Full text of Monthly Labor Review : October 1958, Vol. 81, No. 10
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Labor
NOV 5 1358
BUG LIBRA!
Review
OCTOBER
1958
VOL.
81
N |0 .
Labor Recruitment in a Depressed Rural Area
Recent Reports on Job Discrimination
Two Decades of the Fair Labor Standards Act
W ages for Army-Air Force Blue-Collar Workers
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
James P. M itchell, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
E
w an
H
enry
C lague,
H
erm an
Commissioner
J. F i t z g e r a l d , Assistant Commissioner
B. B y e r , Assistant Commissioner
W. D u a n e E v a n s , Assistant Commissioner
P h il ip A r n o w ,
Assistant Commissioner
Arnold E. C hase, Chief, Division of Construction Statistics
H. M. D ofty , Chief, Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
J oseph P. G oldbero, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
L e o n G r e e n b e b o , Chief, Division of Productivity and Technological Developments
R ichard F. J ones, Chief, Office of Management
W alter G, K eim , Chief, Office of Field Service
P aul R. K erschbaum, Chief, Office of Program Planning
L awrence R. K lein , Chief, Office of Publications
F rank S. M cE lroy, Chief, Division of Industrial Hazards
H. E. R iley , Chief, Division of Prices and Cost of Living
A be R othman, Chief, Office of Statistical Standards
Oscar W eioert, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
M orris W eisz, Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
------- Chief, Office of Labor Economics
Seymour L. W olfbein , Chief, Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics
Regional Offices and Directors
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Monthly Labor Review
U N IT E D STATES DEPARTM ENT OF LABOR
•
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
L a w r e n c e R. K l e i n , Editor-in-Chief
M a r y S. B e d e l l , Executive Editor
CONTENTS
Special Articles
1097 Two Decades of the Fair Labor Standards Act
1107 Rate Setting by the Army-Air Force Wage Board
1113 Labor Recruitment in a Depressed Rural Area
Summaries of Studies and Reports
1121
1125
1131
1137
1143
1146
1162
Research on the Effects of Industrialization in Rural Areas
Two State Reports on Job Discrimination
Minority Worker Hiring and Referral in San Francisco
Plant Adjustments to the $1 Minimum Wage
Salaries of Firemen and Policemen, 1954-58
Provisions of the New Welfare and Pension Plans Disclosure Act
Erratum, September 1958 issue
Departments
hi
1149
1153
1155
1163
1169
The Labor Month in Review
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics
October 1958 • Voi. 81 . No. 10
479603— 58----------1
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For M arket A nalysis and Economic Research
New Housing and Its M aterials, 1940-56
This 6 4 -p ag e bulletin (No. 1231) presents com prehensive
inform ation on th e kinds of nonfarm housing built in recen t
years. The re sid e n tial b u ild in g industry occupies a key
position in th e econom y; it is a m ajor source of em ploym ent,
a n im p o rtan t consum er of m aterials a n d services, a user of
ex ten siv e la n d areas, a la rg e contributor to c a p ita l form a
tion, a n d a source of su b stan tial ta x revenues.
The survey covers—
•
•
•
•
•
Structural characteristics
Materials
Equipment and appliances
Floor area
Selling price]
D etailed tab les a re p re se n ted for houses built in m etro
p o lita n a n d no n m etro p olitan a re a s a n d in e a c h of th e four
b ro a d g e o g ra p h ic a l regions.
Send orders (accompanied by check or money order) to the Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D. C ,
or to any of the following Bureau of Labor Statistics regional offices:
341 9fh A ve.
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18 Oliver St.
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ii
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San Francisco 11, Calif.
The Labor Month
in Review
T he anxious attention directed to negotiations
and settlements in the automobile industry in
mid-September and early October tended to eclipse
several important rulings of the National Labor
Relations Board. On October 2, the NLRB
announced new standards for determining its
jurisdiction over cases, in the hope “that more
individuals, labor organizations, and employers
may invoke the rights and protections” afforded
by the Taft-Hartley Act. The desired effect was
to shrink part of what the Supreme Court had
called “a vast no-man’s land [of jurisdiction in
labor relations cases] subject to regulation by no
agency or court.” In general, the Board reduced
the minimum volume of business activity neces
sary to bring a firm under its aegis. Most strik
ing reductions were noted in retail trade, public
utilities and transit systems (where minimums
were reduced from $3 million to $250,000), and
newspapers and communications systems.
In late September and early October, the Board
issued rulings relating to representation elections.
One stipulated that a union holding a contract is
liable to a representation challenge by another
union at the end of 2 years, even if the contract
runs for a longer period. Previously, a tradition
of long-term contracts shielded the union. More
over, an improperly drawn union-security clause
would invalidate the contract and subject the
union to a representation election at any time.f^
Unions petitioning for a Board election may not
file earlier than 150 days prior to a contract
expiration (or the 2-year anniversary date), nor
after 60 days prior to the expiration date.
Where a schism exists in a union, a new represen
tation election may be held. The Board defined
a schism as “a basic intraunion conflict at the
highest level of an international union . . . which
results in a disruption of existing intraunion
relationships.”
With contracts secured in the major segment
of the auto industry, public interest in collective
bargaining situations had shifted, by mid-October,
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to the negotiations between the General Electric
Co. and the International Union of Electrical
Workers. A provision in the existing contract
allows a reopening on employment security
matters. The union demands include a supple
mental unemployment benefit plan, and its
negotiators had threatened to strike for it. The
company rejected the proposal and countered
with an investment savings plan to which both
worker and company would contribute. It is
conditioned upon deferring and decreasing con
tractual wage increases payable in September of
1958 and 1959. The union turned down the plan,
and the first increase became effective for IUErepresented workers. Reluctance of the larger
General Electric locals of the union to strike
(several of them voted against striking) has ob
viously handicapped the bargaining position of
the union. Negotiations were broken off on
October 9.
Ford, Chrysler, and General Motors, in the
2-week period ending October 2, in that order
concluded new 3-year agreements with the United
Automobile Workers. All important economic
features of the agreements were identical. The
contracts renewed, with some retroactivity, the
cost-of-living escalator and annual improvement
factor clauses of the old contracts, which had
expired last spring. Skilled workers received a
direct wage-rate increase (8 cents an hour).
Duration of supplemental unemployment benefits
and the percentage of take-home pay that benefits
constitute, as well as some other items relating to
this type of payment, were improved without
increasing the present 5-cent-per-hour contribu
tion. Pension credits for both retired and active
workers were increased. There weie improve
ments in certain other fringe benefits. A new
feature of the contract was severance pay (financed
from the supplemental unemployment benefit
fund) for permanent layoff of workers with at least
2 years’ seniority; amounts ranged from 40 to
1,200 hours’ pay, provided the SUB balance is
fully funded, less any SUB payments received
since final layoff.
All three companies experienced strikes of
varying magnitude before and after settlement,
but in the case of General Motors all of its plants
were struck for several days—and many for longer
periods—following agreement on the national
contract because of unresolved local issues.
hi
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
IV
A tlantic
and
G ulf C oast shipping of American
merchant and passenger lines was tied up for over
a week early in October by a strike of the Masters,
Mates and Pilots over penalty pay for certain
types of work and length of vacations. The union
sought to increase vacations of captains to a total
of 90 days and of other officers to 60. Respective
prestrike vacations were 49 and 28 days. Re
sumption of service followed entry of AFL-CIO
President George Meany in the case in the sur
prising role of arbitrator.
Eighteen railroad unions, including operating
and nonoperating organizations representing about
800,000 employees, jointly presented demands to
American railroads for rules changes. In general,
they seek time limits on grievance settlements,
uniform hiring practices and hiring preferences to
laid-off employees, broadened employer liability
for work injuries (in addition to existing laws), and
improved sanitation in work places.
On September 16, a 37-day trucking strike in 11
western States ended with a 3-year agreement
covering 30,000 drivers represented by the Team
sters. Pay increases of 20 cents an hour were
granted to local drivers outside the San Francisco
area, with future increases to raise them to the
San Francisco level. Over-the-road drivers are
to receive 3 annual raises of 10 cents per hour
each (or 0.25 cent a mile). On the same day, a
Presidential Emergency Board recommended that
about 20,000 ground employees of 6 major airlines
(Capital, Eastern, National, Northeast, North
west, and Trans World) receive a 9-percent pay
increase, parts of it retroactive to October 1957
and April 1958. The carriers accepted the pro
posal, but the employees, represented by the
Machinists union, rejected it.
In Canada, a number of important labor devel
opments reached a climax during the last 2 weeks
in September. Employees of the International
Nickel Co., represented by the Mine, Mill, and
Smelter Workers (Ind.), struck on September 24
for an 8-percent wage increase retroactive to
June 1, idling 14,000. On the same day, 1,500
longshoremen, members of the International Long
shoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union (Ind.),
ended a month-long strike at British Columbia
ports. Settlement included wage increases aggre
gating 21 cents an hour to be received at intervals
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over a 2-year span, plus a noncontributory pension
plan. A Seafarers’ International Union arrange
ment resulted in the return to Canadian registry
of eight vessels which had been registered under
the Cuban flag and manned by Cuban crews at
rates lower than those paid Canadian seamen.
The union has been on strike against Canadian
National Steamships, original owners.
two large electrical unions held conven
tions in late September and early October. Hold
ing its biennial meeting in the midst of negotia
tions with General Electric, the 400,000-member
IUE voted to reduce to a simple majority the vote
required in a bargaining conference to authorize a
strike. At the International Brotherhood of
Electrical Workers quadrennial convention, a 100,000-member growth since 1954 was reported and
the delegates voted to emphasize organization
work in atomic-energy plants.
Conventions of other unions in basic industries
included that of the United Steelworkers of
America, which was apparently united behind
the incumbent leadership (considerable opposition
had been evident 2 years ago). The convention
emphasized that 1959 bargaining demands would
be substantial. Merger with the International
Chemical Workers inched a bit nearer at the
September convention of the Oil, Chemical and
Atomic Workers Union when the ICW president
appeared and endorsed such a move. The ICW
also endorsed merger at its convention which
began October 6. Reduced hours of work with
maintenance of present wage levels became a
bargaining goal approved by the United Rubber
Workers convention. Jurisdictional and organi
zational matters occupied a substantial portion of
the Sheet Metal Workers convention agenda, with
considerable criticism voiced against the Industrial
Union Department of the AFL-CIO in relation to
invasion of craft jurisdiction (The OCAW had
also complained of craft invasion). The SMW
voted to extend its organizational activity to work
with plastics and other materials used in lieu of
sheet metal and to materials manufacturing plants
as well as fabricating shops. Race restrictions on
membership, in effect since 1911, were eliminated
by a convention vote of the Postal Transport
Association.
T he
Two Decades of the
Fair Labor
Standards Act
H a r r y S. K a n t o r *
T he F air L abor S tandards A ct of 1938 is some
times referred to as a “depression born” measure
because the period immediately prior to its enact
ment was one of depression, and because many
advocates of such a law used arguments current
at the time that it would bolster the economy.
The law is thought of nowadays in terms of its
continuing value as a support for the wage struc
ture in times of recession and, in prosperous times,
as a protection to the worker caught in a pocket
of low wages as well as to the competitors of his
employer.
The act, which has been in effect since October
24, 1938, sets standards for a minimum wage,
overtime pay, and the protection of child labor
for employees engaged in or producing goods for
interstate commerce. Currently, it applies to
24 million employees in 900,000 establishments,
in all 49 States, the District of Columbia, Hawaii,
Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, the Canal Zone,
American Samoa, Wake Island, Guam, and the
Outer Continental Shelf. It is administered by
the Department of Labor through the Depart
ment’s Wage and Hour and Public Contracts
Divisions. It is enforced in the courts by civil
actions brought by the Solicitor for the Secretary
of Labor and criminal actions brought by the
Department of Justice. Employees may also bring
actions in court through private counsel to re
cover wages due under the act.
Most employers try to comply with the law; to
aid them, the Divisions maintain an active pro
gram of publicizing its requirements in the Federal
Register and through all types of informational
mediums. The substantial acceptance of the
law’s present basic provisions by employers who
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are affected by it is noteworthy because 20 years
ago it was the subject of heated controversy.
Vigorous and conscientious enforcement is
nevertheless necessary on a continuing basis to
secure and maintain uniform application of the
law and compliance with it. Throughout the
years, efforts have been made to direct investiga
tions into those plants in areas, industries, and
categories of establishments in which violations
are considered likely to be found. There is good
evidence that these efforts have been substantially
effective, and continuing reappraisal of the in
vestigation program is leading to further improve
ment. In any recent year, some 90 percent of
the employees in the establishments investigated
have been paid in full compliance with the law.
Investigations have secured the benefits of the
act’s provisions for millions of adult employees
and many thousands of minors. As a result of
several hundred thousand investigations to secure
compliance with the act’s provisions, employers
have paid back wages amounting to more than
$180 million to 4 million employees in 20 years.
In the fiscal year 1958, employers paid nearly
$11 million in back wages to 117,000 employees
as a result of investigation and enforcement
action. These employers, as well as those found
to be violating provisions of the act not requiring
the payment of back wages, usually came into
voluntary future compliance.
When the employer is brought into compliance,
the employees receive, in addition to back wages,
continuing benefits in accordance with the require
ments of the law. Employees whose wages are
brought up to the minimum continue to benefit,
week after week and year after year, as do the
employees who are given time and one-half for
overtime hours. Minors illegally employed re
sume the activities normal to their age and helpful
to their health, education, and development. And
employers who comply with the law are relieved of
unfair economic pressure from noncomplying com
petitors.
Millions of other adults and minors have bene
fited from voluntary compliance with the act’s
requirements. This has resulted indirectly from
enforcement operations, directly from information
programs, and from the general knowledge that
the act is being effectuated.
♦Assistant Administrator, Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Divisions
of the U. S. Department of Labor.
1097
1098
Historical Background
The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 was
signed on June 25, to take effect October 24, 1938.
Its enactment was the product of many years of
urging by individuals and groups interested in
correcting substandard labor conditions - and in
providing basic minimum labor standards. As
long ago as 1892, a congressional committee that
investigated sweatshops in several large cities
recommended a Federal law regulating sweatshops,
and pointed out that “so long as interstate com
merce in this regard is left free, the stamping out
of the sweating system in any particular State is
of practically no effect, except to impose peculiar
hardship upon the manufacturers of that State.” 1
By 1938, 24 States had enacted laws to regulate
minimum wages and hours of work for women.
In 1937, the U. S. Supreme Court reversed previous
rulings and held 2that a State minimum wage law
was constitutional. But the problem raised by
the 1892 investigation remained: goods made in
a State without any minimum labor standards
competed with products made in States that had
such standards. A Presidential message to the
Congress on May 24, 1937, recommended enact
ment of minimum labor standards legislation:
“Congress cannot interfere with local affairs, but
when goods pass through the channels of commerce
from one State to another they become subject to
the power of the Congress . . . we propose that
only goods which have been produced under con
ditions which meet the minimum standards of free
labor shall be admitted to interstate commerce.”
Enactment was also a product of the depression
of the thirties. An attempt to set minimum labor
standards was made under the National Industrial
Recovery Act, passed in 1933, but that act was
found to be unconstitutional by the U. S. Supreme
Court in 1935.3 The Public Contracts Act of 1936
established minimum labor standards, but only
for employers who supplied goods on Federal Gov
ernment contracts in excess of $10,000. The
pressures were strong for a Federal law of broader
application. In 1938, economic conditions had
taken a sharp turn for the worse: there were fears
of another downward spiral of wages and prices
and there were more than 10 million unemployed,
or about one-fifth of the labor force. There was
demand for a law to cut the workweek so that more
workers could share the available work. There
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
was also some fear of minors displacing adults at
lower wages. Against this background, the Fair
Labor Standards Act of 1938 became law, but only
after lengthy Congressional hearings in which
many diverse viewpoints were presented, and after
prolonged debate of the many issues involved.4
The act, as passed, applied to employees engaged
in interstate commerce, or in the production of
goods for interstate commerce, including any proc
ess or occupation necessary to the production
thereof. The definitions of “produce,” “employ,”
“goods,” and other terms in the act were in broad
language. Provision was made for enforcement
operations. Minimum standards were set for
wages, hours of work, and child labor. A number
of exemptions were set forth. Special provisions
were included for dealing with the problems of
handicapped workers, apprentices, learners, and
messengers, in order to prevent curtailment of their
opportunities for employment as a result of the
standards established.
The U. S. Supreme Court on February 3, 1941,
upheld the constitutionality of the act in the case
of United States v. F. W. Darby Lumber Co.,5 spe
cifically reversing its 1918 ruling in Hammer v.
Dagenhart.6 In the Dagenhart case, the S ipreme
Court had held unconstitutional, as outside the
commerce power of the Congress, a Federal law
prohibiting shipment in interstate commerce of
products of mines or factories where children under
specified ages had been employed. The majority
viewed the law as a regulation of production,
which they considered a local matter. Justice
Holmes and three other Justices had dissented.
On the same day as the Darby decision, the
Supreme Court held that the industry committee
procedure for issuing wage orders was a constitu
tional delegation of power, in the case of Opp
Cotton Mills v. Administrator.7 Industry com
mittee procedure, now used only in Puerto Rico,
the Virgin Islands, and American Samoa, was
1 Report of the Committee on Manufactures on the Sweating System (U. SHouse of Representatives, 52d Cong., 2d sess., Report 2309,1893), p. xxiv.
2 West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish, 300 U. S. 379; see M onthly Labor Review,
May 1937, pp. 1202-1205.
2 Schechter Corp. v. United States, 295 U. S. 495 (1935); see M onthly Labor
Review, June 1935, pp. 1466-1483.
4 Congressional consideration of a minimum fair labor standards law began
in the spring of 1937, and continued through the first session of the 75th Con
gress, the special session, and the next session, u n i l the enactment on June
14, 1938.
5312 U. S. 100 (1941); see Monthly Labor Review, February 1941, p. 423.
5 247 U. S. 251 (1918); see Monthly Labor Review, July 1918, pp. 171-177.
7 61 Sup. Ct. 524; see Monthly Labor Review, February 1941, p. 423.
TWENTY YEARS OF THE FLSA
used at that time for industries in the continental
United States.
Amendments to 1955
Since 1938, bills to clarify, improve, or other
wise amend the act have been introduced in every
Congress. Review of the act in the light of changes
in World War II received the attention of the 79th,
80th, and 81st congresses, which went into detailed
examination of the law and its application. In
1950 and again in 1956, substantial increases in
the minimum wage went into effect following con
gressional action. Of the 10 congresses since 1938,
5 have enacted significant amendments to the act
and a sixth concurred in a reorganization plan
affecting its administration.
During these 20 years, a large body of court
decisions has been built up on many aspects of
the law and its application. Also, numerous ad
ministrative actions have been taken under au
thority of the statute that have modified its appli
cation to meet changed conditions. While the
basic structure of the statute has remained the
same, a number of significant changes have taken
place in the act and its application.
Industry Committees. The earliest substantial
amendment was the provision for special industry
committees for Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands,
enacted June 26, 1940. The act as passed in 1938
applied to all the States, the District of Columbia,
and all territories or possessions of the United
States. The initial minimum wage was 25 cents
an hour, which was to be increased to 30 cents at
the end of 1 year, and to 40 cents in 1945. In
dustry committees were authorized to recommend
rates above 30 but not above 40 cents, so that
some industries could reach 40 cents in less than
7 years. The 40-cent rate was to apply to all
employment subject to the minimum wage on
October 24, 1945, unless the Administrator issued
an order, through the industry committee proce
dure, establishing or continuing a rate between
30 and 40 cents, in order to prevent substantial
curtailment of employment in the industry.
This approach allowed generally for due con
sideration of the objective of raising the minimum
8 321 U. S. 590 (1944); see Monthly Labor Review, May 1944, pp. 1021-1023.
8 325 U. S. 161 (1945); see Monthly Labor Review, July 1945, pp. 99-100.
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1099
within the defined range as rapidly as feasible
without substantial curtailment of employment.
It seemed to allow for contingencies, and for the
mainland it did. But the economies of Puerto Rico
and the Virgin Islands were in line with the low level
then prevailing in the Caribbean area, and the stat
utory rates of 25 and 30 cents were too high. Sub
stantial unemployment developed, especially in the
needle trades which had the largest employment
among the Puerto Rican industries subject to the
act. The solution was to remove the statutory
lower limit on rates which industry committees
could set; the 76th Congress, in Public Resolution
No. 88, retained the upper limit and provided, as
in the case of mainland industries, that wage orders
could be set at any level that met the dual test
of being the highest minimum rate that could be
set without substantial curtailment of employ
ment. The industry committees for Puerto Rico
and the Virgin Islands were prohibited, in addi
tion, from recommending a minimum wage rate
that would give any native industry a competitive
advantage over its counterpart in the United
States.
Hours of Work. In 1947, the Congress dealt with
a problem as to what constitutes hours worked
under the act. This particular problem came to
the attention of the Congress as a result of a series
of decisions by the U. S. Supreme Court.
In 1944, the Court had before it the case of
Tennessee Coal, Iron & RR. Co. v. Muscoda Local
123.* The issue was whether the time spent by
miners in underground metal mines traveling from
the portal to the working face and the return trip
at the end of the day constituted working time
compensable under the act. The employer’s
practice under the union agreement was to count
only time spent at the working face. The Court’s
decision described the travel as hazardous, in
overcrowded cars, through foul-smelling areas,
on the employer’s premises, and subject to his
control; it expressed the view that the union had
been dominated by the company and concluded
that the travel time was hours worked.
In 1945, the Supreme Court made the same
ruling with respect to travel time of coal miners,
in the case of Jewell Ridge Coal Corp. v. United
Mine Workers.9 In this case, the same practice of
counting time only at the working face was
specified in the union agreement. The travel
1100
here also was described as underground, on the
employer’s premises, and subject to his control.
The Court held the travel time to be time worked,
referring to its decision in the T e n n e s s e e C o a l case
as precedent.
In June 1946, the Court ruled again on travel
time, in the case of A n d e r s o n v. M l . C l e m e n s
P o t t e r y C o .10 The issue here was whether time
necessarily spent by factory employees walking
between the time clocks and their working places
and time spent in make-ready activities constituted
working time under the act. Here also the time
was referred to as spent on the employer’s premises
and subject to his control. The Court ruled that
it was hours worked, citing its decisions in the
T e n n e s s e e C o a l and J e w e l l R i d g e cases.
By the time the 80th Congress convened in
January 1947, newspapers were carrying stories
of court actions filed by employees, involving
several billion dollars alleged to be due under the
act, on the basis of the M t . C le m e n s case. The
suits were being filed under section 16 (b) of the
act, which allows employees to sue for back wages
plus an equal amount as liquidated damages, and
which also provides for court costs and attorney’s
fees if the suit is successful.
To meet this situation, Congress amended the
Fair Labor Standards Act by passing the Portalto-Portal Act of 1947. Under this act, activities
preliminary and postliminary to the employee’s
principal activities, but not an integral part of
them, are hours worked only if made compensable
by the employment agreement or by custom or
practice. The Portal Act also set a uniform 2-year
statute of limitations for back pay suits, to replace
State statutes of limitations, ranging from 1 to 6
years, that had previously been applicable. It
further provided “good faith” defenses for em
ployers under certain conditions and canceled all
back pay claims under the M t . C le m e n s ruling
which did not rest on contract, custom, or practice.
The Portal Act was signed by the President on
May 14, 1947.
R e g u l a r R a t e o f P a y . The next amendment dealt
with the “regular rate of pay” 11 and is also of
some interest in showing the interaction of the
executive branch of the Federal Government, the
judiciary, and the Congress. On June 17, 1948,
the Supreme Court handed down its decision in
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the cases of B a y R i d g e O p e r a t in g C o . v. A a r o n , 12
and H u r o n S te v e d o r i n g C o . v. B l u e . 13 The issue
was the determination of the regular rate of pay
of longshoremen under a union contract that
designated the hours between 8 a. m. and 5 p. m.
on weekdays and 8 a. m. and noon on Saturday as
straight-time hours, and required payment for
any other hours worked to be made at time and a
half the rate agreed upon for the straight-time
hours. The time and a half was payable regardless
of how many hours the employee had worked
during the specified daytime periods in the day or
week. The Court held that these time and onehalf payments had to be included with the pay for
straight-time hours in arriving at the “regular
rate” on which overtime pay due under the act
was to be computed.
The 81st Congress considered this problem
when it convened the next year. Various pro
ponents of the bill that finally passed argued that
the union agreement provisions involved dated
back many years before the passage of the Fair
Labor Standards Act; that their purpose was to
regularize the work of longshoremen, who had
in the past typically worked for more than 1 em
ployer in a week, had been subject to calls for
as much as 20 or 22 hours of work at a stretch to
get a ship unloaded and out of port, and sometimes
had such work calls twice or more in a week from
2 or more employers; that before World War II,
these union agreement provisions had substan
tially moved the work into the “straight-time”
hours; that the work involved in the lawsuits
involved full weeks for the same employer because,
during World War II, the Maritime Commission
had urged avoiding lost time through the move
ment of longshoremen from one employer to
another; and that similar “clock overtime” pro
visions had come into use in other industries for
the purpose of regularizing the employees’ work
shifts. The Congress passed the so-called Over
time On Overtime Act, which was later incorpo
rated in the Fair Labor Standards Amendments
of 1949, to clarify the matter, and the President
10328 U. S. 680 (1946); see Monthly Labor Review, August 1946, pp. 249-250.
11 Section 7 of the Fair Labor Standards Act prohibits employment “ for a
workweek longer than 40 hours . . . unless such employee receives compensa
tion for his employment in excess of the hours above specified at a rate not
less than one and one-half times the regular rate at which he is employed.”
12334 U. S. 4461 (1948); see M onthly Labor Review, August 1948 and
February 1949, pp. 165 and 151, respectively.
» 332 U. S. 814 (1948).
1101
TWENTY YEARS OF THE FLSA
signed it on July 20, 1949. This act contained a
number of provisions specifying types of payment
excluded from the computation of the regular
rate; it also canceled liabilities under the Supreme
Court’s decision in the Bay Ridge case.
The 194.9 Amendments. The most important
change in the FLSA amendments of 1949 was the
increase in the minimum wage to 75 cents from
40 cents an hour. Despite the inflation of World
War II and the postwar period, the rising level
of economic activity had been accompanied by
significant gains in real purchasing power of the
bulk of employees in the country. The statutory
minimum wage of 40 cents, however, no longer
afforded significant benefit to the covered workers
at the lower end of the wage scale.
The move in Congress to revise the level of the
minimum wage had gotten under way late in 1945.
In the summer of 1949, the 75-cent rate was en
acted, representing a significant improvement in
the buying power of the minimum wage. This
was another major achievement to benefit lowpaid workers. In addition to pay raises resulting
from the early statutory rates of 25 and 30 cents
and intermediate industry committee actions that
set rates below 40 cents, the final industry wage
orders establishing the 40-cent rate required wage
increases for 1.6 million workers. When the 75cent rate was enacted, it necessitated pay raises
for 1.3 million of the 21 million workers to whom
the minimum wage provision then applied.
The amendments of 1949 also significantly
strengthened the child labor provisions of the
act. The original enactment had prohibited the
shipment in interstate commerce of goods pro
duced in an establishment in or about which,
during 30 days prior to shipment, oppressive child
labor had been employed. The amendment added
a direct prohibition of the employment of oppres
sive child labor in interstate commerce or in the
production of goods for interstate commerce. The
prohibition of agricultural employment for chil
dren who were “legally required to attend school”
was changed to permit such employment only
“outside of school hours for the school district
where such employee is living while so employed.”
In addition, the prohibition of employment of
minors under 18 in occupations found to be
hazardous by the Secretary of Labor, was made
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applicable to the employment of a minor employed
by his parent.
Another significant change made in 1949 was
the provision authorizing the Secretary to super
vise the payment of wages found due under the
act, with the employee’s acceptance of such pay
ment constituting a waiver of any rights to an
additional equal amount in liquidated damages.
The Secretary was also authorized to bring court
action for recovery of the underpayment, at the
request of the underpaid employee, where no un
settled question of law was involved.
During the deliberations of the three successive
congresses that finally led to the amendments of
1949, a number of bills had been introduced that
would have extended the boundaries of the act far
beyond its original scope. Other bills were, ac
cording to their sponsors, intended to curb what
they called an extension of the act by interpreta
tion, even though the interpretations had been
sustained by the courts. In 1949, the House of
Representatives failed to adopt a bill to make a
sweeping extension of coverage. The Senate, by
agreement of the leaders on this issue, refused to
consider the extension of coverage. The bill as
passed by the Congress contained some features
tending in the other direction. Chief among them
were a rewriting of the exemption for retail or
service establishments and the replacement of cov
erage of activities “necessary to” the production
of goods for commerce with coverage only if such
activities are “closely related” and “directly essen
tial” to such production.
Other changes included the following: (a) elim
ination of the minimum wage exemption for em
ployees of seafood canneries and airlines; (b)
broadening of the minimum wage and overtime
exemption for small newspapers and small public
telephone exchanges; and (c) addition of a new
minimum wage and overtime exemption for log
ging operations with no more than 12 employees.
Adoption of the $1 Rate and Other Changes
A sharp price rise followed the outbreak of the
Korean conflict in June 1950. Again the buying
power of the minimum suffered erosion, not on
the scale of World War II, but nevertheless a
serious diminution in the standard. By 1955,
there was a strong demand for another review of
1102
the minimum wage, and proponents of expansion
again urged their views. The Congress acted on
the level of the wage, but again deferred the cov
erage question.
At hearings held by the labor committees of the
84th Congress, many arguments used for or against
an increase were reminiscent of the 1937-38 de
bates on the minimum wage; many others were
patterned on those used in the discussions that
preceded the increase to 75 cents an hour in 1949.
There was a good deal of discussion of wages in
major industries and industry groups, economic
trends (national income, purchasing power, and
productivity), and family budget studies.
The Department of Labor brought into the dis
cussion an additional way of looking at the prob
lem, based partly on some studies of the short-run
effects of the minimum wage increase to 75 cents
in 1950. The Department's testimony directed
the attention of the committees to a consideration
of the impact of proposed minimum wage rates in
the industries and branches of industry where
wages would have to be increased substantially.14
The added attention to the low-wage segments
helped put the discussion in focus and pointed the
way to better insight into the problem. The Con
gress adopted a $1 minimum in the summer of
1955, setting March 1, 1956, as the effective date.
In addition, section 4 (d) of the act was amended
to require annual reports by the Secretary of Labor,
evaluating and appraising minimum wages under
the act.
In the same enactment, the provision dealing
with wage orders for Puerto Rico and the Virgin
Islands was amended to speed up the program
by requiring industry committee review of all
wage orders on an annual basis. The following
year, the Congress extended the wage order pro
cedure used for Puerto Rico to American Samoa,
with some modifications. This enactment, the
American Samoa Labor Standards Amendments
of 1956 (Public Law 1023, 84th Cong.), was
signed August 8, 1956.
The 85th Congress held hearings on the cover
age of the Fair Labor Standards Act, beginning
in February 1957. This subject has been con
sidered many times. In 1939 and 1940, a con
siderable number of bills introduced in the
Congress would have restricted the application
of the act, principally by broadening exemption
provisions or adding new ones. The only action
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taken at that time was to provide an exemption
for small public telephone exchanges. Similar
proposals have been introduced in each Congress
since then, but no additional exemptions have
been adopted except in 1949, as noted earlier.
On the other hand, proposals for substantially
total coverage of employees of businesses, with
application of the standards limited for all prac
tical purposes only where a specific exemption is
provided, have been introduced in every Congress
since 1945 without being enacted.
The Secretary of Labor in the spring of 1957
proposed changes in the coverage and exemption
provisions which would extend the minimum
wage to some 2% million additional employees,
mostly in larger enterprises which are substan
tially engaged in interstate commerce. Under the
Secretary’s proposal, extension of coverage and
additional application of the minimum wage
would, for all practical purposes, coincide: except
for executive group positions and outside sales
men, the minimum wage would apply generally
to all the newly covered employees.
None of these proposals to extend coverage
or to narrow exemptions were approved by
Congress. While the basic statutory outline of
coverage is the same now as in 1938, the number
of times the Congress has reviewed the act and
the number of changes enacted give evidence
of the vitality of this social legislation and of the
continued interest in adjusting it to major changes
in economic conditions so as to avoid impairment
of its effectiveness.
The 85th Congress, however, acted in 1957
on a troublesome question dealing with the
geographic scope of the act. The act as passed
in 1938 provided for its application in the United
States, the District of Columbia, and territories
and possessions of the United States, as pre
viously noted. On December 6, 1948, the
Supreme Court had held, in Vermilya-Brown Co.
v. Connell,16 that land in Bermuda leased to the
14 The Department’s testimony was based partly on a report entitled
“ Results of the Minimum Wage Increase of 1950,” which included the
results of wage surveys in selected low-wage industries which had been
conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics early in 1950. For a summary
of the report, see M onthly Labor Review, March 1955, pp. 307-311. The
industry studies, which covered southern sawmilling and the fertilizer, men’s
dress shirts and nightwear, men’s seamless hosiery, and wood furniture
(except upholstered) industries, were summarized in the following issues of
the Review: September 1950, pp. 313-317; January 1951, pp. 33-37; August
1951, pp. 166-170; and June 1951, pp. 674-676 and 672-674, respectively.
|
15 335 U. S. 377 (1948); see M onthly Labor Review, February 1949, p. 151.
TWENTY YEARS OF THE FLSA
United States for establishment of a military
base was a possession of the United States within
the meaning of the act, and that the act applied
to work performed there in interstate commerce
or the production of goods for commerce. This
decision raised perplexing questions not only with
regard to military bases maintained by the United
States within the boundaries of other countries
with highly diverse economies, but also with
regard to outlying areas of the United States in
which no action had previously been taken to
apply the act. To clarify this matter, the
Congress passed the Overseas Amendments (Public
Law 85-231, 85th Cong.), which designated the
places in which the act was to apply thereafter,
eliminated all liabilities under the act in any
other place, and eliminated any liabilities in
Guam, Wake Island, and the Canal Zone prior to
the effective date of the amendment.
Toward the close of its 2d session, the 85th
Congress amended the provisions of the act dealing
with industry committee action in Puerto Rico,
the Virgin Islands, and American Samoa. This
amendment authorizes biennial instead of annual
review of minimum wage orders, while permitting
an additional review in any biennial period at the
discretion of the Secretary of Labor. It states
clearly that the requirement of biennial review
does not apply to wage orders that have reached
the statutory minimum.
Revision of Regulations
The statute specifies a number of matters for
administrative definition and finding, to fill in
gaps within the boundaries of the law. In this
dynamic and growing economy, there is a con
tinuous development of changes in methods of
manufacture, in products made, in channels of
processing and distribution, and in industrial rela
tions. Administration of the act involves a con
tinuing obligation to ascertain how the act and
regulations issued under its authority apply in
changing fact situations.
Regulations and
interpretations are stated on the basis of the facts
of an economic activity or an employer-employee
arrangement. When the facts change materially,
the statement needs reexamination.
16 320 U. S. 725 (1944) ; see Monthly Labor Review, August 1944, pp. 378-379
17 320 U. S. 473 (1956); see Monthly Labor Review, June 1956, p. 691.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1103
In 20 years, many such changes have taken
place. For example, for purposes of applying the
statutory exemption from minimum wage and
overtime for certain operations in the assembly
and processing of agricultural products, the Ad
ministrator originally had defined the “area of
production” in terms which depended in part on
the number of employees in the establishment
which performed these operations. At the time
the issue was tested in the courts, establishments
with more than 10 employees were ineligible for
the exemption under the regulations. The
Supreme Court, in the case of Addison v. Holly
Hill Fruit Products, Inc.,16 said the definition con
templated by Congress was a geographical con
cept, involving a distinction between urbanindustrial and rural-agricultural zones, and not a
definition based on size of establishment. The
Administrator issued a revised definition in
December 1946 which established as criteria the
location of the establishment in open country or a
rural community (determined by its population)
and the radius within which the establishment
receives the farm products that it handles or
processes. The U. S. Supreme Court sustained
the present definition 10 years later, in Mitchell
v. BuddP
Another illustration of change through adminis
trative regulation is found in the regulations de
fining and delimiting (for purposes of exemption
from the minimum wage and overtime provisions)
bona fide executive, administrative, and profes
sional employees, which the Administrator is
authorized to do under section 13 (a) (1) of the
act. For the exemption to apply, an employee
must meet a salary test, in addition to tests of
duties and responsibilities. After hearings and
studies, the salary tests issued in 1940 were re
vised in January 1950 in order to take account
of the substantial changes in prevailing salary
levels during and after World War II. Currently,
the Administrator is considering another revision,
in view of similar changes which have occurred
since 1950.
Other changes in regulations have been made;
for example, determinations with respect to the
seasonality of particular industries for purposes
of applying a limited exemption from the overtime
provision of the act for industries found to be
seasonal in nature. The development of new
industrial practices and processes has in certain
1104
instances required a review to determine whether
the new operations were seasonal and the industry
definition should be changed.
Court Decisions
During the two decades since the act was passed,
important interpretations of its meaning have
been set forth in a great number of court decisions.
In the overwhelming majority of cases, the courts
have sustained the views of the Department of
Labor. Following the often stated rule that the
act is a remedial statute, and that under a reme
dial statute coverage should be construed broadly
and exemptions narrowly, the courts have ap
proved paths of connection which developed,
step by step, the application of the act. A few
examples will serve to describe this trend.
In the case of W a l l i n g v. M c C r a d y C o n s tr u c tio n
C o .,ls a Federal court of appeals held that the act
applied to work on roads and streets used to a
substantial extent by heavy-duty trucks trans
porting products to railheads or to other plants
for further processing. This work was held to be
so closely related to interstate commerce as to be
a part of it. The act was also held applicable to
the building of a new structure erected on the
premises of a large factory, because of the close
relationship of such work to the production of
goods for interstate commerce where these struc
tures were additions to or replacements of facilities
already used on the premises for interstate pro
duction. The Supreme Court denied review of
this case.
In the case of A l s t a t e C o n s tr u c tio n C o . v.
D u r k i n ,19 the Supreme Court held that “off-theroad” employees engaged in producing road mixes
and other materials for use in the same State in
the repair and maintenance of instrumentalities
of interstate commerce are engaged in the produc
tion of goods “for” commerce. The Court thus
established that the production of goods for
commerce includes the production of goods which
facilitate or aid commerce, even though the goods
do not move across State lines, by reason of the use
of these goods by others in furthering commerce.
Subsequently, the Supreme Court held, in
M i t c h e l l v. V o l lm e r 20 that employees constructing
a new lock and canal to be used as an alternate
route for the Gulf Intercoastal Waterway were
covered. The decision in this case is considered
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of particular significance because it stated that
coverage under the act extends to “new construc
tion” of an instrumentality of commerce intended,
when completed, to improve and become part of
another instrumentality of commerce. It had
been argued that such new construction was not
covered because similar construction projects had
been held not to be covered by the interstate
commerce language of the Federal Employees’
Liability Act in prior Supreme Court decisions.
The Supreme Court in the V o llm e r case, however,
held that the decisions under the other statute
were not controlling. It pointed out that coverage
under the Fair Labor Standards Act has been
given a liberal construction from its inception
and that the Federal Employees’ Liability Act
was an act of another vintage.
Administration of the Act
One of the fields in which marked progress has
been made during the past 20 years is in the con
duct of investigations to secure compliance with
the act. There were serious difficulties involved in
getting an investigation program under way as
the essential first step in enforcing the law. A staff
of investigators had to be hired and trained, and
operating procedures developed.
Meanwhile,
complaints alleging violation of the law piled up.
By June 30, 1940, complaints involving about
31,000 establishments had been assigned for
investigations, and only about 4,000 investi
gations had been completed.
Various expedients were adopted to speed up
the efforts to secure compliance.
“Industry
drives,” in which a large proportion of the investi
gative staff was assigned to a particular industry,
were made in order to achieve equitable appli
cation of the law among competitors. Efforts were
also made to reduce the time involved in an
investigation. Mailed questionnaires to discover
noncompliance were attempted, and experiments
were made with other stopgap methods such as
“spot check” or abbreviated investigations.
Meanwhile, the fundamental task of building a
trained staff was going forward. With this done,
the Divisions made over 70,000 investigations in
18156 F. 2d 932 (1946); certiorari denied, 329 U. S. 785; see M onthly Labor
Review, November 1946, pp. 764-765.
18 345 U. S. 13 (1953); see Monthly Labor Review, M ay 1953, p. 523.
80 339 U. S. 427 (1955); see Monthly Labor Review, August 1955, p. 926.
1105
TWENTY YEARS OF THE FLSA
fiscal year 1942. Stopgap devices were dropped.
Increased national office control of investigation
programming developed. It had been found that
equitable application of the law could not be
achieved by investigating only on complaints,
because of considerable noncompliance found
where no complaints had been received. Begin
ning about 1945, the general program design was
to investigate on complaints; to concentrate
other investigations in industries which had
shown a high degree of noncompliance in previous
investigations; and to investigate some establish
ments in other industries as a spot check on the
compliance situation.
The investigation program for 1957 included a
sample survey of establishments selected from
industries which comprise over two-thirds of all
establishments with employees to whom the act
applies. The purpose of this survey was to
provide a statistical basis for an estimate of the
extent of noncompliance, as well as some broad
indications of the areas, industries, and types of
establishments in which violations were likely
to be found on investigation, to be used for pro
gram planning. On the basis of the survey
results, an estimate was developed of the amount
of underpayment, under the minimum wage and
overtime pay provisions of the act, that would
h a v e b een d isclo sed if all of the esta b lish m en ts
in the surveyed industries had been investigated
during the year. The underpayments actually
disclosed by investigations made in the same
industries during fiscal year 1957 amounted to
about one-fifth of the estimated total. This
compliance survey also provided some general
indications of greater likelihood of finding under
payments on investigation in some regions than
in others, in nonmetropolitan as compared with
» A number of the individual surveys on which this report will be based
were conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The surveys include
wage and employment data and background information for plants in 12
industries and in 7 relatively small labor market areas in which a significant
effect of the increase in the minimum wage to $1 was anticipated. The
payroll data apply to periods immediately before and shortly after the new
minimum went into effect on March 1, 1956, and 1 year later. Results of
the industry surveys for the earlier periods were summarized in the following
issues of the Monthly Labor Review, March, April, September, and Novem
ber 1957, pp. 323-328, 441-446, 1087-1091, and 1339-1343, respectively. A
summary of the results of the 1957 industry studies appeared in the May
1958 issue, pp. 492-501. The 7 labor-market surveys were summarized in the
July 1958 issue, pp. 737-743. A summary of some of the nonwage effects
of the increase in the minimum in 8 industries is included in this issue (pp.
1137-1142). Followup studies of individual plants, designed to further
explore methods used by employers in adjusting to an increase in the min
imum wage, have not yet been published. The report on the full program
of studies will include detailed analyses not yet available and an attem pt
at synthesis and appraisal of the economic effect of the $1 minimum wage.
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metropolitan areas, and in certain industries
and industry groups.
The survey thus provided generalizations but
could not pinpoint the many pockets of noncompliance that investigations have discovered.
The operation of the investigation program will
continue to require the detailed local knowledge
of the Divisions’ field staff. Added emphasis is
now being placed on the contribution to investiga
tion programming by the Divisions’ 77 field
offices, in addition to that of its regional offices.
The value of the Divisions’ policy of decentralizing
operations was confirmed by the survey findings
of more extensive noncompliance outside of
metropolitan areas. The Divisions are therefore
continuing the move that was already under way,
to shift investigators out of field offices to itinerant
stations. The number of itinerant stations has
increased from 111 in fiscal year 1956 to 213 in
fiscal year 1958, with about 40 percent of the
investigative staff now assigned to them. This
trend is continuing, and in fiscal year 1959, the
Divisions plan to bring the investigators operating
out of itinerant stations up to about 50 percent
of the total investigative staff.
New work is also being done in another phase
of the Divisions’ responsibility. By January
1959, the Divisions expect to report on a 3-year
program of studies of the economic effects of the
$1 minimum.21 These studies should throw addi
tional light on the problem of evaluating the
effects of an increase in the statutory minimum
wage and should be of help to the Executive
Branch, the Congress, and others interested in
the level of the minimum wage.
These economic studies are the start of a con
tinuing evaluation of minimum wages as a regular
function of the Divisions. The importance of
such studies under the Fair Labor Standards
Act was emphasized by the enactment of the
1955 amendment, previously mentioned, which
requires reports on this subject.
Conclusion
In a highly industrialized and diversified econ
omy such as that of the United States, a mini
mum wage law performs a somewhat narrow
but important economic function. The Federal
minimum wage, like the other provisions of the
act, sets a standard in the labor market, as do
1106
State minimum wage laws which, apply to types
of employment that are outside the scope of the
Federal law. Such laws tend to prod establish
ments that have lagged in management, in tech
nology, and also in wages paid their employees.
In a dynamic economy, thousands of establish
ments are started every year, and thousands go
out of business. If an enterprise can stay in
business only by paying wages below the legal
standard applying equally to its competitors, it is
a drag on the industry and a burden on its
employees.
When the Congress sets a new minimum wage,
it sets the lowest wage that can legally be paid
for work to which the law applies. Adjustments
must be made so that the work that is done carries
that wage. If the payment of the wage means
a somewhat higher price for the product, out of
the many that the people buy, then that price
should be paid, so consumers will not benefit
from exploitation of the workers and the industry.
If the increased wage is covered by improvements
in management or in productivity, society gains,
as well as the worker. If an employer can pay
the wage with no change in his methods, then
he is being brought into line with what the bulk
of his competitors are already paying.
The overtime pay requirement for a workweek
in excess of the statutory standard was un
doubtedly thought of by many as a worksharing
device when the act was passed, as well as a benefit
to the worker’s general well-being. It tends to
be looked at now in terms of the time it helps to
provide the worker for engaging in his duties as
a citizen, for taking part in community activities,
and for enjoying leisure pursuits.
The minor seeking work may have been thought
of, in a sense, as a threat to an adult’s job in 1938.
Nowadays, as for many years before the act was
passed, the value of the child labor provisions is
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
thought of in terms of the health and the oppor
tunities for development of the minor.
In this perspective, the act is not a depression
cure but an integral part of the economic and social
life of the country, with enduring value. It
should be reviewed from time to time, as it has
been in the past 20 years, to insure that its
standards are not obsolete and to see if they
are the standards the people still want and can
feasibly and properly effectuate in a Federal law.
Prevailing standards in hours of work and pre
vailing views on child labor have not changed
sharply in the past 20 years. The wage-rate
figure became obsolete because of inflation and
the growth of the economy, and had to be adjusted
to restore its purchasing power and add to its
content.
With respect to all these standards, there may
be desires or needs of the people that move in
opposite directions and must be balanced. In
appraising the workweek standard, consideration
should be given to the Nation’s needs for produc
tion, and the people’s desire for income and their
desire for leisure. In connection with minimum
working age, consideration should be given to
the need for education or training, the wide
variation in the capacity of individuals for such
development, and the desire to start earning .
soon. In reviewing the level of the minimum
wage, consideration should be given to the needs
of the worker and the buying power of the mini
mum wage, to problems of absorption of a mini
mum wage rate without substantial unemploy
ment or serious inflation, and to problems of
pay differentials and incentives for mastering and
using higher skills. With review, the standards
in the Fair Labor Standards Act can be main
tained in reasonable relationship to the level of
the economy and the goals of the society, and
thus achieve their purpose.
Rate Setting by the
Army-Air Force
Wage Board
Toivo P.
K a n n in e n *
T his article describes in general terms the
organization and policies for wage determination
applicable to prevailing rate employees of the
Army and the Air Force. It covers the character
istics of the labor force; the types of wage sched
ules maintained; the job classification structure;
and the measurement of labor market rates.
Wage rates currently in force in various labor
markets are presented for selected labor grades.
Interregional and intraregional comparisons of job
rate levels and skill differentials are made, with
particular attention to size of community as a pay
determinant. The findings should be viewed in
terms of the industrial orientation of the wage
surveys on which the rates are based, the particular
procedure followed in determining the market
wage line, and the interarea differences in timing
of wage studies and issuance of wage schedules.1
Civilian employees of the Federal Government
are employed under a multiplicity of pay plans.
In terms of pay systems, the principal groups and
the proportions they represent of Federal employ
ment are the Classification Act employees (twofifths), the postal field service (one fifth), and the
wage board or prevailing rate group (one third).
The Classification Act group consists of those
employees whose salaries are fixed by the sched
ules of the Classification Act of 1949, as amended.2
Although differing in their rates and other particu
lars, postal field service schedules are like those of
the Classification Act in that they are nationwide
schedules prescribed by statute and changed only
through legislation. Wage rate determination for
the approximately 750,000 wage board employees
as of June 1957 is covered by the provision of the
Classification Act of 1949 which exempts them
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
from the salary and classification provisions of the
act, stating that their “compensation shall be
fixed and adjusted from time to time as nearly as is
consistent with the public interest in accordance
with prevailing rates” (sec. 202 (7)). Also left to
administrative action are the determination of
specific standards and procedures for rate fixing.
Wage board workers are employed in a wide
variety of Government installations and opera
tions such as military bases, ordnance plants,
shipyards, hospitals, supply depots, Indian reser
vations, irrigation systems, printing and coinage
plants, laboratories, and the Alaska Railroad.
Wage board workers, very largely in blue-collar
occupations, are engaged in building maintenance,
warehousing and material movement, production,
custodianship, service, and related activities.
Occupations of wage board workers range from
unskilled jobs to supervisors of highly skilled craft
activities.
Since each agency has nearly complete author
ity over wage rates for its prevailing rate em
ployees, pay schedules (reviewed and commonly
adjusted annually) are responsive to changes in
industry wage levels. Variation in wage rates for
the same job among labor markets is, moreover,
accompanied by some interagency variation in
wage schedules for the individual labor market.3
To a somewhat lesser extent than basic rates,
premium pay for overtime, night, and holiday
work of wage board employees is also characterized
by relative flexibility, and both geographic and
interagency variation. Such benefits as leave
provisions, insurance plans, and retirement provi
sions are, however, common to Classification Act
and wage board workers.
Some agencies that employ large numbers of
wage board employees have highly developed
systems for maintaining pay schedules in line with
*Of the Division of Wages and Industrial Relations, Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
i The study was made possible through the cooperation and assistance
provided by Raymond J. Braitsch, Chief, Technical Staff, Army-Air Force
Wage Board.
For a comprehensive report on organization, employee consultation, and
collective bargaining in the wage determination process, see also The Govern
m ent’s Industrial Employees (in Monthly Labor Review, January 1954,
pp. 1-6, and March 1954, pp. 249-256).
s Current salary schedules for Classification Act employees will be pre
sented in a forthcoming issue of the Monthly Labor Review.
s See A Study of the Prevailing-Rate Pay Systems for Trades, Crafts,
and Labor Occupations in the Federal Service, U. S. Senate, Committee on
Post Office and Civil Service (83d Cong., 2d sess., Committee Print), 1954.
Coordination of pay policies, practices, and wage rate schedules has been
sought, and to a considerable extent achieved, through interagency co.
operative efforts.
1107
1108
prevailing rates. Other agencies rely, in part at
least, on the major agencies for data or use wage
schedules of another agency. The Bureau of
Labor Statistics with the agencies coordinates
data requirements in labor markets in which it
conducts occupational wage studies.
Army-Air Force Wage Board
In May 1958, approximately 360,000 Army and
Air Force employees were paid according to
schedules established by the Army-Air Force
Wage Board (A-AFWB).4 These employees were
dispersed over 235 labor markets in the United
States, with 1 or more wage-setting areas in each
of the 48 States and the District of Columbia, and
25 oversea areas. Employment ranged from less
than 500 in each of 8 widely scattered States to
more than 30,000 in California and Texas. In
each of these 2 States and in Ohio, New York, and
Pennsylvania, A-AFWB wage schedules were
maintained for 10 or more separate labor markets.
Among the 235 labor markets, wage board employ
ment amounted to less than 100 in about a fourth
but exceeded 10,000 in 5 metropolitan areas
located in the South and West.5
Prior to 1943, the Army Air Force had a nation
wide schedule of wage rates whereas, in most in
stances, installations of the Ground and Service
Forces of the "War Department set rates for their
own “blue collar” employees. A joint system of
wage administration was instituted in 1943 by the
War Department Wage Administration Agency
(1942-45) and maintained through the War De
partment Wage Coordination Board until the
establishment in 1948 of the Department of the
Air Force.
By joint agreement in 1948, the Secretaries of
the Army and Air Force delegated authority to
the Army-Air Force Wage Board to establish
wage policies and fix the rates for wage board
employees of their respective departments. The
A-AFWB, consisting of 3 members from each
Department, is concerned solely with policy
determination and has delegated administration of
wage policy, authorization of wage surveys, and
specific rate determinations to its Technical Staff.
To carry out prevailing rate policy, wage schedules
are based on the application of locality wage
levels to a fixed job rate alinement system.
Installations have been delegated authority to
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
evaluate their individual jobs and establish grade
levels in accordance with job evaluation standards
issued by the Army and Air Force.
Authorized wage surveys are conducted through
locality wage survey boards with the chairman
normally provided by the Technical Staff and
other members appointed from local installations.
Wage surveys are usually made in each labor
market once a year and not less frequently than
once in 2 years. Full-scale surveys involving
personal visits to employers to collect earnings
data have been alternated with wage change
surveys in which information on wage adjustments
made since the last full-scale study is secured by
telephone from establishments previously studied.
Beginning in 1958, the full-scale survey will be
followed by two wage change surveys.
Determination of Market Rates
The vast majority of prevailing rate employees
of the Army and the Air Force are engaged in
maintenance, production, and warehousing activ
ities and are paid from regular wage board sched
ules. Determination of these schedules is based
on wage studies that normally include all major
manufacturing, utilities, and transportation estab
lishments having significant numbers of workers in
the jobs studied.6 Specifically excluded from the
measurement of market rates are establishments
in wholesale and retail trade, banking and insur
ance, construction, and job shops.
Wage data are normally secured for 32 “survey
key jobs” that provide coverage of a wide range
of skills and pay levels. Data are also collected
on night-shift employment and differentials for
determination of shift-differential policy. Occu
pational earnings collected exclude premium pay
for overtime and for work on v eekends, holidays,
and late shifts. In the case of incentive pay
related to production, information is obtained on
the worker’s earnings and hours and on the
applicable base rate.
* These employees account for roughly half of the civilian employees of the
Army and Air Force. Most of the remainder were paid in accordance with
the nationwide salary schedule contained in the Classification Act of 1949,
as amended. As of June 30,1957, the Army and Air Force employed 52 per
cent of all Federal employees paid on a prevailing rate basis.
* Areawide employment generally relates to 2 or more installations. It
should also be pointed out that these employment figures exclude the very
substantial wage board employment by other Federal agencies particularly
the Department of the Navy.
* Separate schedules are established for laundry, lithographic and printing,
marine, diver, motion picture, and a few other occupations. Wage data are
collected from local establishments with comparable occupations.
1100
A R M Y -A I R F O R C E W A G E B O A R D R A T E S E T T IN G
Locality wage survey boards may make sugges
tions on geographic definitions of labor markets,
and the firms and additional key jobs to be studied;
review the data for conformance with policy
instructions; and may recommend the elimination
of rates substantially out of line with other rates
paid for the same job by the same company.
The Technical Staff reviews and makes final de
cisions on recommendations of the locality wage
survey boards. Hourly earned rates for incentive
workers are reduced by 15 percent, the reduced
rate is compared with the base rate, and whichever
is higher is used in the computation of the locality
average for the job. Locality averages for each
job studied are computed as the arithmetic mean
of the individual employees’ hourly rates (or earn
ings). The job averages are plotted against labor
grades on a scatter diagram and unusual devia
tions in the distribution are reviewed for possible
deletion. A straight line is fitted by the method
of least squares. The averages for each grade, as
read off the fitted line, are taken as the second
step (or prevailing) rates of the A-AFWB 4-step
rate ranges for nonsupervisory jobs. (Computa
tion of other step rates is discussed later.) Where
necessary, minor deviations from the straight line
are made at the lower and upper ends of the skill
range to bring the fitted line into better agreement
with existing market rates. Approved wage
schedules are issued by the Technical Staff
directly to concerned installations.
Wage Schedules
Regular nonsupervisory jobs are currently clas
sified into 28 labor grades through ranking and
factor comparison. A revised 15-grade schedule
will be put into effect in all localities during a 15month period starting in the last quarter of 1958.7
The relationship between the current and the
newly approved grades and typical jobs in each
are shown in table 1.
Air Force working leaders currently have a
20-grade schedule and their second-step rates are
established at 10 percent (minimum differential
of 15 cents) over the second step rate for the non
supervisory job which they lead. Currently, the
i
The changes in number of grades and step rates were made to achieve
greater uniformity with other Government agencies, to improve job rate
alinement, to facilitate assignment of jobs to grades, and to obtain a closer fit
of A-AFWB rates to average rates in industry as developed in surveys.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T
1. Army-Air Force Wage Board grade structure
for regular nonsupervisory jobs, current and approved 1
able
Labor grades
Ap
Current
proved 1
1 .............. 1 . . . .........
2 _ . ................. 2..............
3 .................... 3_______
4 . . ............ 4. .........
5 ___________
5 ....................
(6_______
6________ 17_______
7....... ........ \(8..............
9 ..............
r io ............
8................. i n _____
9 . . .............
10 .
..
i l 3 ______
14______
.........
15______
16______
11............. <17______
18______
12...............
1 9 ...........
'20.............
13...............
21______
J 2 2 _____
14............... 123-24___
15.............. 25-28___
Typical jobs 1
Cleaner, elevator operator, mess attendant.
Baggage checker, laborer flight'.
Laborer fheavy), packe:, ward attendant.
Munitions handler, service-station operator, ware
house tractor operator.
Tire and tube repairman, trades helper.
Rrarer and solderez, truckdriver (medium).
Junior painter, tractor operator.
Junior carpenter, parachute packer, sandblaster.
Jet-engine assembler, railroad brakemen, truckdrlver
(heavyl.
Ccok, meatcutter, parachute repairman.
Glassblower, painter, pipe coverer.
Carpenter, gun-stock maker roofer.
Electroplater, propellor assembler, tailor.
Heating-equipment repairer, sheetmetal worker,
steamfitter.
Aircraft mechanic, automotive mechanic, electrician.
Aircraft-parts Inspector, bricklayer, crane operator.
Aircraft-engine overhaul Inspector, machine-tool in
spector, machinist (general).
Aircraft quality-control inspector, electronic-equip
ment maintainor.
Modelmaker (wood).
Modelmaker (metal), patternmaker, tool and die and
gageniaker.
Instrumentmaker.
Tool and gage checker.
1
Approved grade" will be effected in all localities during a 15-month period
starting the last quarter of 1958. Certain jobs may be reevaluated at the
time the plan is installed.
>Jobs are listed at their usual present grade. Jobs with these titles may
be in higher or lower grade, depending on specific duties at local installations.
* Jobs are highly specialized.
Army normally pays working leaders on the non
supervisory schedule three grades above the grade
of workers led. The Air Force differential pro
visions will apply to both the Army and Air Force
under the approved 15-grade schedule.
A 17-grade pay schedule will continue to apply
to regular supervisory employees pending further
study. Second step rates for the first 8 super
visory labor grades are obtained by adding to the
second-step rates for the first 8 odd-numbered
labor grades in the nonsupervisory schedule a
cents-per-hour amount that equals 25 percent of
the rate for step 2, grade 15. Rates for the re
maining 9 grades are based on varying percentages
(125 to 200 percent) of the step-2, grade-17 rate
in the nonsupervisory schedule. Modifications of
this procedure are made under certain conditions.
The first (entry rate), third, and fourth steps
currently in use in the nonsupervisory, leader, and
supervisory schedules are set at 95, 105, and 110
percent, respectively, of the second step rates.
Employees are normally hired at the first step and
advance to the second step after 26 weeks of satis
factory service and conduct. Advancement to
mo
and step 3 requires 78 weeks of satisfactory service
conduct in step 2 (minimum of 52 weeks in indi
vidual meritorious cases). Advancement from
step 3 to step 4 is based on merit review and re
quires a minimum of 52 weeks in step 3.
Approved new procedures provide 3 steps in
place of 4 for nonsupervisory and leader employees.
The 5-percent increments between steps will
continue, and advancement provisions are to be
unchanged except that advancement to step 3
will require 78 weeks’ service in all cases and the
present fourth step will be abolished. Pending
further study, the four-step rate plan is beingcontinued in supervisory schedules. No employee
will suffer a reduction in pay in the installation
of the new pay plan.
Current Rate Levels
Of the approximately 360,000 prevailing rate
employees of Army and Air Force, two-thirds
are paid from nonsupervisory regular wage board
schedules for 235 labor markets in the United
States. With reference to the current 28-grade
structure, more than half of the nonsupervisory
employees are concentrated in labor grades
3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 12, and 15. As shown in table 1,
unskilled jobs involving light, repetitive tasks
are assigned to grades 1 or 2. Heavy labor and
packing jobs are in grade 3, trades helpers in
grade 5, and semiskilled and intermediate trades
jobs are classified in grades 7 through 10. Grades
12 and 15 are the most heavily populated levels
for skilled trade and mechanical work. Less
than 1 percent of all nonsupervisory employees
are in grades 21 and above.
Examination of market rates (second step) is
made in terms of 3 reference points in the pay
structure—labor grades 2, 5, and 15. The wage
spread thus covers jobs ranging from light labor to
skilled trades, e. g., aircraft mechanic, automotive
mechanic, and electrician. Because of the method
of establishing the wage line, the rates for these
jobs as shown in table 2 do not conform exactly
to the average rate for each job in the locality
as established in wage surveys.
One hundred labor markets were selected to
provide broad representation by region, State,
and size of community from among those for
which schedules were issued during the October
1957-August 1958 period, with preference given
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , O C T O B E R 1958
to markets having substantial wage board employ
ment.
Wage rates for the skilled workers in labor
grade 15 ranged from $1.96 an hour in Fayette
ville, N. C., to $2.77 in Detroit—a difference of
41 percent. For labor grade 2 (light labor jobs),
the second step rates (market rates) ranged from
$1.21 in Philpott-Danville-South Hill area in
southern Virginia to $2.13 in Detroit—a difference
of 76 percent. Among the 100 areas, more than
50 separate rates were in effect within the low-high
ranges of 81 cents for grade 15 and 92 cents for
grade 2.
Examination of pay rates for a given grade in
different population groups by regions revealed
a pattern of pay relationships that permits of a
few qualified generalizations. As indicated in
the following tabulation, median area rates tended
to be highest in the West and, except in that
region, tended to be highest in large areas and
lowest in small areas.
Metropolitan areas
Nonmetro
250,000
Less than
politan
or more
250,000 communities
population population
Labor grade 15:
Northeast____
....
South ___________
North Central.
West
__ _
Labor grade 2:
N ortheast..
_
South __ __ _ _ .
North Central____
West _ ________ ___
$2.52
2.48
2.60
2.57
1.89
1.71
1.94
1. 90
$2.
2.
2.
2.
22
34
34
58
$2.
2.
2.
2.
16
27
41
53
1. 71
1. 56
1. 80
1. 93
1.
1.
1.
1.
60
42
77
92
Regionally, median rates in the South for grade
2 were 15 to 18 cents below comparable area-size
averages in the Northeast.8 For this grade, the
greatest difference in pay can be noted in the smallarea group; median rates in the West and South
were $1.92 and $1.42, respectively—a differential
of 35 percent. Rates commanded by skilled
workers (grade 15) showed less variation among
regions and the southern median was lowest (by
4 cents) only in the large-area group. Among
metropolitan areas with less than 250,000 popula
tion, the median rate for grade 15 in the South
equaled the North Central average and exceeded
the Northeast average by 12 cents. The greatest
8 Since the 100 areas were not selected to provide proportionate representa
tion to each region and area-size group, average rates (medians) are introduced
only on the region-size group level. All-area medians within each region
are employed later in the review of absolute and relative differentials between
grades.
A R M Y -A I R F O R C E W A G E B O A R D R A T E S E T T IN G
interregional difference—again in the small-area
group—amounted to 37 cents or 17 percent.
¡jt; Size of community appears to be a pay-influenc
ing factor although pay relationships were some
what mixed. Median rates for grade 2 in large
metropolitan areas in the Northeast, South, and
North Central regions exceeded rates for the small
areas by 10 percent or more. Median grade 2
T a b l e 2.
1111
rates in the West were closely grouped. For
grade 15, large area rates exceeded those for the
small areas by slightly smaller margins in the
South and North Central but by 17 percent in the
Northeast.
It is not to be assumed, however, that the rates
are closely clustered around the medians. Within
region and area size groups, rates for each grade
Wage rates 1for selected labor grades in regular nonsupervisory schedules issued by A rm y-A ir Force Wage Board,
100 selected labor markets. October 1957-August 1958
Region and area2
Wage
schedule
issued
Labor grade 3
Region and area2
15
5
2
N ortheast
Metropolitan areas with 250,000 or more
population:
Boston, Mass____________________
Bridgeport, C o n n ______________
Buffalo, N. Y ____________________
New York, N. Y.-Newark, N. J ___
Philadelphia, P a_________ _______
Pittsburgh, P a_________________ .
Providence-Newport, R. I.—New
Bedford, Mass.
Rochester, N .Y __________________
Metropolitan areas with less than 250,000
population:
Binghamton, N. Y __________ ___
Fitchburg-Lowell-Worcester, Mass. .
Portland, M aine. . . . . . ________
Trenton, N. J __________________
York, P a ... ___________________
Nonmetropolitan communities:
Bangor, Maine___________________
Burlington, V t_____ . . . _____ _
Chambersburg, P a___________ ____
New London, Conn____ _ _______
Portsmouth, N. H _______ ____
Watertown, N. Y ________________
Oct. 1957..
Apr. 1958..
Jan. 1958..
May 1958—
Feb. 1958..
Apr. 1958..
June 1958..
$2.49
2. 49
2. 55
2.62
2.57
2.65
2. 28
$2.05
1.98
2.11
2.15
2.10
2.10
1.87
$1.84
1.83
1.98
1.98
1.95
1.94
1. 72
Feb. 1958..
2.47
1.93
1.77
Feb. 1958..
Feb. 1958May 1958.
Mar. 1958.
Jan. 1958..
2.21
2. 33
2.18
2. 59
2.22
1.75
1.89
1.74
2.11
1.83
1.62
1.75
1.59
1.94
1.71
Jan. 1958—
Jan. 1958—
Jan. 1958—
Dec. 1957Nov. 1957.
Feb. 1958..
2.18
2.01
2.05
2. 43
2.19
2.13
1.73
1. 55
1.63
2.00
1.75
1. 76
1.59
1.40
1.50
1.83
1. 60
1.65
July 1958—
Jan. 1958.
Mar. 1958Dec. 1947..
Apr. 1958..
Apr. 1958—
June 1958-July 1958..
Jan. 1958
Mar. 1958.
Mar. 1958-
2.50
2.52
2.41
2. 56
2.45
2.44
2. 50
2.30
2.40
2. 48
2.49
1.83
2.04
1.88
2.01
1.74
1.89
1.88
1.86
1.78
1.96
2.02
1.61
1.89
1. 71
1. 82
1.53
1.69
1.69
1.72
1.57
1. 78
1.88
S outh
Metropolitan areas with 250,000 or more
population:
Atlanta, Ga. ___________________
Baltimore, Md._ _
__________
Fort Worth -Dallas, Tex___ ______
Louisville, Ky.-Jeffersonville, In d __
Memphis, Tenn _. ________ _____
Miami, F la______ _____ _________
New Orleans, L a ... _____________
Oklahoma City, Okla_____________
Richmond-Petersburg, Va_________
Washington, D. C _______________
Wilmington, Del__ __________
Metropolitan areas with less than 250,000
population:
Charleston, S. C _______________
El Paso, Tex___ _____ _____ . . . .
Huntington, W. Va______________
Lexington, K y____________
. ..
Macon, Ga_______ . ______ . _ _
Mobile, A l a . . _________ _ ______
Orlando, Fla____ ______________
Shreveport, La__________ ________
Vicksbizrg-Jackson, Miss ________
Nonmetropolitan communities:
Clarksville, Tenn _ ____________ _
Fayetteville, N. C________________
Frederick, M d___ ______ ______
Greenville, Miss_________________
Lawton, Okla___ ________________
Pensacola, F la___________
____
Philpott-Danville-South Hill, Va__
Texarkana, Tex_____________ . . . .
Tuscaloosa, Ala__________________
Dec. 1957..
July 1958..
Feb. 1958Nov. 1957.
Nov. 1957.
Oct. 1957-.
Apr. 1958June 1958-.
Dec. 1957..
2.46
2. 45
2.44
2.15
2. 22
2.42
2. 28
2. 34
2.20
1.72
1.79
1.98
1.69
1.48
1.87
1. 75
1.75
1.51
1.42
1.59
1.84
1.56
1.26
1.65
1.59
1.56
1.24
June 1958—
Apr. 1958—
Jan. 1958-.
Dec. 1957July 1958..
Jan. 1958..
Oct. 1957-.
June 1958—
May 1958-
2.27
1.96
2.06
2.09
2. 31
2. 59
2. 22
2. 36
2.48
1.72
1.40
1. 57
1.42
1.82
1.81
1.45
1.63
1.85
1. 56
1.23
1.42
1.22
1.67
1.57
1. 21
1.36
1.65
1 Second-step rate (market rate) in current 4-step rate range for regular
wage board non supervisory employees.
3 Army-Air Force Wage Board area boundaries and designations (as shown)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Wage
schedule
issued
Labor grade3
15
N orth C entral
Metropolitan areas with 250,000 or more
population:
Chicago, 111_____________________
Columbus, Ohio___________ ______
Detroit, Mich___________ ____ ___
Duluth, M inn__________________
Indianapolis, In d ________________
Milwaukee, Wis_________________
Minneapolis-St. Paul, M inn______
Omaha, N ebr___________________
St. Louis, Mo________________ __
Toledo, Ohio____________________
Metropolitan areas with less than 250,000
population:
Lansing, Mich____ _____ _______
Lima, Ohio______________ ______
Lincoln, Nebr___________________
Madison, Wis___________ _______
Rock Island, 111_________________
Sioux City, Iowa________________
South Bend, Ind________________
Wichita, Kans________ ____ _____
Nonmetropolitan communities:
Junction City-M anhattan, Kans___
Oahe-Fort Randall-Gavins Point,
S. D.
Port Clinton-Sandusky, Ohio_____
Rapid City, S. D ________________
Riverdale, N. D _________________
Rolla, Mo__________________ ___
Sault Ste. Marie, M ich___________
Sidney, N ebr___________________
Sparta-LaCrosse, Wis____________
W est
Metropolitan areas with 250,000 or more
population:
Denver, Colo___________________
Los Angeles, Calif_______________
Phoenix, Ariz___________________
Portland, Oreg__________________
Sacramento, Calif_______________
Salt Lake City, U tah____________
San Francisco, Calif_____________
Seattle-Tacoma, Wash___________
Metropolitan areas with less than 250,000
population:
Albuquerque, N. Mex____________
Lompoc-Santa Barbara, Calif______
Pueblo, Colo____________ ________
Spokane, Wash__________________
Stockton, Calif___________ ______
Tucson, Ariz____________________
Nonmetropolitan communities:
Alamogordo, N. Mex_____________
Boise-Mountain Home, Idaho_____
Cheyenne, Wyo_________________
Colorado Springs, Colo______ __
Great Falls, M ont________ ______
Las Vegas, N ev___ _____ _______
Moses Lake, Wash_______________
Penleton, Oreg......... ................ ..........
Salinas-Monterey, Calif__________
Skull Valley, U tah_______________
Yuma, Ariz__________ ______ ___
J u ly 1958— $2. 73
A p r. 1958— 2. 43
J a n . 1958..
2. 77
A p r. 1958.. 2.39
N o v . 1957.
2.60
A ug. 19582. 71
M a y 1958— 2. 57
J a n . 1958 — 2.40
A p r. 1958.. 2.66
M a r. 19582.59
5
2
$2. 21
2.00
2. 28
1.98
2.06
2.19
2.10
1.98
2.14
2.16
$2.05
1.84
2.13
1.86
1.89
2.03
1.96
1.85
1.92
2.03
D ec. 1957A p r. 1958..
J a n . 1958-_
A p r. 1958..
M a r. 1958J a n . 1958-.
J u n e 1958—
J u n e 1958—
2. 57
2. 33
2.31
2.28
2.55
2.18
2. 41
2.35
2.10
1.92
1.84
1.91
2.11
1.85
1.96
1.86
1.96
1.80
1. 61
1.79
1.97
1.76
1.82
1. 72
J u ly 1958..
J a n . 1958-.
2.18
2. 47
1.70
1.86
1.56
1.68
M a r. 1958J u ly 1958J a n . 1958-.
A p r. 1958—
D ec. 1957J u ly 1958—
A p r. 1958..
2. 46
2. 36
2.41
2. 33
2.34
2. 45
2.41
1.93
1.89
1.95
1.88
1.91
2. 02
1.98
1. 77
1. 73
1.81
1.73
1.78
1.86
1.84
A p r. 1958J u ly 1958—
J u n e 1958—
A u g . 1958M a r. 1958.
D ec. 1957N o v . 1957.
J a n . 1958..
2. 46
2. 71
2. 61
2. 70
2.51
2. 03
2. 66
2. 53
1.93
2.20
2.04
2.05
2.23
2.08
1.88
2.07
1. 72
2.05
1.90
1.89
2.09
1.89
J u ly 1958—
A p r. 1958.
J u ly 1958—
M a y 1958.
M a r. 1958.
J u n e 1958—
2.64
2.69
2. 52
2. 57
2.54
2. 58
1.90
2.15
2.06
2.11
2.07
2.03
1.60
1.98
1.93
1.98
1.93
1.87
J u ly 1958-.
O ct. 1957J u ly 1958M a y 1958.
M a y 1958M a y 1958.
D ec. 1957.
A p r. 1958..
A p r. 1958..
D ec. 1957M a y 1958.
2.64
2.26
2. 45
2. 27
1.91
1.88
2.06
1.79
2.11
2.15
2.08
1.98
2.09
2.15
2.00
1.69
1. 75
1.94
1.65
2.01
1.98
1.93
1.83
1.92
1.99
1.84
2.44
2. 44
2. 73
2. 53
2. 54
2. 53
2.54
2. 52
2. 22
differ from Standard Metropolitan Area definitions used in classifying areas
according to 1950 population.
3 Current grade, see table 1 for list of typical jobs in each grade.
1112
were nearly always distributed over a range of 30
cents or more. Furthermore, within each region,
rates in one or more of the small, nonmetropolitan
areas exceeded those in the lowest rate large
metropolitan area. Comparatively high rates are
commonly associated with the large West Coast
cities and the major centers for production of
steel, autos, and other metal products in cities on
or near the Great Lakes. This position is reflected
in the rate tabulation. Ranking within the top
25 rates for grade 15, however, were such widely
separated areas as Trenton, Pensacola, Louisville,
Las Vegas, and Lompoc-Santa Barbara.
