Full text of Monthly Labor Review : October 1960, Vol. 83, No. 10

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Mo
Labor

NOV

I

ÎS60

PUBLIC LIBRARY

Review
OCTOBER 1960 VOL. 83 N O .

Union Views on Fair Labor Standards in Foreign Trade
Normal Retirement Under Pension Plans
The Revised City Sample for the CPI
Consultation and Negotiation in Swedish Factories

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS


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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

James P. Mitchell, Secretary

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
C la c u e , Commissioner

E

w an

R

obert

J. M y ers,

H

enry

H

erm an

Deputy Commissioner

J . F it z g e r a l d ,
B. B yer,

Assistant Commissioner

Assistant Commissioner

W. D u a n e E v a n s , Assistant Commissioner
P h il ip A r n o w ,

Assistant Commissioner

M ary S. B edell , Acting Chief, Office of Publications
A rnold E. C hase, Chief, Division of Prices and Cost of Living
H. M. D outy, Chief, Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
J oseph P. G oldberg, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
H arold G oldstein, Chief, Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics
L eon G reenberg , Chief, Division of Productivity and Technological Developments
R ichard F. J ones, Chief, Office of Management
W alter G. K eim , Chief, Office of Field Service
P aul R. K erschbagm, Chief, Office of Program Planning
L awrence R. K lein , Special Assistant to the Commissioner
H yman L. L ewis, Chief, Office of Labor Economics
F rank S. M cE lroy, Chief, Division of Industrial Hazards
A be R othman, Chief, Office of Statistical Standards
W illiam B. Shelton, Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions

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Monthly Labor Review
U N IT E D STATES DEPA R TM EN T OF LABOR • BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Law rence
M ary

S.

R.

Editor-in-Chief (on leave)
Executive Editor

K l e in ,

B edell,

CONTENTS

Special Articles
1025
1031
1039
1045
1045

Union Views on Fair Labor Standards in Foreign Trade
The Course of Ideology in International Labor
Consultation and Negotiation in Swedish Factories
Special Labor Force Reports
Multiple Jobholders in December 1959
\

Summaries of Studies and Reports
1052
1061
1071

Normal Retirement Provisions Under Collective Bargaining
Paid Sick Leave Provisions in Major Union Contracts, 1959
Wage Chronology No. 3: United States Steel Corp.—Supplement No. 8—
1958-60

Technical Note
1078

The Revised City Sample for the Consumer Price Index

Departments
in
1084
1090
1092
1097
1105


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The Labor Month in Review
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics

October 1960 • Voi. 83 • No. 10

Subject Index of B L S Bulletins

Bulletin 1281, Subject Index of Bulletins Published by the Bureau
of Labor Statistics, 1915-59, presents for the first time—
• A complete listing, in numerical order, of all bulletins (Nos. 1—

1263) published by the U.S. Department of Labor’s Bureau of
Labor Statistics from the date of the Bureau’s organization (as
the Bureau of Labor in the Department of the Interior in Janu­
ary 1885) to December 31, 1959.
• An index of all bulletins published since 1915, alphabetically by

subject, with cross-references.
• Annotations of selected bulletins.
• Prices of all bulletins which are still in print.
• Depository libraries listed by State, which now receive publications

of the Bureau.

Send orders for BLS Bulletin 1281 (accompanied by check or money order) to the Superintendent of Documents,
Washington 25, D .C., or to any of the following Bureau of Labor Statistics regional offices:
341 Ninth A ve.
New York 1, N .Y .

18 Oliver St.
Boston 10, Mass.

105 W . Adam s St.
Chicago 3, III.

1371 Peachtree St. N E.
Atlanta 9, G a .

Price, 55 cents a copy
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630 Sansome St.
San Francisco 11, Calif.

The Labor Month
in Review
International Union of Electrical Workers on
October 2 struck more than 50 General Electric
Co. plants where it represents about 70,000 work­
ers, in an effort to obtain a better settlement
than the company had offered on August 30, when
its first proposal was made. In the initial ballot­
ing by the union’s General Electric Conference
Board, 10 locals, including the large locals at
Schenectady, N.Y., Pittsfield, Mass., and Bridge­
port, Conn., voted in favor of accepting the
company’s proposal but they later agreed to join
the walkout.
GE’s proposal called for a 3-year contract, pay
raises of 3 percent on October 1, 1960, and 4
percent or a wage reopener in April 1962, and
job retraining and severance pay, as well as im­
provements in insurance and welfare benefits.
The goals of the IUE and the other unions as­
sociated with it in the General Electric bargaining
included a 3.5-percent wage increase each year of a
2-year contract, continuation of the cost-of-living
clause, a supplemental unemployment benefits
plan, insurance and welfare improvements, and a
union shop.
The company kept its plants open and said that,
for nonstriking union members, it would maintain
wages and pension, seniority, and insurance
arrangements, but not the escalator clause. Local
plant managers were authorized to grant 3-percent
increases to unorganized employees after Septem­
ber 12. Before the IUE strike, United Auto
Worker and Machinist locals in Evendale, Ohio,
and the UAW local at Auburn, N.Y., had voted
to accept contracts which were reported to vary
somewhat from the company’s offer to the IUE to
fit local conditions.
The IUE contract with the Westinghouse
Electric Corp. was due to expire October 15. The
union and management proposals in the Westinghouse negotiations were similar to those made in
the GE bargaining.

T he

was convention month for about a
dozen unions. Although politics, including cam­
paign speeches by Republican and Democratic

S eptem ber


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candidates for national office, took much of the
limelight, a number of other fundamental subjects
were considered by the delegates.
On matters dealing with unemployment and the
results of automation, the Steelworkers Union
reiterated its appeal for a shorter workweek, in
which it was joined by the Machinists, the
Chemical Workers, the International Union of
Electrical Workers, and the United Electrical
Workers. The Mine Workers convention, in
early October, called for a Federal system of
unemployment benefits under which workers
would be entitled to benefits as long as they
were jobless. It would be financed by increased
employer taxes. To protect Machinist members,
their convention approved an eight-point collec­
tive bargaining program, including training, mov­
ing allowances, transfer rights, supplemental
unemployment benefits, and early retirement
rights.
The Steelworkers convention approved a pro­
gram to construct hospitals and group practice
medical centers in steel communities. It was
hoped that at least part of the necessary financial
backing could be obtained from the steel industry
pension reserves. The decision was based on a
2-year study of existing health insurance, which
concluded that union members were getting inade­
quate medical attention for the amount of money
being spent.
At most of the conventions, there was concern
over competition from products made abroad and
the growing overseas investments of United States
corporations. The IUE proposed the establish­
ment of a permanent legislative committee to
study the effects of such investment on domestic
jobs and to recommend corrective legislation.
The continuing struggle over union jurisdiction
was evident in more than one convention. Dele­
gates attending the Carpenters convention voted
to start a nationwide organizing campaign aimed
principally at missile bases where the industrial
unions and UMW District 50 have been represent­
ing workers on construction jobs. The Steel­
workers, on the other hand, determined to bargain
for contract clauses to end contracting out of
work they claim belongs to their members.
Election of officers was on the agenda of a
number of unions. George Burdon, organization
director of the Rubber Workers, was elected to
succeed former President L. S. Buckmaster, who
had reached retirement age. The Bricklayers
m

IV

elected John J. Murphy, who had served in the
interim after Harry C. Bates’ retirement. The
Grainmillers approved the retirement of Sam P.
Ming and elected Roy O. Wellborn, former vice
president, as his successor. At the Steelworkers
meeting, Donald Rarick, president of the local at
U.S. Steel’s Irvin Works in McKeesport, Pa.,
rekindled his campaign against President David J.
McDonald, in anticipation of the union election
referendum in February 1961.
On O ctober 4, Secretary of Labor James P.
Mitchell sued in the U.S. District Court in New
York City to invalidate a National Maritime
Union election held last spring. The action was
based on two complaints filed with the Secretary
by union members who stated that they had ex­
hausted their internal union appeal rights. The
suit charged that in the election of President
Joseph Curran and 74 other officers, the union
had violated the Labor-Management Reporting
and Disclosure Act by failing to provide a secret
ballot, illegally disqualifying candidates, permit­
ting electioneering at the polling places, using
union funds to promote the candidacy of certain
officers, and failing to give equal treatment to all
candidates. The union had 20 days to reply to
the charges. If the court finds that the election
provisions were violated and the violation may
have affected the outcome of the election, the act
provides for a new election under the Secretary’s
supervision.
the United Shoe Workers and
the Boot and Shoe Workers’ Union signed 2-year
contracts with the International Shoe Co. The
agreements, which covered about 12,300 workers,
provided for a 5-cent-an-hour wage increase on
January 1, 1961, and 3 cents more a year later.
The UAW local at the J. I. Case Co. in Racine,
Wis., voted in mid-September to give up its
6-month strike for a union shop, the checkoff,
and other demands. The union settled for wage
increases averaging 12 cents an hour, plus some
improvements in pensions and insurance in a 2year contract covering about 1,900 workers.
Members of the Brotherhood of Railway Clerks
ended a 10-day strike against Braniff International
Airways on October 6, when the parties agreed on
a 3-year contract that included wage increases of
45 cents an hour for skycaps and averaging 41
cents an hour for other employees. The 2,500

I n early O ctober ,


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960

employees represented by the Brotherhood were to
receive two retroactive increases (as of January 1,
and August 1, and the others on January 1, 1961,
and January 1, 1962. They did not achieve their
goal of a union shop. Meanwhile, a U.S. court of
appeals had refused to interfere with a lower court
order prohibiting the Air Line Pilots Association
from boycotting airports in cities where ALP A
pilots have been on strike against Southern Air­
ways since early June. Southern has continued
to operate with nonunion pilots.
A 2-month strike against Lockheed Aircraft
Service at Idlewild airport ended on October 9
after IAM members ratified a contract offer that
provided for an immediate wage increase of 4 cents
an hour, an additional increase of 3 cents on
September 18, 1961, and other improvements.
Labor disputes beset the Great Lakes area as
the fall shipments of grain became heavy. On
September 29, 600 Canadian members of the Sea­
farers’ International Union struck the ships of
N. M. Patterson & Sons, Ltd., in a tactic meant to
win a contract with the Lake Carriers’ Associa­
tion, of which the Patterson line is a member.
Other association members began tying up their
ships as a counter move. The union was asking
a 10-percent wage increase and a 40-hour week in
a 1-year contract. The association had offered a
10-percent increase over a 3-year period. Cana­
dian pilots on the St. Lawrence River were also
in a dispute with their employer, the Canadian
Government, over a new system of rating their
experience and skill, which they claim has reduced
their earnings. They also want their Government
to protest alleged encroachment by U.S. pilots on
Canadian pilots’ work.
The Caribbean Congress of Labor was founded
by some 60 delegates who met September 14-15
at St. George’s, Grenada (Federation of the West
Indies), to approve a constitution and elect officers.
Frank Walcott of the Barbados Workers Union
was elected president. The CCL will succeed the
Caribbean Area Division of the Inter-American
Regional Organization of Workers (ORIT) of the
ICFTU.
In late August, the Ghana Parliament amended
the Ghanaian Industrial Relations Act to require
workers to join unions. Workers had 1 month to
join, after which it would be an “unfair labor
practice” for employers to hire nonunion em­
ployees.

Union Views on
Fair Labor Standards
in Foreign Trade
J o seph M

in t z e s *

of the Trade Union Section
of the European Productivity Agency, a working
group of United States and European trade union
economists met in Paris March 29-31, 1960, to
discuss the potentials of introducing fair labor
standards in international trade.1 The initiative
for calling the meeting came from American
trade unionists, who have favored the use of
fair labor standards in international trade as a
possible means of improving living standards
and furthering economic development in lowwage exporting countries. At the same time,
such a policy would, in their opinion, help offset
growing protectionist sentiment in unions of
certain industries that are concerned about im­
ports. The AFL-CIO delegation united in a
nonprotectionist position, although it included
representatives of unions in industries, such as
clothing and automobiles, that face import
competition, and apparently succeeded in relieving
concern among European union economists that
the U.S. approach was protectionist in intent.
The Americans suggested that countries re­
ceiving trade concessions on given commodities
under the General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (GATT) be required to report annually
on progress achieved in working conditions and
living standards in the industries concerned.
No punitive measures were suggested; however,
the American unionists expressed hope that annual
confrontation examinations (similar to the annual
review now carried out by the Organization for
European Economic Cooperation) would exert
moral suasion upon countries benefiting from
trade concessions. They also pointed to the need
for European countries to accept a proper share of
imports from low-wage countries and criticized
excessive use by European countries of the escape
U nder the a uspices


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clause in Article 35 of the GATT with respect
to imports from Japan.
The European trade union economists, in
general, were more receptive to the American
labor proposal than ever before, but some ex­
pressed concern that U.S. protectionists might
use the fair labor standards policy against Euro­
pean competition. Moreover, they repeatedly
questioned its adequacy for meeting Western
obligations to the less developed countries and
stressed the greater importance of economic
aid and international trade union help for native
labor organizations as means of achieving higher
living standards for workers in the less developed
countries. In commenting on this theme, which
pervaded the meeting, the U.S. trade union
delegation expressed substantial agreement with
the Europeans’ position. The AFL-CIO group
acknowledged that their fair labor standards
proposal would only partly fulfill the responsi­
bility of the economically advanced countries
of the West toward the less developed countries.
Furthermore, they noted that their organization
actively supported increased economic aid to less
developed countries and had been a leader in
efforts to strengthen free trade unions in those
countries.
Fair Labor Standards in International Trade

Adrian Yermeulen, director of the EPA Social
Affairs Division, opened the meeting by noting
that labor cost differences within Europe are not
determinant in regard to trade. He indicated
that the extent of harmonization of wages and
related social policies is limited by varying
institutional factors in the different countries:
In some countries, workers rely to a considerable
extent on free collective bargaining, whereas in
others they depend relatively more on social and
labor legislation. Vermeulen stressed the pos­
sible importance of fair labor standards in export­
ing industries in the less developed countries
where an effort is being made to move away from
*Director, Labor and Manpower Division, U.S. Mission to the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization and European Regional Organizations.
i The EPA was established in May 1953, within the Organization for
European Economic Cooperation, to assist in raising productivity levels, to
study the problems involved, and to serve as a clearinghouse for the national
productivity centers of the 17 member countries. It sponsored the working
group meeting as a service to the labor organizations participating in its trade
union activities.
This article was adapted from a longer report by the author to the State
Department. It presents the highlights of the principal presentations made
at the meeting, together with relevant discussions.

1025

1026
heavy reliance on exports from extractive and
primary commodity industries to more diversified
manufacturing. He noted that in these countries
productivity is relatively low in the economy as
a whole but rather high in certain manufacturing
industries which export. Vermeulen urged that
care be exercised so as not to cause wage dis­
tortion in the less developed countries as a result
of the possible introduction of fair labor standards
in export industries. He favored some mechanism
whereby high returns in manufacturing might
directly support investment toward further eco­
nomic development. He also called for the
strengthening of free trade unions in these
countries so that they could win wage and other
benefits for workers.
In a brief discussion that followed, Alfred
Braunthal of the International Confederation of
Free Trade Unions noted that many of the less
developed countries do not have unions which are
yet in a position to help workers in a collective
bargaining sense and further, that even some
European countries do not permit the develop­
ment of free trade union institutions. Therefore,
he felt that international trade union groups
must also use other tools to help raise living
standards in these countries.
Following this discussion, Karl Casserini of the
International Metalworkers’ Federation summa­
rized a report on international fair labor standards
which had been prepared for the IMF Executive
Board meeting in Washington during October
1959. Casserini pointed to the responsibility of
the more industrially advanced countries for
helping workers in the less developed countries
raise their living standards. He outlined the
following tasks for trade unions:
1. Strengthen free trade unions in the less developed
countries.
2. Study further how to use fair labor standards
effectively in the low-wage countries in connection with
exports.
3. Consider possible coordination internationally of
collective bargaining, particularly in regard to large
international firms.
4. Support ratification and encourage enforcement of con­
ventions adopted by the International Labor Organization.
5. Play an active role in intergovernmental trade
negotiations, with the view of avoiding protectionism and
promoting higher labor standards.

Casserini urged that countries which might
be negatively affected by changing trade patterns

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960

resort to internal adjustment machinery rather
than to protectionism. He mentioned the possible
use of various measures, such as retraining of
workers, aid to industries for diversification,
special unemployment compensation, and pay­
ment of workers’ transportation to new jobs.
Commenting on Casserini’s presentation, M.
Jucker of the Swiss Federation of Trade Unions
indicated that there is some concern in his country
that fair labor standards provisions intended to
meet the problems of low-wage exporting coun­
tries might also be applied by the United States
against advanced industrial countries in Europe.
Further, he thought that Switzerland could grant
general tariff concessions to other industrially ad­
vanced countries but would have to continue to
rely on the escape clause in Article 35 of the GATT
relative to the extremely low-wage exporting coun­
tries. He noted also that U.S. trade legislation
has a special “escape clause” of its own. Stanley
Kuttenberg of the AFL-CIO objected to implica­
tions of Jucker’s statement, which he interpreted
as favoring the United States and European trade
position relative to the rest of the world. In reply,
Jucker clarified his position, stating that he could
accept a fair labor standards clause if it did not
affect his country’s exports.
Karl H. Friedrichs of the German Metalworkers
Federation took exception to the use of a fair labor
standards provision in trade as a device for meet­
ing the problems of the less developed countries.
He indicated that the approach required detailed
labor cost comparisons among countries not only
for the whole economy but also for individual
firms, which he believed were not feasible because
statistics are so inadequate. Nat Weinberg and
Everett Kassalow of the U.S. delegation (repre­
senting the United Automobile Workers and the
AFL-CIO Industrial Union Department, respec­
tively) intervened to point to the need of taking a
pragmatic approach to the problem and not seek­
ing perfect statistical tools. Friedrichs insisted
on the shortcoming of determining what are
“unfair” labor standards; while one could agree on
the general principle, it is necessary to have rather
specific techniques to make meaningful deter­
minations.
Labor Cost Differences and International Trade

Stanley Kuttenberg of the AFL-CIO, in his
presentation, called for a trade union policy that

FAIR LABOR STANDARDS IN FOREIGN TRADE

would reduce the significance of differences in
labor costs between countries as a factor in inter­
national trade. The American trade unions, in
proposing the introduction of fair labor standards
in international trade, were not seeking protection,
he said, but rather a solution to the problem
of exports from low-wage countries that would
avert a return to protectionism. At the same
time, be said, the advanced countries should
accept their responsibility to promote industrial
diversification in the less developed countries by
accepting exports and by providing economic
aid for development. He criticized certain
European countries for resorting to the escape
clause in Article 35 of the GATT in negotiations
with Japan. He outlined three possible measures
whereby the advanced countries could provide
access to world markets for the newly developing
countries and at the same time minimize the
impact of such exports:
P 1. Assure fair competition in world markets by regu­
lating labor standards in exporting countries whose stand­
ards now give them unfair competitive advantage.
2. Make sure that low-wage exports do not curtail
employment opportunities and/or depress wage standards
in the corresponding industry of importing countries.
3. Give workers in the export industries maximum
compensation within the economic capabilities of the
industries.

Ruttenberg noted that the first point—fair com­
petition—is principally a concern of the employers
in competing countries and might be resolved with­
out affecting the workers. The second measure,
be felt, is a legitimate concern of the national trade
union groups affected by imports, since its objec­
tive would be to raise wages in exporting countries
so that they would not lower labor standards in
similar industries in importing countries. The
third approach, be indicated, is an international
task which could be accomplished by help from
the ICFTU in strengthening the unions in the lowwage exporting industries and by the establish­
ment of mechanisms for achieving international
fair labor standards under an institution such as
the GATT. For example, he said, Japanese trade
unionists had recently admitted to him that
Japan’s minimum wage law, which he described
as very weak, would not have been adopted except
for moral pressure exerted during GATT negotia­
tions with the United States. In any case,'Anions

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1027
would need to police any measures taken, whether
national or international.
In a number of low-wage countries where tech­
nological standards almost parallel those in indus­
trially advanced countries, Ruttenberg indicated
that it would be desirable to investigate cases
where labor cost differences were substantial. He
suggested first a comparison of industry profit
rates. Where this did not disclose significant dis­
parities, he would examine relative wages between
exporting industries and others in the country,
because inefficiency wouid not justify the exploita­
tion of labor. In addition to raising wages, he
suggested the possibility of taxing “excess” profits
in export industries where abuses existed, ear­
marking the revenue for social and economic de­
velopment purposes. He thought that a possible
international fair labor standards provision would
not increase labor costs enough to significantly
affect the competitive position of exports from
low-wage countries but would further the trade
union objective of raising living standards in these
countries.
In discussing Ruttenberg’s proposal, Friedrichs
noted that in most countries average wages in ex­
port industries tended to be higher than wages in
general and. that, in regard to ability to pay, Japan
was perhaps doing relatively better than the
United States on wages in export industries.
Therefore, he questioned the advisability of in­
ternational action for fair labor standards in the
trade sphere; instead, he favored international
trade union action to help strengthen the unions
in low-wage countries.
Friedrichs questioned using either international
or domestic labor cost comparisons as a basis for
action; the establishment of fair labor standards
in international trade would result in protection­
ism. He felt that unions should look at the
economy as a whole and not single out export in­
dustries. In his view, the appropriate wage policy
differs between less developed countries, where
capital formation requirements are great, and
countries which have a mature market economy,
where labor costs are an important element in the
competitive position of industry. He would in­
clude in the latter group the low-wage exporting
industries of Japan and Hong Kong, which would
hardly be called less developed areas.
R. Bell, research director of the Canadian Labor
Congress, asked whether Ruttenberg’s proposals

1028

would lead to wage distortion in exporting indus­
tries in a less developed country where produc­
tivity is relatively high. Speaking to this point,
Weinberg suggested that a limited amount of wage
distortion would not be harmful if it exerted some
wage pressure throughout the economy, citing the
desirable effect on American wage levels generally
of Henry Ford’s introduction of a $5 daily wage
in the U.S. auto industry. However, he said, the
taxing of excess profits for social and develop­
mental purposes might be preferable in the less
developed countries and, in any case, action should
be taken gradually to minimize wage distortion.
D. Carline of the British Trades Union Con­
gress indicated that some criteria on fair labor
standards of the order suggested by Ruttenberg
were possible, but he was concerned that the
standards might be directed against European
countries. He thought it would also be desirable
to get the views of the trade unions in the less
developed countries.
Labor Costs as a Factor in International Trade

Alfred Braunthal of the ICFTU reviewed exist­
ing studies on international differences in labor
costs.2 He concluded that: (1) labor costs do
affect competitive conditions in trade, but it is
difficult to determine how much; (2) the wage
spread between low- and high-wage countries is
usually offset by productivity differences and
other cost advantages; and (3) in those cases,
however, where low wages are of major significance
in international trade, the application of fair labor
standards is warranted. He urged that fair labor
standards not be applied in such a way as to reduce
international trade and that the international
trade union movement also support other measures
which would stimulate economic development in
the less developed countries and thus help improve
living standards.
In the discussion of Braun thal’s report, Charles
Levinson (an observer from the International
Metalworkers’ Federation) pointed out that col­
lective bargaining in a number of European
countries has a regional or industry basis and thus
tends to produce gradual changes in the effective
minimum wage level, whereas bargaining in the
United States is usually governed by the enter­
prise’s ability to pay and thus encourages rela­
tively rapid increases in living standards. Wein­

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berg of the UAW, taking up this theme, pointed
to the need for unions to press for wage increases
in exporting firms that are able to pay; where
unions either do not exist or are weak, he favored
international labor standards.
In response to a subsequent question about
whether wage distortion had accompanied high
wages for auto and steel workers in relatively lowwage areas in the United States, Weinberg stated
that high wages for these workers had helped
raise the standards of living of other workers in
the low-wage areas without causing serious local
distortions. He said that trade unions should
seek to eliminate international competitive ad­
vantages based on the human element as much as
possible. Unions should recognize that such
other factors as favorable resources, energy,
entrepreneurial skills, and transport could be
legitimate areas for competitive advantages, but
not “ human misery.” At this stage in world
history, workers in the less developed countries
should not have to look forward to the same pain­
ful process of capital accumulation experienced by
workers during the industrial revolution in Europe
and the United States. The less developed coun­
tries, Weinberg noted, should be helped toward
rapid economic development by foreign economic
aid.
Carline of the TUC questioned what would
happen to trade unions if the fair labor standards
approach were generally accepted. Ruttenberg,
in reply, noted that the unions in Puerto Rico had
grown despite heavy reliance on minimum wage
legislation. He also cited the example of Hong
Kong, where the British TUC intervened on be­
half of workers to raise labor standards.
Friedrichs suggested that the problem of lowwage exports be examined on a case by case basis
rather than relying on a general fair labor stand­
ards approach. He proposed that exports from
low-wage countries be regulated by voluntary
quota agreements, with temporary increases in
tariffs as quotas are decreased until ways are
found of adjusting domestic industries to changed
trade patterns. Ruttenberg intervened to suggest
that something also be done to raise living stand­
ards in exporting countries, and Friedrichs took
2 His presentation relied mainly on the 1959 International Labor Office
study on Labor Costs in European Industry and an article by Faith M. Wil­
liams and Edgar I. Eaton on Payments for Labor and Foreign Trade (in
American Economic Review, September 1959).

FAIR LABOR STANDARDS IN FOREIGN TRADE

the position that unions in one country should not
interfere in the wage policies of another. He felt
that union intervention should be limited to help
in strengthening the unions in the countries where
unions are weak.
Levinson of the IMF suggested a distinction
between low-wage countries in the process of
economic development, such as India, and those
that are already developed, such as Japan. In
the former, the relatively efficient industries are
geared for internal economic development, whereas
in the latter, these industries are geared for ex­
ports. He said that in the latter countries,
exports are not having much effect on living
standards. He claimed that foreign capital often
goes into the export industries to the detriment of
workers in countries from which such capital
comes.
Lazare Teper of
the International Ladies’ Garment Workers ex­
pressed the view that the favorable trends in
Puerto Rican wages, employment, and production
could be attributed to a considerable degree to the
Fair Labor Standards Act. Initially, he reported,
employers had resisted minimum wages because of
concern regarding the possible cost effect on ex­
ports and, in turn, on employment. This concern,
Teper pointed out, proved to be completely un­
founded. He noted that the Government of
Puerto Rico is convinced that the FLSA helped the
island’s economy generally. Puerto Rican trade
unions were weak, according to Teper, but are
growing and have been helped by U.S. trade
unions. Unemployment, he pointed out, is still
substantial because of high birth rates, and there
is considerable underemployment in agriculture.
Jucker and Friedrichs questioned whether
Puerto Rico’s experience was relevant to the
discussion of labor standards in international
trade, noting that the heavy capital inflow to
Puerto Rico does not exist for most less developed
countries, where the need for capital formation
is very great. Teper indicated that although
the Puerto Rican Government’s tax inducements
attract considerable outside capital, some profit
hoarding by native industries has given way
to an increasing amount of self-investment.
Friedrichs insisted that Puerto Rico is a good
example of economic development, but he was
not sure that it is equally good in regard to the

M i n i m u m W a g e s i n P u e r to R i c o .

5(54811— 61

2


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1029

fair labor standards proposals. He agreed that
fair labor standards are desirable but questioned
their practicability in international trade questions.
T h e B e n e lu x
C o u n t r ie s .
E. Defossez of the
Belgian Confederation of Christian Trade Unions
briefly reviewed developments in labor income
including earnings and fringe benefits—in Belgium
and the Netherlands. He noted that between
1953 and 1958 the gap between worker income
levels in the two countries had been somewhat
narrowed. Rationalization of production in cer­
tain industries, he reported, helped reduce the
impact of the customs union on the labor situation.
For example, specialization was encouraged in
woolen textiles, whereby the Belgian industry
concentrated on high-quality products and Nether­
lands production favored lower quality output.
Although there was no conscious policy of har­
monization of wages, the differences narrowed.
Defossez further noted that the wage spread
in Belgium is much greater than in the Nether­
lands, where the general level of wages is lower
than in Belgium. He described an arrangement
whereby certain sensitive industries in both
countries agreed that they would review the
situation after a year to determine whether
restrictions should be introduced because of lower
wages in the Netherlands. At the end of the
year, it was determined that no intervention
was necessary because the various industries
had adjusted to the changed trade situation.
Defossez indicated that adjustment in the Benelux
countries was primarily through a series of indi­
vidual industry agreements which provided for
voluntary quotas during a transitional period.
T h e C o a l a n d S te e l C o m m u n i t y .
Van der Weerden
of the Coal and Steel Community Secretariat
summarized various statistical studies on trends
in earnings and related fringe benefits in the coal
and steel industries which indicated a narrowing
of labor income differences among the six member
countries. He pointed out that the Community s
High Authority has influenced harmonization of
social policy mainly by bringing management,
labor, and government officials together to
examine common problems. These meetings, he
felt, exerted some influence in raising workers’
earnings in the countries where wages were
relatively lower. He noted that the High

1030
Authority cannot intervene directly on labor
cost questions, except where complaints arise
that low wages are the basis for the competitive
advantage in a given industry. Since the coal
and steel industries are relatively high paying,
he indicated that there have been no complaints
under this provision.
In the ensuing discussion, Friedrichs pointed
out that the CSC approach did not make har­
monization of labor costs a precondition for
economic integration, but that a narrowing of
differences resulted from a normal play of market
forces. Kassalow noted that before the establish­
ment of the European Economic Community,
the French introduced the idea of harmonization
of social policy because of the labor cost factor.
Braunthal indicated that the ICFTU had prepared
some standards for social harmonization on the
ground that this matter should not be left to the
normal play of economic forces.
Trade Union Objectives and Program
E u ro p e a n P o in t o f V ie w .
Tord Ekstrom of the
Confederation of Swedish Trade Unions, in sum­
marizing the views of the European trade union
economists, urged that possible fair labor stand­
ards in international trade not be protectionist.
He favored support of increased aid to the less
developed countries by unions in the West, with
due consideration to the problem of increasing
Soviet efforts directed toward the less developed
countries. Problems stemming from low-wage ex­
ports, he claimed, could be met by adjustment
measures within importing countries which sup­
port general full employment policies. He cited
the example of the Swedish policy in the textile
industry: long dismissal notices are required and
the Government assists in retraining and finding
new jobs for displaced workers. He indicated
that there is a basic need for economic aid to the
less developed countries to meet their problems.
Ekstrom also stressed the importance of help to
the trade unions in the less developed countries.
He urged that bilateral arrangements on low-wage
export problems be avoided since these tend to be
protectionist.
Ekstrom expressed the view that some inter­
national organizations could take up the fair labor
standards proposal and develop pragmatic pro­
cedures for examining problems when complaints


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arise and make recommendations. He alluded to
the possibility of relying on the GATT for this
task and of drawing on the ILO for statistical
studies on labor standards, although GATT is not
concerned with economic development of less de­
veloped countries and ILO’s terms of reference
limit it to social questions. He suggested the task
might be assumed by the reorganized OEEC or
perhaps by an even wider organization which
would take into account both aid and trade factors
that affect living standards in the less developed
countries.
On behalf of the Ameri­
can group, Everett Kassalow pointed out that the
proposal for fair labor standards in international
trade is not a new American idea. In tne old CIO,
Emil Rieve and Philip Murray had advanced such
proposals as early as 1943. The current proposal
is made in the context of expanding trade. The
U.S. group, he pointed out, agreed that economic
aid to the less developed countries, as well as the
general strengthening of the free trade unions of
these countries, should also be considered. He
indicated that the fair labor standards proposal
could help forestall a rise in protectionism abroad,
as well as in the United States. Kassalow ques­
tioned whether the international trade union move­
ment can rely on the trade unions in the under­
developed countries alone to meet workers’ aspira­
tions for high living standards. The American
trade unionists, he reported, believe that Western
trade unions have to help through various means.
He stressed the importance of aid, and after indi­
cating that U.S. efforts were inadequate, he strongly
criticized the inadequacy of European efforts. The
fair labor standards approach in international
trade, he indicated, should be among the tools
used to raise living standards in the less developed
countries.
According to Kassalow, the American trade
unionists believe that the GATT, working to
liberalize and expand trade, would be the best
place to introduce the fair labor standards idea.
He suggested that a question like the following
could be asked each year in a confrontation exer­
cise within the GATT in connection with the
general examination of the trade situation: “Have
increases in trade, resulting from GATT-negoti­
ated concessions, beeen reflected in an improve­
ment in living standards?”

A m e r ic a n P o in t o f V ie w .

dences of the divorce of industry and commerce
from feudalism. Some of the philosophizing was
inspired by a nostalgic yearning to perpetuate the
existing system; the more persistent and successful
philosophies were conceived by postulating an
ideal social order inspired by incipient industrial
conditions. Early labor philosophy originated in
Europe, especially Western Europe, and was
transported elsewhere.
E ditor ’s N ote .— T h e a r ti c le w h ic h f o l l o w s w a s
Since Europe was culturally and economically
e x c e r p te d f r o m a p a p e r p r e s e n te d b y D a v i d J .
the most advanced world area, it was natural
S a p o s s b e fo re th e R e s e a r c h S e m i n a r o n C o m ­
that the radical and labor-centered thinking
p a r a t i v e L a b o r M o v e m e n t s h e ld i n W a s h in g to n ,
should emanate from there. As groups sprang up
D .C ., N o v e m b e r 1 2 , 1 9 5 9 .
M in o r w o rd a n d
and as leaders and the more alert rank and file
s t y l e c h a n g e s h a v e b e e n m a d e , a n d th e p o i n t s
studied conditions, the idea of international or­
a t w h ic h p o r t i o n s o f th e te x t h a v e b e e n o m it te d
ganization became an imperative. Following
a re n o t in d ic a te d .
T h e s e m in a r w a s co n ­
preliminary meetings of key individuals, what
d u c te d u n d e r th e a u s p i c e s o f th e N a t i o n a l I n ­
became known as the First International was
s titu te o f L a b o r E d u c a tio n .
T h e I n s titu te
founded in 1864; it continued to 1876. Its
p l a n s to p u b l i s h th e f u l l te x t o f t h is a n d o th e r
ideology, structure, and procedure were based
p a p e r s p r e s e n te d o v e r a 2 - y e a r p e r i o d a t v a r io u s
on the Communist Manifesto and other ideas
s e s s i o n s o f th e s e m i n a r .
expounded by Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and
their associates. The First International pro­
claimed that workers were doomed to remain at
the mercy of ruthless capitalism and, therefore,
that the system must be abolished through the
T he generic term “ international labor move­
inevitable class struggle and must be replaced by a
ment” includes all international organizations that
socialist order. Procedurally, this obj ective would
base their outlook and actions on the worker as
be attained through capture of the state; the new
the pivotal figure in society. As dynamic, living
society would be introduced and built by the
movements, the separate groups experienced
“ dictatorship of the proletariat.” The group
changes influenced by social, economic, and cul­
which would organize, prepare, and lead the
tural events, which usually gave rise to internal
workers to fulfillment of their heroic mission would
differences and external conflicts with rival ele­
be highly centralized. All guidance would come
ments. By the process of action and reaction,
from the international headquarters. (Since the
the movement adapted itself to changing condi­
movement, organizationally, was in its infancy
tions that have recently eventuated in a com­
and functions had not been clearly departmen­
pletely revolutionary intellectual metamorphosis.
talized, all types of worker organizations and
The revolutionary radical labor movements that
groups were included: trade union, political, co­
originally favored independent political action
operative, propaganda.)
based on a labor ideology have come to accept
Hardly had the First International been set up
the political party as the creator and expounder
when it became apparent that it was composed of
of their philosophy. On the other hand, those
two (inevitably) irreconcilable ideological groups.
movements that accepted nonpartisan political
Led by Mikhail Bakunin, the Anarchists took
action or that were entirely opposed to political
strong issue with the Socialists on the three salient
participation have concentrated all thinking and
features of ideology, structure, and procedure.
action in the trade union movement.
The Anarchists predicated their philosophy on a
retrograding feudalism supplemented by a going
Early Ideological Conflict
and independent handicraft system. But the
Anarchists
were in revolt against the rigid controls
Modern revolutionary radical and labor thought
inherited
from
feudalism. Theirs was more than
and organization appeared with the earliest evi­

The Course of
ideology in
International Labor


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1031

1032

an economic rebellion; it was a social revolt
against what they saw as the oppressive controls
of an outmoded system. Having neither the ballot
nor the power to further their obj ectives by legiti­
mate means, the Anarchists advocated terroristic,
insurrectionary, and other illegal action, including
assassination. To them, private property, as the
evil tap root of capitalism, must be done away
with and the existing system must be replaced by
one based on individual, free, local communities
practicing mutual aid. This would have been
only a replica of the handicraft system of produc­
tion, the small-scale commercialism of the guild
system, and the communal ownership of the land
by those who till it—with the feudal restraints
discarded and mutual aid and cooperation substi­
tuted in their place.
On the other hand, the Socialists, led by Karl
Marx and his associates, based their philosophy on
an emerging industrialism with production and
commercial units growing in size and markets
steadily extending their boundaries. Concur­
rently the mainstay of capitalism was the
authoritarian state, ruled by absolute monarchies,
sustained by powerful military support, and
abetted by the Catholic Church with its tremen­
dous landholdings. The workers were “exploited”
and kept in a state of destitution, conditions which
nurtured the class struggle.
The Socialists believed that terroristic methods
were not the means by which they would gain
control of the state. And with the increase in size
of business units and expansion of markets, the
Anarchists’ ideas about attempting to perpetuate
a system of small shops in localized communities
had no appeal. Hence the Socialists advocated
that the workers capture the state and then “ex­
propriate the expropriators” by socializing both
production and distribution. With the lack of
universal manhood suffrage, the Socialists put
considerable emphasis on the right to vote.
These differences between the Anarchists and
Socialists were irreconcilable; caught in the cross­
fire of the two warring factions, the First Inter­
national withered away. To most radical
thinkers, the economic status of continental
Western Europe at this time seemed to favor the
Anarchists’ diagnosis. To be sure, England was
becoming the “workshop of the world,” but the
rest of Europe was still in the handicraft and
small business unit stage. And to the people,

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960

lacking universal manhood suffrage, the Anarch­
ists’ analysis and program seemed to fit the
immediate situation more logically than that of
the Socialists. The Socialists labored under an
additional disadvantage: the two countries with
relatively viable trade union movements, Great
Britain and the United States, were uninterested
in the First International or in socialism. Had
they become associated with the First Inter­
national, there is no question but that they would
have alined themselves with the Socialists.
The British and American trade union move­
ments, in this period of transition toward indus­
trialism, were also stirred by the revolutionary
economic and social situation of the period; but
they were preoccupied with indigenous reform
theories. At first intrigued by the demands of
the Chartist movement for universal manhood
suffrage and land reform, British labor leaders
and thinkers later became absorbed in "Robert
Owen’s Producers Cooperation program, which
would supplant the emerging capitalism. In the
United States the dominant labor movement (as
ultimately epitomized in the Knights of Labor)
aspired to the middle-class ideal of self-employ­
ment. A large proportion of those in the labor
movement had been forced to leave rural areas
where they had been handicraftsmen or small
merchants. To attain or retain their middle-class
status, they embarked on political action, armed
with the strength of the ballot. Usually they
collaborated with small businessmen and farmers,
reaching their political pinnacle in the Populist
movement.1 Union activities were regarded as
temporary and incidental. The worker’s major
aim was to earn enough so that he could lay aside
some funds to become either self-employed or a
member of a producers’ cooperative. This ideal
did not appeal to the recent immigrants, most of
them British and German; they had come to realize
that it was not feasible to hold industrial progress
in abeyance. Appreciating that they would re­
main workers permanently, they favored con1 The American labor movement advocated free public education, so as to
provide greater opportunities for their children. As small businessmen who
were likely to find themselves in financial straits, they also advocated the
abolition of imprisonment for debt. As creditors, they favored cheap money
in the form of greenbacks. To maintain the ideal of self-employment, they
favored producers’ cooperatives, in which an individual who could not raise
the necessary capital to go into business for himself could still avoid being a
wage earner by associating with a small number of like-minded people. And
they advocated other forms of legislation which would give the small prop­
erty owner a status equal to that of the more well to do.

1033

IDEOLOGY IN INTERNATIONAL LABOR

tinuous and strong unions; but though organized,
they were not able to exert very great influence.
The indigenous workers, as represented in the
Knights of Labor, were the major group, and it
was then- ideal which prevailed in both industry
and politics.
Broadening Conflict

The disappearance of the First International
created a vacuum in international organization
of the labor movement; however, with developing
industrialism, sentiment for international organi­
zation increased among the scattered but growing
national movements. The first to take the next
step were the Anarchists; the International Work­
ing People’s Association was formed in 1881.2 In
this period of primitive industrialism, the associa­
tion was a thorn in the side of the government
wherever it had a substantial following, and it
was a challenge to the Socialists and pure trade
unionists. It exercised considerable influence in
France, Italy, Great Britain, Germany, and the
Scandinavian countries. In the United States,
where its followers were mostly Germans, its trade
union units were a troublesome force in the im­
portant industrial and population areas. But its
terroristic methods, including attacks on key
2 Unofficially, it was referred to as the Black International, from the color
the anarchists selected for their banner—signifying death to the existing order
and its key personnel.
s At first its structure was undefined; in addition to political clubs and
parties, unions, cooperatives, and miscellaneous bodies were admitted.
Later, affiliation was limited to political organizations.
4 Admission of unions made it possible for Syndicalists to become associated
with the Second International. In common with the Socialists, Syndicalists
and Anarchists had the same objective, abolishing the capitalist system and
replacing it with a socialized society. The Syndicalists also agreed that
political action and other parliamentary procedures were to be condemned;
but in all other respects, they diflered radically. The Syndicalists advocated
that the workers expropriate industry, and that particular industrial unions
then operate each broad industrial division. The unions were to be allied
for general, commercial, and related purposes. The Syndicalists rejected
terrorism and other forms of violence advocated and practiced by the An­
archists. They preferred disciplinary organizational tactics. (Sabotage,
to harass the capitalist on the job and in the factory as well as to demonstrate
the workers’ power, was one of their favorite tactics.) The Syndicalists
placed their hopes on the directed local, industrial, and ultimate general
strike. In the United States, the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
bore their banner. The IWW achieved notoriety through its leadership of
dramatic strikes of semiskilled and unskilled immigrant workers employed in
large-scale industries in the North. Similarly, it operated among hillbillies
and poor whites in the South, migratory and seasonal workers in the harvest
fields of the Midwest, and the lumberjacks of the Northwest. Usually, the
volatile disturbances, attracting world attention, centered around “quickie”
strikes and free-speech fights. The IWW lost its attraction before World
War I; prosecutions during the war further reduced it to general impotence
as a union, and it continued to function only as an insignificant propaganda
group.
6 This faction recognized that the revolution was to be achieved by peaceful
means through education and parliamentary—that is, political—action.


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government and industrial leaders, coupled with
changing conditions that revealed its strategy as
ineffective and detrimental, led to its decline; and
the Anarchist movement was reduced to an in­
significant sect of self-adorers.
The Socialists were not far behind in initiating
a new organization. In 1889 they formed what
became known popularly as the Second Inter­
national. It disintegrated with the advent of
World War I.3 Procedurally, the Socialist tenet
of achieving goals through political action was
once more emphasized. Some union groups
(the American and British, for example) which
were not Socialist in philosophy also participated
informally by sending delegates to the various
congresses.4
Revolutionists v. Revisionists

Profound conflict arose within the Second
International before World War I. Originally it
appeared in divergent views on procedure; later
it evolved into a basic ideological controversy;
and after World War II it resulted in a complete
ideological transformation in which was completely
discarded the Marxist thought from which social­
ism initially received its inspiration and upon
which it was based for slightly more than a
century.
Marxian socialism appeared with the publica­
tion of the Communist Manifesto in 1849. From
its inception Marxism was confronted with ideo­
logical disputes—first with the Anarchists, then
with the Syndicalists. In both instances the con­
troversy ended in schism, with each group follow­
ing an independent course. The next ideological
controversy began as a family quarrel, with each
side devoutly proclaiming its unalterable adher­
ence to Marxism and socialism. Originally, the
opposing forces regarded their difference as tac­
tical. One side firmly held that the “revolution­
ary” objective of abolishing capitalism should be
featured; its aim was to stress “ultimate demands.”
This group became known as “Revolutionists”
because they wanted to speed the social revolu­
tion.5 The opposition advocated concentration
on issues that would bring about current improve­
ments in the welfare of the workers: limiting hours
of labor, factory and social legislation, and tax re­
form. This procedure placed emphasis on “im­
mediate demands.” The contention of this faction

1034
was that its approach would prepare the way for
the ultimate introduction of socialism. In con­
trast with the Revolutionists, these were dubbed
“Revisionists.” 6
Because the German movement had the greatest
numbers, most votes, and best thinkers, it became
the leader of the international Socialist movement.
The two exponents of the divergent views were
Karl Kautsky, who upheld the Revolutionist
position, and Eduard Bernstein, who ably sus­
tained the Revisionists. Their writings were
translated and widely circulated. Naturally, in­
dividuals in various countries chose sides and
propagated their collaborators’ doctrines.
As the socialists were developing politically,
the trade unions in the advanced industrial
countries were attaining considerable strength
and stability. In Scandinavia, Germany, and
the Low Countries, the political parties nurtured
the unions. Gradually, as mass trade union
organizations guided by competent, practical
leaders became the most influential force within
the socialist movement in their countries, they
began to exercise extraordinary influence within
the Socialist parties with which they were affili­
ated. This was true also of the Independent
Labor Party (ILP) in England and the Socialist
Party in the United States, which received its
greatest support from the strong Socialist unions
affiliated with the American Federation of Labor.
Because of the nature of their responsibilities in
collective bargaining and in the day-to-day
problems of their members, most of the leaders
became oriented to the Revisionists, and supported
this faction in their political parties. However,
the dominant leaders of the Social Democratic
Party in Germany, Wilhelm L. Liebknecht and
August Bebel, were staunch Revolutionists and
sensed that the trade unions were the prime car­
riers of revisionism. Consequently, they mani­
fested unfriendly feeling toward overencouraging
the unions in Germany. Thus, when Eduard
Bernstein translated Sydney and Beatrice Webb’s
pioneering and scholarly History of Trade Union­
ism [in England] into German in 1896, he was
severely censured by the dominant group in the
German Socialist movement. Nevertheless, as
the German unions advanced in strength, they
also joined with the Revisionists.7
Differences in outlook between Revolutionists
and Revisionists ripened over basic doctrines.

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The intellectual Revisionists began seriously
criticizing what had until then been regarded as
established Marxian doctrines and started empha­
sizing current problems, which were also the con­
cern of the trade union leaders. In desiring
specific reforms, they needed support from other
elements in society. But the criticism of Socialist
revolutionary doctrines by those whose support was
needed tended to isolate the Socialists. This desire
for alliance with liberals and social reformers only
gave additional impetus to the Revisionist trend,
and concessions were naturally in order. With
the growth of industry and general economic
development, fundamental bourgeois precepts
had become almost universally accepted. The
bourgeois revolutions of the 19th century against
absolute monarchism had been fought for the
establishment of government by law, assuring the
application of freedom and democratic procedure
instead of whimsical authoritarianism.
The Socialists, in contrast with the Anarchists
and the Syndicalists, appropriated the positive
bourgeois concepts of freedom and democracy by
favoring political action and the use of the state
for achieving their aims. They were undoubtedly
influenced by the failure of many of the earlier
bourgeois revolutionary efforts, as well as by the
general public indignation when Anarchists or
Syndicalists resorted to “direct action” or “propa­
ganda of the deed.” The Revisionists likewise
accepted the concept of individual rights, but the
Revolutionists clung to the Marxian tenet of
confiscation of the means of production and dis­
tribution, the essence of private property. It was
this belief that isolated the Revolutionists from
the rest of society. The Revisionists’ interest
in a practical approach and their desire to effect
collaboration with liberals and social reformers
caused them to acknowledge this bourgeois prin­
ciple by incorporating in their programs the provi­
sion that owners of private property would be
compensated in the event of nationalization.
This act irrevocably separated the Revisionists
and the Revolutionists.
Perhaps the Revisionists’ drift away from
« This group agreed with its rival that education and political action were
the prime procedures for achieving their aims. In this they both disagreed
procedurally with the Anarchists and Syndicalists.
7 Thus shortly before the 1920’s, the Revisionists came into power in the
German socialist- movement; those of all the important industrial countries
followed this lead. In this way the outlook of the international movement
was completely transformed and the Revolutionists became the minority
opposition.

1035

IDEOLOGY IN INTERNATIONAL LABOR

Marxism would have led them to a more decisive
clarification. However, the tensions immediately
preceding World War I monopolized their think­
ing, and the war created a more pressing intellec­
tual crisis in the international Socialist movement.
Although originally the Socialists had been un­
alterably opposed to bourgeois wars, the Socialist
movements in the various European countries
decided to support the World War I efforts of
their respective governments. In siding with their
own countries the Socialists discarded the precept
that socialism was based on international workingclass solidarity against the international bour­
geoisie. While the Socialists still had an inter­
national ideal, it no longer superseded the national
interests of the working class. Two other cardinal
principles regarded as irrevocable Socialist doc­
trine were also discarded during the war. Much
attention and discussion had led to overwhelming
condemnation of Socialist participation in bour­
geois governments; and there was even greater
unanimity of opinion that Socialist legislators
should vote against military appropriations. Both
these principles were ignored during World War I.
After the war, some of the Socialist parties, par­
ticularly that of France, temporarily revived the
principle of nonparticipation in bourgeois govern­
ments; and there was mild renewal of opposition
to military appropriations.
The Trade Union Challenge to Socialists

Certain trade union movements were aloof
from or challenged the Socialists and other radical
groups. In continental Europe the Christian
unions, predominantly Catholic in outlook, were
tenacious rivals. All of the continental European
countries (except Scandinavia) contained either a
large, compact Catholic segment or were predom­
inantly Catholic in population. However, most
of the Catholic hierarchy were unsympathetic to
the plight of the workers under emergent indus­
trialism, thus leaving an open field for the radicals.
As the radicals progressed and manifested an
anticlerical attitude, members of the hierarchy
gradually became alarmed. They recognized that
the Church must initiate a positive and sympa­
thetic program. In 1891, Pope Leo X III issued
the famous encyclical Rerum Novarum, which
recognized that wage earners had certain rights
that employers and the state must recognize.

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Among these was the right of workers to organize
into unions. But the workers were instructed not
to join atheistic unions; and this included almost
all of the radical- and Socialist-dominated unions
of that day. As an antidote to the Socialists’
godless materialism, the workers were called upon
to organize Christian unions. By 1908 a sufficient
number were functioning to warrant founding the
Christian International. It was designed pri­
marily to challenge the International Federation
of Trade Unions, controlled by the Socialists.
In addition to the usual trade union program
based on collective bargaining, the Christian
unions, following the lead of Rerum Novarum,
called for extensive social reform.
The Communist and Fascist Threat

Toward the end of World War I, various con­
ferences discussed the revival of international
socialism. But as a result of the Bolshevik
Revolution in Russia, the whole movement was
turned upside down. The intransigent Bolsheviks
demanded complete control, thus provoking in­
tensive and bitter conflict. As frequently happens
after a war, many people favored extremist move­
ments. In the radical and liberal movements,
revolution was in the air and the Bolsheviks
received enough sympathetic response to make
rapid headway. At first they tried to capture the
Socialist movement, succeeding particularly in
France and Italy; but when the Socialists rallied,
the Communists turned to “dualism” by founding
separate parties and a new international which
they characterized as the Third International.
In the bitter conflict a small group of sincere
radicals that attempted to reconcile the two con­
tending groups became known as the Second-anda-half International. When mediation completely
and hopelessly failed, most of the leaders of this
group returned to the Socialist fold. In the
meantime, the Socialists restored their inter­
national organization, naming it the Socialist
and Labor International.
Hardly having reestablished itself, the Socialist
movement—in common with other democratic
elements—viewed with increasing concern the
menace of fascism. Storm warnings appeared in
the early 1920’s with Mussolini’s march on Rome
and the subsequent eradication of the Italian
labor movement and other democratic groups.

1036
The Dollfuss Putsch, which abolished the powerful
Socialist movement in Austria, created further
concern. The movement was even more stirred
when the National Socialists (the Nazis) in
Germany began to augment their strength. And
fears were well founded, for the Nazis—once in
power—turned viciously against the Socialists
and completely destroyed them. In the wake of
these horrendous developments, the thinking and
action of the movement were primarily absorbed
with the Fascist menace. Little time was left
for ideological thinking or bickering. In the
meantime, the Communists were readapting their
strategy, pushing a Popular Front in order to
combat fascism (as well as to promote the
U.S.S.R.’s foreign policy). Some Socialists fell
into this baited trap and later paid dearly for their
mistakes.
The outbreak of World War II did not place the
Socialists in the quandary that had engulfed them
25 years earlier. Whereas the Socialists partic­
ipated in World War I with heavy hearts, they
now joined enthusiastically in the “holy war”
against totalitarianism. When the Nazis turned
on the U.S.S.R., the Communists were welcomed
as allies by practically all elements in society.
While there were reservations on the part of some
Socialists, the general intellectual thinking was
to overlook the past treachery of the Commu­
nists and accept their profession of honest col­
laboration for the successful prosecution of a
mutual objective. The Communists devoutly
proclaimed, and were believed, not to have any
ulterior motives. Following the war, they were
included as honest comrades-in-arms; but they
had secretly maneuvered activities so as to emerge
as the strongest radical force. It soon became
clear to the Socialists, as to other democratic
groups, that the Communists were still bent on
subverting democracy and furthering Soviet
Russia’s imperialistic designs. The Socialists
and others began to dissociate themselves from the
Communists. As a result, the Communists were
gradually reduced to fringe oppositions in practi­
cally all Western-oriented countries except Italy
and France.
Marxism Discarded

By mid-20th century, the Communists had a
virtual monopoly on Marxism, giving it an ex­

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treme totalitarian slant. In the public mind,
Marxism and communism not only became
synonymous, but were associated with Soviet
Russia’s conspiratorial, imperialistic ambitions.
Communism also began to imply subversion,
aggression, brutality, slave labor, denial of civil
liberties, and other antidemocratic and inhumane
practices. It became imperative for the Socialists
to dissociate themselves completely from this
image if they hoped to continue functioning as a
democratic social force. They thus discontinued
describing themselves as Marxists and reempha­
sized their social reform objectives. Collaboration
with bourgeois parties in elections and govern­
ments and voting for military appropriations
were no longer contrary to Socialist ideology;
and the Socialists began more positively to cater
to other less prosperous elements, such as the
middle class.
Since the turn of the century, more fundamental
social and economic developments had been
pressing the Socialists toward a complete ideologi­
cal transformation. As the movement grew,
particularly in Western-oriented countries, the
attitude of the workers toward the social and
economic system changed. Unions grew in
strength, and through collective bargaining and
legislation, the members’ living and working condi­
tions improved noticeably. Through organization
they also attained status, such as participating
in the control of their jobs and gaining a voice in
directing their work; simultaneously, through
powerful political parties, they became a vital
social force in the community. In alliance with
other liberal elements, and often with the support
of conservatives who tried to check the growth
of the Socialist political parties, the workers
obtained social reform legislation that positively
improved their lot. Laws on hours of labor,
minimum wages, housing, factory regulations,
social security, and so forth, contributed to the
welfare of the workers, and they began to have
vested interests and rights in society. In order to
safeguard and even improve their hard-won gains
the workers now became interested in the security
of capitalism, for any precipitate revolutionary
radical action would threaten these gains.
Reacting to social, economic, and psychological
stimuli, the Socialists, now dominated by the
Revisionists, began tacitly and explicitly to
deviate from Marxian doctrine and policy, al-

IDEOLOGY IN INTERNATIONAL LABOR

though they still occasionally used the traditional
terminology. In several countries the movements,
without any fanfare, discontinued advocacy of
such important Socialist principles as nationaliza­
tion.8 Emphasis is now placed on planning, full
employment, housing, education, civil rights, and
democracy. By relying exclusively on worker
support, the aim of attaining dominant political
power in order to further social objectives would
be difficult to achieve. Consequently, the base
must be broadened by a program that will appeal
to other social elements. A viable and powerful
trade union movement also contributes to this
objective; similarly, producers’ and consumers’
cooperatives are essential functional institutions.
The Socialist parties of several continental
European countries have boldly revised their pro­
grams in the past few years—notably the Dutch,
Austrian, and German parties. They have openly
dissociated themselves from Marxism and are now
proponents of the “Welfare State,” operating in
a mixed economy and offering a far-reaching social
reform program. The Austrians now want it
understood that their party includes not only
labor but also other segments of the population;
the German Social Democrats are concerned
about maintaining private enterprise in the com­
petitive sectors of the economy. And since the
1959 election reverses in Britain, the Labor Party
there is discussing whether it should continue to
feature nationalization as a primary policy.
During the election a strenuous effort was made
by some of the more influential leaders to sub­
stitute for nationalization the term “public
enterprise.”
Search for a New Program

Notwithstanding ideological adaptations, the
Socialist parties in some European countries have
lost ground in recent elections. To be sure, the
losses, on the whole, have been marginal. It is
clear that theSocialist appeal to the working class
has reached its saturation point. The better
paid and fully employed workers are beginning to
change their ideological orientation. Also, the
old Socialist appeal of solidarity makes very little
* The Scandinavian Socialists bypassed nationalization completely, and
when leaders were questioned they explained that they did not regard
nationalization as a vital feature of socialism. They are primarily interested
in social justice, which can be attained by the exercise of legislative and
administrative power; and they believe that monetary and fiscal policy and
taxation will help further their aims.


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1037

impression upon white-collar workers and tech­
nicians, professional workers, and the lower
middle class. At the 1959 Socialist International
Congress, even old-time leaders sounded the call
for a réévaluation of the Socialist program in
order to broaden its appeal. Shortly thereafter,
a committee of experts was created for that
purpose.
To generate fresh appeal among the working
class and to reach most of the middle class, the
Socialists are now faced with the necessity of
divesting themselves of the Marxian ideology
and of devising a program based on the concept
of the Welfare State. They must outdo the
competing political parties, which have also em­
braced a limited form of the Welfare State. The
impasse, which has halted the progress of the
Socialists at least temporarily, cannot be charged
to their change in ideology. Rather, it is trace­
able to the fact that their competitors now
tolerate existing nationalized enterprises, having
grudgingly accepted a mixed economy as a
permanent feature. Had the Socialists not trans­
formed their ideology, their recent electoral losses
would have been considerably greater and their
small gains in some countries would have turned
into losses. The threat from the left—either
within the Socialist movement or from its
Communist rival—is insignificant.
Current elections in the Western-oriented coun­
tries indicate conclusively that Communist
strength is diminishing—in most instances to
negligible proportions. This is in striking con­
trast with Communist achievements in the period
immediately following World War II. With pros­
perity, built-in welfare programs, and other pro­
visions that cushion recessions, the extreme left
(and for that matter, the right as well) should
offer little serious rivalry and threat to the Social­
ists and other moderate democratic parties. Even
in Italy and France, the Communists appear to
have reached their peak and are likely to lose
heavily should a serious international crisis arise.
The Socialists’ strength rests primarily on
current domestic issues. The majority of their
followers are, like most workers, basically patri­
otic. In their quest to win majority electoral
support, or even to sustain present vote-getting
prowess, the Socialists, instead of trying to outdo
the left opposition, must supersede the parties
oriented to a mixed economy and a Welfare State.

1038
A Global Review

In a global review, we find that three areas have,
with some exceptions, viable and highly effective
labor movements. The countries of Western Eu­
rope and Australia and New Zealand, in addition
to possessing clearly defined trade union move­
ments, also operate through distinctive political
parties and functioning cooperative movements.
In both regions, the dominant movements have
from their inception or for a long time subscribed
to Socialist doctrines. More recently these move­
ments, while still designating themselves Socialist,
have gradually changed their ideology as they have
grown to maturity under a similarly maturing
- capitalism. They are rapidly embracing the
philosophy of the Welfare State with a mixed
economy. In continental Europe and eastern
Canada (chiefly the Province of Quebec), there
exists a non-Communist rival trade union move­
ment which is Christian (predominantly Catholic).
From the outset, it has favored extensive labor and
social reform legislation, and has otherwise courted
government aid and intervention in promoting
the welfare and interests of the workers. It, too,
has the Welfare State outlook. Politically, it is
closely related to the Christian (predominantly
Catholic) political parties, in which it generally
functions as the leftwing. In Germany and
Austria after the war, and at the insistence of the
occupying powers, the trade union movement was
unified and officially is politically nonpartisan.
Actually, most of the leaders and members are
Socialist oriented, but a minority come from the
prewar Catholic unions. The Communists in
Western European countries and in Australia and
New Zealand are steadily losing and are becom­
ing a negligible factor in most countries. Italy
and France are possible exceptions.
In the third global area, the United States and
Canada, the labor movement is based on trade
union organization. Political activity, conducted
on a nonpartisan basis, is controlled and directed


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by the trade union movement.9 The American
Federation of Labor began in the 1930’s to discard
its voluntarism. It has relented in its negative
attitude toward government intervention in social
and economic affairs, and has also accepted the
Welfare State philosophy. From its inception,
the Congress of Industrial Organizations embraced
the Welfare State concept. Thus the merged
movement automatically continues to operate in
accordance with this philosophic outlook.
The Canadian Labor Congress, while closely
linked to United States labor, has been greatly
influenced by the British movement. It has
for a long time favored government aid and has
the Welfare State outlook. Its Catholic rival,
the Canadian and Catholic Confederation of
Labor operating mostly in French Canada, is
affhliated with the Christian Trade Union Inter­
national and subscribes to its social philosophy.
At present, the two rival Canadian trade union
groups are seriously negotiating merger.
Thus these three global areas, operating in
highly stable economies and organizationally vi­
able, now adhere to the going social philosophy,
the Welfare State concept. So do the Interna­
tional Confederation of Free Trade Unions and
the 22 International Trade Secretariats.
In the rest of the world, unsettled conditions
have induced confused social thinking; anticolo­
nialism, xenophobia, and the struggle against feu­
dalism, superimposed upon poverty, disease, and
illiteracy, have generated an amorphous radi­
calism that produces flamboyant talk and the
advocacy of visionary objectives. Although the
labor movements in these areas are ephemeral
and distorted, they are beginning to have a degree
of coherence. With the aid of the Western-based
labor movement, the general prospect for attaining
some firmness is slightly favorable.
9
In Canada, the merged trade union movement, functioning through
the Canadian Labor Congress, has voted to collaborate with the Coopera­
tive Commonwealth Federation and liberal and farm groups in the formation
of a new party with a Welfare State philosophy.

Consultation and
Negotiation in
Swedish Factories
D orothea

de

S c h w e in it z *

in industrial relations shows
that both employers and union leaders learn to
play a dual role. There is recognition of the right
time for cooperation and of the justifiable occasion
for conflict. In the United States, the tentative
efforts in 1960 at a labor-management summit
conference and the bill introduced in the 86th
session of the U.S. Congress by Senator Jacob
Javits for a Government bureau which would
assist labor-management councils in the individual
factory are evidence that consultation, as well as
negotiation, is emerging as a practical goal in this
country.
In Sweden, an important organ for consultation
is the Labor Market Committee of the Swedish
Employers’ Confederation (SAF) and the Confed­
eration of Swedish Trade Unions (LO). The
committee makes recommendations but not de­
cisions. Its efforts have resulted in a series of
agreements between the two confederations and
between their respective employer associations and
national unions: the Basic Agreement (1938,
revised 1947) and the agreements on safety (1942),
vocational training (1944), works councils (1946,
revised 1958), and time and motion study (1948).
This article 1 is concerned chiefly with coopera­
tion within the factory and with the joint works
councils established to promote efficient produc­
tion, to help employees understand business
problems, and to further employment security,
safety, health, and good working conditions. The
councils do not deal with terms of employment
customarily handled by the trade unions. The
local union chooses the method of designating the
worker representatives on the council.
S w edish

e x p e r ie n c e


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The dividing line between negotiation and con­
sultation is exceeding fine. Under negotiation,
the hourly rates and piece rates for particular jobs
in individual plants are determined locally
within the framework of the industry agreements;
grievances are also handled by negotiation. Un­
der consultation, there are discussion of ways to
improve production, sharing of economic informa­
tion, and consideration of suggestions, safety,
training, and layoff and rehiring policies. If in
these latter matters an agreement must be reached
either locally or nationally, the subject is referred
to the negotiating parties, employer and union,
even though the same individuals may function
in both the works council and in the collective
bargaining machinery.
In addition to increasing production and im­
proving working conditions, a byproduct of the
works councils and an important goal in itself
is the psychological satisfaction experienced by the
workers through participation in the councils
and in subcommittees for special tasks. Here is
opportunity for self-expression, for contributing
to the success of the undertaking, and for obtaining
attention to the workers’ needs. This is signifi­
cant at a time when schooling and educational
advancement have increased and pride in craft
has diminished because of technological change.
In situations where automation calls for in­
telligence and precision from those who control
machines, the opportunity to serve on the councils
and to learn more about business provides dignified
treatment and stimulation in keeping with the
enhanced responsiblity in the production process.
While councils facilitate the smooth operation
of the local factory, they cannot solve the wider
problems of unemployment, depressed areas, in­
flation, automation, foreign competition, and so
forth. These are discussed at the national level.
The Basic Agreement

The Basic Agreement created the Labor Market
Board, which is composed of three representatives
each from the national confederations. The
Board makes recommendations concerning dis*0f Washington, D.C.
i
This article is based on the Swedish portion of a survey of consultation
in Sweden, England, and Germany conducted by the author during a visit
in 1957 and 1958.

1039

1040
putes on layoffs and strikes affecting the public
interest. Such recommendations are communi­
cated to the national union and the employer
association involved. They, in turn, after con­
sultation with the SAF and the LO, enter into
negotiations based on the recommendations. The
Board also serves as an arbitration agency in
disputes covered by the provisions of the Basic
Agreement which limit strikes, lockouts, and
secondary boycotts. In the case of boycotts, the
agreement defines a neutral party and a non­
neutral party. A neutral chairman appointed by
the SAF and the LO for a 3-year term is sum­
moned if the Board cannot reach a decision by
simple majority. The Basic Agreement outlines
the procedure for local and central negotiations
and for resort to arbitration either through arbi­
trators or through the Labor Court 2 (individual
wage claims or interpretation and application of
collective contracts).
To summarize the national picture, the Labor
Market Committee is a continuing organ for
c o n s u lta ti o n . It makes recommendations, such as
the Basic Agreement, to the SAF and the LO,
which in turn submit them to their member organ­
izations for n e g o tia t io n . The Labor Market Board
is another organ for consultation in its capacity of
making recommendations in disputes over layoffs
and strikes affecting the public interest.
N e g o t i a t i o n , on the other hand, takes place in
meetings of the national confederations and in
discussions between the unions and employer
associations of specific industries on wages and on
new proposals such as the Basic Agreement. Ne­
gotiation also occurs before an issue is submitted
to the Labor Market Board for recommendations,
or decision if that is indicated.
The Works Councils

The Agreement on Works Councils and Works
Representatives outlines the purposes and pro­
cedures of the councils and states that the employer
and union confederations recommend its adoption
by their respective employer associations and
trade unions. Nearly all industry groups have
accepted the agreement. In 1959, there were
about 3,800 works councils.3 The agreement
applies only to establishments in which at least
half the employees are members of trade unions


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960

in industries which have signed it as a collective
contract.
The purposes of a works council are to—•
1. Maintain continuous collaboration between
employer and employees for the best possible
production.
2. Provide opportunities for the employees to
gain insight into the economic and technical con­
ditions and the financial results of the business.
3. Promote employment security, safety, health,
and satisfaction in the work.
4. Promote vocational training within the firm.
5. Generally promote good production and
working conditions within the firm.
The council has no power to deal with disputes
concerning “any collective wage agreements [or]
. . . the regulation of employment terms which
are normally to be handled by a trade union
organization.” The council acts only in an ad­
visory role; its recommendations are implemented
by management or are referred to appropriate
parties for action. The 1958 revision of the
agreement states that “it is in the very nature of
j o i n t c o n s u lta ti o n that it 'p re ce d es th e m a k i n g o f
d e c i s i o n s a n d th e i n i t i a t i o n o f c h a n g e s [italics
supplied].”
In plants with fewer than 50 employees, the
local workers’ organization may elect two repre­
sentatives to meet with the employer at stated
intervals. In enterprises with more than 50
workers, works councils are established at the re­
quest of the employer or of the union or unions
represented. Each council meets at least quarterly.
Because of the high degree of unionization in
Sweden (95 percent of the wage earners are union
members), most factories have local units of the
appropriate national industrial union, the Fore­
men’s and Supervisors’ Union, and the Union of
Clerical and Technical Employees in Industry
(the latter two are affiliated with the TCO).
These local bodies are called Locals or Works
Clubs. In larger companies a Local may consist
of several Works Clubs. The wage earners’
representatives on the works council are elected
at a meeting of the Local or are chosen by a con2 This court, set up by law in 1928, is composed of 3 impartial members and
2 each from the SAF and the LO. Decisions are final.
3 As reported to the LO. This figure excludes the councils in establish­
ments having unions affiliated only with the Central Organization of Sala­
ried Employees (TCO), which negotiated a similar agreement with the SAF.

1041

CONSULTATION AND NEGOTIATION IN SWEDEN

timiing delegate body formed from different
sections of the plant. The foremen and other
salaried workers elect their representatives at
special meetings. The wage earners’ president is
likely to become the vice chairman of the council.
The president or managing director of the
company is the council chairman. Representa­
tives chosen by management may include the
production chief, the sales manager, the finance
director, the general superintendent, and the
personnel or industrial relations manager, de­
pending on the size and type of company organi­
zation.
Occasionally, subjects discussed in council
meetings impinge on traditional employer-union
dealings. Under the agreement, such matters
should be referred to negotiation between the
unions and management. Worker representatives
who are also active unionists usually will recognize
such situations early in a discussion and recom­
mend that they be negotiated. Having had the
opportunity to consider the wide implications of an
issue, they are then prepared to report to the
Local or Works Club with background informa­
tion. Often this procedure leads to a more
amicable settlement of a dispute than would
otherwise be the case.
Areas for Consultation or Negotiation
W a g e s a n d S a la r ie s .
Remuneration for wage earn­
ers in Sweden, as elsewhere, is a matter for nego­
tiation. A works council may discuss the princi­
ple or method of wage payment but not specific
rates. The national agreement for the industry
sets the rates according to age, degree of skill,
experience, and living costs by geographic area,
and indicates how the piece rates are to be cal­
culated. In negotiation, the Local or Works Club
and management relate the jobs in the factory to
the scale for the industry. Higher rates are
often determined because, as is the case with
nationwide bargaining, the contract rates represent
basic minimums accommodated to all employers
in the industry.
4 The Foremen’s and Supervisors’ Union has nationwide agreements
with 50 industries.
5 One firm sends a notice that a layoff is scheduled to the works council and
the specific list of individuals to the Local. The council of another firm has
set up a 9-member provisional committee (3 members each from the wage
earners’ Local, the Foremen’s Local, and management), which, on the basis
of information on the current situation, selects the workers to be laid off.


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Salary levels for foremen4 and other salaried
employees are not part of the national industry­
wide agreements. However, a percentage increase
in salaries is often negotiated nationally, and then
the local union committee and management dis­
cuss each employee’s salary and make adjustments
more or less in relation to the national percentage
increase. For these discussions, the union mem­
bers provide the Local’s president with information
on their salaries and functions which can be com­
pared with data furnished by management.
Piece-rate determination involves both consulta­
tion and negotiation. The works council might
discuss principles relating to time and motion
studies and work studies, but actual rates are
negotiated by management and the local union in
the framework of the national agreement. The
Local’s president keeps well informed on the work
of the factory’s time study department, members
of which are also present in negotiations of disputes
over rates, in accordance with the Time and
Motion Study Agreement adopted by the industry
and the SAF and the LO.
G r ie v a n c e s .
Grievances are handled by negotia­
tion; the works council becomes involved only if a
general principle needs to be explored. First,
the usual steps in grievance procedure are followed
at the local level. If no solution is found locally,
central negotiations take place, with representa­
tives of the national union and the national
employers’ association visiting the factory. If
central negotiations fail, which seldom happens,
the grievance is taken to voluntary arbitration or
to the Labor Court if there is a claim that a law
has been violated or a contract incorrectly
interpreted.

Although works councils may not deal
with labor disputes normally handled by a trade
union organization, the 1946 Agreement on Works
Councils and Works Representatives specifically
includes the procedure for layoffs as a matter of
consultation for the works councils because they
are informed on business conditions.
The agreement provides that a representative
of the workers on the works council is to receive
the list of persons to be laid off 14 days in advance
of the scheduled dismissal date.5 At this point
either the employer or the employee members of

L a yo ffs.

1042
the council may request a meeting. If the local
workers’ organization wishes “regular negotia­
tions,” the matter must be referred to the national
union, which may, after negotiation, refer it to
the Labor Market Board. The Board’s recom­
mendations are based on policy outlined in the
Basic Agreement: If workers are of equal skill and
suitability, consideration is to be given to the
needs of the enterprise, to seniority, and to heavy
family responsibilities. The last three items ap­
pear to be given equal weight. In actual practice,
the problems on layoffs are usually decided at the
plant level. There seems to be a tendency to re­
lease workers who are eligible for pensions, to
transfer workers to other jobs within the factory,
and to give weight to seniority and family respon­
sibilities in the selection of workers who must be
laid off. As in the United States, the unions aim
to establish seniority as the fairest criterion, but
seniority provisions are not included in union con­
tracts in Sweden.
Because council members designated to con­
sider questions of layoff are likely to be the Local’s
president or other active union members, it is
difficult to know which function they are carrying
out when engaged in this activity. Informal
agreements with management take place, but any
verbal agreement which may be reduced to writing
would be signed by the company and the Local.
Thus layoffs are a subject for consultation and
possibly for negotiation. Although the employer
retains the right of decision, layoffs frequently are
achieved without bitterness on the part of the
workers or their representatives because the
discussions throw light on the total situation, and
take place in an atmosphere of friendly con­
cern, as each individual case is considered.
“ Continuous collaboration for the
best possible production” has been from the be­
ginning considered the prime purpose of joint
consultation. A union leader puts it this w ay:6
P r o d u c tio n .

. . . if the participation of the trade unionists can con­
tribute to an increase in efficiency and profitableness of
the firm, then productivity is no longer a matter for man­
agers only but for everyone concerned with the enterprise.
Management and employees will agree to differ on ques­
tions of distribution of the wealth created, but both will
want to ensure that the wealth be as great as possible.

There are three sources of worker motivation
or increasing and improving production: (1)

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960

Nearly every wage earner takes pride in the place
where he works and in the product or service that
is produced ; (2) most workers know that economic
well-being is improved if there is an increase in the
wealth which is to be distributed; and (3) in
countries such as Sweden, the citizens are aware of
the pressures of international competition, made
more real to the workers when the general manager
reports on company finances and products.
But increased collaboration develops slowly.
Employers, thinking in terms of the technical
contribution of the engineering staff or the pro­
duction chief, may not expect basic help from the
rank and file, but they have always welcomed
initiative through the use of suggestion systems.
The councils give new opportunities for collab­
oration to the worker representatives, for Swedish
employers have agreed to provide the councils
with “ continuous reports describing alterations,
undertaken or planned, . . . new production or
working methods and other technical arrange­
ments, all insofar as their disclosure will not cause
damage to the employer.”
When a council first begins operating in a plant,
members may be handicapped by a feeling of in­
adequacy in the face of the complexity of industrial
operation. Others may approach the work with
the grievance procedure in mind. In council
meetings, a worker is given a chance to talk to the
boss on matters which do not fall directly into the
line of negotiation or which have not been deemed
sufficiently important by foremen to submit to
higher management. An official of the Metal
Workers’ Union comments: “ Some people thought
the councils would do wonders, but they had to be
warned not to expect too much or there would be
local disappointment.”
In describing the development of councils in a
company with several factories, the training direc­
tor has written: 7
From the beginning the committees mostly dealt with
various small welfare problems: Too cold here, too hot
there, too dark here, or too dusty there. . . . After a
couple of years a lot of these minor problems were solved
and the interest of the workers’ representatives shifted.
First the suggestion scheme came into the foreground,
6 Lennart Vallstrand, Works Councils in Sweden (Paris, Trade Union
Research and Information Service, European Productivity Agency, Organ­
ization for European Economic Cooperation, 1956), p. 4. Mr. Vallstrand,
now General Secretary of the Swedish General Factory Workers’ Union, has
been in charge of works councils for the union.
7 Sven Homewall, Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget, Sundsvall, Sweden,
in a summary prepared for the writer.

1043

CONSULTATION AND NEGOTIATION IN SWEDEN
still, however, dealing with comparatively small prob­
lems. . . . Education of representatives, their own better
experience with committee work, and the intensified in­
formation given by the management made the committees
more interested in major production problems, which have
become more and more common during the last few
years. . . . In those plants that have subcommittees to
the joint committee, most of the discussion of day-to-day
production problems takes place in the subcommittees.

The use of subcommittees has proved to be
effective. The members of works councils, repre­
senting several thousand (or only several hundred)
employees, may not be prepared to offer ideas for
the improvement of production as a whole. On
occasion a council member presents a fundamental
proposition which is then developed through
council discussion. By and large, however, a
worker knows best only the jobs in his section; in
order to make the most use of his specific knowl­
edge, department committees or committees on
specific subjects such as quality, tools, and cost
reduction have been developed.
Because of the favorable experience with sub­
committees, the revised Works Council Agreement
of 1958 suggests that, if both sides agree, sub­
committees be established for separate depart­
ments or for special tasks. Most of the councils
visited by the writer in 1958 had organized joint
subcommittees by department or were in the
process of doing so. A large steel plant had 20
section committees and men designated within
each committee who can discuss matters with the
committee chairman between meetings.
Reports on such committees do not reveal
astonishing or revolutionary innovations but indi­
cate a tightening up of operations all along the
line. Discussions have included defective work,
improvement of work methods, the placement of
machines, the significance of machine breakdown,
the value of good instructions, better coordina­
tion between shop foremen, the purchase, distri­
bution, and care of tools, the size of the shipping
room, quality of paper for packing, a possible
reduction in the number of trucks, improvements
in material handling, suggestions on the lack of
water power and the inadequacy of steam power.
These efforts to improve production are at the
core of consultation. Negotiation does not apply
except as active union members on the council
make sure that no proposal affects adversely the
earnings or working conditions of the wage earn­
ers. To aid production, however, the council

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must get beyond the complaint stage. Manage­
ment finds it profitable to hear the ideas of coun­
cil members—of supervisors as well as of hourly
paid workers; employees become convinced of
management’s sincerity and thus undertake to
think through their proposals.
Before the development of works
councils in Sweden, there were suggestion systems
and suggestion committees. Under the Works
Council Agreement, these activities were assigned
to the council. Further, the revised agreement
proposes that each factory form a suggestion sub­
committee to relieve the council of this timeconsuming activity. The revision also empha­
sizes the degree of consultation, saying that the
subcommittee or council shall consider whether
an award “should be paid to the worker in case
the employer adopts the suggestion. If the em­
ployer does so, the council or suggestion committee
shall also discuss the size of award, before the
employer decides the matter.” The council itself
is to discuss directions for “the efficient operation
of the suggestion system.” This is important
because there is always the danger that direction of
the suggestion system may sink into an uninspired
rut.
This area does not involve negotiation. How­
ever, the Local also keeps watch on developments
in this connection because of its interest in ensur­
ing that persons are not discriminated against.
After consultation, management decides whether
a suggestion is to be adopted and rewarded.
S u g g e s tio n s .

