniture and fixtures
____
Stone clay and pi ass products
___
Prim ary metal industries
_ ___
Fabricated metal products _ ____
TVfachinery
_ _ _ _ _ ---- -Electrical equipment and supplies-----Transportation equipment
____
Instruments arid related products.
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries
- - - ______
—
Nondurable goods
____ ___
Food and kindred products _ _ _ __
Tobacco manufactures
__
Textile mill p ro d u cts____ _____ _
Apparel and related products. _
Paper and allied products___ _____
Printing, publishing, and allied industries
-- . . Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum refining and related industries
___
____
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products
_ __
Leather and leather p ro d u c ts__
Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining. C oal m in in g
- - --
- ...
_
__________
__ _
See footnotes a t e n d of ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.5
1.3
13
1.0
1.2
1.7
2.7
2.1
1.5
1 .7
1 .7
1 .7
1 .9
1 .8
1 .7
1 .6
1 .6
1 .6
1 .6
1 .6
1 .5
1 .6
1.6
.8
1.6
1.1
1.6
1.0
1.5
.9
1.4
.8
1.1
.8
1.2
.8
.9
.6
1.1
.7
1.4
.9
2.5
1.4
1.9
1.2
1.3
1.0
1.3
.9
1.2
1.0
3.5
2.9
1.6
1.0
1.8
1.3
1.4
1.1
1.3
3.4
2.7
1.6
1.0
1.8
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.3
3.5
3.2
1.6
1.1
1.7
1.2
1.4
1.2
1.2
3.3
3.1
1.4
1.0
1.7
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.3
2.9
2.7
1.2
.9
1.6
1.1
1.3
1.1
1.1
2.1
2.2
1.0
.7
1.3
1.0
1.1
.9
1.0
2.0
2.3
1.0
.8
1.4
1.0
1.2
1.0
1.1
1.7
1.5
.8
.5
1.0
.8
1.0
.7
.8
2.2
1.9
1.0
.7
1.3
.9
1.1
.8
.9
3.0
2.6
1.4
.8
1.7
1.1
1.3
1.1
1.7
5.1
3.9
2.6
2.2
2.6
2.0
2.1
1.8
2.0
3.8
3.5
2.0
1.3
2.2
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.5
3.1
2.7
1.4
.8
1.5
1.0
1.2
.9
1.1
2.8
2.4
1.3
.8
1.5
1.1
1.2
1.0
1.2
2.7
2.1
1.2
.6
1.3
1.0
1.3
.9
1.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.4
2.2
1.7
1.8
1.4
1.9
2.5
3.6
2.7
2.1
2.0
1.8
1.9
2.4
1.8
2.1
2.5
1.3
3.1
4.2
2.3
3.1
3.1
2.9
2.4
2.9
1.8
2.8
2.9
2.0
1.8
2.0
1.1
2.3
2.6
1.2
1.7
2.0
1.3
2.1
2.2
1.3
1.6
1.8
.9
1.9
2.2
1.1
1.4
.7
1.5
.8
1.4
.8
2.0
2.2
1.1
2.5
2.8
1.4
1.9
2.1
1.1
2.3
2.4
1.5
1.9
2.0
1.2
2.6
2.5
1.4
1.8
1.8
1.2
2.5
2.4
1.4
1.6
1.6
1.2
2.2
2.2
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.8
2.1
1.0
1.6
1.5
.9
2.0
2.1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.0
1.4
1.5
.8
1.4
1.7
.9
1.7
1.9
1.0
1.4
.9
1.8
.9
1.5
.9
1.5
.9
1.4
.7
1.2
.6
1.5
.7
1.1
.5
1.2
.6
1.5
.8
2.5
2.0
2.0
1.2
.6
.6
.6
.6
.5
.5
.4
.3
.4
.7
1.5
1.0
.6
.6
.7
1.5
2.4
1.4
2.3
2.0
3.2
1.9
2.8
2.0
2.9
1.9
2.7
1.7
2.5
1.4
2.2
1.5
2.3
1.0
1.7
1.3
2.0
1.7
2.7
2.8
3.6
2.2
3.2
1.4
2.6
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.0
1.2
.9
1.1
1.4
3.2
2.1
1.5
1.5
1.3
.4
.5
.6
.5
.5
.6
.4
.3
.4
.6
.7
.6
. 5
.4
.4
B.—LABOR TURNOVER
T able
1263
B -l.
Labor turnover rates, by major industry group ^C ontinued
[Per 1 0 0 employees]
Revised series; see box, p. 1258.
1965
1964
Annual
a v er a g e
M a jo r in d u s tr y g ro u p
Ju ly 2
Ju ne
M ay
Apr.
Mar
F e b.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
1964
1963
S ep ar atio ns : L a y o ff s
M a n u fa c tu rin g :
A c tu a l____________
1.4
S e a so n a lly a d ju s te d .
1.5
D u ra b le goods______________ ______ _
O rd n an ce a n d accessories_________
L u m b e r a n d w ood p ro d u c ts, except
fu r n itu re ____ ____________ _________
F u r n itu re a n d fix tu res....... ............... .......
S to n e, clay , a n d glass p ro d u c ts ..........
P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s trie s ____________
F a b ric a te d m e ta l p ro d u c ts ____________
M a c h in e ry ___________________________
E lectrical e q u ip m e n t a n d su p p lie s ___
T ra n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t___________
I n s tr u m e n ts a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts ____
M iscellaneous m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s
tr ie s _____ ____ ________________
N o n d u ra b le goods_________ ____________
F o o d a n d k in d re d p r o d u c t s ...................
T o b acco m a n u fa c tu re s ___ ____ _______
T e x tile m ill p ro d u c ts ...... ............... ............
A p p a re l a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts _________
P a p e r a n d allie d p ro d u c ts ...... ............... .
P rin tin g , p u b lish in g , a n d allied in d u s, t r i e s .................. ................. ................... .......
C h em icals a n d allie d p ro d u c ts ________
P e tro le u m refin in g a n d re la te d in d u s
trie s ________________________________
R u b b e r a n d m iscellaneous p la stic
p ro d u c ts ________ _______ ___________
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p ro d u c ts ________
N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g :
M e ta l m i n in g ...
C o al m in in g ____
1965, see footnote 1, ta b le A -2.
1.1
1.1
1 .4
1.3
l.S
1 .2
A4
l.S
1.2
l.S
2.1
1 .6
1 .7
A4
1.5
1.7
1.5
2.1
1.4
2.0
1 .7
1.8
1 2
.7
1 .0
.6
.9
.7
.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.8
1.8
1.4
1 .3
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.5
2 .2
2.1
1.5
1.8
1 .7
1.2
1.1
1.2
.9
.6
1.7
.8
1.1
2 .0
1.0
.9
1.1
.9
.5
1.3
.6
.7
1.5
.6
.8
.8
1.1
.4
1.2
.5
.7
1.3
.5
1.3
1.0
1.1
.4
1.1
.5
.9
1.4
.6
2 .0
.9
1 .2
.4
1 .2
.5
.9
1 .5
.7
1.9
1.0
1.7
.4
1.3
.4
.8
1.5
.7
4 .0
1.3
2.6
.5
1.6
.5
.9
1.8
.7
3 .9
1.3
3 .2
.7
1.8
.5
1.1
1.5
.8
2.3
1.3
2.1
.7
2 .0
.5
.9
1.4
.7
1.8
1.3
1.7
.9
2.1
.9
.8
2.1
.8
1.4
1 .0
1.4
.6
1.6
.7
.9
1.5
.7
1.4
.9
1.2
.6
1J2
.9
.8
3.0
.9
1.2
1.4
1 .3
.9
2 .3
1.4
1.4
5 .8
A0
1.9
1.3
1.7
.8
1.8
.8
1.2
2 .3
.9
2.0
1 .6
1.9
1 .5
2.0
1.1
1.4
2 .4
.9
1.8
1.5
1.4
2.3
1.9
1.7
1.7
1 .5
1.5
2 .6
10.3
3 .7
2.1
1.3
1.4
2 .9
2.9
2 .9
1.7
2 .5
1.8
1.0
3 .2
.7
1.3
2.0
1.0
.6
2 .2
.5
1.4
2 .2
2.4
.6
2 .5
.6
1.7
2 .4
3 .0
.7
3 .6
.7
1 .3
2 .3
5.1
.8
1 .7
.8
1.4
2 .8
4 .9
.9
1.4
.7
1.8
3 .2
2 .7
1.2
2 .4
1.2
2 .5
4 .5
9.2
1.6
3 .3
1.2
2.1
4.1
10.8
1.1
2 .4
1.0
2 .2
4.6
3 .3
2.1
4 .6
1.8
2 .3
.9
2 .0
2 .8
1.8
1.4
3 .9
1.9
3 .3
4 .7
2.5
.8
1.5
2 .8
4 .7
.8
1.8
.7
.8
.9
2 .0
3.5
4.9
1 .2
2 .6
1 .0
.7
.6
.7
.9
1.1
.8
.8
.6
.8
.6
.7
.5
1.1
1.3
.7
.7
.9
.7
1.0
1.1
.8
.7
.9
.6
.8
.7
1.0
1.0
.8
.8
.5
.5
.3
.5
.6
.5
.7
1.4
1.0
.9
.9
.6
.5
.7
.7
1.0
1.0
1.2
2.1
1.6
2 .5
1 .6
1 .7
1.9
1.6
1.1
1.0
1.6
1 .2
2.1
1.5
1.5
1.8
1.6
2.0
.5
.6
1.3
.7
.8
1.3
1.4
1 .9
1.0
.5
1.1
.6
.4
.9
.5
1 .2
.7
.9
1 .2
2.0
2.3
1.1
1.1
.9
1.1
1 .2
1.1
2 .2
1.4
1.6
.5
.6
1.4
.7
.1
.6
.9 J
puunsncu m issues prior to January
Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing and
nonmanufacturmg industries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not
¡f with the changes shown by the Bureau’s employment series
for the following reasons: (1) the labor turnover series measures changes
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.6
1.1
.9
.8
1.1
2 .6
1.1
R 16 ca len d ar m o n th , w h ile th e e m p lo y m e n t series m e asu res ch an g es
c h in J?«
° ^ d m o n t h a n d (2) th e tu rn o v e r series excludes p erso n n el
of s u c h ^ to p p a g e s 7 s tn k e s ’ b u t th e em P lo5m ient series reflects th e in flu en ce
2 P re lim in a ry .
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
1264
C.—Earnings and Hours
Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry
T able C - l .
Revised series; see box, p. 1258.
1964
1965
A nnual
av erag e
I n d u s tr y
M ar.
A p r.
M ay
A n g .2 J u l y 2 Ju n e
Jan.
F eb.
N ov.
O ct.
S ep t.
A ug.
$121.38
124. 50
125.06
134.54
$122.11
124.38
124.49
133.92
$118. 53
125. 40
130.92
132. 01
$119. 56
121. 95
129.37
124.44
D ec.
1964
1963
$118.01
122. 72
125.83
130.42
$114. 54
118.66
120. 04
124. 56
A v erag e w e e k ly e a rn in g s
M in in g
M eta l m in in g
Iron ores
C o p p er ores
Coal m in in g
T titum inons
__ _____
_ ___
________
-
-------- —
___ __
_____ >123. 22
128.90
133.03
135.91
$124.82
127.26
128.13
133.61
S>124.95
127. 87
131.04
134.42
>121.18
125.63
127.98
132.25
>120. 47
124.38
125.29
134.11
6119.72
123.79
123.01
133.80
6120.89
124.68
124.97
133.36
$121.09
127.80
127.80
137.02
133.04 142.68 138.40 134.50 134.41 135.88 135.83 135.20 134.34 133.72 124.50 131.01 126.88 119.98
136.02 146.08 141.40 137. 46 137. 36 138.85 138.80 138.17 136.62 136.35 126.67 133.27 129.10 121. 43
_ _ _ __ - — -___ ______ _______
C ru d e p e tro le u m a n d n a tu r a l g a s ---------C ru d e p e tro le u m a n d n a tu r a l gas
fields
___ __ __ - —
O il a n d gas field services
___
115.93 115.51 118.44 115.65 114.95 113.30 116.20 114.53 115.64 116.05 113. 57 112.32
Q u a rry in g a n d non m e tallic m in in g
122.76 121.83 119. 86 112.46 110.42 107. 44 107.53 109.82 114.75 118.42 116. 36 119.25 113.54 109.03
140.12
127.62
142.10
143.77
140.15
147.02
C o n tra c t co n stru c tio n
G eneral b u ild in g c o n tra c to rs
_____
H e a v y co n stru c tio n
_ _ _
___
H ig h w a y a n d s tre e t co n stru c tio n __
O th e r h e a v y c o n stru c tio n
S pecial tra d e c o n tra c to rs
138.70
127.02
139.28
140.06
138.17
146. 22
139.80
128.76
138. 69
138. 24
138. 79
147.41
132.12
123.18
125.93
120.30
131.38
140.48
133.59
124.59
125.97
119.08
131.92
141.96
131.01
122.15
122.14
113.26
129.40
139.23
131.41
121.78
125.12
118.20
131. 48
139.29
133.22
123.87
126.10
117.73
134.30
142.42
M a n u fa c tu rin g
-- _____ ______ ___ $106.60 107.01 108. 21 107.53 105.82 107.12 105.93 105.93
115.65 116. 06 118.16 117.88 115.65 117.04 115. 51 115.51
D u ra b le goods
_ __
_ __
94.71 94.64 94.24 94.00 92.20 93.60 92.73 92.50
N o n d u ra b le goods_____
- - -A v erag e w eek ly
M in in g
M e ta l m in in g
Iron ores
C o p p e r ores
113.40 112.41
123.11 120.80 123.73 122.21 120.80 121.30 124.23 122.40 123.82 121.66 123.37 120.66 120.95 120.42
110.66 111.02 114. 41 110. 50 109.82 107.10 109.82 108.63 108.63 111. 46 105. 50 105.25 106.57 105.35
42.2
42.4
42.5
43.7
___________ - —
_ ___ _______ ______
____ _________ _
______ ________
C oal m in in g
__________
_ _ ____
P itn m in o n s
__ _____ _ _ ______
131.36
122.11
129.92
125.46
135.14
138.28
138.62
127.67
142.52
141.38
143.79
144. 38
131.03
121.79
130.87
128.15
133.96
137.14
136.64
125. 46
140.83
139. 80
142.04
142.13
132.06
122.06
132.02
128.65
135.74
138.34
127.19
117.36
128.03
125.16
131.14
133. 59
106.81 104.70 102.97 104.60 103.07 102.97 99.63
117.17 113.57 111. 51 114.13 112. 47 112.19 108.50
93.26 92.17 92.00 91.87 91.83 90.91 87.91
h o u rs
42.6
42.0
41.2
43.1
42.5
42.2
41.6
43.5
41.5
41.6
40.5
42.8
41.4
41.6
39.9
43.4
41.0
41.4
39.3
43.3
41.4
41.7
39.8
43.3
41.9
42.6
40.7
44.2
42.0
41.5
39.7
43.4
42.4
41.6
39.9
43.2
41.3
41.8
41.3
43.0
42.1
41.2
41.2
40.8
41.7
41.6
40.2
42.9
41.5
41.2
39.1
43.1
41.0
41.5
40.0
40.4
39.1
39.5
39.3
39.7
39.5
39.9
39.6
40.0
40.6
41.0
40.1
40.3
40.4
40.7
37.5
37.7
39.7
39.9
39.0
39.2
38.8
38.9
C ru d e p e tro le u m a n d n a tu r a l gas_____
C ru d e p e tro le u m a n d n a tu r a l gas
fields
_ __ _____________
Oil an d gas field s e r v i c e s ______
41.7
41.7
42.3
41.6
41.8
41.2
42.1
41.8
41.9
42.2
41.6
41.6
42.0
42.1
40.9
42.4
40.4
42.7
40.7
43.5
40.6
42.5
40.4
42.9
40.3
42.0
41.0
42.9
40.8
42.6
41.0
42.6
41.1
43.2
41.4
41.7
40.9
42.1
41.0
42.8
41.1
43.0
Q u a rry in g a n d n o n m e ta lic m in in g
46.5
46.5
46.1
44.1
43.3
42.3
42.5
42.9
45.0
45.9
45.1
46.4
44.7
44.5
38.6
37.1
42.8
44.1
41.1
37.6
38.0
36.5
41.7
42.7
40.4
37.3
38.3
37.0
41.9
42.8
40.7
37.7
36.7
35.6
39.6
40.1
39.1
36.3
36.6
35.7
39. C
39.3
38.8
36.4
35.6
34. S
36.9
36.3
37.4
35.7
36.3
35.5
39.1
39.4
38. S
35.9
36.8
35.8
38.8
38.1
39.5
36.8
36.9
35.6
40.6
41.0
40.1
36.2
38.4
36.9
42.8
43.5
41.8
37.5
36.6
35.3
39.9
40.3
39.4
35.9
38.6
36.9
43.2
44.1
41.9
37.6
37.2
35.9
41.0
41. 5
40.4
36.5
37.3
36.0
41.3
42.0
40.6
36.5
41.0
41.6
40.1
41.1
42.2
40.1
41.2
42.1
40.0
40.7
41.6
39.4
41.4
40.9
41.2
40.9
42.3
41.7
42.1
41.7
40.2
39.7
40.0
39.8
A v erag e h o u rly ea rn in g s
40.9
41.6
39.9
40.7
41.3
40.0
40.7
4L 5
39.6
40.9
41.5
40.1
40.7
41.4
39.7
40.5
41.1
39.6
$2.92
3.04
3. li
3.11
$2.93
3.03
3.11
3.1C
$2.94
3.0?
3.15
3. OS
$2.92
3.02
3.16
3 .0Í
$2.91
2.99
3.14
3. OS
$2.92
2.99
3.1c
3.09
$2.92
2.99
3.14
3.08
$2.89
3.00
3.14
3.10
$2.89
3.00
3.15
3.10
$2.88
2.99
3.12
3.10
$2.87
3.00
3.17
3.07
$2.84
2.96
3.14
3.05
$2.83
2.95
3.13
3.04
$2.76
2.88
3.07
2.89
3.48
3.52
3.46
3.50
3.44
3.48
3.42
3.46
3.44
3.48
3.43
3.47
3.33
3.37
3.35
3.39
3.31
3.35
3.32
3.36
3.30
3.34
3.26
3.30
3.12
3.15
C ontract, c o n s tru c tio n ..
_______
G eneral b u ild in g co n tra c to rs __ _ _ _
H e a v y c o n s tru c tio n
__ _ _______
H ig h w a y and s tre e t c o n stru c tio n _
O th e r h e a v y c o n stru c tio n
Special trade, co n tra c to rs
_ _ __
M a n u fa c tu rin g _
_ ___ __ ___ ______
D u ra b le goods
_______ _ _ __ _
N o n d u ra b le goods_________
M in in g
M e ta l m in in g
Tron ores
C o p p er ores
Coal m in in g
H it.nm inons
41.0
41.6
40.3
_ _______ ___
- __ ___
_____ _ ____
_ __
_
_ __
_ _
C ru d e p etro leu m a n d n a tu ra l g a s_____
C ru d e p e tro le u m a n d n a tu r a l gas
fields
_
_______
O il and gas field services
__ _
2.78
2.77
2.80
2.78
2.75
2. 75
2.7C
2.74
2.76
2.75
2.73
2.7C
2.70
2.67
3.01
2.6:
2.99
2 .6C
3.04
2.6Í
3.01
2 .6C
2.99
2.5(
3.01
2. 55
3.o:
2.5i
3.0C
2.55
3.02
2.55
2 .9i
2 .5É
2.98
2.53
2.95
2.5C
2.95
2.49
2.93
2.45
Q u a rry in g an d n o n m e ta llie m in in g
2.64
2.62
2. 66
2.55
2.55
2.54
2.5C
2.5C
2.55
2. 55
2.55
2 .5 '
2.54
2.45
3.6C
3 .4t
3.18
3. 0(
3.3C
3 .8 '
3.6,
3.4S
3.2C
3 .6S
3.4, :
3 .2(
3 .0
3.3Í 1
3.8Í
3.6S
3.4C
3.2,
3.0S
3 .4(
3 .8 '
3.5C
3.45
3.2C
3.0Í
3 .3 '
3.8S
3.61
3.45
3.35
3.2,
3 .4 '
3.8,
3.58
3.4,
3.28
3.18
3. 4(
3.8S
3. 54
3.4C
3 .2f
3 .1 '
3.3S
3.75
3.55
3 .4C
3.4C
3 .9 i
3.68
3.5i
3.3
3. IS
3 .4i
3 .9
3.1C
3.3C
3.7Í
3.41
3.26
3.10
2.98
3.23
3.66
2 .6(
2.7; l
2.3
2 .6(
2.7Í
2.3
2.5S
2.7
2.3,
2.5
2.7
2.3
2.5Í
2.7
2.3
2.5C
2.73
2.31'
2.5;
2.71
2 .3(
2 .5 '
2.7,
2 .3 2 1
2.5S
2.7
2.2S
2.55
2.7
2.2S
2.46
2.64
2.22
C o n tra c t co n stru c tio n _ _
____
D en eral b u ild in g c o n tra c to r _ ____
H e a v y co n stru c tio n
____ __
H ig h w a y arid s tre e t co n stru c tio n
O th e r h e a v y co n stru c tio n
S pecial tra d e co n tracto rs
M a n u f a c tu r in g ___
_ ________
____ _
D u ra b le goods
__
N o n d u ra b le goods------------- - --See footnotes a t e n d of ta b le.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.6(
2.7Í i
2.3
3.61
3.4'
3 .3S
3. 2f
3.4
3.9
3.65
3.48
3. 28
3.42
3.92
3.65
3. 48
3.31
3.2C
3.41
3.91
2.6
2.7‘i
2.3
2.6
2.8 i
2.3
2.6
2 .8 i
2.3,>1
3 .3 4
3. o:
1
1
3. 2s
C — EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
0-1.
1265
Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry_Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1258.
1965
1964
A nnual
av erag e
I n d u s tr y
A u g .2 J u ly 2
Ju n e
M ay
A p r.
M ar.
F eb .
Jan .
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S ep t.
A ug.
1964
1963
A v erag e w eek ly ea rn in g s
M a n u fa c tu rin g —C o n tin u e d
Durable goods
O rd n an ce a n d accessories._____________ $127.20 $129.89 $128.44 $128.13
A m m u n itio n , except for sm all a rm s . 130. 56 134.72 133.14 132.19
S ig h tin g a n d fire co n tro l e q u ip
m e n t____________________________
126. 77 129.34 125.37
O th e r o rd n an ce a n d accessories........ 119.19 120. 22 119.36 120.22
L u m b e r a n d w ood p ro d u c ts, except
f u r n itu re ____________________________
S aw m ills a n d p la n in g m ills _______
M illw o rk , p ly w o o d , a n d re la te d
p r o d u c ts ________________________
W ooden c o n ta in e rs ________________
M iscellaneous w ood p ro d u c ts _____
F u r n itu r e a n d fix tu re s _____ _____ ____
H o u se h o ld f u r n it u r e ______________
Office f u r n itu r e ___________________
P a r titio n s , office a n d sto re fixtures .
O th e r fu rn itu re a n d fix tu res_______
$125. 46 $127. 20 $125.87 $126. 48 $126.48 $124.24 $123.83 $121. 60 $121.10
$121.60 $119. 31
129.05 130.19 129. 47 130. 41 129.68 127.17 127.17 122. 93 123.38 123.41
120.25
125.11 125. 64 124. 71 123. 91 126.14 126.67 129. 27 128.74 130. 51
117. 50 120. 35 117.79 118. 78 119.48 117.50 116.40 116.85 115.14 129.34 125.36
116.40 115. 77
90.98
84.67
89.47
82.21
90.54
82.21
90.83
82.61
87.23
79.19
86.40
80.00
84.53
77.80
82.78
78.40
83.95
77.81
84.53
78.20
87.85
80.40
88.00
80.40
89.98
81.80
85.60
78.60
81.80
75.20
97.63
72. 22
80.93
96. 51
72. 22
80.34
97.67
73.81
80.54
98.79
73.04
79.93
94. 76
71. 86
78.17
93.48
70.75
79.10
93.66
69.48
77.36
92.11
69.60
76.40
93.94
70.88
77.90
94.16
69.95
76.95
93.94
70.53
77.74
93. 02
67.79
78.17
94.66
70.30
79.49
93. 34
69. 25
76.92
89.40
67. 87
74.30
86.31 86.94 85. 69 84.66 86.53 86.53 84.66 88.40 86.53 86.94 85.49
80.99 81.38 80.99 80.59 82.19 82.17 80.57 84.97 83.36 83.13 80.95 85.48 84.26 81.80
105.42 105.72 102.48 99.63 99.19 100.19 100.50 101.88 97.99 98. 47 101.10 81. 51 80.34 77.30
100. 91 97.88 95. 76
113.52 112.02 111.64 108.00 110. 70 108.68 107. 73 107.98 107.18 109.45 108.92
92.60 91.78 94.37 90.89 89.16 91.12 91.78 87. 91 91.79 89.23 89.02 88.81 108. 21 105. 85 103.42
89.03 87.54 84.04
90.10
84.62
Average weekly hours
O rd n a n c e a n d accessories_____________
A m m u n itio n , except for sm all a rm s .
S ig h tin g a n d fire co n tro l e q u ip
m e n t__________________ ________
O th e r o rd n an ce a n d accessories........
L u m b e r a n d w ood p ro d u c ts, except
f u r n itu re _______ ____________________
S aw m ills a n d p la n in g m ills ...............
M illw o rk , p ly w o o d , a n d re la te d
p ro d u c ts ___________ _____ ______
W o o den c o n ta in e rs ___________ ___
M iscellaneous w ood p ro d u c ts _____
F u r n itu r e a n d fix tu re s ________________
H o u se h o ld f u rn itu re ______________
Office f u r n itu r e ___________________
P a rtitio n s , office a n d sto re fixtures .
O th e r fu rn itu re a n d fix tu res_______
40.9
40.8
41.9
42.1
41.7
42.0
41.6
41.7
41.0
41.1
41.3
41.2
41.0
41.1
41.2
41.4
41.2
41.3
40.6
40.5
40.6
40.5
40.0
39.4
40.1
39.8
40 4
40.2
41 0
40.9
41.1
40.5
41.6
40.8
41.3
39.8
41.6
40.1
40.8
40.4
41.5
40.1
40.9
40.1
41.1
40.3
41.2
40.6
40.8
41.3
40.7
41.0
41.0
41.3
40.4
40 $
4o! 7
41 1
4L 2
40.8
41.1
40.3
40.3
40.6
40.3
41.1
41.1
40.2
40.2
40.0
40.0
39.5
38.9
39.8
40.0
39.6
39.7
39.5
39.9
40.3
40.4
40.0
40.0
40.9
40.9
40 0
40.1
40 1
40.0
41.9
40.8
41. 5
41.6
40.8
41. 2
42.1
41.7
41.3
42.4
41.5
41.2
41.2
40.6
40.5
41.0
40.2
41.2
40.9
39.7
40.5
40.4
40.0
40.0
41.2
40.5
41.0
41.3
40.2
40.5
41.2
40.3
40.7
40.8
38.3
40.5
41.7
40.4
41.4
4i 3
30 «
40.7
41 2
40 4
40.6
42.3
42.1
41.1
40.7
42.0
42. 2
42.1
41.4
41.1
42.8
41.8
42.7
41.0
40.7
42.0
41.5
41.5
40.7
40.7
41.0
40.3
40.9
41.4
41.3
41.5
41.0
41.8
41.4
41.5
41.4
40.4
42.1
40.9
40.9
41.7
40.5
40.7
42.5
42.7
42.1
40.9
42.3
41.8
42.1
41.0
40.6
41.5
42.0
42.2
41.2
41.3
41.6
41.3
41.3
42.3
41.1
41.5
41.9
41.8
42.4
41.3
42.6
41 1
41.2
41 3
40 4
41.1
40 0
40.9
41.1
40.4
40.6
41.9
A verage h o u r ly ea rn in g s
O rd n an ce a n d accessories_____________
A m m u n itio n , except for sm all a rm s .
S ig h tin g a n d fire co n tro l e q u ip
m e n t____________________________
O th e r o rd n an ce a n d accessories____
L u m b e r a n d w ood p ro d u c ts, except
f u r n itu re ____________________________
S aw m ills a n d p la n in g m ills...............
M illw o rk , ply w o o d , a n d re la te d
p ro d u c ts ______________ ____ ____
W ooden c o n ta in e rs ________________
M iscellaneous w ood p ro d u c ts _____
F u r n itu r e an d fix tu re s ________________
H o u se h o ld f u rn itu re ______________
Office f u r n itu r e ___________________
P a rtitio n s , office a n d sto re fix tu res.
O th e r fu rn itu re a n d fix tu res..............
See footnotes a t en d of ta b le.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$3.11
3.20
$3.10
3.20
$3. 08
3.17
$3.08
3.17
$3.06
3.14
$3.08
3.16
$3.07
3.15
$3.07
3.15
$3.07
3.14
$3.06
3.14
$3.05
3.14
$3.04
3.12
$3.02
3.10
$3.01
3.07
$2.91
2.94
2.90
3.13
2.89
3.17
2.89
3.15
2.89
3.12
2.88
3.11
2.90
3.11
2.88
3.09
2.89
3.13
2.90
3.12
2.88
3.13
2.86
3.14
2.85
3.16
2.85
3.17
2.86
3.05
2.81
2.23
2.06
2. 22
2.04
2.23
2.04
2.21
2. 01
2.17
1.97
2.16
2.00
2.14
2.00
2.08
1.96
2.12
1.96
2.14
1.96
2.18
1.99
2.20
2.01
2.20
2.00
2.14
1.96
2.04
2.33
1.77
1.95
2.32
1.77
1.95
2.32
1.77
1.95
2.33
1. 76
1.94
2.30
1.77
1.93
2.28
1.76
1.92
2.29
1.75
1.91
2.28
1. 74
1.91
2.28
1.75
1.90
2.28
1.74
1.90
2.28
1.75
1.91
2.28
1. 77
1.93
2.27
1.74
1.92
2.26
1.74
1.89
2.17
2.13
2.01
2.10
1.99
2.51
2. 69
2.18
2.10
1.98
2.47
2.68
2. 21
2.09
1.99
2.44
2.69
2.19
2.08
1.98
2.43
2.68
2.18
2.09
1.99
2.39
2. 70
2.18
2.09
1.98
2.42
2.69
2.18
2.07
1.97
2. 41
2.66
2.16
2.08
1.99
2.42
2.64
2.17
2.07
1.98
2.39
2.64
2.15
2.07
1.97
2.39
2.65
2.14
2.07
1.96
2.39
2.65
2.14
2.04
1.95
2.38
2.62
2.09
2.05
1.95
2.37
2.62
2.13
2.00
2. 21
1.88
1.68
1.83
1.89
2.33
2.56
2.07
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
1266
T able 0 - 1 .
Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1258.
1964
1965
A nnual
av erag e
I n d u s tr y
A u g .2 J u ly 2
Ju n e
M ay
A p r.
M ar.
F eb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S ep t.
A ug.
1964
1963
A verage w eek ly earn in g s
M an u fa c tu rin g —C o n tin u e d
D u rable goods— C o n tin u e d
S to n e, clay, a n d glass p ro d u c ts ------------ $111.51
F la t glass-------------------------------------G lass a n d glassw are, pressed or
b lo w n ----------------------------------------- 106.39
C e m e n t, h y d ra u lic ------------------------ 123.71
97.10
S tru c tu ra l clay p ro d u c ts ---------------P o tte ry a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts --------C oncrete, g y p s u m , a n d p la ste r
p ro d u c ts ---------------------------- - - - - - - 118.35
O th e r sto n e a n d m in e ra l p ro d u c ts.. 109.78
P rim a ry m e ta l in d u s trie s ---------------- --B la st furnace a n d basic stee l p ro d
u c ts ____________________________
Iro n a n d steel fo u n d rie s----------------N o n ferro u s sm eltin g a n d refining _.