Explanations for interarea differences in pre
vailing rates as reflected in A-AFWB wage sched
ules can involve a variety of factors. Differences
in industrial composition and related characteris
tics such as size of establishment and degree of
unionization usually account for interarea differ
entials in industry, particularly among areas of
similar size in the same State or region. It is im
portant also to repeat that the wage schedules are
based on wage surveys limited to major manufac
turing, utilities, and transportation establishments.
Service and trade industries, for example, tend to
have their own distinctive pay levels and interarea
pay relationships.
Skill Differentials
Differentials in pay between skilled and un
skilled workers, as measured in relative terms,
have been narrowing in American industry over
the past several decades. Increasing interest in
the maintenance of appropriate differentials sug
gested a brief summarization of absolute as well
as relative differentials in the 100 labor markets.
Median area differences between rates for grades
15 and 2 were 32 percent in the North Central and
West, 35 percent in the Northeast, and 48 percent
in the South. Median cents-per-hour differences
amounted to 77 cents in the South and 60 cents
in the other 3 regions. Differentials tended to be
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M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , O C T O B E R 1958
somewhat greater in the smaller areas—particu
larly in the South—as shown in the following
tabulation:
Percent differentials between the 2d step in labor grades
IS and 2 in—
Metropolitan areas
Nonmetrcpolitan
250,000 or more Less than 250,000 communities
population
population
Northeast_____
South________
North Central.
West_________
34
41
32
32
34
50
30
34
37
59
35
32
Journeyman electricians, auto mechanics, air
craft mechanics, and other skilled workers in labor
grade 15 averaged about 33 percent more than
trade helpers (grade 5) in the South and about 22
percent more in other regions. The size of area
differentials is shown in the following tabulation:
Percent differentials between the 2d step in labor grades
_________________15 and 5 in—_________________
Metropolitan areas
Nonmetropolitan
250,000 or more Less than 250,000
communities
population
population
Northeast_____
South_________
North CentralWest_________
22
28
22
22
23
34
22
24
26
40
24
22
Cents-per-hour differentials between grades 15 and
5 averaged 44 cents in the Northeast, 47 cents in
the North Central and West, and 56 cents in the
South.
Under the 28-grade plan in current use, the
average value of increments between grades 2 and
15 in regions other than the South amounts to
4.6 cents. Computed on the approved 15-grade
plan, the average value steps up to 7.5 cents.
With consolidation of labor grades starting at the
grade 6 level, more meaningful differences in pay
between successive grades above the trade helper
level will result.
The wide range and diversity of area rates as
established earlier clearly have implications for
Government and industry in the selection of loca
tions for new facilities. Assuming a knowledge of
relative wage levels, other considerations may,
however, be overriding in decisionmaking.
Labor Recruitment
in a Depressed
Rural Area
G erald Som ers*
of chronically limited employment oppor
tunities have been a source of study and legislative
concern for many years. Primary attention has
been given to major depressed areas and those with
substantial, measurable labor surpluses caused by
dramatic declines in such industries as textiles and
coal mining. Many smaller rural areas, however,
are known to have longstanding problems of unem
ployment and underemployment, even though
they cannot readily be measured or documented.
A recent report cited some 500 rural counties in
the United States which the Secretary of Agricul
ture classed as ‘‘serious’’ problem areas.1
From the standpoint of these depressed com
munities, the most desirable solution to their un
employment problem is the local attraction of new
industry. Because of the available labor surplus,
location in such areas may also be considered ad
vantageous for the newly established industries,
but two considerations give rise to questions con
cerning the qualitative adequacy of the labor sup
ply for new manufacturing firms in depressed rural
areas. First, the area’s rural base cannot be ex
pected to provide many workers with the technical
skills required in manufacturing industries; and
secondly, outward migration of young, educable
workers will undoubtedly have already occurred on
a wide scale. Where the industry employs pri
marily male workers, such as in aluminum, chem
ical, or steel production, even more serious quali
tative problems of labor supply can be expected.
Before locating in depressed areas of this type, a
prospective manufacturing employer may well wish
to know how many suitable workers can be re
cruited from the ranks of the local unemployed,
how many will transfer from other jobs, and
whether these sources will provide a sufficient
number of qualified applicants at various skill
levels.
The answers to these questions require detailed
information about the patterns of employment,
mobility, and commuting of workers in depressed
rural areas. Such data were provided by analysis
of the work force available to a large aluminum
rolling mill established by the Kaiser Aluminum
and Chemical Corp. in a depressed rural area in
Jackson County, W. Va.2 Interviews were con
ducted with 894 of the plant’s employees during
the summer of 1957; and data from the applica
tion forms of these employees were compared with
those of a sample of 522 unaccepted applicants.
A reas
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Hiring Needs and Standards
The adequacy of an area’s labor supply is
obviously related to employer hiring needs and
standards. The aluminum company attempted
to follow a prescribed set of selection standards
typical of manufacturing concerns.
Personal Characteristics. The company hoped
to maintain a minimum hiring age of 18 years.
The maximum age depended on the applicant’s
physical and mental condition, but in no case
was it to exceed 65. Preference was to be given
to applicants between the ages of 25 and 35, and
plans were made to select approximately 55
percent of the plant’s employees from within this
age category. It was projected that 20 percent
of the employees would be in each of the age
brackets 18 to 25 years and 25 to 50 years. Less
than 5 percent were to exceed 50 years of age.
The company’s policy was to deny employment
to all applicants with chronic disease or loss of
sight. Those with other physical defects were
•Associate Professor of Economics and Director of the Industrial Relations
Research Center, University of Wisconsin. This article summarizes the major
findings of a study which will be published later this year in the report series
of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The survey was conducted under a
contract with the U. S. Department of Labor while the author was associated
with West Virginia University.
• Sar A. Levitan, Federal Assistance to Labor Surplus Areas (Committee
on Banking and Currency, U. S. House of Representatives, 85th Cong., 1st
sess., Committee Print, Apr. 15, 1957), pp. 29-35.
* The sheet and foil rolling mill began production in Ravenswood, Jackson
County, W. Va., in 1956. It had 900 employees at the time of the survey and
was expected to reach a full employment complement of 4,000 by 1959. Jackson County, located on the Ohio River, had a wholly rural population of
13,900. Its depressed condition prior to the plant’s establishment can be seen
in the fact that county population declined 16 percent between 1940 and 1956.
Jackson and adjoining counties were designated “ rural problem areas” by
the Secretary of Agriculture (Levitan, op. cit., p. 85). While these counties
are predominantly agricultural, neighboring coal-mining areas in West Vir
ginia ha ve also experienced critical levels of unemployment.
1113
1114
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , O C T O B E R 1958
to be referred to the employment supervisor for
his discretionary action. At the time of the
survey, serious physical handicaps precluded em
ployment, but officials of State agencies were
discussing with the company the possibilities of
increased employment of handicapped persons.
No minimum educational level was prescribed,
but a high school education was preferred for
hourly rated and clerical employees. The manner
in which the application form was completed had,
in addition, to demonstrate the applicant’s ability
to comprehend and follow instructions as well as
his accuracy and honesty. A college or university
degree was required for almost all technical and
professional occupations and, usually, for in
clusion in the management training program.
No preference was established relative to single
and married applicants, except that the hiring of
spouses of employees required special approval.
A maximum of three applicants could be selected
from the same family.
Residence and Experience. Since the plant was
located in a rural area several miles from the
nearest community, it was anticipated that even
local employees would have to commute from
considerable distances. It was the company’s
T a ble 1 .
initial plan, however, to give distinct preference
to applicants whose commuting time from the
plant did not exceed 30 minutes.
Preference was given to those whose work
history showed a reasonable job stability, to
gether with progression and growth. First pref
erence was accorded applicants with employment
experience in aluminum manufacturing and, then,
to those with other light manufacturing experience
and, finally, to those with heavy industrial ex
perience. Because of the extensive training needs
anticipated and the expectation that many of the
employees first hired for hourly rated jobs would
end up in supervisory positions, the personnel
office gave preference to applicants with previous
managerial experience or potentiality.
At an early stage in the plant’s development, the
requirements for professional, managerial, and
supervisory employees were disproportionately
large. At the time of the survey, employees in
these categories constituted 27 percent of the
work force, whereas operatives represented only
18 percent of the total. These disproportions
resulted from the limited productive capacity of
the plant during the construction phase and from
the extensive training program required for a
relatively inexperienced work force.
Percent distribution of employees at the Ravenswood, W. Va., Works of the Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical
Corp., by age, education, birthplace, address on application form, and occupational group, summer 1957
All
occupations 1
Professional,
technical, and
managerial
Age------------------------------- ----------------Under 20 years______________ ______
20-24 year's_____ __________________
25-34 years_________________________
35-44 years_________________________
45-64 years__ _______________ ______
100
100
20
48
22
4
18
57
22
3
Education 8__„ ______________________
Elementary school______ ___________
High school__ _________ _________
College or university________________
Elementary school plus trade school 4___
High school plus trade school4 _ . . .
College plus trade school4___ _ _____
100
4
49
30
1
12
4
100
Birthplace___________________________
Ravenswood area A . .
. . . . . . . __
Other West Virginia locations 6__ _ __
Contiguous State 6__________________
Noncontiguous State________ ______
Foreign... ________________________
Address on application form ... _________
Ravenswood area «.. . . . . ____ _
Other West Virginia locations 8_______
Contiguous State «_ __________ ____ _
Noncontiguous State________________
Item
Number of employees._________________
Foremen Craftsmen Operatives
100
19
32
39
9
1
100
100
2
7
100
1
56
20
2
18
3
100
40
29
13
17
1
100
17
18
22
41
100
52
33
9
6
100
48
17
13
22
100
12
16
13
59
100
74
16
7
3
1 894
174
145
6
9
81
1
2
1Application forms which lacked data on the items under analysis were
omitted from the total in determining percentages.
2 Includes watchmen, stores attendants, janitors, etc.
8 Classifications include those who began, but did not necessarily complete,
education at the specified level.
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Clerical
Labor
Trainees
100
4
26
54
15
1
100
100
4
69
9
100
6
74
8
10
100
10
51
11
4
22
2
14
3
12
10
1
100
2
21
20
56
100
31
43
12
14
100
54
28
14
4
100
57
33
8
2
100
56
31
10
3
100
9
31
4
100
3
9
19
69
100
49
22
17
12
100
66
16
12
6
100
76
14
6
4
100
70
20
8
2
100
3
38
12
47
67
103
160
51
156
32
4
42
45
9
43
39
100
Service 2
42
46
12
20
55
23
2
8
100
8
24
44
19
5
100
4
44
100
10
68
11
100
1
2
4Includes vocational, business, and technical schools.
8 Within a 50-mile radius of Ravenswood.
8 Beyond a 50-mile radius of Ravenswood.
11ncludes 6 employees for whom occupational data were not available.
52
3
94
3
52
4
L A B O R R E C R U IT M E N T I N A D E P R E S S E D R U R A L A R E A
Adequacy of Labor Supply
In attempting to meet its hiring specifications,
the company was able to choose from a large num
ber of applicants. In the depressed areas of Jackson County and the neighboring coal-mining com
munities, the announcement of the establishment
of this large manufacturing facility was headline
news in 1954. Job applications began pouring in
long before construction and hiring began in 1955
and 195G. The number of daily applications had
begun to decline by January 1957, when a feature
on the new plant was presented on the company’s
national television program. In the following
weeks, daily applications averaged 200 to 300, and
by the summer of 1957, the total applications on
file exceeded 25,000.
Location of Applicants. In spite of the enthusiastic
local response, the company found that it could
not wholly rely on external recruitment of key
personnel. Unable to obtain local employees with
technical skill and supervisory experience in alu
minum manufacture, the company transferred a
nucleus of such personnel from its other affiliates,
primarily from the West Coast. Seventy-two of
the surveyed employees, representing 8 percent of
the total, had been employed by the company
elsewhere prior to their emplo3unent in the Ravenswood Works. Over four-fifths of the transferred
employees were in professional, technical, man
agerial, or supervisory occupations, representing
one-fourth of the total employed in these essential
classifications.
As can be seen in table 1, there was a sharp
contrast between the geographic location of key
salaried employees and hourly rated employees 3
prior to employment at the Ravenswood plant.
Whereas only 3 percent of the foremen and 12
percent of the technical-managerial personnel were
within 50 miles of the plant at the time of their
application, between 49 and 76 percent of employ
ees in the hourly rated classifications applied from
within this area. The company was also able to
recruit almost three-fourths of its clerical staff
from the local area.
3 Craftsmen, operatives, and workers in the service and labor groups were
paid by the hour; all other employees were salaried.
4 Operatives were classed as semiskilled and the labor and service groups
as unskilled.
11950 Census of Population, vol. II, Characteristics of the Population, pt.
49 (West Virginia), (U. S. Bureau of the Census), tables 20 and 42.
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1115
A comparison of application address and birth
place of these groups of employees further demon
strates the contrasts in their geographic move
ment prior to their employment at the aluminum
plant. Although over half of the semiskilled and
unskilled workers4 and clerical employees were
born in the Ravenswood area, many who applied
from within the area were born elsewhere and
migrated at a later date. The native technicalmanagerial employees, on the other hand, were
more likely to have left the area. Thus, the dis
tance from which employees had to be recruited
generally increased with their level of training.
Age and Education. On the whole, the company
was able to achieve its prescribed standards with
regard to the age and education of its employees.
The proportion of employees in each of the age
categories corresponded generally with that speci
fied as a guide to employment officials. (See table
1.) The most notable exception was found in a
somewhat greater reliance on young workers than
had been originally intended. The largest propor
tions of young recruits were concentrated in the
clerical and labor classifications. With all but 3
percent of the technical-managerial employees be
tween 20 and 44 years of age, the company was
able to come closest to its established age stand
ards in this group of personnel, most of whom
were transferred. The most skilled of the hourly
rated employees, on the contrary, had a signifi
cantly higher concentration in the 45 years and
over age bracket.
Only 4 percent of the plant’s recruits had ended
their formal education in elementary school. The
remainder, in keeping with the company’s hiring
specifications, had at least some high school edu
cation, and over one-third of the total had at
tended college or university. Even 11 percent of
the laborers and craftsmen had received some
higher education. These educational levels were
substantially higher than those attained by a
cross-section of the adult population in the county
and State.5
Industrial and Occupational Background. While
the company was generally able to meet the re
quirements with respect to age and education,
problems arose in finding local workers with the
desired industrial experience. Only 10 percent of
the plant’s employees had been primarily engaged
1116
in aluminum manufacturing in the 7 years pre
ceding their move to the plant; and three-fourths
of these were professional, technical, managerial,
or supervisory personnel. Since 80 percent of the
employees with previous aluminum experience had
been transferred from other company establish
ments, it can only be concluded that local resources
were highly limited in this regard. Moreover, in
addition to those with aluminum experience, only
28 percent of the employees had been primarily
engaged in manufacturing industries before they
came to the plant. The relatively less skilled
employees—operatives and those working in
service and labor jobs—were especially lacking in
previous aluminum and other manufacturing
experience.
Aside from the technical-managerial and super
visory force and craftsmen, over two-thirds of the
workers had been primarily employed in nonmanu
facturing industries prior to their employment at
the Kaiser plant. These were largely trade and
service establishments, transportation, govern
ment agencies, and public utilities. Significantly,
only 2 percent had been primarily employed in
agriculture, the area’s dominant industry, in the
7 years prior to their Kaiser job. But the im
portance of agriculture in the background of the
plant’s work force can be seen in the fact that
almost 40 percent of the employees had worked on
a farm at some time during their previous employ
ment, and 15 percent were living on a farm while
employed at the plant. Those living on a farm
included one-third of the operatives and one-fourth
of the laborers, but only 2 percent of the technicalmanagerial and supervisory employees.
Although accurate occupational comparisons are
not readily made, it appears that the occupational
level of most of the company’s hourly rated em
ployees was higher in their previous job. Threefourths of those assigned to laborer positions in the
plant had been in a more highly skilled occupa
tional category just prior to their employment at
Kaiser. Similar findings were made for employees
in service activities.
It was apparent that the company had a very
considerable training program ahead of it. Con
sequently, stress was placed on the educability of
locally recruited employees, as indicated by their
age, educational attainment, and test results.
During the period of the survey, the principal re
sponsibility for supervision and training was as
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M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , O C T O B E R 1958
sumed by the crew of experienced company trans
ferees. It was management’s intention, however,
that many of the initially hired hourly rated em
ployees would be supervisors by the time the full
employment complement was reached.
Unaccepted Applicants. In order to gain a fuller
picture of the adequacy of the local labor supply,
an analysis was made of a sample of 522 appli
cation forms 6 selected from the thousands which
the company had chosen not to accept. (See
table 2.) The data gained from this analysis
indicate that the company will be forced to revise
its hiring standards somewhat as it expands
employment, but that it can expand substantially
without seriously reducing the quality of the work
force. In comparison with the selected employees,
significantly more of the unaccepted applicants
were in the lowest and highest age categories
(9 percent and 11 percent, respectively). An
especially large proportion of the unskilled appli
cants were in these two age groups.
The contrast between employees and unaccepted
applicants is even more striking with regard to
educational attainment. Whereas only 4 percent
of the operative employees and 10 percent of the
laborers had ended their formal education in
elementary school, about one-third of the unac
cepted applicants for unskilled and semiskilled
jobs were at this level. Another major distinc
tion between employees and unaccepted applicants
was in their distance from the plant at the time
of application; in every occupational category
except the professional-technical-managerial, the
proportion of unaccepted applicants applying
from within the Kavenswood area was smaller,
and the proportion applying from other West
Virginia localities was larger than that for em
ployees.
The unaccepted applicants, like the employees
(except for the transferees), had had almost no
previous experience in aluminum manufacturing.
However, the unaccepted applicants were some
what more heavily represented in agriculture and
coal mining than the selected employees.
• The company had filed the unaccepted applications in 5 potential occupa
tional groups. On the basis of estimates made by the company, a 3-percent
random sample was drawn from each of the occupational groups except the
unskilled. Because of the large number of application forms in this group,
a 1-percent random sample was drawn. These forms were verifaxed and
coded and compared with the application form data of the employees.
LABOR RECRUITMENT IN A DEPRESSED RURAL AREA
T a b l e 2.
1117
Percent distribution of unaccepted applicants for jobs at the Ravenswood, W. Va., Works of the Kaiser Aluminum
and Chemical Corp., by age, education, birthplace, address on application form, and occupational group 1
Item
All
occupations
Professional,
technical, and
managerial
Age-------------------------- ---------------------------------- ------------------Under 20 years________________________________________
20-24 years___ _____._ ________________________________
25-34 years............................................................ .......................
35-44 years___ ___________________ ____________________
45-64 years_______ ____ ________________________________
100
9
16
39
25
11
100
Education 2_______________ ______________ ___ ____ _______
Elementary school__________ ______ _______ __________._
High school.-___________________ _________ ____ _____
College or university______ _____________ ___________ _
Elementary school plus trade school3 ____ __________ .
High school plus trade school3____ ______________________
College plus trade school3_________ ____________ . .
100
23
48
10
2
15
2
100
2
21
52
Birthplace___________________ _______ _____ ______ ________
Ravenswood area4____________________________________
Other West Virginia locations 5_______________ __________
Contiguous State 5_____________________________________
Noncontiguous S tate.._________ ______ ________________
Foreign._________ ____________________________ ______
100
29
50
16
5
Address on application form____________ _________ _____ _
Ravenswood area4____________________________________
Other West Virginia locations 5____ _________ ____ ________
Contiguous State 5.............................................................. ..........
Noncontiguous State_________ _________ _____ _______ _
Number of unaccepted applicants.......................................................
1 The occupational groups indicated were adapted from the company classi
fications used in filing application forms.
2 See footnote 3, table 1.
Motives for Mobility
A full understanding of the sources of labor
supply in a depressed rural area calls for knowl
edge of the motives which prompt employees to
accept work in a new industrial plant. The
motives are seen to be rooted in the economic
facts of employment and income in such an area
and in the worker’s subjective evaluation of past
experience and future prospects.
Unemployment and Underemployment. A signifi
cant portion of the labor mobility in the area
prior to the plant’s establishment stemmed from
the lack of alternative employment opportunities.
One-fifth of the plant’s employees had been
totally unemployed at some time in the 3 years
preceding their job at the plant. Lengthy
periods of cumulative unemployment were espe
cially prevalent among the hourly rated workers
and among those who applied from the Ravenswood and other West Virginia areas.
Unemployment and underemployment were
serious problems for many of the employees in
the year preceding their work at the Kaiser
plant. One-fourth of them had worked less than
full time during the year; about one-tenth indi
cated unavailability of work as the reason for
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Clerical
Skilled
Semiskilled
Unskilled
100
18
24
34
18
6
100
2
10
42
32
14
100
4
16
44
24
12
100
16
20
35
18
11
100
2
46
24
2
19
7
100
21
46
2
4
26
1
100
34
50
4
1
10
1
100
33
55
3
1
8
100
15
41
23
19
2
100
41
42
11
6
100
15
57
23
5
100
24
53
19
4
100
40
49
10
1
100
37
43
16
4
100
31
29
29
11
100
57
30
7
6
100
33
46
18
3
100
27
46
23
4
100
41
48
10
1
522
48
67
124
100
183
4
48
40
8
15
10
3 See footnote 4, table 1.
4 See footnote 5, table 1.
* See footnote 6, table 1.
part-time employment. The incidence of under
employment had been heaviest for the unskilled
and young workers. Moreover, a relatively large
proportion of workers in these categories were
totally unemployed immediately prior to their
employment in the aluminum plant. One-fifth
of those who were placed in the labor classifica
tion had been unemployed when they applied.
Further insight into the importance of unem
ployment as a factor impelling movement can be
gained through examination of applicants’ reasons
for leaving the job prior to their aluminum plant
application. As is shown in the accompanying
chart, the importance of involuntary movement
varied by the occupational group to which
accepted applicants were assigned. Approxi
mately one-fifth of the hourly rated employees
had been laid off or lost their jobs just prior to
their aluminum plant application. A substanti
ally smaller proportion of the professional, man
agerial, and clerical employees were separated
from their previous jobs involuntarily.
It is notable that a much larger percentage of
the unaccepted applicants had left their previous
jobs involuntarily and were unemployed at the time
of their applications. Almost half of the hourly
rated applicants were in this category. Since the
proportion of unemployed was higher among the
1118
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , O C T O B E R 1958
Reasons for Leaving Last Job Prior to Aluminum Plant
Application
Voluntary Reasons 1 /
Y/, x| Involuntary Reasons'^/
O C C U P A T IO N A L GRO UPS
A c c e p te d A p p lic a n ts
---------------
_
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
percent
90
100
P ro fe ssio n a l-M a n a g e ria l
C le r ic a l
F orem en
C ra ftsm e n
O p e ra tiv e s
S e rv ic e
Labor
U n a c c e p te d A p p lica n ts
P ro fessio n al - M a n a g e ria l
C le ric a l
S k ille d
Se m iskille d
U n sk ille d
1Includes those who were still employed at the time they applied for jobs
a t the aluminum plant.
2 Includes layoffs, plant shutdowns, discharges, etc.
unaccepted applicants, it is reasonable to assume
that unemployed workers were not as likely to
meet company hiring standards as those who
transferred from their previous jobs voluntarily.
Area Attachment. The lack of employment oppor
tunities, as a factor impelling mobility in a de
pressed area, becomes more significant when
related to workers’ attachment to particular
geographic areas. In the 5 years prior to thenjob at the aluminum plant, one-fourth of the
■employees made at least one change of residence
in order to find work. There was a considerable
movement out of the Ravenswood area and other
West Virginia localities in search of employment.
But the pull of the home area was such that a
significant number of the plant’s employees con
sisted of returned migrants who wished to take
advantage of the new employment opportunities
in their native State. Of 66 employees who had
once lived in the Ravenswood area but applied
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from outside of the area, almost one-half reported
that they had left because of a lack of local em
ployment opportunities. Over 85 percent re
ported that, in addition to their desire to work
at the plant, they returned to the Ravenswood
area in order to “get closer to home,” for family
reasons, or because of previous residence in the
area and/or a general area preference. The
following response of a returned migrant who had
been working in Columbus, Ohio, was typical:
I didn’t want to leave here in the first place, but there
was nothing to do here. I couldn’t find work. This is
my home State and all my relatives are here.
A maintenance mechanic, born 30 miles from
Ravenswood, indicated that he had gone to
Alliance, Ohio, in order to work in a steel mill
because of lack of local employment. Why did
he return to work in the Kaiser plant? “This is
my home here. I had to come back to the hills.”
In many cases, the force of area attachment
had resulted in long-distance commuting prior to
the establishment of the aluminum mill—an effort
to find work without changing residence. Faced
by a chronic shortage of job opportunities, over
one-third of the Ravens wood-area employees
were commuting 30 miles or more to work, and
23 percent were driving 50 miles or more to their
place of employment. The desire to reduce this
burdensome travel time undoubtedly induced
many employees to move to the aluminum-plant
area upon its establishment and contributed sig
nificantly to the available labor supply.
For other employees, however, aluminum-plant
employment meant continued or increased com
muting distances. These were workers who lived
in or returned to localities on the periphery of
the Ravenswood area and preferred commuting
to changing residence. As is shown in table 3,
hourly rated employees were much more willing
to commute longer distances than the salaried
personnel. Since many of the technical-managerial
and supervisory employees came into the area from
other States, they tended to locate their residences
near the plant, while the hourly rated employees
already resident in the environs of the area were
close enough to permit commuting. With more
than 30 percent of its employees traveling over 30
miles to work, the aluminum plant was able to
benefit from the desire of some applicants to
shorten their previous commuting and the will-
1119
L A B O R R E C R U IT M E N T I N A D E P R E S S E D R U R A L A R E A
ingness of others to adopt such commuting
practices after they were hired.
Improved Earnings. Between 51 and 71 percent
of the employees in the hourly rated occupational
groups unproved their wages by moving to the
aluminum plant. In four occupational groups,
workers’ wages at the plant compared as follows
with their wages on their preceding job:
Wages at the alum inum plant were—
Higher
Lower
Unchanged
(Percent of employees)
Craftsmen_____
Operatives.
______
Service employees _ _
Laborers .. _______ __
66
61
71
51
33
37
27
2
2
46
3
1
N ote : Wages at the Kaiser plant were those either upon initial hiring or
3_months later if employees were promoted in the interim.
The opportunity for wage improvement served as
an important stimulus of voluntary transfer to
the new establishment. Those who suffered a wage
reduction were largely among the unemployed at
the time of their application. Since most of the
professional-managerial employees were trans
ferred by the company, the salary stimulus may
have had little relevance for their movement; but
it is safe to assume that for many transferees,
too, the move meant promotions and improved
earnings.
The aluminum plant apparently established oc
cupational wage scales significantly above those
prevailing in the Ravenswood area. These re
flected the company’s national wage policy and a
recognition of the need to attract workers from
other establishments. While there was some ex
pression of bitterness among other employers
concerning their loss of craftsmen and clerical
T a b l e 3.
employees, it was generally appreciated that, given
its isolation and staffing requirements, the plant
could hardly observe a “no pirating” policy.
The plant’s wage differential can also be seen in
the fact that many of its employees improved their
earnings even though they transferred from more
skilled occupational classifications in other area
establishments. Some who were assigned labor
positions were scheduled for early promotion to
higher skill classifications, further enhancing
their earnings.
Opportunity for Advancement. When asked why
they chose to work at the Kaiser plant, the em
ployees’ responses accorded closely with the
reasons that emerged from the survey questions.
The desire to return to the home area, the achieve
ment of employment security, and the chance to
improve earnings were all prominent among the
reasons offered. But the most frequent response,
given as the foremost reason by one-third of the
employees, was the “opportunity for advance
ment” in a new and progressive company. In
the depressed conditions of the Ravenswood area
and for employees transferred from other establish
ments, the new aluminum plant offered an oppor
tunity which could not be defined in single
dimensional terms but evoked a term that
embodied a combination of the individual motives
noted previously—the notion of advancement, of
progress in the world of work.
Conclusions
The findings of the present survey lead to the
following conclusions regarding the sources of
Commuting distances of employees of the Ravenswood, W. Va., Works of the Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corp.,
by occupational group
All employees
Occupational group
Number Percent Under 5 miles
Professional, technical, and m an
agerial______________________
Clerical____________________ _ _
Foremen__________________ . . .
Craftsmen______________________
Operatives__________ ___________
Service2____ _______ ___________
Labor_________________________
Trainees...............................................
174
145
67
103
160
51
156
32
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
All occupations_______ __________
2894
100
1 Distance, one-way, from residence to plant.
8 See footnote 2, table 1.
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Percent of employees with commuting distance 1 of —
1
3
5-9 miles
10-19 miles
20-29 miles
30-39 miles
40-49 miles
50 miles
and over
5
3
2
1
3
62
26
73
22
14
24
12
72
7
11
6
16
21
24
16
3
15
27
10
22
25
17
19
22
7
18
7
12
15
10
24
5
11
2
13
16
17
16
3
4
2
10
6
6
12
2
33
14
20
14
11
6
3See footnote 7, table 1.
1120
labor supply for a prospective manufacturing plant
in a depressed rural area:
1. Since the manufacturer cannot realistically
expect to find or attract a sufficient number of
professionally trained and managerial personnel in
such an area, it is necessary to transfer a number
of key employees from other plants. This fact,
alone, points up the problems which such an
area would present for a single-plant firm.
2. The manufacturer can expect some increase
in the local labor force to result from the new
demand for labor. In aluminum, chemical, and
most heavy manufacturing plants, where female
employment is limited, however, he cannot expect
women to be a major source of required labor
supply. Moreover, men who enter the labor force
only because of the plant’s establishment are not
likely to fulfill the manufacturer’s hiring specifi
cations with regard to age, education, experience, or
physical fitness. However, the widespread estab
lishment of such plants in remote areas may even
serve to lower—at least temporarily—the national
labor force participation rates; many wives who
worked before their husbands’ transfer or attrac
tion to the new plant may be unable to find
employment in the limited industrial environment
of the depressed area. Of 169 wives who were
employed just prior to their husbands’ aluminum
plant employment, only one-half were still working
at the time of the survey.
3. Unemployed and underemployed workers
would constitute an important source of labor.
Such workers would be plentiful in a depressed
area, but this survey indicates that they would
not constitute the most important source of labor
for a high-wage firm of good reputation and rigor
ous hiring standards. As can be inferred from
the larger proportion of unemployed among the
unaccepted applicants than among those hired,
the qualifications of many of the unemployed
would probably fall below selection specifications.
4. Most of the plant’s employees would come
to it voluntarily, quitting their previous jobs to
do so. Some would transfer from the local non
manufacturing establishments in search of ad
vancement and higher earnings. Others, in out
lying sections of the area, would be willing to
commute considerable distances in order to im
prove their employment position. Still others,
situated beyond the commuting range, would be
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M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , O C T O B E R 1958
willing to change their residence in order to work
at the plant. But comparisons of locations of
accepted and unaccepted applicants in the present
survey indicates that the disadvantage of a distant
application address would have to be offset by
high qualifications if the applicant were to be
found acceptable by the company.
5.
A most significant source of voluntary
transfer—the one which clearly reflects the peculiar
patterns of mobility in a depressed rural area—
would be the movement to the plant motivated
by area attachment. Many workers who had
been forced out of the area in a search for em
ployment would wish to return to their home
town, to their friends and relatives, or to the
home they had left behind. And many others
whose area attachment was such that they com
muted great distances rather than migrate would
now be eager to take a job closer to home. Both
these returned migrants and long-distance com
muters are likely to possess more acceptable skills
than those workers who accepted unemployment
or lower paying local jobs in depressed areas
rather than move.
These survey findings would not hold if the
characteristics of mobility surrounding a new
plant in a depressed rural area were similar to the
characteristics disclosed in studies of labor mobility
in metropolitan centers.7 If the employment
opportunities in the new plant had not been
widely known, if the plant had been bound by
a “no pirating” agreement, if the workers had
been content with the wages, conditions, and
geographic locations of jobs they already held,
then the principal sources of labor supply for the
plant would have been far different and probably
not nearly so productive of qualified employees.
It is because the labor mobility surrounding a
new plant in a depressed rural area has few of the
typical imperfections that it becomes an interest
ing subject for analysis by students of the labor
market.8
i
See, for example, Lloyd O. Reynolds, The Strueture of Labor Markets
(New York, Harper and Brothers, 1951); and similar studies discussed by
Herbert S. Pames, Research on Labor Mobility (Social Science Research
Council, Bulletin No. 54, 1954).
» In this regard, it is interesting to note that the aluminum plant in this
study raised its wage for skilled maintenance craftsmen after finding that
the initial wage was insufficient to attract these employees away from plants
in nearby cities. It was also felt necessary to set the salary for officeworkers
somewhat above the area average.
Summaries of Studies and Reports
Research on the Effects of
Industrialization in Rural Areas
E ditor’s N ote.— The article which follows was
excerpted from a paper presented at a meeting
of the Rural Sociological Society held in Pull
man, Wash., on August 28, 1958. Minor
word and style changes have been made without
notation and the points at which portions of
the text have been omitted are not indicated.
I n J anuary 1954, the President outlined a new
program for agriculture, which has come to be
known as the Rural Development Program.
Since that time, many Federal, State, and local
government agencies and private organizations
have instituted programs designed to raise levels
of health, education, and family welfare in de
pressed rural areas.
One means of raising levels of living in lowincome rural areas is to encourage the location of
new industry in these areas. From the point of
view of those concerned with rural welfare, the
accepted notion is that bringing the factory to the
rural community will have two beneficial effects:
(1) it will provide employment at relatively high
wages for the underemployed rural labor force,
and (2) it will thereby reduce the exodus of the
rural population from the farms. An appraisal
of these and other widely held assumptions on the
effects of industrialization has been the object of
much research, not only in recent years but from
the very beginning of the industrial revolution.1
This article suggests a general approach to the
analysis of rural industrialization, reports on some
aspects of current research concerned with rural
industrialization, with particular attention to the
implications for the Rural Development Program,
and points out some of the problems encountered
in such research.
This discussion is limited to the consideration
of one of the many factors necessary for industrial
ization in any community, and of particular
importance for rural communities: the labor
force prerequisites. This factor is important in
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making industrialization possible, and it is also
important in influencing the changes which occur.
This discussion is limited to the consideration of
cases of rural industrialization where: (1) The
primary considerations in determining the loca
tion of industry are economic, and (2) the major
share of labor requirements are met by the local
area, and only a skeleton administrative and
technical staff are imported.2 It should be noted
that many industries locating in rural areas do not
depend exclusively on local labor supply.
Theoretical Aspects
Under these conditions, the type of industrial
development which is possible in the short run
will be limited by the size, composition, level of
skill, and availability of the labor force.3 This
last factor may take several different forms: (1)
Labor may be recruited from other existing
industries by paying higher wages, by offering
long-term continuous employment, or by pro
viding superior working conditions or ‘‘fringe
benefits.” (2) A large proportion of the existing
labor force in the area may be unemployed and
available for work. (3) The labor force may
be underemployed; that is, employed only sporadi
cally or seasonally or on a part-time basis. (4)
It may be possible to attract persons into the
labor force who are not now gainfully employed in
the local community, e. g., housewives and re
tired persons.4
Some of the conditions under which labor may
be available and which may be desirable from the
1
See, for example, Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation (New York,
Rinehart & Co., 1944), ch. 3, and earlier works by Tawney, Pirenne, Spencer,
etc.
a E ditor’s N ote.—For a discussion of the recruiting experience of one
firm, see Labor Recruitment in a Depressed Rural Area, pp. 1113-1120 of this
issue.
3 For a summary of the concepts and problems of labor force analyses,
see L. J. Ducoff and M. J. Hagood, Labor Force Definition and Measure
ment (New York, Social Science Research Council, 1947); see also Phillip
M. Hauser, The Labor Force as a Field of Interest for the Sociologist, in
Demographic Analysis, edited by Joseph J. Spengler and Otis Dudley
Duncan (Glencoe, 111., The Free Press, 1956), pp. 484-491.
4 For a detailed discussion of the effect on the labor force of the entry of large
numbers of women, see Womanpower: A Statement by the National M an
power Council (New York, Columbia University Press, 1957).
1121
1122
point of view of certain types of industry are,
at the same time, social problems for the local
area. The presence of a potential labor force
due to large-scale unemployment or underem
ployment may be of considerable concern to
residents of a local area; but it also may be
viewed as a prerequisite to relocation by indus
trial management. Thus, given two areas where
all other location requirements are satisfied,
availability of labor may be the determining
factor in the selection of the location.
Some attendant characteristics of a rural labor
force are also important. Despite the advance of
agricultural mechanization, the prior work experi
ence of labor in low-income rural areas is not
likely to have produced a very large proportion
of industrially skilled or experienced workers.
Thus, in many cases, the initial level-of-skill re
quirements of the industry cannot be more than
minimal. Plants relocating in more isolated rural
areas have found that locally recruited labor re
quires a somewhat longer training period than
workers recruited in an industrialized area. Once
trained, however, such workers are as proficient
as workers from industrialized communities.5 In
the initial stages of industrialization, it is likely
that those workers who hold part-time agricul
tural employment will continue to do so. The
worker may find part-time industrial employment
very attractive as a means of supplementing re
turns from part-time farm work. Since season
ality of labor demand is an important factor in
agricultural employment, the new industry may
have to be geared to the seasonal nature of agri
cultural employment.
The foregoing suggests the importance of labor
force analysis in any study of rural industrializa
tion.6 The interest in rural industrialization is,
of course, much broader than this, and research
is generally concerned with determining the effects
of industrialization on the other segments of the
population and on the social organizations in
volved. In the course of such research, some
important methodological problems arise.
Methodological Aspects
The question, “What is the impact of industrial
development on a rural area and its population?”
includes an immense number of variables. Un
fortunately—for the sociologist, at least—this
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M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , O C T O B E R 19 5 8
means that it is often very difficult to demonstrate
a causal relationship between two events. Closely
related to the problem of demonstrating causal
relationship is that of devising appropriate and
adequate measures of change. One must be on
guard against the possibility that the use of a
particular measure does not result in a kind of
narrow operationalism, in which change is a result
of a definition.
Social-psychological orientation, generally ex
emplified by survey-type research, is characterized
by an emphasis on the individual’s conception of
what has happened to him and what he believes to
have caused it. The individual may be a com
pletely unreliable source of information about
causal relationships. Certainly, it can be deter
mined that X percent believe that they are better
off now than they were before “the plant came in.”
But this is far different from determining the
causes of whatever changes have taken place, or
the significance of the change. In addition, the
most informed and the least informed have opin
ions; the determination of these opinions is a
legitimate research obj ective in the area of opinion
formation; it is not very helpful if one wishes to
learn what change, if any, has taken place and to
what the change may be attributed.
Our final comment on method concerns the
problem of sampling. On the assumptions that
both substantively and statistically significant
conclusions are desired, and that funds are limited,
we urge that primary consideration be given to
obtaining as large a sample as possible. The
length of the interview schedule should be limited
by the size of the sample (and not the converse).
The demonstration of significant conclusions can
reduce the ever-present “need for further re
search,” and permit concentration on a small num
ber of variables in further research. Alternative
sources of information should be fully exploited,
e. g., official records of the plant and community.
AMS-State Experiment Station Surveys
The Agricultural Marketing Service of the
United States Department of Agriculture has five
‘ Richard A. Lester, Southern Wage Differentials: Developments, Analysis,
and'lmplications (in Southern Economic Journal, Chapel Hill, N. C., April
1947, pp. 386-394).
« For a discussion of some other considerations, see Industrial Employ
ment and Other Factors in Selecting an Area for Rural Development (U. S.
Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service, Miscellaneous
Publication No. 760,1958).
EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION IN RURAL AREAS
cooperative research projects in the area of rural
industrialization under way currently. Five State
Agricultural Experiment Stations are involved:
Louisiana, Mississippi, Ohio, Iowa, and Utah.
Survey sites were chosen by the State cooperators.
Three requirements governed selection of the
survey area. Ideally, it should be (1) a predomi
nately rural community in which an industrial
plant had been established in the recent past; (2)
a relatively low-income area; (3) an area with no
other industrial establishments with large concen
trations of nonfarm employment in the community
or within normal commuting distance.
Localities meeting all three requirements were
difficult to find. In every case, it was necessary
to select study areas which only approximated the
requirements of the research design.
The following observations are based, in part,
on the preliminary results of surveys of plant
employees in Mississippi and Louisiana, and on
available data from the Bureau of the Census.7
Age. In both areas, plant employees were com
paratively young. For example, the median age
of plant workers in Lousiana was 35.7; in Missis
sippi, 28.5, compared with a median age of about
48 for farm operators in both States.
The interpretation of this age difference is based
on two types of evidence. One is the well-docu
mented inverse relationship between age and occu
pational mobility. This, plus the fact that both
plants were new establishments, means that the
plants were most likely to be able to hire workers
who were occupationally mobile or who had no
other full-time job. In addition, neither plant
required occupations for which long periods of
training or apprenticeship are necessary or tradi
tional. A second, and perhaps more persuasive,
type of evidence results from an examination of
the age distribution characteristics of the specific
industries involved: furniture and fixtures in Mis
sissippi, and miscellaneous wood products in
Louisiana. Both types of industry exhibit a dif
ferent and distinct age distribution, which in each
State was younger than that of the total labor
force. The median age of both the Mississippi
7 Data on the age distribution by industry are from the U. S. Census of
Population: 1950, vol. II, Characteristics of the Population, pts. 18 and 24,
ch. C; those on the age of farm operators, from the U. S. Census of Agriculture:
1954, vol. IX, General Report, ch. X. The fact that the data compared were
collected at different times is not believed to materially affect the conclusions.
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1123
and Louisiana plant employees was closer to that
of the specific type of industry than to that of
the total labor force or that of all manufacturing
employees. Thus, knowledge of the age distribu
tion of the type of industry is a better indication
of the age distribution of the plant work force
than is knowledge of the age of any other segment
of the labor force. This is interpreted as evidence
that some process of age selection for employment
occurs, influenced both by the requirements of the
industry and the length of time that the plant
has been in the area.
If this is the general pattern of employment in
rural industrial plants, it raises some questions
about the direct economic effects of industrializa
tion in low-income rural areas, most of which have
high proportions of the middle-aged and elderly.
Despite the presence of a large number of older
persons who are presumably underemployed, these
are not the ones hired by industry. If we are
correct in assuming a selection process on the part
of those who hire personnel as well as on the part
of those who are available for employment, atten
tion must be paid to the patterns of employment
found in specific types of industrial establishments.
Obviously, age is but one part of the pattern, but
it is one which is closely associated with other
variables, and one about which data can be readily
obtained and analyzed.
Employment Experience. Generally those who took
nonfarm employment were those who had held
other nonfarm jobs. This may be partly a result
of the following factors: (1) The industries were
new to the area, and new industrial jobs are prob
ably taken by those already in nonagricultural
industries. (2) Those hired were generally con
siderably younger than the farm operators. (3)
In the Mississippi plant surveyed, no Negroes
were hired. (4) Prior experience in nonfarm work
may be considered an advantage by industry. In
addition, there are most certainly important fac
tors concerning communication about, and knowl
edge of, job opportunities which influence those
who do take industrial jobs. The farm operators
who worked in the factories were part-time and
residential farmers who operated small farms and
received low farm incomes. In other words, the
degree of attachment to the labor force and to a
specific occupation determines those who obtain
nonfarm employment.
1124
Wages. Wages were low and the pattern of wage
differentials reflected the social structure of the
community. For example, in Louisiana, 85
percent of all workers received less than $45 a
week. While 35 percent of all whites and 20 per
cent of all males made more than this amount,
only 2 percent of Negro employees and none of
the women received more than $44 a week.
Effects on Farm Labor Force. Plant employment
had little effect on farm operations, largely be
cause most of the workers were part-time and
residential farmers and farm operations generally
were small scale. Thus, they were able to com
bine “full-time” industrial employment with parttime farm work. Whether this is the usual
pattern and whether it can be maintained remain
to be seen. Half of the farm operators employed
were owners of their own farms. In light of the
fact that the great majority of southern residential
and part-time farmers are owners,8 this is another
indication that the agricultural workers employed
were marginal from the point of view of their
status in the agricultural labor force.
Implications for Rural Development
It may be profitable to examine some of the
negative aspects of the establishment of industrial
plants in rural communities. The industriali
zation process will probably continue to spread
into predominantly rural areas and to change
rural communities and rural thought-ways. In
some instances, the process may create social
problems.
One other point deserves comment. The new
employment opportunities made available by in
dustrial plants may turn out to be unstable.
Rural workers who gear their level of living to
relatively high earnings may face serious financial
hardships if the factory is subject to cyclical or
other economic downturns.9 If the establishment
should fail, the whole community may be faced
with severe adjustments.
There may be other unforeseen consequences of
rural industrialization. For example, industriali
zation characteristically leads to organization of
labor unions which did not exist before. Thus,
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M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , O C T O B E R 1958
there exists the possibility of the formation of a
new power structure in the community, the
development of new social organizations, and
some dislocation of the existing social system.
Although economic considerations are usually
primary in decisionmaking with regard to plant
location, noneconomic factors may also play a
major role. As the circumstances of the Utah
study show, it may be desirable to locate an in
dustry with only secondary consideration of
economic factors and major emphasis placed on
strategic military factors. Thus, requirements of
national security may encourage and permit in
dustrial development in areas where development
under “normal” conditions would be unfeasible.10
Plant location may be influenced by personal
preferences of management for the “rural way of
life.” If social-psychological studies are to be
made, it is suggested that they be made of officials
who make decisions on plant locations. Such
studies should provide some valuable insights re
garding the balance of market forces and non
economic considerations involved in such de
cisions.11
The AMS studies mentioned are all modest in
scope, and deal with the establishment of rela
tively small industries in various types of rural
areas. Results of these studies should be valuable
not only in determining some of the consequences
of industrial development for the rural com
munity, but also in supplying data on some of
the problems which must be anticipated in rural
development programs. They should also indi
cate the extent to which some of the theoretical
notions apply to actual situations.
—S heridan M aitland
and J ames C o whig
Agricultural Marketing Service
8 For the South, 76 percent of all residential and part-time farm operators
were full owners; 84 percent were either full or part owners. U. S. Census of
Agriculture, 1954, loc. cit.
8
For instances of this type of event, see B. L. Kolker and M. R. Levin,
Facts and Illusions in Resource Development (in Iowa Business Digest,
Iowa City, July 1956, pp. 1-7) and W. F. Cottrell, Death by Dieselization (in
American Sociological Review, Albany, N. Y., June 1951, pp. 358-365).
io For an elaboration of this point, see Reduction of Urban Vulnerability,
Project East River, pt. V (New York, Associated Universities, Inc., July
1952).
u See, for example, Schnore’s similar comment regarding decisions of
realtors to build residential developments in The Growth of Metropolitan
Suburbs (in American Sociological Review, Albany, N. Y., April 1957, pp.
165-173). See also Industrial Mobility in Michigan (Ann Arbor, University
of Michigan Survey Research Center, 1950).
TWO STATE REPORTS ON JOB DISCRIMINATION
Two State Reports
on Job Discrimination
T radition has significantly affected the employ
ment of Negroes, Puerto Ricans, and Jews in New
York City hotels, and Negroes on New York and
New Jersey railroads, the commissions against
discrimination in the two States indicated.1 Rel
atively few Negroes were employed by the 33
hotels or 19 railroads studied. Negroes, when
hired, were assigned primarily to menial tasks.
By comparison, Puerto Ricans found more op
portunities for hotel work and made greater
headway. Jews were employed by the hotels in
moderate numbers in white-collar and adminis
trative work, though usually in “back office” jobs.
There had not been any great advance since 1945,
when the New York State Law Against Discrimi
nation was enacted, with regard to reducing recog
nized aspects of discrimination in the hotel indus
try, and there seemed, in the near future, to be no
likelihood of any marked change on the railroads.
Recommendations and Commentary
Direct recommendations were offered in three
areas. Management was urged, in both reports, to
implement its announced policies of nondiscrimi
nation. The New York State Commission recom
mended that hotel management “advise all those
charged with the responsibility of referral, hiring,
and evaluation of this announced policy of non
discrimination in all categories of employment.” 2
The joint report on the 19 railroads urged that
management implement a fair employment pro
gram—by indicating to the Railroad Retirement
Board and to other sources of labor supply that the
railroads are interested in employing competent
Negroes in categories from which, up to now, they
have been excluded.
Job specifications and their relation to discrimi
nation would be studied further by the New York
Commission. Its hotel report recommended that
management should abandon the use of job speci
fications which serve to perpetuate existing em
ployment patterns. It cited as an example the
limitation by certain “East Side” hotels that only
“East Side” hotel experience would be acceptable
for employment of dining-room waiters.
4 7 9 6 0 3 — 58------- 3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1125
Apprenticeship and training programs received
specific mention. The report on hotels recom
mended “that opportunities for apprentice train
ing for higher skills, where such training is avail
able, shall not be restricted by reason of race,
color, creed, or national origin.” The role of
apprenticeship programs in all industries and the
slow entry of Negroes into craft jobs have long
been of concern to both State commissions, the
railroad report stated. It directed attention to
the fact that on the 19 railroads there were only
4 Negroes among the 594 apprentices and helpers
(on railroads, workers in the latter job category
may later attain skilled worker status), and none
among the 45 new apprentices hired in the early
summer of 1957.
The role of labor organizations in relation to
job discrimination was not discussed in the report
on the hotel industry, but the New York State
Commission reported that it had not under
estimated this, and would study it further.
Cooperation of the Hotel Trades Council was
termed a requisite for success in erasing the
vestiges of discrimination in the New York hotel
industry. Citing the success of joint labor and
management action to insure adequate wages and
acceptable employment conditions, the com
mission remarked, “There is no reason to believe
that this method will be less successful in meeting
the problem of discrimination because of race,
creed, color, and national origin in the hotel
industry in the City of New York.” The joint
report on railroads observed that, “Today, the
carriers must deal with a multiplicity of labor
unions in almost every phase of their operations
and the existence of complex seniority rosters and
furlough lists is closely related to employment
opportunities and patterns.” Historically, “the
inevitable consequence of the rise to power of the
railroad brotherhoods was the threat to the Negro
in the operating jobs he already held and the
i This summary Is based on the following two reports: Employment In the
Hotel Industry (New York City, New York State Commission Against
Discrimination, 1958); and Railroad Employment In New York and New
Jersey (New York City, New York State Commission Against Discrimina
tion, and Newark, N. J., New Jersey Department of Education, Division
Against Discrimination, 1958). For further details regarding the employment
surveys on which most of each report was based, see text footnotes 5 and 7.
* The report on hotels stated that representatives of the hotels did not
challenge the employment pattern disclosed by the statistics. Although
unwilling to accept the premise that discriminatory hiring policies on the
part of management were responsible for what appeared to be a pattern of
discrimination, they promised continued cooperation with the commission’s
efforts and agreed to join with the commission in a public statement affirming
the policy of nondiscrimination in all employment categories.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
1126
1.
Total, Negro, and Puerto Rican employment in
S3 major New York City hotels, by occupational group,
jail and winter of 1956-57
T a b l e
Puerto Ricans
Negroes
Occupational group
All em
ployees Num Percent of Num Percent of
all em
ber
ber
all em
ployees
ployees
All occupations...... .............
20,966
2,327
11.1
4, 431
21.1
Food preparation................
Food serv ice.......... ...........
Waiters..........................
Busboys.........................
Other.............................
Bar______________ _____Front service____________
White collar and administratlve--- ------ -------------Maintenance and engineering.............. .................... .
Housekeeping................. ...
Cleaning service.................
Laundry and valet..............
Miscellaneous.....................
3,428
4,285
2, 601
582
1,102
465
2,264
223
77
58
16
3
6
282
6.5
1.8
2.2
2.7
(')
1.3
12.5
1,878
951
506
385
60
134
341
54.8
22.2
19.5
66.2
5. 5
28.8
15.1
3,776
9
0.2
72
1.9
1,501
4,475
334
422
16
71
1,496
112
50
1
4.7
33.4
33.5
11.8
6.3
131
538
121
265
0
8.7
12.0
36.2
62.8
0
1 Less than 0.1 percent.
erection of almost impenetrable barriers to those
areas of employment in which he was not found.” 3
Competition from other minority groups had
worked to the disadvantage of Negroes, according
to both reports. On northern railroads, they
had had to meet the intense competition of
European immigrants during the early days of
railroad transportation. Puerto Ricans, despite
being late arrivals and speaking a different
language, fared better in hotel employment,
quantitatively and qualitatively, than the Negroes.
The commission predicted that as language
barriers were reduced and skills acquired, the
Puerto Ricans would find increasing opportunities
for better paying jobs.
In both industries, tradition appeared to direct
Negroes into certain types of jobs and to bar them
from others. The situation on the railroads may
not change rapidly, it was believed, because of the
long tradition that Negro workers would not be
accepted in certain categories on the railroads.
This condition is frequently accepted by the
Negroes themselves.
New York City Hotel Employment
The volume and occupational distribution of
Negro and Puerto Rican workers in 33 leading
hotels in New York C ity4 (averaging 946 rooms
and 635 employees each) were ascertained in the
fall and winter of 1956-57, by an enumeration of
all permanent employees in 42 job groups.5 The
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
survey also compiled information on Jewish hotel
workers in white-collar and administrative jobs.
Employment Pattern. The 33 hotels surveyed
employed a total of 20,966 workers, 11.1 percent
of whom were Negro and 21.1 percent Puerto
Rican. (See table 1.) Of the 3,776 white-collar
and administrative workers, 10.2 percent were
Jewish. The proportion of Negro employees
varied among individual hotels from less than 2
percent (in 2 hotels) to 57 percent, and was less
than 10 percent in 18 hotels. The proportion of
Puerto Ricans ranged from 7 to 28 percent; in 22
of the hotels, between 10 and 25 percent of the
staff was Puerto Rican.
Negroes were employed to a greater extent in
some categories than in others. Only 0.2 percent
of the white-collar and administrative employees
were Negro, compared with over 33 percent of the
housekeeping and cleaning staffs. In food prep
aration, Negroes were most widely employed as
cooks and assistant cooks, and were also exten
sively hired as kitchen help. Their employment as
bartender, busboy, or waiter appeared to be
greatly restricted and the promotion of Negro
busboys to waiter jobs was rare. Among 2,601
waiters, 58 were Negro, of whom almost half were
working in 1 hotel. Fourteen hotels with a food
service staff employed no Negro waiters.
3 For discussion of the effect of the railroad brotherhoods on Negro employ
ment, the report referred to these studies: Sterling D. Spero and Abram L.
Harris, The Black Worker (New York, Columbia University Press, 1931);
Herbert R. Northrup, Organized Labor and the Negro (New York, Harper &
Brothers, 1944); Horace R. Cayton and George S. Mitchell, Black Workers
and the New Unions (Chapel Hill, University of N orth Carolina Press 1939);
and Charles S. Johnson, Negroes in the Railway Industry (in Phylon,
Atlanta, Ga., January-April 1942, pp. 5-14 and 196—
205).
<The commission indicated that New York State (in 1954) ranked first
among the States in hotel receipts, payroll, and number of employees. New
York City hotels accounted for less than one-fourth of the hotels in the State,
but for two-thirds of its hotel receipts, three-fourths of its hotel workers, and
nearly three-fourths of its annual hotel payroll.
1
In the spring of 1955, the commission invited the Hotel Association of
New York City, the Hotel Trades Council, and the New York State Employ
ment Service (NYSES) Hotel Placement Office to reexamine and reappraise,
in conference, the pattern of employment in New York City hotels, particu
larly in 35 which had been included in a 1953-55 survey. To obtain a clear
picture of the actual pattern, a technical committee was appointed which
formulated a plan for a joint survey, accepted by both the Hotel Association
and the Hotel Trades Council, and approved by the commission, with the
NYSES agreeing to assist in various phases.
In early 1956, a pilot study in 1 hotel was conducted by shop stewards under
the direction of the Hotel Trades Council. Following completion of the
pilot study, the Hotel Trades Council advised the commission that the
council could not continue with its commitments under the proposed plan.
The commission tnereupon requested the Hotel Association of New York
City to consider whether the hotels could collect the required data. The
proposal was presented by the association to the individual hotels and an
agreement obtained to comply. In the fall of 1956, the full-scale survey was
under way and final completed forms were returned to the commission in
February 1957.
TWO STATE REPORTS ON JOB DISCRIMINATION
In comparison, Puerto Ricans found extensive
employment in both skilled and unskilled jobs.
Some were dining-room managers and, also, bar
tenders. The 506 Puerto Ricans working as
waiters in all but one hotel were about one-fifth
of all waiters. More than half of the hotel food
preparation employees 'were Puerto Rican, and
nearly two-thirds of laundry and valet service
employees. Among the white-collar and admin
istrative workers, only 1.9 percent were Puerto
Rican. They were found in almost all types of
jobs offered by the hotels, and had made some
headway in the most desirable and competitive
positions.
Of the 3,776 white-collar and administrative
employees, 387 or 10.2 percent were Jewish. The
commission stated that the differences among job
subgroups were not great enough to be conclusive
of discrimination, “but the relatively fewer
Jewish persons who work as floor clerks, room
clerks, reservation and desk clerks, and front
office cashiers—64, or 7 percent—was suggestive.”
In the “back office” jobs (clerical workers, typists,
stenographers, secretaries, auditors, and book
keepers), 195 Jewish persons were employed, or
15.5 percent of all workers in such jobs.
In white-collar and administrative jobs, Jews
were present in larger numbers than the two other
groups. In general, Negroes, Puerto Ricans, and
Jews were more often found in behind-the-scene
jobs than in jobs which involved direct contact
with the public and hotel guests.
Hotel Placement Office Experience. In 1951, the
New York State Employment Service had opened
a Hotel Placement Office. Both unions and
management had suggested in the early 1950’s
that a central placement agency might help to
eliminate recognized aspects of discrimination in
some New York City hotels. However, study of
the experience of this office subsequently indicated
that its establishment had not brought about the
anticipated change in the general employment
pattern, particularly in the waiter category where
the discriminatory aspect was most pronounced.
At the request of the commission against
discrimination, the NYSES had reviewed its ex
perience from June 1951 to March 1952 and
provided overall data to the commission for
analysis. Nonwhites were 23 percent of the
20,576 referrals in that period and 22 percent of
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1127
the 12,959 job placements. Analysis of the rec
ords showed that the majority of all referrals and
placements in the 9-month period was in house
keeping, laundry, and maintenance jobs. Almost
2 out of 3 nonwhites were referred to and placed
in such jobs, whereas white applicants were re
ferred to and placed in a greater diversity of
jobs. Sixty-five percent of the whites referred
were accepted by the hotels, compared with 58
percent of the nonwhites. A higher proportion
of white referrals was accepted in each of four
major job groups (front office and uniformed
staff; housekeeping, laundry, and maintenance;
New York and New Jersey employees on 19
railroads, June 1957, total and Negro, by job group or
category
T able 2.
Job group or category
Total
em
ployees
Negro employees
N um
ber
Percent
Total___________________________________
83, 809
8.909
10 6
Office and general. ______________________
Operating transportation__________________
Transportation exclusive of operating................
Inspectors, transportation and dining
service _________ __________________
Stewards, dining car supervisors, restaurant and lodging managers........................
Chefs and cooks_____ __________ _____
Waiters, kitchen helpers, camp cooks____
Train attendants__________ _____ _____
Train dispatchers and directors_________
Station masters and agents, major stations.
Station agents, smaller stations. ________
Telegraphers and telephoners, chief. _____
Telegraphers, telephoners and towermen,
other___________________ ___________
Baggage agents, supervising .......................
Baggage agents and assistants _________
Baggage, parcel, and station attendants...
Callers, loaders, scalers, freight inspectors..
Truckers___________ ____________ . . .
Foremen, general_____________________
Foremen, assistant general_____________
Foremen, gang_______________________
Foremen, laundry and laundry w orkers..
Laborers, coal, ore and grain.____ ______
Laborers, common_______ ____ _______ _
Bridge operators and helpers ____ . . . .
Bridge and crossing flagmen and gatem en..
Marine and waterfront workers..________
Maintenance (way and structures, equipment
and stores) _______________ ___________
Inspectors_________________________ . .
Foremen, general, department, and skilled
labor______________________ _______
Foremen, o th e r ____________ _____ ____
Electrical w orkers..___ _______________
Machinists__________________________
Boilermakers and blacksmiths__________
Sheet-metal workers______ _____ ______
Carpenters and ironworkers__ ______ _ .
Painters, masons, bricklayers, plumbers,
plasterers_________________________ .
Portable and pump equipment operators
and helpers. _______________________
Stationary engineers, oilers, firemen, coal
passers, water tenders _______________
Skilled trades helpers (equipment and
stores)__________ _____ ___ _________
Apprentices, regular (equipment and
stores)_________________ _____ ______
Apprentices and helpers, other ................
Signal workers . . ________________
Linesmen and groundsmen________ ____
Carmen...........................................................
Coach cleaners ________ _____________
Laborers including extra gang and section
men___...................................................... .
16, 836
20,099
17,302
627
118
5,118
3.7
.6
29.6
90
5
5.6
122
353
721
168
297
862
494
43
12
345
657
153
0
0
2
0
9.8
97.7
91.1
91.1
1,438
31
86
2,342
2,142
2,272
87
36
450
2
9
33
1,248
929
822
0
5
29
.1
29.0
38.4
53.3
43.4
36.2
71
194
1,135
148
849
2,871
11
23
622
20
155
36
.4
13.9
6.4
15.5
11.9
54.8
13.5
18.3
1.3
29, 572
232
3,046
0
10.3
2,059
1,196
2,166
2,094
493
753
751
2
34
4
17
.1
2.8
.2
.8
.2
.7
4.8
1
5
36
430
2
.5
530
33
6.2
248
27
10.9
1,885
128
6.8
240
354
1,360
381
5,175
1,640
2
2
0
2
238
700
.8
.6
.5
4.6
42.7
7, 585
1,813
23.9
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
1128
Persons hired by 19 New York and New Jersey
railroads during March 15-June 14,1957, total and Negro,
by major job group
T a b l e 3.
Major job group
Total
new
hires
Negro hires
Num Percent
ber
T otal..................................-....................... - ...........
2,222
446
20.1
OfTiee and general__________________________
O p e ra tin g tra n s p o rta tio n _______________________
T ra n s p o rta tio n exelusive of o p eratin g
__ _
344
291
385
14
0
8117
1.2
0
30.4
Maintenance (way and structures, equipment
_____________ _____ ___ ___
and stores)
1,202
8 325
27.0
i Two hired as stenographers or typists, 1 as a motor vehicle operator, and
1 as a janitor.
j Ail of these were hired in the kinds of relatively unskilled jobs in which
substantial numbers of Negroes were already engaged.
8 All were hired in the unskilled jobs of laborer and coach cleaner.
food service; and food preparation); the greatest
discrepancy was in food service—71 percent of
white applicant referrals were placed, as compared
with 56 percent of nonwhite applicant referrals.
Slightly more than half of the referrals had
been made to 35 major hotels selected for special
study. The proportion of nonwhites referred and
placed had been lower for these hotels than for
other hotels serviced. In these 35 hotels, referral
and placement patterns varied substantially by
type of job involved. In front office and uni
formed jobs, nonwhites had a much better chance
of being referred and placed as elevator operators
and uniformed personnel than as clerks or tele
phone operators. In housekeeping, laundry, and
maintenance, nonwhites were referred and placed
most often as maids and were seldom referred to
maintenance work. In food service, opportunities
were not great for nonwhites in any category and
were most limited in the job of bartender. In
food preparation, opportunity was generally good
and differences not great, although in the super
visory jobs the proportion of whites referred and
placed was somewhat higher.
By means of a special survey, covering the
week of April 14-18, 1952, the commission, with
the cooperation of the NYSES, had attempted to
assess the relation of labor supply to referrals.
Concretely, if nonwhites were not referred to
certain jobs, was the explanation that they did
not register with the placement office and apply
for such jobs? The results suggested a fairly
close correlation between supply and referrals.
The greatest number of nonwhite referrals were
made in occupations for which nonwhites applied.
Where nonwhite applicants were few, nonwhite
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
referrals were also few. A limited survey of the
35 hotels, in 1953-54, substantiated the earlier
findings in this regard.
Speaking generally, the commission pointed out
that the problems of supply, referral, and place
ment are complicated by various factors. Briefly,
the commission cited “such factors as qualifications
required by employers, availability of registrants,
union membership, rate of turnover, and per
manency of work.”
Complaints. The commission analyzed 79 com
plaints 8received against hotels from July 1, 1945,
through December 31, 1956. Seventy-two of
these concerned transient or commercial hotels.
Discrimination was alleged in 67 of the 79 cases
because of color (the complainants numbered 66
Negroes and 1 American Indian); in 8, because of
creed (the 8 complainants were of Jewish faith);
and in 4, because of national origin (1 complainant
each was, respectively, of American, Puerto
Rican, Russian, and Swedish origin). Refusal to
hire was alleged in 37 of the complaints; unlawful
dismissal, in 37; and discrimination in the terms,
conditions, or privileges of employment, in 5.
By occupation of the complainants, the cases were
distributed as follows: Professional, semiprofes
sional, and managerial (musicians, auditor, man
ager), 7.6 percent; clerical, 13.9 percent; service,
77.2 percent; and operatives (the 1 case involved
a plumber’s helper), 1.3 percent.
In 24 of the complaints, the specific allegations
were sustained, and all these cases were settled
after conference and conciliation. In 22, the
specific allegations were not sustained, but other
discriminatory practices or policies were disclosed
and adjusted. In 29, no discrimination of any
kind was found. The four remaining were with
drawn.
In 25 of the hotels against which complaints
had been filed, there had been some change ffiy
* The New York State Law Against Discrimination (Ch. 118, Laws of 1945,
effective July 1,1945) provides that any person claiming to be aggrieved by an
unlawful discriminatory practice may file a complaint with the commission.
The commission chairman designates 1 of the 5 commissioners to make an
Investigation. A field representative is also assigned to help gather facts.
If the investigating commissioner determines that there is probable cause
to credit the allegation, he endeavors to eliminate the unlawful practice by
conference and conciliation. If that fails, a public hearing is held before
three members of the commission (not including the investigating commis
sioner) . If the respondent is then found to have been engaged in an unlawful
discriminatory practice, the commission issues a cease and desist order,
enforceable in the State Supreme Court. If no discrimination is found, the
case is dismissed.
1129
TWO STATE REPORTS ON JOB DISCRIMINATION
the close of 1956 in the employment pattern, with
an occasional breakthrough as evidenced by
employment of a Negro waiter, busboy, or bar
tender. However, the commission stated, the
overall picture did not show major or extensive
advance.
New York-New Jersey Railroad Employment
Between February and August 1957, the New
York and New Jersey State commissions against
discrimination jointly surveyed total and Negro
employment on 19 railroads operating in the 2
States.7 The survey covered the 128 job categories
used by the Interstate Commerce Commission and
related to employees in the 2 States. The basic
data were collected by the railroads.
Employment Pattern. The 19 railroads had a
total of 83,809 employees, of whom 8,909 were
Negroes (table 2). Negroes represented between
10 and 20 percent of employment on more than a
third of the lines having Negroes. The two rail
roads with the largest work force had, respectively
2,742 and 2,802 Negroes, or 7.8 and 17.2 percent of
all their employees. Five employing under 250
each had no Negroes and one employing 134 had
46.5 percent Negroes.
Fewer than 1 percent of the workers in operating
transportation were Negroes, compared with about
30 percent in other transportation activities.
Other findings with regard to the four major job
groups were as follows:
Office and general: Negroes had not found extensive em
ployment in office and general jobs. Furthermore, over
a third of the Negroes in this classification were janitors
and cleaners. Some degree of representation had been
gained among clerks, secretaries, stenographers, typists,
and office-machine operators. Each of the 7 largest roads
employed at least 1 Negro in this category. On one road
with 495 Negro workers (17.5 percent of its workers), 82
Negroes were in office jobs.
Operating transportation: All but 5 of the 118 Negroes
in this category were employed by a single railroad (the
second largest of the 19), and the work was mostly in yard
positions. One railroad—the largest—employed 1 Negro
11n addition to obtaining information on the number of Negro workers and
selected facts on those hired during March 15-June 14, the survey also ascer
tained which union or unions had jurisdiction over each of the job categories,
the total number of employees in each category, and the proportion of those
who were Negro.
Data on the total number of employees were reported by the railroads as of
June 14. The railroads provided estimates where they could not furnish a
precise count of Negro employees or could not indicate the specific categories
in which they were employed.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
passenger brakeman; the fourth largest had 1 Negro road
freight engineer or motorman.
Transportation (exclusive of operating): There was great
disparity in the proportion of Negroes working in various
jobs in this group (table 2). Chefs and cooks, waiters, and
train attendants were over 90 percent Negro; baggage,
parcel and station attendants, and common laborers,
over 50 percent. No Negro was employed as a train dis
patcher or director, station master, or agent in a major
station, a chief telegrapher, or telephoner, or a general
foreman. On the other hand, Negro employees included 2
station agents in smaller stations on the largest and fifth
largest railroad; 2 as telegrapher, telephoner, or towerman
on the largest railroad; and 5 as assistant general foremen
on the 7th largest railroad.
Only 8 percent of the dining-service inspectors, stewards,
and dining-car supervisors were Negro, and only 6 percent
of the gang foremen.
Maintenance (way and structures, equipment, stores):
More than two-thirds of the Negroes employed in this
work were laborers and coach cleaners (table 2). No
Negro was employed as an inspector, signalman, or signal
worker. Less than 1 percent of the employees in the
following jobs were Negroes: general or skilled labor de
partment foremen; electrical workers; machinists; boiler
makers and blacksmiths; sheet-metal workers; painters,
masons; bricklayers, plumbers, and plasterers; apprentices;
and linesmen and groundsmen. Negroes had a small
representation among supervisory foremen jobs, but more
often worked with unskilled than with skilled labor.
There were 34 Negro foremen in the former group, 2 in
the latter.
Estimated union jurisdiction1 over New York
and New Jersey employees in major job groups on 19 rail
roads, by affiliation, June 1957
T a b l e 4.
Major job group
Employment by union affiliation
Percent
AFL-CIO unions
Number under
Indeof em- union All
pend
ployees juris un
diction ions Former Former ent 2
AFL
CIO
unions unions
22,632
Total employees............
83,809
96.6 80,930
53,935
4,363
Office and general- ___
Operating transporta-
16,836
88.2 14,849
14,135
81
20,099
100.0 20,098
873
17,302
97.9 16,936
13,378
1.831
1,727
29, 572
8,909
98.2 29,047
99.3 8,444
25, 549
7,152
2,451
1,152
1,047
540
Transportation exclu
sive of operating____
Maintenance (way and
s tr u c tu r e s , eq u ip ment and stores). . . .
All Negro employees—
633
19,225
l The estimates do not reflect union membership but the number of emloyees in job categories over which the unions have jurisdiction, as reported
y the railroads.
In instances where more than 1 union had jurisdiction in a job category on
a particular railroad, the number of employees in that category was divided
equally among the unions having jurisdiction (except for the International
Union of Operating Engineers in which case the 6 employees covered on 1
road were all allocated to that union). In instances where some employees
within a job category were not under the jurisdiction of the union which
covered that category, the total number was nevertheless used.
1 Four unions listed in the report as independent unions have affiliated with
the AFL-CIO. These unions and the number of employees under their
jurisdiction were the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen, 11,336 employees
(119 Negro); American Railway Supervisors Association, 1,313 employees (8
Negro); Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen, 3,527 em
ployees (2 Negro); American Train Dispatchers Association, 203 employees
(0 Negro).
1130
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
Negroes as a percent of railroad employees under
jurisdiction of 27 labor unions,119 New York-New Jersey
railroads, June 1957
T a b l e 5.
O c c u p a ti o n a n d S o u r c e o f N e w H i r e s .
The 19
railroads hired 2,222 workers between March 15
and June 14, 1957 (table 3). This number was
2.7 percent of the 83,809 on the payroll as of
June 14. About 20 percent of all the new hires
were Negroes. By major job group, the propor
tion of Negro recruits varied from 0 to 30.4 percent.
More than 3 out of 4 of the 2,222 new hires
had applied on their own initiative or had been
recommended by employees. Negroes represented
varying proportions of the 465 referrals, ranging
from none of the referrals by labor unions to 126
of the 240 referrals by the Railroad Retirement
Board.8 All of the Negro referrals were made to
unskilled jobs, except in the case of one Negro
referred by a private employment agency to a
job as stenographer or typist.
72,592 workers (more than 1,000 each), and 25
represented 8,338. All but 4 of the 128 job cate
gories studied had some union relationship in at
least 1 railroad. In some categories, more than
one union had jurisdiction on a single railroad, or a
union did not have jurisdiction over all the em
ployees in a given category. Operating trans
portation jobs were the most highly organized—
7 unions covered 100 percent of the workers in
these jobs. In office and general jobs, 14 unions
covered 88.2 percent.
Approximately 11 percent, or 8,844 of the 80,930
workers under union jurisdiction, were Negro.
(The 8,844 included practically all of the Negro
workers employed. Fewer than 1 percent were
not included in this figure.) Negroes represented
13.3 percent of the employees under the jurisdic
tion of former AFL unions; 26.4 percent of those
under former CIO unions; and 2.4 percent of the
employees under unions listed as independent.9
The Brotherhood of Railway and Steamship
Clerks had jurisdiction over the greatest number—
21,226 employees; in transportation, the Brother
hood of Railroad Trainmen (Ind.) was second,
with 11,336 employees under its jurisdiction; and
the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Em
ployees was third, with 10,347 workers.
Single unions predominated in three of the job
categories studied. In office and general jobs,
the predominant union was the Brotherhood of
Railway and Steamship Clerks. Thirteen ad
ditional unions represented altogether 2,138
workers. In operating transportation, the largest
union was the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen;
only 119 of the 11,336 employees under its juris
diction were Negroes. Three other Negroes were
employed in jobs under the jurisdiction of 2 of the
other 6 “operating” unions. The Brotherhood of
Railway and Steamship Clerks predominated in
transportation other than operating and the next
largest group was the Order of Railroad Telegra
phers, with an additional 22 unions represented.
The proportion of the railroad employees under
each union’s jurisdiction who were Negro is shown
in table 5.
O r g a n iz a tio n s .
The 19 railroads were
highly unionized; 39 parent unions had jurisdic
tion over 80,930 workers, or 96.6 percent of the
total (table 4). Fourteen unions represented
• Commencing in October 1940, the Railroad Retirement Board has op
erated a placement service, on a nationwide basis, to assist unemployment
insurance benefit claimants and other unemployed railroad workers who
had previously worked in employment covered by the programs which the
Board administers.