E d u c a t i o n , a n d W e lf a r e .
Although the
Safety Agreement and the Works Council Agree­
ment are separate documents, the works councils
have become such a coordinating body that
many safety committees send progress reports to
them. The Works Council Agreement states that
the council shall, in agreement with the safety
representatives and safety committee, promote
improvements in the efficiency of safety and
hygiene services. Thus, duplication is avoided.
Since both bodies are consultative in character, the
responsibility rests with management. There are,
of course, national safety laws and regulations,
and these are administered by government
agencies headed by the Workers’ Protection
Board, on which both the SAF and the LO are
represented.
S a fe ty ,

1044
Works councils also concern themselves with
other personnel matters, either through subcom­
mittees or in cooperation with other factorygroups. Included are committees on apprentice­
ship, education, the cafeteria, sick funds, loans,
vacation cottages, sports, music, etc. Many of
the fringe benefits obtained through collective
bargaining in the United States are not discussed
by the councils since they are set by law in Sweden;
for example, paid vacations and medical care.
Inform ation Sharing. The most difficult assign­
ment for the works councils is the supplying of
information which gives “insight into the economic
and technical conditions of the business.” This
is management's task. It is not negotiation; it is
considered a prerequisite to consultation so that
employees can make suggestions concerning the
company’s plans. The council meeting usually
begins with a report on the business situation by
the managing director. Other council members
often find it difficult to discuss the report because
they may have insufficient understanding of
financial and economic matters.
The selection of economic information to report
to the council presents a difficult problem for
management. The president or managing director
possesses a store of facts, but he may not be sure
which ones are of greatest interest to the em­
ployees, or of the best way to present them.
However, the employer is guided by clauses in
the Works Council Agreement and by the activities
of the employer and union confederations. On
economic matters the agreement states that the
employer is to provide the works council with
“ continuing information about business trends
and market developments, . . . the balance sheet,
profit and loss account, and, when such documents
exist, the administration report and auditor’s
report, all to the extent to which such documents
are to be held public according to law.” Many
council members have taken courses at union
schools on how to read a balance sheet and on
general economic problems, and the SAF has
given courses and issued pamphlets on how to
explain a financial statement. One company has
devised an annual report, distributed to employees
as well as to stockholders, which presents produc­
tion and sales information in their industrywide
setting in the form of graphs and data on the
market situation, plant capacity, wages, the


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960

balance sheet, and the profit and loss statement.
The union president commented that this report
is used as a model in union classes on company
finances.
Information on production and business trans­
actions is more readily understood. Data on
these subjects are often summarized and circu­
lated to council members in advance of meetings.
For example, one company sends with the notice
of meeting a statistical report on production,
orders, and deliveries by product, on the number
of wage earners and office employees, and on simi­
lar items. The director of this plant says he
never introduces anything new, whether it is a
personnel testing program or the purchase of a
machine, without discussing it first in council
meeting.
Another company prepares and places charts
throughout the works on production, purchases,
and sales. At the quarterly meeting the members
are brought up to date and given an opportunity
to ask questions such as why there is overtime in
one department and short time in another.
Information sharing is an important part of
consultation on layoffs, new work methods, de­
fective work, suggestions, and safety. Also,
while information sharing is inherent in consulta­
tion, it has an impact on negotiation. Through
council meetings, employees learn about condi­
tions in their industry and their particular com­
pany. As the time for the national industry
negotiation approaches, local unions elect their
delegates, and from among these the negotiating
committee is chosen. The negotiators then add
their knowledge to that of the national union
officers, who have obtained their information from
generalized sources. As a result, in both national
negotiations and later in local adaptations, there
is conviction and strength for striking a hard
bargain on some occasions and for leniency on
others.
*

*

*

It might be said in conclusion that consulta­
tion by joint works councils in Sweden are an inte­
gral part of total union-management dealings—so
much so that neither management nor labor is
very seriously concerned over the differences
between consultation and negotiation because
they feel equipped to handle through one means
or another the changing situations as they arise.

Special Labor Force Reports
E ditor ’s N ote .-— T h e f o l l o w i n g a r ti c le i s o n e o j a s e r ie s o f r e p o r ts o n s p e c i a l
la b o r f o r c e s u b je c ts f o r m e r l y c o v e r e d i n S e r i e s P - 5 0 o f th e B u r e a u o f th e
C e n s u s C u r r e n t P o p u l a t i o n R e p o r ts .
in c lu d in g

in

R e p r i n t s o f a l l a r ti c le s i n th e s e r ie s ,

m o s t c a s e s a d d i t i o n a l d e t a i l e d ta b le s a n d

a

d e s c r ip tio n

of

m e th o d o lo g y , a r e a v a ila b le u p o n r e g u e s t to th e B u r e a u o r to a n y o f i t s r e g io n a l
offices (l i s t e d o n th e i n s i d e f r o n t c o v e r o f t h is i s s u e ).

Multiple Jobholders
in December 1959
G ertrude B ancro ft*

I n b o t h p r o s p e r i t y and r e c e s s i o n and in both
summer and winter, about the same small pro­
portion of American workers have more than one
job. The Washington practical nurse who works
an evening shift at a hospital and drives a taxi
during the day in her nurse’s uniform with her
small child beside her is an example recently
noted—perhaps not a typical one. Postal workers
are more likely than other workers to have second
jobs, and so are teachers and protective service
workers—guards, firemen, and the like. In cer­
tain occupations, moreover, it is not uncommon
to work for more than one employer. For ex­
ample, some construction workers and hired farm
workers normally work for two or more different
employers each week in order to obtain a full
week’s work. Likewise in the entertainment
industry, performers frequently have more than
one engagement or job during the course of a
week. Perhaps the most familiar are the parttime farmers who have a nonfarm job which
claims their major working time during most
weeks of the year.
The term “ moonlighters” was coined to describe
workers who have one full-time job and take on
another job in the evenings or over the weekend.
They are typically thought of as factory workers
who, having achieved a short workweek through
union contract, prefer to work at a second job


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rather than to enjoy greater leisure. Actually,
in December 1959, out of 3 million workers with
more than one job, only 700,000 were factory
workers on their primary job.1 They represented
about 4 percent of the total with a primary job
in manufacturing. Twenty-five percent of these
factory moonlighters were also farmers, and
another 20 percent had a nonfarm business of
some kind on the side. The rest were concen­
trated in service, retail trade, and other manu­
facturing jobs in their secondary jobs. About
100,000 had second jobs in manufacturing. The
information about these workers does not permit
a distinction between those who held two or more
jobs simultaneously during the week and those
who changed jobs, but the figures undoubtedly
reflect a small amount of job changing.
The information for December 1959 is the latest
from a series of surveys conducted at intervals to
measure the phenomenon of dual employment in
the American labor force.2 The 1959 survey was
undertaken by the Bureau of the Census for the
Bureau of Labor Statistics in connection with the
regular monthly survey of the labor force. Addi­
tional questions were asked of workers reported
as employed to determine whether they had more
than one job during the week of December 6
through 12 and the kind and amount of work
♦Of the Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics, Bureau of
Labor Statistics.
i Primary job is defined as the job at which the person worked the largest
number of hours during the survey week; other jobs are called secondary. In
the monthly statistics on total employment, employed persons are classified
by the occupation and industry of their primary job.
8
Previous surveys of multiple jobholders have been summarized by the
Bureau of the Census in Current Population Reports, Series P-50, Nos. 30,
74, 80, and 88. The 1958 survey was also analyzed in the July 1959 issue of
the Monthly Labor Review (pp. 769-771).

1045

1046

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960

done on the extra jobs. The group selected for
analysis includes wage or salary workers with
more than one employer during the week as well
as persons with both a wage or salary job and
either self-employment or unpaid work in a family
enterprise.3

T

a b l e 1.
S e l f - E m p l o y m e n t A m o n g P e r s o n s W it h
o r M o r e J o b s , 1 b y T y p e o f I n d u s t r y , 1957-59

Two

Type of industry

Multiple jobholders with self-employment:1
Number (thousands)_______________
Percent of total with two or more jobs..

Changes in Multiple Jobholding

December July
1969
1958
2,966
3,099
4.5
4.8

July
1957
3,570
5.3

829

1,122

1,414

17.2

16.7

18.2

2,137

1,977

2,156

3.5

3.4

3.6

Had surveys been conducted in other months,
they might, of course, have revealed wider and
more significant variations, either seasonal or
cyclical. However, self-employment is frequently
either the primary or secondary activity of per­
sons with more than one job, and this would tend
toward stability. At least 40 percent of the per­
sons with more than one job at each date were


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1,310
44.2

July
1958

July
1957

1, 294
41.8

1,499
42.0

Number (thousands)

The proportion of workers with more than one
job is comparatively stable, according to the
evidence of these surveys. The latest reading was
taken at a low point in the agriculture season
(December 1959) but a seasonally high month for
nonagricultural employment because of Christmas.
The two preceding measures were made in mid­
summer—in July 1958, close to the trough of the
recession, and in July 1957, the month regarded
as the cyclical turning point of employment.
(The unemployment rate, not seasonally adjusted,
was 5.2 percent in December 1959, 7.5 percent in
July 1958, and 4.3 percent in July 1957.) Em­
ployed workers with more than one job during
the survey week constituted 4.5 percent of the
total employed in 1959, 4.8 percent in 1958, and
5.3 percent in 1957, but much of the variation was
due to changes in the level of agricultural employ­
ment. The number of workers with two non­
agricultural jobs during the same week was close
to 2 million at all three dates. Their importance
in relation to the total whose major job was in
nonagricultural industries was constant—at about
3.5 percent, as shown in the following tabulation:
All persons with two or more jobs:
Number (th o u sa n d s).._____
Percent of total employed
........
Persons with at least one job in agriculture:
Number (th o u sa n d s)..____
Percent of total with primary job in
agriculture......................
Persons with two jobs in nonagricultural
industries:
Number (thousands)_______
Percent of total with primary job in nonagricultural industries................ .

Decem­
ber 1959

Self-employed in agriculture___
Primary job__________ ________
Secondary job.......................... ........

718
199
519

752
264
488

914
385
529

Self-employed in nonagricultural industries
Primary job.............. ................ .............
Secondary job_____________ ____

592
182
410

542
198
344

585
237
348

1 Self-employed persons with a secondary farm or business, but no wage
or salary job, were not counted as holding two or more jobs. Similarly,
unpaid family workers were not counted as multiple jobholders unless they
also held a wage or salary job.

operating a farm or had their own business or
profession as one of their forms of employment
(table 1). About half of these were farmers who
also held a nonfarm wage or salary job in the
same week. In general, the sideline business or
profession tended to be in the fields of trade and
service, where recent fluctuations in general busi­
ness activity have not affected employment appre­
ciably. Similarly, the sideline job of the selfemployed business or professional man was fre­
quently in service or public administration. In
the Christmas season, extra work in retail trade
might be expected to be especially common.
However, in December 1959, the proportion of
second jobs in retail trade was approximately 14
percent—about the same as in midsummer of
1958 and 1957. The December survey week was
rather early in the month (December 6-12) and
may have preceded the peak of temporary holiday
jobs.
Further evidence of stability is given by com­
parison of the rates of multiple jobholding in the
different industry groups, as reported in the 3
years. Among nonagricultural industries, the
high proportions of workers with more than one
job at all three dates were in public administra­
tion—postal service and other strictly govern­
mental activities, Federal, State, and local; enter­
tainment and recreation; educational services;
3 Persons who worked for more than one private family (as a maid, laun­
dress, babysitter, odd-job worker, etc.) but held no other job during the week
were counted as having only one job. Persons whose primary job was as an
unpaid family worker were counted as multiple jobholders only if they also
held a wage or salary job. The small number whose only extra job was as an
unpaid family worker were not counted as multiple jobholders.

1047

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS IN DECEMBER 1959

construction; and forestry, fisheries, and mining
(table 2). These include industries which have
both high and low wages and job security. Some­
thing like 10 percent of all workers in the postal
service had more than one job. The persistently
high rate for this group may result in part from
the scheduling of their work, which allows time
off during hours when other work is available.
The other public administration workers with two
or more jobs include both custodial workers with
convenient work schedules and professional work­
ers who, because of their experience and skill, find
opportunity for extra work.
The high rate of multiple jobholding in educa­
tional services (6 to 7 percent) probably reflects
several factors—the practice for some teachers to
teach in more than one school or school system
and thus to be reported as having more than one
job; the comparatively short hours of actual
teaching; and the desire to achieve a level of living
consonant with their professional status.
Personal Characteristics

Men are much more likely than women to have
more than one job; 5.8 percent of the employed
men in December 1959 compared with 2.0 percent
of the employed women, were so reported (table
3). Men in the age groups 25 to 54 years, most
of whom are married and have family responsi­
bilities, had the highest rate of dual jobholding in
that month. Six percent or more of the men in
those ages had two or more jobs. The surveys
conducted in midsummer have shown a high rate
for teenage boys, but this was not true in Decem­
ber. Apparently many boys work during school
vacation at more than one part-time job in a
given week or move from job to job, while those
who work during the school year are more limited
in time or have settled into a single job.
The percentage of employed women who had
more than one job in December (2.0 percent) did
not vary significantly among single, married, and
other women, but the percentage for married
men—6.5 percent—was about twice as high as for
other men. The greater prevalence of multiple
job holding for married men and those in the
central ages than for other groups in the labor
‘ See Job Mobility of Workers in 1955, Current "Population Reports, Series
P-50, No. 70, Bureau of theJCensus.fU.S. Department of Commerce.


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force suggests that the survey was measuring
principally simultaneous jobholding rather than
turnover. Other studies have shown that job
mobility is greatest for young men and diminishes
sharply with age, after age 25.4
In the overall proportion, there were no signifi­
cant differences between white and nonwhite
workers with two or more jobs in December 1959.
If there were differentials within industry or
occupation groups, they were largely offset by the
differing industrial or occupational distributions
of white and nonwhite workers.
Occupations of Multiple Jobholders

Professional and technical workers and farmers
led all the other major occupation groups in their
rate of multiple jobholding (table 4). As might
be expected, men who were elementary or high
school teachers in December 1959 were very likely
to have second jobs; about one in five of the half
million teachers below the college level were also
working at something else. For women teachers
the comparable rate was only 1 in 40.
Clerical workers include mail carriers and postal
workers, as well as office workers of various kinds,
bill collectors, and insurance adjusters. The rate
T a b l e 2. P e r so n s W it h T wo or M ore J o b s , b y M ajor
I n d u st r y G r o u p of P rim ary J ob , 1957—59
December 1959
Major industry group of primary job

July
1958

July
1957

Number Percent Percent Percent
(thou- of em- of em- of emsands) ployed ployed ployed

All industries...........- .................................

2,966

4.5

4.8

5.3

Agriculture_________________________
Wage and salary workers....................
Self-employed workers........................
Unpaid family workers.......................

321
104
199
18

6.7
7.7
7.2
2.5

9.3
13.2
8.1
6.9

11.0
12.1
10.7
10.0

Nonagri cultural industries........................
Wage and salary workers...... ---........
Forestry, fisheries, and mining—
Construction------------------------Manufacturing-......... — - - - - -—Transportation and public utili-

2,645
2,451
52
186
718

4.3
4.6
7.7
5.7
4.3

4.2
4.4
5.4
6.6
3.9

4.6
4.7
6.7
5.9
4.3

190
343
690

4.4
3.2
4.6

4.2
3.9
3.9

4.2
3.9
4.6

98
50
54

3.8
4.2
2.1

3.3
5.3
1.4

4.5
4.7
2.3

35
39
229

2.6
7.5
7.0

2.4
10.5
5.9

4.0
9.7
6.1

184
272
78
194
182
12

5.2
8.6
12.6
7.6
2.8
2.0

3.9
7.1
8.5
6.8
3.1
2.2

4.7
8.4
9.6
8.2
3.7
3.9

Wholesale and retail trade--------Service and finance----- -----------Finance, insurance, and real
GStâtG_____________ _______ _

Business and repair services..
Private households............—
Personal services, except pri­
vate household-.......... ........
Entertainment and recreation _
Educational services----------Professional services, except
education........................ —
Public administration..................
Postal service..........................
Other.......................................
Self-employed w orkers......................
Unpaid family workers.......................

1048

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960
T a b l e 3.

P er so n a l C h a r ac ter istic s

op

P e r so n s W it h T wo

Both sexes
Personal characteristics

M ore J obs , D ec em ber 1959

Male

Persons with two
or more jobs

Total
employed
(thousands)

or

Total
employed
(thousands)

Female

Persons with two
or more jobs

Total
employed
(thousands)

Persons with two
or more jobs

Number
(thousands)

Percent of
employed

2,966

4.5

43,873

2, 530

5.8

21,826

436

2.0

2.8
2.5
3.6
5.2
5.4
4.5
4.1
2.6

1,365
1,130
3,683
9,784
10,511
9,104
6,067
2,227

46
30
177
642
713
554
317
51

3.4
2.7
4.8
6.6
6.8
6.1
5.2
2.3

1,039
1,004
2,380
3, 798
5,051
4,961
2,795
'797

21
24
43
71
128
80
42
27

2.0
2.4
1.8
1.9
2.5
1.6
1.5
3.4

40.7

40.2

40.3

39.6

Number
(thousands)

Percent of
employed

Number
(thousands)

Percent of
employed

A ge
Total, 14 years and over__

65,699

14 to 17 years________
18 to 19 years______
20 to 24 years________
25 to 34 years____________
35 to 44 years.. .
45 to 54 years______
65 to 64 years_______________
65 years and over______

2,404
2,134
6,063
13, 582
15, 562
14,065
8, 862
3,024

Median age (years)................

67
54
220
713
841
634<
359
78

40.6

40.1

Total, 14 years and over___.

65,699

2,966

4.5

43,873

2,530

5.8

21,826

436

2.0

Single_____________
Married, spouse present
Other m arital status____

12,083
46,914
6,701

304
2,477
185

2.5
5.3
2.8

6,916
34,708
2,249

198
2,261
71

2.9
6.5
3.2

5,167
12, 206
4,452

106
216
114

2.1
1. 8
2.6

M arital Status

C olor
Total, 14 years and over........

65,699

2, 966

4.5

43,873

2, 530

5.8

21, 826

436

2.0

W hite________
Non white___________

59, 073
6, 625

2,688
278

4.6
4.2

39, 834
4,038

2,314
216

5.8
5.3

19,239
2, 587

374
62

1.9
2.4

N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items m ay not equal totals.

of dual jobholding in this group was high for men—
7.9 percent—but low for women—1.6 percent.
Construction craftsmen frequently work for
more than one employer during a week or combine
self-employment with working for others. Their
rate of dual jobholding was about the same as
that of men teachers—one in five.
Generally, a person with more than one job
does not follow the same occupation on both jobs.
Only in the case of professional and technical
T a ble 4.

P e r so n s W ith T wo

or

workers were as many as half working in the same
occupation group on both jobs in December.
Among persons in the other major occupation
groups, one-third or less held a second job in the
same occupation group as their primary job.
Professional and technical workers were most
likely to be salesmen if they did not have second
jobs in their primary field. Farmers were most
likely to be operatives on their second jobs, and
after that, craftsmen, farm laborers, or clerical

M ore J obs , by M ajor O c cupation G rou p
D e c e m ber 1959

of

P rim ary J ob

and

Sex,

Persons with two or more jobs
Major occupation group of primary job

All occupations_________
Professional, technical, and kindred workers
Farmers and farm managers
Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm
Clerical and kindred workers.. .
Sales workers_________
Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers
Operatives and kindred workers
Private household workers..
Service workers, except private household
Farm laborers and foremen
Laborers, except farm and mine.
1 Percent not shown where base is less than 133,000.


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Both sexes

Male

Number
(thou­
sands)

Percent
of em­
ployed

Number
(thou­
sands)

2,966

4.5

537
197
219
352
169
429
490
51
233
108
181

7.2
7.1
3.1
3.7
3.6
5.1
4.1
2.1
3.9
5.9
5.3

Female

Percent with
second job in
same major group,
both sexes

Percent
of em­
ployed

Number
(thou­
sands)

2, 530

5.8

436

2.0

29.8

451
190
204
248
124
427
457

9.2
7.2
3.4
7.9
4.4
5.2
5.3

3.3

57.5
3.0
26.0
32.7
23.2
21.2
23.1

158
93
178

5.6
7.3
5.3

86
7
15
104
45
2
33
51
75
15
3

Percent
of em­
ployed

0

0)

1.4
1.6
2.3
.9
1.0
2.2
2.4
2.7

0
0

30.2
17.1

1049

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS IN DECEMBER 1959

workers. By contrast, skilled craftsmen, opera­
tives, and nonfarm laborers tended most frequently
to be farmers on their second jobs. Sales workers
who did not have a second job in the same occupa­
tion also were quite often part-time farmers or
clerical workers.
Obviously some job combinations would be
improbable. One would not expect many laborers
to have part-time professional jobs or clerical
workers to be factory workers in their spare time.
But almost every combination of major occupation
group was observed in the December survey.
The occupations that were disproportionately
represented among the secondary jobs were
farmers and farm managers, nonfarm managers
and proprietors, sales, and service workers (ex­
cluding private household). These accounted for
almost half (46.3 percent) of the secondary jobs
but only about a quarter (27.6 percent) of the
primary jobs of this group of workers. The
greater possibilities .for part-time work in these
occupations would seem to account for their
relative frequency as second jobs.
In determining the utilization of our manpower,
we customarily look at the number of employed
workers in each occupation group, based on the
occupation followed in primary jobs—the only one
that is reported on a regular basis. Actually, the
supply of manpower is augmented somewhat in
each occupation by the time spent by dual job­
holders in their secondary jobs. On the basis of
the data for men only, the greatest amount of
augmentation, in terms of individual workers if
not man-hours, was in the following occupations or
occupation groups.
Secondary jobs
as percent of
total primary
jobs in occu­
pation
Farmers------- -------------------------------------------------------------19- 3
Construction craftsmen---- ---------------------------------------------14.8
W aiters______________________________________________
12. 6
Retail sales workers------- ------ . . ------ --------------- ---------------12.1
Professional workers (except medical and teachers)--------------8.3
Service (except protective and waiters)--------------------- --------7.3
Farm laborers............................ ............. ........ ...............................
6.9
Wholesale sales workers......................... - ------ ----------------------6.5
6.4
Teachers (primary and secondary school)---------------------------

These measures represent an understatement of
the supplementary work done by men working at
two or more jobs, because approximately 100,000
had more than two jobs.
The information on the secondary occupations
of dual jobholders also helps to explain the appar­


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ent paradox of 2.2 million men with work experi­
ence unemployed in December 1959, at the same
time that 2.5 million had more than one job.
Some 60 percent of the second jobs were in whitecollar (professional, managerial, clerical, and sales)
occupations or as farmers. Only 15 percent of
the men who were unemployed in December had
worked in these types of occupations on their last
jobs, as shown in the following tabulation:
Major occupation group of—
Last full-time Secondary
job of unem- job of men
ployed men
with more
than one job
2,210
2,530
Total: Number (thousands)----------------------100.0
100.0
Percent___________________________
Professional, technical, and kindred workers.—
Farmers and farm m anagers..______
Managers, officials, and proprietors, except---farm______________________________________
Clerical and kindred workers___________________
Sales workers...........................................
Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers-----Operatives and kindred workers____________
Service workers______________________________
Farm laborers and foremen________
Laborers, except farm and mine------ -------------

3.4
.5

15.1
20.3
2.9
4.9

21.2
26. 5
6.5
5.8
25.0

10.1
5.2
3.39.6
9.8
13.3
8.6
3.5
4.5

About one-third of the secondary jobs reported
in December were in some form of self-employ­
ment—a field of economic activity that would
not be feasible for the average unemployed man.
Of course, there is no reason to assume that,
even if the extra work available to dual jobholders
had been in the geographic areas and occupations
of the unemployed, the jobless men would have
met hiring specifications.
Self-Employment Among Multiple Jobholders

The importance of self-employment in the
structure of dual employment has been mentioned
earlier. About 400,000 nonfarm wage or salary
workers in December 1959 had a sideline business
or profession and close to 500,000 operated a
farm. They constituted over a third of all non­
farm wage or salary workers with more than one
job (table 5). Construction and manufacturing
workers were most likely to be self-employed on
the side, at least in December and for most of
these, farming was the second job. About onethird of the two-job workers with a primary job in
trade and public administration operated a farm
or were otherwise self-employed in their spare
time. It is not possible to tell from the data
available how many of these wage or salary
workers who also had some form of nonfarm

1050

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960

self-employment were operating a. business, large
or small, or how many were working in a profes­
sion.

T a b l e 6.

P erso n s

at

W

ork

T a b l e 5. E x t e n t of S el f -E m ploym ent on S econdary
J obs A mong N o n a g r ic u ltur a l W age a n d S alary
W orkers W ith T wo or M ore J obs , D e c em ber 1959
[Percent of multiple jobholders in industry group]
Secondary self-employment
by type of industry
Major industry of primary job
Total

Agricul­
ture

Nonagri­
cultural
industries

Total wage or salary workers in nonagri­
cultural industries 1__________________

36.2

19.5

16.7

Construction........... ............................. ......
Manufacturing_________________ _____
Durable goods____________________
Nondurable goods____________ _____
Transportation and other public utilities..
Wholesale and retail tra d e ..................... .
Service and finance.......................... ...........
Public administration_________________

54.3
45.3
46.5
42.8
25.3
34.7
24.1
32.0

40.9
25.5
26.7
23.0
12.1
19.5
7.4
14.7

13.4
19.8
19.8
19.8
13.2
15.2
16.7
17.3

1Includes forestry, fisheries, and mining, not shown separately.


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T

M AJOR INDUSTRY

J

1959

ob,

D

ecem ber

wo

J

obs, by

GROUP

H

ours

OF P R I M A R Y

[Percent distribution]

Hours Worked by Multiple Jobholders
As might be expected, persons with more than
one job had a longer workweek, on the average,
than did those with only one job. Unfortu­
nately, reporting of hours worked on the primary
job as the total hours worked by a fairly large
proportion of the dual jobholders in December
makes it impossible to compare the detailed
distributions of then* hours with those of single
jobholders, but there is evidence that the propor­
tion working longer than 40 hours was two to
three times as great among the dual jobholders.5
The differences were particularly marked for
wage and salary workers in construction, manu­
facturing, transportation and other public utilities,
and public administration. Persons who were
operating their own farms or businesses typically
worked long hours whether or not they had a
second job.
It is often assumed that the reason a person
takes a second job is that he cannot earn enough
on his first job, but the survey gives no direct
evidence on earnings on either job. However,
only a small number of those with two or more
jobs, no more than 5 percent of the total, re­
ported that they had worked less than 35 hours
during the week but usually worked 35 hours or
more on their primary job alone. These persons
might have taken on a second job to offset a

on

W o R R E D 1 AN D

Major industry group and class
of worker of primary job

Full time
on pri­
Full time mary job, Part time
Total on both part time on both
jobs
on sec­
jobs
ondary
job

All persons at work on two jobs.......

100.0

3.7

66.5

Agriculture------------------------------Wage and salary workers ___
Self-employed and unpaid family workers________________
Nonagricultural industries...............
Wage and salary workers 3____
Construction____________
Manufacturing........ ............
Durable goods________
Nondurable goods------Transportation and other
public utilities...................
Wholesale and retail trade. .
Service and finance_______
Public adm inistration____
Self-employed and unpaid family workers________________

100.0
100.0

3.9

44.2
0

0

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

5.1
3.7
3.6

29.8
51.9
0

5.5
5.7
5.1

42.9
68.9
69.6
66.2
77.9
78.0
77.7

52.0
27.4
26.8
33.8
16.6
16.3
17.3

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

5.0
2.9
4.1
.5

71.4
59.2
64.2
72.8

23.6
37.9
31.7
26.7

100.0

4.4

60.8

34.8

1 Workweeks of 35 hours or more were counted as full time; those of less
than 35 hours, as part time.
2 Percent not shown where base is less than 133,000.
3 Includes forestry, fisheries, and mining, not shown separately.
N ote : This table is limited to persons whose secondary job differed from
their primary job with respect to industry, occupation, or class of worker.

cutback from full-time hours on their regular
job.
Most of the two-job workers worked full time
(35 hours or more) on their primary job and part
time (less than 35 hours) on their secondary job.
Two-thirds 6 of those who worked at both jobs
in the survey week were in this group (table 6);
for one out of three of these workers, the second
and part-time job was in his own business or
profession. All but a few of the other two-job
workers worked part time at both jobs. The
combination of two part-time jobs was most
common for workers whose primary job was in
agriculture (52 percent), trade (38 percent), or
construction (34 percent); it was least frequent in
manufacturing (17 percent), where perhaps some
of the workers with two part-time jobs were, in
fact, changing jobs during the week. These
comparisons relate to workers whose primary and
secondary jobs were different in terms of occupa­
tion, industry, or class of worker.
3 The omission of hours worked on additional jobs was noted but the re­
ported data were not changed in order to maintain comparability with re­
ported hours for months when the supplementary questions were not asked
of multiple jobholders.
3 Because of the defects in the hours reporting, it is likely that this is an
understatement. The correct figure may be close to four-fifths.

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS IN DECEMBER 1959

Further Research

Much remains to be learned about this small
but versatile and energetic component of our
labor force. It would be desirable to know how
many of these workers are true dual jobholders
and how many have two jobs in the course of a
week only because they are changing jobs. Evi­
dence from an earlier survey (1946) indicates that
the great majority were holding two jobs con7
See Multiple Employment: July 1946 (U.S. Bureau of the Census,
Population, Series P-S, No. 21).


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1051
currently at that date.7 Some information on
earnings of single versus multiple jobholders and
on the schedule of their working hours might
suggest whether it is need or opportunity that
leads a worker to take a second job. A count of
multiple jobholders at another season of the year
might also be useful. Because of the small size
of the group, there are limitations on the amount of
detailed data that can be obtained from a general
sample of the population, but, hopefully, some
of these questions can be answered in future
surveys.

Summaries of Studies and Reports
Normal Retirement Provisions
Under Collective Bargaining
T h e n o r m a l r e t i r e m e n t p r o v i s i o n found in
virtually every private pension plan specifies the
age at which, in the design of the plan, a worker
would be expected to retire and the formula to be
used in the computation of the retirement income
for a qualified worker. The normal retirement
age, as used in this study, may be defined as the
earliest age at which a worker, having otherwise
qualified for benefits, may retire of his own ac­
cord (i.e., without his employer’s consent or com­
pulsion) and receive immediately the full amount
of benefits to which he is entitled under the nor­
mal benefit formula of the plan. In most plans,
this age is 65 years. In addition to attaining this
age, a worker must fulfill service requirements to
qualify for normal retirement benefits under most
plans.
An important characteristic of the normal retire­
ment provision is its influence on other plan pro­
visions, since it often serves as a standard to which
other provisions are related. Included in these
other provisions are vesting, early and disability
retirement, and compulsory or automatic retire­
ment (under some plans, workers may be com­
pelled to retire at the age which is also designated
as the normal retirement age) }
The basic factors in normal benefit formulas
are service (length of employment) and earnings,
or service alone. Another important aspect is
the explicit or implicit relationship between plan
benefits and social security benefits. The various
values assigned these elements lead to wide
diversity in the benefits promised by private pen­
sion plans. The use of an earnings factor com­
bined with length of employment maintains, to
some degree at least, differentials in retirement
income commensurate with differentials in pre­
retirement earnings, whereas benefits based on
consideration of service alone place all workers on
a common ground, regardless of their preretire­
ment earnings differences. Gearing benefits solely
1052


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to length of employment has become more common
in collectively bargained plans in recent years.
The expectation that workers will be eligible
for social security benefits at age 65 is taken into
account in pension planning, both in setting the
normal retirement age and in the benefit formulas.
Social security benefits are explicitly taken into
account in some private plans, either through the
reduction of computed plan benefits by the amount
of the worker’s social security payment (i.e., by
integrating private and public benefits to yield a
specific income level) or by the use of different
benefit formulas for workers with earnings below
and above the taxable limits under the Social
Security Act. Without any direct tie-in to social
security, benefit levels in all other private plans
reflect the expectation that social security pay­
ments will be forthcoming. As the following
Bureau of Labor Statistics analysis of plans in
effect in the fall of 1959 shows, the greater part of
the retirement income to be expected by most
workers covered by pension plans under collective
bargaining when they reach 65 will be provided
by social security.
Scope of Study

For the study from which this article was
adapted,2 300 selected pension plans under col­
lective bargaining, in effect in the fall of 1959,
were analyzed.3 Each plan covered 1,000 or more
1 See Pension Plans Under Collective Bargaining: P art I. Vesting Provi­
sions and Requirements for Early Retirement; Part II. Involuntary Retire­
ment Provisions, Late 1958, BLS Bull. 1259 (1959). This report was also
summarized in the Monthly Labor Review, July 1959 (pp. 743-750) and
August 1959 (pp. 855-860).
2 Pension Plans Under Collective Bargaining: Part III. Normal Re­
tirement; Part IV. Early and Disability Retirement, Fall 1959, forth­
coming BLS Bull. 1284.
2 The plans included those established for the first time as the result of
collective bargaining and plans established originally by the employer or the
union but since brought within the scope of the collective bargaining agree­
ment—at least to the extent that the agreement established employer respon­
sibility to continue or provide certain benefits.
Many plans were extended uniformly to cover workers outside the scope
of the collective bargaining agreement. However, the pension plan coverage
used in this study represents only the number of workers under collective
bargaining agreements.
The same selection of plans was used in parts I and II of Pension Plans
Under Collective Bargaining (see footnote 1). A subsequent study will
covers urvivor options and death benefits.

NORMAL RETIREMENT PROVISIONS

1053

workers. Considerations in the selection of these
plans for study were the union involved, type of
employer bargaining unit, industry, type of plan,
and geographical location. The selected plans
ranged in coverage from 1,000 to 300,000 work­
ers—totaling approximately 4.7 million workers
under collective bargaining agreements, or about
half of the estimated coverage of all pension plans
under collective bargaining in the United States.
All major industries (excluding railroads and air­
lines) were represented in the selection. About 3
out of 4 plans (229) were in manufacturing in­
dustries and covered 3.2 million workers; 71 were
in nonmanufacturing industries and applied to
approximately 1.5 million workers. Sixty-nine
plans, covering more than a third of the workers
in the study, were established on a multiemployer
basis. Forty-nine plans were financed by both
the employer and the worker (contributory plans) ;
the remaining 251 plans were financed entirely
by the employer (noncontributory plans),4 and
covered almost 85 percent of all workers.
The normal retirement provisions found in the
selected pension plans were analyzed in detail,
including minimum age and service requirements
and other elements of the benefit formulas. In
addition, the benefit amounts provided by the
plans under certain assumed conditions were com­
puted for illustrative purposes. The effects of
preparticipation requirements on normal benefit
provisions were also examined.
4
Some of these plans gave the worker an option to contribute to a supple­
mentary plan to build up additional pension benefits. In these cases, only
the basic noncontributory plan was analyzed.
8 Pension Plans Under Collective Bargaining, BLS Bull. 1147 (1953),
T a b l e 1.

M

in im u m

A ge

and

S e r v ic e R

A previous BLS study5 of 300 pension plans in
effect in late 1952 provided a basis for a limited
evaluation of major trends over the past 7 years.
Of these plans, 219 were included in the present
study. The substitution of 81 plans was occa­
sioned by (1) the elimination of plans covering
fewer than 1,000 workers; (2) mergers, companies
going out of business, or plans terminated; or (3)
in a few cases, the lack of current information.
Requirements for Participation

To participate in or to be covered by a pension
plan, the worker must meet certain conditions.
Many noncontributory plans merely require that
the worker be a regular full-time employee on the
payroll. Provisions such as this, which make
participation more or less automatic, are designed
to exclude from plan coverage seasonal and parttime workers and workers who have not passed
through a probationary period. Under jointly
financed or contributory plans, the worker usually
has a choice as to whether or not he will partici­
pate by making the necessary contributions (i.e.,
participation is voluntary); in some cases, however,
participation is compulsory, that is, a condition
of employment.
Some plans, both contributory and noncon­
tributory, also have preparticipation requirements
which withhold pension coverage from a newly
hired worker until he has met certain age or em­
ployment requirements or both. These provisions
may affect eligibility for plan benefits and the
amount of benefits, hence they are important
elements of pension plans.

e q u ir e m e n t s f o r

P a r t ic ip a t io n

in

P e n s io n P

la n s,

F a l l 1959 1

[Workers in thousands]
Total
Minimum service requirements

Plans

Minimum age requirements

Workers

Plans
All plans with participation requirementsNo service requirement________________
1 year______________________________
2 years--------------------------------------------3 years--------------------------------------------5 years--------------------------------------------Alternatives6.......................- .......................

72

622.1
25.6
276.2
62.0
142.1
61.9
54.3

Age 25

None
Workers
371.5
255.6
23.1
73.6
19.2

i
Based on a study of 300 selected pension plans under collective bargaining,
covering approximately 4,670,000 workers.
2 1 plan provided a minimum requirement of age 21.
31 plan provided a minimum requirement of age 40.
* 1 plan provided a minimum requirement of age 25 for women.
8 Plan provided a minimum requirement of age 30 for women.
5 M 8 1 1 — 60— — 3


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Plans

Age 30

Workers

Plans

Age 35

Workers

Plans

Alternatives

Workers

51.9

114.9

29.5

6.0
12.0

5.4
5.5
17.4
59.1
27.5

14.2
3.1

11.5
9.4
13.0

Plans

Workers
54.3

10.0

«1

2 .2

54.3

6 Includes 1 plan covering 10,000 workers that provided alternatives of
age 25 and 5 years of service and of age 35 and 1 year of service; 1 plan with
40,000 workers for 5 years of service or age 30 and 2 years of service; and 1 plan
with 4,300 workers for age 35 and 5 years of service or if hired after age 45, age 50
and Vi year of service.

1054

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960
T a ble 2.

M inim u m A ge

and

S er v ic e R e q u ir e m e n t s

for

N

ormal

R e t ir e m e n t , F all 1959

[Workers in thousands]
Minimum age requirem ents2

Total
M inimum service requirem ents1

Age 60
Plans

Workers

All plans studied...........

300

4,672.7

No service requirement.
1 year.............................
2 years______________
3 years______________
5 years______________
6 y e a rs....................... .
10 years_____________
11 years_____________
12 years..........................
15 years_____________
18 years..........................
20 years......................... .
25 years________ _____
30 years_____________
35 years..........................

18
25
7
13
16
2
67
1
2
101
1
32
9
5
1

89.3
256.3
239.2
177.6
135.2
11.2
1,261.3
1.3
19.1
1,072.4
10.0
1,189.3
137.8
71.2
1.5

Plans

Age 65

Workers

Plans

O ther8

Workers

Plans

Workers

574.9

280

4,077.2

5

20.6

1

4.0

3.0

2.9
10.0

9

502.0

3

56.0

89.3
256.3
239.2
177.6
135.2
11.2
1,254.3
1.3
16.2
1,062. 4
10.0
678.9
137.8
7.5

1

1
1

18
25
7
13
16
2
65
1
1
100
1
21
9
1

15

2

8.4

1
1

7.7
1.5

1 For those plans which specified a period of employment to be served
before participation in the plan could begin, the minimum service requirement
includes the preparticipation service and the required plan membership
service.
2 Some plans specified alternative requirements; for each case the one

with the earliest age or no age requirement was selected. Age requirements
were lower for women in a number of plans.
2 1 plan provided a minimum requirement of age 55, 2 plans of age 70,
1 plan of age 62, and 1 plan had no age requirement for workers with the
specified credited service.

Of the 300 plans studied, 65 plans covering
600,000 workers had preparticipation requirements
which, regardless of the worker’s age, withheld
pension plan coverage for periods of 1 to 5 years
after hiring (table 1). In the 1952 study, 77
plans contained similar restrictions.6 Minimum
age requirements ranging from 25 to 35 years were
also stipulated in 25 of these plans. Another 7
plans had minimum age but no service require­
ments.
In some plans, length of plan membership—
i.e., service after first being covered by the plan—
rather than length of total employment was used
in determining eligibility for benefits and in com­
puting benefits. Therefore, to put all plans on the
same footing, preparticipation provisions must be
considered in conjunction with service require­
ments for benefits. Of the 72 plans with pre­
participation requirements, only 8 plans counted
service before plan coverage in determining eligi­
bility for normal retirement; in the remaining 64
plans, only service during plan membership was
counted. Of these 72 plans, moreover, 59 plans
did not count employment prior to date of plan

coverage in computing basic plan benefits. This
exclusion was to be expected in the 35 contributory
plans in which benefits are typically directly
related to employee contributions.

* In both studies, plans with service requirements for plan participation of
ess than 1 year were excluded from this group.
7 As used in this report, the term “ service” applies to employment or service
credited toward qualification or for computing benefits under plan provisions,
regardless of the definition of service in the plan. In the plan documents,
it may be referred to as “ continuous service,” “ credited service,” “ con­
secutive years of service,” etc.
8 See BLS Bull. 1259, op. cit., pp. 10-11.


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Requirements for Normal Retirement Benefits

Virtually every pension plan requires that the
worker attain a specified age, usually 65 years,
to be eligible for normal retirement benefits.
In addition, many plans also require the fulfillment
of a certain number of years of credited service 7
with the employer or group of employers.
Although age and service requirements are
typically the key elements in determining eligi­
bility for other types of benefits found in pension
plans (e.g., early and disability retirement and
vesting of pension rights), under no other provision
is the attainment of a certain age given so much
weight. The normal retirement age fixes the
earliest age at which the worker may retire at
his own volition with immediate full benefits.
It may also serve as the age of compulsory or
automatic retirement and the age at which bene­
fits of a deferred nature become payable or are to
be recomputed.8
After adjustment to account for the 64 plans
which credited plan membership service only (i.e.,
after the addition of preparticipation service to
plan membership service), the total employment
requirements for normal retirement ranged from

1055

NORMAL RETIREMENT PROVISIONS

none to 35 years (table 2). Approximately 55
percent of the plans, covering half the workers,
specified either 10 or 15 years of credited service,
while about 25 percent of the plans specified less
than 10 years.9 On the other hand, 16 percent
of the plans, covering almost a third of the workers,
required at least 20 years of credited service for
normal retirement benefits. The concentration
of plans and workers covered in two categories—•
age 65 and 10 years of service and age 65 and 15
years of service—reflects the influence of plans in
the automobile and steel industries, respectively.
Minimum age requirements for normal retire­
ment were found in all but one of the plans
studied. Some plans had alternative normal
retirement ages depending on the amount of
credited service. For example, one plan described
its flexible normal retirement age as follows:
An employee . . . who has attained the age of 65 and
has 10 years or more of company service credit . . . or
who has attained age 60 or over and has 30 or more years
of company service credit is eligible for a pension
benefit . . . .

The impact of the Social Security Act and the
interrelation of public and private pension plans
is reflected in the fact that age 65 (the age at
which male workers qualify for old age benefits
under the act) was the normal retirement age in
more than 9 out of 10 plans. All but 2 of the
9
The absence of a service requirement or a low service requirement usually
means a small retirement benefit if the worker fails to build up sufficient
service, unless the plan provides a substantial minimum benefit regardless
of length of service; few of the plans studied contained such minimum
provisions.

T a b l e 3.

P r o v isio n s

for

remaining 20 plans had a normal retirement age
below 65—usually 60. The Bureau’s 1952 study
showed a similar distribution of normal retirement
ages.
Normal Retirement Benefit Formulas

The amount of retirement income a qualified
worker is entitled to at normal retirement age is
determined by the normal benefit formula of the
plan. These formulas, which vary widely among
plans, usually take into account the amount of
credited service, or service and earnings. A dis­
tinction may also be made in the treatment of
benefits for employment before the effective date
of the plan (past service) and future service
benefits. In addition, social security benefits
payable to the worker may affect the amount paid
by the private plan. The normal benefit formula
is also important to workers qualifying for early
and disability retirement and for vesting, since
benefits under these provisions are usually derived
from the normal retirement formula.
Almost every plan
studied credited service rendered prior to the
effective date of the plan (i.e., “past service”).
However, the evaluation of past service was often
based on different factors or formulas than future
service. Some plans also provided a different
formula for future service prior to the effective
date of an amendment to the plan (i.e., for “inter­
mediate service”). Both past service and interP a st Service Benefit Formulas.

B asic a nd M inim u m B e n e f it s a n d T ype of B asic B e n e f it F orm ula ,
F in a n c in g and T y pe of B a r g a in in g U n it , F all 1959

by

M ethod

o f

[Workers in thousands]
Method of financing

Total
Provisions

All plans stu d ied ............ ................. ............................... - ........
Basic

and

of

Contributory

Single employer

Multiemployer

Plans

Workers

Plans

Workers

Plans

Workers

Plans

Workers

Plans

300

4, 672. 7

251

3,901.9

49

770.8

231

2,946.4

69

1, 726.3

188
112

3,284.9
1,387.8

162
89

2, 823.1
1,078.8

26
23

461.8
309.0

122
109

1, 582.1
1,364.3

66
3

1, 702.8
23.5

139
118
31
12

1, 619.8
2,070.2
668.8
313.9

97
115
29
10

1,169.1
1, 760. 6
665.8
306.4

42
3
2
2

450.7
309.6
3.0
7.5

137
82
2
10

1, 577.7
1,198.1
3.0
167.6

2
36
29
2

42.1
872.1
665.8
146.3

Workers

M inimum B enefits

Plans with basic benefit formulas only >_............ .............. ......
Plans with basic and minimum benefit formulas --------------T ype

Noncontributory

Type of bargaining unit

B asic B enefit F ormula

Benefits vary by earnings and service........................................
Benefits vary by service alone.................................................
Flat benefit for specified service...................................... ...........
O ther3............................................................................................

1 Includes 149 plans providing a minimum benefit inherent in the basic
formula by specifying minimum service requirements which must be met to
qualify for benefits. No specific minimum benefit was mentioned.


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3 Includes plans in which various combinations of specific classifications
were used,

1056
T a b l e 4.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960
N

ormal

R e t ir e m e n t B e n e f it s , I n clu d in g M a xim u m P rim ary S ocial S e c u r it y B e n e f it s ,
E a r n in g s L e v e l s and Y ea r s of F u t u r e C r edit e d S e r v ic e , F all 1959 1

S elected

for

[Workers in thousands]
Plans providing normal retirement benefits to workers with average annual earnings of—

20 years’ service
Workers

Plans

$5, 600

$4,800

$4,000

Amount of monthly benefit

20 years service

30 years’ service
Plans

Workers

Workers

Plans

30 years service
Workers

Plans

20 years service

30 years service

Plans

Plans

Workers

Workers

All plans studied......................

300

4, 672. 7

300

4, 672.7

300

4,672. 7

300

4, 672.7

300

4,672. 7

300

4,672.7

Under $130 2_______________

21
14
30
42
107
29
13
17
7
15
2

176.6
85 1
576.7
536.5
1,952.8
348.9
259.5
160.8
66.8
323.2
33.2

164.6

6

11.2

20

164.6

5

9.4

8
22
30
123
11
12
19
13
12
13
9
7
1

43.3
449.7
411.2
2,178.3
34.1
221.5
419.5
100.9
304.7
64.6
58.5
215.8
6.0

4
7
23
28
22
25
91
10
13

146.6
6.0

12.2
34. 8
98.1
240.8
735.0
597.2
1, 760.8
175.0
65.7
473.5
86.8
89.6
164.3
117.7
21.2

20

2
1

7
7
14
21
30
37
98
10
9
22
8
15
5
16
1

6.0
45.5
259.6
665.2
356.4
318.8
1, 762. 5
46.7
509.4
27.1
126.4
323.9
83.7
94.1
36.2

7
21
26
120
11
12
11
5
13
13
10
25
5
1

31.3
446.2
309.3
2,110.1
122.3
155.0
330.6
138.1
343.8
93.9
79.1
273.2
69.2
6.0

5
7
20
28
15
20
98
9
8
6
9
16
19
11
19
5

7.8
45.5
208.8
642.7
160.2
265.6
1,960.8
79.3
360.9
79.1
65.6
338.1
191.0
91.9
106.2
59.8

$140 and under $150_________
$150 and under $160_________
$160 and under $170_________
$170 and under $180_________
$180 and under $190---- ------$190 and under $200________
$200 and under $210_________
$210 and under $220_________
$220 and under $230_______ $230 and under $240_________
$240 and under $250_________
$250 and under $275.—....... .
$275 and under $300 _ _ ____

4

17
19
16
13
2

Average monthly benefit3___

$167.44

$187.50

$184.92

$2 oe .76

$188.87

$21S.83

1Benefit amounts are based on future service formulas, assuming a constant
level of earnings and monthly primary social security benefits of $112 for
workers earning $4,000 per year, and of $127 for workers earning $4,800 and
$5,600 per year.

2 Includes plans in which no pension from the plan was provided because
more than 20 years’ service were required to qualify for benefits or because
of deduction of primary social security benefits.
3 Arithmetic mean of normal retirement benefits, including primary social
security benefits, weighted by number of workers covered.

mediate service formulas usually yield smaller
benefits than future service formulas for the same
amount of service and earnings.
Since pension plans are relatively new, partic­
ularly those under collective bargaining, probably
most of the workers retiring within the next few
years will receive benefits determined in large part
by the application of past and intermediate service
formulas. However, these formulas vary widely
among plans, differing in the liberality of allowance
for past service credits as well as in the key dates
which the formulas take into account (date of
plan establishment, amendments, etc.). Because
past service formulas, in general, are essentially
interim devices, and because future service
formulas tend to become the important element
in collective bargaining, the rest of this study
deals with future service formulas and the benefits
to be derived from these formulas.

The monthly amount of any pension . . . shall equal
1 percent of the average monthly compensation received
by the applicant from the company for services rendered
during the 120 calendar months next preceding the month
in which the applicant shall retire, multiplied by the
number of years of his continuous service . . . [subject to
a deduction of $85 for primary social security benefits].

B e n e fit F o r m u la s.
All of the 300 plans
studied provided a basic benefit formula for
computing the retirement benefits payable to
qualified workers (table 3). For example, one
plan stated that:
B a s ic


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In addition, 112 plans, covering 30 percent of the
workers, had a minimum benefit or alternative
benefit formula, which in effect established a level
below which benefits for a qualified worker could
not fall, regardless of the amount computed under
the basic formula. For example, the plan quoted
above also provided that:
The minimum monthly pension for an employee who
shall retire at or after age 65 and become entitled to a
pension . . . shall be based on the employee’s continuous
service immediately preceding retirement, up to a maxi­
mum of 30 years, calculated as follows: (1) $2.50 multiplied
by such years of continuous service beginning on or after
November 1, 1957; and (2) $2.40 multiplied by such years
of continuous service prior to November 1, 1957.

The period of service to qualify for the minimum
benefit was the same as for the basic benefit in
about two-thirds of the plans and was higher in
the other plans.

NORMAL RETIREMENT PROVISIONS

1057

The many basic benefit formulas found in the
plans studied emphasizes the variety and com­
plexity of pension plans. However, the vast
majority may be classified into three major types
according; to the variables employed: (1) the
benefit varies by earnings and credited service,
(2) the benefit varies by credited service alone,
and (3) a uniform or flat benefit is provided for
all workers who fulfill specified requirements.
Examples of each type follow:

(3)
The amount of pension paid by the fund to eligible
members is $30 a month for life.

(1) The monthly pension benefit for an employee who
qualifies therefor shall be computed by taking 1.1 percent
of the employee’s average straight-time monthly earnings
during the 120 calendar months next preceding his retire­
ment multiplied by his company service credit.
(2) The monthly amount of pension payable to an
employee . . . shall be $1.50 a month for each of his
years of credited service, to a maximum of 30 years.
10
Some plans in this study include provisions for reducing private plan benefits
by all or part of the income from other sources, such as workmen’s compensa­
tion payments, unemployment insurance payments, severance payments,
payments under other plans financed in whole or part by the employer, etc.
However, the only deductions considered here are those payable to the
worker under the Social Security Act.
Under current provisions of the Social Security Act, primary insurance
benefits are payable to qualified workers at age 65. Women may elect to
receive a permanently reduced primary benefit to begin between ages 62 and
65. Since July 1, 1957, qualified workers have been entitled to receive a dis­
ability benefit if they become permanently disabled, as defined in the act.
When the worker receiving such a benefit attains age 65, the disability
benefit reverts to a primary benefit.

T able 5.

Formulas in which the benefit varies by earnings
and credited service were found in 139 of the 300
plans; and 118 plans had formulas varying bene­
fits by length of service alone. The third type of
formula, which provided a uniform or flat benefit
for all qualified workers, was found in 31 plans.
Combinations and variations of the above formulas
accounted for the remaining 12 plans. In com­
parison with the Bureau’s 1952 study, it appears
that the proportion of plans in which benefits were
affected solely by length of service has increased
at the expense of those also taking earnings into
account. Moreover, increases in minimum bene­
fits based on service in the latter type of plan, or
the introduction of minimum benefits, may lessen
the significance of earnings-based benefits.
Federal
old-age, survivors, and disability insurance benefits
provided under Title II of the Social Security Act
are directly incorporated into normal retirement
formulas in two ways.10 First, the plan provides
that all or part of the social security benefits
payable to the worker shall be deducted from the
A djustm en t to Social Security Benefits.

N ormal R etirem ent B e n e f it s , E x c lu d in g P rim ary S ocial S ec urity B e n e f it s ,
L ev els a n d Y ea r s o f F u tu r e C redited S e r v ic e , F all 1959 1

for

S elected E a r n in g s

[Workers in thousands]
Plans providing normal retirement benefits to workers with average annual earnings of—
$4,000

Amount of monthly benefit

$4,800

$5,600

20 years’ service

30 years’ service

20 years ' service

30 years’ service

20 years' service

30 years’ service

Plans

Plans

Plans

Plans

Plans

Plans

Workers

Workers

Workers

Workers

Workers

Workers

All plans studied_____ _____

300

4, 672. 7

300

4, 672. 7

300

4, 672. 7

300

4, 672. 7

300

4, 672. 7

300

4,672. 7

N one2__________ ____ _____
$1 and under $20_________ _
$20 and under $30__________
$30 and under $40__________
$40 and under $50__________
$50 and under $60__________
$60 and under $ 7 0 _ _____
$70 and under $80_________
$80 and under $90_________
$90 and under $100_____ _ _
$100 and under $125___ _____
$125 and under $150._____
$150 and under $175_________
$175 and under $200___ ___
$200 and over______________

19
2
16
29
44
108
26
13
17
8
15
2
1

163.4
13.2
98.4
564.7
541.7
2, 074. 8
223.3
260.6
166.8
73.2
340.0
146.6
6.0

6
2
6
14
20
33
38
96
9
8
35
22
11

11.2
2.5
33.2
108.9
228.8
858.0
492.2
1, 748. 6
172.3
62.6
598.1
253.0
103.3

20

164.6

164.6

106.9
515.1
497.4
1, 984.1
222.7
265.7
200.3
121.3
372.8
215.8
6.0

11.2
2.2
31.4
74.3
222.7
824.2
493.6
1, 759.3
15.3
187.7
534.9
300.4
85.2
94.1
36.2

20

16
26
40
108
13
10
16
14
29
7
1

6
2
5
14
18
32
36
91
6
12
29
17
17
13
2

14
25
36
108
9
13
5
7
32
25
6

93.6
457.3
446.1
2, 018. 7
76.0
301.3
123.4
153.4
489.9
273.2
75.2

5
3
5
12
18
27
28
95
8
7
23
15
20
10
24

9. 4
40
31.4
60.2
222.7
615.1
389.8
1, 864. 0
112.3
72.7
505.3
336.9
193.0
K9 9
166.0

Average monthly benefit3___

$55.44

$75. 50

1 Benefit amounts are based on future service formulas, assuming a constant
level of earnings and monthly primary social security benefits of $112 for
workers earning $4,000 per year, and of $127 for workers earning $4,800 and
$5,600 per year.
2 These are plans in which no pension from the plan was provided because


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$57.92

$79. 76

$61.87

$86. 83

more than 20 years’ service was required to qualify for benefits or because
of the deduction of primary social security benefits.
3
Arithmetic mean of normal retirement benefits weighted by number of
workers covered.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960

1058
amount calculated from the benefit formula. This
is commonly referred to as the “offset” approach.
Usually this reduction applies only to the social
security benefit due the worker himself, i.e., the
“primary insurance amount.” Second, the benefit
formula determines a disproportionately larger
benefit relative to earnings in excess of a specified
amount, which is almost always equal to the
maximum earnings considered in computing social
security benefits at the time the formula was
adopted.11
As shown in the following tabulation, about a
fourth of the plans studied, covering a fifth of the
workers, used the offset approach. This compares
with nearly half the plans in the Bureau’s 1952
study. More than half of the offset plans in the
current study followed the basic steel industry
pattern by deducting $85 a month—the maximum
primary social security benefit at the time it was
incorporated into the basic formula of the steel
plans.13 Most of the remaining offset plans re­
duced benefits by all or one-half of the primary
social security benefit to which the pensioner is
entitled.
Provision for integration with social security
benefits
T otal....... - ------- --------------------- ------No integration provision_____________
Integrated plans------------------------------Integrated by offset method---------------W ith deduction of—
All primary social security------------One-half primary social security-----$85 for primary social security. -----Other deductions for social security..
Integrated by percentage factors..............

Plans
Num- Perber
cent
300 100.0
179
59.7
i 121
40.3
i 79

17
13
44
5

l 44

26.3
5.7

4.3
14.7
1.7
14.7

Workers
ThouPercent
sands
4, 672. 7
100.0
3, 253.3
69.6
1,419.4
30.4
967.6
20.7
54.8
241.0
644.3
27.5
460.6

1.2
5.2

13.8
.6
9.9

i Includes 2 plans, covering 8,800 workers, using both offset and percentage
factor methods.

The basic benefit formula was integrated with
social security benefits by means of the second
approach described above in about a seventh of
the plans covering a tenth of the workers.
Under the direct offset method in which half or
all primary social security is deducted, any
increase in social security benefits results in a
corresponding decrease in the benefits to be paid
by the private plan. Under plans in which only
half of social security benefits are offset, the
worker will benefit by one-half the increase in
social security benefit levels. However, fixing
the social security deduction on the basis of the
benefits in effect when the plan is negotiated or
amended, as in the steel industry plans, means that


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all future increases in social security benefits are
passed along to the worker.
Many pension plans
provide a floor under normal retirement benefits
by guaranteeing a minimum benefit determined by
a separate formula, which, for workers with certain
earnings and service, yields a higher benefit than
that due under the basic retirement formula
previously discussed. Of the 300 plans studied,
only 19 provided benefits at normal retirement age
precisely as the formula prescribed, no matter
how small the retirement annuity might be. On
the other hand, in 169 plans the minimum benefit
was included in the basic formula, as in a flat
benefit formula or a service only formula, which
stipulated the minimum service for which a pension
would be granted; workers not fulfilling these
minimum requirements would receive no benefits.
The remaining 112 plans contained a minimum
benefit formula which modified the basic formula,
generally to the advantage of lower income and
shorter service pensioners. In many plans, as in
the steel industry, the minimum benefit formula
applied to the majority of retired workers.
All but 10 of the 112 plans with a separate
m in im u m benefits formula had a basic formula
based on earnings and service. Most minimum
pensions were based solely on service; the rest had
a flat minimum pension or another type of formula.
A fourth of the minimum benefit formulas—
about the same proportion as the basic formulas—
were subject to social security offsets. Almost
two-thirds of these plans deducted all primary
social security benefits. Offset basic benefit
formulas were used by about a third of these plans.
M i n i m u m B e n e f it F o r m u l a s .

Level of Benefits
The benefit formulas already discussed promise
computable pensions for workers who fulfill the
necessary requirements and who retire when they
reach the normal retirement age. As pointed out
previously, other formulas may apply to workers
who have already built up service credits (i.e.,
past service). Thus, the only common ground
h Maximum earnings have risen from $3,000 in 1935 to $4,800 in 1959" Cf.
Social Security Act, Sec. 215(e) (1).
u The primary social security deduction in the basic steel pension plans
was reduced to $80 after this study was completed.

1059

NORMAL RETIREMENT PROVISIONS

T a b l e 6. N o r m a l R e t i r e m e n t B e n e f i t s , I n c l u d in g M a x im u m P r im a r y S o c ia l S e c u r it y B e n e f i t s , f o r W o r k e r s
E a r n i n g $4,000 P e r Y e a r f o r 30 Y e a r s o f F u t u r e C r e d it e d S e r v i c e , b y T y p e o f B a r g a i n in g U n it a n d M e t h o d
o f F i n a n c i n g , F a l l 1959 1
[Workers in thousands]
Single employer

Multiemployer
plans 2

Total

Plans
All plans studied..____ ______________
$130 and
$140 and
$150 and
$100 and
$170 and
$180 and
$190 and
$200 and
$210 and
$220 and
$230 and
$240 and
$250 and

under $140_____________________
under $1 50
under $100
under $170
under $180________________ ____
under $190_____________________
under $200____________ ________
under $210__________ __________
under $220________ _______ ____
under $230________________ ____
under $240__________ ______ _
under $250
under $275................. .........................

Workers

Plans

Workers

Plans

Workers

300

4, 672. 7

231

2, 946. 4

184

2,482. 4

7
7
14
21
30
37
98
10
9
22
8
15
5
16
1

12. 2
34.8
98.1
240. 8
735. 0
597.2
1, 760.8
175.0
65.7
473.5
86.8
89.6
164.3
117.7
21.2

7
4
7
9
13
29
94
8
7
15
7
12
3
15
1

12.2
6.3
36.3
76.1
165.8
456.0
1, 567. 9
166.0
54.9
114.1
79.1
61.1
17.7
111.7
21.2

7
3
7
9
13
26
92
4
4
6
4
7

12.2
5.0
36.3
76.1
165.8
447.4
1, 565. 3
14.0
14.8
32.1
72.2
36.1

2

5.1

i Benefit amounts are based on future service formulas, assuming a constant
level of earnings, and monthly primary social security benefits of $112.

upon which all pension plans can be put for pur­
poses of revealing the level of benefits offered by
them and of comparing them is that of future
service; in other words, the pension promise made
to a newly hired worker. It must be emphasized
that these benefit provisions should not be
interpreted as the amounts now paid workers who
retire.
Additional assumptions are necessary to place
all plans on a comparable level. For purposes of
this study, the following conditions were assumed
in computing potential benefit amounts for each
plan:
1. The worker will retire at age 65.
2. Benefits were computed for annual earnings
levels of $4,000, $4,800, and $5,600, and future
service periods of 20 and 30 years. These
arbitrary earnings levels were assumed to be con­
stant throughout the worker’s career, thereby
eliminating any difference between plans basing
benefits on career earnings and those using a high
or terminal period.
3. It was assumed that current maximum
primary social security benefits will be received
33 Although the computations made under conditions imposed by this
study indicate that some plans provide little or no benefit, these are not
necessarily the amounts commonly provided by the plan. Under plans
which provide a benefit level including primary social security benefits,
workers who do not receive maximum primary benefits will receive more from
the private plan than under the assumptions used in this study. This com­
m ent is particularly appropriate in low-wage industries where the pension
benefit formula is often based solely on service.


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N oncontributory

All plans

Amount of monthly benefit

Contributory
Plans

Workers

Plans

Workers

47

464.0

69

1, 726.3

1

1.3

3
2
4
3
9
3
5
3
13
1

8 .6
2 .6
152.0
40.1
82.0
6.9
25.0
17.7
106.6
21.2

3
7
12
17
8
4
2
2
7
1
3
2
1

28.5
61.8
164.7
569.2
141.2
192.9
9.0
10.8
359.4
7.7
28. 5
146. 6
6.0

2 With 2 exceptions, these plans were noncontributory,
3 See footnote 2, table 5.

by each retiree. For the selected annual earnings
levels, these are: $112 per month for earnings of
$4,000 and $127 per month for $4,800 and $5,600.
To bring to a common level plans that offset
social security payments and those that do not,
it was necessary to determine total retirement
benefits including social security benefits.
Under these assumptions, total monthly retire­
ment income (private plan benefit plus primary
social security benefit) offered by the 300 plans
studied ranged from $112 for a $4,000-a-year
worker with 20 years of future credited service
(the current maximum primary social security
benefit for that level of earnings) to over $350 a
month for a worker earning $5,600 per year with
30 years of service (table 4). Only primary
social security benefits would be payable under
some plans because more than 20 years of credited
service were required to qualify for private plan
benefits or because after the deduction of maxi­
mum primary social security benefits,13 no private
plan benefits were payable.
Of the 300 plans studied, about 2 out of 3 plans
provided the worker with 20 years’ service and
earning $4,000 per year a total retirement income
(including primary social security benefit) equal to
at least half his preretirement earnings (before de­
ductions) , as against about 1 out of 4 plans at the
$4,800 level and 1 out of 6 at the $5,600 level. A
similar disparity is shown for workers with 30
years of service.

1060
The average normal retirement benefit,14 in­
cluding maximum primary social security benefits,
was $167.44 a month for a $4,0Q0-a-year worker
with 20 years of service, or about half of his gross
earnings prior to retirement (chart 1). For work­
ers with 30 years of service, this proportion in­
creased to 56 percent. On the average, workers
with earnings of $4,800 and $5,600 received smaller
proportions of their preretirement monthly income
than those earning $4,000. This is attributable to
several factors: (1) The basic benefits provided by
half the plans were unrelated to earnings. More­
over, benefits in another large group of plans—
such as those in the basic steel industry—for the
assumed service and earnings levels were higher
under the minimum formula based solely on service
than under the basic service and earnings formula.
(2 ) Maximum benefit limitations held down bene­
fits in a number of other plans. (3) Social security
benefits are a smaller fraction of earnings at the
higher earnings levels.15
Benefits amounts paid by private plans (exclu­
sive of social security) ranged upwards to more
than $200 per month for $5,600-a-year workers
with 30 years of service (table 5). The average
payments made by the plans ranged from $55.44
per month for the $4,000-a-year workers with 20
years of service to $86.83 for those who earned
$5,600 with 30 years’ service.
Chart 1.
Average Monthly Normal Retirement
Benefits for Selected Annual Earnings and Years of
Future Service/ Fall 1959 2

1 Arithmetic mean of normal retirement benefits including primary social
security benefits, weighted by number of workers covered. Benefit amounts
are based on future service formulas, assuming a constant level of earnings,
and monthly primary social security benefits of $112 for workers earning
$4,000 per year and of $127 for workers earning $4,800 or $5,600 per year.
2 Based on a study of 300 selected pension plans under collective bargaining,
covering approximately 4,670,000 workers.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960
Chart 2.
Monthly Normal Retirement Benefits for
a Worker Earning $4,000 a Year with 30 Years
of Future Service/ 1952 and 1959 2
PERCENT O F PLANS
45 '

Under
$90

$90 to
$110

$110 to
$130

$130 to $150 to $175 to $200 to $225 to $250 and
_$150
$175
$200
$225
$250
Over

Monthly Normal Benefit^;

1 Monthly benefits under private pension plans plus primary social security
benefits. Benefit amounts are based on 30 years of future service, assuming
a constant level of earnings of $4,000 a year, and including monthly primary
social security benefits of $85 and $112 in 1952 and 1959, respectively.
2 Based on a study of 300 selected pension plans under collective bargaining
in effect in late 1952 and the fall of 1959, identical except for the substitution
of 81 plans. In 1959, the plans covered approximately 4,670,000 workers.

Larger benefits were, for the most part, provided
by contributory rather than noncontributory plans.
More than 90 percent of the former, as compared
with 16 percent of the latter, provided a total bene­
fit, including primary social security benefits, of at
least half of the worker’s average earnings for those
with 30 years of service and earnings of $5,600. A
similar difference exists for workers earning $4,000
with 30 years of service (table 6).
C h a n g e s S i n c e 1 9 5 2 . Increases in both plan bene­
fits and primary social security benefits since 1952
account for a substantial increase in the total re­
tirement income to which workers might look for­
ward. The maximum primary social security
benefit was raised from $85 per month for a worker
earning $3,600 or more per year to $112 for the
$4,000-a-year worker, and to $127 for workers
averaging $4,800 and higher levels. Benefits under
major plans in the automobile industry were re­
vised upwards in 1953, 1955, and 1958, while basic
steel plans were improved in 1954 and 1956. (Fur­
ther improvements made in the basic steel plans in
1960 were not considered in this study.)
14 Arithmetic mean of normal retirement benefits, including social security
benefits, weighted by number of workers covered.
i« Maximum primary social security benefits are currently 33.6, 31.8, and
27.2 percent of average annual earnings of $4,000, $4,800, and $5,600, respec­
tively.

1061

PAID SICK LEAVE PROVISIONS

Comparison between the Bureau’s 1952 compu­
tations of future service benefits in 300 pension
plans and the results of the present study can be
made only with reference to the $4,000-a-year
worker. Distribution of the plans included in
each study by monthly benefit promised the
$4,000-a-year worker after 30 years of service,
including maximum primary social security bene­
fits ($85 in 1952 and $112 in 1959), shows that the
clustering of plans at the lower end of the benefit
scale which characterized the 1952 distribution
has changed to a more symmetrical distribution
(chart 2). The principal reason for this change is
undoubtedly the revisions negotiated by the
parties; however, the partial or total absorption

by the pensioners of social security increases
under the direct offset formulas in some plans
was also partly responsible.
In absolute amounts, it is likely that the
increases for the $4,800- and $5,600-a-year
workers were larger, since their social security
maximum rose by $42, as against the $27 increase
at the $4,000-a-year level. In relative terms,
however, this increase may have been counter­
acted somewhat by the greater emphasis on
service (at these earnings levqjs) in 1959 plans,
particularly in the steel industry.

Paid Sick Leave Provisions
in Major Union Contracts, 1959

temporary disability laws providing wage-loss
protection in nonoccupational disabilities.
Because of the variety found among sick leave
and accident and sickness benefit plans, and
because of their basic similarity of purpose, it is
difficult to define each type of plan in exclusive
terms. Table 1 might serve as a current guide
for distinguishing between sick leave and accident
and sickness plans, where such a distinction is
needed, as it was for this study.2

P aid sick le a v e , one of the older fringe benefits,
has always been more prevalent among office and
clerical workers than among plant or production
workers. During the past two decades, as various
types of supplementary benefits for production
workers developed and spread, protection against
wage loss due to off-the-job illness or injury largely
took the form of insured accident and sickness
benefits in health and welfare programs rather
than paid sick leave. Thus, far more wageearners are now covered by insured accident and
sickness benefits than by formal sick leave pro­
grams. In addition to the growth of voluntary
insurance coverage, four States 1 have enacted
1
Rhode Island (1942), California (1946), New Jersey (1948), and New York
(1949).
’ A recent BLS study of accident and sickness benefits, published as
Health and Insurance Plans Under Collective Bargaining: Accident and
Sickness Benefits, Fall 1958 (BLS Bull. 1250, 1959), provides a basis for
comparing sick leave provisions in agreements and accident and sickness
benefits in collectively bargained health and welfare programs. Later
footnotes, which will refer to BLS Bull. 1250, will emphasize the major
differences.
* See Paid Sick Leave Provisions in Major Union Contracts, BLS Bull.
1282.
4
The Bureau does not maintain a file of railroad and airline agreements;
hence their omission from this study.

564811— 60------ 4


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

— W alter W . K olodrubetz
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations

Scope of Study

For the study from which this article was
adapted,3 the Bureau of Labor Statistics analyzed
1,594 major collective bargaining agreements, each
covering 1,000 or more workers, or virtually all
agreements of this size in effect in the United
States, exclusive of those relating to railroads and
airlines.4 The 7.2 million workers covered by
these agreements represented almost half of all
workers estimated to be under agreements in the
United States, exclusive of railroad and airline
agreements. Approximately 4.4 million were
covered by 996 agreements in manufacturing,
and nearly 3 million by 598 agreements in non­
manufacturing industries.
Seventy-five percent of the agreements were in
effect after January 1, 1959. The rest either had

1062

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960
T a b l e 1.

D

is t in g u is h in g

F eatures

of

A c c id e n t

and

S ic k n e s s

and

P a id S ic k L e a v e P l a n s

Item

Accident and sickness benefits

Paid sick leave

Method of financing______

Typically through purchase of insurance;
sometimes self-insured, that is, paid out
of a fund to which contributions had been
made.

Never provided through insurance— a pay­
roll item.

Source of financing. __

May be financed by employer only, by em­
ployer and workers jointly, or by workers
alone.

Financed by employer as a wage item.

Amount of benefit

__ _ _

Full pay rarely, if ever, provided. Benefits
may vary by earnings level, but not by
length of service.

Full pay, or combination of full and partial
pay, usually provided. Partial pay some­
times provided. Rate of pay may some­
times vary by length of service.

Benefit period_______ _ _

Commonly for 26 weeks, and rarely for less
than 13 weeks, per year or per disability.
Usually same for all workers covered bv
plan.

Ranges from 1 day to a full year, but typi­
cally less than 13 weeks. Frequently
varies by length of service.

Credit for unused portion
of benefit.

No credit to workers covered in terms of
additional leave or pay. No accumula­
tion of unused portion from year to year.

Workers may be paid for unused sick leave
or may be allowed to accumulate unused
leave from year to year.

Administration____

Administered by insurance company or em­
ployer or by the two jointly. Standard­
ized insurance rules and procedures tend
to prevail.

Administered by employer. Rules estab­
lished by employer or jointly by employer
and union.

expired in late 1958 or did not list a specific
termination date.
This analysis of sick leave plans is limited to
the features set forth in the basic collective bar­
gaining agreement. Provisions contained in sep­
arate documents, which may or may not have
been negotiated, were not analyzed. Because of
this limitation, the extent of sick leave may be
understated in this study.
Prevalence of Paid Sick Leave

Provisions for paid sick leave were found in 322
agreements, covering about 1.4 million workers,
or approximately a fifth of the agreements and
agreement coverage studied (table 2). Paid sick
leave provisions were more prevalent in nonmanu­
facturing agreements (32 percent) than in manu­
facturing (13 percent). Such plans in utilities
and communications industries together accounted
for almost 40 percent of the total number of sick
leave plans analyzed.
Several industries had no major contracts with
provisions for paid sick leave. These were textile
mill products, apparel, lumber, furniture, rubber,
miscellaneous manufacturing, and construction.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Uniform benefits (in number of days allowed) to
all employees fulfilling minimum service require­
ments were set forth in 128 agreements.5 In 149
agreements, sick leave benefits were graduated
by length of service, that is, the longer the service
the higher the benefits.6 In 10 agreements, sick
leave plans either covered a minority of employ­
ees or a uniform plan applied to one group of
employees and a graduated plan to another
group. Thirty-five contracts referred to paid sick
leave, but the basic agreements studied did not
describe the plans. In some of these instances,
the plan details may not have been the subject
of union-management negotiation. In any case,
only 277 of the 322 plans were susceptible to
analysis in detail.
Minimum Service Requirements

Of the 277 sick leave plans analyzed, approxi­
mately 3 out of 5 required a year or more of serv4 While benefits under uniform sick leave plans will typically vary by earn­
ings level, under uniform accident and sickness plans, the same dollar amount
is paid to each worker regardless of earnings level.
8 Many accident and sickness insurance plans are also graduated, but un­
like sick leave, insured plans are graduated according to earnings, not service.
(BLS Bull. 1250, p. 6fl.)

1063

PAID SICK LEAVE PROVISIONS

tion equipment, transportation, utilities, and trade.
No service requirements (no minimum require­
ments in the case of graduated plans) were stip­
ulated in 29 plans; presumably, workers would
be eligible for benefits upon employment or after
serving a probationary period and qualifying as
regular employees.

ice for eligibility (table 3).7 Service requirements
of a year or more were most common in the fol­
lowing industries: communications (chiefly grad­
uated plans), electrical machinery (chiefly uniform
plans), food (chiefly graduated plans), transporta1 In contrast, only 4 of 232 accident and sickness plans studied by the BLS
in 1958 required a year of service for eligibility; none required more. (BLS
Bull. 1250, p. 5.)
8 Among 123 uniform accident and sickness benefit plans, more than half
provided benefits for up to 26 weeks per disability and none for less than 13
weeks. (BLS Bull. 1250, p. 9.)
8 Weekly benefits provided by 123 uniform accident and sickness plans
ranged from less than $15 to $65 a week, with the median plan paying $35.
(BLS Bull. 1250, p. 8.) In June 1959, gross weekly earnings amounted to—
All manufacturing...............................................................................$91.17
Food_________________________ _____ ________________ 85. 69
Paper...... .............................. -...................................................— 94.60
Chemicals___________________________________________ 100.43
Electrical machinery------ ----------------------90.58
Transportation equipment_____________________________ 109.06
Electric and gas utilities.....................- ............................................. 105.37
Retail trade____________________________________________ 67.79

T able 2.

P a id S ick L e a v e P la n s

in

Amount of Benefits
U n ifo r m P la n s .
The number of days of paid
sick leave provided workers under the 128 uni­
form plans ranged from 2 to 20 per year (table 4).
About half of the plans provided fewer than 8
days.8 Five days was stipulated in about a third
(38) of the agreements, including 13 in the trans­
portation equipment industry. Under most plans,
full pay was provided for the entire benefit period.9

M ajor C ollective B a r g a in in g A gr e e m e n t s ,

by

I n d u st r y , 1959

Agreements providing paid sick leave
Number studied
Uniform plans

Total
Industry

Agree­ Workers Agree­ Workers Agree­
(thou­ ments
(thou­ ments
ments
sands)
sands)

Graduated plans
by length of
service

Workers Agree­
(thou­ ments
sands)

Reference to paid
sick leave but de­
tails not available

Other 1

Workers Agree­ Workers Agree­
(thou­ ments
(thou­ ments
sands)
sands)

Workers
(thou­
sands)

All industries..----------------------------------

1, 594

7,225.2

322

1,410.2

128

517.3

149

698.7

35

83.7

10

110.5

M anufacturing---------------------------

996

4,370. 6

130

610.5

66

297.0

50

244.0

9

22.2

5

47.4

Ordnance___________________________
Food and kindred products------------------

12
118
11
36

28.2
395.0
27.8
89.5

6
26
1

16.3
115.6
1.3

4
10
1

13.1
17.7
1.3

2
16

3.3
97.9

45

477.0

11
18
46
30
51
16
24
21
32
123
50
107
98
110
24
13

34.0
29.9
102.9
64.7
103.6
54.7
132.1
70.4
93.2
724.0
139.2
252.3
430.6
1,044. 4
56.7
20.9

6
2
15
6

8.7
3.5
27.0
25.4

6

8.7

6

11.6

5
4

10.1
15.0

2
4
2

3.5
5.3
10.5

1
2
4
4
5
14
33
5

1.3
3.3
15.2
39.3
6.0
80.9
256.3
10.7

1
1
2
2
13
19
1

1.5
1.6
2.3
2.2
76.4
156.8
3.9

1
1
3

1.3
1.8
13.6

2

2.4

12
4

92.1
6.8

1

3.0

2
1
1
1

37.0
1.4
4.5
4.5

N onmanufacturing-------------- -------

598

2,854. 6

192

799.7

62

220.3

99

454.7

26

61.5

5

63.2

Mining, crude petroleum, and natural gas
production-------------------------------------Transportation2------ ---- ---------------Communications_________ . ------------Utilities: Electric and gas--------------------Wholesale trade______________________
Retail trade________________ _________
Hotels and restaurants________________
Services__________________ _________
Construction_______________ ________
Miscellaneous nonmanufacturing-----------

16
106
73
75
11
85
35
49
142
6

261.1
567.7
545.2
196.7
21.7
215.9
184.4
174.3
678.3
9.4

2
25
63
60
3
27
3
8

4.0
59.9
470.9
140.6
5.5
75.1
21.8
20.8

1
14
4
13
2
19
3
5

1.2
39.2
41.2
48.9
2.7
47.6
21.8
16.7

9
49
32
1
5

18.3
351.9
62.4
2.8
15.3

1
1
6
15

2.8
1.1
16.1
29.4

1
4

1.4
61.8

3

12.2

3

4.1

1

1.1

1

1.1

Apparel and other finished textile prodLumber and wood products (except fur­
niture).. —
Furniture and fixtures------- -----------------Paper and allied products----------------- ..
Printing, publishing, and allied industries.
Chemicals and allied products--------------Products of petroleum and coal-------------Lcülhüi mid l6iitll6I piodllCtS ——----------Stone, clay, and glass products-------------Primary metal industries______________
Fabricated metal products--------- ---------Machinery (except electrical)---------------Electrical machinery-------- ----------------Transportation equipment----- ----------Instruments and related p ro d u cts--------IVIlbCLlldJlBULIS fllclll LlîâCtUl
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

—

1 Includes 5 manufacturing and 1 nonmanufacturing agreements which
provided sick leave for a minority of employees and 4 communication agree­
ments which contained both uniform and graduated plans that covered
different groups of employees.