N onferrous rolling, d ra w in g , a n d
e x tru d in g ---------------------------------N onferrous fo u n d rie s--------------------M iscellaneous p rim a ry m e ta l in
d u s trie s ________________________
$110.99 $110.99 $110. 83 $107. 27 $106.19 $104. 60 $104.19 $106.14 $107. 33 $108.62 $107.33 $107. 78 $105.83 $102.42
147.63 149. 29 147.98 150. 58 150.66 144.63 147.13 146.46 151. 28 146. 78 151. 98 144.06 144.14 135. 20
106. 52 105.59 106.11 104.15 101.65 104. 60 104.19 104.70 103.94 102.36 101. 49 102.36 102.21 99.75
123.90 122. 25 121. 54 124. 09 119. 54 119. 54 118.96 119.72 123. 85 122.13 127. 26 123.14 121.30 116.60
96.18 95.34 95.99 95.08 92. 70 90.50 90.76 92.29 92.70 93.41 92.74 92.35 91.05 88.99
92.34 95.12 94.09 93.06 94. 71 92.73 92.12 94. 71 95.30 92.69 90.25 91.18 92.73 89. 54
117.19 116.77 117.11 107. 36 104.90 101. 56 101.09 104.24 108. 63 114.04 110. 08 114.62 108. 28 105.90
109.78 110.14 109.88 107. 27 109.36 108.16 106.45 108.94 108. 26 108.36 108.62 108.20 107. 01 102.18
132.82 135.68 135.89 134.09 140. 80 134. 73 133. 67 133.25 133.14 130.83 129.48 136. 21 130.00 130.00
124.64
138.92 144.75 143.64 140.69 156. 86 142.88 141. 44 142.46 141.36 139. 26 139.67 148. 86 138. 77 138.43 133.06
123 84 123.41 127.16 126.14 122.12 126. 72 125. 55 122.97 124.68 120.12 115.37 120.13 119. 26 119.41 113.01
124.50 124.98 124.02 123.06 125. 21 121. 47 120. 77 121.18 122.22 121.47 121. 47 127. 54 120.18 120.64 118.14
13Q 66 129.77 131.40 129. 20 127.15 128.03 126.28 124.68 125.85 123. 25 120.54 124.84 121. 82 122.26 118. 72
111.10 109.75 113.13 112. 86 109. 06 113. 67 114.21 112.83 112.67 110. 39 109. 71 111. 10 110.12 110.12 107.12
140.68 140.53 141. 01 142.10 134.31 143.09 142.89 141.80 141.81
137. 48 138.02 135.88 133. 56 134.62
128.96
A v erag e w eek ly h o u rs
S to n e, clay, a n d glass p ro d u c ts -----------F la t glass-------------------------------------G lass a n d glassw are, pressed or
b lo w n __________________________
C e m e n t, h y d ra u lic -----------------------S tru c tu ra l clay p ro d u c ts --------------P o tte ry a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts --------C o n crete, g y p s u m , a n d p la ste r
p ro d u c ts ________________________
O th e r sto n e a n d m in e ra l p ro d u c ts..
P rim a ry m e ta l in d u s trie s -------------------B la st fu rn ace a n d b asic stee l p ro d
u c ts _____________________________
Iro n a n d steel fo u n d rie s-------- ------N onferrous sm eltin g a n d re fin in g .
N onferrous rolling, d ra w in g , a n d
e x tru d in g ______________________
N onferrous fou n d rie s--------------------M iscellaneous p rim a ry m e ta l in
d u s trie s __________________
42 4
42 2
42.3
42.2
42.9
42.3
42.4
41.1
42.9
41.0
42.8
40.7
41.8
40.7
42.4
41.3
42.7
41.6
43.1
42.1
42.3
41.6
43.3
42.1
42.0
41.5
41.9
41.3
40.0
40 3
41 1
42 4
40 5
41.3
42.0
38.8
40.3
41.3
42.0
39.8
40.5
41.2
42.1
39.7
39.6
41.5
41.7
39.6
39.4
40.8
41.2
40.3
40.7
40.8
40.4
39.8
40.7
40.6
40.7
39.2
40.9
41.0
41.2
40.3
40.6
41.7
41.2
40.9
40.3
41.4
41.7
40.3
39.8
42.0
41.4
38.9
40.3
41. 6
41.6
39.3
40.4
41.4
41.2
39.8
39.9
41.2
41. 2
39.1
45 0
41.9
44.9
41.9
44.4
42.2
44.7
42.1
42.1
41.1
41.3
41.9
40.3
41.6
40.6
41.1
41.2
41.9
42.6
41.8
44.2
42.0
43.0
42.1
44.6
42.1
42.8
41.8
43.4
41. 2
41.9
42.4
42.6
42.3
44.0
42.5
42.3
42.3
42.4
41.8
41.5
42.7
41.8
41.8
41.0
41 1
43 0
41.5
42 2
43. 0
41.8
42.0
44.0
41.9
41.5
43.8
42.0
45.6
42.7
42.3
41.9
44.0
41.6
41.6
43.9
41.5
41.9
43.3
41.5
41.7
43.9
42.0
41.2
42.9
41.6
41.2
41.8
41.6
42.9
42.6
42.8
41.3
42.9
41.3
41.2
42.8
41.6
40.2
41. 7
41.6
43 7
41.3
43 4
40.8
43.8
41.9
43.5
41.8
43.1
41.0
43.4
42.1
43.1
42.3
42.7
42.1
43.1
42.2
42.5
41.5
42.0
41.4
42.9
41.3
42.3
41.4
42.6
41.4
42.4
41. 2
42.5
42.2
42.6
42.8
41.2
43.1
43.3
43.1
43.5
42.3
42.6
42.2
42.0
42.2
41.6
A verage h o u rly earn in g s
$2.63
$2.63
3.49
$2.63
3.48
$2.62
3. 49
$2.61
3. 51
$2.59
3. 52
$2. 57
3.46
$2.56
3.47
$2. 57
3.43
$2. 58
3. 51
$2. 58
3.47
$2.58
3. 51
$2.56
3.43
$2.55
3.44
$2.48
3.38
G lass a n d glassw are, pressed or
b lo w n _____________________
C e m e n t, h y d ra u lic ---------------S tru c tu ra l clay p ro d u c ts ------P o tte ry a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts.
2 64
3 01
2 20
2.63
3 00
2. 29
2.38
2.62
2.96
2.27
2.39
2.62
2.95
2.28
2.37
2.63
2.99
2.28
2. 35
2.58
2.93
2.25
2. 35
2. 57
2.95
2. 2*.
2.33
2.56
2.95
2.25
2.35
2.56
2.92
2.24
2.35
2.56
2.97
2.25
2.33
2.54
2.95
2.24
2 .3C
2.55
3.03
2.24
2.32
2.54
2.96
2.22
2.32
2.53
2.93
2.21
2.33
2.50
2.83
2.16
2. 29
p ro d u c ts _________________
O th e r sto n e a n d m in e ra l p ro d u c ts.
2 63
2.62
2.61
2. 62
2.63
2.61
2.62
2.61
2. 55
2. 61
2. 54
2.61
2. 52
2.6C
2.49
2.59
2.53
2 .6C
2.55
2.59
2.58
2.58
2.56
2.58
2.57
2. 57
2.53
2. 56
2.44
2. 48
3.17
3. 20
3.19
3.17
3. 2C
3.17
3.16
3.15
3.14
3.13
3.19
3. IS
3.11
3.11
3.04
S to n e, clay, a n d glass p ro d u c ts ..
jr jat g jagg
________________
P rim a ry m e ta l in d u s trie s ---------u c ts --------- -------------------------------Iro n a n d steel fo u n d rie s--------------N o n ferro u s sm eltin g a n d re fin in g .
3 38
2 88
3 .0C
3 43
2.87
2.99
3.42
2.89
2 .9C
3.39
2. 88
2.91
3.44
2 .8C
2.9C
3. 41
2. 88
2.99
3.4C
2. 8C
2. 91
3 .4C
2. &
2.99
3.39
2. &
2.91
3.38
2.8C
2. 99
3.39
2.7
2.99
3 .4 '
2.89
2.98
3 .3C
2. 78
2. 9
3.36
2.7S
2 .9C
3.31
2. 71
2.84
e x tru d in g --------------N o n ferro u s fo u n d rie s.
2 9í
2.6C
2 9í
2 .6C
3. 0C
2 .7C
2 .9 '
2. 7(
2. 9.
2.6C
2.95
2.7C
2.95
2.7C
2.99
2.68
2.99
2.6"
2 .9(
2.6C
2 .8 '
2.6,
2.9
2. 6Í
2.88
2. 6(
2.8"
2.6C
2.80
2.60
3.31
3.31
3.31
3.39
3. 2f
3.39
3 .3(
3.25
3.2C
3.2,
3 . 2‘
3. Z
3.18
3. IS
3.10
d u strie s.
See footnotes a t e n d of ta b le.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
1267
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry_Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1258.
1965
A nnual
av erag e
1964
I n d u s tr y
A ug.
J u ly
Ju n e
M ay
A p r.
M ar.
Feb
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S ept.
A ug.
1964
1963
A v erag e w e e k ly e a rn in g s
M a n u fa c tu rin g —C o n tin u e d
D u r a b l e g o o d s —C o n tin u e d
F a b ric a te d m e ta l p ro d u c ts ____
M e ta l ca n s___________ ____
_. $116.2( $114.9 $117.0 2 $116.7 5 $113. 4 $115. 4 $114.3 $113.4 2 $116.0 $112. 9 $110. 2 $112.8
._ 141.5 141.3 5 138.4 5 134.8 143.6 146.9 136.01 130,5
130.2 129.1
128.5 132.1
1
107.5 106.9 2 108.6 5 110.1
h a rd w a re ,
108.2 111.7 110.92 109.7 110.3 107.38 101.1 109.5Í
le a tin g eq u
._ 105.7 105.1 107.7 104.9 101.5. 103.8f 102. a 101.6; 104.3' 104.7( 105.3
f ix t u r e s ...
.œ
s. 114.9 114.2 114.9 113.8 108. 6Í 111.1 110.1C 109. 8S 112.5« 111.21 110.9, 110.0(
2. 119.74 117.6 121.3 120.5 117.0' 121. 38 120.9' 117.5. 117.12 115.78 116. O'
112.2,
128.0 126.6 130.5 131.2 125. 4( 129.8( 127.4f 128. 6i 133.3, 126.0( 115.2
M e ta l s ta m p in g s .
127.9(
s. 103.5( 103.3' 105.3 103.4«
C oating, engraving.
9 9 .9( 101.9« 100.6' 100. 6C 102.3C 100. 5f
99. 6(
99.3«
M iscellaneous
fab ricate d
102.5Í
102.5C
104.3. 103. 85 101. 57 103.9S 103.0C 101. 6C 103.07 102. 41 100. 6C 99.8"
p ro d u c ts ____
M iscellan eo u s
113.IS 111.64 113,5. 116. Of 111. 92 113.82 111.78 109.88 112. 71 110.81 110.68
p ro d u c ts ____
109.88
M a c h in e ry __________________________ . 125.54 125.54 127.74 127. 74 123.81 127.6C 125.56 125. 27 126. 44 122.83
120.38 120.67
E n g in e s a n d tu rb in e s ___________ . 129.51 130.7C 133.7( 132. 2S 132. 48 133. 24 130.94 128.33 132. 82 129.78 126.45
122.85
F a r m m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t.
117. 5( 120.18 119. IS 116. 97 122.09 120.64 121. 93 121. 51 117. 96
C o n struction an d related m achinery . 124.32 125. 67 126.5t 124. 82 122. 22 125.40 123.22 122. 80 123.38 122.38 119. 36 118.78
108.39 121.09
M e ta lw o rk in g
m a c h in e ry
am
e q u ip m e n t_____ ____ _________ . 140.18 141. 57 145.46 146. 56 141.88 146. 60 143.78 142.38 143.18 135.83
S pecial in d u s tr y m a c h in e ry _____ . 119.66 118.56 120. 77 119.78 114.63 119. 74 118.92 118. 92 121.00 117. 78 134. 33 131.89
116. 53
G en eral in d u s tria l m a c h in e ry ___ . 126.42 124.82 127.74 126. 42 121.64 125.99 124.84 123.68 125. 85 123.11 122.11 115.60
120.38
m a c h in e s _____________________ _ . 126.90 126.72 126. 60 125. 28 122. 07 126.18 124.56 124.98 123. 85 122.66 122.36
122.13
Service in d u s tr y m a c h in e s_______ _ 111.24 110. 56 115. 06 113. 82 109. 34 111. 51 110.29 109. 75 110.00 108.12
107.45 107.71
M iscellaneous m a c h in e ry ________ . 119.54 119. 51 120.93 122.48 116. 72 120.89 119.63 119.90 121. 00 116.10
116.10 114.09
102
$112.9 3 $111. 7 $108.05
139.4
131.8 128.17
109.3(
106.9
103.32
104.6(
111.61
112.36
123.7C
99.95
103.1
109. 8(
113. 4i
123.4
98.6'
101.56
107.27
108.03
116.47
94.94
99.46
99. 46
97.17
109.59
108.66
105.67
121.11
129.47
119.52
120.54
121. 6S
127. 3C
118. 4C
120. 25
116.20
123. 73
111.93
115.79
132.68 137. 51 129.33
114.33 114. 86 109.72
120.% 120.83 114.12
120.42 119. 66 116.81
107.94 107.16 103.12
115.29 115.83 111.51
A v erag e w eek ly h o u rs
F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p ro d u c ts .
M e ta l cans.....................
h a r d w a r e ..
fix tu re s ........... ............... .........
F ab ricated stru ctu ral m etal products...
S crew m a c h in e p ro d u c ts, bol
M e ta l s ta m p in g s .„_________
M iscellan eo u s
fa b ric a te d
w ire
p r o d u c ts _________________
M iscellan eo u s fa b ric a te d m e ta l
p ro d u c ts ...............................................
M a c h in e ry ___________ _______________
E n g in e s a n d tu r b in e s ____________
F a r m m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t..
C o n struction a n d related m a ch in ery .
M e ta lw o rk in g
m a c h in e ry
and
e q u i p m e n t ..._____ _____________
S p ecial in d u s tr y m a c h in e ry _______
G e n e ra l in d u s tria l m a c h in e ry _____
Office, c o m p u tin g , a n d ac co u n tin g
m a c h in e s _______________________
Service in d u s tr y m a c h in e s ________
42.1
44.1
41.8
43.9
42.4
43.4
42.3
42.4
41.4
43.8
42.3
46.8
41.9
43.2
41.7
42.4
42.5
42.7
42.0
42.2
41.6
42.0
41.8
42.5
42.0
44.7
41.7
42.8
41.4
42.3
40.9
40.5
41.0
41.4
41.0
42.0
41.7
41.4
41.8
41.3
40.8
41.8
41.9
41.3
41.0
40.5
41.8
43.7
43.1
41.4
40.3
41.7
43.1
42.8
41.5
40.8
42.1
44.3
43.8
42.3
40.2
41.7
44.0
43.9
41.9
39.2
40.4
43.2
42.8
40.8
40.1
41.0
44.3
44.0
41.8
39.7
40.8
44.3
43.5
41.6
39.7
40.7
43.7
43.6
41.4
40.6
41.7
43.7
44.6
42.1
40.9
41.5
43.2
43.6
41.9
41.0
41.4
43.3
42.2
41.5
39.7
41.2
42.2
43.8
40.9
40.7
41.8
42.4
43.1
41.3
40.3
41.3
42.8
43.0
41. 1
40.3
41.1
42.2
42.2
41.1
41.2
41.0
41.9
41.7
41.1
42.1
41.7
41.3
41.9
41.8
41.4
41.1
41.1
41.1
41.0
41.9
41.5
41.9
42.2
41.0
42.0
42.7
41.1
40 4
42.6
43.3
41.8
41.3
42.9
43.3
41.6
41.1
42.6
42.0
43.4
41.9
42.1
42.8
41.4
42.7
40.6
41.3
42.4
41.4
40.9
42.0
43.0
41.7
41.6
42.2
42.9
41.0
41.9
42.2
41.9
43.3
41.9
41.9
42.4
41.5
42.5
41.2
41.1
42.2
41.3
41.8
40.4
41.3
37.9
41.0
41.9
39.5
41.1
41.9
41.2
42.2
41.1
41.5
42.0
41.0
42.4
40.8
41.4
41.9
40.8
41.8
40.7
40.7
41.5
44.5
43.2
43.0
44.8
42.8
42.6
45.6
43.6
43.3
45.8
43.4
43.0
44.9
42.3
41.8
46.1
43.7
43.0
45.5
43.4
42.9
45.2
43.4
42.5
45.6
44.0
43.1
44.1
43.3
42.6
43.9
43.0
42.4
43.1
42.5
41.8
43.5
42.5
42.0
44.5
42.7
42.1
43.4
42.2
41.2
42.3
41.2
43.0
42.1
41.1
43.3
42.2
42.3
43.5
41.9
42.0
43.9
41.1
40.8
42.6
42.2
41.3
43.8
41.8
41.0
43.5
41.8
40.8
43.6
41.7
41.2
44.0
41.3
40.8
43.0
41.2
40. 7
43.0
41.4
40.8
42.1
41.1
41.2
42.7
40.7
40.9
42.9
40.7
40.6
42.4
$2.76
3. 21
$2.75
3.22
$2.76
3.19
$2.76
3.18
$2.74
3.28
$2.73
3.14
$2.69
3.06
$2. 65
3.06
$2. 70
3.11
$2.69
3.12
$2.68
3.08
$2.61
3.03
A v erag e h o u rly earn in g s
F a b ric a te d m e ta l p ro d u c ts ____________
M e ta l can s________________________
C u tle ry , h a n d to o ls , a n d general
h a rd w a re _____ ____ ____________
H e a tin g e q u ip m e n t a n d p lu m b in g
fix tu re s _________________________
F ab ric ated stru ctu ral m etal products.
S crew m a c h in e p ro d u c ts, b o lts, e tc .
M e ta l sta m p in g s __________________
e n s l a v i n g , ¿ijjlu a - u i e u s c r v i w s
M iscellan eo u s
fa b ric a te d
w ire
p ro d u c ts ________________________
M iscellan eo u s fa b ric a te d m e ta l
p r o d u c t s . . . .................... ........... .........
M a c h in e ry ____________________________
E n g in e s a n d tu r b in e s _____________
F a r m m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t...
C o n struction an d related m a c h in e ry ..
M e ta lw o rk in g
m a c h in e ry
and
e q u ip m e n t______________________
S p ecial in d u s tr y m a c h in e ry _______
G e n eral in d u s tria l m a c h in e ry _____
Office, c o m p u tin g , a n d a c c o u n tin g
m a c h in e s _______________________
S erv ice in d u s tr y m a c h in e s ..............
M iscellan eo u s m a c h in e ry _________
See fo o tn otes a t e n d of ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.73
3.15
$2.72
3.08
$2.73
3. 05
2.63
2.64
2.65
2.66
2.64
2.66
2.66
2.65
2.64
2.60
2.48
2.62
2.61
2.59
2.52
2.61
2.75
2.74
2.97
2.50
2.61
2.74
2.73
2.96
2.49
2.64
2.73
2.74
2.98
2.49
2.61
2.73
2. 74
2.99
2. 47
2.59
2.69
2. 71
2.93
2.45
2.59
2.71
2.74
2.95
2.44
2.57
2.70
2.73
2.93
2.42
2.56
2.70
2.69
2.95
2.43
2.57
2.70
2.68
2.99
2.43
2.56
2.68
2.68
2.89
2.40
2. 57
2.68
2.68
2.73
2.40
2.57
2.67
2.66
2.92
2.43
2.57
2.67
2.65
2.87
2.42
2.56
2. 66
2.65
2.87
2.40
2.52
2.61
2.56
2.76
2.31
2.49
2.50
2.49
2.49
2.47
2.47
2.47
2.46
2. 46
2.45
2.43
2.43
2.42
2. 42
2.37
2.70
2.94
3.19
2.71
2.95
3.20
2.91
2.95
2. 75
2.70
2.94
3.18
2.90
2.93
2.92
3.14
2.92
2.68
2.92
3.13
2.91
2.91
2.69
2.92
3.17
2.90
2. 91
2.67
2.89
3.15
2.87
2.90
2.68
2.88
3.13
2.89
2.86
2.68
2.88
3.11
2.89
2.89
2.66
2.87
3.15
2.88
2.87
2. 65
2.95
3.18
2.90
2.93
2.71
2.92
3.20
2.86
2.91
2.71
2.96
2.69
2.94
3.18
2 91
2.95
2.87
3.12
2.86
2.87
2.59
2.78
3.04
2.75
2.79
3.15
2.77
2.94
3.16
2.77
2.93
3.19
2.77
2.95
3.20
2.76
2.94
3.16
2.71
2.91
3.18
2.74
2.93
3.16
2.74
2.91
3.15
2.74
2. 91
3.14
2. 75
2.92
3.08
2.72
2.89
3.06
2. 71
2.88
3.06
2.72
2.88
3.05
2.69
2.88
3. 09
2.69
2.87
2.98
2.60
2.77
3.00
2.70
2.78
3.01
2.69
2.76
3.00
2.72
2.78
2.99
2.71
2.79
2.97
2.68
2.74
2.99
2.70
2.76
2.98
2.69
2.75
2.99
2.69
2.75
2. 97
2.67
2.75
2.97
2.65
2.70
2.97
2.64
2. 70
2.95
2.64
2.71
2.93
2.62
2.70
2.94
2.62
2.70
2.87
2.54
2.63
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
1268
T
able
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1258.
1965
1964
Annual
average
Industry
A u g .2 July 2 June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1964
$103. 73
112. 86
112.14
113. 02
$103. 48
113.55
110.92
110.83
$102. 72
112.19
109. 67
109. 21
$102.31
113. 55
109.82
108.14
$102.31
111.51
109.56
108.95
1963
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
D u r a b l e g o o d s —Continued
Electrical equipment and supplies-----Electric distribution equipment—
Electrical industrial apparatus----Household appliances-----------Electric lighting and wiring equipm ent. ------- -------- - - - -- --Radio and TV receiving sets--------Communication equipm ent..
Electronic components and accessories.------- -- -Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies___ Transportation equipm ent.. - ---------Motor vehicles and equipm ent., __
Aircraft and parts----- -------- - -Ship and boat building and repairing ______________________
Railroad equipment
__
Other transportation eq u ip m en t...
$105.01
114.13
112.47
111.88
$104.23
115.09
113. 70
112.00
$106.45
114. 82
115.48
115.21
$106.19 $103.31
113.99 111. 11
115. 48 112.19
113.55 112. 74
$105. 63
113. 02
112. 86
113. 71
$104.96 $104. 70
111.79 110.16
112.44 110. 54
113. 44 114.12
$106.50
115. 21
114.06
114.13
$99.14
107.0104. 7C
107. 71
99.23 98.98 100.12 100. 45 97.04 98. 81 97.92 97.68 97.27 96.80 95.68 96.24 97.92 95. 68 93.21
91.43 90.35 89.89 89.60 88.01 90.29 89.21 88.82 91.30 88. 75 89.02 87.64 87. 96 87.86 85.8f
117.29 113.65 117.99 116. 31 111.48 115. 92 115.23 114.81 116.90 115. 23 115. 51 113. 71 112. 20 112. 07 107.33
86.94
85.89
89.98
89.57
86.94
89. 35
88.29
88.07
88.97
87.89
86.83
86.40
85.57
86.00
82. 7<
113.15 111.76 114.52 113.02 112.03 116. 76 116.06 117. 74 119.26 104.15 107.71 110. 43 103. 49 108.81 107.01
130.70 133.56 137.60 137.92 134. 20 138. 24 135.79 137. 49 140.80 132.82 125.15 133. 67 129.38 130. 20 126. 72
135. 63 141.24 147.74 148.07 144.32 150.18 146. 52 149. 28 153. 72 139. 21 128.23 143. 99 137. 70 138.03 132.68
131.15 130.10 130.10 129.90 126.17 128.44 127.10 128.44 129. 07 127. 62 127.00 125. 56 125.15 125.36 122. 4!
120.80 120. 50 121.00 123.19 120.88 119.10 119. 70 118. 40 123.52 124.53 121. 71 119. 08 121. 60 121.80 121. oe
126.32 130.33 127.92 124. 02 129. 74 131.29 128.88 133.12 134.18 119. 74 122. 98 125. 02 127.08 121. 7'
90.35 94.58 92.75 89.38 87.98 86.18 90.35 92.34 92. 52 97.44 93.79 95.04 93.48 91.84
Average weekly hours
Electrical equipment and supplies-----Electric distribution equipment —
Electrical industrial apparatus-----Household a p p lia n c e s..-----Electric lighting and wiring equipm ent. . . .
. Radio and T V receiving s e ts ...
Communication equipment---Electronic components and accessories___
_______
- -Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies___
-..
-- . . .
Transportation equipment_________
Motor vehicles and equipment . .
Aircraft and parts-------- -- ---------Ship and boat building and re__
_ _ ------pairing__
Railroad equip m ent.. .
. ___
Other transportation equipm ent-_
40.7
41.5
41.5
40.1
40.4
41.4
41.8
40.0
41.1
41.6
42.3
41.0
41.0
41.3
42.3
40.7
40.2
40.7
41.4
40.7
41.1
41.4
41.8
41.2
41.0
41.1
41.8
41.1
40.9
40.8
41.4
41.2
41.6
42.2
42.4
41.5
41.0
41.8
42.0
41.4
40.9
41.9
41.7
41.2
40.6
41.4
41.7
40.6
40.6
41.9
41.6
40.5
40.6
41.3
41.5
40.5
40.
40.'
40.
40.8
40.5
40.1
41.3
40.4
39.8
40.3
40.7
39.6
41.4
41.0
39.3
41.1
40.1
38.6
40.1
41.0
39.6
41.4
40.8
39.3
41.3
40.7
39.3
41.3
40.7
40.4
41.9
40.5
39.8
41.6
40.2
40.1
41.4
40.1
39.3
41.2
40.8
39.8
40.8
40.2
39.4
40.9
40.
39.
40.
39.7
39.4
40.9
40.9
39.7
40.8
40.5
40.4
41.0
40.5
40.2
40.0
39.8
40.0
39.i
40.7
40.2
40.9
40.8
40.3
41.7
41.6
41.9
42.9
39.6
40.8
40.9
39.5
40.6
41.
41.1
41.1
41.9
42.0
42.8
41.7
43.0
44.5
41.7
43.1
44.6
41.5
42.2
43.6
40.7
43.2
45.1
41.3
42.7
44.4
41.0
43.1
45.1
41.3
44.0
46.3
41.5
42.3
43.1
41.3
40.9
41.1
41.1
42.3
43.9
40.9
41.6
42.5
40.9
42.0
43.0
41.1
42.1
42.1
41.
40.0
40.3
39.6
39.8
40.2
40.6
41.3
41.2
40.1
40.5
40.7
39.0
39.2
40.1
40.8
39.1
39.9
40.9
38.3
39.6
40.4
39.8
40.9
41.6
40.5
41.1
41.8
40.4
40.3
38.5
42.0
39.3
39.8
40.6
40.4
40.2
41.5
40.6
40.6
41.0
40.
40.
41.
$2.53
2. 71
2.63
2.69
$2.52
2. 71
2.64
2. 67
$2. 52
2. 70
2.64
2.69
$2.4(
2.67
2.5
2. 6'
2. 40
2f. 23
2. 76
2.40
2.21
2. 75
2.38
2.23
2.74
2 .3i
2 .1<
2.6,
Average hourly earnings
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Electric distribution equipment__
Electrical industrial apparatus____
Household appliances____________
Electric lighting and wiring equipm ent_______ _
--------Radio and TV receiving sets___ _
Communication equipment______
Electronic components and accessories______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies.. _ _
-- -- --
$2.58
2.75
2.71
2.79
$2.58
2.78
2.72
2.80
$2.59
2.76
2.73
2.81
$2.59
2. 76
2.73
2. 79
$2.57
2.73
2.71
2.77
$2.57
2.73
2. 70
2. 76
$2.56
2.72
2.69
2.76
$2.56
2. 70
2. 67
2. 77
$2.56
2.73
2.69
2. 75
2.45
2.28
2.84
2.45
2.27
2.82
2.46
2.27
2.85
2.45
2. 28
2.83
2.42
2.28
2.78
2. 41
2. 28
2.80
2.40
2.27
2.79
2. 40
2.26
2.78
2.39
2.26
2.79
2.19
2.18
2.20
2.19
2.19
2.19
2.18
2.18
2.78
2.78
2.80
2.77
2.78
2.80
2.79
2.81
Transportation equipment____ ______
Motor vehicles and equipment___
Aircraft and parts________ _______
Ship and boat building and repairing _ _________________ ___
. . .
Railroad equipm ent__
Other transportation equipm ent.. .
3.18
3. 30
3.13
3.18
3.30
3.12
3.20
3.32
3.12
3.20
3.32
3.13
3.18
3.31
3.10
3.20
3. 33
3.11
3. IS
3.30
3.1C
3.19
3.31
3.11
3.02
2.99
3.19
2.27
3.01
3.21
2.29
2.99
3.19
2.29
2.97
3.18
2.28
2.97
3. IS
2.25
3.0C
3.21
2.25
2. 99
3. IS
2.27
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.53 $2.53
2. 70 2. 71
2. 67 2.66
2. 73 2.69
2. 39
2.23
2. 77
2.38
2.22
2.79
2.17
2.17
2.16
2.16
2.15
2.15
2.0<
2.78
2.63
2.64
2.70
2.62
2.68
2.6
3.20
3.32
3.11
3.14
3.23
3. OS
3.06
3.12
3.09
3.16
3.28
3.07
3.11
3. 24
3.06
3.10
3.21
3.05
3.0
3.1
2.9
3.02
3.20
2.28
3.02
3. 21
2.29
3.02
3.11
2.32
3.03
3. OS
2. 31
3. 01
3.11
2.29
3.00
3.13
2.28
2.9
3.0
2.2
c —EARNINGS
T able
AND HOURS
1269
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1258.
1965
1964
Annual
average
Industry
A ug.2 July 2 June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1964
1963
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Instruments and related products------ $108.32 $107. 53 $109.25 $108.16 $104. 38 $107. 38 $107.12 $106. 45 $107. 74 $106. 40 $105. 22 $104.81 $103. 98 $103. 63 $101.59
Engineering and scientific instru123.60 127.32 124. 49 114.37 125.28 124. 56 123. 55 123. 61 121. 60 121.18 121.60 120.93 119.19 118.24
___ - ___ - merits
Mechanical measuring and control
devices_______ - --- - - ------- 109.67 109. 82 110.09 108. 88 104. 52 107.42 106.49 106.08 108. 99 106. 97 103. 94 104. 45 103.79 104.19 102.16
Optical and ophthalmic goods------ 99.41 98.41 98.41 96.70 95. 82 97.16 96.98 96. 46 97. 81 96.93 96.23 95.87 94.53 94.39 93.86
Surgical, medical, and dental
equipment- - -- - - --- 89.78 86. 75 90.68 90.63 87. 86 89.42 88.98 89. 20 90.72 89. 47 88. 62 89. 28 88. 48 87.82 85.63
Photographic equipment and sup128.01 126.39 128.30 130. 33 128. 47 128.83 128.05 124. 62 126. 42 124. 98 124. 39 121. 25 120. 56 121. 09 115. 77
plies___________ _
- -86. 83 87.60 87.85 85.28 87.67 86.62 87.64 86. 55 87.67 87. 45 86. 55 84.53 84.50 83.13
Watches and clocks
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries. _______ . . . _ _ -------- -- Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware________ - --------- -- Toys, amusement, and sporting
goods
Pens, pencils, office and art
materials
Costume jewelry, buttons, and
notions
Other manufacturing industries__
86.03
84.10
85.17
84. 56
83.10
85.20
84.77
84.54
85.44
83. 20
83. 41
81. 35
82.80
82.37
80.39
93.79
90. 74
93. 56
93. 32
92.92
93.25
90.27
89.78
98. 90
97.29
95. 72
89. 02
89. 65
90. 94
88.70
93.32
75.65
76.64
75.85
73.73
75. 85
75.66
75.66
74. 30
74.47
75. 22
73.53
75.22
74.11
72.76
82.14
83.63
82.41
81.19
80.99
81.40
78.38
82.82
80. 80
80.00
79.99
80.40
78.80
78.00
77.82
91.94
78.41
91.83
80.20
90.52
78. 21
89.04
80.60
91.66
79.99
91.03
77. 42
91.20
78.00
91.94
76.62
90.00
76. 42
90.23
74.69
88. 70
75. 46
89.24
76. 22
88.98
73.84
86.58
Average weekly hours
Instruments and related products .
Engineering and scientific instruments
Mechanical measuring and control
devices. __________________
Optical and ophthalmic goods____
Surgical, medical, and dental
equipm ent___________________
Photographic equipment and supplies____ _ __Watehes and nlonks
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries___
_ __
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
___________
ware___ _____
Toys, amusement, and sporting
goods.
Pens, pencils, office and art
materials___ _ .
.............
Costume jewelry, buttons, and
notions. . . . . .
.