9 See table 4, footnote 2.
Union
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters..»_____________________
Railroad Food Workers Union (Ind.)_______________________
Hotel and Restaurant Employees and Bartenders International
Union_______________________________ ________________
United Transport Service Employees_______________________
Transport Workers Union of America_______________________
Brotherhood of Railway and Steamship Clerks, Freight Han
dlers, Express and Station Employes____ _________________
Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employes______________
International Brotherhood of Firemen and Oilers_____________
Brotherhood of Railway Carmen of America_________________
Building Service Employees International Union_____________
International Brotherhood of Boilermakers, Iron Ship Builders,
Blacksmiths, Forgers and Helpers________________________
Sheet Metal Workers’ International Association______________
Railway Patrolmen’s International Union___________________
National Marine Engineers’ Beneficial Association-..»_________
International Association of Machinists_____________________
Railway Employees Department.....................................................
United Mine Workers of America (Ind.)____________________
Brotherhood of Railroad Shop Craft Supervisors (Ind.)________
International Organization of Masters, Mates and Pilots of Amer
ica___________ _______________________________________
Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen_________________________
The Order of Railroad Telegraphers________________________
International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers______________
The American Railway Supervisors Association______________
International Longshoremen’s Association (Ind.).................. ........
Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen & Enginemen___________
Brotherhood of Railroad Signalmen of America_______________
Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers (Ind.)_________________
Percent
Negro
99.2
98.8
89.4
52.8
19.9
18.2
16.6
15.8
7.7
7.7
3.1
2.6
2.1
2.1
1.9
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.0
.8
.6
.6
.6
(’)
.1
.1
1 In 12 unions, no Negroes were covered on the 19 railroads. These unions
were: Order of Railway Conductors and Brakemen (Ind.), Switchmen’s
Union of North America, Railroad Yardmasters of America, Railroad Yardmasters of North America, Inc. (Ind.), American Train Dispatchers Asso
ciation, Police Officers Benevolent Association, Inc. (Ind.), International
Brotherhood of Longshoremen, Association of Station Masters <fc Assistant
Station Masters (Ind.), Maintenance of Way Employees (Ind.), National
Maritime Union of America, Allied Craft Group Employees (Ind.), and
International Union of Operating Engineers.
* Fewer than 0.1 percent.
Labor
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION IN SAN FRANCISCO
Minority Worker Hiring and
Referral in San Francisco
I n c o sm o po lit a n S a n F r a n c isc o , employment
opportunity had been widely restricted according
to race, a Civil Rights Inventory disclosed, on the
basis of a comprehensive study undertaken for
the Council for Civic Unity of San Francisco,
during November 1955—May 1956.1 The findings
were based chiefly on a 7-month survey of em
ployment practices in private industry, which
aimed primarily to determine the nature of current
employment practices and their rationale, in rela
tion to merit employment2 of minority-group per
sons (chiefly Negroes, Chinese, Japanese, Filipinos,
Latin Americans, and Jews). The study covered
the practices of selected employers, unions, and
placement agencies, and pertinent data in job
advertisements and State license application
forms.3
Hiring of minority workers—especially non
whites—was limited and upgrading infrequent
during the survey period, which antedated adop
tion of the city’s fair employment ordinance in
July 1957. The restrictions were experienced
most acutely by Negroes—partly because of
declining opportunities for unskilled work—and
less so by Orientals (including in this category
Chinese, Japanese, and Filipinos). The employ
ment situation for Jews was much more favorable
than for nonwhites, but they still faced inequal
ities. The Latin American workers (primarily
Mexicans) also encountered certain limitations.
The authors of the report regarded the findings
as conservative with respect to the gravity and
extent of job discrimination in San Francisco.
The situation was expected to improve as the
fair employment ordinance becomes fully imple
mented. Long term and many-sided effort would
be required, but some shifts in the direction of
equal opportunity for minority workers had
occurred following proposal of the ordinance in
D ecember 1956, and its subsequent adoption. For
example, management increased somewhat its
efforts to recruit nonwhite workers, a major taxi
cab concern abandoned its ban against Negro
drivers, and a large union local decided actively
to enroll Negroes and refer them without dis
crimination.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1131
Findings at various points in the report sug
gested that there were encouraging signs during
the survey. Oriental women had found some
acceptance in clerical work and Negroes had
occasionally secured sales jobs. Nine employers
subscribed to a definite merit employment policy
and had some form of explicit communication or
implementation of that policy throughout the
firms. Individual unions practiced integration
and actively tried to promote equal employment
and upgrading opportunities for minority workers.
Certain agencies and placement officers stood out
in active efforts—in the face of frustration—to
place and counsel such applicants. The State
Department of Employment and four college
placement agencies refused to accept discrimina
tory job orders. Major daily newspapers appar
ently refused or discouraged publication of “help
wanted” advertisements containing restrictive
specifications. Finally, certain identifying items
of potential discriminatory use had been removed
from some job application, registration, or licens
ing forms; the State Department of Employment’s
records did not identify an individual’s minority
• This summary is based on the following report: A Civil Rights Inven
tory of San Francisco, Part I, Employment, by Irving Babow and Edward
Howden (San Francisco, Council for Civic Unity of San Francisco, 1958),
which was prepared under the auspices of the council, with the assistance
of a grant from the Columbia Foundation. The authors bear responsibility
for the content of the report. The council is a voluntsiry association (whose
members represent different ethnic and cultural backgrounds) formed to
promote equal opportunity, remedy restrictive practices, and improve inter
group relations.
2 For the survey, merit employment was defined as: “ the total absence of
any consideration of factors of race, color, creed, or ancestry in referral, re
cruitment, hiring, upgrading, discharge, admission to union membership, or
other conditions or terms of employment; plus sufficiently active and au
thoritative administration of this policy—including adequate communica
tion of it both within the organization and in the labor market—to effectuate
its practical implementation.”
3 A major part of the survey, which began in November 1955, involved
interviews with official spokesmen for 100 large and medium size firms, sup
plemented by some direct observation of the number and occupational place
ment of Negroes and Orientals in jobs visible to the public, statements from
minority- and nonminority-group employees, observations at 3 management
and guidance conferences sponsored independently by other agencies, and a
case study of 5 hotels and 3 restaurant chains. In addition, approximately
30 union officials and members were interviewed. Employment agencies
were studied through interviews at 28 private employment agencies and the
State Department of Employment, and mail inquiry among 45 Bay Area col
lege placement offices. Employment specifications in 15,722 “ help wanted”
and 6,520 “ situation wanted” advertisements appearing in 4 major San
Francisco daily newspapers in August 1955 were analyzed, as were certain
types of identifying questions on application forms used by California State
licensing boards for businesses, vocations, and professions.
The survey staff also studied information obtained in interviews with
officers of 11 minority, interethnic, and antidiscrimination organizations in
San Francisco; a few case history accounts of the experience of individual
minority-group job applicants at placement bureaus and personnel offices of
business firms; 7 newspapers serving different ethnic groups; and nondis
crimination clauses in union contracts in the San Francisco area.
The survey data were incomplete with regard to Jewish, Latin American,
and Filipino applicants and employment practices affecting them.
1132
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
status; and there was no evidence of discrimina
tory use of identifying items on State license
applications. Likewise, during the inquiry, there
were occasional policy changes in particular firms
or organizations. A Negro apprentice, for ex
ample, was reported as a “first” in one local craft
union. A large department store which had
reported no Negro sales employee later hired one
and apparently expected to continue the practice.
A public utility was reported to have placed
several Negro women in certain nonmenial jobs
previously open to them only on a token basis.
On the other hand, summing up its review of
employment practice and rationale, the report
stated: “Important elements among both em
ployers and organized labor do not yet assume
responsibility for promotion of or outright insist
ence upon nondiscriminatory policy within their
jurisdictions. Generally, it seems that fair em
ployment practice would become reality at a more
satisfactory pace if both top management and
union leadership would give this objective high
operational priority. Unless elevated to that
status, merit policy claims and intentions will
probably continue to be too weak to overcome
the tendencies to inertia, indifference, stereotyp
ing, and fear which largely block the road. . . .
The incidence of stereotyping indicates that there
is considerable rejection of people of certain groups
merely on the basis of assumed characteristics.
The familiar employer fears of anticipated cus
tomer or employee objection to merit hiring are
widespread, are usually without foundation in the
experience of those who hold them, and reveal
sin-prising ignorance by management of the
record of successful job integration by various
nationally known firms and by some on the local
scene.”
Occupational grouping of members of selected minority groups who were 14 years of age and over and employed, San FranciscoOakland Standard Metropolitan Area,1 by sex, 1950
Minority groups (percent)
Total employed work
ers (minority and
nonminority)
Mexican
Sex and major occupation group
Number
Percent
Negro
Chinese Japanese Filipino
Native of
Foreign- foreign or
born
mixed
parentage
M ale
All groups,............ ................................... ................. ............................
593, 501
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Professional, technical, and kindred workers__ ___________ _____
Farmers and farm managers______ ______ -____ _______ _____ ___
Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm_________________
Clerical, sales, and kindred workers____________________________
Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers______________________
Operatives and kindred workers.__________ __________________
Private household workers
. . ________ ______________
Service workers, except nrivate household______________________
Farm laborers, unpaid familv workers__________________________
Farm laborers, except unpaid, and farm foremen_________________
Laborers, except farm and mine .................................. ............ ..........
Occupation not reported___ _________________________________
63.370
5, 597
82, 768
104, 628
128,220
91.816
2, 111
52, 462
244
6,831
50,177
5,277
10.7
.9
13.9
17.6
21.7
15.5
.4
8.8
(2)
1.2
8.4
.9
2.1
.1
2.6
7.8
11.3
19.0
.9
18.6
(2)
.4
36.0
1.2
6.3
1.1
18.0
18.1
6.1
14.1
4.0
28.2
.1
1.2
1.8
1.0
7.1
7.7
8.2
9.5
5.0
9.8
14.8
7.5
.8
8.1
20.7
.8
1.2
2.2
2.3
4.9
7.5
11.1
3.2
41.8
(2)
17.5
7.1
1.2
2.0
.1
4.2
4.4
16.2
21.2
.3
7.6
3.7
.2
3.4
12.4
19.5
29.0
18.4
24.4
1.2
6.4
.2
5.0
19.6
.6
F emale
All groups__________ ____________ _________ ________________
271,066
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Professional, technical, and kindred workers____________________
Farmers and farm managers____ _____________ ________________
Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm_________________
Clerical, sales, and kindred workers___________________ ____ ___
Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers________ ____ __________
Operatives and kindred workers____ _ ____________________
Private household workers_______ _____________ _______ ______
Service workers, except private household______ ______ _________
Farm laborers, unpaid family workers.
Farm laborers, except unpaid, and farm foremen_________________
Laborers, except farm and mine _____________ ______ _________
Occupation not reported..._____________________ ____________ _
38,375
485
15,488
129,066
3,983
28, 532
16, 772
32, 510
249
526
1.703
3, 317
14.2
.2
5.7
47.6
1.5
10.5
6.2
12.0
.1
.2
.6
1.2
3.4
(2)
1.8
10.7
.8
14.0
36.8
27.9
(2)
.1
3.3
1.2
7.7
.1
5.5
45.2
.5
27.1
2.8
9.3
.1
.1
.5
1.1
8.0
1.2
2.7
34.1
.6
9.4
31.0
4.3
2.6
4.0
9.5
.3
4.6
12.3
3.7
50.2
3.7
8.9
6.0
.2
1.2
41.3
.9
28.5
3.6
11.8
1.5
5.8
.5
5.1
35.7
1.0
14.0
12.0
21.1
.5
1.8
.2
2.3
2.8
3.1
.9
3.8
2.2
Total number:
Male________ _____ ______________ ___________ _
Female....... ................ . .
593. 501
271.066
32, 200
17,910
10,129
3,140
3, 855
2,533
4, 674
393
5,355
1,630
2,085
1 Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, San Francisco, San Mateo, and Solano
counties.
* Less than 0.1 percent.
N ote: Dashes indicate no data reported or data inadequate to meet publi
cation criteria.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.6
.5
4,460
Source: 1950 Census of Population, U. S. Bureau of the Census, as follows :
Total population, by sex—Characteristics of the Population, volume 2,
part 5, General Characteristics, California, table 35, p. 108. Minority
groups—(a) Special Reports, Nonwhite Population by Race: Negro, table 20,
p. 71; Chinese, table 23, p. 80; Japanese, table 22, p. 79; and Filipino, table 24,
p. 81; and (b) Special Reports, Nativity and Parentage: Mexican, table 22,
p. 296.
EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION IN SAN FRANCISCO
Labor Force Data
To suggest the potential magnitude of the prob
lem, the report appended supplementary Census
data and other estimates pertaining to minorityworker employment. In 1950, minority-group
members in the San Francisco-Oakland Standard
Metropolitan Area constituted 11.2 percent of the
civilian labor force. Negroes, the largest minor
ity subgroup, were 6.6 percent; in the total United
States civilian labor force, they were about 10
percent. The accompanying table, based on
Census data, shows the occupational grouping of
selected minority groups in the area in 1950.
Employer Policy and Practice
There had been hopeful and important begin
nings toward full-fledged merit employment prac
tice in some firms. Opinion prevailed in the area
that firms were well toward the front in merit
employment. Seventy-four of the 100 San Fran
cisco employers interviewed claimed that they
had a definite policy or practice of merit employ
ment. Twenty-six firms, however, made no claim
of merit employment in either policy or practice.
On the other hand, 35 of the 74 firms making an
affirmative claim contradicted or qualified their
professed policies when describing their employ
ment practices. Only 12 of the 74 had any defi
nite policy statement; most of the 12 had no
statement in writing. Few firms implemented
their claimed policy. Only nine had some explicit
form of communication or implementation through
out the firm and this program was not a clearly
continuing one. Neither did they make a serious
effort to communicate their policy, or any change
in it, to recruitment sources or to minority groups
(workers or public). The 26 employers with Fed* The committee’s acti vities have been designed, the report pointed out
referring to the committee’s Third Annual Report, 1955-56, to assist the
contracting agencies in making more effective their enforcement of the antidiscrimination clause; persuade contractors to give maximum cooperation
in ending discrimination in employment; cooperate with other organizations
having similar objectives; and inform the public of the economic necessity
to extend equal job opportunity throughout American business and industry.
a The report is supplemented with secondary material, originally obtained
through interviews in 1949 with 340 employers representing all major industry
divisions. See F. Theodore Malm, Employer Practices and Labor Mobility
(Berkeley, Calif., University of California, Institute of Industrial Relations
1955), Reprint 75, p. 6.
• For part of this case study, the survey staff utilized data from an unpub
lished Master’s thesis, The Problem of Upgrading in a Multiracial Service
Industry, by Arthur M. Kezer (Berkeley, University of California, 1956).
See also Two State Reports on Job Discrimination, pp. 1125-1130 of this issue.
4 7 9 6 0 3 — 5 8 ------- 4
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1133
eral contracts were among those who either made
no claim of having a definite merit employment
policy, gave no indication of any program of
implementation of their claimed policy, or gave
reasons for not hiring nonwhite persons in one or
more categories. “Both those major San Fran
cisco employers who hold Federal contracts and
those who do not, fail, for the most part, to meas
ure up to the criteria of merit employment laid
down by the President’s Committee on Govern
ment Contracts,” 4 the report stated.
Of the 74 firms stating they had a definite merit
hiring policy or practice, 47 employed no Negroes
even in service occupations and 57 employed none
in unskilled jobs. Orientals had achieved signi
ficant acceptance in clerical, technical, and pro
fessional capacities, but in many other categories
and in upgrading their experience did not differ
greatly from that shown in the case of Negroes.
Many firms limited the nonwhites hired to rela
tively low-paid jobs, to certain categories (menial,
behind-the-scenes), or—as in retail chain stores—■
to units with heavy nonwhite clientele.5 Many
firms restricted the number of minority workers
hired to a token number or to some predetermined
quota. Under the favorable economic conditions
at the time of the survey, underemployment was
believed to be a more serious problem than
unemployment.
Hotels and Restaurants. Negroes, Chinese, and
Filipinos have found some employment opportuni
ties in San Francisco’s hotels and restaurants.®
Almost three-fifths of the more than 2,600 workers
in 5 hotels were minority-group members. Almost
40 percent were Negro and about 20 percent
Chinese, Filipino, or Latin American. Of the
1,600 workers in 3 restaurant chains (operating
40 of the city’s approximately 3,000 restaurants),
about one-sixth were nonwhites.
The employment opportunities, however, were
generally available only in low-level and “behindthe-scene” jobs. In the hotels, Negroes and Fili
pinos worked almost exclusively in a menial
capacity—the Negro women as charwomen and
chambermaids, and the Filipino men as busboys.
In better jobs and those involving public contact
(e. g., cook, waiter, waitress, bartender, desk
clerk, clerical worker, or elevator operator),
Negro and Filipino workers had great difficulty in
1134
obtaining either employment or promotion.7
Many Chinese, likewise, had encountered great
opposition, although a few were working as
elevator operator, waiter, waitress, or assistant
desk clerk. Only 6 percent of the nonwhites
working in restaurants had jobs above that of
dishwasher.
Union Policy and Practice
A majority of the unions admitted some Negro
and Oriental members. However, many jobs
were under the jurisdiction of unions which,
although lacking formal restriction, by tacit
consent among the membership appeared to limit
minority-group entrants to a token number.
Some unions had virtually no non white members.
Many San Francisco unions referred and tried
to encourage the merit upgrading of minority
members on an equal basis. These operated
mainly in communications, longshoring, ware
housing, certain services, and the garment trades.
Other unions, however, practiced differential treat
ment in job referrals and assignments, and tended
to leave their nonwhite members in lower graded
categories. In hotels and restaurants, the report
noted, serious limitation of opportunity for
Negroes and Orientals in higher jobs was due in
some cases to union exclusion, restrictions (e. g.,
on-the-job training of cooks’ helpers as cooks), or
“weakness” in opposing discriminatory practices
of employers. Although in retail trade the union
was in a position to exercise somewhat greater
control over hiring, it endeavored to serve the em
ployers’ preferences, the report said, and did not
rotate referrals among unemployed union mem
bers. At the same time, no firm conclusions could
be drawn as to the actual union practices in any
industry or job classification, based solely on the
numbers or proportions of their nonwhite members.
Unions were more likely than employers to have
formal statements of their merit policy. Like
most employers, however, many appeared content
with a nominal merit-hiring policy and did not
communicate any such policy to guidance institu
tions or to the minority-group public. Some inter
national unions give their locals considerable auton
omy in establishing their own practice on merit
employment and integration. Absence of non
discrimination clauses in most union contracts’8
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
reflected the lack of aggressive action. Whereas
the employer is comparatively free to decide re
garding his hiring policy, the individual union
officer—the report observed—must win support
from the constituency which elected him.
Typically—though with important exceptions9—•
the responsibility for failure to hire or upgrade non
whites lay primarily with the employer, their report
stated. Some employers apparently attempted
to justify their restrictive practices or to shift
responsibility for them by stating that the union
did not admit or refer nonwhite applicants. Gen
erally, it seemed that if an employer really wanted
to hire workers solely on merit, he could do so de
spite union objections. As a practical matter,
employers rarely elected to challenge the position
of a restrictive union.
Placement Agencies
Private Employment Agencies. The 28 private
employment agencies varied greatly in the extent
to which they undertook to serve nonwhite appli
cants. Three or four refused even to register
minority-group workers. A slightly larger num
ber were making a strong effort to handle all
applications on an equal basis. Most of the other
agencies accepted applications but did little more,
on the basis that efforts to place these applicants
would be a waste of time for all concerned. Some
directly or indirectly discouraged minority appli
cants.
71nterviews with a random sample of 50 minority-group workers included
39 southern migrant Negroes. About half of these had worked at better
culinary jobs before migrating; one-third had cooking experience, and onetenth had experience as waitresses. Many of these same workers could not
secure corresponding jobs in San Francisco.
8 In February 1956, the Division of Labor Statistics and Research of the
State Department of Industrial Relations had on file 481 contracts in effect in
1955 or later, each covering 100 or more workers in the 6-county San FranciscoOakland Standard Metropolitan Area. Twenty-nine of these contracts
(covering about 18,000, or approximately 5 percent of the 350,000 workers
under the 481 agreements) contained a nondiscrimination clause. See Non
discrimination Clauses in Union Agreements, San Francisco-Oakland
Metropolitan Area, California Industrial Relations Report No. 9 (San
Francisco, California Department of Industrial Relations, Division of Labor
Statistics and Research, 1956), pp. 13-16.
* An important exception occurs in apprentice selection in certain crafts
and industries, where the union is strong and restrictive. The employer
members of joint apprenticeship committees may either lack the actual
power to override union objection to a minority apprentice, or may not
consider the cause worth a fight. The report stated that the present study
did not sufficiently explore apprenticeship practices to warrant specific
findings. It was known that in May 1958, in San Francisco, there was 1
Negro apprentice In the metal trades and no Negro apprentices in the elec
trical, plumbing, carpentering, or ironworking programs.
EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION IN SAN FRANCISCO
Seventeen of the agencies included questions
concerning race, religion, or national origin on
their application blanks. In all but one, either
the registration forms contained a pertinent
question or a notation was made that the indi
vidual was a minority-group member or the
applicant was remembered as such.
These agencies regarded as severe the obstacles
facing Negro women applying for clerical jobs
and Negro men looking for sales, technical, clerical,
and managerial jobs. Opportunities in clerical
jobs appeared relatively greater for Oriental
women; the manager of one agency reported little
difficulty in placing Chinese or Japanese girls
in offices. For Oriental men, placement was more
difficult, particularly for jobs involving public
contacts or supervision of white workers. The
data on Filipinos (often combined in the agencies’
records with data on Chinese and Japanese) were
too limited for statistical analysis. In the jobs
handled by the agencies, the difficulties en
countered by Filipinos, the report observed,
resembled more the problems of Negroes than
the problems of Orientals. Mexican Americans
were rarely seen at the agencies, which reported
that some employers had restrictions against
them. Many agencies as well as employers were
reluctant to indicate that they applied restrictions
in hiring Jewish persons.
The employment agencies played a limited role
in affecting employer hiring practices. These
agencies believed their main function was to
comply with the employers’ preferences and that
their staff could do little to modify management
policies.
The agencies could not indicate precisely what
proportion of their applicants were minority-group
members and, the report commented, many have
overestimated their number. The data supplied
suggested to the survey staff that Negroes were
under-represented among applicants, in relation
to their proportion in the work force of the San
Francisco-Oakland Standard Metropolitan Area.
State Department oj Employment. The State
Department of Employment followed an explicit
policy of nondiscrimination in all operations. It
kept no record of an applicant’s race, religion, or
national origin and did not accept discriminatory
job orders. I t endeavored to implement and
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1135
interpret this policy among employers and staff,
maintained continuous liaison with public and
private agencies, and attempted some followup
on referrals. The proportion of minority workers
referred and placed was about the same as for all
applicants, the placement workers indicated. In
this regard, their general response gave a sub
stantially more favorable picture than observed
in most other employment channels studied. At
this point, the report emphasized that the em
ployers concerned included only those who did
not rely primarily on other recruiting sources and
who agreed not to submit discriminatory job
orders.
Actually, the State Department of Employment
had only a limited role in the employment, coun
seling, and upgrading of minority applicants, as
the major part of recruiting by private employers
in business and industry is not handled through
this department. A substantial proportion of the
jobs for which the department handled placements
were in unskilled and semiskilled work, in lower
level service occupations, and farm labor.
Overall, the proportion of minority applicants
was much higher at this department than at
private employment agencies. This varied greatly,
however, among the placement sections. The
percentages of Negro, Oriental, and Latin Ameri
can applicants for clerical, sales, professional,
managerial, and supervisory jobs approximated
the ratios at private employment agencies.
Eighty percent of the farm labor applicants were
Negro.
College Placement Offices. Questionnaire returns
from 45 college placement offices indicated greatly
varying procedures in handling employment
preferences and restrictions. Although four offices
reported they did not accept job orders with
discriminatory specification, other college offices,
in both tax-supported and private institutions
commonly accepted and filled such orders, con
tending that the offices depended upon satisfying
the employers. Many of the offices tended to
accept as unalterable, or highly inflexible, the
community mores and patterns of employment
discrimination. Some omitted names of minority
applicants when submitting candidate listings to
employers who had earlier been known to follow
restrictive practices. The placement officers, like-
1136
wise, assumed that discrimination in given fields of
work had continued unchanged.
The practice in counseling minority applicants
likewise varied among the offices. Minority stu
dents were often advised to avoid certain fields be
cause of possible restrictions. One officer (among
a small group whose views of their functions were
quite different from that of many others) said:
“We would never steer any student, including
those who are members of a minority group, away
from the field which is appropriate to him. We
believe in full preparation in the appropriate field,
with a subsequent intensive effort to create the
opportunity if it does not already exist. The one
protection we frequently attempt to afford [in the
case of] members of minority groups is to discuss in
counseling alternate appropriate goals of reason
ably equal suitability in fields that are apt to be
open, with perhaps greater thoroughness.”
Some of the college placement offices had had
only limited dealings on behalf of minority
(especially Negro) students; moreover, few had
any systematic, comprehensive, and explicit nondiscriminatory policy. Their efforts to solve the
problems in promoting equal employment oppor
tunity were characterized as lacking continuity
and coordination with other groups concerned.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
“help wanted” items carried by the 4 major daily
newspapers—except in the case of those items re
cruiting female domestics. Advertisements for
female domestic help were about evenly divided
between employers preferring certain minority
groups (e. g., Negro, Chinese, Filipino) and those
preferring whites (including North European im
migrant groups). Except for some household serv
ice advertisements and jobs where certain religious
background might be helpful, practically no adver
tisements included specifications on religion, in
this regard apparently reflecting a newspaper
policy of nonacceptance. “Situation wanted” ad
vertisements were more than five times as likely
(as “help wanted ads”) to include ethnic specifica
tions.
State Licensing Boards. In their license applica
tion forms, all of the 17 boards 10studied asked for
birthplace, 11 requested a photograph, 4 inquired
whether native or naturalized, 3 whether the ap
plicant’s surname had been changed, 1 his race
or color, and 1 the place of which he was a native.
The application forms for entrance to professions
contained from 1 to 7 questions, those for busi
nesses and vocations, 1 to 3 questions, potentially
indicative of an applicant’s race, religion, or
national origin.
Other Labor Force Channels
Newspaper Advertisements. During August 1955,
restrictive specifications or indications of restric
tive hiring practices were virtually absent in the
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10
Dentistry, law, medicine, accountancy, optometry, architecture, nursing,
social work, pharmacy, chiropractic, veterinary medicine, civil and profes
sional engineering, dry cleaning, contracting, funeral directing and embalm
ing, real estate, and cosmetology.
1137
PLAN ADJUSTMENTS TO THE $1 MINIMUM WAGE
Plant Adjustments
to the $1 Minimum Wage
To
the extent of change in wages and wage
structures resulting from the increase in the Fed
eral minimum wage from 75 cents to $1 an hour,
the Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Sta
tistics conducted a series of surveys in a number
of comparatively low wage industries.1 From 41
to 96 percent of the nonsupervisory workers in
these industries earned less than $1 an hour prior
to March 1, 1956, the effective date of the new
minimum.
The expected magnitude of the increases in
wages—confirmed by these surveys—naturally led
to expectations of nonwage actions to adjust to
the higher wage costs. Consequently, an integral
part of the survey plan was a separate question
naire containing a standard set of inquiries relating
to selected areas of possible adjustment open to
management. This report is based on 1,105 com
pleted questionnaires obtained by the Bureau’s
field representatives from the 8 industries shown
in the accompanying table.2
Within the ambit of actions available to em
ployers, the areas of adjustment explored in this
special survey included changes in the work force,
expenditures for machinery and equipment, plant
layout or work procedures, production standards,
and product lines.3
A number of limitations exist in the type of
study conducted that preclude any but cautious
and tentative conclusions about the actions an
employer takes when confronted with an increase
in the legal minimum wage. First, the results for
each of the industries studied may not truly repre
sent the extent to which individual plant adjust
ments were made in those industries because the
sample of establishments was that selected for the
wage surveys, and not necessarily the best for the
study of adjustments. Second, some difficulty
obtains in securing precise data for some of the
questions. Many such actions reflect simply the
continuous performance of the managerial func
tion, and it was not possible to disentangle those
actions resulting from decisions previously arrived
at from those that were, at the least, quickened by
the higher minimum. Not all of the actions taken
can in any case be attributed to the new mini
a s s e s s
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
mum.4 Third, the areas of adjustment included
in the survey do not exhaust the possibilities of
adjustment.
Despite these limitations, the data reflect tend
encies, movement, and change during the period
of the minimum wage increase and are useful in
describing some of the nonwage effects. They
provide some quantitative indication of which of
the possible areas of adjustment were widely used
and which were little used, as well as the differ
ences in extent of use among the industries studied.
Also, while the sample admittedly may not have
been the best for these purposes, the reports for
the 1,105 establishments included in the study
constitute a substantial number of observations.
Findings
Management representatives interviewed in the
majority of all plants, as well as in the majority of
plants in each industry, reported some action taken
in one or more of the selected areas of adjustment;
i. e., they increased expenditures for machinery
and equipment; changed plant layout or work
procedures; discharged some employees; increased
production standards; or changed product line.
The data shown in the accompanying charts in
clude actions taken during the months immedi
ately preceding and following the effective date
of the $1 minimum wage and in the longer period
of the subsequent year.5 (Precise dates of the
surveys are shown in the accompanying table.)
In all areas except discharges, the percentages are
based on the total number of establishments
reporting such actions for whatever reason.
1 Occupational wage surveys were made in 12 industries. Data were col
lected for several payroll periods before and after the effective date of the new
minimum wage. Two separate visits about a year apart were made to each
establishment in the sample so that both the immediate and longer run effects
could bo ascertained. (See table for dates.) The results of the first inter
views were reported in the following issues of the Monthly Labor Review:
March, April, September, and November 1957, pp. 323-32S, 441-446, 10871091, and 1339-1343, respectively. The results of the second interviews ap
peared in the May 1958 issue, pp. 492-501. See also Effects of the $1 Mini
mum Wage in Seven Areas in the July 1958 issue, pp. 737-743.
s Data for the other 4 industries (cigars, canning and freezing, raw sugar,
tobacco stemming and redrying), 3 of them highly seasonal, were not avail
able at this writing. Their exclusion does not materially affect the discus
sion. The number of establishments surveyed in these 4 industries was less
than a fifth of the establishments studied in all industries.
s Other research by BLS is designed to determine the feasibility of exploring
the effects of the $1 minimum wage on productivity in greater detail.
« To avoid the bias of leading questions, the interviewers asked why an
action was taken rather than whether it was due to the $1 minimum wage.
This may, of course, have introduced a downward bias.
* T h e d a ta refer t o th e p ro p o rtio n o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts , n o t w o rk ers. S o m e
p la n ts repo rted a c tio n in th e sa m e area of a d ju s tm e n t d u r in g b o th p e r io d s
s t u d ie d .
T h e s e h a v e b een c o u n te d o n ly o n ce.
1138
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
Scope of surveys of effects of the $1 minimum wage and percent of workers under the minimum
In d u stry
R efere n c e d a te s
F e r tiliz e r _______________
F o o tw e a r ____ __________
A p r . 1955, A p r . 1956, a n d A p r . 1957
A u g . 1955, F e b . 1956, A pr.* 1956, a n d
A p r . 1957.
F e b ., A p r ., a n d O c t. 1956______________
A u g . 1955, F e b . a n d A p r . 1956, a n d
A p r . 1957.
O c t .- D e e . 1955, a n d A p r . 1956-57
M e n ’s an d b o y s ’ s h ir t s .
P r o c e sse d w a s t e ...............
S a w m ills ______________
S e a m le ss h o siery :
M e n ’s ............................. /A u g . 1955, F e b . a n d A p r . 1956, a n d
C h ild r e n ’s . . . .............. \ A p r . 1957.
W o o d e n c o n ta in e r s .......... A u g . 1955, F e b . a n d A p r . 1956, a n d
A p r . 1957.
W o r k s h ir t s ____________ A u g . 1955, F e b . a n d A p r . 1956, a n d
A p r . 1957.
G e o g r a p h ic lo c a tio n
1
S o u th
S o u th ,
M iss o u r i,
s o u th e a stern P e n n s y lv a n ia .5
U n it e d S t a t e s _______________
S o u th __________
S o u th
M in im u m N u m b e r of
N u m b e r of
siz e o f e s
e s ta b lis h N u m b e r of e s ta b lis h
ta b lis h m e n t
m e n t s 1 e m p lo y e e s 3 m e n ts in
s tu d ie d
stu d y 4
P ercen t of
w o rk ers
u n d e r $1
an h o u r 3
8
21
407
21 58fl
130
39,830
62
42
21
8
540
34
99 189
1,840
284
19
46
82
74
8
4, 599
149, 640
318
U n it e d S ta te s a n d S o u th e a st.
S o u th _____________________ _
21
395
51,190
163
52
8
224
22, 710
66
82
S o u t h e a s t _____
21
30
4,6 8 0
14
80
1 The South includes the 3 broad economic regions ot: Border States—
Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Virginia, and West Virginia; Southeast—
Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina,
and Tennessee; Southwest—Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas.
2 Includes all establishments with total employment at or above the mini
mum-size limitation at the time the establishment lists were compiled.
3 Includes not only office and production workers but also executive, tech
nical, and professional employees. These estimates (as well as those for es
tablishments) relate to August 1955 with the following exceptions: fertilizer—
April 1955; sawmills—October-December 1955; men’s and boys’ shirts—
February 1956. The percent of the workers under $1 relate to the same
periods.
4 The study of plant adjustments was conducted among the establishments
in the sample selected for the wage surveys and was further limited to those
establishments in which at least 5 percent of the workers earned less than
$1 an hour prior to the effective date of the $1 minimum wage.
8 Limited to women’s cement-process shoes in Missouri and misses’ and
children’s Goodyear-welt shoes in southeastern Pennsylvania.
The proportion of plants which took one or more
of these actions varied considerably among the
industries, ranging from 51 percent of the men’s
and boys’ shirt factories to 86 percent of the men’s
and children’s seamless hosiery and work shirt
plants. (See chart 1.) The type of industry did
not appear to be a factor in the proportion of the
plants studied making these adjustments, since
the lowest and highest proportions were reported
in 3 industries of similar type—all are part of the
textile and apparel group, all use the individual
piece rate as the predominant method of wage
payment, and all are extensively mechanized.
The area studied did not appear to be a factor in
the proportion of plants making adjustments
either, since both the men’s and boys’ shirts and
the men’s seamless hosiery industries were studied
nationwide. Neither was there any consistent
relationship to the proportion of workers earning
less than the new minimum. For example, al
though only 6 percent more of the seamless hosiery
workers than of the men’s and boys’ shirt workers
earned less than $1 an hour prior to the effective
date of the new minimum wage, these industries
had the highest and lowest rates of adjustments,
respectively. Size might also be assumed as a
determinant in the ability of a plant to make
adjustments. When the plants were stratified by
size, however, the data indicated that approxi
mately the same proportion of plants in each size
group took one or more of the actions surveyed.
The most widely used area of adjustment was
increased expenditures for machinery and equip
ment. Nearly 45 percent of the 1,105 plants
reported expenditures exceeding those of the pre
vious year. About half as many reported changes
in plant layout or reorganization of work pro
cedures. These areas of adjustment were followed
in importance by discharges directly attributed to
the $1 minimum (about 15 percent of the plants),
increasing production standards (about 10 per
cent), and changes in product line (7 percent).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Increased Spending for Machinery and Equipment.
The increases in capital expenditures were meas
ured in the two interviews in terms of the amount
spent during the previous year. The first inter
view, in April 1956, compared expenditures be
tween the period July 1955 to April 1956 and the
year prior to July 1955. The second interview,
in April 1957, compared expenditures between
the periods April 1956 to April 1957 and July 1955
to April 1956. These are not exactly comparable
time intervals, but their selection was dictated, to
a large extent, by the desire to relate the data
to the date of the change in the minimum wage.
July 1955 divides the periods at approximately
the point in time when employers knew what the
increase in the minimum would be (the President
signed the amendments to the Fair Labor Stand
ards Act on August 12, 1955).
More than three-fifths of the seamless hosiery
mills reported increased expenditures in one or
PLAN ADJUSTMENTS TO THE $1 MINIMUM WAGE
1139
both of the periods, as did half or more of the
southern sawmills and the wooden container
plants. (See chart 2.) At the lower end of the
scale, only one-fourth of the footwear plants
reported increases.
The data are a useful but limited measure of
capital expansion due to the new minimum wage.
Some of the increased expenditure in each period
resulted from higher prices for machinery, some
represented only normal replacement of parts.
Also, some leads and lags occur in capital ex
penditures which may have culminated during
these periods but were not necessarily related to
the increased minimum wage (interest rates and
credit availability, for example, are important
reasons for discrete changes in capital). More
over, the data do not show aggregate changes in
expenditures, and a number of establishments—
an appreciable number in some industries—
decreased expenditures in one or both of the
periods surveyed. Nevertheless, the data do
show that a substantial number of plants in
creased expenditures for machinery and equipment
subsequent to the passage of the $1 minimum
wage, indicating to some extent the pressure of the
increased minimum on unit costs.
Efforts to reduce unit costs through mech
anization when the cost of labor rises may take
several forms. For example, more efficient ma
chinery may be combined with the same or even
additional labor, or machinery may be installed
as a direct substitute for labor. The form mech
anization takes in an individual case depends
on a number of circumstances, including its
adaptability to the plant’s processes—significantly
different among these low wage industries studied.
Many plants in some of these industries were
already highly mechanized, while many plants in
other industries were circumscribed in their
ability to adapt mechanization to their operations.
In all of the industries, however, substantial
numbers of plants improved existing machinery
and/or instituted new types, as previously indi
cated. For example, a large proportion of the
seamless hosiery plants reported increased ex
penditures for the purchase of the same type of
machines they were currently using (primarily
knitting machines) but with new attachments to
handle the increased use of synthetic yarns.
Normally, the southern sawmill industry, com
posed of a large number of small portable mills,
is not thought to be able to mechanize its opera
tions to a large degree. The data show, however,
that about 55 percent of the sawmills interviewed
did increase expenditures on a variety of innova
tions. Some mills reported the purchase of a
new, smaller, and less costly debarker which was
adapted to southern timber, providing the saw-
Chart 1. Extent of Adjustments to the $1 Minimum, by Type of Adjustment and Industry
P la n ts R e p o r t in g
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P la n ts R e p o r t in g O n e o r M o r e A d ju s t m e n t s
S e le c t e d A d ju s tm e n ts
PERCENT
PERCENT
1140
miller with a profitable byproduct—wood waste.
An increasing number of sawmills have found the
forklift truck capable of improving operating
efficiency. Increased expenditures for the in
stallation or improvement of conveying equip
ment to facilitate material movement, reported
by one or more of the employers in almost all of
the industries studied, warrant observation, al
though found in only a limited number of cases.
More automatic handling of materials in several
work shirt shops and in fertilizer plants was also
introduced with the installation of automatic
bagging machines. These tendencies toward
mechanical material movement and handling may
displace some labor from such jobs, which are
apt to be near the bottom of the wage scale.
Changes in Plant Layout or Work Procedures.
About 20 percent of the plants reported changes
in plant layout or reorganization of work pro
cedures. Although some capital expenditures led
to plant layout changes to accommodate new
machinery and equipment, the ranking of indus
tries by proportion of plants changing layout was
different from the order for increased expendi
tures. The work shirt industry led the former
list, with fully 35 percent of the plants reporting
layout changes. More than 25 percent of the
wooden container plants, sawmills, and seamless
hosiery mills changed plant layout. At least 15
percent of the men’s and boys’ shirt plants, foot
wear plants, and processed waste mills and a
smaller proportion of the fertilizer plants reported
layout changes.
Some changes in plant layout and reorganization
of work procedures came as a necessary adjunct
to other types of action taken. New machinery
and equipment have been mentioned; adding or
dropping some product was also important in
some cases (work shirt plants reported this factor
more often than any other), and reducing or
expanding the scope of operations also led to
some changes (dropping or adding planing and
logging operations in sawmills, for example).
Other plant layout changes were instituted directly
to increase operating efficiency rather than as a
result of other actions. In some cases, machines
were more conveniently placed for workers operat
ing more than one machine; in other cases, the
flow of work was improved by changing the posi
tion of the workers. A minority of the employers
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
interviewed attributed these plant engineering
changes directly to the $1 minimum wage. The
types of action leading to these changes, however,
indicate the probability of significant influence
stemming indirectly from the higher minimum.
Discharges Attributed to the $1 Minimum Wage.
Perhaps the major controversy surrounding mini
mum wage legislation relates to the possible
curtailment of employment opportunities for lowwage workers. Much testimony before the U. S.
Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare
in 1955 on raising the minimum wage was directed
to this problem. For example, it was suggested
that “even an increase to 90 cents would have
disemploying effects. Many workers who qualify
for employment at a free market wage rate cannot
automatically qualify at the higher rate. How
many of these low wage earners will simply be
barred from the job when the rate is increased?” 6
Another view presented was that “frequently, the
erroneous assumption is made that the workers
in low-paid occupations are those who are marginal
and will be eliminated first. That overlooks the
fact that generally firms cannot get along without
janitors, yard labor, or workers in other unskilled
types of employment, and that the order of layoff
is likely to be influenced by seniority.” 7 The
controversy over the disemployment effects of the
minimum wage on low-wage workers is part of
the general economic controversy concerning the
employment effect of a minimum wage on low
(or marginal) productivity workers. The argu
ment on one side states that an increase in wages
above the amount warranted by the worker’s
marginal productivity must lead to reduced em
ployment (or price increases); the argument on
the other side states that employers do not calcu
late marginal productivity, and that the wageemployment relationship is dependent on a variety
of factors, such as market conditions and the
technical requirements of the production processes.
The data collected in this survey do not resolve
the arguments but do throw some light on various
aspects of them.
The results of the Avage surveys indicated some
changes in overall employment in most industries
« Amending the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, Hearings before the
Subcommittee on Labor of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare,
U. S. Senate, 84th Cong., 1st sess., pp. 713 and 719.
11bid., p. 1403.
PLAN ADJUSTMENTS TO THE $1 MINIMUM WAGE
1141
in both the short- and long-run periods.8 The
changes in aggregate employment between the
1955 payroll period studied and April 1957 ranged
from a 15-percent decrease in the sawmill industry
to a slight increase in the processed waste mills.
Much of these changes clearly cannot be attributed
to the higher minimum wage. Moreover, these
industry aggregates obscured the volatile employ
ment situations at the plant level. Virtually
every plant studied discharged some workers
between January 1956 and April 1957. In most
cases, these discharges represented normal em
ployee separations. In a minority of plants in
each industry, however, employers attributed
some discharges directly to the higher minimum
wage. Thirty-three percent of the employers
interviewed in the seamless hosiery mills reported
discharges due to the $1 minimum wage. The
proportion of employers reporting such discharges
was relatively high in the work shirt (28 percent)
and processed waste (26 percent) industries. In
contrast, only 2 percent of the fertilizer and foot
wear employers attributed any of their discharges
to the new minimum.
One of the effects of the $1 minimum wage was
evidently the loss of employment for some workers.
An inconsequential number of employers reported
new hires to replace workers discharged because of
the minimum so that some of the declines in total
employment were probably traceable to the $1
minimum wage. In most cases, discharges said
to be due to the minimum occurred in plants which
also reported market difficulties. This was partic
ularly so in the seamless hosiery industry in which
an acute deterioration of demand was reported
during 1956. Along with reduced operations,
part-time work, and layoffs, hosiery mill owners
discharged some of their least productive workers.
In most cases, these were workers who failed to
earn $1 an hour on the piece-rate payment plans
and had to be given makeup pay under the new
minimum. In some of the industries in which the
time-rated method of pay predominated, cmplo3me
discharges attributed directly to the $1 minimum
followed a general review of the labor force to
Chart 2. Adjustments to the $1 Minimum Wage, by
Industry
* Aggregate employment changes In the industries studied include not
only variations in individual plant employments but also declines because
of plants going out of business. About 2 percent of the plants within the
scope of the surveys during the payroll period prior to the new minimum
were not in business subsequent to the effective date of the new minimum.
Few of these closings, however, were attributed to the $1 minimum wage;
most occurred among sawmills which normally have a high turnover rate
and were particularly affected by lack of available timber.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In c re a s e d
10
20
30
40
E x p e n d itu r e s
50
60
70
p er c en t
80
90
100
Seamless Hosiery
Sawmills
Wooden Containers
Processed Waste
Men’s and Boys’ Shirts
Fertilizer
Work Shirts
Footwear
D is c h a rg e s A t t r ib u t e d
Changes
t o t h e $ 1 M in im u m
in P r o d u c t i o n
S ta n d a rd s
increase operating efficiency. In these cases, the
workers discharged were usually classed as the
least efficient. For the most part, it appears that
discharges due to the minimum wage were based
on productivity. Indications of discharges as a
result of the minimum wage for reasons other than
productivity were also reported occasionally. For
example, one employer reported discharging higher
1142
paid workers to eliminate the need to maintain
wage differentials.
Changes in Production Standards. Most of the dis
charges directly attributed to the $1 minimum
apparently resulted from the inability to attain
production standards after the higher minimum
became effective, that is, employees were required
to produce more units per hour. These changes in
production standards took several forms. In the
case of incentive workers, piece rates may not have
been increased—or not to the same degree as the
increase in the minimum—and in the case of time
workers, greater control over production may have
been instituted. The proportion of plants studied
in which production standards were raised varied
from 28 percent in the work shirt industry to none
in the footwear industry. Increased production
standards were reported most frequently by the
seamless hosiery mills, with the processed waste mills
and the men’s and boys’shirt plants ranking second
and third, respectively. A number of the employers
reporting increased production standards empha
sized greater supervision. Some employers also
indicated closer scrutiny of new hires and raised
hiring standards in an effort to insure that new em
ployees would meet higher productivity standards.
Changes in Product Line. The final area of adjust
ment explored in these studies—and the one least
used—was a change in the product line. Only 7
percent of the 1,105 establishments reported prod
uct changes as previously indicated; but 28 per
cent of the work shirt plants, 17 percent of the
footwear plants, 16 percent of the seamless hosiery
mills, and 11 percent of the wooden container
plants reported some product changes. In the
other 4 industries, the proportion of plants ranged
from 2 to 6 percent.
Establishments in all the industries generally
concentrate their resources on the manufacture of
a single product. Changes in the cost structure
may, however, induce employers to reexamine
alternative uses of those resources. For example,
some machines may be adaptable to other products,
permitting additions to the product line and more
complete utilization of plant capacity; or the proc
essing of byproducts and waste may become profit
able as a result of the revised cost situation. On
the other hand, production of secondary products
may no longer be profitable and a greater return
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
may be realized by concentrating all resources in
the production of a single product. All of these
possibilities were reported and they varied from
plant to plant even within industries. Most work
shirt plants reporting changes diversified their
product line. In sawmills, however, some em
ployers decided to produce only rough lumber;
others added finished lumber to their operations.
Summary
Most employers in the low-wage industries
studied, when faced with the higher wages resulting
from the $1 minimum wage, reviewed their opera
tions, procedures, and work force and took some
action to offset the increased costs. These actions
included changes in both the major factors of
production (labor and capital). The primary
emphasis appeared to be on the improvement and
expansion of machinery and equipment facilities.
The increased expenditures in most cases seem to
have been primarily for newer models of equip
ment in current use or adaptations for more effi
cient utilization of plant and materials requiring
little or no change in labor input. Although some
mechanization did replace labor, changes in em
ployment aggregates in most of the industries
studied tended to verify the general observation
that there did not seem to be a widespread sub
stitution of capital for labor. Nevertheless, in
about 15 percent of the plants studied, some
workers were discharged because of the $1 mini
mum wage. For the most part, these discharges
resulted from the worker’s low productivity and
his inability to meet new production standards.
The survey indicated that submarginal processing
workers were more likely to be discharged as a
direct result of the higher minimum wage than
were the low-wage unskilled general help. Among
the other areas of adjustment studied, changes in
plant layout were reported by more than 20 per
cent of the plants, while 10 percent reported
increasing production standards, and 7 percent
either diversified or contracted their product lines.
In only a minority of cases did the employers who
reported that they had made such changes
attribute them to the $1 minimum wage.
— N o rm a n J. S a m u e l s
D ivision of Wages and Industrial Relation
SALARIES OF FIREMEN AND POLICEMEN, 1951-58
Salaries of Firemen and
Policemen, 1954-58
I n the 4-year period between January 1954 and
January 1958, maximum annual salary scales of
firefighters and patrolmen in cities of 100,000 or
more population increased by an average of 18.6
percent, or about $820 (table 1). In only one of
these cities did salary scales remain stationary.1
The rate of increase in maximum salary scales
of firemen and policemen was slightly lower during
this 4-year period than during earlier postwar
years; between 1945 and 1954, salaries rose at an
annual rate of about 5.5 percent, compared with
slightly less than 4.5 percent between 1954 and
1958 (table 2).2
The most rapid advance in maximum pay scales
during these 4 years occurred in 1956 in cities of
all sizes except the smallest ones studied—those
with fewer than 250,000 inhabitants.3 Except in
cities of a million or more, the smallest average
increase took place in 1954. The increase in all
cities studied averaged 5.7 percent ($269) in 1956
and 3.3 percent ($144) in 1954.
The larger increase in 1956 was traceable to two
factors: (1) Proportionately more workers were
in cities where scales were raised than in any of the
T
able
1.
1143
other 3 years, and (2) the raises that went into
effect were also greater. In that year, salary
scale increases went into effect in communities
that employed 82 percent of all firefighters and
patrolmen studied (table 3), and the increase in
maximum scales in these cities averaged 6.9 percent.
On the other hand, in 1954 approximately twofifths of all workers were employed in cities where
scales were not altered.
Intercity Variations in Increases
The increases in maximum scales put into effect
during the period 1954-58 varied among areas
1 This article brings up to date figures presented in the M onthly Labor
Review of June 1950, pp. 633-634, January 1952, pp. 52-53, July 1953, pp. 723726, and July 1955, pp. 790-793. Methods used in constructing the indexes
are discussed in these earlier articles and in BLS Wage Movements Bulletin,
Series 3, No. 2.
The following data on salary scales were used by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics in compiling the series: for firemen, special salary tabulations pre
pared by the International Association of Fire Fighters; and for policemen,
the Municipal Yearbook, published by the International City Managers
Association, and the Survey of Salaries and Working Conditions of Police,
published by the Fraternal Order of Police.
2 Because in most cities pay scales for firefighters and patrolmen are identi
cal, the text of this article does not discuss the two groups separately.
Variations in the proportion of policemen and firemen among different
communities rather than differences in pay within the same community
largely explain the differences in average salary levels and salary trends be
tween the two occupational groups.
3 Changes in scales between January 1, 1954, and January 1, 1955, are re
ferred to as 1954 changes, between 1955 and 1956 as 1955 changes, etc., although
some of the new scales may have gone into effect on January 1 of the following
year.
Average increases in maximum salary scales of firemen and policemen in cities of 100,000 population or more,1
by city size group, 1954-58
Occupation and city size group
1954-58
Dollars
F iremen
and
1954-55
Percent3 Dollars
1955-56
1956-57
Percent
Dollars
Percent
Dollars
1957-58
Percent
Dollars
Percent
P olicemen
All size groups____ __________________ _______
$822
18.6
$144
3.3
$180
3.9
$269
5.7
$229
4.6
1,000,000 and over______ ____________ _____
500,000 and under 1,000,000_______ - - ___ ___
250.000 and under 500,000___________________
100.000 and under 250,000___________________
909
852
742
675
19.0
19.7
17.9
17.3
195
142
80
92
4.1
3.3
1.9
2.3
181
181
161
195
3.6
4.1
3.8
4.9
300
270
302
176
5.8
5.8
6. 9
4.2
233
259
199
212
4.3
5.3
4.2
4.9
F iremen 3
All size groups_______________________________
811
18.6
144
3.3
172
3.8
268
5.8
227
4.6
1,000,000 and over_________________________
500.000 and under 1,000,000____ - ___________
250.000 and under 500,000_____
__________
100,000 and under 250,000---- ------------------------
917
872
731
671
19.2
20.2
17.6
17.3
194
176
82
92
4.1
4.1
2.0
2.4
179
152
153
194
3.6
3.4
3.6
4.9
308
293
298
171
6.0
6.8
4.1
236
251
198
214
4.3
5.1
4.2
4.9
P olicemen 3
All size groups_______________________________
832
18.6
144
3.2
188
4.1
269
5.6
231
4.6
1,000,000 and over___________________ ____
500,000 and under 1,000,000____ _ __________
250,000 and under 500,000-------------------------- .
100,000 and under 250,000_____________ _
906
841
749
679
19.1
19.4
17.9
17.3
195
118
76
92
4.1
2.7
1.8
2.3
182
203
167
195
3.7
4.6
3.9
4.9
296
255
307
182
5.7
233
265
199
210
4.3
5.4
4.2
4.8
1 Based on data in all cities of over 100,000 (with the exception of 1 city of
100,000 but under 250,000 population). Data refer to changes in the maxi
mum rates (excluding longevity rates) for firemen and patrolmen in effect
on January 1 of each year.
2 The percent change for policemen and firemen combined is in some cases
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6.3
5.5
6.9
4.3
slightly above or below the changes for both groups considered separately
because of weighting methods.
3
For an explanation of the difference in average salary levels and salary
trends between the two occupational groups, see footnote 2 of the text.
1144
from 1.9 to 44.4 percent, but about 3 out of 10 of
the policemen and firemen were employed in cities
where the gain was 22.5 but less than 25 percent
and almost 1 in 5 were employed where increases
averaged 12.5 but less than 15.0 percent (in 1 city
scales did not change) (table 4). Maximum scales
in cities employing more than four-fifths of all
firemen and policemen rose by at least 12.5 per
cent; more than one-half were in cities where
increases amounted to 20 percent or more.
Measured in dollars, the increases between
January 1954 and January 1958 ranged from $75
to $1,623. More than 3 out of 10 firemen and
policemen were employed where the increase was
$1,100 but below $1,200, while cities employing
almost 1 in 5 raised maximum salary scales by
Distribution of Firefighters and Patrolmen by Maximum
Salary Scales and City Size, January 1958
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , O C T O B E R 1958
T
2 . Indexes of maximum salary scales 1 for firemen
and 'policemen in cities of 100,000 population or more,
1989-58
a b l e
In d ex (1047-49=100)
Year
1939________ _________
1940_____ ____________
1941 _________________
1942........ ............................
1943 ________ _________
1944 ........... ........... ..........
1945........... ....................... 1946 ...... ............................
1947....................................
1948 ______________ —1949__________________
1950 ......... ....................... 1951__________________
1952 ..................-............. 1953............................ ........
1954_____ _____ ______
1955.................. ..................
1956 _________________
1957 _______ ______
1958.....................................
Firemen and
policemen
Firemen
73
73
73
74
76
80
85
86
93
100
108
110
116
124
132
137
142
147
156
163
72
72
72
74
76
80
84
85
93
100
107
110
116
124
132
137
142
147
156
163
Policemen
73
73
73
74
76
80
85
89
92
100
108
111
117
125
133
138
142
148
156
164
1 D a ta are b a se d on m a x im u m ra tes (e x c lu d in g lo n g e v it y ra tes) for firem en
a n d p a tro lm e n in effec t o n J a n u a r y 1 o f ea c h y ea r .
$600 but less than $700. More than three-fourths
of these municipal employees were in cities where
scales were increased by at least $600.
At least 2 annual increases went into effect in
cities employing 7 out of 8 firemen and policemen,
and of the total studied, a substantial proportion,
almost 2 out of 5 of these employees, were in cities
where salaries were raised each year. Although
relatively few cities (1 in 6) gave the 4 annual
increases, those that did so included New York,
Chicago, and Detroit, where large numbers of
firemen and policemen were employed.
The average increase in maximum salary scales
between 1954 and 1958 was greater, in both
percentage and absolute terms, in the 18 cities
of 500,000 or more population than in the smaller
city size groups. The 19.7-percent gain for cities
of 500,000 to 1,000,000 was proportionately the
highest recorded and the 17.3-percent gain in
areas of fewer than 250,000 population was the
lowest. The largest average dollar increase ($909)
was in cities of 1 million or more and the smallest
($675) was in those of less than 250,000.
Intercity Variation in Salary Levels
Not only the magnitude of pay increases from
1954 to 1958 but also the level of' salaries in 1958
varied among cities. In 1958, maximum annual
salary scales for firemen and policemen ranged
from $3,312 to $6,215. However, almost three-
1145
SALARIES OF FIREMEN AND POLICEMEN, 1954-58
T a ble 3.
Percent distribution of firemen and policemen 1 in cities of 100,000 population or more by the increase in maximum
annual salary scales, by year, 1954-58
Percent increase
Firemen
and police
men
Fire
men
Police
men
Firemen
and police
men
Fire
men
28.1
15.6
11.2
31.2
6.8
3.6
1.1
32.2
11.0
15.2
28.8
7.6
3.0
1. 5
.4
.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
40.4
.5
38.3
15.9
1.0
.7
18
.2
1.2
41.9
.3
34.2
17.6
1.4
.8
23
.2
1.3
39.3
.7
41.3
14.6
.6
.6
1. 4
.2
Total_________
100.0
100.0
1 The 1954-55 distribution is based on 1955 total employment in fire departmerits and total number of uniformed patrolmen, the 1955-56 distribution on
1956 employment, and so forth.
fifths of these workers were in cities where maxi
mum scales were at least $5,200. (See chart.)
Salary scales tended to increase with size of
city. They ranged from $4,500 to $6,192 in
cities of 500,000 or more population, with twothirds of all firemen and policemen in these cities
employed where maximum scales of at least
$5,400 were in effect. These included employees
in New York City, where a maximum scale of
almost $5,900 was in effect, and San Francisco
and Los Angeles, with maximums of $6,192.
In the smallest communities studied, salary
scales varied from $3,312 to $6,120. About
three-fifths of the workers within this population
group were employed where maximum salaries
of $4,200 but less than $5,000 were in effect, and
almost another fifth were in cities where these
salaries ranged from $3,600 to less than $4,200.
T a b l e 4.
Police
men
29.8
13.6
12.9
30.2
7.1
3.4
1. 2
1.5
.3
No change_________
Under 2.5_
_____
2.5 and under 5.0____
5.0 and under 7.5____
7.5 and under 10.0___
10.0 and under 12.5__
12.5 and under 15.0
15.0 and under 17.5__
17.5 and under 20.0
20.0 and over.. ____
1957-58
1956-57
1955-56
1954-55
1. 0
2.3
.2
Firemen
and police
men
Police
men
18.0
1.2
15.3
35.6
13.1
10.9
4. 7
.7
19.3
2.2
14.4
32.5
13.1
11.7
5.3
.9
17.0
.4
15.9
37.8
13.2
10.3
4.2
.5
.6
.7
.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
N o t e : Because
100.
equal
Fire
men
Firemen
and police
men
Fire
men
Police
men
23.0
1.0
20.5
42.9
3. 1
6.3
24.2
1.7
18.5
40.8
4.7
7.2
22.0
.5
21.9
44.4
1.9
5.7
3.0
.3
2.4
.4
3.4
.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
of rounding, sums of individual items
do
not necessarily
The highest salary scale in each city size group
was paid by a California city. The cities of
100,000 but less than 500,000 that paid over
$6,000 were in the metropolitan areas of Los
Angeles-Long Beach and San Francisco-Oakland.
Comparisons with Other Trends
From 1939 to 1958, maximum, salary scales
of firemen and policemen have increased by almost
125 percent—more than the Bureau of Labor
Statistics Consumer Price Index or pay scales
of Federal white-collar workers, but somewhat
less than urban teachers’ pay and much less than
factory workers’ earnings as measured by the
BLS monthly series. Over approximately the
same period, the CPI advanced by only 105
percent, and basic pay scales of Federal employees
Percent distribution of firemen and policemen 1 in cities of 100,000 population or more by the increase in maximum
annual salary scales, 1954-58
Percent increase
No change
Under 2.5
2 5 and under 5 (1
5 0 and under 7.5
7.5 and under 10 0
10.0 and under 12.5
12 5 and under 15.0
15 0 and under 17.5
17 5 and under 20 0
20 0 and under 22 5
22 5 and under 25 0
25 0 and under 27 5
27 5 and under SO 0
30.0 and over
Total
Firemen and
policemen
Firemen
Policemen
1. 5
9. 7
6. 6
19. 3
3.0
7.3
10. 3
30 4
5. 9
2. 7
2.9
1.8
9.9
7.8
16.2
3.1
82
12 2
27. 4
7.1
3. 5
2.3
1.3
9.5
5.8
21. 6
29
66
9.0
32.5
5. 0
2.2
3.3
No change______________________
Under $100............... .................. ..........
$100 and under $200_______________
$200 and under $300_______________
$300 and under $400.............................
$400 and under $500_____ _________
$500 and under $600........................ .....
$600 and under $700_______________
$700 and under $800_______________
$800 and under $900_______________
$900 and under $1,000_____________
$1,000 and under $1,100____________
$l|l00 and under $1,200.__________
$L200 and over__________________
100. 0
100.0
100.0
Total_____ ________________
0. 2
.2
0.3
.3
0.1
.2
i Based on 1958 total employment in fire departments and total number of
uniformed policemen.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Dollar increase
Firemen and
policemen
Firemen
Policemen
0.2
.2
0.3
.3
0.1
1.5
5.4
9.3
6.6
19.2
28
7.5
9.3
2.0
31.6
4.3
1.8
6.6
9.4
7.0
16.8
3. 7
80
10.6
2.6
29 2
40
1.3
4.6
9.2
6.3
21.0
2.1
7.2
8.4
1.6
33.4
4.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
.2
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily
equal 100.
1146
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , O C T O B E R 1958
under the Classification Act rose 79.1 percent.4
However, hourly earnings excluding overtime as
well as average weekly earnings of factory produc
tion workers more than tripled, and average
salaries of urban public teachers by 1956-57
were 132 percent above those in effect during
the 1938-39 school year.5
The 18.6-percent rise in patrolmen’s and fire
fighters’ salary scales between January 1954 and
January 1958 may be compared with a 7.6-percent
increase in basic pay scales for Federal Clas
sification Act employees (excluding the retroactive
increase enacted in June 1958). Factory produc
tion workers’ average hourly earnings went up 15
percent and consumer prices advanced 6.2 percent
during the 4-year period.
Provisions of the New Welfare
and Pension Plans Disclosure A ct1
(6) The term “participant” means any employee or
former employee of an employer or any member of an
employee organization who is or may become eligible to
receive a benefit of any type from an employee welfare or
pension benefit plan, or whose beneficiaries may be eligible
to receive any such benefit.
(7) The term “beneficiary” means a person designated
by a participant or by the terms of an employee welfare or
pension benefit plan who is or may become entitled to a
benefit thereunder.
(8) The term “person” means an individual, part
nership, corporation, mutual company, joint-stock com
pany, trust, unincorporated organization, association, or
employee organization.
(9) The term “State” means any State of the United
States, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the
Virgin Islands, and the Canal Zone.
S e c . 3. (a) When used in this Act—
(1) The term “employee welfare benefit plan” means
any plan, fund, or program which is communicated to or
its benefits described in writing to the employees, and
which was heretofore or is hereafter established by an
employer or by an employee organization, or by both, for
the purpose of providing for its participants or their bene
ficiaries, through the purchase of insurance or otherwise,
medical, surgical, or hospital care or benefits, or benefits
in the event of sickness, accident, disability, death, or
unemployment.
(2) The term “employee pension benefit plan” means
any plan, fund, or program which is communicated or its
benefits described in writing to the employees, and which
was heretofore or is hereafter established by an employer
or by an employee organization, or by both, for the pur
pose of providing for its participants or their beneficiaries,
by the purchase of insurance or annuity contracts or other
wise, retirement benefits, and includes any profit-sharing
plan which provides benefits at or after retirement.
(3) The term “employee organization” means any
labor union or any organization of any kind, or any agency
or employee representation committee, association, group,
or plan, in which employees participate and which exists
for the purpose, in whole or in part, of dealing with em
ployers concerning an employee welfare or pension benefit
plan, or other matters incidental to employment relation
ships; or any employees’ beneficiary association organized
for the purpose, in whole or in part, of establishing such
a plan.
(4) The term “employer” means any person acting
directly as an employer or indirectly in the interest of an
employer in relation to an employee welfare or pension
benefit plan, and includes a group or association of em
ployers acting for an employer in such capacity.
(5) The term “employee” means any individual
employed by an employer.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
—R uth W. B enny
and
S alvatore J. A rrigo
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
4
The percentage is based on the BLS index for “ general schedule” em
ployees. In June 1958, the Congress approved an increase averaging 10.1
percent, retroactive to January 1968, which would bring the increase since
1939 to 97 percent.
See also Federal Classified Employees’ Salary Changes, 1954-56 (in
M onthly Labor Review, July 1957, pp. 816-820).
8 Salaries of City Public School Teachers, 1955-57 (in Monthly Labor
Review, April 1958, pp. 384-387).
S ec. 4. (a) Except as provided in subsection (b), this
Act shall apply to any employee welfare or pension benefit
plan if it is established or maintained by any employer or
employers engaged in commerce or in any industry or
activity affecting commerce or by any employee organiza
tion or organizations representing employees engaged in
commerce or in any industry or activity affecting com
merce or by both.
(b)
This Act shall not apply to an employee welfare or
pension benefit plan if—
(1) such plan is administered by the Federal Govern
ment or by the government of a State, by a political sub
division of a State, or by an agency or instrumentality of
any of the foregoing;
(2) such plan was established and is maintained solely
for the purpose of complying with applicable workmen’s
compensation laws or unemployment compensation dis
ability insurance laws;
(3) such plan is exempt from taxation under section
501 (a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 and is ad1 Known as Public Law 85-836, the measure was signed into law by the
President on August 28,1958. It becomes effective January 1,1959. Certain
sections of the law are not reproduced here, but otherwise no changes were
made in the text.
W E L F A R E A N D P E N S IO N P L A N S D ISC L O S U R E ACT
1147
shall be included in the description on and after the
ministered as a corollary to membership in a fraternal
effective date of such amendments.
benefit society described in section 501 (c) (8) of such
Code or by organizations described in sections 501 (c) (3)
S ec . 7. (a) The administrator of any employee welfare
and 501 (c) (4) of such Code; or
(4)
such plan covers not more than twenty-fiveor pension benefit plan, a description of which is required
to be published under section 6, shall also publish an annual
employees.
report with respect to such plan. Such report shall be
published as required under section 8, within one hundred
S ec . 5. (a) The administrator of an employee welfare
and twenty days after the end of the calendar year (or, if
benefit plan or an employee pension benefit plan shall
the records of the plan are kept on a policy or other fiscal
publish in accordance with section 8 to each participant
year basis, within one hundred and twenty days after the
or beneficiary covered thereunder (1) a description of the
end of such policy or fiscal year).
plan and (2) an annual financial report. Such description
(b) A report under this section shall be signed by the
and such report shall contain information required by
administrator and such report shall include the following:
sections 6 and 7 of this Act and shall be published in
The amount contributed by the employer or em
accordance with the provisions of this Act.
ployers; the amount contributed by the employees; the
(b) The term “administrator” whenever used in this
amount of benefits paid or otherwise furnished; the number
Act, refers to—
of employees covered; a summary statement of assets,
(1) the person or persons designated by the terms of
liabilities, receipts and disburesments of the plan; a de
the plan or the collective bargaining agreement with
tailed statement of the salaries and fees and commissions
responsibility for the ultimate control, disposition, or
charged to the plan, to whom paid, in what amount, and
management of the money received or contributed; or
for what purposes. The information required by this
(2) in the absence of such designation, the person or
section shall be sworn to by the administrator, or certified
persons actually responsible for the control, disposition, or
to by an independent certified or licensed public account
management of the money received or contributed, irre
ant, based upon a comprehensive audit conducted in ac
spective of whether such control, disposition, or manage
cordance with accepted standards of auditing, but nothing
ment is exercised directly or through an agent or trustee
herein shall be construed to require such an audit of the
designated by such person or persons.
books or records of any bank, insurance company, or other
institution providing an insurance, investment, or related
S ec . 6. (a) Except as provided in section 4, the descrip
function for the plan if such books or records are subject
tion of any employee welfare or pension benefit plan shall
to examination by any agency of the Federal Government
be published as required herein within ninety days of the
or the government of any State.
effective date of this Act or within ninety days after the
(c) If the plan is unfunded, the report shall include only
establishment of such plan, whichever is later.
the total benefits paid and the average number of em
(b) The description of the plan shall be published,
ployees eligible for participation, during the past five years,
signed, and sworn to by the person or persons defined as
broken down by years; and a statement, if applicable, that
the “administrator” in section 5, and shall include their
the only assets from which claims against the plan may be
names and addresses, their official positions with respect
paid are the general assets of the employer.
to the plan, and their relationship, if any, to the employer
(d) If some or all of the benefits under the plan are
or to any employee organizations, and any other offices,
provided by an insurance carrier or service or other organi
positions, or employment held by them ; the name, address,
zation, such report shall include with respect to such plan
and description of the plan and the type of administration;
(in addition to the information required by subsection
the schedule of benefits; the names, titles, and addresses
(b)) the following:
of any trustee or trustees (if such persons are different
(1) The premium rate or subscription charge and the
from those persons defined as the “administrator”);
total premium or subscription charges paid to each such
whether the plan is mentioned in a collective bargaining
carrier or organization and the approximate number of
agreement; copies of the plan or of the bargaining agree
persons covered by each class of such benefits.
ment, trust agreement, contract, or other instrument, if
(2) The total amount of premiums received, the ap
any, under which the plan was established and is operated;
proximate number of persons covered by each class of
the source of the financing of the plan and the identity of
benefits, and the total claims paid by such carrier or other
any organization through which benefits are provided;
organization; dividends or retroactive rate adjustments,
whether the records of the plan are kept on a calendar
commissions, and administrative service or other fees or
year basis, or on a policy or other fiscal year basis, and if
other specific acquisition costs, paid by such carrier or
on the latter basis, the date of the end of such policy or
other organization; any amounts held to provide benefits
fiscal year; the procedures to be followed in presenting
after retirement; the remainder of such premiums; and
claims for benefits under the plan and the remedies avail
the names and addresses of the brokers, agents, or other
able under the plan for the redress of claims which are
persons to whom commissions or fees were paid, the amount
denied in whole or in part. Amendments to the plan
paid to each, and for what purpose: Provided, That if any
reflecting changes in the data and information included in
such carrier or other organization does no maintain sepa
the original plan, other than data and information also
rate experience records covering the specific groups it serves,
required to be included in annual reports under section 7,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1148
the report shall include in lieu of the information required
by the foregoing provisions of this paragraph (A) a state
ment as to the basis of its premium rate or subscription
charge, the total amount of premiums or subscription
charges received from the plan, and a copy of the financial
report of the carrier or other organization and (B), if such
carrier or organization incurs specific costs in connection
with the acquisition or retention of any particular plan
or plans, a detailed statement of such costs.
(e) Details relative to the manner in which any funds
held by an employee welfare benefit plan are held or in
vested shall be reported as provided under paragraphs (B),
(C), and (D) of subsection (f) (1).
(f) Reports on employee pension benefit plans shall
include, in addition to the applicable information required
by the foregoing provisions of this section, the following:
(1) If the plan is funded through the medium of a
trust, the report shall include—
(A) the type and basis of funding, actuarial assump
tions used, the amount of current and past service
liabilities, and the number of employees, both retired
and nonretired covered by the plan;
f- (B) a summary statement showing the assets of the
fund broken down by types, such as cash investments in
governmental obligations, investments in nongovern
mental bonds, and investments in corporate stocks.
Such assets shall be valued on the basis regularly used
in valuing investments held in the fund and reported to
the United States Treasury Department, or shall be
valued at their aggregate cost or present value, which
ever is lowrer, if such a statement is not so required to
be filed with the United States Treasury Department;
(C) a detailed list, including information as to cost,
present value, and percentage of total fund, of all in
vestments in securities or properties of the employer or
employee organization, or any other party in interest
by reason of being an officer, trustee, or employee of
such fund, but the identity of all securities and the detail
of brokerage fees and commissions incidental to the
purchase or sale of such securities need not be revealed
if such securities are listed and traded on an exchange
subject to regulation by the Securities and Exchange
Commission or securities in an investment company
registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940,
or securities of a public utility holding company regis
tered under the Public Utility Holding Company Act
of 1935, and the statement of assets contains a statement
of the total investments in common stock, preferred
stock, bonds and debentures, respectively, listed at their
aggregate cost or present value, whichever is lower.
(D) a detailed list of all loans made to the employer,
employee organization, or other party in interest by
reason of being an officer, trustee, or employee of such
fund, including the terms and conditions of the loan and
the name and address of the borrower: Provided, That
if the plan is funded through the medium of a trust in
vested, in whole or in part, in one or more insurance or
annuity contracts with an insurance carrier, the report
shall include, as to the portion of the funds so invested,
only the information required by paragraph (2) below.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , O C T O B E R 1958
(2) If the plan is funded through the medium of a
contract with an insurance carrier, the report shall in
clude—
(A) the type and basis of funding, actuarial assump
tions used in determining the payments under the
contract, and the number of employees, both retired and
nonretired, covered by the contract; and
(B) except for benefits completely guaranteed by the
carrier, the amount of current and past service liabilities,
based on those assumptions, and the amount of all
reserves accumulated under the plan.
(3) If the plan is unfunded, the report shall include
the total benefits paid to retired employees for the past
five years, broken down by year.
S ec . 8. (a) Publication of the description of the plan
and the latest annual report required under this Act shall
be made to the participants and to the beneficiaries covered
by the particular plan as follows:
(1) The administrator shall make copies of such de
scription of the plan (including all amendments or modifi
cations thereto upon their effective date) and of the latest
annual report available for examination by any participant
or beneficiary in the principal office of the plan.
(2) The administrator shall deliver upon written re
quest to such participant or beneficiary a copy of the de
scription of the plan (including all amendments or modifi
cations thereto upon their effective date) and a summary
of the latest annual report, by mailing such documents to
the last known address of the participant or beneficiary
making such request.
(b) The administrator of any plan subject to the pro
visions of this Act shall file with the Secretary of Labor
two copies of the description of the plan and each annual
report thereon. The Secretary of Labor shall make avail
able for examination in the public document room of the
Department of Labor copies of descriptions of plans and
annual reports filed under this subsection.
(c) The Secretary of Labor shall prepare forms for the
descriptions of plans and the annual reports required by
the provisions of this Act, and shall make such forms avail
able to the administrators of such plans on request.
S ec . 9. (a) Any person who willfully violates any pro
vision of sections 5 or 8 of this Act shall be fined not more
than $1,000, or imprisoned not more than 6 months.