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2 Excludes airline and railroad industries,

1064

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960

T able 3. M in im u m S er vic e R e q u ir e m e n t s for P aid
S ick L e a v e B e n efits in M ajor C ollective B a r g a in ­
in g A gr eem en ts , by I ndu stry D iv is io n , 1959
All industries
Minimum service require­
ments

Uniform plans___

_______

No service requirements stipulated_-_ . . . ____
_
2 m onths_________________
3 m onths_____________
4 m onths_________________
6 months_________________
12 months______ _
24 m onths.. _____
Other 1________ _ ..
Graduated plans____ ______

Manufactur­
ing

Nonmanu­
facturing

Work­
Work­
Work­
Agree­ ers
Agree­ ers Agree­ ers
ments (thou­ ments (thou­ ments (thou­
sands)
sands)
sands)
128

517.3

66

297.0

62

220.3

13 35.3
5 10.3
10 50.2
5 16.1
11
26.5
63 255.0
15 103.6
6 20.4

4
5
6
3
4
27
12
5

8.8
10.3
32.3
9.6
15.0
140.2
62.8
18.1

9

26. 5

4
2
7
36
3
1

17. 9
6.5
11.5
114.9
40.8
2.3

149

698.7

50

244.0

99

454.7

No service requirements stipulated______
. ______
1 m o n th ...
2 m onths_____________
3 months_______
6 months_____
...
12 months_____ . . .
24 months__ _____
Other 2_____ ______

16 44.4
1
2.0
2
3.4
5 10.9
26 53.7
62 268.0
34 309 3
3
7.1

3
1
2
2
3
38

12.8
2.0
3. 4
6.6
4.5
211.0

13

31. 6
4.3
49.2
57.1

1

3.8

3
23
24
34
2

All uniform and graduated
plans____ ____ _

277 1,216.0

116

541.0

161

675.0

No service requirements stipulated___
___
1 m onth____
___
2’months__________
3'months__________
4 months_______________
6 months_________
12 months______ ____
24 months___
O ther3___________

29 79.7
1
2.0
7 13.7
15 61.1
5 16.1
37
80.2
125 523.0
49 412.9
9 27.5

7 21.6
1
2.0
7
13. 7
8 38.9
3
9.6
7
19.5
65 351.1
12 62.8
6 21.9

22

58.1

7
2
30
60
37
3

22.2
6. 5
60.7
171.9
350.1
5.6

3.3

1 Includes 2 agreements in which qualifying service varied for different
classifications of employees, 2 agreements which required that the employee
receive pay for at least 90 straight-time hours per month in order to accrue 12
hours of sick leave per month, and 2 agreements of which 1 required 7 years
and the other 10 years of service.
2 Includes 1 agreement in which qualifying service varied for hourly and
weekly rated employees, 1 agreement which required only 9 calendar days of
service, and 1 which specified 36 months of service.
3 See footnotes 1 and 2.

In 19 agreements, however, benefits at less than
full pay—for the entire period or for part—were
indicated, usually half pay (or pay for half days).
Three agreements stipulated fixed dollar amounts.
Illustrative clauses providing uniform benefits
at full pay follow:
Employees . . . covered by this agreement who have
at least 1 year of service, shall receive 10 working days of
sick leave with pay per year . . .

*

*

*

In the event of an employee’s absence from work because
of occupational or nonoccupational sickness or acci­
dent . . . an employee shall be entitled to 6 days of sick
and accident leave with pay during each year of service
to be carried at the rate of one-half day for each month of
active service.
Pay for each full day of sick leave for a full-time em­
ployee means pay for 1 standard workday at the employee’s


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base rate of pay. An employee’s base rate of pay does
not include overtime, shift differential, or any other
premium pay . . .

*

*

The employer agrees to grant 10 days of sick leave
during the contract year which shall not exceed 80 hours
at the straight-time hourly rate . . .

An example of a provision granting less than
full pay for the entire benefit period follows:
In each contract year, each employee having 1 year or
more of employment with the employer and/or his pred­
ecessors shall, in the event he is kept from work because
of sickness or injury, be entitled to an aggregate of 5 days’
sick leave at two-thirds of his regular salary or wages . . .
*
*
*
All employees covered by this agreement who have been
continuously employed by their employer for a period
of at least 1 year shall be entitled to 12 half days of sick
leave with pay per year . . .

Benefits per disability were indicated in several
agreements:
The sick pay allowance shall be payable for each period
the employee is prevented by such disability from per­
forming any and every duty pertaining to the employee’s
occupation, provided, however, that no more than 13
weeks’ benefits shall be paid for any one disability.
G r a d u a te d P la n s .
Graduated sick leave plans—those which varied benefits among workers based
on length of service—were on the whole more
complex than uniform plans. For employees
eligible for the minimum benefits provided by
these plans, less than two-fifths of the 149 gradu­
ated plans provided the type of benefit common
under uniform plans, that is, a specified number
of days per year at full pay (table 5). These
periods ranged from 1 to 21 days, with more than
half of such plans providing 5 days or less.
In eight contracts in which all sick leave was at
less than full pay, minimum benefit periods up to
65 days were found, with most benefit rates
ranging from 50 to 75 percent of pay. In 16
agreements, both full and partial pay benefit
periods were provided. In 13 agreements (meat­
packing), partial pay was provided for all leave,
but the rate of pay varied—65 percent of pay for
the first 45 days of disability with the rate decreas­
ing to 50 percent as the disability continued.
The combined duration of benefit period in these
29 agreements ranged from 4 to 65 days.
Of the 43 plans which established the benefit
period on a disability rather than on a year basis,

1065

PAID SICK LEAVE PROVISIONS

second consecutive scheduled working day of such absence,
and sickness absence payments shall be limited to a maxi­
mum of 4 days in the 7-day period.
(c)
For employees having 10 or more years of net
credited service, payment begins with the first scheduled
working day of such absence, and sickness absence pay­
ments shall be limited to a maximum of 5 days in the 7-day
period.

40 were in communications agreements. Follow­
ing is an illustrative clause:
Regular employees having 2 or more years of net cred­
ited service shall be paid for sickness absence occurring
during the first 7 calendar days of such absence, in accord­
ance with the following:
(a) For employees having 2 years but less than 5 years
of net credited service, payment begins with the third
consecutive scheduled working day of such absence, and
sickness absence payments shall be limited to a maximum
of 3 days in the 7-day period.
(b) For employees having 5 years but less than 10
years of net credited service, payment begins with the
T a b l e 4.

U n ifo r m P a id S ick L e a v e B e n e f it s

in

Maximum paid sick leave under graduated
plans, where specified on a per year basis, ranged
from 3 days per year to a high of 52 weeks (table
6). Among the 41 agreements which compen-

M ajor C ollective B a r g a in in g A g r e e m e n t s ,
t r ie s , 1959 1

bt

S e l ec ted I n d u s ­

Number of days per year
Total uniform plans

Agreements

7 days

6 days

5 days

3 days and less

Industry

Workers Agreements Workers Agreements Workers Agreements Workers Agreements Workers
(thousands)
(thousands)
(thousands)
(thousands)
(thousands)

All industries............................

128

517.3

19.5

38

188.4

Manufacturing...............

66

297.0

17.3

28

145.6

17.7
8.7

1.3

Food and kindred products...
Paper and allied products___
Chemicals and allied products
Electrical machinery.............. .
Transportation equipment—
Other manufacturing...............

76.4
156.8
25.8

Nonmanufacturing------

220.3

Transportation2-----------------Utilities: Electric and gas----Retail trade----------------------Services__________________
Other nonmanufacturing____

39.2
48.9
47.6
16.7

2.9
10.4

12.0

1.1
2.2

108.2
14.3

26.8
7.9

42.8

15.9

24.5

2.3

6.5
7.4

17.0
7.5

4.0
10.8

25.7

68.0

2.0

Number of days per year—Continued
Industry

Agreements

All industries.
ManufacturingFood and kindred products__
Paper and allied products____
Chemicals and allied products.
Electrical machinery................
Transportation equipment___
Other manufacturing-..............
N onmanufacturing.
Transportation 2------------Utilities: Electric and gas.
Retail trade____________
Services—...........................
Other nonmanufacturing..

13

Workers Agreements Workers Agreements Workers Agreements Workers Agreements Workers
(thousands)
(thousands)
(thousands)
(thousands)
(thousands)
40.3

16

34.5

13.0

«1

1.5

1.8

1.0
7.0

TÖ"

8.5

1.2
27.4

16

34.5

1 12

26.2
2.5

5.8

4.5
20.6

1.0
1.3

1

1 All benefits are at full pay unless otherwise indicated.
2 Excludes airline and railroad industries.
8Benefits were provided at the rate of $12 per day.
4 Benefits were provided at two-thirds of salary or wages.
8 Includes 13 agreements, covering 93,350 employees, which provided 3 or
5 days of paid sick leave per illness, depending on the length of disability
(with additional benefits contained in documents outside the basic agree­
ments) ; 3 agreements which varied the benefits for different categories of
employees; 2 agreements which specified different pay rates for portions of
the benefit period; 2 agreements which provided benefits for time lost due to


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Other 8
15 through 20 days

13 and 14 days

12 days

8, 9, and 10 days

24.5

53.1
37.2

2.5
5.7
3.0

1.6

11.6

12

16.7

8.9
1.3
1.3

8.1

48.4

8.1

4.1
9.0
1.4
32.9

1.0

16.7

occupational injury and credit to the employer if workmen’s compensation
was awarded; 2 agreements in the fishing industry which provided sick pay
until the employee was able to work or was hospitalized; 1 agreement which
provided 3 months and another 13 weeks per disability; and 3 agreements
stipulating various other provisions.
« The employee received the commission from his route less the salary
paid the person serving the route.
v Benefits were stipulated as “ half days” which were interpreted as full
days at half pay.
8 Benefits were stipulated as 75 percent of wages.

1066

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960

sated maximum sick leave on a per disabilitybasis, 26 agreements provided 5 days per disa­
bility for employees with 10 or more years of
service.10
In 19 plans, primarily in the meatpacking
industry, the maximum amount of leave was not
specified. In general, these plans granted 2 weeks’
pay for each year of service.
T a b l e 5.

Agreements calling for maximum benefits at
less than full pay provided for periods of 10 to
260 days. One agreement stipulated a flat dollar
amount of $8 per day and in two others the rate
of pay varied with the hourly rate of earnings.
11
Among 97 graduated accident and sickness insurance plans studied,
about two-thirds provided benefits for up to 26 weeks per disability and none
for less than 13 weeks. (BLS Bull. 1250, p. 12.)

M in im u m B e n e f it s U n d e r G r ad u ate d P aid S ick L e a v e P l a n s in M ajor C ollective B a r g a in in g
A g r e em en ts , by S elec ted I n d u s t r ie s , 1959
Number of days per year
Benefit days at one rate of pay

Total graduated plans
Industry

Full pay
2 days and less
Agreements

3 and 4 days

5 days

6 and 10 days

Workers Agreements Workers Agreements Workers Agreements Workers Agreements Workers
(thousands)
(thousands)
(thousands)
(thousands)
(thousands)

All industries..............................

149

698.7

6

30.8

13

32.4

15

26.3

10

16.7

M anufacturing________

50

244.0

4

25.2

6

20.9

2

2.7

4

5.7

Pood and kindred products___
Chemicals and allied products.
Transportation equipment____
Other manufacturing________

16
5
12
17

97.9
10.1
92.1
44.0

4

25.2

3
3

15.9
5.0

2

2.7

1
1
2

1.1
1.2
3.4

N onmanufacturing_____

99

454.7

2

7

11.5

13

23.6

6

11.0

Transportation •_____________
Communications____________
Utilities: Electric and gas_____
Retail trade________~ _______
Other nonmanufacturing_____

9
49
32
5
4

18.3
351.9
62.4
15.3
6.9

1
1
5

1.2
1.0
9.4

2
1
7

3.3
1.7
13.1

3

5.6

4
1
1

7.2
2.5
1.3

1
1

5.6
1.8
3.8

Number of days per year—Continued
Benefit days at one rate of pay—Continued
Industry

Full pay—Con.
Less than full pay

Benefit days at
different rates of pay

Benefit days per
disability

Other3

12 days or more
Agreements
All industries_______________
Manufacturing________
Food and kindred products___
Chemicals and allied products..
Transportation equipment____
Other manufacturing__ _____

Workers Agreements Workers Agreements Workers Agreements Workers Agreements Workers
(thousands)
(thousands)
(thousands)
(thousands)
(thousands)

8

57.9

8

17.2

29

130.6

43

334.6

17

52.4

4

49.4

7

15.7

17

101.2

3

7.9

3

15.4

1

3.4

3

46.0

2
1

8.0
1.0

13
1

86.5
1.4

32

6.6

4

6.7

3

13.4

31

1.3

1
2

3.8
11.6

1

1.5

12

29.4

40

326.7

14

37.0

326.7

5
3
6

12.6
15.9
8.6

N on m an n faetn ri n g

4

8.5

Transportation1.. ___________
Communications_____ ______
Utilities: Electric and gas____
Retail trade________________

1

1.2

3

7.3

1

1Excludes airline and railroad industries.
a Includes 7 agreements which provided different benefits to different
groups of employees in which 1 agreement provided different pay rates for
portions of the benefit period; 2 agreements which gave the employee the
balance of his pay period; 2 agreements which stipulated that the first 5 days
of benefits were paid per illness occurring in 7 consecutive calendar days and
additional days were given in the benefit year if illness extended beyond
this time; 1 agreement which provided 61 hours of sick leave; 1 agreement


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.5

3
6
3

5.2
15.2
9.0

40

which called for different benefits at less than full pay, depending on when
the employee entered the bargaining unit; 1 which granted 2 workweeks
plus unused vacation allowance; 1 which provided 5 days plus other benefits
not specified in the agreement; 1 which gave benefits per disability to some
classifications of employees; and 1 agreement which provided up to 10 days
per disability, with the employee required to make up part of the used sick
leave by working.
* Sick leave payments were at less than full pay.

1067

PAID SICK LEAVE PROVISIONS

The remaining agreements provided for rates of
70 to 80 percent of pay.
Benefit periods under agreements providing
different rates of pay for parts of the leave period
ranged from 60 to 260 days. In all agreements,
full pay and half pay were provided. Five agree­
ments gave 260 days of which 130 were at full
pay and 130 at half pay; 3 gave 260 days, 60 at
full pay and 200, at half pay; and 2 agreements
gave 130 days, 65 at full pay and 65 at half pay.
The remainder provided other full- and half-pay
periods.
One plan was unusual in that maximum benefits
could be supplemented by credits earned for
perfect attendance. One agreement provided
that vacation allowances could be used to supple­
ment paid sick leave benefits.
Waiting Period

Under slightly more than half (152) of all paid
sick leave plans studied, a short waiting period,
seldom exceeding 3 days, was provided before an
absent employee became eligible for sick leave
payments. No such waiting period was stipu­
lated in 125 agreements, which presumably
provided for payments to begin with the first day
of absence; that is, a 1-day absence would be
paid for.11
In 62 agreements, the waiting period decreased
with the seniority of the employee. The bulk of
these clauses were found in the telephone and
meatpacking industries and frequently read as
follows:
Any employee who has more than 1 year and less than
5 years’ continuous service shall have a waiting period
consisting of 7 consecutive days, beginning with his first
day of absence due to physical disability, before he shall
become eligible to receive sick benefits. Any employee
who has 5 or more years of service shall have no waiting
period.

In 19 agreements, primarily in the electrical
machinery industry, the waiting period was
eliminated (i.e., payments were made retroactive
to the first day of leave) if the disability lasted
beyond a stated length of time. A variety of
11 Among accident and sickness insurance plans, the most common practice
was to start benefits immediately for accidents but after 7 days for sickness.
About 10 percent of the plans studied started sick benefits after 3 days;
immediate coverage was uncommon. (BLS Bull. 1250, p. 14 if.)
12 Accident and sickness insurance benefits are noncumulative.


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unique clauses were noted in 19 agreements. For
example, a few contracts linked the length of the
waiting period to the employee’s attendance
record, his seniority, the number of yearly
absences, and other factors.
Unused Benefits

Provisions which permitted accumulation of
sick leave reserves,12 either indefinitely or up to
a limit, were found in 79 agreements (table 7).
Seven of these clauses contained no limit to
accumulation, as in the following examples:
Thirteen days [of paid sick leave] with full pay are
allowed each year. There is no limit on the amount
which may be accumulated.

*

*

*

. . . for each year of continuous service with the com­
pany subsequent to December 1, 1946, 10 days per year
fully cumulative to the extent unused from year to year.

Where accumulation was limited, the maximum
number of days ranged from 5 to 180. Approxi­
mately 7 out of 10 sick leave plans made no
reference to accumulation (178 agreements), and
thus, presumably, allowed for none, or contained
a specific ban on accumulation (20 agreements).
In a few agreements, the extent of accumulation
was determined by an employee’s seniority; in
others, no accumulation was allowed beyond a
designated time limit. In some cases, accumu­
lated sick leave could be applied against the
waiting period, or it could be exchanged for cash
payments.
Pay for all or some portion of unused sick leave
at the end of a benefit year was stipulated in 38
agreements, as in the following examples:
When an employee has more than 10 days sick leave to
his credit at the end of any anniversary year, the employer
may pay such employee at his current rate of pay the
amount in excess of 10 days.

*

*

*

On the computation date, each employee shall be
entitled to pay for the days of sick leave and accident
leave to which he becomes entitled . . . and which remains
unused by the computation date . . .

Only 3 agreements specifically mentioned that
unused leave would not be paid for. The vast
majority of the sick leave plans (236 out of 277)
made no reference to pay for unused leave.
Pay for unused sick leave to workers whose
employment is terminated was provided for in 34

1068

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960
T a b l e 6.

M

a x im u m

B e n e f it s U n d e r G r a d u a t e d

P a id S ic k

L ea v e P lans

in

M a jo r

C o l l e c t iv e

Number of days per year
Benefit days at one rate of pay

Total
graduated
plans

Full pay

Item
3 days

5 days

8 and 9 days

10 days

15 days

20 days

Agree­ Workers Agree­ Workers Agree­ Workers Agree­ Workers Agree­ Workers Agree­ Workes Agree­ Workers
ments (thou­ ments (thou­ ments (thou­ ments (thou­ ments (thou­ ments (thou­ ments (thou­
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
149

698.7

2

16.8

6

23.8

3

3.7

7

15.8

4

5.5

5

11.2

Manufacturing__ _______________

50

244.0

2

16.8

6

23.8

1

1.1

2

5.6

3

4.5

1

5.2

Food and kindred products
Chemicals and allied products____
Transportation equipment ______
Other manufacturing____________

16
5
12
17

97.9
10.1
92.1
44.0

2

16.8

4
2

20.5
3.3

3.8
1.8

1.1

2

3.4

1

1.1

1
1

1

1

5.2

N on m arm factoring________________

99

454.7

2

2.6

5

10.2

1

1.0

T ransportation 4
H om m unioations
U tilities* E lectric and gas
R etail trade
Other nonm anufacturing

9
49
32
5
4

18. 3
351. 9
62. 4
15.3
6.9

1

1.2

2
1
1

2.5
3.8
2.8

9
4
21
2
49
3
10
9
10
19
13

20.9
20.7
113.5
3.3
311.6
11.8
34.3
21.7
26.9
101.3
32.9

1
1
1
1
2

1.4
2.8
1.8
1.2
4.9

1

3.8

Total

________________________
I ndustr y

1

1.3

1

1.3

1
1

1.3
1.1

1

1.3

1

1.0

4

6.0

1

2.2

3

3.8

1
1
1
1

2.2
1.8
5.2
1.0

1

1.0

M ax im um S ervice R equir em en ts

2 years

_ ________

3 years
b years
7 years

10 years

_____________

12 years
lb years
20 years
2b years
N h m ayim nm specified
Other 8

2

16.8

6

23.8

1

1.1

3

4.4

1 In this category 1 agreement each provided 21, 25, 50, 65, 82, 90, 100, 130,
150, 220, and 260 days, and 2 agreements each provided 40 and 120 days.
2 Includes 7 agreements which provide different benefits to different
groups of employees; 2 agreements which stipulated that the employee
receive the balance of his pay period plus 13 pay periods; 2 agreements which
provided that the first 5 days of benefits were paid per illness occurring in 7
consecutive calendar days and additional days were given in the benefit

year if illness extended beyond this time; 2 agreements which specified
benefits, parts of which were not contained in the agreements; 2 which gave
benefits that could not be defined exactly and covered the waiting period until
additional benefits were paid under an insurance plan; 1 agreement which
provided up to 2 weeks per disability with the employee required to make up
part of the used sick leave by working; 1 which gave 15 weeks plus unused
vacation allowance; 1 which gave benefits per illness to only some classifica-

of the 277 sick leave plans studied. Generally, a
worker was paid for his total accrual, but in a few
cases a ceiling was established. Examples:

Medical Control and Discipline

If an employee has earned sick leave and has not taken
same prior to terminating his employment with the com­
pany, including termination by quitting, discharge, mili­
tary service, and layoff due to reduction in force because
of lack of work, then he shall be paid 8 hours’ pay at the
employee’s then rate of pay for each day of sick leave

not used.

*

*

*

Payment of unused sick leave shall be limited to com­
pensation for one-half of the retired worker’s sick leave,
not to exceed 30 sick leave days.

Among the agreements not providing for such
payments, 34 had a specific provision relating to
nonpayment, such as this:
Separation from the payroll by reason of quit, discharge,
layoff, or any other form of separation will immediately
cancel sick benefits.


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Requirements for the submission of medical
evidence before an employee became eligible for
sick leave payments were specified in three-fifths
of the plans.13 Under 75 agreements, either a
doctor’s certificate or a company examination, or
both, were necessary as proof of absence because
of illness. In 47 other agreements, the company
reserved the right to request an examination or a
doctor’s certificate. In many agreements, the
party responsible for obtaining medical evidence
was not clearly designated, nor was it always
certain that a statement by a physician was
required.
is Under accident and sickness plans, with few exceptions, disabled workers
were required to be under a physician’s care in order to collect benefits, and
in many cases the disability had to be attested to by the physician. (B LS Bull.
1250, p. 1.)

PAID SICK LEAVE PROVISIONS
B a r g a i n in g A g r e e m e n t s ,

by

1069

S e l e c t e d I n d u s t r ie s

and

M

a x im u m

S e r v ic e R

e q u ir e m e n t s ,

1959

Number of days per year—C ontinued
Benefit days at on rate of pay—Con.

Less than full pay

Benefit days at
different rates of
pay

Agree­ Workers Agree­ Workers
ments
(thou­ ments
(thou­
sands)
sands)

Agree­ Workers
(thou­
ments
sands)

Full pay—Con.

Benefit days per
disability

No maximum
specified

Other 3
Item

21 days or more 1
Agree­ Workers Agree­ Workers Agree­ Workers
(thou­ ments
ments
(thou­ ments
(thou­
sands)
sands)
sands)

15

40.9

6

9.7

21

50.6

41

323.6

19

101.3

20

96.1

Total.

3

8.0

4

6.4

4

14.8

2

6.6

17

97.0

5

54.4

Manufacturing.

1

1.0

1

1.4

32

6.6

3 15

94.5
42.8
11.6

Food and kindred products.
Chemicals and allied products.
Transportation equipment.
Other manufacturing.

I ndustr y

1

3.4

1
1

3.0
1.6

3

5.4

3

13.4

12

32.9

2

3.3

17

35.9

1
10
1

9.8
20.6
2.5

1
1

1.5
1.8

2
4
7
3
1

2.4
6.9
16.4
9.0
1.3

39

317.0

839

317.0

32

2.6

3
2

2

4.3

15

41.7

N onmanufacturing.

1

2.8

5
3
7

12.6
15.9
13.3

1

1.5

Transportation.4
Communications.
Utilities: Electric and gas.
Retail trade.
Other nonmanufacturing.

1

1.2

M ax im u m S ervice R eq uir e m e n t s

1

5

2.2

1
1
2
2
2

2.7
3.0
5. 9
3.6
11.0

6

12.6

14.8

1

1.0

2

6.5

6

68.0

4

11.4

2

3.4

9

23.0

52.8

2.0
1.5
1.8

3
3
3

5. 5
3.3
9.4

217.4
3.6
19.9

4

1
1
1

26
1
3

3
3

13.4
3.7

1

3.0

5

13.6

19

101.3

2 years.
3 years.
5 years.
7 years.
10 years.
12 years.
15 years.
20 years.
25 years.
No maximum specified.
Other.6

tions of employees; 1 agreement which specified 118 hours of benefits; 1 agree­
ment which provided additional paid sick leave benefits for the service of the
employee during which time he had no unexcused absences or absences due
to sickness.
3 Sick leave payments were at less than full pay or portions were at different
pay rates.
4 Excludes airline and railroad industries.

8 In a large number of agreements additional benefits were contained in
documents other than the basic agreements.
6 Includes 3 agreements under which service varied for different groups of
employees; 2 agreements which required 35 years of service; 2 which required
30 years of service; 1 agreement each stipulating 9,11,16, and 26 years of service;
and 2 agreements which provided maximum benefits to employees w ith
more than 1 but less than 2 years of service.

Under several additional agreements, medical
evidence was necessary only if the absence lasted
beyond a specified number of days. However, in
cases where the company suspected malingering,
proof of illness for the entire leave period was
required, as in the following clause :

claiming sickness or injury, where there is any doubt by
management as to the valid claim of said employee, as to
sickness or injury. The findings of this committee shall
be final, subject to review by the union business agent and
a representative of the company . . . Any employee
taking unfair advantage of this clause will be liable to
immediate discharge without notice or pay in lieu of notice.

All employees must supply a doctor’s certificate covering
disabilities of more than 3 days’ duration. He must be
treated by the doctor at least every 7 days thereafter or
furnish a statement that it is not necessary. In the case
of individual employees, the company reserves the right to
notify the employee, with copy to the union, that because
of his reported sickness record, a doctor’s certificate will
be required covering all days of illness as a condition for
payment of sick leave.

A number of agreements provided for disci­
plinary measures against employees for making
false claims for sick leave. For instance:

A unique clause was noted in one agreement
which provided for a joint union-management
committee to verify sick leave claims :
A committee comprised of union and management with
equal representation shall jointly visit any employee


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An employee found to have abused his sick leave privi­
leges shall be subject to discipline by the company.
*

*

*

The company reserves the right to withhold benefit
payments to any employee who is guilty of submitting a
false claim or of abuse of the privileges covered and may take
disciplinary action including discharge.

Sixty sick leave plans excluded from coverage
absences due to certain disabilities and/or injuries
(other than occupational). Among the exclusions

1070
T a ble 7.
L ea v e
m en ts ,

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960
P r o v isio n s for A ccum ulation of P a id S ick
M ajor C ollective B a r g a in in g A gr ee ­
I n d u str y D iv is io n , 1959

in
by

All industries Manufactur­
ing
Provisions for accumulation

All uniform and graduated
plans______________ ____
No provision for accumulation........... ......................... .
A ccum ulation specifically
f' prohibited______________
Accumulation specified_____
Unlimited_______ _____
Limited to—
5-7 days......................
10 days ___________
25 days_________ __
30 days__________ _
35-50 d ay s... ............
60 days____________
65-84 days- ________
90-99 days_________
100 days___________
110-120 d ay s--............
180 da vs___________
Varied by seniority_____
Other 2_______________

Nonmanu­
facturing

Work­
Work­
Work­
Agree­ ers Agree­ ers Agree­ ers
ments (thou­ ments (thou­ ments (thou­
sands)
sands)
sands)

277 1,216.0

116

541.0

161

675.0

178

974.6

86

452.4

92

522.3

20
79

44.0
197.4

4
26

8.8
79.8

16
53

35.2
117.6

7

24.2

1

3.4

6

20.8

3
7
5
9
3
12
3
5
3
2
1
5
14

23.6
27.3
6.8
16.1
7.3
26.2
5.3
8.0
4.3
2.3
8. 1
7.8
30.4

2
7
5
4

21.4
27.3
6.8
7.1

1

2.2

2

2.8

5

11.1

5
3
1 12
3
3
3
2
1
5
9

9.0
7.3
26.2
5. 3
5.2
4.3
2.3
8.1
7.8
19.3

i Accumulation for each agreement was 60 “ half days,” which was inter­
preted as 60 days at half pay.
* Includes 4 agreements which placed a time limit on the use of accumulated
sick leave; 2 agreements under which accumulations varied depending on the
employee’s classification; 2 agreements which allowed a 6-day accumulation
to be applied toward the waiting period only; 2 agreements under which sick
leave could be accumulated after a minimum amount of service; 1 agreement
which provided for accumulation of not more than 10 days in any 1 year; 1
which increased total accumulation if less than a specified amount of leave
was used during a benefit year; 1 which provided different amounts of accum­
ulation for the main and supplemental sick leave; and 1 in which the provision
regarding accumulation was not clear.

were disabilities caused by the use of intoxicants
(32 plans) and narcotics (24), and those resulting
from venereal disease (23), misconduct (32),
violation of laws (16), and self-inflicted injury (21).
Nine agreements excluded absences due to preg­
nancy, and two referred to mental disorders.


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Sick Leave Supplements

The relation between paid sick leave and insured
accident and sickness benefits was specifically
described in only 16 agreements. In six of these
agreements, an employee received the difference
between accident and sickness and paid sick leave
benefits, and in one agreement he could, for the
same absence, receive compensation under both
plans. The other agreements allowed sick leave
to be applied against the waiting period under
accident and sickness plans.
Paid sick leave is only infrequently used to
supplement workmen’s compensation payments
required for occupational disabilities by State law.
Only one collective bargaining agreement stipu­
lated sick leave payments in addition to workmen’s
compensation. Forty-six plans specified that the
legally required payments were to be deducted
from sick leave; three of these also applied sick
leave to the waiting period before workmen’s com­
pensation began, and in three others an employee’s
sick leave was reduced by less than the actual time
used. On the other hand, such supplements were
prohibited in 50 agreements. Many of these,
however, used funds other than sick leave pay­
ments to add to workmen’s compensation.14
11 Agreements which provided for supplements to workmen’s compensa­
tion but did not also include paid sick leave plans are not accounted for in
this study.
More than a fourth of accident and sickness plans provided coverage for
on-the-job disabilities. (BLS Bull. 1250, p. 17.)

— H e n r y S. R osenbloom
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations

\

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 3: U.S. STEEL CORP.

Wage Chronology No. 3:
United States Steel Corp.1
Supplement No. 8— 1958-60
F ormal negotiations between the United States
Steel Corp. and the United Steelworkers of America
for revisions in the contracts that were to termi­
nate on June 30, 1959,2 began on May 5, 1959.
Agreement was not reached until January 4, 1960,
2 days before submission to the President of the
final report of a Board of Inquiry appointed by
him under the Labor Management Relations Act
of 1947. In the interim there had been a 116-day
strike, suspended by issuance of an injunction
under the national emergency provisions of that
act.
Most of the company’s bargaining was con­
ducted jointly with eleven other major steel pro­
ducers through a committee of four representing
the companies. In April, prior to the first meeting
of the parties’ representatives, and again when
formal negotiations opened, the companies had
proposed the continuation for 1 year of conditions
under the existing contracts without change except
for elimination of future cost-of-living allowances.
The union proposed contracts that within the
framework of the industry’s price structure, pro­
ductivity, and profits would “protect real wages
and contain increases in wage rates and other
benefits.” On May 5, the union made a detailed
statement to serve as a basis for discussion.
On June 10, the companies proposed an 8-point
program calling for contractual changes including
modification of “ambiguous and restrictive lan­
guage” so as to enable management to make
operating improvements, stronger penalties for
those engaging in unlawful strikes, recognition of
the functions of management to develop wage
incentives and establish sound standards, greater
flexibility in changing work schedules, elimination
of overlapping and duplication in existing benefit
programs, simplification of the procedures for es­
tablishing seniority units, scheduling of vacations
throughout the year along with changes in eligi­
bility provisions, and clarification of contract
language. The companies’ position on economic
questions remained the same as it had been in
April. The proposal was rejected by the union.


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1071

When it became evident that a settlement would
not be reached by June 30, efforts were made to
extend the contracts while negotiations continued.
The companies requested an indefinite contract
extension, without provision for making any
changes retroactive, subject to a 10-day termina­
tion notice. An extension to July 15, with new
benefits retroactive to July 1, was proposed by
the union.
Following the suggestion of the President of the
United States that negotiations continue without
interruption of production, the union proposed,
and the industry agreed to, a 2-week extension of
the existing contracts (without any commitment
on retroactivity) through July 14.
During the truce period, the union made a
2-year contract proposal calling for wage and
“fringe” improvements. The details were not
made public and the proposal was rejected by the
companies. In a press release on July 11, the
companies expressed willingness to negotiate im­
provements in the pension and insurance plans in
the first year of a 2-year contract and a “modest”
increase in wages in the second year, conditioned
on union acceptance of the industry’s “8-point”
program.
Most publicized of the industry’s “8-point”
proposal was revision of Section 2-B of the con­
tracts, entitled “Local Working Conditions,” to
give management “latitude to change work rules
in the absence of changes in basic conditions.” 3
Management already had the right to make such
changes when the basis for the existence of the
local working conditions was changed (e.g., when
technological changes were made). The union
contended that these contractual changes would
permit the companies unilaterally to eliminate
benefits and to make changes in working condi­
tions already provided under local agreements
and practices. The parties met regularly during
the truce period, but made no progress toward
agreement.
» For basic chronology and previous supplements, see Monthly Labor
Review, February 1949 (pp. 194-199), October 1950 (pp. 473-474), May 1951
(p. 563), February 1953 (pp. 151-152), October 1953 (p. 1084), March 1956
(pp. 317-319), and November 1957 (pp. 1361-1366), or BLS Report 106.
s The pension and insurance agreements remained in force through October
31,1959.
3
Bargaining over this as well as over issues of union security, seniority, etc.,
is outside the scope of the chronology series; this and related issues have been
mentioned in the introduction only because of their importance in the con­
tract dispute.

1072
Developments During the Strike

On July 15, a work stoppage idled over fourfifths of the industry, including the United States
Steel Corp., and despite the assistance of the
Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service,
negotiations broke off on September 25. On
October 1, the union proposed a 3-year contract,
the details of which were not made public, and the
companies made a 2-year contract proposal.
The company offer, their first to contain specific
proposals for increased “economic” benefits,
included increased cash contributions to the
Supplemental Unemployment Benefit (SUB) fund
and improved insurance and pension benefits
in the first year, and an increase in wage rates
in the second year. 4 The offer also provided
for elimination of the cost-of-living clause and
required union acceptance of several provisions
of the “8-point” program. The union rejected
the offer.
On October 9, the President, by Executive
Order issued under the Labor Management
Relations Act, created a Board of Inquiry to report
on the issues in dispute. During October, while
the Board was discussing the issues with the parties
and conducting public hearings, the parties made
new settlement offers. The union’s contract
proposal of October 12 included wage-rate in­
creases and changes in supplementary benefits
during each year of a 1-, 2-, or 3-year contract.
The revised offers made during the hearings left
the parties far apart. The union’s next proposal,
on October 15, was for a contract, to terminate
June 30, 1961, with general wage increases ranging
among job classes from 7 to 13 cents, effective
July 1, 1960; a maximum permissible increase of
3 cents in the cost-of-living allowance with no
January 1960 adjustment and with a waiver of the
2 cents an hour already due under the existing
formula, which the union stated was for the
purpose of helping pay for assumption by the
company of the employees’ insurance contribu­
tions. The proposal would also have required,
effective November 1, 1959, company payment of
all costs of an improved insurance plan, including
increased life insurance and sickness and accident
benefits and insurance coverage during layoff; lib­
eralized pension benefits, including an increase from
30 to 40 in the years of service to be credited for
minimum benefits, an increase in the minimum


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960

benefit per year of service, an increase in pensions
of those already retired, and a special retirement
payment equal to 3 months’ full pay.
On October 17, the companies offered a 3-year
contract conditioned on amendment of the basic
labor agreements in regard to work rules. The
new company proposal included increased mini­
mum pensions for both normal and disability
retirement; liberalized early retirement provisions;
company-paid comprehensive major medical ex­
pense insurance in lieu of existing contributory
hospitalization and surgical coverage; other insur­
ance benefit increases; increases in wage rates
ranging from 6 cents an hour for the lowest job
class to 12 cents for the highest job class, effective
October 1, 1960, and again on October 1, 1961;
and a maximum total cost-of-living adjustment
of 20 cents, including the existing 17 cents. The
allowance would increase only if and to the extent
that the allowance as computed under the formula
of the previous contract rose more than 6 cents
by October 1, 1960, and more than 12 cents by
October 1, 1961. This October 17 offer also
included increased cash contributions to the SUB
fund, improved maximum financing, replacement
of the canceled contingent liability under this plan
by a “financial factor” that would assure a benefit
level of 100 percent at the beginning of a new
agreement, and advance contributions to assure
availability of cash for benefit payments.
The Board of Inquiry’s report to the President,
dated October 19,5 concluded that the “major
roadblocks to settlement are in the general areas
of ‘economics’ and ‘work rules.’” Based on the
Board’s report that a settlement did not seem
likely, the Government, on October 20, sought an
injunction under the national emergency provi­
sions of the LMRA requiring the steelworkers to
return to their jobs for 80 days.6 After court stays
during an appeal by the union, the injunction went
into effect on November 7, when the U.S. Supreme
Court decided that the 116-day “strike i m p e r i l s
4 Estimates of employment costs and values of company and union offers
are detailed in the Report to the President submitted by the Board of Inquiry
under Executive Orders 10843 and 10848, October 19, 1959, and the Final
Report to the President, The 1959 Labor Dispute in the Steel Industry,
submitted by the Board of Inquiry under Executive Order 10843, January 6,
1960. Excerpts from the Final Report were published in the M onthly Labor
Review, March 1960, pp. 262-269.
5 For substantial excerpts from the report, see M onthly Labor Review,
December 1959, pp. 1333-1341.
6 On October 26, 1959, the union had concluded an agreement with the
Kaiser Steel Corp. See Monthly Labor Review, December 1959, pp. 13451346 and 1378-1379.

1073

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 3: U.S. STEEL CORP.

the national safety.” During the interval between
the injunction and December 28, when the Board
again held hearings, the parties continued to
bargain. Further offers were made by the industry
on November 15, and by the union on December
17.

The Board of Inquiry reconvened on December
28 to hold hearings on which to base its report to
the President on the current position of the par­
ties, the companies’ last offers, and the efforts
that had been made for settlement.7 Testimony
and exhibits presented by industry spokesmen
indicated some revision of their October 17 offer
of a 3-year contract. The provision for cost-ofliving adjustments was restated to specify that
no increase in the existing adjustment would be
made unless the BLS Consumer Price Index
rose more than 3.1 index points between September
15, 1959, and August 15, 1960, or more than
3.1 index points between August 15, 1960, and
August 15, 1961, and to permit a maximum
increase in the allowance of 4 cents in each year
rather than the total 3 cents of its October 17
proposal. The company withdrew its proposal to
substitute a company-paid comprehensive major
medical benefit plan for existing contribu­
tory hospital and surgical benefits but offered
to assume the full cost of the contributory basic
life insurance and sickness and accident bene­
fit programs. It also offered to increase from
30 to 35 the number of years of service to be
7"As required by the Labor Management Relations Act, the report was
to be submitted 60 days after the injunction became effective. W ithin 15
days after the report was submitted, the National Labor Relations Board
was to take a secret ballot of the employees of each employer involved in
the dispute on the question of whether they wished to accept the final offer
of settlement made by their employer.
8 In officially ending the injunction on January 26, the court ruled that
workers who had resumed work under the injunction, would be entitled to
the cost-of-living adjustment “unless new agreements were entered into
providing otherwise.”
8 The Secretary, as a part of his intensive efforts throughout the strike to
bring about a settlement within the framework of free collective bargaining,
had assumed responsibility within the administration for keeping the Presi­
dent and the people advised. Shortly after the strike began, he had an­
nounced that he was conducting two types of fact finding related to the strike:
a day-to-day collection of information on the effect of the strike on the econ­
omy, to keep the President “ advised periodically as to the facts” ; and an
“exhaustive study in depth of collective bargaining in the steel industry . . .
to determine the underlying causes” of the frequent recurrence of steel strikes.
In addition, in mid-August, he had issued a booklet of Background Statistics
Bearing on the Steel Dispute (reproduced in the October 1959 issue of the
M onthly Labor Review, pp. 1089-1107), which he said “may serve to indicate
the area which exists for a settlement in which the public’s interest is taken
fully into account.”
10 Negotiations on pensions, insurance, and SUB can be opened on June
30,1962.
11 Cost estimates for the basic steel industry as a whole were 9.4 cents in
1960 and 8.7 cents in 1961.


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counted for minimum pension benefits. The
union proposals reinstated demands it bad omitted
from its October 15 offer, including extension of
hospitalization and surgical coverage to retired
employees and dependents at no cost to them,
and continuation of the provisions for future costof-living adjustments without limitation on the
amount of possible adjustment. The Board con­
cluded that “ although the companies had im­
proved their offers somewhat, the parties’ positions
as stated to this Board were farther apart than
they were at the time of the Board’s earlier report.”
On December 24, the union petitioned the
court that had issued the Labor Management
Relations Act injunction to require the companies
to pay the 4-cent-an-hour cost-of-living adjust­
ment that would become due the first pay period
in January 1960 under the previous agreements.
The court decision was not issued until late in
January,8 after agreement had been reached by
the parties.
The Final Settlement

On January 4, 1960, while the Board of Inquiry
was preparing its report, a memorandum of agree­
ment with the union was signed by the United
States Steel Corp. and 10 other basic steel pro­
ducers. The agreement followed the recommenda­
tions of the Vice President and the Secretary of
Labor, who had been engaged in mediation with
the parties for several weeks.9 The new settle­
ment, to be in force through December 31, 1962,10
on pension, insurance, and supplementary un­
employment benefits, and through June 30, 1962,
on other matters, provided for wage increases
averaging an estimated 9.7 cents an hour (includ­
ing effects on incentive pay but excluding indirect
effects on overtime, holiday pay, and other
elements of employment cost) effective December
1, 1960, and 8.9 cents an hour effective October 1,
1961, at U.S. Steel plants.11
The existing 17-cent cost-of-living allowance
continued in effect and a limit was established on
further increases in the allowance. The formula
contained in the previous contract was continued
but the allowance could be increased on only two
dates: December 1, 1960, and October 1, 1961,
and the maximum increase permitted was to be
6 cents by October 1, 1961, of which no more than
3 cents could become effective on December 1,

1074

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960

1960. There was, however, provision to use part
or all of any increase in the cost-of-living allowance
to offset costs of insurance above a specified
amount.
Effective January 1, 1960, insurance and pen­
sion provisions were liberalized. All costs of the
formerly contributory basic insurance plan were
assumed by the companies; life insurance and
sickness and accident benefits were liberalized;
hospital and surgical benefits were continued up
to 6 months for laid-off employees with 2 or more
years of continuous service at date of layoff and
life insurance for all laid-off employees was con­
tinued for up to 2 years (from 6 months), with
employees paying 60 cents per month per $1,000
for life insurance after the first 6 months of layoff.
The provision for retired employees to convert
their hospital and surgical benefits to an individual
policy was continued and a new provision was
added permitting them to authorize deduction
from their pension checks of the premiums re­
quired for such coverage. Pension changes in­
cluded an increase in the maximum number of
years of service to be credited in computing
minimum pensions, an increase in minimum
monthly benefits per year of service, liberalization
of the formula for pensions above the minimum,
increased minimum disability pensions, a special
initial lump-sum payment on retirement, liberali­
zation of early retirement eligibility provisions,

and provisions governing breaks in service. The
pensions of those already retired were increased
by amounts up to $5 per month.
The contingent liability of the companies to the
Supplementary Unemployment Benefit fund which
had accumulated under the previous agreement,
and which had been canceled on July 14, 1959,
under the terms of that agreement, was restored
effective November 30, 1959. The Supplemental
Unemployment Benefit agreement, providing a
3-cent cash contribution and 2-cent contingent
liability, was renewed as of January 1, 1960.
Further negotiations on SUB, provided in the
memorandum of agreement, resulted in no other
changes in the plan or in the prior agreement.
A joint Human Relations Research Committee
was established to study and recommend solutions
of mutual problems relating to equitable wage
and benefit adjustments, job classification, in­
centive pay, protection of long-service employees
against layoffs, medical care, and other problems.
Questions of local working conditions were to be
referred to a joint study committee headed by a
neutral chairman, which was to report by Novem­
ber 30, 1960.
The following tables present the wage changes
at plants of the United States Steel Corp. put into
effect through December 1, 1960, and the revisions
in supplementary benefits going into effect under
the agreement of January 4, 1960.

A—General Wage Changes
Effective date

Jan. 1958— First pay period
beginning
in
month
(agreement dated Aug. 3,
1956).
July 1, 1958 (agreement
dated Aug. 3, 1956).

July 1958—First pay period
beginning
in
month
(agreement dated Aug. 3,
1956).
Jan. 1959—First pay period
beginning
in
month
(agreement dated Aug. 3.
1956).


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Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters

5 cents an hour allowance added to
straight-time hourly earnings.

Semiannual adjustment of cost-of-living allow­
ance.

7 cents an hour increase plus increases
in increments between standard job
class rates, resulting in added in­
creases up to 6 cents for the top classi­
fication. Total increase averaged
approximately 8.3 cents an hour in
base rates, or 9.5 cents when the effect
on incentive pay was included.
4 cents an hour allowance added to
straight-time hourly earnings.

Increments between job classes were increased
from 6.5 to 6.7 cents an hour, thus providing
additional increases ranging from 0.2 cent in job
class 3 to 6 cents in job class 32. Proportionate
increase in incentive earnings under pay plans
in effect on Apr. 22, 1947, as well as under sub­
sequent plans.

1 cent an hour allowance added to
straight-time hourly earnings.

Semiannual adjustment of cost-of-living allow­
ance.
Do.

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 3: U.S. STEEL CORP.

1075

A-—General Wage Changes—Continued
Effective date

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters

Dec. 1, 1960 (agreement
dated Jan. 4, 1960).

7 cents an hour increase plus increase in
increments between standard job
class rates, resulting in added in­
creases up to 6 cents for top classifi­
cation. Total increase estimated to
average 8.3 cents an hour in base
rates, or 9.7 cents when the effect on
incentive pay was included.

Increments between job classes to be increased
from 6.7 to 6.9 cents an hour, thus providing
additional increases ranging from 0.2 cent in job
class 3 to 6 cents in job class 32. Proportionate
increase in incentive earnings under pay plans
in effect on Apr. 22, 1947, as well as under sub­
sequent plans.
Another deferred increase of 7 cents an hour plus
0.1 cent increase in increment between job clas­
ses to be effective Oct. 1, 1961. Cost estimated
at 7.7 cents an hour in base rates or 8.9 cents
when the effect on incentive pay was included.
New agreement continued existing 17 cents an
hour cost-of-living allowance and provided that
it could not be reduced during the new contract
period.
Cost-of-living escalator clause provides for review
on Dec. 1, 1960, and Oct. 1, 1961; existing for­
mula continued but base revised to 123.8
and (freezing the existing 17-cent cost-of-living
allowance) and maximum permissible increase
in allowance established at 6 cents by Oct. 1,
1961, of which maximum of 3 cents could be
effective on Dec. 1, I960.1 Part or all of
increase in cost-of-living allowance due on
these dates to be used to offset any increase in
net insurance cost above specified amount.2

i The new agreement provided cost-of-living adjustments effective Dec. 1,
1960, and Oct. 1,1961, based on the Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Price
Index for the months of October 1960 and August 1961, respectively, as follows:
Consumer price index
Increase in cost-of-living
[1947-19=100]
allowance
124.2 or less__________________________ None.
124.3-124.6......................................... ............. 1 cent (18 cent total).
124.7-125.1___________________________ 2 cents (19 cent total).
125.2-125.5..................................................... 3 cents (20 cent total).
125.6-126.0._____ ___________________ 4 cents (21 cent total).
126.1-126.4___________________________ 5 cents (22 cent total).
126.5-126.9___________________________ 6 cents (23 cent total).

2 The agreement provided that 0.1 cent was to be deducted from the costof-living escalator adjustment for each 18 cents that projected average monthly
net insurance costs exceeded $20.16 a month per active employee. The com­
putations of the costs were to be based on estimated projections of insurance
costs during the quarters ending June 30,1961, and Dec. 31,1962, respectively.
Contracts with and quotations supplied by insurance companies were to be
used as the basis for determining the insurance costs. If the parties’ actuaries
were unable to agree on net insurance costs by 30 days before the effective date
of any cost-of-living adjustment, a neutral actuary selected by the parties,
actuaries would make the determination.

B—Schedule of Standard Hourly Rates 1 in Steel-Producing Operations of United States Steel Corp.
Job
class 2
1-2 3___
3______
4______
5______
6______
7______
8______
9 ______

10____
11____
12_____

July 1,
1958

Dec. 1,
1960

$1.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.

$2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.

960
027
094
161
228
295
362
429
496
563
630

030
099
168
237
306
375
444
513
582
651
720

Oct. 1,
1961

Job
class 2

$2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.

13____
1 4 ____
15--_
16_____
17_____
18_____
19_____

10
17
24
31
38
45
52
59
66
73
80

20____
21____
22____
23_____

July 1,
1958

Dec. 1,
1960

$2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.

$2.
2.
2.
2.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.

697
764
831
898
965
032
099
166
233
300
367

1 Does not include cost-of-living allowance.
2 For typical occupations in each job class, see BLS Report 106, Wage
Chionology: U.S. Steel Corp. (1937-55), p. 15.


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789
858
927
996
065
134
203
272
341
410
479

Oct. 1,
1961

Job
class 2

$2.
2.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.

24_____
25_____
26
27_____
28_____
29_ _ .
30_____
31_____
32_____

87
94
01
08
15
22
29
36
43
50
57

July 1,
1958

Dec. 1,
1960

$3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.

$3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
4.

434
501
568
635
702
769
836
903
970

548
617
686
755
824
893
962
031

4 100

Oct. 1,
1961
$3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
4.
4.
4.

64
71
78
85
92
99
06
13
20

8 Under the agreement of Aug. 3, 1956, workers who were formerly in job
class 0-1 were moved up and combined with job class 2.

1076

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960

C—Related Wage Practices
Effective date

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters

Insurance Benefits Plan
Jan. 1, 1960 (agreement
dated Jan. 4, 1960).

Changed to: Company-paid plan 1 provid­
ing benefits previously in effect plus
changes described below:

Life insurance: Increased by $500. Min­
imum increased from $3,500 to $4,000;
maximum from $6,000 to $6,500.2

Accident and sickness benefits: Increased
$11 a week. Minimum increased from
$42 to $53; maximum from $57 to $68 a
week.2

Reserves and funds accrued under the prior
contributory insurance program (other
than those accrued with respect to
optional benefits) to be applied toward
cost of benefits provided under prior
program and any balance to be applied
toward cost of future benefits provided
participants in prior program.
Benefits of revised plan applicable to
participating employees actively at work
on or after Dec. 31, 1959. Benefits of
prior plan continued for those not actively
at work on Dec. 31, 1959, until their
return to active employment, subject to
maximum periods provided in prior plan.
Any insurance contributions as of Dec. 31,
1959, to continue during employee’s
layoff, leave of absence, or retirement in
accordance with provisions of prior pro­
gram. Insurance during absence because
of occupational or nonoccupational dis­
ability continued without contributions.
Employees to pay contributions advanced
for them for insurance coverage while
on strike in 1959.
In event of strike after June 30, 1962,
insurance, except sickness and accident
benefits, to continue for 30 days at em­
ployee expense and parties to discuss
arrangement with respect to further
continuation.
Existing optional benefits continued at
expense of employees.
Insurance upon retirement remained at
$1,300 to $1,550.
Insurance to continue during layoff up to
2 years, with employees paying 60 cents
per month per $1,000 after first 6 months.
Same benefits to be provided for employees
insured under State temporary disability
laws.3
Hospitalization and surgical coverage to
continue for 6 months’ layoff for employ­
ees with 2 years’ continuous service at
date of layoff.
Added: Retiree could authorize deduction
of premiums for converted policy from
pension checks. As in the past, hospital­
ization and surgical coverage could be
converted to individual policy at retire­
ment, with retiree paying full premium.

Pension Plan
Jan. 1, 1960 (agreement
dated Jan. 4, 1960).

See footnotes at end of table.


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Minimum monthly pension at age 65 in­
creased to company payment of $2.50 a
month for each year of service prior to
Jan. 1, 1960, and $2.60 a month for each
year of service thereafter, up to 35 years—
plus social security benefits.4

Company increased pensions for retired
employees by amounts up to $5 a month.5

1077

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 3 : ILS. STEEL CORP.

C—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Applications, exceptions, and other
related matters

Provision

Effective date

Pension Plan— Continued
Jan 1, 1960 (agreement
dated Jan. 4, 1960)—
Continued.

Amount deducted for social security bene­
fits from pension benefits, as computed
by basic 1-percent formula, reduced to
$80.
Minimum monthly pension prior to age 65
for permanent incapacity increased to
$100 less any social security disability
benefits payable. Alternatives of mini­
mum normal pension or amount under
1-percent formula continued.
Early retirement: Added—full pension based
on continuous service to date of retire­
ment for (a) employees age 60 but less
than 65 with 15 years’ continuous serv­
ice, retired under mutually satisfactory
conditions, and (b) employees age 55
with 20 or more years’ service, terminated
because of permanent shutdown, layoff,
or sickness resulting in break in service.4
Alternatives of minimum normal pension
or amount under 1-percent formula con­
tinued.
Added: Special retirement benefit, providing
lump-sum payment equal to 13 weeks’
vacation pay reduced by pay for vacation
previously taken in calendar year in which
retirement occurs.

In case of pensions based on 1-percent
formula, $80 to be deducted as for normal
retirement.
Employee must be at least age 53 with 18
years’ continuous service on date of shut­
down, layoff, or disability. Company
could at its option grant a pension prior to
the date absence due to layoff would other­
wise result in break in service if in its
judgment there was little likelihood that
employee would be recalled to work.
Not applicable to those receiving disability
or deferred vested pensions.
Regular monthly pension payments to com­
mence after 3 months. Employee who
has not taken vacation in calendar year
not to be entitled to vacation pay in that
year.

Supplemental Unemployment Benefit Plan
“Contingent liability” of 2 cents per
man-hour, accumulated under previous
contract, and canceled at its expiration,
restored.

Nov. 30, 1959 (agreement
dated Jan. 4 and mem­
orandum of Apr. 1, 1960).
1 As indicated earlier, all or part of any increase due Dec. 1, 1960, and Oct.
1,1961, under the cost-of-living escalator clause will be used to offset any in­
crease in insurance costs above a stated amount instead of being paid out in
cash to the employees.
2 Schedule of benefits—in addition to the National Blue Cross 120-day
Hospitalization Plan and National Blue Shield Surgical Plan—revised as
follows:
Accident
and sickness insur­
ance weekly
After
Before
retirement retirement benefits
Life insurance

Employee’s standard hourly
wage rate*

_________
"Less than $2.09
$2 09 h ut less than $2.49 ____
$2 49 hu t less than $2.89______
$2 89 b u t less than $3.36 - ___
$3 3 fi hut less than $3.76 ______
$3 76 and over _ ___________

$4,000
4, 500
5, 000
5,500
6,000
6,500

$1,300
1,350
1,400
1, 450
3,500
1, 550

$53
56
59
62
65
68

'On basis of Jan. 1, 1960, wage scale, excluding incentive earnings.


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2 Employee to pay cost of benefits provided under law in certain States in
excess of program benefits.
. . . .
* Definition of continuous service was changed to extend the period before
service was broken up to 5 years (was 2 years) after layoff. Previous practice
of crediting up to 2 years of layofi as years of service for purposes of computing
retirement benefits continued.
.
,
8 This provision was included in a letter to the union from the company
dated Jan. 5, 1960. The $5 increase was provided for all pensioners except
those receiving a reduced amount under an option election, who received the
appropriate portion of the increase.

Technical Note
The Revised City Sample
for the Consumer Price Index
M a r v in W il k e r s o n *

I n J u n e 1959, the Bureau of Labor Statistics
began a 5-year revision project for modernizing
the Consumer Price Index (CPI).1 As part of
this project, the Bureau has selected a new sample
of cities in which prices of commodities and serv­
ices and consumer expenditure data will be col­
lected. The expenditure data will be used in the
revision of the weights for the index.
Plans for selection of cities were developed after
careful evaluation of the considerations which led
to adoption of the present sample of cities in 1952 2
and of the desirability of preserving the continuity
of indexes for several individual cities now included
in the index. Continued representativeness of
the sample for purposes of measuring national
changes in consumer prices was deemed to be of
overriding importance.
A core sample of 50 cities for CPI pricing and
about 70 cities (later set at 66, including the 50
CPI cities) for the consumer expenditure surveys
was established as the maximum size consistent
with the assumption that the resources for the
pricing program will continue to be near present
levels. The increase from the present 46 CPI
cities to the planned 50 is quite nominal in view of
the additional coverage of Alaska and Hawaii.
In addition, two alternate samples were selected
which can be utilized for expanding the pricing
work if future circumstances permit.

The SMSA is usually slightly more extensive than
the “ urbanized area” unit used in the 1952 revi­
sion, encompassing some small noncontiguous
urban places that were not included in the urba­
nized area. Expenditure patterns and price
movements in these small places can be expected
to resemble those in the metropolitan urban seg­
ment more than those in nonmetropolitan urban
places.
For planning the design of the sample, estimates
of total and urban population for all counties in
the United States as of January 1 , 1959, were
obtained from Sales Management, since data from
the 1960 Census of Population were not yet
available. These estimates are projections of
1950 Census data adjusted to less detailed Bureau
of the Census estimates for 1959. Among indi­
vidual nonmetropolitan urban places, Sales Man­
agement estimates were available only for cities
of about 10,000 or more. For smaller places, the
BLS made its own estimates for all places that
were urban in 1950 and for some 200 other places
that were estimated to have grown into urban
status (over 2,500 population) by January 1 , 1959.
Stratification

Primary Sampling Unit

Tests of the effectiveness of some of the more
obvious modes of stratification, such as geographic
region, size of city, and climate, indicated that
no elaborate stratification was justifiable for a
sample of only 50 areas. Analysis of variance
techniques were applied to price movements for
three different time periods for 25 items and groups
of items; similar analyses utilized expenditure
data from the 1950 Consumer Expenditure Survey.
These results were of limited usefulness because of

The primary sampling unit in the new sample is
the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA)
in the metropolitan segment of the United States
and the individual urban place in nonmetropolitan
areas.3 (The term “ city” is used in this article to
designate the entire urban part of the SMSA.)

*Of the Division of Prices and Cost of Living, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1 The circumstances that necessitate revision, and the overall plans for the
revision, were outlined in the September 1959 issue of the M onthly Labor
Review (pp. 967-970).
2 See Selection of Cities for Consumer Expenditures Survey J"l950 (in
Monthly Labor Review, April 1951, pp. 430-436).
2 The Standard Consolidated Areas for New York and Chicago were used
as single primary sampling units rather than being divided into their constit­
uent subareas.

1078


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1079

REVISED CITY SAMPLE FOR THE CPI

the small number of cities, time periods, and
items for which data were tested. The significance
of the different classification modes varied from
item to item, but in general, classifications by
region and by size of city seemed to be most
effective. Since these are the two most useful
modes of stratification from almost any point of
view, it was decided to use them. The four
Census regions—Northeast, North Central, South,
and West—were used for the geographic areas.
The size stratification was of particular importance
because of differential cost factors. Four popula­
tion size strata, the same number used in the last
revision, seemed to be about the maximum which
the sample size would justify: Less than four
would mean excessively wide stratum limits—even
with four, the limits are far apart.
A number of possible size groupings were con­
sidered. Considering the population growth since
1950 and the relatively unchanged city sample
size, it was decided to set the lower limit for the
largest SMSA’s—that is, the A stratum—at
1,250,000. This retained the 12 largest areas now
included in the CPI sample as certainty selections
in the new sample. For the other three population
strata, it was believed that commonly used size
groups would facilitate comparison with other
economic data. Accordingly, the following were
decided upon:
Stratum
Stratum
Stratum
Stratum

A— Cities of over 1,250,000 population.
B— Cities of 250,000 to 1,250,000 population.
C— Cities of 50,000 to 250,000 population.
D—Urban places of 2,500 to 50,000 population.

One merit of this classification is that the first
three strata correspond closely to the metropolitan
segment, and the last to the nonmetropolitan seg­
ment of the urban population. In addition to
the SMSA’s which had already been defined for
the 1960 Census, other cities which were estimated
to have passed the 50,000 population mark and
* Analysis of price data available from the current C PI sample did not
reveal any consistently greater variability within any stratum, so this factor
was omitted.
1 Considered and discarded as an independent probability selection for
each size group, because it was impossible to prevent the selection of sample
cities from the several strata in the same State where the size of the State
did not warrant such extensive representation. Another method considered
was a procedure whereby the sample for all size strata could be selected by
one systematic operation from an array of all primary sampling units. This
method was discarded because of the distortion of the original probabilities
of selection associated with individual cities.
The method chosen is described by Roe Goodman and Leslie Kish in Con­
trolled Selection—A Technique in Probability Sampling (in Journal of the
American Statistical Association, September 1950, pp. 350-372).


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which were designated as “ potential” SMSA’s,
were classified in the C stratum. Since the few
additional SMSA’s that will probably be estab­
lished in the 1960 Census count could not be
identified in advance, they were classified in the
D stratum.
Alaska and Hawaii posed special problems.
Although their urban population did not justify
the allocation of a sample city to each, they are so
different from the continental (48) States, and
from each other that there appeared to be no
alternative to making each a separate stratum
with a sample place for each. The urban popula­
tion of Alaska is concentrated in the areas of
Anchorage, Fairbanks, Juneau, and Ketchikan.
Anchorage was randomly selected to represent
Alaska in the CPI. Since over 86 percent of
Hawaii’s urban population is concentrated in the
Honolulu SMSA, Honolulu was designated as the
sample city to represent the total Hawaiian urban
population.
Developing the CPI Sample

The certainty selection of the 12 largest cities
and the allocation of one sample place each to
Alaska and Hawaii left 36 cities to represent the
B, C, and D strata urban places in the other 48
States. These 36 were divided among strata on
the basis of the relative importance of their urban
population and the estimated annual costs of
operating a pricing program in cities of different
size.4 The resulting optimum allocation is shown
in the following tabulation :
A l l three

Northeast________ ___
North Central_______ __
South______ — ----------West-------------------- ------Total, 48 States __

strata

B

7
11
13
5
36

2
3
3
2
10

Stratum
C
2

3
4
1
10

D

3
5
6
2
16

An important objective in selecting the specific
cities was to achieve a good geographic dispersion.
Thus, minimizing the possibility of an undue
concentration of the sample in any State was
particularly important because, for many items,
price factors are closely related to local conditions.
After considerable consultation and experimenta­
tion, the BLS decided to utilize the procedure
usually referred to as “ controlled selection.” 5
A significant advantage of this method for the

1080

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER I960
T a b l e 1.

State group

M a i n e - N e w HampshireVermont_______
M assachusetts.___

Rhode Island________
Connecticut_________

New York________

Pennsylvania_________
New Jersey____ _

Size
stratum

I l l u s t r a t iv e S e t

Basic
proba­
bility

P atterns

fo r

the

N

o rth ea st

Pattern number and associated probability
1
.076

2
.020

C
D

.153
.544

B
C
D

.247
.421
.312

B
D

.256
.049

B
C
D

.364
.285
.293

B
C
D

.888
.225
.757

X

X

X

X

B
C
D

.245
.728
.761

X

C
D

.188
.284

X

3
.029

4
.029

5
.054

X

X

X

X
X

X

X
X

X

X

7
.061

X

X

X

X
X

X

X

X
X
X

X

9
.006

X

X

X
X

X

X

X

X

11
.140

12
.083

13
.030

14
.027

X

X

X

X

X

X

X
X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X
X

X

X

X

X
X

X
X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

15
.034

16
.112

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X
X
X

10
.082

X

X
X

8
.145

X
X

X

X

6
.072

X

type of sample being selected is the provision for
rigorous geographic controls. Other advantages
are that it is a probability method in which
the assigned probabilities of selection for indiviual
cities are demonstrably maintained, that it is a
tested and reputable system which has been in
use for a number of years by other organizations,
and that it is described in the literature and tech­
nicians can be referred to a published reference.
The controlled selection procedure involves the
probability selection of a sample “pattern” from
a set of patterns which have been purposively
established so that, taken as a group, they give to
each primary sampling unit its proper chance of
appearing in the final sample. Each pattern is
set up in accordance with controls, which may be
as rigid as desired, to insure that it satisfies selected
criteria of proper distribution. In selecting the
CPI sample, controls were used only on size of
city and geographic location, with the latter
control carried to the State (or group of small
States) level.
In order to expedite the work, patterns were
established for each of the four broad regions of
the country separately. Time did not permit the
more elaborate control that could have been main­
tained by selecting national patterns.
The first step was to determine the probabilities
of selecting a given size city from each stratum
within each State or group of States.6 These
probabilities are based on estimated urban popula­

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of

X

X
X

X
X

X
X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X
X

X
X

X
X
X
X

X

tion figures previously described. The sum of the
probabilities over all States in the region for any
size group is equal to the number of sample places
allocated to that stratum. The set of patterns
which are derived must exhaust all these selection
probabilities exactly. The probabilities also set
limits as to the patterns which may be chosen.
For example, the following illustrative tabulation
for the Northeast shows that no pattern can
contain more than one sample place each in five
of the States in the region, but the other two (New
York and Pennsylvania) can have either one or
two selections each.
Probability of selection of cities in—
B
c
D
B,\C, and
stratum stratum stratum Bistrata
Maine-New Hampshire-Vermont..
0.153
0. 544
0.697
Massachusetts . .
----------------0.247
.421
.312
.980
Rhode Island............ ----------------.256
.049
.305
Connecticut_____
---------------.364
.285
.293
.942
New England___ ---------------.867
.859
1.198
2.924
New York.......... . .
...........- ........
Pennsvl vania
---------------New Jersev
Middle Atlantic ---------------Northeast___ ----------------

.888
.245
1.133

.225
.728
.188
1. 141

.757
.761
.284
1. 802

1. 870
1.734
.472
4.076

2.000

2. 000

3. 000

7.000

In addition, a further control was used to insure
representation of the New England States as a
group and of the Middle Atlantic States as a
group. In most cases, the patterns must con6
In 5 instances, 2 or more of the less populous States were grouped together
and treated as a single State: Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont; Ne­
braska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Colorado and New Mexico;
Arizona, Nevada, and Utah; and Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming.

REVISED CITY SAMPLE FOR THE CPI

1081

tain three selections from New England and four
from the Middle Atlantic region, although at least
one pattern must contain two and five, respec­
tively, in order to exhaust the .076 probability
of having only two selections in New England.
The patterns were set up by State-size groups
rather than individual places because the addi­
tional work was not feasible. Instead, a second
T a b l e 2.

B asic

and

T wo A lter n a t e C ity S am ples

stage of controlled selection was used in States
where more than one sample selection fell.
Table 1 presents a simplified diagram of the
patterns set up for the Northeast. Many other
possible sets would satisfy all the conditions im­
posed. The probability assigned to each pat­
tern is usually the smallest remaining probability
of any category affected by that pattern. Thus,

for t h e

C o n sum er P rice I n d e x

and

C o n sum er E x p e n d it u r e

S urveys
[Years shown for certain cities are those in which expenditure surveys will be conducted there]
Basic sample

Alternate 1

Alternate 2

Stratum A—Cities of 1,250,000 or more population
Boston, Mass...... ............. ........... .................1961, 1962
New York, N .Y _________________ ____1961, 1962
Philadelphia, P a_____________________ 1961, 1962
Pittsburgh, P a .................. .............. ........... 1961, 1962
Cleveland, Ohio_________ __________ 1961, 1962
Detroit, M ich.._______ _______________ 1961, 1962
Chicago, 111.________ _______ _________ 1961, 1962
St. Louis, M o .............. ............................. .1961, 1962
Baltimore, M d..............................................1961, 1962
Washington, D .C ____________ _______ .1961, 1962
San Francisco, Calif..................................... 1961, 1962
Los Angeles, Calif........................................ 1961, 1962

No alternates; the 12 cities in the basic sample are the only ones of this size.

Stratum B—Cities of 250,000 to 1,250,000
Hartford, Conn.................. ..................................1962
Buffalo, N .Y .............................................. ........... 1961
Dayton, Ohio.................. ...................................... 1962
Indianapolis, Ind...................................................1961
Wichita, Kans_______________ ______ _____ 1962
Atlanta, Ga______________________________ 1961
Nashville, T en n .. _______________ _______ .1962
Dallas, Tex................................ ............................ 1961
Denver, Colo______________________ ______ 1962
Seattle, Wash ___________ _______________1961
Honolulu, Hawaii__________________ ______1962

New Haven, Conn.
Syracuse, N.Y.
Toledo, Ohio.
Milwaukee, Wis.
Kansas City, Mo.
Norfolk-Portsmouth, Va.
Louisville, Ky.
Houston, Tex.
Phoenix, Ariz.
San Diego, Calif.

Providence, R.I.
Albany-Schenectady-Troy, N.Y.
Cincinnati, Ohio
Grand Rapids, Mich.
Minneapolis, Minn.
Miami, Fla.
New Orleans, La.
El Paso, Tex.
Denver, Colo.
Seattle, Wash.

Stratum C—Cities of 50,000 to 250,000
Portland, Me.......—............. ............. ............. ...... 1961
Lancaster, P a ______ ____________________1962
Champaign-Urbana, 111_______ ___________ .1961
Green Bay, Wis...................... ........ ......... ........... 1962
Cedar Rapids. Iowa______ ________________ 1961
Durham, N .C ._______ ___ ______ __________1962
Orlando, Fla___________________ __________1961
Baton Rouge, La______ ______ ___________1962
Austin, Tex__________ _________________ 1961
Bakersfield, Calif____ . . . ________________ 1962

Utica-Rome, N.Y.
Altoona, Pa.
Fort Wayne, Ind.
Muskegon, Mich.
Sioux Falls, S.D.
Huntington, W. Va.
Charlotte, N.C.
Montgomery, Ala.
Waco, Tex.
Spokane, Wash.

Lawrence, Mass.
Scranton, Pa.
Evansville, Ind.
Madison, Wis.
Davenport, Iowa-Rock Island-Moline, 111.
Charleston, W. Va.
Winston-Salem, N.C.
Mobile, Ala.
Corpus Christi, Tex.
Fresno, Calif.

Stratum D—Cities of 2,500 to 50,000 1
Southbridge, Mass_______ _________________1962
Kingston, N .Y ________________ _________ 1961
Millville, N .J___ _________________________ 1962
Findlay, Ohio____ __________ _____ ______ 1961
Logansport, Ind__________ ________________1962
Niles, Mich______________________________ 1961
Crookston, M in n _________ _____ _________ 1962
Devils Lake, N .D _________________________1961
Martinsville, Va__________________________ 1962
Union, S.C______________ ____________ ...1961
Florence, Ala______________________ ______ 1962
Vicksburg, Miss....... ................. ............. ............. 1961
Mangum, Okla......................................................1962
McAllen, T e x ...______ ________ _______ ___ 1961
Orem, U tah________ ______ _____ _________ 1962
Klamath Falls, Ore..... ..........................................1961
Anchorage, A laska3

Burlington, V t............ .............................. ........1961
Athol, Mass........ ...............
1962
Lewis'town, P a_________________________ 1961
Cambridge, O hio............... . ___________ 1962
La Salle, 111. ___________
1961
Menashá, Wis....................................................1962
Owatonna, M inn__________ _____
1961
Manhattan, Kans___ ______
1962
Griffin, Ga.’_____________ _______________1901
Sebring, F la....................................................1962
Cleveland, Tenn
1961
Okmulgee, Okla____ _
1962
Reservé, La____________________________ 1961
Gainsville, Tex...................... .......................1962
Gallup, N. Mex_____ _________ __________1961
Eureka, Calif_____ ______ _______ _____ .1962

1 Consumer expenditure surveys in the first alternate sample of stratum
D cities will be used in deriving C PI weights for smaller cities. However,
no pricing will be done in these supplemental cities in subsequent index
computation.


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Danbury, Conn.
Horseheads, N.Y.
Bridgeton, N.J.
Crestline, Ohio
LaPorte, Ind.
Carbondale, 111.
Maryville, Mo.
Lamed, Kans.
Sanford, N.C.
Whitmire, S.C.
Albany, Ga.
Dyersburg, Tenn.
Russellville, Ark.
Paris, Tex.
Laramie, Wyo.
Modesto, Calif.

3 Anchorage will represent Alaska in the revised CPI. The consumer
expenditure survey was conducted there in M ay and June 1960 as part of a
special Alaskan price program. These surveys will be used to derive the
index weights for the city.

1082

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960

pattern 1 was given the probability of .076 to
dispose of the previously mentioned probability
of having two selections in New England. To­
gether, these patterns do, in fact, exhaust the
original probabilities. For example, a B stratum
city in Connecticut appears in patterns 2, 5, 7,
9, 11, and 12. The probabilities associated with
these patterns add to .364, the selection probabil­
ity for that category.
Sets of patterns for the North Central region,
the South, and the West were established in the
same manner. An attempt was made to secure
additional geographic dispersion by combining
patterns for adjacent regions in such a manner
as to prevent an undesirable national pattern.
For example, patterns for the North Central
region and the West were associated so that there
was no chance of a national pattern with no selec­
tion in Montana-Idaho-Wyoming which also
omitted a selection for North Dakota-South
Dakota-Nebraska. After patterns were estab­
lished, the four regional patterns were chosen in
a single operation by a random process. Patterns
were similarly selected for the two alternate
samples.
At this stage, specific cities were determined
only where there was but a single city in the
selected State-size group (e.g., Denver, the only
B city in Colorado-New Mexico). In other cases
where only one selection from a State was involved,
the sample places were randomly selected from
arrays of all primary sampling units in the Statesize groups indicated in the selected pattern. In
New York, Ohio, and Texas, where there were two
T a ble 3. P er cen t b y W hich E stim ates of U.S.1
P opula tio n a n d R et a il S a les M a d e F rom t h e N ew
CPI C ity S am ple D if f e r F rom A ctual F ig u r e s

Region and citysize group

1950 urban
population

1950-58
population
change

Retail
sales, 1958

-0 .9
-2 .4
+ 1.8
+6.8

+8.9
+14.2
-6 .2
-9 .5

+2.0
+2.4
-1 .1
- 5 .7

(2)
+0.4
-3 .2
+3.6
+0.4

(2)
-1 .3
+12.8
-21.2
-1 .9

(2)
+6.3
+11.1
-13.7
(3)

Total 1958
population
(A-B-C
cities)

R e g io n

N ortheast________
North Central____
South____________
W est__________

+2.8
+2.0
+7.3
+0.5

C it y S iz e

Stratum A _______
Stratum
_____
Stratum C _______
Stratum D ______
United States >.

(2)

+1-1
+14.1
+3.2

1 48 States only.
2 No difference since all SMSA’s in this size group are included in the
sample.
3 Less than 0.05 percent.


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or more sample selections and more than one city
in each selected group, a second-stage combination
was randomly selected which determined the B
and/or C stratum selections, and the D places were
randomly selected from arrays for the designated
zone of the State.
Two alternate samples were selected in a similar
fashion and are shown with the basic sample in
table 2. Within each stratum, the cities are
arranged by geographic region, and the year
shown is that in which the consumer expenditure
survey in the city will be conducted, as indicated
later. Two cities, Denver and Seattle, are dupli­
cated in the basic and second alternate samples.
Since it was intended that all three samples be
equally representative, some such duplication was
almost unavoidable.
Consumer Expenditure Survey Sample

Analyses of consumer expenditure data from
previous surveys indicated a much higher vari­
ability in expenditure patterns among small places
than among large cities. Consequently, the re­
sources available to supplement the regular CPI
sample were allocated to the D stratum, permitting
the sample size in this stratum to be doubled (to
32 cities). The 16 additional places were obtained
by taking the D cities in the first alternate sample.
Since the consumer expenditure surveys will be
conducted in two “waves” (in 1961, covering 1960
expenditures, and in 1962, covering 1961 data), it
was necessary to divide the sample into two
balanced subsamples, each representative of the
U.S. urban population. In the 12 large A cities,
surveys will be conducted in both years. The B,
C, and D places were alternately assigned to the
two subsamples, with a random assignment of the
first city in each size group, with the places arrayed
in their order of selection (as in table 2). The 16
D cities from the first alternate sample were
similarly divided, but with the starting assignment
reversed from that used in the D cities of the basic
sample, in order to balance each region. Because
of the special price program in Alaska, the expendi­
ture survey in Anchorage was conducted in May
and June 1960 and, with some adjustment, will
serve as the basis for the CPI weights. The
Honolulu survey will be made in 1962. Thus, it
will not be possible to have balanced representa­
tion of Alaska and Hawaii in the 2 years of the

REVISED CITY SAMPLE FOR THE CPI

survey period as is planned for the rest of the
United States.
Tests of the CPI Sample

In order to test the effectiveness of the new CPI
city sample, data for sample places were used to
make estimates of several characteristics for which
data were available for the total U.S. urban
population. Among these were: 1950 urban pop­
ulation, 1950-58 population change, 1958 retail
sales, and total 1958 population (including farm)
for the A, B, and C strata. The differences be­
tween the actual and estimated data are sum­
marized in table 3. The U.S. estimates are quite
accurate, although some regional and city-size sub­
totals vary fairly widely from actual figures.


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1083

The city “weights” used in the above tests were
derived so as to provide unbiased estimates. This
required that the weight for each sample city be
the reciprocal of that city’s original probability of
selection. These weights (and an analogous set
for the enlarged expenditure survey sample) will
be incorporated into the weighting structure for the
revised CPI computation procedures and for
various estimates of consumer expenditures made
from the surveys.
It is not possible to compute an exact sampling
error for the design described above. This would
generally be true for any design which aimed at
maximum geographic dispersion. However, it is
believed that an acceptable upper bound to the
sampling error can be computed, and experimental
work is planned to this end.

Significant Decisions
In Labor Cases*

Labor Relations
P e a c e ju l P ic k e tin g , C a se N o . 1 .
A U.S. Court of
Appeals held1 that picketing with signs proclaim­
ing that an employer does not hold a contract
with a union was not evidence of unlawful recog­
nition picketing under section 8(b)(7)(C) of the
Labor Management Relations Act, as amended,
since that section’s proviso permits informational
picketing for the purpose of informing the public
that there is no contract between the employer
and the union.
In January 1957, the Hotel & Restaurant
Employees Union began to picket the Stork Club
in New York in protest against the discharge of
certain employees for allegedly having engaged in
union activity. The Stork Club filed a complaint
with the National Labor Relations Board. On
January 13, 1960, the union withdrew its demand
for recognition but continued to picket to inform
the public of the absence of a contract between
the union and the employer, in response to the
Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure
Act of 1959, which makes recognition picketing
unlawful under certain circumstances but con­
ditionally permits information picketing. On
January 14, the signs read: “To the Public—The
Stork Club discharged employees because they
joined Chefs, Cooks, Pastry Cooks and Assistants’
Union Local 89 AFL-CIO,” “Stork Club em­
ployees do not enjoy union wages, hours, and
working conditions,” and “To the public—The
Stork Club does not have a contract with the
[union].” In addition, it was disclosed that the
picketing union had not filed a timely representa­
tion petition in accordance with section 9 (c) of the
LMRA, as provided in section 8(b)(7)(C) of the
act.2
The main entrance of the restaurant, used by
customers and deliverymen alike, was picketed
almost 24 hours a day. Three deliverymen who
1084


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were members of the Teamsters union and
employed by neutral employers testified that on
the day the picket signs were changed, January 14,
they saw the pickets and without speaking to
anyone or reading the signs decided not to make
deliveries.
The appellate court noted that the district court
had found that there was reasonable cause to
believe the picketing had as one of its objectives
compelling the employer to recognize and bargain
with the union. The district court found that this
objective was reasonably evident from the picket
sign which stated that the employer did not hold
a contract with the union. The district court
reasoned that the union must have desired recogni­
tion or else it would not have used such a sign.
The court of appeals stated, however, that the
proviso of section 8(b)(7)(C) specifically allows
information picketing for the purpose of inform­
ing the public that no contract exists between the
union and the employer. Of course, the appeals
court stated, if such recognition picketing has an
effect of inducing others not to make deliveries,
such picketing becomes unlawful to that extent.
However, the court pointed out, the district court
had regarded this picketing in its entirety as
unlawful and hence had enjoined it completely.
The court of appeals held, on the other hand, that
this was permissible information picketing which
should have been enjoined only insofar as, or at
those times when, it would have the unlawful
effect of inducing others not to make deliveries.
The court held that to curtail the dissemination of
information by the unions in a manner approved
by section 8(b)(7)(C) at times when only con­
sumers and members of the general public would be
exposed to the picketing would raise constitutional
questions with respect to free speech. The court
therefore remanded the case to the district court
for a determination of the hours when lawful
‘Prepared in the U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor. The
cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant decisions
believed to be of special interest. No attem pt has been made to reflect all
recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of labor law or to
indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contrary
results may be reached based upon local statutory provisions, the existence of
local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to the issue presented.
1McLeod v. Local 89, Hotel & Restaurant Employees and Bartenders Union
(C.A. 2, July 6,1960).
2 Section 8(b)(7)(C) of the LMRA, as amended by the Labor-Management
Reporting and Disclosure Act, provides that recognition picketing is an
unfair labor practice unless, among other conditions, a petition under section
9(e) has been filed within a reasonable period of time, not to exceed 30 days
from commencement of the picketing.

DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES

information picketing might be conducted so as
not to interfere with deliveries.
The court also held that the original purpose
of the picketing should not preclude a union from
later changing its policy in order to conform to the
law and engage in lawful picketing. In determin­
ing the legality of picketing, the court remarked
that it had earlier 3 rejected the motion that if the
original objective were unlawful, it must be pre­
sumed that the unlawful objective continued to
operate. The court added that if there were no
independent evidence indicating that the original
objective continued to operate, then it could not be
presumed that it was still the subject of the
picketing.
A concurring opinion stated that section
8(b)(7)(C) permits a union to picket without
complying with the provisions of section 9(c) of
the act where the purpose of such picketing is to
advise the public that no contract exists between
the employer and the union. The opinion noted,
however, that the proviso permitting information
picketing carries with it the warning: “. . . unless
an effect of such picketing is to induce any
individual employed by any other person in the
course of his employment, not to pick up, deliver,
or transport any goods or not to perform any
services.” The concurring opinion stated that the
inteipretation of the foregoing depends upon
whether emphasis is given to the word “effect” or
the word “induce.” If the emphasis is on the
word “effect,” then information picketing would
by a simple cause-and-effect operation be con­
verted into an unfair labor practice, if any
delivery, for example, is not made while the
picketing is being conducted. If, on the other
hand, the word “induce” is given emphasis, one
must then inquire beyond cause-and-effect into the
problem of the union’s objectives. In support of
the latter interpretation, the concurring opinion
pointed out that it has been heretofore held that
peaceful picketing can only be unlawful if it has
an unlawful objective.
Nevertheless, the concurring opinion stated, “I
do not believe we should resolve the ambiguities
of section 8(b)(7)(C) . . .” because only tempo­
rary relief was being sought here and the Board,
s N L R B v. Local 50, Bakery and Confectionery Workers’ Union, 245 F. 2d
542. See also M onthly Labor Review, August 1957, p. 978.
4
Local ¡¡59, International Brotherhood of Teamsters and Stan-Jay Auto
Parts, 127 NLRB No. 132 (June 1, 1960).
564811— 60------ 5


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1085

itself, should first be given the opportunity of
interpreting this section in this case.
P e a c e fu l P ic k e tin g , C ase N o . 2 .
The National
Labor Relations Board held4 that peaceful
picketing in this case was outlawed under section
8(b) (7) (C) of the LMRA since its effect was to
induce employees of neutral employers not to make
deliveries to the struck employer. The Board also
decided that it could examine events prior to the
enactment of the LMRDA in order to determine
the objective of the picketing after enactment and
that 17 days represented a reasonable period of
time within which to file a representation petition
since the union had picketed for 2 months prior
to the law’s enactment.
On September 14, 1959, a union business agent
informed an employer that he had obtained con­
tracts from several other employers in the industry
and that he expected to get a contract from him
also. When the employer asked the agent why
he had not approached his employees on this sub­
ject, the agent responded that he did business di­
rectly with the employer and that he was not
worried about the employees. On September 21,
1959, after the employer had refused the agent’s
request, the union began picketing. About an
hour after it started, the agent again asked the
employer if he intended “ to join.” The employer
replied that his employees did not want the union
and therefore he would not “ go along.” There­
upon, the agent suggested a “ deal” : if the em­
ployer agreed “ to join,” the union would require
that only two employees become union members.
The employer again refused. On November 20,
1959, a week after the effective date of the
LMRA amendments regulating picketing, the
union proposed that if the employer would sign a
contract with a union security agreement, again
the union would require that only two employees
be union members and in addition would withdraw
its picket line and proceed against the employer’s
unorganized competitor. After this proposal was
refused, the picket signs were changed to read:
“ To the public—please be advised Stan-Jay Auto
Parts does not employ members of nor has a con­
tract with any labor union, including Local 239,
I.B. of T.” At the outset of the picketing, the
union had notified the employer’s suppliers that
the company was being picketed and during the
entire picketing period no deliveries were made

1086
across the picket lines by outside carriers or
suppliers. This notice to the suppliers was not
withdrawn by the union even after the LMRA
amendments became effective.
On January 15, 1960, a district court granted a
temporary injunction against the picketing upon
a petition by the regional director of the NLRB.
The union’s argument to the Board was that
after November 13, 1960, the effective date of the
amendments, there was no violation of section
8(b)(7)(C) because that section is inapplicable to
peaceful picketing. The union further contended
that the 17-day period from November 13 to the
time when the complaint was issued was not a
“ reasonable time” within which to file the req­
uisite representation petition.5 The union also
asserted that information picketing cannot be
enjoined under the second proviso of section
8(b)(7)(C) unless its intended effect rather than
its actual effect is to induce employees of neutral
employers not to make deliveries. The union’s
final point was that in determining the union’s
objective in picketing, consideration could not be
given to events preceding November 13, 1960,
the date on which the LMRA amendments were
enacted.
The NLRB rejected all these arguments. The
Board stated that the union’s contention that
section 8(b)(7)(C) does not apply to peaceful
picketing was apparently based on the recent
holding by the Supreme Court in the C u r t i s 6
case. The Board pointed out that the Supreme
Court held in that case that the power of the Board
is limited to the authority to proceed only against
union tactics involving violence and intimidation.
However, the Board pointed out that the Court
was concerned only with the Board’s authority
with respect to section 8(b)(1)(A); it was not
speaking about section 8(b)(4) or 8(b)(7)(C).
In support of this contention, the Board noted
that the Court also stated in the C u r t i s case that
“ . . . Congress in the Taft-Hartley Act author­
ized the Board to regulate peaceful ‘recognitional’ picketing only when it is employed to
accomplish objectives specified in section 8(b)
(4) . . . . The Labor-Management Reporting
and Disclosure Act of 1959 . . . goes beyond the
Taft-Hartley Act to legislate a comprehensive
code governing organizational strikes and picket­
ing . . .; while proscribing peaceful organizational
strikes in many situations, it also establishes

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960

safeguards against the Board’s interference with
legitimate picketing activity. See section 8(b)
(7)(C).” The Board also cited legislative history
indicating that section 8(b)(7)(C) was designed
to prevent exactly the type of abuse of peaceful
picketing which was employed in the instant
case.7
The Board also asserted that the words “forcing
or requiring,” as used in section 8(b)(7), apply to
nonviolent as well as violent acts because these
words are also used in section 8(b)(4), and even
before the C u r t i s case the Supreme Court had
decided that the latter section outlawed peaceful
picketing for certain objectives.8 From this,
the Board concluded that section 8(b)(7)(C)
does prohibit peaceful picketing when its object
is one proscribed by that section.
The Board agreed with the trial examiner that
17 days after the effective date of the amendments
was a reasonable time within which to file a 9(c)
petition in view of the fact that the recognition
picketing had been in progress for almost 2 months
prior to that date.
In regard to the union’s distinction between the
“ intended” and the “ actual” effect of the picket­
ing upon the deliveries to the employer, the Board
stated that it knew of no qualifying words for
the word “ effect.” The Board indicated that
examination of the legislative history did not
disclose any qualifying words and on the contrary
showed “ any type of publicity, including picket­
ing, which has this effect [inducing employees of
others not to cross the picket line to make pickups
and deliveries and to perform services] is not
protected by the [second] proviso.” 9 Therefore,
the Board concluded that, even assuming for the
sake of argument that the picketing was informa­
tional, it was nevertheless unlawful, because it
had the effect of inducing the suppliers to ignore
the employer. According to the Board, this con­
clusion was borne out by the evidence, which
indicated that the union never withdrew its notice
to suppliers that the employer’s establishment was
being picketed.
5 See footnote 2.
6 N L R B v. Local 6S9, International Brotherhood of Teamsters, 362 U.S. 274.
See also M onthly Labor Review, May 1960, pp. 507-508.
7 See Legislative History of the Labor-Management Reporting and
Disclosure Act of 1959 (National Labor Relations Board, 1959), p. 1523.
* International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers v. N L R B , 341 U.S. 694,
701-703.
9
Legislative History of the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure
Act of 1959 (NLRB, 1959).

DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES

In disposing of the union’s final argument that
there could be no consideration of events predating
the enactment of the LMRDA in determining
the objectives of the picketing, the Board held
that the objectives in this case, both before and
after the act’s effective date, were the same:
recognition and organization. The Board indi­
cated that the union’s offer to the employer after
the act’s effective date made it clear that the
union’s objective had not changed after the
picketing amendments became law.
U n i o n S e c u r i t y A g r e e m e n t.
A U.S. court of
appeals denied 10 enforcement of an order of the
NLRB insofar as it prohibited an employer and
a union from executing a union security agree­
ment, because it required employees to abide by
the union’s constitution, which required its membeis to perform certain obligations in addition to
the mere payment of dues and initiation fees.
The safeguard against requiring employees to do
more than pay dues and fees should be asserted
at the time when such additional obligations are
actually pressed upon the employees.
The court also held, however, that the Board
order requiring both the employer and union to
reimburse the employees for the union dues and
fees paid in compliance with an unlawful unionsecurity agreement was enforceable, since the
court found that the employer helped to impose
the union upon the employees in violation of
sections 8(a) (1) and (2) of the LMRA and that
the union violated section 8(b)(1)(A) of the act
by forcing a majority of the employees to join
its organization. The court also held that the
finding of the Board that the employer violated
section 8(a)(3) of LMRA and the union, section
8(b)(2), in their execution of an unlawful unionsecurity contract was supported by the evidence.
During a union organizing campaign, an em­
ployer made no independent check on the union’s
claim that it represented a majority in the bar­
gaining unit and continued contract negotiations
10
N L R B v. Revere Metal A rt Co. and Local 5, United, Auto Workers (C.A. 2,
M ay 6, 1960). In its per curiam decision (C.A. 2, June 16, 1960) upon a peti­
tion for rehearing, the court asserted that section 8(a)(3) of the LMRA does
not forbid the execution of a union security contract because it does not
contain a clause expressly negating the right to discharge an employee for
noncompliance with obligations imposed by a union constitution. In effect,
the court announced that section 8(a)(3) did not prohibit the execution of
such a contract but did prohibit the union or employer from carrying out
that part of the contract which would require an employee to do more than
pay the appropriate dues and fees in order to retain his job under the union
security agreement.


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1087
while the union attempted to obtain more author­
ization cards from the employees.
When the union organizer came to the plant
to obtain additional signatures on authorization
cards, the plant foreman persuaded the organizer
to leave the authorization cards with him, and
the company president told the foreman to obtain
the card signatures but not to turn them over
to the organizer. On October 24, 1956, the
foreman obtained 24 signatures, about one-third
of which were duplicates of signatures formerly
obtained by the union. The foreman had two
employees at a time sent down to get their paychecks and sign the cards at the same time. The
foreman admitted that during this procedure
one employee was told that he had to join the
union or be fired.
The employer and the union executed a contract
containing a 30-day union security agreement.
However, the agreement required those who joined
the union under this contract to remain members
in good standing, which meant abiding by the
provisions of the union constitution, thus obli­
gating members beyond the mere payment of
union dues and initiation fees. Among other
requirements, the union constitution provided for
fines and expulsion for violation of the union
bylaws or constitution.
The Board affirmed the conclusion of the trial
examiner that the union had violated sections
8(b) (1)(A) and (2) of the act and the employer
sections 8(a) (1), (2), and (3). The Board ordered
the employer to cease recognizing the union and
performing under the contract unless or until the
union demonstrated that it represented the major­
ity through a Board election. It also directed the
union and employer to reimburse the employees
for any dues, initiation fees, or any other moneys
received under the contract. The Board went
further and forbade the employer or union to
execute a contract requiring employees to do
anything beyond paying dues and initiation fees
as a requirement for union membership under the
union-security provisions of section 8(a)(3) of the
LMRA.
In ruling upon the NLRB’s petition for enforce­
ment of its order, the court stated that the evidence
showed the union did not represent a majority of
the employees when it began to negotiate with the
employer or when it executed the contract. At
the beginning of negotiations, the court pointed

1088
out, only 18 out of 58 cards had been signed, and
the subsequent signatures obtained by the foreman
could not be counted since they were obtained in
clear violation of sections 8(a) (1) and (2) on the
employer’s part and of section 8(b)(1)(A) on the
union’s part. The court added, however, that it
was not necessary to determine whether these
sections condemn “the mere fact of the grant of
exclusive recognition to and the receipt of such
recognition by a union which had not been author­
ized by a majority . . . ” even though it conceded
that the Fifth Circuit regards this proposition as
“well settled.” 11 The court went on to point out
that the behavior of the foreman in obtaining the
signatures was coercion in the most literal sense
and therefore a violation by the employer of
sections 8(a) (1) and (2) of the LMRA.
With respect to the execution of the union
security agreement, the court maintained that the
employer violated section 8(a)(3) and the union,
section 8(b)(2), because such an agreement is per­
mitted under the LMRA “only when the labor
organization is ‘not established, maintained, or
assisted by any action defined in this subsection
as an unfair labor practice’ and when it ‘is repre­
sentative of the employees as provided in section
9(a). . . .’ ” Since neither of these requirements
was present in the instant case, the court con­
cluded that it was proper for the Board to strike
down the agreement and to require that the union
cease representing the employees until a Board
election would demonstrate a majority status.
The court also declined to interfere with the
Board order to reimburse the employees. The
court remarked that it had annulled reimburse­
ment orders in the past,12 but that annulment was
not automatic and that the validity of reimburse­
ment orders “ . . . necessarily depends upon the
peculiar circumstances of each particular case.” 13
In the L o c a l 2 8 2 case, there was no evidence that
the omission of the 30-day clause had any coercive
effect. Therefore, the Board’s reimbursement
order in that case was regarded as oppressive. In
the M o r r i s o n - K n u d s e n case, the reimbursement
order was directed solely against the employer
and only a few of the employees were affected.
For this and other reasons, the court pointed out,
the reimbursement order was annulled on the
ground that it was arbitrary. However, the
court held, in the instant case, a majority of the
employees were involved and, although the Board

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960

could have excluded from its reimbursement order
those employees who voluntarily signed the cards
before September, there was no abuse in discretion
on the Board’s part because the voluntary signers
might well have remained union members only
because they believed that the majority status was
lawfully acquired. The court reasoned that the
reimbursement order should be enforced because
the court could not assume the “impossible
administrative burden” of determining the attitude
of each employee.
The only part of the Board order which the
court refused to enforce was that which prohibited
the union and the employer from “ entering into,
maintaining, renewing, or enforcing any agree­
ment . . . which provides for obligations to the
union on the part of employees other than the
payment of initiation fees and dues as a condition
of employment.” The court held that execution
of a union security agreement is not ipso facto an
unfair labor practice if it obligates union member­
ship to abide by the union constitution (which
creates obligations other than the payment of
initiation fees and dues), unless the agreement
expressly negates any claim by the union of a
right to seek discrimination by the employer
against a member who fails to comply.
The court pointed out that the Board’s order
went beyond merely forbidding the union to
enforce constitutional provisions by a threat of
taking away an employee’s job if he did not com­
ply with them; it forbade the employer even to
enter into a contract with a union having a
constitution which imposed obligations above and
beyond the payment of initiation fees and dues
unless there was present in such a contract the
union’s promise that it would not seek discrimina­
tion if an employee failed to live up to those extra
obligations imposed by the union constitution and
bylaws. The court stated that section 8(a)(3) of
the LMRA simply prohibits an employer from
justifying his discrimination against an employee
if the basis of such discrimination is a denial of
union membership to an employee on some ground
other than the failure to tender periodic dues and
initiation fees. It does not seek to interfere with
the union’s power to prescribe its own rules and
ii
Dixie Bedding Manufacturing Co. v. N L R B , 268 F. 2d 901, 905.
ii Morrison-Knudsen Co. v. N L R B (O.A. 2, Mar. 2, 1960); and Local 282,
International Brotherhood of Teamsters v. N L R B (C.A. 2, Mar. 2, 1960).
is N L R B v. Adhesive Products Corp., 258 F. 2d 403, 409.

DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES

bylaws for the conduct of its internal affairs or to
prohibit the union from entering into a unionsecurity agreement merely because those internal
rules and bylaws require its members to do more
than tender the payment of dues and fees.
The court buttressed its interpretation by
stating that when Congress amended the Railway
Labor Act to permit union-security arrangements,
it specifically provided that no such agreement
should require as a condition of employment any
requirements in addition to the payment of the
appropriate dues and fees; but since then, Con­
gress amended section 8(a)(3) of the LMRA
twice, and on neither occasion did it choose to
adopt this language. Indeed, said the court,
when the Congress amended the LMRA in 1959,


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1089
it did not adopt the formula of the Railway Labor
Act for LMRA’s section 8(f), which validates
certain prehire agreements in the building and
construction industry, but provided only “that
nothing in this subsection shall set aside the
proviso to subsection (a)(3) of this section.”
The court concluded by stating that, in the
light of this legislative history, it was forced to
the conclusion that section 8(a)(3) of the LMRA
does not mean that a
. . union may not retain
such provisions in its constitution . . . unless in
the agreement . . . it expressly disclaims any
intention to enforce them as a condition of em­
ployment.” The court held that the safeguards of
8(a)(3) to the employee are postponed until the
discriminatory action is taken against him.

Chronology of
Recent Labor Events

August 3, 1960
A 26- day s t r i k e of the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen
against the Long Island Rail Road ended with the com­
pany’s agreement to the union’s demand for a 5-day ("in­
stead of a 6-day) workweek. The union agreed to forgo a
2J^-cent-an-hour wage increase (received in July) to cover
part of the cost of the settlement. Two days later, the
LIRR resumed operations after an agreement on a similar
workweek with the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen
and Enginemen. The strike had affected about 6,600
employees.
On August 12, the Trainmen reached a 3-year agreement
with the Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. for 300 employees of
the company-owned Monongahela Connecting Railroad,
ending a 3-day strike that had idled 12,700 other employees
and stopped operations at the company’s steelworks in
Pittsburgh.
T he U n ited R u b b e r W o rkers completed a round of

from $2.20 to $6.13 a day, $1.20-a-day retroactive pay for
the period of April 2 to October 1, 1959, establishment of
an employer-financed health and welfare fund, and higher
pay provisions for certain groups of employees.

August 9
A 63- day s t r i k e of production workers at the East Hart­
ford and Manchester, Conn., plants of the United Aircraft
Corp.’s Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Div. ended when the
employees, represented by the International Association
of Machinists, voted to accept the company’s offer of a
27-month contract providing immediate wage increases
of 7 to 12 cents an hour plus similar increases next January
and improvements in seniority, insurance, and the handling
of discharges. Workers at the company’s HamiltonStandard Div. plants in Windsor Locks and Broad Brook,
Conn., had ratified a similar contract, to run for 20 months,
on August 8. The two agreements covered about 20,800
employees.
T h e National Labor Relations Board declared that hence­
forth it would assume jurisdiction in cases involving
integrated enterprises with both retail and nonretail
operations if the enterprises meet either retail or nonretail
jurisdictional standards of the Board. The instant case,
M an Products, Inc. and Local 1922, International Brother­
hood of Electrical Workers, involved a manufacturing
concern which also sold its products at retail.

August 12

wage-reopener settlements with the industry’s Big Four by
reaching an agreement with the U.S. Rubber Co. providing
for a 9)i- to 10-cent-an-hour general pay raise for 22,800
workers. The union had settled on similar terms with the
B. F. Goodrich Co. on August 1 and with the other two
companies on July 30 (see Chron. item for July 30, 1960,
MLR, Sept. 1960).
On August 15, after a 2-day strike, the United Auto
Workers negotiated a similar settlement with the Good­
year Aircraft Corp. for about 2,300 employees.

A 2 - y e a r a g r e e m e n t was reached by the Machinists and
the Boeing Airplane Co. for 40,000 workers at company
installations on the West Coast and in Kansas, New York,
and Florida. The terms, subsequently ratified by union
members, included hourly wage increases of 5.5 to 9.5
cents (retroactive to various dates depending on location)
plus 4.5 to 8.0 cents in August 1961, additional raises for
the four highest labor grades at remote places, and a new
type of fund covering severance pay, vacations, and sick
leave. (See also p. 1092 of this issue.)

August 4

August 13

T h e New York City Budget Director announced an agree­

R adio C o r p . and the Independent Radionic
Workers of America reached a wage-reopener settlement
calling for increases of 6 to 9 cents an hour, retroactive to
July 18. The agreement was preceded by a 4-day strike
that idled 6,000 workers at the company’s Chicago plant.

ment with the Uniformed Sanitation Men’s Association
providing for a package increase averaging $450 a year for
9,000 sanitation workers, who had recently staged a 2-day
work stoppage. The terms included a $191-a-year pay
raise retroactive to July 1, a similar raise on January 1,
1961, an increase from 50 to 62.5 percent in the city’s con­
tribution to the employees’ pension fund, and time-and-ahalf pay for holiday work.

August 7
T h e Screen Extras Guild and the Association of Motion

Picture Producers reached agreement in Hollywood on a
contract for film “extras.” The contract, to run until
June 30, 1964, called for general pay increases ranging
1090

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Z e n it h

August 15
A t i t s q u a r t e r l y m e e t i n g in Chicago, the AFL-CIO
Executive Council launched a drive to encourage union
members to register and vote in the forthcoming national
election. Other actions included a call for a consumer
boycott of Sears, Roebuck & Co. for alleged antiunion
policies, and the establishment of an Investment Advisory
Department to guide and assist affiliated unions in invest­
ing reserves of their benefit funds in government-guaranteed

1091

CHRONOLOGY OF LABOR EVENTS
housing mortgages. Action on the International Long­
shoremen’s defiance of an earlier Council order to cease
activities in the Dominican Republic was delayed.
On August 26, the Federation’s General Board, meeting
in Washington, endorsed the Democratic candidates for
President and Vice President and called upon union
membership to give them “full and unstinting” support.
T h e Weyerhaeuser Co. signed a pension agreement with
six West Coast locals of the Pulp, Sulphite and Paper Mill
Workers and the United Papermakers and Paperworkers
which (for workers retiring after January 1, 1960) raised
pension benefits and changed the formula for calculating
benefits to eliminate the deduction of one-half of social
security benefits from the company pension.

August 16
A F e d e r a l c o u r t in New York City sentenced Harold
Gross, former president of Miami Teamsters Local 320, to
3 years in jail for evading $3,428 in taxes on 1954-55 pay­
offs to insure labor peace while he was employed as fore­
man of the shipping department of Neo Gravure Printing
Co. of Weehawken, N.J. Mr. Gross’ conviction resulted
from a retrial that followed the reversal of a previous con­
viction and a 5-year jail sentence (see Chron. item for
Jan. 15, 1960, MLR, Mar. 1960).

August 18
h e International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s
Union agreed to extend for 1 year (to February 1, 1961) its
present contract covering 6,700 employees of seven
Hawaiian pineapple companies, in return for wage in­
creases of 10 to 15 cents an hour and other improvements.

T

August 19
T h e N a t i o n ’s r a il r o a d s reached a settlement of their
prolonged wage dispute with 11 unions representing
550,000 nonoperating employees. The agreement, pat­
terned on the recommendations of a Presidential Emer­
gency Board, included a wage increase of 5 cents an hour
retroactive to July 1 and fringe benefits estimated by
a management spokesman to cost about 6 cents an hour.
(See also p. 1092 of this issue.)

A F e d e r a l g r a n d j u r y in New York City indicted a
former business agent of the Queens and Long Island
Department of the International Ladies’ Garment Work­
ers, Irving Tolub, and a former garment manufacturer,
Benjamin Levine, on charges of conspiring to extort
money from Bass, Levine & Bass (a company with which
Levine had been associated) by threatening it with labor
troubles. In a separate indictment, Tolub was charged
with extorting $1,250 from the company’s successor, BassFeit, Inc., between August and October of 1955 and with
subsequent attempts to collect $200-a-week payoffs from
the firm.


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August 21
A n n o u n c e m e n t was made of an arbitration board ruling
requiring Eastern Airlines to provide flight engineer
training to jet pilots who request it. Federal aviation
rules require that jet pilots have “functional familiarity”
with the flight engineer’s job. The trainees will not be
paid for the time spent in training, nor will the company
provide the necessary aircraft, as the Air Line Pilots As­
sociation had demanded.

August 24
h e International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ general
executive board, meeting at Unity House, Pa., voted to
establish an industrywide severance fund, to be known as
Supplementary Unemployment Benefits Fund, in line
with its policy of merging local and area benefit funds
(see Chron. item for Jan. 28, 1960, MLR, March 1960).
The fund, which will pool reserves of $10 million in 70 local
and area funds to which employers under contract contrib­
ute 1 percent of payrolls, will be administered by a board
of trustees on which union and management will be equally
represented.

T

August 26
T h e NLRB found that the Kohler Co. had failed to bargain
in good faith with the United Auto Workers by com­
mitting a series of unfair labor practices after a 54-day
shutdown following a strike at the company’s plumbing
fixture plant at Kohler, Wis., which began April 5, 1954.
It ordered the company to bargain in good faith and to
rehire the strikers who apply and who had not been per­
manently replaced prior to June 1, 1954 (when the com­
pany gave a unilateral wage raise), except the 77 workers
lawfully discharged for misconduct on the picket lines.
(See also p. 1096 of this issue.)

L o n g s h o r e m e n in Los Angeles and Long Beach resumed
unloading cargo ships following settlement of a workrules dispute between the International Longshoremen’s
and Warehousemen’s Union and the Pacific Maritime
Association that had tied up the ports since August
12. By the settlement, the employers will continue
to use standard-size gangs for handling containerized
cargo, and the union agreed to add 300 more inexperienced
(Class B) longshoremen to its present membership of
3,500 as a means of eliminating the shortage of cargo
handlers in the Los Angeles area.

August 27
N e w Y o r k C i t y local trucking firms reached a settlement
with three Teamster locals representing 11,000 workers
which provided a package increase of 28 cents an hour
over the life of the 2-year contract. (See also p. 1093 of
this issue.)

Developments in
Industrial Relations*
Wages and Collective Bargaining

The Nation’s major railroads and
11 nonoperating rail industry unions, representing
about 550,000 workers, settled their 15-month-old
wage dispute on August 19, 1960, when they agreed
upon a 5-cent-an-hour pay raise retroactive to
July 1, 1960, and improved fringe benefits. The
agreement followed recommendations of a Presi­
dential Emergency Board announced on June 8.1
The settlement incorporated into base rates the
previously accumulated 17-cent-an-hour cost-ofliving allowance and discontinued future escala­
tion. Fringe benefit improvements were esti­
mated by management spokesmen to cost 6 cents
an hour. Health and welfare benefit changes—ef­
fective March 1, 1961—provided for a companypaid $4,000 life insurance policy for employees and
equalization of dependents’ hospital, medical, and
surgical benefits with those for employees. Other
improvements—some effective immediately and
others in 1961—included 2 weeks’ vacation after
3 instead of 5 years’ service and liberalized
holiday pay.
A strike of 20,000 other nonoperating employees
represented by the Transport Workers Union and
System Federation 152, which is composed of
members of the International Association of
Machinists, Sheet Metal Workers, and Boiler­
makers, shut down the Pennsylvania Railroad,
the Nation’s largest rail carrier, on September 1,
after more than 3 years of negotiations. Among
the primary issues in the strike—reportedly the
first complete closedown in the line’s 114-year
history—were managerial rights and the unions’
demand that management stop assigning men
outside their primary job classifications and
discontinue outside contracting of maintenance
and construction work.
R a ilr o a d s .

In mid-August, the Boeing Airplane
Co. and the International Association of Machin­
ists, representing about 40,000 workers, agreed

A ir c r a ft.

1092


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upon a 2-year contract covering installations in
Seattle and Moses Lake, Wash., Wichita, Kans.,
Edwards Air Force Base, Calif., Long Island, N.Y.,
and Cape Canaveral, Fla. Unlike most of the
contracts reached in June and July with other
major West Coast aircraft producers,2 the Boeing
contract called for immediate wage increases
ranging from 5.5 to 9.5 cents an hour (retroactive
to various dates depending upon location), and
4.5 to 8.0 cents more in August 1961. The new
contract, like the previous one, did not contain
any cost-of-living provision. Additional wage
increases were included for employees in the four
highest labor grades at remote locations, mainly
test sites.
Like other recent industry-area contracts, the
Boeing contract included a severance pay provi­
sion. It was incorporated with the vacation and
sick leave program in which employees with less
than 10 years’ service will receive credit for 1
hour’s pay for each 17 hours worked, and those
with more seniority will accumulate 1 hour for
each 14 hours worked. The first 40 hours credited
to an employee each year under this program are
to be assigned to an account which can accumulate
up to a maximum of 200 hours and can be used
for sick leave or as severance pay. The balance
of an employee’s credits are to be used each year
for vacation. Contract improvements were also
made in health and welfare provisions and in per
diem pay and insurance for employees at remote
locations.
Several other agreements reached in the West
Coast aircraft missile industry were patterned
after the 2-year contracts at North American,
Douglas, Convair, and Lockheed. They included
7-cent-an-hour pay raises (either in two install­
ments or all in 1961), extension of layoff benefit
plans, and improvements in the insurance benefits.
Among the companies affected were Rohr Aircraft,
with about 6,000 employees, and Ryan Aeronauti­
cal Co., with 2,400 employees.
A union shop clause—apparently in lieu of
extended layoff benefits and other fringe improve­
ments—was a new feature of the 3-year contracts
between Solar Aircraft Corp. and three unions—
the Machinists, the International Brotherhood of
Electrical Workers, and the United Aircraft
•Prepared in the Division of Wages and Industrial Relations, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, on the basis of currently available published material.
1 See M onthly Labor Review, August 1960, p. 860.
2 See Monthly Labor Review, August 1960, pp. 860-861.

1093

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

Welders (Ind.). The contracts call for a 4-centan-hour raise in 1961 and a wage reopener the
following year, and they continued the cost-ofliving escalator clause. The Machinists and the
Automobile Workers had failed to get a union shop
in agreements with major producers during this
year’s negotiations.
Members of the Machinists voted on August 8
and 9 to end work stoppages at four of United
Aircraft’s seven Connecticut plants—the Hamil­
ton-Standard Division plants in Windsor Locks
and Broad Brook, and Pratt and Whitney Division
plants in East Hartford and Manchester. Terms
of the settlement ending the walkouts reportedly
included improved seniority provisions (which,
with other employment security matters, were
major issues in the dispute) and raises of 7 to 12
cents an hour immediately and again in January
1961.
(The Pratt and Whitney agreement
incorporated identical wage increases unilaterally
put into effect by the company in January 1960.)
A strike at the firm’s North Haven plant had
been settled on July 13, 1960. On September
4, UAW members at two Sikorsky Division plants
voted 1,067 to 329 to return to work without a
contract.
Three-year contracts negotiated by the
International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union
with the Lingerie Manufacturers Association, the
Negligee Manufacturers Association, the United
Underwear Contractors’ Association, and the
Allied Underwear Association included pay in­
creases and fringe benefit improvements. The 5percent increase—the first general raise since
September 1958—went into effect August 1, 1960,
and covered all 18,000 workers except cutters,
who received a $5-a-week raise. Other contract
provisions called for an increase in the minimum
wage to $1.20 an hour, with the proviso that if the
Federal minimum wage is increased, the contract
m i n i m u m will be raised at least 15 cents higher;
increased employer payments to the union’s
retirement fund; and beginning in 1961, an addi­
tional paid holiday (Thanksgiving Day) and time
and one-half pay after 7 instead of 7% hours a day.
The Empire State Cloth Hat and Cap Associa­
tion and the Hatters, Cap and Millinery Workers
Union agreed upon a $3-a-week across-the-board
pay raise and additional increases for blockers and
cutters earning less than $80 a week to bring their

A p p a r e l.

564811— 60------ 6


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earnings up to that level. The settlement, ratified
by union members on July 28, also included in­
creased employer contributions to the retirement
and vacation funds beginning in 1961 and pro­
vided a wage reopener in July 1961.
O th e r M a n u f a c t u r i n g .
In late July, the Stromberg-Carlson Division of General Dynamics Corp.
and the Rochester (N.Y.) Independent Workers
agreed upon an 8-cent-an-hour pay raise, retroactive
to July 5,1960. The increase, affecting about 5,000
production and office employees, was negotiated
under a wage reopening clause of a 2-year contract.
A 4-day strike at Zenith Radio Corp. by mem­
bers of the Independent Radionic Workers of
America ended on August 13, when the parties
agreed to wage increases ranging from 6 to 9 cents
an hour. The increases, retroactive to July 18,
were negotiated under a wage reopening clause of
a contract expiring June 30, 1962. About 6,000
workers at the company’s four Chicago plants
were idled by the dispute.
Agreement to end a work stoppage of 3,000
production employees of Johns-Man ville Products
Corp. at Man ville, N.J., which had begun on
August 2, 1960, was reached late in August with
the United Papermakers and Paperworkers Union.
The 2-year contract called for a 10-cent-an-hour
pay raise this year and an additional 8-cent in­
crease in 1961.

Three Teamster locals and
local trucking concerns in the New York City
area tentatively agreed on August 27 upon a
package increase of 28 cents an hour spread over
a 2-year period for 11,000 truckdrivers. The
agreement, subject to ratification by union mem­
bers, gave them the option to decide whether to
use all of the package for wages or to divide it
between wages and fringe benefits.
Meanwhile, negotiations continued on an area­
wide agreement for 50,000 over-the-road drivers
employed by firms in an area between Trenton,
N.J., and Poughkeepsie, N.Y. (The three New
York City Teamster locals had refused to par­
ticipate in these talks.) The long-distance drivers
were demanding a package raise of 75 cents
an hour.
The Sanitation Department of New York City
agreed on August 4 to a package averaging $450
a year for 9,000 members of the Uniformed Sani­
tation Men’s Association (affiliated with the
N o n m a n u fa c tu r in g .

1094

International Brotherhood of Teamsters). Under
the agreement, two raises of $191 a year are to
go into effect, one retroactive to July 1, 1960, and
the other on January 1, 1961. In addition, the
city agreed to increase its share of contributions
to the union pension fund from 40 to 62.5 percent
(thus raising workers’ take-home pay by an aver­
age $135 a year) and to pay time and one-half for
work on holidays.
Three-year contracts for more than 25,000
employees of two Bell System telephone companies
were agreed to in early August. Both contracts
called for wage increases, and pension, vacation,
and group life insurance as well as a major medical
health insurance plan similar to those negotiated
earlier this year by Northwestern Bell Telephone
Co.3 The latest contracts cover about 15,000
plant and traffic department employees of the
Mountain States Telephone and Telegraph Co.,
represented by the Communications Workers of
America, and 11,000 plant department workers
of the Bell Telephone Co. of Pennsylvania, rep­
resented by the independent Federation of
Telephone Workers.
Agreement on wage increases, retroactive to
August 1, of $5.50 and $6.50 a week for full-time
employees of Loblaw supermarkets in Pennsyl­
vania and western New York, was announced on
August 11 by the Amalgamated Meat Cutters
union. Part-time employees received a 10-centan-hour raise. Other provisions of the 18-month
contract—affecting a total of about 3,000 work­
ers—included additional wage increases of $2 and
$2.50 a week (5 cents an hour for part-time
workers) on May 1, 1961, a seventh paid “ per­
sonal” holiday, and improved company-paid hos­
pital and surgical insurance benefits.
The 86th Congress was unable
to agree upon legislation to amend the Fair Labor
Standards Act by raising the minimum wage and
extending coverage to additional groups of work­
ers. Bills passed by the Senate and House died
in conference committee as the session ended on
September 1. The House version would have
raised the current $1-an-hour minimum to $1.15,
and covered an additional 1.4 million workers
(assuming correction of a drafting error that
would have removed coverage for about 700,000
currently under regulation). The Senate meas­
ure would have raised the minimum to $1.25 in
M in im u m Wage.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960

three annual steps and extended coverage to 4
million additional workers.
Union Developments

The August meetings of the Execu­
tive Council and the General Board—the two
major policy making bodies of the AFL-CIO—
centered on the national election in November.
On August 17, the Council, meeting in Chicago
at its regular quarterly session, approved a plan
to spend $500,000 in a voter registration drive.
The program is to be financed by voluntary con­
tributions from each affiliated union on the basis
of 5 cents for each member. AFL-CIO President
George Meany said that funds would be available
immediately and that the Federation would make
up the difference should affiliated unions fail to
raise the full amount. The drive was to be non­
partisan, but Mr. Meany said that at least 75
percent of union members who registered “ would
vote consistently with the policies of the trade
union movement in regard to congressional
candidates and others, and vote on the basis of
their records on legislation in which we are
interested.”
On August 26, the Federation’s General Board,
consisting of a principal officer from each affiliated
national union and department and all members
of the Executive Council, formally endorsed the
Democratic national ticket of Senators John F.
Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. The board
urged all AFL-CIO members to give “ full and
unstinting support” to the Democratic ticket,
basing the plea on the “ sharp and clear” contrast
between the platforms, records, and candidates of
the Democratic and Republican parties. Mr.
Meany said the board endorsed the KennedyJohnson ticket with only one dissenting vote, cast
by A. Philip Randolph, president of the Brother­
hood of Sleeping Car Porters. Mr. Randolph had
argued that labor could not work effectively in a
two-party system and had urged the formation of
a labor party.
In other actions, the Executive Council urged
a nationwide consumer boycott of Sears, Roebuck
& Co., in retaliation for what was described as
the retail and mail order firm’s “ aggressive war
against unions,” appropriated an additional
$100,000 (for a total of $262,000) for the AgriA F L -C IO .

3 See M onthly Labor Review, June 1960, p. 632.

1095

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

cultural Workers Organizing Committee’s drive
to organize farm workers in the San Joaquin
Valley in California, and set up a special Depart­
ment of Investment to guide and encourage the
investment of reserves of union-administered pen­
sion, welfare, and other funds in housing mort­
gages insured and guaranteed by the government.
This investment program—formulated by a sub­
committee established at the Council’s May
meeting 4—is intended to increase the returns on
investments as well as to stimulate more and
better housing and provide jobs for construction
and related workers by making loans without dis­
counts. The Council declared that mortgage
discounting had “ raised effective rates to usurious
levels in many areas.”
E n t e r t a i n m e n t . Resolutions endorsed at the 45th
biennial convention of the International Alliance
of Theatrical Stage Employes and Moving Picture
Machine Operators Union dealt with problems of
foreign competition and what the union described
as “runaway” film production. To curb produc­
tion of American films in foreign countries, the
union called for Government subsidies to inde­
pendent producers of films made entirely within
the United States and for restrictions on income
tax exemptions for U.S. citizens living abroad.
The present law exempts persons who have lived
abroad for more than 18 months; the union has
argued that the limit should be increased to 10
years for people in the entertainment industry.
In other convention developments, delegates
reelected President Richard F. Walsh for a 2-year
term, urged that theater employees be covered by
the federal minimum wage, and approved a pen­
sion plan for their international officers.
A p p a r e l.
The International Ladies’ Garment
Workers’ Union on August 24 announced it had
set up a national severance pay fund, as part of
its program of merging local or area union benefit
funds (as it did with its pension program earlier 5).
The new fund—known as the Supplementary Un­
employment Benefits Fund—pools the resources
of 70 local market and area funds, financed by
* See M onthly
s See Monthly
6 See M onthly
7 See Monthly
8 See Monthly

Laber
Labor
Labor
Labor
Labor

Review, July 1960, p. 738.
Review, April 1960, p. 404.
Review, March 1958, p. 300.
Review, July 1960, p. 740.
Review, September 1960, pp. 981-982.


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employer contributions amounting to 1 percent of
payrolls. The fund is to be administered by a
board of 40 trustees, representing the union and
employers equally.
T e a m s te r s .
Differences between the Teamsters
union and its court-appointed board of monitors
continued during August, highlighted by the ap­
pointment of a former FBI agent to act as chair­
man of the monitor board. On August 23, Federal
District Court Judge F. Dickinson Letts, who has
been overseeing the monitor board established
more than 2% years ago,6 announced he had re­
quested Terence F. McShane to take over chair­
manship of the board, vacated last July by Martin
F. O’Donoghue. Mr. McShane had served briefly
as a member of the monitors but had been re­
moved by action of the U.S. Court of Appeals for
the District of Columbia, following the union’s
protest that his appointment had not followed
proper procedures.7 Mr. McShane’s appointment
as chairman was at least temporarily stayed a few
days later when the court of appeals requested
Judge Letts to postpone the appointment pending
a hearing on union charges that the nominee was
biased. The union had nominated Plato E. Papps,
counsel of the International Association of Ma­
chinists.

In Washington, D.C., a Federal
district court judge issued a temporary injunction
ordering the Bakery and Confectionery Workers
Union (Ind.) to reinstate four officers of the inter­
national union who, in July, had filed damage suits
against the union protesting their dismissal.8 The
injunction also prohibited the union’s executive
board from holding scheduled trials of two of the
administration’s opponents and barred the union
from discharging or disciplining anyone for sup­
porting legal action seeking the ouster of BCW
President James G. Cross. The union had main­
tained the dismissals were for economy reasons.
B a k e ry W orkers.

Labor Management Relations

At a dinner given in his honor on August 20,
1960, by Roosevelt University in Chicago, Arthur
J. Goldberg suggested that an agency consisting
of labor, management, and public representatives
be established to study and recommend programs
“to encourage the Nation’s economic growth and

1096
health, and to advance both our business enter­
prise and our labor movement.” Mr. Goldberg,
among other duties, is special counsel of the AFLCIO, and a general counsel of the United Steel­
workers union. The labor lawyer emphasized
that he spoke only for himself and said the pro­
posed council should not have “any political or
legislative functions, [nor] interfere with our
established and tried methods of collective bar­
gaining.” Rather, he said, it should serve to
“restore that sense of common purpose which we
had during the war” and which is needed in the
face of current international tensions and accel­
erated technological advances. The council would
have a permanent role, akin to cabinet status, and
would advise and recommend programs to the
President for submission to Congress. Mr. Gold­
berg suggested that the labor-management con­
ference (a so-called “summit” group of labor and
management officials set up earlier this year to
discuss problems of mutual interest9) recommend
his proposal to the next administration.
A w a r d s a n d D e c is io n s .
The National Labor
Relations Board on August 26, 1960, upheld in
the main a 1957 trial examiner’s finding10 that the
Kohler Co. was guilty of unfair labor practices
following resumption of operations after the first
54 days of a strike by the United Auto Workers,
which began April 5, 1954. The Board held that
the company had converted an economic strike to
an unfair labor practice strike on June 1, 195U by
a unilateral wage increase to nonstrikers and had
unlawfully discharged approximately 1,700 strikers
since that time. The NLRB ordered the com­
pany to rehire all but 77 workers (who the Board
said engaged in strike misconduct and were
lawfully fired) upon application for reemployment
and to bargain with the union in good faith. The
Board rejected the union’s contention that the
company provoked the strike on April 5, 1954, by
unfair practices and said the strike was due
simply to “failure of the parties to reach a con­
tract.” The company petitioned the U.S. Circuit
Court of Appeals in Chicago to review the Board’s
finding: although the union hailed the NLRB
decision as a victory, it also appealed to the U.S.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960

Court of Appeals in the District of Columbia for
reinstatement of the strikers excluded from the
rehiring order. Both parties to the dispute said
they expected the litigation to take a long time;
“meanwhile,” said Lyman C. Conger, vice presi­
dent of the company, “there will be no rehiring
under the Board order.”
On August 10, 1960, New York State Supreme
Court Judge Arthur G. Klein upheld an arbitration
award that ordered a “runaway” New York City
clothing manufacturer to reopen his plant and
pay about $200,000 in damages to 300 former
employees represented by the Amalgamated
Clothing Workers of America. The firm, Hickory
Clothes, Inc., was party to a multiemployer
agreement containing a clause forbidding signatory
companies to move out of the area without union
consent. Hickory Clothes had moved equipment
and unfinished garments from its New York City
factory to Coffeesville, Miss., last May. Jack
Meilman, president of the company, said he would
appeal the decision, reportedly on the grounds
that the arbitrator had exceeded his jurisdiction
by ruling on a contract that did not take effect
until after he (Meilman) left town and that he
personally was not subject to the agreement.
The union’s contention, supported by the arbi­
trator and the court, was that the manufacturer
was bound by the agreement, which went into
effect June 1, 1960, and which he, as a director
of the association, was negotiating when he moved.
In a similar case, a Federal district court judge
in Detroit affirmed the validity of a job security
clause in a United Automobile Workers’ contract
aimed at job protection in the event of plant
transfer. A court order directed the Crescent
Brass and Pin Co. to offer all of its employees
jobs at its proposed Americus, Ga., plant under
wages and working conditions of the Detroit
contract. The dispute arose when the company
announced its intention to transfer operations to
Georgia in the wake of a grievance strike. The
firm had offered its workers jobs at the proposed
site, but at wage rates prevailing in the Americus
area.
9 See M onthly Labor Review, June 1960, p. 634.
10 See Monthly Labor Review, December 1957, p. 1502.

Book Reviews
and Notes
E ditor’s N ote.—
s e c tio n
does

L i s t i n g o f a 'p u b lic a tio n i n th is

is f o r record a n d

not

c o n s titu te

an

r e fe r e n c e

en dorsem en t

o n ly

and

o f p o in t

o f v ie w o r a d v o c a c y o f u se.

Special Reviews
W a g e s a n d E a r n i n g s i n th e

U n i t e d S ta te s ,

1860—

By Clarence D. Long. New York,
National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.,
1960. 169 pp. (General Series, 67.) $4,
Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
Professor Long’s reevaluation of the wage and
price data of 1860 to 1890 fills a rather serious
gap. That is true despite the fact that much use
had already been made of the same sources,
especially for constructing indexes of wages and
prices. Some earlier students even arrived at
estimates of overall changes in wages similar to
those now published, such as the figure of the rise,
between 1860 and 1890, of 60 percent in the real
hourly wage in manufacturing.
The study, however, has claims to distinction
other than the new and refined estimates of overall
changes in wages. For one thing, the author
computes wages in dollars and cents as well as
giving trends in the form of indexes. His analysis,
in his own words, “enables us to study the absolute
wage level, the absolute variations in wages over
time, and the structure of wages among different
occupations, industries, regions, or type of worker
at any given time.” He has also refined the
methods for getting at data comparable over the
three decades, for testing the reliability of the
data, and for combining separate items into
weighted averages.
Not the least important contribution is in the
extremely difficult area of cost of living. The
new index for 1860 to 1880 was constructed by
Ethel D. Hoover of the Bureau of Labor Statistics,
U.S. Department of Labor; the portion of 1880 to
1890, by Professor Long. The volume includes a
chapter on annual earnings, one on wages by
1890.


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industry and region, and another on wages by
occupational and individual characteristics.
Various explanations and conclusions are ven­
tured. For example, some of the answers to basic
economic questions, such as the incidence of
income as affected by productivity, rest on prob­
lematical data, as the author himself points out.
Appendix tables give in short space a remark­
able amount of apparently well-digested data from
the sources. There are also generally usable
descriptions and evaluations of the sources—the
Aldrich Committee report (Wholesale Prices,
Wages, and Transportation); the Joseph D. Weeks
report (Vol. XX, 1880 Census); Bulletin 18
(Wages in the United States and Europe, 1870 to
1898) of the Department of Labor, designation at
that time of the Bureau of Labor Statistics; and
a number of others.
Those voluminous reports provide sources for
further study of the period. In respect to the
trends of wages and prices, however, no one
in this generation is likely to find it worthwhile to
go beyond the volume under review. Generaliza­
tions derived from the data, even as now refined,
are necessarily approximations. It is well to recall,
however, in connection with the limitations of the
sources, that Carroll D. Wright and others who
collected and compiled the information were pio­
neers on what was then the new frontier of social
statistics, and that they were dealing with a period
of unusual fluctuations and tumultuous change.
•— W itt B owden
Washington, D.C.
The

W a g e - P r ic e

Issu e—A

T h e o r e tic a l

A n a ly s is .

By William G. Bowen. Princeton, N.J.,
Princeton University Press, 1960. 447 pp.
$8.50.
Theories of inflation that emphasize cost rather
than demand factors are largely postwar phe­
nomena. Their development reflects profound
changes in the institutional structure of the
economy, notably the spread of trade union
organization and a decisive alteration in the role
of government. They also represent, of course,
interpretations of the observed behavior of price
and wage levels during a period of generally
high employment.
As the title of his book suggests, Professor
Bowen seeks to deal only with the theoretical
aspects of the “cost-push” view of the inflationary
1097

1098
process. He is concerned neither with the em­
pirical testing of theory nor, except tangentially,
with policy prescription. His investigation is
carried on within the framework of the “dilemma
model” of inflationary behavior. Under this
model, crudely stated, unions obtain wage in­
creases in excess of the general rise in productivity;
the consequent increases in cost result in higher
product prices; the monetary authorities are
then faced with a dilemma: to validate the
higher level of costs and prices through an elastic
monetary policy, thus setting the stage for another
inflationary round, or, by preventing the monetary
supply from expanding, to permit unemployment
to develop in the expectation that price stability
can thus be achieved. The general conclusion
drawn from this model is that free collective
bargaining, stable prices, and full employment
are incompatible.
Bowen’s analysis divides itself according to the
major postulates of the dilemma model. He
first presents a detailed account of the factors
affecting wage determination in union and non­
union situations. This is followed by consider­
ation of the impact of wage adjustments on costs
and on cost-demand-price relationships. He then
turns to the problem of aggregate demand and
the role of the monetary-fiscal authorities. His
discussion of wage and price formation deals
basically with factors affecting the decisions of
individual firms and industries, although the
translation of these decisions into general wage
and price levels is not neglected. This treatment
represents a welcome corrective to the excessive
preoccupation in this area with purely aggregative
analysis. Bowen makes extensive use of the
literature of the past two decades on wage and
price determination, inflation, and monetary
experience and policy.
This book contains the most detailed and
consistent analysis that the reviewer is aware of
concerning the underlying assumptions of the
wage-push theory. It represents a contribution
toward understanding of a most complicated and
important problem. Although eminently read­
able, it is marred in places by a strong tendency
to state the obvious; for example, we are told
that where union contract escalator clauses exist,
“we can be quite sure that there will be a con­
nection between changes in the cost of living and
wages.”

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960

Although there is undoubtedly room for dis­
agreement at many specific points, the major
question arises in considering the fate of the
“dilemma model.” Professor Bowen would prob­
ably agree that it has not been entirely blown
away by his critical analysis. Inflation is com­
plex, and cause and effect are difficult to unravel.
The great historic inflations have come mainly
from the side of demand—usually in conjunction
with war. In time of peace, lesser inflations can
have diverse origins. In modern democracies,
strong upward forces do impinge on the cost
structure, and there is pressure to accommodate
them by monetary policy. But any particular
inflationary movement can be initiated from the
side of demand by, for example, an investment
boom or from government failure (when the
economy is operating at a high level) to balance
accounts. This lack of sharp dichotomy between
demand and cost factors does not make the
reconciliation of reasonable price stability with
high-level employment any easier to achieve.
—H. M. D o u ty
Chief, Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Tradition and Regional Progress. By
William H. Nicholls. Chapel Hill, N.C.,
University of North Carolina Press, 1960.
202 pp., bibliography. $5.
When prominent businessmen in the Union of
South Africa complained to their Government that
laws reserving certain jobs to whites were un­
economic, they were told that the problem was
social rather than economic. Apparently the
Government had made its choice: Uneconomic
or not, white workers must have their jobs pro­
tected. Professor Nicholls’ thesis is that the
South has been unwilling to face up to any such
decision and instead has been talking economic
development but at the same time saying and
doing things that hinder such development. The
South must decide whether it wants southern
tradition or regional progress, he says, and then
proceeds to prove that it’s impossible to have
both.
The author, a native southerner who is now
chairman of the economics department at Vander­
bilt University, clearly and interestingly describes
and analyzes the traditions which keep the South
Southern

1099

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

from making the progress it should. Five such sit­
uations are presented: The persistence of agrarian
values, the rigidity of the social structure, the
undemocratic political structure, the weakness of
social responsibility, and conformity of thought
and behavior. Throughout all of these areas of
tradition runs the problem of race, and the author
suggests that the southern white must be ‘‘emanci­
pated from the Negro” if regional progress is to
be had. For example, the undemocratic political
structure which keeps southern cities so poorly
represented in the State legislatures means that
cities such as Atlanta may have to close their
schools because the rural Georgians think they can
defy the desegregation ruling of the Supreme
Court of the United States. And weaknesses of
social responsibility has meant that the closing of
public schools—for example, in Prince Edward
County, Va.—was not considered too much of a
tragedy. Or, the demand for conformity in ideas
has produced a strange quietness about integration
problems among southern educational, religious,
and political leaders. This book shows, of course,
that there are still intellectuals who are true to
the ideas of Jefferson.
But Nicholls is an eminent economist and he
uses his tools of analysis to show that even if the
South decides on progress rather than tradition,
there must be changes and improvements in
national and State policy if the area is to progress.
The South must encourage industrial development,
facilitate outmigration, and expand supervised
farm credit in low-income rural areas. “Anything
short of such a three-pronged attack on rural
poverty,” he concludes, “will almost surely be
wholly insufficient and inadequate.”
This challenging book is packed full of facts,
arguments, and well-reasoned conclusions. Ask­
ing people to make choices is never popular,
particularly if one of the choices is to lay aside
traditional attitudes toward social and political
matters. Is it a fact that the majority of south­
erners “want a s th e ir f o r e m o s t o b je c tiv e to achieve
higher per capita incomes?” Professor Nicholls
confesses he does not know; but if they do, I
believe they would do well not only to read but
also to heed his words.
—F rank T. de V yver
Chairman, Department of Economics and
Business Administration
Duke University

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The

Two

C u ltu r e s a n d

th e S c i e n t i f i c

R e v o l u ti o n .

By C. P. Snow. New York, Cambridge
University Press, 1959. 58 pp. $1.75.
Snow notes a gulf of mutual incomprehension
between literary intellectuals and scientists, and
urges a bringing together of the two cultures—the
literary and the scientific. He underscores the
importance of doing this to make far more rapid
use of the scientific revolution and its technological
advances in improving the material conditions of
the poor countries. He marks the scientific
revolution as beginning when atomic particles
were put to industrial use, opening up electronic
and atomic development. He states that in­
dustrialization is the only hope of the poor, and
that the rate of change in their condition can now
be much greater than ever before. He says that
no one in a technologically advanced country has
the right to impose the rejection of industrializa­
tion on others who are not free to choose.
The future, says Snow, belongs to the scientists,
not the traditional culture. “If the scientists
have the future in their bones, then the traditional
culture responds by wishing that the future did
not exist” ; and Snow footnotes this with “Compare
George Orwell’s 1 9 8 4 , which is the strongest
possible wish that the future should not exist, with
J. D. Bernal’s W o r l d W i t h o u t W a r . ” He describes
the scientists as being more commonly on the left
ideologically, though less so now than 20 years ago,
especially among the young. Engineers, absorbed
in making things, he classifies as conservative,
satisfied with the present social order. He finds
the scientists ignorant of industrial process and
operation and largely ignorant of what engineers do.
The gap between the cultures stems in part
from overspecialization, and in part, Snow believes,
from the failure of the West to grasp the social
importance of the scientific revolution, as he thinks
the Russians and Chinese have. The poor
countries have caught on to the possibility of
rapid technological advance and “are no longer
prepared to wait . . . .” Russia and China
industrialized rapidly, “with inordinate effort and
great suffering.” To bring up the well-being of
the poor countries, the West must supply capital
on a vast scale. It must also supply trained men.
Scientists are ideal for the purpose because they
are egalitarian, democratic. Others ‘‘have devoted
their lives to Asians and Africans, nobly but
paternally. These are not the Europeans whom

1100

Asians and Africans are going to welcome now.
They want men who will muck in as colleagues,
who will pass on what they know, do an honest
technical job and get out.”
The third need of the poor countries is for an
education program, so that in 10 to 20 years they
will be producing all the scientists and engineers
they need. For this the West must provide
scientists and linguists, most of whom they do
not now have.
Finally, says Snow, “if we don’t do it the
Communist countries will in time,” and “the
West will have become an enclave in a different
world.”
In brief, this is the burden of Snow’s lecture,
written for a British audience, but with significance
beyond that for all of the West. As one would
expect, the style is elegant, the communication of
emotion strong. But there are problems, perhaps
due to compression of such large matters into so
short a space.
Snow does not address himself to some important
factors that either fall somewhat outside his
experience or were ruled out of his book by his
initial choice of the dichotomy of two cultures in
simplified presentation.
He says scientists are ideal emissaries for
material improvement of the poor countries.
The scientific revolution no doubt provides the
underpinnings for the technological structure on
which economic development rests, but this does
not necessarily mean that scientists are the men
to guide the development.
It is obvious, and must be to Snow, that the
success of economic development calls as well
for the talents of political and social scientists.
For science can be applied to techniques of sub­
jugation, to the efficient and sanitary mass
liquidation of dissenters and the suppression of the
individual. That is the future Orwell wishes
would not happen. The reader cannot help but
be puzzled by the meaning of Snow’s reference to
Bernal vis-a-vis Orwell. Such puzzlement arises
out of the all-out commitment of Bernal (in the
book cited) to a “socialist” system and his refer­
ences to “continued provocation from abroad” in
explaining the violent outbreak in Hungary and
the “sustained hostility of the capitalist powers and
active wars of invasions supported by them” in
the case of Russia and China. Perhaps Snow was
referring only to the scientific aspects of Bernal’s

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960

book—a book which shows that even a highly
competent scientist (as Bernal presumably is)
can, in matters outside his laboratory, be naive,
uninformed, or blindly committed to a particular
ideological thought-pattern.
Further, while speed may be essential in improv­
ing the material conditions of the people in the
poor countries, differences in the rate of improve­
ment have different costs in terms of uprooted
habit patterns, in terms of culture, and in terms of
freedom. Once material improvement is visible,
there may be valid choices in accepting or rejecting
particular programs for acceleration in the rate.
The values placed on social and cultural heritage
cannot be dismissed as irrelevant, and surely
Snow would not suggest this. Furthermore,
exclusively government-to-government aid pro­
grams may be the fastest, but some continued
mixture of governmental and nongovernmental
programs may have enduring values in the pros­
pect of individual freedom that far outweigh the
difference in speed. Again, if Russia helps poor
countries to become like Russia, and the effect of
Western help in its future course is also to make
them more like Russia than like the West, the
West may well become “an enclave in a different
world.” The form of the aid can shape the out­
come. So can the extent to which the people and
leaders of the poor countries recognize and dis­
charge their own responsibilities for development
and concurrently for creating or maintaining
cultural values and individual rights in a humane
society.
Science and scientists are indeed essential to
providing the means for freeing men from poverty,
and for reexamination and reshaping of some
elements in the traditional culture. But this
little book should be read with recollection of the
fact that science in itself does not point the way to
plenty in a free society, and that scientists are not
obviously those best fitted by their particular
skills to manage its achievement.
Snow has persuasively sketched the magnitude
and urgency of the problem. The thoughtful
reader will be stimulated to supply a rigorous
scrutiny of the argument, to map the zones of
solutions, to probe the choices of path to improve­
ment.
— H a r r y S. K a n to r
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Department of Labor

1101

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

Education and Training
Apprenticeship: A n Enquiry Into Its Adequacy Under
Modern Conditions. By Kate Liepmann. London,
Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1960. 204 pp. 23s.
Careers in Education. By Richard Wynn. New York,
McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1960. 307 pp.,
bibliography. $4.95.
Career Guide for Demand Occupations, 1959. Washington,
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment
Security, U.S. Employment Service, 1960. 33 pp.
30 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
From Campus to Career: A Guide for Generalists. New
York, State Employment Service, [I960]. 90 pp.
Careers and Opportunities in Industrial Design. By
Juvenal L. Angel. New York, World Trade Acad­
emy Press, Inc., 1960. 22 pp., bibliography. (Mono­
graph 66.) $1.25.

Employee Benefits
Papers Presented at the Thirteenth Annual Conference,
Council on Employee Benefit Plans, New York, October
15-16, 1959. Akron, Ohio, Council on Employee
Benefit Plans, [I960], v, 147 pp. $5, H. A. Myers,
Secretary-treasurer of the Council, Akron, 1144 East
Market Street.
Fringe Benefits, 1959. Washington, Chamber of Com­
merce of the United States, Economic Research
Department, 1960. 35 pp. $1.

Health and Safety
Safety and Health Regulations for: Longshoring (96 pp.);
Ship Repairing (160 pp.). Washington, U.S. Depart­
ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards, 1960.
Free.
Safety in Industry: Control of Electrical Shock Hazards.
Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Standards, 1960. 15 pp. (Bull. 216.) 15
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
In ju ry Experience in: the Oil and Gas Industry of the
United States, 1959; the Coking Industry, 1959. By
Nell B. Bradley and Nina L. Jones. Washington,
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines,
1960. 11 and 14 pp. (Mineral Industry Surveys,
HSS 485 and 486.) Free.
Beretning fra Invalideforsikringsretten for Arene 1957 og
1958. Copenhagen, Invalideforsikringsretten, 1960.
183 pp.

Institute of Technology, Industrial Relations Section,
1960. 31 pp. (Bull. 31. Rev. ed.) $1.
Current Trend in Collective Bargaining. By David L. Cole,
William H. Smith, Arthur J. Goldberg. Berkeley,
University of California, Institute of Indsutrial
Relations, 1960. 33 pp.
Federal-State Jurisdiction in Labor’s No M an’s Land: 1960.
By Dexter L. Hanley. (In Georgetown Law Journal,
Washington, Summer 1960, pp. 709-735. $1.25.)
Craft Severance: The Doctrine of American Potash. (In
Virginia Law Review, Charlottesville, Va., May 1960,
pp. 756-774. $2.)
The Diesel Firemen Issue on the Railroads. By Morris A.
Horowitz. (In Industrial and Labor Relations
Review, Ithaca, N.Y., July 1960, pp. 550-558.
$1.75.)
Work Stoppages in California, 1959. By Michael Jones
and Leonard Krauss. San Francisco, State Depart­
ment of Industrial Relations, Division of Labor
Statistics and Research, 1960. 29 pp. Free.
Strikes and Lockouts in Canada, 1958. Ottawa, Canadian
Department of Labor, Economics and Research
Branch, 1960. 27 pp. 35 cents, Queen’s Printer,
Ottawa.
Industrial Relations Research Association Spring Meeting,
M ay 6-7, 1960. (In Labor Law Journal, Chicago,
July 1960, pp. 569-683. $1.)
Labor, Management, and the National Interest. By Helen
B. Shaffer. Washington (1156 19th Street NW.),
Editorial Research Reports, 1960. 17 pp. (Vol. II,
1960, No. 5.) $2.
Arbitration in Australia and the United States. By Paul F.
Brissenden. (In Labor Law Journal, Chicago, June
1960, pp. 493-538. $1.)
Dictionary of Lab or-Management Relations— Part V I I
[Letter I]. By Harold S. Roberts. Honolulu, Uni­
versity of Hawaii, Industrial Relations Center, 1960.
45 pp.

Labor Force
The Migrant Farm Worker in America. Prepared for Sub­
committee on Migratory Labor of the Committee on
Labor and Public Welfare, U.S. Senate. Washington,
1960. 79 pp. (Committee Print, 86th Cong., 2d
sess.)

Industrial Relations

State Migratory Labor Committees— Their Organization and
Programs. By Gwen Geach. Washington, U.S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards,
1960. 75 pp. (Bull. 215.) Free.

The Taft-Hartley Act as Amended in 1959: A Management
Guide. By Waldo E, Fisher. Pasadena, California

Labor Turnover— Meaning and Measurement. (In Inter­
national Labor Review, Geneva, June 1960, pp.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960

1102
513-526. 60 cents. Distributed in United States byWashington Branch of ILO.)

Labor Organizations

Part-Time Employment for Women. By Jane L. Meredith.
Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Women’s
Bureau, 1960. 53 pp. (Bull. 273.) 30 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.

The Sources of Vitality in the American Labor Movement.
By George W. Brooks. Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell Uni­
versity, New York State School of Industrial and
Labor Relations, 1960. 47 pp. (Bull. 41.) 30 cents,
Distribution Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.

Impact on Workers and Community of a Plant Shutdown in a
Depressed Area. Washington, U.S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1960. 58 pp.
(Bull. 1264.) 40 cents, Superintendent of Docu­
ments, Washington.

Admission Policy of American Trade Unions Concerning
Immigrant Workers. By Julius Rezler. Chicago,
Loyola University, Institute of Social and Industrial
Relations, 1960. 12 pp. (Reprinted from Labor
Law Journal, May 1960.)

Scientific Manpower, 1959 and Papers of the Eighth Con­
ference on Scientific Manpower, Chicago, December
1959. Washington, National Science Foundation,
1960. 38 pp. (NSF 60-34.) 30 cents, Superinten­
dent of Documents, Washington.

The Responses of the Bakers, Longshoremen and Teamsters
to Public Exposure. By Philip Taft. {In Quarterly
Journal of Economics, Cambridge, Mass., August
1960, pp. 393-412. $1.75.)

Britain’s Scientific and Technological Manpower.
By
George Louis Payne. Stanford, Calif., Stanford
University Press, 1960.
466 pp., bibliography.
$8.50.

The Protection of Trade Union Funds and Property.
Geneva, International Labor Office, 1960. 200 pp.
(Studies and Reports New Series, 58.) $2. D is­
tributed in United States by Washington Branch
of ILO.

Mexican Agricultural Workers: Agreement Between the
United States of America and Mexico Amending and
Extending Agreement of August 11, 1951, as Amended
and Extended. Washington, U.S. Department of
State, 1960. 31 pp. (Treaties and Other International
Acts Series 4374.) 15 cents, Superintendent of Docu­
ments, Washington.
Work Experience in Puerto Rico: Calendar Year 1959.
San Juan, Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1960. 11 pp. (Special Report on the Labor
Force 25.) In Spanish and English.
Summary of the Employment Situation in Puerto Rico:
1950 to 1959. San Juan, Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1960. 30 pp. (Special
Report on the Labor Force 24.) In Spanish and
English.
Colonial Labor Policy and Administration: A
of Labor in the Rubber Plantation Industry in
c. 1910-194-1. By J. Norman Parmer.
Valley, N.Y., J. J. Augustin, Inc., 1960.
(Monographs of the Association for Asian
IX.) $6.

History
Malaya,
Locust
294 pp.
Studies,

Residential and Occupational Mobility in an Area of Rapid
Industrialization in Norway. By C. T. Pihlblad and
Dagfinn Aas. {In American Sociological Review,
New York, June 1960, pp. 369-375. $2.)
Beretning om Arbejdsmarkedsrddets Virksomhed, December
1, 1958-March 31, 1960.
Copenhagen, Arbejdsmarkedsr&det, 1960. 96 pp.


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Third Constitutional Convention of the Canadian Labor
Congress. {In Labor Gazette, Canadian Department
of Labor, Ottawa, June 30, 1960, pp. 559-578.
50 cents; 25 cents in Canada.)
Trade Unions in Australia. Edited by John Wilkes and
S. E. Benson.
Sydney, Australian Institute of
Political Science, 1959. 190 pp.

Personnel Management
Pitfalls in Performance Appraisal. By Joseph A. Bitterer.
{In Personnel Journal, Swarthmore, Pa., JulyAugust 1960, pp. 85-88. 75 cents.)
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F. Arnold McDermott. {In Public Personnel Review,
Chicago, July 1960, pp. 179-182. $2.)
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Hansen. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
1960. 263 pp., bibliography.

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United Nations, Department of Economic and Social
Affairs, 1960. 471 pp. In English and French.
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1103

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
When the Computer Takes Over the Office. By Ida Russakoff
Hoos. (In Harvard Business Review, Boston, JulyAugust 1960, pp. 102-112. $2.)

Social Security
The Social Security Act: Its First Twenty-five Years—
[A Symposium]. (In Social Security Bulletin, U.S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
Social Security Administration, August 1960, pp. 1-74,
bibliography. 55 cents, Superintendent of Docu­
ments, Washington.)
[Bibliography of] Basic Readings in Social Security: 25th
Anniversary of the Social Security Act, 1935-1960.
Washington, U.S. Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, Social Security Administration, 1960.
221 pp. (Publication 28.) $1, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.

Wages and Hours
Major Wage Settlements, 1959, California Union Agreements.
San Francisco, Department of Industrial Relations,
Division of Labor Statistics and Research, 1960.
27 pp.
Some Effects of the $1 M inim um Wage in the United States.
By H. M. Douty. (In Economica, London School of
Economics and Political Science, London, May 1960,
pp. 137-147. 10s. Also reprinted.)
Analysis of State M inimum-W age Rates and Coverage,
Ju ly 2, 1959-January 1, 1960. Washington, U.S.
Department of Labor, Women’s Bureau, 1960. 87
pp. (Supplement 2 to Women’s Bureau Bull. 267,
Part II.)

A Study of the Cost of the President’s Recommendations for
Unemployment Insurance in Nebraska.
Lincoln,
Nebraska Department of Labor, Division of Employ­
ment Security, 1960. 43 pp. Free.

Occupational Wage Survey: Charlotte, N.C., A pril 1960
(Bull. 1265-39, 22 pp., 20 cents); New Haven Conn.,
February 1960 (Bull. 1265-41, 24 pp., 25 cents); M il­
waukee, Wis., A pril 1960 (Bull. 1265-43, 24 pp., 25
cents); New York, N .Y ., April 1960 (Bull. 1265-44,
30 pp., 25 cents); Chicago, 111., A pril 1960 (Bull.
1265-45, 30 pp., 25 cents); Greenville, S.C., M ay 1960
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cents); Lubbock, Tex., June 1960 (Bull. 1265-51, 20
pp., 20 cents); Worcester, Mass., June 1960 (Bull.
1265-52, 22 pp., 25 cents); Savannah, Ga., June 1960
(Bull. 1265-53, 22 pp., 25 cents); Albuquerque, N. Mex.,
M ay 1960 (Bull. 1265-54, 20 pp., 20 cents); Houston,
Tex., June 1960 (Bull. 1265-56, 24 pp., 25 cents);
Akron, Ohio, June 1960 (Bull. 1265—59, 24 pp., 25
cents). Washington, U.S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1960. Available from
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.

Financing Unemployment Insurance Benefits in Indiana:
Preliminary Report. Prepared by Department of
Economics, Indiana University. Indianapolis, Indi­
ana Employment Security Division, 1960. 44 pp.

The Comparison of Industrial and Agricultural Earnings.
By Herbert Kotter. (In International Labor Review,
Geneva, July 1960, pp. 44-58. 60 cents. Distributed
in United States by Washington Branch of ILO.)

Labor Force Status of Workers After Exhausting Unemploy­
ment Compensation Benefits in Pennsylvania, 19571958. Harrisburg, Pa., Department of Labor and
Industry, Bureau of Employment Security, 1960.
116 pp.

The Wage-Price Problem. By John M. Clark. New York,
The American Bankers Association, Committee for
Economic Growth Without Inflation, 1960. 68 pp.

Social Security in Asia: I and I I . (In International Labor
Review, Geneva, July 1960, pp. 70-87, and August
1960, pp. 163-183. 60 cents each. Distributed in
United States by Washington Branch of ILO.)
Workmen’s Compensation Problems: Proceedings of the
45th Annual Convention of the International Associa­
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Boston, Mass., September 27-October 1, 1959. Wash­
ington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Standards, 1960. 234 pp. (Bull. 213.) 65 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.

After Unemployment Insurance: A n Analysis of the Char­
acteristics and Post-Exhaustion Experience of [New
Jersey] Claimants Exhausting Unemployment Insur­
ance Benefits During the Six-M onth Period, July
Through December 1957. Trenton, New Jersey De­
partment of Labor and Industry, Division of Employ­
ment Security, 1960. 78 pp. (Research Series, 2.)
Syketrygden, 1958. Oslo, Rikstrygdeverket, 1960. 101
pp. (Offisielle Statistikk XI 353.) Table of con­
tents and summaries in English. Kr. 4.50.


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Wage Escalators and Inflation in Denmark, 1945-55. By
Dudley W. Johnson. (In Journal of Political Econ­
omy, Chicago, April 1960, pp. 175-182. $1.75.)

Miscellaneous
Metropolitan Chicago— A n Economic Analysis. By Ezra
Solomon and Zarko G. Bilbija. Chicago, University
of Chicago, Graduate School of Business, 1959. 208
pp. $7.50, The Free Press, Glencoe, 111.
The Rise of American Economic Thought. Edited by Henry
William Spiegel. Philadelphia, Chilton Co., 1960.
202 pp., bibliography. $5.

1104
Essays in Labor History {In Memory of G. D. H. Cole,
September 25, 1889-January 14-, 1959). Edited byAsa Briggs and John Saville. London, Macmillan &
Co., Ltd., 1960. 363 pp. $10, St. Martin’s Press,
New York.
Federal Receipts and Expenditures During Business Cycles,
1879-1958. By John M. Firestone. New York,
National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1960.
176 pp. (Studies in Business Cycles, 9.) $4, Prince­
ton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
Supplement to Federal Labor Laws and Agencies. By
Milton Brooke. Washington, U.S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards, 1960. 71 pp.
(1960 supplement to Bull. 123 revised 1957.) 30
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Labor Laws and Their Administration: Proceedings of the
42d Convention of the International Association of
Governmental Labor Officials, Held in Kennebunkport,
Maine, September 9-12, 1959. Washington, U.S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards,
1960. 211 pp. (Bull. 214.) 60 cents, Superintend­
ent of Documents, Washington,


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960
A Humane Economy: The Social Framework of the Free
Market. By Wilhelm Ropke. Chicago, Henry Regnery
Co., 1960. 312 pp. $5.
National Science Foundation: A Ten-Year R6sum6. By
Alan T. Waterman. Washington, National Science
Foundation, 1960. 14 pp. (Reprinted from Science,
May 6, 1960.)
U .S.S.R .— Its People, Its Society, Its Culture. By Thomas
Fitzsimmons and others. New Haven, Human
Relations Area Files, Inc., 1960. 590 pp., bibliography.
Our Visit to the U .S.S.R . By Joseph Curran. {In Pilot,
National Maritime Union of America, New York,
August 25, 1960, pp. 9-17.)
Europe and the World Economy: Eleventh A nnual Economic
Review. Paris, Organization for European Economic
Cooperation, 1960. 138 pp. $1.50, OEEC Mission,
Washington.
Annual Report of the M inistry of Labor, 1959. London,
1960. 120 pp. (Cmnd. 1059.) 7s., H.M. Stationary
Office, London.

Current Labor Statistics
CONTENTS
A.

—Employment

1106 Table A -l.
1107 Table A-2.
1111 Table A-3.
1115 Table A-4.

B.

Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours worked,
and sex
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry
Unemployment insurance and employment service programs, selected opera­
tions

—Labor Turnover

1116 Table B -l.

Labor turnover rates, by major industry group

C.—Earnings and Hours
1119 Table C -l.
1131 Table C-2.
1132 Table C-3.
1132 Table C-4.

I).

Consumer and Wholesale Prices

1133 Table D -l.
1134
1135
1136
1137

Table D-2.
Table D-3.
Table D-4.
Table D-5.