__. . .
Other manufacturing industries__
41.2
41.7
41.6
40.3
41.3
41.2
41.1
41.6
41.4
41.1
41.1
41.1
40.8
40.8
41.2
42.3
42.2
38.9
41.9
41.8
41.6
41.9
41.5
41.5
41. 5
41. 7
41.1
41. 2
41.7
42.3
41.6
41.7
41.7
41.7
41.4
41.5
40.2
41.3
41.0
41.7
40.8
41.8
40.8
41.4
41.6
41.8
41.3
41.6
40.6
41.3
40.8
41.5
40.7
41.1
40.7
41.4
40.7
41.9
39.9
38.9
40.3
40. 1
39.4
40.1
39.9
40.0
40.5
40.3
40.1
40.4
40.4
40.1
40.2
43.1
42.7
40.2
43.2
40.0
43.3
40.3
42.4
39.3
42.8
40.4
42.4
40.1
42.1
40.2
43.0
39. 7
42.8
40.4
42.6
40. 3
42.1
39.7
42.3
39.5
41.9
39.3
41.2
39.4
40.2
39.3
39.8
39.7
39.2
40.0
39.8
39.5
40.3
40.0
40.1
39.3
40.0
39.6
39.6
40.6
39.8
40.5
40.4
40.4
40.9
40.3
39.9
43.0
42.3
41.8
40.1
40.2
40.6
40.5
38. 7
41.5
40.4
38.4
39.1
39.1
38.2
39.1
38.6
38.6
38.9
39.4
39.8
38. 7
39. 8
38. 8
39.3
40.4
40.2
39.8
39.7
39.9
38.8
40.4
40.2
40. 0
39.6
40. 2
39.4
40. 0
39.5
39.8
39.6
40.1
40.3
39.7
39.5
39.4
40.5
40.2
40.4
40.1
39.3
40.0
40.0
40.5
39.7
40.0
39.8
40.1
38. 9
39.6
39.3
40.2
39. 7
39.9
39. 7
39.9
Average hourly earnings
Instruments and related products____
Engineering and scientific instrum ents... ______________
Mechanical measuring and control
devices.___ _________________
Optical and ophthalmic goods____
Surgical, medical, and dental
equipment___________________
Photographic equipment and supp lies...
_ _____. . . ________
Watches and clocks___ _________
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries___________________________
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware. _____ ________ ___
Toys, amusement, and sporting
goods._. . . . . . _ . . . ______
Pens, pencils, office and art
materials____________________
Costume jewelry, buttons, and
notions. ______________ _____
Other manufacturing industries__
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.61
$2.62
$2.60
$2.59
$2.60
$2.60
$2.59
$2.59
$2.57
$2.56
$2.55
$2.53
$2.54
$2.49
3.00
3.01
2. 95
2. 94
2.99
2.98
2. 97
2.95
2.93
2.92
2. 93
2. 90
2.90
2. 87
2.63
2.35
2.64
2.36
2.64
2.36
2.63
2.33
2.60
2. 32
2.62
2.33
2.61
2.32
2. 60
2. 33
2.62
2.34
2.59
2.33
2.56
2.33
2.56
2. 31
2. 55
2.30
2.56
2.28
2. 51
2.24
2.25
2.23
2.25
2. 26
2.23
2.23
2.23
2.23
2.24
2. 22
2. 21
2.21
2.19
2.19
2.13
2.97
2.96
2.16
2.97
2.19
3.01
2.18
3.03
2.17
3.01
2.17
3.02
2.16
2. 96
2.18
2.94
2.18
2.92
2.17
2.92
2.17
2.88
2.18
2.85
2.14
2. 89
2.15
2 81
2.11
2.14
2.14
2.14
2.13
2.12
2.13
2.13
2.14
2.12
2.08
2.08
2. 07
2.07
2.08
2.03
2.31
2.28
2.31
2.31
2. 30
2.28
2.24
2.25
2. 30
2.30
2.29
2.22
2.23
2.24
2.19
1.97
1. 96
1.94
1.93
1.94
1 96
1.96
1.91
1. 89
1. 89
1. 90
1. 89
1. 91
1. 88
2.09
2.07
2. 05
2.04
2.04
2.04
2.02
2. 05
2.01
%00
2. 02
2. 00
2. 00
1.95
1.97
2.31
1.98
2.29
1.99
2. 28
1.98
2.26
1.99
2.28
1.98
2. 27
1.97
2.28
1. 95
2.27
1.93
2.25
1. 92
2.25
1.92
2.24
1.92
2.22
1. 92
2.23
1.86
2.17
$2.61
2.31
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
1270
T able C - l .
Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1258.
Annual
average
1964
1965
Industry
A.ug.21July 2 1 June | May | Apr.
Mar. | Feb. | Jan.
-
Dec. | Nov. | Oct. | Sept. | Aug.
1964
1963
Average weekly earnings
M anufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods
$99. 53 >101.33 >101.11 101. 02
_______ _____ 105.26 108.94 107.38 107.01
104.83 107.25 106.68 105.92
Canned and preserved food, except
80.20 78.04 80.43
Grain mill products
- -- -- 115.04 115.32 112.05 110. 25
Bakery products
_________ 101.75 102.25 102.25 100.35
122.97 117. 46 117.59
Confectionery and related products. 86.88 83.59 83.03 83.28
116.48 115.93 114.54
113.03
Beverages
__ - --------Miscellaneous food and kindred
98.75 98.09 98.09
97.81
______ ______
products
78.79 83.10 83.16 81.47
_______
Tobacco manufactures
98.02 98.80 98.72
63.95 64.60 62.87
Textile mill products
_
_ ______ 78.58 77.23 77.10 76.54
80.60
79. 61 78.38 78.38
Cotton broad woven fabrics__ __
Silk” and synthetic broad woven
84.00 83.60 82.78
84.58
fabrics
- - ______ - - -Weaving and finishing broad
85.34 84.00 83.42
84.
51
woolens
____ ___ Narrow fabrics and smallwares----- 74.89 74.48 74.80 75.76
67.51 68.78 67.34
69.48
Knitting
_ _ _ _ _ __
-Finishing textiles, except wool, knit. 86.90 84.04 86.60 84.77
80.60 80. 75 76.63
Floor covering
__ _
Yarn and thread
_ _______ 74.90 73.95 72.42 72.08
86.32 88.83 86.11
87.99
Miscellaneous textile goods _____
]V[63t products
76.08 79.46 79.72 78.49 77.16 73.70 78.58 81.16 79.18 77.34 75.65
110.81 109.00 108.43 109.75 110.31 109.62 111.48 112.24 108.% 108.38 105.02
99. 05 98.15 97.66 97.66 97.11 97.36 97.44 100.61 98.25 97.12 93.90
110.92 114.09 109. 59 102. 59 107.18 104.41 101.95 113.71 112.02 106. 25 104.43
80.98 82.32 81.48 80.11 79.98 80.99 82. 21 81.59 81.80 80.38 78.41
112.31 110.25 107.41 108.35 110.68 109.73 108.93 111.93 111.65 109.48 107.18
96.28
78.32
94.17
58.48
74.62
77.23
97.02
79. 61
97.15
61.37
76.91
79.00
97.90
77.75
95. 50
63.64
76.73
79.18
96.44 96.93
76.88 82.42
93.37 106.17
63.24 65.40
75.95 77.04
79.12 79.67
97.61
74.30
93.94
65.40
76.68
79.12
97.86
73.85
92.67
64.08
75.71
77.%
97.58
73.10
92.12
60.76
71.82
72.90
95.76
75.47
97.58
63.%
73.10
73.68
96.25
76.44
93.45
64. 24
72.98
74.34
93.70
74.11
92. 20
60.48
69.43
68.30
80.60
83.16
82.34
81.97
82.18
73.67
65.57
81.56
76.96
70.98
84.05
83.42
75.12
67.86
85.17
79.79
71.74
87.14
83.66
83.10
82.72
79.10
79.10
79.24
74.65
82.41 80.03 79.04
7b. 53 74.93 75.24
67. 51 66.09 66.91
85.60 83.33 86.57
79.00 76.96 80.85
71.32 70. 06 70.81
86.94 86. 73 87.34
Average weekly hours
77.74
74.26
67.60
86.83
80.59
70. 56
85.28
78.47
73.71
67.77
83.78
79.90
69.64
85.49
74.86
72.62
63.92
77.61
77.41
66.00
85.08
77.23
73.62
66.42
79.10
76.80
67.39
84.46
76.86
73.03
65.07
81.90
76.26
66.99
83.63
75.40
71.34
62.65
79.76
75.18
63.59
80.95
41.7
41.9
42.9
41.1
41.3
42.5
40.9
41.0
42.2
40.1
40.1
41.8
40.4
39. 9
41. 8
40.3
40.0
41.8
40.8
42.2
41.9
41.4
43.2
41.8
41.1
42.8
42.0
41.3
42.5
41.9
41.4
41.5
43.1
41.2
41.6
42.4
40.9
41.4
42.2
40.9
41.0
42.2
41.8
42.2
39.9
46.5
40.9
43.3
38.7
41.9
42.2
37.6
37.7
37.4
41.3
41.9
37.7
45.0
40.9
42.1
38.8
41.7
42.1
37.8
38.0
38.0
41.9
42.6
38.3
44.1
40.3
42.3
39.1
41.2
42.1
37.2
37.2
37.2
41.6
42.6
36.4
43.8
40.1
39.9
38.2
40.4
41. 5
35.6
36.5
34.2
41.0
42.2
38.2
43. 6
39.9
42.1
39.2
39.8
42. 0
37.2
38.4
36.1
41.8
42.7
38.7
43.2
39.7
41.2
38.8
39.2
42.2
37.2
38.2
37.0
41.7
42.8
38.1
43.9
39.7
41. 2
38.7
39.4
42.3
37.5
37.8
37. 2
41.5
43.0
38.2
44.3
39.8
46.4
39.4
40.1
42.7
40.6
42.3
38.7
42.1
43.3
37.6
44.2
39.9
45.2
39.7
39.9
43.0
38.3
38.5
38.7
41.9
43.0
38.9
45.5
40.1
43.2
40.3
39.9
43.3
40.8
39.1
38.6
41.6
42.6
39.4
46.0
40.9
41.5
39.8
41.0
42.8
39.3
39.2
36.6
39.9
40.5
39.2
45.4
40.6
41.8
39.9
41.2
42.0
38.9
41.0
38.3
41.3
42.1
38.1
44.6
40.3
42.5
39.4
40.4
42.4
38.8
39.1
38.7
41.0
42.0
38.4
44.5
40.3
42.8
39.8
40.6
42.4
38.6
39.4
37.8
40.6
40.9
43.6
43.3
44.0
43.8
43.1
44.0
43.8
43.6
44.5
44.2
44.0
42.3
43.7
43.3
42.9
43.3
41.1
39.3
43.3
42.5
42.6
42.5
43.0
41.4
38.7
42.6
41.2
42.4
41.8
42.8
40.7
37.9
41.4
41.6
42.0
41.0
41.6
41.9
43.0
42.7
4L 4 41.8
41. 5 41.5
38.9
38.2
39.0
38.8
43.5
42.3
42.8
42.8
43.7
41.6
42.9
42.7
42.4
41.7
42.2
42.2
42.4
42.1
42.0
42.3
Average hourly earnings
40.7
40.8
39.3
43.2
43.8
42.0
41.6
41.3
40.5
39.4
42.1
43.9
41.7
41.7
39.4
39.9
37.6
39.8
42.3
40.0
41.3
41.3
40.9
39.3
41.2
42.2
41.6
41.4
41.1
40.8
38.5
42.0
41.9
41. 1
41.4
41.2
41.0
38.2
42.2
42.0
40.5
41.3
$2.43
2.60
2.50
$2.46
2.60
2.51
$2.47
2. 61
2.51
$2.47
2.62
2.50
$2.40
2.60
2.49
$2.37
2. 56
2.48
$2.38
2.53
2.50
$2.36
2.53
2.44
$2.39
2. 5f
2.44
$2.31
2.48
2.34
2.01
2.48
2.50
2.8“
2. ie
2.7$
2.34
2.21
2.0
1.7
1.8'
1.9
2.07
2.49
2.5C
2.7!
2.14
2.7$
2.32
2.2C
2.6t
1.71
1.84
1.82
2.10
2.5C
2.49
2. 7$
2.1$
2. 7$
2. 3!
2.1!
2.0
1.6!
1.8'
1.8'
1.9'
1.9
1.8,
1.7
2.0
1.9
1.74
2.0 9
1.9(
1.9
1.8
1.7
2.0
1.91
1.7 )
2.0 9
1.8!
1.9
1.8,
1.7
1.91
1.8 5
1.7 )
2.0 6
Food and kindred products ________
"Meat products_________________
Dairy products
___ ______
Canned and preserved food, except
meats
-- - __
___
Grain mill products ___
Bakery products
_ __________
__ ________
Sugar
Confectionery and related products.
Beverages - __- - - ______
Miscellaneous food, kindred products.
Tobacco manufactures __ ______
Cigarettes
-- __ _
Cigars
- ----Textile mill products _
_ _ __ _
Cotton broad woven fabrics___ Silk and synthetic broad woven
fabrics __
- __ -- __
Weaving and finishing broad
woolens
_____ _ -- _____
Narrow fabrics and smallwares----Knitting
..
__
Finishing textiles, except wool, knit.
Floor covering
Yarn and thread
_______
Miscellaneous textile goods______
41.3
40.8
42.1
Food and kindred products._________
Meat products _____ ____
Dairy products
__
_ _
Canned and preserved food, except
meats
___ ________ Grain mill products________ _ -Bakery products______ __ ___
Sugar
__ __
Confectionery and related products.
Beverages . . .
Miscellaneous food, kindred products.
..
—
Tobacco manufactures__
Cigarettes
_ _ _______ -Cigars
__- _____ ___ ___ _
Textile mill products______ - - ___
Cotton broad woven fabrics______
Silk and synthetic broad woven
fabrics
_____
--Weaving and finishing broad woolens
Narrow fabrics and smallwares---Knitting
-_
-____
Finishing textiles, except wool, knit
Floor covering _ _ - - ____
Yarn and thread.- ___ - - ___
Miscellaneous textile goods...........
See footnotes at end of table.
$2.41
2.58
2.49
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$99.05 $98.98 $98. 74 $99.55 £100.19 $98.64 $97.88 $98.53 $97. 23 $97.75 $94.48
105.06 104.14 104.40 110.56 112.32 111.28 108.80 105.00 105.25 105.98 101.68
104.50 104. 50 104.50 104.33 104.08 104.58 103.91 107.75 103.46 102.97 98.75
46.2
40.7
40.6
41.1
41.8
37.7
43.1
40.7
38.8
41.4
42.2
42. $ 42.5
41. f 1 41. Í 1
42.9
40.7
39.7
42.6
2.4!
2.5C
2.14
2.75
2.34
2.0!
1.8$
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.7 5
2.0
1.75
2.1 0
$2. 45
2.61
2. 50
$2.45
2.61
2.50
$2.44
2.62
2. 48
$2.42
2.60
2.49
2.09
2.53
2.47
2. 7$
2.12
2.7$
2.32
2.2C
2.5$
1.71
1.82
1.8; i
2.08
2. 50
2. 40
2. 71
2.1C
2. 7'
2.31
2.14
2. 5,
1.7!
1.8'
1.8,
2.06
2.51
2.40
2.60
2.10
2.74
2.32
2. OS
2. 5C
1.72
1.84
1.8f
2.00
2. 50
2.40
2. 48
2.07
2.7
2.2$
2. Of
2.4"
1. 7(
1.8;
1.84
2.02
2.49
2.44
2.31
2.03
2. 70
2.27
2.03
2.51
1.6!
1. 83
1. 84
1.96
2.48
2.44
2.31
2.04
2. 75
2.27
1.94
2.44
1.69
1.83
1.84
2.02
2.4c
2.43
2.3C
2.04
2.73
2.2Í
1.81
2.3'
1.6f
1.82
1.83
2.06
2.44
2.46
2.74
2.05
2.73
2.28
1.86
2.35
1. 6C
1.8(
1.8(
2.02
2.4C
2.42
2.6$
2.05
2.71
2.2$
1.94
2.3$
1.6"
1.7’
1.75
2.05
2.45
2.41
2.5C
2.04
2.71
2.2'
1.9'
2.3!
1.6(
1.7$
1.7'
1.97
2.36
2.33
2.44
1.97
2.64
2.21
1.92
2.34
1.60
1.71
1.67
1.8
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.9
1.8
1.69|
2.051
1.8
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.9
1.8 S
1.70
2.06
1.8$
1. 9;
1.8!
1.7'
2.0
1.8
1.6
2.0
1.8$
1.9
1.8
1.7,
1.9
1.8,
1.6!
2.0
1.8$
1.9(
1.8C
1. 7'
1.9«
1.8.
1.6
2.0
1.8$
1.9
1.8!
1.7!
2.0
1.8'
1.6$
2.0
1.8$
1.9Í
1.82
1.72
1.9!
1.8
1.6
2.0
1.8'
1.9C
1.8!
1.7(
1.9,
1.83
1.6.
2.0!
1.81
1.8'
1. 8(
1.6«
1.9'
1.8!
1.6'
2.0
1.8,
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.9
1.8
1.6,
2.0
1.74
1.83
1.74
1.64
1.89
1.79
1.96
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
C -l.
1271
Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1258.
1965
Industry
A ug.2 Ju ly 2 June
May
Annual
average
1964
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1964
1963
Average weekly earnings
M anufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Apparel and related products.. . ------M en’s and boys’ suits and coats__
Men’s and boys’ furnishings-------Women’s, misses’, and juniors’
outerw ear... .............. .............
Women’s and children’s undergar
m ents____________ ____ _____
Ilats, caps, and m illinery..
Girls’ and children's outerwear___
Fur goods and miscellaneous ap
parel__ _____ ____ _
Miscellaneous fabricated textile
products-------------------------------Paper and allied products. . . ---- -- . .
Paper and p u lp . --------- ----------Paperboard. . . . . .
----_. .
Converted paper and paperboard
products__________ ___________
Paperboard containers and boxes...
Printing, publishing, and allied industr ie s ..____ _____________ ______
Newspaper publishing and printing.
Periodical publishing and printing.
Books__
. . . _____ _____ ..
Commercial printing . . _______
Bookbinding and related industries.
Other publishing and printing in
dustries__ _ ______________
Apparel and related products_____ ..
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats__
M en’s and boys’ furnishings_____
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’
outerwear____ _ ._ ___ . . .
Women’s and children’s undergarm ents__________________
Hats, caps, and millinery ..
Girls’ and children’s outerwear___
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel__ _ _ _____________ _ _
Miscellaneous fabricated textile
products. . . . . . _____________
Paper and allied products_______ . . .
Paper and p u lp . . . . ___________
Paperboard___________________
Converted paper and paperboard
products_________ _ ___ . __
Paperboard containers and boxes..
Printing, publishing, and allied industries. _____ ___________ . .
Ne wspaper publishing and printing.
Periodical publishing and printing.
Books__
..
..."
Commercial printing____ __ . . . .
Bookbinding and related industries.
Other publishing and printing industries________
$68.26 $66.43 $66.61 $65.70 $63. 72 $67.52 $66.61 $65.16 $65.16 $65.76 $64.98 $63.00 $66.06
83.88 81.86 84.32 81.37 78.28 80.18 79.76 79.71 78. 49 77.59 75.33 74.55 77.28
58.75 57.38 58.75 58.21 57.13 58.75 58.06 57.60 57.60 58.13 57.29 55.90 57.46
71.75 69.83 68.06 66.84 65.86 71.36 69.95 67.20 66.33 67.40 67.54 64.52 69.95
61.29 58.97 59.82 59.70 57. 05 61.22 59.37 58.35 59.82 61.83 61.66 59.17 59.89
70.25 68.08 67.13 66. 72 74.07 72.35 70.79 71.22 66. 01 68. 57 66.43
61.29 61.25 62.12 60. 76 57. 56 62.70 61.99 59.76 58.25 59.24 59.07 55.10 71.99
58.84
69.16 70.25 69.14 65.99 67.52 65.52 66. 77 69.73 70.87 71.24 66.40 67.16
75.03 73.34 74.11 73.54 70.88 74.11 73.15 71.82 73.30 72.17 69.27 72.00 72.15
114.48 114.38 114.05 112.40 109. 46 111.97 111.19 111.19 112.32 109.82 111. 89 112.06
111.71
127.74 129.34 127.27 126.54 123. 23 124.52 124.24 124.24 124.80 121. 54 123. 64 125.65 123.60
131.40 131.85 129.94 130.34 125.12 128.13 129.44 128.41 127. 97 120. 41 127. 52 128.86 126. 78
99.42 98.29 100.14 97.88
105.47 102.34 104.30 102.41
118.12 116.43 117.43
119.82 118.47 119.82
125.91 125.02
111.90 110.84
121.66 119.65 119. 56
91.65 89.55 92.98
117.04
120.15
122.70
110.12
119. 47
92.28
97.00 99.07 98.12
98. 25 101.57 100.36
115.67
116. 71
121. 27
108. 09
118. 78
90.48
115.67
115.70
130.42
104.94
118.99
90.86
121.76 118.81 119.50 119.20 119. 66 121.21 120.12
Average
37.1
38.3
37.9
36.5
37.9
37.5
35.0
34.4
37.6
36.7
36.4
36.4
36.9
36.4
39.7
43.2
44.2
45.0
38.6
43.0
44.6
45.0
41.6
42.7
41.3
41.6
38.6
36.2
36.5
38.2
37.8
35.6
37.1
37.1
34.2
34.1
36.7
36.6
37.2
36.4
35.9
36.6
36.4
36.2
38.4
43.2
44.5
44.5
38.3
42.9
44.4
45.1
41.9
42.4
39.5
39.0
38.3
35.9
40.1
41.6
39.1
38.6
38.9
Apparel and related products________ $1.84
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats__
2.19
Men’s and boys’ furnishings_____
1.55
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’
outerwear__ . . . . . ._ . . .
2.05
Women’s and children’s undergarm ents_________________ _____
1.63
Hats, caps, and millinery
. . .
Girls’ and children’s outerwear___
1.67
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel________ _____ __ .
Miscellaneous fabricated textile
products________ __________
1.89
Paper and allied products___________
2.65
Paper and pulp__________ ____
2.89
Paperboard. ___________
. . . .
2.92
Converted paper and paperboard
products___
...
...
2.39
Paperboard containers and boxes. _ 2.47
Printing, publishing, and allied industries__________
3.06
3.31
Newspaperpublishingand printing.
Periodical publishing and printing.
Books
__ ____
Commercial p rin tin g ._______ . . .
3.08
Bookbinding and related industries.
2.35
Other publishing and printing industries___________ ____ _____
3.13
See footnotes a t end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
116.96
116.38
127.72
110.09
121.48
92.04
36.6
38.5
37.9
$64. 26 $62. 45
76.23 74.87
56.61 54.31
67.12
65.66
58.97
69. 33
58.00
57.04
65.33
55.96
66.61
64.80
70.47 67.61
109. 57 105.90
121. 88 117.75
124. 32 118.90
98.36 99. 36 96.88 97.39 97.58 97.44 96. 28
99.95 103. 52 102.61 104.00 102. 55 102.85 100.14
114.60 117.39 114.82 116.10 116.10 . 114. 55 114.35
114.99 121.32 117.98 118.95 120.01 117.12 116.84
127.10 127. 41 124.14 128. 03 128. 24 124. 94 122.41
105.32 107. 33 106.80 108.14 109.33 109. 41 106. 90
117.69 119.40 117. 21 118. 70 118.50 117.11 116.42
90.86 91.42 89.94 90. 40 88.70 88.46 89.40
119.12 119.17 115.89 114.90 115.58 116. 52 116.49
weekly hours
37.1
38.0
37.9
36.6
37.8
37.7
36.0
37.6
37.4
33.6
35.5
34.8
35.0
35.3
35.1
37.1
37.6
37.1
36.2
37.1
36.9
35.1
36.3
36.0
35.9
36.7
37.3
37.5
42.1
43.7
43.9
38.8
42.9
44.0
44.8
38.3
42.6
43.9
45.1
37.8
42.6
43.9
44.9
39.2
43.2
44.1
44.9
38.8
42.4
43.1
42.7
41.3
41.8
41.1
40.6
41.8
41.8
41.4
41.3
41.5
41.3
42. 1
42.6
41.4
42.4
38.5
36.2
40.2
40.9
39.2
39.4
38.5
36.3
39.2
41.4
39.3
39.1
38.3
35.8
39 5
41.1
39.2
38.5
38.6
35.7
41 2
41 7
39.7
39.0
38.3
35.6
41 8
38.2
35.6
39.0
37.1
41
39! 4
38.5
38.5
39! 8
38.9
38.7
38.8
38.7
38.6
39.1
39.0
38.8
39.2
Average hourly earnings
$1.82
2.16
1.53
$1.82
2.19
1.55
$1.80
2.13
1.54
$1.79
2.11
1.54
$1.82
2.11
1.55
$1.82
2.11
1.54
$1.81
2.12
1.54
2.03
1.99
1.96
1.96
2.01
2.01
1.62
1.93
1.66
1.63
1.86
1.67
1.64
1.87
1.66
1.63
1. 89
1.64
1.65
1 97
1.69
1.64
1 95
l! 68
1.90
1.93
1.91
1.
88
1.86
1.82
1.66
1.86
1.90
2.66
2.90
2.93
1.93
2.64
2.86
2.92
1.92
2.62
2.85
2.89
1.89
2.60
2.82
2.85
1.91
2.61
2.83
2.86
1.91
2.61
2.83
2.87
2.38
2.46
2.39
2.46
2.37
2.45
2.36
2.42
2.37
2.43
3.04
3.30
3.14
2.69
3.06
2.32
3.05
3.31
3.11
2. 71
3.05
2.36
3.04
3.31
3.13
2.66
3.04
2.36
3.02
3.26
3.07
2.63
3.03
2.35
3.03
3.26
3.10
2. 64
3.06
2.36
3.07
3.08
3.08
3.10
3.10
93.79
96. 51
110.69
112.58
115. 02
104. 49
112. 61
88. 01
113 96
36.2
37.2
37.4
36.3
36.6
37.5
36.1
35.7
37.2
35. 0
35. 5
36. 3
36 7
36 ft
37 ft
33.6
33.5
33.7
33.6
32.1
34
33.9
34 2
35.8
36.3
36.0
36.7
36.9
35.3
37.7
35.3
35.9
37.6
35.9
35.8
36.3
34.6
33.6
37.2
37. 3
36 1
36 4
36 3
35 ft
36 g
35 7
36* 1
37.3
35.7
36 9
36 2
36 0
38.7
43.2
44.0
44.9
38.3
43.1
44.4
44.9
39.0
43.3
44.3
44.8
38
42
44
44
3
ft
0
4
38 2
42J7
44 1
44 2
41.8
42.8
41.7
42.2
42.0
42 6
41 5
41 9
41.6
38.4
36.3
38.7
36.6
38.7
36.7
38. 7
36. 6
3ft 5
36 4
40.4
39.2
38.6
39. 7
38.8
39. 5
38.4
39 3
38. 8
39 2
38 7
38.5
38.3
38.4
39.1
38.7
38.5
$1.80
2. 11
1.54
$1.81
2.12
1.55
$1.80
2.11
1.54
$1.80
2.10
1.54
$1.80
2.10
1.52
$1. 79
2.10
$1.73
2. 04
1. 46
2.00
1.98
2.00
2. 01
2.01
2.01
1. 98
1. 92
1.63
1 95
1.63
1 93
1. 65
1.64
1.64
1.63
1.61
1.62
1.55
l! 65
1.65
1.64
1.63
1.62
1.90
1.90
1.91
1.86
1.82
1.84
1.80
1.90
2.61
2.83
2.86
1.87
2.60
2.83
2.85
1.86
2.59
2.82
2.82
1.79
2.59
2.81
2.84
1.88
2.60
2.83
2.87
1.85
2.58
2.79
2.83
1.84
2. 56
2.77
2.80
1.77
2.48
2.67
2.69
2.37
2.43
2.37
2.42
2.36
2. 43
2.34
2.42
2.33
2.43
2.34
2.43
2.32
2.42
2.32
2.39
2.26
2.32
3.02
3.25
3.12
2 63
3.00
3.23
3.10
2. 62
3.01
3.27
3.10
2. 65
2.99
3.25
3.05
3.00
3.25
3.10
3.00
3.27
3.09
2.96
3.20
3.04
2.97
3. 21
3.03
2.36
2.36
3.00
2.31
¿98
2.28
2.97
2. 31
3.08
3.07
3.00 2.99 2.99
2.35 2.33 2.33
3.04
3.01 3.00
2.89
3.11
2.89
2 58
¿88
2.28
3.01
2.98
3.01
2.96
n
39.1
3.02 3.01
2 65
2 67
ft
35 9
36 3
37 0
1.53
36 1
36 7
37 2
41 5
38 3
36 2
39! 8
40. 5
3Q 1
3ft 6
XTuu
1. 55
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
1272
T able C - l .
Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1258.
1965
Annual
average
1964
Industry
Aug.2 J u ly 2 June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1964
1963
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Chemicals and allied products----------- $119.94 $119.94 $120. 54 $120.27 $120.42 $118.29 $118.14 $117.86 $118. 71 $118.01 $117. 45 $120.41 $116. 47 $116.48 $112.88
Industrial chemicals------------------- 135.34 135.53 135. 66 135.24 138.88 133.12 133.44 133. 02 135.14 133.34 132.39 136.95 130.73 131.04 128.02
Plastics and synthetics, except
120.12 120.98 121.98 120. 84 122.11 119. 28 118. 72 118.16 118. 72 118.30 117.74 121.95 117. 74 117.17 113. 01
103.88 105.99 106.86 106.19 103.72 106.08 106. 60 106.34 105. 01 104. 49 103. 83 103.83 101.63 102. 77 100. 53
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods---- 110.28 110.00 112.07 109.89 108.00 109.21 109. 07 108.40 109.08 108. 54 108. 40 110.03 108.00 107.87 106.08
Paints, varnishes, and allied prod112.32 112. 59 114. 51 115.06 111.24 112.32 110.29 109.08 110.42 108.12 108. 65 110. 54 108. 50 109.03 105.22
Agricultural chemicals____ ___ 98.33 96.56 95. 57 104.19 102.86 97.90 96.53 96.67 97.33 95.34 95.11 96.60 94.66 95.90 93.53
Other chemical products------------- 117.32 117.32 116.75 115.78 115. 23 114.95 113.71 113.30 114.63 115.33 114. 24 115.06 112. 44 112. 29 108.00
Petroleum refining and related indus-
138.02 138.78 137.80 137. 80 139. 07 134.46 131.78 133.81 135. 53 134. 69 133.86 140. 51 133.88 133. 76 131.77
Petroleum refining ---- 142.61 144.21 143.52 143. 72 147.05 140.15 137.97 140.42 141. 86 141. 52 138. 24 146. 63 138. 77 139. 52 137.45
Other petroleum and coal products. 121. 56 119. 54 117.33 115. 88 108.52 112.32 107. 23 107.23 109. 46 109.98 117.48 118.88 116.10 112.49 108.28
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prodTires and inner tubes..
- Other rubber products __
Miscellaneous plastic products-----
109.20 108.84 109. 46 107. 33 104.45 108.78 108. 52 108. 52 109.04 105.73 106. 50 108.26 107.26 104.90 100. 78
158.42 161.91 155.05 148. 43 145.86 153.56 154. 35 153.91 152. 77 147. 20 151. 20 154. 50 152.60 142. 54 131.30
104.92 101.75 104.83 102.75 99.54 102. 42 102. 59 101.68 103.34 99.88 100.37 101.93 101.11 99.96 97.27
89.79 90.20 92.18 91.30 88. 51 91.74 90. 89 91.30 91.74 90.47 89.64 90.49 89.66 89.64 87.56
Leather and leather p r o d u c ts ...------Leather tanning and finishing-----Footwear, except rubber__
Other leather p ro d u cts------- . .
72.20
96.96
68.98
71.81
71.80
95.36
69.48
70.09
71.62
98.47
69.16
69.52
71.25
99.42
68.25
68.80
69.54
96.93
66.61
66.98
71. 43
96.29
69.16
68.24
71. 42
95. 88
69.50
68.06
71.24
94.77
69.14
67.86
Chemicals and allied products----------Industrial chemicals------------------Plasties and synthetics, except
__
glass.
. .
..
Drugs
__ .
- ---Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods
Paints, varnishes, and allied products. __
___
Agricultural chemicals. ------- . .
Other chemical products.. _ -------
41.5
41.9
41.5
41.7
42.0
42.0
42.2
42.0
42.4
42.6
41.8
41.6
41.6
41.7
41.5
41.7
42.0
39.8
40.1
42.3
40.3
40.0
42.8
41.1
40.9
42.7
41.0
40.4
43.3
40.2
40.0
42.6
40.8
40.3
42.4
41.0
40.1
41.6
42.2
41.9
41.7
41.8
41.9
42.1
42.1
42.3
42.3
45.9
42.1
41.2
47.4
41.9
41.6
44.1
41.8
Petroleum refining and related industries____ . . . .
.. .
Petroleum refining .. . . ---- -----Other petroleum and coal products.
42.6
41.7
45.7
42.7
41.8
45.8
42.4
41.6
45.3
42.4
41.9
44.4
42.4
42.5
41.9
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products .
- - Tires and inner tubes----------------Other rubber products________ _
Miscellaneous plastic products___
42.0
44.5
41.8
41.0
41.7
45.1
40.7
41.0
42.1
43.8
41.6
41.9
41.6
42.9
41.1
41.5
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p ro d u c ts _______
L e a th e r ta n n in g a n d fin ish in g _____
F o o tw ear, except r u b b e r ______ . . .
O th e r le a th e r p ro d u c ts ___ _ ._ . . .