(b) Any administrator of a plan who fails or refuses,
upon the written request of a participant or beneficiary
covered by such plan, to make publication to him within
30 days of such request, in accordance with the provisions
of section 8, of a description of the plan or an annual report
containing the information required by sections 6 and 7,
may in the court’s discretion become liable to any such
participant or beneficiary making such request in the
amount of $50 a day from the date of such failure or re
fusal.
(c) Action to recover such liability may be maintained
in any court of competent jurisdiction by any participant
or beneficiary. The court in such action may in its dis
cretion, in addition to any judgment awarded to the
plaintiff or plaintiffs, allow a reasonable attorney’s fee to
be paid by the defendant, and costs of the action.
Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases*
Labor Relations
B a r g a i n i n g C o e r c io n b y L o c k o u t.
The National
Labor Relations Board held 1 that an employer
committed unfair labor practices by engaging in
a lockout during contract negotiations with a
union. The Board found that the shutdown was
not motivated by the employer’s fear that the
union would call a sudden strike endangering vital
and potentially dangerous equipment, as claimed,
but was designed to force the union and the
employees to abandon their contract demands
and accept the employer’s offer by a given date.
This case arose shortly before the expiration
date of the existing contract between the union
and the employer and after several sessions of
negotiations in which the parties could not tvgree
on most terms of a new agreement. The employer
demanded that a contract differing in only one
provision from one previously submitted and
rejected by its employees be submitted for
employee vote as its final offer. The employer
made it clear that it had to protect its equipment
and would not operate vital operating units with
out the security of a contract. The union did not
comply with the employer’s demands and main
tained that it was not given adequate opportunity
to explain its dissatisfaction with the proposed
contract, asking for further negotiations. Instead,
it assured the employer that no strike was con
templated and offered to waive its right to strike
by extending the existing contract for 90 days.
The employer, however, began shutting down
vital operating units and within a week most of
the units were closed down to the point where they
could be handled by officials and supervisory
personnel in the event of a strike. Shortly
thereafter, production and maintenance employees
were put on a reduced workweek.
At the NLRB hearing, the employer main
tained that it had reason to fear a sudden strike
and justified a lockout to protect its property on
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
the following grounds: the nature of the union's
strike-threat strategy, information on “quickie”
strikes by the union at other employers’ plants,
the fact that a 60-day strike notice expired on the
contract termination date, and the occurrence of
an impasse in the present negotiations.
In rejecting the employer’s contention that the
lockout was permissible, the Board reiterated its
holding in A m e r i c a n B r a k e S h o e C o .2 and stated
that “absent special circumstances, an employer
may not during bargaining negotiations either
threaten to lock out or lock out his employees in
aid of his bargaining position,” since such conduct
is prohibited by sections 8 (a) (1), (3), and (5) of
the National Labor Relations Act. The Board
recognized that lockouts are permitted to safe
guard against unusual operational hazards or
economic loss where there are reasonable grounds
for believing that a strike is threatened or immi
nent, since the employees’ right to engage in col
lective bargaining must be balanced against the
employer’s right to protect his business.
The Board did not, however, find the shutdown
in this case to be within the area of permissible
lockouts, since (1) the union had given assurances
that no strike would occur for 90 days, (2) the
union had shown responsible regard for the safety
of the plant in a previous strike against that
employer, and (3) the union’s strikes against
other employers had not violated any of its com
mitments to those employers. The Board rea
soned, moreover, that expiration of the 60-day
strike notice did not justify the lockout in view
of the union’s “no strike” assurances given sub
sequent to the notice. Furthermore, it found
that there was no genuine impasse in negotiations
at the time of the shutdown.
The Board also held that the employer violated
the NLRA by attempting to deal individually
with his employees after the lockout in order to
persuade them to bypass the union while contract
•Prepared in the U. S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor. T h e
cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant decisions
believed to be of special interest. No attem pt has been made to reflect all
recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of labor law or
to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contrary
results may be reached based upon local statutory provisions, the existence of
local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to the issue presented.
1Quaker State Oil Refining Corp. and Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers,
121 NLRB No. 49 (Aug. 7, 1958).
1 116 NLRB 820 (Aug. 24, 1956): this holding was set aside in American
Brake Shoe Co. v. N L R B , 244 F. 2d 489 (O. A. 7, May 7, 1957), in which
the appellate court found special circumstances, contrary to the Board’s
determination.
1149
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
1150
negotiations were continuing and thereby under
mine the union’s exclusive representative status.
Two dissenting opinions found the employer’s
fear of a strike to be reasonable and concluded,
therefore, that the lockout was permissible.
S ta te
I n ju n c tio n
A g a in s t
R e c o g n iti o n
P ic k e tin g .
The New York Court of Appeals held 3 that a
New York State court had jurisdiction to enjoin
a union from picketing for recognition at the plant
of an employer whose employees were represented
by a rival union, certified by the NLRB, since
the picketing did not constitute an unfair labor
practice within the jurisdiction of the NLRB.
The employer packing company had brought
suit in a lower court for an injunction against the
picketing union when drivers of trucking com
panies which customarily delivered its supplies
refused to cross the picket line. The lower court
had held that the picketing was for recognition
purposes and illegal under State law. Moreover,
although another union had for some years prior
to the picketing been the exclusive bargaining
agent of the packer’s employees and was certified
as such by the Board, the lower court found that
the picketing union’s conduct was not defined as
an unfair labor practice under the Labor Manage
ment Relations Act. Therefore, it found that it
was not precluded from issuing an injunction.
On appeal by the union, an intermediate court
had reversed that finding.
In reinstating the order of the lowest court
(Special Term) granting injunctive relief and
reversing the decision of the intermediate court
(the Appellate Division), the New York Court
of Appeals (the State’s highest court) reasoned
that the picketing in this case was beyond the
area preempted by Congress since it did not con
stitute an unfair labor practice in violation of sec
tion 8 (b) (4) (C) of the LMRA. That section
makes it an unfair labor practice for a union “to
engage in, or to induce or encourage the employees
of any employer to engage in, a strike or a con
certed refusal in the course of their employment,
to use, . . . transport, or otherwise handle or
work on any goods, . . . or to perform any
services where an object thereof is . . . forcing or
requiring any employer to recognize . . . a partic
ular labor organization as the representative of his
employees if another labor organization has been
certified as the representative of such employees.”
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Mere picketing, in contrast to striking, the court
indicated, was not clearly made an unfair labor
practice and had Congress so intended it would
have made its purpose manifest.
Furthermore, the New York Court of Appeals
held that the New York statute 4 which precludes
the issuance of an injunction when a labor dispute
is involved (except after a hearing where certain
findings are made) does not bar injunctive relief
in a case where a union’s objective is to coerce
an employer into committing an unlawful act.
Since it would be unlawful for this employer to
yield to the picketing union’s demands for recog
nition, the court reasoned, injunctive relief was
not barred and might be afforded on a finding,
such as the lower court made, that irreparable
injury to the employer would follow unless it
were granted.
Two judges who dissented each held that the
State court was precluded from granting in
junctive relief against the picketing in this case
because such picketing was an unfair labor prac
tice under the LMRA and, therefore, fell within
the Federal preemption doctrine of the G a r n e r
decision.6 In that case, the Supreme Court had
held that peaceful picketing designed to coerce
an employer into compelling employees to join
a union could not be enjoined by a State court
because the employer’s grievance came within
the NLRB’s jurisdiction to prevent unfair labor
practices.
One of the dissenting opinions, noting that the
present case should be distinguished from the
G a r n e r case because of the certification of the
rival union by the NLRB, declared that “the fact
of such prior certification makes it all the clearer
that the controversy was for the . . . Board and
not for the State courts to determine.”
Moreover, the other dissenter deemed it im
material, in either the organizational picketing
situation in G a r n e r or the recognition picketing
case before the New York court, whether the
picketing resulted in a strike. “It is enough,”
he said, “to quote the statute, that it ‘i n d u c e o r
en cou rage
th e
e m p lo y e e s
. . .
to
engage
in
a
in the course of their
employment’ ” (the dissenter’s emphasis).
s t r i k e o r a c o n c e r te d r e f u s a l
> Pleasant Valley Packing Co. v. Talarico of Amalgamated Meat Cutters,
Local 1 (N. Y. Ct. App., June 25, 1958).
* New York Civil Practice Act, sec. 876-a.
* 346 U. S. 485 (1953); see Monthly Labor Review, February 1954, p. 183.
DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES
Veterans’ Reemployment
S ta tu to r y A d ju s tm e n t o j S e n io r ity .
A Federal dis
trict court recently applied 6 the escalator princi
ple in ordering a change in a veteran’s seniority
in a position that he gained only on completing
required training after the interruption of military
service. The court ruled that the clause of a col
lective bargaining contract providing for the com
putation of the seniority of trainees who became
craftsmen must be applied in such a way as to
achieve for the veteran, according to the purpose
of the Selective Service and Training Act, the
status that he would hold if he had not entered
military service.
The veteran was a machine trainee from July 1,
1942, until he entered the Coast Guard on August
20, 1943. After honorable service, he was reem
ployed as a trainee on September 5, 1946, and on
September 19, 1951, belatedly completed the 5year training and so qualified as a machine oper
ator, a skilled trade classification. He was as
signed the seniority date of February 8, 1947, in
that position and later sued for an earlier date.
The general rule fixing the seniority of all
trainees who became craftsmen, as laid down in
the contract and applied literally to this veteran,
was to credit 50 percent of the time elapsed be
tween the beginning and the end of the training.
The court noted that a nonveteran who began his
training 4 months later than the veteran had a
seniority date of August 3, 1945. Finding that
the veteran would have completed his training
about 5 years after he began it, the court ordered
that his seniority date be August 1, 1945.
In so ordering, the court rejected the employer’s
argument that determination of seniority status is
a matter of employer-union contract; that if the
contract “treats all employees both veterans and
nonveterans alike, [it] does not impair [statutory]
rights . . . even though it does not allow the
veteran credit for military service.” It ruled that
no agreement or employer practice can reduce the
protection provided by statute.
The employer had also contended that where a
course of training for a skilled trade classification
is required, “time spent in military service cannot
serve as a substitution for the required course of
training.” The court noted that this was not the
• Bostick v. General Motors Corp. (U. S. D. C., E. Mich., Mar. 31, 1958).
1 Bushman Construction Co. v. United States (U. S. Ct. Cl., July 16, 1958).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1151
veteran’s claim; instead, he had properly asserted
that on completing the required training he should
have the status he would have had but for his
military service, since the act “requires that his
military service be counted as service with re
spondent for the purpose of determining his
seniority.”
The employer made the defense of laches be
cause 7 years passed between the veteran’s return
and the court action. The principle of laches
precludes a court from granting relief where there
has been an unexcused delay which, if the partic
ular relief were granted, would result in prejudice
to the employer.
In determining whether this action was barred
by laches, the court reviewed the veteran’s mul
tiple efforts to assure his proper seniority, begin
ning when he was still a trainee. They included
grievance proceedings, negotiations with the em
ployer through Government agencies, and three
separate attempts to obtain representation by a
United States Attorney. Rather than unexcused
delay, the court found a continuous attempt to
prevail upon the proper governmental agencies to
institute action. It stated that the delay of the
Government must not be attributed to the veteran
and added: “While it is true that petitioner could
have instituted the action with private counsel, it
was not incumbent upon him to do so.”
The court declined also to find prejudice, the
other element essential to the defense of laches,
and therefore dismissed the defense. It reasoned
that detriment to other employees did not consti
tute prejudice to the employer. According to the
court, it was unwarranted to assume, if relief were
granted, that the union would “take punitive
action” against the employer, because the union
had supported the veteran’s position. The court
stated that “the anticipated conduct of third par
ties not induced by, or consequential to, the acts
of [the employer] is not the prejudice contemplated
by the doctrine of laches.” Moreover, the court
noted that the employer had not changed its
position because of the veteran’s conduct in not
having brought suit earlier.
Wages and Hours
W a g e R e d e t e r m i n a t i o n A f t e r C o n tr a c tin g .
The
United States Court of Claims upheld 7 the valid
ity of a clause in a Government contract which
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
1152
provided that wage rates for mechanics and
laborers would be changed upon any redetermina
tion of prevailing wages by the Secretary of Labor
under the Davis-Bacon (Prevailing Wage) Act.
The court concluded, therefore, that a contractor
who has to pay higher wages as a result of such a
redetermination is not entitled to recover the addi
tional money from the Government.
In this case, the contractor and the U. S. Depart
ment of the Interior agreed to include in their
contract, to which the Davis-Bacon Act was appli
cable, a clause which provided that if any redeter
mination of the prevailing wage rate resulted from
proceedings then pending in the U. S. Department
of Labor, such new rates would become the appli
cable minimum rates for work performed under the
contract. The Secretary of Labor subsequently
made a redetermination of the prevailing wage.
The contractor paid the new rate, which was
higher than the old, but then brought suit under
the Davis-Bacon Act to recover from the Federal
Government the increased wages it was required to
pay on account of that redetermination.
The court accepted the contractor’s contention
that the Davis-Bacon Act requires only that a
contract subject to the act provide for the payment
of wages not less than the prevailing wage in the
community, as determined by the Secretary of
Labor, at or before the time of the execution of
the contract and does not authorize the provision
for higher wages because of a redetermination.
However, it declared that it does not follow that
any provision for the payment of a higher wage if
the Secretary of Labor redetermines the prevailing
wage is contrary to public policy and therefore
unlawful.
The court, in rejecting the contractor’s views of
public policy, stated that because the DavisBacon Act was enacted to insure that the em
ployees of contractors would receive at least the
standard wages prevailing in the community, the
act was intended to benefit those employees and
not the contractors. Moreover, it could find no
provision in the law prohibiting a contract provi
sion for redetermination of the prevailing wage
after the execution of the contract. The court
therefore dismissed the contractor’s suit.
C o n s titu tio n a lity
o f S ta te
P r e v a ilin g
W age
Law.
The Supreme Court of New Mexico held 8 consti
tutional a State statute 9 requiring the inclusion,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
in certain government construction contracts, of
minimum wage rates based on the determination
by the State labor commissioner of prevailing
wages “for the corresponding classes of laborers
and mechanics” employed on similar projects in
the area.
In this case, the State labor commissioner had
promulgated two wage orders under the State
prevailing wage law. The rates that he deter
mined were required to be stated in the advertis
ing specifications for bids on government contracts.
The municipal corporation challenged the orders
because they specified the same rates for all
localities in the State and brought suit to pre
vent the commissioner from insisting that it insert
the wage rates in its contracts. The commisioner
moved for dismissal of the suit with prejudice on
the grounds, among others, that (1) the statute
was not, as alleged by the corporation, an uncon
stitutional delegation of legislative authority and
(2) the court lacked jurisdiction because the suit
involved a discretionary function within the ex
clusive jurisdiction of the State’s executive branch.
The court rejected the muncipal corporation’s
contention that the statute was an unconstitu
tional delegation of legislative authority to the
State labor commissioner, in that it did not estab
lish any standard or formula by which the commis
sioner could determine the prevailing wage. It
reasoned that the statute merely provided that,
on the findings of certain facts by the commis
sioner, the legislative act was to become effective.
Thus, in ascertaining the prevailing wage in the
locality where the work was to be performed, the
commissioner was finding fact and not exercising
legislative authority.
The commissioner’s motion to dismiss was
denied, however, because the court refused to ac
cept his argument that the controversy involved
the exercise of a discretionary function vested in
his office and was, therefore, not within the court’s
jurisdiction. The court noted that the law “does
not give the [commissioner] the power to set a
minimum scale of what he thinks [the wages] should
be, but only to determine the prevailing wages
being paid in a municipality or political subdivi
sion, and set them out in his order as the minimum
wage to be paid.”
8 City of Albuquerque v. C. W. Burrell, State Labor Commissioner, 326 P.
2d 1088 (N. M. Sup. Ct., June 13,1958).
* New Mexico Statutes Annotated, Section 6-6-6 (1953).
Chronology of
Recent Labor Events
trical Workers for its Norwood, Ohio, plant, which except
for an increase in the night-shift differential was basically
an extension of the previous contract. (See also p. 1159
of this issue.)
August 7
August 2, 1958
A cting under the Public Contracts (Walsh-Healey) Act,
the Secretary of Labor announced determination of
prevailing minimum wage rates of $1.25 and $1.20 an hour
for the surgical instruments and apparatus and the drugs
and medicine industries, respectively, effective Septem
ber 1. The previous rates were $1 for both industries.
August 5
T ea m st er P r e sid e n t James R. Hoffa started a new round
of testimony (see Chron. item for Aug. 27, 1957, MLR,
Oct. 1957) before the Senate Select Committee on Improper
Activities in the Labor or Management Field, which
eventually led to committee charges that he had failed
to meet his “moral responsibility” to rid the union of
corrupt officials as he had promised. The next day, the
court-appointed board of monitors (see Chron. item for
Jan. 23, 1958, MLR, Mar. 1958) released a 6-month
report, especially critical of the union’s recordkeeping
system. (See also p. 1156 of this issue.)
On August 15, the monitors called for a union trial of
Vice President Owen Brennan, Hoffa’s business partner,
and of Samuel Feldman, busines agent of Local 929 in
Philadelphia, and requested Hoffa to rescind his earlier
approval of the disputed election of Harold J. Gibbons
as president of the Joint Teamster Council 13 of St. Louis.
A week later, the monitors requested immediate expulsion
from the union of two Chattanooga, Tenn., teamster
leaders once charged with using union funds to fix a
court case involving Teamster members. (See Chron.
item for Dec. 6, 1957, MLR, Feb. 1958.)
On August 23, Hoffa created a 3-member citizens “anti
racketeering commission,” headed by former U. S. Senator
George H. Bender, to investigate charges of gangster
domination of the union. (See also p. 1157 of this issue.)
T h e N ew Y ork C ity labor commissioner recognized the
Uniformed Sanitationmen’s Association, an affiliate of the
Teamsters, as the bargaining agent of employees of the
Department of Sanitation, making it the first municipal
employees’ union to be thus recognized by the city under
the “Little Wagner Act” of March 31, 1958. (See also
p. 1161 of this issue.)
August 6
T h e A llis -C h alm ers M a n u fa c t u r in g Co. signed a
2-year agreement with the International Union of Elec
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T h e N a t io n a l L abor R e l a t io n s B oard found that an
employer engaged in an illegal lockout when, during
contract negotiations with a union, it shut down vital
operating units in an attempt to force acceptance of its
contract offer by a stipulated date. The case was Quaker
State Oil Refining Corp. and Oil, Chemical and Atomic
Workers. (See also p. 1149 of this issue.)
August 8
I n c r e a se s of 8 percent in base pay and 6 percent in the
overtime rate for 17,000 unlicensed seamen were negotiated
by the Atlantic and Gulf District of the Seafarers and
representatives of 60 shipping companies. Other terms
included the creation of an employer-financed standing
committee of stewards, to expand the existing joint pro
gram for improving food handling. (See also p. 1161 of
this issue.)
August 9
T h e U n it e d H a tters announced signing a 3-year contract
with the Texas-Miller Co. of Corsicana, Tex.—the first
major southern hat manufacturer to become unionized.
Wages for 600 workers were increased by 4 cents an hour,
retroactive to April 1, and by 6 cents on August 1. (See
also p. 1161 of this issue.)
On August 16, the union agreed with St. Louis, Mo.,
cap manufacturers on a new contract, patterned after its
last month’s settlements with employers in other cities
(see Chron. item for July 28, 1958, MLR, Sept. 1958),
ending a 4-week strike of 1,000 workers.
A s t r ik e - a v e r t in g , 2-year agreement between the Elec
tric Boat Division of General Dynamics Corp., which
builds atomic submarines in Groton, Conn., and the Metal
Trades Council of New London was announced by govern
ment mediators. The pact called for general hourly wage
increases of 15 to 20 cents retroactive to July 1, with addi
tional increases for certain specialists, and an additional
10 cents an hour on July 1, 1959. (See also p. 1160 of
this issue.)
August 11
court of a ppe a l s in Chicago ruled that,
under section 301 of the Taft-Hartley Act, which provides
court jurisdiction over suits for violation of labor con
tracts, Federal courts have power to enforce compliance
with provisions of the AFL-CIO no-raiding agreement by
the signatory unions. The case was United Textile
Workers v. Textile Workers Union. (See also p. 1162 of
this issue.)
1153
T he F ederal
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
1154
August 23
August 12
in New York ruled that
a walkout by employees, who failed to communicate in
any way with their employer over their grievance, was an
unprotected activity under the Labor Management Rela
tions Act, even though the NLRB had found that the
walkout had been called for a lawful purpose. The court
held that the discharges of the struck employees were not
illegal since the employer had reasonably inferred that the
walkout was a protest of the firing of a supervisor and, as
such, was an interference with management’s prerogatives.
The case was N LRB v. Ford Radio & Mica Corp.
T h e Secretary of Labor announced amendments to certain
hazardous occupations orders issued under the Fair Labor
Standards Act, which will exempt from the 18-year mini
mum age requirement student-learners working on a parttime basis under cooperative vocational training programs
in industries using power-driven woodworking and metal
working machines. These amendments, effective Septem
ber 23, will permit 16-and 17-year-old student-learners to
work part time under specified safeguards in these pro
grams. The action also extends the present exemption of
similar trainees in industries using paper-products ma
chines to all occupations in those industries.
August 13
August 25
R e f u s i n g t h e u n i o n ’s r e q u e s t to stay arbitration under
a collective bargaining contract, the New York State
Supreme Court for New York County ruled that the Inter
national Longshoremen’s Association (Ind.) must submit
to arbitration its dispute with the Grace Line over the
company’s right to introduce automatic equipment for
loading its newest vessel, the Santa Rosa, that would
greatly reduce the size of the work gang required to load
the ship. The case was In re Bradley (Grace Line).
P r e s i d e n t E i s e n h o w e r approved an amendment to the
Fair Labor Standards Act, providing for biennial instead
of annual review of minimum wage orders for industries
in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and American Samoa,
retroactive to July 1, 1958. The biennial review require
ment does not apply to orders which have reached the
statutory minimum. (See also p. 1103 of this issue.)
T
he
F ederal
court of a ppea ls
August 26
r o d u c t s , I n c ., announced that its
17,500 nonunion salaried and hourly rated employees
would receive hourly wage increases of 5 to 11 cents on
September 1 plus the same amounts a year later. (See
also p. 1159 of this issue.)
S y l v a n ia E l e c t r ic P
August 18
h e AFL-CIO E x e c u t i v e C o u n c i l at the opening session
of its quarterly meeting at Forest Park, Pa., banned both
formal and informal agreements of the AFL-CIO affiliates
with the Teamsters. Among other actions of the 4-day
session were decisions calling for a formal investigation of
“corrupt influences” in the Jewelry Workers Union, and
directing President Maurice A. Hutcheson of the Carpen
ters to explain to the council in November his failure to
answer questions of the Senate Select Committee on
Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field
concerning alleged misuse of union funds. President
Lawrence M. Raftery of the Painters, Paper Hangers and
Decorators was elected an AFD-CIO vice president and a
member of the council. (See also p. 1155 of this issue.)
T
August 22
h e A m e r ic a n M o t o r s C o r p . disclosed that it had signed
a contract in June with the United Automobile Workers
for 1,200 workers at its Kelvinator plant in Grant Rapids,
Mich., freezing wages (for 2 years) and the cost-of-living
allowance. It also eliminated certain other benefits,
including a 2 )/2-percent annual improvement factor, which
had been provided under the old contract. (See also p.
1160 of this issue.)
T
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August 28
P r e s i d e n t E i s e n h o w e r signed into law a bill, effective
January 1, 1959, requiring administrators of union welfare
funds covering more than 25 employees to publish descrip
tions of their plans and to file with the Secretary of Labor
and make available to beneficiaries, upon request, annual
financial reports. (For the text of selected sections of
the act, see pp. 1146 of this issue.)
The President also signed on the same day a bill provid
ing foi a 7-percent increase in social security payments
as of February 1959 to retired employees and their spouses
and survivors, and an increase in the social security tax
rates, effective January 1, 1959, to 2}£ percent for em
ployers and employees and to 3% percent for the selfemployed.
h r o u g h AFL-CIO President George Meany’s mediation,
the Motormen’s Benevolent Association (Ind.), represent
ing train operators of the New York City rapid transit
system, agreed to merge with the Transport Workers
Union as a separate division of Local 100. (See also
p. 1158 of this issue.)
T
Developments in
Industrial Relations*
Union Developments
AFL-CIO Executive Council. At its quarterly
meeting, held in Forest Park, Pa., in mid-August,
the AFL-CIO Executive Council arrived at several
decisions concerning internal union cleanup poli
cies. Its most pressing business was swiftly dis
patched in the form of an order to its affiliates to
cancel all alliances or agreements—whether formal
or informal—with the International Brotherhood
of Teamsters. The resolution, as interpreted by
AFL-CIO President George Meany, requires all
Federation affiliates to dissolve all national agree
ments with the Teamsters. The council declared,
however, that “there are situations which . . ,
would call for understanding and cooperation
based on elementary trade union principles . . .
at the local level,” with which it “has no desire
to interfere.”
Maurice A. Hutcheson, president of the Car
penters union as well as a member of the Federa
tion’s Executive Council, was criticized for his
refusal in June to answer certain questions pertain
ing to the misuse of union funds before the U. S.
Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities
in the Labor or Management Field. He was
directed (by letter, since he did not attend the
4-day meeting) to account personally for his
stewardship of the union at the council’s next
meeting in November. Two other unions, the
Hotel and Restaurant Employees and the Amalga
mated Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen, were
also called upon to submit reports at the November
meeting concerning actions they had taken to
correct certain abuses recently alleged before the
Senate committee. These involved an allegedly
collusive agreement signed by the Meat Cutters
with a New York City area food chain, and charges
of coercion of several Chicago area restaurant
employers by the Hotel Employees union.1
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The AFL-CIO Ethical Practices Committee
presented reports to the Executive Council on
two other unions. One outlined several house
cleaning steps that the International Union of
Operating Engineers must take to remain in good
standing within the Federation. The committee’s
report, approved by the council, ordered the
Engineers to remove William DeKoning, Jr., as
head of three Long Island, N. Y., locals; to termi
nate financial arrangements between a Newark
local and its ex-president, Joseph Fay; to initiate
charges of misuse of union funds against the inter
national’s former president, William E. Maloney;2
and to institute a code of democratic procedures
at the union’s next convention. The committee’s
preliminary report on the Jewelry Workers Union,
also approved by the council, found evidence that
it “may be dominated, controlled, or substantially
influenced . . . by corrupt influences,” and called
for a formal investigation of these charges.
The council also adopted a resolution criticizing
the Administration after the Kennedy-Ives labor
reform bill failed to pass in the House of Repre
sentatives ; 3 issued a report on the national econ
omy calling for higher wages to increase consumer
purchasing power; and promised support to the
Auto Workers if they go on strike in current auto
negotiations.
During the meeting, the council was presented
with a withdrawal notice by one of its affiliates.
The Amalgamated Lithographers of America be
came the first union to withdraw voluntarily from
the Federation since the merger of the AFL and
the CIO in December 1955. Reportedly, the
Lithographers were dissatisfied with the judgments
of the impartial umpire under the no-raiding agree
ment and of an AFL-CIO Executive Council sub
committee concerning the Lithographers’ dispute
with the Printing Pressmen and other unions over
jurisdiction. Donald W. Stone, secretary-treas
urer of the union, said that the Lithographers
international council would meet in emergency
session on September 9 to discuss all problems of
disaffiliation.
’ Prepared in the Division of Wages and Industrial Relations, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, on the basis of currently available published material.
1 See M onthly Labor Review, July and September 1958, pp. 785 and 1028,
respectively.
3 See Monthly Labor Review, March and April 1958, pp. 301 and 422-423,
respectively.
! The bill had been sent to the House, after passage by the Senate, in June.
See Monthly Labor Review, August 1958, pp. 904-905.
1155
1156
Teamsters. The Teamsters union continued to
occupy the headlines during August, especially in
conjunction with the hearings of the Senate Select
Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor
or Management Field, with attention focussed on
Teamster President James R. Hoffa.
The Senate committee resumed its investiga
tion of allegations4 that the Teamsters union was
infiltrated by hoodlum elements. One line of
questioning brought forth testimony that a local
Teamsters union had allegedly put pressure on
some Detroit area garages and auto dealers to
switch their laundry accounts to the Star Coverall
Supply Co. Robert F. Kennedy, committee
counsel, said the firm took business away from
other work clothing supply companies by threat
ening their customers with union trouble. Team
ster President Hoffa was called to answer charges
that he intervened to help settle a threatened
laundry strike in Detroit after an alleged $17,500
payoff by laundry operators to some of his associ
ates. Hoffa denied having received any part of
the payoff. He did admit that he augmented his
income to the extent of some $60,000 from 1948
to 1956 by “winning horse-race bets.”
While Hoffa was appearing before the Senate
committee, another incident occurred which in
volved an official of a Michigan Teamster local.
Frank Kierdorf, business agent for a Flint local,
who was once accused by the committee of a shakedown racket, died as a result of burns. Until he
died, Kierdorf maintained he had been deliberately
set afire by two men, but Michigan Attorney
General Paul L. Adams expressed his belief that
Kierdorf was accidentally burned while attempting
to start a fire at a dry-cleaning shop which the
union was trying to organize.
During one of his appearances before the com
mittee, Hoffa was confronted with a list of Team
ster officeholders with criminal records to deter
mine if he had instituted investigations of their
fitness to hold office; Hoffa said his investigation
consisted of asking the accused if they were guilty—
which they denied. Frequently referring to the
locals’ autonomy, Hoffa implied that, under the
union’s constitution and short of an “emergency,”
he cannot oust local officials from office.
At one point during the hearings, the committee
chairman accused Hoffa of shirking his duty to
clean up the union and said that Hoffa “created
the impression . . . that the reason you don’t
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
act [against officials with reputations of hoodlums]
is that you are in the same category . . . ”
Harold J. Gibbons, international vice president
of the Teamsters, was charged by a St. Louis, Mo.,
police officer with being associated with union
violence in St. Louis for several years. In addi
tion, officers of the Carnival and Allied Workers
Union Local 447 (under trusteeship of the Team
sters) from Tampa, Fla., testified the union paid
their transportation and $150 each for their time
to cast the local’s 7 votes for Gibbons in a St. Louis
Teamster Council election in January. Gibbons
was elected by a 6-vote margin and a protest against
the election has been filed with the court-appointed
Teamster monitor board.5
Former president of Teamster Local 688 in St.
Louis, Lawrence J. Camie, disclosed that he and
other officials of the local gave Gibbons a toehold
in the Teamsters by consenting to merge the local
with an independent union of warehousemen
headed by Gibbons, having been persuaded to
step out of their offices for a fee of $78,410.
Camie’s share was $36,000—a sort of severance
pay to which, he said, he was entitled in lieu of
salary for the unexpired (3-year) part of his term.
The members of Local 688 knew nothing of the
payment. Observed the committee chairman,
“The membership is handled like chattel.”
On the witness stand, early in September, Mr.
Gibbons denied having bought his way into the
local and answered committee charges that the
union was a haven for criminals by replying that
“. . . You’d probably find just as many [crim
inals] proportionately in other unions, except the
higher skilled unions, [as in the Teamsters] . . .
We happen to be in the unskilled area.” He main
tained that ex-criminals seek rehabilitation mostly
in jobs requiring little skill.
A rank-and-file drive to oust allegedly corrupt
elements from the union was also renewed in
August.6 The group spokesman charged Hoffa
with violation of the union’s constitution and re
quested the board of monitors to remove most of
the 13 members of the union’s executive board.
In their first semiannual report, the Teamster
board of monitors indicated that unless more
4
See M onthly Labor Review, October 1957 and February 1958, pp. 12531254 and 190, respectively.
4 See Monthly Labor Review, March 1958, p. 300.
6
Ibid. An earlier rank-and-file move, headed by a group of New York
Teamsters, had been concluded at least temporarily in January with the
establishment of a monitor board.
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
stringent methods were adopted to safeguard union
funds, they would seek any needed additional
power from the court to correct abuses. Of par
ticular concern to the monitors were the inter
national’s auditing practices. Especially in need
of reform, according to the report, was the inter
national’s lack of supervision over the “good
standing” membership lists submitted by local
unions. A firm of accountants, hired by the
monitors, also reported on loose control of local
finances, failure to insist on quarterly audit re
ports from trustee locals, and lack of compliance
with a constitutional requirement for bonding of
officers who handle money. (Early in September,
the Teamsters executive board approved a move
to bond all employees of the union at $30,000 each.)
The board declared that no convention should be
scheduled until membership records were in order,
model bylaws for locals were adopted, and locals
were released from trusteeship.
Teamster monitors continued to meet through
out the month to investigate numerous other
charges, including one that union welfare funds
were used to pay a prize fighter whose only work
was personal service for Teamster Vice President
Owen B. Brennan. (Hoffa, who also had an
alleged interest in the fighter, later said he and
Brennan would pay back any welfare fund money
that had been improperly used.) The board sub
sequently issued an “order of recommendation”
that the international file charges of misconduct
against Brennan and put him on leave of absence
without pay until a decision was reached. The
board also “ordered” the union to suspend two
officers of Local 515 in Chattanooga, Tenn., who
had been accused by the Senate committee of using
union funds to “fix” a criminal case involving union
members.7
During the month, the monitors handed the
union a set of election rules designed to insure
democracy in its local unions and to keep hoodlums
out of local offices. Under the arrangement,
which was recommended for adoption by union
locals by September 15 and to be in effect until
a plan for model bylaws for locals can be drawn
up, persons convicted of felony will be ineligible
to hold union office until 1 year after their right
to vote in State elections has been restored.
1 See Monthly Labor Review, February 1958, p. 190.
• In July, Mr. Donohue was also named as the public representative of a
special board to investigate charges against a Philadelphia Teamster local.
See M onthly Labor Review, September 1958, p. 1027.
4 7 9 6 0 3 —
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Other provisions specified that no candidate for
a union office may use union funds or facilities
in his campaign unless all candidates have the
same opportunity, and that every member in
good standing must have the right to vote.
Following these developments, Hoffa announced
on August 23 the formation of a 3-man citizens
“antiracketeering commission” to probe corrup
tion charges against Teamster officials. Members
of this commission—Chairman George H. Bender,
former U. S. Senator from Ohio; F. Joseph
Donohue, a former commissioner of the District
of Columbia;8 and Ira W. Jayne, a retired judge of
a Michigan circuit court and a professor of law—
were to be given a “completely free hand” in
investigating corruption charges, according to the
chairman. Hoffa said the union would “be
guided by the [committee’s] study and recom
mendations . . . and take all steps consistent
with the union’s constitution.” Martin F.
O’Donoghue, chairman of the court-appointed
monitors, sent a letter to Hoffa asking for details
regarding the commission and stating that its
creation had “serious implications,” particularly
with reference to its relationship to the monitor
board.
Meetings and Conventions. Proposals for coopera
tion among unions were a feature of a number of
meetings in August. The 100th convention of
the International Typographical Union in San
Francisco heard Joseph F. Collis, president of the
American Newspaper Guild, call for concerted
union action in the printing and publishing field
to meet what he termed the “massive retaliation”
of employers. Among the actions that delegates
approved was the transfer, from the ITU’s general
laws to its bylaws, of all intraunion matters,
namely, those which are unrelated to wages,
hours, and working conditions. The union’s
previous practice of incorporating its general
laws into labor contracts had been labeled by the
National Labor Relations Board as discriminatory
in favor of the ITU in hiring.
Earlier in the month delegates of the American
Newspaper Guild met in San Jose, Calif., at the
union’s silver anniversary convention. Several
financial actions were approved, including an
increase in the union’s defense fund per capita
tax from 25 to 30 cents a month, beginning
January 1, 1959; a requirement that all locals
1158
establish defense funds of their own by applying
5 percent of their annual dues income for that
purpose; and mandatory application of the Guild’s
model dues schedule, which ranges up to $5 a
month, depending on salary. The convention
adopted more stringent auditing requirements for
its locals, to meet the standards of the AFL-CIO
Ethical Practices Codes.
An increase of $1 a quarter in per capita pay
ments to the international by members of the
Brotherhood of Railroad Signalmen was one of the
actions taken by delegates to the union’s 34th
biennial convention. Other resolutions approved
by convention delegates included holding future
conventions triennially (instead of biennially)
and launching a campaign, in cooperation with
other railroad unions, for Federal legislation
aimed at curbing allegedly unwarranted increases
in the prices of medical and hospital care. The
union’s president, Jesse Clark, was reelected by
acclamation.
Mergers. In Kentucky, delegates of the State
AFL and CIO labor bodies ratified terms of merger
affecting about 100,000 unionists. Henry Seibert
of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers (for
merly CIO) was named president; John E.
McKiernan, former president of the State Fed
eration of Labor, was elected executive vicepresident; and Sam Ezelle, secretary-treasurer of
the State AFL, was named to the same post in
the merged group. The 20-man executive board
consists of 12 representatives from the AFL and
8 from the CIO.
Merger talks between the Oil, Chemical and
Atomic Workers and the International Chemical
Workers Union progressed as the parties issued
a joint statement declaring they had “reached
agreement on a detailed program which will pro
vide a definite timetable of preparations for the
eventual merger of our two unions.” Details of
the plan, however, were not made public pending
further discussions at forthcoming conventions of
the two unions. (The OCAW was scheduled to
meet on September 22, and the ICW, on
October 6.)
Possibility of merger with a third union was
also suggested as Joseph J. Delaney, president of
the International Union of Operating Engineers,
wired president Walter L. Mitchell of the Inter
national Chemical Workers of his desire to discuss
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
amalgamation. The Engineers, with a total
membership of about 200,000, reportedly have
approximately 35,000 members in the chemical
field.
A jurisdictional dispute over organization of
white-collar workers in the East Coast steamship
industry was ended when Local 153 of the Office
Employes’ International Union (AFL-CIO) and
the Steamship Office Workers Union (Ind.),
Local 1802, agreed to merge. Under the arrange
ment, the independent local (which was originally
affiliated with the independent Longshoremen’s
Association but later withdrew from it) will be
absorbed by the Office Employes’ local.
Merger negotiations between the Motormen’s
Benevolent Association (Ind.) and the Transport
Workers Union (AFL-CIO) were concluded on
August 28, under supervision of George Meany,
with agreement that the MBA will go into Local
100 of the TWU as the United Motormen’s Divi
sion. In addition, the structure of Local 100 will
be altered to permit affiliation of other craft
groups in the New York rapid transit system on
a division basis. Mr. Meany had agreed to
mediate the dispute when the MBA accused the
TWU of bargaining in bad faith and of repudiating
an earlier merger plan.9 Merger terms were subject
to final ratification by the membership of the
MBA and by the executive board of the TWU.
It was also announced that Ralph T. Fagan,
president of the Laundry Workers International
Union (Ind.), which was expelled from the AFLCIO last December on corruption charges,10
had met with AFL-CIO representatives to discuss
amalgamation with the rival Laundry and Dry
Cleaning International Union (AFL-CIO).11 Ac
cording to Fagan, who also met with Winfield
Chasmer, president of the rival group, George
Meany, and Peter McGavin (special assistant to
Meany), the union would have to comply with
the AFL-CIO ethical practices codes in order to
return to the Federation. Nonetheless, McGavin
expressed doubt about the merger and reiterated
his invitation for “clean” LWIU locals to join the
AFL-CIO affiliate on an individual basis.
Other Union Developments. At another meeting in
Washington, Joseph O’Neill, president of the
* See M onthly Labor Review, July 1958, p. 783.
10 See M onthly Labor Review, February 1958, p. 190.
n See M onthly Labor Review, July 1958, p. 783.
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
Distillery, Rectifying and Wine Workers’ Inter
national Union, resigned from office, reportedly
for reasons of health. Mortimer Brandenburg, a
vice president of the union, was named by the
union’s executive board to succeed to the post.
Brandenburg said the union, which has been on
AFL-CIO probation since December 1957,12would
continue to comply with the Federation’s cleanup
orders.
The United Hatters, Cap and Millinery Workers
Union proposed that, as a means of spreading
employment, millinery employers abolish all
overtime work during the fall-season work sched
ules. Although agreements in the industry typi
cally prohibit certain overtime work unless the
consent of the union has been obtained, Alex Rose,
president of the Hatters, said that this provision
had been “relaxed with injurious results.” Later,
the Eastern Women’s Headwear Association said
it would oppose the union proposal and would,
instead, ask for a study of how each market should
regulate its overtime work.
The United Association of Journeymen and
Apprentices of the Plumbing and Pipe Fitting
Industry announced that it was cooperating with
contractors throughout the country in an intensi
fied training program to familiarize its members
with the advanced techniques required for atomic
power plants. Speaking at the union’s fifth annual
National Apprenticeship Contest at Purdue Uni
versity, Charles L. Walling, president of the
Refrigeration Air Conditioning Contractors Asso
ciation, congratulated the union on its “enlight
ened educational activities.” The training pro
gram is sponsored by contractors, operating under
a national construction agreement with the
union, who pay 2.5 cents an hour for each worker
into a nationwide training fund. To date, the
fund has accumulated about $1.5 million.
Wage Developments and Collective Bargaining
Wage Escalation. Announcement by the Bureau
of Labor Statistics of the July Consumer Price
Index, which reached 123.9 percent of the 1947-49
base, presaged automatic cost-of-living adjust
ments for about 650,000 workers. Almost all of
the workers received quarterly increases of 1 cent
an hour; approximately 200,000 of these were
See Monthly Labor Review, February 1958, p. 190.
13 See M onthly Labor Review, November 1957, p. 1380.
14 See M onthly Labor Review, November 1955, p. 1284.
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employed in the electrical-equipment and in the
West Coast aircraft industries, and about 170,000
were nonunion workers employed in the auto
mobile industry. Normally about 1.5 million em
ployees would have received adjustments based
on the July CPI; however, about two-thirds of
these workers were covered by agreements that
expired during the past months. Most of these
were in the automobile, auto parts, and farmequipment industries.
Metalworking. On August 26, Sylvania Electric
Products, Inc., announced a 2-year schedule of
pay advances affecting about 17,500 nonunion
hourly and salaried employees. Rates of pay
were to be raised by 5 to 11 cents an hour on
September 1, and by identical amounts a year
later. The company also announced that it had
extended its cost-of-living escalator formula to
September 1960; liberalized its vacation program
to provide 3 weeks’ vacation after 10 instead of
15 years’ service; and improved its company-paid
group hospital-medical-surgical insurance plan.
The firm reported that the same wage increase and
fringe benefits were being offered to unions repre
senting about 7,500 other workers, with which the
company had been currently negotiating. Unlike
the collective bargaining contracts at Westinghouse and General Electric that run until 1960,
Sylvania’s labor contracts expire this year. The
wage increases that went into effect in 1956 and in
1957 at Sylvania generally ranged from 5 to 8 cents
an hour, exclusive of cost-of-living adjustments.13
On August 6, the Allis-Chalmers Manufactur
ing Co. and the International Union of Electrical,
Radio and Machine Workers (AFL-CIO) agreed
on a 2-year contract for about 1,300 workers at
the firm’s Norwood, Ohio, plant. The settlement
provided 6-cent-an-hour wage increases effective
in August of both 1958 and 1959, continuation of
the cost-of-living escalator clause, and an increase
in the night-shift differential to 12 cents an hour
(from 10 cents). The agreement was subject to
rank-and-file ratification. Except for the increase
in the night-shift differential, the agreement was
basically an extension of the 3-year contract
signed in 1955.14
Deere and Co. announced early in August that
its nonunion hourly and salaried employees would
receive a 3-percent pay raise, effective August 14.
In addition, the firm also said it would continue its
1160
practice of adjusting the pay of these workers on
the basis of changes in the Consumer Price Index.
The firm had previously offered the same wage
increase to its employees represented by the Auto
Workers, but the union rejected it.
A 2-year wage-freeze contract agreed to by the
Kelvinator appliance plant of American Motors
Corp. and the United Auto Workers was an
nounced on August 22. The agreement also froze
the existing cost-of-living allowance at 22 cents
and reduced paid relief time. The settlement,
affecting about 1,200 workers in Grand Rapids,
Mich., was denounced by Harry Forest, secretary
of Local 9 of the Mechanics Educational Society
of America, which bargains for workers at the
company’s Detroit plant, as “a sellout by the
UAW and a doublecross by the company.”
According to one report, the agreement was made
as the firm was considering consolidation of its
appliance business at the Grand Rapids plant, with
shutdowns at plants in Peoria, 111., and Detroit.
Reportedly, the UAW can cancel the contract if
the proposed move is not made within 6 months.
The director of the Auto Workers AMC depart
ment said, “We had to agree to the company’s
terms or they would have shut the plant. We put
it up to the membership of [the involved] Local
206 and they approved overwhelmingly.”
Members of the Allied Industrial Workers of
America accepted in August a 4.5-percent wage
increase offer by Briggs and Stratton Corp.
Affecting about 3,300 workers in Milwaukee, Wis.,
the increase ranged from 8 to 15 cents an hour.
The settlement was reached under a reopening
clause of a 5-year agreement signed in 1956.
Agreement on contract terms was reached in
August by the New London, Conn., Metal Trades
Council and the Electric Boat Division of General
Dynamics Corp. in Groton, Conn. Ratified on
August 15, the 2-year pact, affecting about 6,000
workers, called for a pay hike, ranging from 15 to
20 cents an hour, retroactive to July 1, with
additional raises of 7 to 10 cents an hour for
certain specialists, and a 10-cent raise for all
workers on July 1, 1959. A $5,000 major medical
plan was established, and other health insurance
benefits and life insurance coverage were increased.
At the Union Switch and Signal Division of
Westinghouse Air Brake Co., members of the
independent United Electrical Workers union
ratified a 2-year contract covering about 3,500
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
workers in Wilmerding and Swissvale, Pa. Effec
tive July 31, dayworkers received a 10-cent-anhour wage increase; an equivalent raise was
negotiated for piece-workers. The agreement also
provided for improved vacation pay beginning in
1959 and a wage reopening the same year.
Apparel and Textiles. In August, the Amalgam
ated Clothing Workers announced agreement with
representatives of the shirt, pajama, and cottongarment manufacturers to extend for 3 years their
basic contracts to June 1, 1961. Subject to rankand-file ratification, the settlement, which affects
almost 100,000 workers, provided no change in
wages or supplementary benefits but incorporated
a reopening on wages and working conditions each
February 1, beginning in 1959.
Wage increases reportedly ranging from $3 to
$5 weekly for timeworkers were provided in 3year contracts reached between representatives
of the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’
Union and a number of knitwear manufacturers
associations. Covering about 12,000 workers, the
agreements, retroactive to July 16, also provided
for revision of minimum wage scales, establish
ment of a severance pay fund, and promotion of
the union label. In November 1957, both timeand piece-workers had been awarded a 5-percent
cost-of-living wage increase by the industry’s im
partial chairman. 15
Agreements on terms of 2-year contracts for
about 19,000 employees were also reached by the
same union with the Lingerie Manufacturers’ As
sociation, the Negligee Manufacturers’ Associa
tion, and the Allied Underwear Association. Ef
fective September 1, 1958, wages for workers paid
on a time basis were increased by $3.50 a week for
cutters and $2.50 for other weekworkers, and the
add-on factor for pieceworkers’ pay was to be
raised from 19 to 24 percent of basic pay. Provi
sion was also made for the establishment of a
severance pay fund for workers discharged by
firms going out of business. Beginning January
1, 1959, employers will contribute 0.5 percent of
payroll to the fund, and, in January 1960, will
increase the payments to 1 percent; other con
tractual changes included the addition of 1% paid
holidays (total 4%) for week- and piece-workers.
In New England, the Textile Workers Union of
America announced it would not seek any general
» See Monthly Labor Review, January 1958, p. 70.
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
wage increase this year from the area’s finishing
and dyeing plants. About 7,000 workers are
affected. A similar decision for about 12,000
dyers in the New York-Northern New Jersey area,
whose contracts expire October 3, was also reached.
The Hatters announced in August that they had
signed a contract with the Texas-Miller Co. of
Corsicana, Tex.'—first major southern hat factory
to become unionized. The firm, reportedly the
fifth largest hat producer in the country, employs
about 600 workers, who in May had designated
the Hatters as their bargaining agent in an NLRB
election. The 3-year contract included a 6-cent
an-hour wage increase, effective August 1, plus 4
cents an hour retroactive to April 1; 5 paid holi
days; 2 weeks’ vacation after 3 years’ service; and
overtime pay for Saturday work.
Transportation. Eight-percent wage increases for
approximately 17,000 unlicensed seamen repre
sented by the Seafarers’ International Union and
employed by 60 steamship operators on the At
lantic and Gulf Coasts were to go into effect Sep
tember 1 under terms of a memorandum of under
standing reached early in August. Subject to
both employer and rank-and-file ratification, the
agreement included improved vacation pay, a
5-cent-a-man-day increase (to 10 cents) in the
firms’ contributions to medical and safety educa
tion plans, liberalized travel allowances, and cre
ation of a committee of stewards to expand the
current program for the improvement of food
handling. This latter provision is to be supported
by a 5-cent-a-man-day employer contribution.
An 18-cent-an-hour package increase for about
10,000 truckdrivers, represented by the Teamsters
in the New York City area, and employed by
members of the Empire State Highway Transpor
tation Association, Inc., was announced on August
28 by the industry’s arbitrator. According to the
arbitrator, 15 cents would be applied to wages, and
the remainder for improvements in the pension
plan. The award was made under a reopening
clause of a 4-year agreement signed in 1956.16
Services and Construction. Pay raises ranging
from 4 to 7 cents an hour went into effect on
August 7 for approximately 13,000 workers repreU 18 See M onthly Labor Review, September 1956, p. 1074.
17 See Monthly Labor Review, M ay 1958, pp. 542-543.
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1161
sented by the Laundry Workers Union (Ind.) and
employed by members of the Chicago Laundry
Owners Association. According to the executive
secretary of the employers’ association, the new
agreement brought the basic wage rate to $1 an
hour.
A 10-cent-an-hour wage increase, retroactive to
June 1, was negotiated in late July-earlv August
for about 10,000 construction workers in the
Milwaukee, Wis., area, employed by members of
the Allied Construction Employers’ Association.
Beginning in mid-August, however, agreements
were reached with other craft groups, affecting
about 5,000 additional workers, on terms of a
15-cent-an-hour raise. Most of these increases
were retroactive to early August.
Formal recognition of unions representing some
municipal employees in New York City, under
the “Little Wagner Act,” 17 took place in August
as the Uniformed Sanitationmen’s Association was
issued a certificate of exclusive bargaining repre
sentation. The union—an affiliate of the Team
sters—represents about 9,200 of the 9,800
uniformed employees of the city’s Department
of Sanitation.
Later in the month, on August 21, the Uni
formed Firemen’s Association was certified as
bargaining representative for Fire Department
members below officer rank. According to Harold
A. Felix, city labor commissioner, the union had
presented more than 8,000 membership certifica
tions from among the 9,500 firemen within
its jurisdiction.
Problems concerning bargaining rights for the
city’s uniformed policemen were not resolved.
The Patrolmen’s Benevolent Association had peti
tioned for recognition, but final action was delayed
because of the objections of Police Commissioner
Stephen P. Kennedy that unionization would
undermine both the discipline and impartiality of
the department.
Surveys and Court Action
The United States Chamber of Commerce re
ported that in a survey of 1,020 firms, the cost
of fringe benefits received by employees in 1957
averaged $981 a year—an increase of $162 since
1955. The report indicated that for a group of
102 identical companies, expenditures on supple-
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
1162
mentary benefits increased by about 175 percent
from 1947 to 1957. In manufacturing, the
increase was approximately 200 percent.
A study of strike benefits paid by 78 unions
was made public on August 6 by the National
Industrial Conference Board. According to the
survey, 43 of the unions had provision at the na
tional level for payments to strikers ranging from
$5 a week to $650 a month. (The latter is a
maximum benefit paid by the Air Line Pilots
Association.) The study indicated that grass-roots
pressure was promoting payments to strikers as
a matter of right rather than need. This tendency,
the report said, was attributed to rank-and-file
belief that “strike costs fall heavily on some while
others get off scot-free.” This was particularly
true, according to the board’s findings, when an
industry pattern-setting agreement followed a
strike. As a result, “all members benefit, but the
strike costs are borne by a few.”
On August 11, the Federal court of appeals in
Chicago held that Federal courts have power to
enforce the AFL-CIO no-raiding agreement, be
cause section 301 of the Taft-Hartley Act gives
the courts jurisdiction over suits for violation of
labor contracts. The decision arose from a protest
by the United Textile Workers over a petition
by the Textile Workers Union of America to the
National Labor Relations Board for a representa
tion election among workers at the Chicago plant
of Personal Products Corp., already represented
by the UTW. The impartial umpire of the no
raiding agreement had previously affirmed the
UTW argument that it had an established collec
tive bargaining relationship with the company, and
had ruled that the TWUA had violated the no
raiding agreement. The TWUA, however, charged
that the rival union had taken the plant in a
strike-breaking operation in 1953, before the no
raiding agreement was signed, and hence the
agreement did not apply in this case. The UTW
subsequently filed suit against the TWUA in a
Federal district court which ordered the TWUA
to withdraw its petition.
Erratum
In the article entitled “A Wage Award on the Alaska Railroad” which
appeared in the September 1958 Review, the figures on the cost of living
differential between Alaskan cities and Seattle in the first and fourth paragraphs
on p. 967 were in error. They were index figures based on the cost of living in
Seattle as 100 and consequently, when stated in terms of differentials, should
be reduced by 100. For example, the next to the last sentence in the first
paragraph should read: “This shows an average differential as between
Anchorage and Fairbanks, on the one hand, and Seattle, on the other, of 65.1
percent for the latest survey, the one of October 1957.”
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Book Reviews
and Notes
E ditor’s N ote.—Listing of a 'publication in this
section is for record a,nd reference only and does
not constitute an endorsement of point of view
or advocacy of use.
Special Reviews
Labor Unions and Public Policy. By Edward H.
Chamberlin, Philip D. Bradley, Gerard D.
Reilly, Roscoe Pound. Washington, American
Enterprise Association, 1958. 177 pp. $4.50.
This volume is composed of four disparate es
says, each previously published as a separate
monograph by the American Enterprise Associa
tion. It is a basic conception of this association
that “the power position of labor has become
truly ominous” and an attempt should be made
to reduce this power position.
The chapter by Edward H. Chamberlin, the
most stimulating one in the volume, approaches
the field of trade unionism on the basis of institu
tional analysis rather than the neo-classic supplydemand theory. He applies his monopolistic
theory to trade unions and comes up with the con
clusion that trade unions exert monopolistic
powers and, therefore, have a very substantial
effect on wages and other matters subject to col
lective bargaining. This analysis is admittedly
one-sided as no attempt is made to compare the
power of labor with that of management in par
ticular industries or bargaining units. Having
concluded that trade unions exert very great
power, Chamberlin strongly believes that the
public interest requires the imposition of major
restrictions on the monopolistic power of labor.
It is interesting to note that the subsequent
chapter, by Bradley, proceeds on the opposite
premise: namely, that unions cannot influence the
general level of wages or even the wage level of
the collective bargaining unit. He uses this argu
ment to prove that the “free rider” argument
used by proponents of the union shop has no
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
validity. Bradley’s evidence in support of the
position that the unions cannot influence wages
rests heavily on quotations from union leaders in
connection with collective bargaining negotiations.
About the only economic power conceded for
unions by Bradley is that of discrimination among
the membership and among various employees in
the bargaining unit, including nonmembers. This
power to discriminate further supports his con
clusion against any mandatory contribution to a
collective bargaining agent. The chapter is quite
legalistic and fails to come to grip with the issue
of compulsory unionism.
The third chapter, by Gerard Reilly, deals with
the power of the States to regulate labor-manage
ment relations, a topic of considerable current
interest and an issue in recent legislative pro
posals dealing with labor relations. Reilly out
lines clearly a number of important issues which
require resolution. He is strongly favorable to
granting States greater jurisdiction in labor mat
ters affecting interstate commerce. Although the
reader may disagree with his analysis and his con
clusions, the chapter is a useful introduction to a
practical problem of major importance.
The final chapter, Legal Immunities of Labor
Unions, by Roscoe Pound, is a restatement of a
position which he has expressed on numerous
occasions. After a historical analysis of immu
nities granted to monarchs, legislators, diplomats,
and the like, he asserts that labor unions have
substantially general privileges and immunities
“to commit wrongs to person and property, to
interfere with the use of highways, to break con
tracts, to deprive individuals of their means of
earning a livelihood,” and to misuse trust funds.
He purports to prove the conclusions by citations
to the Taft-Hartley Act and to National Labor
Relations Board and court decisions. The anal
ysis is patently exaggerated and inadequate,
especially in failing to give consideration to State
and local laws dealing with some of these topics.
This volume illustrates a growing development
of intellectual opinion which appears to be deeply
convinced that trade unions have become a grave
menace to our free enterprise system as well as to
our democratic society. Hence it should prove of
special interest to those who believe that the trade
union is an institution which needs to be encour
aged and protected.
—H arry W eiss
Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Divisions
1163
1164
Labor Problems in the Industrialization oj India.
By Charles A. Myers. Cambridge, Mass.,
Harvard University Press, 1958. 297 pp.
$6.50.
Professor Myers has written a thoughtful and
stimulating book about the problems facing labor,
management, and government in the industrializa
tion of India. This particular book is one of the
first “country” studies of the Inter-University
Study on Labor Problems in Economic Develop
ment. It is particularly noteworthy because it
probably provides the first comprehensive treat
ment of the problems of labor and management in
the specific context of economic development.
The author lays the basis for his discussion of
labor problems in industrialization by describing
the general provisions of India’s two Fixe-Year
Plans. With this background, he describes and
analyzes the labor and manpower problems which
are being faced in India, describes in detail the
dimensions of labor force and managerial problems,
the emergence and commitment of an industrial
labor force, the growth and development of an
organized labor movement, and the role of govern
ment in labor-management relations. The final
chapter provides a commentary on the policy
implications of industrialization for labor, manage
ment, and government.
The author, in his analysis of labor problems
in the industrialization of India, is ever conscious
of the challenge: Can the free world find the
means to enable the underdeveloped countries to
industrialize with adequate speed without sacri
ficing human values and political democracy in
the name of economic advancement? He suggests
ways of meeting some of the problems which will
at the same time conserve human values. One
of his suggestions is the development of a pro
fessional and enlightened management group in
both private and government enterprise. This
conclusion is reflected in the references to the role
which management must play in a developing
economy. He observes that any society making
a shift from old ways to new will require new
standards of practice by businessmen and man
agers, with primary concern to the good of the
community and secondary to the size and speed
of return on investment.
He also makes the point that the lack of a skilled
and enlightened managerial group to manage
industrial establishments may seriously retard
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , O C T O B E R 1958
industrialization. Steps are discussed that are
important in building an effective managerial
organization in India. These include providing
greater opportunities for middle management to
participate in important managerial decisions;
acceptance of a policy of selecting managerial
talent from all groups in the society; providing
postgraduate training; providing opportunities for
junior managerial officials to benefit from exchange
of experiences with their associates in other
countries; developing the ability of line manage
ment to deal effectively with employer-employee
relations; and developing methods of consulting
workers and unions so that they feel a sense of
participation.
The material in this book should be of value
to those people wdio are concerned with labor
problems in economic development. Govern
ment officials, including those in international
agencies, who are offering technical assistance
programs in the labor and manpower fields will
discover ideas which can make their programs
more effective and realistic. Employers who
have or contemplate operations in other countries
will find this analysis helpful in thinking through
their own problems of developing a work force
in similar situations. Trade union officials who
are struggling with the problem of developing
democratic trade unions in new nations may
find new insights in the problem of extending free
trade unionism. Because of the importance of
labor-management relations in achieving economic
goals, it will also interest those who have a general
interest in India’s ability to achieve her objectives.
—L eo R. W erts
Deputy Assistant Secretary for International
Labor Affairs, U. S. Department of Labor
America’s Children. By Eleanor H. Bernert.
New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1958.
185 pp., bibliography. (Census Monograph
Series.) $6.
This book on the youth population is very
timely, particularly in a period when a great deal
of interest is centered on the Nation’s manpower
requirements. An important aspect of this con
cern is focused on the present status of youth’s
education and training as related to the quality
of the future work force. In this study, Mrs.
1165
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
Bemert has touched upon these subjects in under
taking a critical examination of various economic
and social characteristics and their importance
as determinants of work activity and educational
attainment of the youth population.
Two considerations set forth by the author relate
directly to the immediate and future effects of
work activity of youth. Of immediate importance
is the extent to which early entrance into the labor
force is made at the expense of further schooling.
From the long-run view, consideration is given
to the extent to which work experience prepares
youth for future labor force participation and the
assumption of adult responsibilities. In the
review of these particular aspects of youth ac
tivity, an extensive examination is made of 1950
Census data to describe the youth population in
terms of selected demographic characteristics
and their complex interrelationships.
In the chapters discussing the educational
attainment and labor force participation of youth,
an important relationship is pointed out. Both
activities are shown to have the same general
variations when described in terms of residence'—
urban and rural—geographic location, and color.
Mrs. Bernert makes the generalization that
among youth, early entrants into the labor market
include large numbers of poorly educated males
and somewhat better educated females. To
illustrate, she points out that higher rates of labor
force participation are found among males in
nonwhite, farm, and southern population groups.
In each group, lower educational attainment was
found to be associated with early entrance into
the labor force. Conversely, the higher rates of
participation among girls occurred in northern
urban areas which were characterized by com
paratively high levels of education.
An interesting relationship is revealed when
work activity of youth is defined in terms of
dependency, income of family head, and expendi
tures for education. In general, the author
concludes that there is a tendency toward high
rates of labor force participation and low educa
tional attainment in areas where the number of
youth per one hundred adults is high, the income
of the family head is low, and the average ex
penditure per student for education is low. When
such characteristics are related to location, they
are found to exist predominantly in the southern
States.
4 7 9 6 0 3 — 58------ 6
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Another consideration pointed out by the au
thor is the effect of nondemographic factors on
the labor force activity of youth. For example,
social controls in the form of child-labor and
compulsory school-attendance legislation, hiring
practices, and community attitudes toward youth
employment, as well as personal motivations of
the young, exercise an important influence on work
activity.
The author emphasizes that even the most
efficient use of Census data leaves large gaps in
our knowledge and understanding of the behavior
patterns of youth. She states that only through
research designed to answer specific questions
can the gaps be filled.
This is a book which should interest the labor
force analyst, the educator, the social worker,
and persons interested in labor standards and
other aspects of child welfare. It is not limited
in treatment to labor force activity; rather it
presents a broad view of the forces affecting
economic and social changes in relation to the
youth population and the many problems con
fronting the analyst whose interest is directed
toward youth.
— C h a r l e s H . L e w is
Bureau of Labor Standards
Benefits and Benefit Plans
Fringe Benefits, 1957. Washington, Chamber of Com
merce of the United States, Economic Research D e
partment, 1958. 36 pp. $1.
Impact of the Fringe Boom. By David Cunningham. (In
Office Executive, National Office Management Asso
ciation, Willow Grove, Pa., July 1958, pp. 12, 14-15.
50 cents.)
Paid Vacation Provisions in Major Union Contracts, 1957.
By Rose Theodore and John N. Gentry. Washington,
U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statis
tics, 1958. 34 pp. (Bull. 1233.) 30 cents, Superin
tendent of Documents, Washington.
Union Agreements— Vacations and Holidays, New York
State, 1956. New York, State Department of Labor,
Division of Research and Statistics, 1958. 39 pp.
(Publication B-101.)
Digest of One Hundred Selected Pension Plans Under Col
lective Bargaining, Winter 1957-58. Washington,
U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statis
tics, 1958. 71 pp. (Bull. 1232.) 45 cents, Superin
tendent of Documents, Washington.
1166
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
Plastic Contributions for Pensions and Profit-Sharing. By
Alvin D. Lurie. (In Yale Law Journal, New Haven,
Conn., May 1958, pp. 1003-1022. $2.)
Non-Obligatory Benefits Provided by European Employers in
1955. (In International Labor Review, Geneva,
June 1958, pp. 553-563. 60 cents. Distributed in
United States by Washington Branch of ILO.)
Health Insurance and Medical Care
Voluntary Health Insurance and Medical Care: Five Yeais of
Progress, 1952-1957. By J. F. Follmann, Jr. New
York, Health Insurance Association of America, 1958.
95 pp., bibliography. Free.
Collective Bargaining
Health Insurance Costs. By Helen B. Shaffer. Washing
ton (1156 19th Street NW .), Editorial Research Re
ports, 1958. 17 pp. (Vol. I, No. 21.) $2.
Collective Bargaining on the New York City Transit System,
1940-1957. By Edward Sussna. (In Industrial and
Labor Relations Review, Ithaca, N. Y., July 1958,
pp. 518-533. $1.75.)
Group Disability Insurance. By Jesse F. Pickrell. Homewood, 111., Richard D. Irwin, Inc. (for S. S. Huebner
Foundation for Insurance Education, University of
Pennsylvania), 1958. xxii, 255 pp., bibliography. $5.
Théorie du Salaire et Conventions Collectives. By Maurice
Bouchard. Montréal, Université de Montréal, Fac
ulté des Sciences Sociales, Economique, et Politiques,
1957. 329 pp., bibliography.
Syketrygden, 1955. Oslo, Rikstrygdeverket, 1958. 89 pp.
(Norges Ofüsielle Statistikk, XI, 301.) 4.50 kr.
Consumer Behavior
Annual Digest of State and Federal Labor Legislation,
October 1, 1956 to December 81, 1957. By Maxine
Anderson. Washington, U. S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Standards, 1958. 144 pp. (Bull.
193.) 40 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
Consumer Behavior: Research on Consumer Reactions.
Edited by Lincoln H. Clark and Joan B. Carney.
New York, Harper & Brothers, 1958. 472 pp., bibli
ography. $6.50.
Trends in Consumer Behavior: The Next Ten Years— Report
of a Seminar Conducted May 1-2, 1957, Ann Arbor,
Mich., and May 15-16, 1957, Princeton, N. J. Ann
Arbor, Foundation for Research on Human Be
havior, 1958. 50 pp., bibliography. $3.
Economic Developments
World Economic Survey, 1957. New York, United Na
tions, Department of Economic and Social Affairs,
1958. 227 pp. (Sales No.: 58.II.C.1.) $2.50, Co
lumbia University Press, International Documents
Service, New York.
Labor Legislation
Time Off for Voting Under State Law. By Pearl Spindler.
Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Standards, 1958. 20 pp. (Bull. 138, re
vised.) Free.
State Welfare Fund Laws. By Harland Fox and J. Roger
O’Meara. (In Management Record, National In
dustrial Conference Board, Inc., New York, JulyAugust 1958, pp. 246-249, 276-283.)
Legislation for Fair Employment Practices in Action
[Canada]. Ottawa, Canadian Department of Labor,
[Industrial Relations Branch, 1958]. 8 pp. Free.
Economic Developments in the Middle East, 1956-1957:
Supplement to World Economic Survey, 1957. New
York, United Nations, Department of Economic and
Social Affairs, 1958. 163 pp. (Sales No.: 58.II.C.2.)
$1.75, Columbia University Press, International Docu
ments Service, New York.
Labor Organizations
Economic Survey, [Sweden], 1957.
Handelsbanken, 1958. 67 pp.
Government Regulation of Internal Union Affairs Affecting
the Rights of Members. Selected readings prepared
by the Legislative Reference Service of the Library
of Congress. Washington, United States Senate,
Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, 1958.
299 pp., bibliography. (Committee Print, 85th
Cong., 2d sess.)
Stockholm, Svenska
Economic Survey of Denmark, 1958. Copenhagen, Royal
Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1958. 64 pp.
Industrialization and Productivity. New York, United
Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs,
1958. 77 pp. (Bull. 1.) (Sales No.: 58.II.B.2.)
70 cents, Columbia University Press, International
Documents Service, New York.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The AFL in the 1920's: A Strategy of Defense. By James
O. Morris. (In Industrial and Labor Relations
Review, Ithaca, N. Y., July 1958, pp. 572-590,
$1.75.)
Tabulation of Unions Representing Engineering and Tech
nical Employees. Washington, National Society of
Professional Engineers, 1958. 8 pp. $1.
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
1167
National Union Strike Benefits. By James J. Bambrick,
Jr. and Marie P. Dorbandt. (In Management Rec
ord, National Industrial Conference Board, Inc.,
New York, July-August 1958, pp. 242-245, 257-275.)
Developing Executive Skills: New Patterns for Management
Growth. Edited by Harwood F. Merrill and Eliza
beth Marting. New York, American Management
Association, 1958. 431 pp., bibliography. $9.
The Trade Unionist in Britain. London, Central Office of
Information, Reference Division, 1958. 48 pp.
Rev. (RF. P. 3829.)
Status of First Line Supervisors. Washington, Bureau of
National Affairs, Inc., 1958. 14 pp. (Personnel
Policies Forum Survey 47.) $1.
What the TUC is Doing.
1958. 46 pp. 6d.
Recruitment and Training of Labor in the Middle East Oil
Industry. By David Finnie. (In Middle East
Journal, Washington, Spring 1958, pp. 127-143.
$1.50.)
London, Trades Union Congress,
Labor and Labor Parties in Malaya. By Charles Gamba.
(In Pacific Affairs, Richmond, Va., June 1958,
pp. 117-130. $1.25.)
Manpower
Survey of Licensed Officers of the American Merchant
Marine—Deck, Engine, Radio, July 1 to December SI,
1957. Washington, U. S. Department of Commerce,
Maritime Administration, 1958. 64 pp.
Employers’ Forecasts of Manpower Requirements: A Case
Study. By Robert Ferber. Urbana, University of
Illinois, College of Commerce and Business Admin
istration, Bureau of Economic and Business Re
search, 1958. 88 pp. (Studies in Business Expec
tations and Planning, 3.) $1.50.
Manpower for Tomorrow— A Challenge. By Frank M.
Fletcher, Jr. (In Personnel and Guidance Journal,
Washington, September 1958, pp. 32-39. 80 cents.)
Manpower Planning in India. By B. N. Datar. (In
International Labor Review, Geneva, July 1958,
pp. 56-70. 60 cents. Distributed in United States
by Washington Branch of ILO.)
Workers and Industrial Change— A Case Study of Labor
Mobility. By Leonard P. Adams and Robert L.
Aronson. Ithaca, Cornell University, New York
State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, 1957.
209 pp. (Cornell Studies in Industrial and Labor
Relations, VIII.) $4.50.
Personnel Management and Practices
Successful Recruiting Policies: How Companies Recruit
Above-Average Employees in Today’s Market. Chi
cago, Dartnell Corporation, 1957. 116 pp. (Dartnell Management Report 611.) $12.50.
The Dynamics of Management: Executive Thought and
Action in a Changing World. New York, American
Management Association, 1958. 139 pp. (Manage
ment Report 14.) $3.75; $2.50 to AMA members.
Junior Boards of Executives: A Management Training
Procedure. By John R. Craf. New York, Harper
& Brothers, 1958. 162 pp., bibliography. $3.50.
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Personality and Job Satisfaction. By Edward L. Smith.
(In Advanced Management, Society for the Advance
ment of Management, New York, August 1958, pp.
23-27, bibliography. $1; 75 cents to Society mem
bers.)
Social Security
Characteristics of State Public Assistance Plans Under the
Social Security Act. Washington, U. S. Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare, Social Security
Administration, 1958. I l l pp. (Public Assistance
Report 33.) 65 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance: Development
of Agricultural Coverage. (In Social Security Bulle
tin, U. S. Department of Health, Education and
Welfare, Social Security Administration, Washington,
June 1958, pp. 3-6. 25 cents, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.)
Social Security in the Netherlands. Amsterdam, Nether
lands Federation of Trade Unions, 1958. 22 pp.
(International Information Bulletin 49.)
Unemployment
Measuring Unemployment in New Mexico, By Ralph L.
Edgel. [Albuquerque, University of New Mexico,
Bureau of Business Research], 1958. 8 pp. (Re
printed from New Mexico Business, April 1958.)
The
“Invisible” Unemployed. By Daniel Bell. (In
Fortune, New York, July 1958, pp. 105-111, 198,
et seq.)
Unemployment Insurance and Benefits
Extension of Coverage Under State Unemployment Insurance
Laws: Employees of State and Local Governments.
Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Employment Security, 1958. 52 pp. (BES U-109.)
Free.
Summary Tables for Evaluation of State Unemployment
Insurance Coverage and Benefit Provisions. Washing-
1168
ton, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employ
ment Security, 1958. 33 pp. (BES U-175.) Free.
Labor Income and Unemployment Benefits, 1957-58. By
John N. Thurber. {In Labor Market and Employ
ment Security, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Employment Security, Washington, July 1958, pp.
1-4, 10. 30 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.)
Wages and Hours
Wage Structure: Electric and Oas Utilities, September 1957.
By Fred Mohr. Washington, U. S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1958. 92 pp.
(BLS Report 135.) Free.
Occupational Wage Survey: Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif.,
March 1958 {Bull. 1224-13, 29 pp., 25 cents); Chicago,
III., April 1958 {Bull. 1224-14, 28 pp., 25 cents);
Portland, Oreg., April 1958 {Bull. 1224-16, 25 pp., 25
cents). Washington, U. S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1958. Available from
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Studies of the Effects of the $1 Minimum Wage, February
and April 1956 and April 1957: Fort Smith, Ark.;
Meridian, Miss. Washington, U. S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1958. 23 and 22
pp., respectively. (Reports 127-6, 127-7.) Free.
Hourly Wages of Adult Wage Earners in 41 Occupations,
October 1957. {In Statistical Supplement to Inter
national Labor Review, Geneva, July 1958, pp. 32-54.
Distributed in United States by Washington Branch
of ILO.)
The Regulation of Hours of Work in Agriculture. {In
International Labor Review, Geneva, June 1958,
pp. 538-552. 60 cents. Distributed in United States
by Washington Branch of ILO.)
Time Rates of Wages and Hours of Labor, [Great Britain],
April 1, 1958. London, Ministry of Labor and
National Service, 1958. 294 pp. 15s., H. M.
Stationery Office, London.
Work Injuries and Accident Prevention
Administration of the Federal Coal-Mine Safety Act, Calen
dar Year 1957. By James Westfield, H. F. Weaver,
C. M. Keenan. Washington, U. S. Department of the
Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1958. 60 pp. (Informa
tion Circular 7833.) Free.
Fatalities at Pennsylvania Anthracite Mines, 1957. By
James A. Moore. Washington, U. S. Department of
the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1958. 20 pp. (Min
eral Industry Surveys, HSS No. 461.) Free.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
Repercusión Económica de los Accidentes: El Costo de los
Accidentes del Trabajo. By Moisés Poblete Troncosco. {In Seguridad Industrial, Union Panameri
cana, Washington, January 1958, pp. 4-9. 25
cents.)
Accident Prevention in Australian Industry. {In Personnel
Practice Bulletin, Special Safety Issue, Common
wealth of Australia, Department of Labor and
National Service, Melbourne, June 1958, pp. 7-15.