E.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers, by industry
Average overtime hours and average hourly earnings excluding overtime of
production workers in manufacturing, by major industry group
Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and con­
struction activities
Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in
manufacturing, in current and 1947-49 dollars

Consumer Price Index—All-city average: All items, groups, subgroups, and
special groups of items
Consumer Price Index—All items and food indexes, by city
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings
Indexes of wholesale prices, by stage of processing and durability of product

—Work Stoppages

1138 Table E -l.

Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes

F. —Work Injuries
1139 Table F -l.

Injury-frequency rates for selected manufacturing industries 1

1This table is included in the January, April, July, and October issues of the Review.
The following applies, with a few exceptions, to the statistical series published in the Current Labor Statistics section: (1) The source is the U.S.
Departm ent of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, (2) a description of each series may be found in Techniques of Preparing Major BLS Statistical Series, BLS
Bull. 1168 (1954), and (3) the scope of coverage is the United States without Alaska and Hawaii. Exceptions are noted on the tables.
N ote:


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1105

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960

1106

A.—Employment
T able A -l. Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours worked, and sex
[In thousands]
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over 1

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Annual average

1959

1960

Employment status

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.2

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1959

1958

Total, both sexes
Total labor force___________________ 74, 551 75,215 75,499 73,171 72,331 70,993 70, 970 70, 689 71, 808 71,839 72,629 72,109 73,204
Civilian labor force _______ _______ 72,070 72,706 73,002 70,667 69,819 68,473 68, 449 68,168 69,276 69, 310 70,103 69, 577 70, 667
Unemployment________________ 3,788 4,017 4,423 3,459 3,660 4,206 3,931 4,149 3, 577 3, 670 3,272 3,230 3,426
Unemployment rate, sea5.5
5.2
5.6
6.0
5.6
4.8
5.2
4.9
5.0
5.4
5.9
5.4
5.5
sonally adjusted 3--------Unemployed 4 weeks or less__ 1,697 1,871 2, 654 1,638 1, 580 1,516 1,476 1,909 1,683 1,846 1,607 1,539 1, 567
786
764
662
651
930
833
644
567
924 1,033
855 1,095
695
Unemployed 5-10 weeks ___
293
290
288
400
250
276
309
619
396
278
259
351
256
Unemployed 11-14 weeks . . .
340
290
441
381
356
333
533
418
420
509
705
715
Unemploved 15-26 weeks . . .
402
493
428
396
469
430
393
502
411
499
431
414
416
396
Unemployed over 26 weeks----Employment ------------------------- 68,282 68, 689 68, 579 67,208 66,159 64,267 64, 520 64,020 65, 699 65, 640 66,831 66, 347 67,241
Nonagricultural ... .
. . . . 61, 828 61, 805 61, 722 61, 371 60, 765 59, 702 59,901 59, 409 60, 888 60, 040 60, 707 60,105 60, 884
Worked 35 hours or m ore... 46,247 45,380 47,879 48, 594 44, 829 46,151 45,357 47,115 48, 455 43, 877 45, 800 31,869 45, 797
Worked 15-34 hours............ 6,308 6,586 7,231 7, 203 10,455 7, 585 8,605 6, 867 7,227 10, 991 9, 049 21,859 6, 066
Worked 1-14 hours______ 2, 535 2,702 2,921 3, 578 3,345 3, 575 3, 553 3,356 3, 496 3,254 3,369 2,929 2, 409
W ith a job but not at w ork4 6,737 7,136 3,691 1,997 2,138 2,391 2,386 2,070 1,707 1,920 2,490 3, 450 6,609
Agricultural . ____________ 6,454 6, 885 6, 856 5,837 5,393 4,565 4. 619 4, 611 4, 811 5,601 6,124 6,242 6,357
Worked 35 hours or m ore... 4,536 4,957 4,874 4,129 3,788 2, 465 2, 597 2,622 2,978 3,774 3, 972 4,282 4,540
Worked 15-34 hours______ 1,363 1, 371 1,492 1,254 1,189 1,117 1,121 1,178 1,175 1, 307 1,531 1,393 1,230
468
441
387
474
373
536
312
557
368
408
366
586
Worked 1-14 hours____ __
403
154
202
144
125
186
344
273
With a job but no t at work4.
82
89
105
400
187
155

71, 946

71,284

69, 394
3, 813

68,647
4,681

5. 5
1,658
778
335
469
571
65, 581
59, 745
45,068
8,531
3,172
2,974
5,836
3, 852
1,356
442
186

6.8
1,833
959
438
785
667
63,966
58,122
44, 873
7,324
3,047
2,876
5,844
3,827
1,361
457
199

Males
49, 081

48, 802

46,562
2,473
44, 089
39, 340
31, 715
4, 405
1,378
1,840
4,749
3,421
823
336
170

46,197
3,155
43,042
38,240
31,390
3, 736
1,329
1,784
4,802
3,413
857
353
179

Total labor force___________________ 23,872 24,217 24, 550 23,835 23,271 22, 548 22, 482 22,277 23, 030 23,110 23, 584 22,999 22,974

22, 865

22,482

23,552 22, 967 22,942
1,265 1,209 1,288
22,287 21, 759 21, 654
20,945 20, 341 20,347
13, 810 8, 689 13,145
4,454 8, 812 3,133
1,933 1,684 1,365
747 1,154 2,704
1,343 1, 418 1,307
600
608
491
641
581
670
170
161
95
21
11
14

22,832
1,340
21,492
20,405
13, 352
4,126
1,794
1,134
1,087
431
533
106
17

22,451
1,526
20,924
19, 882
13, 483
3, 589
1,718
1,093
1,042
414
504
104
20

Total labor force__________ ________ 50, 678 50, 998 50,949 49, 337 49,060 48,445 48,487 48,412 48, 778 48, 729 49,045 49,110 50,230
Civilian labor force .............................. 48,229 48, 521 48, 484 46, 865 46, 580 45, 958 45,999 45,923 46, 278 46,232 46, 551 46,610 47,725
Unemployment________________ 2,400 2,504 2, 696 2,184 2,431 2,910 2,672 2,821 2,405 2,370 2,007 2,022 2,138
Employment_________________ 45,829 46,017 45, 788 44, 681 44,149 43,048 43,328 43,103 43, 873 43, 863 44, 544 44, 588 45, 587
N onagricultural____________ 40, 603 40, 617 40,462 39, 932 39, 574 39,038 39,319 39,108 39,744 39,337 39,762 39, 764 40, 537
Worked 35 hours or more. _ 32, 558 32,201 33,718 33, 808 31, 761 32,273 31, 851 32, 973 33, 645 30, 730 31,987 23,179 32,653
Worked 15-34 hours______ 3,203 3, 300 3, 551 3,384 5,170 3, 554 4,361 3,341 3, 446 5,954 4,594 13, 046 2,933
Worked 1-14 hours_______ 1,044 1,091 1,193 1,502 1,433 1, 559 1,547 1,440 1,468 1,363 1,437 1,244 1,043
W ith a job but not at work4_ 3, 799 4,026 1,999 1,237 1,210 1,653 1, 557 1,354 1,180 1,291 1,743 2,296 3,905
Agricultural ______
. . .. 5,226 5,399 5,325 4, 749 4, 575 4, 010 4,009 3,995 4,128 4, 526 4, 782 4,824 5,050
Worked 35 hours or m ore.. 3,936 4, 247 4,232 3, 705 3, 503 2,257 2,397 2, 409 2, 729 3, 306 3,481 3,681 3, 932
800
750
647
870
861
749
859
818
845
724
695
Worked 15-34 hours_____
857
745
291
281
380
281
298
514
482
462
278
296
273
228
265
Worked 1-14 hours_______
182
142
111
137
380
315
253
177
129
73
75
95
W ith a job but not at work 4_
167
Females

Civilian labor force________________ 23, 841
Unemployment________________ 1,388
Employment__________ _____ 22,453
Nonagricultural...___ ______ 21,224
Worked 35 hours or m ore.. 13, 690
Worked 15-34 hours............ 3,105
Worked 1-14 hours_______ 1,491
With a job but not at w ork4. 2,939
Agricultural_________ ______ 1,229
599
Worked 35 hours or more. Worked 15-34 hours______
506
Worked 1-14 hours_______
103
W ith a job but not at work 4_
20

24,185
1,513
22, 672
21,187
13,178
3,287
1,611
3,110
1, 485
707
625
125
26

24,518
1,727
22,791
21,260
14,160
3,680
1,728
1,691
1,531
643
768
112
9

23,803
1,276
22,527
21, 439
14,786
3, 819
2, 075
759
1, 088
424
558
93
14

23,239
1,229
22,010
21,191
13,066
5,285
1,912
928
819
283
439
84
11

1 Estimates are based on information obtained from a sample of households
and are subject to sampling variability. Data relate to the calendar week
ending nearest the 15th day of the month. The employed total includes all
wage and salary workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid workers in
family-operated enterprises. Persons in institutions are not included.
Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily equal
totals.
2 D ata for 1960 include Alaska and Hawaii and are therefore not directly
comparable with earlier data. The levels of the civilian labor force, the
employed, and nonagricultural employment were each increased by more
than 200,000. The estimates for agriculturel employment and unemploy­
m ent were affected so slightly that these series can be regarded as entirely
comparable with pre-1960 data.


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22, 516
1,296
21,219
20, 664
13, 878
4,032
2,016
738
555
209
257
71
20

22,450
1,258
21,192
20, 582
13, 505
4,244
2,006
829
610
198
305
75
29

22,245
1,328
20, 917
20,301
14,144
3,525
1,916
716
615
213
308
74
20

22,998
1,172
21, 826
21,144
14, 809
3, 781
2,028
527
683
249
330
94
9

23,078
1,301
21, 777
20,703
13,145
5,038
1,891
628
1,074
467
507
92
8

2 Unemployment as a percent of labor force.
4 Includes persons who had a job or business but who did not work during
the survey week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, or labor dispute.
Prior to January 1957, also included were persons on layoff with definite
instructions to return to work within 30 days of layoff and persons who had
new jobs to which they were scheduled to report within 30 days. Most of
the persons in these groups have, since that time, been classified as unem­
ployed.
N o t e : For a description of these series, see Explanatory Notes (in Employ­
ment and Earnings, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
current issues).

nor

A —EMPLOYMENT

T able A-2.

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In thousands]
Annual
average

1959

1960
Industry
Aug.2 J u ly 2 June
Total employees.
M ining_____ _____

Metal_________
Iron........ .........
Copper______
Lead and zine.

Anthraeite_____
Bituminous coal.

Contract construction........................ .

291.6
178.6
117.8
3,157

Durable goods___
Nondurable goods.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan

116.1

286.2

174.8

177.0
116.8

287.3

115.7

112.6

284.6

287.7

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

291.4

297.0

297.9

298.6

177.7

178.4

114.2

114.2

174.3

175.!

177.7

177.9

102.9

104.1

105.1

111.6

2,977 2,830 2,590 2,312 2,389 2,453
437
429
416
502
594
643
321.5 315.0 284.2 222.0 161.5 167. 5 170.0
344.5 328.1 310.1 279.7 254.8 261.4 267.3
,960 1,016
,896
, 334 !, 236 !, 088
2,438
638.7 660.5
849.8 816.8 774.2 705.4 609.
1,588.0 , 517. 6 , 461.9 ., 382. 7 , 286. 6 ,321.7 ,355.1
315. 5 311.3 304.2 292.1 281.2 287.5 296.6
254.5 234.2 222.0 196.3 179.9 178.2 183.5
187.9 176.5 170.0 165.3 169.3 171.0
201
816.9 784.2 759.2 724.3 660.2 686.7 704.0
3,104
666

Nonbuilding construction-----------Highway and street construction.
Other nonbuilding construction..
Building construction.....................
General contractors................. —
Special-trade contractors----------Plumbing and heating..............
Painting and decorating--------Electrical work_____________
Other special-trade contractors.

M anufacturing..........

Apr.

Sept.

Aug,

1959

1958

53,102 52,934 53,309 52,957 52,844 52,172 52,060 52,078 53,756 52, 793 52,569 52,648 52,066 51,975 50,543
721
676
639
620
621
660
668
658
669
666
677
677
681
656
680
93.1
80.1
62.0
46.7
46.5
67.2
69.5
72.7
88.6
93.2
95.1
96.1
96.7
94.4
94.6
30.8
27.2
10.6
9.7
9.7
30.0
32.3
32.6
32.
33.4
34.2
35.3
35.3
34.6
28.6
22.3
20.1
8.9
8.7
8.0
8.1
11.1
26.4
30.2
31.3
31.3
31.9
30.7
12.9
12.3
12.9
11.5
11.4
12.0
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.3
12.3
11.9
11.4
11.0
20.3
16.3
15.4
15.6
16.0
15.9
15.7
15.5
15.5
14.1
13.2
12.2
11.8
10.7
163.6 141.0 164.2 167.2 168.7 171.5 173.2 173.2 173.7 164.3 145.4 136.3 135.8 168.1 195.2

Crude-petroleum and natural-gas pro­
duction________________________
Petroleum and natural gas production
(except contract services)........ ..........
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying..........

May

306.0
115.2

309.7

300.

302.6

183.7

180.6

188.0

115.7

110.7

109.3

2,699 2,856 2,961 3,043 3,107 2,767 2,648
569
584
688
660
634
587
518
329.5 347.2 271.2 256.0
220.5 270.8 309
340.4 312.7 313.2
324.0 330.
297.0 316.
,079
,419 Ì, 183
,383
, 327
, 269
Ì, 181
750.6
827.7 849.5 757.
725.5 764.8 801.
., 455. 2 ,504. ,524. , 555. 2 ,569. ., 424. , 328.6
303.6
329.1 330.8 310.
308.6 314.5 322.
204.9 222.0 228.4 239.9 246.9 201.4 169.6
176.3 180.1 181.1 185.1 184.2 174.2 173.2
682.2
765.4 788.0 792.8 801.1 807.9 738

16,169 16,168 15,468
16,407 16,251 16,422 16,348 16,380 16,478 16,520 16,470 16,484 16,280 16,197 16,367
8,743
9,305 9, 356 9, 504 9,516 9,548 9, 630 9,680 9,640 9,577 9,313 9,168 9,225 9,058 9,290
7,111 6,878 6,725
7,142
6,967
7,029
6,907
7,102 6,895 6,918 6,832 6,832 6,848 6,840 6,830

Durable goods
Ordnance and accessories..
Lumber and wood products (except
furniture)........................... -...............
Logging camps and contractors-------Sawmills and planing mills-------------Millwork, plywood, and prefabri­
cated structural wood products___
W ooden containers_________________

Miscellaneous wood products...........

145.3

145.2

142.3

141. 7

126.7

667.2
106.1
323.6

679.9
107.7
329.0

687.9
108.4
332.9

696.0
114.6
333.2

658.0
98.7
319.9

621.7

138.4

142.6

147.4
43.2
57.6

127.1

43.5

145.5
43.7
57.4

139.1

42.5

44.0

44.7

56.3

52.7

149.5

145.9

149.6

149.4

150.0

150.7

150.0

149.4

678.7
126.3
320.6

685.
126.1
324.8

660.7
108.5
318.1

636.0
92.3
310.7

624.2
90.3
304.8

628.1
91.
305.

629.4 651.6
93.2 102.2
306. 3 315. 5

131.2
43.8
56.8

133.0
44.8
57.2

132.7
44.8
56.6

132.0
43.6
57.4

130.2
42.2
56.7

131.6
42.2
56.5

131.5
42.3
56.1

134.
43.0

56.0

56.6

57.1

86.2

311.0

386.0
276.4

391.0
279.9

388.3
279.5

391.3
282.3

390.8
282.2

390.1
282.!

391.1
283.4

391.2
285.1

390.6
285.3

391.
285.9

392.0
284.6

386.3
280.1

384.0
279.3

357.9
257.1

48.6

49.4

48.3

48.5

48.1

47.4

47.1

46.

47.0

47.7

48.1

48.0

46.1

43.8

37.1

35.7

35.9

35.5

35.7

36.1

35.8

35.6

33.7

33.8

33.4

34.4

34.5

24.6

24.8

24.6

25.0

24.8

24.5

23.4

22.7

24.6

25.5

24.8

24.2

22.5

557.
30.1
106. 5
16.4
43.2
76.3
48.1

562.
30.5
109.8
16
43.0
75.7
49.1

558.1
30.8
106.9
16.8
42.1
76.0
48.8

554.1
31.7
105.5
16.8
41.2
74.5
49.2

547.8
34.4
105.0
17.2
39.0
72.3
49.5

551.0
36.3
104.0
17.6
38.4
72.7
49.4

548.0
36.5

557.3
36.4
102.1

17.5
39.8
73.3
48.

17.8
41.4
76.0
48.8

561.6
36.7
99.
18.
41.1
77.6
50.1

572.8
34.7
104.5
18.6
43.2
77.
50.2

571.5
34.1
102.9
18.1
43.6
78.7
49.7

550.4
32.7

101.1

561.6
36.3
103.5
18.4
41.8
77.4
49.8

18.0
41.7
75.5
48.1

514.5
27.3
95.5
16.3
42.0
73.1
43.9

120.3
17.8

120.0

118.5
18.1

116.4
18.0

111.5
17.5

112.8

112.6

17.5

17.3

116.6
17.7

118.3
18.0

121.8

18.4

125.4
18.4

126.2
18.5

117.8
18.1

108.8
18.3

99.6

100.1

100.8

101.4

102.3

101.0

100.5

98.1

98.3

100.2

99.7

98.3

89.3

Primary metal industries_____________ 1,147.8 1,158.9 , 203.1 ., 224.9 , 250.5 L,273.3 1,280.7 ., 275.1 ., 264.2 1,196. 2
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
550.9 580.0 606.5 620.5 635.9 640.1 638.8 634.1 597.3
mills.------------------------- ------ -------226.8 222.5 227.5 228.4 232.2 230.3 230.3 215.8
220.8
Iron and steel foundries------------------Primary smelting and refining of non44.3
49.7
53.2
54.7
57.8
59.4
59.2
58.6
59.2
ferrous m etals.------------------------Secondary smelting and refining of
12.0
12.4
12.7
12.6
12.6
12.4
12.1
11.
11.8
nonferrous metals---------------------Rolling, drawing, and alloying of non116.2
116.6
116.0
115.4
115.3
112.2
113.
113.5
112.0
ferrous metals----- ------ -------------66.1
67.0
67.3
65.4
67.0
62.8
61.1
61.6
59.5
Nonferrous foundries........... ...... ........ Miscellaneous primary metal indus­
154.1
156.8
157.
154.3
144.7
tries---------- ----------------------------

823.9

834.1

856.2 1,137. 7 1,104.4

222.8

229.0
228.3

242.2
226.7

522.0
223.9

536.7
197.4

44.9

45.2

55.7

52.2

56.2

11.

12.0

12.8

12.2

11.5

117.0
67.6

117.6

117.1
64.6

115.8
64.8

105.5
57.7

132.8

135.9! 137.1

146.8

139.4

Furniture and fixtures------------ ----------Household furniture------------ ----------Office, public-building and profes­
sional furniture-------------- ------ —
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and fix­
tures----- -------------------------------Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous
furniture and fixtures..................... .
Stone, clay, and glass products............... .
Flat glass------- ----------- -----------------Glass and glassware, pressed or blown..
Glass products made of purchased glass
Cement, hydraulic..----- ----------------Structural clay products................... .
Pottery and related products-----------Concrete, gypsum, and plaster prod­
ucts__________________________
Cut-stone and stone products_______
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products----- ---------------------------

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

393.5

36.9
24.1
563.1

18.2

226.

66.1

100.2

1108

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960

Table A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1960

1959

Annual
average

Industry
rt Ju ly 2 June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1959

1958

Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ord­
nance, machinery, and transporta­
tion equipm ent)..................................
T in cans and other tinware__________
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware____
Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ supplies__________
Fabricated structural metal products.
Metal stamping, coating, and engrav­
ing................. ....................................
Lighting fixtures__________ _____
Fabricated wire products__________I
Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod­
ucts. __...............................

r.e

1,086. 3 1,080.8 1,079.8 1,097. 3 1,106. 2 1, 099.2 1,082.0 1,042.1 1,051.6 1,082. 6 1, 055. 9 1,069.0 1,029.9
64. C 63.6
62.2
59.5
59.
58.2
58.5
56.8
55. Í
56.7
65.4
64.7
59. 6 58.2
126.6 132.2 133. C 134. C 137.5 139.7 139.8 138.1 123.7 130.1 138.5 134.7 134.2 128.3
114.4 115.9 116.0 116.1 116.4 117.4 116.9 114.2 116.5 120.6 121.7 120.6 116.6 109.3
— 295.0 293.1 287.7 282.0 282.5 282.3 281.8 282.1 275.5 263.2 273.7 278.8 285.3 303.0
225.2 236.3 236.5 237.2 246.0 251.2 246.1 239.3 223.3 237.2 239.2 219.8 230.1 210.7
46.9
49.1
48.1
49.8
50.9
51. 1 50.8
49. f
49.8
51.4
51.3
49. 1 49.2
44. 7
54.5
56.6
57.4
58.1
59.6
60.5
60.0
59.2
57.2
54.4
54.8
52.8
56.5
52.4
135.7 139.5 139. 9 143.1 145.3 145.8 145.3 142.4 140.2 138.0 138.0 135.4 137.5 123.3
1,0 6 2 . a

--

Machinery (except electrical)...............
1, 627.3
.3 1, 638.0 1, 658.6 1, 660.9 1. 677.8 1,687. 7 1, 691.1 1,675.0 1, 660.3 1, 625.8 1, 636. 5 1, 655.3 1, 624. 6 1,611.7 1, 501.2
Engines and turbines_____________
100.6 101.3 103.2 104.3 107.1 107.4 108.5 107 . a 104.6 105.7 106.4 103.6 103.1
93.1
Agricultural machinery and tractors. __
147.1 148.8 149.3 153.4 159.1 160.5 157.8 154.1 141.0 151.4 167.5 158.9 157.9 136.9
Construction andfmining machinery__
125.2 127.6 130.3 132. 5 133.0 132.6 131.2 129.2 125.2 126.3 132.6 132.1 129.9 122.0
Metalworking machinery___________
259.3 264.8 263.5 264.7 263.1 259.9 257.3 255.4 251.6 247.9 246.5 239.9 238.7 223.7
S pecial-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)_______
176.1 178.0 176.5 176.1 175.4 174.6 173.3 172.3 171.8 169.8 170.3 166.8 165. 5 159.6
General industrial machinery...............
-228.2 230.8 230.1 231.0 232.7 233. C 229.4 229.3 228.9 229. 5 229.4 230.3 223. 5 220.1
Office and store machines and devices.
140.6 140.4 138.9 139.0 138.3 137.6 137.6 138.1 136.9 136.0 134.5 132.4 132.7 124.9
Service-industry and household ma­
chines_____________________ ___
187.7 192.6 196.5 197.7 195.3 198.5 194.4 189.6 184.4 186.3 185.7 185.7 184.9 168.9
Miscellaneous machinery parts______
273.2 274.3 272.6 279.1 283.7 287.0 285.5 285.0 281.4 283.6 282.4 274.9 275.5 252.0
Electrical machinery_________________ 1, 309.2
.2 1,291.2 1,297.0 1,289.6 1,293. 7 1,310.0 1,318.4 1, 318. 6 1, 317.0 1, 301. 5 1, 311.2 1, 301.8 1,260.6 1,241.6 1,118.8
Electrical generating, transmission, dis­
tribution, and industrial apparatus
412.8 413.6 414.8 417.9 421.4 422. 5 420.5 419. 5 407.4 413.1 416.9 411.4 402.1 373.5
Electrical appliances_______________
38.4
39.3
38.9
39.3
40.3
40.0
39.6
39.5
39.5
40.3
39.7
37.9
37.7
34.6
Insulated wire and cable____________
27.9
28.5
28.6
28.3
28.9
29.1
29.5
29.3
28.8
28.7
28.0
27.7
28.1
25.4
Electrical equipment for vehicles_____
69.6
71.3
70.9
72.6
75.4
77.0
76.4
74.4
70.7
73.5
72.5
61.3
69.8
61.8
Electric lamps_____________________
28.2
29.1
29.5
29.8
29.7
29.8
29.6
29.5
29.5
29.3
28.6
27.7
27.6
26.4
Communication equ ipm ent..._______
664.6 665.7 658.0 657.5 666.1 671.3 674.2 674.7 674.9 675.2 664.4 645.3 627.2 551.4
Miscellaneous electrical products_____
49.7
49.5
48.9
48.3
48.2
48.7
48.8
50.1
50.7
51.1
51.7
49.3
49.1
45.7
Transportation equipment____________ 1, 520.22 1, 594.0 1, 607.9 1, 652.8 1, 665.1 1, 700.9 1, 721.4 1, 722.3 1, 655.9 1,511.1
Motor vehicles and equipment_______
750.8 784.7 785.0 790. 8 819.0 837.7 822.6 756.9 602.2
Aircraft and parts__________________
629.3 618.1 658.3 668.7 680.3 687.0 693.7 700.9 709.7
Aircraft_________________________
371.9 371.2 381.4 387.0 393.0 397.2 400.6 404.2 412.3
Aircraft engines and parts______] ] .’
125.8 114.9 138.7 139.8 140.7 140.6 142.0 144.2 144.9
Aircraft propellers and parts_______
11.1
8.3
14.1
13.9
14.0
13.8
13.8
13.6
13.6
Other aircraft parts and equipm ent.
120.5 123.7 124.1 128.0 132.6 135.4 137.3 138.9 138.9
Ship and boat building and repairing.
143.6 134.0 137.4 135.6 132.4 131.0 145.6 140.7 141.9
Shipbuilding and repairing________
124.0 110.9 112.3 110.1 107.4 106.4 121.7 117.5 119.5
Boatbuilding and repairing________
19.6
23.1
25.1
25.5
25.0
24.6
23.9
23.2
22.4
Railroad equipm ent________________
59.7
60.8
61.6
59.6
58.7
56.0
51.4
47.7
46.9
Other transportation equipm ent_____
10.6
10.3
10.5
10.4
10.5
9.7
9.0
9.7
10.4
Instrum ents and related products______
4 349.3 352.8 351.3 353.1 353.7 353.6 352.1 354.0 352.5
Laboratory, scientific, and engineering
instruments_____________________
65.7
65.9
66.0
66.3
66.6
66.8
66.9
68.2
67.8
Mechanical measuring and controlling
instruments_____________________
98.7 101.0 100.2 100.3 100.2
99.9
97.9
97.3
96.4
Optical instruments and lenses______
18.1
18.4
18.5
18.4
18.2
17.6
17.3
16.9
17.1
Surgical, medical, and dental instru­
m ents............................. ......... ...........
45.2
45.8
45.1
45.3
44.9
45.1
44.6
44.7
44.1
Ophthalmic goods_________________
27.0
27.2
27.6
27.6
27.7
27.8
28.1
28.1
28.0
Photographic apparatus____________
66.8
65.9
65.5
65.6
65.6
65.8
66.4
67.1
66.8
Watches and clocks.............. .............
27.8
28.5
28.5
29.6
30.3
30.8
30.9
31.7
32.3
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
510.00 493.8 508.9 498.7 496.5 493.9 489.0 480.0 494.1 516.9
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware.
44.8
45.8
45.7
46.0
46.7
46.4
46.3
47.7
48.0
Musical instruments and parts______
18.6
18.6
18.6
19.1
19.5
19.6
19.7
19.9
19.8
Toys and sporting goods___________
95.1
98.6
93.2
88.1
81.8
77.2
73.3
79.4
95.2
Pens, pencils, other office supplies___
32.0
31.8
31.6
31.5
31.3
31.2
30.4
31.0
32.1
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions___
57.5
59.7
58.1
59.1
61.5
61.9
60.6
61.3
62.2
Fabricated plastics products.............. _
92.8
95.6
94.8
95.4
95.5
96.6
96.0
96.2
97.1
Other manufacturing industries..........
153.0 158.8 156.7 157.3 157.6 156.2 153.6 158.6 162.5
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products_________
Meat products__ ______ ________
Dairy products_________________
Canning and preserving__________
Grain-mill products................ ..........
Bakery products___________ _____
Sugar_____ ____________________
Confectionery and related products.
Beverages______________________
Miscellaneous food products______
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1, 692.4 1, 685.4 1, 619.8 1, 670.8 1, 592.8
784.2 785.7 679.1 731.6 630.8
717.4 730.5 732.4 734.9 757.6
418.4 429.2 433.0 435.0 457.2
145.2 145.8 144.0 146.3 152.6
13.9
14.1
14.0
14.4
18.3
139.9 141.4 141.4 139.2 129.5
131.1 131.3 140.7 142.8 144. 5
109.7 111.1 121.2 120.9 125.3
21.4
20.2
19. 5 21.9
19.2
48.8
53.9
56.9
51.4
50.9
10.9
11.0
10.7
10.1
9.0
351.8

349.8

343.4

338.9

67.2

66.4

65.7

64.2

58.1

97.4
16.9

96. 7
16.4

94.9
15.8

93.0
15.8

83.9
14.0

43.7
27.6
65.9
33.1

43.6
27.5
66.1
33.1

42.8
26.4
66.0
31.8

43.1
26.1
65.3
31.4

41.5
23.7
65.6
28.4

522.3
48.0
19.8
100.3
32.3
63.3
97.1
161.5

517.7
46.8
19.1
99.2
32.1
63.0
96.3
161.2

501.2
45.6
18.4
94.0
31.6
62.5
93.6
155.5

486.5
45.9
18.0
84.5
30.8
60.6
92.6
154.1

459.9
44.4
16.4
81.7
30.7
58.2
84.0
144.5

315.2

9 1, 513.9 1, 469.2 l, 414.9 1,404.1 1,376.8 1, 380.2 1, 396.6 1,434.5 1,478.2 1, 526.9 1, 614. 8 1, 630. 9 1,470.2 1, 476.4
304.4 303.4 297.2 292.6 294.8 298.2 302.0 305.7 305.0 294.6 291.1 311.0 302.1 307.0
102.5 102.0
97.8
94.6
91.0
90.2
89.8
90.5
91.6
95.2 100.9 103.3
96.8
99.8
248.5 207. 7 184.7 185.9 167.3 166.7 169.5 182.9 211. 7 260.1 352.0 350.3 223.0 220.4
112. 1 110.2 108.9 108.8 108.4 109.3 109.4 109.9 109.8 113.0 115.4 115.2 113.3 113.8
292. 1 290.8 286.1 287.0 286.1 286.8 285.9 287.9 290.0 289.1 289.2 290.0 285.2 284.3
26.4
25.8
25.1
26.1
25.7
34.8
45.4
41.3
43.1
29.2
27.7
31.0
31.4
66.6 70.0 69.5 70.2 24.5
71.8
72.3
72.7
78.0
78.8
79.1
77.7
73.6
73.5
75.4
221.7 220.2 211.1 206.3 201.5 198.1 200.4 205.5 210.5 215.2 220.5 220.3 209.1 207.0
139.6 139.1 134.5 132.6 131.4 132.9 132.1 132.8 135.4 137.5 138.8 139.5 136.2 137.3

1109

A —EMPLOYMENT

Table A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1960

Annual
average

1959

Industry
Aug.2 Ju ly 2 June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1959

1958

Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Tobacco manufactures_______________
Cigarettes_____ ________
______
Cigars___________________________
. . __
Tobacco and snuff__ ____
Tobacco stemming and red ry in g ____

98.6

78.5
38.4
24.4
6. 2
9.5

77.8
38.2
25.4
6.3
7.9

78.5
37.7
25.5
6.2
9.1

79.1
37.9
25. 6
6. 2
9.4

81.4
37.3
25.9
6.3
11.9

86.6
37. 5
26. 5
6. 4
16.2

Textile-mill products_______ ______ . . .
Scouring and combing plants ______
Yarn and thread mills__________ ___
Broad-woven fabric mills _________
Narrow fabrics and small wares______
Knitting m ills,. ______ _________
Dyeing and finishing tex tiles._______
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings
Hats (except cloth and millinery) , ___
Miscellaneous textile goods,. _______

953.8

941.3
5.4
103. C
389.3
28.9
217.0
89.0
43.2
9.8
55.7

961.7
5.5
106.5
393.7
29. 5
225.5
90.1
44.0
10.1
56.8

956.3
5.4
105.7
392.9
29.3
221.6
89. 9
44.9
10.1
56.5

955.1
5.3
105. 9
395.3
29.4
217. 5
89.9
45. 8
9. 6
56.4

956.6
5.2
106.3
396 6
29.8
215.7
88.9
46. 2
10. 2
57.7

952.0
5.6
106. 6
394.9
29.7
211.3
89. 4
46.7
9.9
57.9

88.5
37. 6
25.4
6.4
19.1

91.2
37. 7
27.1
6. 4
20.0

953.0 960.3
5.6
5.4
107. 4 108. 2
396 1 398.1
29. 8 29. 4
210. 4 216. 2
89. 6 89.3
46. 5 46. 2
10.3
10. 4
57.3
57.1

92.5 103.1
38. C 37.7
27.4
27. 4
6. 4
6. 4
20.7
31.6
969.3
5.3
108. 7
398.9
29.3
224. 5
89.3
46. 2
10. 2
56.9

978.5
5.6
no. 3
399. 9
29. 5
228. 4
89.4
46. 7
9.6
59.1

108.8
37.7
27.1
6.7
37.3

99.9
37.9
26. 8
6.8
28.4

89.2
37.4
27.1
6.6
18.1

90.4
36.4
29.1
6.5
18.4

983.1
5.7
111. 7
400. 4
29.9
230.2
89. 5
46. 5
10. 2
59.0

980.1
5.8
111.7
399. 8
29. 8
230.6
89.0
45.6
10. 3
57.5

966.0
5.5
110.0
398.5
29.5
220.1
88. 4
46.6
10.1
57.3

941.5
5.2
108.2
399.9
27.5
207.0
84.9
44.8
10.1
53.9

Apparel and other finished textile products__ ____________ ________ _ 1, 238.3 1,185. 6 1,215. 9 1, 207.9 1,211.2 1, 247. 8 1, 240. 7 1, 219. 5 1, 232.9 1,239.9 1, 232. 3 1, 239.1 1,234. 7 1, 210. 7 1,156.3
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats___ _
108.8 116.1 115.0 114.3 114.9 114.6 114.0 114.3 114.4 113.5 114.0 113.5 111.4 107.3
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work
349.2 357.6 353.7 349. 6 351.7 349.6 346.7 349.1 352.7 351. 2 351.4 348.7 338.3 311.3
clothing., .. , _____________ _
Women’s outerwear. . ___________
326.5 329.0 328.1 335.7 358.0 355.1 346.2 349. 8 348.0 336.0 343. 6 348. 8 344.7 339.7
Women’s, children’s undergarments. ,
113.9 118. 6 118.4 120.0 121.6 121. 6 119.8 121. 5 124.0 124.0 122. 6 120.6 118.9 114.1
Millinery_____ _ _______________
19. 6
18.5
17.9
16.3
13.1
14.9
17. 8 22.8
22.2
19.1
17.0
18. 6 18. 7
18.3
Children’s outerwear_______________
74.4
75.0
75. 6 73.2
76.4
73.6
69. 6 73. 8 74.0
73. 5 72. 3 72. 6 72. 4 74.4
Fur goods. _______________________
7.4
6.9
9. 8
9. 5
8.4
9. 2
10.7
7. 2
6. 6
66
6. 8
8.6
9.3
6.8
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories..
56.9
60.3
56.7
61.7
59.6
60.0
59.2
64.2
64.2
62.9
60.2
57.7
60.9
62.7
Other fabricated textile products_____
131.8 136.8 138.1 137.4 138. 4 137. 6 135.7 138.1 139. 2 142. 6 140.7 135.8 135.0 125.0
Paper and allied products.........................
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills___
Paperboard containers and boxes ___
Other paper and allied products______

564.4

560.1
274.0
150.8
135.3

567.0
278.3
152. 6
136.1

562.7
274.4
151. 7
136.6

562.3
274. 0
152.2
136.1

560.0
273.1
152.3
134. 6

559.9
274. 0
152. 4
133.5

561.3
275. 4
152. 6
133.3

564.1
274.0
156. 2
133. 9

564.4
273.3
157. 7
133.4

566.2
273.9
158.0
134.3

571.8
278. 2
158.0
135.6

566.2
277.7
154. 6
133.9

559.9
273.8
153.5
132.6

547.1
269.4
149.6
128.1

Printing, publishing, and allied industries.
Newspapers, ____________________
Periodicals.______________________
Books.
________________________
Commercial printing. _____________
Lithographing______ ____ _____ _ . . .
Greeting cards_______________ _____
Bookbinding and related industries___
Miscellaneous publishing and printing
services_________________________

894.5

890.1
331.4
61.9
62.8
229.3
68.3
22.1
48.1

892.0
331.4
62.3
62.3
229.4
68.6
22. 6
48.4

885.9
329.4
62.7
62.2
227.3
68.4
20. 6
48.0

886.3
327. 7
63.9
62.3
229.3
68. 6
2. 05
48.0

886.2
327. 2
63.9
61. 6
230.3
68.1
20.1
47.8

883.3
325. 7
64. 2
61.1
229.1
67.3
19. 9
47.5

878.8
324.9
64.7
60.2
229.2
65. 5
19 6
46.8

887.5
329. 6
64. 5
60.1
230.0
66. 9
21. 6
46.8

886.2
326.6
64. 7
59.7
228.8
67. 9
23.0
46.9

886.0
327.6
65.0
59.6
228.0
67. 5
22.3
47.6

882.0
326.3
63.7
59. 5
227.3
67. 3
22.1
47.7

871.0
324.7
61.7
58.9
223.2
66. 2
21. 3
47.2

868.3
322.6
62.4
58.0
224.0
66. 3
20. 8
46.2

852.2
316. 4
61.5
55.0
220.7
65.7
20.0
44.5

66.2

67.0

67.3

66.0

67. 2

68.5

67. 9

68.0

68. 6

68.4

68.1

67.8

68.0

68.4

Chemicals and allied products_________
Industrial inorganic chemicals_______
Industrial organic chemicals_________
Drugs and medicines. ___ ________
Soap, cleaning and polishing preparat i o n s . , ,___ ______ ________ , ,
Paints, pigments, and fille rs_______
Gum and wood chem icals__ ___ _
Fertilizers. _______ _ ____________
Vegetable and animal oils and fats____
Miscellaneous chemicals____________

880.8

878.6
106.1
347.0
108.0

877.8
105. 8
343.7
106.6

879.6 882.3
104. 7 104. 6
340. 2 338.3
105.4 105.5

869.4
103. 9
336.7
105.8

864.6
103. 7
334. 9
105.2

860.5
103. 6
334.0
105.6

861.9
103.9
332.9
105.3

862.1
104.0
331.7
104.9

861.1
103. 6
330. 8
104.4

860.8
104. 2
332.1
104.9

854. 2
104.1
332.8
104.9

847.8
102.5
325. 6
104.0

820.9
102.2
310. 6
102.9

52.7
79.1
7.9
31.9
36.1
109.8

53.1
78. 4
7.9
35.8
36.6
109.9

52.8
77.8
7.9
44.1
37.5
109.2

52. 7
77.3
7.8
48.8
39. 2
108.1

52.7
76.8
7. 7
39.4
39.3
107.1

52. 4
76.9
7. 9
37. 2
40.1
106.3

51. 8
76.3
7. 8
35.9
40. 8
104.7

51.7
76.4
7. 8
35.0
42.7
106. 2

51. 4
76. 4
7. 7
34.1
43.7
108. 2

51.5
77.1
7. 8
34.8
43.9
107. 2

51. 9
75.7
7. 8
35.0
41.7
107.5

51.6
76. 6
7.7
32.4
38.0
106.1

51.0
75.5
7.7
36.9
40.0
104.6

49.3
73.0
7.8
35.6
38.5
101.0

Products of petroleum and coal________
Petroleum refining. , ___________ _.
Coke, other petroleum and coal
products., _____________________

230.4

230.0
183.3

232.5
184.0

231.9
183.2

232.4
183.7

232.2
183.8

232.4
184.1

231.9
183.8

232.2
184.2

231.7
182.9

229.7
184.0

231.7
185.4

229.9
183.2

233.4
186.2

238.2
192.1

46.7

48.5

48.7

48. 7

48.4

48.3

48.1

48.0

48.8

45.7

46.3

46.7

47. 2

46.1

Rubber products. ______ ___________
Tires and inner tubes ____________ Rubber footw ear_________________
Other rubber products_____________

253.3

252.3
103.4
21. 5
127.4

258.1
103. 5
22.0
132. 6

257.1
103. 4
21.9
131.8

260.2
104. 4
22. 5
133.3

267.4
105.1
22. 8
139.5

269.0
104.0
23.0
142.0

269.2
105. 3
23.1
140.8

269.5
105. 5
23. 6
140.4

270.1
106.1
23.7
140.3

273.2
107.0
23.3
142. 9

273.5
108.0
23. 2
142.3

264.7
105.4
22. 7
136.6

259.8
101.6
22.0
136.2

244.6
100.8
20.9
122.9

Leather and leather products ______ _
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished .
Industrial leather belting and packing.
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings..
Footwear (except rubber). . . _______
L uggage____ ___________________
Handbags and small leather goods____
Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods.
See footnotes at end of table.

374.0

364.5
34.4
4.3
19.4
245.5
16.3
29.8
14.8

365.7
34.5
4.3
19.5
245.4
16.0
30.2
15.8

357. 6
34.0
4.2
18.7
238.8
15.8
30.2
15.9

359.3
34.1
4.4
18. 6
240.1
15. 6
30.9
15.6

370.4
34.4
4.8
19. 6
246.8
15. 6
33. 5
15.7

370.9
34.8
5.0
19.9
248.0
15.1
33.3
14.8

370.9
35.6
5.0
20.1
249.8
15.0
31.7
13.7

372.5
35.8
4.9
19.5
249.4
15.1
32.4
15.4

372.6
35.9
5.0
19.3
246.5
15.5
33.6
16.8

372.0
36.2
5.1
18.9
244.7
16.2
34.1
16.8

376.1
36.9
5.2
18.9
248.8
16.1
33.2
17.0

379.7
37.1
5.2
19.5
253.3
15.7
32.2
16.7

372.2
37.1
4.9
19.4
248.9
15.3
31.2
15.4

357.2
37.9
4.1
18.2
238.1
15.0
29.9
14.0


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

mo

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960
Table

A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1960

1959

Annual
average

Industry
June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1959

1958

Transportation and public utilities_____
3,928 3,937 3,94. 3,924 3,91- 3,90C 3,88- 3,882 3,94( 3,9L 3,91( 3,92' 3,921 3,901
Transportation_________ ____ ______
2,563 2,571 2, 592 2,585 2,579 2,570 2,553 2, 549 2,602 2, 571 2,568 2,574 2,562 2, 559 2, 3,903
531
Interstate railroads......................... .....
911.
919.
914.
909.
903.6 899.
900.1 919.' 898.1 893.
906.] 928.4 930.
963.6
Class I railroads___________ ____
800.7 807.
801.
796. € 789.6 785.
785. £ 796.
784.
797.
786.
819.
815.
840.8
Local railways and buslines________
90.9
91.1
91.3
91.4
91.
90.
91.
91. 91.
91.92.]
92.
92.:
96.4
Trucking and warehousing____ ____
878.7 887.1 880.3 880.6 883.
878. C 876.
897.
892.
898.1 881.
854.- 853.
792. 5
Other transportation and services____
689.0 694.1 698.6 697.6 692.1 684.7 681.: 694.
688.
‘
685.
694.]
687.
683.:
678.5
Buslines, except local_____________
41.3
40.
40.0
38.8
38.
38. '
39. ‘
39. ‘
39.7
41.
40.
42.
40.4
41.7
Air transportation (common carrier).
152.3 152.1 153.0 153.1 152.3 152.2 152.2 152.1 150.
149.
150.
148. C 145. £ 140.3
Pipe-line
transportation
(except
natural gas)...................................
24.
24.1
24.8
24.1
24.
24.2
24.6
24.6
24.7
24.8
25.2
25.
25.1
25.8
Communication_____ _____ _____
751
751
744
741
740
738
737
736
739
741
741
746
748
743
771
Telephone____ __________ _____
712.9 707.0 704.0 702.6 700.2 699.2 698. C 701.1 702.9 702.8 707.7 710.8 705.
732.4
Telegraph_____________________
37.3
36.4
36. 6 37.0
36.7
36.7
36. i
37.5
37.6
37.2
37.2
36.8
37.2
38.3
Other public utilities_____________
614
615
606
598
598
592
597
597
599
600
601
607
612
600
601
Gas and electric utilities_________
590.1 582. 5 574.6 574.2 568.5 574.0 574. ( 575.7 576.7 577.5 583.6 588.2 576.6 578.5
Electric light and power utilities,
260.4 257.3 254.1 254.0 253.8 253.8 254.1 254.7 254.9 255.0 258.1 260.2 255.9 258.3
Gas utilities____________________
157.0 155.3 153.2 153.4 153.0 153.2 152.9 153.4 153.7 153.7 155.3 156.6 153.3 151.5
Electric light and gas utilities com­
bined________ ____ ___________
172.7 169.9 163.3 166.8 161.7 167.0 167.0 167.6 168.1 168.8 170.2 171.4 167.4 168.7
Local utilities, not elsewhere classified.
24.4
23.9
23.7
23.8
23.5
23.2
23.1
23.1
23.2
23.4
23.7
24.0
23.2
22.9
Wholesale and retail trade_____________ 11,572 11,575 11,637 11,543 11,620 11,325 11,329 11,424 12,345 11,723 11,551 11,464 11,360
11,385
11,141
Wholesale trade____________________ 3,144 3,134 5,129 3, 111 3,120 3,111 3,114 3,113 3,155 3,141 3,121 3,097 3,081 3,070 3,013
Wholesalers full-service and limitedfunction______________ _______
1, 868.9 , 867.1 1,851.4 1, 856.4 1,850. 4 1,852.9 1,852. 7 1, 882.9 1,868.8 1,858. 3 1, 847.9 1,836.0 1, 819.2 1,752.0
Automotive_____________________
142.2 141. 5 140.5 139.6 139.0 138.7 138.0 139.2 138.6 138.5 138.4 139.2 135.2 126.5
Groceries, food specialties, beer,
wines, and liquors_____________
315.5 314.1 313.0 315.1 317.8 316.1 317.9 321.3 320.9 314.0 311.2 305.3 309.7 303.1
Electrical goods, machinery, hard­
ware, and plumbing equipment__
459.7 458.1 455.2 455.5 455.0 454.8 453.3 456.4 455.1 454.5 452.9 453.8 448.0 439.2
Other full-service and limited-func­
tion wholesalers________________
951.5 953.4 942.7 946.2 938.6 943.3 943.5 966.0 954.2 951.3 945.4 937.7 926.3 883.2
Wholesale distributors, other________
1,265.0 , 261. 6 1, 259. 3 1, 263.1 1, 260.8 1,260.8 1, 260.7 1, 272.0 1,271.8 1, 263.0 1, 248.8 1, 245.2 1,250.7 1, 261. 4
Retail trade____________________ ___ 8, 428 8,441
, 508 8, 432 8, 500 8, 214 8, 215 8,311 9,190 8, 582 8, 430 8,367 8, 279 8,315 8,128
General merchandise stores........... ........ 1,439.5
, 462.5 1, 465. 6 1, 511.0 1, 404.3 1,402.3 1,464. 9 2,025.0 1, 628.3 1, 520.8 1,463. 2 1, 407. 6 1,483. 5 1, 433.8
Department stores and general mail­
order houses____ ______________
914.2 934.2 932.1 944.8 892.1 898.3 942.7 1, 294.3 1,053. 8 976.7 931.0 905.5 953.4 925.1
Other general merchandise stores___
515.1 528.3 533.5 566.2 512.2 504.0 522.2 730.7 574.5 544.1 532.2 502.1 530.1 508.7
Food and liquor stores______________ 1, 651. 5 664.3 , 655. 6 1, 648. 7 1, 649.0 1, 633. 6 1, 634.8 1, 629. 7 1, 663.
3 1, 645. 6 1, 627.0 1, 612.1 1, 604. 2 1, 613. 6 1, 598.8
Grocery, meat, and vegetable markets.
206.8 203. 7 1, 200. 7 1,199.8 1, 200.1 1,197.0 1,198. 2 1,218.4 1, 209.3 1,191.1 1,172.1 1,161.9 1,175. 3 L 149. 4
Dairy product stores and dealers___
231.7 226.8 222.8 220.2 214.9 214.5 214.9 217.1 217.2 218.3 226.9 230.6 222.7 227.4
Other food and liquor stores.........
225.8 225.1 225.2 229.0 218.6 223.3 216.6 227.8 219.1 217.6 213.1 211.7 215.6
Automotive and accessories dealers..
817.8 823.6 827.4 819.0 815.0 801.2 801.1 799.7 814.8 803.8 802.2 799.1 800.6 791.0 222.0
764.5
Apparel and accessories stores_____
586.0 593.4 628.3 626.7 679.6 584.4 584.4 609.1 744.0 634.3 621.2 605.1 568.8 606.0 592.1
Other retail trade_______________
3, 932.9 930.8 933.9 3.872,2 3, 845.5 3, 790.8 3, 792.1 3, 807.3 3,943.0 3,869. 5 3,858.8 3,887. 2 3, 897.6 3, 820.4 3, 738. 4
Furniture and appliance stores__
398.9 397.0 399.0 397.4 395.1 396.7 397.3 417.0 405.1 398.5 395.6 390.7 393.8 390.2
Drug stores___ ______________
397.6 398.6 392.0 396.4 384.2 383.3 390.6 418.4 389.8 385.4 389.3 385.7 378.2 355.8
Finance, insurance, and real estate____

2,529

2,528
682.4
102.7
946.6
795.8

2,496
671.2
100.4
930.8
793.6

2,469
662.9
99.9
922.3
783. 5

2,463
663.2
99.9
922.5
777.4

2,444
661.9
99.7
919.9
762.9

2,439
657.5
99.2
917.3
764.9

2,429
652.2
97.9
910.3
768.5

2,438
653.2
97.7
913.6
773.7

2,438
650.4
96.9
910.8
779.4

2,441
647.5
86.8
908.4
788.7

2,452
645.4
96.7
909.9
799.7

2,474
651.1
98.0
915.4
809.8

2,425
638.4
94. 5
904.0
787.8

2,374
615.3
84.6
895.0
779.5

Service and miscellaneous_____

6,693

6,728
595.6

6,745
524. 5

6,717
497.1

6,644
479.3

6,511
458.6

6,484
459.6

6,474
452.7

6,547
463.4

6,593
470.4

6,614
476.1

6,617
522.2

6,582
6Ó2.7

6,525
505.4

6,395
511.3

316.0
175.6
192.0

314.6
181.3
190.7

311.5
179.4
190.3

308.4
177.4
189.7

304.6
169.3
175.3

305.7
170.0
178.0

307.2
171.9
178.9

309.0
173.4
179.8

310.6
174.7
185.6

312.2
174.4
190.0

313.4
169.9
194.2

315.8
165.6
195.9

310.9
170.6
187.0

312.7
167.4
189.8

8,136 8,155
2,206 1,205
!, 177.1
919.0
564.8
693.3

8,409
204
176.6
922.8
560.0
693.8
22.8
4. 9
205
575.2
629. 9
851.3
353. 8

8,449
2,212
2,184.6
917.1
553.3
714.2
22.5
4.9
5,237
l, 578.8
4, 658.0
2, 978. 5
1, 258.3

8,553
2,334
2, 306.8
916.5
553.0
837.3
22.5
4.9
3, 219
, 572. 8
t, 646.4
2, 987. 4
i, 231.8

8,536 8,343
2,331 2,153
2, 303. 6 2,125.3
919.0 920.2
551.8 553.0
832.8 652.1
22.5
22.4
4.9
4.9
3,205 3,190
L, 564.1 L, 559.8
i, 641.1 1,630.1
2, 992.0 2, 990.9
3, 213. 2 3,199.0

8,288
2,151
2,123. 6
921.3
553.6
648.7
22.5
4.8
3,137
, 550.2
:, 586.3
2, 947.3
1,189. 2

8,635 8,331 8,274
2,492 2,192 2,168
2, 464. 5 2,164. 7 2,140.9
924.6 928.3 931.4
863.4 557.5 551.2
676.5 678.9 658.3
22.5
22.5
22.6
4.8
4.8
4.8
3,143 3,139 3,106
, 555. 4 , 555. 6 1, 550. 6
:, 587.6 :, 582. 9 1, 555.8
2, 948. 7 2, 945.0 2, 906. 4
), 194.3 3,193. 5 i, 200.0

8,158
2,164
2,136. 2
934.4
550.6
651.2
22.7
4.8
5,994
l, 517.9
1, 476. 2
2, 746.1
1, 248.0

7,813
2,183
2,155.2
941.5
551.3
662.4
22.7
4.8
5,630
1,467. 9
1,162. 4
2, 330.0
5,300. 3

Banks and trust companies_________
Security dealers and exchanges..........
Insurance carriers and agents_______
Other finance agencies and real estate..

Hotels and lodging places___
Personal services:
Laundries_______________
Cleaning and dyeing plants.
Motion pictures___________
Government________________

Federal3________________
Executive______________
Department of Defense..
Post Office Department.
Other agencies________
Legislative_____________
Judicial________________
State and local4___ _______
State____ ______________
L o c a l..._____ _________
Education_____________
Other__________________

22.8

i,930

4.9
, 950
543.3
4,406. 9
2, 547. 6
3, 402. 6

i Begiiming with the August 1958 issue, figures for 1956-58 differ from those
previously published because of the adjustment of the employment estimates
to 1st quarter 1957 benchmark levels indicated by data from government
social insurance programs. Statistics from 1957 forward are subject to revi­
sion when new benchmarks become available.
These series are based upon establishment reports which cover all full- and
part-time employees in nonagricultural establishments who worked during,
or received pay for, any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15 th of the
month. Therefore, persons who worked in more than 1 establishment
during the reporting period are counted more than once. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants are ex­
cluded.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

8,127 7,893
2,197 2,191
2,169. 4 2,164.2
941.3 960.3
572.9 562.8
655.2 641.1
22.5
22.1
4.8
4.7
5,930 5,702
L, 524. 3 l, 470.8
1, 405. 7 1, 231.1
2, 721. 5 2, 563. 7
1, 208. 5 1, 138. 2

2 Preliminary.
3 Data relate to civilian employees who worked on, or received pay for,
the last day of the month.
4 State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, elected
officials of small local units and paid volunteer firemen.
S oukce : U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except those for the Federal Government, which is prepared by the
U.S. Civil Service Commission, and that for Class I railroads, which is
prepared by the U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission.

1111

A.—EMPLOYMENT

Table A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
[In thousands]
Annual
average

1960
Industry
A u g 2 J u ly 2 June
M ining................... -

M etal..................
Iron_________
Copper______
Lead and zinc~
Anthracite.......—
Bituminous coaL
Crude-petroleum and natural-gas pro­
duction------------- ---------------------Petroleum and natural-gas production
(except contract services).....................
N onmetallic mining and quarrying-----

Contract construction.--............................

Nonbuilding construction--------- -----Highway and street construction—
Other nonbuilding construction___
Building construction.........................
General contractors_______ ____
Special-trade contractors......... -........
Plumbing and heating...................
Painting and decorating..............
Electrical w o rk ..______________
Other special-trade contractors—

Manu fac turing.............. ..............................

Durable goods.......................... .........
Nondurable goods_______________
Durable goods
Ordnance and accessories...................
Lumber and wood products (except fur­
niture).____ ____________________
Logging camps and contractors______
Sawmills and planing mills__________
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products...... .............
Wooden containers___ _____________
Miscellaneous wood products________
Furniture and fixtures_______________
Household furniture_______________
Office, public building, and professional
furniture_______________________
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and fix­
tures_____ _________ ___________
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous fur­
niture and fixtures___ ____ _______
Stone, clay, and glass products....... ........
Flat glass_________________ ______
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown
Glass products made of purchased glass.
Cement, hydraulic______________
Structural clay products__________
Pottery and related products______
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products
Cut-stone and stone products_______
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
p roducts..-.......................... ........ .......
Prim ary metal in d u stries____________
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
m ills______________ ___________
Iron and steel foundries_______ _____
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals—----- --------------- -----Secondary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals..... ............. ...... ............
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals__ ____ ____________
Nonferrous foundries—----- --------------Miscellaneous primary metal industries
Fabricated metal products (except ord­
nance, machinery, and transporta­
tion equipment)..................................
Tin cans and other tin w a re ------------Cutlery, handtools, and hardware
Heating apparatus (except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies---------------------Fabricated structural metal products..
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving
Lighting fixtures----- ------ ------ -------Fabricated wire products----------------Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod­
ucts.................... - .................................
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

May

506
78.2
29.7
25.0

534
80.4
30.5
26.0
9.1

9.0
119.2

10.0

144.3

532
80.0
30.5
25.6
9.7
10.5
147.7

203.3

202.9

198.3

8.8

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.
527
73.4
28.6

533
79.3
29.5
25.7

524
77.6
28.8
24.8

10.1

10.2

21.1
10.1

11.5
149.5

12.4
152.0

13.9
154.1

197.7

199.8

Jan

Dee.

Nov.

13.9
154.4

527
57.2
28.2
5.6
9.9
14.1
155.1

519
54.9
25.9
5.5
9.8
14.3
144.9

202.7

208.3

209.6

518
60.5
28.4
8.5
10.1

Oct.

Sept.

Aug

1959

1958

9.3
14.3
128.5

479
34.0
5.3
6.4
9.3
13.9
119.0

14.4
10.4
13.8
118.6

14.6
149.2

572
76.5
26.1
23.4
10.5
18.5
173.8

209.4

215.7

219.0

210.2

211.1

481
33.7
5.3

6.1

494
45.1

6.0

532
65.1
22.7
18.0
10.0

102.5 103.3 103.9 104.6 104.8 105.2 107.6 109.3 106.1 112.9
103.9
91.9
96.4
92.5
97.2
95.3
95.3
92.6
86.1
85.3
83.9
93.1
95.9
96.7
2, 420 2,190 1,914 1,989 2,047 2,289 2,445 2,551 2, 637 2, 699 2,372 2,278
2, 678
497
506
581
606
554
507
439
360
353
340
424
513
579
256.6 196.2 136.3 142.9 145.2 195.2 245.0 283.8 303.4 320.1 245.4 231.8
293.6
265.1
277.5
260.5
285.6
269.9
243.8
261.8
214.9
210.4
203.3
227.4
256.8
285.2
1,781
2,099 2,000 1,907 1,766 1,574 1,636 1,687 1,850 1,938 1,997 2,056 2,093 1,866
658.1
662.4
729.2
750.
703.8
667.6
629.0
564.0
542.2
513.4
609.5
675.1
714.7
747.8
122. 6
1,351.5 1,285.4 1,232.0 1,156. 3 1,060.3 1,093.6 1,123.2 1, 220.9 1,270.4 1,293.4 , 1326. 6 1,342.4 1,203.2 1, 247.0
252.8
271.9
270.5
265.2
256.3
251.5
239.3
230.3
224.1
235.4
246.7
253.4
257.1
153.3
225.4
181.7
218.8
232.4 212.7 201.3 176.3 160.3 159.3 163.1 184.6 201.3 207.4
138.3 138.2
161.1 149.6 139.4 133.3 128.6 132.0 134.4 138.8 143.0 144.5 148.4 147.9 630.4
584.1
700.9 669.7 644.6 611.3 547.3 572.0 586.4 646.0 669.8 676.3 688.9 697.2
11, 658
12, 316 12,155 12, 332 12,292 12,334 12,435 12,494 12,449 12,466 12, 274 21,201 12,373 12,173 12, 237 6,507
, 679 6,955
6,863 6,906 7,056 7,084 7,123 7,205 7,268 7,230 7,173 6,922 6,786 6,847 5,494
5,282 5,151
5,453 5,249 5,276 5,208 5,211 5,230 5,226 5,219 5,293 5,352 5,415 5,526
103.2
96.4
2,558
558
286.7
271.0

101.2

101.8

73.8

74.9

74.7

74.3

74.0

72.9

73.4

73.5

71.1

72.9

586.6
86.1

288.8

555.7
83.9
275.1

560.6
85.5
276.7

561.4
86.5
277.0

583
95.4
286.3

599.3
99.5
294.5

612.0

281.6

619.7
101.7
304.2

628.4
107.8
305.2

591.1
92.3
291.5

556.8
80.1
283.6

116.7
38.6
50.0
327.2
246.6

120.8

39.7
50.3
328.
247.2

123.6
39.7
50.5
329.1
246.3

125.5
39.4
50.5
323.9
242.2

117.7
40.2
49.4
321.2
240.8

106.5
40.6
46.0
297.3

37.5

37.8

70.1

72.1

72.4

73.0

612.1

610.7
119.1
291.8

617.4
118.6
296.0

592.5

110.3
39.8
49.7
321.8
236.9

112.0

40.
50.0
326.7
240.4

111.7
40.8
49.4
324.3
240

110.9
39.7
50.3
327.2
242.7

109.0
38.2
49.5
326.
242.9

110.5
38.3
49.6
327.6
244.0

110.3
38.3
49.3
327.4
244.0

113.6
39.1
49.2
327.8
245.9

38.3

38.8

37.6

38.0

37.7

37.2

36.8

36.7

27.9

28.1

26.8

27.2

26.7

27.0

27.4

27.1

18.7
449.8
25.8
89.7
13.3
35.3

19.4
456.1
26.2
93.2
13.6
35.3
65.8
42.2
95.0
15.8

19.6
451.6
26.6
90.5
13.7
34.5
65.9
41.7
93.2
15.6

19.3
448.2
27.5
89.3
13.7
33.7
64.5
42.3
91.0
15.4

19.6
443.0
30.2
88.9
14.1
31.6
62.2
42.5

19.4
445.2
32.0
87.5
14.5
31.0
62.6
42.4
87.7
15.0

19.2
442.6
32.2
84.7
14.5
32.5
63.1
41.9
87.8
14.9

18.1
452.4
32.3
85.9
14.8
33.9

456.5

101.2

300.0

24.7

24.9

19.2
458.2
32.6
83.0
15.6
33.7
67.5
43.1
97.2
15.9

20.1

42.0
91.7
15.3

17.3
457.1
32.1
87.2
15.3
34.3
67.2
43.0
94.0
15.6

927.5

69.0
970.3

70.5
72.5
71.0
71.8
70
69.9
992.6 1019.8 1,042.6 1,051.5 1,048.3 1,038.8

68.4
975.0

441.2
187.1

468.9
193.1

495.3
188.8

46.4

46.6

8.6

8.6

66.2

41.2
95.0
15.2
68.1

810.7

101.8

86.8

14.9

16.0

18.9
449.1
28.7
84.7
15.0
34.4
65.5
41.3
94.3
15.6

17.4
417.8
23.5
80.5
13.3
34.6
63.4
37.6
86.9
15.7

602.3

70.9
611.0

70.4
628.0

69.6
916.4

62.3
891.0

469.2
30.4

88.6

15.5
35.8
67.5
43.5

101.0

526.4
194.7

531.6
198.8

531.6
197.7

527.7
197.6

493.2
183.2

118.8
194.2

123.3
195.6

132.4
194.1

416.6
192.2

436.8
167.4

47.2

45.4

42.5

40.7

37.4

32.4

32.9

33.3

43.2

40.0

43.2

9.3

9.3

9.4

8.8

8.8

8.8

9.4

9.1

8.2

88.1

55.4
125.4

89.1
54.3
114.0

89.9
55.7
102.0

90.5
54.3
105.2

52.9
106.2

89.2
53.3
116.0

80.6
46.4
108.4

856.6
50.8
111.9

799.9
48.2
95.0

811.8
49.1
101.9

841.4
57.7

815.2
56.6
106.3

831.6
51.
106.2

795.8
50.6

110.0

93.1
181.4
193.9
40.5
43.4

94.0
190.2
196.4
40.4
43.8

92.9
195.6
177.1
38.2
41.9

89.5
203.4
187.8
38.5
45.4

108.5

108.9

106.6

108.9

9.1

83.5
48.0
112.7

85.2
50.3
117.6

84.2
49.
119.7

122.1

87.0
53.7
126.1

815.7
55.8
98.2

840.1
55.
103.8

836.5
54.3
104.4

836.8
51.7
105.4

853.8
51.3
109.1

863.3
50.3
111.7

85.6
51.2

210.4
181.2
35.9
43.0

87.8
208.1
192.8
37.9
45.2

204.4
192.
37.0
45.9

88.5
199.7
193.7
38.6
46.6

105.0

108.9

109.5

112.6

88.1

25.6
19.4
468.3
29.9
87.4
15.0
36.3
68.7
42.8
101.7
16.1

510.6
194.0

87.4
55.2
126.7

86.2

66.0

220.1

35.9

89.1
55.2
122.6

840.
49.1
110.2

201.9
39.5
48.4

89.5
200.7
207.1
39
49.2

89.0
199.5
202.4
39.4
48.7

199.3
196.2
39.0
47.7

89.2
192.8
179.5
38.
45.8

114.5

115.0

114.9

112.6

110.6

88.5
200.

86.8

100.1

83.3
220.0

169.4
34.2
41.7
96.5

1112

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960

T able A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1959

1960

Annual
average

Industry
J u ly 2 June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1959

1958

Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Machinery (except electrical)_________ 1,121.9 1,131.9 1,154.1 1,159.3 1,176.4 1,186.1 1,191.0 1,178.8 1,166.0 1,135.9 1,146.8 1,167.1 1,137. 7 1,134.1 1,089. 3
62.9
61.8
64.5
65.8
68.2
68.4
69.5
67.1
68.1
Engine and turbines_______________
68.3
66.0
65.2
65.9
60.7
99.9 101.5 101.7 105.5 110.9 112.3 110.1 106.5
Agricultural machinery and tractors...
94.5 103.9 119.8 111.8 112.4
94.7
Construction and mining m achinery...
85.0
87.4
89.9
91.4
91.9
91.4
89.9
88.7
84.7
85.6
91.6
90.7
89.6
82.4
Metalworking machinery___________
191.1 195.6 195.7 196.4 195.1 192.1 190.7 189.7 186.7 184.0 182.1 176.1 175.6 162.1
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)..................
122.1 124.2 123.5 123.1 122.6 122.3 121.4 120.7 120.2 118.2 119.1 116.3 114.9 108.5
General industrial machinery_______
143.1 146.5 146.5 147.5 149.0 149.8 146.4 146.2 146.0 146.6 146.1 146.5 141.9 138.1
92.4
92.9
92.9
92.4
92.1
92.6
92.7
91.6
90.4
88.6
Office and store machines and devices..
92.3
92.0
89.7
84.0
Service-industry and household ma­
137.7 143.0 146.9 148.4 146.0 149.2 145.4 140.9 136.3 138.4 138.3 138.0 138.1 123.2
chines............... ......................... ...........
198.8 200.1 198.3 205.4 210.0 213.4 212.8 212.3 209.5 211.4 211.6 204.5 206.0 185.6
Miscellaneous machinery parts..... .......
Electrical machinery______ __________
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial appa­
ratus.....................................................
Electrical appliances___________ ___
Insulated wire and cable____________
Electrical equipment for vehicles_____
Electric lamps____________________
Communication equipment_________
Miscellaneous electrical products____

866.2

858.7

855.1

860.4

878.7

890.0

892.1

891.9

881.6

893.3

888.4

849.6

839.7

750.1

274.9 277.6
28.4
29.4
21. 1 21.8
52.8
54.6
25.4
24.6
410.2 413.7
36.2
36.3

279.3
29.1
22.0
54.3
25.8
408.8
35.8

283.1
29.5
21.8
56.0
25.9
408.8
35.3

287.2
30.4
22.2
59.0
25.9
418.7
35.3

289.0
30.0
22.5
60.9
25.9
426.3
35.4

287.8
29.8
22.9
60.3
25.9
429. 5
35.9

284.7
29.8
22.7
58.5
25.8
433.2
37.2

275.4
29.9
22.2
54.9
25.6
435.8
37.8

281.6
30.6
22.2
57.9
25.5
437.2
38.3

286.5
30.0
21.5
56.7
24.8
430.2
38.7

281.3
28.4
21.1
45.7
24.0
412.8
36.3

273.7
28.2
21.6
54.4
23.9
401.6
36.3

247.8
25.4
19.3
47.0
22.5
355.4
32.7

848.3

Transportation equipm ent..................... 1,051.2 1,113. 7 1,127.2 1,173. 6 1.187.1 1,221.2 1,244.8 1,238. 7 1,172.1 1,026.0 1,207.8 1,199.8 1,132.0 1,189. 5 1,124. a
580.7 614.9 615.8 622.9 651.9 675.2 657.7 592.7 439.0 622.5 599.5 519.7 574.2 480.0
Motor vehicles and equipment_____
361.8 347.5 388.0 398.1 407.1 411.7 416.1 422.1 428.8 435.2 445.3 444.5 451.1 479.3
Aircraft and parts___________ _____
213.1
214.2 223.5 229.1 233.5 237.5 240.8 243.7 249.4 254.0 262.7 263.7 268.1 291.5
A ircraft..____ ________ _______ _
85.6
58.4
82.4
83.3
83.9
83.2
84.9
85.8
85.6
83.7
Aircraft engines and parts________
72.0
83.2
86.5
89.9
8.9
2.7
8.5
8.4
8.4
8.3
8.7
8.9
6.1
8.5
8.6
8.5
9.1
Aircraft propellers and p arts........ .
12.2
70.6
72.2
73.6
77.2
82.6
83.6
85.5
86.7
88.1
88.2
87.4
Other aircraft parts and equipment.
81.1
85.1
85.7
118.4 111.1 114.7 113.1 109.8 108.7 120.8 116.3 117.5 107.0 107.1 116.5 118.8 121.4
Ship and boat building and repairing
91.4
90.9
87.4 100.2
88.6
89.8 100.1
99.9 105.1
Shipbuilding and repairing________
102.3
93.0
88.1
96.2
98.1
19.4
18.4
16.4
Boatbuilding and repairing_____
17.3
18.9
16.1
19.7
21.7
22.2
21.7
21.3
20.6
20.1
16.3
38.8
44.5
45.6
46.7
44.7
41.5
33.3
32.2
34.0
42.3
Railroad equipm ent.... ............. ........
44.0
37.2
37.1
36.1
8.3
8.4
8.4
8.5
9.1
9.1
Other transportation equipm ent___
8.1
8.3
7.7
6.9
7.7
9.0
8.3
7.2
224.3

227.5

227.7

229.8

230.5

231.3

230.5

232.2

231.9

231.0

230.7

224.0

222.3

205.3

35.8

35.7

35.8

36.0

36.0

36.1

36.2

37.4

37.2

36.9

36.5

35.1

35.1

31.8

64.2
12.4

66.2
12.7

66.4
12.7

66.8
12.7

66.9
12.5

67.3
12.1

65.9
12.1

65.0
11.5

64.4
12.0

65.8
11.6

65.1
11.2

63.5
10.8

62.4
10.7

55.8
9.4

30.0
21. 1
38.9
21.9

30.4
21.3
38.7
22.5

30.2
21.5
38.7
22.4

30.4
21.7
38.7
23.5

30.2
21.9
38.8
24.2

30.1
22.1
39.0
24.6

29.7
22.3
39.6
24.7

30.0
22.4
40.5
25.4

29.5
22.3
40.5
26.0

29.0
22.0
39.8
26.8

29.2
21.9
40.0
26.8

28.4
20.9
39.7
25.6

28.7
20.6
39.3
25.5

27.3
18.4
39.7
22.9

390.5
35.8
15.1
79.8
23.8
46.0
71.9
118.1

405.2
36.5
15.2
83.5
23.8
47.8
74.8
123.6

397.3
36.3
15.3
78.5
23.6
46.8
74.2
122.6

395.1
36.5
15.7
73.4
23.4
47.9
74.9
123.3

391.9
37.1
16.0
67.2
23.2
50.0
75.0
123.4

387.5
36.7
16.2
62.7
23.1
50.0
76.2
122.6

379.1
36.6
16.3
59.0
22.4
48.7
75.7
120.4

393.0
37.8
16.7
64.6
22.9
49.4
76.3
125.3

414.8
38.2
16.7
80.7
24.1
49.9
77.0
128.2

420.0
38.1
16.7
85.9
24.3
50.6
77.2
127.2

416.6
37.3
16.0
85.1
24.1
50.7
76.4
127.0

400.7
36.2
15.3
80.1
23.5
50.4
73.4
121.8

386.6
36.1
15.0
70.7
22.8
48.8
72.9
120.3

361.034.5
13.6
67.5
22.3
46.4
64.8
111.9

1,158. 7 1, 057. 5 1, 015.4
242. 1 241.8
70.8
70.3
213.0 173.1
78.4
76.6
165.6 164.4
21.4
20.4
52.2
55.3
117.8 117.9
96.1
95.6

967.4
235.7
66.7
150.8
75.0
160.9
19.8
54.8
112.2
91.5

959.5
232.1
63.7
152.0
74.4
161.7
20.8
55.4
108.9
90.5

933.7
233.8
60.7
133.6
73.9
160.8
19.3
57.2
104.9
89.5

938.6
237.2
59.6
134.1
74.1
160.9
20.3
57.8
103.2
91.4

954.0
240.6
59.3
136.5
74.7
160.6
29.4
58.4
104.1
90.4

989.5 1,031.8 1, 080.1 1,162. 0 1,176.0 1, 025.3 1, 035. 3
244.8 243.6 233.4 229.0 249.3 240.6 243.5
60.0
60.8
63.7
68.9
71.0
65.5
66. 7
149.6 177.9 225.9 316.2 314.8 189.2 186. 6
75.2
74.8
77.7
79.9
79.6
77.9
79.5
162.7 165.7 165.7 165.0 165.6 162.1 164.9
36.8
23.8
35.3
39.0
22.2
25.3
25.9
62.9
64.6
63.3
59.4
59.4
64.0
61.6
108.8 113.4 117.6 120.7 118.4 111.8 112.4
94.7
90.2
92.6
95.2
95.7
93.5
94.2

68.3
32.5
23.7
5.2
6.9

69.1
32.6
24.0
2. 5
7.3

71.2
32.1
24.1
5.3
9.7

76.4
32.4
24.8
5.4
13.8

78.2
32.5
23.8
5.3
16.6

Instrum ents and related products______
Laboratory, scientific and engineering
instrum ent............................ ..............
Mechanical measuring and controlling
instrum ents_________ ___________
Optical instruments and lenses______
Surgical, medical, and dental instru­
ments__________________________
Ophthalmic goods_________________
Photographic apparatus____________
Watches and clocks________________

225.2

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware..
Musical instruments and p arts______
Toys and sporting goods_____ ____ _
Pens, pencils, other office supplies____
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions___
Fabricated plastics products.................
Other manufacturing industries______

405.0

Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products________
Meat products___________ ______
Dairy products_________ ________
Canning and preserving__________
Grain-mill products................ ..........
Bakery products_____ ____ _____ _
Sugar______ _______________ ____
Confectionery and related products.
Beverages_______________ ______
Miscellaneous food products______
Tobacco manufactures__________
Cigarettes.......................................
Cigars______ ___ ____________
Tobacco and snuff____________
Tobacco stemming and redrying.
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

68.7
33.4
22.8
5.2
7.Î

67.9
33.1
23.8
5.2
5.8

80.9
32.5
25.5
5.3
17.6

82.2
32.8
25.7
5.4
18.3

92.8
32.5
25.8
5.4
29.1

98.4
32.6
25.5
5.6
34.7

89.7
32.8
25.2
5.7
26.0

78.9
32.2
25.4
5.5
15.8

80.1
31.5.
27.4
5.4
15.8:

1113

■EMPLOYMENT

T able A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average

1959

1960

Industry
Aug.2 Ju ly 2 June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Dec.

Jan

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug

1959

1958

Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Textile-mill products........ .........................
Scouring and combing plants - - ...........
Yarn and thread mills . . ................ —
Broad-woven fabric mills---------------Narrow fabrics and smallwares--------Knitting mills------------- r------ --------Dyeing and finishing textiles.—-------Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings—
H ats (except cloth and millinery)-----Miscellaneous textile goods------ ------ -

859-1

847.5
4.9
94.7
360.4
25.2
196.2
76.8
35.7
8.7
44.9

866.7 862.9 861.4
4.8
4.9
5.0
97.7
97.6
97.7
364.7 364.7 366.9
25.8
25.6
25.9
204.6 200.7 196.7
77.8
77.7
77.7
37.2
38.0
36.4
8.3
8.9
8.9
45.4
45.6
45.8

863.0
4.8
98.0
368.5
26.1
195.0
76.6
38.4
8.9
46.7

859.5
5.1
98.3
366.8
26.0
191.2
77.3
39.0
8.6
47.2

875.6
4.8
100.4
370.2
25.8
203.
77.3
38.5
8.9
46.1

859.7
5.1
99.0
368.0
26.1
189.7
77.4
38.8
9.1
46.5

Apparel and other finished textile prod-

u et s ____________ i ___________________ 1,108.3 1 057.5 1,085.3 1,079.1 1,082.4 1,118.2 1,111.1 1,090.8 1

Men’s and boys’ suits and coats-------M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing—................. ........ -................
Women’s outerwear----------------------Women’s, children’s undergarments. . .
Millinery------------ ----------------------Children’s outerwear--------------------F ur goods------------------------------- ---'
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories
Other fabricated textile products-----Paper and allied products------------- -----Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.
Paperboard containers and boxes. .
Other paper and allied products—
Printing, publishing, and allied indus-

449.0

573.3

Newspapers— ............... -......................
Periodicals-----------------------------------B o o k s..-------- ------------------- ----------Commercial printing------ ---------------Lithographing........ -............. ...............
Greeting cards------------- -------- -------Bookbinding and related industries---Miscellaneous publishing and printing
services------------------------------------Chemicals and allied products......... .......
Industrial inorganic chemicals---------Industrial organic chemicals------------Drugs and medicines---------------------Soap, cleaning and polishing prepara­
tions—
Paints, pigments, and fillers-----------Gum and wood chemicals----------------Fertilizers---------------------- ------------Vegetable and animal oils and fats-----Miscellaneous chemicals...... ..................

539.2

Products of petroleum and coal-----------Petroleum refining—................. ........
Coke, other petroleum and coal prod­
ucts---------- --------------------------------

152.9

Leather and leather products------ ------—
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished..
Industrial leather belting and packing.
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings...
Footwear (except rubber)---------------Luggage------------------------------ -------Handbags and small leather goods---Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

321.1
311.3
15.0
64.8
7.3
56.
117.0

320.4
299.5
111.1
16.4
64.3
7.7
57.9
121.0

320.5
306.2
109.7
16.4
66.2
7.4
58.0
119.4

318.6
311.3
107.7
17.4

452.3
222.2
127.1
103.0

453.6
222.1
127.4
104.1

459.7
227.0
127.3
105.4

569.8
164.1
27.
36.3
183.8
51.
16.
37.

569.8
163.8
27.4
37.0
183.4
51.0
16.3
37

104.7

103.5

102.3

103.1

102.5

102.2

102.4

317.5
293.0
101.0
14.5
67.3
5.6
50.9
110.1

326.0
293.9
105.2
11.3
67.9
5.6
55.7
115.0

322.9
293.0
105.5
13.0
65.5
5.2
53.8
116.7

318.8
300.9
107.5
15.9
61.9
4.9
54.4
115.8

320.9
322.6
108.9
20.7
66.1
4.8
54.1
117.0

319.2
319.8
108.6
20.1
66.2
5.0
53.3
116.4

316.2
311.1
106.8
17.1
65.7
5.0
51.9
114.8

318.4
313.8
108.7
16.2
64.5

444.5
221.4
120.0
103.1

451.8
225.7
122.0
104.1

449.2
222.8
121.5
104.9

448.3
222.5
121.3
104.5

446.4
221.5
121.8
103.1

445.8
221.6
121.7
102.5

447.2
223. 3
121.4
102.5

450.5

568.6
163.7
26.7
38.3
183.9
51.9
16.0
37.6

571.9
165.0
26.8
37.5
184.5
52.0
16.6
38.0

566.8
164.0
27.0
37.4
182.5
51.8
14.6
37.7

567.5
162.9
27.7
37.6
184.6
52.1
14.5
37.6

567.6
162.6
27.6
37.2
185.4
51.5
14.0
37.6

565.1
161.5
27.4
37.0
184.4
50.7
13.7
37.2

562.4
161.5
27.4
36.6
185.0
48.9
13.5
36.4

570.6
165.8
27.2
36.4
185.4
50.3
15.4
36.8

50.5

51.5

51.8

50.5

51.7

53.2

53.1

53.3

53.

53.

53.2

540.
69.
206.
56.

6.

54.8
116.9
222.2

125.2
103.1

111

538.0
69.4
212.9
58.4

540.4
69.5
211.1
57.5

546.7
69.2
210.0
56.6

551.0
69.3
208.9
56.7

540.5
68.7
208.7
57.3

537.3
68.8
207.7
57.0

535.9
69.1
208.0
57.6

537.1
69.6
206.8
57.3

539.
69.
206.
56.

31.6
46.7
6.4
21.8
23.6
67.2

31.3
46.6
6.4
25.8
23. £
68.

30.8
46.3
6.4
34.1
24. £
68.4

30.8
46.1
6.4
38.7
26. £
67.

30.7
45.7
6.3
29. £
26.
67.

30.4
45.9
6.
27.4
27.4
66. £

30.2
45.3
6.4
26.3
27.9
65.1

30.2
45.8
6.4
24.9
29.4
66.7

30.
45.

152.6
116. £

155.6
117.6

154.
116.

154.4
116.

154. £
116.4

154.
117J

154.1
116.4

154.5
116.4

153.7
114.9

38.6

321.
29.
3.
17.
218.
14.
25.
12.

38.

38.

37.

37.

37.7

38.1

308.5
308.0
106.2
16.3
66.3
7.1
54.4
113.7

283.9
302.7
101.9
15.7
65.1

454.3
226.
123.9
103.8

448.6
223.
122.
102.6

439.3
220.7
119.6
99.0

558.2
161.0
26.0
36.4
179.0
50.1
15.6
37.2

557.5
161.0
26.6
35.5
180.2
50.1
15.0
36.3

545.4
157.2
25.5
33.7
177.5
49.7
14.2
35.0

539.9
69.4
208.0
57.

532.1
69.2
207.8
57.5

530.9
68.4
203.3
57.1

512.2
67.3
191.8
57.6

30.
45.7

30.6
45.
6.3
22.5
25.1
67.2

152.9
117.

150.7
114.7

155.4
118.4

36.0

37.0

35.8
186.0
74.7
16.7
94.6
317.7
33.7
3.1
16.2
213.8
12.5
26.1
12.3

6.

24.0
30.4
68.9

38.8

150
115.
35.

68.0

6.4
56.8
114.7

30.1
43.7
6.4
26.1
26.1
63.1

208.0
77.9
19.0
111.1

208.0
78.1
19.4
110.5

209.1
79.0
19.6
110.5

203.8
78.4
18.4
107.0

329.0
328.
328.
316.
315.
323.
31.3
30.
30.
29.
29.
30.
3.9
3.
1
3.
3.
3.
3.
18.1
17.
16. 3 16. 6 17.
17.
223.
6
5
221.
7
220.
213.
218. 9 212.
13. 8 13. 5 13. 3 13. 3 12. 3 12.6
27.7
2
29.
5
29.
0
26.
26. 0 26.
13. 7 12. 9 11.8
13. 8 14. 0| 13. 7

331.5
31.5
3.8
17.4
224.0

331.0
31.7
3.9
17.4
220.4
13.2
29.5
14.9

339.3
32
4.0
17.5
228.5
13.4
28.3
14.8

331.6
32
3.8
17.4
223.7
13.0
27.3
13.6

197.
77.6
18.
102.

200.
78.
18.
104.

207.
78.
18.
109.

208.
77.
19.
112.

12.8

28.3
13.7

8.2

50.9
103.6

52.6

199.4
74.6
17.9
106.9

192.2 197.'
76. C 76.
18.
17.
103.
98.
330.7

100.0

101.7

850.8
4.7
99.7
372.4
23.9
186.8
73.7
36.7
9.0
43.9

, 106.2 1,102.7 1,080.0 1,027.0
95.0
99. 5
102.4 101.8

1,107.0
102. ‘

97.6

36.1

Rubber products........................................
Tires and inner tubes---------------------Rubber footwear----------------------------Other rubber products........ - ..................

48.4

873.9
5.0
101.5
370.5
25.
199.7
76.6
38.9
8.9
46.9

889.6
5.2
103.2
371.5
26.3
209.5
77.5
38.8
9.0
48.