38.2
40.4
37.9
38.4
38.6
39.9
38.6
38.3
38.3
41.2
38.0
38.2
37.9
41.6
37.5
37.8
71.76
96.59
69.63
69.12
69.37
95.65
66.23
69.09
69.00
94.77
65.15
69.45
68.45
95. 76
65.87
64.94
70. 46
95.30
68.17
67.58
68.98
94.19
66. 55
66.53
66. 00
91 13
63.44
64.30
41.8
42.1
41.7
41.8
41.5
41.5
42.1
42.4
41.3
41.5
41.6
41.6
41.5
41.7
42.2
40.9
40.0
42.4
40.7
40.4
42.4
40.5
40.5
42.2
40.4
40.6
43.4
40.4
40.6
42.2
39.7
40.3
42.3
40.3
40.4
41.7
40.7
40.8
41.0
42.9
41.5
40.7
42.4
41.5
41.2
42.5
42.3
40.8
42.0
42.4
41.0
41.9
42.0
41.4
42.0
42.3
41.1
41.7
41.8
41.3
43.2
41.9
41.1
43.5
41.7
41.5
41.1
43.2
40.8
40.7
41.4
41.3
41.3
41.4
41.7
41.6
42.1
41.7
41.5
42.3
41.7
40.9
44.5
43.1
42.5
45.2
42.1
41.3
45.0
41.8
41.4
43.6
41.7
41.4
42.8
40.8
42.4
40.3
40.6
42.0
44.0
41.3
41.7
41.9
44.1
41.2
41.5
41.9
44.1
41.0
41.5
42.1
43.9
41.5
41.7
41.3
42.3
40.6
41.5
41.6
43.2
40.8
41.8
43.4
41.1
41.9
43.6
41.1
41.3
41.8
40.8
40.8
40.4
40.7
41.5
41.7
41.7
41.5
41.3
37.0
40.9
36.6
36.6
38.2
40.8
38.0
37.7
38.4
40.8
38.4
37.6
38.3
40.5
38.2
37.7
39.0
41.1
38.9
38.4
37.7
40.7
37.0
38.6
37.5
40.5
36.6
38.8
37.2
41. 1
36.8
36.9
38.5
40.9
38.3
38.4
37.9
40.6
37.6
37.8
37.5
40.5
37.1
37.6
Average weekly hours
A v erag e h o u rly earn in g s
$2.89
3.23
$2.89
3.25
$2.87
3.23
$2.85
3.22
$2.84
3.26
$2.83
3.20
$2. 84
3.20
$2.84
3.19
$2.84
3.21
$2.83
3.19
$2.83
3.19
$2.86
3.23
$2.82
3.15
$2.80
3.15
$2.72
3. 07
2.86
2.61
2.75
2.86
2.63
2.75
2.85
2.60
2.74
2.83
2.59
2. 72
2.82
2.58
2. 7C
2.80
2.60
2.71
2. 80
2.60
2. 72
2 .8C
2.60
2.71
2.80
2.58
2.70
2.79
2.58
2.68
2. 79
2. 57
2. 67
2.81
2.57
2.71
2.79
2.56
2.68
2.77
2.55
2.67
2.71
2.47
2.60
2.70
2.33
2.80
2.70
2.31
2.80
2.72
2.27
2.76
2. 72
2.27
2.75
2.7C
2.17
2.75
2. 70
2.22
2.75
2. 69
2. 25
2. 74
2.68
2.28
2. 73
2.68
2.29
2. 71
2.65
2.27
2.72
2. 65
2.27
2.72
2.67
2.30
2.72
2.64
2.27
2.69
2.64
2.22
2.68
2.56
2.15
2.59
P e tro le u m refining a n d re la te d in d u strie s _____ _ _________ _________ _
P e tro le u m refin in g ___ ____ _______
O th e r p e tro le u m a n d coal p ro d u c ts.
3.24
3.42
2.66
3.25
3.45
2.61
3.25
3.45
2.59
3.25
3.43
2. 61
3.28
3.46
2.59
3. 24
3. 41
2.60
3.23
3.39
2.59
3.24
3 .4C
2.59
3.25
3.41
2.60
3.23
3.41
2.60
3. 21
3.38
2.64
3.26
3. 45
2.63
3.18
3.36
2.58
3.20
3. 37
2. 58
3.16
3.32
2.53
R u b b e r a n d m iscellaneous p la stic produ c ts ____ __ . . .
. _. __ _ _ _ .
T ire s a n d in n e r t u b e s . . _ ______ .
O th e r ru b b e r p r o d u c ts .. ____ _ .
M iscellaneous p la stic p ro d u c ts ____
2.60
3.56
2.51
2.19
2.61
3.59
2.50
2.20
2.60
3.54
2.52
2.20
2. 58
3.46
2 .5C
2.20
2.56
3.44
2.47
2.18
2. 5f
3. 4t
2.48
2.20
2.59
3.50
2.49
2.19
2. 59
3.49
2.48
2.20
2.59
3.48
2.49
2.20
2.56
3.48
2.46
2.18
2.56
3.50
2. 46
2.16
2.59
3.56
2.48
2.17
2.56
3.50
2. 46
2.15
2.54
3.41
2.45
2.16
2. 47
3.25
2.39
2.12
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p ro d u c ts.. _ _ _
L e a th e r ta n n in g a n d fin ish in g _____
F o o tw ear, except ru b b e r ___ _. . . .
O th e r le a th e r p ro d u c ts .. . . . _____
1.89
2.40
1.82
1.87
1.86
2.39
1.8C
1.83
1.87
2.39
1.82
1.82
1.88
2.3S
1.82
1.82
1.88
2. 37
1.82
1.83
1.87
2.36
1.82
1. 81
1.86
2.35
1.81
1.81
1.86
2.34
1.81
1.80
1.84
2.35
1.79
1.80
1.84
2. 35
1.79
1.79
1.84
2. 34
1.78
1.79
1.84
2.33
1.79
1.76
1.83
2.33
1.78
1.76
1.82
2.32
1. 77
1. 76
1.76
2.25
1.71
1.71
C hem icals a n d allied p ro d u c ts ______ _
In d u s tria l ch e m ica ls______________
P la s tic s a n d s y n th e tic s , except
glass ___________ . . . . . . . . . .
D ru g s ___
. . . . . ______ . . .
S oap, cleaners, a n d to ile t goods____
P a in ts , v arn ish e s, a n d allied produ c ts ___
A g ric u ltu ra l c h e m ic a ls .. . . . . . .
O th e r chem ical p ro d u c ts _________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C.—EARN.'NGS AND HOURS
T able
C -l.
1278
Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1258.
1965
1964
Annual
average
Industry
Aug.2 July 2 June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Sept.
Oct.
Aug.
1964
1963
Average weekly earnings
T ra n s p o r ta tio n a n d p u b lic u tilitie s:
R a ilro a d tra n s p o rta tio n :
Class I railroads 3_______ _
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation.
Intercity and rural buslines--------Motor freight transportation and storage----------------------Pipeline transportation.
Communication :
T e lep h o n e c o m m u n ic a tio n ..............................
T e le g ra p h co m m u n ic a tio n 4_______________
Radio and television broadcasting.._____
Electric, gas, and sanitary services.____ _____
Electric companies and systems_________
Gas companies and systems____________
Combined utility systems_____ _____ ___
Water, steam, and sanitary systerns
$129. 93 $130.09 $133.62 $127.08 $128. 03 $121.70 $121.24 $123.08 $118.86 $121. 80 $118.40
$110.08 $109. 48 $109.23 106.91 105.16 104. 74 104.49 104. 83 105. 59 105. 42 104.92 105.50 104.58 101.88
144.96 136.47 134. 03 132.19 127.87 129. 73 132.14 121. 47 127. 37 129.90 134. 55 135.00 129. 63 126.29
126.78 127.50 126. 65 123.60 125.22 123.49 121.25 125. 76 122. 72 124. 36 124 07 124. 79 122.18 117.31
143.85 141.29 148.45 146.37 142. 33 143. 72 144.73 143. 44 147.68 145. 31 143.44 143.03 142. 55 138.38
108.67
125.28
144.18
130. 51
133.95
118.48
141.10
107.33
124.42
147.94
129.24
132.99
117.01
140.35
107.87
122.24
146.52
130.51
133.22
118.89
142.54
106.66
120.53
145.78
130.10
132.07
117.68
142.54
105. 20
117. 32
147.26
128.33
129.56
116.76
141.52
107.07
118. 30
144. 57
129. 78
131.43
118. 37
143. 72
106.53
117.04
144.20
129. 27
129.88
120.30
142.12
108. 68
116. 34
143. 05
129. 58
131. 24
119. 89
141. 78
109. 86
116. 34
144. 97
128. 54
129.88
120.30
138. 43
108.12
118.43
143. 75
128. 96
129. 58
121. 64
140.03
109.10
121.72
144. 40
126.90
129.90
118.08
136. 53
104. 52
118.30
141.37
125. 05
128.03
116.40
133.17
105. 06
116. 05
140. 66
125. 66
127. 62
116. 85
135. 55
102.40
110.92
133.96
121. 54
122.36
113. 57
131.65
105.92 103.57 104.00 103.50 102.09 102. 75 102. 67 102. 34 102. 51 101.02 102.17 100.67 100.60
98.29
Average weekly hours
43.6
43.8
44.1
42.5
44.3
42.7
CO
Transportation and public utilitiesRailroad transportation:
Class I railroads 3_______________
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation .
Intercity and rural buslines...........
Motor freight transportation and storage------ ---------------Pipeline transportation.
C ommunication :
Telephone communication............
Telegraph communication 4______
Radio and television broadcasting..
Electric, gas, and sanitary services___
Electric companies and systems__
Gas companies and systems..........
Combined utility systems_______
Water, steam, and sanitary systerns.
3
43.8
42.3
43.5
42.9
42.5
45.3
42.6
43.6
42. 5
43. 8
41.6
43.2
41.4
42.2
41.4
43.1
41.3
43.9
41.6
40.9
41.9
42.6
42. 0
43. 3
41.8
44.7
42.2
45.0
42.0
43.5
42.1
43.7
42.4
41.1
42. 5
40.6
41. 8
41. 7
41.2
41.7
41.6
40.9
41.3
40.6
41.1
41.0
42.2
41.1
41.6
41.6
42. 3
41. 4
42.2
41.1
42.3
41.1
41.7
41.2
41.6
40.7
40.7
43.5
39.5
41.3
41.6
40.3
41.5
39.9
43.2
40.2
40.9
41.3
39.8
41.4
40. 1
43. 5
39. 6
41. 3
41. 5
40. 3
41. 8
39.8
43.2
39.4
41.3
41.4
40.3
41.8
39.4
42.2
39.8
41.0
41.0
40.4
41.5
40.1
42.4
39.5
41.2
41.2
40.4
41.9
39.9
42.1
39.4
41.3
41.1
41.2
41.8
40.4
42.0
39.3
41.4
41.4
41.2
41.7
41.3
42.0
39.5
41.2
41.1
41.2
41.2
40. 8
42. 6
39. 6
41. 6
41. 4
41. 8
41. 8
41.8
44.1
40.0
41.2
41.5
41.0
41.0
40.2
42.4
39.6
41.0
41.3
40.7
40.6
40.1
42.2
39.4
41.2
41.3
41.0
41.2
40.0
41.7
39.4
41.2
41.2
41.0
41.4
41.7
41.1
41. 6
41.4
41.0
41.1
41.4
41.6
41.5
41. 4
41.7
41.6
41.4
41.3
Average hourly earnings
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads 3................ .............
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation.
Intercity and rural buslines______
Motor freight transportation and stor
age----- ------------------------ -------------Pipeline transportation_____________
Communication:
Telephone communication----------Telegraph communication 4______
Radio and television broadcasting. _
Electric, gas, and sanitary services____
Electric companies and systems__
Gas companies and systems______
Combined utility systems_______
Water, steam, and sanitary sys
tems_______________ ________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.98
$2.97
$3.03
$2.99
$2.89
$2.85
$2.80
$2.81
$2.81
$2.80
$2.76
$2.59
3.20
$2.57
3.13
$2.57
3.06
2.57
3.06
2.54
3.03
2.53
3.01
2. 53
3.01
2. 52
2.97
2. 51
2.99
2.51
3.00
2. 51
3.01
2.50
3.00
2. 49
2.98
2.42
2.89
2.99
3.50
3.00
3.48
3.03
3.56
3.00
3.51
3.01
3.48
2.99
3.54
2.95
3.53
2. 98
3.49
2. 95
3. 55
2.94
3. 51
2.94
3.49
2.95
3.48
2.93
3. 46
2.82
3.40
2.67
2.88
3.65
3.16
3.22
2.94
3.40
2.69
2.88
3.68
3.16
3.22
2.94
3.39
2.69
2.81
3.70
3.16
3. 21
2.95
3.41
2.68
2.79
3.70
3.15
3.19
2.92
3.41
2. 67
2.78
3.70
3.13
3.16
2.89
3. 41
2. 67
2. 79
3. 66
3.15
3.19
2.93
3.43
2.67
2.78
3.66
3.13
3.16
2.92
3.40
2.69
2. 77
3.64
3.13
3.17
2.91
3. 40
2.66
2. 77
3. 67
3.12
3.16
2.92
3.36
2. 65
2. 78
3.63
3.10
3.13
2.91
3.35
2.61
2.76
3. 61
3.08
3.13
2.88
3.33
2.60
2.79
3.57
3.05
3.10
2.86
3.28
2.62
2. 75
3. 57
3. 05
3.09
2. 85
3.29
3.
2.95
2.97
2.77
3.18
2.54
2.52
2.50
2.50
2.49
2.50
2.48
2.46
2. 47
2.44
2. 45
2.42
2.43
2.38
2.
2.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
1274
T able C -l.
Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1258.
1965
1964
Annual
average
Industry
Aug.2j Ju ly 2 June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1964
1963
Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade s-------------------Wholesale trade-------------------------Motor vehicles and automotive
equipment----------------------------Drugs, chemicals, and allied prod
ucts_________________________
Dry goods and apparel--------------Groceries and related products----Electrical goods------------------------Hardware, plumbing, and heating
goods_______________________
Machinery, equipment, and sup
plies________________________
Retail trade 5--------------------------------General merchandise stores---------Department stores__________
Limited price variety stores—
Food stores____________________
Grocery, meat, and vegetable
stores____________________
Apparel and accessories stores------Men’s and boys’ apparel stores.
Women’s ready-to-wear stores..
Family clothing stores_______
Shoe stores--------------------------
$83.81 $82.56 $82.30 $81.15 $80.94 $80. 94 $80.56 $79.90 $79.80 $80. 22 $80.43 $81.12 $79.87 $77. 59
106.34 106.34 106.75 104. 75 105. 01 104.09 103.94 104.81 104. 70 103.38 103.12 102.82 102.56 99.47
99.96 99.30 99. 48 98.65 98.94 98.28 98.09 98.75 97.86 97.63 97.44 96.83 96. 79 94.66
108.27 107. 60 108.00 107. 33 107.46 107.87 106.66 106. 49 107.18 107. 45 106.23 106.75 105.04 101.05
98.51 97.88 99. 91 98.63 99.53 99.41 96.51 96.52 97.64 97.27 97.54 97.02 95.63 91.99
100. 74 99.84 98.47 97. 34 96. 40 96.46 97. 41 98.51 97.29 96.17 98.59 97.76 96. 70 93.38
119. 00 122.55 123.55 117. 03 120.13 118. 58 118.16 119. 71 118. 72 114.81 111.50 111.11 111.79 103.83
101.09 101. 50 101. 66 100. 60 99.54 98. 74 98.82 98.66 99.38 99.47 98.74 99.06 98.01 95.41
115.09 113.99 116. 05 113. 44 113. 71 113. 57 113.03 113.99 114.12 113. 03 112.34 111.79 111.11 108.24
74.28 72.74 71.96 71.60 70.66 70.85 70.85 70. 31 69.74 70.31 70. 50 71.43 69.94 68.04
60. 55 59.33 58.46 58.14 57.29 57.12 56.78 58.58 56.28 56.95 57.63 58.10 56.94 54.48
64.83 63.69 62. 79 62. 35 61.46 61.27 60.76 61.60 60.21 61.12 62.35 63.14 61.18 58.65
45. 40 43. 61 42.67 43.84 42.33 42.43 42.16 43. 36 42.08 42.21 42.08 42.51 41.53 39.98
72.42 70.79 68.95 68.88 68.07 68.28 68.14 68.06 68. 54 68.06 69.60 69.97 68.16 66.15
74.05 72.38 70.51 70.59 69. 42 69.63 69. 70 69.43 70.11 69.29 70.85 71.60 69. 55 67.74
58. 65 57.63 56. 77 56. 95 55.11 55.44 56. 62 57. 77 55.28 55.95 55.94 56.54 55.26 54.70
72.83 71.12 70.59 69.89 67.12 68.95 69. 50 69.56 67.32 68.43 67.71 69.54 67. 90 66.59
52.63 51.44 50.67 51.07 49.83 50. 01 50.49 52.10 49.83 49.98 49.62 49.88 49.73 48.62
57. 97 55. 77 55. 61 55.28 52.47 52.96 55. 60 55.06 53. 46 54. 78 54.62 55.27 54.27 53.94
57.42 56.99 54.47 57.06 53.91 54.06 54.04 57.73 53. 35 55.16 57.10 56.78 54.89 55.58
Average weekly hours
Wholesale and retail trade #-------------------Wholesale trade___________________
Motor vehicles and automotive
equipm ent__________________
Drugs, chemicals, and allied prod
ucts________________________
Dry goods and apparel__________
Groceries and related products___
Electrical goods________________
Hardware, plumbing, and heating
goods_______________________
Machinery, equipment, and sup
plies________________________
Retail trade 5______________________
General merchandise stores______
Department stores__________
Limited price variety stores___
Food stores____________________
Grocery, meat, and vegetable
stores____________________
Apparel and accessories stores____
M en’s and boys’ apparel stores
Women’s ready-to-wear stores..
Family clothing stores_______
Shoe stores_________________
38.8
40.9
38.4
40.9
38.1
40.9
38.1
40.6
38.0
40.7
38.0
40.5
38.0
40.6
38.6
41. 1
38.0
40.9
38.2
40.7
38.3
40.6
39.0
40.8
38.4
40.7
38.6
40.6
42.0
41.9
41.8
41.8
42.1
42.0
42.1
42.2
42.0
41.9
42.0
42.1
41.9
41.7
40.4
37.6
41.8
41.9
40.3
37.5
41.6
43.0
40.3
37.7
41.2
43.2
40.2
37.5
40.9
41.5
40.4
37.7
40.7
42.6
40.4
37.8
40.7
41.9
40.4
37.7
41.1
41.9
40.8
38.0
42.1
42.6
40.6
37.7
41.4
42.4
40.7
37.7
41.1
41.3
40.7
38.1
41.6
40.4
40.9
37.9
41.6
40.7
40.4
37.8
41.5
41.1
40.1
37.7
41.5
40.4
40.6
40.6
40.5
40.4
40.3
40.3
40.5
40.6
40.4
40.6
40.3
40.6
40.5
40.6
41.4
37.9
34.6
34.3
32.2
35.5
41.3
37.3
34.1
33.7
31.6
34.7
41.3
36.9
33.6
33.4
30.7
33.8
41.1
37.1
34.0
33.7
32.0
34.1
41.2
36.8
33.7
33.4
30.9
33.7
41.0
36.9
33.6
33.3
31.2
33.8
41.1
36.9
33.6
33.2
31.0
33.9
41.3
37.6
35.5
34.8
33.1
34.2
41.2
36.9
33.5
32.9
31.4
34.1
41.1
37.2
33.9
33.4
31.5
34.2
41.0
37.3
34.1
33.7
31.4
34.8
41.1
38.2
35.0
34.5
32.7
35.7
41.0
37.4
34.3
33.8
31.7
34.6
41.0
37.8
34.7
34.1
32.5
35.0
35.6
34.5
36.6
34.4
34.1
33.0
34.8
33.7
36.1
33.4
33.0
32.2
33.9
33.2
36.2
32.9
33.3
30.6
34.1
33.7
36.4
33.6
33.5
31.7
33.7
33.4
35.7
33.0
33.0
31.9
33.8
33.4
36.1
32.9
33.1
31.8
34.0
33.5
36.2
33.0
32.9
31.6
34.2
34.8
37.0
34.5
34.2
32.8
34.2
33.3
36.0
33.0
32.8
31.2
34.3
33.5
36.4
33.1
33.2
31.7
34.9
33.7
36.8
33.3
33.1
31.9
35.8
34.9
38.0
34.4
33.7
34.0
34.6
33.9
36.7
33.6
33.5
32.1
35.1
34.4
37.2
34.0
34.8
32.5
$2.07
2.55
$2.10
2. 56
$2.10
2. 54
$2.10
2.54
$2.08
2.52
$2.08
2.52
$2.01
2.45
Average hourly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade 8_____________
Wholesale trade___________________
Motor vehicles and automotive
equipment___________________
Drugs, chemicals, and allied prod
ucts________________________
Dry goods and apparel__________
Groceries and related products___
Electrical goods________________
Hardware, plumbing, and heating
goods_______________________
Machinery, equipment, and sup
plies________________________
Retail trade 5______________________
General merchandise stores______
Department stores__________
Limited price variety stores__
Food stores____________________
Grocery, meat, and vegetable
stores____________________
Apparel and accessories stores____
M en’s and boys’ apparel stores.
Women’s ready-to-wear stores..
Family clothing stores_______
Shoe stores_________________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.16
2.60
$2.15
2.60
$2.16
2. 61
$2.13
2.58
$2.13
2.58
$2.13
2. 57
$2.12
2.56
2.38
2.37
2.68
2.62
2.41
2.84
2.67
2.61
2.40
2.85
2.38
2. 36
2.35
2. 34
2. 33
2.34
2.33
2.33
2.32
2.30
2.31
2.27
2. 68
2.65
2.39
2. 86
2.67
2.63
2. 38
2.82
2. 66
2.64
2.37
2. 82
2.67
2.63
2.37
2.83
2.64
2.56
2. 37
2.82
2.61
2. 54
2.34
2.81
2.64
2.59
2.35
2.80
2.64
2.58
2.34
2.78
2.61
2.56
2.37
2.76
2.61
2.56
2.35
2.73
2.60
2.53
2.33
2.72
2.52
2.44
2.25
2.57
2.49
2.78
1.96
1.75
1.89
1.41
2.04
2.50
2.51
2. 49
2.47
2.45
2.44
2.43
2.46
2. 45
2.45
2.44
2.42
2.35
2.76
1.95
1.74
1.89
1.38
2.04
2. 81
1.95
1.74
1.88
1.39
2.04
2. 76
1.93
1. 71
1.85
1.37
2. 02
2. 76
1.92
1.70
1.84
1.37
2.02
2.77
1.92
1.70
1.84
1.36
2.02
2. 75
1.92
1.69
1.83
1.36
2. 01
2.76
1.87
1.65
1.77
1.31
1.99
2.77
1.89
1.68
1.83
1.34
2.01
2. 75
1.89
1.68
1.83
1.34
1.99
2.74
1.89
1.69
1.85
1.34
2.00
2.72
1.87
1.66
1.83
1.30
1.96
2.71
1.87
1.66
1.81
1.31
1.97
2.64
1.8C
1.57
1.72
1.23
1.89
2.08
1.70
1.99
1.53
1.70
1.74
2.08
1.71
1.97
1.54
1.69
1.77
2.08
1.71
1.95
1.54
1.67
1.78
2. 07
1.69
1.92
1. 52
1. 65
1.80
2. 06
1.65
1.88
1.51
1.59
1.69
2.06
1.66
1.91
1.52
1.60
1. 70
2.05
1.69
1.92
1.53
1.69
1.71
2.03
1.66
1.88
1.51
1.61
1.76
2.05
1.66
1.87
1. 51
1.63
1. 71
2.02
1.67
1.88
1.51
1.65
1.74
2.03
1.66
1.84
1.49
1.65
1.79
2.00
1.62
1.83
1.45
1.64
1.67
2.01
1.63
1.85
1.48
1.62
1.71
1.93
1.59
1.79
1.43
1.55
1.71
0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
1275
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
_________________________________________ Revised series; see box, p. 1258k
1965
1964
Annual
average
Industry
Aug.2 July 2 June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1964
1963
Average weekly earnings
W h o lesale a n d re ta il t r a d e «— C o n tin u e d
R e ta il tr a d e «—C o n tin u e d
F u r n itu r e a n d a p p lia n c e sto re s ........
O th e r r e ta il tr a d e _________________
M o to r v eh icle d e a le rs _________
O th e r v eh icle a n d accessory
d ea lers_______________ ____
D ru g s to re s ___________________
F in a n c e , in s u ra n c e , a n d re a l esta te:
B a n k in g ______________________________
S e c u rity d ealers a n d exchanges 6_______
In s u ra n c e ca rriers 6____________________
Life in s u r a n c e 6___________________
A c c id e n t a n d h e a lth in s u ra n c e «___
F ire , m a rin e , a n d c a su a lty in
su ra n c e
.................................... ..
S ervices a n d m iscellaneous:
H o te ls a n d lo d g in g places:
H o te ls, to u ris t co u rts, a n d m o te ls 7. .
P e rso n a l services:
L a u n d rie s , clean in g a n d d y ein g
p la n ts « . . . ................................ ............
M o tio n p ic tu re s :
M o tio n p ic tu re film in g a n d d is
tr i b u tin g _________ ______________
Wholesale and retail trade «—Continued
Retail trade «—Continued
Furniture and appliance stores___
Other retail trade______________
Motor vehicle dealers......... .....
Other vehicle and accessory
dealers_____ _____________
Drug stores________________
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banking_________________________
Security dealers and exchanges______
Insurance carriers__________________
Life insurance___ '_____________
Accident and health insurance___
Fire, marine, and casualty in
surance_____________________
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and m otels7Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plants s_____________________
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distrib
uting_______________________
$88. 40 $87. 42 $86. 76 $86.58 $85. 79 $85.75 $87.16
84. 66 83.23 82.62 82.21 81.40 80.99 81.39
106.43 106. 24 105. 56 104.92 102.26 101. 38 100.97
87.36 86. 80 86.17 84.63 83.81 84.44 85.22
63.34 60.71 60.02 60.89 60.36 60.72 60.72
79.61 78.44 78.86 79.24 78.70 79.08 78.54
124. 39 125. 92 128. 54 131.77 128.19 124.80 122.85
95. 42 94. 84 95. 39 95.08 94.18 94.73 94. 27
96.18 95.80 95.67 95.86 94.36 95. 52 95.21
83.23 83. 46 84.20 83.72 83.24 82.69 82. 25
97.59 96.58 97.54 97.03 96. 64 96. 74 96.14
$89.98 $87.42 $86. 62 $86.00 $86.46
81.77 80.38 80.97 80.36 81.32
101.20 98.10 99.43 98.10 100.97
86.68 85.30 85.02 84.97 86.83
60.98 60.69 60.14 61.35 61.75
77.58 77.58 77.21 76.43 76.50
120.78 121.76 122.12 116.72 119.04
93.04 93.23 92.60 92.15 92.15
93.22 93.10 92.72 92. 61 92.68
81.91 81.94 81.87 80.63 81.03
95.36 95.96 94.92 94.23 94.15
$85.44 $82.62
80.34 78.25
99.65 97.01
85.41
60.45
82. 53
58.93
76.67 74.97
120.76 121.53
92.12 96. 21
92.68 101. 59
81.14 82.24
94.13
91.92
49. 92
48. 47
50.09
48.99
49.76
49. 52
49.76
50.14
49.26
49.53
48.26
47.67
48.64
47.58
58.89
59.58
60.04
59.10
56.98
56.30
56. 60
57.18
56.36
57.48
56. 21
55. 73
55.73
51.87
157. 73 150. 00 145.08 137.89 138.13 142.18 145. 41 142.66 139.57 140.35 130. 79
142.85 136.12 131.55
Average weekly hours
40.0
41.5
43.8
40.1
41.0
43.9
39.8
40.9
43.8
39.9
40.9
43.9
39.9
40.7
43.7
39.7
40.7
43.7
39.8
40.9
43.9
40.9
41.3
44.0
40.1
40.8
43.6
40.1
41.1
43.8
40.0
41.0
43.6
40.4
41.7
43.9
40.3
41.2
43.9
40. T
41.4
43.7
43.9
36.4
43.4
35.5
43.3
35.1
43.4
35.4
43.2
35.3
43.3
35.3
43.7
35.3
44.0
36.3
43.3
35.7
43.6
35.8
43.8
36.3
44.3
37.2
43.8
36.2
43.9
36.6
37.2
37.0
37.2
37.2
37.3
37.3
37.4
37.3
37.3
37.3
37.1
37.5
37.4
37.3
39.0
37.0
37.1
37.4
37.7
37.8
37.7
37.7
37.6
38.1
38.0
39.4
38.6
39.0
39.0
39.2
39.5
39.4
38.5
38.3
38.5
38.9
38.6
39.1
38.5
38.7
38.7
39.0
Average hourly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade «—Continued
Retail trade «—Continued
Furniture and appliance stores___
Other retail trade______________
Motor vehicle dealers_______
Other vehicle and accessory
dealers__________________
Drug stores____________ ____
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banking__________________________
Security dealers and exchanges_______
Insurance carriers__________________
Life insurance___ ______________
Accident and health insurance___
Fire, marine, and casualty in
surance_____________________
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and m otels7..
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plants 8_____________________
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distrib
uting___ ____________________
$2. 21
2.04
2.43
$2.18
2.03
2. 42
$2.18
2.02
2. 41
2.17
2.01
2.39
$2.15
2.00
2.34
$2.16
1.99
2. 32
$2.19
1.99
2.30
$2.20
1.98
2.30
$2.18
1.97
2. 25
$2.16
1.97
2.27
$2.15
1.96
2.25
$2.14
1.95
2.30
$2.12
1.95
2.27
$2.03
1.89
2.22
1.99
1. 74
2.00
1.71
1.99
1.71
1.95
1.72
1.94
1. 71
1. 95
1.72
1.95
1.72
1.97
1.68
1.97
1.70
1.95
1.68
1.94
1.69
1.96
1.66
1.95
1.67
1.88
1.61
2.14
2.12
2.12
2.13
2.11
2.12
2.10
2.08
2.08
2.07
2.06
...........
2.05
—
—
2.01
—
—
1.28
1.31
1.35
1.31
1.32
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.31
1.30
1.27
1.21
1.26
1.22
1. 51
1.52
1. 52
1.50
1.48
1. 47
1.47
1.47
1.46
1.47
1.46
1.44
1.44
1.33
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to January
1965, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-3.
2 Preliminary.
. ’ Based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report by the Inter
state Commerce Commission, which relate to all employees who received pay
during the month, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (ICC
Group I).
4 Data relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
5 Excludes eating and drinking places.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2.04
—
6 Beginning January 1964, data exclude earnings of nonoffice salesmen and
are not necessarily comparable with series for prior years.
7 Money payments only, additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips not included.
8 Beginning January 1964, data relate to nonsupervisory workers and are
not comparable with the production worker levels of prior years.
Source : U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except that for Class 1 railroads. (See footnote 3.)
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
1276
T \ ble C -2.
Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries 1
Revised series; see box, p. 1258.
1964
1965
Industry division and group
Aug.2 J u ly 2 June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
M ining------------------------------------- --------------—
42.3
42.3
41.9
42.2
41.8
42.1
41.4
41.8
42.2
42.2
41.9
41.0
Contract construction-----------------------------------
37.3
37.3
37.1
37.7
36.9
37.5
37.4
37.5
39.0
37.7
37.1
35.6
37.0
Manufacturing------ -------------------------------------
40.9
40.9
41.0
41.1
40.9
41.4
41.3
41.4
41.2
40.9
40.5
40.5
40.8
Durable goods-------------v----------------------------Ordnance and accessories------------- -----------Lumber and wood products, except furniture.
Furniture and fixtures----------------------------Stone, clay, and glass products-----------------Primary metal industries-------------------------Fabricated metal products-----------------------Machinery----------------- ------- - - ---------------Electrical equipment and supplies-------------Transportation equipment-----------------------Instruments and related products--------------Miscellaneous manufacturing industries-------
41.6
41.2
40.3
41.6
41.6
42.3
41.8
43.0
40.7
42.1
41.4
40.2
41.6
42.5
40.1
41.3
41.6
42.3
41.8
42.8
40.7
42.1
41.4
39.8
41.9
41.8
39.7
41.4
41.5
42.1
41.9
42.9
40.9
43.0
41.5
39.6
41.9
41.7
40.8
41.7
41.8
42.0
42.2
43.0
41.1
42.9
41.7
39.8
41.7
41.0
40.5
41.2
41.2
43.6
41.6
42.1
40.4
42.3
40.5
39.4
42.3
41.4
40.7
42.0
41.7
42.5
42.7
43.4
41.3
43.6
41.6
40.0
42.0
41.0
40.1
42.0
41.7
42.4
42.5
43.1
41.2
43.3
41.5
39.9
42.2
41.0
40.3
41.6
41.7
42.4
42.3
43.0
41.1
43.5
41.3
39.9
42.0
40.6
40.2
41.8
42.2
42.2
42.3
43.1
41.1
42.9
41.3
40.0
41.6
40.4
39.9
41.5
41.5
42.2
42.0
42.8
40.9
41.5
41.1
39.7
41.2
40.6
39.7
41.2
41.5
41.9
41.4
42.0
40.7
40.5
40.9
39.7
41.4
40.0
39.4
40.5
41.1
42.8
41.3
42.0
40.3
42.3
40.9
39.1
41.5
40.4
40.4
41.2
41.3
42.2
41.7
42.5
40.6
42.6
41.0
40.0
Nondurable goods------------------------------- -----Food and kindred products----------------------Tobacco manufactures----- -----------------------Textile mill products------------------------------Apparel and related products-------------------Paper and allied p r o d u c t s .-------------------Printing, publishing, and allied industries—
Chemicals and allied products------------------Petroleum refining and related industries......