3s. 6d.)
Accident Prevention in Building and Civil Engineering in
France. By P. Caloni. {In Occupational Safety and
Health, Geneva, April-June 1958, pp. 70-76. 75
cents. Distributed in United States by Washington
Branch of ILO.)
Miscellaneous
A Civil Rights Inventory of San Francisco: Part I, Employ
ment. San Francisco, Council for Civic Unity of San
Francisco, 1958. xxi, 352 pp. $2.75.
Pricing in Big Business: A Case Approach. By A. D. H.
Kaplan, Joel B. Dirlam, Robert F. Lanzillotti.
Washington, The Brookings Institution, 1958. xiv,
344 pp. $5.
Foreign Labor Information: Labor in Mexico. By Martha
R. Lowenstern. Washington, U. S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1958. 39 pp.
Free.
The Population Ahead. Edited by Roy G. Francis.
Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1958.
160 pp. $3.75.
The 42d Session of the International Labor Conference.
{In Industry and Labor, Geneva, July 1 and 15, 1958,
pp. 3-78. 25 cents. Distributed in United States
by Washington Branch of ILO.)
Collaboration Between Public Authorities and Employers'
and Workers’ Organisations at the Industrial and
National Levels. Geneva, International Labor Office,
1958. 72 pp. (Report V III(l) prepared for Inter
national Labor Conference, 43d session, 1959.) 75
cents. Distributed in United States by Washington
Branch of ILO.
Directory of Employers' Associations, Trade Unions, Joint
Organizations, 1958, [United Kingdom]. London,
Ministry of Labor and National Service, 1958. 8s.,
H. M. Stationery Office, London.
The New Role of the Soviets in the World Economy. By
Michael Sapir. New York, Committee for Eco
nomic Development, 1958. 64 pp. 50 cents.
Current Labor Statistics
CONTENTS
A.—Employment and Payrolls
1171
Table A -l.
1172 Table A-2.
1176 Table A-3.
Table A-4.
Table A-5.
1180 Table A-6.
1181 Table A-7.
Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours
worked, and sex
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establish
ments, by industry.
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by State 1
Employees in manufacturing, by State 1
Insured unemployment under State programs and the program of
unemployment compensation for Federal employees, by geographic
division and State
Unemployment insurance and employment service programs, selected
operations
B.—Labor Turnover
1182 Table B -l. Labor turnover rates in manufacturing
1183 Table B-2. Labor turnover rates, by industry
C.—Earnings and Hours
1185 Table C -l.
1200 Table C-2.
1201 Table C-3.
1201 Table 0-4.
1202 Table C—5.
1203 Table C-6.
Table C-7.
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers,
by industry
Average weekly earnings, gross and net spendable, of production
workers in manufacturing industries, in current and 1947-49 dollars
Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours in industrial and construc
tion activities
Indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls in industrial and construction
activities
Average hourly earnings, gross and excluding overtime, of production
workers in manufacturing, by major industry group
Gross average weekly hours and average overtime hours of production
workers in manufacturing, by major industry group
Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing, by
State and selected area 1
1 This table is included in the March, June, September, and December issues of the Review.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1169
1170
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , O C T O B E R 1958
CONTENTS—Continued
-Consumer and Wholesale Prices
1204 Table D -l. Consumer Price Index—United States city average: All items and
major groups of items
D-2.
Consumer
Price Index—United States city average: Food, housing,
Table
1205
apparel, transportation, and their subgroups
1205 Table D-3. Consumer Price Index—United States city average: Special groups
of items
D-4.
Consumer
Price Index—United States city average: Retail prices
1206 Table
and indexes of selected foods
1207 Table D-5. Consumer Price Index—All items indexes, by city
1208 Table D-6. Consumer Price Index—Food and its subgroups, by city
1209 Table D-7. Indexes of wholesale prices, by major groups
1210 Table D-8. Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
1211 Table D-9. Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings
1212 Table D-10. Indexes of wholesale prices, by stage of processing
1212 Table D -l 1. Indexes of wholesale prices, by durability of product
E.—Work Stoppages
1213 Table E -l.
Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes
F.—Building and Construction
Expenditures for new construction
Contract awards: Public construction, by ownership and type of
construction
Table F-3. Building-permit activity: Valuation, by private-public ownership,
class of construction, and type of building
Table F-4. Building-permit activity: Valuation, by class of construction and
geographic region
Table F-5. Building-permit activity: Valuation, by metropolitan-nonmetropolitan '
location and State
Table F-6. Number of new permanent nonfarm dwelling units started, by owner
ship and location, and construction cost
1214 Table F -l.
1215 Table F-2.
1216
1216
1217
1218
G.—Work Injuries
1219 Table G -l. Injury-frequency rates for selected manufacturing industries 2
2 This table is included in the January, April, July, and October issues of the Review.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A .— E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y R O L L S
1171
A.—Employment and Payrolls
T
able
A -l.
Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours worked, and sex
[In thousands]
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over 1
Employment status
1958
Aug.
July
June
May
1957»
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.3 Oct.
Annual average
Sept.
Aug.
1957»
1956
Total, both sexes
Total labor force...................................... 72,703 73,104 73,049 71,603 70,681 70,158 69,804 69.379 70,458 70, 790 71.299 71,044 71, 833
70,746
70,387
Civilian labor force________________
Unemployment__________________
Unemployed 4 weeks or less____
Unemployed 5-10 weeks ______
Unemployed 11-14 weeks _____
Unemployed 15-26 weeks . .........
Unemployed over 26 weeks- . . .
Employment____________________
Nonagricultural______________
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours_______
Worked 1-14 hours________
With a job but not at work
Agricultural _______________
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours_______
Worked 1-14 hours________
With a job but not at work 4.
67,946
2,936
1,485
650
240
321
239
65,011
58,789
46. 238
6, 953
2,777
2,821
6,222
4,197
1,413
416
196
67,530
2,551
1,214
594
211
301
232
64,979
58,394
46. 062
6,715
2,648
2,969
6,585
4,577
1,399
416
192
70,067
4,699
1,716
933
399
678
972
65,367
58, 746
44, 440
6,099
2, 522
5, 684
6,621
4,668
1,339
405
209
70,473
5,294
2,069
1,198
357
798
872
65,179
58,461
42,289
6,336
2,749
7, 087
6,718
4,442
1, 564
485
228
70, 418
5,437
2,569
875
372
931
689
64, 981
58,081
45,352
6, 668
2,863
3,198
6,900
4,861
1, 533
399
107
68,965
4,904
1, 778
930
444
1,146
605
64,061
57. 789
45, 619
7,147
3,224
1,799
6,272
4,452
1,370
348
103
68,027
5,120
1,725
933
577
1,301
585
62. 907
57,349
44,166
7,840
3,190
2,153
5,558
3, 561
1,390
444
162
67. 510
5,198
1,753
1,153
845
1,045
401
62.311
57,239
44, 206
7,789
3,346
1,899
5,072
2,945
1,373
503
251
67,160
5,173
1,946
1, 517
562
795
353
61,988
57,158
43,213
8,218
3,252
2,476
4,830
2,551
1,265
667
346
66, 732
4,494
2,007
1.187
435
556
309
62,238
57, 240
44, 764
7,317
3.147
2,007
4, 998
2,896
1,303
510
289
67, 770
3,374
1,593
857
297
380
246
64, 396
59,012
46, 579
7,343
3,188
1,901
5,385
3, 266
1,301
557
260
68,061
3,188
1,724
699
240
280
243
64,873
59,057
42,170
11. 558
3,090
2,239
5,817
3, 586
1.427
548
256
68, 513
2,508
1,272
538
175
268
255
66,005
59,168
47,051
6,784
2.934
2,399
6,837
4,893
1,383
390
172
68,225
2, 552
1,438
448
210
263
193
65, 674
59,156
47. 652
6,207
2.664
2, 632
6,518
4,318
1,633
421
146
68.994
2.609
1,386
506
247
238
232
66, 385
59, 562
45, 992
5,637
2,110
5,823
6,823
4,918
1,364
317
224
Males
Total labor force.............. .................. .
50,017 50,359 50,005 48,858 48,396 48,126 47,944 47,801 48,096 48,286 48, 503 48, 620 49, 745
48,649
48. 579
46, 940
1,596
45,344
39,953
32, 992
2,711
950
3,299
5,391
4,221
741
231
198
45,882
1,893
43 989
38, 952
32, 546
3, 461
1,197
1, 748
5,037
3,716
842
309
171
45, 756
1,608
44,148
38, 870
32, 536
3,388
1,135
1,810
5,278
3,993
806
308
171
22,686 22,745 23,043 22, 745 22,286 22,032 21, 861 21, 578 22,362 22. 506 22, 796 22,424 22,088
22,097
21,808
22,064
L 043
21, 021
19,837
13, 692
3,491
1,580
1,073
1,184
482
571
107
25
21, 774
'943
20,831
19, 524
13,526
3,327
1, 513
1,158
1,307
585
594
108
21
Civilian labor force. ............................. 47,412
Unemployment.......... ........................ 3,081
Employment___________________ 44,331
Nonagricultural-_____________ 39,040
Worked 35 hours or more___ 31,608
Worked 15-34 h o u rs.............. 3,065
Worked 1-14 hours____ ____ 1,154
With a job but not at work 4_ 3,214
Agricultural ________________ 5, 291
Worked 35 hours or more___ 4,058
Worked 15-34 hours_______
742
Worked 1-14 h o u rs________
307
With a job but not at work 4.
184
47, 759
3, 513
44,247
38', 901
30,078
3,362
1,312
4,149
5,346
3,906
912
330
198
47, 406
3,521
43,884
38, 588
32,141
3,418
1.246
1,782
5,296
4,214
733
261
89
46,252
3,266
42,986
37,962
31.862
3, 555
1,395
1,151
5,024
3,930
753
247
93
45, 774
3,492
42.282
37, 578
30,867
4,027
1,395
1.289
4,704
3,281
947
329
147
45, 510
3,743
41, 767
37,340
30; 552
4,087
1.427
1,273
4,427
2, 777
1,000
420
230
45,332
3,632
41, 700
37,429
29; 833
4,326
1, 494
1, 776
4,271
2,393
971
586
321
45,186
3,141
42.045
37, 646
31,093
3, 788
1, 437
1,325
4,399
2, 740
976
411
271
45, 440
2,392
43 047
38, 413
32,096
3,680
1,375
1,262
4,634
3,075
876
444
239
45,589
2,041
43, 548
38, 713
29, 402
6,471
1,381
1, 458
4,834
3,264
952
393
226
45, 751
1, 594
44, 156
38,865
32, 773
3,317
1,240
1,534
5,292
4,111
758
270
153
45.835
1, 565
44, 270
39,155
33,371
2,992
1,162
1, 630
5, 115
3,779
925
282
128
Females
Total labor force..................................
Civilian labor force. ______________ 22,655
Unemployment__________________ 1,619
Employment___________________ 21,036
N onagricul tural_______ ______ 19, 706
Worked 35 hours or more___ 12, 833
Worked 15-34 hours_______ 3,035
Worked 1-14 hours________ 1,368
With a job but not at work 4. 2,471
Agricultural _______________ 1,330
Worked 35 hours or more___
610
Worked 15-34 hours_______
597
Worked 1-14 hours________
98
With a job but not at work 4_
25
22,714
1, 781
20.933
19,560
12,211
2.974
1,437
2,939
1,373
536
652
156
29
23,012
1,915
21,096
19, 493
13,210
3,250
1,617
1, 416
1,603
647
801
138
18
22.713
1,638
21,075
19,826
13, 757
3,592
1,829
648
1,249
522
617
100
10
22,254
1,629
20,625
19, 770
13.299
3,813
1,795
864
855
280
444
115
15
1 Estimates are based on Information obtained from a sample of households
and are subject to sampling variability. Data relate to the calendar week
ending nearest the 15th day of the month. The employed total includes all
wage and salary workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid workers in
family-operated enterprises. Persons in institutions are not included.
Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily equal
totals.
* Beginning with January 1957, two groups numbering between 200,000 and
300,000 which were formerly classified as employed (under “with a job but
not at work”) were assigned to different classifications, mostly to the unem
ployed. For a full explanation,^see Monthly Report on the Labor Force,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
22.000
1,456
20, 544
19,899
13, 654
3,701
1,919
625
645
169
373
83
20
21.829
1,541
20, 288
19, 729
13,380
3,892
1, 759
700
559
159
294
81
25
21, 546
1,353
20,193
19, 594
13, 672
3,530
1. 711
681
599
156
327
99
18
22,330
'981
21,349
20, 598
14, 483
3,663
1,813
639
751
191
425
113
22
22, 473
L 147
21, 326
20,343
12. 768
5,086
1,709
780
982
322
476
155
30
22, 763
914
21, 849
20,303
14,278
3, 467
1,694
864
1, 546
782
625
120
19
22,390
986
21, 404
20,001
14,281
3,215
1,502
1,002
1,403
539
708
139
17
22,054
Ï, 013
21,041
19.609
12,999
2,926
1,159
2,524
1, 433
697
623
86
26
February 1957 (Current Population Reports, Labor Force, Series P-57,
No. 176).
3 Survey week contained legal holiday.
4 Includes persons who had a job or business but who did not work during
the survey week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, or labor dispute.
Prior to January 1957, also included were persons on layoff with definite
instructions to return to work within 30 days of layoff and persons who had
new jobs to which they were scheduled to report within 30 days. Most of
the persons in these groups have, since that time, been classified as unem
ployed.
Source : IT. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
1172
T
able
A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1957
1958
Industry
Aug * July * June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1957
1956
Total employees.................................... ........ 50,541 50,202 50,413 49,949 49, 726 49,690 49, 777 50,477 52,610 52,316 52,570 52, 692 52, 477 52,162 51,766
Mining ____ ______________________ ____
M etal........................... -........ — ........... —
Iron_____________________________
Copper. _________________________
Lead and zinc_____________________
Anthracite_________________________
Bituminous-coal_____________ _______
712
91.1
187.4
Crude-petroleum and natural-gas production_________________________
Petroleum and natural-gas production
(except contract services)------ --------- .............
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying.......... 111.7
Contract construction___________________
hi on b u ild in g c o n s tru c tio n _______________
Highway and street construction_____
Other nonbuilding construction______
Building construction________________
General contractors________________
Special-trade contractors____________
Plumbing and heating____________
Painting and decorating___________
Electrical work__________________
Other special-trade contractors_____
Manufacturing--------------------------------------
Durable goods......................................
Nondurable goods................................
2,942
707
91.0
30.3
28.1
12.1
717
92.9
30.4
28.2
13.3
711
91.7
28 7
28.2
13.7
716
91.2
27.6
28.1
13.9
733
95.9
31.3
28.9
14.1
747
97.8
32.0
29.3
14.4
766
101.2
33.9
29.9
14.8
788
104.9
37.1
30.4
15.0
793
106.4
38.6
30.6
14.6
802
107.6
39.9
30.6
14.8
818
111.9
41.4
32.2
15.3
828
809
114. 1 111.2
41.9
38.9
33.0
32.6
16.7
15.8
807
108.8
35.1
33.3
17.4
19.5
180.0
19.2
190.1
20.0
192.2
19.6
199.0
22.8
206.3
24.1
212.4
23.3
219.8
26.0
224.2
24.0
225.7
27.2
227.8
28.2
227.9
27.1
229.1
28.4
230.0
29.3
228.6
304.4
303.2
297.8
298.8
302.6
309.5
315.8
321.3
322.6
323.9
333.1
340.0
326.2
324.8
191.2
190.4
187.8
188.7
189.3
190.2
191.1
191.9
190.9
192.5
198.6
202.7
193.8
192.3
112.1
111.8
109.5
107.6
105.0
103.2
106.1
111.3
114.3
115.8
117.0
117.3
113.3
115.2
2,888 2,806 2,685 2,493 2,316 2,173 2,387 2,612 2,805 2,956 3,018 3,057 2,808 2,929
677
586
665
520
439
400
519
589
647
593
658
453
647 611
319.7 311 1 280 5 214.7 162.6 142.8 166.8 202.2 248.7 289.6 301.9 307.9 250. 1 257.9
363.5
368.9
335.6
316.6
340.6
357.3
305.2
276.2
257.5
286.4
335.3
338.5 335.8 330 Ö
2,230 2,159 2,074 1, 973 1,877 1,773 1,934 2,093 2,216 2,309 2,353 2,380 2,222 2,336
808.0 789.4 ' 764.0 720.9 688.4 648.8 721.1 782.7 838. 7 878.1 904.3 935.7 869.3 970.0
1, 421. 5 1,369. 8 1,309.9 1,252.0 1,188.6 1,124.3 1. 212. 9 1,309. 8 1,377.5 1,431.3 1, 448. 5 1,443.9 1,352. 7 1, 366.0
313.4 299.6 285.9 282.3 284.7 288.0 302.6 314.6 321.3 332.5 334.3 327.0 321.7 328.7
198.6 180.4 171.2 152.5 139.0 128.9 136.4 153.3 167.6 178.8 188.2 194.0 164.2 170.9
175.9 166. 9 162 6 160.8 163.2 168.2 173.4 180.4 186.3 191.1 195.6 199.4 188.9 186.2
733.6 722.9 690.2 656.4 601.7 539.2 600.5 661.5 702.3 728.9 730.4 723.5 677.9 680.2
15,489 15,172 15,206 15,023 15,104 15.355 15,593 15,865 16,302 16,561 16,783 16,903 16,949 16,782 16,903
8, 584 8,502 8, 564 8. 480 8, 564 8, 742 8, 906 9, 138 9, 429 9, 608 9, 718 9, 734 9,821 9,821 9, 835
6,905 6,670 6,642 6,543 6,540 6,613 6,687 6,727 6,873 6,953 7,065 7,169 7,128 6,961 7,068
Durable goods
Ordnance and accessories_____________
Lumber and wood products (except
furniture)---- ------ -----------------------Logging camps and contractors______
Sawmills and planing mills..................
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products__________
Wooden containers_________________
Miscellaneous wood products________
129.1
126.1
125.4
123.5
122.8
121.9
121.1
120.0
120.4
121.3
123.4
127.3
130.2
129.3
131.9
646.9
643.7
99 0
321.0
643.3
inn 2
318.4
606.6
81 1
307.1
585.1
71.6
296.7
579.9
69.0
295.3
581.5
69.6
294.9
592.1
71.0
299.6
614.2
76.3
311.8
635.4
82.2
322.2
657.1
89.8
329.7
664.5
86.9
336.8
678.5
93.1
344.6
654.6
87.1
331.6
735.6
108.0
378.6
127. 7
44 5
61.5
127.0
45 6
52.1
121 3
45 2
51.9
120.4
44.1
52.3
118.7
44.2
52.7
121.2
43.2
52.6
122.4
45.6
53.5
124.8
46.5
54.8
127.8
47.5
55.7
132.3
48.7
56.6
133.9
49.4
57.5
134.6
48.6
57.6
128.7
49.7
57.5
135.7
54.5
58.8
345.9
248.8
346.4
246.5
343.0
244.7
343.9
245.9
351.1
251.0
356.7
254.5
360.4
258.1
370.6
265.1
376.2
269.2
380.7
270.7
382.1
270.5
380.4
269.0
375.6
265.9
380.1
267.2
41. 6
42. 3
41.9
43.1
43.7
44.1
44.3
45.0
46.1
47.4
48.5
48.9
48.0
48.4
33.5
34.3
33.9
33.9
34.5
35.8
35.7
36.7
36.7
38.1
38.9
38.6
37.9
37.9
21.9
23.9
23.8
26.6
......
Furniture and fixtures_______________
358.2
Household furniture.............- ................
Office, public-building, and professional furniture__________________
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and fixtures___________________________
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous
furniture and fixtures_____________ .............
Stone, clay, and glass products................. 528.9
Flat glass_________________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown..
Glass products made of purchased glass.
Cement, hvdraulic_________________
Structural clay products____________
Pottery and related products________
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products____________________________
Cut-stone and stone products................
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products________________________
22.0
23.3
22.5
21.0
22.3
22.3
23.8
24.2
24.5
24.2
520.2
28.8
97.3
15.6
42. 6
75 2
42.1
513.4
27 7
95.9
15.4
43 2
73 0
41.9
501.8
26 3
93.6
15.1
42 7
71 2
41.9
498.5
27.3
92.8
15.3
41.2
70.0
44.0
499.1 504.3
28.2
31.7
93.8
93.5
16.4
15.7
40. 1 40.3
69.0
69.9
44.9
45.2
515. 5
33.8
93.5
16.9
41.2
72.4
45. 5
536.4
35.7
96.9
17.7
42.9
77.4
47.2
550.0
35.6
100.5
17.9
43.5
80.0
48.2
557.2
35.3
101.0
18.4
43.5
81.4
48.3
562.8
34.3
102.1
18.0
44.0
82.7
48.9
560.4 552.5 563.3
34. C 34.7
35.1
101.4
98.8
95.9
18.0
17.9
17.8
42.5
42. C 43.6
80.4
82.8
86.6
48.2
49.8
64.1
113.2
18.7
110 8
18.4
107 5
17.9
103.5
18.3
101.2
17.8
99.8
17.5
101.2
17.9
104.7
18.5
109.1
18.6
112. 4
19.3
114.7
19.2
114.9
19.2
112.0
19.0
116.2
19.5
86. 7
87.1
85 6
86.1
88. 4
90.0
93.1
95. 4
96.6
97.6
98.9
99.4
97.9
94.5
Primary metal industries_________ ____ 1,074.5 1,061.1 1,070.5 1,053. 4 1,065.6 1,104.0 1,134.6 1,183.8 1,233.6 1,258.4 1,280.1 1,292.7 1,310.1 1,309. 7 1,312. 6
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills________ _____ ________ ____
517.1 523 9 508 1 509.8 528. 9 543. S 567.2 598. 8 615.3 628.5 640.5 647.1 642.7 630.2
Iron and steel foundries_____________
188 2 189.6 189.7 193.9 200 4 208. 4 217. 6 223.3 224.0 228. 5 224.3 231.4 233.8 243.0
Primary smelting and refining of non68.1
ferrous metals___________________
53.9
59.0
60.9
65.0
65.5
66.8
67.8
67.8
53.7
57.1
64.0
65.5
55.3
Secondary smelting and refining of
12.9
13.2
nonferrous metals________________
13.0
13.1
14.0
10.9
11.3
11. 5 11.7
12.3
12.7
12.8
11.2
10.9
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of non116.2
115.3
118.2
103.4 102.9 101 1 103.6 104.4 105.3 109. 5 112.4 114.4 112.8 114.0
ferrous metals___________________
71.4
53.4
69.4
77.6
Nonferrous foundries_______________
54. 5 53.9
55.1
69.8
69.8
57.7
58. 7 61.7
65.0
67.3
Miscellaneous primary metal indus134.1 134.8 134.4 134.8 142.1 145.7 151.5 156.4 159.1 162.0 164.6 164.9 165.2 161.8
tries.......................................................
S e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1173
A.—EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able
A-2.
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1958
1957
Annual
average
Industry
Aug.* July»
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug
1957
1956
Manufacturing —Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transporta
tion equipment)................................... 1,012.3
Tin cans and other tinware__________
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware-----Heating apparatus (except electric).
and plumbers' su p p lies-....................
Fabricated structural metal products..
Metal stamping, coating, and engrav
in g - .......................................................
Lighting fixtures___________________
Fabricated wire products___________
Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod
ucts____________________________
996.1 1,004. 4
60.7
59.9
121.5 124.8
987.2
57.6
121.6
998.9 1. 021.3 1.042.9 1,080.7 1,116.5 , 134.9 1,137. 2 1,125. 7 1,125. 5 1.132.3 1.119.0
54.6
54.1
55.9
55.5
63.9
56.0
56.3
62.1
58.6
59. 1 58.5
123.2 130.2 134.7 141.5 147.4 148.1 146.1 141.2 138.9 144.9 149.2
106.1
304.0
107.0
301.6
105.8
296.9
108.4
298.0
108.9
300.9
107.7
305.3
108.3
315.8
108.7
324.1
110.3
327.0
109.3
331.6
109.2
332.7
330.9
325.2
302.4
198.4
41.3
50.0
202.0
42.5
50.1
198.8
41.4
49.4
201.3
42.6
49.7
207.0
44.5
51.4
215.6
46.0
62.4
228.4
48.1
64.4
240.5
51.0
56.0
246. 5
53.1
56.9
243.6
53.1
56.9
233.0
52.1
57.3
234.3
60.6
57.8
245.3
51.4
59.0
238.7
50.5
61.5
114.1
116.5
115.7
119.4
122.5
125.7
130.1
134.2
137.0
138.0
138.1
137.0
137.4
137.2
112.1
110.0
121.0
1,457.5 1.452.0 1,471.9 1, 485.5 1, 523. 1,658.9 1, 579.7 1,609.3 1,635. 7 , 657.4 1,684. 8 1,704.8 1,705.2 1,737.9 1, 730.1
Machinery (except electrical)_______
92.1
89.1
95.3
90.0
95.1
94.2
95.5
95.0
96.0
93.
94.2
96.4
94.0
Engines and turbines_______________
84.1
137.2 136.0 136.8 143.
145.5 143.9 141.2 140.1 140.3 145.1 145.0 144.7 148. 4 150.0
Agricultural machinery and tractors...
119.0 118.7 119.6 124.
129.0 132.3 135.4 138.3 142.3 147.5 151.8 153.1 153.1 153.1
Construction and mining machinery
212.0 218.1 225.3 231.
239.8 245.2 254.7 262.3 268.1 275.4 282.9 284.8 287.6 284.3
Metalworking machinery___________
Special-industry machinery (except
154.3 156.8 158.6 162.
164.9 169.0 172.1 174.3 176.1 178.4 178.4 176.7 181.0 187.8
metalworking machinery)...................
213.2 217.8 219.0 223.
245.8 249.4 252.4 251.7 254.8 256. 7
231.0 235.1 240.9 244.
General industrial machinery_______
123.6 124.2 122.1 121.
119.9 124.4 128.3 132.4 135.4 138.0 138.4 137.7 126.1
122.2
Office and store machines and devices.
Service-industry and household m a
162.2 165.7 167.2 171.
173.7 175.1 174.8 174.9 176.0 175.4 177.0 174.6 189.9 209.2
chines_________________________
241.4 244.6 244.8 252.
257.8 263.2 270.3 277.3 282.2 284.0 285.3 286.1 289.0 278.8
Miscellaneous machinery parts-------Electrical machinery................................. 1,106.8 1,076.2 1,079. 9 1,077.6 1,092.3 1.114.4 1,132.4 1,161.5 1,193.9 1, 221.8 1,238.9 1,250.7 1,232.5 1.223.3 1.202.1
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial appa
359.6 362.4 365.0 372.0 381.6 389.
399.3 407.9 411.4 413.5 418.7 414.3 420.2 416.1
ratu s..........................—..................
32.1
34.9
35.
31.8
38.8
40.6
40.1
38.4
36.8
34.8
33.5
40.2
Electrical appliances___________ ____
40.9
49.8
23.0
25.
24.4
24.3
26.9
26.3
25.9
24.9
23.7
27.2
27.4
27.3
Insulated wire and cable____________
27.2
26.4
58.2
75.3
74.6
71.3
66 .
58.1
64.0
72.5
74.6
Electrical equipment for vehicles_____
60.7
57.7
74.8
75.2
73.9
29.9
28.
25.5
26.2
24.7
29.3
27.8
30.0
30.2
30.0
26.8
30.1
30.2
Electric lamps.....................................
28.5
535.0 532.3 526.7 528.3 535.3 541.
Communication equipment-------------552.0 568.6 687.7 602.4 608.1 598.5 579.8 557.8
43.6
46.
45.4
44.8
60.4
48.2
46.9
45.9
51.2
51.5
50.2
Miscellaneous electrical products—
45.4
49.8
49.6
Transportation equipment....................... 1,488.6 , 526.9 , 547.8 , 546.4 , 570.0 ,620.2
578.9 592.9 596.4 605.5 648.8
Motor vehicles and equipm ent...........
749.2 751.2 742.8 754.2 756.6
Aircraft and parts-------------------------453.2 454.2 445.5 456.6 457.8
Aircraft_________________________
151.4 151.7 151.6 152.3 152.4
Aircraft engines and parts— .............
17.9
18.8
19.3
20.3
19.8
Aircraft propellers and p a r ts ............
126.7 126.5 126.4 125. 5 126.1
Other aircraft parts and equipment
Ship and boat building and repairing
142.2 146.9 146.7 144.8 145.9
124.7 127.6 125.5 123. 7 125.4
Shipbuilding and repairing...... ..........
17.5
21.2
Boatbuilding and repairing________
20.5
19.3
21.1
52.2
47.8
47.8
Railroad equipment................................
60.2
57.1
8.8 9.0 8.3 8.4 8.7
Other transportation equipment_____
Instruments and related products______ 313.3 306.8 308.6 309.3 313.7 317.4
Laboratory, scientific, and engineering
56.9
58.3
57.7
57.1
58.1
Instruments............................ ..........
Mechanical measuring and controlling
81.3
82.2
82.2
83.5
instruments___ _______ ________
84.7
13.6
13.5
13.3
13.7
Optical instruments and lenses.............
13.4
Surgical, medical, and dental instru
41.4
41.3
41.7
41.0
41.4
ments........................... .....................
23.1
23.9
23
23.6
24.3
Ophthalmic goods................ .............. .
64.9
64.8
64.9
66.5
65.7
Photographic apparatus.........................
25.2
26.6
28.6
27.7
26.1
Watches and clocks..---------------------467.4 446.9 452.8 445.9 449.5 453.6
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
42.7
43.1
42.5
44.1
43.2
Jewelry. silverware, and plated ware—
15.7
15.7
16.2
15.7
16.1
Musical instruments and parts---------84.9
81.3
83.2
79.3
Toys and sporting goods____ _______
75.8
30.3
31.9
32.1
31. 5 31.9
Pens, pencils, other office supplies.......
53.9
54.8
58.3
56.0
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions___
55.0
80.8
79.1
80.9
80.0
83.8
Fabricated plastics products________
139.4 141.6 141.5 142.9 143.5
Other manufacturing industries_____
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products.................... 1,634.8 534.8 1,484.3 1, 416.6 1,385.3 1,379.2
307.7 306.8 302.0 294.1 297.5
Meat products____________________
97.5
107.4 107.2 103.4
99.1
Dairy products.____ _____________
257.2 210.1 174.3 169.9 157.7
Canning and preserving____________
116.6 115.3 112.2 111.3 111.7
Grain-mill products________________
287.4 287.4 283.3 281.9 282.1
Bakery products....................... ........
27.4
25.1
27.3
25.7
26.7
Sugar...................................................
70.4
74.0
71.3
68.3
71.0
Confectionery and related products.
220.8 216.8 205.3 198.1 200.3
Beverages..... .....................................
142.1 142.7 138.3 134.2 133.3
Miscellaneous food products______
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
, 676.0 , 736.8 ,804.1
702.0 756.4 806.0
756.8 762.4 773.
455.3 457.5 463.9
154. 0 156. 6 160 2
20.6
20.4
20.8
126.9 127.5 129.4
147.1 146.1 149.6
125.8 125.3 128.7
20.9
21.3
20.8
64.2
66.0
61.8
8.6
8.3
7.7
320.9 325.7 331.4
,817.0 , 809.0 , 770.0 , 856. 7 , 878.1 , 823.4
792.
743.2 680.2 758.7 786.3 809.9
793.7 833.5 853.9 870.4 861.7 809.3
477.0 503.7 515.9 628.1 522.3 494.4
163.2 170.6 174.9 178.2 179.1 167.1
20.5
20.7
20.2
20.6
16.9
20.6
133.3 138.5 142.5 143.6 139.8 130.9
151.2 149.6 150.6 149.7 148.8 130.0
130.5 129.7 131.1 130.2 126.9 109.8
19.5
19.9
19.5
20.7
21.9
20.2
74.5
69.5
67.3
71.6
72.0
64.3
10.6
9.9
10.8
10.7
9.9
9.7
334.9 336.7 338.2 339.8 837.9 335.6
59.3
60.2
60.8
61.6
63.0
64.5
66.6
65.1
64.9
85.5
13.4
86.2
88 1
13.7
14 0
89.4
13.9
90.6
13.7
90.7
13.6
90.8
13.6
90.9
13.9
87.2
13.9
41.9
24.4
67.2
29.2
455.6
44.9
16.9
73.6
31.6
59.5
85.4
143.7
42.5
24.9
42.3
25.2
69.1
31.9
472.1
46.5
18.1
77.9
32.2
60.6
42.5
26.0
69.7
31.8
500.0
47.4
18.6
94.9
32.8
61.6
91.6
154.0
41.9
25.9
69.5
32.1
512.5
48.0
18.5
41.8
25.4
70.4
31.8
514.7
47.
18.4
103.5
33.0
64.6
93.5
154.0
41.5
25.1
71.0
31.2
501.3
45.9
17.7
42.0
25.2
70.0
30.8
490.0
46.3
18.2
90.6
32.0
61.4
91.5
150.0
41.0
25.7
68.5
34.4
501.0
49.9
18.5
94.6
31.9
64.5
87.5
154.1
68.1
30.1
452.2
45.0
17.4
69.3
31.8
68.8
86.7
143.2
88.6
148.2
102.2
32.9
62.6
92.9
155.4
100.0
33.0
63.7
91.5
149.5
. 386.8 406.8 , 467. 6 1, 508.4 1,584.4 1,669.2 1,649.6 1, 509.8 1, 548.6
302. 7 312.8 324.4 330.9 329. 5 329.2 325.8 326.2 337.0
98.8 101.4 106.0 112.1 104.9 108.7
97.5
96.3
95.8
161.2 162.8 181.9 200.2 270.3 358.8 337.0 220.8 233.3
111.7 111.7 111.8 112.7 115.5 116.6 117.0 114.3 118.4
282.7 283.6 286.3 287.8 289.1 289.4 290.7 287.2 288.4
28.3
31.6
31.3
29.4
47. 4 42.5
42.7
32.8
26.4
77.5
77.1
78.7
81.8
83.7
84.0
82.8
75.5
76.0
196.9 198.2 206.2 209.3 212.8 217.4 220.5 209.9 213.0
133.9 132.6 134.0 137.3 139.6 140.6 141.1 137.7 139.5
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
1174
T able A-2.
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In th o u sa n d s]
A nnual
a v er a g e
1957
1958
I n d u s tr y
A u g .3 J u ly 3
June
M ay
A pr.
M ar.
Feb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O c t.
S e p t.
A ug.
1957
1956
Manufacturing — C o n tin u e d
N o n d u r a b l e g o o d s — C o n tin u e d
9 9 .2
7 9 .4
3 6 .3
2 7 .7
6 .4
9 .0
80 .1
36. 5
28. 7
6. 5
8 .4
95 0 .8
T e x tile -m ill p r o d u c ts _____________________
S co u rin g an d c o m b in g p la n t s __________
Y a r n a n d th r e a d m il ls --------------------------B r o a d -w o v e n fab ric m il ls ___________ -N a r r o w fab rics a n d s m a llw a r e s _________
__
___________
K n it t in g m ills
D y e in g an d fin is h in g te x tile s __________
C a r p e ts, ru g s, o th er floor c o v e r in g s ____
H a t s (ex ce p t c lo th a n d m illin e r y ) ______
M isc e lla n e o u s te x tile g o o d s -------------------- —
9 1 9 .2
5. 5
104.4
3 9 1 .7
26.8
204. 5
8 2 .9
41 .6
10.3
51 .5
93 0 .6
5 .4
106.9
394. 3
2 6 .9
208. 7
8 3 .8
4 2 .2
10 .4
5 2 .0
T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu r e s ........................................
C ig a r e tte s
________________________
C igars
______
______________________
T o b a c c o an d sn u ff
T o b a c c o s te m m in g a n d r e d r y in g _______
79 .7
36. C
28 .6
6. 5
8 .6
921 .8
5 .0
106.2
393.0
2 6 .4
203.3
8 3 .9
42 .4
10 .3
51.3
8 0 .0
3 5 .8
2 8 .7
6 .4
9 .1
8 4 .3
3 5 .6
29 .8
6 .5
12.4
8 9 .6
3 5 .8
3 0 .6
6 .4
1 6 .8
93 .9
3 5 .7
3 0 .6
6 .4
2 1 .2
9 8 .5
3 5 .7
3 2 .0
6 .4
24 .4
97 .8
35 .8
3 2 .6
6 .5
2 2 .9
928.0
5 .0
106.9
398. 8
2 6 .7
199.9
8 4 .9
4 4 .5
9 .7
5 1 .6
935.9
5 .0
107. 7
404.5
2 7 .2
197.7
8 4 .6
46.1
10.1
5 3 .0
945.8
5.1
109.4
408.5
27 .3
198.0
85 .8
4 6 .7
10.5
54 .5
951.4
4 .8
110.6
411.4
2 7 .5
196.6
8 5 .6
4 7 .8
10.5
5 6 .6
976.3
4 .8
113.1
418.2
28.1
206 .8
87.1
48.8
10.7
5 8 .7
987.0
4 .6
113.1
418.1
2 8 .5
214 .8
8 8 .2
49.1
10.5
60.1
106.7
3 5 .2
3 2 .8
6 .5
3 2 .2
111.7
35.8
3 2 .3
6 .6
3 7 .0
102.6
3 5 .7
3 2 .0
6. 6
2 8 .3
94.1
34 .6
3 2 .6
6 .6
2 0 .3
98.1
3 4 .2
3 4 .5
7 .0
2 2 .4
999. 5 1, 004. 6 1 .0 0 3 .6 1, 004.8 1,057. 6
5.1
5 .5
5 .5
6 .6
5 .8
114.6
115.8
113.9
116.0
122.7
425. 5 426.6
423.2
456.9
428.7
29.1
29.1
2 9 .0
29.1
2 9 .8
218.4
219.3
214.5
221.1
219.8
8 8 .6
8 8 .7
88.1
91.7
88.4
50.4
5 0 .6
50.1
51.5
54.3
9 .9
10.3
10.6
12.3
10.1
59.8
60 .2
6 0 .5
6 2 .2
6 0 .2
A p p a r e l an d o th e r fin is h e d te x tile produ c t s _____________________________________ 1 ,1 7 3 .1 1,120. 2 1,122. 5 1,113. 4 1 ,1 1 5 .5 1 ,1 4 8 .2 1,181. 4 1 ,1 6 8 .0 1 .1 8 8 .0 1 ,1 9 9 .8 1 ,2 0 6 .1 1 ,2 1 5 .9 1, 217.4 1,198. 6 1 ,2 1 1 .2
109.8
111.2
110.9
111.5
115.3
123.1
101.5
117.9
118.1
113.0
117.6
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ s u its a n d c o a ts ----------106.3
105.7
107.4
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ fu r n ish in g s a n d w o rk
311.1
311 .9
306.8
312.6
318.1
322.3
32 4 .5
316 .5
317.4
304.2
302 .7
321.1
306 .6
310.4
c lo th in g _
_____________________ - 351 .7
357.1
351. 6 354.9
345.1
35 3 .9
332.8
333 .8
359.1
352.1
3 5 4.2
325 .4
W o m e n ’s o u te r w e a r -. . _____ __________
319. 2 328 .8
115.5
116 0
115.9
118.2
121.0
121.4
121.3
119.3
120.9
110.0
114.0
119.6
W o m e n ’s, c h ild r e n ’s u n d e r g a r m e n ts___
106. 7 109. 9
20.4
21.9
15.8
19.2
20.3
20.3
18.9
12.1
14.9
18.0
16.9
15. 8
18.7
13.8
M i l l i n e r y _________ - _________________
67.9
71.8
75.2
74.4
75.3
74.1
72.2
75.8
76.3
73.8
70.3
74.0
C h ild r e n ’s o u te r w e a r ___________________
75.3
75. 4
9.9
11.3
11.5
11.3
8.8
9.7
10.2
10.7
11.5
10.5
10.4
10.3
10. 7
11.1
F u r goods
___ __ ___________________
55.7
55.9
53.9
56.3
58.7
60.4
60.5
53.9
60.8
60.0
59.2
62.7
53. 7
M isc e lla n e o u s ap p a r el a n d a c c e s s o r ie s ..
55. 6
119. 7 119. 7 118.1 119.0 120.4 122.3 124.2 130.8 135.6 135.2 130.2 132.7 130.5 128.9
O th er fab ric a ted t e x tile p r o d u c ts ______
P a p e r an d a llied p r o d u c ts ________________
P u lp , p aper an d p ap e rb o a rd m i l l s ____
P a p er b o a r d co n ta in e r s a n d b o x e s ______
O th er p ap e r an d a llie d p r o d u c ts ___ ____
547.0
537.2
265.0
145.8
126.4
542.0
267. 9
147. 2
126. 9
539.3
266.8
146.2
126.3
541.7
268.1
145.8
127.8
543.6
268.0
147.2
128.4
545.7
268.8
147.9
129.0
552.1
272.1
150.8
129.2
562.0
274.6
156.0
131.4
565.8
275.2
158.8
131.8
567.9
275.1
158.6
134.2
568.9
276.1
158.4
134.4
565.3
277.0
154.8
133. 5
566.3
277.4
155.3
133.6
567.7
278.0
155.7
134.0
P r in tin g , p u b lis h in g an d a llie d in d u str ie s .
N e w s p a p e r s ____________________ ________
P e r io d ic a ls ____________________________
B o o k s _____ ____ _________________________
C o m m e r c ia l P r in tin g ___________________
L ith o g r a p h in g ______________ __________
G r e e tin g c a r d s __ __________ __ . _______
B o o k b in d in g an d r e la te d in d u s tr ie s ___
M isc e lla n e o u s p u b lis h in g an d p r in tin g
ser v ic e s ______________________________
847.4
844.4
315.8
59.4
54.3
218.1
65. 0
20. 6
44.2
847.2
316.9
60.1
54. 0
219.5
65. 2
20. 5
44.4
845.5
316.1
60.8
54.3
219.1
65.4
18.8
43.9
850.9
314.9
61. 5
54.7
221.5
65.4
18.3
44.4
854.2
315. 5
61.8
55.2
222.8
65.7
17.8
44.8
853.2
315.0
62.1
55.2
222.1
65.5
18.1
44.6
855.8
315.2
62.6
55.4
223.9
65. 4
18.0
44.8
864.1
318.4
62.7
55.2
226.7
67.4
18.9
45.2
866.7
318.3
63.1
55.2
225.2
67.7
21.6
45.7
866.5
316.9
62.5
55.4
225.7
67.8
21.5
47.1
860.9
315.7
61.6
55.4
223.8
67.2
20.5
47.4
850.9
312.1
59.6
55.1
223.7
66.7
19.6
46.0
857.9
315.0
61.7
55.5
223.9
66.7
19. 5
46.1
850.5
311.9
64.4
53.6
221.2
64.3
19.6
46.0
67.0
66.6
67.1
70.2
70.6
70.6
70.5
69.6
69.9
69.6
69.3
68.1
69. 5
69.5
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts ........................
812.8
I n d u str ia l in o rg a n ic c h e m ic a ls _________
I n d u s tr ia l organ ic c h e m ic a ls ___________
D r u g s an d m e d ic in e s .
_____________
S oap , c lea n in g an d p o lis h in g p reparatio n s __ ____________ . _______ ________
P a in ts , p ig m e n ts , a n d filler s_____ ______
G u m an d w o o d c h e m ic a ls __________ ____
F e r tiliz e r s ______
. .
_______________
V e g e ta b le an d a n im a l o ils a n d fa ts ____
M isc e lla n e o u s c h e m ic a ls ________________ —
808.1
101. 2
307.3
103.5
809.0
101. 7
305.8
102. 9
816.8
102.1
306.1
102.6
826.6
103. 7
309.0
102.9
825.4
104.4
310.5
102.7
824.5
104.9
313.7
102.1
831.2
105. 9
317.6
102.3
837.7
106.1
320.1
103.0
842.6
106.7
320.8
103.0
846.2
107. 7
320.3
101.8
847.2
108. 7
323.8
101.5
844.8
109.1
325.2
101. 4
844.8
108. 2
323.6
100.0
833.2
108.6
318.1
96.7
48. 9
73. 5
7.9
30.3
35. 2
100.3
48.5
72.3
7. 7
33. 7
36.1
100.3
47.9
71.2
8.0
42.7
35. 8
100.4
47.8
71. 6
7.9
46.3
36.5
100.9
48.2
72.3
7.9
41.1
37.4
100.9
48.3
72.6
7.9
35.5
38.4
101.1
48.5
73.1
8.0
34 5
40.3
101.0
49.0
73.6
8.0
32.6
42. 5
102.8
49.9
73.9
7.9
32.8
43.8
103.8
50.5
74.9
8.5
34.1
43. 7
104.7
50.8
76.0
8.7
33. 5
40 6
103.6
50.6
76. 7
8 8
31.2
37 8
104.0
50.0
75.4
8. 5
35 8
40. 5
102.8
50.1
75.6
8.4
36.0
40.9
98.8
P r o d u c ts o f p e tr o le u m a n d c o a l......................
P e tr o le u m r e f i n i n g . . __ _______ ________
C oke,
o th er p etr o le u m
and
coal
p r o d u c t s ___ ___ ____________________
239.3
239.9
193. 7
239.1
192.6
238 3
192.9
237.9
193.3
238.4
194 2
241.4
195. 2
243.8
196. 7
244.8
196.3
247.7
197. 3
249.2
197. 7
252.7
200. 9
252.9
201. 5
249.5
199 1
252.1
200.8
46.2
46. 5
45.4
44.6
44.2
46.2
47.1
48. 5
50.4
51.5
51. 8
51.4
50 4
51.3
R u b b e r p r o d u c ts __________________________
T ir e s a n d in n er t u b e s __________ ________
R u b b e r f o o t w e a r . _______________ ______
O th er r u b b e r p r o d u c ts __________________
238.2
233.1
96. 7
20.1
116.3
233.5
96.8
20. 5
116. 2
230.5
96.3
20.6
113.6
234.7
98.4
20.7
115.6
243.6
102. 5
20. 9
120.2
251. 4
105.6
21. 3
124.5
260.9
109. 2
21.6
130.1
267.9
111.3
21.9
134.7
269.7
111. 4
22 1
136.2
270.2
111. 6
21. 9
136.7
267.2
111. 6
22. 0
133.6
264.9
111. 3
21 9
131.7
265.2
110.0
21 9
133.3
269.2
111.5
24.1
133.6
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c ts ____________
L ea th er : ta n n e d , cu rr ied , a n d f in is h e d .
I n d u s tr ia l le a th e r b e ltin g a n d p a c k in g .
B o o t a n d sh o e c u t s to c k a n d fin d in g s
F o o tw e a r (ex ce p t r u b b e r )_________ . . . . .
L u g g a g e __________ . . . _ ____ ______
H a n d b a g s a n d s m a ll le a th e r g o o d s .. .
G lo v e s a n d m is c e lla n e o u s le a th e r g o o d s.
361. 9
353.8
36.3
3.7
18. 1
238. 7
14. 7
27.6
14.7
353. 3
37.8
3.6
18.1
237.2
14. 8
27.3
14.5
340.6
37.2
3.7
17.3
229.5
14. 4
24.6
13.9
339.4
37.3
3.9
17.1
226.9
14.2
26. 5
13.5
360.4
38.4
4.3
17.8
241.8
14.3
30. 6
13.2
366.7
38.9
4.6
18. 8
246.2
14.4
31.2
12.6
363.0
39.5
4.7
18 9
245.6
14. 2
28.2
11.9
366.4
39.9
4.8
18 8
243.7
14 9
30 6
13.7
367.4
40.4
4.7
18 4
240.0
15. 4
31. 7
16.8
368.2
40.4
4.6
18 3
240.4
15 8
31. 8
16.9
370.9
40.6
4.5
18 2
243.3
15.8
31.1
17.4
376. 0
41.0
4.5
18 8
247.4
16.1
30 9
17.3
369. 9
40.7
4.6
18 9
243.8
15. 6
30.1
16.2
379.8
42.7
S e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5 .0
19.8
246.3
16.3
32. 8
16.9
1175
A.—EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T
able
A-2.
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1958
Annual
average
1957
Industry
Aug.3 July 2 June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1957
1956
3,904 3,908 3,904 3,874 3,883 3,910 3,944 3,985 4,094 4,114 4,152 4,201 4,210 4,151 4,161
Transportation ______ - --- -- _____ 2, 522 2, 527 2, 527 2,499 2,503 2,524 2, 552 2, 587 2,688 2,706 2,743 2, 781 2,773 2,741 2, 773
958.2 957.1 945. 8 951.9 965.8 989. 5 1,013. 5 1,062. 8 1, 076. 9 1,112.4 1, 134. 5 1,146. 6 1,123. 4 1,190.5
Interstate railroads ___________ _____
837.5 836.5 825.5 828.8 840.3 861.9 884.1 918.9 939.6 974. 5 994.8 1,006. 5 984. 8 1,042. 6
Class I railroads____ _______________
Local railways and buslines__________
95.5
95.9
97.0
97.3 101.6 100.9 101.1 101.0 103.0 103. 3 103. 5 103.6 109.5
96.7
Trucking and warehousing____ _ ____
789.4 790.4 774.2 770.4 779. 8 782.6 790.0 824.7 832.2 832.3 831.5 816.0 812.3 803.6
Other transportation and services______
683.5 683.4 682.0 683.6 680.7 678.6 682.9 699.6 695. 7 695. 0 711.2 707. 2 701.8 669.1
43.2
42.1
41.4
42.4
42.9
43. 2 44. 5 44.9
Buslines, except local_______________
42.8
41.0
42.9
42. 0
40. 9 42.0
Air transportation (common carrier)_.
143.2 143.3 141.2 141.0 142.0 144.7 145.0 144.8 144.6 141.5 147.6 147.6 144.6 130.5
Pipe-line transportation (except nat26.6
25.8
25.7
25.5
25.9
26.1
26. 2 27.1
27.5
ural gas). __ _ ________ _________
26.5
25.8
25.8
26.4
25.9
769
772
783
789
809
814
824
Communication ____________________ 769
795
806
808
777
800
810
795
729.8 732.7 737.9 743. 5 749.3 755. 5 759. 7 765. 0 766. 7 766. 8 771. 8 782.0 768.2 751. 2
Telephone____ ___________ _ _____
Telegraph____ ____________________
38. 5 38.5
38.6
38.5
39.0
39.1
39.9
40.3
40.3
41.0
41.3
41.5
41. 4 42. 6
612
Other public utilities ________ _____-_- 613
605
597
597
598
597
598
600
600
600
606
613
600
593
588.8 581.9 575.4 574.4 574.3 574.5 575.2 576.9 577.1 577.4 583.3 589.1 577.2 569.1
Gas and electric utilities____________
Electric light and power utilities___
261.9 260.0 257.7 257.6 257. 6 258.1 258.3 258.9 259.0 259 0 262. 2 264. 8 258.7 250. 2
155.0 152.3 149.8 149.3 149.1 148.9 149.2 149.7 149.8 149.6 150.7 151.8 149.0 145.3
Gas utilities, _________ - - _____
Electric light and gas utilities combined________ __________
171.9 169.6 167.9 167.5 167.6 167.5 167.7 168.3 168.3 168. 8 170.4 172.5 169.5 173.6
Local utilities, not elsewhere classifled__________________________
23.5
23.2
23.0
23.0
22. 7 22.9
22.8
22.4
22. 4 22.6
23.1
23.6
23.0
23.6
T ra n sp o rta tio n a n d public u tilitie s -----------
W h o lesale a n d re ta il tr a d e ________________ 11,008 10,986 11,035 10,961 10,940 10,939 10,948 11,140 12,076 11,557 11,387 11,349 11,236 11,302 11,221
Wholesale trade_____________________
Wholesalers, full-service and limited
function______________________
Automotive ___________________
Groceries, food specialties,beer, wines,
and liquors.
___ . . _____
Electrical goods, machinery, hardware,
and plumbing equipm ent____ __
Other full-service and limited-function
wholesalers__ _________________
Wholesale distributors, other.................
Retail trade_______ _____ __________
General merchandise stores _________
Department stores and general mailorder houses___ .
__ ______
Other general merchandise stores___
Food and liquor stores_____________
Grocery, meat, and vegetable markets.
Dairy product stores and dealers___
Other food and liquor stores. _____
Automotive and accessories dealers___
Apparel and accessories stores_______
Other retail trade.. _____ _ . . . ____
Furniture and appliance stores_____
Drug stores______ _______________
3,003
2,991
2,980
2, 960
2,982
3,010
3,023
3,051
3,104
3,103
3,097
3,081
3,084
3,065
3,008
1, 736. 5 1, 730. 2 1,713. 9 1,722. 5 1, 737. 8 1,744. 8 1,762. 2 1, 796. 9 1, 795. 9 1, 788. 1, 783. 3 1, 778. 1, 772.1 1,754.0
127.4 126.3 124.1 124.3 124.4 125.1 125.2 125.7 ' 125. 3 125.7 ' 125. 9 125.5 123.3 118.8
300.0
297.4
293.5
297.8
302.8
303.0
304.2
308.7
308.8
305.2
305.4
302.0
303.4
305.0
436.2
435.9
434.2
436.5
441.2
444.4
449.3
454.1
456.3
457.4
457.6
459.7
457.1
455.2
872.9 870.6 862.1 863.9 869.4 872. 3 883. 5 908. 4 905. 5 900.1 894.4 891.6 888. 3 875. 0
1, 254.3 1, 249.8 1,245.7 1, 259. 4 1,271.8 1,277.9 1,288.6 1,307.2 1,307. 5 1,308. 7 1, 297. 7 1,304. 7 1,293.1 1,254.3
8,005 7,995 8,055 8, 001 7,958 7,929 7,925 8,089 8,972 8| 454 8, 290 8, 268 8,152 8,237 8,213
1, 337. 2 1, 331.0 1, 361.0 1,358. 4 1,351.5 1,331.7 1,316. 4 1,386. 4 1,938. 7 1,5S2.1 1,470.6 1,440. 7 1,371.1 1, 457.1 1,455. 7
859.4 876.7 872. 4 864.5 856. S 854. € 905. 7 1,258.6 1,038.6 954.1 929.3 892.4 944. 4 943. 8
471.6 484.3 486.0 487.0 474.8 462. 4 480. 7 680.1 543. 5 516. 5 511. 4 478. 7 512. 7 511.9
1, 589. 7 1, 590. 7 1, 594.1 1, 593. 6 1,591.7 1,598. 3 1,602.2 1,599.1 1,625. 5 1,611.6 1,585. 0 1, 576. 9 1, 563. 5 1, 573. 9 1,542. 4
1,138. 7 1,140.1 1,140. 7 1,139. 3 1,150.0 1,151.1 1,149. 9 1,157. 7 1,149.1 1,124. 9 1,108. 8 1,090.1 1,106. 9 1,076.9
234.2 233.2 229.6 227.6 225.7 224.9 226. 3 227. 8 228. 7 230. 2 237.6 244.4 234. .3 231. 9
217.8 220.8 223.3 224.8 222. 6 226. 2 222. 9 240. 0 233.8 229.9 230. 5 229. 0 232. 7 233. 6
755.0 754.5 755.7 756.6 757.2 768.0 778. 4 792.6 823.5 811.0 803.0 802. 7 806.9 804.2 809.6
552.9 561.1 591.8 586.7 583. 7 576.2 554. 8 583 3 719.3 626.3 608.6 597.9 555. 7 604.6 610.3
3, 769. 9 3, 757. 7 3. 752.0 3, 705. 4 3,673. 9 3,654. 3 3,673. 2 3,727. 5 3, 865.1 3, 822. 5 3, 822. 7 3, 849. 6 3, 854. 8 3, 796. 8 3, 795. 4
384. 8 385.6 385.0 385. 4 387.3 390. 0 390. 3 410. 4 399.1 394. 8 390. 2 390. 5 394. 8 395.8
353. 5 351.9 349.3 347.7 345.7 345. 8 357. 5 385. 0 361.3 361.1 355. 2 356. 4 354. 7 341.2
2,410
2,410
621.1
85.2
904.2
799.0
2,391
615.0
83.8
895.6
796.3
2,370
610. 4
83.3
892.3
783.5
2,356
612. 2
83. 2
893 8
766.8
2,348
612.4
83. 8
892.7
759.1
2,343
612.1
84.0
889.6
756.9
2,344
610. 5
83. 7
887.6
762.0
2,353 2,360
610. 7 610.4
83.9
83.9
886. 8 884. 6
771.6 780.8
2,361
608.3
83. 8
880.3
788.3
2,366
607. 2
84. 2
879.9
794.9
2,394
615. 5
85.6
885.1
807.7
2,348 2,308
602. 8 578.7
83. 8 82. 4
869. 6 825. 9
792. 0 821.1
6,449
Hotels and lodging places_____________ ...........
Personal services:
Laundries. . . _____ ____________
Cleaning and dyeing plants_________
Motion pictures_____________________
6,470
606. 3
6,488
538.1
6,455
510.0
6,384
499.9
6,267
476.4
6,240
476.7
6,241
473.2
6,318
487.0
6,367
495.8
6,406
505.2
6,412
547.3
6,404
627.0
6,336
531.0
6,160
515. 4
318.1
167.6
193.9
318.1
173.4
192. 6
314.1
172.1
193.5
310.6
168.9
192. 9
310.8
164.6
185.9
311.3
162.7
186.1
316. 2
165.9
186. 8
319. 0
168.0
190. 9
321. 2 323. 8
170.7 172.6
197. 7 205. 0
325. 7
169.1
210.1
329.3
164.2
208.3
326. 3
169.8
204.1
332. 3
165.8
223. 4
F in a n c e , in s u ra n c e , a n d real e s t a t e _______
Banks and trust companies___________
Security dealers and exchanges________
Insurance catriers and agents.
____
Other finance agencies and real estate___
S erv ice a n d m isc e lla n e o u s . _____________
7,627 7,661 7,866 7,870 7,850 7,822 7,789 7,749 8,067 7,759 7,723 7,625 7,399 7,626 7,277
Federal3_____________ ____________ 2,200 2,192 2,184 2,151 2,150 2,141 2,140 2,137 2, 470 2,148 2,156 2,179 2, 212 2,217 2,209
Executive... ____________________
2,164.6 2,156.8 2,123. 8 2,123. 5 2,114.7 2,113. 3 2,110. 5 2,443. 4 2,120. 9 2,128. 9 2,152. 7 2,184. 7 2,190. 2 2.183.1
Department of Defense___________
968.7 966.5 958.3 956.9 953.8 953.6 952.3 954.5 961.2 971.5 995.3 1,018.1 1,007.3 1.034.1
Post Office Departm ent__________
538. 9 535. 9 528.2 530. 5 531.1 532. 8 532. 9 864. 6 533.8 526. 6 523. 7 521. 9 551. 4 535.3
Other agencies__________________
657.0 654. 4 637.3 636.1 629.8 626. 9 625.3 624.3 625.9 630. 8 633. 7 644. 7 631.5 613.7
22.0
21.9
21.9
22.2
22.1
22.1
22.1
22.3
22.1
21.9
Legislative.. ___________________
22.3
21. 9 22.1
22.0
4.6
4.6
4. 6
4. 6
4.6
Judicial.. . ______________________
4.7
4.8
4.7
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.3
State and local4------ ---------------- . 5,427 5, 469 5, 682 5,719 5,700 5,681 5,649 5,612 5,597 5,611 5, 567 5,446 5,187 5,409 5,068
.
_____. . . .
1, 440. 9 1, 466. 7 1. 473.1 1, 462.9 1,453. 6 1,443. 2 1,435. 2 1,418.5 1,417.3 1,408.6 1,375.8 1.341.2 1,382.9 1,300. 6
State________
4, 027. 7 4, 215. 0 4,245.5 4,237.1 4, 227. 0 4,205. 5 4,176.9 4,178. 7 4.194.1 4,157. 9 4,070.1 3.845.3 4,025. 7 3, 767. 8
Local___:________________ _______
Education_______________________
2, 221. 7 2, 483. 2 2, 608.6 2,617. 6 2,628. 5 2,614. 2 2, 584.0 2, 586.1 2.600.1 2,552.0 2,392.2 2,079. 3 2,401.8 2,219. 7
Other___________ ________________ ........... 3, 246.9 3,198. 5 3,110.0 3,082. 4 3, 052.1 3 034. 5 3,028.1 3,011.1 3, Oil. 3 3,014. 5 3, 053. 7 3,107. 2 3,006. 8 2, 848. 7
G o v e rn m e n t____________________________
1 Beginning with the August 1958 issue, figures for 1956-58 differ from those
previously published because of the adjustment of the employment estimates
to 1st quarter 1957 benchmark levels indicated by data from government
social Insurance programs. Statistics from 1957 forward are subject to revi
sion when new benchmarks become available.
These series are based upon establishment reports which cover all full- and
part-time employees in nonagricultural establishments who worked during,
or received pay for, any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the
month. Therefore, persons who worked In more than one establishment
during the reporting period are counted more than once. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid Jam ily workers, and domestic servants are ex
cluded.
* Preliminary.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3 Data for Federal establishments refer to continental United States; they
relate to civilian employees who worked on, or received pay for, the last day
of the month.
4 State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, elected
officials of small local units and paid volunteer firemen.
^ N ote: For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BUS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except those for the Federal Government, which is prepared by the
U. S. Civil Service Commission, and that for Class I railroads, which is
preparedly the U. S. Interstate Commerce Commission.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
1176
T able A-3.
Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In th o u s a n d s]
Annual
average
1957
1958
Industry
Aug.2 July»
M in in g ___________________________________
M etal______________________________
Iron_____________________________
Copper___________________________
T.pad an d 7ine
.....
A n * hrnr>i»o
.
Bituminous-coal_____________________
Crude-petroleum and natural-gas pro
duction. _______________________
Petroleum and natural-gas production
(except contract services)__________
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying..........
C o n tra c t c o n s t r u c t i o n . ___________________
Nonbuilding construction_____________
Highway and street construction..........
Other nonbuilding construction______
Building construction________________
G en era l pen trnetnrs
Special-trade contractors____________
Plumbing and heating____________
Painting and decorating___________
Electrical work _____________________
Other special-trade contractors_____
M a n u fa c tu rin g ____ ______________________
Durable goods___________________
Nondurable goods________________
June
558
73.9
25. 5
22.8
9.7
17.6
158.7
569
76.4
25.8
22.9
10.8
17.4
169.2
213.1
211.4
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1957
1956
18.2
171.3
567
74.4
22.9
22.8
11.4
17.9
177.3
583
79.2
26.4
23.7
11.6
21.1
184.2
597
81.0
27.2
24.1
11.9
22.3
190.3
616
84.3
29.0
24.7
12.3
21.7
196.9
638
88.2
32.1
25.3
12.5
24.2
202.4
643
89.2
33.5
25.3
12.1
22.3
203.2
653
90.4
34.8
25.1
12.2
25.3
205.9
667
94.2
36.0
26.7
12.7
26.3
206.0
676
96.1
36.5
27.4
13.2
25.1
206.9
664
94.4
33.9
27.3
14.1
26.4
208.4
92.9
30.4
28.3
14.9
26.8
208.8
206.2
206.7
210.4
217.3
223.6
229.0
231.6
232.5
241.4
248.1
238.0
245.4
563
75.2
24.1
22.9
11.2
673
115.7 114.8 112.3 113.1 113.9 115.0 116.2 117.0 117.2 118.5 124.1 128.3 122.6 128.0
98.6
99.4
9 9 .9
97.1
96.3
98.6
94.3
86.0
89.0
87.9
90.6
94.8
92.5
95.1
2,508 2,432 2,318 2,132 1,961 1,817 2,025 2,249 2,440 2,587 2,651 2,683 2,442 2,559
575
595
607
515
520
517
382
447
331
370
448
584
538
573
294.5 285.6 255.8 191.1 140.0 120.5 144.1 178.9 224.9 265.9 278.7 284.5 226.8 234.8
309.4
291.6
316.2
322.8
288.5
284.8
210.4
268.5
237.7
229.8
257.3
282.
1
289.4 287.4
1,924 1,859 1,780 1,684 1,591 1,486 1,643 1,802 1,923 2,012 2,056 2,076 1,927 2, 039
782.4
807.6
835.5
772.6
868.6
690.4
744.7
556.0
626.7
596.
9
627.9
' 712. 6 695. 5 670.1
1,210. 9 1,163. 9 1,110.0 1,056.5 993.6 930.3 1,015.8 1,111.9 1,177.9 1,229.8 1,248.7 1,240.3 1,154.1 1,170.0
270.1
276.9
279.1
265.9
271.9
266.1
233.6
247.2
259.9
230.0
227.8
230.4
' 255. 7 ' 243.3
181.2 163. 5 155.1 137.1 124.1 113.9 122.0 138.6 153.0 164.3 173.7 179.3 150.1 157.4
140.2 132.5 128.9 127.1 128.7 133.1 137.4 143.9 149.2 153.8 157.5 160.7 151.7 149.7
633.8 624.6 595.6 564.5 510.8 449.7 509.2 569.5 609.6 634.8 638.4 630.2 586.4 591.0
11.681 11.373 11,415 11,245 11,310 11,542 11,767 12.024 12,449 12,694 12,896 12,993 13,020 12,911 13,195
6. 355 16.281 6,350 6, 269 6,337 6,502 6,653 6, 869 7,153 7,322 7,413 7,414 7,489 7, 523 7,667
5,326 5,092 5,065 4,976 4,973 5,040 5,114 5,155 5,296 5,372 5,483 5,579 5,531 5,388 5, 528
Durable goods
Ordnance and accessories_____________
Lumber and wood products (except fur
niture) __________ _____ ___________
Logging camps and contractors______
Sawmills and' planing mills....................
Mill work, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products__________
Wooden containers_________________
Miscellaneous wood products________
Furniture and fixtures_______________
Household furniture________________
Office, public-building, and professional
furniture________________________
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and fix
tures. _________________________
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous fur
niture and fixtures_______________
Stone, clay, and glass products.................
Flat glass _______________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown..
Glass products made of purchased glass.
Cement, bvdraulic_________________
Structural clay products........................
Pottery and related products________
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products.
Cut-stone and stone products________
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
p ro d u cts________ -_____ __ _____
Primary metal industries.................. .........
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
m ills__________________________
Iron and steel foundries______ _______
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals___________________
Secondary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals___________________
Bolling, drawing, and alloying of non_____ ___________
ferrous metals
Nonferrous foundries_______________
Miscellaneous primary metal industries.
Fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transporta
tion equipment) ____ _____________
Tin cans and other tinware__________
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware___
Heating apparatus (except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies_________ _____
Fabricated structural metal products..
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving.
Lighting fixtures______ ___________
Fabricated wire products___________
Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod
ucts. ............ — ........... - .........................
S ee fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
68.8
67.5
68.3
67.8
69.0
67.7
67.0
67.6
69.2
70.3
71.6
74.9
77.2
76.9
83.8
582.8
578.7
92.6
294.1
578.3
93.8
290.9
542.4
74.9
279.7
520.3
65.5
269.1
615.0
62.9
267.5
616.5
63.5
267.5
526.4
64.8
272.1
548.8
70.1
284.0
569.5
75.9
294.2
590.4
83.3
301.6
598.6
80.2
309.0
612.1
86.6
316.6
588.3
80.1
303.5
666.7
100.3
349.2
107.1
40.3
44.6
286.1
211.9
106.9
41.3
45.4
286.8
210.4
101.6
40.9
45.3
283.5
208.4
100.1
39.9
45.7
283.2
208.9
98.5
40.0
46.1
290.1
213.9
100.6
39.0
45.9
295.3
217.5
101.6
41.3
46.6
298.5
220.6
104.2
42.3
48.2
308.7
227.7
107.2
43.2
49.0
313.7
231.3
111.2
49.9
318.9
233.5
113.4
45.1
50.9
320.8
233.7
113.7
44.2
51.0
318.6
231.9
108.3
45.5
50.9
314.2
228.9
114.7
50.2
52.3
319.2
230.9
299.4
433.4
865.6
779.5
44. 4
32.5
32.9
32.7
33.5
33.9
34.2
34.5
35.2
36.1
37.5
38.7
39.0
38.2
39.1
24.7
25.2
24.8
24.8
25.4
26.4
26.3
27.2
27.3
28.6
29.3
29.1
28.4
28.6
17.0
422.8
24.8
82.2
12.7
35.2
65.5
35.8
90.7
16.1
18.3
416.5
23.9
80.8
12.5
35.7
63.3
35.7
88.4
15.9
17.6
404.9
22.4
78.4
12.2
16.9
402.7
24.3
78.6
12.6
32.8
59.2
38.4
80.1
15.2
17.2
408.0
27.8
78.2
13.5
33.0
59.8
38.8
78.8
15.0
17.1
418.5
30.1
35.3
61.7
35.4
85.2
15.3
16.0
402.2
23.5
77.4
12.3
33.8
60.4
37.5
82.1
15.7
18.6
439.6
31.9
81.1
14.8
35.8
67.5
40.6
83.8
15.9
19.0
453.0
31.8
84.9
14.8
36.4
69.7
41.9
88.0
16.1
19.3
459.8
31.4
85.4
15.4
36.4
71.2
41.9
91.2
16.7
19.1
465.1
30.3
86.8
15.1
36.9
72.7
42.5
93.0
16.6
18.6
18.7
462.7 456.0
29.8
30.9
83.4
86.1
15.1
15.0
35. 5 35. 0
72.8
70.3
41. 9 43.3
93.5
90.6
16.6
16. 5
20.6
470.7
31.4
81.0
15.1
36.7
76.8
47.6
95.1
17.0
59.8
852.4
60.3
859.3
69.0
840.4
59.5
848.5
61.5
885.1
63.1
912.5
71.4
69.4
70.2
71.2
71.0
68.2
66.0
70.0
958.4 1,005.6 1,029.8 1,050. 7 1,062.7 1,079.5 1,081. 6 1,097.4
419.5
158.8
424.6
159.8
408.3
159.8
407.3
163.5
426.8
169.6
440.0
177.4
462.0
186.3
492.0
191.6
508.3
192.3
522.3
195.8
533.2
192.5
539.7
199.3
537.0
201.6
532.6
211.7
40.9
41.0
42.3
43.8
45.3
47.0
49.6
50.7
51.2
51.1
52.3
53.1
53.5
54.5
8.0
7.7
7.7
7.9
8.1
8.2
8.7
9.0
9.1
9.6
9.7
9.6
9.8
10.5
78.8
42.5
103.9
78.3
43.6
104.3
76.5
42.7
103.1
78.7
43.9
103.4
79.3
46.0
110.0
79.9
46.9
113.1
83.5
49.5
118.8
86.4
52.6
123.3
88.2
54.9
125.8
86.5
57.2
128.2
87.7
56.6
130.7
90.0
56.9
130.9
89.2
58.6
131.9
93.6
64.2
130.3
763.7
52.9
93.6
772.6
52.3
96.7
755. 9
50.0
93.4
765.8
48.9
94.8
786.6
48.3
101.4
805.8
47.9
105.5
840.0
46.4
112.1
875.4
46.8
117.9
894.6
48.3
118.4
896.5
50.9
116.4
884.0
54.3
111.8
884.6
55.9
109.4
892.5
51.4
115.5
890.5
51.2
120.4
80.2
220.9
157.6
31.1
39.3
81.4
218.9
161.4
32.2
39.7
80.3
214.8
158.3
31.2
38.9
82.6
216.0
159.5
32.2
39.0
83.0
219.0
165.0
33.9
40.7
81.9
222.6
172.8
35.3
41.4
82.4
232.0
184.1
37.1
43.5
82.9
240.1
196.4
40. 4
45.0
84.8
243.3
202.9
42.2
45.9
83.4
247.5
200.0
42.3
45.8
83.6
248.4
188.3
41.2
46.2
86.2
246.4
191.0
39.8
46.7
83.9
241.8
201.3
40.8
47.9
93.8
225.5
197.4
40.4
50.8
88.1
90.0
89.0
92.8
95.3
98.4
102.4
105.9
108.8
110.2
110.2
109.2
109.9
111.0
77.7
13.9
33.9
62.4
38.9
80.3
15.3
A.—EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able
A-3.
1177
Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1958
1957
Annual
average
Industry
Aug.2 July 2 June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1957
1956
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Machinery (except electrical)__________ 995. £ 992.7 1.014.1 1,028.6 1,060.8 1,090.2 1,108.6 1,134.0 1,159.1 1,179. 4 1,204. 4 1,223.0 1,215. 7 1,255. 7 1,278.7
58.1
56.3
60.8
Engines and turbines______________ ___
62.Î
64.2
65.7
65. £ 66.5
66. (
66.0
65.8
66.4
68.3
61.2
94.5
94.5
95.2 101. ( 101. 5 100. 5 98.;
Agricultural machinery and tractors__
97 5 97. 5 102 4 102 ] 101 6 ms 7 108 4
80.1
Construction and mining machinery__
79.9
79.8
84.3
87.6
99.3 104 1 108 1 108 7 10Q 4 111 8
90.7
93.3
95.8
Metalworking machinery___________
152.0 157.6 164.0 168.7 175.9 180.5 188.8 194.7 199.5 206.0 213.1 213.6 218.2 218.7
Special-industry machinery (except
103.6 105. £ 107.5 110.1 112.; 115.8 118. S 120. ; 121.8 123. 5 123. 6 121.4 125 9 133 3
metalworking machinery)_________
General industrial machinery________ ___
132.0 136.2 137.2 140.7 146.8 149.4 154. 7 157.6 158.9 161. 7 163.8 162.4 166.3 172! 7
82.2
83.1
Office and store machines and devices
81.7
81. < 81.8
81.0
83.9
89.5
93.3
96. 7 98.1
97.1
99.2
95.2
Service-industry and household ma117. C 120.7 121.7 125.8 127.8 128.; 128.1 127 7 129.0 128 3 129 4 126 6 141 2 160 1
chines_________________ ________
175.2 178.3 180.4 186.6 192.3 196.7 202.7 209.5 214.1 215. 7 219.0 217.9 221.5 217.3
Miscellaneous machinery parts______ —
Electrical machinery_________________
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial apparatus___________________________
738.1
E le ctr ic a l ap p lian ces
Insulated wire and cable____________
Electrical equipment for vehicles_____
E le c tr ic la m p s
_______
.