157.0
121.2

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960

1114

T able A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average

1959

1960
Industry
Aug.2 Ju ly 2 June
Transportation and public utilities:

Other public utilities________________
Gas and electric utilities__
____
Electric light and power utilities___
Gas utilities___ ________
- ___
Electric light and gas utilities combined
....
__ _
____
Local utilities, not elsewhere classified

Wholesale and retail trade:

Wholesale trade..
____
.
Wholesalers, full-service and limitedfunction____ ____________ _ _
Automotive.. ______
__ ___
Groceries, food specialities, beer,
wines, and liquors__ . . .
Electrical goods, machinery, hardware, and plumbing equipment__
Other full-service and li'mited-function wholesalers___
_________
Wholesale distributors, other______ .
Retail trade:
General merchandise stores__ ..
Department stores and general mailorder houses_____ . . _ _ .
Other general merchandise stores___
Food and liquor stores..
___ . _
Grocery, meat, and vegetable markets ___ ___ _____ ________ __
Dairy-product stores and dealers
Other food and liquor stores ______
Automotive and accessories dealers___
Apparel and accessories stores
Other retail trade (except eating and
___ ______
drinking places)
Furniture and appliance stores ___
Drug stores. . . . ------------------------

May

Apr.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1959

1958

544
522.2
224.4
140.2

537
515.7
221.6
139.0

529
508.0
218.2
136.9

530
508.9
218.9
137.6

524
503.7
219.1
137.6

530
509.4
219.3
137.8

530
509.9
219.8
137.6

532
511.3
220.3
137.9

533
512.8
220.8
138.2

534
513.5
221.1
138.2

541
520.1
224.3
139.7

547
525.3
226.9
140.9

534
513.0
221.8
138.0

53
516.
223.
137.

157.6
21. 7

155.1
21.1

152.9
20.9

152.4
20.9

147.0
20.6

152.3
20.3

152.5
20.2

153.1
20.4

153.8
20.5

154.2
20.7

156.1
21.0

157.5
21.4

153.2
20.6

155.
20.

2,691

2, 687

2, 670

2,679

2, 671

2, 674

2, 674

2,721

2, 709

2,694

2,671

2,655

2,651

2, 621

1, 624. 5 1,621.8 1,606.3 1, 612. 6 1,604.9 1,607.9 1, 608. 5 1,643.0 1,633. 1 1,623.4 1,612.9 1,601.8 1, 588. 8 1, 536.
123.0 122.3 121.0 120.5 120.0 120.1 119.9 121.3 120.9 120.8 120.6 121.1 117.5 110.
280.6

278.9

277.9

279.8

282.2

281.0

282.9

287.2

287.2

280.1

277.9

272.6

276.9

272.

394.8

394.0

392.4

392.6

392.2

392.0

391.2

394.8

394.6

394.5

392.2

393.4

388.1

382.

826.2 826. 6 815.0 819.7 810.5 814.8 814.5 839.7 830.4 828.0 822.2 814.7 806.3 772. <
1,066. 2 1,065.4 1,063. 7 1,066. 7 1,066.0 1,066. 5 1,065.8 1,078.1 1,075.9 1,070.8 1,058.1 1,052. 7 1,061.8 1,084.
1,325. 7 1,359. 5 1,362.4 1,407. 7 1,301.6 1,299. 7 1,362. 4 1,919. 3 1,525.8 1,419.1 1,363. 3 1, 307.9 1, 383. 6 1, 334.
841.0 861.3 859.4 872.0 820.7 826.4 871.0 1,219.3 981.1 904.4 859.3 833.9 828.6 855. £
484.7 498.2 503.0 535.7 480.9 473.3 491.4 700.0 544.7 514.7 504.0 474.0 501.0 478.
1, 523. 6 1, 513.4 1, 508. 6 1, 512. 6 1,499.9 1, 500.3 1,496.4 1, 532. 9 1,516.0 1, 498.1 1,484.8 1,477. 5 1,485.3 1,483.
1,133.2 1,129.0 1,126.2 1,127.8 1,128.1 1,123.9 1,125.1 1,145.3 1,136.8 1,118.4 1,099.4 1,089.8 1,102.0 1,078.7
196. 5 192.4 188.7 185.8 173.0 181.2 181.4 184.7 184.0 184.9 194.9 198.5 190.1 198. £
193.9 192.0 193.7 199.0 190.2 195.2 189.9 203.5 195.2 194.8 190.5 189.2 193.2 206.
727.5 729.4 722.5 720.0 705.9 705.1 704.3 720.5 708.8 709.0 706.8 709.0 699.8 677.
538.9 571.7 570.2 623.8 530.1 530.2 556. 4 692.0 583.1 569.3 552.1 517.3 554.7 542. C
2,137. 2 2,129. 0 2,095.4 2,096. 5 2,064. 5 2,068. 7 2,083. 8 2,196.9 2,131.1 2,113.9 2,129.0 2,124. 8 2,090. 3 2,056.
' 359.0 ' 356.9 358. 7 358.4 356.7 358.6 359.5 379.0 367.8 361.4 358.4 353.6 356.5 354.3
376.9 378.2 371.6 375.4 363.1 361.8 368.4 393.3 369.1 365.0 368.7 364.8 357.7 337. C

i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to August
1958 and coverage of the series, see footnote 1, table A-2.
Production and related workers include working foremen and all nonsuper­
visory workers (including leadmen and trainees) engaged in fabricating, proc­
essing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing, ware-


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Mar.

housing, shipping, maintenance, repair, janitorial, watchman services,
product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use (e.g., power
plant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated with the
aforementioned production operations.
2 Preliminary.

1115

A.—EMPLOYMENT

T able A-4. Unemployment insurance and employment service programs, selected operations 1
[All items except average benefit amounts are in thousands]
1959

1960
Item
July
Employment service:2
New applications for work.................. ......
Nonfarm placements_________________

May

June

788
491

1,008
537

811
534

Mar.

Apr.

762
511

836
450

Dec.

Jan.

Feb.

828
412

875
418

Nov.

707
432

823
465

Sept.

Oct.
762
556

744
633

Aug.

686
570

July

756
564

State unemployment insurance programs:
1,011
1,228
936
1,197
1,501
1,645
1,621
1,265
1,232
1,387
1,162
1,426
1,197
Initial claims3 4_____________________
Insured unem ploym ent5(average weekly
1,333
1,291
1,203
1,309
1,677
1,841
2,180
2,157
2,209
1,939
1,682
1,588
1,686
volume)---------------------------------------3.5
3.4
3.1
3.4
4.4
4.8
5.6
5.5
4.9
5.7
4.3
4.3
4.0
Rate of insured unem ploym ent6----------4, 627
5,061
4,826
4, 620
5,398
7,108
7,621
9,114
7,893
6, 570 7,527
6,365
5, 848
Weeks of unemployment compensated 1-.
Average weekly benefit amount for total
unem ploym ent8....................-................ $32.37 $32.33 $32. 24 $32.50 $32.39 $32. 26 $31.90 $31.91 $32. 21 $30. 81 $30. 49 $29. 76 $29.10
Total benefits paid—................... - ........... - $183,775 $198,938 $204,883 $237,391 $287,142 $247,835 $235, 202 $219, 466 $168,344 $136,856 $141,800 $133, 444 $142,503
Unemployment compensation for ex-service­
men: 9 4
Initial claims 3------------ ----------- ---------Insured unemployment5 (average weekly
volume)__________________________
Weeks of unemployment com pensated...
Total benefits paid....... ..............................

30

27

22

23

27

31

31

28

27

24

25

27

53
229
$6,966

48
175
$5,297

41
160
$4, 825

40
174
$5,207

44
176
$5,238

43
181
$5,349

49
180
$5,470

45
195
$5,957

45
197
$6,004

54
230
$7,032

61
272
$8,345

61
247
$7, 570

61
241
$7,427

15

12

12

11

12

13

17

14

14

13

12

11

15

38
146
$4, 820

33
144
$4,713

31
117
$3, 815

28
112
$3,568

27
117
$3, 685

28
114
$3,602

28
115
$3,578

Unemployment compensation for Federal
civilian employees:104
Initial claims 3—............................. ...........
Insured unemployment5(average weekly
volume)__________________________
Weeks of unemployment com pensated...
Total benefits paid .................................—

30
107
$3, 546

Railroad unemployment insurance:
Applications 11______________________
Insured unemployment (average weekly
volume)..... ........... —------- ---------------Number of payments 12------------ ---------Average amount of benefit paym ent13—
Total benefits paid 14............................ .

81

6

61
97
$75. 74
$7,434

39
104
$71.08
$7,502

All programs:48
Insured unemployment *............... —........

1,826

1,700

29
128
$4,383

30
126
$4,205

33
144
$4,799

38
173
$5,730

39
159
$5,265

35
87
32
22
21
15
12
6
59
6
5
63
94
79
97
93
105
78
69
63
54
45
174
95
194
223
201
190
184
159
164
133
104
$72.19 $74. 56 $77. 35 $79.10 $80. 57 $80. 82 $80. 61 $83.50 $84.31 $83.16 $75. 22
$7,909 $10,414 $13,374 $13,754 $16,582 $19, 206 $21, 693 $25,810 $26,078 $27,314 $18,918
1,801

2,078

1 Data relate to the United States (including Alaska and Hawaii), except
where otherwise indicated.
2 Includes Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.
3 Initial claims are notices filed by workers to indicate they are starting
periods of unemployment. Excludes transitional claims.
4 Includes Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.
3 Number of workers reporting the completion of at least 1 week of unem­
ployment.
9 The rate is the number of insured unemployed expressed as a percent of
the average covered employment in a 12-month period.
2 Includes data for the Federal civilian employee program through June
1959.
8 Includes data for the Federal civilian employee program for the period
October 1958-June 1959.
9 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with other programs.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

29

2,370

2,326

2,359

2,008

1,853

1,479

1,370

1,451

1,477

40 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with State programs.
u An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning
of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is required
for subsequent periods in the same year.
42 Payments are for unemployment in 14-day registration periods.
43 The average amount is an average for all compensable periods, not
adjusted for recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments.
44 Adjusted for recovery of overpayments and settlement of underpayments.
43 Represents an unduplicated count of insured unemployment under the
State, Ex-servicemen and UCFE programs, the Railroad Unemployment
Insurance Act, and the Veterans’ Readjustment Assistance Act of 1952 (not
presented separately in table), which terminated January 31, 1960.
S ource : U .S . Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security for
all items except railroad unemployment insurance, which is prepared by the
U.S. Railroad Retirement Board.

1116

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960

B.—Labor Turnover
Table B -l.

Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1
[Per 100 employees]
1960

1959

Annual
average

Major industry group
July 2 June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

1959

1958

Accessions: T o ta l3
Manufacturing__________________ ___ _

2.7

3.9

3.2

2.8

2.7

2.9

3.6

3.8

3.0

3.1

3.9

3.9

3.3

3.6

3.0

Durable goods________________ ____
Ordnance and accessories________
Lumber and wood products______
Furniture and fixtures__________
Stone, clay, and glass products___
Prim ary metal industries________
Fabricated metal products. _____
Machinery (except electrical)_____
Electrical machinery____________
Transportation equipment____ _
Instruments and related products..
Miscellaneous manufacturing____

2.6
1.6
2.9
3.1
2.5
2.3
2.8
2.1
2.2
3.2
1.6
4.4

3.8
3.2
8.3
4.0
3.3
2.4
3.9
3.1
3.8
3.5
3.0
5.2

3.2
2.1
6.9
4.0
2.8
1.8
3.9
2.3
2.8
3.3
2.0
4.9

2.8
1.9
5.6
3.5
2.8
1.6
3.2
1.9
2.1
3.1
1.8
4.8

2.7
2.1
3.7
3.3
2.3
1.7
3.0
2.3
2.5
3.1
1.7
5. 1

2.9
2.2
3.5
3.3
2.5
2.2
3.6
2.6
2.7
3.3
2.2
4.2

3.8
2.4
3.6
3.9
2.6
2.7
5.0
3.3
3.1
5.2
1.9
5.8

4.7
2.2
2.4
2.9
1.9
2.7
6.3
3.1
2.9
11.8
1.4
2.6

3.2
2.8
3.1
3.0
2.8
2.2
5.8
2.7
3.1
3.3
2.2
2.8

3.1
2.7
3.6
3.8
2.5
2.2
3.2
2.4
3.3
3.6
2.5
4.7

4.1
2.9
4.5
4.8
2.7
2.8
4.6
3.1
4.6
4.8
3.1
6.3

4.1
3.0
4.6
5.3
3.3
2.4
5.7
3.0
4.2
4.4
2.8
6.8

3.3
2.6
5.0
4.5
2.9
1.8
3.6
2.8
3.4
3.5
2.1
5.4

3.8
2.8
4.7
4.0
3.1
2.9
4.4
3.2
3.6
4.5
2.5
4.8

3.2
2.8
4.1
3.4
2.9
2.8
3.6
2.5
2.8
4.0
1.8
4.0

Nondurable goods 4_________ ..
Food and kindred p ro d u c ts_____
Tobacco m an u factures.______ _
Textile-mill products____________
Apparel and other finished textile
products.. ________________
Paper and allied p ro d u c ts.._____
Chemicals and allied products____
Products of petroleum and coal___
Rubber p ro d u cts______________
Leather and leather products_____

2.8
3.4
1.4
2.8

4.1
5.4
1.7
3.5

3.3
4.6
2.5
3.3

2.8
4.4
1.3
2.8

2.6
3.1
1.4
3.1

2.8
3.3
1.4
3.0

3.1
3.9
1.4
3.2

2.1
2.7
.6
2.1

2.6
3.8
1. 1
2.5

2.9
3.9
1.9
3.0

3.5
4.5
2.5
3.5

3.6
4.3
2.2
3.9

3.4
4.2
3.7
3.6

3.1
4. 1
1.8
3.2

2.7
3.5
1.6
3.0

3.8
2.4
1.6
.5
2.1
4.3

4.2
4.0
3.3
1.8
3.1
6.1

4.0
2.5
1.7
1.2
2.7
5.1

3.4
2.2
1.4
.7
1.7
3.0

3.4
2.1
1.6
.8
1.5
3.1

4.0
2.2
1.7
.6
2.3
3.3

4.4
2.3
1.6
.6
2.7
4.2

2.2
1.7
1.2
.4
2.0
3.6

3.1
1.8
1.3
.5
1.8
4.7

4.1
2.2
1.6
.7
2.4
3.5

5.0
3.0
1.8
1.0
3.2
4.0

5.6
2.9
1.9
.8
3.3
4.0

5.0
2.8
1.9
.8
2.4
4.5

4.2
2.6
1.8
1.0
2.7
4.1

3.4
2.1
1.3
.7
2.6
3.3

N onm anufacturing:
Metal mining.. ______________
Anthracite mining______________
Bituminous coal mining_________

2.8
1. 5
.8

4.0
1.8
.9

3.6
1.0
1.0

6.0
1.1
1.2

3.9
1.0
.9

2.4
.7
1.3

3.6
1.8
1.7

2.9
.9
4.1

2.1
1.8
8.8

2.7
2.4
1.5

1.8
2.1
2.1

2.2
.5
2.0

2.3
1.5
1.4

2.7
1.6
2.3

2.6
1.6
1.2

Accessions: New hires
Manufacturing___ _________ ___________

1.5

2.3

1.7

1.4

1.5

1.7

1.9

1.3

1.5

2.0

2.6

2.5

2.2

2.0

1.3

Durable goods ____________________
Ordnance and accessories_______
Lumber and wood products______
Furniture and fixtures_____ _____
Stone, clay, and glass products___
Primary metal industries_______
Fabricated metal products.. . . . _
Machinery (except electrical)_____
Electrical m achinery... _________
Transportation equipment.
Instruments and related products..
Miscellaneous manufacturing____

1.3
0.9
2.5
2.4
1.1
.4
1.4
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.2
3.0

2.1
1.6
6.3
2.7
2.1
.7
2.0
1.7
2.1
1.4
2.3
3.5

1. 6
1.4
5.5
2.6
1.5
.5
1.7
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.3
2.6

1. 4
1.2
3.7
2.1
1.2
.6
1.4
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.4
2.3

1. 4
1.5
2.6
2.3
1.2
.8
1.5
1.4
1.4
.9
1.2
2.5

1. 7
1.6
2.4
2.2
1.3
1.2
2.0
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.6
2.5

19
1.5
2.3
2.4
1.2
1.4
2.4
1.8
1.8
2.0
1.3
2.8

13
1.5
1.7
1.5
.8
1.0
1.8
1.1
1.4
1.5
1.1
1.4

14
2.1
2.3
2.0
1.0
.9
1.4
1.3
1.8
.9
1.5
1.9

20
2.1
2.9
3.0
2.0
1.2
1.8
1.6
2.5
1.6
2.0
3.5

2 fi
2.2
4.1
4.0
1.8
1.6
2.7
2.0
3.3
1.8
2.6
4.9

2ä
2.3
4.1
4.3
2.2
1.5
2.9
2.0
3.0
1.4
2.1
5.2

22
2.1
4.4
3.8
2.0
1.0
.2.2
1.8
2.3
1.6
1.8
3.8

20
1.9
3.7
2.8
1.8
1.5
2.1
1.8
2.2
1.5
1.9
3.0

13
1.7
2.7
1.7
.9
.5
1.4
.9
1.4
1.3
.9
1.9

Nondurable goods 4________________
Food and kindred products______
Tobacco manufactures__________
Textile-mill products___ ________
Apparel and other finished textile
products________ ___________
Paper and allied products________
Chemicals and allied products__
Products of petroleum and coal___
Rubber products_______________
Leather and leather products........ .

1.9
2.2
.7
1.9

2.7
3.1
1.0
2.4

1.9
2.2
1.3
2.0

1.6
1.7
.6
1.7

1.5
1.4
.5
1.7

1.7
1.5
.7
1.8

1.7
1.6
.7
1.7

1.2
1.1
.3
1.2

1.5
1.9
.7
1.5

2.0
2.3
1.2
2.0

2.5
2.6
1.8
2.6

2.6
2.5
1.3
2.8

2.4
2.4
1.8
2.7

2.0
2.0
1.1
2.1

1.3
1.5
.8
1.5

2.6
1.8
1.2
.4
.9
3.2

2.9
3.0
2.6
1.3
1.2
4.0

2.8
1.8
1.2
.8
.7
2.6

2.6
1.5
1.0
.5
.5
1.6

2.6
1.3
1.1
.4
.6
1.6

2.7
1.5
1.2
.3
1.3
1.7

2.9
1.5
1.0
.2
1.6
2.5

1.5
1.0
.7
.2
.9
1.9

2.3
1.3
.9
.3
1.0
2.0

3.0
1.8
1.3
.6
1.7
2.1

3.9
2.4
1.4
.7
2.5
2.6

4.3
2.3
1.5
.6
2.3
2.8

3.7
2.1
1.5
.7
1.8
3.4

3.0
1.9
1.3
.6
1.7
2.6

1.8
1.3
.8
.3
.8
1.7

1.7
.2
.3

2.6
.5
.5

2.2
.1
.5

2.4
.1
.4

1.7
.2
.3

1.1
.2
.5

1.6
.3
.4

1.1
.5
.3

1.1
1.2
.5

1.5
1.0
.6

1.3
.1
.5

1.7
(5)
.6

1.3
(5)
.4

1.4
.3
.4

.7
.4
.3

N onmanufacturin g:
Metal mining________
Anthracite mining____
Bituminous coal mining ..............
See footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

HIT

B.—LABOR TURNOVER

T able B -l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued
[Per 100 employees]
Ann ual
aver age

1959

1960
Major industry group
Ju ly 2 June

May

Apr.

Mar

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

1959

1958

Separations: T o ta l3
ManufacturingDurable goods................... - ..................
Ordnance and accessories......... —
Lumber and wood products..........
Furniture and fixtures...................
Stone, clay, and glass products---Primary metal industries,.. ..........
Fabricated metal products.. . .........
Machinery (except electrical)
Electrical machinery..............
Instruments and related products..
Nondurable goods 4................................
Food and kindred products....... .
Tobacco manufactures--------------Textile-mill products,................ —
Apparel and other finished textile
products......... ............. ......... .......
Paper and allied products...............
Chemical and allied products.........
Products of petroleum and coal—
Rubber products.............................
Leather and leather products------Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining..................................
Anthracite mining..........................
Bituminous coal m ining................

3.4

3.3

3.3

3.6

3.7

3.0

2.9

3.1

4.1

4.7

4.3

3.7

3.3

3.4

3.6

3.8
3.0
3.6
3.9
3.1
4.6
4.0
2.7
3.2
5.6
2.2
3.3

3.7
2.8
4.2
3.3
3.5
4.4
4.0
3.3
3.1
4.2
2.2
4.0

3.5
2.2
3.9
3.5
2.8
4.4
3.4
3.1
3.1
3.8
2.3
3.9

3.9
3.1
4.9
4.2
3.1
3.6
4.4
3.2
3.7
4.8
2.1
4.9

4.1
2.2
5.3
3.6
3.6
3.5
5.1
2.9
4.0
5.4
1.9
4.3

3.1
1.7
3.4
3.8
2.6
2.2
3.9
2.4
3.1
3.9
2.1
3.9

2.8
2.1
3.9
3.9
2.8
1.8
3.1
2.2
3.0
3.0
1.8
4.3

3.1
1.4
4.6
3.1
2.9
2.0
3.0
2.2
2.7
3.8
2.0
7.9

4.5
1.7
5.1
3.5
2.7
2.5
5.6
3.0
2.8
9.5
2.1
6.6

5.3
2.3
5.0
4.8
3.4
3.3
9.1
3.7
3.4
8.9
2.9
5.1

4.4
3.3
5.9
5.5
4.5
3.5
4.8
3.7
3.7
5.0
3.1
5.6

3.9
2.2
6.0
4.3
3.4
2.5
4.4
2.7
2.8
6.0
2.3
4.3

3.5
1.8
4.9
4.0
3.1
2.2
4.2
2.7
2.7
5.0
1.7
3.8

3.5
2.3
4. 6
3.7
2.8
2.3
4.3
2.7
2.8
5.2
2.1
4.7

3.9
2.9
4.2
3.7
3.5
3.3
4.3
3.3
3.1
5.1
2.4
4.7

2.8
3.2
2.1
3.4

2.6
3.1
1.6
2.8

2.9
3.7
1.5
2.9

3.1
3.6
1.7
3.5

3.0
4.1
2.0
2.9

2.8
3.8
1.9
3.0

3.0
4.1
2.7
3.1

2.9
4.1
1.9
3.3

3.2
4.4
1.3
3.3

3.5
4.9
1.7
4.0

4.1
5.3
2.1
4.1

3.4
4.0
1.9
3.7

2.9
3.5
2.7
3.2

3.0
4.0
1.9
3.3

3.0
3.8
2.1
3.4

3.8
2.2
1.3
1.1
2.5
3.5

3.0
2.3
1.4
1.1
2.6
3.3

4.0
2.3
1.3
.9
2.7
4.2

4.0
2.2
1.5
1.1
3.8
4.6

3.6
2.4
1.4
.9
4.1
4.8

3.3
2.3
1.2
.7
2.8
4.2

4.0
2.6
1.6
1.0
2.4
3.7

3.3
2.4
1.5
1.0
2.7
3.3

3.8
2.6
1.6
1.3
3.6
3.8

4.0
2.8
1.7
11
2.7
5.2

4.8
4.1
2.7
1.7
3.0
5.2

4.0
4.6
3.2 x, 2.4
1.3
1.8
1.3
1.1
2.3
2.5
3.9
4.7

3.8
2.6
1.6
1.1
2.5
3.9

3.8
2.4
1.8
1.3
2.7
3.7

3.3
6.8
6.9

3.2
3.8
3.1

2.7
3.1
4.0

2.6
3.2
3.8

3.1
1.1.
1.9

1.7
1.3
1.3

2.2
2.2
1.5

2.2
.7
1.7

2.2
2.5
2.1

1.8
1.3
1.4

4.3
1.7
1.8

2.6
2.9
3.6

3.9
4.3
2. 5

2.7
1.7
19.6

2.6
5.7
4.0

Separations: Quits

Durable foods....... ................................. .
Ordnance and accessories------------Lum ber and wood p rod ucts-----------

Furniture and fixtures__________
Stone, clay, and glass products-----Primary metal industries-----------Fabricated metal products,...........
Machinery (except electrical).........
Electrical machinery.......................
Transportation equipment......... —
Instruments and related products.
Miseellaneous manufacturing........
Nondurable goods 4---------------Food and kindred products.
Tobacco manufactures------Textile-mill products--------Apparel and other finished textile
products..--------------------------Paper and allied products,............
Chemicals and allied products---Products of petroleum and co al...
Rubber products............. ...............
Leather and leather products------ .
Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining-------------------------Anthracite mining....... ................... .
Bituminous coal m ining,................ .
See footnotes at end of table.

56 48 11— 60-

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.9

1.0

1.4

2.2

1.8

1.3

1.3

0.9

.9
.8
1. 7
1.6
.7
.4
.8
.7
1.0
.8
.7
1.7

1.0
.8
2.4
1.5
.8
.5
.9
.8
1.0
.9
.9
1.6

1.0
.8
2.2
1.7
.8
.5
1.0
.8
1.0
.8
.8
1.5

1.0
1.0
2.3
1.9
.7
.5
1.0
.9
1.0
.8
.9
1.6

.9
.8
1.8
1.4
.7
.5
.9
.8
1.1
.7
.8
1.5

.9
.8
1.5
1.4
.7
.5
.9
.7
1.0
.8
.9
1.4

.9
.9
1.4
1.5
.7
.6
1.0
.7
1.1
.8
.8
1.5

.8
.7
1.4
1.0
.5
.7
.7
.6
1.0
.7
.7
1.1

.9
.7
1.8
1.3
.7
.8
.8
.7
1.1
.7
.8
1.5

1.3
1.0
2.4
2.0
1.0
.7
1.1
.9
1.4
1.0
1.4
2.4

2.1
1.9
4.3
2.9
1.8
1.3
1.9
1.6
2.3
1.5
2.0
3.5

1.6
1.4
3.6
2.6
1.6
1.0
1.6
1.2
1.7
1.1
1.4
2.6

1.2
1.1
2.7
1.9
1.0
.7
1.1
.9
1.2
1.0
.9
1.9

1.2
1.1
2.3
1.7
.9
.7
1.1
.9
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.8

.8
.8
1.7
1.1
.7
.4
.8
.6
.9
.8
.7
1.2

1.4
1.0
1.1
1.7

1.3
1.1
1.0
1.6

1.3
1.1
.9
1.6

1.3
1.0
.9
1.7

1.2
.9
.8
1.4

1.1
1.0
.9
1.3

1.2
1.0
1.2
1.4

1.0
.8
.7
1.1

1.2
1.0
.8
1.4

1.5
1.4
1.2
1.8

2.5
2.3
1.5
2.6

2.1
1.8
1.4
2.4

1.6
1.2
1.6
1.9

1.4
1.2
1.1
1.6

1.0
.9
.9
1.2

2.7
.9
.6
.2
.7
2.3

2.1
1.0
.6
.3
.8
2.2

2.6
1.0
.6
.3
.8
2.0

2.4
.9
.6
.3
.7
1.9

2.3
.8
.5
.3
.7
1.6

2.2
.8
.5
.2
.8
1.7

2.3
.9
.6
.3
.8
1.8

1.8
.7
.4
.2
.7
1.4

2.2
.9
.5
.3
.7
1.7

2.8
1.2
.7
.4
1.0
2.0

3.6
2.7
1.7
1.0
1.6
3.0

3.5
1.8
1.0
.5
1.3
3.1

2.9
1.1
.7
.3
.9
2.6

2.5
1.2
.7
.4
.9
2.1

1.7
.8
.5
.3
.6
1.5

1.6
.1
.5

1.2
.5
.2

1.6
.7
.3

1.7
.3
.3

2.1
.3
.2

.9
.2
.2

.9
(5)
.3

1.0
.2
.3

.9
.2
.4

1.0
.4
.5

2.2
.5
.6

1.4
.6
.4

1.7
.1
.3

1.4
.3
.3

1.2
.5
.3

1.1.

Manufacturing-

-7


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960

1118

T able B -l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group ^ C o n tin u e d
[Per 100 employees]
Annual
average

1959

1960
Major industry group
July2 June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

1959

1958

Separations: Layoffs
Manufacturing, ---------------------------------

1.9

1.7

1.6

2.0

2.2

1.5

1.3

1.7

2.6

2.8

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.6

2.3

Durable goods_________ _______ Ordnance and accessories ----------Lumber and wood products—
Furniture and fixtures---- ----------Stone, clay, and glass products----Prim ary metal industries _ ---- -- .
Fabricated metal products. ..
Machinery (except electrical) ..
Electrical machinery------------- . . .
Transportation equipm ent.---------Instruments and related products..
Miscellaneous manufacturing. . . .

2.4
1.7
1.4
1.7
2.0
3.6
2.6
1.5
1.5
4.3
1.1
1.1

2.1
1.5
1.2
1.2
2.2
3.4
2.5
1.9
1.4
2.7
.8
1.6

1.9
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.5
3.4
1.8
1.8
1.4
2.4
1.0
1.7

2.3
1.7
1.9
1.7
1.8
2.5
2.9
1.8
1.9
3.4
.8
2.7

2.6
1.0
2.8
1.7
2.4
2.4
3.7
1.6
2.3
4.0
.7
2.2

1.6
.5
1.5
1.9
1.4
1.2
2.4
1.1
1.3
2.4
.8
1.9

1.3
.7
1.9
1.9
1.5
.8
1.6
1.0
1.1
1.7
.7
2.2

1.8
.4
2.7
1.6
2.1
.9
1.8
1.1
1.1
2.5
.9
6.4

3.1
.7
2.7
1.7
1.6
1.3
4.3
1.9
1.0
8.2
.9
4.7

3.5
.8
1.9
2.1
1.9
2.1
7.3
2.2
1.3
7.3
1.0
2.0

1.6
.6
1.0
1.8
2.1
1.6
2.2
1.5
.6
2.6
.6
1.3

1.6
.3
1.7
1.0
1.2
.9
2.2
.9
.5
4.1
.5
.9

1.7
.3
1.5
1.4
1.6
1.1
2.5
1.3
.9
3.3
.5
1.2

1.8
.7
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.0
2.7
1.2
.9
3.6
.6
2.3

2.6
1.8
2.1
2.2
2.5
2.6
3.1
2.4
1.8
3.8
1.3
3.1

Nondurable goods 4--------- -----------Food and kindred products____
Tobacco manufactures__________
Textile-mill products__ L________
Apparel and other finished textile
products_________ _________ _
Paper and allied products-----------Chemicals and allied products-----Products of petroleum and coal___
Rubber products.. -----------------Leather and leather products-------

1.0
1.7
.7
1.3

.8
1.6
.2
.8

1.1
2.1
.4

1.4
2.7
.8
1.0

1.2
2.3
.7
1.3

1.3
2.6
1.2
1.2

1.6
3.0

1.6
3.0
.3
1.5

1.5
3.0
.1
1.6

1.1
2.4
.2
1.0

.8
1.7
.2
.8

.9

1.8
.7
.8

1.2
2.4
.5
1.2

1.7
2.5

.9

1.4
2.1
.5
1.4

.6
.8

.6

1.0

1.1

.9

.8

.8
.6

.7
1.0
.4
.2
1.6
1.7

1.2
1.2

1.1
1.2

1.1

.9
.9

.8

.6

.5
1.1
1.2

1.1
1.2
.7

1.8
1.3
1.0

.3

.7

.4

.6
.8

.8
.9

(5)
1.1

N onmanufacturing:
Metal m ining..--------------------------Anthracite m ining.. . . . --------Bituminous coal mining. ______

.4
.5
1.4
.7
1.1
5.1
5.5

1.3
.7

.4
.3
1.5
1.6

.5
2.7
2.1

1.0
.5
.3
2.9
2.6

.3
1.9
2.6

.2
1.6
3.5

.2
1.8
3.1

.5
.2
1.4

.7
.4

.4

i Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing and
nonmanufacturing industries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not
comparable with the changes shown by the Bureau’s employment series for
the following reasons:
(1) The labor turnover series measures changes during the calendar
month, while the employment series measures changes from midmonth to
midmonth;
(2) Industry coverage is not identical, as the printing and publishing
industry and some seasonal industries are excluded from turnover;
(3) Turnover rates tend to be understated because small firms are not as
prominent in the turnover sample as in the employment sample; and
(4) Reports from plants affected by work stoppages are excluded from the


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

.6

.9

1.7

.4

1.7
1.3

.6

.7
2.5
1.4

.5
1.2
2.6

.9
1.8
1.5

.3
.3
.7

.8

.6

.6

.8

.5
.3

.9

1.5
1.6
.3
.8

.3
.2
.7

.6

.7
.3

.9

.7

.5
.4
1.1
1.2

.8

.2
1.8
3.3

1.7
3.1

(5)
18.9

.6
.9

.6

.9

1.8

.6

1.8
1.8
2.2
3.7
2.0

turnover series, but the employment series reflects the influence of such
stoppages.
2 Preliminary.
3 Beginning with January 1959, transfers between establishments of the
same firm are included in total accessions and total separations; therefore,
rates for these items are not strictly comparable with prior data. Transfers
comprise part of other accessions and other separations, the rates for which
are not shown separately.
4 Excludes the printing, publishing, and allied industries group, and the
following industries: Canning and preserving; women’s, misses’, and chil­
dren’s outerwear; and fertilizer.
5 Less than 0.05.

1119

O.—EARNINGS AND HOURS

C.—Earnings and Hours
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry

T able

1960

1959

Annual
average

Industry
July 2 June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

1959

1958

Average weekly earnings
M in in g -

-------- -------------------------------------------

M etal____________________________
Iron_______ - - ---------- - --C opper...
. . . . . . ------Lead and zinc------------- ------- . . .
Anthracite---- -- ---------------------------Bituminous coal____ . . ------------Crude-petroleum and natural-gas production:
Petroleum and natural-gas production (except contract services) —
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying-----

$111.34 $110.83 $110. 70 $111.38 $110.98 $108.13 $111.11 $114.51 $109.89 $108.92 $107. 45 $108. 77 $103.49 $107. 73 $100.10
111.99 112. 94 114.01 113. 58 111.30 107.71 113.05 111.41 108.84 99. 38 99. 29 97.71 93.14 103. 31 96. 22
118. 53 118. 20 120. 22 120. 80 115. 66 115.95 122.40 118. 98 119.00 86.34 90.19 95. 84 84.10 107. 34 100.27
114.49 115. 46 115. 54 114. 66 114. 66 103.94 111.87 110. 32 105. 64 110. 53 99. 46 96. 75 100. 85 106.17 94.62
90.80 95.04 94. 58 93.71 92. 52 92. 62 94.71 94. 58 93. 20 92. 39 94.85 92.89 89.24 90.63 85. 93
93. 23 93. 23 82.29 80. 88 99.91 76.16 88.09 94. 73 93. 84 82. 80 88. 36 76. 73 79. 20 84.98 76.01
122.85 121. 69 119.03 122. 30 127. 26 121.97 127. 32 135. 38 118.14 123. 55 115. 81 120. 74 104. 98 118. 30 102. 38
116. 57 113. 52 116.03 115.18 113. 52 112.12 116. 72 113. 81 117. 83 113.12 116. 72 115. 75 117. 31 114. 93 109. 75
101. 70 101.70 98. 78 98. 55 92. 89 91.46 92.38 96.13 95.90 97.90 99.01 100. 33 98.32 95. 48 89. 63

C o n tr a c t c o n s tr u c t io n -----------------------------------

123.93
125. 21
122. 36
128.11
123. 31
113.09
128.82
135. 61
120.35
152.10
124.18

121.18
121.06
117. 43
125.15
121.24
111. 13
126. 69
134. 87
118. 62
149. 38
121. 41

119. 56
118.03
111. 90
123.86
119.91
110.26
124.93
132. 68
116. 60
148.23
119. 70

119.19
117. 96
112. 36
123. 51
119.19
109. 50
124. 57
131.98
115. 58
147.07
118.99

115. 50
116.91
105. 69
124. 26
115. 60
104.83
120. 74
130. 27
113.91
146. 69
112. 83

113.75
111. 16
101.01
117. 56
114. 22
104. 31
119.71
128. 43
110. 22
144. 77
112. 53

M in in g -----------------------------------------------------------

41.7
42.1
41.3
43.7
40.0
33.9
37.8

41.2
42.3
40.9
43.9
41. 5
33.9
37.1

41.0
42.7
41.6
44.1
41.3
29.6
36.4

41.1
42.7
41.8
44.1
41.1
29. 2
37.4

40.8
42.0
40.3
44.1
40.4
36.2
38.8

39.9
40.8
40.4
40.6
40.8
27.2
37.3

40.7
42.5
42.5
43.7
41.0
31.8
38.7

42.1
42.2
41.6
45.4
41.3
34.2
40.9

40.9
45.0

40.4
45.2

41.0
43.9

40.7
43.8

40.4
41.1

39.9
41.2

41.1
41.8

37.9
42.3
43.7
40.8
36.7
36.6
36.7
38.2
35.5
38.8
36.1

37.4
41.6
42.7
40.5
36.3
36.2
36.3
38.1
35.2
38.7
35.5

36.9
40.7
41.6
39.7
35.9
35.8
35.9
37.8
34.6
38.5
35.0

36.9
41. 1
42.4
40. 1
35.9
35.9
35.9
37.6
34.4
38.3
35.1

35.0
39.1
39.0
39.2
34.2
33.6
34.4
36.8
33.8
38.1
32.8

35.0
38.2
38.7
37.8
34.3
34.2
34.4
36.8
32.9
37.8
33.0

35.1
37.5
37.5
37.5
34.6
34.5
34.6
37.2
33.4
38.4
33.0

Nonbuilding construction----------------Highway and street construction...
Other nonbuilding construction---Building construction------------ ..
General contractors------ . . . . .
Special-trade contractors___ ___
Plumbing and heatin g ... ----Painting and decorating..........
Electrical work_____
Other special-trade contractors.

113. 72
108.00
96. 75
115. 50
114. 87
104.88
119. 72
129. 83
111.89
146. 30
111. 54

117. 81
113. 47
103.88
120. 87
119.13
108. 78
124. 53
133. 32
115. 87
148.19
118. 27

113. 88
110.87
104. 80
116. 74
114.14
103. 93
120.04
129.08
113. 86
142. 51
113. 23

117. 66
117. 74
113.03
123.01
117. 72
109. 85
122. 38
130. 79
115.17
144. 38
116.49

115. 66
112. 58
109. 62
116.35
116. 71
107.87
121. 70
126. 29
116. 47
138. 75
117. 51

119.88
121. 26
119. 71
123.07
119.19
110. 70
123. 98
131.45
117.00
144. 71
118. 70

116. 56
118. 30
115. 44
121. 29
116.16
107.15
120. 88
129. 96
114. 95
145.08
114. 37

114.82
113. 24
108.09
118. 40
115. 28
106. 39
120. 27
128. 56
113. 40
142. OS
113. 80

110.47
109. 47
104.14
114. 26
110. 67
102. 53
115. 28
123. 23
107. 95
135. 97
109.31

40.7
41.7
41.9
44.2
40.7
34.0
35.8

41.1
40.4
30.4
45.3
40.7
30.0
37.9

40.7
40.2
31.1
41.1
41.6
31.9
35.2

41.2
39.4
32.6
38.7
41.1
27.9
36.7

39.2
36.1
28.9
40.5
38.8
32.5

40.5
40.2
37.4
42.3
40.1
30.9
36.4

39.1
38.8
36.2
39.1
39.6
28.9
33.9

40. 5
43.3

41.2
43.2

40.4
44.3

44. 6

41.1

40.9
45.4

41. 6
45.1

40.9
43.8

40. 8
43.3

36.7
39.4
39.2
39.5
36. 1
35.9
36.2
38.2
34.9
39.1
35.2

35.7
38.9
39.4
38.4
34.8
34.3
35.1
37.2
34.4
37.8
33.9

37.0
40.6
41. 1
40.2
36.0
35.9
36.1
37.8
34.9
38.5
35.3

36.6
39.5
40.6
38.4
35.8
35.6
35.9
36.5
35.4
37.0
35.5

38.3
43.0
44.5
41.3
36.9
36.9
36.9
38.1
36.0
38.9
36.3

37.6
42.1
43.4
40.7
36.3
36.2
36.3
38.0
35.7
39.0
35.3

36.8
40.3
41.1
39.6
35.8
35.7
35.9
37.7
35.0
38.4
34.8

36.7
40.1
41.0
39.4
35.7
35.6
35.8
37.8
34.6
38.3
34.7

$2.56
2. 48
2. 77
2. 42
2.17
2.63
3.02

Average weekly hours
M etal— -----------------------------------Iron---------------------------------------C o p p er...
. . Lead and zinc----- ------- ----------- - -

Bituminous coal------------------------------------Crude-petroleum and natural-gas production:
Petroleum and natural-gas production (except contract services) —
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying----C o n tr a c t c o n s t r u c t io n ... .

. ..

--

---

Nonbuilding construction... .
. .
Highway and street construction...
Other nonbuilding construction---Building construction--------------- -----General contractors. . . . -------Special-trade contractors.. . ------Plumbing and heating----------Painting and decorating_____
Electrical work_____
Other special-trade contractors.

Average hourly earnings
-------------------------------------- $2. 67
2. 66
M etal-------------- . . --------------- ----Iron______________ _____ _____ 2.87
Copper_____ _ ____ . . . . . . .. 2. 62
2.27
Lead and zinc____________ ___
2. 75
Anthracite__ . ___________ . . .
Bituminous coal_____________ _____
3.25
Crude-petroleum and natural-gas production:
Petroleum and natural-gas production (except contract services)__ 2. 85
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying----- 2. 26

M in in g ..

C o n tr a c t c o n s tr u c t io n ------

.

....

Non building construction---- ----------Highway and street construction. .
Other nonbuilding construction. .
Building construction------------- --------General contractors_____ ____ _ _
Special-trade contractors. _____
Plumbing and heating_______
Painting and decorating___ _
Electrical work_____________
Other special-trade contractors.
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3.27
2. 96
2.80
3.14
3.36
3.09
3.51
3. 55
3. 39
3.92
3. 44

$2. 69
2. 67
2. 89
2. 63
2. 29
2. 75
3. 28

$2.70
2. 67
2.89
2. 62
2.29
2. 78
3. 27

$2. 71
2. 66
2.89
2. 60
2.28
2. 77
3. 27

$2. 72
2. 65
2. 87
2. 60
2. 29
2. 76
3. 28

$2. 71
2. 64
2. 87
2. 56
2. 27
2. 80
3. 27

$2. 73
2. 66
2. 88
2. 56
2.31
2. 77
3.29

$2. 72
2. 64
2. 86
2. 43
2.29
2. 77
3.31

$2.70
2. 61
2. 84
2. 39
2. 29
2. 76
3. 30

$2. 65
2. 46
2. 84
2. 44
2. 27
2. 76
3.26

$2. 64
2. 47
2.90
2. 42
2. 28
2. 77
3. 29

$2.64
2. 48
2. 94
2. 50
2. 26
2. 75
3.29

$2.64
2. 58
2.91
2. 49
2. 30
3. 23

$2.66
2. 57
2. 87
2.51
2. 26
2. 75
3.25

2.81
2. 25

2. 83
2. 25

2. 83
2. 25

2.81
2. 26

2. 81
2. 22

2. 84
2.21

2. 81
2.22

2. 86
2. 22

2.80
2.21

2. 84
2. 22

2. 83
2. 21

2. 82
2.18

2. 81
2.18

2.69
2.07

3.24
2. 91
2. 75
3.09
3.34
3.07
3.49
3. 54
3. 37
3. 86
3.42

3. 24
2.90
2.69
3.12
3. 34
3.08
3.48
3. 51
3. 37
3.85
3.42

3. 23
2. 87
2. 65
3.08
3.32
3.05
3. 47
3.51
3. 36
3. 84
3. 39

3.30
2.99
2.71
3.17
3. 38
3.12
3. 51
3.54
3. 37
3.85
3.44

3. 25
2.91
2.61
3.11
3. 33
3.05
3. 48
3. 49
3. 35
3. 83
3.41

3. 24
2. 88
2. 58
3.08
3.32
3.04
3. 46
3. 49
3. 35
3.81
3. 38

3. 21
2. 88
2. 65
3.06
3. 30
3. 03
3.44
3.49
3. 32
3. 79
3.36

3.19
2. 85
2. 66
3.04
3. 28
3.03
3. 42
3. 47
3.31
3. 77
3. 34

3.18
2.90
2. 75
3.06
3. 27
3.06
3. 39
3. 46
3. 30
3. 75
3. 30

3.16
2. 85
2. 70
3.03
3.26
3.03
3.39
3. 46
3.29
3. 75
3.31

3.13
2. 82
2.69
2. 98
3.23
3.00
3. 36
3. 45
3. 25
3. 72
3. 27

3.10
2.81
2. 66
2.98
3.20
2. 96
3. 33
3.42
3. 22
3. 72
3. 24

3.12
2. 81
2. 63
2.99
3. 22
2. 98
3. 35
3. 41
3. 24
3.70
3. 27

3.01
2. 73
2. 54
2. 90
3.10
2. 88
3. 22
3. 26
3.12
3. 55
3.15

1120

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1960

1959

Annual
average

Industry
July 2 June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

1959

1958

Average weekly earnings
_ __ __
.. _ $91.14 $91.60 $91.37 $89.60 $90. 91 $91.14 $92.29 $92.16 $88.98 $89.06 $89.47 $88. 70 $89. 65 $89.24
Durable goods_____________________ 97. 60 98. 98 98.58 97. 36 98. 74 98. 98 100.86 99.87 95. 44 96.52 96. 70 95. 88 96. 80 99.10
Nondurable goods____ _____________ 82. 56 82.16 81.35 79.52 79.93 79.95 80. 77 81.19 80.39 79.79 80.79 80.20 80.00 79.00

M anufacturing______ _

$83.50
90.06
75.27

Durable goods
Ordnance and accessories......................- 105. 86 107. 30 107.79 106.49 108. 73 107.68 108. 21 109.10 106.97 106. 55 105.22 103.38 105.06 104.08
Lumber and wood products_________
Sawmills and planing mills______
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated structual wood products..
Wooden containers............. .............
Miscellaneous wood products.........
Furniture and fixtures............................
Household furniture_____ ____ _
Office, public-building, and proiessional furniture_______________
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and
fixtures............ ...... .......................
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous
furniture and fixtures_________

101.43

80.96
78.41

83. 84
81.18

81.40
78. 94

80.20
77.95

77.60
75.27

78.01
75. 25

77.03
75.83

80. 40
78.14

80.60
78.18

82. 42
79.37

82. 62
79. 77

82. 61
80.95

80.19
79.13

77.74
75.85

75.41
73.23

81.90
63. 45
68.45

83.37
62.42
70. 55

84. 42
62.47
69.29

82.97
60.70
68.04

81.95
59.10
68. 38

81.95
59. 25
66.99

82. 58
59. 50
67.32

83. 42
60. 09
67.32

83.82
59. 35
67.08

84.86
61.35
67.40

83.43
62.06
66.42

86.11
61.24
67. 07

83.85
60.53
66. 74

83. 43
59. 09
66.08

79.38
56.88
63.52

74. 80
69.30

74. 77
69.83

74.19
69.65

73.82
69. 83

72.73
67.94

74. 56
70.35

74.56
70.35

77.33
73.92

75.21
72.21

76. 49
73. 85

75. 58
72.04

76.31
72. 56

74.66
71.34

73.12
69.83

70.31
66.76
79.79

88. 60

88.40

87. 54

86.88

87. 74

86.92

87.97

88.83

82.99

86.11

86.11

89.25

87. 57

82.61

97. 27

06. 76

94.60

92.10

93.26

92.80

93.73

96.05

94.66

91.94

93. 89

94.35

87.71

88.03

85. 97

76. 59

77.36

76. 76

72.91

74.80

75.22

74.82

75.33

73.23

74.93

71. 53

73.44

74. 48

73.53

71.56

40.3
40.9
39.5

40.3
40.8
39.8

40.5
40.8
40.1

40.2
40.5
39.8

40.2
40.8
39.5

39.2
39.5
38.8

Average weekly hours
.. . .
.........
Durable goods____________________
Nondurable goods._______ _________

M anufacturing____

39.8
40.0
39.5

40.0
40.4
39.5

39.9
40.4
39.3

39.3
39.9
38.6

39.7
40.3
38.8

39.8
40.4
39.0

40.3
41.0
39.4

40.6
41.1
39.8

39.9
40.1
39.6

Durable goods
Ordnance and accessories___________

40.1

40.8

41.3

40.8

41.5

41.1

41.3

41.8

41.3

41.3

41.1

40.7

41.2

41.3

40.9

Lumber and wood products..... ...........
Sawmills and planing mills______
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated structural wood products..
Wooden containers___ ____ _____
Miscellaneous wood products____

39.3
39.8

40.5
41.0

40.1
40.9

39.9
40.6

38.8
39.0

39.4
39 4

39.3
39.7

40.2
40.7

40.1
40.3

40.8
40.7

40.7
40.7

41.1
41.3

40.5
41.0

40.7
41.0

39.9
39.8

39.0
41.2
40.5

39.7
40.8
41.5

40.2
41.1
41.0

39.7
40.2
40.5

39.4
39.4
40.7

39.4
39.5
40.6

39.7
40.2
40.8

40.3
40.6
40.8

40.3
40.1
40.9

40.8
40.9
41.1

40.5
40.3
40.5

41.6
41.1
41.4

40.9
40.9
41.2

41.1
40.2
41.3

40.5
39.5
40.2

40.0
39.6

40.2
39.9

40.1
39.8

39.9
39.9

39.1
38.6

40.3
40.2

40.3
40.2

41.8
42.0

41.1
41.5

41.8
42.2

41.3
41.4

41.7
41.7

40.8
41.0

40.4
40.6

39.5
39.5

Furniture and fixtures____ _________
Household furniture____________
Office, public-building, and professional furniture______ ________
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and
fixtures_____________________
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous
furniture and fixtures.________

41.4

41.5

41.1

40.6

41.0

41.0

41.3

41.9

39.9

41.4

41.2

42.5

41.7

40.1

39.5

40.7

41.0

40.6

39.7

40.2

40.0

40.4

41.4

40.8

40.5

41.0.

41.2

38.3

39.3

38.9

40.1

40.5

40.4

39.2

40.0

39.8

39.8

40.5

39.8

40.5

39.3

40.8

40.7

40.4

40.2

$2.21
2.36
2.02

$2.22
2.37
2.03

$2.19
2. 35
2.00

$2.23
2. 39
2.01

$2.22
2.38
2.00

$2.13
2.28
1.94

Average hourly earnings
M anufacturing_________ _______________

$2.29
2. 44
2.09

$2.29
2. 45
2. 08

Ordnance and accessories___________

2.64

Lumber and wood products_________
Sawmills and planing mills______
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated structural wood products..
Wooden containers___ __________
Miscellaneous wood products____

2.06
1.97

Durable goods..____ ______________
Nondurable goods_________________

$2.29
2. 44
2.07

$2.28
2.24
2.06

2.63

2. 61

2.07
1.98

2.03
1.93

2.10
1.54
1.69

2.10
1. 53
1.70

1.87
1.75

1.86
1. 75

$2.29
2. 45
2. 06

$2. 29
2. 45
2.05

$2.29
2. 46
2.05

2.61

2.62

2.62

2.62

2.61

2.59

2. 58

2.56

2.54

2. 55

2.52

2. 48

2.01
1.92

2.00
1. 93

1.98
1.91

1.96
1.91

2.00
1.92

2.01
1.94

2.02
1.95

2.03
1.96

2.01
1.96

1.98
1.93

1.91
1.85

1. 89
1. 84

2.10
1.52
1.69

2. 09
1.51
1. 68

2.08
1.50
1.68

2. 08
1.50
1.65

2.08
1.48
1. 65

2.07
1.48
1.65

2.08
1.48
1.64

2.08
1.50
1.64

2.06
1.54
1.64

2.07
1.49
1.62

2.05
1.48
1.62

2.03
1. 47
1.60

1.96
1. 44
1. 58

1.85
1. 75

1.85
1. 75

1.86
1. 76

1.85
1.75

1.85
1.75

1.85
1.76

1.83
1.74

1.83
1.75

1.83
1. 74

1.83
1.74

1.83
1.74

1.81
1.72

1. 78
1. 69

$2. 27
2.43
2.04

$2.23
2. 38
2.03

Durable goods

Furniture and fixtures______________
Household furniture.......... ............
Office, public-building, and professional furniture_______________
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and
fixtures.........................................
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous
furniture and fixtures...................
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.14

2.13

2.13

2.14

2.14

2.12

2.13

2.12

2.08

2. 08

2. 09

2.10

2.10

2.06

2. 02

2. 39

2.36

2.33

2. 32

2. 32

2. 32

2.32

2.32

2.32

2.27

2. 29

2.29

2. 29

2.24

2.21

1.91

1.91

1.90

1.86

1.87

1.89

1.88

1.86

1.84

1. 85

1.82

1.80

1.83

1.82

1.78

1121

0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Annual
average

1959

1960
Industry
July 2 June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

1959

1958

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing —Continued

Durable goods— Continued
Stone, clay, and glass products........... .
Flat glass.......................................
Glass and glassware, pressed or
blown__________________ ____
Glass products made of purchased
glass................................................
Cement, hydraulic_____________
Structural clay products------------Pottery and related products-------Concrete, gypsum, and plaster
products___________________ _
Cut-stone and stone products....... .
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products____________________
Prim ary metal industries..................... .
Blast furnaces, steel works, and
rolling mills__________________
Iron and steel foundries.................
Prim ary smelting and refining of
nonferrous metals..........................
Secondary smelting and refining
of nonferrous metals___ _______
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of
nonferrous metals_____________
Nonferrous foundries____________
Miscellaneous primary metal in­
dustries_________ ___________
Stone, clay, and glass products.
Flat glass............................. ............
Glass and glassware, pressed or
blown...........................................
Glass products made of purchased
glass................................................
Cement, hydraulic...........................
Structural clay products................
Pottery and related products..........
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster
products____________________
Cut-stone and stone products____
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products.........................................
Prim ary metal industries.......................
Blast furnaces, steel works, and
rolling mills....................................
Iron and steel foundries..................
Prim ary smelting and refining of
nonferrous metals_____________
Secondary smelting and refining
of nonferrous metals___________
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of
nonferrous m etals.........................
Nonferrous foundries___________
Miscellaneous primary metal in­
dustries_____________________

$93.02 $93.07 $92. 84 $91.08 $90. 57 $90. 85 $91. 30 $92.25 $91.39 $91. 88 $91.43 $92.35 $92.13 $90.83
124.89 125.29 124. 97 123. 78 124. 74 123.48 126. 80 127. 39 127. 58 130.00 133.34 125. 76 131.99 113.46
92.40 92.86 93.15 89. 47 91.88 90.63 89. 95 88. 93 88. 65 88.18 84.36 88.80 88.36 88.13

85.75

74. 56 72. 68 72. 71 72.68
99. 96 106.17 101.02 101.09
80. 99 80. 80 82.19 82.19
81.87 80.35 81.24 78. 44

73.45
98. 98
80.39
79.80

71. 55
92. 92
75.25
73.24

95. 37
74.74

91.96
75.44

86. 43
73.31

97.12 96. 96 97. 44 95.84 98.29 98.29 99.01 98. 53 95.24 95.94 96. 46 97. 58 97. 58 96.93
108.47 109. 70 109. 70 112.29 114.29 115.26 117. 96 117.14 107.86 105. 74 106. 40 104.81 108.19 112. 72
122.28
113.16 115. 74 116. 21 122.22 122. 89 123. 60 128. 54 127. 72 113.10 116.66 118. 73 113.09 111.29
97. 61 97.61 96. 61 95.48 99.00 99.25 100.35 99.29 94.28 96.14 96.14 96.16 98. 49 97. 44

87.96
100.97

74.82 73.71 72.95 71.82
106. 71 105. 63 104.14 101.18
82. 22 83. 43 83. 23 83.03
80. 37 82.46 81.70 81.75

70. 50
97.66
79.78
81.79

71.62 70. 87 75.14 74.21
98.15 100. 04 101.02 103. 25
80.19 80.40 82. 21 81.61
80.30 80.14 82.60 80. 98

92.02
77. 61

87.08
72.20

89. 03
75.14

95. 47
76. 45

94. 60
77.27

93.74
78. 81

88. 83
75.48

91.14
76. 96

90. 93
75.26

93.72
77.75

94.13
75. 99

95. 82
76.22

108.00
85. 93

110.00 108.24 108.47 112.25 108.05 107.04 108. 62 105.86 108.92 108. 53 111.90 104. 52 105.26 105. 93
94.24 93. 67 95.06 94. 77 95.06 94.66 95. 76 96.05 96. 28 95.68 96.22 95.49 91.71 94.16

99.05

110. 62
110. 56 110. 83 108. 54 106. 53 107. 87 108. 54 109. 20 110. 92 109.45 109.45 107. 71 108. 09 111.30 100.28
101. 40 101.91 101.50 07.32 100. 60 101.00 113.16 102. 92 100. 61 103. 58 101. 76 99.39 99. 55
110.12 109. 85 110.12 110. 40 115.08 117. 88 118. 72 117.32 107.96 108. 81 111.11 110. 97 113. 99 113.85
Average weekly hours

100.90
93.06

41.1
41. 6

40.0
38. 6

40.8
39.9

41.0
39.9

40.9
39.8

40.3
39.8

39.9
39.6

40.2
39.2

40.4
40.0

41.0
40.7

40.8
40.5

41.2
41.4

41.0
42.6

41.6
40.7

41.5
41.9

88.84

102.31

40.0

40.2

40.5

38.9

40.3

40.1

39.8

39.7

39.4

39.9

38.0

40.0

39.8

39.7

39.7

39.8
41.2
40. 5
36.7

39.0
41.1
41.3
38.0

38.6
41.0
41.0
38.0

38.0
40.8
40.7
38.2

37.3
39.7
39.3
38.4

38.3
39.9
39.7
37.7

37.9
40.5
40.0
37.1

40.4
40.9
40.7
38.6

39.9
41.3
40.6
38.2

40.3
40.8
40.7
38.8

39.5
41.8
40.4
37.9

39.3
41.4
41.3
38. 5

39.5
41. 6
41.3
37.0

39.7
40. 9
40. 6
38.0

39.1
40. 4
39.4
35. 9

44.2
41.1

44.0
41.1

43.4
41.7

42.8
41.5

40.5
38.2

41.8
40.4

42.3
40.8

43.4
41.6

43.3
40.9

44.0
41.8

44.4
41.3

45.2
41.2

45.2
40. 4

44.0
41.0

43.0
40. 5

40.3
38.6

40.4
38.9

40.6
38.9

40.1
39.4

41.3
40.1

41.3
40.3

41.6
41.1

41.4
41.1

40.7
38.8

41.0
39.9

41.4
40.0

41.7
39. 7

41.7
38. 5

41.6
40.4

39.8
38.1

37.1
39.2

37.7
39.2

38.1
38.8

39.3
38.5

39.9
39.6

40.0
39.7

41.2
40.3

41.2
40.2

37.7
38.8

38.0
39.4

38.3
39.4

36.6
39.9

35.9
40. 7

39.7
40.1

37.5
37.2

41.2

41.0

41.4

42.2

41.4

40.7

41.3

40.1

41.1

40.8

41.6

40.2

40.8

40.9

40.1

40.8

41.1

41.4

41.5

41.6

42.2

41.7

40.4

41.3

40.2

40.9
41.1

41.7
41.5

41.3
40.9

41.3
41.6

40.8
41.2

41.1
40.9

42.0
40.8

41.9
41.1

40.2
39. 6

40.3
39.4
41.9
42.1
Average hourly earnings

41.0

41.1

41.3

41.4

39.2

$2.23
3.14

$2.23
3.13

$2.22
3.09

$2.22
3.15

$2. 21
3.16

$2.12
2.93

2.21

2.22

2.22

2. 22

2.22

2.16

1.85
2.45
1.99
2.11

1.84
2. 54
2. 00
2.12

1.85
2.44
1.99
2.11

1.84
2.43
1.99
2.12

1.85
2. 42
1. 98
2.10

1.83
2.30
1.91
2.04

2.13
1.86

2.12
1.84

2.12
1.85

2.11
1. 85

2.09
1.84

2.01
1.81

2.34
2.65

2.33
2.66

2.34
2. 64

2.34
2.81

2.33
2. 79

2.21
2.65

3.07
2.44

3.10
2.44

3.09
2.41

3.10
2.42

3.08
2.43

2.88
2.31

2. 66

2.69

2.60

2.58

2.59

2. 47

2.30

2.28

2.29

2.27

2.28

2.21

2. 65
2.49

2.64
2.47

2.63
2.43

2. 65
2.44

2.64
2.44

2. 51
2.35

2.70

2. 71

2.70

2.76

2. 75

2.61

40.1

40.2

40.8

40.5

40.8

41.1
40.4

41.2
40.6

40. 5
40.6

39.9
39.4

40.4
40.4

40.5
40.4

39.9

39.8

39.9

40.0

41.1

41.8

Stone, clay, and glass products_______ $2. 28 $2.27 $2. 27 $2. 26 $2.27 $2.26 $2.26 $2. 25 $2.24
3.15
3.13
3.17
3.15
3.11
3.15
3.14
3.14
Flat glass........................................... 3.13
Glass and glassware, pressed or
2. 25
2.24
2.26
2.28
2. 26
2.30
2.30
2.31
blown__ ___________________ _ 2.31
Glass products made of purchased
1.86
1.86
1.87
1.89
1.87
1.89
1. 89
1.89
glass................................................ 1.88
2.50
2.47
2.47
2. 46 2.46
2. 59 2. 57 2. 54 2.48
Cement, hydraulic_____________
2.01
2.02
2.02
2.01
2.04
2.03
2.03
2.02
Structural clay products_________ 2.03
2.12
2.14
2.16
2.13
2.13
2.15
2.14
2.19
2.17
Pottery and related products____
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.15
2.13
2.15
2.15
2.16
products......................................... 2.16
1.84
1.85
1.85
1.89
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89
Cut-stone and stone products......... 1.86
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
2.34
2.38
2.38
2.
38
2.38
2.39
2.41
2.40
2.
40
products____________________
2.78
2.85
2.87
2.86
2.85
2.82
2.82
2.85
2.81
Prim ary metal industries___________
Blast furnaces, steel works, and
3.00
3.10
3.12
3.09
3.08
3.11
3.07
3.05
rolling mills...............................
3.05
2.43
2.47
2.50
2.49
2.48
2.50
2.49
2.49
2.49
Iron and steel foundries.___ ____
Primary smelting and refining of
2.65
2.64
2.63
2. 61 2.63
2.64
2.62
2.66
nonferrous metals_____________ 2.67
Secondary smelting and refining of
2.32
2.32
2.32
2.33
2.34
2.33
2.33
2.33
nonferrous metals......... ................ 2.35
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of
2. 67 2. 67 2. 68 2. 67 2. 66 2.65
nonferrous metals_____________ 2. 69 2. 69 2.68
2.46
2. 51 2.48
2. 49 2.50
2.47
2.50
Nonferrous foundries___ ________ 2. 51 2. 51
Miscellaneous primary metal in­
2.74
2.80
2.82
2.
82
2.80
2.
76
2. 76 2. 76
dustries........................................... 2.76
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$84.80
113.10

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960

1122

Table C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued

July 2 June
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Fabricated metal products__________
Tin cans and other tinware______
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware..
Heating apparatus (except electrie) and plumbers’ supplies____
Fabricated structural metal products________________________
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving--------------------------------Lighting fixtures-----------------Fabricated wire products.. . . . . .
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
products_________________ ..
Machinery (except electrical)-----------Engines and turbines......... .......
Agricultural machinery and tract o r s ________________________
Construction and mining machinery-------------------------------------Metalworking machinery................
Special-industry machinery (ex-

May

Apr.

Mar.

Jan.

Feb.

Dec.

Oct.

Nov.

Aug.

July

1959

$99. 23 $100.21 $99.96 $96.56 $98.42 $98.42 $100.94 $99.77 $94. 64 $96. 76 $99. 66 $99.01 $97.17 $97. 41
119. 54 118.40 116.47 111.66 108. 94 108 40 111.25 112.10 110. 24 108.24 127.32 L17.55 113. 85 112.36
93.83 93.60 93.90 90. 85 92.63 91.31 98.00 96. 79 88.91 91.02 93.71 92.03 92.25 92.25

1958

$90.80
104.42
86.15

92.00

94.25

92.29

91.83

87.91

97.75

98.64

97.77

96.72

93.43

99.14 103.07 106.25 107.00 102. 75 102.58
84.77 87.72 95.22 86.27 86.46 87.72
89. 95 89.01 88.80 86.30 86.40 89.60

92. 63
80.17
83.74

95.20 95.68 95.75 93. 77 98.29 98.95 98.77 98.00 93.09 96.28 96.74 96.98 97. 81 97.44
104.70 105.88 106.14 104.04 105.47 104. 55 105.32 105.92 102. 82 103.82 103.16 102.34 103.25 103.25
111.38 114.26 113.15 108.38 112. 20 110.02 113.01 112. 48 110.16 109.76 109.88 110.95 108.81 110.42

88.53
94.25
102.26

92.28

92.98

92.28

102.01 102.09 100.86
104.75 107.33 108.00
87.19 91.08 89. 60
89.38 88. 75 89. 38

89.71
98. 74

91.42
97. 60

91.42
97.51

91.34
98.25

92.34
98. 58

102.21 105. 57
86.02 88.44
87.91

107.78 111. 54 107.70
88.62 90. 72 90.39
90.32 90.94 93.56 93.83

90.02

92.63

94.62

96. 56

103.34 102.80 102.91 102.80 102.82 100.75 103. 74 102.82 100. 49 102.31 101. 89 101.35 103.31 104.09

95.59

102.26 102.77 102. 47 101.05 100.65 99.15 100.10 101.09 97.81 99.14 101.27 103.07 102.34 101.35
118.02 122.24 123.36 120.37 123. 76 120. 50 119.35 118.48 115.72 115.02 113.10 113.21 114.33 114.06

91.89
101.38

102. 61 102.12 99. 66 102. 43 101.28 101. 58 101. 81 100. 25 101.39
102. 91 103.91 103.16 101.34 101. 84 100. 85 101.84 105.00 102.18 101.76
104.96 103.42 103.28
97.27 98.65 99.14
99. 70 101.25 100.85

101.20 103.12

102.36 102.87 102.56 102.41

101.00 100.50

97.81 97. 58 98.05
101.43 101.43 100.94

89.55
93.06

99.80

98.89

93. 30

96.96 96. 96 97.20
100. 86 102.83 101.43

90.68
92.73

96.43

41.6
43.7
40.9

41.0
42.8
41.0

41.1
42.4
41.0

40.0

40.8

40.3

40.1

39.6

40.9

41.1

40.4

40.3

40.1

42.5
42.7
41.3

42.8
40.5
40.9

41.6
40.4
40.0

41.7
40.8
41.1

40.1
39.3
39.5

41.5
41.2
40. 5

41.7
41.1
41.0

41.8
41.1
41.4

41.8
41.3
40.6

42.0
41.3
41.2

39.7
39.6
40.1

38.8

39.5

39.8

39.9

40.2

40.5

39.5

39.6

40.3

41.0

41.9

41.6

41.2

39.1

43.4

42.7

42.6

42.2

42.4

42.5

42.4

39.6

42.5
40.9

42.6
42.0

42.3
41.2

42.6
41.2

42.1
40.9

41.8
41.4

41.7
41.4

41.9
41.2

39.
39. (

40.3

40.5

40.7

40.8

40.4

40.2

39.2

40.9

40.2

39.7

40.2
41.0

40.3
41.2

41.5
41.4

38.7
40.6

40.6
41.4

40.4
41.4

40.4
41.0

40.4
41.8

40.5
41.4

39. (
39.

$2.36
2. 65
2.19

$2.36
2.64
2.22

$2.39
2.78
2.28

$2.38
2. 69
2. 25

$2. 37
2. 66
2. 25

$2.37
2.65
2.25

2.32

2.32

2.31

2.30

2.31

2.29

2.29

2.2:

2.42

2.39

2.39

2.40

2.42

2. 40

2.3

2.43
2.13
2.21

2.46
2.15
2.15

2. 50
2.23
2.15

2.50
2.13
2.11

2.47
2.14
2.16

2. 46
2.15
2.18

2.3
2.0

2.31
2. 52
2.72

2.32

2. 32

2.34

2.51
2. 68

2. 50
2.68

2.32
2.50
2.68

2.2,

2.52
2.71

2.32
2.49
2.68

2.3Í
2.5

40.9
42.9
40.0

39.1

39.4

39.1

38.5

38.9

38.9

39.2

39.8

38.8

40.1

41.3

41.5

41.0

40.3

40.0

39.8

40.1

40.4

39.1

40.4

40.6
39.1
39.9

41.6
40.3
39.8

41.7
40.0
39.9

40.4
39.1
39.6

41.4
40.2
40.5

42.1
40.1
40.6

42.9
40. 5
41.4

42.4
40.9
41.7

40.8
39.8
40.7

41.9
40.8
41.4

40.0
40.9
40. 5

40.2
41.2
41.1

40.4
41.3
40.7

39.9
40.8
39.7

41.3
41.2
41.1

41.4
41.0
40.3

41.5
41.3
41.7

41.7
41.7
41.2

40.3
40.8
40.5

39.9

40.0

40.2

40.0

39.7

38.9

39.9

39.7

40.1
42.3

40.3
43.5

40.5
43.9

40.1
43.3

40.1
44.2

39.5
43.5

40.2

40.6

43.4

42.3
41.0

42.4
41.4

42.2
41.1

41.7
40.7

42.5
40.9

42.2
40.5

41.0

40.4

40.5

40.0

40.6

39.7
40.2

40.1
40.5

40.3
40.5

40.0
39.8

39.6
40.5

Fabricated metal products__________ $2.45
Tin cans and other tinware______ 2.78
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware.
2.34
Heating apparatus (except electrie) and plumbers’ supplies . . . 2.36
Fabricated structural metal produ cts..._____ ________________
2.47
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving__________ __________
2.58
Lighting fixtures______ _ ______ 2.23
Fabricated wire products.. . ____
2.24
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
products...... ...............................
2.38
Machinery (except electrical).............
2.56
Engines and turbines___________
2.75
Agricultural machinery and tractors____________________ ____ 2.59
Construction and mining machinery_________________________
2.55
Metalworking machinery___ ... 2.79
Special-industry machinery (except metalworking machinery) „ 2.42
General industrial machinery
2.51
Office and store machines and dev ic e s ._____________ . . .
2. 56
Service-industry and household
machines ................... .................. 2.45
Miscellaneous machinery parts......
2.48
See footnotes at end of table.

$2. 45
2.76
2.34

$2.45
2.76
2.33

$2.42
2. 73
2.30

$2.43
2.71
3.31

$2.43
2.71
2.30

$2. 45
2.72
2.35

$2.41
2.65
2.31

2.36

2.36

2.33

2.35

2.35

2.33

40.8
42.2
40.3

99.36

100. 61

98.00 96.62 99.29 98.74 102. 51 93.65 98.25 97.36
98.70 100.85 102.09 102.59 102. 67 99.88 101.84 102. 67
Average weekly hours
41.0
41.7
41.2
41.4
40.1
40.5
39.9
40.5
41.0
40.9
42.3
41.6
45.8
40.0
40.9
40.2
41.9
41.0
41.1
41.7
40.6
40.1
39.7
39.5

40.5
43.0
40.1

Fabricated metal products_________
Tin cans and other tinware______
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware.
Heating apparatus (except electrie) and plumbers’ supplies
Fabricated structural metal products___________ - ------ ------Metal stamping, coating, and en- -graving---- -------------Lighting fixtures------------- -Fabricated wire products________
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
products_____ ________
Machinery (except electrical)________
Engines and turbines . . . . . . .
Agricultural machinery and tractors------------------------------- -----Construction and mining machinery-------------------------------------Metalworking machinery________
Special-industry machinery (except metalworking machinery). .
General industrial machinery.. . . .
Office and store machines and devices________________________
Service-industry and household
machines____________________
Miscellaneous machinery parts___

Sept.

Average weekly earnings

cept m etalw orking m ach in ery). _ 102.37

General industrial machinery____
Office and store machines and devices----- ------------Service-industry and household
machines --------------------------Miscellaneous machinery parts-----

Annual
average

1959

1960

Industry

40.0
41.6
39.7

Average hourly earnings


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.46

2.46

2.45

2.44

2. 45

2.45

2. 44

2.58
2.26
2.23

2.59
2.24
2.24

2. 53
2.20
2.22

2. 55
2. 20
2.23

2.56
2.21
2.24

2.60
2.24
2.26

2. 54
2.21
2.25

$2.2
2.5
2. r

2. L

2.38
2. 56
2. 73

2.39
2. 55
2.73

2.38
2.55
2.71

2.35
2.54
2.73

2.57

2.59

2. 59

2. 60

2. 59

2.59

2. 59

2.56

2.54

2.57

2.57

2.4

2. 52
2.78

2.51
2. 80

2.51
2. 77

2. 49
2.75

2.49
2.73

2.47
2.71

2. 46
2.70

2. 47
2.68

2.46
2.67

2.46
2.69

2. 46
2.69

2.3
2.5

2.42
2.51

2.39
2.49

2. 41
2.49

2.40
2.49

2.39
2.49

3.39
2.50

2.37
2.48

2.38
2.47

2.36
2.46

2.34
2. 45

2.34
2.45

2.34
2.45

2.3

2. 56

2. 55

2.53

2.54

2. 54

2.54

2.52

2.51

2.50

2. 50

2.46

2.44

2.46

2.3

2.46
2.50

2.46
2.49

2.45
2.48

2.44

2.47
2.49

2.45
2.49

2.47

2.42
2.46

2.42
2.46

2.41
2.48

2.40
2.46

2.40
2.46

2.40
2.45

2.38
2. 57
2.78

2.37
2.57
2.78

2.35
2. 55
2.73

2.57

2. 56

2. 55
2.81

2. 53
2.81

2.42
2.51

2.49

2.48

2.2
2.2
2.3

1123

0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS

Table

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1960

1959

Annual
average

Industry
July 2 June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

1959

1958

Average weekly earnings

M anufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued

Electrical machinery_____ _________ $91. 08 .$92. 23 $91.37 $88. 98 $91. 43 $90.97 $92.80 $93.07 $90. 72 $91. 39 $90. 76 $89. 91 $89.02 $89.91 $85.14
Electrical generating, transmission, distribution, and industrial
a p p aratu s___ _ ____ ____ 96. 56 96.88 96.24 94. 25 96.15 95.84 96. 87 97.88 95.18 94.30 94.13 94.19 94. 00 94.19
89. 72
Electrical appliances,- _ . . . ____ 90.16 91.25 91.80 89.17 91.10 91.80 91.01 91.03 89.55 91.48 89. 67 88. 48 89.04 89.27
85.36
Insulated wire and cable________ 88. 62 89.68 88. 62 84. 66 89.46 89.24 88. 39 88.15 85.70 85.08 86. 30 84. 46 86.94 87.15
86.11
Electrical equipment for vehicles.
98.46 97. 32 98. 55 95.40 96.53 98. 65 104.25 101.52 91.54 94.08 96.80 89.62 94.47 96.56
89. 47
Electric lam ps.______ __________ 85.25 86. 75 87.30 86.41 88. 36 87.42 89.91 91.24 92. 77 93.21 89.19 86. 48 83. 95 88.13
80.57
Communication equipment______ 87.02 89.24 87. 34 85.19 88.18 87. 34 89.10 88.73 88.32 88. 99 88.15 87.51 85.14 86.86 81.97
Miscellaneous electrical products.__ 89.55 88.43 89. 65 89. 20 89.60 88. 65 91.13 93.18 90.42 90. 67 89. 40 89. 79 90.01 88.94
85.03
Transportation equipment___
... .
Motor vehicles and equipment___
Aircraft and parts_______ .
Ship and boat building and
repairing.__ __________ __ __
Railroad equipm ent. ______
Other transportation equipm ent...