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products...
Leather and leather products--------------------
39.9
40.9
37.2
41.7
36.3
42.9
38.5
41.5
42.6
41.9
37.6
39.8
41.1
38.3
41.3
36.2
42.9
38.4
41.4
42.0
41.6
37.9
39.8
40.9
37.2
41.4
36.4
42.9
38.5
41.7
41.9
41.7
37.7
40.0
40.9
37.6
41.5
36.6
43.1
38.5
42.0
42.3
41.6
38.4
39.8
40.8
35.9
41.3
35.8
42.4
38.5
42.4
42.7
41.1
38.3
40.2
41.0
38.8
42.0
36.8
43.2
38.5
41.8
42.2
42.4
38.3
40.2
41.0
39.3
42.0
36.7
43.0
38.5
41.9
41.7
42.4
38.1
40.1
41.3
38.4
42.2
36.8
43.1
38.5
41.8
41.3
42.3
37.5
40.0
41.3
39.6
41.8
36.5
42.9
38.6
41.6
42.0
41.6
38.2
40.0
41.0
38.5
41.5
36.4
42.4
38.4
41.7
41.7
41.3
38.1
39.9
41.0
39.3
41.4
36.2
42.9
38.6
41.6
41.6
41.6
38.5
39.4
40.7
37.0
40.0
34.9
42.7
38.5
42.1
42.5
41.3
37.7
39.7
40.8
38.4
41.2
35.9
43.0
38.6
41.3
42.1
41.8
37.9
38.3
40.7
37.3
38.1
40.8
37.1
38.2
40.9
37.1
38.3
40.7
37.3
38.3
40.9
37.1
38.3
40.8
37.2
38.3
40.8
37.1
38.4
40.9
37.3
38.3
40.9
37.3
38.4
38.2
40. 6 40. 5
37.5 1 37.3
38.5
40.7
37.5
Wholesale and retail trade 3---------------------------Wholesale trade---------------------------------------Retail trade 3____________________________
N ote: The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “New
Seasonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” Monthly
Labor Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827.
1 For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-3.
3 Preliminary.
3 Excludes eating and drinking places.
T able C-3.
41.6
Lverage hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing, by
major industry group1
_
_
___
Annual
average
1964
1965
M a jo r in d u s tr y g roup
A u g .2 J u l y 2
Ju n e
May
A p r.
M a r.
Feb.
Jan.
D ec.
Nov.
O ct.
S e p t.
A ug.
1964
1963
_____
$2. 49
$2. 51
$2. 51
$2.50
$2.51
$2.49
$2.49
$2.49
$2.48
$2.46
$2.43
$2.46
$2.43
$2.44
$2.37
TVnraVdc onnds
____ ___
O rd n an ce a n d accessories--------L u m b e r a n d w ood p ro d u c ts, except
2.66
—
2.67
3.00
2.67
2.99
2.67
3.00
2.67
2.99
2.66
3.00
2.66
2.99
2.66
2.99
2.64
2.99
2.62
2.99
2.59
2.98
2.63
2.96
2.60
2.96
2.61
2.94
2.54
2.82
2.13
2.03
2.50
3.06
2.63
2.80
2. 51
3.03
2.53
2.13
2.01
2.50
3.04
2.63
2. 80
2. 51
3.03
2.53
2.11
2.02
2.49
3.03
2.64
2.80
2.51
3.03
2.51
2.08
2.01
2.50
3.05
2.63
2.79
2.50
3.03
2.52
2.07
2.01
2.48
3.03
2. 61
2.79
2.49
3.02
2.52
2.05
2.01
2.47
3.02
2.61
2.78
2.49
3.02
2.52
2.00
1.99
2.47
3.02
2.61
2.79
2.48
3.02
2. 51
2.04
1.99
2.47
3.02
2.61
2.78
2.47
3.00
2.50
2.05
1.98
2.46
3.00
2.58
2.76
2.45
2.99
2.48
2.09
1.98
2.45
3.00
2.54
2. 75
2. 45
2.94
2. 47
2.11
1.98
2.46
3.04
2.59
2.76
2.45
2.99
2.47
2.09
1.96
2.44
2.99
2.57
2.74
2.44
2.97
2.46
2.05
1.97
2.43
2.99
2.57
2.75
2.45
2.97
2.46
1.96
1.93
2.37
2.95
2.51
2.68
2.40
2.89
2.42
2.08
2.07
2.07
2.06
2.06
2.06
2.07
2.04
2.01
2. 01
2.01
2.00
2.02
1.98
2.25
2.36
2.11
1.75
1.78
2.47
2.25
2.35
2.06
1.75
1.78
2.47
2.25
2.34
2.02
1.75
1.78
2.47
2.24
2.31
1.99
1.74
1.77
2.46
2.23
2.29
1.91
1.74
1.77
2.44
2.22
2.27
1.78
1. 74
1. 76
2. 44
2.23
2.26
1.82
1.72
1.77
2.45
2.20
2.25
1.89
1.70
1.76
2.43
2.21
2.28
1.93
1. 71
1.76
2.43
2.15
2.22
1.89
1.65
1.70
2.36
(3)
2.75
(3)
(3)
2. 75
2.74
2.74
2. 75
2.73
(3)
2.76
2. 71
(’)
2.64
M a n u fa c tu rin g
_______
S tone, clay, a n d glass p ro d u c ts.
F ü b ric s tç ^ iTiPt-ftl p ro d u c ts
M a c h in e ry
_
TTl/vo+fioal o r i n i rvmotlt îinH SlHYnliPS
M iscellan eo u s m a n u fa c tu rin g
in d u s-
trip s
N o n d u ra b le goods
_
_ _ __
F o o d an d k in d re d p ro d u c ts
T o b acco tpa n nffl.ot.nrps
_
_ _
T e x tile mill p ro d u c ts
_ _ _
A p p a re l aod related p ro d u c ts __
P a p e r and allied p ro d u c ts
P r in tin g , p u b lish in g , a n d allied in d u s-
2.26
(3)
C h em ica ls a n d allied p ro d u c ts
P e tro le u m refining a n d relatec in d u strie s
__ __
R u b b e r a n d m iscellaneous p la stic
n r nHn n ts
2. 27
2. 32
2.18
1.79
1.78
2. 51
(3)
2.26
2. 35
2.18
1.76
1. 78
2.50
(3)
2. 26
2. 36
2.16
1.75
1.77
2.49
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
2.79
2.77
2. 75
2.74
2. 74
3.13
3.12
3.14
3.18
3.15
3.16
3.16
3.16
3.14
3.12
3.14
3.08
3.10
3.07
2.46
1.85
2. 47
1. 82
2.47
1.81
2.48
1.81
2.47
1.80
2.46
1.80
2.44
1. 79
2.47
1.80
2.44
1. 78
2.44
1.78
2.38
1.73
2. 50
1.82
2.48
1.83
2.47
1.84
' For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to January
1965, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime are derived by assuming
that overtime hours are paid for at the rate of time and one-half.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2.26
2.37
2.18
1.75
1.77
2.48
1
1
----------
3Not available because average overtime rates are significantly above
time and one-half. Inclusion of data for the group in the nondurable goods
total has little effect.
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C -4.
1277
Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry 1
______Revised series; see box, p. 1258.
1965
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1964
1963
3.4
3.7
3.1
3.6
4.0
3.1
3.5
3.9
3.1
3.1
3.4
2.7
3.5
3.8
3.0
3.3
3.7
2.9
3.3
3 .6
3.6
4.0
3.1
3.3
3.5
3.0
3.3
3.4
3.1
3.5
3.7
3.2
3.3
3.5
3.1
3.1
3.3
2.9
2.8
2.9
2.7
2.9
3.1
2.7
2.9
1.9
2.2
2.0
2.2
2.3
1.4
2.4
2.5
2.2
1.2
2.8
2.5
.7
1.7
.5
1.9
2.0
2.0
1.2
2.2
2.0
1.9
1.0
2.2
2.0
2.0
1.2
2.0
2.0
1.7
1.2
2.6
1.8
1.6
1.7
2.1
1.8
1.7
1.3
2.0
2.4
2.5
1.6
2.3
3.7
3.7
Aug.2 July!
M anufacturing..........
3.5
3.7
Durable goods---3.2
Nondurable goods
Durable goods
Ordnance and accessories--------------------------------Ammunition, except for small a rm s-------------Sighting and fire control equipm ent-------------Other ordnance and accessories-------------------Lumber and wood products, except
furniture______________________________
Sawmills and planing mills------------------------Millwork, plywood, and related prod
ucts______________________________ ____
Wooden containers.------ --------------------------Miscellaneous wood products------------ --------Furniture and fixtures..------------------------------Household furniture-------------------------------- Office furniture---------------------------------------Partitions; office and store fixtures--------------Other furniture and fixtures_______ ________
Stone, clay, and glass products_______________
Flat glass_______________________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or b lo w n ..-------Cement, hydraulic_______________________
Structural clay products---------------------------Pottery and related products_______________
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster prod
ucts._____ ____________________________
Other stone and mineral products------ --------Primary metal industries_____________ ______
Blast furnace and basic steel p ro d u cts..-------Iron and steel foundries------------------- --------Nonferrous smelting and refining___________
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and ex
truding_______________________________
Nonferrous foundries_______________ ______
Miscellaneous primary metal indus
tries------- ------------------- --------------- --------Fabricated metal products_____ _____ _______
Metal cans___________ __________________
Cutlery, handtools, and general hard
ware____ _____________________________
Heating equipment and plumbing fix
tures---------------------- ------------------- --------Fabricated structural metal p ro d u c ts...-------Screw machine products, bolts, etc----- --------Metal stampings__________________ ______
Coating, engraving, and allied services.-------Miscellaneous fabricated wire p roducts.-------Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod
ucts_____ _____________________________
Machinery___________ _________ ____ _______
Engines and turbines_____________________
Farm machinery and equipment_____ ______
Construction and related m a c h in e ry ...-------Metalworking machinery and equip
m ent___ _______________________ ______
Special industry machinery_________ ______
General industrial machinery______________
Office, computing, and accounting ma
chines__________________________ ______
Service industry machines__________ ______
Miscellaneous machinery___________ ______
Electrical equipment and supplies_____
Electric distribution equipment______
Electical industrial apparatus________
Household appliances______________
Electric lighting and wiring equipment.
Radio and TV receiving sets_________
Communication equipment_________
Electronic components and accessories.
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies____ _____ __________
Transportation equipment__________________
Motor vehicles and equipment....... ...................
Aircraft and parts________________________
Ship and boat building and repairing...-------Railroad equipment______________________
Other transportation equipment_____ ______
Instruments and related products_______ _____
Engineering and scientific in stru m en ts._____
Mechanical measuring and control de
vices_________________________________
Optical and ophthalmic goods______________
Surgical, medical, and dental equip
ment___ ______________________________
Photographic equipment and supplies. .------Watches and clocks________________ . . . ---See footnotes at end of table.
7 8 7 —4 8 0 O — 6 5 -------- 8
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Annual
average
1964
Industry
2.3
2.8
2.6
2.3
.7
1.5
.8
2.2
3.8
3.6
4.0
4.0
3.3
3.3
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.2
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.1
3.3
3.3
3.5
3.5
3.4
3.3
4.0
3.8
3.4
3.3
3.4
3.4
4.0
3.4
3.4
4.2
3.7
3.6
3.6
3.1
3.3
3.6
3.0
3.8
3.3
3.4
3.1
2.9
3.9
3.5
3.6
4.4
3.7
3.9
3.5
3.4
3.9
3.6
4.4
4.2
3.7
3.6
3.2
3.1
3.4
3.1
3.3
4.3
3.3
3.8
2.3
3.8
2.9
3 .0
3.3
3.4
3 .3
3.4
2.5
2.5
3.6
2.0
3.5
3.1
3.4
4.2
4.5
3.4
2.6
3.8
3.5
4.0
3.7
1.7
3.1
2.1
3.7
2.8
3.3
3.7
4.0
3.0
2.6
3.4
4.0
5.7
3.6
2.1
3.3
2.3
3.6
3.0
3.3
3.8
4.0
2.8
3.5
3.8
4.2
4.0
3.9
2.2
3.5
2.5
3.5
2.4
3.3
3.5
3.5
3.2
3.0
4.0
4.1
5.2
4.0
2.4
3.7
1.9
4.0
3.3
3.8
3.6
3.6
3.3
3.2
4.2
4.3
3.4
3.9
2.4
3.5
2.0
3.6
2.8
3.2
3.2
3.4
2.5
2.4
3. 1
3.8
3.7
3. 6
2.1
3.3
2.0
3.5
3.0
2.9
3.0
3.2
2.2
2.2
2.8
3.6
2.4
3.3
2.0
3.2
2.0
6.6
5.6
3.2
3.5
2.9
4.7
3.2
6.4
3.3
3.4
3.0
4.3
3.4
5.5
3.6
4.3
4.1
4.9
4.0
6.7
3.7
3.3
2.5
4.7
3.2
5.5
3.3
3.2
2.4
4.7
3.1
5.6
3.0
2.7
1.9
3.7
3.0
4.3
3.7
3.9
.6
2.6
1.9
2.8
3 .6
4.1
3.6
2.6
2.7
3.4
2.8
3.3
2.8
3.1
3.2
3.3
2.7
2.4
2.9
3.2
4.4
3.5
3.3
3.6
3.5
2.0
3.5
3.9
3.5
1.9
3.1
2.3
4.4
3.4
4 .0
3.1
5.9
3.2
4.3
3.2
4.2
2.7
3 .9
3.1
5.6
3 .2
3.6
5.2
3.3
4.4
3.2
3.6
2.7
5.4
3.3
4 .6
4 .2
4.5
4.4
4.3
4.1
4.2
3.7
4.2
3.2
3.6
3.3
4.5
3.4
4.1
3.2
3.9
3.2
3.7
3.0
4.6
3.7
3.2
4.4
3.5
3.3
4.1
3.8
4.1
4.0
3.8
5.2
4.0
3.4
3.8
3.3
3.0
3.4
2.6
2.2
1.8
2.2
6.8
6.6
3.6
3.9
3.1
5.4
3.4
3.6
4.1
3.2
5.9
3.6
3.7
3.9
2.9
5.8
3.5
5.0
2.9
4.4
4.6
5.0
3.3
4.9
3.2
5.4
3.8
4.9
3.5
4.3
3.5
5.0
4.8
4.7
3.4
5.0
4.9
3.8
4.9
4.1
4.6
4.0
4.2
3 .4
5.8
4 .0
8.6
3.8
4.6
4.6
3 .5
3 .7
4.8
3.9
3.0
2.7
3.0
3.5
3.1
3.7
3 .6
3.4
3.5
2.9
2.9
3.7
3.7
3.1
2.7
2.5
3.7
2.7
3.8
5.4
5.3
4.5
4.0
2.0
1.5
1.8
1.7
1.6
2.8
2.3
3.3
4.9
5.9
4. 1
3.4
2.4
3.3
4.9
5.0
4.1
3.5
2.8
3.4
4.8
4.2
4.0
3.4
2.3
3.5
4.0
5.5
3.8
3.1
2.7
3.5
4.2
4.9
3.9
3.4
2.2
3.0
4.2
4.5
3.6
3.1
2.1
2.8
3.6
3.7
3.4
3.0
3.9
4 .9
5.1
3.9
3.4
3.0
4.4
3.6
3.7
3.4
5.2
5.6
4.3
3.6
3.6
3.7
4.9
4.0
4.7
3.7
2.2
3.4
2.6
4 .6
2.8
4.5
3.5
3 .0
5.7
5.6
4.3
3.7
6.2
2.6
4.4
4.1
3.1
3.9
4.2
3 .2
2.9
3.6
3.1
4.5
4.1
2.7
3.8
2.9
3.9
3.5
2.3
3.5
3.0
3.8
2.5
2.5
3.4
2.9
3.8
3.1
2.5
3.5
2.9
3.8
3.2
2.5
3.5
2.7
3.9
3.1
2.6
3.5
2.6
3.2
2.5
2.2
2.7
7.1
4.9
4.1
6.7
4.6
4.1
6.3
4.5
3.9
6.7
5.0
4.1
5.5
4.5
3.7
5.5
4.4
3.7
5.1
4.1
3.7
5.3
4.0
3.8
5.9
4.1
3.5
4.8
3.5
2.7
2.5
2.4
5.1
2.7
2.4
5.2
2.5
2.4
3.3
2.6
2.7
1.6
2.5
2.1
2.5
2.2
3.0
2.6
2.4
1.5
2.5
2.3
2.8
2.4
5. 5
3.0
3.3
3.8
2.9
2.4
2.5
3.0
2.6
2.6
2.1
4.7
2.7
3.0
3.5
2.9
2.3
1.8
2.9
2.4
2.5
2.4
4.6
2.7
3.2
3.2
2.8
2.1
2.2
2.9
2.3
2.4
2.6
4.4
2.6
3.0
3.0
2.5
2.5
2.0
2.7
2.3
1.9
2.5
4.9
2.5
3.0
3.0
2.1
2.6
2.1
2.3
2.4
1.9
2.3
4.7
2.3
2.6
3.0
2.2
2.1
1.7
2.2
2.1
1.7
2.1
4.1
2.0
2.2
2.3
2.1
2.0
1.7
1.9
1.8
3.6
2.7
3.3
3.9
5.0
6.9
2.7
2.8
2.7
2.2
2.6
3.2
4.3
5.7
7.8
2.9
3.6
3.6
2.7
3.0
3.0
1.9
4.1
5.1
2.7
3.6
3.9
2.4
2.9
3.1
2.7
3.4
4.4
2.6
2.9
2.0
3.9
2.9
3.0
3.3
4.8
6.4
2.6
2.9
2.5
3.5
2.7
3.1
2.2
4.1
5.5
2.5
3.0
2.3
3.5
2.6
3.2
2.6
3.9
5.0
2.5
3. 1
2.7
3.1
2.5
2. 6
2.6
3.6
4.4
2.6
3.1
2.1
3.1
2.4
2.5
4.2
7.0
4.7
4.5
3.8
3.3
3.2
2.9
5.3
2.3
3.0
3.4
3.1
2.4
1.9
3.7
3.7
5.5
2.6
2.5
2.5
4.7
2.9
3.1
5.5
2.8
2.6
2.8
3.8
2.5
2.6
2.1
2.3
3.5
2.4
2.6
2.6
3.5
2.6
2.7
1.8
2.1
3.2
3.9
2.7
2.6
2.4
2.7
1.9
2.0
1.5
1.4
4 .8
3.3
6.9
5.0
4.7
2.8
2.8
3.5
4.7
4.2
3.3
4 .0
6.3
4.3
4.3
2.8
5 .6
1.7
5.2
3.9
3.3
4.4
4.3
2.8
1.8
2.8
5.2
4.0
3.5
2.9
4.0
3.8
2.4
3.6
2.6
2.0
2.8
2.1
2.8
5.4
1.8
2.2
2.2
1.8
4.8
6.1
2.9
3.6
2.6
3.7
3.0
3.6
2.7
4.8
6.4
2.7
3.6
2.4
3.1
3.0
3.5
4.1
5.6
1.9
3.1
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.4
3.5
5.0
7.0
2.4
3.1
2.9
1.5
2.7
3.0
2.8
2.6
2.9
2.7
2.9
2.7
2.3
2.4
2.6
2.8
2.5
2.7
2.4
2.6
3.3
2.7
2.9
2.7
2.9
2.7
2.5
2.6
2.5
2.2
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.4
1.6
3.3
2.6
2.2
3.9
2.1
2.0
4.2
2.4
1.4
3.7
1.4
1.9
3.8
2.0
1.9
3.9
1.8
1.8
3.5
2.4
4.2
1.6
2.1
4.1
2.0
2.0
3.9
2.3
2.3
3.4
2.5
2.1
3.3
1.6
2.0
3.3
1.6
2.1
2.8
1.9
2.2
4.2
5.2
3.2
3.1
1.9
3.1
2.8
3.7
2.6
2.9
2.7
2.4
2.1
4.6
6.4
2.2
2.8
3.1
1.9
1-8
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
1278
T able C-4.
Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by
industry 1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1258.
1965
Aug.2 July 2 June
May
Apr.
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
2.4
2.6
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
2.1
3.3
3.2
2.2
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware—
2.3
2.6
Toys, amusement and sporting goods-2.0
1.9
1.8
1.8
Pens, pencils, office and art materials. _
2.8
2.8
2.1
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions.
2.3
2.5
Other manufacturing industries-------2.2
Nondurable goods
3.7
3.9
4.0
Food and kindred products----------------4.1
4.1
4.4
Meat products------------------------------3.8
4.0
3.8
Dairy products-----------------------------Canned and preserved food, except
3.0
2.9
2.7
m eats---------------------------------------5.9
6.4
8.0
Grain mill products________________
3.3
3.6
3.6
Bakery products___________________
3.6
3.7
4.4
Sugar____________________________
2.0
1.8
1.9
Confectionery and related products---3.7
4.0
4.3
Beverages________________________
4.1
4.1
4.2
Miscellaneous food and kindred products.
.9
.9
1.0
Tobacco manufactures_______________
.8
.6
1.1
Cigarettes________________________
1.1
1.3
1.0
Cigars___________________________
4.0
4.1
3.8
Textile mill products_________________
4.8
4.6
4.1
Cotton broad woven fabrics-------------5.
4
5.4
5.0
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
4.
6
4.7
4. 7
Weaving and finishing broad woolens..
3.6
3.5
3.2
Narrow fabrics and smallwares---------2.3
2.5
2.6
K nitting_________________________
4. 7
4.9
3.8
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit.
3.9
4.9
4.6
Floor covering____________ ________
4. 4
4.5
4.5
Yarn and thread___________________
3.9
4.4
3.4
Miscellaneous textile goods--------------1.3
1.4
1.4
Apparel and related products--------------1.5
1.5
1.2
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats...........
1.3
1.4
1.2
M en’s and boys’ furnishings------------1.3
1.2
1.4
Women’s, misses’, juniors’ outerwear..
Women’s and children’s undergar
1.1
1.4
1.2
m ents__________________________
1.1
1.1
1.3
Hats, caps, and millinery----------------1.3
1.7
1.6
Girls’ and children’s outerwear______
1.0
1.2
1.0
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel..
Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod
2.0
2.0
2.2
ucts____________________________
4.7
5.0
4.9
Paper and allied products_____________
5. 8
5.8
6.0
Paper and pulp-----------------------------6.
5
7.2
6.7
Paperboard_______________________
Converted paper and paperboard
3.1
3.5
3.4
products________________________
4.1
4.6
4.1
Paperboard containers and boxes_____
Printing, publishing, and allied indus
3.0
2.9
2.8
tries.______ ____________________
2.6
2.5
2.3
Newspaper publishing and printing—
3.4
2.8
3.2
Periodical publishing and printing----4.4
4.0
4.0
Books--------- --------------------------------3.2
3.0
3.0
Commercial printing_______________
2.7
2.6
2.1
Bookbinding and related industries—
Other publishing and printing indus
2.7
2.7
2.8
tries___________________________
3.1
2.9
2.8
Chemicals and allied products------------- --------2.8
2.9
2.9
Industrial chemicals______________________
2.8
3.1
2.9
Plastics and synthetics, except glass-----------2.5
2.5
2.4
Drugs____________________________ _____
2.0
2.4
2.1
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods----- ------------3.3
3.2
3.0
Paints, varnishes, and allied p ro d u c ts..------8.0
3.7
3.1
Agricultural chemicals___________________
3.1
3.2
3.2
Other chemical products____________ _____
Petroleum refining and related indus
3.4
3.0
3.2
tries___ ______________________________
2.2
2.5
2.1
Petroleum refining_______________________
6.6
5.8
7.1
Other petroleum and coal products----- -------4.1
3.7
3.7
Rubber, miscellaneous plastic products______
6.4
5.9
4.7
Tires and inner tubes____________________
3.4
3.1
2.6
Other rubber products___________________
3.9
3.9
3.5
Miscellaneous plastic products____________
1.8
1.7
1.6
Leather and leather products...
3.6
3.5
2.8
Leather tanning and finishing.
1.6
1.5
1.3
Footwear, except rubber____
1.8
1.6
1.7
Other leather products______
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to January
1965, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-3.
These series cover premium overtime hours of production and related
workers during the pay period which includes the 12th of the month. Over
time hours are those paid for at premium rates because (1) they exceeded
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Annual
average
1964
Industry
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1964
1963
2.3
3.3
2.2
1.8
2.6
2.0
2.7
3.5
2.3
1.7
3.0
2.8
2.6
2.8
2.3
1.8
3.2
2.7
2.3
2.8
1.9
1.5
2.5
2.6
2.9
5.1
2.5
2.5
2.7
2.8
2.8
4.3
2.7
2.0
2.7
2.7
2.9
4.5
2.8
2.0
2.6
2.8
2.4
2.6
2.4
2.1
2.1
2.6
2.5
3.0
2.3
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.4
3.3
2.1
1.8
2.5
2.5
2.2
3.0
1.8
2.1
2.3
2.3
3.3
3.6
3.4
3.3
3.5
3.3
3.3
3.5
3.2
3.6
4.9
3.2
3.7
5.2
3.2
3.8
5.5
3.2
3.8
5.1
3.3
4.2
4.4
4.0
3.8
4.4
3.5
3.6
4.3
3.5
3.4
3.8
3.1
2.1
5.7
3.0
2.6
1.5
3.1
3.8
.6
.4
.9
3.6
4.3
4.6
4.0
2.8
1.9
3.6
4.1
4.5
3.2
1.1
1.2
1.0
1.1
2.4
5.3
2.9
3.6
2.2
2.6
4.1
1.2
1.4
1.2
4.1
4.7
5.4
4. 5
3.6
2.4
4. 6
5.0
4.6
4.1
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.7
2.9
5.3
2.9
4.0
2.1
2.4
4.2
1.1
1.2
1.1
4.1
4.7
5.3
4.4
3.7
2.3
4.6
4.5
4.4
4.3
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.5
3.0
5.5
2.8
3.8
2.3
2.6
3.9
.9
.7
1.2
3.7
4.7
4.7
3.5
3.3
2.0
4.2
4.1
3.9
4.0
1.1
1.3
.9
1.0
2.7
5.5
2.8
4.0
2.4
2.6
4.0
1.8
2.2
1.7
4.1
5.0
5.6
3.5
3.5
2.3
4.6
5.3
4.2
3.9
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.2
2.4
5.8
3.0
4.8
2.5
2.5
4.3
1.1
.8
1.7
4.2
5.0
5.6
3.3
3.5
2.5
5.0
5.9
4.1
3.7
1.4
1.0
1.2
1.2
2.8
7.1
3.1
3.7
2.6
2.8
4.4
1.6
1.7
1.6
4.1
4.6
5.4
3.5
3.7
2.7
4.3
5.7
4.1
4.2
1.4
1.1
1.2
1.2
3.7
7.7
3.7
4.7
2.7
3.6
4.3
1.7
1.2
1.8
3.9
5.1
6.0
3.3
2.7
2.0
3.9
5.3
3.9
3.5
1.2
.9
1.0
.9
3.0
7.1
3.3 .
3.5
2.3
3.5
4.0
1.9
2.5
2.3
3.7
4.1
5.1
3.5
3.4
2.5
3.8
4.3
3.7
3.9
1.5
1.1
1.3
1.4
2.7
6.3
3.1
3.7
2.2
3.2
4.0
1.6
1.6
2.1
3.6
4.3
5.0
3.4
3.1
2.2
4.2
4.4
3.6
3.6
1.3
1.0
1.1
1.3
2.4
6.3
3.0
3.6
2.5
3.1
3.9
1.1
1.2
1.1
3.2
3.4
4.3
3.4
3.1
2.0
4.1
4.4
3.1
3.5
1.3
1.0
1.1
1.3
1.0
1.2
.9
.7
1.6
2.1
1.7
1.1
1.2
1.8
1.5
.9
1.0
1.3
1.1
.8
1.4
1.4
1.0
1.5
2.0
1.0
1.3
1.8
1.9
1.3
1.2
1.7
1.9
1.1
.8
1.0
1.7
1.6
1.4
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.1
1.5
4.0
5.0
5.5
2.2
4.6
5.6
6.0
2.0
4.6
5.7
6.4
1.8
4.7
5.9
6.6
2.2
5.0
5.8
6.6
2.1
4.9
5.8
6.4
2.1
5.1
5.8
6.6
2.3
5.3
6.3
7.4
2.2
5.0
5.8
6.8
1.9
4.7
5.7
6.3
1.8
4.5
5.4
5.9
3.0
3.3
3.3
4.1
3.2
3.8
3.3
3.6
3.6
4.5
3.3
4.6
3.6
5.0
3.6
4.8
3.6
4.6
3.3
4.1
3.2
3.8
2.8
2.2
3.2
4.2
3.1
2.2
3.1
2.1
4.5
4.3
3.6
2.6
2.8
1.9
5.6
3.1
3.2
2.1
2.6
1.8
4.4
3.2
3.9
2.4
3.3
3.1
4.3
3.4
3.6
2.5
2.9
2.5
40
3.1
3.1
2.2
3.2
2.7
5.3
3.6
3.5
2.5
3.2
2.5
5.3
4.3
3.6
2.4
3.0
2.4
4.8
4.6
3.2
2.5
2.9
2.4
4.0
3.8
3.1
2.4
2.7
2.3
3.2
3.5
3.0
2.2
2.8
3.2
2.9
3.1
2.0
1.6
2.3
9.4
2.6
3.0
2.9
2.6
2.8
2.5
2.1
2.8
5.9
2.7
3.2
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.5
2.2
2.4
4.4
2.9
2.8
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.5
1.5
2.0
3.6
2.8
3.2
2.7
2.8
2.8
2.3
2.4
2.2
3.4
3.1
2.6
2.7
2.7
2.8
2.2
2.7
1.8
3.4
3.1
2.6
2.7
2.7
2.9
2.2
2.7
2.4
3.2
3.2
2.8
3.2
3.3
3.4
2.1
3.2
2.9
3.4
3.6
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.8
1.9
2.7
2.8
3.2
3.2
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.7
2.0
2.4
2.5
4.6
3.0
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.5
2.3
4.7
2.7
2.7
2.3
4.3
3.1
4.7
2.4
3.1
1.2
3.1
1.0
1.2
2.3
2.4
3.3
2.0
2.3
2.5
2.7
2.4
2.3
1.8
2.0
1.6
1.9
2.4
1.5
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.4
3.5
4.4
6.4
6.1
6.0
4.6
3.7
5.0
4.8
3.4
3.9
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.2
4.2
3.4
4.0
3.8
4.0
5.4
4.8
6.1
3.0
5.8
5.9
4.3
6.0
5.7
6.0
3.1
2.6
3.0
3.3
3.3
2.6
3.0
2.8
2.7
3.1
4.0
3.3
3.6
4.0
4.1
4.1
3.7
3.7
4.0
3.8
2.0
1.4
1.7
2.0
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.9
3.2
3.1
2.8
2.9
3.3
3.1
2.9
2.9
3.0
3.0
1.2
1.4
1.2
1.5
1.8
1.8
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.8
2.4
1.6
2.3
2.0
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.5 1 2.2
1.7
either the straight-time workday or workweek or (2) they occurred on week
ends or holidays or outside regularly scheduled hours. Hours for which
only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of premiums
were paid are excluded.
2 Preliminary.
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
C-5.
1279
Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction
activities 1
[1957- 59= 100]
Revised series; see box, p. 1258.