Communication equipment___ _____
Miscellaneous electrical products_____ -....... -
710.2
716.4
235. C 237.7
23.3
22.8
17.1
18.5
43.5
43.7
20.9
21.6
339.4 339. 7
30.8
32.6
715.3
729.2
239.6 245.9
24, 4 25.6
17.7
18.3
43.1
45.6
22.3
22.8
336.1 338.7
32.1
32.3
749.3
766.6
253.5 259.9
25.5
26.1
18.8
19.1
48. 7 51.0
23.8
24.6
346.3 353.1
32.7
32.8
793.3
824.5
851.2
868.1
877.5
860.2
857.7
268.1 275. £ 278.9 280. 7
27.2
28.8
30. 5 30. 9
19. 7 20.1
20. 7 21.0
55.5
58.7
59.1
58. 7
25.2
25. 7 25. 7 25.9
364.1 380.8 399. 7 414. 4
33.5
34.5
36.6
36.5
285. 5
30. 4
21.0
58.0
26. 0
419.1
37.5
281.1
29.0
20.8
56.2
25. 8
410.2
37.1
288 4 297 2
81 2 39 6
20 9 20 9
59 0
59 3
26 1 25 1
395 8 392 0
36.0
36.5
870.3
Transportation equipment_____ _____ _ 1,021.3 1,062. 7 1,083.8 1,081.2 1,103.0 1,152. 7 1,206.9 1,266. 7 1,329.6 1.337.2 1,316.2 1, 268.6 1,352.1 1,383. 6 1, 354.1
433.2 443.5 446.3 453. 5 495. 7 546.0 599.1 648.7 637.1 586.1
Motor vehicles and equipment_______
523.4 602.8 630 1 648 5
Aircraft and parts._________________
470.4 476.2 467.7 479.3 482.6 483.8 489.9 497.6 510.9 539.3 550. 7 563.1 563 6 537 4
287.8 291.6 281.5 292.7 294.4 293.2 295.6 299. 7 307.6 326. 4 332.2 342.2 340 9 326 8
Aircraft___ _____________________
89.2
Aircraft engines and p a r ts ________
87.8
88.7
98.4 103.4 106.0 107.6 111 3 105 3
89.5
89.6
90.9
93.3
95.8
Aircraft propellers and parts_______
11.8
13.3
14.1
14.1
12.8
13.9
13.9
13.8
13.9
13 9
11 3
13.8
14.3
14.0
83.1
Other aircraft parts and equipm ent..
83.7
84.7
91.1
99.4
83.0
83.3
85.6
86.7
88.2
95. 4
98.5
97 5
94 0
119.1 123.9 123.6 121.8 123.0 124.6 123.9 127.0 128.3 127.1
Ship and boat building and repairing__
128.2 127.3 127.2 11 1.4
104.3 107. 5 105.4 103.8 105. 5 106.2 105. 7 108. 9 110.8 110.3 112.0 111 1 108 5
93 9
Shipbuilding and repairing________
18.2
Boatbuilding and repairing________
14.8
16.4
17.5
18. 4
18.2
18.1
17. 5
18.0
16.8
16.2
16.2
17 5
18 7
Railroad equipment________________
33.1
37.0
44.5
47.9
49.4
33.0
41.8
46.0
52.7
54.8
48 6
57.2
50.0
54 7
6.9
Other transportation equipment_____
7.2
6.6
6.9
8.2
8 0
8 2
6.6
6.5
5.9
6.9
8.9
9.1
8.9
Instruments and related products---------
195.8
199.1
200.4
204.1
207.8
210.9
214.9
220.3
222.8
224.3
225.9
226.0
226.2
230.3
30.6
31.2
31.4
31.8
32.2
32.8
33.3
33.9
34.1
34.7
35.2
36.2
36.6
37.7
53.4
8.9
54.1
9.2
54.4
9.1
55.6
9.1
56.6
9.1
57.0
9.4
57.6
9.8
59.1
10.3
60.2
10.2
61.2
10.2
61.9
10.2
61.9
10.1
62 1
10.3
61 1
26.9
17.8
38.4
19.8
27.2
18.2
38.3
20.9
27.2
18.2
38.8
21.3
27.2
18.4
39.8
22.2
27.5
18.8
40.4
23.2
27.8
18.8
41.4
23.7
28.2
19.3
42.2
24. 5
28.8
19.6
42.5
26.1
29.0
20.4
42.8
26.1
28.6
20.3
42.7
26.6
28.4
19.8
44.0
26.4
28.2
19.6
44.2
25.8
28 9
19.6
43.7
25 0
28 5
28 0
348.4
32.9
12.8
69.2
21.8
43.3
61.8
106. 6
354.5
33.4
12.9
70.7
22.8
44.5
61.0
109.2
348.1
32.8
13.0
67.5
23.1
42.3
59.9
109.5
350.6
33 . 4
13.3
64.7
23.3
43.2
61.8
110.9
354.4
34.3
13.4
61.2
23.1
46.4
64.5
111.5
355.0
34.8
14.2
59.1
22.6
47.4
65.5
111.4
351.1
34.9
14.7
54.8
22.9
46. 5
66.6
110.7
372.0
36.4
15.4
63.3
23.9
48.0
68.8
116.2
400.0
37.4
16.0
80.4
24.4
49.0
71.3
121.5
411.7
37.9
15.9
87.3
24.8
49.9
72.6
123.3
413.3
37. 5
15.8
88.2
25.0
52.0
72.9
121.9
400.4
35.9
15.2
84.4
25.0
51.5
70.6
117.8
390.6
36 3
15 3
75. 6
24.0
49. 2
71.6
118. 6
405.1
39 9
15.7
79 6
23 8
52.3
70.2
123.6
Food and kindred products___________ 1, 188.2 1, 085.4 1, 038.7
Meat products____________________
244. 5 243.1
Dairy products____________________
73.3
73.0
Canning and preserving____________
221.5 176.8
Grain-mill products________________
82.1
81.0
Bakery products___________________
166.9 167.5
S u g ar..._________________________
21.9
21.4
Confectionery and related products___
55.3
58.0
Beverages________________________
121.4 119.5
Miscellaneous food products_________
98. 5
98.4
977.5
238.6
69.8
141.1
78.4
164.2
22.1
56.7
111.8
94.8
948.5
230.8
65.8
136. 7
77. 7
162.8
20.4
57.2
105.6
91.5
941.7
233.4
64.3
124.4
78.2
163.2
19. 7
60.3
107.8
90.4
951.0
238.5
62.6
128.3
78.3
164.5
21.1
61.8
105.2
90.7
969.0 1, 027.3 1, 067.9 1, 140.4 1, 218.9 1, 194.2 1, 065.7 1, 104.0
247.9 258.8 264.8 263.4 262.0 258.3 259. 2 268.8
67.1
62.9
63.8
64.9
75.6
70.3
72.1
69. 6
129.9 149.1 167.4 236.4 323.1 301.4 187. 7 201.5
77.9
78.7
78.0
81.3
82.3
82.0
79.5
83.5
164.9 168.4 170.3 171.5 171.7 172.4 169.9 172.0
41.9
27.6
37.3
37.1
24.2
23.2
26.4
26.1
62.2
68.2
69.7
69.6
67.7
63.0
63.5
64.3
105.9 112.6 116.1 118.1 120.8 121.3 116.1 119.7
94.1
95.9
89.8
91.1
96.8
97.0
94.1
95.7
69.8
31.1
27.0
5.4
6.3
70.1
30.9
27.0
5. 4 |
6.81
74.2
30.7
28.0
5.4
10.1
79.2
31.0
28.8
5.3
14.1
L a b o ra to r y , scien tific and en gin eerin g
203.3
instruments . __________________
Mechanical measuring and controlling
instruments_____________________
Optical instruments and lenses_______
Surgical, medical, and dental instrum ents... _______________________
Ophthalmic goods_________________
Photographic apparatus____________
Watches and clocks________________
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware__
Musical Instruments and parts_______
Toys and sporting goods............ ............
Pens, pencils, other office supplies____
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions____
Fabricated plastics p ro d u cts...............
Other manufacturing Industries______
367.6
10.6
20 3
44.1
Nondurable goods
Tobacco manufactures......... ........ .............
Cigarettes________________________
Cigars___________________________
Tobacco and snuff_________________
Tobacco stemming and redrying_____
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
88.7
69.6
31.4
26.1
5.4
6.7
70.2
31.5
27.1
5.4
6.2
83.9
31.2
28.9
5.4
18.4
88.6
31.2
30.3
5.4
21.7
87.7
31.2
30.9
5.4
20.2
96.6
30.6
31.1
5.5
29.4
101.5
31.2
30.6
5.5
34.2
92.7
31.1
30.3
5.5
25.8
84.4
30.2
30.9
5.5
17.8
89.5
30 . 7
32.8
5.9
20.1
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
1178
T
able
A-3.
Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1957
1958
Industry
Aug.s July * June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1957
1956
912.9
5.0
107.2
401.5
25.4
194.3
77.1
42.5
9.4
50.5
965.9
M a n u fa c tu rin g —Continued
Nondurable goods— Continued
Textile-mill products. . --------------------Scouring and combing plants.................
Yarn and thread mills______________
Broad-woven fabric mills __________
Narrow fabrics and smallwares_______
Knitting mills
__________________
Dyeing and finishing textiles________
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings___
TTat's (except cloth and millinerv)____
Miscellaneous textile goods__________
860.2
—
Apparel and other finished textile prodnets. _________________________ 1, 042.9
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats--------M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing _ ______________________
Women’s outerwear________________
Women’s, children’s undergarments__
Millinery ________________________
Children’s outerwear_______________
Fur goods ______________________
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories..
Other fabricated textile products....... . —
Paper and allied products----- -------------Pulp paper, and paperboard mills___
Paperboard containers and boxes_____
Other paper and allied products............
Printing, publishing, and allied Industries _________________________
Newspapers_______________________
Periodicals________________________
Books
_________________________
Commercial printing--------- ------ ------Lithographing ___________________
Greeting c a r d s ____________________
Bookbinding and related industries___
Miscellaneous publishing and printing
services ______________________ _
Chemicals and allied products................
Industrial inorganic chemicals_______
Industrial organic chemicals. _______
Drugs and medicines_______________
Soap, cleaning and polishing preparatio n s__________________________
Paints, pigments, and fillers_________
Gum and wood chemicals___________
Fertilizers
_____________________
Vegetable and animal oils and fats____
Miscellaneous chemicals____________
439.4
—
542.0
503.9
...............
844.2
4.4
99.1
376.9
23.7
177.2
73.4
37.6
9.1
42.8
854.7
4.5
894.8
4.0
104.6
390.6
24.8
194.3
77.0
40.2
9.4
49.9
907.2
4. 5
106.0
395.7
25.4
197.9
77.4
41.5
9.1
49.7
913.1
912.2
5.2
105.3
399.4
25.3
199.5
77.1
41.3
9.0
50.1
839.7
4.9
98.5
366.7
23.3
188.5
72.4
34.1
9.3
42.0
830.5
4.4
97.5
365. 5
22.9
183.0
72.5
34.1
9.2
41.4
837.2
4.4
98.3
371.6
23.2
179.8
73.6
36.1
992.4
94.1
993.6
95.1
984.7
93.3
986.7 1, 017.7 1, 050. 6 1, 036.8 1, 054. 6 1, 065.7 1, 071.1 1, 081.0 1, 081.6 1, 064.5 1, 079.8
99.3 102.7 105.6 105.5 105.3 110.9
98.5 100.4
89.3
97.2
98.7
279.6
288.7
94.7
13.8
283.2
282.5
97.6
277.0
292.1
97.7
8.5
49.3
98.8
47.8
96.8
284.3
295.7
103.3
18.0
63.3
7.2
49.9
98.8
285.7
318.7
103.7
19.3
8.3
48.0
98.6
275.6
296.4
101.3
12.7
59.4
6.5
48.0
97.5
428.3
215.2
115.8
97.3
433.4
218.8
117.1
97.5
431.7
218.5
116.1
97.1
434.2
435.7
438.4
115.6
98.5
116.7
99.0
117.7
99.7
538.6
155.7
24.5
33.3
175.2
49.0
14.8
34.6
541.0
157.5
24.6
33.1
176.0
49.3
14.7
34.8
540.4
157.4
25.6
33.3
175.7
49.6
13.2
34.2
544.7
155.9
25.8
33.7
178.1
49.6
547.0
156.2
25.9
34.3
178.9
49.8
12.3
35.2
545.8
155.9
25.8
34.6
178.5
49.5
12.4
34.8
11.8 10.1
66.6 66.8 62.0
7.9
8.6
41.6
100.8
381.1
23.8
177.8
74.7
38.2
9.5
44.3
66.6
7.5
50.1
100.3
220.1 220.0 221.0
12.8
34.8
860.9
4.3
101.9
384.4
23.9
176.5
74.8
39.1
9.5
46.5
884.8
4.2
104.5
390.9
24.6
186.2
76.0
40.1
9.6
48.7
829.6
5.0
96.0
364.3
23.2
184.5
71.7
33.8
9.3
41.8
6.0
107.1
398.1
25.6
199.1
77.6
41.6
8.7
50.3
102.2
294.2
305.1
108.7
16.7
66.7
8.9
54.9
113.2
296.7
313.3
108.6
17.8
67.3
8.9
54.7
108.1
293. 7
318.7
106.4
17.8
67.9
53.1
108.2
290.4
312.2
108.3
13.7
65.9
8.7
54.5
112.7
444.8
223.6
120.8
100.4
454.8
226.5
126.0
102.3
458.1
227.3
128.4
102.4
460.5
227.0
128.4
105.1
549.2
156.4
26.0
34.7
180.7
49.4
12.3
35.3
556.6
158.9
25.7
34.8
183.9
51.3
13.1
35.7
559.1
158.5
25.9
34.9
182.6
51.6
15.7
36.2
560.6
157.5
26.1
35.0
183.5
51.8
15.7
37.7
279.6
313.4
103.6
15.7
65.7
7.6
50.5
285.3
315.1
105.7
14.6
64.0
8.2
80.1
45.7
10.8
62.4
291.5
314.0
108.4
16.5
54.1
109.5
288. 9
312.0
106.8
16.3
65.7
7.8
53.2
108.5
459.6
227.2
127.2
105.2
456.6
228.0
124.5
104.1
458.8
229.1
125.2
104.5
463.4
230.4
127.2
105.8
557.0
156.9
25.6
35.1
182.4
51.1
14.9
38.0
547.1
153.5
24.4
34.6
180.7
50.6
14.1
36.8
553.2
156.1
25.6
35.2
181.3
50.7
13.8
37.0
549.6
155.1
27.8
33.4
179.6
48.5
14.1
37.2
8.0
66.0
8.4
56.3
107.8
51.5
51.0
51.4
54.0
54.4
54.3
54.4
53.2
53.7
63.3
53. 0
52.4
53. 5
53.9
500.1
66.9
186.8
57.4
510.0
67.3
187.7
57.6
519.3
68.5
190.1
58.1
519.0
69.2
192.3
58.3
518.5
69.5
195.7
58.0
525.3
70.5
199.7
58.6
532.8
71.0
202.8
59.7
537.3
71.5
203.9
59.6
542.0
72.7
203.9
58.8
541.8
72.8
207.1
58.2
537.8
73.0
207.2
58.0
545.1
73.0
210.3
57.9
553.3
75.0
217.0
57.2
29.6
44.1
6.5
29.0
42.4
29.6
43.0
6.5
31.5
25.5
63.1
29.7
43.1
6.5
26.1
26.4
63.5
30.1
44.1
30.8
44.2
33.1
23.5
62.8
29.1
42.5
6.5
36.7
24.6
63.2
29.8
43.7
22.9
62.5
29.5
43.4
6.3
24.1
23.4
62.3
25.0
28.1
63.3
23.5
29.9
65.1
23.7
31.1
65.9
31.2
45.3
7.2
25.1
31.2
31. 6
46.3
7.3
24.4
28.4
65.8
31.2
46.8
7.5
22.3
25.8
30.7
45.9
7.2
26.7
28.1
65.3
30.3
47.0
7.1
27.3
28.6
63.8
157.9
121.7
157.5
122.3
156.7
122.4
156.4
122.7
158.7
123.3
161.0
124.7
163.1
125.4
165.6
125.9
167.2
126.6
169.3
128.2
169.5
128.9
168.0
128.1
172.2
131.0
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
66.6
66.0
Products of petroleum and coal________
Petroleum refining_________________
Coke, other petroleum and coal products. __________________________
157.5
158.1
122.4
35.7
36.2
35.2
34.3
33.7
35.4
36.3
37.7
39.7
40.6
41.1
40.6
39.9
Rubber products____________________
Tires and inner tubes_______________
Rubber footw ear._________________
Other rubber products______________
179.7
175.2
71.0
15.9
88.3
175.8
71.2
16.3
88.3
172.3
70.4
16.3
85.6
176.0
72.1
16.5
87.4
184.0
76.0
16.7
91.3
191.3
78.5
17.0
95.8
200.9
81.6
17.5
207.7
83.6
17.8
106.3
209.2
84.0
17.8
107.4
209.8
84.4
17.6
107.3
206.7
84.4
17.5
104.8
204.4
84.2
17.1
103.1
205.9
83.3
17.6
105. f
Leather and leather products _________
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished.
Industrial leather belting and packing.
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings.
Footwear (except rubber)___________
Luggage............................ .......................
Handbags and small leather goods____
Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods.
See footnotes at end of table.
323.3
316.1
32.2
314.3
33.6
2.7
16.2
213.0
12.4
23.6
301.5
33. C
2.7
15.4
205.4
299.9
33 . C
3. C
15.1
202.4
320.0
34.2
3.2
15.8
217.1
11.7
26.6
11.4
326.2
34.8
3.5
16.8
221.3
322.8
35.2
3.6
16. f
325.6
35.6
3.7
16.7
218.8
12.3
26.7
326.6
35.9
3.7
16.3
215.3
12.9
27.3
14.7
327.4 330.2
36.0
36.3
3.5
3.5
16.2
16.3
215.9 218.5
13.2
13.2
27.2
27.7
14.8 ! 15.3
335.2
36.8
3.4
16.8
222.4
13.6
27. (
15.2
329.2
36.4
3.5
16.8
219.1
13.1
26.1
14.2
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
201.2
498.8
65.8
189.2
57.2
21.0
2.8
16.2
215.3
12.2
24. 4
13.0
..................
6.1
113.7
429.7
26.2
12.0 11.8
20.8 22.8
12.8 12.2 11.8
101.8
220.8
11.8 11.8
24.3
11.0 10.2 11.8
27. C
41.2
211.1
85.2
19.8
106.1
339.0
38.4
3.8
17.7
221.5
13.9
28.9
14.8
A.—EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able
A-3.
1179
Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1958
Annual
average
1957
Industry
Aug.» July * June
Transportation and public utilities:
Other public utilities.................... .........................
Gas and electric utilities......................................
Electric light and power utilities__________
Gas utilities.......... ........ ................ ...... .............
Electric light and gas utilities com
bined_______________________________
Local utilities, not elsewhere classified_______
Wholesale and retail trade:
Wholesale trade____________________________
Wholesalers, full-service and limitedfunction........ ............. ............ ......................
Automotive......................................................
Groceries, food specialties, beer,
wines, and liquors_________ ___________
Electrical goods, machinery, hard
ware, and plumbing equipment___ ______
Other full-service and limited-func
tion wholesalers_______________________
Wholesale distributors, other____ __________
Retail trade:
General merchandise stores.................................
Department stores and general mail
order houses__________________________
Other general merchandise stores__________
Food and liquor stores____________________
Grocery, meat, and vegetable mar
kets........................................................ ........
Dairy-product stores and dealers....................
Other food and liquor stores..............................
Automotive and accessories dealers__________
Apparel and accessories stores.............................
Other retail trade (except eating and
drinking places)______________________
Furniture and appliance stores_____ ______
Drug stores____________ _____ _________
May
Apr.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1957
1956
548
527.2
227.1
141.6
541
520.4
224.9
138.9
534
513.8
222.4
136.3
534
513.4
222.5
136.0
534
513.7
222.8
135.7
534
514.1
223.5
135.7
535
515.0
224.0
136.2
538
517.4
225.5
136.7
539
518.3
225.9
136.9
538
517.9
225.6
136.6
545
524.2
229.4
137.7
551
530.0
231.7
139.1
540
519.0
226.0
136.4
535
513.8
219.6
133.4
158.5
21.1
156.6
20.7
155.1
20.5
154.9
20.4
155.2
20.3
154.9
20.0
154.8
20.0
155.2
20.2
155.5
20.4
155.7
20.5
157.1
20.8
159.2
21.2
156.6
20.7
160.8
21.2
2,600
2,593
2,571
2,592
2,617
2,633
2,662
2,721
2,722
2,718
2,705
2, 710
2,695
2,661
1,520. 6 1,514. 7 1, 499.1 1, 509. 5 1, 523.8 1,532.4 1,551.4 1, 590.8 1,591.1 1,584. 7 1, 581. 9 1, 577.6 1,572.2 1,562. 6
110.7 109.6 107.5 107.9 108.0 109.1 109.3 110.4 110.4 110.4 110.6 110.4 108.4 104.3
269.1
267.1
263.3
267.2
272.2
272.4
273.5
277.9
278.2
274.4
274.9
271.5
273.4
275.1
378.6
378.4
376.9
379.8
383.8
387.1
392.7
398.2
400.6
402.1
403.2
405.5
402.7
402.0
762.2 759.6 751.4 754.6 759.8 763.8 775.9 804.3 801.9 797.8 793.2 790.2 787.7 781.2
1,079.6 1,077.9 1,072.3 1,082.4 1,093.6 1,100.3 1,111.0 1,130.2 1,130. 5 1,133.2 1,123.1 1,131. 9 1,122.6 1,098.1
1,234. 7 1,263.6 1,259.9 1,251.8 1,232.4 1,218. 5 1,288.7 1,833.6 1,479. 5 1,371.9 1,340.7 1,270.3 1,356.5 1,355.3
792.4 808.3 803.5 794.5 787.5 785.7 837.8 1,186.9 968.0 887.4 861.5 823.7 875.9 876.4
442.3 455.3 456.4 457.3 444.9 432.8 450.9 646.7 511.5 484.5 479.2 446.6 480.6 478.9
1,479. 6 1,481.1 1, 479.2 1,477. 5 1,484.0 1,490.3 1,488.6 1,516.6 1,500.7 1,474.9 1,465.2 1,452.4 1,465. 5 1,440.9
1,070. 4 1,070. 5 1,068.8 1,067.5 1,078.7 1,079. 8 1,080.9 1,088.3 1,077.8 1,054.0 1,036. 7 1,019.3 1,038.4 1,014.5
207.7 206.1 201.6 198.7 196.8 197.2 197.7 200.3 201.0 203.0 209.5 215. 8 206.7 205.1
201.5 204.5 208.8 211.3 208.5 213.3 210.0 228.0 221.9 217.9 219.0 217.3 220.4 221.3
668.1 668.9 669.5 670.0 680.4 690.3 704.8 736.4 724.4 718.3 718.8 722.5 719.3 727.1
511.8 541.9 536.3 533.8 526.1 505.2 534.4 670.1 578.4 560.3 549.2 508.2 556.6 565.5
2,056. 0 2,049. 6 2,025.2 2,020.2 2,014.5 2,025.2 2,061.3 2,174. 4 2,116.6 2,110.3 2,119.3 2,119.1 2,094.6 2,104.5
350.1 350.5 350.4 349.9 351.7 354.5 354.7 376.0 364.4 360.9 356.6 356.5 361.2 363.8
334.1 332.5 330.4 328.9 327.3 327.2 339.7 367.7 343.2 343.7 338.2 339.3 337.7 327. 5
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to August
1958 and coverage of the series, see footnote 1, table A-2.
Production and related workers include working foremen and all nonsuper
visory workers (including leadmen and trainees) engaged in fabricating, proc
essing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing, ware
housing, shipping, maintenance, repair, janitorial, watchman services,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Mar.
product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use (e. g., power
plant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated with the
aforementioned production operations.
* Preliminary.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
1180
T able
A-6.
Insured unemployment under State programs and the program of unemployment com
pensation for Federal employees,1 by geographic division and State
[In thousands]
Annual average
1957
1958
Geographic division and State
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Jan.
Feb.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
1,150. 7 1, 284. 6
Continental United States---------------- 2, 510. 9 2,667.3 2, 984.0 3,302. 3 3, 275.5 3,163.1 2, 877.0 2,111.7 1,513.1 1, 236.9 1,166.7
98.2 110.1
95.0
104.6
New England--------------------------------- 190.3 ' 204. 8 238.6 263. 3 251.9 240.2 235.7 182.8 128.7
7.7
7.8
8.8
14.1
10.3
22.2
18.5
21.8
24.7
30.0
25.1
16.4
18.7
M a in e ,. ............ ........................... 4.9
5. 4
4.9
5.1
5.7
8.2
10.6
10.5
12.5
15.3
12.5
9.2
10.1
New Hampshire...............................
1.9
2.1
2.0
3.6
2.6
5.4
6.5
6.9
6.8
5.9
4.6
3.7
3.3
Vermont______________________
47.6
45.9
53.4
60.9
63.0
91.2 106.6 121.7 119.7 113.9 112. 1 92.0
85.0
Massachusetts_________________
13.8
11.0
17.2
14.5
12.2
20.4
27.0
27.0
26 9 27.2
23.5
19.2
20.0
Rhode Island____ _____________
20.4
24.0
24.2
27.9
23.7
38.4
57.2
61.1
60.0
63.5
66.2
61.0
57.1
Connecticut........ ........................ —
605.4 423.7 358.9 326.7 343.7 405.2
Middle Atlantic...................................... 735.2 780.2 831.6 885.1 865.8 831 8 794.3 272.2
184 2 147.8 132.4 140.7 183.1
New York........................................ 334.4 358.2 374.6 391.4 381.2 364.5 348.2
66.7
69.4
63 0
77.1
75.6
110.2 118.9 136.3 150.3 149 4 145.5 141.8 107.3
New Jersey_____________ ____
163.9 141.8 131.2 136.3 145.1
225.9
304.3
321.8
335.2
343.5
290.6
320.7
303.1
Pennsylvania__________ _______
638.3
166.1
61.4
148.2
223.6
38.9
East North C en tral_______________
Ohio..................... ..............................
In d ian a........... ................................
Illinois________________________
Michigan_____________________
Wisconsin_____________________
692.5
186.5
68.5
156.9
241.7
38.9
771.0
211.3
80.7
169.8
265.5
43.7
838.3
223.1
89.8
176.8
296.4
52.1
800.7
212.3
88.3
176.3
267.2
56.5
1957
1956
1,465.8
121.9
1,225.2
86.7
11.0
6.0
2.8
8.2
6.4
1.8
61.4
16.5
24.2
41.7
427.6
189.3
80.5
157.9
370.8
165.4
67.6
137.8
257.5
47.5
31.3
59.6
12.0
16.5
742.4
202.0
87.9
168.0
231.3
53.2
631.6
166.4
76.4
151.7
188.7
48.4
419.0 295.0
118. 1 79.6
47.3
33.9
61.5
81.8
94.2
133.9
25.8
38.0
256.9
57.3
26.5
53.8
101.5
17.9
277.8
52.3
26.9
52.7
129.8
16.2
234.4
507
26. 5
61.1
79.2
16. 9
248.7
52. 6
28.0
63.1
87.1
17.8
283.8
65.6
33.5
111.7
34.0
12.0
41.3
4.2
2.4
6.5
11.3
71.7
18.9
7.1
30.6
1.8
1.1
3.9
8.2
55.0
12.4
5.2
27.7
.5
.5
2.6
6.1
46.5
9.8
5.0
22.9
.3
.4
2.4
5.6
45.2
11.3
5. 8
19.8
.4
.5
2.6
4.9
51.1
12.1
6.2
23.1
.4
.5
3.0
6. 8
80.0
8.9
30.3
2.4
1.7
5.4
8.6
5.1
7.6
68.2
93.2
23.2
100.0
19.0
71.9
19.8
7.8
27.9
West North Central_______ _______
Minnesota____________________
Iowa _________________ ______
M issouri____________________
North Dakota____________ ____
South Dakota_________________
Nebraska—......................................
Kansas_____________ _____ ___
96.6
27.8
8.8
43.5
1.0
.7
4.2
10.5
104.6
31.4
9.4
47.4
1.2
.8
4.2
10.1
127.3
40.0
11.7
54.9
1.9
1.2
5.3
12.3
167.2
53.6
15.9
64.4
4.6
2.6
8.5
17.6
188.2
58.1
20.9
637
7.5
4.3
12.4
21.2
185.2
56.0
22.8
61.2
7.9
4.5
12.4
20.3
162.1
50.1
18.8
56.2
6.7
3.8
10.1
16.6
South Atlantic................... ................... .
Delaware_____________________
M aryland_____________ _______
District of Columbia— ...................
Virginia___ ___________________
West Virginia_______ _________
North Carolina________________
South Carolina........ ......................
281.7
5.8
38.6
7.2
26.1
43.8
54.9
20.9
44.9
39.5
285.0
5.3
39.7
7.2
27.3
47.6
55.9
20.0
46.3
35.7
310.8 326.2
6.9
6.2
46.5
42.9
8.9
7.8
31.6
29.3
52.1
52.7
68.5
63.5
23.8
22.5
50. 5 52.5
35.4
35.2
313.7
6.5
47.3
100
33.2
47.8
66.5
22.5
47.9
32.1
306.1
6.4
47.2
10.3
33.8
44.6
66.7
23.0
46.0
27.9
283.5 196.8
3.8
5.4
29. 1
41.9
6.5
8.6
28. 1 17.4
23.7
36.8
44.6
64.3
26.2
18.1
33.8
45.8
26.4
19.7
147.1
2.7
19.4
5.2
11.9
16.2
33.4
14.4
25.8
18.0
136.7
2.7
16.1
4.6
10.1
12.0
28.3
14.0
26.0
22.9
139.8
2.9
16.6
4.5
11.4
11.3
28.8
13.4
24.8
26.0
145.6
2. 5
16.7
4.8
14.2
11.9
30.5
13.8
24.9
26.3
166.1
2.8
17.1
4.8
16.9
13.1
40.9
16 7
29.8
24.1
154.7
3.1
17.7
5.3
13.7
14.1
39.3
15.2
27.5
18.7
123.3
East South Central.............................
Kentucky________________
Tennessee___________ ____
Alabama________________
Mississippi_______________
155.9
49.8
50.5
38.4
17.2
165.0
54.1
52.7
37.9
20.3
188.1
61.3
59.6
44.2
23.0
200.5
66.1
64.0
46.1
24.2
196.3
60.6
65.1
45.9
24.7
200.1
57.4
68.8
47.3
26.6
177.0
47.5
65.5
40.9
23.1
134.3
37.1
46.1
32.5
18.6
107.6
29.3
37.2
27.1
13.9
91.8
27.2
31.6
22.5
10.5
87.6
26.1
31.9
19.8
9.9
90.6
28.9
32.7
17.7
11.2
102.7
30.8
38. 6
19.7
13.7
110.9
33.1
40.2
98.5
30.1
36.1
West South Central..........
Arkansas__________
129.9
17.9
27.3
19.0
65.6
133.6
18.8
26.8
20.0
68.0
153.8
24.2
29.5
23.9
76.1
165.0
27.5
29.8
27.6
80.1
1588
26.4
28.4
28.2
75.9
147.1
27.8
27.5
25.8
66.0
126.6
25.5
23.8
21.6
56.2
94.1
18.6
15.5
15.5
44.6
73.0
13.2
11.8
12.9
35.1
54.7
8.7
8.7
9.6
27.7
50.3
8.5
8.6
9.0
24.1
53.4
9.8
9.4
9.7
24.5
38.7
5.0
3.3
i.e
5. t
4.
9. (
5.
3.
41.1
5.9
3.0
2.0
6.8
4.8
9.1
6.
3.
51.7
7.8
4.1
2.6
9.
10.
7.4
4.
72.5
12.0
6.9
3.9
13.5
7.3
12.7
10.2
6.0
86.5
16.6
10.1
4. ‘
15.8
7.6
13. ‘
11.7
6.8
90.2
17.9
12.6
4.3
16.6
7.3
12. ‘
12. ■
7.3
77.1
15.6
12. ‘
3.7
11.7
6. :
10.5
10.$
6.
55.7
10.4
9.6
2. <
8.2
4.7
8. ‘
6.9
5.2
38.1
6.8
6.0
1.4
5.6
3.6
6.4
4.3
4.0
23.1
4.0
2.7
.7
3.2
2.4
5.1
2.2
2.7
18.3
2.9
1.9
.4
2.8
2.0
4.5
1.9
1.9
311.
35.1
20.'
255.
384.1
47.6
31. :
305.4
413.7
59.2
39.8
314.6
420.
68.
45.
306.6
389.1
72.:
48.7
268.
311.9
61.8
40.7
209.4
228.1
46.
29.3
152.7
155.2
31.2
20.8
103.2
124.7
23.9
15.6
85.3
Florida.
Oklahoma.
Texas____
M ountain___
M ontana..
Idaho___
Wyoming.
Colorado..
Arizona.
U ta h ....
Nevada.
Pacific...................
W ashington...
Oregon______
California___
.
244.
32.4
16.8
195.]
260.
25.
15.
220.
5. 7
1 Average of weekly data adjusted for split weeks in the month, Figures
may not add to exact column totals because of rounding.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
22.6
2.2
1.6
2.1
12.2
4.4
11.3
11.0
31.3
13.0
21.9
16.0
22.6
20.8
15.0
11.5
58.5
11.0
11.8
9.8
25.9
72.1
14.8
13.2
12.7
31.4
57.9
19.4
2.7
2.2
.5
3.2
2.4
4.5
2.2
1.6
19.8
2.7
2.1
.6
3.5
2.7
4.2
2.5
1.5
34.5
6.3
5.2
1.7
5.1
3.5
5.5
4.5
26.5
3.7
3.9
1.4
3.6
2.7
4.5
3.9
120.1
20.0
11.9
88.2
122.3
16.4
11.3
94.7
180.3
33.3
22.9
124.1
132.2
28.1
16.2
87.8
2.8
11.6
12.4
10.5
23.5
.8
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security.
A.—EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able A -7.
1181
Unemployment insurance and employment service programs, selected operations 1
[All Items except average benefit amounts are In thousands]
July
Employment service:
New applications for work_____
Nonfarm placements_________
812
459
June
979
456
May
866
439
1956
1957
1958
Item
Apr.
Mar.
951
332
954
404
Feb.
999
312
Jan.
1,101
355
Dec.
810
360
Nov.
819
406
Oct.
Sept.
813
540
713
561
Aug.
672
536
July
738
533
July
690
519
State unemployment insurance pro
grams: 1
Initial claims *_______________
1,032
842
1,119
1,659
1,513
1,538
1,795
1,815
2,285
2,024
1,346
1,193
1, 267
1,983
Insured unem ploym ent4 (aver
2,112
1,237
1,285
1,209
2,511
2,667
2,984
3,302
3,276
3,163
2,877
1,513
1,167
1,151
age weekly volume)_________
Rate of insured unemployment •_
6.3
7.9
7.6
6.9
3.6
3.0
2.8
3.1
3.1
6.0
7.1
7.9
5.1
2.8
Weeks of unemployment com
4,292
pensated__________________
4,814
4,693
4,095
4,497
4,883
10,277 10,879 12,020 13.055 12,457 10,793 10, 780 7, 211
Average weekly benefit amount
for total unemployment........... $30. 62 $30. 80 $30.80 $30.88 $30.53 $30. 48 $30.09 $29.75 $29. 44 $29. 20 $28.64 $27.87 $27.59 $26.91
Total benefits paid....................... $305,638 $325,039 $363,550 $403,845 $370,248 $320,181 $313,012 $207,110 $136,627 $131, 832 $113,325 $121,333 $130,130 $111, 708
Unemployment compensation for
veterans: •
Initial claims * ______________
30
Insured unemployment 4 (aver
age weeklv volume)__ ______
78
Weeks of unemployment com
pensated___ _______________
384
Total benefits paid 1__________ $10,151
30
31
37
28
21
18
16
21
20
27
80
81
72
58
41
30
24
29
35
34
41
368
$9,833
345
$9, 285
279
$7,546
258
$6,924
170
$4,574
115
$3,104
112
$3,013
142
$3, 793
165
$4,406
165
$4,539
187
$4, 970
Railroad unemployment insurance:
24
43
36
117
80
17
20
27
Applications 8________________
Insured unemployment (average
128
135
106
128
101
146
149
weekly volum e).____ ______
140
227
252
307
319
284
309
250
338
Number of payments •______
Average amount of benefit pay
ment •____________________
$59. 44 $66.85 $67. 27 $68.59 $67.86 $67.52 $65.07 $64. 22
Total benefits paid 14......... .......... $14, 735 $16,651 $20,574 $23,153 $21,626 $19,093 $20,127 $14,498
34
22
16
18
54
97
83
142
56
119
47
92
46
113
52
94
66
85
$62.59
$8,852
$62. 20
$7,332
$62. 01
$5,689
$58.62
$6,660
$53.50
$4,960
$48.89
$4,145
1,623
1,314
1,240
1,228
1,368
1,316
A ll
programs:11
Insured unemployment4______
2,717
38
24
78
74
333
$8,853
334
$8,922
2,847
3,186
27
3,527
3,505
1 Average weekly insured unemployment excludes territories; other items
include them.
* Data Include activities under the program of Unemployment Compensa
tion for Federal Employees (UCFE), which became effective on January 1,
1955.
• An intial claim is a notice filed by a worker at the beginning of a period
of unemployment which establishes the starting date for any insured un
employment which may result if he is unemployed for 1 week or longer.
4 Number of workers reporting the completion of at least 1 week of unem
ployment.
* The rate of insured unemployment is the number of insured unemployed
expressed as a percent of the average covered employment in a 12-month
period.
• Based on claims filed under the Veterans' Readjustment Assistance Act
of 1952. Excludes claims filed by veterans to supplement State, U CFE, or
railroad unemployment insurance benefits.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3,375
3,065
2,256
' Federal portion only of benefits paid jointly with other programs. Weekly
benefit amount for total unemployment is set by law at $26.
! An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning of
his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is required
for subsequent periods in the same year.
8 Payments are for unemployment in 14-day registration periods; the aver
age amount is an average for all compensable periods. Not adjusted for
recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments.
Adjusted for recovery of overpayments and settlement of underpayments.
11 Represents an unduplicated count of insured unemployment under the
State, UCFE, and veterans’ programs, and that covered by the Railroad
Unemployment Insurance Act.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security
for all items except railroad unemployment insurance, which are prepared
by the U. S. Railroad Retirement Board.
1182
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
B.—Labor Turnover
T able B - l.
Labor turnover rates in manufacturing 1
[Per 100 employees]
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
Juno
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Annual
average
Total accessions
1949...__________ __________
1950......... .............................. ........
1951_______________ _______ _
1952................................................
1953.......................... ........... ........ .
1954_________________ ____—
1955________________________
1956______ _______ ____ _____
1957.............................................. .
1958________________________
3.2
3.6
5.2
4.4
4.4
2.8
3.3
3.3
3.2
2.5
2.9
3.2
4.5
3.9
4.2
2.5
3.2
3.1
2.8
2.2
3.0
3.6
4.6
3.9
4.4
2.8
3.6
3.1
2.8
2.4
2.9
3.5
4.5
3.7
4.3
2.4
3.5
3.3
2.8
2.5
3.5
4.4
4.5
3.9
4.1
2.7
3.8
3.4
3.0
3.0
1949................................... .........
1950________________________
1951________________________
1952.................................. ............
1953_______ ____ ______ _____1954________________________
1955......... ................ ......................
1956________________ ______
1957................................................
1958......... ....................... -........ —
4.6
3.1
4.1
4.0
3.8
4.3
2.9
3.6
3.3
5.0
4.1
3.0
3.8
3.9
3.6
3.5
2.5
3.6
3.0
3.9
4.8
2.9
4.1
3.7
4.1
3.7
3.0
3.5
3.3
4. 2
4.8
2.8
4.6
4.1
4.3
3.8
3.1
3.4
3.3
4.1
5.2
3.1
4.8
3.9
4.4
3.3
3.2
3.7
3.4
3.6
4.3
3.0
4.3
3.9
4.2
3. 1
3.2
3.4
3.0
2.9
1949________________________
1950..............................— .............
1951________________________
1952_____________ ___________
1953_____________ __________
1954________________________
1955................. _............................
1958__________ _______ _____
1957................................................
1958________________________
1.7
1.1
2.1
1.9
2.1
1.1
1.0
1.4
1.3
.8
1.4
1.0
2.1
1.9
2.2
1.0
1.0
1.3
1.2
.7
1.6
1.2
2.5
2.0
2.5
1.0
1.3
1.4
1.3
.7
1.7
1.3
2.7
2.2
2.7
1.1
1.5
1.5
1.3
.7
1.6
1.6
2.8
2.2
2.7
1.0
1.5
1.6
1.4
.8
1.5
1.7
2.5
2.2
2.6
1.1
1.5
1.6
1.3
.8
1949____________ ______ _____
1950____ ____________ _____
1951____ _____ _____________
1952................................................
1953................................................
1954_____________ _______ ___
1955................... ............................
1956___________ ___________1957............. ..............................1958________________________
0.3
.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
0.3
.2
.3
.3
.4
.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
0.3
.2
.3
.3
.4
.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
0.2
.2
.4
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
.2
.2
0.2
.3
.4
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
.3
.1
0.2
.3
.4
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
.2
.2
1949-......... -........ - ............. ..........
1950________________________
1951-____ _________________
1952_________ ______________
1953________ ________________
1954________________________
1955________________________
1956______ _________________
1957________________________
1958______ _____________ ____
2.5
1.7
1.0
1.4
.9
2.8
1.5
1.7
1.5
3.8
2.3
1.7
.8
1.3
.8
2.2
1.1
1.8
1.4
2.9
2.8
1.4
.8
1.1
.8
2.3
1.3
1.6
1.4
3.2
2.8
1.2
1.0
1.3
.9
2.4
1.2
1.4
1.5
3.0
3.3
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.9
1.1
1.6
1.5
2.4
2.5
.9
1.0
1.1
.9
1.7
1.2
1.3
1.1
1.8
1949— ______ ______________
1950________________________
1951-______ ________________
1952________________________
1953-................ — ___________
1954_________ ______________
1955_________ ______________
1956________________________
1957________________________
1958________________________
0.1
.1
.7
.4
.4
.3
.3
.2
.3
.3
0.1
.1
.6
.4
.4
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
0.1
.1
.5
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
0.1
.1
.5
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
4.4
4.8
4.9
4.9
5.1
3.5
4.3
4.2
3.9
3.8
3.5
4.7
4.2
4.4
4.1
2.9
3.4
3.3
3.2
»3.2
4.4
6.6
4.5
5.9
4.3
3.3
4.5
3.8
3.2
4.1
5.7
4.3
5.6
4.0
3.4
4.4
4.1
3.3
3.7
5.2
4.4
5.2
3.3
3.6
4.1
4.2
2.9
3.3
4.0
3.9
4.0
2.7
3.3
3.3
3.0
2.2
3.2
3.0
3.0
3.3
2.1
2.5
2.5
2.3
1.7
3.5
4.4
4.4
4.4
3.9
3.0
3.7
3.4
2.9
4.0
4.2
5.3
4.6
4.8
3.5
4.0
3.9
4.0
4.2
4.9
5.1
4.9
5.2
3.9
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.1
4.3
4.7
4.2
4.5
3.3
3.5
3.5
4.0
4.0
3.8
4.3
3.5
4.2
3.0
3.1
3.3
4.0
3.2
3.6
3.5
3.4
4.0
3.0
3.0
2.8
3.8
4.3
3.5
4.4
4.1
4.3
3.5
3.3
3.5
3.6
1.8
2.9
3.1
3.0
2.9
1.4
2.2
2.2
1.9
2.1
3.4
3.1
3.5
3.1
1.8
2.8
2.6
2.2
1.5
2.7
2.5
2.8
2.1
1.2
1.8
1.7
1.3
1.2
2.1
1.9
2.1
1.5
1.0
1.4
1.3
.9
0.9
1.7
1.4
1.7
1.1
.9
1.1
1.0
.7
1.5
1.9
2.4
2.3
2.3
1.1
1.6
1.6
1.4
0.3
.4
.4
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
.3
0.2
.4
.3
.4
.4
.2
.3
.3
.2
0.2
.4
.4
.4
.4
.2
.3
.3
.2
0.2
.3
.3
.4
.3
.2
.3
.3
.2
0.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
0.2
.3
.3
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
.2
1.8
.6
1.4
1.0
1.3
1.7
1.3
1.2
1.6
1.8
.7
1.3
.7
1.5
1.7
1.1
1.4
1.8
2.3
.8
1.4
.7
1.8
1.6
1.2
1.3
2.3
2.5
1.1
1.7
.7
2.3
1.6
1.2
1.5
2.7
2.0
1.3
1.5
1.0
2.5
1.7
1.4
1.4
2.7
2.4
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.9
1.2
1.5
1.7
0.1
.4
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
0.1
.3
.4
.3
.3
.1
.2
.2
.2
0.1
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
0.1
.2
.5
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
Total separations •
3.8
2.9
4.4
5.0
4.3
3.1
3.4
3.2
3.1
»3.0
Quits
1.4
1.8
2.4
2.2
2.5
1.1
1.6
1.5
1.4
».8
Discharges
0.2
.3
.3
.3
.4
.2
.3
.2
.2
5.2
Layoffs
2.1
.6
1.3
2.2
1.1
1.6
1.3
1.2
1.3
* 1.8
Miscellaneous separations, including military
1 Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing indus
tries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not comparable with the changes
shown by the Bureau’s employment series for the following reasons:
(1) The labor turnover series measure changes during the calendar month,
while the employment series measure changes from midmonth to midmonth;
(2) Industry coverage is not identical, as the printing and publishing
industry and some seasonal industries are excluded from turnover;
(3) Turnover rates tend to be understated because small firms are not as
prominent in the turnover sample as in the employment sample; and
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0.1
.1
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
0.1
.1
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
0.1
.2
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
2.2
0.1
.3
.4
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.3
0.1
.4
.4
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
(4) Reports from plants affected by work stoppages are excluded from the
turnover series, but the employment series reflect the influence of such
stoppages.
2 Preliminary.
s Beginning with data for October 1952, components may not add to total
separation rates because of rounding.
N ote : For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
B.—LABOR TURNOVER
1188
T able B-2.
Labor turnover rates, by industry 1
[Per 100 employees]
Separations
Industry
Total accessions
July
1958
Manufacturing
All manufacturing.....................................................
Durable goods____________________________
Nondurable goods 3________ ________________
Durable Goods
Ordnance and accessories................ ...........................
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)____
Logging camps and contractors. ........................
Sawmills and planing mills ________________
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated structural
wood products
Furniture and fixtures _
__ ___
Household furniture.................. ............ ...............
Other furniture and fixtures_________________
Stone, clay, and glass products.......... ........................
Glass and glass products____________________
Cement, hydraulic________________________
Structural clay products......................................
Pottery and related p ro d u cts_______________
Primary metal Industries................................ ...........
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling mills ..
Iron and steel foundries.................... ....................
Gray-iron foundries____________________
Malleable-iron foundries________________
Steel foundries_________________________
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous
metals:
Prim ary smelting and refining of copper,
lead, and zinc____________ _________
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous
metals:
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of copper___
Nonferrous foundries_______________________
Other primary metal industries:
Iron and steel forgings__________________
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)________
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware....... ..............
Cutlery and edge tools__________________
Handtools ............................................... ........
Hardware_____ _______ _____ __________
Heating apparatus (except electric) and plumbers’ supplies ................................ .....................
Sanitary ware and plumbers’ supplies.........
Oil burners, nonelectric heating and cooking
apparatus, not elsewhere classified______
Fabricated structural metal products ________
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving _____
Machinery (except electrical)_______________ ____
Engines and turbines................... .........................
Agricultural machinery and tractors__________
Construction and mining machinery_________
Metalworking machinery___________________
Machine tools_________________________
Metalworking machinery (except machine
tools)______ ________________________
Machine-tool accessories_______ _____ ___
Special-industry machinery (except metalworking machinery) _________________________
General industrial machinery_______________
Office and store machines and devices________
Service-industry and household m achines.........
Miscellaneous machinery parts______________
Electrical machinery___________ _______________
Electrical generating, transmission, distribution, and industrial apparatus_____________
Communication equipment_________________
Radios, phonographs, television sets, and
equipment........................ ........ ....................
Telephone, telegraph, and related equipment ___. . . . . ____________________
Electrical appliances, lamps, and miscellaneous
products_______________________________
Transportation equipment_____________________
Motor vehicles and equipment______________
Aircraft and parts_________________________
Aircraft______________________________
Aircraft engines and parts...............................
Aircraft propellers and parts_____________
Other aircraft parts and equipment_______
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June
1958
Total
July
1958
Discharges
Quits
June
1958
July
1958
June
1958
July
1958
Miscellaneous,
including military
Layoffs
June
1958
July
1958
June
1958
July
1958
June
1958
3.2
3.4
3.0
3.8
4.0
3.5
3.0
3.3
2.4
2.9
3.2
2.4
0.8
.7
1.0
0.8
.7
.9
0.2
.2
.2
0.2
.1
.2
1.8
2.2
1.0
1.8
2.1
1.2
0.2
.2
.2
0.2
.3
.2
2.2
5.0
7.3
4.9
3.2
6.5
12.8
5.8
2.0
3.4
3.0
3.6
2.7
3.7
5.2
3.6
0.7
1.7
2.3
1.7
0.7
1.6
2.4
1.5
0.1
.4
.3
.4
0.1
.3
.2
.4
1.1
1.1
.2
1.2
1.7
1.6
2.4
1.5
0.1
.2
.2
.2
0.2
.2
.1
.2
4.0
4.4
4.4
4.4
3.9
5.5
3.6
3.7
2.0
2.9
2.9
2.9
3.2
1.7
3.0
4.7
4.0
4.0
4.2
3.7
4.2
2.8
4.5
2.3
3.7
4.2
3.1
3.4
3.6
2.4
2.3
2.9
2.9
2.7
2.8
3.1
2.5
2.9
3.9
2.6
2.8
2.3
2.1
3.2
2.0
2.5
3.2
3.7
2.2
2.6
3.2
1.7
2.3
4.0
2.3
2.1
2.6
2.7
1.3
3.0
1.3
1.2
1.3
.8
.6
.6
.3
.9
.7
.3
.2
.5
.6
.5
.3
1.2
1.0
1.1
.7
.6
.6
.4
.8
.6
.3
.2
.4
.5
.5
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.3
.2
.3
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.5
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.9
2.2
1.9
1.6
2.8
1.9
2.3
1.5
1.3
2.4
1.3
.8
1.9
2.1
1.2
1.6
2.1
1.1
1.3
3.2
1.6
1.5
1.8
1.9
.6
2.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.1
.3
.3
.2
.1
.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
.1
.1
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.3
1.6
2.0
2.0
3.4
.3
.6
.1
1.2
2.3
.3
.5
1.9
5.3
2.1
5.5
1.0
4.4
1.6
2.5
.2
.8
.2
.4
.2
.5
2.9
1.0
1.6
.3
.5
.3
.2
3.8
4.8
5.3
3.9
.3
.4
.1
.1
4.6
3.2
.3
.2
3.7
2.3
1.7
2.6
2.4
4.3
3.8
2.0
2.5
4.5
3.3
2.3
2.2
1.9
2.6
3.2
4.2
1.8
1.8
5.4
.8
.7
.9
.6
.7
.6
.5
.7
.6
.4
.2
.2
.3
.1
.1
.2
.2
.3
.1
.2
2.0
1.2
.8
.9
1.5
2.2
3.2
.6
.8
4.4
.2
.2
.1
.2
.3
.2
.4
.2
.2
.5
3.0
1.9
3.1
1.9
3.5
3.3
2.1
2.1
.8
.7
.7
.4
.3
.2
.3
.2
2.1
2.1
.9
1.2
.4
.3
.2
.2
3.7
4.1
3.9
2.3
3.2
2.9
2.6
1.8
1.6
3.8
4.0
5.4
3.1
3.4
5.3
3.1
2.4
2.4
3.7
2.4
5.7
2.6
4.2
2.1
1.8
2.9
2.1
2.1
2.4
4.9
3.2
4.6
4.2
2.6
4.0
3.0
.8
.8
.8
.5
.3
.6
.5
.3
.3
.8
.7
.5
.6
.6
.7
.5
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.3
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
2.0
1.2
4.5
1.8
3.5
1.3
1.0
2.3
1.4
.7
1.3
3.9
2.3
3.5
3.2
1.7
3.2
2.3
.5
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
.4
.3
.4
.2
.2
.3
.3
1.5
2.8
1.5
3.3
2.0
5.9
2.9
6.7
.3
.4
.4
.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
1.4
5.2
2.2
5.7
.2
.3
.2
.4
1.6
2.2
1.4
3.2
2.5
2.9
2.1
3.0
2.9
3.2
3.4
3.4
2.3
2.2
1.1
4.0
3.0
2.5
2.5
2.7
1.9
3.6
3.2
2.8
.5
.5
.4
.9
.4
.8
.6
.7
.6
.6
.4
.8
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
1.4
1.4
.5
2.6
2.1
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.1
2.5
2.4
1.6
.2
.3
.2
.4
.3
.1
.3
.3
.2
.3
.3
.2
2.2
2.8
2.7
4.0
2.3
2.2
2.9
2.5
.7
.9
.7
1.0
.1
.1
.1
.2
1.3
1.0
1.9
1.1
.2
.1
.2
.2
4.2
5.7
2.4
2.5
1.2
1.2
.2
.2
.9
.9
.1
.2
.4
.8
2.1
2.7
.2
.5
.1
.1
1.6
1.9
.2
.2
4.7
3.9
3.7
2.0
1.8
2.5
0)
3.9
3.6
4.5
4.3
3.1
3.3
2.5
1.4
4.1
4.9
6.0
9.5
2.6
2.5
2.3
0
4.4
4.1
4.4
4.8
2.6
2.4
2.7
4.6
3.0
.8
.7
.4
.8
.8
.5
.7
.8
.4
.9
1.0
.5
.6
1.0
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.3
3.6
4.9
8.6
1.6
1.6
1.4
0
2.8
2.9
3.1
3.8
1.4
1.2
1.8
3.8
1.6
.3
.3
.5
.3
.3
.6
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
0
1.2
0
.1
.1
.1
.1
0
.2
0
.3
0
0
0
.3
0
.1
,i
.2
0
.1
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
1184
T
able
B -2.
Labor turnover rates, by industry1—Continued
[Per 100 employees]
Separations
Total accessions
Total
Industry
July
1958
June
1958
July
1958
June
1958
July
1958
June
1958
July
1958
Miscellaneous,
including military
Layoffs
Discharges
Quits
June
1958
July
1958
June
1958
J'ine
1958
July
1958
Manufac taring—Continued
Durable Goods—Continued
Transportation equipment—Continued:
Ship and boat building and repairing_________
Railroad equipm ent_______________________
Locomotives and parts....................................
Railroad and street cars_________________
Other transportation eq u ip m en t............ - ..........
0
0
0
O)
4.3
12.4
6.1
1.2
13.0
4.9
0
0
0
0
1.7
10.4
8.8
3.5
16.2
1.9
Instruments and related products______ _________
Photographic apparatus.........................................
Watches and clocks________________________
Professional and scientific instruments..............
2.1
0
2.3
2.2
2.3
1.4
2.0
2.8
2.2
0
2.6
2.4
2.1
1.1
3.7
2.3
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.....................
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are..................
Nondurable Goods
Food and kindred products......................................—
Meat products____________________________
Grain-mill products....................................... ........
Bakery products__________________________
Beverages:
Malt liquors.....................................................
Tobacco manufactures..................................................
Cigarettes...............................................................
Cigars___________________________________
Tobacco and snuff_________________________
Textile-mill products__________________________
Yarn and thread mills______________________
Broad-woven fabric mills _______ ___________
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber______________
Woolen and worsted____________________
Knitting mills____________________________
Full-fashioned hosiery.................. .................
Seamless hosiery_______________________
Knit underwear_______________________
Dveing and finishing textiles................................
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings..... .................
Apparel and other finished textile products_______
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats______ _____
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work clothing..
Paper and allied products............................................
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills................. .
Paperboard containers and boxes____________
Chemicals and allied products....................................
Industrial inorganic chemicals_______________
Industrial organic chemicals_________________
Synthetic fibers________________________
Drugs and medicines________ _________ _____
Paints, pigments, and fillers..................................
Products of petroleum and coal_______ _____ ____
Petroleum refining_______________ ________
Rubber products_____________________________
Tires and inner tubes__________ __________
Rubber footwear__________________________
Other rubber products_________ _______ ____
Leather and leather products___________________
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished...............
Footwear (except rubber)___________________
4.0
3.0
4.6
2.0
2.6
2.1
3.1
2.3
4.0
2.8
4.4
4.1
4.5
3.7
0
1.6
1.2
2.0
1.4
3.7
3.4
3.6
3.4
4.5
3.9
2.7
3.3
0
3.1
0
4.0
3.2
3.9
2.9
2.2
3.0
1.5
1.1
.9
.3
1.2
1.6
.7
.4
3.5
1.9
2.2
5.2
3.9
2.5
4.1
Nonmanufactnring
Metal m ining..______ _________ _________ _____
Iron mining______ ______ ________________
Copper mining................... ...... ................ ...........
Lead and zinc mining______________________
Anthracite mining____________________________
Bituminous-coal mining_______________________
Communication:
Telephone_____________________ _________
Telegraph *_____ _______ . . . _______________
0
0
0
0
0.9
1.6
.2
.3
.1
.8
.7
.6
.8
.7
.4
.8
.9
3.4
2.2
1.0
.9
1.0
.9
2.7
2.5
2.5
2.8
2.9
3.1
2.5
2.3
.8
.4
.7
1.3
.8
.5
.7
1.2
4.5
1.4
.8
2.2
1.3
3.3
3.1
3.0
2.6
5.4
3.9
1.7
3.5
4.1
2.2
3.5
3.9
4.6
3.6
3.5
2.9
4.1
2.4
1.9
1.8
2.5
2.9
3.0
1.7
1.3
3.9
2.1
2.5
5.6
4.0
2.7
4.2
0
2.2
1.0
4.1
1.5
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.6
3.7
2.8
2.5
2.3
0
2.6
0
2.9
2.1
2.6
1.9
1.1
2.5
1.3
1.2
1.0
.8
1.3
1.2
1.1
.9
1.7
1.9
2.5
3.4
1.7
3.7
2.7
1.3
.8
2.1
.8
2.7
2.6
2.8
2.7
3.0
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.7
2.7
2.8
3.0
2.2
2.5
2.0
1.2
2.4
1.7
1.9
1.8
1.3
1.6
1.1
1.1
.8
1.6
1.2
2.3
1.9
2.8
2.3
2.8
0
1.1
.8
1.5
.7
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.4
0
.9
0
1.7
1.1
1.9
.8
.5
1.0
.5
.4
.3
.2
.6
.6
.3
.2
.6
.3
1.2
.7
1.7
.6
1.9
.6
.7
.5
1.1
.3
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
.6
.6
1.4
.9
1.4
.7
.5
.9
.5
.4
.3
.3
.7
.6
.2
.2
.5
.3
1.3
.6
1.4
.6
1.6
2.2
3.4
0
1.1
1.0
1.2
2.9
2.7
2.1
1.4
1.3
1.2
3.4
1.3
0
8.0
3.9
1.5
4.2
4.5
4.3
5.4
3.6
2.7
1.5
.2
0
.1
.6
.3
1.3
.2
1.7
1.6
.3
.2
0)
1.2
1.7
0
0
1.5
1.6
0
0
1.1
.6
0
.7
• See footnote 1 and Note, table B -l. Data for the current month are
preliminary.
* Excludes the printing, publishing, and allied industries group, and the
following industries: canning and preserving; women’s, misses’, and chil
dren’s outerwear; and fertilizer.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0
0
0
0
0
0.2
0.4
0
0
.1
.1
0
0
0
0
0.5
8.1
8.0
2.8
15.3
.9
0
0
0
0
.1
1.2
0
1.7
1.4
1.1
.5
2.5
1.1
0
,1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.2
.1
1.2
.9
.2
.1
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.2
.2
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
0
0
0
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.2
.3
.2
.2
.1
.2
0
.2
0
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
.3
.1
.1
0
0
.1
.1
0
0
0
0
.1
0
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.3
.2
.3
.2
2.0
.9
.2
.2
.2
.3
1.5
1.7
1.5
1.0
1.6
2.2
1.5
.5
.2
.2
.1
.2
.1
0
1.0
0
2.4
.4
1.1
1.1
.9
.7
1.9
1.0
1.0
.7
0
1.2
0
1.0
.5
.6
.8
.3
1.0
.6
.4
.5
.3
.6
.4
.4
.3
.8
.2
.5
1.3
1.2
.6
1.3
1.9
.3
.1
.7
0
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.4
.8
.5
.4
.3
1.8
1.8
1.3
1.2
.8
1.0
.4
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.3
.8
.7
.2
.6
.3
.8
.7
.7
.9
1.0
1.2
.9
2.3
3.8
1.9
3.5
3.3
2.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
0
0
.2
0
0.1
.2
.1
1.2
.3
0
5.7
3.3
1.0
0
0
0.3
.6
.4
.7
.1
.2
.6
.2
.1
.2
0
,i
.1
.1
.4
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
0
.3
0
.1 •*S
.3
.1
-V 2
1
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.3
.3
,i
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
,i
.1
0
.1
.2
.3
•1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.4
.2
.3
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.4
.2
.5
.8
0 .4
*
0
.2
.4
.6
.5
.2
.1
.2
0
0
.3
.2
* Less than 0.05.
4 Not available.
• Data relate to domestic employees except messengers.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor .Bureau of Labor Statistics.
.1
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
1185
C.—Earnings and Hours
T a ble
C -l.
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly wkly. brly. wkly. wkly.
earn hours
earn earn hours
ings
ings
ings
Year and month
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Mining
Metal
Total: Mining
Total: Metal
1956: Average_____
1957: Average...........
98. 81
102. 21
July................. 104 19
August______ 103. 79
September___ 106 19
October_____ 102. 91
November___ 99 84
December___ 102. 03
99. 72
1958: January_____
February____ 98.81
M arch______
97.02
April________ 94. 62
M ay________ 96. 01
101.89
June____
July------------- 100.33
$
$ 2.41
41.0
40.4
40.7
40.7
41.0
40.2
39.0
39.7
38.8
38.3
37.9
37 . 4
38 . 1
39.8
39.5
$ 96.
83
98. 74
100. 28
101. 35
102. 84
98. 70
96.92
97.27
97.27
96. 78
95. 40
92. 93
91. 10
92. 34
96.00
2.53
2.56
2 . 55
2.59
2 . 56
2 . 56
2 . 57
2 . 57
2.58
2 56
2.53
2 . 52
2 . 56
2.54
42.1
40.8
40.6
41.2
41.3
39.8
39.4
39.7
39.7
39. 5
39 . 1
38.4
37.8
38.0
38.4
Coal
Iron
$ 2.30
2 . 42
2 . 47
2 . 46
2 . 49
2 . 48
2 . 46
2 . 45
2 . 45
2 . 45
2 . 44
2 . 42
2.41
2.43
2.50
$ 96 .
71
103. 49
109. 61
111.76
114.78
106. 23
100.34
97. 46
98. 19
99.63
96.93
93 96
94.23
98.28
104.43
39.8
39.5
40.9
41.7
42.2
39.2
37.3
36.5
36.5
36.9
35.9
34.8
34.9
36.4
36.9
Copper
$
2.43 $ 100. 28
2.62 97. 75
2.68 98.00
2 . 68 97.20
2 . 72 93.60
2.71
92.20
2.69 96. 32
2 67 98. 66
2.69 98. 25
2.70 95.52
2.70 94. 96
2.70 93.30
2 . 70 88. 22
2.70 85.56
2.83 90. 27
43.6
40.9
40.0
40.0
39.0
38. 1
39.8
40.6
40.6
39.8
39.9
39.2
37.7
36.1
37.3
Lead and zinc
$ 2.30
2.39
2 . 45
2.43
2 . 40
2.42
2 . 42
2 . 43
2 . 42
2.40
2.38
2.38
2 . 34
2.37
2.42
Mining—Continued
Coal—Continued
Petroleum and nat
ural-gas produc
tion (except con
tract services)
Bituminous
1956: Average_____
1957: Average_____
$
J u ly ................
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1958: January_____
February........
M arch______
April________
M a y .............
June________
Ju ly...............
106.22
110. 53
112. 17
110.96
112. 91
110. 66
102. 18
107. 92
103.36
100. 62
96. 37
90.60
93 . 30
106.30
99.83
37.8
36.6
36.3
36.5
36.9
36.4
33.5
35.5
34.0
33.1
31.7
30.0
31. 1
35.2
33.5
$
2. 81
3.02
3 . 09
3.04
3.06
3.04
3.05
3.04
3.04
3 . 04
3.04
3 02
3.00
3 . 02
2.98
$
101. 68
106. 75
110.00
106. 52
113. 28
106. 92
109. 34
111.64
110.56
110.83
110. 97
108. 81
107. 06
110.57
110.70
41.0
40.9
41.2
40.5
41.8
40.5
40.8
41.5
41. 1
41.2
41. 1
40.6
40.4
40.8
41.0
1956: Average_____
1957 : Average_____
$
J u l y ...............
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1958 : January_____
February____
M arch______
April_______
M ay..............
June________
July________
104. 94
110. 15
114.05
115. 30
115.89
114.23
106. 56
110. 11
110. 59
102. 96
110.30
110.01
115.26
114.57
113. 94
39.9
39.2
40 3
40.6
40. 1
39.8
37.0
38.5
38.4
36.0
38.3
38.6
40.3
40.2
39.7
$ 2.63 $
2.81
2.83
2.84
2.89
2 . 87
2 . 88
2.86
2.88
2.86
2.88
2 . 85
2.86
2.85
2.87
87. 85
88. 75
89.60
88.10
87.08
91.52
86.24
84.50
85.10
84. 74
83.89
86.03
88.04
41.7
41.0
40.3
40.9
41. 1
40.6
40.5
41.6
40.3
39.3
39.4
39.6
39.2
40.2
40.2
$ 2.14
2.17
2.18
2.17
2.18
2 . 17
2 . 15
2.20
2 . 14
2.15
2.16
2 . 14
2.14
2.14
2.19
Nonmetallic mining
and quarrying
$ 2.48
$ 85.63
2.61
2 . 67
2.63
2.71
2 . 64
2.68
2.69
2.69
2.69
2.70
2 . 68
2 . 65
2 . 71
2 . 70
87.80
90.70
92. 57
92. 25
91. 19
86.90
86. 31
84. 25
81.00
83. 22
85. 45
89.59
91.49
91.94
44.6
43.9
44.9
45.6
45.0
44.7
42.6
42. 1
41.5
39.9
41.2
42.3
43 7
44.2
44.2
$
1.92
2.00
2 . 02
2.03
2.05
2 . 04
2 . 04
2.05
2.03
2.03
2.02
2. 02
2.05
2.07
2.08
$
101. 83
106. 64
109.15
111 07
110. 84
109. 96
103.01
105.44
107. 10
100. 53
106. 44
107.88
111.08
110.11
111.53
37.3
36.9
37.9
38.3
37.7
37.4
34.8
35.5
35.7
33.4
35.6
36.2
37.4
37.2
37.3
$
125. 22
132. 10
39.5
39.2
39.3
Ju ly ............... . 132. 83
August______ 132. 50
39.2
September___ 134.30
39.5
October_____ 135. 49
39. 5
Novem ber___ 128. 25
37.5
December___ 134. 75
39.4
1958: January_____ 132.35
38.7
February____ 128. 25
37.5
March______ 132. 17
38.2
April............... 133.32
38.2
M a y .............. 135. 52
38.5
June________ 136.68
38.5
July------------- 136.35
38.3
See footnotes at end of table.
Total: Building
construction
101. 92
106.86
108. 56
110. 48
111. 14
110.23
104.23
106. 45
108.06
101.64
107. 71
108. 63
111.08
110.77
111.80
36.4
36. 1
36.8
37.2
36.8
36.5
34.4
34 9
35.2
33.0
35.2
35.5
36.3
36.2
36.3
$ 2.80
2.96
2 . 95
2 . 97
3.02
3.02
3.03
3 . 05
3.07
3.08
3.06
3.06
3.06
3.06
3.08
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$ 2.
2.
40
63
2.53
2.66
2 65
2.63
2. 65
2.66
2.68
2.68
2.65
2.63
2 . 62
2.62
2 . 61
$
Total: Nonbuilding
construction
2. 73
2.89
2.88
2.90
2 . 94
2 . 94
2.96
2 . 97
3.00
3.01
2.99
2.98
2 . 97
2.96
2. 99
$
101. 59
105.07
110. 77
112.41
110.16
109. 21
98. 82
102. 60
103. 79
96. 21
101. 90
103. 45
110.56
108.67
109. 76
40.8
39.8
41.8
42.1
40.8
40.6
36.6
38.0
38.3
35.5
37.6
38.6
41.1
40.7
40.5
Highway and street
construction
$ 2.49
$ 97.63
2.64
2 . 65
2 . 67
2 . 70
2.69
2 . 70
2 . 70
2.71
2.71
2.71
2.68
2 . 69
2. 67
2.71
98.66
107.01
109. 06
104. 00
103.34
89.41
91. 14
92. 96
85. 26
88.21
94.57
105. 84
103.25
105.98
41.9
40.6
43.5
43.8
41.6
41.5
36.2
37.2
38.1
34.8
36.6
38.6
42.0
41.3
41.4
$ 2.33
2 . 43
2 . 46
2 . 49
2 . 50
2 . 49
2. 47
2. 45
2 . 44
2 . 45
2 . 41
2 . 45
2.52
2. 50
2.56
Special-trade contractors
General contractors
$ 95.04
98. 89
102.03
103. 79
102.65
102.65
95. 37
97.76
100. 39
91.58
100. 04
101.60
105.12
103.46
103.89
36.0
35.7
36.7
37.2
36.4
36.4
33.7
34.3
35.1
31.8
35.1
35.4
36.5
36.3
36.2
$ 2.64 $
2 . 77
2 . 78
2 . 79
2.82
2.82
2.83
2.85
2.86
2.88
2.85
2 . 87
2.88
2.85
2.87
Total: Specialtrade contractors
107.16
112.17
112.98
115. 32
116.18
115.29
109. 62
111.58
112. 29
107.18
112.29
113.21
115.12
115.16
116.52
36.7
36.3
36.8
37.2
37.0
36.6
34.8
35.2
35.2
33.6
35.2
35.6
36.2
36.1
36.3
$ 2.92 $
3.09
3.07
3 . 10
3.14
3.15
3.15
3 . 17
3. 19
3 . 19
3 . 19
3 . 18
3.18
3.19
3.21
Plumbing and
heating
112.31
118. 87
116. 80
120. 74
123. 77
122.11
116. 44
121.86
122.36
117.85
120. 80
121.77
121. 66
122.47
124.31
38.2
38.1
37.8
38.7
38.8
38.4
36.5
38.2
38.0
36.6
37.4
37.7
37.9
37.8
37.9
$
2.94
3.12
3.09
3 . 12
3. 19
3.18
3.19
3.19
3.22
3.22
3.23
3 . 23
3 . 21
3.24
3.28
35.8
35 2
36.2
36.5
36.0
35.6
33.7
33.2
33.4
31.3
33.9
34.4
35.4
35.1
35.5
Painting and
decorating
$ 99.81
103. 75
105. 95
107.76
107. 57
105. 79
102. 20
102. 23
102. 94
100.78
103. 80
106. 91
106. 79
107. 71
108. 72
34.9
34.7
35.2
35.8
35.5
34.8
33.4
33.3
33.1
32.3
33.7
34.6
34.9
35.2
35.3
$ 2.
86
2.99
3.01
3.01
3.03
3.04
3.06
3.07
3. 11
3.12
3.08
3.09
3.06
3.06
3.08
Manufacturing
Other specialtrade contractors
17 $ 102. 39
37 106.30
38 108. 60
3.38 110.60
3 . 40 110.88
3 . 43 110.00
3 . 42 104. 13
3. 42 102. 92
3 . 42 104.54
3 . 42 97.34
3. 46 105.43
3 . 49 106.64
3.52 110. 09
3.55 109.51
3.56 111.12
$ 3.
3.
3.
32.9
31.1
32.3
30 1
34.8
30.9
29.0
26.6
30.5
27.5
25.0
22.3
25.8
30.9
31.2
Building construction
Contract construction—Continued
1956: Average_____
1957: Average_____
78. 96
81.79
81.72
80.07
92.22
81.27
76. 85
70. 76
81.74
73.70
66. 25
58. 65
67.60
80. 96
81.43
Nonbuilding construction
Total: Contract
construction
Special-trade contractors—Continued
Electrical work
A nthracite1
$
Contract construction
N onbuilding
construction — C on .
Other nonbuilding
construction
$ 89.24
88. 97
$ 2.
86
3.02
3.00
3.03
3.08
3.09
3.09
3 . 10
3.13
3.11
3.11
3 . 10
3 . 11
3.12
3.13
Durable goods
Total: Manufacturing
$
79. 99
82.39
82.39
82. 80
82 99
82. 56
82. 92
82. 74
81.66
80.64
81.45
80.81
82 . 04
83.10
83.50
40.4
39.8
39.8
40.0
39.9
39.5
39.3
39.4
38.7
38.4
38.6
38.3
38.7
39.2
39.2
$
1.98
2.07
2.07
2.07
2.08
2 . 09
2 . 11
2 . 10
2 . 11
2.10
2.11
2. 11
2 . 12
2.12
2.13
Durable goods
$ 86.31
88.66
88.00
89.06
89.24
88.75
88.93
88.93
87. 14
86. 46
87. 75
87.30
88. 37
89.89
89.83
41.1
40.3
40.0
40.3
40.2
39.8
39.7
39.7
38.9
38.6
39.0
38.8
39.1
39.6
39.4
$ 2.10
2.20
2.20
2.21
2 . 22
2.23
2.24
2.24
2 . 24
2 . 24
2.25
2.25
2.26
2.27
2.28
Nondurable goods
$
71.10
73. 51
74. 47
74. 26
75. 24
74. 10
74.11
74.88
73.54
73.15
73.53
73. 14
73.91
75.08
75.47
39.5
39.1
39.4
39.5
39.6
39.0
38.8
39.0
38.3
38.1
38.1
37.7
38.1
38.7
38.9
$
1.80
1.88
1.89
1.88
1.90
1.90
1.91
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.93
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.94
Total: Ordnance
and accessories
$ 91.54
95. 47
93.60
93.83
95.04
94. 96
96.00
98. 74
100.77
99. 06
99. 72
100.12
99.88
100.94
101.18
41.8
40.8
40.0
40. 1
40.1
39.9
40.0
40.8
41.3
40.6
40.7
40.7
40.6
40.7
40.8
$ 2.19
2 . 34
2 . 34
2. 34
2.37
2.38
2 . 40
2 . 42
2 . 44
2. 44
2.45
2. 46
2 . 46
2 . 48
2.48
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
1186
T a ble
C -l.
H ours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, b y industry
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
brly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
l —
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Con.