110.15 110. 97

111.66 107.59

110. 84 111.79 115.92 110.70 104. 66 109. 62 108. 40 108.14 108. 53 107. 73
113.85 108. 23 113.83 116.62 124.11 113. 29 102.38 113.03 111. 48 110.15 111. 10 110.16
110. 70 110.57 110. 29 107.07 109. 34 108.81 108. 40 109.88 108.00 108. 26 107.06 107.18 106. 78 106. 63

100. 69
99. 96
101. 91

106.50 105. 60 105.46 103. 49 103. 62 102. 31 101.92 102.44 101. 26 99.20 99.84 102.57 102. 70 101.40
106.20 110. 65 111.39 110. 26 112.18 102.11 110.15 109. 69 102.65 103.47 106. 70 110.12 111.38 107.41
84.80 86. 36 86.63 84.58 84.10 87. 42 87.07 89.82 86. 41 91.17 89. 98 91.05 86. 43 89.13

98.00
100.70
82. 74

111.20 112.87

Average weekly hours
Electrical machinery----------------------Electrical generating, transmission, distribution, and industrial
apparatus__________ _______ _
Electrical appliances. _________
Insulated wire and cable. --------Electrical equipment for vehicles...
Electric lamps_____ _ . . . ______
Communication equipm ent______
Miscellaneous electrical products...
Transportation equipment. . . .
Motor vehicles and equipm ent___
Aircraft and parts___ . . . . . . . .
Ship and boat building and
repairing _
Railroad equipm ent. _________
Other transportation equipment. __

39.6

40.1

39.9

39.2

40.1

39.9

40.7

41.0

40.5

40.8

40.7

40.5

40.1

40.5

39.6

39.9
39.2
41.8
39.7
38.4
39.2
39.8

40.2
39.5
42.3
39.4
38.9
40.2
39.3

40.1
39.4
42.2
39.9
39.5
39.7
40.2

39.6
38.6
40.9
39.1
39.1
38.9
40.0

40.4
39.1
42.6
39.4
39.8
39.9
40.0

40.1
39.4
42.7
40.1
39.2
39.7
39.4

40.7
39.4
42.7
41.7
40.5
40.5
40.5

41.3
40. 1
43.0
41.1
41.1
40.7
41.6

40.5
39.8
41.4
38.3
41.6
40.7
41.1

40.3
40.3
41.1
39.2
41.8
41.2
41.4

40.4
39.5
40.9
40.0
41.1
41.0
41.2

40.6
39.5
40.8
38.3
40.6
40.7
41.0

40.6
39.4
41.4
40.2
39.6
39.6
41.1

40.6
39.5
41.9
40.4
40.8
40.4
40.8

39.7
38.8
41.4
38.9
39.3
39.6
40.3

40.2
40.0
41.0

40.5
40.6
40.8

40.9
41.1
41.0

39.7
39.5
40.1

40.6
40.8
40.8

40.8
41.5
40.6

42.0
43.7
40.6

40.7
40.9
41.0

39.2
38.2
40.6

40.6
41.1
40.7

40.0
40.1
40.4

40.2
40.2
40.6

40.8
41.3
40.6

40.5
40.8
40.7

39.8
39.2
40.6

39.3
38.2
38.2

39.7
39.1
38.9

40.1
39.5
39.2

39.5
39.1
38.8

39.4
39.5
38.4

39.2
36.6
39.2

38.9
39.2
39.4

39.1
39.6
40.1

38.5
37.6
39.1

38.3
37.9
40.7

38.4

39.0

39.2

39.0

40.9

41.2

40.2

40.7

39.4

$2. 23

$2. 22

$2.22

$2. 22

$2.15

2. 33
2.27

2.10
2.35
2.12

2. 33
2.26

2.32
2. 26
2.08
2.39
2.16
2.15
2.18

2.08
2. 30
2.05
2.07

38.8

39.9

40.5

39.2

39.2
38.0

Average hourly earnings
Electrical m achinery... . . . ______ $2. 30 $2.30 $2. 29 $2. 27
Electrical generating, transmission, distribution, and industrial
2. 42 2.41
apparatus___________________
2. 40 2. 38
Electrical appliances____________ 2. 30 2. 31 2. 33 2.31
Insulated wire and c a b le ________ 2.12 2.12 2.10 2.07
Electrical equipment for vehicles... 2.48
2. 47 2.47
2.44
2. 22 2.23 2. 21 2. 21
Electric lamps_________________
Communication equipment______ 2. 22 2. 22 2.20 2.19
Miscellaneous electrical products... 2.25
2.25
2. 23 2. 23
Transportation equipm ent... . ______
Motor vehicles and equipment___
Aircraft and parts_________ . .
Ship and boat building and
repairing____________________
Railroad e q u ip m e n t___________
Other transportation equipm ent. . .
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2. 28

$2. 28

$2.28

$2. 27

$2.24

$2.24

2. 39 2.38
2. 37
2. 33
2.31
2. 27
2.10 2. 09 2.07 2.05
2. 45
2. 46 2. 50
2.47
2.22 2.23 2. 22 2. 22
2.21 2.20 2. 20 2. 18

2. 35
2. 25
2.07
2. 39
2. 23
2.17

2.42
2.17
2.15
2.17

2. 32
2.24
2.07
2. 34
2.13
2.15
2.19

2.38
2. 33

2.24

2. 25

2.25

2.24

2.20

2. 34
2. 27
2. 07
2.40
2. 23
2.16
2.19

2.11

2. 73
2. 77
2. 69

2.71
2. 74
2. 67

2. 73 2. 74
2. 79 2.81
2. 68 2. 68

2. 76
2. 84
2. 67

2. 72
2. 77
2. 68

2. 67
2. 68
2. 66

2. 70
2. 75
2. 66

2.71
2. 78
2. 65

2. 69
2. 74
2. 64

2.71
2. 66 2. 63
2.83
2. 82
2.78
2.22 2. 22 2. 21

2.62
2.82
2.18

2. 63
2.84
2.19

2. 62
2.81
2. 21

2.62
2.77
2.24

2.21

2. 63
2. 73

2. 59
2. 73
2.24

2. 60
2. 75

2. 63
2. 76

2. 74
2. 78
2.70

2.74
2. 78
2.71

2.61
2. 79
2.23

2.20 2.21

2.15
2.19

2. 66 2. 66
2. 69 2. 70
2. 63 2. 62
2. 62 2.60
2. 75
2.15

2. 74
2.19

2. 26
2.20

2.11
2.53
2.55
2.51
2. 50
2. 65

2.10

1124

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1960

1959

Annual
average

Industry
July 2 June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

1959

1958

Average weekly earnings

Manufacturing —Continued

Durable goods—Continued
Instruments and related products____
Laboratory, scientific, and engineering instruments___________
Mechanical measuring and controlling instruments___________
Optical instruments and lenses___
Surgical, medical, and dental instruments___ ______________
Ophthalmic goods........... ............
Photographic apparatus................. Watches and clocks_____________
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.... .................. ............. .................Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware................... .................. ........ .
Musical instruments and parts____
Toys and sporting goods_________
Pens, pencils, other office supplies. _
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions.
Fabricated plastics products_____
Other manufacturing industries__

$96.22 $95. 65 $94.77 $93. 43 $95.88 $94.07 $94.19 $96.23 $94. 71 $94. 53 $93. 89 $93. 48 $93. 71 $93.25
115. 79 114. 95

112. 88

110.97 116. 75 113.57 112.05 116.14 112.44 112.14

110.66 112.63

109. 93 111. 14

$87.38
103.07

92.62
92.25

86. 72
88. 51

85.27 85.89 83.62 81.80 84.66 82.99 83. 84 83.64 83.64 83.44 84. 87 83.03 83.64 82.82
78.98 81.20 80.40 79.20 79.18 79.60 79.19 79.59 79.38 77.39 76.44 77. 97 78. 94 77.59
109. 61 107.12 106.34 105.82 106. 86 104. 90 104. 86 109. 65 108.20 107. 43 105. 98 104. 55 105.32 104. 65
79.00 78.01 77.41 75. 65 77.03 76.82 77.81 77.41 78.80 80. 57 79. 77 79.15 77.01 77.41

78.00
71.41
97. 53
73. 71

93.50
98. 77

93.90
98.77

93.90
98. 36

92.80
94.13

95.06
96.00

92. 34
97.11

93. 61
95.06

94.94
97.48

92. 97
92. 57

92.80
95.68

91.80
95.63

91.98
93.84

93.52
93. 30

76.44

77.41

77.41

76. 05

78.18

77. 81

78.20

78.76

77.16

77.33

76. 95

76. 76

75.60

76. 57

73.26

77.81
89. 51
68.58
65.50
67.30
84.05
80.79

80. 36
90.17
69. 63
69.95
70. 22
83.03
80.19

80. 77
87.38
71.16
72.18
68.29
83.03
81.00

80.16
86. 58
69.32
69.95
66. 33
80.40
79.59

80. 54
88.32
71.53
70.88
68. 73
83. 02
82.01

79.35
88.70
70.80
70. 92
69.17
83.23
80. 79

79.10
88.32
70.64
70.13
69.52
84.04
81.00

84.91
92.42
70.59
71.96
69.48
83.83
81.20

83. 66
92.18
70. 62
70. 80
68.64
82.39
78.41

83.46
93.94
70. 75
70.58
69. 87
83.40
78.79

81.25
91. 78
70. 80
70. 75
70.58
83.00
78.41

79.68
88.34
68.73
71.86
69.30
83.00
79. 99

75.17
85.24
67.69
68.82
66.39
83.40
79.79

79. 46
88.99
69.17
70. 58
68.90
83.20
79. 40

75. 70
83.79
66.91
67. 72
65.18
79.17
76.04

Average weekly hours
Instruments and related products....... .
Laboratory, scientific, and engineering instruments................. ...
Mechanical measuring and controlling instruments___________
Optical instruments and lenses___
Surgical, medical, and dental instruments___________________
Ophthalmic goods______________
Photographic apparatus................ .
Watches and clocks..........................
Miscellaneous manufacturing indust r i e s . -------- ----------------------------Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware_______________ ______
Musical instruments and parts___
Toys and sporting goods________
Pens, pencils, other office supplies. _
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions.
Fabricated plastics products_____
Other manufacturing industries__

40.6

40.7

40.5

40.1

40.8

40.2

40.6

41.3

41.0

41.1

41.0

41.0

41.1

40.9

39.9

41.5

41.8

41.5

41.1

42.3

41.6

41.5

42.7

41.8

42.0

41.6

42.5

41.8

42.1

40.9

40.3
41.5

40.3
41.5

40.3
41.5

40.0
40.4

40.8
41.2

39.8
41.5

40.7
40.8

41.1
42.2

40.6
40.6

40.7
41.6

40.8
41.4

40.7
40.8

41.2
41.1

40.8
41.0

39.6
40.6

40.8
39.1
40.9
39.7

40.9
40.4
41.2
39.2

40.2
40.4
40.9
38.9

39.9
39.8
40.7
38.4

40.7
39.2
41.1
39.1

39.9
40.0
40.5
38.8

40.5
40.2
40.8
39.3

40.8
40.4
42.5
38.9

40.6
40.5
42.1
40.0

40.7
40.1
41.8
40.9

41.2
39.4
41.4
40.7

40.5
40.4
41.0
40.8

41.0
40.9
41.3
39.9

40.6
40.2
41.2
39.9

40.0
38.6
40.3
39.0

39.4

39.9

39.9

39.2

40.3

39.9

40.1

40.6

40.4

40.7

40.5

40.4

40.0

40.3

39.6

39.7
40.5
38.1
36.8
38.9
40.8
39.8

41.0
40.8
38.9
39.3
39.9
40.7
39.7

41.0
39.9
39.1
40.1
38.8
40.9
39.9

40.9
39.9
38.3
39.3
37.9
39.8
39.4

41.3
40.7
39.3
39.6
39.5
41.1
40.4

40.9
40.5
38.9
39.4
39.3
41.0
39.8

41.2
40.7
38.6
39.4
39.5
41.4
39.9

43.1
42.2
39.0
40.2
39.7
41.5
40.4

42.9
41.9
39.9
40.0
39.0
41.4
39.8

42.8
42.7
40.2
40.1
39.7
41.7
40.2

42.1
42.1
40.0
40.2
40.1
41.5
39.8

41.5
40.9
39.5
40.6
39.6
41.5
40.4

40.2
40.4
38.9
39.1
38.6
41.7
40.3

41.6
41.2
39.3
40.1
39.6
41.6
40.1

40.7
39.9
38.9
39.6
38.8
40.6
39.4

$2.19

Average hourly earnings
Instruments and related products____ $2.37 $2.35 $2.34
Laboratory, scientific, and engineering instruments___ _______
2. 79 2. 75 2.72
Mechanical measuring and controlling instruments...................... 2.32
2.33
2.33
Optical instruments and lenses___ 2.38
2.38
2.37
Surgical, medical, and dental instruments___________________
2.09
2.10 2.08
Ophthalmic goods____________
2.02 2.01 1.99
Photographic apparatus___ _____
2. 68 2.60 2.60
Watches and clocks_____________ 1. 99
1. 99
1.99
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_______ ____________________
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware___ ____________________
Musical instruments and parts___
Toys and sporting goods............... .
Pens, pencils, other office supplies..
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions.
Fabricated plastics products_____
Other manufacturing industries__
See footnotes at end


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

of table.

$2.33

$2.35

$2.34

$2.32

$2. 33

$2.31

$2.30

$2.29

$2.28

$2.28

$2.28

2.70

2. 76

2.73

2.70

2.72

2. 69

2.67

2. 66

2.65

2.63

2.64

2.52

2.32
2.33

2.33
2. 33

2.32
2.34

2.30
2.33

2.31
2.31

2.29
2.28

2.28
2.30

2.25
2.31

2.26
2.30

2.27
2.27

2.27
2.25

2.19
2.18

2.05
1.99
2.60
1.97

2. 08 2. 08
2.02 1.99

2.07
1.97
2. 57
1.98

2.05
1.97
2.58
1.99

2.06
1.96
2. 57
1.97

2.05
1.93
2. 57
1.97

2.06
1.94
2.56
1.96

2.05
1.93
2. 55
1.94

2.04
1.93
2. 55
1.93

2.04
1.93
2.54
1.94

1.95
1.85
2.42
1.89

2.60
1.97

2.59
1.98

1.94

1.94

1.94

1.94

1.94

1.95

1.95

1.94

1.91

1.90

1.90

1.90

1.89

1.90

1.85

1.96

1.96
2. 21
1. 79
1.78
1.76
2.04

1.97
2.19
1.82
1.80
1.76
2.03
2.03

1.96
2.17
1.81
1.78
1. 75

1.95
2.17
1.82
1.79
1.74

1.94
2.19
1.82
1.80
1.76
2.03
2.03

1.92
2.17
1.83
1.78
1.76
2.03
2.03

1.97
2.19
1.81
1.79
1.75

1.95
2. 20
1.77
1. 77
1.76
1.99
1.97

1.95

1.92
2.16
1.74
1.77
1.75

1.87

1.76
1.76
1.76

1.93
2.18
1.77
1.76
1.76

2.11
1.74
1. 76
1.72

1.91
2.16
1.76
1.76
1.74

1.86
2.10

1.96

1.97

1.98

1.98

1.98

2.21

1.80
1.78
1.73
2.06
2.03

2.02

2.02 2.02
2.02 2.03

2.02
2.01

2.20

2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00

1.72
1.71

1.68
1.95
1.93

1125

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS

Table C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1960

1959

Annual
average

Industry
July 2 June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Jan.

Feb.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

1959

1958

Average weekly earnings

Manufac turing—C ontinued

Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products...... .............
Meat products_________________
Dairy products________________
Canning and preserving_________
Grain-mill products-------------------Bakery products_______________
Sugar_____________ _____ ____
Confectionery and related products.
Beverages_____________________
Miscellaneous food products_____
Tobacco manufactures______________
Cigarettes-------------------------------Cigars............................................. .
Tobacco and snuff..................... ......
Tobacco stemming and redrying...

$89.60 $88. 51
101.43 98.90
92.01 90. 73
70. 35 67.86
99.23 94.61
89.16 88. 54
101. 68 99.84
71.34 72. 62
102.18 100.37
86.74 86.11
68.61
80. 88
53.36
67.89
60.92

71.53
85. 07
54.38
70. 46
64.34

$88.91 $87.16 $86.94 $86.33 $88. 91 $88.78 $87.74 $85. 68 $86.11 $84.87 $85.48 $85.68
99. 55 95.74 95.01 95. 26 104. 66 104.73 105. 22 103.05 101. 29 95.06 95.53 97. 23
89.01 89.21 87.53 87. 53 87. 53 86. 30 86. 30 86.73 90. 52 86.53 87.56 86.32
70.05 69.75 69.75 69.17 68.74 68.15 63.47 65. 74 67.82 71.65 66.52 67. 64
94.18 92.87 94. 61 92. 87 95.70 93.96 95.05 93.96 96. 57 93. 73 93. 49 92. 66
87.05 85.79 85.39 84.56 83.92 85.22 85. 01 84. 42 85.67 83. 21 84.25 83. 21
97.61 95.88 98. 77 95.04 94. 61 97.31 94. 77 82. 62 98. 59 93. 84 94. 58 93.10
71.50 68.92 70. 67 69.38 70.49 68.90 69.55 69. 65 70.47 69.48 69.92 68.90
99. 79 100.19 95.16 93.03 93.99 96.07 95. 26 95. 59 100. 67 99. 60 99.90 96. 80
85.90 84.85 84.85 86.11 85.49 86.73 87.35 86. 73 87.78 85. 27 84.44 84.65
68.58
80.26
54.43
68.08
61.78

64. 80
77.17
49.48
66.06
58.32

59.86
67. 47
53.05
62.10
50.81

61.37
72. 76
52. 26
61.94
50.75

66.05
83. 23
53.20
66.38
50.90

67. 49 64.56
83. 64 81.81
53.11 55.58
68.08 66. 70
57.65 44.82

$81.81
91.08
81.90
66.13
89.79
79.00
89.73
66.30
92.23
80.95

63.92
83.00
55. 34
66. 64
49.29

63.40
82.20
54.53
66.35
52.27

65.93
87. 44
53.06
67.12
50. 65

70. 58
87.31
52. 78
68.60
59.19

65. 40
81.80
53. 02
66.82
52.40

62.56
77.55
51.79
62. 79
49.92

Average weekly hours
Food and kindred products_________
Meat products_________________
Dairy products_________ ______ _
Canning and preserving_________
Grain-mill products_____________
Bakery products............... ...............
Sugar_________________________
Confectionery and related products
Beverages_____ ______ . . . _____
Miscellaneous food products_____

41.1
41.4
42.4
39.3
44.9
40.9
41.5
39.2
41.2
41.5

40.6
40.7
42.2
37.7
43.4
40.8
41.6
39.9
40.8
41.4

40.6
40.8
41.4
38.7
43.4
40.3
40.5
39.5
40.4
41.3

39.8
39.4
41.3
37.7
42.6
39.9
40.8
38.5
40.4
40.6

39.7
39.1
40.9
37.5
43.2
39.9
41.5
39.7
39.0
40.6

39.6
39.2
40.9
37.8
42.6
39.7
41.5
39.2
38.6
41.2

40.6
42.2
40.9
38.4
43.5
39.4
43.2
39.6
39.0
41.1

41.1
42.4
40.9
38.5
43.1
40.2
48.9
39.6
39.7
41.9

41.0
43.3
40.9
36.9
43.6
40.1
48.6
40.2
39.2
42.2

40.8
43.3
41.3
38.0
43.5
40.2
40.9
39.8
39.5
41.9

41.4
43.1
42.7
39.2
44.3
40.6
41.6
40.5
41.6
42.2

41.4
40.8
41.8
41.9
43.8
40.2
40.8
39.7
41.5
41.8

40.9
41.0
42.3
38.9
44.1
40.7
41.3
39.5
41.8
41.8

40.8
41.2
41.7
39.1
43.5
40.2
43.3
39.6
40.5
41.7

40.7
40.3
42.0
39.6
43.8
40.1
44.2
39.7
40.1
41.3

Tobacco manufactures______________
Cigarettes..... .....................................
Cigars_________________ ______
Tobacco and snuff.......... ........ ........
Tobacco stemming and redrying...

37.7
38.7
36.8
37.1
36.7

39.3
40.9
37.5
38.5
38.3

38.1
38.4
37.8
37.2
37.9

36.0
37.1
34.6
36.1
36.0

34.8
33.4
37.1
34.5
34.1

36.1
36.2
36.8
34.8
35.0

38.4
40.6
37.2
37.5
36.1

39.7
41.0
37.4
38.9
40.6

38.2
40.3
38.6
37.9
33.7

40.2
41.5
38.7
38.3
40.4

40.9
41.1
38.4
37.7
43.2

40.7
43.5
37.9
38.8
40.2

40.1
42.8
37.7
39.2
37.7

39.4
40.9
37.6
38.4
39.4

39.1
40.6
37.8
37.6
38.7

$2.09
2. 33
2.07
1.71

$2.10
2.36
2.07
1.73
2.13
2.07
2.15
1. 74
2.39
2.03

$2.01
2.26
1.95
1.67
2.05
1.97
2.03
1.67
2.30
1.96

1.76
2.04
1.40
1.75
1.57

1.66
2.00

1.60
1.91
1. 37
1.67
1.29

Average hourly earnings
Food and kindred products................... $2.18
Meat products_________________ 2. 45
Dairy products________________
2.17
Canning and preserving______ . . . 1.79
Grain-mill products__________ _
2. 21
Bakery products_______________
2.18
Sugar_________________________ 2.45
Confectionery and related products
1.82
Beverages_____________________ 2.48
Miscellaneous food products.........
2.09
Tobacco manufactures______________
Cigarettes............. ............................
Cigars________________________
Tobacco and snuff______________
Tobacco stemming and redrying...
See footnotes at end of table.

5 6 4 8 1 1 — 6 0 --------8


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.82
2.09
1. 45
1.83

$2.18
2. 43
2.15
1.80
2.18
2.17
2.40
1.82
2.46
2.08

$2.19
2. 44
2.15
1. 81
2.17
2.16
2.41
1.81
2. 47
2.08

$2.19
2.43
2.16
1.85
2.18
2.15
2.35
1.79
2. 48
2.09

$2.19
2.43
2.14

1.82
2.08
1.45
1.83

1.80
2.09
1.44
1.83
1.63

1.80
2.08
1.43
1.83
1.62

1.66 1.68

$2.19
2.48
2.14
1.79
2. 20
2.13
2.19
1.78
2.41
2.08

$2.16
2. 47

$2.14
2.43

$2.10
2. 38

$2.08
2. 35

2.19
2.14
2.38
1.78
2.44
2.09

$2.18
2. 43
2.14
1.83
2.18
2.13
2. 29
1.77
2.41
2.09

1.77
2.18

1.72
2.18

1.73
2.16

1.73

1.74
2.42
2.07

1.73
2.43
2.07

1.75
2. 42
2.07

1.74
2. 42
2.08

$2.05
2.33
2.07
1.71
2.14
2. 07
2. 30
1.75
2. 40
2.04

1.72

1.70

1.69
2.03
1.44
1.76
1.33

1.55

1.62

1.42
1.78
1.45

1.70
2.04
1.42
1.75
1.42

1.59

1.43
1.80
1.49

1.72
2.05
1.43
1.77
1.41

1.43
1.74

1.42
1.76

1. 40
1.73
1.26

1.86

2.02 2.01

2.11 2.11 2.10 2.12

2.12 2.12 2.10 2.18
2.11
1.99
1.95
2.02 2.37

2.00 2.00 2.01
1.22 1.21

2.12

2.07
2.29
1.77
2.39

2.02

1.41
1.74
1.33

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960

1126
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1960

1959

Annual
average

Industry
July 2 June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

1959

1958

Average weekly earnings

Manufacturing —Continued

Nondurable goods— Continued
Textile-mill products___________ ____
Scouring and combing plants_____
Y am and thread mills.....................
Broad-woven fabric mills................
Narrow fabrics and smallwares___
Knitting mills...................................
Dyeing and finishing textiles_____
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings.
Hats (except cloth and m illinery)..
Miscellaneous textile goods.............
Apparel and other finished textile
products____________________ . . .
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats___
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and
work clothing__ ____ _________
Women’s outerwear_________ . . .
Women’s, children’s undergarm ents__________ ______ _____
M illinery... ___________ _____
Children’s outerwear____________
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories------- ----------- ---------------Other fabricated textile products__

$64. 48 $65. 53 $65.36 $63. 76 $63. 83 $64.16 $64. 48 $64.87 $64.40 $64. 40 $63.28 $64. 87 $63. 83 $63. 43
75.26 74. 03 73.15 70. 69 70.18 69. 70 72.25 71.06 70. 53 69.72 74.34 70.11 75.16 72.16
58.98 59.74 59.89 59.49 58.59 59. 70 60.20 60.35 59. 90 59. 90 59.40 60.20 59.45 58.95
65. 53 66. 58 66. 01 64.96 65.12 64.27 64.74 65. 52 64.74 64.74 63.27 64.90 63.71 63.29
65. 57 68.30 66. 50 65.11 66.17 65.76 65.36 66.75 65.27 65.11 65.36 64.96 65.69 65. 53
57.75 58.67 58.22 55.95 55.48 56.47 56.32 56. 77 57.96 57.66 57. 45 58.71 57.13 57. 51
70.62 75.00 74.05 71.28 71.05 71.10 70.58 73.78 72. 83 72.31 69.66 71.04 70. 45 71.48
80.18 79.60 79.00 78.99 79.97 81.32 81.71 81.32 79.17 80.73 80.73 81.51 82.91 81.51
58. 74 62.53 61.66 58.64 59.49 59. 57 62.24 63. 00 57. 78 57.26 60.02 64.90 60.35 61.71
75.22 76. 55 75. 58 73.42 74.37 76.30 77.27 76.45 72.68 74.52 74.52 74.48 74.44 73.71

$58.29
64.96
52.36
56.26
60.37
54.75
66.83
77.30
58.74
68.95

56.27
70.47

55.90
72. 58

55.90
69.12

53. 70
65. 49

66.95 68.00

55. 85

56.11

55.44
67.08

55. 85
68.32

68.02 66.02

56.15

55.02

55.69
67.28

56. 85
67. 61

55. 57
64.18

55. 63
65.47

53.45
60.37

48. 97
59.00

49. 37
56.95

48. 84
59.00

47.29
56.10

47.35
59. 69

48. 58
59. 86

48. 58
58.14

49.13
58.99

49. 65
58. 48

49.27
55.76

49.91
57. 61

49. 66
61.24

48. 90
60.20

48.76
59.51

46. 08
57.63

50. 40
67.23
52.99

51.12
58. 56
53. 05

51.05
55. 94
51. 62

48. 99
54. 65
48. 79

50.41
67.13
51. 70

51.18
71.04
52.48

50.96
65. 08
52.62

51.52
60.82
50.54

53.02
58.70
52.22

52. 36
60.64
50.26

51.52
67.32
50.20

51.89
68. 61
51. 24

50. 09
64. 33
53.02

51.29
62.93
51.10

49.59
64.05
50. 23

53.14
63.84

52.27
61.94

52.27
61.66

51.26
58. 67

52. 71
60. 96

52.42
60. 38

52.20
59.78

52.91
59.97

52.91
59.52

52.62
59. 90

52.91
59.75

53.82
58. 75

52. 59
59.28

52.54
59. 59

50. 76
56. 85

Average weekly hours
Textile-mill products_______________
Scouring and combing plants_____
Yarn and thread mills__________
Broad-woven fabric mills________
Narrow fabrics and smallwares___
K nitting mills_________________
Dyeing and finishing textiles_____
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings.
Hats (except cloth and m illinery)...
Miscellaneous textile goods______
Apparel and other finished textile
products________________________
M en’s and boys’ suits and. coats...
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and
work clothing________________
Women’s outerwear____________
Women’s, children’s undergarments_____________________ _
Millinery_____________________
Children’s outerwear_____ _____
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories_______________________
Other fabricated textile products..

39.8
43.0
38.8
40.7
39.5
38.5
39.9
40.7
35.6
39.8

40.2
42.3
39.3
41.1
40.9
38.6
41.9
40.2
37.0
40.5

40.1
41.8
39.4
41.0
40.3
38.3
41.6
40.1
36.7
40.2

39.6
41.1
39.4
40.6
39.7
37.3
40.5
40.3
34.7
39.9

39.4
40.8
38.8
40.7
40.1
36.5
40.6
40.8
35.2
40.2

40.1
41.0
39.8
41.2
40.1
37.4
41.1
41.7
36.1
40.8

40.3
42.5
40.4
41.5
40.1
37.3
40.8
41.9
36.4
41.1

40.8
41.8
40.5
42.0
40.7
38.1
42.4
41.7
37.5
41.1

40.5
40.3
40.2
41.5
39.8
38.9
42.1
40.6
34.6
39.5

40.5
40.3
40.2
41.5
39.7
38.7
41.8
41.4
34.7
40.5

39.8
42.0
39.6
40.3
40.1
38.3
40.5
41.4
35.1
40.5

40.8
41.0
40.4
41.6
40.1
39.4
41.3
41.8
37.3
40.7

40.4
43.7
39.9
41.1
40.8
38.6
41.2
42.3
35.5
40.9

40.4
42.2
40.1
41.1
30.7
38.6
41.8
31.8
36.3
40.5

38.6
40.6
37.4
38.8
39.2
37.5
40.5
40.9
35.6
39.4

36.3
38.3

36.3
38.2

36.3
38.4

35.1
37.0

35.8
37.4

36.2
38.2

36.0
37.9

36.5
38. 6

36.7
38.0

36.2
37.3

36.4
37.8

37.4
38.2

36.8
37.1

36.6
37.2

35.4
34.3

37.1
34.3

37.4
33.7

37.0
34.5

36.1
33.0

35.6
34.5

36.8
34.4

36.8
33.8

37.5
34.1

37.9
34.0

37.9
32.8

38.1
33.3

38.8
35.4

38.2
35.0

37.8
34.6

36.0
34.1

36.0
34.3
36.8

36.0
32.0
37.1

35.7
30.4
36.1

34.5
29.7
34.6

35.5
35.9
35.9

36.3
37.0
36.7

36.4
34.8
36.8

36.8
33.6
36.1

37.6
31.9
37.3

37.4
32.6
35.9

36.8
34.7
35.6

37.6
36.3
36.6

36.3
34.4
37.6

36.9
34.2
36.5

36.2
35.0
36.4

36.4
38.0

37.3
38.0

36.3
38.3

35.6
36.9

36.1
38.1

36.4
37.5

36.5
37.6

37.0
38.2

37.0
38.4

36.8
38.4

37.0
38.3

37.9
38.4

37.3
38.0

37.0
38.2

36.0
37.4

Average hourly earnings
Textile-mill products............................. $1.62 $1.63
Scouring and combing plants_____ 1.75
1.75
Yarn and thread mills__________
1.52
1.52
Broad-woven fabric mills________ 1.61
1.62
Narrow fabrics and smallwares___ 1.66 1.67
Knitting mills________ _________ 1.50
1.52
Dyeing and finishing textiles_____ 1.77
1.79
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings. 1.97
1.98
Hats (except cloth and millinery).- 1. 65
1.69
Miscellaneous textile goods______
1.89
1.89
Apparel and other finished textile
products________________________
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats___
Men’s and boys’ furnishings and
work clothing________________
Women’s outerwear___ _______ .
Women’s, children’s undergarments_________ _____________
Millinery____ _____ _ . . . . . .
Children’s outerwear___________
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories________________ ______
Other fabricated textile products...
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$1.63
1.75
1. 52
1.61
1.65
1.52
1.78
1.97

1.68
1.88

$1. 61
1.72
1.51
1.60
1.64
1.50
1.76
1.96
1.69
1. 84

$1.62
1.72
1.51
1.60
1.65
1.52
1.75
1.96
1.69
1.85

$1.60
1.70
1.50
1.56
1.64
1.51
1.73
1.95
1. 65
1.87

$1.60
1.70
1.49
1.56
1.63
1.51
1.73
1.95
1.71
1. 88

$1.59
1. 70
1.49
1.56
1.64
1.49
1.74
1.95

1.68
1.86

$1.59
1.75
1.49
1.56
1.64
1.49
1.73
1.95
1. 67
1.84

$1.59
1.73
1.49
1.56
1.64
1.49
1.73
1.95
1.65
1.84

$1.59
1.77
1.50
1. 57
1. 63
1.50
1. 72
1.95
1.71
1. 84

$1.59
1.71
1.49
1.56
1.62
1.49
1.72
1.95
1.74
1.83

$1.58
1.72
1.49
1.55
1.61
1.48
1.71
1. 96
1.70
1.82

$1.57
1.71
1.47
1. 54
1.61
1.49
1.71
1.95
1.70
1.82

$1. 51
1.60
1.40
1.45
1. 54
1.46
1.65
1.89
1. 65
1.75

1.55
1.84

1.54
1.90

1.54
1.80

1.53
1.77

1.56
1.79

1.55
1.78

1.54
1.77

1.53
1.77

1.53
1.79

1.52
1.77

1.53
1.78

1.52
1.77

1.51
1.73

1. 52
1.76

1.51
1. 76

1.32
1.72

1.32
1.69

1.32
1.71

1.31
1.70

1.33
1.73

1.32
1. 74

1.32
1.72

1.31
1.73

1.31
1.72

1.30
1.70

1.31
1.73

1.28
1.73

1.28
1.72

1.29
1.72

1.28
1.69

1.40
1.96
1.44

1.42
1.83
1.43

1.43
1.84
1.43

1.42
1.84
1.41

1.42
1.87
1.44

1.41
1.92
1.43

1.40
1.87
1.43

1.40
1.81
1.40

1.41
1.84
1. 40

1.40

1.86
1.40

1.40
1.94
1.41

1.38
1.89
1.40

1.38
1.87
1.41

1.39
1.84
1.40

1.37
1.83
1.38

1.46

1.44
1.63

1.44
1.61

1.44
1.59

1.46
1.60

1.44
1.61

1.43
1. 59

1.43
1.57

1.43
1. 55

1. 43
1.56

1.43
1.56

1.42
1.53

1.41
1.56

1.42
1.56

1.41
1.52

1.68

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
Table

1127

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1960

1959

Annual
average

Industry
J u ly 1 June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

1959

1958

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Paper and allied products...................... $96.87 $97.13 $96.05 $93.63 $94.30 $94.73 $95.20 $95.22 $95.22 $95.67 $96.77 $95. 68 $95.03 $94.16
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills. 106.82 106.19 104.64 102.15 103.29 103.97 104.24 104.48 104.72 104.48 106.32 104.08 104.78 102. 73
Paperboard containers and boxes.— 88.78 89.64 88.34 86.43 86.03 86.67 87.74 86.93 88.20 89.68 90.95 90.31 87.78 87.78
Other paper and allied products__ 85.49 85.70 86.11 84.26 84.87 84.05 84.67 85.07 83.64 83.84 84.03 83.00 83.00 83.42

$88.83
96.10
82.41
78.96

Printing, publishing, and allied industries..........- —.................................... . 105.81 105. 54
Newspapers___________________ 111.43 112.10
120.10 114.09
Books._____ __________________ 93.43 93. 43
Commercial printing—....... ............ 105.06 105.18
Lithographing ________________ 109.30 109.53
Greetin guards................ ......... ........ 73.30 69.74
Bookbinding and related industries. 82.78 82. 64
Miscellaneous publishing and
printing services____ _________ 116.97 116.18

103. 41
108 28
113 15
90.52
102.96
106.40
70. 07
80. 50

97.90
103.43
102 97
85.80
97.22
98 81
67.03
74.86

115.97 115.06 117.35 118.81 118. 50 118.78 117.18 114.98 117.34 116.10 116.43 116.19

110.75

106.37
113.31
114.37
94.25
105.06
110. 55
73. 53
81.20

103.95
110.05
115.30
91.66
103.33
106.23
70.48
79.92

105.05
108.72
116 57
91.43
105. 86
109.20
73. 54
82.01

104.12
108. 42
111 20
89.44
103.35
107.86
76.63
81.20

104. 56
107.45
111 35
91.14
105.34
107. 73
75.08
81.79

106.86
113.31
108 93
92.57
106.92
109. 39
70.10
83.28

103. 79
107.76
113 96
90.29
104.28
107.19
70.25
81.66

104.83
110.00
119 83
91.31
104.67
108.67
69.72
80.43

106.70
111.96
132 30
92.23
106.00
109.60
68.60
81.09

103. 79
108. 32
119.83
93.61
102.05
108.13
68.40
81.12

103. 52
108. 02
114 39
90.23
102.83
108. 53
69.50
81.33

Average weekly hours
Paper and allied products______ ____ _
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.
Paperboard containers and boxes...
Other paper and allied products...

42.3
43.6
41.1
41.1

42.6
43.7
41.5
41.4

42.5
43.6
40.9
41.8

41.8
43.1
40.2
41.1

42.1
43.4
40.2
41.4

42.1
43.5
40.5
41.0

42.5
43.8
41.0
41.3

42.7
43.9
41.2
41.7

42.7
44.0
41.8
41.2

42.9
43.9
42.3
41.3

43.2
44.3
42.5
41.6

43.1
44.1
42.6
41.5

43.0
44.4
41.8
41.5

42.8
43.9
41.8
41.5

41.9
42.9
41.0
40.7

Printing, publishing, and allied industries---------------- ------ ------ -----------Newspapers___________________
Periodicals----- ------------------------Books____________ ___________
Commercial printing___________
Lithographing..................... .............
Greeting cards..................................
Bookbinding and related industries.
Miscellaneous publishing and
printing services______________

38.2
35.6
41.7
40.1
39.2
39.6
39.2
38.5

38.1
35.7
40.6
40.1
39.1
39.4
37.9
38.8

38.4
36.2
40.7
40.8
39.2
40.2
38.1
38.3

37.8
35.5
40.6
40.2
38.7
39.2
36.9
37.7

38.2
35.3
40.9
40.1
39.5
40.0
38.3
38.5

38.0
35.2
40.0
39.4
39.0
39.8
38.7
38.3

38.3
35.0
40.2
39.8
39.9
39.9
38.5
38.4

39.0
36.2
39.9
40.6
40.5
40.7
38.1
39.1

38.3
35.1
40.7
39.6
39.8
39.7
38.6
38.7

38.4
35.6
41.9
39.7
39.8
40.1
38.1
38.3

38.8
36.0
44.1
40.1
40.0
40.0
37.9
38.8

38.3
35.4
41.9
40.7
39.1
39.9
38.0
39.0

38.2
35.3
41.0
39.4
39.4
39.9
38.4
39.1

38.3
35.5
40.7
39.7
39.6
39.7
38.5
38.7

37.8
35.3
39.3
39.0
39.2
38.9
38.3
38.0

38.1

37.6

37.9

37.6

38.1

38.7

38.6

39.2

38.8

38.2

38.6

38.7

38.3

38.6

37.8

Average hourly earnings
Paper and allied products...................... $2.29
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills. 2.45
Paperboard containers and boxes.. 2.16
Other paper and allied products__ 2.08
Printing, publishing, and allied industries__________________ ________
Newspapers___________________
Periodicals______________ _____
Books____________________ . . .
Commercial printing__ . . . . . .
Lithographing_________________
Greeting cards_________________
Bookbinding and related industries.
Miscellaneous publishing and
printing services______ _______
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.28
2.43
2.16
2.07

$2.26
2.40
2.16
2.06

$2.24
2.37
2.15
2.05

$2.24
2.38
2.14
2.05

$2.25
2.39
2.14
2.05

$2.24
2.38
2.14
2.05

$2.23
2.38
2.11
2.04

$2.23
2.38
2.11
2.03

$2.23
2.38
2.12
2.03

$2.24
2. 40
2.14
2.02

$2.22
2.36
2.12
2.00

$2.21
2.36
2.10
2.00

$2.20
2.34
2.10
2.01

$2.12
2.24
2.01
1.94

2.77
3.13
2.88
2.33
2.68
2. 76
1.87
2.15

2.77
3.14
2.81
2.33
2.69
2.78
1.84
2.13

2.77
3.13
2.81
2.31
2.68
2.75
1.93
2.12

2.75
3.10
2.84
2.28
2.67
2.71
1.91
2.12

2.75
3.08
2. 85
2.28
2. 68
2. 73
1.92
2.13

2.74
3.08
2.78
2.27
2. 65
2.71
1.98
2.12

2.73
3.07
2.77
2.29
2.64
2.70
1.95
2.13

2.74
3.13
2. 73
2.28
2.64
2.70
1.84
2.13

2.71
3.07
2.80
2. 28
2. 62
2. 70
1.82
2.11

2. 73
3.09
2. 86
2.30
2.63
2.71
1.83
2.10

2.75
3.11
3.00
2.30
2. 65
2. 74
1.81
2.09

2.71
3. 06
2.86
2.30
2.61
2.71
1.80
2.08

2.71
3.06
2. 79
2.29
2. 61
2. 72
1.81
2.08

2.70
3.05
2. 78
2.28
2.60
2. 68
1.82
2.08

2.59
2.93
2.62
2.20
2.48
2.54
1.75
1.97

3.07

3.09

3.06

3.06

3.08

3.07

3.07

3.03

3.02

3.01

3.04

3.00

3.04

3.01

2.93

1128

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1960

1959

Annual
average

Industry
J u ly 2 June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

1959

1958

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Chemicals and allied products_______
Industrial inorganic chemicals____
Industrial organic chemicals______
Drugs and medicines___________
Soap, cleaning and polishing preparations_______________ _____
Paints, pigments, and fillers..........Gum and wood chemicals___ . . . .
Fertilizers___ _________________
Vegetable and animal oils and fats.
Miscellaneous chemicals..................

$105. 83 $105. 59 $103.58 $104.41 $102.01 $101.60 $101.60 $102. 66 $101. 75 $101.09 $104. 48 $100. 53 $100.28 $100.02 $94.48
117.46 116. 20 114. 53 117.45 113.02 112. 75 112. 61 114.93 113. 55 113.97 117. 87 111.24 111. 64 111.64 104. 70
112.71 112. 67 110.77 112.29 108. 62 108.21 108. 21 109. 78 108. 58 108.05 112. 89 106.45 106. 86 106.81 100.04
94.37 94.19 93.73 92. 75 92.97 93. 66 92.62 92. 66 93.11 93.11 94.39 89.06 89.28 90. 58 85.88
111.24 113.82 110.95 108. 24 111.72 109.15 107.94 109. 36 108.16 108. 58 110. 30 107. 49 103.17 105.47 100. 86
101. 93 103.07 102. 41 101.19 98. 90 98.42 98.01 98.33 99.22 96.32 101.40 98.29 98.36 98.29 93. 25
93.09 90.29 87. 74 86.29 84.20 84.00 82.60 84. 77 87.90 82.54 86. 86 84.20 95.40 83.36 80.45
81.29 80. 70 79. 74 85.44 74.07 77.96 78.75 78. 57 76. 44 75. 48 80.70 77. 46 75.26 78.12 74.03
92.22 92.17 89.42 87.23 87.96 86.29 87. 30 86. 48 87.23 85. 84 87.32 87. 00 87.03 85.44 82.21
96.22 94. 77 95.06 95. 71 94.89 93.96 93.96 94. 25 93.43 92.39 92.21 91.13 91.76 91.58 87.02

Products of petroleum and coal______ 121.18 119.60 118.03 119.54 116. 87 116.87 116.98 117. 74 118.90 117.50 120. 77 116.12 118.78 117.38 110.97
Petroleum refining__ ___________ 124.84 123.22 123.11 124.23 120.20 120. 60 120.40 121.80 124.01 119.80 124.53 118. 50 121.80 121.29 114.90
Coke, other petroleum and coal
products___________ _________ 109.13 108. 36 102. 51 105.44 106. 49 105.97 106.90 105.30 103.17 108.03 108.20 108.03 109.48 105. 83 97.28
Rubber products__________________
Tires and inner tubes___________
Rubber footwear_______________
Other rubber products____ _____

103.94 102. 72 100.04 94.60 97. 71 100.00 102.16 101.59 97. 66 101.18 102.01 105.33 107.10 101. 60 92.59
123. 82 121.39 117. 51 107. 38 113.68 117.71 119.80 118. 59 112. 62 117.49 117. 56 127. 74 128. 74 120.01 106.04
82. 21 82.82 81.40 77.01 78. 61 77.21 79.40 80. 79 79. 80 79.40 79.18 79.17 78.60 79.19 76.62
91.88 92.34 90.12 88.43 89.78 91.76 93. 52 92.93 89. 87 93.38 94. 73 93.21 95.40 92.99 84.59
Average weekly hours

Chemicals and allied products.............
Industrial inorganic chemicals____
Industrial organic chemicals.........
Drugs and medicines___________
Soap, cleaning and polishing preparations-------------------------------Paints, pigments, and fillers_____
Gum and wood chemicals---------Fertilizers_____________________
Vegetable and animal oils and fats.
Miscellaneous chemicals________

41.5
41.8
41.9
40.5

41.9
41.8
42.2
40.6

41.6
41.8
41.8
40.4

42.1
42.4
41.9
40.5

41.3
41.4
41.3
40.6

41.3
41.3
41.3
40.9

41.3
41.4
41.3
40.8

41.9
42.1
41.9
41.0

41.7
41.9
41.6
41.2

41.6
41.9
41.4
41.2

42.3
42.4
42.6
41.4

41.2
41.2
41.1
40.3

41.1
41.5
41.1
40.4

41.5
41.5
41.4
40.8

40.9
40.9
40.5
40.7

41.2
41.1
43.5
41.9
43.5
40.6

42.0
41.9
43.2
42.7
44.1
40.5

41.4
41.8
42.8
43.1
43.2
40.8

41.0
41.3
42.3
48.0
43.4
40.9

42.0
40.7
42.1
40.7
44.2
40.9

41.5
40.5
42.0
42.6
43.8
40.5

41.2
40.5
41.3
42.8
45.0
40.5

41.9
40.8
42.6
42.7
46.0
40.8

41.6
41.0
43.3
42.0
46.4
40.8

41.6
40.3
41.9
41.7
46.4
40.7

42.1
41.9
43.0
42.7
46.2
40.8

41.5
41.3
42.1
42.1
43.5
40.5

40.3
41.5
42.7
40.9
43.3
40.6

41.2
41.3
42.1
43.4
44.5
40.7

41.0
40.9
41.9
42.3
44.2
40.1

Products of petroleum and coal........ .
Petroleum refining--------------------Coke, other petroleum and coal
p ro d u cts......... ................. ...........

41.5
41.2

41.1
40.8

40.7
40.9

40.8
41.0

40.3
40.2

40.3
40.2

40.2
40.0

40.6
40.6

41.0
41.2

40.8
40.2

41.5
41.1

40.6
39.9

41.1
40.6

40.9
40.7

40.5
40.6

42.3

42 0

40.2

40.4

40.8

40.6

40.8

40.5

40.3

42.7

42.6

42.7

42.6

41.5

40.2

Rubber products------ --------------------Tires and inner tubes___________
Rubber footwear----------------------Other rubber products............... .

40.6
41.0
40.3
40.3

40.6
40.6
40.6
40.5

39.7
39.7
40.1
39.7

38.3
36.9
38.7
39.3

39.4
38.8
39.5
39.9

40.0
39.5
38.8
40.6

40.7
40.2
39.5
41.2

40.8
40.2
39.8
41.3

39.7
38.7
39.9
40.3

40.8
40.1
39.9
41.5

41.3
40.4
40.4
42.1

42.3
43.3
40.6
41.8

42.5
43.2
40.1
42.4

41.3
41.1
40.2
41.7

39.4
38.7
39.7
39.9

Average hourly earnings
Chemicals and allied products..........—
Industrial inorganic chemicals........
Industrial organic chemicals_____
Drugs and medicines____________
Soap, cleaning and polishing preparations..........................................
Paints, pigments and fillers............
Gum and wood chemicals----- -----Fertilizers__________ . .............. .
Vegetable and animal oils and fats.
Miscellaneous chemicals.................

$2. 55
2. 81
2.69
2.33

$2. 52
2. 78
2.67
2.32

$2.49
2.74
2.65
2. 32

$2. 48
2. 77
2. 68
2.29

$2.47
2.73
2.63
2.29

$2.46
2. 73
2.62
2.29

$2.46
2. 72
2.62
2.27

$2.45
2. 73
2.62
2.26

$2.44
2. 71
2.61
2.26

$2.43
2. 72
2.61
2.26

$2.47
2. 78
2. 65
2.28

$2.44
2.70
2. 59
2.21

$2.44
2.69
2.60
2.21

$2. 41
2. 69
2. 58
2.22

$2.31
2.56
2.47
2.11

2.70
2.48
2.14
1.94
2.12
2.37

2. 71
2.46
2.09
1.89
2.09
2.34

2.68
2.45
2.05
1.85
2.07
2.33

2. 64
2. 45
2.04
1.78
2.01
2.34

2. 66
2. 43
2. 00
1.82
1.99
2.32

2.63
2. 43
2.00
1.83
1.97
2.32

2.62
2. 42
2.00
1.84
1.94
2.32

2.61
2.41
1.99
1.84
1.88
2.31

2. 60
2. 42
2.03
1.82
1.88
2.29

2.61
2.39
1.97
1.81
1.85
2.27

2.62
2.42
2.02
1.89
1.89
2.26

2. 59
2.38
2.00
1.84
2.00
2.25

2. 56
2.37
2.00
1.84
2.01
2.26

2. 56
2.38
1.98
1.80
1.92
2.25

2.46
2.28
1.92
1.75
1.86
2.17

Products of petroleum and coal______
Petroleum refining______________
Coke, other petroleum and coal
products____________________

2.92
3.03

2.91
3.02

2.90
3.01

2.93
3.03

2.90
2. 99

2.90
3.00

2.91
3.01

2.90
3.00

2.90
3.01

2.88
2.98

2.91
3.03

2.86
2.97

2.89
3.00

2.87
2.98

2.74
2.83

2.58

2.58

2. 55

2.61

2. 61

2. 61

2.62

2.60

2.56

2.53

2. 54

2.53

2. 57

2. 55

2.42

Rubber products........ ............ ..............
Tires and inner tubes___________
Rubber footwear_______________
Other rubber products__________

2. 56
3.02
2.04
2.28

2. 53
2. 99
2.04
2.28

2. 52
2.96
2. 03
2.27

2.47
2.91
1.99
2.25

2.48
2.93
1.99
2.25

2.50
2.98
1.99
2.26

2. 51
2.98
2.01
2.27

2.49
2.95
2.03
2.25

2. 46
2.91
2.00
2.23

2.48
2.93
1.99
2.25

2.47
2.91
1.96
2.25

2. 49
2.95
1.95
2.23

2. 52
2.98
1.96
2.25

2.46
2.92
1.97
2.23

2.35
2.74
1.93
2.12

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

O —EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

1129

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
July » June

May

Apr.

Annual
average

1959

1960

Industry

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

1959

1958

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued

Nondurable goods—Continued
Leather and leather products________ $62.59 $62.37 $59.90 $58.06 $60.84 $60.64 $61. 78 $61.07 $60.43 $58.28 $59.09 $60.48 $60.90 $60.70
Leather: tanned, curried, and fin­
ished________________ _____ — 82.29 86.27 83.07 81.66 81.87 81.24 81.30 82. 74 81.09 80.50 80.11 80.52 79.70 80.94
Industrial leather belting and
packing_____________________ 80.20 78.21 77.03 73. 53 76.24 72.13 74.68 79.80 69. 50 72.38 77.42 80.19 79. 56 79. 56
Boot and shoe cut stock and find­
in g s......................... ...................... 59. 37 59.44 58.25 55. 22 57. 82 58.44 60.30 59. 83 56. 21 54.42 55.85 57.30 58.05 57.30
Footwear (except rubber)................ 61.37 60.00 56.80 55. 52 58. 56 58. 67 60.10 58.40 57. 46 55. 69 56.47 58. 50 59. 21 58. 34
Luggage---------------------------------- 64.01 66. 42 65.07 62.87 63. 63 62. 29 62. 87 63. 54 69. 70 63. 50 64.19 64. 85 65.11 65.18
Handbags and small leather goods.. 56.17 56.30 57.07 53. 61 58.05 57.30 56. 92 58. 65 59.60 54.24 56.24 56.74 56. 60 56. 45
Gloves and miscellaneous leather
goods............................................... 53.87 54.24 52.71 51.41 52.20 52. 42 50.98 53.11 53.71 52. 77 51.41 52.88 51.61 51.89

$57.78
78.39
76.62
56.02
54.87
63. 46
55.54
50.40

Transportation and public utilities:

Transportation:
Interstate railroads:
Class I railroads »_.............. ......
Local railways and buslines______
Communication:
Telephone_________________
Telegraph 4.................................
Other public utilities:
Gas and electric utilities..................
Electric light and power utilities.
Gas utilities.................... ...........
Electric light and gas utilities
combined________________

110.42 107. 59 107.33 109.82 111.45 106. 60 110.00 106.86 105. 25 106.17 103.38 107.35 106.43
99.79 100.92 99.79 97.78 97.78 97.33 95.60 96.10 95.44 94.57 94.33 95. 68 95.47 94.59
85.46
95.99

78.72
90.06

109. 34 109.34 109.34 108.94 108. 26 107. 59 108. 39 107.98 109.03 108. 62 107.79 105.93 106.04 105.78
109.88 109.88 109. 61 108. 79 108. 94 107. 86 108.39 107. 71 108. 65 108.24 108.36 107.16 107. 53 106.34
102.21 101.15 101.15 101. 25 100.85 99.85 100.85 101.18 103.91 103.17 102.34 99.06 98. 74 99.39

100.37
101.43
94.83

114.80 115. 62 116.18 115. 62 113.96 114. 52 114.67 114.12 114.13 113. 44 112.06 110.00 110. 42 110. 56

103. 63

90.17 88.26
102.37 104.00

87.81
97. 75

86. 36
95.30

87. 58
95.30

87.42
94.43

86.14
95.30

87.42
95. 53

89. 95
95.53

88. 58 89.32
95.57 100.11

85.85
97.13

86. 29
95.79

101. 50
90.52

Average weekly hours
Manufacturing—Continued

Nondurable goods— Continued
Leather and leather products........ ........
Leather: tanned, curried, and fin­
ished............. ..............................—
Industrial leather belting and
packing__________ _____ _____
Boot and shoe cut stock and find­
in g s.................. ............................
Footwear (except rubber)................
Luggage......... ....................... ...........
Handbags and small leather goods..
Gloves and miscellaneous leather
goods...............................................

38.4

37.8

36.3

35.4

37.1

37.2

37.9

37.7

37.3

36.2

36.7

37.8

38.3

37.7

36.8

39.0

40.5

39.0

38.7

38.8

38.5

38.9

39.4

38.8

38.7

38.7

38.9

38.5

39.1

39.0

40.1

39.3

39.1

38.1

38.7

36.8

38.1

40.1

36.2

37.5

39.5

40.5

40.8

40.8

39.7

38.3
38.6
38.1
37.2

38.1
37.5
39.3
36.8

37.1
35.5
38.5
37.3

35.4
34.7
37.2
35.5

37.3
36.6
38.1
38.7

37.7
36.9
37.3
38.2

38.9
37.8
37.2
38.2

38.6
37.2
37.6
39.1

36.5
36.6
41.0
40.0

35.8
35.7
37.8
36.4

36.5
36.2
38.9
38.0

37.7
37.5
39.3
38.6

38.7
38.2
39.7
38.5

37.7
37.4
38.8
38.4

37.1
36.1
38.0
38.3

36.4

36.9

36.1

35.7

36.0

36.4

35.9

37.4

37.3

36.9

35.7

37.5

36.6

36.8

36.0

43.2

42.8
43.5

41.7
43.2

41.6
42.7

42.9
42.7

42.7
42.5

41.0
42.3

42.8
42.9

41.1
42.8

41.6
42.6

41.8
42.3

40.7
43.1

42.6
43.2

41.9
42.8

41.6
42.7

39.9
42.3

39.4
42.8

39.2
42.5

38.9
41.8

39.1
41.8

39.2
41.6

38.8
41.8

39.2
41.9

40.7
41.9

39.9
42.1

40.6
44.1

39.2
42.6

39.4
42.2

39.2
42.1

38.4
41.5

40.8
41.0
40.4

40.8
41.0
40.3

40.8
40.9
40.3

40.8
40.9
40.5

40.7
40.8
40.5

40.6
40.7
40.1

40.9
40.9
40.5

40.9
40.8
40.8

41.3
41.0
41.4

41.3
41.0
41.6

41.3
41.2
41.6

40.9
40.9
40.6

41.1
41.2
40.8

41.0
40.9
40.9

40.8
40.9
40.7

41.0

41.0

41.2

41.0

40.7

40.9

41.1

41.2

41.5

41.4

41.2

41.2

41.2

41.1

40.8

Transportation and public utilities:

Transportation:
Interstate railroads:
Class I railroads *___________
Local railways and buslines______
Communication:
Telephone...................................
Telegraph4________________
Other public utilities:
Gas and electric utilities---- --------Electric light and power utilities.
Gas utilities........ ......................
Electric light and gas utilities
combined________________

Average hourly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued

Nondurable poods—Continued
Leather and leather products________ $1.63
Leather: tanned, curried, and fin­
ished________________________ 2.11
Industrial leather belting and
packing................... ............. ......... 2.00
Boot and shoe cut stock and find­
ings.................................................. 1.55
Footwear (except rubber)....... ........ 1. 59
Luggage.............................................. 1.68
Handbags and small leather goods.. 1.51
Gloves and miscellaneous leather
goods............................................... 1.48

$1.65

$1. 65

$1.64

$1.64

$1. 63

$1.63

$1.62

$1.62

$1.61

$1.61

$1.60

$1.59

$1.61

$1. 57

2.13

2.13

2.11

2.11

2.11

2.09

2.10

2.09

2.08

2.07

2.07

2.07

2.07

2.01

1.99

1.97

1.93

1.97

1.96

1.96

1.99

1.92

1.93

1.96

1.98

1.95

1.95

1.93

1. 56
1.60
1.69
1.53

1.57
1.60
1.69
1. 53

1. 56
1.60
1.69
1.51

1.55
1.60
1.67
1.50

1.55
1.59
1.67
1.50

1. 55
1.59
1.69
1.49

1.55
1.57
1.69
1.50

1.54
1.57
1.70
1.49

1.52
1.56
1.68
1.49

1.53
1.56
1.65
1.48

1. 52
1.56
1.65
1.47

1.50
1.55
1.64
1.47

1. 52
1.56
1.68
1.47

1.51
1.52
1.67
1.45

1.47

1.46

1.44

1.45

1.44

1.42

1.42

1.44

1.43

1.44

1.41

1.41

1.41

1.40

2.31

2.58
2.32

2.58
2.31

2. 58
2.29

2. 56
2. 29

2.61
2.29

2.60
2.26

2. 57
2. 24

2. 60
2.23

2.53
2.22

2. 54
2.23

2.54
2. 22

2. 52
2. 21

2.54
2.21

2.44
2.12

2.26
2.42

2.24
2.43

2.24
2.30

2. 22
2.28

2.24
2.28

2.23
2. 27

2.22
2.28

2.23
2.28

2. 21
2.28

2. 22
2. 27

2.20
2.27

2.19
2.28

2.19
2.27

2.18
2.28

2.05
2.17

2.68
2. 68
2.53

2.68
2.68
2.51

2.68
2. 68
2.51

2.67
2. 66
2.50

2. 66
2. 67
2.49

2. 65
2. 65
2.49

2.65
2. 65
2.49

2.64
2.64
2.48

2.64
2. 65
2. 51

2.63
2.64
2.48

2. 61
2. 63
2. 46

2. 59
2. 62
2.44

2. 58
2. 61
2.42

2. 58
2. 60
2.43

2.46
2. 48
2.33

2.80

2.82

2.82

2.82

2.80

2.80

2.79

2.77

2.75

2.74

2.72

2.67

2.68

2. 69

2.54

Transportation and public utilities:

Transportation:
Interstate railroads:
Class I railroads *___________
Local railways and buslines______
Communication:
Telephone_________________
Telegraph 4________________
Other public utilities:
Gas and electric utilities_________
Electric light and power utilities.
Gas utilities................. ..............
Electric light and gas utilities
combined________ _____ __
See footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1130

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1960

Industry
July 2 June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

1959

1958

Average weekly earnings

Wholesale and retail trade:

Wholesale trade__ . . . ____
Retail trade (except eating and drinking places)___ . . . ______________
General merchandise stores______
Department stores and general
mail-order houses__________
Food and liquor stores. _______
Automotive and accessories dealers
Apparel and accessories stores____
Other retail trade:
Furniture and appliance stores.
Lumber and hardware supply
stores_______________

Annual
average

1959

$93 96 $93.09 $92.46 $91.83 $91.37 $90.35 $90.80 $91.94 $91. 71 $91.53 $91.94 $91. 53 $91.76
69. 52
50.61

68.80
49.74

67. 69
48.87

67 48
48.99

66.95
48. 33

66.95
48.19

66.95
48.19

66.09
50.01

66.38
47.46

67.11
47.94

67.82
48.50

68. 32
49. 42

68.68
49.07

67.06
48. 37

64. 77
46.85

56.64
73.16
91.29
51.98

56.00
72.16
91.29
52.82

55.04
70.60
90.87
51.56

55.14
70.13
91.73
53.48

53. 69
68.89
88.91
50.85

53.69
69.34
87.40
51.64

54.19
69.38
88.04
51.87

56.70
69. 26
86.29
53.35

52.98
69.81
88. 71
51.83

53.82
69. 65
89. 76
51.34

54.60
71.20
87.40
52.29

55.03
71.23
89.12
52. 54

54.82
72.18
90.20
52.65

54. 36
69.89
88.24
51.90

52.60
67.52
83.22
50.81

75.76

72.31

Banks and trust companies 5 _______ 69.94 69. 75 69. 75 69 94 69. 56 69.94 69. 93 68.81 68.26 68.81 68.26 68.07 68.06 68.07
Security dealers and exchanges_______ 117. 59 117.16 111.54 113.61 112. 67 114. 52 115.49 117.14 110.15 109.43 107. 22 114.84 120.43 119.24
Insurance carriers_______________ _ 88.11 87.99 88.15 87. 37 87. 68 87.54 87.26 86.52 86.32 85.79 85.98 86.89 86. 57 85.79
Service and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, year-round 6___ _______
48.80 48.80 48.28 47. 52 48.00 47.64 48.12 48.40 48.24 48.20 48.36 47.91 47.44 47.44
Personal services:
Laundries__ ________________ 48. 68 48. 68 48. 68 48.00 46.68 46.92 47.04 47.24 46. 37 46.96 46.96 46.33 46. 22 46.45
Cleaning and dyeing plants______ 54. 57 57.06 55.95 57.94 52.68 52.40 53.10 54.91 54.35 55.60 53.54 51.65 51.92 53.29
M otion pictures:
Motion-picture production and
distribution__________________ 114.47 112.12 113.37 107.96 107. 23 112.13 111. 63 112.89 114.31 114. 51 110.97 114.98 108.26
Average weekly hours
Wholesale and retail trade:
Wholesale trade___ ______________
40.5
40.3
40.2
39.9
40.1
39.8
40.0
40.5
40.4
40.5
40.5
40.5
40.6
40.3
Retail trade (except eating and drinking places)________ __ _________ 38.2
37.8
37.4
37.7
37.4
37.4
37.4
38.2
37.5
37.7
38.1
38.6
38.8
38.1
General merchandise stores______
34.9
34.3
33.7
34.5
33.8
33.7
33.7
36.5
33.9
34.4
34.0
35.3
35.3
34.8
Department stores and general
mail-order houses_____ ____ 35.4
34.4
34 9 34.2
35.0
34.2
34.3
37.3
34.4
34.5
35.5
35.0
35.6
35.3
Food and liquor stores. ___ ____ 36.4
35.9
35. 3
35.6
35.3
35.2
35.4
35.7
35.8
35.9
36.7
37.1
37.4
36.4
Automotive and accessories dealers. 44.1
44.1
43.9
44.1
43.8
43.7
43.8
43.8
43.7
44.0
43.7
43.9
44.0
43.9
Apparel and accessories stores....... . 34.2
34.3
33.7
34.5
33.9
34.2
33.9
35.1
34.1
34.0
34.4
35.5
35.1
34.6
Other retail trade:
Furniture and appliance stores. 40.9
41.0
40.8
41.0
41.1
41.0
41.0
42.0
41.2
41.4
41.4
41.6
41.7
41.4
Lumber and hardware supply
stores.._ _______ ____ _____ 42.7
42.5
42.3
42.3
41.4
41.2
41.1
42.1
42.0
42.6
42.3
42.9
43.0
42.3
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banks and trust companies 5______ _
37.4
37.3
37.3
37.4
37.4
37.4
37.8
37.6
37.3
37.6
37.4
37.3
37.6
37.4
Security dealers and exchanges_______
Insurance carriers__________________

66. 57
106.88
82.97

Finance, insurance, and real estate:

77.30

77.08

75.07

75.44

74.80

75.44

76. 67

79.80

77.46

76.18

77.42

77.79

77.15

83. 69

82.88

82. 49

81.64

79.49

78.28

78.09

79.99

80.22

81.79

80.79

81.94

81.70

77.04

45.20
44. 30
50.82
98. 65
40.1
38.1
34.7
35.3
36.3
43.8
34.8
41.8
42.1
37.4

Service and miscellaneous:

Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, year-round 8____________
Personal services:
Laundries_____________________
Cleaning and dyeing plants______
Motion pictures:
Motion-picture production and
distribution____ _____________

40.0

40.0

39.9

39.6

40.0

39.7

40.1

40.0

40.2

40.5

40.3

40.6

40.2

40.2

40.0

39.9
38.7

39.9
39.9

39.9
39.4

40.0
40.8

38.9
37.9

39.1
37.7

39.2
38.2

39.7
39.5

39.3
39.1

39.8
40.0

39.8
38.8

39.6
37.7

39.5
37.9

39.7
38.9

39.2
38.5

Wholesale trade...................................
$2. 32
Retail trade (except eating and drinking places)_______ ______________ 1.82
General merchandise stores_______ 1.45
Department stores and general
mail-order houses_____ ____ 1.60
Food and liquor stores____ _____ 2.01
Automotive and accessories dealers. 2.07
Apparel and accessories stores____
1.52
Other retail trade:
Furniture and appliance stores. 1.89
Lumber and hardware supply
stores_____ ____ ___ ___
1.96

$2.31

$2.30

$2.29

$2.29

$2.27

$2.27

$2.27

$2.27

$2.26

$2.27

$2.26

$2.26

$2.24

$2.17

1.82
1.45

1.81
1.45

1.79

1.42

1.79
1.43

1.79
1.43

1.79
1.43

1.73
1.37

1.77
1.40

1.78
1.41

1.78
1.41

1.77
1.40

1.77
1.39

1.76
1.39

1.70
1.35

1.60
2.01
2.07
1.54

1. 60
2.00
2.07
1.53

1 58
1.97
2.08
1.55

1.57
1.98
2.03
1.50

1.57
1.97
2.00
1.51

1.58
1.96
2.01
1.53

1.62
1.94
1.97
1.52

1.54
1.95
2.03
1.52

1.56
1.94
2.04
1.51

1.56
1.94
2.00
1.52

1.55
1.92
2.03
1.48

1.54
1.93
2.05
1.50

1.54
1.92
2.01
1.50

1.49
1.86
1.90
1.46

1.88

1.84

1.84

1.82

1.84

1.87

1.90

1.88

1.84

1.87

1.87

1.85

1.83

1.73

1.95

1.95

1.93

1.92

1.90

1.90

1.90

1.91

1.92

1.91

1.91

1.90

1.89

1.83

1.87

1.87

1.87

1.86

1.87

1.85

1.83

1.83

1.83

1.83

1.82

1.81

1.82

1.78

Average hourly earnings

Wholesale and retail trade:

Finance, insurance, and real estate:

Banks and trust companies 5________
Security dealers and exchanges______
Insurance carriers__________________

Service and miscellaneous:

1.87

Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, year-round 8___ _______ 1.22
1.22
1.21
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1. 21
1.19
1.20
1.20
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.13
Personal services:
Laundries___
___ _________
1. 22
1.22
1.22
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.19
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.17
1.17
1.17
1.13
Cleaning and dyeing plants______ 1.41
1.43
1.42
1.42
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.38
1.37
1.37
1. 37
1.32
Motion pictures:
Motion-picture p r o d u c tio n a n d
distribution_ ______ _______
1 Tor comparability of data with those published in issues prior to August
state Commerce Commission and relate to all employees who received pay
1958 and coverage of these series, see footnote 1, table A-2.
during the month, except executives, officials, and stafl assistants (ICC
In addition, hours and earnings data for anthracite mining have been re­
Group I).
vised from January 1953 and are not comparable with those published in
4 Data relate to domestic nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
issues prior to August 1958.
5 Average weekly earnings have been revised beginning with January 1958
For mining, manufacturing, laundries, and cleaning and dyeing plants,
and
are not strictly comparable with data for earlier years. Average weekly
data refer to production and related workers; for contract construction, to
hours
and average hourly earnings are new series, available from January 1958.
construction workers; and for the remaining industries, unless otherwise
8
Money
payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
noted, to nonsupervisory workers and working supervisors.
tips not included.
2 Preliminary.
3 Figures for Class I railroads (excluding switching and terminal companies)
S o u r c e : U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for a l l
are based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report by the Inter­
series except that for Class I railroads. (See footnote 3.)


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1131

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

C-2. Average overtime hours and average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production
workers in manufacturing, by major industry group 1
Annual
average

1959

1960
Major industry group
July 2 June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Jan.

Feb.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

1959

1958

Average overtime hours 3
2.4

2.5

2.4

2.1

2.5

2.6

2.8

2.7

2.6

2.8

3.0

2.9

2.7

2.7

2.0

Durable goods____________ _______ _
Ordnance and accessories________
Lumber and wood products--------Furniture and fixtures... ----------Stone, clay, and glass products----Prim ary metal industries________
Fabricated metal products_______
Machinery (except electrical)_____
Electrical machinery___________
Transportation equipment---------Instruments and related products. _
Miscellaneous manufacturing.........

2.3
2.0
3.0
2.3
3.2
1.7
2.5
2.5
1.8
2.2
2.2
2.0

2.4
1.9
3.4
2.4
3.1
1.6
2.7
2.7
1.8
2.4
2.0
2.1

2.4
1.9
3.2
2.4
3.1
1.5
2.6
2.7
1.7
2.6
2.0
2.2

2.1
1.6
2.9
2.4
2.8
2.0
2.1
2.4
1.2
1.9
1.7
1.9

2.5
2.0
2.8
2.4
2.7
2.1
2.5
2.8
1.9
2.8
2.3
2.4

2.7
2.3
2.8
2.6
2.8
2.4
2.7
2.9
2.0
3.2
2.3
2.5

2.9
2.1
2.9
2.7
2.9
2.8
3.2
2.8
2.4
3.8
2.2
2.4

2.7
2.2
3.0
3.5
3.0
2.6
3.0
2.9
2.4
2.5
2.7
2.7

2.5
2.1
3.2
3.2
3.2
2.3
2.3
2.5
2.2
1.9
2.6
2.7

2.8
2.1
3.5
3.5
3.4
2.6
2.9
2.7
2.5
2.5
2.5
3.1

3.0
2.3
3.6
3.2
3.6
3.0
3.6
2.8
2.6
2.7
2.4
3.0

3.0
2.1
4.1
3.3
3.9
2.6
3.4
2.8
2.4
2.7
2.3
2.7

2.7
2.1
3.5
2.8
3.6
2.4
3.0
2.9
2.1
2.6
2.4
2.4

2.7
2.1
3.4
2.9
3.4
2.6
2.9
2.7
2.2
2.5
2.3
2.6

1.9
2.0
2.9
2.1
2.8
1.3
2.1
1.7
1.5
1.9
1.5
2.1

Nondurable goods__________________
Food and kindred products......... .
Tobacco manufactures.................
Textile-mill products.------ ---------Apparel and other finished textile
products____________________
Paper and allied products-----------Printing and publishing_________
Chemicals and allied products-----Products of petroleum and coal___
Rubber products_______________
Leather and leather products..........

2.6
3.6
1.2
2.6

2.5
3.2
1.2
2.9

2.5
3.1
1.0
2.9

2.2
2.8
.7
2.5

2.4
2.9
.5
3.0

2.5
2.8
.6
3.0

2.6
3.3
1.3
3.0

2.7
3.4
1.1
3.2

2.7
3.6
1.0
3.2

2.8
3.6
1.3
3.2

3.0
4.0
1.6
3.1

2.9
3.3
1.7
3.3

2.8
3.4
1.8
3.1

2.7
3.3
1.2
3.1

2.2
3.0
1.3
2.1

1.3
4.3
2.9
2.5
2.3
2.8
1.7

1.3
4.3
2.9
2.4
2.1
2.7
1.3

1.3
4.3
3.0
2.5
1.6
2.2
1.0

1.0
3.7
2.6
2.9
1.7
1.7
.8

1.4
4.1
3.0
2.3
1.4
2.3
1.4

1.4
4.2
2.8
2.4
1.5
2.8
1.4

1.3
4.3
2.9
2.3
1.6
3.1
1.4

1.4
4.3
3.6
2.4
1.5
2.8
1.4

1.6
4.5
3.1
2.4
1.8
2.5
1.4

1.5
4.6
3.2
2.5
2.1
3.5
1.2

1.5
5.1
3.6
3.1
2.3
4.3
1.2

1.7
4.9
3.2
2.5
2.0
4.6
1.3

1.4
4.7
2.9
2.4
2.3
4.8
1.3

1.4
4.6
3.0
2.5
1.8
3.7
1.4

1.1
3.9
2.5
2.0
1.5
2.3
1.1

Manufacturing------- ------------ ---------------

Average hourly earnings excluding overtim e1
Manufacturing....................... ............ ......... $2.22

$2. 22

$2.22

$2.22

$2. 22

$2. 21

$2. 21

$2. 20

$2.16

$2.14

$2.14

$2.12

$2.16

$2.15

$2.08

2.27
2.48
1.91
1.76
2.12
2.55
2.28
2.41
2.15
2. 60
2. 22
1.84

2.31
2.49
1.89
1.77
2.13
2.73
2.29
2. 41
2.17
2.57
2. 22
1.84

2.30
2.49
1. 89
1.76
2.13
2.70
2.29
2.42
2.16
2.58
2. 22
1.84

2.23
2.42
1.82
1.73
2.04
2. 61
2. 21
2.33
2.11
2.47
2.15
1.80
1.89
1. 94
1.57
1.47

Durable goods................ .........................
Ordnance and accessories________
Lumber and wood products--------Furniture and fixtures__________
Stone, clay, and glass products----Prim ary metal industries_____ _
Fabricated metal products----------Machinery (except electrical)------Electrical machinery-----------------Transportation equipment---------Instruments and related products..
Miscellaneous manufacturing-------

2.38
2.58
1.98
1.81
2.20
2.75
2.38
2.49
2. 25
2.67
2.31
1.89

2.38
2. 57
1.99
1.81
2.19
2.76
2.38
2. 49
2. 25
2. 66
2.30
1.89

2.37
2. 55
1.95
1.80
2.19
2. 77
2.37
2.49
2.24
2. 64
2. 29
1.89

2.38
2.56
1.94
1.80
2.19
2.78
2. 36
2.47
2.24
2.64
2.28
1.89

2.38
2.56
1.93
1.81
2. 20
2.77
2. 35
2. 47
2. 23
2.64
2. 28
1.88

2.37
2.55
1.91
1.79
2.18
2.77
2. 35
2.47
2. 23
2. 64
2. 27
1.89

2.37
2.55
1.89
1.79
2.18
2.78
2. 35
2. 46
2. 22
2.64
2. 26
1.89

2.35
2.54
1.92
1.78
2.17
2. 77
2. 33
2. 46
2. 20
2. 64
2. 25
1.88

2.31
2.53
1.94
1.76
2.16
2.70
2.29
2. 45
2.18
2.60
2.24
1.84

2.28
2.52
1.94
1.76
2.14
2.57
2. 28
2.44
2.17
2. 62
2.23
1.83

2.28
2.49
1.94
1.76
2.14
2. 56
2.29
2.43
2.16
2. 62
2.22
1.83

Nondurable goods--------------------------Food and kindred products______
Tobacco manufactures______ ____
Textile-mill products________ . . .
Apparel and other finished textile
products___ ____ ___________
Paper and allied products...............
Printing and publishing_________
Chemicals and allied products-----Products of petroleum and coal___
Rubber products_______________
Leather and leather products..........

2.02
2.09
1.79
1.57

2.01
2.10
1.79
1.58

2.01
2.11
1.78
1.57

2.01
2.12
1.78
1.56

2.00
2.11
1.71
1.56

1.99
2.10
1.69
1.54

1.98
2.10
1.69
1.54

1.97
2.08
1.68
1.53

1.96
2.05
1.67
1.53

1.95
2.02
1.56
1.53

1.95
1.99
1. 52
1.53

1.93
1.97
1. 59
1.52

1.95
2.00
1.72
1.52

1.94
2.02
1. 64
1.52

1.53
2.18

1.52
2.17

1.51
2.15

1.50
2.14

1.53
2.14

1.52
2.14

1.51
2.14

1.50
2.12

1.50
2.12

1.49
2.12

1.50
2.12

1.48
2.10

1.48
2.10

1.49
2.09

(5)

(5)

( 5)

( 5)

( 5)

( 5)

( 5)

2.47
2.84
2.47
1.60

(5)

2.45
2.84
2.45
1.62

( 5)

2.42
2.84
2.45
1.63

W

2. 40
2.87
2.42
1.62

1 For comparability of data with those published iu issues prior to August
1958, see footnote 1, table A-2.
2 Preliminary.
3 Covers premium overtime hours of production and related workers during
the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. Overtime hours are
those for which premiums were paid because the hours were in excess of the
number of hours of either the straight-time workday or workweek. Weekend
and holiday hours are included only if premium wage rates were paid. Hours


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( 5)

2. 40
2. 85
2.41
1.61

2. 40
2.85
2.41
1.60

2.39
2. 86
2.42
1.60

2. 39
2. 85
2.41
1.59

2.37
2. 84
2.39
1.59

(5)

2.36
2.80
2.38
1. 58

(s)

2. 39
2.83
2.35
1.58

O’ )

2. 36
2.79
2.36
1. 58

2.37
2. 82
2. 38
1.57

2.34
Z. 81
2. 36
1. 58

1.49
2.02
( ')

2. 26
2. 69
2. 28
1.55

for which only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of
premiums were paid are excluded. These data are not available prior to 1956.
<Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and
one-half.
,
3 Not available as average overtime rates are significantly above time and
one-half. Inclusion of data for the group in the nondurable-goods total has
little effect.

1132
Table

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960

C-3. Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction
activities 1
[1947-49=100]
1960

Annual
average

1959

Activity
Aug.2 July 2 June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1959

1958

Man-hours
Total_____________________ ________
102.8
Mining________________________ ______ 67.5
Contract construction__________________ 145.6
Manufacturing________________________ 99.1

101.5
64.0
143.5
97.9

102.3
66.8
135.5
99.9

100.8
66.2
126.3
99.4

98.4
66.5
114.3
98.3

97.4
64.9
94.9
99.9

98.4
63.8
98.5
100.8

99.5
64.0
101.6
101.6

102.4
67.3
118.9
102.4

100.1
64.1
123.3
99.2

101.4
60.0
133.7
99.5

103.0
59.2
136.5
101.1

103.2
61.7
146.1
99.8

100.7
65.4
123.4
99.8

94.3
67.9
118.2
92.6

Durable goods..........................................
Ordnance and accessories________
Lumber and wood products............
Furniture and fixtures__________
Stone, clay, and glass products___
Prim ary metal industries________
Fabricated metal products_______
Machinery (except electrical)..........
Electrical machinery____________
Transportation equipment ____
Instruments and related products..
Miscellaneous manufacturing__ _

101.8
301.2
79.6
109.8
106.0
85.2
105.1
98.3
134.4
103.1
117.9
104.8

102.8
312.9
78.6
106.5
103.9
88.2
105.1
99.8
130.8
111.7
117.2
99.7

106.1
319.7
81.8
108.7
105.9
92.9
109.2
102.7
134.2
114.1
119.4
104.8

106. 5
326.3
77.7
107.5
104.6
95.2
108.5
103.3
133.1
119.8
118.8
102.9

105.8
325.9
74.2
108.0
102.4
99.0
106.2
103.5
131.7
117.7
118.7
100.5

108.1
336.4
70.6
105.7
100.1
103.1
109.8
105.4
137.3
123.8
121.0
102.4

109.3
332.3
72.4
109.2
101.3
104.3
111.3
105.3
138.4
127.0
119.8
100.3

110.3
332.1
72.2
109.3
101.2
106.1
112.3
105.1
141.5
130.1
120.6
98.5

109.8
334.7
76.9
113.5
105.0
105.2
110.6
104.8
142.7
119.2
123.5
103.5

103.4
325.9
78.7
111.4
105.4
93.1
101.9
100.0
139.3
100.5
122.4
108.7

103.3
328.0
81.7
113.8
106.9
59.1
105.9
102.0
142.0
122.4
122.8
111.0

103.9
326.9
82.5
112.4
108.9
60.2
111.6
103.5
141.0
119.9
121.7
109.4

101.6
313.2
84.6
111.7
110.3
61.4
107.9
100.9
134.2
113.6
118.3
105.1

105.6
325.3
78.4
108.7
104.6
91.1
108.7
101.0
132.6
120.4
117.1
101.1

95.9
303.0
72.7
97.2
94.7
83.7
101.1
88.9
115.9
111.6
105.4
92.7

Nondurable goods...... ...........................
Food and kindred products______
Tobacco manufactures_____ _____
Textile-mill products________ . . .
Apparel and other finished textile
products.. . . _ ______________
Paper and allied products___ ____
Printing and publishing. _______
Chemicals and allied products........
Products of petroleum and coal___
Rubber products_______ _______
Leather and leather products_____

95.8
95.1
86.0
72.1

92.2
87.0
64.4
71.0

92.5
82.4
66.3
73.4

90.9
78.5
64.5
72.9

89.4
76.4
61.8
71.8

90.1
74.1
61.6
71.7

90.5
74.4
68.4
72.5

91.2
77.5
74.6
72.9

93.6
81.4
79.6
74.6

94.2
84.7
77.9
74.8

95.0
88.1
92.6
75.6

97.7
96.2
100.0
74.5

97.7
97.3
90.6
76.1

93.0
83.7
77.1
74.4

88.7
84.2
77.7
69.2

108.2
111.6
115.9
106.5
83.3
96.8
91.8

102.2
110.5
114.9
105.8
83.8
98.0
91.0

104.7
113.0
115.1
107.1
84.7
100.8
90.1

104.2
112.0
115.0
107.8
83.6
98.7
84.2

100.9
110.2
113.4
109.8
83.6
96.6
82.6

106.4
110.3
114.7
105.7
82.4
102.9
89.7

107.1
110.2
113.4
105.2
82.7
104.9
90.2

104.6
111.6
113.7
104.9
82.1
106.3
91.9

107.0
112.9
117.5
106.5
83.1
106.5
92.1

108.0
113.6
115.3
106.5
83.4
104.2
91.0

105.9
114.2
115.7
106.3
81.3
108.9
88.4

107.0
116.6
116.8
108.3
84.0
110.2
90.8

109.7
115.0
112.9
103.7
81.0
108.3
94.6

105.1
112.7
112.8
104.3
84.1
103.5
92.2

96.8
108.0
109.0
99.2
84.2
92.0
86.0

11 0 6

Q4 3
949 9

Qg 4

105 0
216 Q
167.2

200 5
148.' 7

Payrolls
M ining_______ ___________________
Contract construction_______________ . .
M anufacturing................ ........ ........... ........ 169.5

103.2
264.4
169.2

108 4
246 9
172.5

107 8

108 7

230 5
171.5

207 9
168.8

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to August
1958, see footnote 1, table A-2.

106 6
176 1

104 4
180 2

106 4
1 86 4

104 4
991 8

Q ,6 Q

914 8

172.6

173.9

175.5

175.4

16618

165! 9

1

m

i

2*7 7
164! 9

104 Q

For mining and manufacturing, data refer to production and related workers; for contract construction, to construction workers.
2 Preliminary.