1965
1964
Annual
average
Activity
Aug.2 J u ly 2 June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1964
1963
Man-hours
111.3
84.8
126.2
109.9
111.7
85.2
121.5
111.3
108.9
83.6
115.3
109.0
105.1
80.2
101.7
107.0
104.8
78.8
95.5
107.8
102.5
78.1
88.8
106.3
102.8
79.6
93.8
105.6
106.5
82.7
103.8
108.2
107.0
84.6
112.9
107.1
106.7
85.4
121.7
105.0
108.1
83.2
116.5
107.8
108.1
84.9
126.6
105.9
103.6
82.3
107.2
104.0
100.9
82 1
103 2
101.4
113.3
132.0
114.0
131.9
116.2
129.3
114.1
126.8
111.9
123.8
111.7
125.6
110.0
125.8
109.3
127.3
111.5
127.8
109.5
127.5
104.8
127.2
109.8
127.2
105.7
125.4
105. 8
131.3
102.0
145 0
102.8
122.4
114.9
113.9
116.7
122.4
124.9
94.3
114.2
100.7
115.2
112.8
115.4
117.0
122.1
122.9
104.5
112.1
100.9
117.1
111.7
116.6
120.0
124.0
125.8
109.2
112.4
97.7
114.1
109.4
113.7
117.7
122.4
123.0
108.9
108.7
92.9
114.2
104.7
118.4
114.0
119.6
119.8
105.5
106.3
91.2
115.3
101.5
113.4
112.7
122.0
121.6
107.0
108.5
89.3
114.1
98.7
112.1
113.9
119.1
120.3
104.4
107.5
89.1
112.2
98.5
111.0
112.3
117.9
119.5
105.5
106.7
92.1
117.7
103.2
110.9
114.8
118.4
122.1
107.1
108.5
94.0
116.3
107.7
108.7
112.6
113.4
119.7
100.8
108.1
97.8
117.2
109.9
106.6
108.3
111.6
118.3
79.0
105.6
99.2“
114.5
110.6
111.2
113.6
112.9
116.8
100. 5
106.6
102.4
114.8
111.8
106.8
110.9
111.3
113.4
85.6
105. 7
95.2
110.7
105.5
105.6
108.7
112.1
113.5
95.4
104.6
93. 8
106 3
102.3
98.4
103. 5
104.4
112.5
93 7
103 9
113.8
105.8
110.3
107.8
105.4
105.2
102.3
98.5
106.8
113.5
115.1
110.5
108.1
103.7
109.2
102.7
85.7
102.9
121.6
113.1
104.6
95.9
70.8
100.1
112.6
110.8
104.8
90.5
71.6
102.9
116.9
111.5
102.5
86.8
70.2
100.9
114.1
108.7
100.5
83.5
68.0
99.6
111.3
106.8
102.7
84.7
74.3
101.0
118.1
108.1
101.4
84.3
79.6
100.0
115.2
106.5
100.7
87.4
84.1
98.6
110.4
106.6
103.8
92.7
99.2
100.6
112.1
109.4
104.0
95.1
99.3
100.5
113.8
108.1
105.2
100.0
118.6
99.8
112.6
110.1
105.3
104.2
108.8
95.6
109.6
110.4
106.1
102.9
97.3
98.6
114.9
110.2
101.7
92. 7
89.9
97.3
109.7
107.6
100.7
100.7
94.1
89.5
95. 5
108 0
106 3
110.4
110.2
109.2
109.6
109.2
110.1
108.8
110.7
108.2
111.7
109.1
108.8
107.6
106.7
106.5
105.7
110.2
106.4
108.0
105.6
108.6
104.8
108.4
107.9
107.2
106. 0
106.6
105.9
104 0
105 1
T o ta l..
----------- -- --------- 113.5
Mining---- --------------------85.9
Contract construction_________
_____ 131.8
Manufacturing________________________ 111.5
Durable goods_________ ____________
Ordnance and accessories . .
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture__ _ -- ________ - ___
Furniture and fixtures___ _
Stone, clay, and glass products__ _ -Primary metal industries____ _____
Fabricated metal products__________
M achinery... . . . . . . .
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment___
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries. _____ ___________
___
Nondurable g o o d s____
. ______
Food and kindred products____ . . .
Tobacco manufactures.______
Textile mill products_______ ____ . . .
Apparel and related products.. _ _ . . .
Paper and allied products______ ___
Printing, publishing, and allied industries... .. .. _____ _____ . . .
Chemicals and allied products.. . ___
Petroleum refining and related industries
_ . ______ _
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products.. __________ . _ ______
Leather and leather products. . . . . .
82.4
82.2
80.8
78.6
78.4
76.5
74.3
74.8
76.4
77.8
79.7
83.6
82.4
80.1
82 9
134.5
101.1
128.8
99.4
131.4
99.5
128.8
96.7
126.0
93.2
129.2
99.3
127.9
99.6
125.8
98.0
126.5
101.1
124.7
97.7
125.2
96.1
126.9
95.9
124.1
100.9
120.6
96.5
115.7
94.9
97 9
98 6
155 6
125.4
95 6
147 8
130.9
96 7
158 8
126.4
OQ O
VO.
r u
7
JLO^.
1
Q fi Q
vu.
y
124.7
117.9
Payrolls
Mining _ ._ _ __ .
Contract construction___ _ .
. . . .
Manufacturing____ ____ _ _ _________ 137.0
99. 5
162.3
135.9
100 2
157.2
137.7
98. 6
149. 0
134.7
93.9
129. 8
131.7
i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to January
1965, see footnote 1, table A-2.
For mining and manufacturing, data refer to production and related
T
able
C-6.
91. 9
123.5
132.5
91.5
115. 6
130.2
93 1
120 2
129.3
90 n
133 3
149! fi
132.1
129Ì 4
K
workers and for contract construction, to construction workers, as defined
in footnote 1, table A-3.
2 Preliminary.
Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing 1
Revised series; see box, p. 1258.
[In current and 1957-59 dollars]1
1965
1964
Annual
average
Item
July 2 June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
1964
1963
Manufacturing
dross average weekly earnings:
Current dollars_______ _____ _____
$107.01 $108. 21 $107. 53 $105.82 $107.12 $105.93 $105.93 $106.81 $104. 70 $102. 97 $104. 60 $103. 07 $102.97 $102.97 $99.63
1957-59 dollars__________ __________
97.11 98. 28 98.11 96.82 98.28 97. 27 97.27 98.17 96. 32 94.90 96. 49 95. 26 95.08 95. 25 93.37
Spendable average weekly earnings:
Worker with no dependents:
Current d o l l a r s . _ ________ _ . . . . 88. 66 89.62 89.08 87.71 88.75 87.80 87.80 87.43 85. 77 84. 4C 85.69 84. 48 84. 40 84.40 79.82
1957-59 dollars .
80.45 81.40 81.28 80. 25 81.42 80.62 80.62 80.36 78. 91 77.79 79.05 78.08 77.93 78.08 74.81
Worker with 3 dependents:
Current dollars_____ _. ____ ____ 96.34 97.35 96.78 95.34 96.43 95.43 95.43
95.35 93. 61 92.18 93.53 92.26 92.18 92.18 87.58
1957-59 dollars_____________________ 87.42 88.42 88.30 87.23 88.47 87.63 87.63
87.64 86.12 84.96 86.28 85. 27 85.12 85.27 82.08
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to January
1965, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-3.
Spendable average weekly earnings are based on gross average weekly
earnings as published in table C -l less the estimated amount of the workers’
Federal social security and income tax liability. Since the amount of tax
liability depends on the number of dependents supported by the worker as
well as on the level of his gross income, spendable earnings have been com
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
puted for 2 types of income receivers: (1) A worker with no dependents,
and (2) a worker with 3 dependents.
The earnings expressed in 1957-59 dollars have been adjusted for changes
in purchasing power as measured by the Bureau’s Consumer Price Index.
2 Preliminary.
N ote: These series are described in “ The Calculation and Uses of the
Spendable Earnings Series,” Monthly Labor Review, January 1959, pp. 50-54.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
1280
D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
T
able
D -l Consumer Price Index 1—U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers
(including single workers) all items, groups, subgroups, and special groups of items
[1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified]
New series 2
Group
Annual
average
1964
1965
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1964
1963
All items------ ------------------------------------All items (1947-49 = 100)-------------------------
110.0
135.0
110.2
135.2
110.1
135.1
109.6
134.5
109.3
134.1
109.0
133.7
108.9
133.6
108.9
133.6
108.8
133.5
108.7
133.4
108.5
133.1
108.4 3108.2
133.0 132.8
108.1
132.6
106.7
131.0
F o o d .----------------------------------------------Food at home----------------------------------Cereals and bakery products------------Meats, poultry, and fish------------------Dairy products-----------------------------Fruits and vegetables---------------------Other foods at home 4---------------------Food away from home------------------------
110.1
108.6
111.1
109. 8
10ñ 0
114 fi
1QJ.9
118.2
110.9
109.7
111.1
109.2
104.3
124.3
101.2
117.6
110.1
108.8
111.0
106.4
104.0
125.9
100.5
117.2
107.9
106.2
110.8
100.3
104.2
121.4
100.8
116.9
107.3
105.5
111.0
99.8
104.5
117.6
101.1
116.8
106.9
105.0
110.9
99.6
105.0
115.3
100.3
116.5
106.6
104.8
110.7
99.5
105.2
113.3
100.9
116.3
106.6
104.8
111.1
99.2
105.6
112.4
101.6
116.1
106.9
105.1
111.0
99.0
105.6
114.5
101.9
116.0
106.8
105.1
110.7
99.5
105.3
113.0
102.3
115.9
106.9
105.3
110.4
100.6
105.3
111.7
102.7
115.7
107.2
105.6
109.9
101.4
104.6
112.2
103.5
115.5
106.9
105.3
109.6
99.2
104.4
117.3
101.9
115.3
106.4
104.7
109.6
98.6
104.7
115.3
101.6
115.2
105.1
103.5
109.1
100.2
103.8
111.0
97.8
113.2
Housing------------------------- ------ -........... .
Shelter 8____________________________
Rent-------------- ---------- -----------------Homeownership 6---------------------------Fuel and utilities 7----------------------------Fuel oil and coal8------------------- ------Gas and electricity-------------------------Household furnishings and operation 9„ . .
108 2
110.7
109.0
111 4
lOñ 3
103.5
107 7
102.9
108.3
110.6
108.9
111.2
106.6
103.2
106.9
102.9
108.2
110.3
108.8
111. 0
106.9
103.4
107.8
103.1
108.2
110.2
108.8
110.8
107.1
104.6
107.7
103.1
108.2
110.1
108.8
110.8
107.2
105.4
107.7
103.1
108.2
110.1
108.7
110.8
107.4
106.5
107.7
103.1
108.2
110.2
108.5
110.9
107.4
106.7
107.8
102.8
108.1
109.9
108.4
110.6
107.9
106.5
108.0
102.8
107.8
109.5
108.4
110.0
107.9
105.8
108.3
102.9
107.7
109.3
108.3
109.8
107.5
103.7
108.1
102.9
107.6
109.2
108.2
109.6
107.4
102.9
108.2
102.8
107.4
109.0
107.9
109.5
107.2
101.5
108.2
102.8
107.2- 107.2
108.8 108.7
107.9 107.8
109.2 109.1
107.1 107.3
100.9 103.5
108.2 107.9
102.6 102.8
106.0
106.9
106.8
107.0
107.0
104.0
107.9
102.4
Apparel and upkeep 10--------------------------M en’s and boys’-------------------------------Women’s and girls’------ --------------------Footwear__________________________
106 4
107 2
102 6
112.7
106.1
106.8
102. 5
106.9
107.1
103.5
112.3
106.8
107.0
103.4
112.2
106.3
106.6
102.5
112.0
106.0
106.3
102.1
111.7
105. 8
106.2
101.9
111.6
105.6
106.2
101.4
111.5
106.6
107.1
103.3
111.7
106.4
107.0
103.2
111.6
106.2
106.7
102.9
111.4
105.9
106.6
102.4
110.9
105.3
106.0
101.3
110.8
105.7
106.1
102.3
111.0
104.8
104.7
101.7
110.5
111.2
109.7
121.3
111.4
110.0
121.3
111.0
109.5
121.3
110.6
109.0
121.3
110.6
109.1
121.2
111.1
109.7
120.6
110.5
109.0
120.3
110.0
108.6
119.5
109.4
108.0
119.3
108.9
107.4
119.3
109.3
107.9
119.1
109.3
107.9
119.0
107.8
106.4
116.9
115.3
122. 7
108. 7
114. 6
115.7
122.2
115.6
121.8
114.3
120.3
110.1
115. 7
115.9
110.6
115.0
109.3
110.0
111.0
115.2
109.4
110.0
111.5
114.9
121.4
110.4
115.4
109.5
114.5
120.6
111.0
115.4
121.6
110.7
115.9
110.3
114.7
121.0
111.0
114.9
109.2
114.2
120.2
109.7
114.9
109.1
114.0
119.9
109.7
114.5
109.1
113.9
119.7
109.5
114.3
109.0
113.8
119.8
109.4
114.2
108.9
113.6
119.4
109.2
114.1
108.8
111.4
117.0
107.9
111.5
107.1
110.0
109.1
Transportation------------------------------------ 111 0
Private----------------------------- -------------- 109. 5
Public.
------------------------------------ 121.5
Health and recreation--------------------------- 115 6
Medical care------------------------------------ 122 8
0
Personal care------------------------ ----------- 109.
Reading and recreation----------------------- 114 3
112.6
Other goods and services 11-----------------Special groups:
All items less shelter-------------------------- 109. 8
All items less food----------------------------- 110.2
Commodities 12------------------------------------ 106.6
Nondurables 13---------------------------------- 108. 5
Durables 1214------------------------------------ 101. 8
Services 121816________________________ 117.9
112.0
111.5
110.0
121.4
110.2
110.3
109.4
110.3
110.1
108.7
109.9
108.6
109.8
108.6
109.8
108.6
109.6
108.5
109.5
108.3
109.2
108.2
109.0
108.1
108.9
108.0
108.9
106.7
107.4
106.9
108.7
102.3
117.8
106.9
108.6
102.6
117.6
106.2
107.5
102.9
117.5
105.9
107.0
103.0
117.3
105.6
106.4
103.2
117.0
105.5
106.3
103.3
116.9
105.6
106.3
103.6
116.6
105.7
106.5
103.4
116.2
105.6
106.4
103.5
116.0
105.5
106.4
103.1
115.7
105.4
106.4
102.8
115.5
105.2
106.1
102.8
115.4
105.2
106.0
103.0
115.2
104.1
104.9
102.1
113.0
no. 1
Commodities less food 12-----------------------Nondurables less food-----------------------Apparel commodities----------------------Apparel less footwear-------------------Nondurables less food and apparel-------New cars___________________________
Used cars__________________________
Household durables 17------------------------Housefurnishings------------------------------
104.7
107.1
105.3
103.8
108.2
97 1
120 3
95.8
97.3
104.7
106.9
105.0
103.6
108.0
97.2
123.0
96.3
97.6
105.1
107.3
106.0
104.7
108.1
97.4
122.7
97.3
98.2
105.2
107.2
105.9
104.6
108.0
100.2
121.1
97.8
98.3
105.0
106.8
105.3
104.0
107.6
100.7
120.6
97.9
98.5
104.8
106.2
105.0
103.7
106.9
100.8
121.7
98.0
98.4
104.7
106.1
104.9
103.5
106.8
101.0
121.7
97.8
98.1
104.9
106.1
104.7
103.3
106.9
101.5
123.7
97.8
98.0
104.9
106.3
105.8
104.6
106.7
101.6
123.7
97.9
98.2
104.8
106.1
105.7
104.5
106.3
102.5
122.9
98.0
98.3
104.6
106.0
105.4
104.2
106.3
101.3
121.9
98.0
98.2
104.3
105.8
105.1
103.9
106.2
98.7
121.9
98.2
98.3
104.2
105.6
104.4
103.1
106.3
99.9
122.2
98.1
98.1
104.4
105.7
104.9
103.6
106.2
101.2
121.6
98.4
98.4
103.5
104.8
104.0
102.8
105.3
101.5
116.6
98.5
98.5
Services less r e n t1218---------------------------Household services less r e n t12— ------Transportation services---------------------Medical care services-------------------------Other services 1218-----------------------------
120.0
116.6
119.6
120.0
116.9
119.1
127 5
121.9
119.7
116.8
118.6
127 0
121.7
119.5
116.5
118.7
126.5
121.6
119.3
116.3
118.5
126.2
121.3
119.1
116.2
118.4
125.9
120.7
118.9
116.2
118.2
125.5
120.4
118.6
116.0
117.7
125.0
120.1
118.2
115.6
116.8
124.5
119.8
117.9
115.5
116.2
124.4
119.6
117.6
115.4
115.3
124.0
119.3
117.4
115.3
115.1
123.7
119.0
117.2
115.0
115.0
123.7
118.8
117.0
114.8
115.0
123.2
118.5
114.5
113.0
112.4
120.3
115.3
197 7
122.1
1 The C P I measures the average change in prices of goods and services
purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker families.
2 Beginning January 1964, the Consumer Price Index structure has been
revised to reflect buying patterns of wage earners and clerical workers in the
1960’s. The “new series” indexes shown here are based on expenditures of all
urban wage-earner and clerical-worker consumers, including single workers
living alone, as well as families of two or more persons. The “old senes
indexes were discontinued after June 1964.
3 Corrected index.
4 Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, nonalcoholic beverages, and
prepared and partially prepared foods.
8 Also includes hotel and motel room rates not shown separately.
6 Includes home purchase, mortgage interest, taxes, insurance, and main
tenance and repairs.
7 Also includes telephone, water, and sewerage service not shown separately.
8 Called “ Solid and petroleum fuels” prior to 1964.
9 Includes housefurnishings and housekeeping supplies and services.
10 Includes dry cleaning and laundry of apparel, infants’ wear, sewing
materials, jewelry, and miscellaneous apparel, not shown separately.
11 Includes tobacco, alcoholic beverages, and funeral, legal, and bank
service charges.
12 Recalculated group—indexes prior to January 1964 have been recomputed.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
is Includes foods, paint, furnace filters, shrubbery, fuel oil, coal, household
textiles, housekeeping supplies, apparel, gasoline and motor oil, drugs and
pharmaceuticals, toilet goods, nondurable recreational goods, newspapers,
magazines, books, tobacco, and alcoholic beverages.
44 Includes home purchase, which was classified under services prior to
1964, building materials, furniture and bedding, floor coverings, household
appliances, dinnerware, tableware, cleaning equipment, power tools, lamps,
Venetian blinds, hardware, automobiles, tires, radios, television sets, tape
recorders, durable toys, and sports equipment.
is Excludes home purchase costs which were classified under this heading
prior to 1964.
18 Includes rent, mortgage interest, taxes and insurance on real property,
home maintenance and repair services, gas, electricity, telephone, water,
sewerage service, household help, postage, laundry and dry cleaning, furni
ture and apparel repair and upkeep, moving, auto repairs, auto insurance,
registration and license fees, parking and garage rent, local transit, taxicab,
airplane, train, and bus fares, professional medical services, hospital services,
health insurance, barber and beauty shop services, movies, fees for sports,
television repairs, and funeral, bank, and legal services.
77 Called “ Durables less cars” prior to 1964. Does not include auto parts,
durable toys, and sports equipment.
18 Includes the services components of apparel, personal care, reading and
recreation, and other goods and services. Not comparable with series pub
lished prior to 1964.
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able D - 2 .
1281
Consumer Price Index—U.S. and selected areas for urban wage earners and clerical
workers (including single workers)1
[1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified]
New series 3 (except as noted)
1965
Area 2
Aug.
July
June
May
Annual
average
1964
Apr.
Mar.
Jan.
Feb.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1964
1963
194749=100
Aug.
1965
All items
110.0
110.2
110.1
109.6
109.3
109.0
108.9
108.9
108.8
108.7
108.5
108.4
108.2
108.1
106.7
135. 0
(s)
Atlanta, Ga
- -----------Baltimore, M d.
---------- (8)
(8)
Boston, M ass..
--------Buffalo, N.Y. (Nov. 1963=100)___ 104.0
Chicago, 111.-Northwestern Ind----- 107.7
Cincinnati, Ohio-Kentucky« -----(8)
(8)
(5)
113.5
(5)
107.7
(5)
107.9
110.0
(8)
(8)
107.9
107.5
(8)
(')
(8)
103.0
107.2
(8)
(5)
(8)
112.9
(8)
106.9
(5)
107.6
108.3
0)
(8)
106.7
106.8
(s)
(5)
(8)
102.4
106.6
(8)
(5)
(8)
112.3
(5)
106.4
(5)
107.4
108.6
(8)
(8)
106.5
106.9
(8)
(8)
(8)
102.1
106.6
(8)
(8)
(8)
111.6
(8)
106.4
(8)
107.2
107.9
(8)
(8)
106.3
107.0
(8)
(8)
(8)
101.3
106.3
(8)
106.7
107.9
111.1
101.1
106.1
106.3
105.1
106.8
109.5
(8)
(8)
(8)
105.7
104.7
135.8
(8)
Cleveland, Ohio—.
- - - - - - - 107.1
Dallas, Tex. (Nov. 1963 = 100)_____ 101.7
Detroit, Mich.------- 106.8
Honolulu, Hawaii (Dec. 1963=100). (8)
(51
(3)
(8)
(5)
106.9
106.8
101.1
106.1
(8)
(5)
(')
(8)
105.6
(ä)
107.9
112.1
m
0)
104.8
101.5
106.0
100.0
104.6
«
107. {
(5)
(')
(8)
105.0
(8)
(8)
111. 4
(s)
(8)
104.8
101.0
(8)
(5)
105.9
100.7
104.6
(8)
107.3
(8)
(8)
(8)
104.9
(8)
(8)
110.7
(»)
(8)
104.6
100.2
(8)
(J)
105.2
99.9
104.3
(8)
107.3
(')
105.2
100.1
104.0
100.3
107 2
10Q R
104.7
133.0
103.2
131.7
108.5
(«)
(8)
(5)
107.0
101.7
(«)
113.9
112.9
(5)
(5)
112.2
110.7
(8)
(8)
112.6
108.2
(5)
111.8
110.1
(')
(5)
112.5
112.2
NewYork,N.Y.-Northeastern N .J. 112. 6
110.6
Philadelphia, Pa.-N .J
(8)
Pittsburgh, P a — -----------------Portland, Oreg.-Wash.7. .
..
(8)
112.7
(5)
109.7
112.4
111.0
110.8
112.2
111.6
(*)
108.7
110.9
109.7
109.0
109.8
111.4
(5)
(5)
111.1
109.6
m
«
111.3
106.8
(8)
111.0
109.5
(8)
(8)
111.0
(s)
108.6
110.9
109.3
108.9
109.5
110.0
(5)
(8)
110.9
109.0
(8)
(8)
110.2
106 3
(6)
110.5
108. 6
(8)
(8)
(5)
St. Louis, M o .- I ll.---- ---- ------99.6
Pan Difigo Calif 6 (Feb. 1965 = 100)
San Francisco-Oakland, Calif-. (5)
Scranton, Pa.7_______ - -- --- -- 111.6
Seattle, W ash_____ .. ------- -- 111.5
Washington, D .C .-M d.-V a--------- 109.6
(8)
(5)
(8)
(8)
(»)
(5)
110.2
(8)
113.0
(5)
(8)
(5)
(8)
100.5
(8)
110.5
110. 8
109.5
(8)
109.0
(8)
(8)
108.7
(8)
108.1
106.2
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(5)
111.6
(»)
(8)
(8)
(8)
109.9
110.1
108.9
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
111.0
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
110.0
110.3
108.7
110.6
109.3
109.7
108.1
108.9
107.3
108.2
106.4
(8)
133.1
140.2
132.0
U.S. city average 4---------------------
Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif----- 111.5
108.9
(S )
(5 )
(5)
108.9
111.6
109.7
109.8
110.9
111.2
109.9
(8)
(5)
112.0
107.0
(«)
111.1
109.9
(8)
(s)
(8)
109.0
(8)
(8)
(8)
(s)
(8)
112.2
(s)
(8)
(8)
w
110.0
109.8
108.8
ins fi
110.2
108.2
110.4
108. 7
107.2
107.1
106.6
106 0
WR f)
108.8
108.5
108.9
(5)
( 5)
139.0
m’
135.7
135.8
(8)
(8)
Food
U.S. city average4-----— . -------
110.1
110.9
110.1
107.9
107.3
106.9
106.6
106.6
106.9
106.8
106.9
107.2
106.9
106.4
105.1
Atlanta, Ga__ _
Baltimore, M d. _ -- - __
Boston, Mass _
.
_____
Buffalo, N.Y. (Nov. 1963=100)___
Chicago, 111.-Northwestern In d ---Cincinnati, Ohio-Kentucky 9 ____
108.1
111.2
114.5
105.3
110.3
107.0
108.8
111.9
114.9
106.9
110.6
108.5
108.4
110.8
113.0
105.9
110.1
108.1
105.5
108.3
111.7
103.9
107.3
105.7
105.7
107.5
111.4
102.5
106.7
104.9
106.1
106.6
111.5
102.4
106.6
104.3
105.4 105.5
106.2 106.2
111.3 110.9
101.8 101.4
106.6 105.8
1014- 103.8
105.6
106.5
110.7
101.6
106.5
1019
105.6
106.8
111.0
101.7
106.9
IO4 . 5
105.7
107.0
110.8
101.8
106.9
105.4
106.1
107.1
110.8
102.4
107.0
106.2
105.4 104 8
106. 6 8 106.6
111. 1 109.8
102.2 101.5
106.3 106.1
105.5 IO4 . 5
103 8
104. 7
107. 4
Cleveland, O h io __
_
_____
Dallas, Tex. (Nov. 1963=100)_____
Detroit, M ich.. . _. .
- ._
Honolulu, Hawaii (Dec. 1963 = 100)Houston, Tex.9 __
Kansas City, Mo.-Kansas 9__ _
106.6
105.5
106.6
103.2
111.1
112.6
106.8
105.3
108.0
103.9
110.4
112.2
106.0
104.2
106.8
103.7
109.7
111.6
103.1
102.8
103.5
102.4
107.7
109.3
102.5
102.1
103.0
102.9
106.8
109.3
102.3
101.7
102.1
102.9
106.8
108.2
102.2
101.4
101.5
102.7
106.9
108.2
102.4
101.3
101.9
102.0
106. If
108.8
102.8
101.2
102.0
101.7
106.9
108.3
102.2
101.3
102.2
101.3
106.1
108.0
102.4
101.1
102.5
101.1
106.8
108.2
103.0
101.0
102.4
100.8
105.8
108.2
102.5
100.9
102.4
101.1
105.8
108. 4
102.1
100.5
101.9
100.8
105.7
107.2
101. 8
Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif.
Milwaukee, Wis.®
Minneapolis-St. Paul, M inn.9-----New York, N.Y.-Northeastern N .J.
Philadelphia, P a.-N .J----------------Pittsburgh, Pa.
___
Portland, Óreg.-Wash.7__ ____ _
111.7
109.6
108.4
110.8
107.9
108.2
110.6
111.8
111.5
109.1
109.1
108.3
105.5
107.9
105.8
105.1
108.0
106.7
108.0
104.9
104.6
107.9
105.5
108.6
105.1
104.8
108.1
108.8
IO4 . 9
105.0
109.0
105.5
104.9
107.5
109.6
106.3
108.5
105.6
105.9
107.7
109.1
105.5
106.1
108.0
105.1
105.1
108.0
109.5
107.9
110.9
108.0
109.3
110.6
109.9
106.2
106.6
108.9
106.1
106.8
109.2
109.9
108.9
111.6
109.6
110.5
110.8
105.2
109.2
105.7
105.1
107.6
106.7
109.6
105.9
106.2
108.1
108.1
105.6
IO4 . 6
108.9
105.4
105. 5
107.7
108.2
105.0
IO4 . 6
108.4
105.2
104.8
107.1
St. Louis, M o.-lll
San Diego Calif ®"(Feb. 1965 = 100)
San Franeisno-Oakland, Calif
Scranton, Pa.7__ . ..
_. .
Seattle, Wash
Washington, D .C .-M d.-V a-.. —
112.8
104.7
111.2
108.2
111.1
109.3
113.4
112.5
109.9
109.1
109.3
108.6
108.6
108.5
108.9
109.1
108. 7
107.6
104.9
112.0
110.5
111.9
110.5
111.1
109.6
112.0
109.4
108.9
106.1
109.6
106.7
108.4
106.1
109.1
106.6
108.0
106. 4
108.6
106.1
108.2
105.3
109.3
106.2
107.9
106.9
109.3
106.1
107.8
105.6
108.7
106.3
107.8
105.8
108.7
106.7
107.6
106.8
109.3
108.0
107.3
106.8
109.1
107.5
107.7
105.6
108.7
106.0
106.8
104.1
107.3
104.2
110.7
101. 5
109.4
106.8
110.5
107.4
1 See footnote 1, table D -l. Indexes measure time-to-time changes in
prices. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live in one area than in
another.
2 The areas listed include, for the new series, not only the central city but
the entire urban portion of the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, as
defined for the 1960 Census of Population; except that the Standard Con
solidated Area is used for New York and Chicago. For the old series, “area”
refers to the “urbanized area.”
3 See footnote 2, table D -l.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
105.7
102.9
101.5
103.8
104.3
107.1
104.9
102.5
107.1
104.2
103.6
105. 2
<Average of 50 “cities” (metropolitan areas and nonmetropolitan urban
places).
5 All items indexes are computed monthly for 5 areas and once every 3
months on a rotating cycle for other areas.
« Not included in United States average.
7 Old series. Contrary to original plans. Portland and Scranton will be
published on the old series basis indefinitely.
810-month average.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
1282
T able
D-3.
Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified]1
1965
1964
Annual
average
Commodity group
Aug.3 July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1964
102.9
102.8
102.1
101.7
101.3
101.2
101.0
100.7
100.7
100.8
100.7
100.3
100.5 100.3
103.7
103.5
101.1
100.2
99.0
98.7
98.1
97.2
97.8
98.2
99.3
97.7
98.0
98.7
99.1 100.0
85.4 103.9
88.4
88.3
106.4 105.0
91.8
90.5
103.9 4102. 4
100.0
84.7
106.6 113.8
95.4
98.3
106.7 4106. 6
109.1 109.3
106.3 106.3
108.5 107.8
100.3
109.0
89.6
104.6
92.0
100.7
82.0
114.7
95.6
106.1
108.5
105.5
107.1
98.4
118.5
91.0
96.2
91.8
100.2
79.0
115.4
94.8
103.3
108.3
97.7
106.8
97.6
117.7
91.2
91.4
91.6
101.2
91.2
119.4
95.6
102.3
108.3
93.6
107.5
95.4
107.8
90.6
89.8
91.6
100.1
86.9
119.2
95.2
101.8
108.1
92.4
107.5
94.5
102.5
90.5
88.4
91.8
103.5
76.7
120.6
97.2
102.1
107.9
92.1
107.8
93.0
98.5
90.4
85.5
92.4
104.1
78.9
119.0
95.3
102.2
108.2
91.9
108.3
92.7
98.9
90.1
83.1
92.6
105.0
85.3
116.7
98.3
100.8
108.2
88.8
108.9
94.0
108.0
88.0
83.6
93.9
105.4
91.6
115.6
98.4
100.9
108.3
89.8
109.5
93.8
98.2
88.9
85. 8
93.8
104.5
97.7
111.0
99.3
101.7
108.2
93.2
108.9
95.7
101.5
90.2
90.9
94.4
103.6
96.9
108.8
96.8
102.2
108.1
96.1
108.7
93.6
97.9
85.7
88.4
96.0
101.8
98.6
105.8
98.5
101.0
108.3
93.3
107.3
94.3
103.2
94.1
84.7
98.3
102.0
90.8
110.1
98.6
101.0
107.8
90.8
107.8
95.7
96.1
101.9
88.8
100.6
100.6
94.0
113.0
89.3
101.1
107.3
93.3
107.5
4101. 8 101.5 100.4 100.9
4109.1 4109. 2 4108. 7 4108.0
94.2
94.2
493. 5
94.0
4115. 9 108.4 107.4 116.7
94.4
4 91. 3
96.9 109.3
89.2
89.4
93.7 103.7
101.2 101.2 102.3 102.3
4113.4 112.7 112.2 111.7
103.2 103.1 102.5 102.2
102.5 102.5 102.3 102.1
101.9 101.9 101.6 101.5
99.7
100.3 100.2
99.9
104.4 104.0 103.8 103.1
95.9
95.7
96.1
96.0
127.6 132.2 135.1 134.5
4103.8 103.6 103.2 103.1
4120. 7 123.3 121.7 118.5
100.7
108.1
94.0
110.0
109.7
102.6
102.3
112.4
102.0
102.0
101.5
99.6
103.1
96.4
131.4
103.1
119.2
100.3 101.9
110.0 110.0
97.2
96.7
107.6 106.4
109.1 104.6
99.9
96.1
101.9 100.6
114.4 114.5
102.0 102.0
101.9 101.9
101.5 101.5
99.6
99.5
103.3 103.4
96.3
96.9
135. 5 121.6
103.1 103.1
118.6 118.8
101.9
107.1
98.2
107.7
105.9
98.0
100.1
111.2
101.7
101.8
101.5
99.4
102.8
96.8
117.4
103.1
117.8
102.3
104.7
98.2
107.3
106.2
99.0
94.4
110.3
101.5
101.6
101.4
99.1
103.3
96.5
117.8
103.2
118.7
102.7 102.2
105.8 105.1
98.2
98.2
109.8
97.7
96.1
87.7
91.2
84.0
90.4
88.6
109.1 109.3
101.6 101.3
101.5 101.1
101.4 101.2
99.0
98.9
103.1 102.9
96.1
95.7
116.6 117.0
103.3 103.3
120. 7 120.7
102.1
106.4
98.2
93.5
82.3
79.4
87.9
108.9
101.1
101.1
101.2
98.6
103.0
95.8
117.0
103.3
119.8
104.8
111.8
97.3
95.4
84.5
82.2
89.7
108.9
101.2
101.2
101.2
99.6
103.0
95.8
117.3
102.8
117.9
103.9
118.4
81.2
83.9
82.0
84.2
88.2
104.3
100.8
100.7
100.5
100.3
100.9
93.9
139.9
101.9
117.1
104.9 105.4
86.5
90.2
104.2 103.9
109.1 109.0
102.5 104.0
98.5
98.1
98.2
98.3
107.3 107.3
121.4 124.0
101.1 101.3
94.0
95.2
97.2
97.3
94.2
94.6
104.8 104.8
91.3
91.2
94.4
94.7
113.4 116.8
104.2 104.7
102.3 100.7
99.5
99.4
92.2
92.3
90.3
90.7
88.8
88.8
96.4
96.6
99.4
100.8
99.1
100.8
107.7 109.0
90.3
94.5
98.9
99.0
98.1
96.8
96.1
95.9
103.7 103.7
96.4
96.4
105.5
90.7
103.9
109.0
103.9
97.6
98.0
107.3
123.1
101.4
93.3
97.1
94.1
104.9
91.3
94.7
112.6
104.5
100.7
99.4
92.2
92.1
88.0
96.5
99.6
99.2
109.0
90.7
98.9
96.8
92.5
104.0
96.4
106.0 105.4
95.4
95. 5
104.8 104.0
109.1 108.4
103.6 103.3
96.7
95.2
97.7
97.3
107.3 107.3
120.4 118.4
101.5 101.5
91.9
89.5
96.9
96.6
94.3
93.9
104.8 104.8
90.5
89.9
94.6
94.6
107.7 106.2
104.3 104.4
99.3
98.8
99.6
99.6
92.1
91.9
91.3
90.4
88.0
88.0
96.5
96.4
100.3 100.6
100.4 100.7
109.0 109.1
91.2
91.8
99.1
98.7
95.5
97.5
92.2
92.2
104.0 103.7
96.4
96.4
105.6
96.0
104.5
108.3
103.7
96.4
96.6
107.3
121.2
101.4
91.4
96. 5
93.9
104.8
89.8
94.7
101.3
103.4
100. 2
99.6
91.8
89.9
88.0
96.4
100.9
101.1
109.1
91.8
98.7
95.5
93.3
103.7
96.4
104.6
87.5
102.9
108.5
103.1
97.1
96.9
106.3
121.3
101.1
92.7
96.7
94.2
104.7
91.0
95.0
96. S
103.9
100.1
99.4
92.5
90.6
89.0
96.9
100.6
100.7
108.5
92.3
99.0
96.