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Year and month
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)
Total: Lumber and Sawmills and planing
wood products (ex
mills 1
cept furniture)
1956: Average_____ $70.93
1957: Average_____ 72. 04
J u ly ............... 71.89
August______ 75.62
September___ 71.58
October_____
73.97
November___ 71.94
December___
71.37
1958: January_____ 69.69
February........ 70. 43
M arch
70 80
April............... 71. 39
74. 45
M ay. _____
June________ 76.14
J u ly ......... ...... 74.82
40.4 $1.77
40.3 $1.76 $71.51
1.81 70. 92 39.4
1.80
39.8
1.82 70.23
38.8
1.81
39.5
1.83
40.5
4L 1 1.84 74.12
39.2
1.84
38.9
1.84 72.13
1.82
40.2
1.84 72. 44 39.8
1.84 71.00
38.8
1.83
39.1
1.81
1.83 69. 50 38.4
39.0
37.9
1. 77
38.5
1.81 67.08
1. 78
38.1
1. 82 67.82
38.7
1. 79
38 9
38.6
1 82 69. 09
38.5
1.79
38.8
1.84 68.92
1.84
39.6
1.88 73. 05 39.7
1.84
40.5
40.5
1.88 74.52
39.8
1.86
39.8
1.88 74.03
Lumber and wood
1956: Average......... $72. 90
1957: Average_____ 75. 55
77.64
July________
A ugust........... 77.46
September___ 78. 47
October_____ 77.11
November___ 75.03
75.22
December___
1958: January_____ 74. 29
February........ 74.28
M arch.........
74. 09
A pril............... 74. 28
M ay................ 77. 57
June________ 79.13
J u ly ................ 79. 54
40.5
40.4
41.3
41.2
41.3
40.8
39.7
39.8
39.1
39.3
39.2
39.3
40.4
41.0
41.0
$1.80 $76. 22
1.87 76.00
1.88 72. 95
1.88 77.76
1.90 76.03
1.89 76. 02
1.89 74.88
1.89 77.60
1.90 76.04
1.89 78. 39
1.89 78.39
1.89 78.20
1. 92 79. 60
1.93 81.18
1.94 78.59
Household furniture5
1956: Average_____ $65. 77
1957: Average_____ 66. 63
July----------65.07
August______ 67.97
September___ 68. 71
October_____ 69.12
November___ 66.86
December___
67. 83
1958: January_____ 63.96
February____ 64.34
M arch______
64.68
April________ 63.34
M ay____ . . .
63.00
June...... ........ . 65.23
Ju ly ................ 65.40
40.6
39.9
39.2
40.7
40.9
40.9
39.8
39.9
38.3
38.3
38.5
37.7
37.5
38.6
38.7
41.7
39.3
39.6
40.2
40.4
38.2
38.9
38.3
38.1
37.4
37.3
37.0
36.2
37.0
36.8
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.85 $56. 71
1.90 56. 23
1.89 57. 60
1.92 57.60
1.92 56. 59
1.91 56.74
1.92 54.91
1.94 54. 95
1.93 53.30
1. 95 53. 39
1. 95 54.67
1.96 55.10
1.98 56. 34
1.98 58.03
1.95 58.00
Wood household furniture (except upbolstered)
Partitions, shelving,
lockers, and fixtures
$2.09 $84. 05
2.17 85.22
2.18 84.96
2.21 86.86
2.20 86.80
2.19 87.70
2. 21 83.85
2.19 83. 64
2.19 83.38
2.20 83. 44
2.21 84.97
2.20 82.84
2.19 84.10
2.23 86. 85
2.23 86. 80
41.0
40.2
39.7
40.4
40.0
40.6
39.0
38.9
38.6
38.1
38.8
38.0
38.4
39.3
39.1
West
41.6 $1.18 $90.87
40.3 $1.79 $49.09
$72.14
1.22 88. 62
1.82 49. 29 40.4
71. 53 39.3
49.
13
40.6
1. 21 85.74
1.83
38.7
70. 82
1.22 92.36
1.85 50. 87 41.7
40.5
74.93
40.9
1.23 88. 64
1.86
50.31
72.73
39. 1
41.1
1.23 89. 47
1.84 50. 55
39.8
73.23
89.62
1.22
1.85
48.19
39.5
38.8
71. 78
1.23 87. 84
1.83 48. 22 39.2
38.4
70.27
82.
57
1.79
48.
46
39.4
1.23
67. 66 37.8
1.23 86.10
1.80 48.09
39.1
68.58
38.1
1.23
86.
71
1.81 48.83
39.7
69. 87 38.6
1.23 86.02
1.81 48.83
39.7
69. 69 38.5
40.6
1.23 91. 26
1.86 49. 94
74. 03 39.8
1.22 91.96
1.86 51.00
41.8
75.52
40.6
1.88 50.80
41.3
1.23 92.04
74.82
39.8
products (except furniture)—Continued
40.8
39.6
40.0
40.0
39.3
39.4
38.4
38.7
37.8
37.6
38.5
38.8
39.4
40.3
40.0
39.9
39.4
37.9
40.0
40.6
40.6
39.8
40.5
36.6
38.0
37.9
36.7
35.5
36.9
37.4
40.3
40.0
39.9
40.4
41.0
40.3
39.5
40.7
39.7
39.3
39.5
39.8
39.6
40.2
39.8
41.0
39.8
40.4
40.1
39.3
40.0
38.3
38.4
37.7
37.5
38.6
38.9
39.5
40.6
40.5
39.4
39.1
40.5
40.4
40.5
39.2
37.1
38.3
37.5
37.5
36.4
36.7
38.5
40.6
40.9
41.1
40.5
40.4
40.8
40.7
40.5
40.1
39.8
39.2
38.6
39.1
39.0
39.7
40.3
40.0
$2.33 $74.48
40.7 $1.83
1.89
2.32 75.60
40.0
1.90
2.33 76.19
40.1
40.8
1.91
2. 35 77.93
40.5
1.92
2.37 77.76
1.91
2.33 76. 78 40.2
1.91
2.34 74. 49 39.0
39.8
1.92
2.33 76.42
1.92
39.0
2.30 74.88
1.92
2. 29 75.46
39.3
1.92
2. 30 75. 65 39.4
39.4
1.93
2.30 76.04
1.95
2. 34 78. 20 40.1
1.96
2.34 79.58
40.6
1.95
40.6
2.36 79.17
Furniture and fixtures
41.1
40.5
40.2
40.7
40.5
40.3
39.5
39.9
39.5
39.2
39.9
39.8
39.5
40.1
39.7
Total: Furniture and
fixtures
$1.46 $68. 95
1.52 70.00
1. 54 68. 38
1.53 71.63
1.54 72.39
1.54 72. 04
1. 55 69.87
1. 55 70.62
1.55 67.76
1. 55 67.97
1. 55 68.32
1. 55 67.26
1.56 66.91
1.58 69.06
1.59 69.06
Office public-building, and professional furniture2
Flat glass
$1.96 $113. 30
2.05 114. 62
2.05 112.28
2.06 109.02
2.08 113. 52
2.09 116. 76
2. 11 126. 95
2.10 118. 99
2.10 117.09
2.09 109. 63
2.09 108.02
2.09 104. 80
2. 09 105.09
2.10 103. 32
2.11 108. 58
41.2
40.5
40.1
39.5
40.4
40.4
42.6
40.2
40.1
38.2
37.9
36.9
37.4
36.9
37.7
40.8
40.0
39.3
40.7
40.9
40.7
39.7
39.9
¿8. 6
38.4
38.6
38.0
37.8
38.8
38.8
$1.69
1. 75
1.74
1. 76
1.77
1.77
1.76
1.77
1.76
1.77
1.77
1.77
1. 77
1.78
1.78
Wood office furniture
41.9 $1.90 $71.05
$1.82 $79.61
1.96 64.71
40.3
1.89 78.99
39.8
1. 96 63.18
1.90 78.01
1.98 66.98
41.3
1.9) 81.77
41.4
2.00 67. 55
1.92 82. 80
1.98 65.67
39.8
1.92 78.80
1. 99 63.60
1.91 79. 20 39.8
39.9
1.99 66.01
1.94 79.40
1.99 63. 76
39.5
1.94 78.61
38.7
2.00 61.82
1. 94 77.40
38.8
2.02 60.10
1. 92 78.38
2.01 60.38
1.93 77. 99 38.8
1. 99 60. 64
1.94 76. 42 38.4
63.92
2.01
1.97 78. 59 39.1
1.99 63.52
39.0
1.96 77. 61
Stone, clay, and glass products
Total: Stone, clay,
and glass products
$1.64 $80. 56
1.71 83.03
1. 72 82. 82
1.72 84.05
1.75 84.66
1. 74 84. 65
1. 74 84.61
1.76 83. 58
1. 77 82.32
1. 76 80. 67
1.76 81.72
1.76 81.51
1. 78 82. 97
1.77 84.63
1. 77 84.40
39.0
38.2
36.8
39.3
37.4
38.4
38.3
37.7
35.9
37.6
37.7
37.4
39.0
39.3
39.0
Miscellaneous wood
products
$1.38 $60.01
1.42 61.56
1.45 61.91
1.45 62. 27
1.44 62.37
1.43 62. 06
1.41 61.23
1.40 61.85
1. 39 61.23
1.39 60. 76
1.40 61. 85
1.41 61. 69
1.43 61.62
1.44 63.36
1. 46 63.12
Mattresses and
bedsprings
$1.80 $71. 71
1.84 73. 90
1.80 76. 95
1.82 77.16
1.86 77. 76
1.86 75. 26
1.86 70. 86
1.90 74.30
1.85 72. 75
1.85 72. 75
1.85 69. 89
1.85 70. &3
1.85 74. 69
1.86 79.98
1.85 80.16
Screens, blinds, and
miscellaneous furniture and fixtures
$2. 05 $66.09
2.12 68.40
2.14 68.63
2.15 69.49
2.17 71. 75
2.16 70.12
2.15 68. 73
2.15 71.63
2.16 70. 27
2.19 69.17
2.19 09. 52
2.18 70.05
2.19 70.49
2.21 71.15
2. 22 70. 45
Wooden boxes, other
than cigar
$1.39 $56. 58
1.42 56.52
1.44 58.58
1. 44 58.15
1.44 56. 59
1.44 57.20
1. 43 54.00
1.42 53. 76
1.41 52.40
1.42 52.13
1.42 54. 04
1.42 54. 85
1.43 56.49
1.44 58. 46
1.45 59.13
Wood household furniture, upholstered
$1.62 $59. 20 41.4 $1.43 $71. 82
1.48 72. 50
1.67 59. 79 40.4
39.6
1.66 58.21
1.47 68.22
41.2
1.49 72. 80
1.67 61.39
41.4
1.49 75. 52
1.68 61.69
41.6
1.69 62. 40
1. 50 75. 52
1.49 74.03
1.68 60. 49
40.6
1.70 60. 45 40.3
1.50 76.95
39.1
1. 48 67. 71
1.67 57.87
1.48 70.30
1.68 56. 68 38.3
1.49 70.12
1.68 57. 96 38.9
1.68 56. 77 38.1
1. 49 67.90
1.68 56. 77 38.1
1.49 65.68
1.69 58.05
38.7
1.50 68.63
1.69 58.05
38.7
1.50 69.19
Furniture and fixtures—Continued
Metal office furniture
1956: Average_____ $87.15
1957: Average_____ 85. 28
Ju ly ................. 86.33
August______ 88. 84
September___ 88.88
October_____ 83. 66
November___ 85. 97
December....... 83.88
1958: January_____ 83. 44
February____ 82.28
82.43
March______
A pril............... 81.40
M ay________ 79.28
June................ 82. 51
Ju ly ................. 82.06
41.2
40.0
38.6
40.5
39.6
39.8
39.0
40.0
39.4
40.2
40.2
39.9
40.2
41.0
40.3
South
United States
Wooden containers1
Plywood
Miliwork
Miliwork, plywood,
and prefabricated
structural
wood
products1
Sawmills and planing mills, general
42.8
40.7
40.5
41.6
41.7
41.3
39.5
41.0
39.6
38.4
37.1
37.5
37.9
39.7
40.2
$1.66
1.59
1.56
1.61
1.62
1.59
1.61
1.61
1. 61
1.61
1.62
1.61
1.60
1.61
1.58
Glass and glassware,
pressed or blown *
$2.75 $79.40
2.83 83.58
2.80 84.82
2. 76 84.00
2.81 83. 95
2.89 83. 74
2.98 85.10
2. 96 84. 56
2.92 84. 77
2.87 84. 56
2.85 86.00
2. 84 83.85
2. 81 84. 71
2.80 86.40
2.88 84.24
39.7
39.8
40.2
40.0
39.6
39.5
39.4
39.7
39.8
39.7
40.0
39.0
39.4
40.0
39.0
$2.00
2.10
2.11
2.10
2.12
2.12
2.16
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.15
2.15
2.15
2.16
2.16
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a ble
C -l.
1187
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings horns
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Durable goods—Continued
Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued
Glass containers
1950: Average
$80.59
1957: Average_____ 85.01
86.46
J u l y _______
August............ 85.63
September___ 84. 74
84. 74
O cto b er____
November___ 86.67
85.20
December___
1958; .T a n n ery
85.86
February ----- 86.69
87.29
March______
April------------ 86.58
M ay________ 87.67
J u n e _______ 88. 75
July— ............. 86.37
39.7
40.1
40.4
40.2
39.6
39.6
40.5
40.0
40.5
40.7
40.6
39.9
40.4
40.9
39.8
$2.03 $77.81
2.12 81.56
2.14 81.59
2.13 80.78
2.14 82.58
2.14 82.74
2.14 82. 84
2.13 83. 53
2.12 83.42
2.13 81.58
2.15 83. 67
2.17 79.92
2.17 80.14
2.17 81.79
2.17 80.30
Floor and wall tile
1956; A v e ra g e
$73.57
1957; Average
75.81
J u l y . _______ 76.80
77.36
August______
September___ 78.34
76.99
October_____
November___ 76.61
December----- 75. 46
73.92
1958: Ja n u a ry ____
February------ 73. 54
74.30
March______
April
74. 11
M a y __ ___ . .
76. 44
J u n e _______ 77.39
Ju ly ...... .......... 77.18
40.2
39.9
40.0
40.5
40.8
40.1
39.9
39.3
38.5
38.5
38.9
38.6
39.4
40.1
40.2
Pressed or blown glass Glass products made
of purchased glass
39.7
39.4
39.8
39.6
39.7
39.4
38.0
39.4
38.8
38.3
39.1
37.7
37.8
38.4
37.7
40.2
39.6
40.6
40.2
40.5
40.5
38.7
37.6
35.1
35.0
35.3
36.2
38.0
39.6
39.3
Structural clay
products 2
40.9
39.7
39.3
39.2
40.4
40.9
40.0
39.6
38.5
37.6
38.1
37.5
37.7
38.1
38.8
$1.81 $80.36
1.85 83.81
1.88 85.02
1.85 85.58
1.87 82.65
1.89 84.80
1.86 82. 43
1.87 83.92
1.86 80.91
1.87 78.08
1.86 77.95
1.87 78.40
1.93 80.19
1.94 83. 25
1.94 85.05
39.2
38.8
39.0
38.9
37.4
38.2
37.3
37.8
35.8
34.7
34.8
35.0
35.8
37.0
36.5
$2.05 $72.20
2.16 73.48
2.18 71.87
2.20 73. 70
2.21 74.84
2.22 74.63
2.21 75.78
2.22 74.10
2.26 71.86
2.25 73.08
2.24 73.24
2.24 71.60
2.24 70.85
2.25 71.40
2.33 70.04
37.8
37.3
36.3
37.6
37.8
37.5
37.7
36.5
35.4
36.0
35.9
35.1
34.9
35.0
34.5
$1.91
1.97
1.98
1.96
1.98
1.99
2.01
2.03
2.03
2.03
2.04
2.04
2. 03
2.04
2.03
$81.88
82.75
84.39
87.02
86.29
85.06
82.29
81.51
81.54
78.80
80.16
81.76
85. 77
88.20
88.84
44.5
43.1
43.5
44.4
43.8
43.4
42.2
41.8
41.6
39.8
40.9
41.5
43.1
44.1
44.2
Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued
Cut-stone and stone
products
1958;
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products 2
Abrasive products
40.8 $2.04 $88.62
40.1 $2.21
41.1 $1.70 $83.23
2.14 90. 74 39.8
40.5
2.28
1.77 86. 67
40.1
2.15 88.98
39.2
2.27
1.78 85. 57 39.8
40.2
40.4
2.27
1.79 87.26
2.16 88. 53 39.0
40.6
2.30
1.79 87. 67 40.4
2.17 88. 55 38.5
40.9
September___
39.2
2.32
1.78 87.64
40.2
2.18 90.94
40.8
October_____
37.9
2.32
39.3
2.17 87.93
39.7
1. 77 85.28
November___
2.17 92.97
39.9
2. 33
1.78 85.93
39.6
39.7
December----Jan u ary
38.9
2.17 89.09
38.4
2.32
39.4
1.77 84.41
38.8
2.16 87.17
37.9
2.30
39.2
1.77 83.81
February____
2.18 89.01
38.7
2.30
1.79 85.67
39.3
40.2
M arch_____
2.17 87.09
37.7
2.31
1.79 83.98
38.7
40.9
April_______
2. 35
2.18 86. 95 37.0
1.82 84. 58 38.8
41.2
M a y . . ______
37.4
1.82 87. 74 39.7
2.21 87.89
2.35
40.8
J u n e _______
38.9
2.21 86.86
37.6
2.31
40.31 1.81 85.97
J u ly ...............
Blast furnaces, steel
works, and rolling Electrometallurgical
Blast furnaces, steel
mills, except electro
works, and rolling
products
metallurgical prod
m ills2
ucts
1956- A v e ra g e
1957; A v e ra g e
.Tnlv
A ugust,
$69.87
70.98
71. 56
72.67
73.21
72. 62
70. 27
70. 67
69.74
69.38
71.96
73.21
74.98
74.26
72.94
40.5
1956: A verage____ $102.06
1957: A verage____ 104. 79 39.1
39.4
July. ______ 107.17
A lig n s t
105. 65 38.7
38.8
September___ 107.09
October_____ 103. 74
38.0
November___ 102. 54 37.7
37.2
December----- 101.18
36.4
1958: January-------- 100.4P
35.7
February........ 98.18
March______ 100. 46 36.4
April
100. 91 36.3
M ay________ 101. 66 36.7
June________ 106. 60 37.8
37.9
J u ly .............. 111.05
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.52 $102.47
2.68 i 105.18
2.72 , 107.56
2.73 ; 106.04
2.76 107.48
2.7c 103.85
2.72 102.65
2.72 101.28
2.76 100. 55
2.75 98.26
2.76 100. 55
2.78 101.00
2. 77 101. 75
2.82 106.97
2.93 111. 43
40.5
39.1
39.4
38.7
38.8
37. £
37.6
37.1
36. c
35.6
36. £
36.2
36.6
37.8
37.9
Brick and hollow tile
$1.69 $83.84
41.3 $2.03 $73. 44 40.8 $1.80 $69.97
41.9 $1.67
1.78 87.91
39.9
1.87 69.60
40.7
2.16 74.61
40.7
1. 71
1.75 83.16
37.8
2.20 76.33
1.88
40.6
71.55
41.6
1.72
1.78 91.39
40.8
2. 24 76.52
40.7
1.88 71.72
41.7
1.72
41.1
1.80 93.30
2.27 76.38
40.2
1.90 72.28
41.3
1.75
1.82 90.50
40.4
2.24 76.19
40.1
1.90 71.58
40.9
1. 75
1.81 91.35
39.2
40.6
2.25 74.09
1.89 69. 43 39.9
1.74
40.4
1.82 90.09
2.23 73.91
38.9
1.90 68. 73 39.5
1.74
1.79 89.60
2.24 71.06
1.89 66.35
40.0
37.6
38.8
1.71
1.79 87.47
39.4
2.22 69.93
1.89 64.81
37.0
37.9
1.71
39.1
1.79 87.19
2. 23 71.25
37.9
1.88 67.37
39.4
1. 71
1.81 89.82
40.1
2.24 72.38
38.5
1.88 69.95
40.2
1.74
1.83 90. 94 40.6
2. 24 74.28
39.3
1.89 70. 82 40.7
1.74
40.4
1.83 92.11
2.28 76.17
40.3
1.89 72.80
41.6
1. 75
2.34 76.59
1.91 73.15
1.81 94.30
40.3
40.1
41.8
1.75
Pottery and related Concrete, gypsum, and
Clay refractories
Concrete
products
products
plaster products 2
$1.96 $69.12
2.07 70.67
2.05 68.78
2.04 69.78
2.08 72. 72
2.10 74. 44
2.18 72.40
2.12 72. 07
2.15 68.92
2.13 67.30
2.14 68.20
2.12 67.88
2.12 68.99
2.13 69.72
2.13 70.23
Sewer pipe
$1.83 $72. 76
1.90 73.26
1.92 76.33
1.91 74.37
1.92 75. 74
1.92 76. 55
1.92 71.98
1.92 70.31
1.92 65.29
1.91 65.45
1.91 65. 66
1.92 67.69
1.94 73. 34
1.93 76.82
1.92 76.24
Cement, hydaulic
$2.53 $88.22
2.69 93.26
2. 73 92.28
2.74 95. 34
2. 77 96.39
2. 74 95.76
2.73 96.24
2.7c 96. 0C
2. 77 98.81
2.76 98.2c
2.77 96.0C
2.79 99. 55
2.78 97.91
2.83 98.60
2. 94 101.30
40.1 $2.20
40.2
2.32
39.1
2.36
40.4
2.36
40.5
2.38
39. £ 2.4C
2.40
40.1
40. C 2.4C
41. C 2.41
41. i
2.39
40. C 2.4C
40.8
2.44
2. 46
39.8
2.49
39.6
2. 52
40.2
Asbestos products
$84. 65
89.87
89.84
92.18
91. 76
91.30
87.89
87.70
84. 53
85.36
84.50
84.07
86. 80
90.42
89.69
41.7
41.8
41.4
41.9
41.9
41.5
40.5
40.6
39.5
39.7
39.3
39.1
40.0
41.1
40.4
$2.03
2.15
2.17
2.20
2.19
2.20
2.17
2.16
2.14
2.15
2.15
2.15
2. 17
2.20
2.22
Iron and steel found
ries 2
$87.34
87.64
88.31
87.81
89.04
86. 64
85.58
86.41
82.31
82.76
82. 54
81.52
82. 67
85.10
86.16
41.2 $2.12
39.3
2.23
39.6
2.23
39.2
2.24
39.4
2.26
38. C 2.23
37.7
2.27
37. £ 2. 23
2.28
36.1
2.28
36. c
2.23
36.2
35.6
2.2£
2. 29
36.1
37.0
2.30
37.3
2.31
45.0 $1.75
$1.84 $78. 75
43.5
1.84
1.92 80.04
43.8
1.86
1.94 81.47
44.8
1.87
1.96 83.78
1.88
44.0
1.97 82.72
44.1
1.89
1.96 83.35
1.87
42.3
1.95 79.10
41.8
1.87
1.95 78.17
1.89
41.7
1.96 78.81
1.91
1.98 74.49
39.0
41.2
1.91
1.96 78.69
1.92
1.97 80.64
42.0
1.94
1.99 84. 58 43.6
1.94
44.3
2.00 85.94
44.4
1.95
2.01 86.58
Primary metal
industries
Nonclay refractories
Total: Primary metal
industries
$89.38
90.20
85.79
92.54
89. 86
87.12
86.87
83. 54
78. 57
81. 74
83.63
82.69
83.78
87. 97
89.91
$96. 52
98. 75
100.44
99.82
101.26
98.18
97.03
97.16
95.23
94.21
95.35
95.20
96.23
99. 96
102. 53
39.2
37.9
36.2
38.4
37.6
36.3
36.5
35.1
32.6
34.2
34.7
34.6
35.2
36.5
37.0
$2.28
2.38
2.37
2.41
2.39
2. 40
2.38
2.38
2.41
2.39
2. 41
2.39
2.38
2.41
2.43
Gray-iron foundries
$83.84
84.15
85.63
84.97
85.80
83.85
83. IS
83. 55
78.72
78.94
79.3£
78.62
80. 86
83.0£
83.62
40.9
39.5
39.7
39.3
39.4
38.5
38.2
38.1
37.2
36.8
37.1
36.9
37.3
38.3
38.4
$2.36
2.50
2. 53
2. 54
2. 57
2. 55
2.54
2. 55
2. 58
2. 56
2. 57
2.58
2.58
2. 61
2.67
Malleable-iron found
ries
40.7 $2.06 $83.84
38.6
2. IS 84.63
39.1
2.1£ 83.85
38.8
2.1£ 83.33
39.0
2.20 87.47
37.6
2. 23 84.29
2.22 85. 57
37.3
2.24 86.24
37.3
2.23 81.09
35.3
35.4
2.23 84.45
35.6
2.2c 83.17
35.1
2.24 80.3c
2. 24 81.45
36.1
36. £ 2.25 86.4]
37.0
2.26 84.83
40.5 $2.07
2.17
39.0
39. C 2.15
38.4
2.17
39.4
2.22
37.8
2.23
38.2
2.24
38.5
2.24
36.2
2.24
37.7
2.24
36.8
2.26
2.25
35.7
2.25
36.2
2.28
37.9
2.25
37.7
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
1188
T a ble C - l .
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
brly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
1— Con.
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
brly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Year and month
Primary metal Industries—Continued
Steel foundries
1956: Average.......... $95. 63
1957: Average.......... 95.65
95. 24
July________
95. 27
August........
September___ 96.32
93. 21
October....... .
November___ 91.63
93. 21
December___
1958: January.......... 91.20
February____ 90.38
89.28
M arch______
April............... 88.08
M a y ............... 87.00
June________ 88.81
92. 23
July________
42.5
40.7
40.7
40.2
40.3
39.0
38.5
39.0
38.0
37.5
37.2
36.7
36.1
36.7
37.8
$2.25 $91.46
2. 35 95.82
2.34 95.58
2.37 97.36
2.39 97.28
2.39 97.44
2.38 96.64
2.39 97.53
2.40 97.04
2 41 98.09
2.40 97.69
2.40 97.04
2.41 96. 96
2.42 96. 96
2.44 98. 80
Rolling, drawing,
and alloying
of copper
1956: Average........... $95.18
94. 54
1957: Average....... J u ly ............... 95. 18
August............ 93. 13
September___ 95. 99
97.03
October_____
November___ 96.24
December___ 96. 64
1958: January_____ 90. 34
February____ 91.44
March.... ........ 92.16
April___ ____ 90.82
M a y ________ 91.54
June________ 98.17
99.38
July
42.3
40.4
40.5
39.8
40.5
40.6
40.1
40.1
37.8
38.1
38.4
38.0
38.3
40.4
40.4
Primary smelting and
Primary smelting
refining of copper,
and refining of
lead, and zinc
nonferrous metals *
$2. 25
2.34
2.35
2.34
2. 37
2.39
2.40
2.41
2. 39
2.40
2.40
2.39
2.39
2.43
2.46
Rolling, drawing,
and alloying
of aluminum
$90.90
96.00
93. 69
97. 57
100. 75
98. 46
97.07
98. 06
97.32
100.80
102.62
102. 47
103.68
106.04
101.91
Primary metal in
dustries—Continued
Welded and heavyriveted pipe
1956: Average..........
1957: Average_____
July.............
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December.......
1958: January...........
February........
March______
April...............
M a y ________
June...... ..........
J uly________
$94.48
99. 05
104.67
102. 91
102.87
97.27
97.02
96. 89
97. 66
96.90
95.74
99.96
97.66
102.83
110.81
40.9
40.1
41.7
41.0
40.5
38.6
38.5
38.6
38.6
38.0
37.4
39.2
38.0
39.4
41.5
Hardware
1956: Average.......... $83.44
1957: Average.......... 89.13
i Ju ly............... . 88.48
August............ 89.35
September___ 95.85
October........... 94.02
November___ 93. 98
85.02
December___
1958: January.......... 85. 31
February____ 85. 31
85.03
M arch______
82. 56
April...............
85.80
M a y ............ .
June................ 88.93
86.58
July________
40.7
40.7
40.4
40.8
42.6
41.6
41.4
39.0
38.6
38.6
38.3
37.7
39.0
39.7
39.0
S e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
41.2 $2.22 $88.81
2.36 89.91
40.6
40.5
2.36 91.13
2.41 90.45
40.4
2.42 91.94
40.2
40. 1 2.43 89.50
40. 1 2.41 89.15
2.42 90. 05
40.3
40. 1 2.42 88.70
2.44 89.15
40.2
2.43 88.98
40.2
40. 1 2. 42 88.31
2.43 87.42
39.9
2.43 89.10
39.9
2. 47 90.91
40.0
40.4
40.0
39.7
39.5
40.3
39.7
39.3
39.7
39.4
40.0
40.4
40.5
40.5
41.1
39.5
41.5
40.5
40.5
40.2
40.5
39.6
39.8
40.2
39.6
39.8
39.9
39.6
39.2
39.6
39.7
$2.14
2.22
2.25
2.25
2.27
2.26
2.24
2.24
2.24
2.24
2.23
2. 23
2. 23
2.25
2.29
Nonferrous foundries
$2. 25 $88.94
2.40 91.20
2. 36 91.77
2.47 92.06
2.50 93. 26
2.48 91.64
2.47 90. 94
2. 47 90. 48
2.47 90. 25
2.52 89. 24
2.54 89.71
2.53 88.86
2.56 90.87
2.58 93.60
2.58 91.34
40.8
40.0
39.9
40.2
40.2
39.5
39.2
39.0
38.9
38.3
38.5
38.3
39.0
40.0
39.2
Primary refining of
aluminum
$95. 34
103.68
101.66
106.93
106. 13
107. 59
105. 20
106.13
106. 52
109. 35
109. 89
109. 62
110. 43
108.80
108. 78
40.4
40.5
40.5
40.2
39.9
40.6
40.0
40.2
40.5
40.5
40.7
40.6
40.6
40.0
39.7
$2.36 $85.04
2.56 87.53
2.51 85. 44
2.66 90. 94
2.66 89.86
2. 65 87.67
2.63 89. 76
2.64 89.57
2.63 86.40
2. 70 85. 24
2.70 85.24
2. 70 87.60
2.72 85.72
2.72 86.37
2. 74 88.22
Miscellaneous pri
mary metal
industries *
$2.18 $100.14
2. 28 100.85
2.30 100. 69
2.29 101.66
2.32 101. 45
2.32 99.43
2.32 98.42
2. 32 99. 31
2. 32 98.30
2. 33 96. 77
2. 33 96.90
2.32 96.14
2.33 97. 02
2.34 101.14
2.33 102.05
41.9
40 5
40.6
40.5
40.1
39.3
38.9
39.1
38.7
38.1
38.0
37.7
37.9
39.2
39.4
Secondary smelting
and refining of
nonferrous metals
42.1
40.9
40.3
42.1
41.6
40.4
40.8
40.9
40.0
39.1
39.1
40.0
39.5
39.8
40.1
$2.02 $93.38
2.14 95.51
2.12 94. 24
2.16 95. 52
2.16 98.42
2.17 97. 28
2.20 96.32
2.19 96.96
2.16 93.65
2.18 95.80
2.18 96. 68
2.19 95.80
2.17 96.43
2.17 101.09
2.20 99. 75
Iron and steel forgings
$2.39 $105.42
2. 49 105. 97
2. 48 105. 52
2. 51 104. 52
2. 53 103. 89
2. 53 102. 43
2. 53 99.68
2.54 101. 52
2.54 100. 47
2.54 98.89
2. 55 99. 53
2. 55 97.94
2.56 98.58
2.58 101.46
2.59 101.88
42.0
40.6
40.9
40.2
39.5
38.8
37.9
38.6
38.2
37.6
37.7
37.1
37.2
38.0
38.3
Rolling, drawing, and
alloying of nonferrous
metals 1
41.5
40.3
40.1
39.8
40.5
40.2
39.8
39.9
38.7
39.1
39.3
39.1
39.2
40.6
39.9
$2.25
2.37
2.35
2.40
2.43
2. 42
2.42
2.43
2.42
2.45
2. 46
2.45
2. 46
2. 49
2. 50
Wire drawing
$2. 51 $96.83
2.61 96.63
2.58 94. 56
2.60 98. 09
2.63 97.36
2.64 96. 56
2.63 95. 68
2.63 97.76
2.63 96. 04
2.63 94.82
2.64 93.84
2.64 91.26
2. 65 94.33
2. 67 99. 45
2.66 98.60
42.1
40.6
39.9
40.7
40.4
39.9
39.7
39.9
39.2
38.7
38.3
37.4
38.5
40.1
39.6
$2.30
2.38
2. 37
2.41
2.41
2.42
2.41
2.45
2.45
2.45
2.45
2.44
2.45
2.48
2.49
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)
Total: Fabricated
metal products
$2.31 $85.28
2.47 88.94
2.51 89.13
2. 51 89. 98
2.54 91.91
2. 52 90.35
2.52 90. 32
2.51 89.24
2.53 87. 25
2. 55 86. 36
2.56 87.42
2. 55 87.14
2.57 88. 65
2. 61 90.80
2. 67 91.20
41.2
40.8
40.7
40.9
41.4
40.7
40.5
40.2
39.3
38.9
39.2
38.9
39.4
40.0
40.0
$2.07
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.22
2. 22
2. 23
2.22
2. 22
2.22
2. 23
2. 24
2.25
2.27
2.28
Heating apparatus
(except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies J
$2.05 $79.99
2.19 83.95
2.19 81.90
2.19 84. 56
2.25 86.24
2. 26 86. 03
2.27 85.06
2.18 86. 55
2.21 86.07
2.21 84. 97
2.22 85. 41
2.19 85. 14
2.20 84.75
2.24 87.07
2.22 85.58
39.6
39.6
39.0
39.7
40.3
40.2
39.2
39.7
39.3
38.8
39.0
38.7
38.7
39.4
38.9
Tin cans and other
tinware
$92.20
96.88
101. 76
99.64
97.34
96.00
98. 17
101.19
96.23
98.42
100.36
98.74
102.59
106.68
107.18
42.1
41.4
43.3
42.4
41.6
40.0
40.4
41.3
39.6
40.5
41.3
40.3
41.2
42.5
42.7
$2.19 $81.60
2.34 85.65
2.35 84.19
2.35 85. 65
2.34 90.27
2.40 89.38
2.43 89. 57
2. 45 83.92
2. 43 82. 99
2.43 82. 56
2.43 82. 94
2.45 81.53
2.49 83. 21
2.51 85.67
2.51 84.24
Sanitary ware and
plumbers’ supplies
$ 2 .0 2
$ 8 2 .6 8
2 .1 2
2 .1 0
2 .1 3
2 .1 4
2 .1 4
2 .1 7
2 .1 8
2 .1 9
2 .1 9
2 .1 9
2 .2 0
2 .1 9
2 .2 1
2 .2 0
8 6 .4 1
8 5 . 53
8 8 .3 6
8 8 .5 8
8 7 . 69
9 0 . 06
9 0 .0 6
9 0 . 39
8 9 .2 4
8 7 .9 4
8 6 .9 4
8 6 . 79
9 1 .4 8
8 8 .8 5
3 9 .0
3 9 .1
3 8 .7
3 9 .8
3 9 .9
3 9 .5
3 9 .5
3 9 .5
3 9 .3
3 8 .8
3 8 .4
3 7 .8
3 7 .9
3 9 .6
3 8 .8
Cutlery, handtools,
and hardware *
$ 2 .1 2
2 .2 1
2 .2 1
2 .2 2
2 .2 2
2 . 22
2 .2 8
2 .2 8
2 .3 0
2 .3 0
2 . 29
2 .3 0
2 .2 9
2 .3 1
2 .2 9
40.8
40.4
39.9
40.4
41.6
41.0
40.9
39.4
38.6
38.4
38.4
38.1
38.7
39.3
39.0
Cutlery and edge tools
$2.00 $72.62
2.12 74. 77
2.11 73.42
2.12 73.82
2.17 75.39
2.18 76.17
2.19 76.38
2.13 76.00
2.15 73.53
2.15 72.58
2.16 74.11
2.14 75.26
2.15 75.85
2.18 75.46
2.16 75.84
40.8
40.2
39.9
39 9
40.1
40.3
40.2
40.0
38.7
38.0
38.6
39.2
39.1
39.1
39.5
Handtools
$1.78 $82. 82
1.86 83.37
1.84 80.47
1.85 84.19
1.88 85.60
1.89 84. 96
1.90 85.39
1.90 85.81
1.90 82.82
1.91 82. 51
1.92 82. 99
1.92 82.94
1.94 81.38
1.93 83.71
1.92 83. 76
41.0
39.7
38.5
39.9
40.0
39.7
39.9
40.1
38.7
38.2
38.6
38.4
37.5
38.4
38.6
$2.02
2.10
2.09
2.11
2.14
2.14
2.14
2.14
2.14
2.16
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.17
Oil burners, nonelec
Structural steel and
tric heating and cook Fabricated structural
ornamental metalwork
metal products 3
ing apparatus, not
elsewhere classified
$ 7 9 .0 0
8 2 . 58
8 0 .5 5
8 2 .9 7
8 5 .4 6
8 5 .4 6
8 2 .6 8
84 . 77
8 4 .1 0
8 2 .6 4
8 4 . 10
8 4 .0 7
8 3 . 85
8 4 .8 9
8 4 .2 4
3 9 .9
3 9 .7
3 9 .1
3 9 .7
4 0 .5
4 0 .5
3 9 .0
3 9 .8
3 9 .3
3 8 .8
3 9 .3
39. 1
3 9 .0
3 9 .3
3 9 .0
$ 1 .9 8
2 .0 8
2 .0 6
2 .0 9
2 .1 1
2 .1 1
2 .1 2
2 .1 3
2 .1 4
2 .1 3
2 .1 4
2 .1 5
2 .1 5
2 .1 6
2 .1 6
$ 8 7 .5 7
9 2 . 99
9 3 .6 3
9 4 .8 9
9 5 .9 9
9 4 .3 9
9 3 .0 2
9 3 .7 1
9 1 .7 1
8 9 . 83
9 1 .0 8
9 0 .4 6
9 1 .5 4
9 3 .5 6
9 4 .7 7
4 1 .5
4 1 .7
4 1 .8
4 1 .8
4 2 .1
4 1 .4
4 0 .8
4 1 .1
4 0 .4
3 9 .4
3 9 .6
3 9 .5
3 9 .8
4 0 .5
4 0 .5
$ 2 .1 1
2 . 23
$ 8 7 . 57
9 4 . 73
2 .2 4
2 .2 7
2 .2 8
2 .2 8
2 .2 8
2 .2 8
2 . 27
2 .2 8
2 .3 0
2 . 29
2 .3 0
2 .3 1
2 .3 4
9 5 .3 7
9 7 .1 0
9 7 . 98
9 6 .3 7
9 3 . 89
9 4 .3 5
9 2 .1 1
8 9 .3 8
9 1 .3 1
9 0 . 91
9 3 .0 9
9 4 .0 2
9 5 .7 1
4 1 .5
4 2 .1
4 2 .2
4 2 .4
4 2 .6
4 1 .9
4 1 .0
4 1 .2
4 0 .4
3 9 .2
3 9 .7
3 9 .7
4 0 .3
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
$ 2 .1 1
2 . 25
2 .2 6
2 .2 9
2 .3 0
2 .3 0
2 . 29
2 .2 9
2 .2 8
2 .2 8
2 .3 0
2 .2 9
2 .3 1
2 .3 1
2 .3 4
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a ble
C -l.
1189
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Con.
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Durable goods—Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)—Continued
Metal doors, sash,
frames, molding
and trim
1956: Average........... $84.85
1957: Average........... 89.79
Ju ly ................ 90. 67
August............ 92. 51
September___ 94.02
October_____ 89.82
November___ 90.98
December___ 91.02
1958: January_____ 87.38
February........ 86.58
M arch............ 86. 36
April________ 84. 86
M ay............... 87.52
June________ 88. 75
J u l y . . . . ......... 90. 45
40.6 $2.09 $87.98
2.19 92. 77
41.0
2.19 92.35
41.4
2.24 93.15
41.3
41.6
2.26 94.95
40. 1 2.24 94.85
40.8
2.23 92.80
2.22 93.25
41.0
39.9
2.19 93. 43
39.0
2.22 91.94
38.9
2.22 92.97
38.4
2.21 92.73
39.6
2. 21 90.17
39.8
2.23 94.71
40.2
2. 25 94.96
Lighting fixtures
1956: Average........... $76. 40
1957: Average.......... 79.80
Ju ly................. 80.19
August______ 80.00
September___ 82.62
October_____ 82.19
November___ 82.80
December___
78. 16
1958: January-------- 76. 94
February____ 75. 75
March______
74. 77
April------------ 75. 75
M ay________ 78.13
June________ 80.57
July________
82.35
Boiler-shop products
40.0
39.7
39.7
40.0
40.3
39.9
40.0
38.5
37.9
37.5
37.2
37.5
38.3
39.3
39.4
41.5
41.6
41.6
41.4
42.2
41.6
40.7
40.9
40.8
39.8
39.9
39.8
38.7
40.3
39.9
$2.12 $90. 52
2.23 93.56
2.22 94.85
2.25 94.62
2.25 95.40
2.28 94.12
2.28 92.97
2.28 95.76
2.29 93.96
2.31 92.80
2.33 91.64
2.33 92. 43
2. 33 95.24
2.35 97. 47
2. 38 96.39
Fabricated wire
products
$1.91 $80. 75
2.01 82.21
2.02 81.18
2.00 82. 40
2.05 84.03
2.06 82.16
2.07 82.39
2.03 82. 59
2.03 81.33
2.02 79.90
2.01 80.29
2.02 80.26
2.04 81.30
2.05 82. 92
2.09 82. 68
41.2
40.1
39.6
40.0
40.4
39.5
39.8
39.9
39.1
38.6
38.6
38.4
38.9
39.3
39.0
Sheet-metal work
$1. 96
2.05
2.05
2.06
2.08
2.08
2.07
2.07
2.08
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.09
2.11
2.12
42.3
41.4
41.6
41.5
41.3
41. 1
40.6
41.1
40.5
40.0
39.5
39.5
40.7
41.3
40.5
42.2
41.4
41.4
41.2
41.2
41.0
40.6
40.3
39.3
38.9
38.4
37.5
38.0
38.9
39.3
Fabricated
metal
products
(except
ordnance, machin
ery & transportation
equipment)—Con.
Screw-machine
products
1956: Average....... . $85.63
1957: Average........... 87.99
86.52
J u ly ............
51
August______ 86.
September___ 87.34
87.53
October.........
46
November___ 86.
86.69
December___ 82.68
1958: January-------- 81.24
February____ 80.98
M arch______
79.76
April_______
79.76
M ay_______
82.01
June........ _ _ 84.32
July— ....... .
42.6
41.7
41.2
41.0
41.2
40.9
40.4
40.7
39.0
38.5
38.2
37.8
37.8
38.5
39.4
Tractors
1956: Average_____
1957: Average_____
J u ly ............
A u g u st-.........
September___
October...........
November___
December... .
1958: January_____
February____
M arch______
Anril_____ .
M ay............ .
June________
July-------------
$90.27
93.22
91. 57
88.92
94. 95
95.59
93.90
96.14
96.53
92.25
94.24
98.21
102.97
100.44
104.70
40.3
39.5
39.3
38.0
39.4
39.5
38.8
39.4
39.4
37.5
38.0
39.6
40.7
39.7
40.9
See footnotes at end of table.
479 6 0 3 — 58------- 7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.14 $87. 76
2.26 90.13
2.28 89.20
2.28 89.91
2.31 92.70
2.29 90.72
2.29 93.02
2.33 89. 33
2.32 87.08
2. 32 87.46
2.32 89.89
2.34 90.68
2.34 92.40
2.36 93.03
2.38 93.50
Miscellaneous fab
ricated metal
products2
$86.09
89.01
89.01
88.99
89.40
89.79
88. 51
87. 45
85.28
84. 41
83. 71
81.75
83.22
85. 97
87.64
Metal stamping,
coating, and en
graving 2
$2.04
2.15
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.19
2.18
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.18
2.18
2.19
2.21
2.23
41.2
40.6
40.0
40.5
41.2
40.5
40.8
39.7
38.7
38.7
39.6
39.6
40.0
40.1
40.3
Vitreous-enameled
products
$2.13 $66.64
2.22 70.49
2.23 72.86
2.22 74.34
2.25 75.12
2.24 76.31
2.28 69.36
2.25 70.07
2. 25 66.60
2.26 68.26
2.27 74. 34
2.29 66.60
2.31 72.00
2.32 74.66
2. 32 79. 76
Metal shipping
barrels, drums, kegs,
and pails
$97.36
98.64
103. 58
102. 55
99.23
95.01
95.99
91.85
93.84
98.06
95.45
99. 54
101.59
104.66
108.03
42.7
41.1
42.8
42.2
40.5
39.1
39.5
37.8
38.3
39.7
38.8
40.3
40.8
42.2
42.2
39.2
39.6
41.4
41.3
41.5
41.7
37.9
38.5
36.0
37.1
40.4
36.0
38.5
39.5
42.2
$1.70 $91.94
1.78 93.84
1.76 92.86
1.80 93.38
1.81 97.11
1.83 94. 42
1. 83 97.64
1.82 93.13
1.85 89. 71
1.84 90. 71
1.84 93.85
1.85 96.00
1.87 97.69
1.89 97. 93
1.89 97.44
Steel springs
$2.28 $90. 61
2. 40 95.41
2.42 94. 71
2. 43 96. 76
2. 45 95.82
2.43 93.85
2.43 92. 75
2.43 91.72
2.45 90.15
2.47 89.68
2.46 87.93
2. 47 88.60
2. 49 86.72
2.48 91.01
2.56 91.54
41.0
40.6
40.3
41.0
40.6
39.6
39.3
38.7
38.2
38.0
37.1
37.7
36.9
38.4
38.3
Stamped and
pressed metal
products
41.6
40.8
40.2
40.6
41.5
40.7
41.2
39.8
38.5
38.6
39.6
40.0
40.2
40.3
40.1
$2.21
2.30
2.31
2.30
2.34
2.32
2.37
2.34
2.33
2.35
2.37
2.40
2.43
2.43
2. 43
Bolts, nuts,
washers, and
rivets
$2.21 $88. 41
2.35 91.08
2.35 90.45
2.36 90.39
2.36 91.88
2.37 92.70
2. 36 92.48
2.37 89. 47
2.36 87.91
2.36 84. 64
2.37 83.25
2.35 78.59
2.35 81.54
2.37 84.98
2.39 86.33
42.3
41.4
41.3
40.9
41.2
41.2
41.1
40.3
39.6
38.3
37.5
35.4
36.4
37.6
37.7
$2.09
2.20
2.19
2.21
2.23
2.25
2.25
2.22
2.22
2.21
2.22
2.22
2.24
2.26
2.29
Machinery (except electrical)
Total: Machinery
(except electrical)
$2.01 $93.26
2.11 94.30
2.10 93.61
2.11 93.15
2.12 94.42
2.14 93.67
2.14 92.50
2.13 94.30
2.12 92.90
2.11 92.12
2.12 93.22
2.11 92. 75
2.11 93. 38
2.13 94.25
2.14 93.77
42.2
41.0
40.7
40.5
40.7
40.2
39.7
40.3
39.7
39.2
39.5
39.3
39.4
39.6
39.4
$2.21
2.30
2.30
2.30
2.32
2.33
2.33
2.34
2.34
2.35
2.36
2.36
2. 37
2. 38
2.38
A gricultural m a
chinery (except trac
tors)
$2.24 $82.37
2.36 89.20
2.33 89. 47
2.34 88.98
2.41 91.71
2.42 89. 44
2.42 89.60
2.44 92.92
2. 45 92.63
2. 46 93.03
2.48 95.47
2. 48 93.26
2.53 93.50
2.53 94.60
2.56 92.27
39.6
40.0
40.3
39.9
40.4
39.4
39.3
40.4
40.1
40.1
40.8
40.2
40 3
40.6
39.6
Engines and
turbines 2
$95.45
99. 55
98.98
98.25
100.60
100.40
102.31
103.32
100. 50
100. 50
102.16
100.00
99.75
102.26
99.57
41.5
40.8
40.4
40.1
40.4
40.0
40.6
41.0
40.2
40.2
40.7
40.0
39.9
40.1
39.2
Steam engines, tur
bines, and water
wheels
$2.30 $101.33
2.44 113.05
2.45 114. 70
2.45 111.04
2.49 109. 59
2. 51 112. 75
2.52 116.60
2.52 117.02
2.50 103.88
2.50 104. 68
2. 51 105.06
2.50 106.27
2.50 106. 93
2.55 109.21
2.54 107.86
41.7
42.5
42.8
41.9
41.2
41.3
42.4
42.4
39.2
39.5
39.2
39.8
39.9
40.3
39.8
$2.43 $94.21
2.66 95.51
2.68 93.85
2.65 94.01
2.66 97.44
2. 73 96.62
2. 75 97.60
2. 76 98.82
2.65 99.23
2.65 98.98
2.68 101.11
2.67 98.00
2.68 97.36
2.71 99.60
2.71 96.72
Construction and min
Construction and
machinery, except
mining machinery 2 ing
oilfield machinery
$2.08 $92.23
2.23 92.84
2. 22 91.94
2.23 92.16
2.27 93.61
2.27 91.25
2.28 89.70
2.30 91.87
2.31 90.94
2.32 89.47
2.34 89.24
2.32 89.24
2.32 89.94
2.33 90.09
2.33 91.80
42.5
40.9
40.5
40.6
40.7
39.5
39.0
39.6
39.2
38.4
38.3
38.3
38.6
38.5
38.9
$2.17 $92.01
2.27 92.39
2.27 91.25
2.27 91.25
2.30 92. 46
2.31 89.93
2.30 88.62
2.32 90.16
2.32 90.09
2.33 88.39
2.33 89.01
2.33 89.32
2.33 90.40
2. 34 90.79
2.36 93.14
42.4
40.7
40.2
40.2
40.2
39.1
38.7
39.2
39.0
38.1
38.2
38.5
38.8
38.8
39.3
Diesel and other in
ternal-combustion Agricultural machin
engines, not else
ery and tractors1
where classified
41.5
40.3
39.6
39.5
40.1
39.6
40.0
40.5
40.5
40.4
41.1
40.0
39.9
40.0
39.0
$2.27 $86.80
2.37 91.31
2.37 90. 74
2.38 89.08
2.43 93.37
2.44 92.83
2.44 92.04
2. 44 94.56
2.45 94.49
2. 45 92.73
2. 46 94.95
2. 45 95.76
2.44 98.01
2.49 97. 28
2.48 98.09
Oilfield machinery
and tools
$2.17 $92.45
2.27 93. 75
2.27 93.34
2.27 94.43
2.30 97.02
2.30 94.13
2.29 92.50
2.30 95.18
2.31 92.90
2.32 91.26
2.33 89.71
2.32 88.22
2. 33 88.92
2.34 88.69
2.37 89.07
42.8
41.3
41.3
41.6
42.0
40.4
39.7
40.5
39.7
39.0
38.5
37.7
38.0
37.9
37.9
40.0
39.7
39.8
38.9
39.9
39.5
39.0
39.9
39.7
38.8
39.4
39.9
40.5
40.2
40.2
$2.17
2.30
2.28
2.29
2.34
2.35
2.36
2.37
2.38
2.39
2.41
2.40
2.42
2.42
2.44
Metalworking
machinery2
$2.16 $108.69
2.27 106. 57
2.26 106.00
2.27 103.42
2.31 103. 75
2.33 100.19
2.33 99.10
2.35 101.91
2.34 99.90
2.34 101.09
2.33 103. 72
2.34 104.00
2.34 103.10
2.34 102.05
2.35 99.33
45.1
42.8
42.4
41.7
41.5
40.4
39.8
40.6
39.8
39.8
40.2
40.0
39.5
39.4
38.8
$2.41
2.49
2.50
2.48
2.50
2.48
2.49
2.51
2.51
2.54
2.58
2.60
2. 61
2.59
2.56
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
1190
T a ble
C-l. Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—Con.
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
h ours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
ea rn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
rours
A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
D u r a b le g o o d s —C o n tin u e d
Year and month
M a c h in e r y (e x c e p t e le c tr ic a l)— C o n tin u e d
Metalworking machinery (except machine tools)
Machine tools
]
1957*
1958*
A ver a g e
__
A vp.rage
J u ly
A ii g u st
S e p t e m b e r ___
O ctober
N ovp/m bpr
"Deeem ber __
Ja n u a r y
February
M arch
A pril
J u ly ......... .............
£106.02
100. 86
97.17
97. 58
97.61
96. 24
94.23
95.92
93.06
89. 77
90.92
89. 49
88.67
89.76
87.82
45.7 $2.32 $97.41
2.39 99.42
42.2
2.37 100. 26
41.0
41.0
2.38 99. 29
2.41 102. 72
40.5
2. 40 97. 69
40.1
39.1
2. 41 96.87
2.41 98.49
39.8
39.1
2.38 95.69
38.2
2.35 95.20
2.38 95.84
38.2
37.6
2.38 96. 61
2.39 93.61
37.1
37.4
2.40 95.23
2.38 97.52
36.9
Paper-industries
machinery
IQfifi- A v e r a g e _______
1957* Avp.rage _
J u ly
An grist.
ppp tp m b er
O ctober
N ovem ber
T ) p ,p,e m b e r ___
1958* .Tan n a ry
February
"JVTaroh
A pril
IVTay
J u l y - ....................
$97. 65
96.78
92.88
92.02
94.83
94.18
91.98
96.14
90. 03
87.20
87.16
86. 24
89.20
88.31
89.78
Industrial trucks,
tractors, etc.
1956:
1957:
1958:
A v e r a g e ______
A verage. _
.Tnly
A u g u s t _______
S e p te m b e r ____
O c to b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ____
J a n u a r y ______
F e b r u a r y _____
M areh
A p r i l . . . ............
M a y _____ __
J u n e __________
J u l y ....................
$90.49
89. 78
90. 85
90.90
92.69
90. 46
88.46
90.23
89. 77
88. 86
89. 32
90.48
91.34
91.57
92.98
41.7
39.9
40.2
40.4
40.3
39.5
38.8
39.4
39.2
38.3
38.5
39.0
39.2
39.3
39.4
1956- A verage
A v e r a g e ______
J u ly __________
A u g u s t _______
S e p te m b e r ___
O c to b e r ______
N o v e m b e r ___
D e c e m b e r ___
1958: J a n u a r y _____
F e b r u a r y ____
M a r c h _______
A p r il_________
M a y _______
June
_____
J u ly ---------------
1957:
$86. 24
87. 3C
86.51
87.0'
89. 82
90. 74
87.4C
87. 55
89. 5(
86. 75
89.04
85. 8Í
89. 21
90.74
90.74
40.3
39. £
39. £
39.4
40.1
39.8
38.
39.1
39.
38.4
39.4
38.
39. £
39.8
39.8
See footnotes at endof table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
43.7 $2. 35
41.8
2.39
41.1
2.39
2.33
39.6
40.8
2.38
41.3
2.40
2. 41
41.0
40.9
2.41
2.43
40.7
2.42
40.2
41.3
2.42
2.42
40.7
40.2
2.43
2.43
40.2
2. 44
39.5
45.5 $2. 53
2.59
43.5
43.5
2.60
2. 56
42.2
2. 57
41.9
40.7
2. 54
2. 55
40.3
41.2
2. 58
2.60
40.6
2.66
41.0
2. 71
41.6
2. 73
41.5
2.75
41.3
2. 72
40.7
39.9
2.66
G e n e ra l in d u str ia l
m a c h in e r y 3
$92. 65
92.89
92. 62
92.84
94.99
93.38
92.23
94.19
91.48
89.86
90.32
90.32
90.94
92.90
91.73
42.5
41.1
40.8
40.9
41.3
40.6
40.1
40.6
39.6
38.9
39.1
39.1
39.2
39.7
39.2
42.8
41.1
40.4
41.0
41.0
40.5
40.1
40.0
39.4
38.4
39.0
38.6
38.7
38.8
38.6
$2.22 $90. 71 41.8
41.3
2.30 94.16
39.8
2.30 90. 74
41.4
2.26 94.36
42.4
2.31 99. 64
2.32 98.00 • 41.7
2.3“! 94. 66 40.8
2. 34 96. 82 41.2
40. (
2. 34 93.20
39. (
2.35 90.09
2.34 90. 55 39.2
39.4
2.33 91.41
38.2
2.32 88.47
38.9
2.35 91.03
38.9
2.34 90.25
Domestic laundry
equipment
$2. V $89. 54
2.2
88. 52
2. Ie 89. 60
87.98
2.2
2. 2- 99.78
2.2Í 98. 6£
2.21 87. 92
2. 2' 83. 62
2.2
88. 78
2.2
89. 66
89. 31
2.2
2.2
85. 88
2.2
91.36
2.21 94.2,
2.2Í 95.2C
$89.88
90.06
89.82
88.97
90. 23
90.64
88.88
89. 98
88.62
87. 52
87.69
87.25
87.64
88.26
88.82
42.8 $2.10
2.17
41.5
2.18
41.2
2.17
41.0
2.19
41.2
2.20
41.2
40.4
2.20
40.9
2.20
2.21
40.1
39.6
2. 21
2.22
39.5
2.22
39.3
2.23
39.3
39.4
2.24
2.26
39.3
42.4
41.0
40.7
40.4
41.4
40.5
39.6
40.1
39.1
38.8
39.0
39.2
39.4
40.0
39.4
$2.13
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.24
2.24
2.23
2.24
2.24
2.24
2. 24
2. 26
2.25
2.28
2.29
O ffice a n d sto re m a c h in e s a n d d e v ic e s 3
41.2
40.1
39.9
39.7
40.1
39.8
39.8
39.8
38.7
39.0
39.2
39.4
39.3
39.9
39.9
$2.19
2. 25
2.24
2. 25
2. 27
2.29
2.32
2. 32
2.32
2.33
2.34
2. 33
2.32
2.34
2.35
Sewing machines
41.5 $1.96 $88. 97
41.2
2. o; 89.20
42. C 2. Of 90. 27
40. £ 2. Of 90. 77
41.6
2. It 88.4C
4 L '
2.1C 88.06
93.42
2 .1
40.6
2.06 93. 2C
40.'
39.6
2.0' 88. 82
2.0' 89. 2'
38.2
89. 72
2.1
38.
2.1
88. 56
37.'
2. K 86.02
37.6
2.1. 87. 2'
40.:
2.12 87.01
38.
Textile machinery
Food-products machintry
Pumps, air and gas
compressors
$2.17 $90.23
2. 28 90.23
2. 28 89.38
2.28 89.33
2.35 91.02
2. 35 91.14
2.32 92. 34
2.35 92.34
2.33 89. 78
2.31 90.87
2.31 91.73
2. 32 91.80
2.31 91.18
2. 34 93.37
2.32 93. 77
Commercial laundry,
dry-cleaning, and
pressing machines
40.7 $2.20 $81.34
39. C 2. 27 83.8'
2.2' 86. 52
40.0
39.1
2. 2£ 83. 43
2.3' 87. 96
42.1
41.8
2. 30 87.57
37.6
2.36 86. 3C
2.28 85. Of
36.'
38.0
2. 30 82. 56
2.34 79.0'
38.2
2.26 80.36
39.0
36.'
2.34 79. 5£
38.4
2.38 79.56
2.38 86.22
39.0
2.38 82.01
40.0
S p e c ia l-in d u s tr y m a c h in e r y
(e x c e p t
m e ta lw o r k in g m a c h in e r y ) *
$2.18 $90.31
2.26 90.20
2. 27 89. 54
2. 27 88.88
2.30 92. 74
2.30 90.72
2. 30 88.31
2.32 89. 82
2.31 87. 58
2.31 86.91
2.31 87.36
2.31 88.59
2.32 88.65
2.34 91.20
2.34 90.23
Mechanical vower- Mechanical stokers
and industrial furtransmission equipnaces and ovens
ment
$2.17 $95.02
2.25 94. 53
2.2C 92.92
2. 25 93.89
2.30 94.71
2. 26 93.96
2.28 93. 83
2.26 93. 60
2.26 92.20
2.36 90. 24
2.36 91.26
2.36 89. 94
2.32 90.17
2.31 91.18
2.3( 90.32
S e r v ic e -in d u str y a n d
h o u s e h o ld m a c h in e s 3
43.1 $2.26 £115.12
2.39 112.67
41.6
41.6
2. 41 113.10
2. 41 108.03
41.2
2.44 107. 68
42.1
2.43 103.38
40.2
2.44 102. 77
39.7
2.45 106. 30
40.2
2. 46 105. 56
38.9
2.46 109.06
38.7
2.47 112.74
38.8
2.49 113.30
38.8
2. 47 113.58
37.9
38.4
2.48 110. 70
2.52 106.13
38.7
Printing-trades machinery and equipment
46.6 $2.10 $102.70
44.6
2.17 99.90
2.14 98.23
43.4
2.16 92.27
42.6
2.18 97.10
43.5
2.18 99.12
43.2
.42.0
2.19 98. 81
43.5
2. 21 98. 57
41.3
2.18 98.90
2.18 97.28
40.0
39.8
2.19 99.95
2.20 98.49
39.2
40.0
2.23 97.69
39.6
2.23 97.69
39.9
2.25 96.38
Machine-tool accessories
$89. 67
91.02
91.43
91.17
92. 48
91.80
89. 78
91.76
91.03
91.03
91.88
91.48
91.25
93.38
94.48
41.9 $2.14
2.22
41.0
2.23
41.0
2.24
40.7
41.1
2. 25
40.8
2. 25
39.9
2. 25
2.26
40.6
2.27
40.1
2.27
40.1
2. 28
40.3
2.27
40.3
40.2
2.27
2.30
40.6
40.9
2.31
$76. 59
77.55
77. 55
77.16
76.21
78. 74
76. 81
78.14
76. 61
75.26
73.92
72.96
72.94
74.28
74.80
Conveyors and conveying equipment
$97. 61
98.59
97.70
99.29
100.02
98.64
96. 56
100.12
95.04
93. 21
92.49
92.49
93.12
94.95
92.58
43.0
41.6
41.4
41.2
41.5
41.1
40.4
41.2
39.6
39.0
38.7
38.7
38.8
39.4
38.1
$2. 27
2.37
2.36
2.41
2. 41
2.40
2.39
2.43
2.40
2. 39
2.39
2.39
2. 40
2.41
2.43
Computing machines
and cash registers
$96.05
98.01
99.14
97. 28
99.38
98.95
100. 25
100.10
99.20
101.15
102.31
100. 90
100.00
102.21
104.04
41.4
40. 5
40.8
40.2
40.4
39.9
40.1
40.2
40.0
40.3
40.6
40.2
40.0
40.4
40.8
41.0 $2.17 $86.22
40. C 2.23 87.64
86.24
2.2
40.3
40. £ 2.24 87.64
40. C 2. 21 88. 45
39. £ 2.22 89. 92
41. C 2 .2 5 86.94
2.26 88.86
40.7
39. £ 2. 2£ 91. 6(
39. £ 2. 2f 87.1'
39.'
2. 2( 90. 56
39.6
2. 2t 86. 2Í
2.2" 90.74
37.6
2.2C 91.2C
38.
38. £ 2. 2Í 91.2C
40.1
39.3
39.2
39.3
39. £
39.1
38.3
39.3
40.
38.4
39.'
38.
39.5
40.
40.
Blowers, exhaust and
ventilating fans
$86.53
87. 48
88.04
86.67
91. 21
88. 44
87. 56
89.79
86. 85
85. 75
86.24
86.07
88.03
89.91
90.05
$2.1£
2. 23
2. 2C
2.22
2. 2‘
2.3(
2. 2'
2. 2f
2. 2<
2.2'
2. 2Í
2.2
2.281
2.28]
2.281
41.8 $2.07
40. 5 2.16
40.2
2.19
2.14
40.5
40.9
2.23
40. 2 2.20
39.8
2.20
41.0
2.19
39. 3 2. 21
2. 21
38.8
39. 2 2. 20
39.3
2.19
2.24
39.3
40. 5 2.22
40.2
2.24
Typewriters 8
$2.32 $82.60
2. 42 76.64
2.43 74.31
2.42 75. 66
2. 46 75.27
2. 48 78.01
2.50 78.41
2. 49 79. 20
2.48 70. 56
2. 51 67. 82
2. 52 70.40
2.51 73.09
2.50 74.84
2.53 79.60
2. 5£ 77.42
Refrigerators and airconditioning units
41.4 $1.85
1. 91
40. 6
1.91
40. 6
40.4
1.91
39.9
1.91
1.93
40.8
1.93
39.8
1.92
40.7
39.9
1.92
1.92
39.2
38.5
1.92
1.92
38.0
37.6
1.94
37.9
1.96
37.4
2.00
41.3
39.3
38.5
39.0
38.6
39.8
39.6
39.8
36. 0
34.6
36.1
37.1
37.8
39.6
39.1
$2.00
1.95
1.93
1.94
1.95
1.96
1.98
1. 99
1. 96
1.96
1.95
1.97
1.98
2.01
1.98
M is c e lla n e o u s m a c h in e r y p a r t s 3
$89. 87
91.62
91. 53
91.13
91.53
91.85
91. 3"
92.7£
90. 52
90.22
90. 8£
90.62
91.01
92.34
90.75
41.5
40. £
40. £
40. £
40. £
40.2
39. £
40.
39.
39.
39. £
39.4
39.4
39.5
39.2
$2.15
2.24
2. 26
2. 25
2.26
2.28
2.29
2.29
2. 28
2. 29
2.30
2.30
2.31
2. 32
2.31
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
1191
C-l. Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—Con.
A vg.
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earnm gs
A vg.
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hours
A vg.
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earnin g s
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earnin g s
A vg.
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hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earnin g s
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earnin g s
A vg.
w k ly .
h ours
A vg.
h r ly .
earnta g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earnin g s
A vg.
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hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earnta g s
A vg.
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earnta g s
A vg.
w k ly .
h o urs
A vg.
h r ly .
earnta g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earnta g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earnta g s
Manufacturing—Continued
Y ea r a n d m o n th
D u r a b le g o o d s— C o n tin u e d
M a c h in e r y (e x c e p t e le c tr ic a l)— C o n tin u e d
Fabricated pipe, fittings, and valves
1956: A v e r a g e ______
1957: A v e r a g e ______
J u ly ..................
A u g u s t _______
S e p te m b e r ___
O c to b e r ______
N o v e m b e r ___
D e c e m b e r ____
1958: J a n u a r y ______
F e b r u a r y ..........
M a r c h ________
A p r il_________
M a y __________
J u n e __________
J u ly .................... .
1956: A v e r a g e .............
1957: A v e r a g e .............
J u l y . . ................ .
A u g u s t ..............
S e p te m b e r ___
O c to b e r ______
N o v e m b e r ___
D e c e m b e r ____
1958: J a n u a r y .............
F e b r u a r y ..........
M a r c h ________
A p r il_________
M a y __________
J u n e __________
J u ly ......................
$88.99
91.13
89.20
89.82
91.71
91.54
92.63
95.35
92. 57
90.94
90. 55
90. 48
89.63
90.39
91.41
4 1 .2
4 0 .5
4 0 .0
40.1
4 0 .4
3 9 .8
40.1
41 .1
3 9 .9
3 9 .2
39 .2
3 9 .0
3 8 .8
3 9 .3
3 9 .4
$2 .1 6
2 .2 5
2 .2 3
2 .2 4
2 .2 7
2 .3 0
2.31
2 .3 2
2.3 2
2 .3 2
2 .3 1
2 .3 2
2.31
2 .3 0
2 .3 2
4 1 .4
3 9 .8
3 9 .8
3 9 .6
3 9 .5
39.1
3 8 .4
3 8 .8
3 8 .6
3 8 .5
3 8 .5
3 8 .2
38 .1
3 8 .8
3 7 .6
$2.1 5 $90.31
92. 96
2. 24
2.2 5
93.07
2 .2 4
92.48
2 .2 6
92.43
2 .2 7
93.30
2. 29
92.11
2 .2 7
93.02
2. 27 91.03
90. 74
2 .2 8
2 .2 9
91.60
2 .2 9
92.23
92.86
2 .3 0
2 .3 0
94. 54
2 .3 0
92.17
4 2 .2
4 1 .5
4 1 .0
41.1
4 0 .9
41.1
4 0 .4
4 0 .8
40.1
39.8
4 0 .0
40.1
4 0 .2
40.4
3 9 .9
$2.14
2.24
2 .2 7
2 .2 5
2 .2 6
2 .2 7
2.28
2 .2 8
2 .2 7
2 .2 8
2 .2 9
2. 30
2.3 1
2 .3 4
2.31
T o ta l: E le c tr ic a l
m a c h in e r y
$80. 78
83.01
81.39
82.81
83. 21
81.95
82.95
83. 56
82.89
83. 07
83.67
83. 46
83.6 7
85.14
84.50
4 0 .8
40.1
3 9 .7
40 .2
40.2
39.4
3 9 .5
3 9 .6
39.1
3 9 .0
39 .1
39. C
39 .1
3 9 .6
3 9 .3
E le c tr ic a l
g en era ita g , tr a n s m is sio n ,
u is w io u u o n , a n a
in d u str ia l a p p a r a
tu s 3
$1.9 8 $87.15
2 .0 7
88. 70
2 .0 5
88.7 0
2 .0 6
88. 91
2. 07
89.73
2 .0 8
89.2 0
2.1C
89.60
2.11
90.45
2 .1 2
88.09
87.64
2 .1 3
2 .1 4
88. 65
2 .1 4
87. 58
2 .1 4
88.43
2 .1 5
89.27
2.1 5
89. 44
4 1 .5
40 .5
4 0 .5
4 0 .6
4 0 .6
4 0 .0
4 0 .0
4 0 .2
3 9 .5
3 9 .3
39 .4
39.1
3 9 .3
3 9 .5
3 9 .4
$2.1 0
2 .1 9
2 .1 9
2 .1 9
2. 21
2 .2 3
2. 24
2 .2 5
2 .2 3
2 .2 3
2 .2 5
2. 24
2 .2 5
2 .2 6
2 .2 7
Electrical indicating, Motors, generators,
measuring, and re
and motor-genera
cording instruments
tor sets
Power and distribu
tion transformers
Switchgear, switchboard, and industrial controls
$84.46
84.80
84. 77
85.20
84. 35
82.68
84. 71
82. 47
83.50
82.60
82.35
82.60
84.20
85.63
85.41
$80.16
81.61
81.81
81.80
82. 61
82.0 0
83.0 2
81. 58
80. 96
81.12
82. 32
82.08
83.2 8
85. 57
85.32
$92. 84
93 .3 8
94 .0 7
93.43
92.92
91.25
92.34
92. 50
90. 46
91.87
92.97
92. 50
92.73
92. 50
92.17
$90.30
93.11
92.7 0
93.11
94.39
92.52
93.03
96.3 5
92.7 3
91.94
92.5 0
91.41
91.41
92. 73
92.66
4 1 .2
40 .0
3 9 .8
4 0 .0
3 9 .6
38.1
3 9 .4
3 8 .9
3 9 .2
3 8 .6
3 8 .3
3 8 .6
3 8 .8
39.1
3 9 .0
$2.0 5
2 .1 2
2 .1 3
2 .1 3
2 .1 3
2 .1 7
2 .1 5
2 .1 2
2.1 3
2 .1 4
2 .1 5
2.1 4
2 .1 7
2.1 9
2 .1 9
$80. 60
83.10
82.08
82. 47
83.10
83.74
83.92
84.63
83.60
84.42
83. 44
81.81
82. 28
82. 40
83.22
3 9 .9
3 9 .2
3 8 .9
3 8 .9
3 9 .2
3 9 .5
3 9 .4
39 .0
3 8 .0
3 8 .2
38.1
3 7 .7
3 7 .4
3 7 .8
3 8 .0
$67.25
70.23
67.86
72. 98
74. 59
71.80
69.93
71.24
71.61
71. 43
71.06
72.96
72.94
74. 86
73.73
39.1
3 8 .8
3 7 .7
40.1
40.1
3 8 .6
3 7 .8
3 8 .3
3 8 .5
3 8 .2
38 .0
3 8 .4
3 8 .8
39 .4
3 8 .4
S e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4 0 .9
4 0 .2
40 .3
40.1
40.1
4 0 .0
40 .3
3 9 .6
3 9 .3
3 9 .0
3 9 .2
3 8 .9
39.1
3 9 .8
3 9 .5
$1.9 6 $90. 86
2 .0 3
93.79
94. 48
2.0 3
2 .0 4
95. 76
96.29
2 .0 6
2. 05
97.03
2 .0 6
96. 56
2 .0 6
96.63
2 .0 6
93.0 6
2 .0 8
94.09
2 .1 0
93.85
92 .0 4
2 .1 1
2.1 3
94.01
2.1 5
94.88
2 .1 6
95.28
I n s u la te d w ire a n d
ca b le
$2.02
2 .1 2
2 .1 1
2 .1 2
2 .1 2
2 .1 2
2 .1 3
2 .1 7
2 .2 0
2.21
2 .1 9
2 .1 7
2 .2 0
2 .1 8
2.1 9
$84. 71
85.08
84.67
85.49
86.31
84.2 6
84.0 4
83.23
81.80
81.60
82.4 2
82.42
81.80
87.3 6
86.13
4 3 .0
41 .5
41 .3
41 .3
42.1
41.1
40 .6
4 0 .8
3 9 .9
40 .0
40 .4
40 .4
40.1
4 1 .8
42 .1
$1.72
1.81
1.80
1.82
1.86
1.86
1.85
1.8 6
1.8 6
1.8 7
1.87
1.90
1.88
1.90
1.9 2
$95.24
94.39
85.91
91.03
91 .7 6
90.12
93 .3 8
92.75
92 .2 7
02.04
91 .8 0
92.59
93 .2 2
93 .0 6
91.49
42 .9
4 1 .4
3 8 .7
40.1
4 0 .6
3 9 .7
4 0 .6
4 0 .5
3 9 .6
3 9 .5
3 9 .4
3 9 .4
3 9 .5
3 9 .6
39.1
4 1 .3
4 0 .6
40.9
41.1
4 0 .8
4 0 .6
40 .4
4 0 .6
3 9 .6
3 9 .7
3 9 .6
3 9 .0
3 9 .5
3 9 .7
3 9 .7
$2.2 0
2.31
2.31
2 .3 3
2 .3 6
2 .3 9
2 .3 9
2 .3 8
2 .3 5
2 .3 7
2 .3 7
2. 36
2 .3 8
2 .3 9
2 .4 0
E le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t
for v e h ic le s
$1.97 $84.42
2 .0 5
85.85
2. 05
85.58
86.4 6
2 .0 7
87.91
2 .0 5
2 .0 5
86. 58
2 .0 7
86.52
2 .0 4
86.52
2 .0 5
86.0 2
2 .0 4
85.50
2 .0 4
86.18
2. 04
84.52
84.67
2 .0 4
2. 09
89.31
2 .0 5
87.48
Telephone, telegraph,
and related equip
ment
Radio tubes
1956: A v e r a g e _______
1957: A v e r a g e ..............