T able C-4. Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing,
in current and 1947-49 dollars 1
1960

1959

Annual
average

Item
July 2 June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

1959

1958

Manufacturing
Gross average weekly earnings:
Current dollars______________
$91.14 $91.60 $91.37 $89.60 $90.91 $91.14 $92.29 $92.16 $88.98 $89.06 $89.47 $88.70 $89. 65 $89. 47
1947-49 dollars________ ________ ____ 71.99 72.41 72.34 71.00 72.32 72. 56 73.60 73.43 70.84 70.96 71.46 71.07 71.78 71.81
Spendable average weekly earnings:
Worker with no dependents:
Current dollars________________ 73.67 74.03 73.85 72.48 73.49 73.67 74. 56 74.92 72.45 72.51 72.83 72.23 72.97 72.83
1947-49 dollars________________
58.19 58.52 58.47 57.43 58.46 58. 65 59.46 59.70 57.68 57.78 58.17 57.88 58.42 58.45
Worker with 3 dependents:
Current dollars________________ 81.23 81.59 81.41 80.01 81.05 81.23 82.14 82.50 79.97 80.03 80.38 79.75 80. 50 80.36
1947-49 dollars____________ _____ 64.16 64.50 64.46 63.40 64.48 64.67 65.50 65.74 63.67 63.77 64.19 63.90 64. 45 64.49
1 See footnote 1, table 0-3.
Spendable average weekly earnings are obtained by deducting from gross
average weekly earnings, Federal social security and income taxes for which
the worker is liable. The amount of tax liability depends, of course, on the
number of dependents supported by the worker as well as on the level of his
gross income. Spendable earnings have been computed for 2 types of income
receivers: (1) a worker with no dependents; and (2) a worker with 3 depend­
ents. The primary value of the spendable series is that of measuring relative
changes in disposable earnings for 2 types of income receivers.
The computations of spendable earnings for both the worker with no de­
pendents and the worker with 3 dependents are based upon the gross average


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$83.50
67.61
68.46
55.43
75.77
61.44

weekly earnings for all production workers in manufacturing without direct
regard to marital status, family composition, or other sources of income.
Gross and spendable average weekly earnings expressed in 1947-49 dollars
indicate changes in the level of average weekly earnings after adjustment for
changes in purchasing power as measured by the Bureau’s Consumer Price
Index.
2 Preliminary.
N o t e : For a description of these series, see The Calculation and Uses of
the Spendable Earnings Series (in M onthly Labor Review, January 1959,
pp. 50-54).

1133

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES

D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
T able

D -l. Consumer Price Index 1—All-city average: All items, groups, subgroups, and special
groups of items
[1947-49=100]
Annual
average

1959

1960
Group
June

May

Apr.

Mar.

126.6

126.5

126.3

126.2

119.7
117.0
135.6
109.7
115.0
132.9
104.9

Aug.

July

All item s........................................................ 126.6

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

125.7

125.6

125.4

125.5

125.6

125.5

119.5
116.7
135.8
109.3
115.3
129.9
106.1

117.7
114.7
135.5
107.2
116.4
125.0
103.4

117.4
114.4
135.2
106.2
116.5
125.9
102.9

117.6
114.7
134.8
106.4
116.5
125.7
104.5

117.8
115.0
134.5
106.6
116.7
125.5
105.4

117.9
115.1
134.2
107.9
116.0
123.4
106.4

118.4
115. 8
134.1
109.0
116.1
124.5
107.0

1958

Aug.

1959

125.2

124.8

124.6

123.5

118.7
116.2
134.1
110.4
115.5
124.1
107.6

118.3
115.7
134.0
109.9
114.1
125.6
106.2

118.3
115.9
134.2
110.7
114.3
125.1
106.1

120.3
118.8
133.1
115.1
113.5
127.1
112.4

Sept.

Food 2_______________________________
Food at home_______________ _____
Cereals and bakery products....... —
Meats, poultry, and fish................ .
Dairy products________________
Fruits and vegetables___________
Other foods at home 3— _________

120.1
117.4
137.7
111.3
116.6
127.3
106.5

120.6
117.9
137.5
110.8
115.8
134.4
104.8

120.3
117.7
136.1
110.3
115.0
136.1
104.5

Housing *____________________________
R ent___ _________________________
Gas and electricity_________________
Solid fuels and fuel o il.. ___________
Housefumishings__________________
Household operation_______________

131.5
141.9
124.9
133.4
103.5
137. 6

131.3
141.8
124.8
132.9
104.1
137.4

131.3
141.6
124.7
132.3
104.3
137.3

131.2
141.4
124.7
132.9
104.3
137.2

131.4
141.4
124.4
136.3
104.7
137.0

131.3
141.2
124.1
137.2
104.7
136.9

131.2
141.0
124.0
139.0
104.3
136.3

130.7
140.9
123.2
139.0
104.0
135.9

130.4
140.8
122.7
137.3
104.2
135.5

130.4
140.5
121.7
135.9
104.4
135.4

130.1
140.4
121.7
135.5
104.1
135.3

129.7
140.0
121.6
135.0
104.0
135.2

129.3
139.8
120.1
133.9
103.6
134.6

129.2
139.7
119.9
136.6
103.9
134.3

127.7
137.7
117.0
134.9
103.9
131.4

109.3
Apparel_____________ _____ ____ ____
M en’s and boys’_____________ _____ 110.5
Women’s and girls’. _________ ____ 99.7
Footwear_____________ __________ 139.9
Other a p p a r e l ..................................... 93.1

109.1
110.2
99.4
139.8
93.1

108.9
109.8
99.1
140.1
93.1

108.9
109.7
99.4
139. 8
93.2

108.9
109. 5
99.6
139.8
92.9

108.8
108.9
99.6
139.7
93.0

108.4
108.7
99.3
138.7
92.8

107.9
108.8
98.0
139.4
92.2

109.2
109.1
100.3
139.7
93.1

109.4
109.1
100.9
139.2
93.3

109.4
108.9
101.3
138.5
92.9

109.0
109.2
100. 5
137.9
92.9

108.0
108.8
98.8
137.3
92.5

107.9
108.4
99.5
135.2
92.3

107.0
108.6
99.1
129.8
92.0

Transportation...................... ........................ 146.2
P rivate.............. ................. ................... 134.4
Public...................................................... 200.7

145.9
134.2
200.3

145.8
134.1
199.7

145.6
133.9
199.4

146.1
134.4
199.4

146.5 «147.5 «147. 6
134.9 «136.0 «136.3
199.4 199.3 197.2

148.7
137.5
197.2

149.0
137.9
196.0

148.5
137.4
195.9

146.4
135.3
194.9

146.7
135.5
194.9

146.3
135.2
193.9

140.5
129.7
188.0

156.7

156.4

156.1

155.9

155.5

155.0

154.7

153.5

153.2

153.0

152.5

152.2

151.4

150.8

144.6

Personal c a r e ........................ ....................... 133.8

133.4

133.2

133.2

132.9

132.7

132.6

132.7

132.9

132.7

132.5

132.1

131.7

131.2

128.6

Reading and recreation________________

Medical care..................................... .............

121.9

121.6

121.1

121.4

121.1

120.9

120.6

120.3

120.4

120.0

119.7

119.6

119.1

118.6

116.7

Other goods and services......... ..................... 132.4

132.2

132.0

131.9

131.9

131.7

131.8

131.8

131.7

131.6

131.6

131.5

131.1

129.7

127.2

Special groups:
All items less food. ____________ . . . 130.1
All items less shelter. ______________ 124.1
All commodities less food___________ 115.5

129.9
124.2
115.4

129.7
124.0
115.3

129.7
123.8
115.3

129.8
123.7
115.6

129.7
123. 1
115.7

129.7
123.0
116.0

129.4
122.9
115.9

129.5
123.1
116.4

129.5
123.1
116.5

129.2
123.2
116.3

128.7
122.9
115.7

128.2
122.4
115.3

127.9
122.2
115.1

125.5
121.2
113.4

117.7
120.0
119.9

117.6
119.8
119.6

117.3
119.4
119.4

117.4
119.4
119.7

116.7
118.3
119.6

116.7
118.0
119.4

116.7
118.1
119.2

117.1
118. 5
119.9

117.2
118.6
119.8

117.3
118.8
119.8

117.0
118.8
119.3

116.6
118.3
118.6

116.6
118.1
118.3

116.3
118.6
116.9

129.2

All commodities___________________
Nondurables 2 ________________
Nondurables less food_______
Nondurables less food and
apparel.-------------------------Durables 8. . __________ ______
Durables less cars___________

117.6
119.9
120.1
103.0

103.0

128.7
111.5
103.2

128.4
111.9
103.5

129.0
112.1
103.6

128.9 128.8 128.9
112.5 «113.3 «113.3
103.6 103.4 103.4

129.1
113.8
103.3

128.9
114.1
103.4

128.8
113.6
103.3

128.2
112.8
103.1

127.8
112.8
103.0

127.3
113.0
103.3

125.6
110.5
103.4

All services 9______________________
All services less re n t........................
Household operation services,
gas, and electricity..................
Transportation services______
Medical care services. ---------Other services______________

150.3
152.5

150.0
152.1

149.7
151.8

149.6
151.7

149.4
151.5

149.2
151.3

148.9
150.9

148.2
150.1

147.8
149.7

147.6
149.5

147.3
149.1

146.9
148.7

146.3
148.1

145.8
147.5

142.4
143.8

139.2
185.2
163.3
136.0

139.1
184.9
163.0
135.5

138.9
184.5
162.5
135.1

138.8
184.3
162.4
135.2

138.5
184.2
161.9
135.0

138.3
183.9
161.3
134.9

137.8
183.6
160.8
134.7

137.2
182.7
159.5
134.1

136.7
182.7
159.2
133.6

136.3
182.2
158.8
133.7

136.3
182.1
158.4
133.1

136.2
181.7
157.9
132.6

135.1
181.3
157.0
132.2

134.8
180.3
156.3
131.7

131.4
174.1
149.2
129.6

129.4
111.0

111.1

>The Consumer Price Index measures the average change in prices of
goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker
families. D ata for 46 large, medium-size, and small cities are combined for
the all-city average.
3 In addition to subgroups shown here, total food includes restaurant meals
and other food bought and eaten away from home.
3 Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, beverages (nonalcoholic),
and other miscellaneous foods.
* In addition to subgroups shown here, total housing includes the purchase
price of homes and other homeowner costs.
»Includes yard goods, diapers, and miscellaneous items.
• Revised.
i Includes food, house paint, solid fuels, fuel oil, textile housefumishings,
household paper, electric light bulbs, laundry soap and detergents, apparel


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

(except shoe repairs), gasoline, motor oil, prescriptions and drugs, toilet
goods, nondurable toys, newspapers, cigarettes, cigars, beer, and whiskey.
3 Includes water heaters, central heating furnaces, kitchen sinks, sink
faucets, porch flooring, household appliances, furniture and bedding, floor
coverings, dinnerware, automobiles, tires, radio and television sets, durable
toys, and sporting goods.
# Includes rent, home purchase, real estate taxes, mortgage interest, prop­
erty insurance, repainting garage, repainting rooms, reshingling roof, re-_
finishing floors, gas, electricity, dry cleaning, laundry service, domestic
service, telephone, water, postage, shoe repairs, auto repairs, auto insurance,
auto registration, transit fares, railroad fares, professional medical services,
hospital services, hospitalization and surgical insurance, barber and beauty
shop services, television repairs, and motion picture admissions.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960

1134
T able

D-2. Consumer Price Index 1—All items and food indexes, by city
[1947-49=100]
Annual average

1959

1960
City
Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Jan.

Feb.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1959

1958

124.8

124.6

123.5

0
0
0

125.4
126.8
125.8
128.1
123.1

124.5
124.5
124.8
127.0
122.3

125.6
123.8
124.6
125.9
127.4

124.8
123.9
123.6
124.1
125.4

125.6
122.8
124.5
125.5
125.7

124.3
121.1
123.1
124.0
124.4

126.3
130.0
120.8
128.2
121.7

124.7
127.5
120.2
125.8
121.1

All items
All-city average2.......

126.6

0
(3
)
(3
)

126.6

0
(3)

Atlanta, Qa.......... .
Baltimore, M d..........
Boston, Mass______
Chicago, 111________
Cincinnati, Ohio___

130.3
(3)

128.7
130.4
(3)

Cleveland, Ohio____
Detroit, M ich ...........
Houston, Tex............
Kansas City, M o___
Los Angeles, Calif__

127.4
125.6
126.1
(3)
129.2

Minneapolis, M inn...
New York, N .Y ____
Philadelphia, P a___
Pittsburgh, P a_____
Portland, Oreg_____
St. Louis, Mo______
San Francisco, Calif.
Scranton, P a______
Seattle, Wash______
Washington, D. C ...

126.5

126.3

126.2

125.7

125.6

125.4

126.4
127.2
129.0
123.8

129.1

0

0

124.0

126.4
124.1
125.4

128.9

128.8

128.3
129.5
(3)

127.1
124.3
125.1
(3)
129.8

(3)
124.2
(3)
126.6
130.1

126.1
0
(3)
123.4
123.9
123.9
125.6
0
(3)
127.0
0
(3)
129.3 <128.8 « 129.1

(3)
124.9
126.4
(3)
(3)

(3)
124.9
126.4
(3)
«

127.1
124.7
126.4
127.9
127.5

«
124.5
126.0
(3)
(3)

127.2
132.4
(3)
(3)
(3)

(3)
(3)
122.1
129.7
123.1

(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)

(3
)

(3)

(3)
(3)

130.1
124.6

129.6

(3)
125.8
(3)
127.9
129.5

(3)
125.1
(3)
(3)
129.7

(3)
125.3
126.8
(3)
(3)

127.5
124.8
126.9
128.9
127.5

(3)
(3)
121.8
129.8
123.2

(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)

0

(3)
(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)
129.1
(3)

0

124.4
125.5

0
0
0
0

126.3
131.6
121.4
(3)
< 129. 0
«
121.9
(3)

125.6

0
0

126.7
127.7
(3)
129.2
123.6

127.1
128.3

125.5

126.4
128.9

126.2
124.1
125.5
126.6
<127.2

0
0
0
0
0

0

0
0
0

124.2
126.5

0
0

126.6
131.8

0
0
0

0
0
0

0

125.5

0
0

126.7
129.3

0
0

125.2
126.0
127.5

0

129.2
123.6

128.3

0

0

124.9

124.8

0

126.9
128.5

125.8
123.7
124.8

127.8

127.5

0

126.5
123.7
126.0
126.8
126.3

123.5
125.8

124.1
126.2

0
0
0
0

0

121.5
129.2
121.7

0
0
0
0
0

0
0

0

0
0

126.4
130.8

0
0
0

0

0

123.0
124.4

0
0
0
0

121.2
128.9
122.0

Food
All-city average 2___

120.1

120.6

120.3

119.7

119.5

117.7

117.4

117.6

117.8

117.9

118.4

118.7

118.3

118.3

120.3

114.1
116.7
117.7
114.4
117.8

114.5
116.2
117.4
115.2
117.7

114.2
117.4
118.3
114.6
118.2

114.3
117.8
119.4
115.3
118.4

115.3
118.1
119.6
116.2
119.0

116.5
118.8
119.8
116.8
119.2

116.4
118.3
119.0
116.1
118.2

115.7
118.0
118.7
115.8
118.8

118.0
120.9
119.7
117.3
122.1

Atlanta, Qa_______
Baltimore, M d_____
Boston, Mass.........
Chicago, 111_______
Cincinnati, Ohio___

118.1
120.7
119.9
118.4
120.8

117.4
121.2
120.4
119.3
121.9

117.6
121.2
119.0
118.8
121.5

116.8
120.5
118.6
117.2
120.4

116.8
119.7
119.2
116.7
120.4

115.0
118.2
118.3
115.1
117.8

Cleveland, Ohio.......
Detroit, Mich_____
Houston, Tex______
Kansas City, Mo__
Los Angeles, C alif...

116.7
120.0
115.8
112.9
125.5

117.0
120.6
115.6
113.9
126.6

117.1
120.0
114.8
114.0
126.4

116.4
119.0
114.4
112.7
126.1

115.8
119.1
114.8
112.4
126.8

113.4
116.5
113.0
110.7
124.4

112.9
115.7
113.3
110.4
123.7

113.1
115.8
113.6
111.3
125.2

113.4
116.3
113.5
111.4
123.6

113.1
116.9
113.9
111.3
123.6

113.5
118.1
114.1
111.9
124.0

114.2
118.1
114.1
112.6
123.7

113.8
116.8
114.4
112.4
122.7

114.1
117.5
114.7
112.2
123.5

117.2
121.1
117.0
114.4
123.3

Minneapolis, M inn..
New York, N .Y ___
Philadelphia, P a___
Pittsburgh, P a____
Portland, Oreg........ .

118.7
122.5
123.0
121.0
120.4

118 9
121.9
123.1
123.1
121.7

119.3
121.8
122.6
122.1
121.3

118.1
121.8
121.7
122.2
120.4

118.6
121.4
121.2
121.0
121.2

116.6
120.7
120.0
118.4
120.0

116.5
120.8
119.1
118.6
120.2

117.0
120.5
119.5
118.7
121.2

117.3
120.8
120.1
119.1
121.0

117.9
120.7
120.6
119.6
120.7

117.8
120.4
121.4
120.1
121.1

118.0
120.9
122.0
120.7
121.2

117.5
120.0
120.9
119.5
121.2

118.0
120.3
120.9
119.8
120.7

118.6
120.9
123.1
121.8
120. 7

St. Louis, Mo........
San Francisco, Calif.
Scranton, P a______
Seattle, Wash....... .
Washington, D .C —

119.6
124.0
114.8
123.1
120.1

119.9
124.7
115.7
123.0
120.9

119.6
124.2
116.5
122.6
120.9

118.5
124.3
115.8
122.6
120.4

118.0
124.6
115.5
122.8
119.5

116.7
122.7
113.9
120.9
117.9

117.5
122.2
113.0
121.0
117.2

116.2
123.6
113.5
121.4
117.3

117.6
123.1
113.9
121.1
118.1

117.7
122.3
114.3
120.8
118.0

118.3
122.9
115.3
121.1
118.5

118.7
122.8
116.4
120.8
119.5

117.8
122.0
115.1
120.8
118.9

118.7
122.6
115.4
120.8
119.0

121.2
123.1
118.4
121.3
121.6

1 See footnote 1, table D -l. Indexes measure time-to-time changes in
prices of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clericalworker families. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live in one
city than in another.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2 Average of 46 cities.
3 All items indexes are computed monthly for 5 cities and once every 3
months on a rotating cycle for 15 other cities.
< Revised.

1135

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able

D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities
[1947-49=100, unless otherwise specified]
1959

1960

Annual
average

Commodity group
Aug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

120.0 120.0

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1959

1958

All commodities........... .................................

119.2

119.7

119.5

119.7

119.3

119.3

118.9

118.9

119.1

119.7

119.1

119.5

119.2

Farm products and processed foods----------

97.5

99.1

98.6

99.1

99.2

99.1

96.6

96.3

95.5

95.4

96.7

98.6

96.7

98.2

103.1

90.4
116.9
77.8
85.8
96.6
92.7
69.6
76.5
128.3
107.3

91.1
111. 5
79.4
85.7
96.3
95.5
80.2
76.3
128.6
106.8
120.9
96.7
115.6
105.8
114.1
145.2
57.6
47.5
56.7
71.5

90.4
104.4
78.2

87.0
100.5
76.7
80.8
96.1
99.0
58.4
77.1
128.9
105.7

85.4
103.2
76.5
75.3
94.7
98.2
63.4
76.3
131.7
104.9
120.4
90.8
117.7
106.4
116.7
145.2
54.2
45.8
52.6
71.9
98.3

86.5

75.7
78.5
94.7
97.3
69.0
75.4
131.5
106.4
120.4
95.1
116.7
107.4
117.4
145.2
53.2
48.7
54.0
73.6
96.8

88.9
103.1
76.2
82.1
95.6
96.0
85.4
73.0
133.4
107.8
119.5
99.7
116.2
106.9
116.4
145.2
53.5
52.0
55.5
74.2
96. 9

87.1
92.8
77.7
83.1
95.7
94.4

93.1
118.4
105.0
113.9
145.2
49.4
45.3
54.5
71.2

85.9
107.9
76.1
76.0
95.7
98.3
62.8
76.3
127.5
104.7
120.4
90. 5
118.1
104.6
115.6
145.2
50.1
45.0
52.5
71.1

102.2

97.8
117.7
105.8
113.7
145.2
53.1
45.2
55.6
71.5
101.7

86.5
104.9
77.2
78.5
95.9
99.3
56.9
77.5
127.4
105.6
120.7
92.4
118.8
104.5
113.3
145.2
48.7
46.0
54.8
71.2
103.9

89.1
102.7
77.3
85.1
98.2
94.4
65.6
76.6
132.6
107.0
119.3
98.2
114.3
109.0
115.1
146. 5
54.6
53.1

124.9
128.7
96.3
95.0
102.7
79.4
118.0
100.7
82.5

124.9
128.6
96.3
95.6

124.7 124.8
128.7 128.8
96.6
96.5
95.9
95.8
103.2 104.0
79.4
79.8
119. 5 122.0

124.8
128.4
95.9
92.6
104.7
82.1
113.2

78.5
116.2
87.5

134.2
107.2

124.4
128.5
96.3
94.0
103.7
81.4
117.4
100.9
78.4
111.7
67.2
103.8
133.8
109.3

124.5
128.4
95.9
93.0
104.1
81.0
114.2

134.2
107.3
112.3
124.0
170.4
115.6

124.4
128.6
96.7
95.0
104.2
81.3
121.7
100.9
79.4
112.3
73.8
103.5
134.1
107.8
111.7
124.1
170.4
115.5

77.3
119.1
102.4
117.1
132.3
113.9
111.9
123.0
170.4

124.0
128.3
103.1
93.7
50.8
109.8
107.0
106.8
142.5
160.5
133.3
143.0
124.8
125.9
137.9
97.2
132.4

123.9
128.3
102.9
93.8
52.2
109.5
106.6
106.8
144.9
173.6
133.3
143.0
124.3
125.8
138.1
94.5
132.3

123.9
128.3

128.3

93.8
54.5
109.4
106.3
106.8
142.3
159.6
133.3
143.0
126.2
127.9
138.7
96.5
132.5

93.7
55.0
109.4
105.2
106.8
142.0
157.9
134.3
142.2
127.2
129.3
138.7
96.6
132.4

Farm products_________ _____ ________
Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables. _
Grains____________. ...... ........... ........
Livestock and live poultry....... .............
Plant and animal fibers___ ________
Fluid milk________________________
Eggs____ _________ ____ ___________
Hay, hayseeds, and oilseeds_________
Other farm products_______________
Processed foods. _______________ _____
Cereal and bakery products________ .
Meats, poultry, and fish____________
Dairy products and ice cream-----------Canned and frozen fruits and vegetables
Sugar and confectionery..... ....................
Packaged beverage materials........ ........
Animal fats and oils__________ _____
Crude vegetable oils________________
Refined vegetable oils________ _____
Vegetable oil end products__________
Other processed foods.......................... ...

86. 5 88.9 89.0
98.7 112.9 109.7
75.5
77.5
74.3
84.1
85.1
80.7
96.4
96.7
92.2
93.3
96.8
95.5
65.4
64.2
76.4
74.4
73.5
73.7
125.6 127.7 128.0
3108.
9
107.6
107.9
122.0 3122. 5 121.2
99.5
98.1
96.8
118.0 117.3 116.0
106.9
106.8 3107. 5
117.4 3117.2 3114. 3
141.0 143.5 145.2
56.9
66.4 3 62.1
50.3
51.6 3 50.3
56.3
56.8
55.5
73.4
72.7
72.7
101.7 103.3 103.9

All commodities except farm products.........
All commodities except farm and foods.......
Textile products and apparel__ _________
Cotton products___________________
Wool products________________ ____
Manmade fiber textile products______
Silk products_____________________
Apparel.. _________________ _____
Other textile products............................
Hides, skins, leather, and leather products
Hides and skins___________________
Leather.__________________________
Footwear ________________________
Other leather products______________
Fuel, power, and lighting m aterials............
Coal____________________ _______
Coke__ __________ ______________
Gas fuels * _________ ____________
Electric power <___ _______ . ____
Petroleum and products-------------------

124.6 124.8 124.6
128.2 128.2 128.2
96.3
96.1
96.3
94.8
94.7
94.3
1
101.5 3101. 8 02.1
79.6
78.9
79.6
126.8 123.3 121.6

132.5 132.5
104.8 3105.6
115.3 3113.8
121.3 120.3
170.4 170.4
117.2 3114.4

132.5
106.4
112.3
119.5
170.4

132.5
106.7

133. 5
107.3

118.7
170.4

119.0
170.4

Industrial chemicals__________ . . . .
Prepared paint____________________
Paint m aterials_______ _______ ____
Drugs and pharmaceuticals_________
Fats and oils, inedible______ ______
Mixed fertilizer____________________
Fertilizer materials________ _____. . .
Other chemicals and allied products—
Rubber and rubber products_______ ____
Crude r u b b e r __________ ______ ___
Tires and t u b e s ............................... .
Other rubber products______________
Lumber and wood products..... ....................
Lumber__________________________
Millwork________ _________ _____
Plywood________ ________________
Pulp, paper, and allied products_________
Woodpulp___ ____________ _______
Wastepaper_______________________
Paper_________ _______ ___________
Paperboard_________ _____________
Converted paper and paperboard
products__________________
___
Building paper and board______ _____
Metals and metal products_____________
Iron and ste e l____________________
Nonferrous m etals_________________
Metal containers__________ ________
Hardware .. ______________ ______
Plumbing fixtures and brass fittings__
Heating equipment________________
Fabricated structural metal products..
Fabricated nonstructural metal prod­
ucts___ . _____________________

124.6
128.4
105.0
95.4
48.9
111.5
108.4
106.7
145.3
152.1
141.3
146.0
119.7
119.3
137.0
94.7
133.3

124.6
128.3
103.2
95.1
47.9

124.6
128.3
103.0
94.8
50.2

124.5
128.3
102.9
94.5
51.7

124.2
128.3

94.2
50.6

124.2
128.3
103.0
94.0
49.4

110.6 108.8
106.4 106.4
3146. 9 147.2
3161.2 169.6
3141.3 138.1
145.6 145.6
3121. 5 122.4
121.6 123.1
3137.2 136.9
95.5
95.5
133.5 133.5

108.8
106.4
146.7
169.6
138.1
144.5
123.7
124.9
136.9
95.7
133.4

108.8
106.4
145.1
160.9
138.1
144.5
124.3
125.7
136.8
96.1
133.1

108.8
106.5
145.2
161.1
138.1
144.6
124.5
125.9
137.7
95.9
133.1

108.8
106.5
145.1
160.7
138.1
144.6
124.9
126.1
137.7
97.0
133.2

108.0
111.9
124.1
170.4
116.6
101.3
114.4
109.9
124.1
128.3
103.0
93.8
49.2
109.6
108.8
106.5
143.5
162.8
133.3
144.6
125.1
126.1
137.8
98.2
133.7

82.3
145.9
135.9

82.3
145.9
135.9

83.2
145.9
135.9

88.4
145.1
135.9

144.8
135.9

144.5
135.9

144.5
135.9

144.3
135.9

144.3
135.9

144.3
135.9

130.7 3131.0
145.5 144.2
153.6 153.4
169.9 169.5
138.7 138.6
153.6 153.6
174.6 174.5
131.5 131.3
118.8 3118. 7
134.7 134.6

130.9
145.1
153.8
169.9
138.9
153.9
174.5
131.3

130.6
145.1
154.2
170.4
140.0
154.8
174.2
132.7

134.9

130.0
147.6
155.3
171.6
142.6
154.8
173.4
133.9
120.3
135.4

130.0
147.6
155.5
172.4
142.7
152.9
173.4
134.0
120.9
135.4

127.5
147.6
155.2
172.2
140.7
152.9
173.2
133.2

134.9

130.0 130.0
145.1 146.5
154.5 154. 5
170.5 170.5
140.5 140.8
154.8 154.8
174.0 173.8
132.1 133.9
120. 1 120.1
135.3 135.8

135.4

127.4
147.6
155.8
173.6
141.1
152.9
173.2
132.4
121.5
135.4

146.2

146.0

146.1

146.1

146.1

146.4

146.3

146.5

147.2

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

121.2

98.5
114.9
106.3
2114.3
145.2
56.0
48.7
57.0
71.5

102.2 102.8

124.5
128.2
96.3
94.8
102.4
79.7
118.7

86.2

96.0
97.9
75.8
76.7
127.9
107.3

120.8 120.6

102.8

79.4
116.6
100.7
80. 5

101.6

100.6 100.8
101.0 101.0 100.8 100.6
79.3
79.8
85.1
86.8
81.9
84.6
108.7 3110.1 110.3 111.2 112.1 111.8 112.0 112.7
63.6
68.0 67.1 72.9 73.5 72.0 69.8 73.7
98.9 102.2 103.0 103.5 104.7 102.8 104.8 105.5
134.2
110.8 112.2

112.0
124.1
170.4

114.5
112.2 111.6 115.6
01.8
102.1 102.0 101.8 101.7 101.8 101.8 1114.6
120.0 117.9 116.0 113.6 115.4 115.0
1
1
0.0
110.4
1
1
0
.2
1
1
0
.2
1
1
0
.2
1
1
0
.1
110. 5
124.7
128.4
103.8
95.1
3 47.8
110.3

102.8

110.2 110.2 110.2 110.1 110.1

100.0

111.2

124.0
170.4
113.8
100.7
113.9

74.0
96. 7

79.5
92.9
101.5
94.6
81.7
76.9
140.4
110.9
117.9
106.7
112.7
109.7
115.6
165.7
72.0
60.1
67.9
82.8
96.6

124.5
128.4
95.7
92.1
104.3
82.3
113.7
100.4
75.2
119.7
106.9
117.3
132.3
114.0

124.5
128.2
95.0
91.7

123.3
126.0
93.5
88.4

81.1
113.5

80.2
113.5
99.3
75.2

129. 5
109.0
112.7

122.1

143.8
135.9

97.5
112. 7
122.9
161.9
109.2 110.9 101. 7
100.6 100.8 100.4
116.2 116.6 117.7
109.7 109.9 110.4
123.7 123.8 123.5
128.3 128.3 128.3
101.5 101.9 103.6
93.4
94.0
93.6
62.6
53.8
56.7
109.2 109.5 110.7
104.8 106.9 108.0
106.7 106.6 106.8
141.0 144.7 145.0
153.8 152.0 134. 0
134.3 144.0 152.4
141.4 142.2 142.7
128.5 125.8 117. 7
130.3 127.1 118.0
138.6 135.9 128.2
100.9 101.2 97.1
132.3 132.2 131.0
121.2 121.2 121. 2
115. 9 112. 5 88.3
143.7 143.4 142.3
135.9 136.1 136.2

127.4
147.6
154.5
173.1
137.2
152.9
173.1
131.0
121.5
134.5

127.3
147.6
153.8
172.4
136.1
152.9
173.0
131.0
121. 4
134.2

127.4
147.6
152.8
171. 9
133. 9
152.9
172.9
131.0
121. 6
132.3

127.5
146.4
153.6
172.0
136.1
153. 7
173.0
130.1
121. 7
133. 4

127.6
143.2
150.4
168.8
127.7
155. 7
170.8
123.7
121. 2
133.9

146.7

146.1

145.1

146.0

145.7

100.6 100.6
112.2

133.5
111.3
111.4
123.6
170.4
111. 1
100.7
114.5

112.8
100.8
101.2
115.1
114.3
109.9
110.0 110.0 110.0 123.8
102.6 102.1

121.2 121.2 121.2 121.2
21.2 121.2 121.2 109.8
121.2 121.2 121.2 121.2 121.2 189.3
109.8 115.0 118.0
93.6 108.0

77.4
145.9
135.9

146.0

120.0 120.2

121.6

94.9

112.0

66.8

73.1
132.1
105.8
119.5
94.8
114.7
107.9
115.5
145.2
50.9
55.6
57.8
74.1
96.6

68.0

101.6 100.8
100.0

76.8
114.3
90.7

111.8

100.6
57.5
92.3

112.2
122.0 122.6
170.4 169.8

1136

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960
T able

D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities—Continued
[1947-49= 100, unless otherwise specified]
1960

1959

Annual
average

Commodity group

Machinery and motive products___ ____
Agricultural machinery and equipmentConstruction machinery and equipm ent—____ ______ ____
Metalworking machinery and equipm ent-___ __________________
General purpose machinery and equipm ent____ ___________ _
Miscellaneous machinery........... .........
Electrical machinery and equipment__
Motor vehicles.........................................

Aug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1959

1958

153.2 3153.2
145.8 145.7

153.4
145.7

153.5
145.7

154.0
145.6

153.9
145.3

153.9
145.3

153.8
144.3

153.7
144.0

153.6
143.9

153.7
143.4

153 9
143.5

153 8
143.4

153 0
14L4

14Q 8
139 ! 1

176.8

175.5

175.3

175.3

174.7

174.3

173.9

173.6

172.9

172.9

172.5

172.4

172.0

171.9

166.1

180.2 3180.2

180.0

179.2

178.5

178.6

177.8

177.7

177.6

177.5

177.4

176.6

176.0

174.5

170.1

166.4 3166.6
150.2 3150.1
153.1 3153.3
141.6 141.6

166.4
150.2
153.9
141.6

167.8
150.0
153.9
141.6

167.9
150.1
155.6
141.6

167.7
149.9
155. 6
141.6

168.2
149.6
155.7
141.6

167.8
149.7
155.8
141.6

167.9
149.8
155.4
141.6

167.5
149.7
155.9
141.6

167.0
149.7
155.9
141.9

166.8
149.5
155.8
143.2

166.5
149.6
155.5
143.2

165.3
149.4
154.4
142.8

160 0
148 1
152.2
139.7

Furniture and other household durables.
Household furniture______ ________
Commercial furniture______________
Floor coverings____ ____ ________
Household appliances______________
Television, radio receivers, and phonographs...................................................
Other household durable goods______

122.9 3123.1
125.0 3125.0
157.1 157.1
130.6 130.6
101.1 101.7

123.0
124.9
156.7
130.6
101.7

123.2
125.0
156.7
130.8
102.1

123.5
124.9
156.7
130.8
103.1

123.7
124.9
156. 6
130.6
103.2

123.5
124.9
155.8
129.6
103.3

123.4
124.7
155.8
129.6
103.3

123.2
124.2
155.5
129.0
103.7

123.3
124.3
155.5
129.3
104.1

123.3
124.4
155.5
129.3
103.9

123.4
124.1
155.5
128.9
104.3

123.5
124.2
155.3
128.6
104.4

123 4
124.1
155.2
128.1
104.7

123 2
123 0
154. 6
127 8
104.7

91.0
91.4
157.6 3157.6

91.4
157.4

91.7
157.4

91.7
157.3

91.8
158.3

91.8
158.1

91.7
157.8

91.9
156.6

91.8
156.6

92.1
156.6

92 7
156.6

93 3
156.4

92 8
156.4

94 4
155.1

Nonmetallic minerals—structural ___
Flat glass________________ ______
Concrete ingredients_____________ _
Concrete products_________________
Structural clay products.. _________
Gypsum products..... ..............................
Prepared asphalt roofing___________
Other nonmetallic m inerals............ .

137.9
130.2
142.4
131.1
162.0
133.2
106.6
134.6

137.8
130.2
142.1
131.3
161.8
133.2
106.6
134.6

137.8
130.2
142.1
131.3
161.7
133.2
106.6
134.6

137.9
130.2
142.1
131.5
161.7
133.2
106.6
134.6

138.3
135.3
142.1
131.3
161.5
133.2
106.6
134.4

138.2
135.3
142.1
131.0
161.5
133.2
107.6
133.7

138.2
135.3
142.0
131.1
161.5
133.1
107.6
133.7

138.4
135.3
142.0
130.5
161.3
133.1
113.6
132.8

137.8
135.3
140.4
130.4
160. 7
133.1
113.6
132.5

137.7
135.3
140.4
130.3
160. 6
133.1
113.6
132.5

137.5
135.3
140.4
130.3
160.4
133.1
110.8
132.5

137.5
135.3
140.4
130.2
160. 5
133.1
110. 8
132.5

137.4 137.7
135.3 135.3
140.4 140.3
129. 7 129. 7
160. 5 160. 2
133.1 133.1
111. 9 116. 4
132.5 132.4

136.0
135 4
139.0
128.1
156. 5
132 1
112 8
131.2

Tobacco products and bottled beverages 8_
Tobacco products •___....... ............
Alcoholic beverages________________
Nonalcoholic beverages_____________

132.0 3131. 8
130.8 130.8
121.1 120.6
171.4 3171.4

131.7
130.8
120.6
171.1

131.7
130.8
120.6
171.1

131.7
130.8
120.6
171.1

131.7
130.8
120.6
171.1

131.7
130.8
120. 6
171.1

131.7
130.8
120.5
171.1

131.7
130.7
120.7
171.1

131.7
130.7
120.7
171.1

131.7
130.7
120.7
171.1

131.8
130.7
120.9
171.1

131.9
130. 7
121.0
171.1

128 2
129.6
120. 5
149.3

Miscellaneous products________________
89.9
Toys, sporting goods, small arms, and
am m unition_____________________ 118.5
Manufactured animal feeds________ _ 65.6
Notions and accessories_____________ 97.3
Jewelry, watches, and photographic
equipment..... ........................... .......... 110.6
Other miscellaneous products________ 132.3

90.8

90.9

91.1

95.4

94.0

93.4

95.3

94.2

93.7

91.8

88.6

92.0

94.5

94.2

118.6
67.3
97.3

118.3
67.6
96.4

118.3
68.0
96.4

118.3
75.6
97.2

117.8
73.2
97.5

117.8
72.2
97.5

117.7
75.6
97.5

118.0
74.0
97.5

117.7
73.7
97.5

117.7
70.3
97.5

117.7
64.5
96.3

117. 7
70.6
96.3

117.5
75.1
97.3

119 0

110.7
132.5

110.2
132.6

110.5
132.5

110.5
132.1

110.6
131.6

110.6
131.5

110.6
131.9

109.5
131.9

108.3
131.9

108.3
132.0

108.3
132.0

108 3
132.0

108 3
132.2

107 6
132.2

i As of January 1958, new weights reflecting 1954 values were introduced
into the index. Technical details furnished upon request to the Bureau.
a Preliminary.
3 Revised.
<January 1958=100.

Table

131.4
130.5
121 3
167.4

74 4
9 7 .5

8 This index was formerly tobacco manufactures and bottled beverages.
• New series.

D-4. Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings 1
[1947-49=100]
1960

1959

Annual average

Commodity group
Aug.2 July
All foods-..................... ...................
a ii f i s h . . . . . . . ____________________
All commodities except farm products_________
Textile products, excluding hard fiber products...
Refined petroleum products____ _____________
East Coast petroleum___________________
Midcontinent petroleum.................................
Gulf Coast petroleum___________________
Pacific Coast petroleum_________________
Bituminous coal, in domestic sizes_________ _
Soaps................ ............................... ........................
Synthetic detergents____________________
Lumber and wood products, excluding miflwork.
Softwood lumber____________________ ____
Pulp, paper and products, excluding bldg, paper
Special metals and metal products________ ___
Steel mill products_________________________
Machinery and equipment—..........................
!
Agricultural machinery, including tractors..........
Metalworking machinery___________________
Total tractors____________________________ "
Industrial valves______________________ 1.1.1!
Industrial fittings___ ______________________
Antifriction bearings and components_________
Abrasive grinding wheels_________________
Construction materials_______________
1See footnote 1, table D-3.
1Preliminary.
3 Revised.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

105.4
124.4
124.6
92.2
118.3
111.0
123.2
122.9
104.1
124.4
107.6
101.2
116.8
117.7
132.9
150.6
187.6
159.4
147.5
186.4
156.9
206.5
121.9
132.9
147.6
131.4

n06.9
129.9
124.8
92.7
115.8
109.8
118.5
121.0
105.1
122.0
107.6
101.2
118.9
120.3
3133. 3
150.4
187.7
3159.4
147.5
186.4
155.9
206.5
125.4
132.9
147.6
132.1

June May Apr. Mar. Feb.
105.5
126.5
124.6
92.8
113.5
109.8
114.4
118.1
106.6
121.0
107.6
101.2
120.2
122.1
133.2
150. 6
188.1
159.6
147.4
186.3
155.8
206.5
125.4
134.5
147.6
132.9

106.1
126.6
124.5
92.8
110.8
110.6
106.2
118.1
108.1
119.2
107.6
101.2
121.7
124.5
133.1
151.0
188.3
159.8
147.5
185.5
155.8
206.1
144.6
134.5
147.6
133.9

105.8
123.3
124.9
92.9
112.9
110.2
113.1
117.8
105.7
119.2
107.6
101.2
122.5
125.6
132.8
151.1
188.3
160.5
147.3
185.5
155.4
206.1
145.7
134.5
147.6
134.3

105.4
123.4
124.9
93.2
112.5
110.2
112.2
117.3
105. 8
127.8
107.6
101.2
122.6
126.0
132.7
151.1
188.3
160.4
147.1
185.5
155.2
206.1
145.7
134.5
147.6
134.5

102.7
121.8
124.7
93.5
111.9
112.2
109.3
118.8
103.7
127.8
107.6
101.2
123.0
126.4
132.8
151.7
188.3
160.4
147.1
184.7
154.9
206.0
145.7
134.5
147.6
135.0

Jan.
103.0
121.9
124.8
93.5
111.7
111.8
107.7
119.4
105.8
127.8
107.6
101.3
123.2
126.5
133.3
151.8
188.3
160.3
145.9
184.5
155.0
205.8
144.1
134.5
147.6
135.2

Dec. Nov. Oct.
102.7
122.7
124.4
93.7
111.6
109.9
109.4
118.5
104.4
127.8
109.7
101.7
122.9
126.4
132.0
151.5
188.3
160.1
145.4
184.5
154.4
205.7
144.1
134.5
147.6
134.9

102.6
120.7
124.4
93.1
111.1
108.2
108.4
117.8
108.4
127.7
109.7
101.7
122.2
126.2
131.9
151.9
18S.3
160.0
145.3
184.4
154.4
205.7
144.1
134.5
147.6
134.6

104.1
121.1
124.5
92.4
111.8
108.2
109.8
117.8
109.5
126.5
109.7
101.7
124.4
129.2
132.1
151.2
188. 2
159.8
144.8
184.2
153.3
205.7
144.1
134.5
151.6
135.0

Sept. Aug.
106.2
121.6
124.8
92.6
112.6
107.9
114.3
116.3
106.4
126.2
109.6
101.7
125.6
130.9
132.0
151.1
188.1
159.7
144.9
183.3
153.3
205.7
140.6
134.5
153.7
135.0

102.7
119.8
124.5
92.4
113.7
106.4
117.5
117.6
104.0
125.2
109. 6
101.2
127.2
132.1
131.9
150.3
188.1
159.5
144.9
182.9
153.2
205.7
137.8
134.5
153.7
135.4

1959
104.4
124.5
124.5
91.4
114.2
108.9
115.7
118.4
108.2
124.9
109.5
101.4
124.5
128.1
131.8
150.8
188.2
158.5
144.8
181.8
153.3
196.9
139.0
136.1
152.5
134.6

1958
109.5
128.5
123.3
89.1
114.8
110.2

114.5
117.7
117.3
123.0
108.1
101.2

116.2
117.8
130.7
147.6
185.1
155.2
139.7
178.0
147.9
178.7
137.3
141.8
155.9
130.5

N ote: For a description of these sériés, see Wholesale Prices and Price
Indexes, 1958, B LS Bull. 1257 (1959).

1137

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES

T able D-5.

Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by stage of processing and durability of product
[1947-49-100]
1959

1960

Annual
average

Commodity group
Aug.2 July June May Apr. Mar. Feb.
All commodities___________________________________

Jan.

Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug.

1959

1958

119.2 119.7 119.5 119.7 120.0 120.0 119.3 119.3 118.9 118.9 119.1 119.7 119.1 119.5 119.2

Stage of processing
Crude materials for further processing..._______________
Crude foodstuffs and feeds tuffs___________________
Crude nonfood materials except fuel------------------- Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for manufacturing______________________ _______ ___
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for construction__________ _____ ______________ _
Crude fuel.. ______________________ ___________
Crude fuel for manufacturing...... ................ ...........
Crude fuel for nonmanufacturing---------------------Intermediate materials, supplies, and components— .......
Intermediate materials and components for manufacturing-------------------------------------------------------Intermediate materials for food manufacturing---Intermediate materials for nondurable manufacturing_________________________________
Intermediate materials for durable manufacturing.
Components for manufacturing_______________
Materials and components for construction................
Processed fuels and lubricants____________________
Processed fuels and lubricants for manufacturing..
Processed fuels and lubricants for nonmanufacturing........................... ................................... ........
Containers, nonreturnable............................ ................
Supplies___________________ ___________________
Supplies for manufacturing......................................
Supplies for nonmanufacturing________________
Manufactured animal feeds_______________
Other supplies.....................................................
Finished goods (goods to users, including raw foods and
fuels)___________________________________ ____ ___
Consumer finished goods________________________
Consumer foods___________ ______________ _
Consumer crude foods____________________
Consumer processed foods------------------------Consumer other nondurable goods_____________
Consumer durable goods-------------------------------Producer finished goods__ ______ _______________
Producer finished goods for manufacturing______
Producer finished goods for nonmanufacturing___

92.7 94.8 95.3 96.0 96.3 96.4 94.8 94.6 93.4 93.6 94.4 95.9 95.6 96.7 99.4
83.8 86.1 86.8 87.5 88.0 88.0 84.7 83.7 82.1 81.8 83.2 85.3 85.2 86.8 92.8
105.9 107.7 108.2 108.9 108.8 108.8 110.5 111.7 111.4 112.8 112.3 112.7 112.1 112.2 108.4
103.8 105.8 106.3 107.1 107.0 106.9 108.8 110.1 109.9 111.4 110.9 111.3 110.6 110.8 106.8
142.4 142.1
124.2 2122.7
123.8 s 122.2
125.0 2123.4

142.1
121.5
121.1
122.2

142.1
120.7
120.3
121.4

142.1
122.0
121.5
122.8

142.1
125.7
125.2
126.5

142.0
125.5
124.9
128.3

142.0
126.0
125.5
126.9

140.4
125.7
125.2
126.6

140.4
125.2
124.7
126.0

140.4
124.2
123.7
124.9

140.4
124.2
123.7
124.9

140.4
122.5
122.1
123.2

140.3
123.4
122.9
124.1

139.0
121.2
120.9
121.8

12G.8 127.0 127.0 127.1 127.6 127.5 127.4 127.5 127.3 127.3 127.1 126.9 127.0 127.0 125.3
128.8 3129.0 129.1 129.2 129.5 129.4 129.5 129.5 129.4 129.5 129.4 129.4 129.1 129.0 127.2
100.0 3100.1 99.0 98.6 98.3 97.9 97.2 97.4 97.0 97.8 98.5 99.1 98.6 98.5 102.2
106.6 106.9
157.8 158.1
149.6 3149. 6
134.9 135.3
111.0 109.6
110.6 109.4

106.8
158.4
150.3
135.8
108.3
108.3

106.8
158.8
150.8
136.4
106.3
106.7

106.9
159.0
152.0
136.7
107.3
107.4

106.8
158.9
152.0
136.9
106.8
106.9

106.9
159.0
152.4
137.1
106.1
106.4

106.9
159.0
152.1
137.2
105.4
105.9

107.0
158.6
152.5
136.9
105.3
105.6

106.8
159.0
152.4
136.7
105.0
105.0

106.9
158.5
151.6
136.9
105.3
105.1

107.2
158. 2
151.3
137.0
106.0
105.6

107.0
157.6
151.1
137.1
106.3
105.7

106.4
157.9
151.5
136.5
106.0
105.6

104.7
154.3
149.5
132.9
106.5
105.8

111.8 109.9
138. 4 3138.3
114.8 3115.3
149.6 3149. 8
99.5 3100. 1
59.3 61.2
123.1 3123.0

108.4
138.9
115.4
149.8
100.2
61.6
122.9

105.6
139.1
115.4
149.5
100.4
62.0
122.9

107.4
138. 2
117.3
148.8
103.2
69. S
122.8

106.6
138.4
116.6
148.8
102.3
67.5
122.7

105.5
138.3
116.3
148.4
101.9
66.7
122.6

104.7
137.9
117.1
148.3
103.0
70.2
122.3

104.7
136.3
117.2
145.5
104.1
75.1
121.2

105.1
136.2
117.1
145.7
103.9
74.4
121.2

105.6
136.2
115. 9
145.8
102.4
70.6
121.1

106.7
136.1
114.1
145.8
100.0
64.0
121.1

107.4
136.2
115.7
145.0
102.4
70.5
121.1

106.8
136.7
116.6
143.5
104.1
74.7
121.3

107.7
137.4
115.1
139.9
103.4
73.0
121.2

121.5 3121.8
113.6 3113.9
107.1 108.4
94.3 96.5
109.8 110.9
114.6 3 114. 1
126.2 126.3
153.7 3153.6
160.1 160.0
148.1 3148.1

121.1
113.1
106.9
93.4
109.8
113.6
126.2
153.7
159.9
148.3

121.2
113.2
107.5
98.3
109.5
113.2
128.3
153. 6
159.6
148.5

121.4
113.4
107.5
100.2
109.1
113.7
126.5
153.9
160.1
148.6

121.4
113.4
107.4
96.7
109.7
113.8
126.5
153.9
160.1
148.5

120.5
112.3
104.7
89.8
107.8
113.8
126.4
153.8
159.8
148.7

120.6
112.4
104.8
91.5
107.7
113.9
126.4
153.8
159.6
148.8

120.1
111.9
103.6
94.2
105.6
113.8
126.2
153.5
158.9
149.0

120.0
111.7
103.5
92.3
105.9
113.6
126.1
153.6
158.6
149.3

120.5
112.3
105.0
93.6
107.5
113.5
126.2
153.6
158.5
149.4

121.4
113.4
107.2
98.9
109.0
113.5
126.6
153.8
158.7
149.8

120.2
111.8
103.6
88.1
106.9
113.4
126.7
153. 6
158.4
149.7

120.6
112.5
105.5
91.9
108.4
113.4
126.5
153. 2
158.1
149.1

120.8
113.5
110.5
101.0
112.6
111.7
125.0
150.3
155.0
146.4

Durability of product
Total durable goods______________________ _________ 145.5 3145. 6 145.8 146.1 146.5 146.5 146.8 146.8 146.6 146.7 146.4 146.4 146. 2 145.9 142.8
Total nondurable goods.................... .... ................ ............. 104.9 3105. 6 105.2 105.2 105.6 105.5 104.3 104.3 103.8 103.7 104.2 105.0 104.4 105.0 106.4
Total manufactures_________ ____________________
Durable manufactures__________________________
Nondurable manufactures_______________________
Total raw or slightly processed goods__ _______________
Durable raw or slightly processed goods____________
Nondurable raw or slightly processed goods_________
1 See footnote 1, table D-3.
2 Preliminary.
*Revised.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

125.7 125.9
146.7 3146. 9
109.1 3109.3
96.9 98.7
107.9 106.0
96.3 98.3

125.8
147.2
108.8
98.4
105.8
97.9

125.7
147.4
108.5
99.3
107.1
98.9

126.0
147.8
108.8
99.9
108.2
99.4

126.0
147.8
108.7
99.7
108.2
99.2

125.7
147.9
108.1
97.8
114.9
96.8

125.7
147.8
108.2
97.8
117.5
96.7

125.3
147.6
107.6
97.2
116.6
96.1

125.3
147.6
107.6
97.1
120.5
95.8

125.4
147.4
108.0
97.8
117.4
96.7

125.7
147.5
108.4
99.3
115.6
98.4

125.5
147.3
108.0
97.7
113.0
96.8

125.5
147.0
108.5
98.9
114.1
98.1

124.5
144.0
109.2
101.6
108.3
101.2

N o t e : For description of the series by stage of processing, see New BLS
Economic Sector Indexes of Wholesale Prices (in M onthly Labor Review,
December 1955, pp. 1448-1453); and by durability of product and data begin­
ning with 1947, see Wholesale Prices and Price Indexes, 1957, BLS Bull.
1235 (1958).

1138

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960

E.—Work Stoppages
T able

E -l. Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1
Number of stoppages

Workers involved in stoppages

Man-days idle during month
or year

M onth and year
Beginning in
month or year
1935-39 (average).
1947-49 (average).
1945......................
1946-.....................
1947
........
1948
........
1949......................
1950
........
1951
........
1952
........
1953
........
1954.....................
1955
.................... .................... ....................
1956
........
1957......................
1958-....... ............
1959......................

In effect dur­
ing month

2,862
3,573
4,750
4,985
3.693
3,419
3, 606
4,843
4,737
5,117
5,091
3, 468
4, 320
3,825
3,673
3.694
3, 708

Beginning in
month or year

In effect dur­
ing month

1.130.000
2.380.000
3.470.000
4.600.000
2.170.000
1.960.000
3.030.000
2, 410,000

2 . 220.000

3, 540,000
2.400.000
1, 530,000
2.650.000
1.900.000
1.390.000
2.060.000
1,880,000

Number

16,900,000
39,700,000
38,000,000
116,000,000
34.600,000
34,100,000
50,500,000
38,800,000
22,900,000
59,100,000
28,300,000
22,600,000
28,200,000
33,100,000
16, 500,000
23,900,000
69,000,000

0.27
.46
.47
1.43
.41
.37
.59
.44
.23
.57
.26
.21
.26
.29
.14
.22
.61
1.44
1.48
1.45
.48
.14
.11
.14
.15
.16
.19
.28
.24
.20

1959: August___
September.
October__
November.
December-

380
322
277
161

636
624
548
402
285

161,000
109.000
125.000
41.100
23.100

757.000
781.000
775.000
652.000
101.000

13, 400,000
13, 800,000
14,100, 000
4.300.000
1.430.000

1960: Ja n u ary 2..
F ebruary2.
March 2__
April 2___
May 2____
June 2____
J u ly 2........
A ugust2...

200

325
400
430
530
600
650
575
550

65.000
70.000
85, 000

140, 000
145, 000
140,000
190,000
225, 000
285,000
250,000
250,000

1,000,000
1,250,000
1, 500,000
1, 500,000
1, 750,000
2,750,000
2,150, 000
2,000,000

112

250
270
370
400
425
325
300

110,000

150.000
190.000
150, 000
155, 000

Percent of esti­
mated work­
ing time

1
The data include all known strikes or lockouts involving 6 or more or secondary effect on other establishments or industries whose employees
workers and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers involved
are made idle as a result of material or service shortages.
and man-days idle cover all workers made idle for as long as 1 shift in estab­
2 Preliminary.
lishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

F.— WORK INJURIES

1139

F.—Work Injuries
T able F - l .

Injury-frequency rates 1 for selected manufacturing industries
1960 3

Industry

All manufacturing...................................... ............ .
Food and kindred products:
Meatpacking and custom slaughtering,.............
Sausages and other prepared meat products____
Poultry and small game dressing and packing__
Dairy products_______ _____ ________ ______
Canning and preserving......... ........................... .
Grain-mill products________________________
Bakery products. _________________________
Cane sugar_____________ _______ ___________
Confectionery and related products... ________
Bottled soft drinks_________________________
M alt and malt liquors.................................... ........
Distilled liquors___________________________
Miscellaneous food products______________ _
Textile-mill products:
Cotton yarn and textiles_______________ _____
Rayon, other synthetic, and silk te x tile s ...___
Woolen and worsted textiles_________________
K nit goods.._____ ________________________
Dyeing and finishing textiles...................... .........
Miscellaneous textile goods__________________
Apparel and other finished textile products:
Clothing, men’s and boys’___________________
Clothing, women’s and children’s____________
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel__________
Miscellaneous fabricated textile products.............
Lumber and wood products (except furniture):
Logging------------------------------ --------------------Sawmills and planing mills__________________
Millwork and structural wood products----------Plywood mills......... ...............................................
Wooden containers____________ __________
Miscellaneous wood products________________
Furniture and fixtures:
Household furniture, nonmetal_____________ .
Metal household furniture................. ...................
Mattresses and bedsprings-------------------------- .
Office furniture_____ ___________ _________
Public-building and professional furniture_____
Partitions and fixtures______________________
Screens, shades, and blinds....... .............................
Paper and allied products:
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills................. ......
Paperboard containers and boxes_____________
Miscellaneous paper and allied products..............
Printing, publishing, and allied industries:
Newspapers and periodicals _______________
Bookbinding and related products-----------------Miscellaneous printing and publishing------------Chemicals and allied products:
Industrial inorganic chemicals_______________
Plastics, except synthetic rubber.......................
Synthetic ru b b er.. . _________ . . --------------Synthetic fibers. ---- ----------- -------------------Explosives_________ ________ ________ _____
Miscellaneous industrial organic chemicals-------Drugs and medicines______ _________________
Soap and related products___ _______________
Paints, pigments, and related products________
Fertilizers_________________________________
Vegetable and animal oils and fats____________
Compressed and liquified gases_______ _______
Miscellaneous chemicals and allied products........
Rubber products:
Tires and inner tubes---------- ---------------------Rubber footwear _____________________ _ .
Miscellaneous rubber products_______________
Leather and leather products:
Leather tanning and finishing_______________
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings_________
Footwear (except rubber)___ ________________
Miscellaneous leather products_______________
Stone, clay, and glass products:
Glass and glass products____________________
Structural clay products____________________
Pottery and related products________________
Concrete, gypsum, and mineral wool_________
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products........
See footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1959 2

Second quarter

1958

Annual
average

First Fourth Third Second First Fourth Third Second
quar­ quar­ quar­ quar­ quar­ quar­ quar­ quar­ 1959 2
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter

1958

Apr.

May

June

Quar­
ter

10.7

11.4

11.0

11.1

n .i

n .i

13.4

11.7

11.2

10.8

11.8

10.5

11.9

10.9

26.9
33.7
0
15.8
15.9
15.2
17.0
7.8
16.7
21.2
17.3
4.2
11.2

27.5
27.9
0
21.9
15.6
15.2
16.2
10.1
17.2
19.9
21.4
10.7
12.3

24.0
25.9
0
23.0
23.4
13.2
17.2
11.8
18.1
22.2
18.1
7.9
15.9

26.2
29.1
34.0
20.4
18.6
14.5
16.8
10.0
17.3
21.1
19.0
7.6
13.2

24.1
25.0
32.5
17.0
18.6
13.9
16.4
12.2
15.7
21.3
19.0
10.5
13.2

24.0
24.2
38.3
15.4
17.2
16.2
15.2
13.0
17.5
18.7
17.5
7.1
15.8

26.7
27.3
49.3
18.5
25.7
20.1
18.3
13.3
13.4
26.3
21.9
9.3
18.4

23.6
26.8
38.7
17.3
17.9
19.7
14.9
17.3
12.7
23.5
18.2
8.7
15.4

25.0
23.5
40.0
16.6
19.1
18.6
15.4
12.7
10.5
19.8
17.2
10.5
14.5

22.4
20.9
43.0
16.4
18.0
16.3
16.7
15.3
13.1
19.9
15.1
8.0
13.6

24.3
27.9
54.2
19.3
21.2
19.3
16.7
12.8
15.8
28.2
18.5
7.7
14.7

21.1
20.2
38.9
15.3
20.1
16.2
13.5
12.9
10.5
23.0
17.6
8.7
12.2

24.9
25.8
43.9
17.0
20.8
18.7
16.0
14.2
13.7
22.7
19.1
9.3
16.2

21.6
23.4
43.1
17.0
19.3
15.9
15.8
14.5
13.4
22.5
16.6
8.2
13.3

8.4
6.1
17.3
4.7
11.5
14.4

8.5
8.0
19.3
6.1
11.5
11.9

7.8
7.3
18.7
3.7
11.8
10.5

8.2
7.1
18.4
4.8
11.6
12.2

7.9
7.1
16.7
6.0
15.0
16.7

7.5
8.1
15.1
5.7
14.0
14.6

8.6
8.3
19.7
6.2
13.3
19.2

8.4
8.5
19.2
5.9
11.5
14.1

7.7
7.5
17.3
5.9
11.3
15.6

7.8
7.1
14.5
4.3
14.0
12.2

8.5
7.1
18.7
5.6
15.2
17.1

7.1
5.9
15.9
4.1
13.1
14.6

8.0
8.0
17.9
6.0
12.5
15.9

7.8
6.5
16.2
5.1
14.1
13.4

4.8
4.4
4.0
12.5

7.2
5.4
6.7
12.3

7.2
5.7
2.6
11.7

6.4
5.2
4.4
12.1

5.6
5.1
7.2
9.2

7.0
4.9
7.2
8.6

7.2
5.0
5.8
8.5

7.1
4.5
7.0
9.0

5.9
5.5
7.4
9.4

5.4
4.5
5.4
8.0

5.2
5.5
9.6
11.3

5.8
5.7
6.6
8.7

6.8
5.1
6.9
8.9

5.7
5.2
6.7
9.4

51.7
36.8
28.7
22.0
24.9
24.6

60.5
38.1
25.0
26.6
38.0
24.0

64.4
41.6
23.3
17.7
44.5
33.5

60.1
38.9
25.6
22.1
36.0
27.3

60.7
35.9
20.7
19.6
34.1
33.5

63.5
40.3
24.6
24.1
27.2
23.8

77.0
42.4
30.7
23.7
34.1
32.8

61.9
41.3
23.6
25.0
24.9
33.5

62.5
38.6
21.3
25.3
33.7
29.7

63.4
37.5
22.4
23.1
26.5
29.6

68.9
42.7
25.7
26.5
31.1
26.1

64.2
39.5
18.9
22.3
27.4
25.7

65.4
40.9
25.1
24.9
29.9
29.9

63.8
39.3
22.1
23.0
27.6
26.2

20.5
19.1
12.6
16.1
0
21.1
0

18.2
18.4
10.4
12.2
0
13.6
0

18.7
15.7
11.1
16.5
0
20.7
0

19.2
17.8
11.3
15.0
18.6
18.5
18.1

19.2
22.1
13.3
13.0
15.3
18.1
19.1

17.9
15.4
11.2
11.9
13.8
14.6
17.8

21.2
19.9
20.1
20.4
13.7
21.6
17.8

19.2
18.5
12.4
18.0
14.8
18.6
16.7

18.5
14.8
12.6
15.1
17.8
17.3
13.4

16.1
17.7
18.0
13.1
12.4
19.9
14.2

18.7
20.4
13.4
15.3
15.1
19.2
13.0

16.2
12.8
12.6
14.5
13.9
15.4
16.8

19.2
17.0
14.0
16.3
14.9
18.1
16.3

17.0
16.1
13.7
13.8
13.1
17.2
13.6

9.0
14.2
13.5

9.8
13.4
15.8

9.3
15.8
15.8

9.4
14.5
15.1

9.3
14.0
13.8

9.3
13.7
14.6

10.9
17.5
15.6

9.0
16.9
16.6

9.9
15.2
14.4

9.5
15.2
11.0

10.3
15.3
14.2

8.4
12.3
12.4

9.8
15.9
15.2

9.4
14.1
12.1

9.0
0
10.9

11.3
0
11.9

9.4
0
9.9

9.9
16.1
10.9

9.1
14.6
11.1

8.7
16.2
9.1

10.3
14.2
12.2

9.0
17.3
9.4

9.5
13.4
10.1

8.4
12.4
8.6

8.6
9.7
8.3

8.5
9.8
8.5

9.4
15.2
10.1

8.6
11.6
8.5

4.9
2.8
0
(3)
(3)
3.4
5.4
4.7
13.3
(3)
20.3
0
13.1

6.2
5.7
0
0
0
2.6
7.7
5.6
11.3
(»)
22.2
0
13.3

5.5
5.7
0
0
0
1.8
4.9
11.0
13.5
0
22.1
0
14.1

5.5
4.7
1.9
1.6
4.5
2.6
6.0
7.2
12.7
18.6
21.5
9.7
13.5

5.2
5.5
.8
3.6
2.6
3.1
7.6
9.6
11.8
22.6
22.8
11.4
13.7

4.5
4.7
2.3
2.5
2.6
4.3
7.5
8.6
10.3
19.7
21.9
7.7
13.2

5.8
6.8
1.2
2.7
0
5.0
6.3
8.8
10.3
23.4
22.7
10.2
14.0

3.9
5.8
1.4
2.5
3.9
4.5
7.2
11.3
11.8
25.9
21.9
10.3
13.9

5.9
5.1
2.5
1.6
1.9
3.9
7.3
8.1
9.1
19.3
24.6
8.8
14.7

5.3
4.5
2.3
3.4
1.7
3.4
7.7
9.4
7.3
11.8
23.6
9.0
14.0

5.4
6.0
2.6
2.3
3.7
3.8
7.6
8.5
11.0
13.0
26.1
7.5
15.5

4.0
4.3
1.5
2.3
1.7
4.2
6.5
8.1
12.3
17.4
22.3
12.6
13.1

5.0
5.7
1.8
2.3
2.3
4. 5
7.1
9.2
10.6
22.2
22.8
9.2
14.0

4.9
4.7
2.5
2.7
2.4
3.8
7.5
8.3
10.3
14.7
23.5
9.9
14.2

4.0
11.2
9.2

4.0
9.1
10.6

3.9
6.7
11.8

4.0
9.0
10.6

4.1
8.3
11.5

3.9
4.7
9.7

4.6
5.0
11.4

4.0
9.0
9.6

2.8
5.9
10.0

3.6
4.0
7.9

3.4
5.8
11.5

3.7
6.3
10.4

3.9
6.1
10.2

3.4
5.1
9.6

21.6
0
7.9
14.7

33.7
0
8.1
12.7

27.5
0
7.6
10.0

27.8
0
7.9
12.4

26.5
0
8.8
13.8

28.0
0
9.2
11.4

32.0
0
11.4
12.9

26.9
20.3
9.8
15.3

26.6
20.1
9.4
13.8

21.0
0
8.5
10.0

21.5
0
9.2
11.5

23.1
0
7.9
11.9

28.3
18.6
10.0
13.7

22.7
16.9
8.6
10.6

10.7
33.2
13.3
19.6
10.8

9.6
34.3
13.7
26.2
10.4

8.3
30.0
10.3
27.8
16.4

9.6
32.5
12.4
24.6
12.6

7.7
32.8
15.7
20.1
12.2

10.2
32.0
13.2
23.0
11.6

10.5
34.8
19.3
34.2
14.8

10.5
33.3
16.4
27.9
14.3

11.1
32.5
14.3
22.8
12.2

9.0
33.8
14.8
24.4
14.7

10.0
32.8
16.0
28.7
10.4

8.5
29.0
16.9
24.5
10.7

10.5
33.4
15.9
27.5
13.2

9.1
31.2
14.7
24.5
12.1

1140

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1960

T able F .-l.

Injury-frequency rates1for selected manufacturing industries—Continued
I9603

Industry

Second quarter
Apr.

Primary metal industries:
Blast furnaces and steel mills..................... .......
3.7
Gray-iron and malleable foundries____ _______
23.9
Steel foundries......................... ............................... 16.6
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and alloying______
9.4
Nonferrous foundries________ _______________ 22.2
Iron and steel forgings______________________
17.4
Wire drawing_____________________________
13.8
Welded and heavy-riveted pipe______________
9.0
Cold-finished steel_________________________
5.8
Fabricated metal products:
Tin cans and other tinware_____ _____ ____
4.7
Cutlery and edge tools______________________
0
Handtools, files, and saws........... ................ .......... 18.6
Hardware_____ _____ _____________________
8.8
Sanitary ware and plumbers’ supplies................ .
8.8
Oil burners, heating and cooking apparatus...
12.2
Structural steel and ornamental metal work........ 20.5
Metal doors, sash, frame, and trim ____________ 15.6
Boiler-shop products________________________ 19.2
Sheet-metal work.................................. ................ 14.7
Stamped and pressed metal products__________ 10.3
Metal coating and engraving" ______________
0
Fabricated wire products___ ________________ 10.4
Metal barrels, drums, kegs, and pails_________
0
Steel springs................. ................................. ........
0
Bolts, huts, washers, and rivets________
14.3
Screw-machine products___________________ _
5.8
Fabricated metal products, not elsewhere classified.
7.7
Machinery (except electrical):
Engines and turbines_______________________
6.8
Agricultural machinery and tractors__________
8.6
Construction and mining machinery__________ 14.5
Metalworking machinery__________________ . 10.5
Food-products machinery .................................... 12.1
Textile machinery.. __________ ___________
20.8
Miscellaneous special-industry machinery_____
18.8
Pumps and compressors.. __________________
15.0
Elevators, escalators, and conveyors._____ . . .
15.3
Mechanical power-transmission equipment (except ball and roller bearings)_______________
13.4
Miscellaneous general industrial machinery__
9.6
Commercial and household machinery________
5.3
Valves and fittings. _______________________
10.8
Fabricated pipe and fittings______ ___________ 0
Ball and roller bearings___ . . . ______________
5.6
Machine shops, general_____ ________________ 10.2
Electrical machinery:
Electrical industrial apparatus________
5.2
Electrical appliances_______________________
6.2
Insulated wire and cable...............................
17.1
Electrical equipment for vehicles_____________
2.6
Electric lamps (bulbs)_______ ______________
0
Radios and related products_________________
4.1
Radio tubes_________ _ ________ ________
3.2
Miscellaneous communication equipment
2.5
B atteries.._______ ____________________ .
13.0
Electrical products, not elsewhere, classified
0
Transportation equipment:
Motor vehicles, bodies, and trailers
4.4
Motor-vehicle parts and accessories......................
4.3
A ircraft..____ _______ _________ ________ _
2.4
Aircraft parts_____ ___________
3.4
Shipbuilding and repairing......... ............. ............. 16.5
Boatbuilding and repairing____________ _____
0
Railroad equip m en t...____ _____ _____ _____
6.9
Instruments and related products:
Scientific instruments. _______ _____________
2.3
Mechanical measuring and controlling instruments.
7.6
ODtical instruments and lenses
0
Medical instruments and supplies...
5.5
Photographic equipment and supplies..................
4.7
Watches and clocks.................. ..............................
0
Miscellaneous manufacturing:
Paving and roofing materials.................................
0
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware—.................
4.6
Fabricated plastics products__________
15.5
Miscellaneous manufacturing....... .....................
12.6
Ordnance and accessories......................................
4.4

Annual
average

1958

First Fourth Third Second First Fourth Third
quar­ quar­ quar­ quar­ quar­ quar­ quar­
Quar­ quar­
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter

1959 2

1958

May

June

3.6
25.0
17.3
10.5
15.6
15.4
12.8
10.3
9.5

3.5
23.1
17.3
10.1
17.0
19.8
17.0
12.4
6.6

3.6
24.0
17.1
10.0
18.3
17.6
14.5
10.6
7.3

3.7
25.8
20.8
9.4
19.0
19.5
16.5
10.5
8.6

4.1
24.3
18.2
11.3
20.2
17.5
18.7
11.5
8.8

28.9
23.0
9.3
18.4
22.0
31.0
0
11.4

3.9
27.0
21.0
10.8
17.2
19.0
13.9
7.1
11.3

3.9
25.3
18.9
10.4
18.5
16.2
11.5
8.9
9.2

3.7
21.6
15.6
8.4
19.9
14.1
15.1
10.7
7.6

3.7
25.8
18.7
10.6
14.6
14.5
15.1
11.1
11.1

3.6
21.7
14.4
10.4
16.7
13.6
13.1
12.4
7.6

4.2
26.4
20.3
10.4
18.5
18.6
17.4
9.6
10.1

3.7
23.0
15.9
9.7
17.0
14.9
13.9
11.3
8.1

9.4
0
16.7
11.7
15.9
14.4
18.5
16.6
24.8
25.8
9.9
0
22.2
0
0
10.6
13.4
11.8

7.7
0
15.7
9.5
10.7
10.4
24.9
17.2
17.8
27.4
8.7
0
21.9
0
0
12.3
14.2
11.4

7.4
10.1
17.0
10.0
11.8
12.3
21.3
16.5
20.6
22.8
9.6
25.6
18.0
14.1
25.9
12.4
11.1
10.3

6.6
8.6
16.7
9.5
11.6
14.1
17.1
14.0
18.5
24.4
11.1
23.4
16.5
14.1
18.2
15.5
12.6
12.4

6.1
11.9
15.9
10.1
11.8
14.3
20.2
20.6
19.1
21.8
10.2
20.2
14.1
0
16.3
12.0
9.6
8.8

6.6
13.7
16.4
9.5
16.8
18.0
0
23.2
21.4
24.9
11.8
22.8
18.4
0
23.4
13.6
16.7
12.4

7.0
13.1
21.6
9.3
13.6
15.0
17.5
21.2
19.1
27.2
12.0
31.0
15.2
18.4
18.3
13.7
15.4
9.9

5.8
10.1
16.2
9.1
19.8
15.7
20.6
17.2
17.9
21.2
9.9
25.6
15.7
0
18.3
12.1
11.4
10.0

5.8
8.7
13.5
8.7
11.3
16.3
21.0
17.5
18.2
17.8
10.2
21.2
13.5
12.2
17.7
12.4
11.1
10.8

7.4
14.9
14.6
8.0
13.2
13.3
21.2
20.0
21.6
20.9
10.7
19.6
17.3
9.5
21.2
12.8
9.9
10.3

5.1
15.6
15.4
7.7
12.2
12.8
20.9
15.7
18. 5
20.3
8.7
22.1
12.6
13.8
20.3
10.3
9.3
11.3

6.4
12.1
17.6
9.5
15.9
15.7
21.3
20.6
19.5
23.6
11.0
24.4
15.7
14.0
19.1
12.9
13.4
10.4

6.0
12.9
14.0
7.9
13.2
14.4
21.6
18.0
19.9
19.8
9.7
20.8
15.0
11.6
18.8
11.9
10.4
11.3

7.3
7.8
16.6
10.7
20.0
17.6
11.0
10.9
16.4

6.9
6.6
14.4
10.0
12.5
12.4
17.2
12.1
15.8

7.0
7.7
15.1
10.4
14.8
16.9
15.7
12.7
15.9

6.9
7.4
15.7
10.3
11.4
17.6
14.0
14.4
19.6

6.2
7.8
14.8
8.7
8.2
17.3
13.0
10.7
18.9

7.5
7.8
18.1
10.0
12.6
14.8
12.7
13.7
17.2

7.2
10.4
16.7
8.7
13.3
15.3
12.2
11.8
17.3

8.0
9.2
15.1
8.4
13.6
12.6
13.2
13.0
15.0

7.4
8.0
12.0
8.4
10.3
10.2
12.7
10.6
13.2

7.9
7.4
13.5
8.5
12.6
10.2
12.0
10.7
13.5

7.8
8.2
11.3
7.9
9.5
10.6
13.1
10.7
13.8

7.3
8.9
16.1
9.0
12.5
15.2
12.8
12.6
17.3

7.6
8.2
12.6
8.3
10.8
10.7
12.8
10.9
13.1

14.4
11.3
7.4
20.9
0
5.5
13.5

9.1
10.6
5.8
14.5
0
4.6
12.8

12.3
10.4
6.2
15.4
16.9
5.2
12.1

12.5
10.7
6.2
12.5
15.7
5.8
13.1

11.4
9.3
5.7
12.5
12.8
4.7
13.7

12.4
11.8
6.3
12.2
16.3
5.6
15.4

11.2
11.0
6.3
14.9
14.9
5.8
15.5

9.8
11.1
5.8
13.2
20.0
5.9
15.4

10.3
11.3
5.7
11.3
12.9
7.9
13.1

8.5
9.9
5.6
12.7
15.1
7.2
13.2

10.1
11.7
5.6
13.7
14.2
9.1
11.5

11.2
10.8
6.0
13.1
16.1
5.4
15.1

9.7
11.0
5.6
12.7
13.4
8.0
12.5

4.8
7.8
12.4
2.9
0
4.1
2.6
2.3
13.3
0

4.8
5.7
14.0
2.3
0
4.3
2.3
2.3
15.8
0

5.0
6.5
14.5
2.6
2.0
4.2
2.6
2.3
14.1
3.4

6.0
5.9
9.8
2.1
2.9
3.8
1.7
2.6
12.0
9.5

6.1
5.4
9.6
2.4
2.0
4.2
2.2
2.6
14.7
3.6

6.8
8.6
13.4
2.7
1.6
5.3
3.0
2.3
13.1
5.6

6.8
7.8
15.7
2.4
2.2
4.7
2.6
1.9
13.3
5.4

6.2
6.8
10.2
2.6
3.7
4.7
2.3
2.2
10.1
4.2

5.4
6.2
11.8
2.6
5.0
4.1
2.6
2.2
11.5
3.2

5.4
4.0
12.7
3.6
2.9
4.3
2.1
3.2
13.6
7.0

5.0
4.0
13.9
3.0
3. 5
3.4
2.4
2.5
10.6
5.3

6.5
7.2
12.2
2. 5
2.3
4.7
2. 5
2.2
13.3
4.9

5.1
4.6
11.9
3.1
3.6
4.0
2.3
2.6
11.6
5.4

4.3
3.9
2.0
3.7
15.7
0
8.5

3.6
3.6
2.1
4.1
15.1
0
6.7

4.2
3.9
2.2
3.8
15.8
18.4
7.4

4.4
4.9
2.2
4.5
16.4
26.4
7.4

4.8
4.9
2.4
4.0
15.3
28.1
6.1

5.4
6.0
2.7
4.6
16.3
27.1
6.8

5.2
5.7
2.8
3.9
17.6
31.3
7.1

4.6
4.7
2.8
3.9
16.3
28.8
7.0

4.8
5.1
2.9
3.7
14.3
23.5
6.4

5.0
5.8
3.1
4.1
16.5
28.3
7.9

4.1
5.7
2.9
4. 0
17.2
33.7
7.4

5.0
5.4
2.7
4.1
16.5
28.8
6.8

4.6
5.4
2.9
4.1
15.9
28. 7
7.2

3.2
6.7
0
2.6
5.7
0

2.5
6.9
0
8.5
4.0
0

2.6
7.1
4.1
5.6
4.7
6.4

2.7
8.6
3.9
7.1
6.5
3.0

3.5
6.4
4.4
10.4
5.4
4.1

3.9
8.6
6.3
10.4
6.6
4.3

3.6
7.1
6.3
7.2
6.5
5.1

3.0
5.7
5.1
8.4
5.5
3.1

3.4
5.4
3.0
7.6
6.6
4.3

3.8
5.2
3.9
5.6
6.0
5.6

5.2
5.3
4.4
8.2
5.9
6.1

3. 5
6. 9
5. 5
9.1
6.0
4.1

3.9
5.6
4.1
7.4
5.7
5.3

0
7.4
18.5
12.4
3.6

0
8.3
13.9
11.8
3.0

0
6.7
15.9
12.3
3.7

7.0
6.7
18.7
12.0
3.3

10.4
3.9
16.5
12.6
3.2

13.1
6.2
18.1
14.5
2.9

12.0
11.3
14.0
13.0
3.0

7.2
7.1
18.2
12.1
4.3

7.3
8. 5
15.3
11.4
3.5

10.7
7.3
11.8
13.2
3.9

8.0
5.9
13. 9
10.6
3.7

10.7
7.3
16.5
13.1
3.3

9.1
7.0
14.3
11.9
3.6

1 The injury-frequency rate is the average number of disabling work injuries
for each million employee-hours worked. A disabling work injury is any
injury occurring in the course of and arising out of employment, which (a)
results in death or permanent physical impairment, or (b) makes the injured
worker unable to perform the duties of any regularly established job which is
open and available to him throughout the hours corresponding to his regular
shift on any one or more days after the day of injury (including Sundays, days
off, or plant shutdowns). The term “injury” includes occupational disease.


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1959 3

0

2 Rates are preliminary and subject to revision when final annual data
become available.
3 Insufficient data to warrant presentation of average.
N o t e : These data are compiled in accordance with the American Standard
Method of Recording and Measuring Work Injury Experience, approved by
the American Standards Association, 1954.
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BLS Bull. 1264: Impact on Workers and Community of a Plant Shutdown in a
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Indexes of Output Per Man-Hour for Selected Industries, 1939 and 1947-59:
Annual Industry Series. July 1960. 16 pp.
Major BLS Programs for 1961—A Summary of Their Characteristics.


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