92.4
103.6
96.4
104.2
84.0
101.9
108.3
104.0
99.8
96.9
103.6
122.8
102.0
97.2
96.3
94.8
103.8
91.1
95.1
80.3
103.6
99.9
99.0
93.8
91.9
90.1
98.3
98.6
98.9
104.0
93.5
99.2
91.7
92.2
102.4
94.7
97.9
93.3
97.9
93.9
97.6
94.5
97.6
94.1
98.3
94.2
99.7
96. 2
All commodities---------------- ------------------ 102.9
103.3
p arm product* and processed foods____
FresS and dried fruits and vegetables..
Grains
- ----- ----------- ---------Livestock and live poultry__ _ _ _ __
Plant and animal fibers
__ Fluid milk
_ ______ ______
Eggs
- -- -- - - -- — - Hay hayseeds and oilseeds- ______
Other farm products
__ __ __
Processed foods
- ------rprenl and bakerv products .
... .
Meats poultry and fish _
_ .
Canned* and' frozen fruits and vegetables
____
Sugar and nonfcct.ionerv
_
_ .
Packaged beverage materials
100.4
109.2
93.4
113.7
93.2
Crude vegetable oils
_ _ ___ 90.0
Refined vegetable oils
___ - ___
101.2
Vegetable oil nod products
114.8
Miscellaneous processed foods
103.3
All commodities except farm products.
a, 11 nnmmndlties except farm and foods. _ . 102.6
102.0
Textile products and apparel
100.4
Cotton products
_____ ___
Wool products
__
_
___ 105.1
TVfanrnnde fiber textile products.. __ 94.8
132.8
Silk products
________ 103. 9
pparel
122.8
lvfi«cellnTiennR textile products . .
Hides, skins, leather, and leather prodnets
_ _ _ _ _ _ _____ 111.1
Hides arid skins
__
- ___ 133.4
Leather
- -- - - __ 106.5
Footwear
_
.................. 110.2
108.5
Other leather products.
99.0
Fuel and related products, and power—
95.7
Coal
- __ ______
-Coke
___ _ _ _ _ __ 107.3
123.5
Gas fuels 8
___
____
100.8
Electric power 8
_
__
96.4
Petroleum products, refined
97.2
Chemicals and allied products
95.0
Industrial chemicals
_ _ ____
105.7
Prepared paint
_ _______
89.2
Paint materials
_
___
94.7
Drugs and pharm aceuticals__
103.7
Fats and oils inedible
__
105.5
Mixed fertilizer _ _
102.1
Fertilizer materials
_
Other chemicals and allied products ... 99.8
93.0
Rubber and rubber products.
Crude rubber
- __ 88.8
91.1
Tires and tubes
. . .
96.8
Miscellaneous rubber products. . . . .
101.7
Lumber and wood products__
102.5
Lumber
_ ___ - ______ 107.8
Millwork _______ _______
94.2
Plywood
_
. .
___
99.9
Pulp, paper, and allied products
98.1
Woodpulp
________
97.5
Wastepaper .
__
Paper
__
-- ___ 104.1
96.3
Paperboard
__ __
- --Converted paper and paperboard prod99.3
ucts
93.5
Building paper and board---------------See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4108.8
117.4
105.9
4110.0
4105. 2
98.7
495. 2
107.3
4122. 5
100.7
96.0
97.4
95.0
105.7
89.6
4 94.7
4110. 3
4104.6
103.3
99.8
92.7
4 89.1
90.2
96.8
4100. 5
4101. 2
107.8
4 91.0
99.9
98.1
98.3
104.1
96.3
4107.7
103.1
107.6
109.8
4104. 7
98.7
94.7
107.3
122.7
100.8
96.0
97.4
94.8
105.7
89.3
94.7
114.0
104.8
104.3
99.8
92.8
90.1
90.2
96.6
100.3
101.1
107.8
90.5
100.0
98.1
98.0
104.1
96.3
99.5
499. 3
4 93. 5 1 92.7
107.4
105.9
104.2
109.7
104.9
98.4
94.6
107.3
122.2
100.8
95.4
97.6
94.8
105.7
90.1
95.0
116.7
104.9
104.3
99.8
92.9
91.8
89.7
96.8
100.4
101.0
107.9
91.3
100.0
98.1
100.3
104.0
96.3
106.3
96.3
103.6
109.7
104.3
97.6
94.6
107.3
122.5
100.8
94.1
97.6
94.8
104.4
90.4
94.8
121.2
104.9
104.3
99.8
92.3
91.6
88.5
96.5
100.5
101.0
107.6
91.9
99.8
98.1
97.3
103.9
96.3
99.3
99.5
92.7 I 92.3
105.7 105.1
92.1
90.2
105.7 103.2
109.1 109.1
102.9 102.8
97.9
97.9
97.3
98.3
107.3 107.3
124.1 124.1
100.8 100.8
94.0
93.9
97.5
97.5
94.5
94.7
104.4 105.2
90.3
90.4
94.6
94.6
118.7 118.3
105.0 104.8
104.3 103.8
99.8
99.7
92.2
92.2
90.6
90.7
88.5
88.5
96.5
96.5
100.7 100.8
101.3 101.4
107.6 107.5
92.2
93.0
99.5
99.0
98.1
98.1
96.2
96.0
103.8 103.8
96.3
96.4
98.8
92.2
98.0
92.2
97.9
93.4
98.1
94.3
1963
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able
D-3.
1283
Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities—Continued
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified] 2
1965
1964
Annual
average
Commodity group
All commodities except farm and foods—
Continued
Metals and metal products-----------------Iron and steel----------------Nonferrous metals------. ------ ------Metal containers— . . . ----------------Hardware..- . . -- - ------------------Plumbing fixtures and brass fittin g s.Heating equipment------------------------Fabricated structural metal products..
Fabricated nonstructural metal prod
ucts____ . ____
----------Machinery and motive products. --------Agricultural machinery and equipment.
Construction machinery and equip
m ent_______
___ . . .
Metalworking machinery and equip
----------ment ... . . . ..
General purpose machinery and equip
m ent________ . . . - -------Miscellaneous machinery----. ...
Special industry machinery and equip
ment 6___ .
---Electrical machinery and equipm ent..
Motor vehicles---- -- .
------- . . .
Transportation equipment, railroad
rolling stock9---- . . . .
----- .
Furniture and other household durables._
Household furniture------ ------- . .
----Commercial furniture... . .
Floor coverings---.
--------Household appliances.. .. . . .
Television, radio receivers, and phono
graphs____________ ___. . . - Other household durable goods........ .
Nonmetallic mineral products—
Flat glass______
_____
- . . .
Concrete ingredients . . . T ------------Concrete products_____. . . . __
Structural clay products___ . — —
Gypsum products_______ - — . . .
Asphalt roofing 7_. ________________
Other nonmetallic minerals_____
Tobacco products and bottled beverages..
Tobacco products__ ______
Alcoholic beverages-----------------Nonalcoholic beverages____. . .
Miscellaneous products---- --------Toys, sporting goods, small arms, am
munition ______________________
Manufactured animal feeds.._ _ . . . ..
Notions and accessories________ ___
Jewelry, watches, and photographic
equipment____
_ ---Other miscellaneous products________
A ug.3 July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1964
1963
106.2 105.8
101.4 101.5
116.5 115.5
108.3 108.3
106.2 106.1
104.3 104.3
91.8 4 91. 7
101.6 4101.4
105.9
101.3
116.2
108.3
105.9
104.3
92.0
101.2
105.7
101.5
115.2
108.3
105.8
104.2
91.6
101.2
105.2
101.4
113.4
105.7
105.4
104.2
91.9
100.8
104.8
101.3
112.3
105.7
105.4
104.2
91.6
100.3
104.6
101.2
111.8
105.7
104.8
104.2
91.4
100.2
104.5
101.4
111.5
105.7
104.8
104.1
91.3
100.3
104.7
101.1
113.0
105.6
104.8
104.1
92.2
100.0
104.3
100.9
112.0
105.6
104.8
104.1
91.9
99.9
103.8
100.7
110.4
105.6
104.8
103.9
91.8
99.6
103.0
100.5
107.0
105.6
104.9
103.0
91.7
99.6
103.0
101.2
105.8
105.6
104.9
102.9
91.7
99.4
102.8
100.5
105.9
105.5
104.8
101.8
92.0
99.3
100.1
99.1
99.1
104.7
104.1
100.5
92.9
98.2
110.0 4109.1
103.7 4103. 7
114.9 114.9
109.2
103.8
114.7
109.2
103.7
114.7
109.2
103.7
114.6
109.1
103.5
114.6
109.0
103. 5
114.4
108.3
103.3
114.3
108.3
103.1
114.2
108.2
103.2
113.8
108.2
103.0
112.9
108.2
102.9
113.0
108.0
102.9
113.1
108.5
102.9
112.9
105.1
102.2
111.1
115.6 4115.3
115.2
115.1
115.0
114.5
114.3
113.8
113.7
113.4
112.4
112.4
112.3
112.4
109.6
116.9
116.5
116.4
116.2
115.7
115.6
115.6
115.3
114.2
114.1
114.0
113.6
113.3
112.6
109.8
105.1 4104.7
105.3 105.2
104.7
105.5
104.7
105.4
104.5
105.3
104.4
105.1
104.4
105.1
104.3
105.1
105.0
104.1
104.9
105.1
104.8
105.1
103.8
104.9
103.7
104.7
104.5
104.6
103.8
103.5
107.9
97.0
100.7
107.9
97.1
100.7
107.8
97.1
100.8
107.8
97.0
100.8
107.8
96.8
100.8
107.3
96.8
100.9
107.3
96.7
100.8
106.6
96.3
100.8
106.4
96.5
100.7
106.0
96.3
100.7
106.0
496. 4
100.5
106.0
96.6
100.7
105.9
96.8
100.5
104.0
97.4
100.0
101.0 101.0
97.8
97.7
106.1 105.9
103.7 103.7
97.5 4 97. 7
89.0 4 89. 2
101.0
98.0
105.9
103.7
97.7
89.4
100.6
98.0
106.0
103.7
97.7
489. 2
100.6
98.0
106.0
103.6
97.7
89.4
100.6
98.3
106.0
103.6
97.9
90.0
100.6
98.2
106.0
103.6
98.0
90.0
100.6
98.3
106.1
103.3
98.0
90.2
100.6
98.4
105.7
103.3
99.0
90.6
100.6
98.5
105.6
103.2
99.0
90.7
100.6
98.5
105.5
103.2
99.0
91.2
100.6
98.6
105.3
103.2
99.0
91.1
100.6
98.6
105.3
103.2
99.0
91.3
100.5
98.5
105.3
103.2
99.4
91.3
100.5
98. 1
104.6
102.7
96.6
91.8
83.9 484.6
104.9 104.9
101.9 101.9
100.2 100.2
103.1 103.1
101.5 101.7
105.5 105.1
107.5 107.5
92.1
92.1
101.7 101.7
107.6 107.6
106.1 106.1
100.7 100.7
128.1 128.1
111.5 4112.6
85.9
104.9
102.0
101.7
103.1
101.6
105.1
107.5
92. 1
101.6
107.6
106.1
100.7
128.1
111.0
85.9
104.9
101.9
101.7
103.2
101.3
105.1
108.1
92.1
101.6
108.1
107.4
100.8
128.1
108.9
85.9
104.8
101.9
101.6
103.2
101.3
105.1
108. 1
92.1
101.6
107.8
106.7
100.7
128.1
110.3
85.9
104.8
101.9
101.6
103.2
101.2
105.1
108.4
91.7
101.6
107.5
106.1
100.6
128.1
109.5
85.9
104.8
101.8
101.6
103.2
101.2
105.1
107.7
91.2
101.3
107.6
106.1
100.9
128.1
109.6
86.4
104.7
101.7
102.1
103.2
101.3
105.0
106.6
91.2
101.0
107.5
106.1
100.5
128.1
110.0
86.6
104.4
101.6
102.1
102.9
101.1
105.0
106.6
91.2
101.2
107.5
106.1
100.5
128.1
110.7
87.2
104.3
101.8
103.1
102.9
101.1
104.9
108.6
91.2
101.5
107.5
106. 1
100.5
128.1
108. 5
87.3
104.3
101.8
103.1
102.8
101.1
104.8
108.6
91.2
101.5
107.6
106.1
100.8
128.1
110.1
87.3
104.4
101.8
103.1
102.8
101.1
104.6
108.6
91.2
101.5
107.5
106.1
100.8
127.3
109.2
87.3
104.4
101.7
103.1
102.8
100.8
104.5
108.6
91.2
101.8
107.5
106.0
100.8
127.4
107.3
87.2
104.2
101.5
102.4
102.8
100.9
104.4
108.2
88.8
101.5
107.4
106.0
100.7
127.0
109.2
88.6
103.2
101.3
98.3
103.0
101.7
103.6
105.4
90.0
101.4
106.1
104.5
101.0
122.6
110.4
102.9 4102.9 <102. 5 4102. 5 4102. 4 4102, 2 4102. 2 4102.1 4101. 3 4101.2
116.7 118.8 116.6 112.91 115.5 114.2 114.3 115.1 116.4 112.4
99.1
99.1
99.1
99.1
99.1
99. 1
99.1
99.1
99.1
99.1
101.1
115.3
99.1
101.2
113.7
99.1
101.0
110.2
99.1
101.0
113.9
99.1
101.0
116.4
98.8
105.1 4105.1 104.3 103.8 103.8 103.5 103.6 103.6
104.4 4104.6 4102.9 4102.8 4102. 8 4102.8 4102.8 4102.6
103.9
103.1
103.6
103.1
103.9
102.5
103.5
102.5
103.7
101.4
108.0
96.8
100.7
1 As of January 1961, new weights reflecting 1958 values were introduced
into the index. See “Weight Revisions in the Wholesale Price Index 18901960,” Monthly Labor Review, February 1962, pp. 175-182.
2 As of January 1962, the indexes were converted from the former base of
1947-49=100 to the new base of 1957-59=100. Technical details and earlier
data on the 1957-59 base furnished upon request to the Bureau.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
103.9
103.0
103.9
103.2
3 Preliminary.
4 Revised.
5 January 1958=100.
8 January 1961 = 100.
i Formerly titled “prepared asphalt roofing.”
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
1284
T able D-4.
Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings 1
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified]2
1965
1964
Annual average
Commodity group
A ug.8 July June May Apr.
104.8 4105. 6
114.3 109.8
103.3 103.2
99.2 99.4
95.0 493.6
96.4 96.0
93.8 93.8
97.3 96.7
96.5 95.9
91.5 91.5
91.6 91.6
112.3 112.3
100.6 100.6
96.9 4 96. 9
94.7 94.7
81. S 81.9
100.6 100.6
113.2 113.2
100.0 100.0
102.3 102.3
94.9 94.9
103.8 103.8
104.1 104.1
100.0 100.0
108.7 108.7
109.7 109.7
105.8 105.8
100.0 100.0
104.4 104.4
88.1 88.1
103.9 4104.1
100.3 100.3
102.6 103.2
106.6 106.6
102.1 4102.1
97.4 100.2
106.2 106.6
110.6 110.6
103. 0 103.0
Lumber and wood products (excluding millwork)----- 100.7 4 99.0
99.7 4 98. 4
Softwood lumber___
. . . . .
Pulp, paper, and allied products (excluding building
paper and board) . . . ..
------- - . . . 100.2 4100. 2
Special metals and metal products 2____ . -------- . 105.1 104. 8
Steel mill products.. . .
- 103.5 103.4
Machinery and equipment___ _ _____ . -------- -- 105.0 4104. 9
116.5 4116. 5
Agricultural machinery (including tractors)..
117.5 117.0
Metalworking machinery___
....
------116.8 116.8
All tractors.. .
.
. .... . . . . . . . .
105.2 4105. 2
Industrial valves____ . .
. . .
..
89.3 4 89. 3
Industrial fittings. .
.
. . .
. . . . .
Anti-friction bearings and components_____________ 83.7 4 83. 7
Abrasive grinding wheels. . .
...
. . . ----- 93.9 4 93. S
101.2 100.8
Construction materials_________ .
...
All foods—- - -- - - --------- ---------------------------------All fish __ _ - -- -------All commodities except farm products-------------------Textile products, excluding hard and bast fiber products5.
Bituminous coal—domestic sizes---------------------------Refined petroleum products--------------------------------E ast C oast markets.— - ----- ------------------------Midcontinent markets - - - - - - --------------------Gulf Coast markets. ------------------------------------Pacific Coast m arkets__ . . ------- ------- ---------Midwest markets «— . . . . . ----------- ------- Soaps___________________________________ ______
Synthetic detergents. . . -------------------------------------Pharmaceutical preparations-------------------------------Ethical preparations «----- . . . - — - — — —
Anti-inf ectives 6-_A nti-arthritics6.
Sedatives and hypnotics «_________________
Ataractics 6___
Anti-spasmodics and anti-cholinergics 8 ____
Cardiovasculare and anti-hypertensives «____
Diabetics A.
Hormones8. .. ____ . . .
....
Diuretics « . . . .
. .
Dermatologicals6__
. ..
Hematinics « . . __
. _
Analgesics8
----Anti-obesity preparations 8_____________ _
Cough and cold preparations 8-------------------Vitamins 8
. .
Proprietary preparations 6 . .
. . .
V itam ins8. .
___
. . .
. —
Cough and cold preparations 8---------------Laxatives and elimination aids 8. . . . .. .
Internal analgesics8... . _ . . . ..
. ..
Tonics and alteratives 8_.
. . .
External analgesics 8
Antiseptics 8 .
1 See footnote 1, table D-3.
2 See footnote 2, table D-3.
2 Preliminary.
*Revised.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
105.5
108.9
103.1
99.4
93.0
96.0
93.8
96.6
95.9
91.5
91.6
112.3
100.6
96.9
94.6
81.9
100.6
113.2
100.0
102.3
94.9
103.8
100.6
100.0
108.7
109.7
105.8
100.0
104.4
88.1
104.2
100.3
103.2
106.6
102.5
100.2
106.6
110.6
103.0
98.7
98.4
103.6
109.2
102.5
99.2
92.4
95.4
93.8
97.1
94.4
91.5
91.6
112.3
100.6
96.8
94.6
81.9
100.6
113.2
100.0
102.3
94.9
103.8
100.6
100.0
108.7
109.7
105.8
100.0
104.4
88.1
104.2
100.3
102.9
106.6
102.5
100.2
106.6
110.6
103.0
98.9
98.6
103.1
108.8
102.2
99.1
92.6
94.1
93.8
97.1
91.2
91.5
91.6
112.3
100.6
96.8
94.6
81.9
100.6
113.2
100.0
102.3
94.9
103.8
100.6
100.0
108.7
109.7
105.8
100.0
104.4
88.1
104.1
100.3
102.8
106.6
102.5
100.2
105.6
110.6
103.0
99.0
98.7
100.3
104.9
103.2
105.0
116.2
116.8
116.4
105.3
91.0
83.9
94.0
100.7
100.3
104.8
103.2
104.9
116.2
116.6
116.4
105.4
91.0
83.9
94. C
100.7
100.1
104.4
103.0
104.8
116.1
116.0
116.3
104.8
91.7
83.9
94.0
100.3
Mar. Feb.
Jan.
Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug.
101.8 101.2
108.3 109.7
102.0 102.0
99.1 99.1
96.9 99.8
94.0 93.9
96.2 96.2
96.2 98.8
91.9 90.4
91.5 91.5
89.5 90.1
112.3 111.7
100.6 100.6
96.8 4 96.6
94.6 94.6
81.9 81.9
100.6 100.6
113.2 113.2
100.0 100.0
102.3 102.3
94.9 94.9
103.8 103.8
100.6 100.6
100.0 100.0
108.7 108.7
109.7 109.7
105.8 105.8
100.0 100.0
4101.1 4101.1
88.1 88.1
104.1 103.9
100.3 100.3
102. 6 101.5
106.6 106.6
102.5 102.5
100.2 100.2
105.6 105.6
110.6 110.6
103.0 103.0
99.3 99.5
99.2 99.5
101.1
112.1
102.0
99.3
99.8
95.2
96.2
98.8
93.4
91.5
90.1
111.6
100.2
96.6
94.5
81.9
100.6
113.2
100.0
102.3
94.9
103.8
100.6
100.0
108.7
109.7
101.8
100.0
104.4
88.1
103.6
100.3
100.9
106.6
102.3
100.2
104.0
110.6
103.0
99.3
99.0
100.1
109.5
101.7
99.1
99.5
94.0
95.1
97.6
92.5
89.2
88.9
109.8
99.8
96.9
94.8
83.4
100.6
113.2
100.0
100.2
97.6
103.8
100.6
100.0
108.7
108.8
101.8
100.0
104.3
87.7
103.7
100.3
101.5
106.6
102.3
100.2
104.0
110.6
103.0
97.1
96.9
101.1
108.9
101.5
98.8
99.0
93.3
92.9
96.2
91.8
89.2
88.9
109.7
99.8
96.9
94.8
83.4
100.6
113.2
100.0
100.2
97.6
103.8
100.6
100.0
108.7
108.8
101.8
100.0
104.3
87.7
103.7
100.3
101.5
106.6
102.3
100.2
103.3
110.6
103.0
97.3
97.2
101.3
111.6
101.6
98.7
98.3
91.9
91.8
91.0
91.8
88.2
87.7
109.4
99.8
96.7
94.7
83.4
100.6
113.2
100.0
100.2
97.6
103.8
100.6
100.0
108.7
108.8
101.8
100.0
100.6
87.7
103.5
100.3
101.5
105.4
102.3
100.2
103.3
110.6
103.0
98.4
98.7
101.9
109.7
101.3
98.4
97.7
89.5
91.8
81.7
91.3
88.2
84.6
107.6
99.8
96. 7
94.7
83.4
100.6
113.2
100.0
100.2
97.6
103.8
100.6
100.0
108.7
108.8
101.8
100.0
100.6
87.7
103.4
100.3
100.9
105.4
102.3
100.2
103.3
110.6
103.0
98.7
99.1
100.7
105.4
101.1
98.3
95.4
91.4
91.8
83.1
94.3
89.7
85.8
106.8
99.8
96.8
94.8
83.4
100.6
113.2
100.0
100.2
97.6
103.8
100.6
100.0
108.7
108.8
101.8
100.0
104.0
87.7
103.4
100.3
100.9
105.4
102.1
100.2
103.3
110.6
103.0
99.1
99.7
100.8
107.4
101.2
98.9
96.7
92.7
93.6
89.7
94.0
87.4
88.0
107.1
99.6
97.1
95.4
85.4
100.6
113.3
100.0
100.2
97.6
103.8
100.6
100.0
108.7
108.8
101.8
100.0
103.5
87.7
103.1
100.3
101.0
105.4
102.2
100.2
103.1
108.6
103.0
98.9
99.3
100.4
112.0
100.8
98.3
98.4
97.2
96.7
96.6
97.6
89.7
94.2
104.3
99.5
96.8
95.7
88.4
100.6
113.0
100.0
100.1
99.9
103.8
100.1
100.0
103.3
108.8
101.8
100.0
99.3
87.9
101.5
100.3
99.6
103.5
101.8
100.0
102.3
103.5
99.7
97.7
98.0
99.3
104.0
102.9
104.5
116.0
115.9
116.2
103.1
95.1
85.1
95.5
100.3
99.2
103.9
102.9
104.4
115.9
115.6
116.0
103.2
92.7
86.3
95.5
100.2
99.1
104.1
102.7
104.0
115.8
114.0
116.2
107.0
92.7
86.3
95.5
99.7
99.2
103.7
102.4
104.2
115.4
113.9
115.9
106.8
92.7
86.3
95.5
99.7
99.3
103.4
102.4
103.9
114.3
113.9
114.3
106.0
92.7
88.5
95.5
99.8
98.9
102.8
102.3
103.8
114.5
113.5
114.3
106.0
92.7
85.4
95.5
99.7
98.9
102.8
102.9
103.8
114.5
113.1
114.3
106.0
92.7
85.4
96.2
99.7
99.3
102.6
102.8
103.8
114.3
112.6
114.4
107.2
93.6
89.0
96.1
99.6
99.3
100.5
102.0
103.1
112.2
109.4
111.3
107.5
93.7
90.8
96.7
98.5
99.8
104.1
103.0
104.5
116.3
115.9
116.4
103.0
95.1
84.1
95.5
100.2
1964
1963
5 Formerly titled “textile products, excluding hard fiber products.”
«New series. J anuary 1961=100.
2
Metals and metal products, agricultural machinery and equipment, and
motor vehicles.
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able
D-5.
1285
Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by stage of processing and durability of product
[1957-59=100] 2
1965
1964
Commodity group
A ug.3 July June May Apr. Mar.
Feb. Jan.
Dec. Nov.
Annual average
Oct. S ep t. Aug.
All commodities---------------- ------------------------- ------ 102.9 102.9 102.8 102.1 101.7 101.3 101.2 101.0 100.7 100.7 100.8 100.7 100.3
1964
1963
100.5
100.3
94.1
91.9
97 8
95. 0
94 0
96. 2
Stage of processing
Crude materials for further processing-------------------Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs-----------------------Crude nonfood materials except fuel-----------------Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for
manufacturing.- .
---------Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for
construction. . ___ _
------Crude fuel____________________________ _____
Crude fuel for manufacturing______________
Crude fuel for nonmanufacturing---------- -----Intermediate materials, supplies, and components___
Intermediate materials and components for manu
facturing,.- --------------------- --- -- ----- Intermediate materials for food manufacturing.
Intermediate materials for nondurable manu
facturing---- -------------------------------------Intermediate materials for durable manu
facturing_____________________________
Components for manufacturing____________
Materials and components for construction_____
Processed fuels and lubricants. __ ...................
Processed fuels and lubricants for manufac
turing—
Processed fuels and lubricants for nonmanu
. --------------------facturing__
Containers, nonreturnable_______ ____________
---- ------------ . . . ------- ..
Supplies.. ------Supplies for manufacturing________________
Supplies for nonmanufacturing____________
Manufactured animal feeds____________
Other supplies___ __________________
Finished goods (goods to users, including raw foods
and fuels)________ _________________________
Consumer finished goods__________ . ______
Consumer foods___ ___ _____ ____ ..
Consumer crude foods------------------------Consumer processed foods-------------------Consumer other nondurable goods_________
Consumer durable goods__________________
Producer finished goods______________________
Producer finished goods for m anufacturing...
Producer finished goods for nonmanufacturing-
100.7 100.5 100.6 98.3
101.1 4100. 9 101.0 97.3
100.0 99.6 99.8 100.2
99.8
99.3
103.1
102.5
102.5
102.8
103.1
101.9
101.8
102.1
96.9
95.4
99.7
95.8
93.9
99.0
95.5
93.5
98.7
94.2
91.8
98.3
94.0
90.6
99.6
94.0
91.0
99.1
94.3
91.8
98.5
95.7
94.4
97.7
94.1
91.7
97.9
99.6 100.0
99.4
98.6
98.3
97.9
99.3
98.8
98.2
97.2
97.5
97 4
95. 6
103.2
101.5
101.4
101.6
103.2
101.5
101.5
101.7
103.2
103.6
103.5
104.0
103.2
104.3
104.2
104.7
103.2
103.5
103.3
103.7
102.9
104.2
104.1
104.5
102.9
103.8
103.7
104.1
102.8
102.7
102.7
103.0
102.8
101.9
101.8
102.1
102.8
102.3
102.2
102.6
102.8
102 5
102.4
102.8
103 0
103. 0
103 0
103.3
102.4 102.3 102.2 101.9 101.8 101.6 101.6 101.6 101.4 101.1 101.1 100.6 100.4
100 9
100. 5
102.0 102.0 101.9 101.7 101.6 101.5 101.4 101.5 101.0 101.0 100.8 100.2 100.1
106.6 4106. 2 105.9 104.9 105.8 105.6 106.3 106.3 105.0 104.3 103.8 102.8 102.1
100 4
104. 0
99.4
105. 5
98.6 98.7 98.7 98.7 98.6 98.5 98.5 98.5 98.3 98.2 98.0 97.6 97.5
105. 0 104.8 104.8 104.6 104.2 104.0 103.9 103.7 103.4 103.3 103.2 102.5 102.5
101.5 4101.4 101.4 101.2 100.7 100.5 100.5 100.4 100.3 100.3 100.0 99.4 99.3
101.7 101.3 101.2 101.2 101.0 100.9 100.9 100.9 100.7 100.7 100.7 100.6 100.6
99.9 99.7 99.8 99.4 98.6 98.5 98.3 99.0 98.9 98.7 97.9 96.6 97.8
97.8
97.1
102.5
99 7
100.6
98.1
100. 5
98.8
99. 6
100 3
103.1
101.7
101.6
101.9
101.2 4101. 0 101.1 100.8 100.2 100.2 100.1 100.6 100.5 100.4
99.7
98.6
99.6
99. 8
101.6
97.6 97.5 97.5
102.4 4102,2 102.4
106.1 4106. 5 106.1
106.1 *106.0 4105.7
105.5 106.1 105.5
110.0 111.9 109.9
100.8 100.7 100.9
96. 9
102.2
105.1
105.8
104.2
106.4
101.0
95.9
101.1
105.7
105.7
105.2
109.0
100.9
95.5
100.8
105.2
105.7
104.5
107.8
100.6
95.3
100.3
105.1
105.6
104.3
107.9
100.2
96.4
100.2
105.2
105.6
104.5
108.7
100.1
96.1
100.1
105.5
105.5
104.9
109.9
100.0
95.9
100.1
104.4
105.6
103.4
106.0
99.9
94.9
100.3
105.2
105.7
104.4
108.7
100.0
93.1
100.0
104.6
105.6
103.7
107.2
99.7
94.7
100.0
103.6
105.7
102.2
103.9
99.4
95.2
100.2
105.0
105. 5
104.2
107.4
100.4
98.1
101.0
106.1
105.4
105.8
109.7
101.4
103.8 104.0
103.2 103.4
105.3 106.0
94.3 98.8
107.1 *107.1
102.9 102.7
99.5 99.6
105.4 105. 4
108 0 107.9
102.9 102.9
103.9
103.2
105.6
99.6
106.6
102.6
99.7
105.4
107.8
103.0
103.2
102.3
103.5
103.3
103.5
102.5
99.6
105.3
107.7
103.0
102.8
101.9
102.6
106.4
102.0
102.2
99.7
105.3
107.6
102.9
102.4
101.4
101.3
100.2
101.5
102.2
99.7
105.1
107.5
102.8
102.3
101.2
100.9
96.4
101.6
102.2
99.7
105.0
107.4
102.8
102.3
101.2
100.8
95.4
101.6
102.3
99.8
104.9
107.3
102.7
101.9
100.8
99.9
97.2
100.4
102.1
99.9
104. 5
106.8
102.3
102.1
101.1
100.9
103.1
100.5
101.9
99.9
104.6
106.8
102.4
102.1
101.2
101.4
100.2
101.5
101.6
100.0
104.3
106.6
102.1
102.1
101.3
102.2
101.1
102.4
101.0
99.9
104.2
106.3
102.0
101.9
100.9
100.9
99.1
101.2
101.4
99.9
104.3
106.4
102.2
101.8
100.9
100.6
99.8
100.7
101.6
99.9
104.1
106.2
102.0
101.4
100. 7
100.1
97.0
100.6
101.9
99.5
103.1
105.0
101.2
103.9
102.0
103.2
103.9
102.4
101.3
105. 7
101.1
103.7
102.0
103.0
103.7
102.3
101.6
105.4
101.4
103.6
100.8
102.4
103.6
101.1
100.5
106.1
100.2
103.4
100.4
102.1
103.4
100.7
99.9
105.1
99.6
103.3
99.8
101.8
103.3
100.4
98.6
103.5
98.3
103.2
99.6
101.8
103.3
100.3
98.1
102.5
97.9
103.1
99.5
101.8
103.2
100.5
97.1
102.2
96.8
103.0
99.0
101.5
102.9
100.0
97.1
106.5
96.5
102.9
99.1
101,4
102.9
99.8
97.6
104.2
97.2
102.8
99.2
101.4
102.8
100.0
97.5
102.6
97.2
102.4
99.4
101.2
102.5
99.8
98.4
100.7
98.3
102.5
98.7
101.0
102.5
99.5
97.1
101.1
96.9
102.4
99.1
101.1
102.5
99.7
97.5
98.0
97.5
101.0
99.6
100. 6
101.3
99.8
98.5
89.6
99.1
Durability of product
Total durable goods__ . ---------------- . . . . . . . . ._
Total nondurable goods.. _ _______ . . . _________
Total manufactures_____ . . . _________ ________
Durable manufactures___________ __________
Nondurable manufactures______ ______
...
Total raw or slightly processed goods______________
Durable raw or slightly processed goods___ .
Nondurable raw or slightly processed goods. . .
1 See footnote 1, table D-3.
2 See footnote 2, table D-3.
3 Preliminary.
4 Revised.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
103.7
102.2
103.1
103.7
102.5
101.5
103.6
101.4
N ote : For description of the series by stage of processing, see “New BLS
Economic Sector Indexes of Wholesale Prices,” Monthly Labor Review,
December 1955, pp. 1448-1453; and by durability of product and data begin
ning with 1947, see Wholesale Prices and Price Indexes, 1957, BLS Bulletin
1235 (1958).
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
1286
E,—Work Stoppages
T able
E -l.
Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1
N um ber of stoppages
M onth and year
1fl/4K
1QAA
1 QA7
m><Q
1QAQ
lOKrt
1QC1
10K9
1QCO
lOKA
lOKK
1QEvR
1QC7
____________________
______ -- ___________
_____
_______
__
_ _____________________
______________________
____________ ______ _
_ ____________ ______
_ ____________________
_ ___________ ______ - __________________
_ ____________________
_ _______ _________ _
_ __ _______ _____ _____
_ ___ _
_ ___________ ___ _______
__
___
___________ ____ _ -----____- ____ ______
lOKO
1QAH
1QA1
1QA9
1QAA
1964’ Jan u ary
F ebruary
]Vf arch
\ pril
__ __ _________________
____
- _
--------__
—
_ __ __ _ _
-
June
July
August
___________________________
___________________________
Septem ber
O ctober
N ovem ber
December
1965* Jan u ary 2
F ebruary 2
M arch 2
April 2
M ay2
June 2
J u ly 2
A ugust 2
___________________ ____________
_ __ __________ - - _________________________
________________________ — —
_________________________
________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ------- ___________________ _ —
_______________________ ____ _
________ ____
-
_____________________________ -------- _____ _____ - _________ ___ _____
Beginning in
m onth or year
2,862
3,573
4,750
4,985
3,693
3,419
3,606
4,843
4,737
5,117
5,091
3,468
4,320
3,825
3,673
3,694
3,708
3,333
3,367
3,614
3,362
3,655
211
233
241
364
442
376
416
306
336
346
238
146
260
200
350
340
420
450
380
380
i The data Include all known strikes or lockouts involving 6 workers or
more and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers involved
and man-days idle cover all workers made idle for as long as 1 shift in estab
lishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do-not measure the indirect
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
W orkers involved in stoppages
In effect dur
ing m onth
Beginning in
m onth or year
375
375
399
529
651
586
639
556
574
584
469
346
1,130,000
2,380,000
3,470,000
4,600,000
2,170,000
1.960.000
3.030.000
2,410,000
2,220,000
3,540,000
2,400,000
1,530,000
2,650,000
1,900,000
1,390,000
2, 060,000
1,880,000
1,320,000
1,450,000
1,230,000
941, 000
1,640,000
53,300
80,600
79,300
140, 000
192, 000
124,000
126,000
73,100
374,000
214,000
141,000
42,000
390
340
500
500
580
670
620
630
107,000
53,000
191, 000
128,000
111, 000
262,000
138, 000
92,000
In effect dur
ing m onth
M an-days idle during m onth
or year
N um ber
Percent of
estim ated
working tim e
91,400
116,000
123,000
187,000
249,000
222,000
195,000
133,000
432,000
549,000
274,000
149,000
16.900.000
39.700.000
38,000,000
116,000,000
34,600,000
34,100,000
50,500,000
38,800,000
22,900,000
59,100,000
28,300,000
22,600,000
28,200,000
33,100,000
16,500,000
23,900,000
69,000,000
19,100,000
16,300,000
18,600,000
16,100,000
22,900,000
898, 000
1,040, 000
816, 000
1,170,000
2,400,000
1, 900,000
1, 740,000
1,200,000
2,390,000
6,590,000
1, 730,000
1,060,000
0.27
.46
.47
1.43
.41
.37
.59
.44
.23
.57
.26
.21
.26
.29
.14
.22
.61
.17
.14
.16
.13
.18
.09
.11
.08
.11
.24
.18
.15
.12
.23
.61
.17
.10
188,000
153,000
234,000
175,000
174,000
332,000
303,000
222,000
1,790,000
1,450,000
1,760, 000
1,630,000
1,770,000
2,520,000
3,630, 000
2,290,000
.18
.15
.16
.15
.18
.23
.34
.20
or secondary effect on other establishments or industries whose employees
are made idle as a result of material or service shortages.
2 Preliminary.
F.— WORK INJURIES
1287
F.—Work Injuries
T able
F -l. Injury-frequency rates1for selected manufacturing industries 2
19653
Industry
19643
Annual
average3
1963 3
Second quarter
1st
4th
3d
2d
1st 4th
3d
2d
1st
quar- quar quar- quar quar quar- quar quar- quar
Apr. May June Quar ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
1964
1963
12.4
12.9
12.7
12.6
12.2
12.2
13.2
12.6
11.9
11.9
13.0
11.9
11.6
12.7
12.1
Ordnance and accessories..... ............................ ............ . 2.3
Ammunition, except for small arms__________ _________ 1.1
Sighting and fire control equipment.................................................
Small arms......... ................................................................................
Small arms am m unition...................... ............................................
Food and kindred products_________________
21.8
Meat products........................ ..................... ......... ......
38.2
Dairy products______________________________
21.9
Canned and preserved foods, except meats________
14.5
Grain mill products................................. ...................
15.2
Bakery products_____________________________
15.6
Sugar___ ______ ______________ _________ ____
19.8
Confectionery and related products_____________
16.5
Beverages_____________________________ _____
16.6
Miscellaneous food and kindred products____ _____
26.1
Textile mill products______________________
10.1
Cotton broad woven fabrics____________ ____ ___
5.4
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics__________
7.9
Weaving, dyeing, and finishing broad woolens.........
19.9
Narrow fabrics and smallwares................ ..................
12.0
Knitting mills____________ ____________ ______
9.7
Dyeing and finishing textiles, except wool and knit.
14.0
Yarn and thread mills____________ ____________
14.2
Miscellaneous textile goods_______________ ____ _
16.2
Apparel and related products_______________
6.0
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats__ _________ _____
8.1
M en’s and boys’ furnishings.______ _____________
6.2
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerw ear........... .
4.5
Women’s and children’s undergarments____ ______
4.5
Girls’ and children’s outerwear_____________ ____
5.8
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories____________
Miscellaneous fabricated textile products_________
6.7
Lumber and wood products, except furniture.
35.7
Logging camps and logging contractors___________
38.7
Sawmills and planing mills____________________
30.7
Millwork, plywood, and related products_________
32.6
Wooden containers____________________________
39.8
Miscellaneous wood products.__________________
39.2
Furniture and fixtures.___ ________________
19.6
Household furniture_____________________ _____
19.3
Office furniture_________________________ _____
Public building and related furniture................. ......
Partitions; office and store fixtures.___ _____ ____
20.0
Paper and allied p ro d u cts.._____ ______ ____
11.5
Pulp mills___________________________________
Paper mills, except building p a p e r..____ ________
8.5
Paperboard mills_______ _____ ______ _________
13.7
Converted paper and paperboard products_______
9.8
Paperboard containers and boxes.............................
15.0
Building paper and building board mills_________
12.3
Printing, publishing, and allied industries____
10.9
Newspapers: publishing and printing____________
10.2
Periodicals: publishing and printing_____________
13.4
Books____________ _____ ____________________
8.8
Miscellaneous publishing_________________ _____
Commercial printing.___________ _______ ____ _
12.0
Manifold business forms_______________________
Greeting cards_______________________________
Chemicals and allied products_______________
6.6
Industrial chemicals___________________________
4.0
Plastics and synthetic materials_________________
3.8
Drugs_____________________ _________________
7.2
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods__________________
7.7
Paints, varnishes, and allied products____________
6.5
Agricultural chemicals_________________________
23.7
Miscellaneous chemical products____________ ____
10.7
Petroleum refining and related industries______
Paving and roofing materials_______ ____________
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products___
13.3
Tires and inner tubes____ _______ ______________
7.4
Rubber footwear______ ______ ________________
3.2
Fabricated rubber products, not elsewhere classified.
12.3
Miscellaneous plastics products______ _____ _____
16.0
2.4
1.5
2.7
2.4
2.0
1.6
1.8
4.8
1.7
1.9
1.7
1.9
6.6
1.9
1.7
2.4
8.5
25.1
38.6
26.5
27.3
17.4
14.7
25.3
14.2
24.9
25.8
9.1
6.1
6.5
15.2
11.9
9.0
14.0
11.1
14.8
7.4
7.2
7.3
4.6
5.5
8.1
11.6
11.5
38.1
49.7
39.7
28.3
39.5
35.9
20.8
20.1
17.1
24.9
22.7
12.2
23.5
36.9
26.6
20.7
16.6
18.2
27.2
10.9
21.8
21.7
8.5
5.8
6.9
11.9
10.6
8.1
11.9
10.9
12.0
7.3
7.7
7.9
4.6
5.8
5.6
11.6
8.7
35.3
50.9
39.0
23.9
36.7
31.8
18.6
19.6
14.7
17.3
22.0
13.1
2.5
2.3
3.5
6.6
2.5
22.6
37.3
23.5
19.8
14.9
14.1
25.5
14.0
20.4
23.9
8.3
5.6
8.8
12.4
12.0
6.8
9.7
8.9
16.6
7.4
8.3
7.7
5.0
6.4
4.0
9.9
8.5
32.5
47.5
35.2
24.0
30.2
29.5
19.3
20.0
15.3
16.8
20.4
12.9
2.2
1.9
2.1
6.5
3.6
21.1
31.6
23.1
20.9
15.3
13.9
24.4
14.0
20.1
22.1
8.6
5.2
9.3
11.8
13.4
5.4
15.1
12.3
16.0
7.2
7.3
7.4
4.1
6.8
6.7
6.1
10.6
37.0
60.5
41.3
25.6
31.4
29.0
19.5
19.1
18.1
20.5
21.7
12.3
2.2
2.0
1.9
6.9
1.6
24.6
36.1
27.9
27.0
17.3
15.2
26.3
14.7
26.2
22.9
9.9
6.6
6.4
13.1
11.8
8.8
17.8
12.7
19.4
7.9
5.7
8.8
4.9
5.3
8.5
13.1
11.1
37.8
53.7
42.5
26.9
37.2
25.8
21.9
20.3
24.3
27.6
23.9
12.9
2.3
2.3
2.0
6.5
3.1
21.2
30.8
26.6
20.3
16.7
14.3
17.7
12.3
22.9
19.9
8.6
5.5
7.8
12.7
11.4
7.8
13.2
9.5
16.3
6.5
6.3
7.1
3.9
7.8
4.9
7.4
6.8
35.7
49.4
41.4
25.7
31.0
29.3
17.8
17.7
17.4
12.7
22.1
12.4
2.8
2.8
2.5
10.2
1.7
21.1
29.7
25.3
19.8
14.6
16.0
15.4
11.6
21.9
24.2
8.4
4.8
7.£
11.4
11.9
8.3
12.9
9.4
18.3
6.1
7.4
6.8
3.3
2.9
8.6
7.3
7.0
34.2
49. 7
37.5
27.0
27.4
25.6
17.8
18.7
12.0
17.0
19.7
12.6
9.1
10.8
15.4
13.7
12.2
8.8
6.8
4.8
8.9
9.2
11.1
15.9
15.9
17.5
9.2
8.9
4.9
13.2
9.3
12.9
14.8
14.7
15.1
10.4
10.2
9.3
8.9
9.2
13.2
12.4
13.4
11.4
8.9
9.4
6.2
7.6
9.5
12.7
13.9
15.1
11.3
10.0
7.4
7.2
8.1
9.3
11.4
14.7
13.4
11.8
9.6
9.3
5.6
7.5
9.5
11.9
14.0
14.7
10.5
11.3
11.7
9.4
8.5
2.0
1.9
2.4
6.3
1.5
23.7
37.3
26.0
24.4
16.2
15.2
24.6
14.5
21.7
24.0
8.6
5.7
7.6
14.3
11.7
7.6
12.6
10.1
14.2
7.3
7.9
7.4
4.4
5.8
6.6
11.0
10.3
35.1
49.7
37.0
25.8
34.5
32.5
19.7
19.7
16.3
21.3
23.3
12.7
15. 7
9.2
12.4
14.6
13.7
14.0
9.4
8.2
5.9
9.2
2.3
2.2
2.2
7.6
2.6
22.1
32.0
25.7
22.7
16.0
14.9
21.3
13.2
22.8
22.3
8.9
5.5
7.8
12.2
12.1
7.6
14.7
11.0
17.4
6.9
6.7
7.5
4.0
5.4
7.2
8.5
8.9
86.2
53.4
40.7
26.3
31.8
27.5
19.2
19.0
17.8
19.6
21.8
12.6
15.1
9.4
12.2
13.8
14.2
11.3
10.0
9.4
7.1
7.9
11.2
10.9
11.3
11.4
7.7
4.6
4.4
5.7
12.5
13.0
21.0
16.0
9.3
12.7
9.2
7.9
4.5
4.8
6.3
11.4
14.6
24.7
10.4
11.6
10.2
8.3
7.1
4.5
4.6
5.1
14.0
11.7
12.4
10.8
9.9
8.9
11.4
7.6
4.6
4.4
5.9
14.7
10.3
13.2
13.4
13.2
11.9
14.8
8.2
5.2
4.9
7.6
13.8
13.2
10.2
10.5
11.6
8.4
11.0
8.2
4.8
6.1
6.5
13.4
13.7
17.8
9.2
13.4
9.8
13.9
8.4
5.5
4.8
5.9
15.1
13.7
12.7
12.6
11.5
10.7
9.2
7.6
4.9
4.6
5.9
11.9
11.6
17.5
11.8
12.0
9.8
12.7
8.0
5.0
5.1
6.5
14.3
12.7
13.8
11.4
10.5
6.5
2.0
9.5
17.9
12.1
6.8
2.6
13.1
16.2
11.0
5.7
4.8
11.2
17.6
9.7
5.8
2.3
10.3
13.2
10.3
5.1
2.9
10.3
16.8
11.9
7.3
5.4
10.9
16.6
9.9
5.4
3.1
9.7
16.3
9.6
5.1
5.2
9.5
14.7
11.0
6.1
2.9
11.3
17.0
10.3
5.7
4.2
10.0
16.2
Manufacturing.
See footnotes a t en d of ta b le.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 .0
23.1
35.7
17.4
23.5
36.7
24.1
21.6
22.2
21.3
15.6
19.5
21.0
21.4
21.5
10.4
6.9
7.1
19.2
11.6
10.1
14.6
13.0
14.0
7.3
9.3
7.3
6.9
6.3
6.1
6.7
36.3
55.9
36.3
24.8
42.4
38.6
19.0
16.8
1.5
2.2
8.7
22.8
36.8
21.1
24.1
9.2
5.6
7.4
16.3
14.3
6.5
14.7
12.4
15.8
6.9
8.9
6.8
7.2
4.7
5.0
19.5
18.6
15.5
19.9
18.2
19.9
24.0
9.9
5.9
7.5
18.5
12.7
8.7
14.4
13.2
15.3
6.7
8.8
6.8
6.3
5.2
5.7
9.6
9.1
7.4
10.9
7.2
4.6
6.7
8.6
7.9
35.9
7.1
35.9
8.0
34.9
19.4
15.3
20.3
17.1
21.6
54.5
35.1
24.2
42.2
41.0
16.2
14.7
50.2
34.0
27.2
41.5
39.6
18.2
16.9
18.0
22.6
22.6
24.9
11.3
23.2
11.6
11.5
8.3
9.3
11.8
12.1
8.8
10.9
13.6
15.0
10.3
12.6
10.1
10.2
14.3
10.2
7.5
9.2
9.6
8.1
5.9
11.3
1L6
12.3
12.1
14.3
12.6
10.2
10.1
8.9
9.8
Ï1.9
12.1
5.9
12.8
51.4
34.8
25.7
35.2
37.8
19.2
18.3
25.7
18.9
19.6
11.5
10.0
8.9
12.3
9.6
15.2
8.4
9.0
8.2
4.3
7.3
35.7
26.1
22.0
15.9
13.6
20.9
16.8
16.9
23.5
8.3
5.5
7.4
17.7
11.7
6.5
15.4
9.2
12.5
6.9
6.7
6.8
4.1
5.4
7.1
9.3
12.6
33.1
4 4 .8
34.6
27.3
27.9
28.9
19.7
19.0
17.4
24.9
24.8
12.0
15.6
9.0
12.7
11.9
12.9
11.4
10.1
7.3
9.5
7.9
11.2
13.2
8.1
7.1
4.8
2.8
7.8
7.6
5.9
3.9
6.6
9.5
8.8
16.3
7.2
4.4
3.7
7.2
9.5
7.4
21.7
15.7
12.6
11.5
5.2
4.7
10.7
15.3 I
12.5
6.2
4.0
11.5
16.3
17.9
22.3
8.7
6.2
8.5
19.8
3.7
22.2
12.7
6.8
4.5
2.8
6.5
9.1
7.0
18.2
17.9
11.6
21.0
1.2
7.9
8.1
4.8
4.4
7.8
11.7
9.1
22.3
18.3
6.1
4.2
22.3
34.6
20.4
18.9
18.3
15.3
24.3
17.1
1.6
11.8
7.4
10.4
14.8
12.5
5.3
3.2
13.1
17.7
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1965
1288
T able
F -l. Injury-frequency rates1 for selected manufacturing industries2—Continued
1965
Industry
Leather and leather products-------------------------Leather tanning and finishing,
------------------------Boot and shoe cut stock and findings--------------------Footwear, except rubber------------------------------------Stone, clay, and glass products-----------------------Flat glass---------------------- v,-------------------------------Glass and glassware, pressed or blown-------------------Glass products, made of purchased glass----------------Structural clay products-------------------------------------Pottery and related products------------------------------Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products------------ ---Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products-----------Primary metal industries------------------------------Blast furnaces, steel works, basic steel products-------Iron and steel foundries--------- ----------------------------Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and extruding------------Nonferrous foundries----------------------------------------M iscellaneous prim ary m etal industries--------------------
Fabricated metal products----------------------------M etal cans------------------------- ----------------------------Cutlery, handtools, and general hardware-------------Heating apparatus and plumbing fixtures--------------Fabricated structural metal products--------------------Screw machine products, bolts, etc-----------------------M etal stampings------------ --------- ----------------------Coating, engraving, and allied services------------------Miscellaneous fabricated wire products-----------------Miscellaneous fabricated m etal products------ --------Machinery, except electrical--------------------------Engines and turbines----------------------------------------Farm machinery and equipment----------------- --.------Construction, mining, materials-handlmg machinery.
Metalworking machinery and equipment--------------Special industry machinery--------------------- ----------General industrial machinery and equipment---------Office, computing, and accounting machines----------Service industry machines------------------ --------------Miscellaneous machinery, except electrical------------Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies. _
Electric transmission and distribution equipment . . .
Electrical industrial apparatus---------------------------Household appliances---------------------------------------Electric lighting and wiring equipment----------------Radios and television receiving sets---------------------Communication equipment-------------------------------Electronic components and accessories-----------------Miscellaneous electrical equipment and supplies----Transportation equipment----- ----------------------Motor vehicles and equipment---------------------------Aircraft and p arts--------------------------------------------Ship and boat building and repairing-------------------Railroad equipment-----------------------------------------Instruments and related products------------------Engineering and scientific instrum ents-----------------Mechanical measuring and control devices------------Surgical, medical, and dental equipm ent-------------Ophthalmic goods-------------------------------------------Photographic equipment and supplies-----------------W a tc h e s a n d clocks--------------------------------------------------
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries----------Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware----- --------------Musical instruments and parts---------------------------Toys, amusement, and sporting goods------------------Pens, pencils, office and art materials-------------------Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions---- -----------Other miscellaneous manufacturing industries--------
Annual
average»
1963»
Second quarter
1st
4th
3d
2d
1st 4th
3d
2d
1st
quar- quar- quar- quar- quar- quar- quar- quar- quar- 1964
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
Apr. May June Quar ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
14.2
31.1
13.6
27.9
13.7
34.3
13.8
31.0
11.7 10.7 10.3 10.9
16.9 19.7 19.7 18.7
9.4 11.9 10.6
10.5
6.8
7.5
5.9 10.2
10.0 17.9 13.9 13.9
28.7 36.4 34.3 33.1
25.7 23.0 16.9 21.9
22.6 23.0 31.7 26.0
10.5 11.3 12.0 11.3
11.4 12.9 12.7 12.4
4.9
4.8
5.5
4.7
22.7 25.3 25.8 24.6
13.6 13.3 15.4 14.2
17.5 24.0 21.8 21.0
25.1 28.0 26.0 26.3
17.7 18.4 18.3 18.0
8.4 10.1
8.9
8.1
12.4 16.8 11.8 13.6
17.9 16.1 18.8 17.7
25.0 24.3 26.6 25.4
15.8 18.6 16.4 16.9
9.9 10.9 10.2
9.9
34.6
20.4 26.5 22.1 23.0
18.6 15.5 17.0 17.1
12.3 12.0 12.2 12.2
5.6
6.0
7.3
5.3
9.5 10.5 10.2 10.0
15.0 14.9 16.0 15.3
12.0 10.0
9.1 10.3
18.3 16.3 18.4 17.7
9.6 10.9 12.7 11.1
4.2
4.4
3.9
4.3
12.6 14.6 14.7 13.9
18.2 17.0 15.2 16.8
5.5
5.8
5.5
5.3
6.2
5.8
5.8
5.3
7.2
7.2
6.3
8.0
6.2
8.2
7.3
7.6
9.7
8.1 10.2 10.8
6.3
7.7
5.3
6.1
2.2
2.4
2.3
2.0
6.2
6.5
5.8
6.0
6.0
6.6
6.1
5.0
6.5
6.4
6.6
6.7
4.4
4.6
4.0
4.5
3.6
3.2
3.9
3.7
24.1 23.0 24.7 23.9
7.7 10.7 11.6 10.0
6.2
6.5
5.6
7.7
2.6
2.9
2.8
2.3
7.4 11.1
9.1
8.6
6.5
4.4
7.7
7.3
5.1
6.6
6.8
8.3
5.3
5.3
12.5 13.2 13.8 13.2
6.4
7.9
7.3
7.7
12.9
14.4
15.5
14.1 18.3
12.5
13.6 10.9 15.5 13.3
- 11.4 10.2 11.4 11.0
1 The injury-frequency rate is the average number of disabling work in
juries for each million employee-hours worked. A disabling work injury is
any injury occurring in the course of and arising out of employment, which
(a) results in death or permanent physical impairment, or (b) makes the
injured worker unable to perform the duties of any regularly established job
which is open and available to him throughout the hours corresponding to
his regular shift on any 1 or more days after the day of injury (including
Sundays, days off, or plant shutdowns). The term “injury” includes occu
pational diseases.
2Beginning with the first quarter of 1963, the revised injury data reflect
both changes in industry definitions and reclassification of individual reports
on the basis of improved classification information. A detailed explanation
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1964»
13.2
30.6
14.1
33.0
14.8
30.4
13.9
32.4
14.6
32.2
11.4
25.3
13.3
31.2
13.0
29.7
13.3
30.8
10.0
17.1
5.0
10.7
9.3
28.0
15.8
26.7
11.8
11.8
4.7
25.6
11.8
21.4
23.9
17.8
6.8
13.6
18.2
24.2
15.1
10.3
33.0
21.9
19.3
12.5
6.1
10.7
14.7
11.0
16.8
12.5
3.8
13.1
18.3
5.5
5.8
7.3
6.7
9.7
5.6
2.4
6.2
6.7
5.9
4.2
3.3
25.6
9.9
5.9
3.5
8.4
8.3
2.6
4.9
6.8
11.0
6.0
14.0
12.6
14.3
8.9
10.7
9.6
15.7
8.7
7.6
8.3
24.5
15.9
29.8
10.7
11.7
4.2
32.0
11.6
21.7
24.7
18.0
6.8
16.4
19.6
24.2
17.6
9.1
22.4
24.9
14.7
12.1
8.0
10.0
16.0
10.7
14.1
11.7
3.0
12.8
17.2
5.2
6.0
6.0
6.5
9.5
3.8
2.4
5.9
9.7
7.1
3.9
3.5
25.0
12.1
5.4
3.4
7.8
4.5
1.6
6.0
2.9
13.1
10.4
11.7
17.5
9.3
7.8
8.8
27.5
19.9
31.2
11.9
11.9
4.3
29.6
13.6
25.5
21.5
19.3
7.6
14.8
21.6
28.4
15.2
10.5
36.2
19.1
19.1
12.6
6.3
8.9
16.3
11.7
14.6
13.1
3.6
12.3
19.9
5.4
5.6
5.7
6.9
13.3
4.1
2.3
6.9
9.4
7.9
4.1
3.5
29.4
12.5
5.9
3.7
9.6
5.2
2.8
5.1
4.5
13.1
6.1
10.6
15.7
13.5
14.6
7.4
10.0
18.3
11.6
7.1
4.0
31.6
23.3
29.9
11.6
12.0
4.5
28.9
13.2
23.6
20.1
17.1
7.9
14.5
16.9
24.6
16.0
9.1
14.9
19.7
15.2
12.1
6.3
10.5
14.7
11.8
15.3
11.1
3.5
11.6
18.5
5.6
7.8
5.8
8.1
8.5
4.8
2.3
6.5
9.9
7.9
3.9
3.5
34.4
13.6
5.3
3.3
9.1
4.1
4.3
3.8
4.7
13.2
7.5
14.2
14.0
19.9
11.8
10.4
11.4
14.6
5.8
6.3
4.1
25.1
18.4
29.4
10.2
11.2
4.0
24.1
12.2
24.4
19.7
16.1
6.6
13.4
16.2
22.8
14.6
8.8
19.6
23.5
13.7
11.7
6.3
10.2
14.6
10.2
14.7
12.3
3.0
10.6
17.1
5.2
5.9
5.9
7.7
9.5
3.8
2.2
6.1
9.2
7.1
3.7
3.6
27.9
12.2
5.4
4.2
8.9
6.3
3.4
3.3
3.6
12.9
10.5
8.2
16.5
10.7
12.5
8.6
8.6
16.8
8.8
8.5
6.9
29.0
17.8
27.7
10.6
11.0
4.2
25.9
12.0
17.8
17.9
16.1
6.6
13.4
19.9
21.2
12.2
10.3
23.4
17.1
14.9
11.4
6.7
10.9
13.0
10.6
14.7
10.9
2.6
13.6
18.9
5.3
4.5
5.8
7.2
8.4
4.1
2.5
5.6
12.0
7.2
4.0
3.8
24.7
13.0
5.4
4.0
7.6
6.3
3.0
4.3
6.7
13.8
7.7
13.0
16.8
19.2
11.2
7.8
9.6
19.4
9.1
8.1
6.8
32.4
21.6
36.3
12.9
11.5
4.3
27.4
12.2
21.1
20.0
17.7
6.0
13.4
18.3
23.3
16.6
11.2
31.3
21.4
15.7
11.5
6.5
11.1
13.8
9.9
15.3
12.1
2.5
13.9
16.6
5.7
4.8
5.5
8.8
10.3
5.2
2.7
6.3
10.8
7.6
4.6
3.4
26.4
10.9
5.4
5.3
7.8
5.7
4.4
3.7
5.1
15.8
8.7
10.1
17.9
21.5
15.1
11.5
9.0
16.2
8.9
6.9
6.9
26.2
15.5
26.9
11.3
10.6
4.0
26.2
11.7
19.2
20.3
16.0
6.1
12.2
17.2
22.7
11.3
10.1
20.4
19.0
15.5
11.2
6.7
12.3
13.8
9.6
14.2
10.3
2.6
13.9
16.7
5.2
5.6
5.3
8.6
8.9
2.6
2.7
5.7
7.6
7.9
4.4
3.4
28.0
11.4
6.3
6.7
7.9
7.6
2.0
4.9
3.5
13.4
8.8
12.9
15.0
13.5
12.4
10.3
10.0
15.7
7.2
8.5
7.1
23.2
17.3
29.4
11.3
10.6
4.3
23.7
10.2
19.6
20.9
14.9
5.4
10.9
14.3
20.4
13.4
9.7
17.0
18.5
14.8
10.6
5.5
11.3
13.4
9.7
12.4
9.4
3.3
11.8
19.2
5.2
6.0
6.3
7.8
8.1
2.7
2.8
5.6
7.4
7.4
4.2
3.2
27.1
9.0
6.4
7.7
8.6
6.3
5.9
3.2
6.1
10.6
9.7
12.9
10.5
8.8
10.2
8.7
13.8
13.7
10.6
10.0
14.4
32.2
22.8
10.7
16.5
7.8
7.3
6.4
26.9
19.4
30.0
11.1
11.9
4.3
28.9
12.7
24.1
22.0
18.0
7.3
15.0
18.8
25.4
15.8
9.7
23.8
22.6
15.8
12.3
7.0
10.0
15.4
11.2
14.8
11.9
3.4
12.1
18.2
5.4
6.2
6.0
7.4
10.6
4.2
2.3
6.4
9.6
7.8
4.0
3.5
28.3
12.7
5.6
3.7
8.9
5.2
3.4
4.7
3.8
13.2
8.6
12.1
15.0
14.4
12.3
9.6
1963
12.7
29.2
23.4
9.3
16.9
8.5
8.0
6.9
27.7
18.0
30.2
11.5
10.9
4.2
25.8
11.5
19.4
19.8
16.1
6.0
12.4
17.5
22.0
13.3
10.3
22.9
19.0
15.2
11.2
6.3
11.4
13.4
10.0
14.1
10.7
2.7
13.3
17.8
5.3
5.3
5.8
8.1
8.9
3.7
2.7
5.7
9.5
7.5
4.3
3.4
26.6
11.2
5.9
5.9
7.9
6.5
3.8
4.0
5.4
13.4
8.7
12.]
15.2
15.8
12.1
9.6
of the changes in industry definitions is available upon request. Compari
sons to the series prior to 1963 should be made with caution. Industries
classified according to the Standard Industrial Classification Manual 1957
Edition, Bureau of the Budget. Industry group totals include data for
industries not shown separately.
3
Rates are preliminary and subject to revision when final annual data
become available.
N o t e s : These data were compiled according to the American Standard
Method of Recording and Measuring Work-Injury Experience, approved by
the American Standards Association, 1954.
Dashes indicate data not available or insufficient to warrant presentation
of average.
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Washington, D.C., 20402. Send check or money order, payable to the Superintendent of Documents.
Currency sent at sender’s risk. Copies may also be purchased from any of the Bureau’s regional offices.
(See inside front cover for the addresses of these offices.)
BLS Bulletin 1370-2: Employment and Earnings Statistics for States and Areas 1939-64.
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BLS Bulletin 1385-82: ages and Related Benefits, Part I I : Metropolitan Areas, United
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