J u l y . . ..................
A u g u s t ________
S e p te m b e r ____
O c to b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
1958: J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y ...........
M a r c h ________
A p r il__________
M a y __________
J u n e ......................
J u l y ......................
$89.01
89.15
89. 55
88.70
89. 27
88.7 6
87.94
88.08
87.62
87.78
88.17
87. 48
87.6 3
89.24
86.48
Machine shops (job
and repair)
Carbon and graphite
products (electrical)
E le c tr ic a l
a p p lia n c e s
1956: A v e r a g e ______
1957: A v e r a g e ______
J u ly .................... .
A u g u s t ...............
S e p te m b e r ___
O c to b e r ______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ____
1958: J a n u a r y ______
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h ________
A p r il_________
M a y ________ _
J u n e . ..........
J u ly .....................
Ball and roller
bearings
E le c tr ic a l m a c h in e r y
4 0 .2
3 9 .2
3 8 .9
3 9 .3
3 9 .6
3 9 .0
3 8 .8
3 8 .8
3 8 .4
3 8 .0
3 7 .8
37 .4
3 7 .3
3 9 .0
3 8 .2
$2.10
2.1 9
2 .2 0
2 .2 0
2.2 2
'2 .2 2
2 .2 3
2 .2 3
2 .2 4
2 .2 5
2 .2 8
2 .2 6
2 .2 7
2 .2 9
2 .2 9
M is c e lla n e o u s
e le c tr ic a l
p r o d u c ts 3
$2.22 $78.34
81.61
2 .2 8
2 .2 2
80.60
2 .2 7
82.21
2 .2 6
83.23
2 .2 7
83. 22
82. 82
2 .3 0
82. 80
2 .2 9
82. 59
2 .3 3
2. 33
81.95
82. 76
2 .3 3
2 .3 5
83.1 8
82.
56
2 .3 6
83.20
2. 35
2 .3 4
85.63
4 0 .8
40 .4
4 0 .3
40.7
4 0 .8
4 0 .4
40 .4
40 .0
39 .9
39 .4
3 9 .6
3 9 .8
3 9 .5
4 0 .0
4 0 .2
$1.92
2 .0 2
2 .0 0
2 .0 2
2 .0 4
2 .0 6
2 .0 5
2 .0 7
2 .0 7
2 .0 8
2 .0 9
2 .0 9
2 .0 9
2 .0 8
2 .1 3
4 2 .2
4 0 .6
4 0 .9
4 0 .8
4 0 .4
3 9 .5
3 9 .8
3 9 .7
3 9 .5
3 9 .6
3 9 .9
3 9 .7
3 9 .8
3 9 .7
39 .9
$2.20
2 .3 0
2 .3 0
2 .2 9
2 .3 0
2 .3 1
2. 32
2 .3 3
2 .2 9
2 .3 2
2 .3 3
2 .3 3
2 .3 3
2. 33
2. 31
E le c tr ic la m p s
$75.07
76.62
74.48
75.84
78.20
78.41
79.00
77. 21
78.59
77.60
77. 59
78.39
77.79
78. 74
79.15
4 0 .8
3 9 .7
3 9 .2
3 9 .5
3 9 .9
3 9 .6
3 9 .5
3 8 .8
3 9 .1
3 8 .8
3 8 .6
3 9 .0
3 8 .7
38 .6
3 8 .8
$87.12
90.09
87.86
92.25
93. 94
94. 35
91.0 3
89. 44
88.5 3
87.4 8
89. 86
89.32
90.0 9
92. 40
92.1 7
40 .9
40 .4
3 9 .4
4 1 .0
41 .2
4 1 .2
40.1
3 9 .4
39 .0
3 8 .2
3 8 .9
3 8 .5
3 9 .0
4 0 .0
3 9 .9
4 0 .4
3 9 .8
39.1
40 .0
4 0 .0
3 9 .0
3 9 .0
3 9 .2
3 8 .8
3 9 .0
39.1
39 .1
3 9 .3
3 9 .8
3 9 .3
3 9 .8
4 0 .0
3 9 .4
3 9 .8
3 9 .7
3 9 .2
39.1
3 9 .9
3 9 .9
3 9 .9
3 9 .7
3 9 .8
3 9 .7
40.1
40 .2
40 .7
3 9 .6
3 9 .3
39.1
3 9 .4
3 8 .8
3 9 .3
3 9 .3
3 9 .0
3 8 .4
3 8 .9
3 8 .9
3 9 .0
3 8 .7
3 8 .5
$1.8 7
1.9 4
1 .9 6
1 .9 3
1 .9 5
1 .9 7
1.99
1.9 9
1 .9 8
1 .9 8
2 .0 0
1.9 9
2 .0 0
2 .0 2
2 .0 2
Electrical welding
apparatus
44 .4
4 1 .5
3 9 .7
4 2 .0
4 1 .7
4 0 .5
3 9 .8
3 9 .9
3 9 .7
38.1
3 7 .6
3 7 .9
38 .1
3 8 .4
3 8 .3
$2.2 9
2 .3 2
2 .3 1
2 .3 6
2 .3 0
2 .3 3
2 .3 3
2 .3 1
2 .3 1
2 .3 1
2 .3 0
2.3 1
2 .3 2
2 .3 3
2.3 1
Radios, phonographs,
television sets, and
equipment
$1. 88 $72.98
1.97
75.83
1.94
75.24
1.9 5
76.00
1.9 6
76.02
74 .3 0
1.9 7
1.99
75.08
2.0 1
76.64
2 .0 4
77.40
2 .0 5
78.98
79. 39
2 .0 5
79.78
2 .0 7
2 .0 6
79.98
2 .0 7
81. 60
80.99
2 .0 7
Primary batteries
(dry and wet)
$2.13 $64.48
2 .2 3
68.00
2 .2 3
66. 59
2 .2 5
67. 66
2 .2 8
67. 49
2 .2 9
67.82
2 .2 7
67. 64
2 .2 7
68.63
2 .2 7
69.03
2 .2 9
69.83
2.31
69.48
2.3 2
70.05
2.31
70.67
2 .3 1
70.98
2. 31
73.16
$76.11
76.82
77.03
75. 46
76.83
76.44
78.21
78.21
77.22
76.03
77.80
77.41
78.00
78.17
77.77
$2.15 $101. 68
2 .2 6
96.2 8
2 .2 5
91. 71
2 .2 6
99.1 2
2 .2 8
95.91
2 .2 9
94.3 7
2 .3 2
92.7 3
2 .3 5
9 2 .1 7
2 .3 3
91.71
2.31
88.01
2 .3 3
86.4 8
2 .3 2
87.55
2 .3 2
88.3 9
2 .3 3
89.4 7
2 .3 4
88.47
C o m m u n ic a tio n
e q u ip m e n t 3
$1.84 $75.95
1.93
78.41
1.90
75. 85
1.92
78.00
1.9 6
78.40
1.98
76.83
2 .0 0
77. 61
1.99
78. 79
2.01
79.15
2. 00
79.95
2.01
80.16
2. 01
80.94
80.96
2.0 1
2 .0 4
82.39
2.0 4
81.3 5
Storage batteries
4 2 .0
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
4 1 .4
40 .4
40.1
41 .0
3 9 .8
3 9 .8
3 9 .7
3 9 .4
39 .4
3 9 .8
3 9 .6
Wiring devices
and supplies
4 0 .1
3 9 .7
3 9 .6
4 0 .0
3 9 .8
3 8 .9
3 8 .9
39.1
3 8 .7
39.1
3 9 .3
3 9 .3
3 9 .4
4 0 .0
3 9 .7
$1.8 2
1.91
1.9 0
1.9 0
1.91
1.91
1.9 3
1.9 6
2 .0 0
2 .0 2
2 .0 2
2 .0 3
2 .0 3
2 .0 4
2 .0 4
X-ray and nonradio
electronic tubes
$1.6 2 $87.53
89.47
1.70
1.69
92. 48
1.70
90.6 8
1.70
89.60
90.9 7
1.73
92.11
1.73
1.72
91.76
1.73
91.71
1. 75 90. 57
1.75
91.6 0
1. 76 91.6 6
1.78
92.40
93.32
1.77
1 .8 2
94. 87
4 0 .9
4 0 .3
41.1
4 0 .3
4 0 .0
3 9 .9
4 0 .4
4 0 .6
4 0 .4
3 9 .9
4 0 .0
40 .2
4 0 .0
4 0 .4
4 0 .2
$2.1 4
2 .2 2
2 .2 5
2 .2 5
2 .2 4
2 .2 8
2 .2 8
2 .2 6
2 .2 7
2 .2 7
2 .2 9
2 .2 8
2.31
2.31
2 .3 6
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
1192
T able
C-l. Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry *—Con.
A vg.
w k ly .
h o urs
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
h o urs
A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
ea rn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
h ours
A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
h ours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
M a n u fa c ta r in g — C on tin u e d
Y e a r a n d m o n th
D u r a b le g o o d s— C o n tin u e d
T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t
T o ta l: T ra n sp o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t
40 .9
4 0 .4
3 9 .6
40.1
3 9 .7
3 9 .5
4 0 .6
4 0 .2
3 8 .8
3 8 .6
3 9 .4
3 9 .3
3 9 .7
3 9 .8
3 9 .6
1956: A v e r a g e ........... - $94. 48
97.36
1957: A v e r a g e ______
95.44
J u l y _________
97.04
A u g u s t _______
S e p te m b e r ____
97.27
97. 57
O c to b e r ..............
N o v e m b e r ____ 101. 50
D e c e m b e r .—- .
99.70
95. 45
1958: J a n u a r y _______
94.96
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h ________
97. 32
97 .0 7
A p r il...................
98. 85
M"ay__________
99. 50
J u n e __________
99 .7 9
J u ly ___________
$2.31 $94. 71
2.41
98.40
2.41
94.96
98. 55
2 .4 2
99.04
2 .4 5
99.18
2 .4 7
2 .5 0 107. 68
2 .4 8 100. 65
2. 46 92.50
2. 46 92.50
2 .4 7
95. 75
2 .4 7
96.0 0
2. 49 97.64
98.14
2.5 0
2. 52 97.64
41 .8
4 0 .7
3 9 .8
40 .1
4 0 .0
4 0 .0
3 9 .8
40 .3
4 0 .7
4 0 .3
4 0 .5
4 0 .2
4 0 .6
4 0 .5
4 0 .3
4 0 .3
4 0 .0
3 8 .6
3 9 .9
3 9 .3
3 9 .2
41 .9
40.1
3 7 .3
3 7 .3
3 8 .3
3 8 .4
38 .9
39 .1
3 8 .9
$2. 35
2. 46
2. 46
2. 47
2 .5 2
2. 53
2 .5 7
2. 51
2 .4 8
2 .4 8
2 .5 0
2 .5 0
2. 51
2.51
2.51
Aircraft engines
ana parts
Aircraft
1956: A v e r a g e ---------- $94. 89
95.6 5
1957: A v e r a g e ---------93.13
J u l y ____ _____ 95.04
A u g u s t ----------S e p te m b e r ____
94.80
O c to b e r ............95.20
N o v e m b e r ____
95.5 2
D e c e m b e r ------97.5 3
98.49
1958: J a n u a r y ..............
F e b r u a r y ..........
97.5 3
98.4 2
M a r c h ________
97.6 9
A p r i l _________
M a y __________ 101.09
J u n e __________ 102.06
J u ly ___________ 102.36
M o to r v e h ic le s a n d
e q u ip m e n t 3
$2.2 7
2. 35
2. 34
2. 37
2 .3 7
2 .3 8
2. 40
2 .4 2
2 .4 2
2 .4 2
2 .4 3
2 .4 3
2. 49
2 .5 2
2.54Ì
$96.90
98.2 3
96.2 9
96 .1 6
95.11
96 .7 8
97.1 7
100.65
99.0 0
99. 75
100.90
100. 40
100. 55
103.38
103.53
4 2 .5
41.1
4 0 .8
3 9 .9
3 9 .3
3 9 .5
3 9 .5
40.1
3 9 .6
3 9 .9
40 .2
40 .0
3 9 .9
4 0 .7
4 0 .6
Motor vehicles, bodies.
parts, and accessories
$95.91
99. 85
96. 50
100.15
100. 74
100. 74
110.14
102.11
93.37
93.37
97.28
97. 54
98.94
99.20
98.69
4 0 .3
40.1
3 8 .6
3 9 .9
3 9 .2
3 9 .2
4 2 .2
4 0 .2
3 7 .2
3 7 .2
3 8 .3
38 .4
38 .8
3 8 .9
3 8 .7
$2.38 $81.61
2.4 9
84. 56
2. 50 84. 80
87.2 6
2. 51
2. 57 85. 79
2. 57 82.9 4
2.61
83.81
2 .5 4
86.33
2.51
86.80
2. 51 85.02
2. 54 86.11
2. 54 85.02
2. 55 86. 94
2.55
87.20
2. 55 87. 60
Aircraft propellers
and parts
$2.28 $96.93
2 .3 9
97.7 6
95.88
2 .3 6
2.41
98.29
2 .4 2
97.2 3
2 .4 5
98. 77
2. 46 98 .7 7
2. 51 101. 76
2 .5 0
97. 58
2 .5 0
98.3 6
94. 71
2.5 1
2. 51 95.99
2 .5 2
94. 71
2 .54
95.11
2.55
93.77
4 2 .7
41 .6
4 0 .8
4 1 .3
4 1 .2
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 2 .4
4 1 .0
4 1 .5
4 0 .3
4 0 .5
4 0 .3
4 0 .3
3 9 .9
Truck and bus
bodies
40 .4
3 9 .7
40 .0
40.4
39 .9
3 8 .4
3 8 .8
3 9 .6
4 0 .0
3 9 .0
3 9 .5
3 9 .0
3 9 .7
4 0 .0
4 0 .0
Trailers (truck and
automobile)
$2.02 $82. 59
2 .1 3
81. 35
2 .1 2
80.11
83.82
2 .1 6
85.28
2 .1 5
2 .1 6
85. 68
2 .1 6
76.84
81.09
2.1 8
2 .1 7
78.17
2 .1 8
77. 54
2 .1 8
80.6 0
79.80
2 .1 8
2 .1 9
83.79
2.1 8
87.13
2.1 9
85.27
Other aircraft parts
and equipment
$2.27 $98.01
2 .3 5 9 9 .7 8
2 .3 5
99.3 0
99.0 7
2. 38
99 84
2 .3 6
97. 75
2 .3 8
2. 38 98.0 9
2. 40 100.67
2 .3 8 100. 43
2 .3 7
99.6 3
2 .3 5 100. 53
2 .3 7 100.28
2 .3 5 100.28
2.3 6 102.59
2.35 103.41
4 2 .8
42.1
41 .9
41 .8
41 .6
4 0 .9
4 0 .7
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
4 1 .0
41.2
41.1
41.1
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
3 9 .9
39 .3
3 8 .7
4 0 .3
41 .0
40 .8
37 .3
3 8 .8
37 .4
37.1
3 8 .2
3 8 .0
3 9 .9
41.1
4 0 .8
$2.07 $95.99
96.7 6
2 .0 7
2 .0 7
94.94
2 .0 8
96. 15
2 .0 8
95. 68
2 .1 0
96.24
2 .0 6
96.16
2 .0 9
99.06
2 09 98.66
2 .0 9
98 58
2 .1 1
99.06
2 .1 0
98.3 3
2 .1 0 100. 44
2 .1 2 102.16
2 .0 9 102.47
S h ip a n d b o a t b u ild in g a n d r e p a ir in g 3
$2. 29 $89.33
2. 37 94.88
2 .3 7
96. 80
2 .3 7
97.0 4
2. 40 96.5 3
2 .3 9
95.31
2. 41
90.1 5
2. 42 94. 77
2. 42 94.1 4
2. 43 91.8 5
2. 44 96. 78
2. 44 95.80
2. 44 97. 51
2 .4 9
96. 78
2.51
99.65
3 9 .7
3 9 .7
4 0 .5
40.1
3 9 .4
38 .9
37.1
3 9 .0
3 8 .9
3 7 .8
3 9 .5
39.1
3 9 .8
39 .5
3 9 .7
1956: A v e r a g e ............. $73. 57
77. 78
1957: A v e r a g e ..............
78.59
J u l y . . . ...............
A u g u s t . . . .........
77.8 2
S e p te m b e r -----77.82
77.41
O c to b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ___
75.25
D e c e m b e r ____
77.22
1958: J a n u a r y ---------76.83
74. 50
F e b r u a r y _____
79.39
M a r c h ________
A pril
78.20
M a y __________
80. 56
78.98
J u n e __________
76.23
J u l y - ............—
4 0 .2
40.3
40.4
3 9 .5
3 9 .5
3 8 .9
3 8 .2
3 9 .2
3 9 .2
38.4
4 0 .3
3 9 .9
41.1
40.5
38.5
$1.83 $94. 56
1.93 100.80
1 .9 7 101. 05
1 .9 7
99. 79
1.97 103.86
1.9!
99. 72
1.97 102. 56
1.97 104. 67
1.96 101.92
1 .9 ' 100.10
1.97 102.96
1.96 100.81
1.96
99.64
1.95
98. 21
1.98
98.32
L a b o r a to r y , seie n tifie , a n d en g in ee rin g
in s tr u m e n ts
1956: A v e r a g e _____
1957; A v e ra g e
. ...
J u l y __________
A u g u s t _______
S e p te m b e r ___
O e to h p r
N o v e m b e r ___
D e c e m b e r -----195S; J a n u a r y
F e b r u a r y ____
M a r c h ________
A p r il_________
M 'ay __________
J u n e __________
J u ly — ..............
$ 9 4 .9E
97. r
95.04
9 4 .0£
96.72
95.68
9 8 .2E
100.28
100. 4E
96. 56
99. Of
102.18
10 0 .3f
103.48
101. 81
42.5
41.
40.
39.7
40.3
3 9 .'
40.6
41.:
41.
39.
40.:
41.5
40.3
40. £
40.4
S ee fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
R a ilr o a d e q u ip m e n t *
3 9 .9
40. C
40.1
3 9 .6
40.1
3 8 .8
3 9 .6
3 9 .8
3 9 .2
3 8 .5
3 9 .0
3 7 .9
37.6
3 7 .2
37.1
$2.37
2 .5 2
2 .5 2
2 .5 2
2 .5 9
2 .5 7
2. 5£
2.6Í
2. 6(
2.6C
2. 6'
2.6 6
2.6 5
2.64
2.65
M e c h a n ic a l m ea su rin g a n d c o n tr o llin g
in s tr u m e n ts
$ 2 .2E $83.64
2 .3 '
86. 27
2 .3 '
85. 01
8 5 .6
2 .3 '
2.4C
86.86
2 .4
86. 6E
2.45
8 6 .0C
2 . 4‘
85. 57
2. 4,
84.93
2.45
84. 5C
8 4 .8£
2 .4 '
2.48
84. 46
84.86
2. 4!
2.53
86.51
2.55
86.24
41. C
40.
40.
40.4
40.'
40.;
40.
39.8
39.
39.3
39.3
39.
38. £
39.5
39.2
Locomotives and
parts
$99. 41
102. 41
102. 56
103.22
107.38
102.94
100.73
103.48
100.1C
98.81
102.96
102. 44
101.53
104.41
105.59
42 .3
40.8
4 0 .7
40.8
41.3
39. £
3 9 .5
39 .8
39.1
38. c
3 9 .6
3 9 .4
38 .9
3 9 .7
39 .4
$ 2 .3 5
2.51
2 .5 2
2. Si
2.6C
2.58
2 .5 5
2.6C
2 .5 6
2 .5 8
2.6C
2 .6 0
2. 61
2.63
2.68
O p tic a l in s tr u m e n ts
a n d le n s e s
$2.04 $83.03
2.13
85.22
85.84
2.12
84.38
2.12
2. IE 86.2'
2. IE 8 6 .0(
2. IE 85.63
2. IE 84. 77
2. IE 82.86
2. IE 82.82
84.32
2. If
2.16
85.36
84.02
2.18
2 . 1£
85.85
91.43
2.2C
40.5
40.2
40.3
39.8
40.:
40. (
40.2
39.8
38. Í
38.7
3 9 .'
39.7
38. S
39.2
41. C
3 8 .9
3 9 .6
3 9 .8
3 9 .4
3 9 .6
38.3
3 9 .6
3 9 .8
39.3
3 8 .6
38.8
3 7 .3
37.1
3 5 .9
3 6 .1
40.4
40.2
40.0
40.1
40.6
40.;
39.
39.9
39.7
39.3
39.2
39.'
39.3
4 0 .'
40. C
O th er tra n sp o r ta tio n
e q u ip m e n t
$2. 37 $77. 59
2.5 2
79.59
2 .5 2
79.37
2 .5 2
82.21
2. 59 82.82
2. 57 81.18
2.61
77.29
2. 64
77. 46
2 .6 2
81.12
2. 61
82.56
82.58
2 .6 6
2 .6 8
82.56
81.48
2 .6 7
2.64
82.39
2.64
78.62
S u r g ica l, m e d ic a l,
a n d d e n ta l in stru m e n ts
$2.05 $71.51
2.12
74.37
74.00
2.13
74.59
2.12
75. 92
2 .1 '
2. IE 76.17
75.05
2.13
75.8:
2. i;
75. 4Í
2.1!
74.28
2.14
74. 87
2 .1 '
2. IE 75.25
2.16
75.46
78. 78
2 . 1£
2.23
7 8 .4C
$2.28
2 .3 6
2. 35
2 38
2 .3 8
2 .4 0
2. 41
2 .4 4
2. 43
2. 44
2. 44
2 .4 4
2.48
2.51
2.53
39 .6
39 6
40. 5
40 .2
3 9 .3
3«. 9
36 .9
3 9 .0
3 8 .8
3 7 .6
3 9 .3
3 9 .0
3 9 .6
3 9 .3
3 9 .9
$2.33
2. 47
2. 46
2. 48
2. 51
2. 51
2 .5 0
2 .5 0
2 .5 0
2 .5 2
2 53
2 53
2 .5 3
2.53
2. 58
I n s tr u m e n ts an d
r e la ted p ro d u c ts
Railroad and street
cars
$92.19
99.79
1 0 0 .3C
99.29
102. 56
98.43
103.36
105.07
102.97
100. 75
103. 21
99.96
99.06
94.78
95.30
42.1
41 .0
40 .4
40.4
4 0 .2
40.1
3 9 .9
4 0 .6
4 0 .6
40.4
40 .6
4 0 .3
4 0 .5
4 0 .7
40 .5
Shipbuilding and
repairing
$2.2 5 $92.27
2.3 9
97. 81
2. 39 99. 63
2. 42 99.70
2. 45 98.64
2 .4 5
97. 64
2 .4 3
92 .2 5
2. 43 97. 50
2 .4 2
97 00
2. 43 94. 75
2. 45 99. 43
2 .4 5
9 8 .6 7
2. 45 100.19
2 .4 5
99.43
2.51 102. 94
T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t— C o n tin u e d
Boatbuilding and
repairing
A irc ra ft a n d p a r ts 3
$1.77
1.85
1.85
1.86
1.87
1.8!
1.90
1.90
1.90
1.8S
1.9:
1.9:
1.92
1.9E
1.96
4 0 .2
3 9 .4
39.1
40 1
4 0 .6
3 9 .6
37. 7
3 7 .6
39 .0
3 9 .5
3 9 .7
3 9 .5
3 8 .8
3 9 .8
3 7 .8
$1.93 $82.01
2 .0 2
85 .0 3
2 .0 3
84.21
2 .0 5
84.00
2 .0 4
86.05
2 .0 5
84.9 9
2 .0 5
85.20
2 .0 6
85.17
2 .0 8
85.14
2 .0 9
84. .50
2 .0 8
85. 5f
2 . 0£
85.7 2
2 .1 0
85. 46
2.07
87.16
2.08
87.34;
O p h th a lm ic g o o d s 4
$64.64
67.26
67.83
68. 40
69.08
67. 4!
65.63
64.30
69.16
69.91
7 0 .1(
69. 55
70. 47
70. 8f
70.12
40.4
39.8
39. S
40.0
40.4
39.7
39.3
37.
38.
38.2
38.
37.8
38.
38.3
3 7 .'
T o ta l: I n s tr u m e n ts
a n d r e la ted p r o d u c ts
$2. 01
40 .8
2.11
40 .3
40.1
2.10
2.10
40.0
40.4
2 .1 3
3 9 .9
2 .1 3
40 .0
2 .1 3
2 .1 4
3 9 .8
2 .1 5
3 9 .6
3 9 .3
2 .1 5
2 .1 7
39.4
3 9 .5
2 .1 7
3 9 .2
2 .1 8
2 .1 9
39.8
2.20
3 9 .7 ¡
P h o to g r a p h ic ap p a ra tu s
$ i.6 r $91.46
1.6S
94.60
94 02
1.7C
1.71
92 7E
9 7 .2C
1. 71
1.7C
95. 7f
97. 2C
1 .6 '
1.71
9 6 .9C
1.87
96.03
1.83
96. Of
1 .8 4
96.41
1 .8 4
96. 4
1.8 4
96. 4(
1 .8 5
97.3'
1. 86 9 8 .1'
41.2
40.6
40.7
40.5
40.5
39.!
40.5
40.4
40.2
40.
40. f
40.
40.
40.'
40.4
$2.22
2 .3 3
2. 31
2 .2 9
2. 40
2 .4 0
2 .4 0
2 .4 0
2 .3 9
2 .4 0
2. 41
2.41
2.41
2.41
2.43
C .— E A R N I N G S A N D H O U R S
T
able
C -l.
H o u r s a n d g r o s s e a r n i n g s o f p r o d u c t i o n o r n o n s u p e r v i s o r y w o r k e r s , b y i n d u s t r y 1— C o n .
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
►
1193
Avg. Avg. Avg.
brly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
brly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
brly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn horns
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Durable goods—Continued
Instruments and
related products—
Continued
t
j
195G: Average_____
1957: Average_____
July----- ------August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1958: January_____
February____
M arch .. _ .
April_______
M ay........... .
June________
J u l y ..............
Watches and clocks
Total: Miscellaneous
manufacturing
industries
Jewelry, silverware,
and plated ware 2
$ 70.
$ 70.
$ 1.75
$ 73.81
1.81
1.81
1.80
1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.85
1.84
1.84
1.85
1.84
1.85
1.84
74.07
71.42
75.26
77. 52
75.81
75.67
76.41
72.65
73.05
72.86
73.28
74.26
74.74
72.44
77
72.15
69.66
71.97
75.36
73.10
73.66
72.18
70. 87
72.00
72.76
73.32
71.63
71.82
74.47
39.1
39.0
38.7
38.9
40.3
39.3
39.6
38.6
38.1
38.5
38.7
39.0
38.1
38.2
39.4
$ 1.81
1.85
1.80
1.85
1.87
1.86
1. 86
1.87
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.88
1.88
1.88
1.89
Toys and sporting
goods 21
>
195G: Average_____
1957: Average__ ._
July-----------August______
September___
O ctober..___
November___
December___
1958: January_____
February____
March______
April___ ____
M ay________
June________
Ju ly ------------
$ 62.56
65.69
63.58
65.46
65.57
65. 90
65.86
65.11
66.47
66. 68
67.34
66.09
66.13
66.86
66. 52
39.1
39.1
38.3
39.2
39.5
39.7
39.2
38.3
38.2
38.1
38.7
38.2
38.9
39.1
38.9
*
July-----------August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1958: January_____
February____
M arch______
April_______
M av________
June________
July________
1950: Average_____
1957: Average_____
*
July________
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1958 : January__ _
February____
M arch____ _
April_____
M ay________
June _.
July________
53
72.22
71.50
72.00
72.54
72.22
72.25
72.47
72.52
71.76
72.13
72.15
71.94
73.08
72.13
40.3
39.9
39.5
40.0
40.3
39.9
39.7
39.6
39.2
39.0
39.2
39.0
39.1
39.5
39.2
Cames, toys, dolls,
and children’s vehicles
$ 1.60
$ 61.85
1.68
1.66
1.67
1.66
1.66
1.68
1.70
1.74
1.75
1.74
1.73
1.70
1.71
1. 71
63.80
61.50
64.62
64.55
64.31
65.01
62.42
64.81
65.02
65.84
64.05
64. 74
64.74
64.41
38.9
38.9
38.2
39.4
39.6
39.7
39.4
37.6
37.9
37.8
38.5
37.9
39.0
39.0
38.8
41.7
40.7
39.9
40.9
41.9
41.2
40.9
41.3
39.7
39.7
39.6
39.4
39.5
40.4
39.8
$ 1.77
1.82
1.79
1.84
1.85
1.84
1.85
1.85
1.83
1.84
1.84
1.86
1.88
1.85
1.82
Jewelry and
findings
$ 69.06
70. 07
67.49
70.47
72. 38
70. 99
71.28
73.63
70. 05
70.40
69.70
70.13
70.71
72. 22
69. 43
41.6
40.5
39.7
40.5
41.6
40.8
40.5
41.6
39.8
40.0
39.6
39.4
39.5
40.8
39.9
Silverware and
plated ware
$ 1.66
$ 83.38
1.73
1.70
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.76
1.77
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.78
1.79
1.77
1.74
84.05
81.20
85.90
89.67
88. 41
86.94
83.64
79. 59
79.76
81.18
81.35
81.95
81.16
80. 57
Sporting and athletic Pens, pencils, other
goods 2
office supplies
$ 1.59
$ 63.83
1.64
1.61
1.64
1.63
1.62
1.65
1.66
1.71
1.72
1.71
1.69
1.66
1.66
1.66
69.70
67.94
68.11
68. 78
69.65
68. 29
69.74
68.89
69.30
70.20
69.48
69.45
70.95
71.16
39.4
39.6
38.6
38.7
39.3
39.8
38.8
39.4
38.7
38.5
39.0
38.6
38.8
39.2
39.1
$ 1.62
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.75
1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.79
1. 81
1.82
$ 66.
58
67.30
65.86
66. 50
66.80
67.09
69.19
66.08
67.43
66.25
68. 85
69.03
69.65
68.73
64.22
41.1
40.3
39.2
40.3
40.0
39.7
40.7
39.1
39.9
39.2
39.8
39.9
39.8
39.5
38.0
$ 1.62
$ 62.33
1.67
1.68
1.65
1.67
1.69
1.70
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.73
1.73
1. 75
1.74
1.69
65.07
64.35
64.12
66.17
66.76
67.42
64. 57
63.74
63.14
63. 36
64.73
64.51
65.35
63.50
Nondurable goods
Miscellaneous manu
facturing industries—
Con.
Food and kindred products
$ 74.37
74.64
75.05
74.82
74.82
73.30
73.12
74.86
76.83
75.85
75.85
75.07
75.27
75.85
75. 85
40.2
39.7
39.5
39.8
39.8
39.2
39.1
39.4
39.4
39.1
39.3
39.1
39.0
39.3
$ 1.85
$ 75.03
1.88
1.90
1.88
1.88
1.87
1.87
1.90
1. 95
1.94
1.93
1.92
1.93
1.93
1.93
78.17
79.27
77. 71
78. 69
77.99
79.18
80.18
80.60
79.80
79.60
79.80
80.80
81.81
82.00
39.3
Condensed and
evaporated milk
$ 76.12
79.00
80. 66
78. 57
80. 41
77.61
77.68
79.68
80.12
79. 52
80.16
80. 77
81.76
84. 58
84.60
44.0
42.7
43.6
42.7
43.0
41.5
41.1
41.5
41.3
41.2
40.9
41.0
41.5
42.5
42.3
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Total: Food and
kindred products
41.0
40.5
41.5
40.9
41.2
40.2
40.4
40.7
40.1
39.7
39.6
39.7
40.2
40.7
41.0
$ 1.83
$ 84.03
1.93
1.91
1.90
1.91
1.94
1.96
1.97
2.01
2.01
2.01
2.01
2.01
2.01
2.00
87.08
87.31
85.22
89.60
89.13
90.83
89.32
89.15
86.30
86.75
87.25
88.36
90. 54
91.58
Ice cream and ices
$ 1.73
$ 77.65
1.85
1.85
1.84
1.87
1.87
1.89
1.92
1.94
1.93
1.96
1.97
1.97
1.99
2.00
81.90
86. 29
81.51
82.37
82. 59
81.39
82.57
83. 38
83.60
83.00
84.62
84.84
86.48
89.42
42.2
42.0
43.8
41.8
41.6
41.5
40.9
41.7
41.9
41.8
41.5
42.1
42.0
42.6
43.2
Meat products2
41.6
40.5
40.8
40.2
41.1
40.7
41.1
40.6
39.8
38.7
38.9
39.3
39.8
40.6
40.7
$ 2.02
$ 92.00
2.15
2.14
2.12
2.18
2.19
2.21
2.20
2.24
2.23
2.23
2.22
2.22
2.23
2 . 25
96.41
95.76
94.19
100.08
99.29
101.82
99.12
99.39
95.83
96.80
95.83
97.93
100. 45
101. 68
Canning and
preserving2
$ 1.84
$ 62.02
1.95
1.97
1.95
1.98
1.99
1.99
1.98
1.99
2.00
2.00
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.07
63.57
64.17
65.93
66.42
62.65
60.64
63.84
64.98
63.41
62.87
64.70
65. 62
63. 58
63. 27
39.5
39.0
41.4
40.7
41.0
38.2
37.2
38.0
38.0
37.3
37.2
37.4
38.6
38.3
39.3
Meatpacking, whole
sale
42.2
41.2
41.1
40.6
41.7
41.2
41.9
41.3
40.9
39.6
40.0
39.6
40.3
41.0
41.0
$ 2.18
2.34
2. 33
2 . 32
2.40
2.41
2.43
2.40
2.43
2.42
2.42
2.42
2.43
2.45
2.48
Seafood, canned and
cured
$ 1.57
1.63
1. 55
1.62
1.62
1.64
1.63
1.68
1.71
1.70
1.69
1.73
1.70
1.66
1.61
$ 50.
66
51.88
54.77
51.34
58.13
50. 66
47.08
50.45
54.48
50.45
52.87
56.92
55.94
51.10
57.09
30.7
30.7
33.6
30.2
33.6
29.8
26.6
28.5
30.1
28.5
29.7
31.8
30.4
29.2
34.6
41.9
41.2
40.4
41.7
42.7
42.3
42.0
40.8
39.4
39.1
39.6
39.3
39.4
39.4
39.3
$ 1.99
2.04
2.01
2.06
2.10
2.09
2.07
2.05
2.02
2.04
2.05
2.07
2.08
2.06
2.05
Costume jewelry,
buttons, notions
Durable goods—
Continued
Other manufacturing
industries
1956 : Average_____
1957 : Average_____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries
39.2
39.2
39.0
39.1
40.1
39.5
39.2
38.9
38.4
38.5
38.4
38.3
38.4
38.9
37.8
91.10
88. 73
89.95
90. 72
92.89
91.98
91.48
90.12
89. 72
90.12
93.25
94.58
97. 52
41.5
40.6
41.6
40.7
40.7
40.5
41.1
40.7
40.3
39.7
39.7
39.7
40.9
41.3
42.4
$ 80.
83.
54
03
73.53
81.80
84. 87
85.70
84.87
84.46
80.13
79. 95
82.40
80. 32
79.87
80.47
80.88
41.3
40.5
36.4
40.1
41.0
41.2
41.0
41.0
38.9
39.0
40.0
38.8
38.4
38.5
38.7
$ 1.95
2.05
2 . 02
2.04
2.07
2.08
2.07
2.06
2.06
2.05
2. 06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.09
Fabricated plastics
products
$ 1.59
$ 75.35
1.66
1.65
1.64
1.65
1.69
1.72
1.66
1.66
1.64
1.65
1.69
1.68
1.68
1.68
78.31
80.10
78.47
79.10
78. 53
76. 97
78.74
76.80
75. 65
75.84
76.04
76.81
79.37
78.98
Sausages and casings
$ 85.08
88. 51
Musical instruments
and parts
41.4
41.0
41.5
41.3
41.2
40.9
40.3
40.8
40.0
39.4
39.5
39.4
39.8
40.7
40.5
$ 1.82
1.91
1.93
1.90
1.92
1.92
1.91
1.93
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.93
1.93
1.95
1.95
Dairy products 2
$ 2.05
$ 74.65
2.18
2.19
2.18
2.21
2.24
2.26
2 . 26
2.27
2. 27
2.26
2. 27
2.28
2.29
2.30
77.83
80.85
78.26
78. 73
77.38
77.42
78.96
80. 41
79.42
78. 47
80.06
80.64
83. 03
84.08
42.9
42.3
43.7
42.3
42.1
41.6
41.4
42.0
42.1
41.8
41.3
41.7
42.0
42.8
42.9
$ 1.74
1.84
1.85
1.85
1.87
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.91
1.90
1.90
1.92
1.92
1.94
1.96
Canned fruits, vege
tables, and soups
Grain-mill products 2
$ 1.65
$ 66.14
$ 80.97
1.69
1.63
1.70
1.73
1.70
1.77
1.77
1.81
1.77
1.78
1.79
1.84
1. 75
1.65
66.83
67.32
69.14
68.30
65.90
63.73
67.37
68.29
66.33
64.70
69.12
69.34
66.22
65.93
41.6
40.5
44.0
41.9
41.9
39.7
39.1
39.4
38.8
37.9
37.4
38.4
39.4
38.5
40.7
$ 1.59
1.65
1.53
1.65
1.63
1.66
1.63
1.71
1.76
1.75
1.73
1.80
1.76
1.72
1.62
85.50
86.72
87. 56
90.74
88.24
85.85
87. 67
88. 51
88.54
87.70
87.49
86.88
89. 73
90.98
43.3
43.4
44.7
44.0
44.7
43.9
42.5
43.4
43.6
43.4
43.2
43.1
42.8
44.2
44.6
$ 1.87
1.97
1.94
1.99
2.03
2.01
2.02
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.03
2.03
2.03
2.03
2.04
i
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
1194
T able C -l.
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Year and month
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Con.
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Food and kindred products--Continued
Flour and other grainm ill products
IflKfi: A verasp-___ $84. 73
1Q/17: A v erag e..___ 88. 88
J u l y ________ 89. 49
90.20
A u g u s t..___
September___ 95.10
October_____ 90.64
November___ 89.63
December.___ 91. 26
1958: January_____ 92.12
ffehmarv
90.00
90. 64
M arch______
April________ 89.38
M ay________ 88. 56
June________ 92.98
July................. 94.47
43.9 $1.93
44.0
2.02
2 02
44.3
44.0
2.05
45. 5 2.09
2.06
44.0
43.3
2.07
44.3
2.06
2.07
44.5
2.05
43.9
2.06
44.0
43.6
2.05
43.2
2. 05
2. 08
44.7
45.2
2. 09
Cane-sugar refining
1956: Average_____ $87. 36
1957: Average_____ 92. 60
96. 78
Ju ly ________
90. 86
A u g u s t..___
September___ 92.80
October_____ 93.91
November___ 91.84
December___ 94.33
lOfift! January_____ 93. 60
February
89. 60
M arch______ 90.97
A p ril_______ 97. 76
M ay________ 91.54
June________ 97.90
July------------- 100. 89
42.0 $2.08
2.21
41.9
43.4
2. 23
41.3
2.20
2. 22
41.8
42.3
2.22
41.0
2. 24
2.23
42.3
41.6
2.25
2.24
40.0
39.9
2. 28
41.6
2.35
2.30
39.8
42.2
2.32
2.33
43.3
Bakery products 2
Prepared feeds
$76.65
80. 59
81.99
81.35
82.40
82.21
80.33
82. 84
84. 42
82. 32
82.27
84. 29
81.46
83.40
86.10
43.8 $1.75 $73. 08
1.84 75. 76
43.8
45.3
1.81 77. 49
1.82 76. 33
44.7
1.86 76. 17
44.3
1.86 76.40
44.2
1.89 77.01
42.5
43.6
1.90 77. 39
44.2
1.91 76.81
43. 1 1.91 77.42
43.3
1.90 77. 21
1.92 77. 61
43.9
1.89 78. 99
43.1
1.87 79.98
44.6
1.88 80.98
45.8
$77. 58
80. 60
79. 79
70.60
83.95
72.80
86.91
91.45
84. 23
84.87
83. 88
79.66
80.80
84. 87
82.40
40.6 $1. 80 $74. 89
40.3
1.88 77. 76
41.0
1. 89 78.94
40.6
1.88 78. 14
40.3
1.89 78. 57
1.91 78. 59
40.0
1.93 79.19
39.9
1.93 78.99
40.1
1.93 78.01
39.8
1.95 78. 80
39.7
1.94 78.60
39.8
1.95 79.00
39.8
1.96 81.00
40.3
1.97 81.81
40.6
1.98 82.82
40.9
Confectionery and
related products 2
Beet sugar
43.1 $1.80
43. 1 1.87
40.3
1.98
35.3
2. 00
1.98
42.4
1.75
41.6
49. 1 1.77
1.84
49.7
1.91
44.1
41.2
2.06
2.19
38.3
37.4
2.13
2.01
40.2
2. 06
41.2
2.06
40.0
$62. 00
64.48
64.22
65. 77
66. 67
64. 55
64.15
64. 08
65. 74
64.68
64.68
65.02
65.18
66. 86
67.26
Bread and other
bakery products
40.7 $1. 84 $65. 84
1.92 68. 51
40.5
40.9
1.93 71.97
1.92 69. 37
40.7
1.94 68.11
40.5
1. 95 68.64
40.3
1.97 70.20
40.2
1.96 71.13
40.3
1.96 72. 07
39.8
1.98 71.71
39. 8
39.9
1.97 71.31
39.9
1.98 71.89
2.00 72. 25
40.5
40. 7 2.01 73.16
2.02 73.53
41.0
39.8
39.6
39.0
40.5
40.8
39.3
39.3
39.6
39.5
39.2
39.0
38.5
38.5
39.6
38.6
39.9 $1.65
39.6
1. 73
1.73
41.6
40.1
1.73
39.6
1. 72
39.0
1.76
1.80
39.0
39.3
1.81
39.6
1.82
1.82
39.4
39.4
1.81
39. 5 1.82
1.82
39.7
1.82
40.2
1.82
40.4
$1. 50
1.57
1. 58
1.58
1.59
1.58
1. 57
1. 56
1.61
1.60
1.60
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
$85. 63
88.98
93. 15
90. 54
89. 60
87. 64
87. 58
89.50
88. 59
88.14
88. 82
88.43
92. 69
95.35
96.46
40. 2 $2. 13
2. 23
39.9
41.4
2. 25
2.23
40.6
4U0
2. 24
2. 23
39.3
39.1
2. 24
2. 26
39.6
39.2
2.26
39.0
2. 26
2.26
39.3
2. 25
39.3
40.3
2. 30
41.1
2.32
41.4
2. 33
1956: Average-------- $103.34
1957: Average_____ 107.44
Ju ly ..I______ 112. 74
August______ 109. 73
September___ 108. 08
October____
106.15
November___ 105. 49
December___ 109.30
1958: January_____ 107. 25
February
106. 70
M arch_____ 107.92
April................ 107. 75
M ay________ 114.62
June................ 118.08
July..... ........... 117.91
Distilled, rectified, and
blended liquors
39.9 $2. 59 $81.90
2. 72 84.42
39.5
40.7
2. 77 86. 02
39.9
2. 75 85.69
39.3
2. 75 84. 52
38.6
2. 75 84.97
38. 5 2. 74 86.19
39.6
2. 76 83. 22
2. 75 85. 57
39.0
38.8
2.75 84. 22
39. 1 2. 76 83.78
38.9
2. 77 82. 43
2.83 84. 90
40.5
2. 88 84. 36
41.0
2.89 88.03
40.8
39.0
38.2
39.1
38.6
37.9
38.8
39.0
38.0
38.2
37.6
37.4
36.8
37.9
38.0
39.3
Miscellaneous food
products 2
$2.10 $72.92
2.21 76.86
2.20 77.61
2. 22 78.06
2. 23 78.69
2.12 77.48
2.21 78. 12
2.18 78.68
2. 24 79. 3(
2.24 79. 90
2. 24 79. 54
2. 24 78. 36
2.24 79.32
2. 22 79.32
2.24 80.12
Corn sirup, sugar,
oil, and starch
41.2 $1.77 $86. 53
41. 1 1.87 91. 05
41.5
1.87 95. 37
1.89 96. 02
41.3
41.2
1.91 94.62
41. C 1.89 95. 26
40.9
1.91 93.89
41.2
1.91 92.21
1.92 93.15
41.8
41.4
1.93 94. 21
1.94 90. 63
41.0
40.6
1.97 94. 98
1.93 94.48
41.1
1.9: 97. 71
41.1
1.94 94.12
41.3
41.4
41.2
42.2
42.3
41.5
41.6
41.0
40.8
41.4
41.5
40.1
41.3
40.9
42.5
41.1
Manufactured
$2.09 $69. 55
2.21 73. 43
2. 26 74.48
2.27 73. 54
2. 28 74.09
2.29 71.81
2. 29 74. 12
2. 26 75.10
2. 25 74. 48
2. 27 73.95
2. 26 75. 86
2.3C 75.07
2.3] 74. 9f
2.31 74.09
2.29 77. 57
Cigars
1956: Average........... $70.88
1957: Average_____ 73.60
July________
81.16
August______ 72. 29
September___ 72.62
October_____ 68.98
November___ 72.74
December....... 75.20
1958: January_____ 76.11
February____ 70.49
M arch______
70.31
April________ 77. 55
May
77.97
June________ 80.64
July________
79. 87
40.5
40.0
43.4
39.
39.9
37.9
38.9
40.0
40.7
38.1
37.8
40.6
40.4
42.0
41.6
See footnotes at endof table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1. 7f $47.63
1.84 49.6Í
1.87 47. 78
1.83 50. 27
1.82 52.38
1.82 52.9C
1. 87 52.75
1.88 51.05
1. 87 49. 98
1.85 49.71
1. 86 49. b
1.91 48.06
1.93 50. 73
1.92 51.51
1. 92 51.92
37.5
37.6
36.2
37.8
38.8
38. Í
38.
38.
37.3
37.
36.'
35.6
37.3
37.6
37.8
Tobacco and snuff
$1.27 $57.13
1.32 60. 75
1.32 62. If
1.33 62.48
1.35 61.61
1. 36 60. 47
1.37 61. 38
1.3' 62. 32
1. 3' 62. 4f
1. 34 61.62
1. 35 61.12
1.35 60.92
1.36 62.87
1.37 63.13
1.37 62.83
37.1
37.
37. £
38.
37.8
37.
37.2
38.
37.'
36.
36. e
36.7
37.2
37.8
37.4
43.0
43.3
42.0
39.2
41.7
41.7
50.0
50.5
43.1
41.5
40.5
40.9
39.9
41.7
41.9
$1.86
1.95
2.09
2.07
2.06
1.89
1.75
1.78
2.00
2.05
2.09
2.16
2.12
2.16
2.16
$«4 68
67.48
72. 54
69. 28
69. 21
65. 61
65.36
67. 56
65. 93
65. 36
66. 50
67.40
68.64
71.12
71.88
41.2 $1.57
41. 4 1.63
1.66
43.7
42.5
1.63
42.2
1. 64
40. 5 1. 62
40.1
1.63
40.7
1. 66
40.2
1.64
40.1
1.63
1.63
40.8
1.64
41.1
41.6
1.65
43.1
1.65
1.66
43.3
ic e
44.3 $1.57
1.65
44.5
1.63
45.7
44.3
1.66
44.1
1.68
43.0
1.67
43.6
1.70
1.68
44.7
1.67
44.6
43. 5 1. 7C
1.74
43.6
43.8
1.7)
43. Í
1. 71
44.1
1.68
1.69
45.9
Total: Tobacco
manufactures
$56.02
58.67
63 76
56. 83
57. 71
55.92
57.60
60.21
60. 8i
59.12
58. 99
62. 7f
64.24
66. 30
66.13
38 9
38.6
39.6
38.4
39.8
38.3
37.4
39.1
39.0
37.9
37.1
38.0
38.7
39.7
39.6
$1. 44
1.52
1. 61
1.48
1.45
1.46
1.54
1.54
1. 56
1.56
1.59
1. 65
1.66
1.67
1.67
Textile-mill products
Tobacco manufactures—Continued
Cigarettes
$79.98
84.44
87. 78
81.14
85. 90
78. 81
87. 50
89.89
86.20
85. 08
84.65
88. 34
84. 59
90. 07
90. 50
Tobacco manufactures
Food and kindred products—Continued
M alt liquors
Sugar2
Bottled soft drinks
Beverages *
Confectionery
40.0 $1. 55 $59. 70
1.62 62. 17
39.8
39.4
1.63 61.62
40.6
1. 62 63.99
1.63 64. 87
40.9
39.6
1.63 62.09
39.6
1.62 61. 70
1.61 61.78
39.8
39.6
1.66 63.60
39.2
1.65 62. 72
39.2
1.65 62.40
38.7
1.68 62. 76
1.68 62. 76
38.8
1.68 64. 55
39.8
1.69 62.92
39.8
Biscuits, crackers,
and pretzels
Tobacco stemming
and redrying
$1.54 $47.04
1.62 48.13
1.64 55.15
1.64 45.48
1.63 47. 85
1. 63 45.18
1.65 41. 54
1.6' 51.08
1.67 50.4'
1.67 52. 27
1.67 51.9S
54. 83
1 .6 6
1.68 56. 78
1.67 57.98
1.68 57.45
Total: Textile-mill
products
39.2 $1.2C $57. 42
1.21 58.3f
38.2
38.3
1.4' 57.9C
1. 2C 58. 65
37. £
59.04
40. £
l. r
38.3
1.18 59.0'
33.5
1.24 58. 28
1. 2£
58. 33
39.
1. 2£ 56.4f
39.
39.3
1. 33 56. 7f
1. 3E 56.4C
37.'
54.9C
1 . 4E
36.8
55.95
37.« fr 1.5
57.93
1 .5 .
38.'
38.3
1.5C 57. 7E
39.
38.8
38. (
39. :
39.1
39. :
38.
38.8
37.1
37.
37.
36.
37.5
38.'
38.
Scouring and comb
ing plants
$1.45 $66.03
1. 5( 64. 38
1. 5C 69.47
1. 5C 62.81
1.51 64.03
59. 8'
1.5
1. 51 60. 7C
1.5C 63.18
1. 5C 60. 98
1. 5f 63. 6f
1.5C 61. 3£
1.51 62.6'
1.51 63.2C
1.5
67. 63
1.5C 67. 84
$1.60
41.
1.60
40.
42.1
1.65
1.59
39.
40. C 1.59
1.60
37.'
37.7
1.61
39.7
1. 59
38.
1.57
40.
1. 59
39.
1. 57
39.8
1.57
40.
1.58
42.
1.60
42.
1.60
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C -l.
1195
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—Con.
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn hours earn earn hours
ings
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—C ontinued
Year and month
Nondurable goods—Continued
Textile-mill products—Continued
Yarn and thread
mills 2
1956: Average.......... $52.39
1957: Average_____ 52. 72
July________
53.10
August_____
52.61
September___ 52.58
October___ . 62. 44
November___ 51. 61
December___ 52.16
1958: January_____ 50.23
February........ 50.09
March______ 49.62
April_______
48.51
M ay________ 49.21
June________ 51.66
July________
51.80
39.1
38.2
38.2
38.4
38.1
38.0
37.4
37.8
36.4
36.3
35.7
34.9
35.4
36.9
37.0
Yarn mills
$1.34 $52.63
1.38 53.10
1.39 53.10
1.37 52. 61
1.38 52.44
1.38 52.54
1.38 51.85
1.38 52.16
1.38 50.09
1.38 49.82
1.39 49.35
1.39 47.96
1.39 48.93
1.40 51.38
1.40 51.52
Cotton, silk, synthetic
fiber-—Continued
39.2
38.2
38.2
38.4
38.0
37.8
37.3
37.8
36.3
36.1
35.5
34.5
35.2
36.7
36.8
Broad-woven fabric
mills 1
Thread mills
$1.34 $52.79
1.39 55.13
1.39 54. 85
1.37 56.09
1.38 55.98
1.39 56.52
1.39 54. 43
1.38 54. 99
1.38 53.16
1.38 53. 30
1.39 52. 45
1.39 53. 72
1. 39 49.21
1.40 51.26
1.40 50. 77
Woolen and worsted
39.1
39.1
38.9
39.5
39.7
39.8
38.6
39.0
37.7
37.8
37.2
38.1
34.9
36.1
35.5
$1.35 $56.28
1.41 56. 70
1.41 56.26
1.42 56.99
1.41 57.52
1.42 57. 67
1.41 56.94
1.41 57.28
1.41 54.96
1.41 55.10
1.41 54.81
1.41 52. 85
1.41 53.86
1.42 55.68
1.43 56.41
Narrow fabrics and
40.2
39.1
38.8
39.3
39.4
39.5
39.0
39.5
37.9
33.0
37.8
36.7
37.4
38.4
38.9
$1.40 $54. 66
1.45 55.63
1.45 54. 77
1.45 55.77
1.46 56.30
1.46 56.88
1.46 56. 30
1.45 56.49
1.45 54.20
1.45 54.20
1.45 53. 25
1.44 51.18
1.44 52.40
1.45 54.20
1.45 55. 06
40.0
38.9
38.2
38.9
39.0
39.6
39.3
39.6
37.8
37.8
37.5
36.1
36.8
37.8
38.4
South
38.2
36.6
33.6
35.5
35.3
36.9
37.4
38.1
36.9
38.2
38.8
36.9
37.0
36.1
35.9
41.6
40.8
41.6
41.3
41.4
39.4
38.1
39.3
38.3
39.4
39.9
39.4
40.6
41.8
41.7
$1.57 $58.51
1.60 60.80
1.60 51.51
1.59 60.80
1.60 61.97
1.59 61.14
1.59 60.14
1.59 60. 74
1.59 59.67
1.59 58. 22
1.59 58. 37
1.59 57.68
1.60 58. 91
1.61 60. 76
1.60 60. 61
See footnotes at
41.2
40.6
40.0
40.7
40.7
40.7
40.2
40.3
39.1
40.3
39.7
39.1
39.9
41.8
39.8
endof table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
39.8
40.0
40.2
40.0
40.5
39.7
38.8
39.7
39.0
38.3
38.4
38.2
38.5
39.2
39.1
$1.47
1.52
1.53
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.55
1.53
1.53
1.52
1.52
1.51
1.53
1. 55
1.55
$53. 68
54.09
53. 94
54. 96
55.33
55.19
54.31
54.17
51.98
52.85
53.14
51.74
53. 29
54. 75
54. 38
37.8
37.3
37.2
37.9
37.9
37.8
37.2
37.1
35.6
36.2
36.4
35.2
36.5
37.5
37.5
39.5
38.5
39.2
39.7
39.5
38.8
37.7
39.2
38.3
38.2
37.4
37.4
37.8
38.2
39.1
$1.48
1.52
1.53
1.53
1.54
1.53
1.53
1.52
1.52
1.52
1. 52
1.51
1.53
1.53
1.53
$1.42 $58. 98
1.45 57.51
1.45 54.10
1.45 55. 90
1. 46 56.06
1.46 58.28
1.46 58.83
1.46 58. 83
1.46 56.83
1.46 57. 68
1.46 58. 60
1.47 55.94
1.46 57. 07
1.46 55. 94
1.45 55. 27
38.3
37.1
34.9
36.3
36.4
37.6
38.2
38.2
36.9
37.7
38.3
36.8
37.3
36.8
36.6
North
$1.54 $58.82
1.55 59.68
1.55 58. 37
1.54 59. 21
1.54 61.23
1.55 62.09
1.54 62. 64
1.54 59. 90
1.54 58.30
1.53 56.06
1.53 55.72
1.52 55.48
1.53 59.28
1.52 59.29
1.51 58.83
38.7
38.5
37.9
38.2
39.0
39.3
39.9
38.4
36.9
36.4
36.9
36.5
38.0
38.5
38.2
$1.52
1.55
1.54
1.55
1.57
1.58
1.57
1.56
1.58
1.54
1.51
1.52
1.56
1.54
1.54
Seamless hosiery
United States
$1.55 $46. 21
1.55 48.55
1.55 47.95
1.54 49.63
1.53 49.34
1.53 50.25
1.53 49.41
1.53 49.01
1.53 47.06
1.53 47. 46
1.53 47.54
1.52 45.02
1. 51 46. 98
1.51 48. 60
1.50 50.49
Dyeing and finishing
textiles 1
1956: Average_____ $65.92
1957: Average_____ 66.99
July------------- 65.60
August______ 67.16
September___ 67.16
October_____ 67.16
November__
66.73
December. _.
66.50
1958: January_____ 64.12
L
February____ 66.50
M arch____
65.11
April_______
64.12
M ay................ 65. 04
J u n e .............. 69.39
July____ ____ 65. 27
North
$1.37 $58.46
1.43 58.52
1.43 59. 98
1.43 60.74
1.44 60.83
1.44 59.36
1.44 57. 68
1.43 59.58
1.43 58.22
1.43 58.06
1.42 56.85
1.41 56.47
1.42 57.83
1.43 58. 45
1.43 59.82
United States
$1.35 $65.31
1.41 65. 28
1.41 66.56
1.41 65.67
1.42 66.24
1.43 62. 65
1.43 60.58
1.42 62.49
1.41 60.90
1.41 62.65
1.41 63.44
1.40 62.65
1.40 64.96
1.41 67. 30
1.41 66.72
Full-fashioned
hosiery—Continued
1956: Average_____ $59.21
1957: Average_____ 56. 73
July------------- 52.08
August.. . .
54.67
September___ 54.01
October_____ 56.46
November___ 57. 22
December___ 58. 29
1958: January_____ 56.46
February........ 58.45
March______ 59.36
April___
56.09
M ay________ 55. 87
June................ 54. 51
Ju ly ................. 53.85
39.9
38.9
38.3
39.0
39.1
39.5
39.1
39.5
37.9
37.9
37.5
36.3
36.9
37.9
38.5
Fidl-fashioned hosiery
Knitting mills 1
South
1956: Average_____ $54.00
1957: Average........ . 54. 85
July________
53. 86
August--------- 54. 85
September___ 55.38
October. ___ 56. 63
November___ 56.20
December___ 56.23
1958: January___ _ 53.30
February____ 53. 30
M arch____ _ 52.88
April_______
50.54
M ay__ _____ 51. 52
June________ 53.30
July________
54.14
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber
United States
36.1
36.5
36.6
37.6
37.1
37.5
36.6
36.3
34.6
34.9
34.7
33.1
34.8
36.0
37.4
$1.28 $49.40
1.33 51.14
1.31 52.11
1.32 52. 26
1.33 52.90
1.34 52.85
1.35 52. 72
1.35 48.50
1.36 48. 93
1.36 52.59
1.37 50. 82
1.36 51.52
1. 35 50. 87
1.35 51.29
1.35 52.13
Dyeing and finishing
textiles {except wool)
$1.60 $65.51
1.65 66.58
1.64 64.87
1.65 66.42
1.65 66.42
1.65 66.91
1.66 66.83
1.65 66.75
1.64 64.22
1.65 66.42
1.64 65.04
1.64 63.90
1.63 65.04
1.66 68.81
1.64 64. 55
41.2
40.6
39.8
40.5
40.5
40.8
40.5
40.7
39.4
40.5
39.9
39.2
39.9
41.7
39.6
North
38.0
37.6
38.6
39.0
38.9
38.3
38.2
35.4
35.2
37.3
36.3
36.8
36.6
36.9
37.5
$1.30 $45.82
1.36 48. 28
1.35 47.19
1.34 49. 37
1.36 48.94
1.38 49.74
1.38 48.64
1.37 49.14
1.39 46. 92
1.41 46. 71
1.40 46.92
1.40 44.34
1.39 46.23
1.39 48.11
1.39 50.12
Carpets, rugs, other
floor coverings J
$1.59 $74.16
1.64 74.70
1.63 72.07
1.64 73.71
1.64 75.67
1.64 75.44
1.65 74. 77
1.64 75.33
1.63 76.89
1.64 75.14
1.63 75.74
1.63 73. 70
1.63 73.88
1.65 75.24
1.63 76.92
41.2
40.6
39.6
40.5
40.9
41.0
40.2
40.5
40.9
40.4
40.5
39.2
39.3
39.6
40.7
unaerwear
South
35.8
36.3
36.3
37.4
36.8
37.4
36.3
36.4
34.5
34.6
34.5
32.6
34.5
35.9
37.4
$1.28 $56.15
1.33 57.30
1.30 59.14
1.32 59.75
1.33 60. 21
1.33 58.06
1.34 57.07
1.35 55.48
1.36 52.74
1.35 54. 26
1.36 55.18
1.36 54.93
1. 34 57.38
1.34 59.13
1.34 57.23
Wool carpets, rugs,
and carpet yarn
$1.80 $73.26
1.84 72. 25
1.82 68. 76
1.82 72.07
1.85 72.47
1.84 71. 55
1.86 69.32
1.86 71. 74
1.88 74. 59
1.86 72.86
1.87 71.39
1.88 68.63
1.88 69.16
1.90 69.18
1. 89 68. 63
40.7
39.7
38.2
39.6
39.6
39.1
38.3
39.2
40.1
39.6
38.8
37.5
38.0
37.6
37.5
38.2
37.7
38.4
38.8
39.1
37.7
37.3
36.5
34.7
35.7
36.3
35.9
37. 5
38.9
37.9
$1.47 $49. 78
1.52 50.69
1.54 50.86
1.54 51. 14
1.54 52.03
1.54 51.75
1.53 49.82
1.52 50.42
1.52 49.82
1.52 49.54
1.52 49. 96
1.53 47. 33
1. 53 48. 99
1.52 50. 78
1.51 51.10
Hats (except cloth
and millinery)
$1.80 $57.38
1.82 59.04
1.80 59.01
1.82 62.16
1.83 61.38
1.83 58.91
1.81 61.62
1.83 63. 79
1.86 60. 26
1.84 59. 29
1.84 57.35
1.83 54.42
1.82 57.19
1.84 60. 42
1.83 60.39
35.2
36.0
36.2
37.9
37.2
35.7
36.9
38.2
37.2
36.6
35.4
33.8
35.3
36.4
36.6
38.0
37.0
37.4
37.6
37.7
37.5
36.1
36.8
36.1
35.9
36.2
34.3
35.5
36.8
37.3
$1.31
1.37
1.36
1.36
1.38
1.38
1.38
1.37
1.38
1.38
1.38
1.38
1.38
1.38
1.37
Miscellaneous textile
goods J
$1.63 $66.83
1.64 69.03
1.63 69. 77
1.64 69. 48
1.65 70.35
1.65 70.22
1.67 70.31
1.67 69.65
1.62 66.85
1.62 66.78
1.62 66. 78
1.61 65.53
1.62 66. 43
1.66 69.65
1.65 68.60
40.5
39.9
40.1
39.7
40.2
39.9
39.5
39.8
38.2
38.6
38.6
38.1
38.4
39.8
39.2
$1.65
1.73
1.74
1.75
1.75
1.76
1.78
1.75
1.75
1.73
1.73
1.72
1.73
1.75
1.75
1196
T able
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
C-l. Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- i hours
Ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg,
hrly,
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Nondurable goods—Continued
Textile-mill products—Continued
Felt goods (except
woven felts and hats)
1956: Average.......... $71. 86
1957: Average.......... 73.28
J u ly ............... 72. 52
August______ 73.70
September___ 73.32
October_____ 77.42
November___ 74. 77
December___
72.91
1958: January.......... 71.24
February........ 70.68
M arch______ 72.58
April............... 69.92
M ay................ 73.15
June...... .......... 75. 27
July................. 75. 66
Lace goods
40.6 $1. 77 $66.43
1.86 67.32
39.4
39.2
1.85 69.36
39.2
1.88 67. 51
39.0
1.88 68.99
1.87 66.98
41.4
40.2
1. 86 66.41
39.2
1.86 66.57
38.3
1.86 63.72
37.2
1.90 64.38
38.2
1.90 65.30
1.90 65.87
36.8
37.9
1.93 64. 05
38.6
1.95 68. 71
39.2
1.93 65.16
38.4 $1.73
1.80
37.4
37.9
1.83
1.81
37.3
1.83
37.7
1.82
36.8
37.1
1.79
37.4
1.78
35.4
1. 80
1.74
37.0
37.1
1. 76
36.8
1.79
36.6
1.75
38.6
1.78
36.4
1.79
Paddings and uphol
stery filling
Processed waste and
recovered fibers
Artificial leather, oil
cloth, and other coated
fabrics
$68. 74
71.46
71.28
70.45
70.84
70.27
73.02
72.80
68. 38
66.73
67. 46
66.70
68. 56
72. 22
71.71
$54.10
57. 40
58. 80
57.82
58. 66
57. 37
56.09
58. 52
57.34
57.17
58.00
57.74
57.86
58. 87
56.94
$87.40
92.66
97.00
97.43
100.32
98.10
99.23
95.70
89.24
87.97
86.71
83.74
86.27
92.23
91.36
40.2
40.6
40.5
39.8
39.8
39.7
39.9
40.0
38.2
37.7
37.9
37.9
38.3
39.9
39.4
$1.71
1.76
1.76
1.77
1.78
1. 77
1.83
1. 82
1.79
1. 77
1.78
1. 76
1.79
1.81
1.82
41.3
41.0
41.7
41.3
41.6
40.4
39.5
41.5
40.1
39.7
40.0
40.1
39.9
40.6
39.0
$1.31
1.40
1.41
1.40
1.41
1.42
1.42
1.41
1. 43
1.44
1.45
1.44
1. 45
1.45
1.46
Cordage and twine
43.7 $2.00 $57.28
43.5
2.13 58. 44
2.17 57.83
44.7
44.9
2.17 58.67
45.6
2.20 59.67
45.0
2.18 58.82
44.7
2.22 57.53
43.9
2.18 59.36
41.7
2.14 55.78
41.3
2.13 58.98
40.9
2.12 58. 37
2.12 57. 53
39.5
40. 5 2.13 57.99
42.5
2.17 59.67
42.1
2.17 60.04
39.5 $1.45
38.7
1. 51
1. 51
38.3
1.52
38.6
39.0
1.53
1.52
38.7
37.6
1.53
38.8
1.53
36.7
1.52
38.3
1.54
1.54
37.9
37.6
1.53
37.9
1. 53
1.53
39.0
1.52
39.5
Apparel and other finished textile products
Total: Apparel and
other finished textile
products
1956: Average.......... $52. 64
1957: Average........... 53.64
Ju ly................. 54.15
August______ 55.20
September___ 55.42
October_____ 53.49
November___ 53.10
December....... 52.80
1958: January_____ 53.00
February____ 52.65
March______
51.70
A pril.............. 51.75
M ay................ 52. 20
June________ 52. 50
53. 40
July________
36.3
36.0
36.1
36.8
36.7
35.9
35.4
35.2
35.1
35.1
34.7
34.6
34.8
35.0
35.6
$1.45
1.49
1.50
1.50
1. 51
1.49
1.50
1. 50
1. 51
1.50
1.49
1. 50
1.50
1.50
1. 50
W o m e n ’s o u t e r w e a r s
1956: Average........... $57.02
1957: Average.......... 58.10
J u l y . . ............ 59.33
August—......... 60. 84
September___ 59.49
October.......... 56.60
November___ 56.27
December....... 55.26
1958: January.......... 57.27
February____ 57. 95
March______ 54. 78
April________ 57. 45
M ay________ 57. 45
June________ 55.44
J u ly ............... 57.78
35.2
35.0
34.9
36.0
35.2
34.3
34.1
33.9
34.5
34.7
33.0
34.4
34.4
33.4
34.6
1958:
A v e r a g e .............
A v e r a g e ..............
J u ly ....... .............
A u g u s t ...............
S e p te m b e r ____
O c to b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r .......
J a n u a r y ______
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h ________
A p r il__________
M a y . . _______
J u n e __________
J u ly ......................
$51.62
52.63
51.62
52.92
53.72
52.10
52. 48
51.74
52. 45
51.65
52.10
51.70
52. 65
53.00
51.11
36.1
35.8
35.6
36.0
36.3
35.2
35.7
35.2
35.2
34.9
35.2
34.7
35.1
35.1
34.3
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$63.12
63.01
63.90
64.62
63.90
61.42
60.34
60.54
60.02
58.61
58. 43
56.14
60.19
61.59
61.25
35.2
34.8
33.8
35.7
35.0
34.1
33.7
33.3
34.1
34.4
30.5
35.2
34.3
32.1
33.2
M illin e r y
$1.43 $62.02
1.47 62.11
1.45 58.64
1.47 63.41
1.48 65. 91
1.48 60.72
1.47 56. 09
1.47 57.96
1.49 55.36
1.48 73.72
1.48 69. 89
1.49 61.00
1. 50 49. 54
1.51 58. 71
1.49 61.24
Men’s and boys’ fur
nishings and work
clothing 2
36.7 $1.72 $45.26
35.6
1. 77 46.23
36.1
1.77 46.48
36.1
1.79 47.63
35.7
1.79 48.00
34.7
1.77 46.98
1.78 45. 57
33.9
34.4
1. 76 45.31
34.1
1. 76 45. 67
33.3
1.76 44. 96
33.2
1. 76 45.18
1.76 44.16
31.9
34.2
1.76 44.42
34.6
1.78 44.70
1.76 46.34
34.8
W om en’s dresses
$1.62 $55. 62
1.66 56.03
1.70 54.42
1.69 58.19
1.69 57. 75
1.65 55.24
1.65 53. 92
1.63 53. 61
1.66 55. 24
1.67 55. 38
1.66 49.41
1.67 61.25
1.67 59.68
1.66 53. 61
1.67 54.12
Corsets and allied
garments
1956:
1957:
M en’s and boys’
suits and coats
36.7
35.9
34.7
37.3
38.1
35.3
32.8
33.7
31.1
38.8
38.4
33.7
28.8
32.8
34.6
$1. 58
1.61
1. 61
1.63
1.65
1.62
1.60
1.61
1.62
1.61
1.62
1. 74
1. 74
1.67
1.63
36.5
36.4
36.6
37.5
37.5
36.7
35.6
35.4
35.4
35.4
35.3
34.5
34.7
35.2
36.2
$1.24 $45. 88
1.27 46. 46
1.27 46. 48
1.27 47. 74
1.28 48.26
1.28 47. 86
1.28 47.34
1.28 46. 57
1.29 45.80
1.27 45. 44
1.28 45. 44
1.28 44. 54
1.28 44. 42
1.27 44.07
1.28 46. 72
Household apparel
$44. 76
46. 44
45. 06
45. 44
45.76
45.89
47.19
46. 96
45. 89
44.98
47.29
47. 52
47.22
46.33
45. 98
36.1
36.0
35.2
35.5
35.2
35.3
36.3
36.4
35.3
34.6
36.1
36.0
35.5
35.1
35.1
C h ild r e n ’s
o u terw ea r
$1.69 $48. 44
1.73 50. 55
1.69 52.72
1.70 51.38
1.73 50. 51
1.72 49.59
1.71 50. 01
1.72 48.14
1.78 49.87
1.90 49.68
1.82 49.10
1.81 48. Of
1.72 48. 87
1.79 50. 65
1.77 51.71
36.7
36.9
38.2
37.5
36.6
36.2
36.5
35.4
36.4
36.0
36.1
35.6
36.2
36.7
37.2
Shirts, collars, and
nightwear
36.7
36.3
36.6
37.3
37.7
37.1
36.7
36.1
35.5
35.5
35.5
34.8
34.7
34.7
36.5
Separate trousers
$1.25 $46. 49
1.28 47.06
1.27 47.34
1.28 48.23
1.28 47.42
1.29 45.92
1.29 42. 77
1.29 45.89
1.29 48.31
1.28 47.68
1.28 47. 78
1.28 46.73
1.28 45.11
1.27 45. 63
1.28 46. 54
36.9
36.2
36.7
37.1
36.2
35.6
32.9
35.3
36.6
36.4
36.2
35.4
34.7
35.1
35.8
Work shirts
$1.26 $40.29
1.30 42. 47
1.29 43.50
1.30 43.82
1.31 43.15
1.29 41.18
1.30 41.18
1.30 41.65
1. 32 40. 59
1.31 42. 46
1.32 43.78
1.32 42. 24
1.30 40. 60
1.30 41. 76
1.30 39. 44
36.3
36.3
37.8
38.1
37.2
35.5
34.9
35.6
34.4
36.6
37.1
35.8
34.7
36.0
34.0
$1.11
1.17
1.16
1.15
1.16
1.16
1.18
1.17
1.18
1.16
1.18
1.18
1.17
1.16
1.16
Underwear and night
W o m e n ’s a n d c h il
Women’s suits, coats,
d ren 's u n d er g a rm en ts5 wear, except corsets
and skirts
$1.24 $68.14
1.29 68. 54
1.28 74.91
1.28 75.03
1.30 71.90
1.30 65.89
1.30 66. 86
1.29 63.83
1.30 69.09
1.30 69. 63
1.31 65.16
1.32 57. 32
1.33 60.99
1.32 64. 62
1.31 72.37
33.9 $2.01 $47. 55
33.6
2.04 48. 91
2.11 48.01
35.5
2.09 49.85
35.9
34.4
2.09 51.41
32.3
2.04 49. 82
2.02 49.64
33.1
32.4
1.97 48.20
33.7
2.05 48.28
2.06
33.8
48.20
32.1
2.03 48.69
29. 7 1.93 47.60
32.1
1.90 47.68
32.8
1.97 48.28
35.3
2.05 47.93
M isc e lla n e o u s
a p p a r el a n d
accessories
$1.32 $49. 71
1.37 49. 90
1.38 50.40
1.37 48.79
1.38 51.18
1.37 51.66
1.37 51.38
1.36 51.24
1.37 49. 07
1.38 49. 00
1.36 49.00
1.35 47.80
1. 35 49.07
1.38 50.20
1.39 1 50.62
37.1
35.9
36.0
35.1
36.3
36.9
36.7
36.6
34.8
35.0
35.0
33.9
34.8
35.6
35.9
36.3
36.5
36.1
37.2
37.8
36.9
36.5
35.7
35.5
35.7
35.8
35.0
34.8
35.5
35.5
$1.31 $45.38
1.34 47.47
1.33 46. 46
1.34 48.38
1.36 50. 44
1.35 48.88
1. 36 48.21
1.35 46. 31
1.36 46.28
1.35 46.80
1.36 47.29
1.36 45.63
1.37 45. 33
1.36 46. 05
1.35 46. 57
O th er fa b ric a ted
te x tile p r o d u c ts 2
$1.34 $53.39
1.39 56.70
1.40 56.10
1.39 57.60
1.41 57.37
1.40 58.45
1.40 58. 75
1.40 59.82
1.41 55.90
1.40 54.66
1.40 55.35
1.41 54.15
1.41 56.32
1.41 56.92
1.41 1 56.54
37.6
37.8
37.4
38.4
38.5
38.2
37.9
38.1
36.3
36.2
36.9
36.1
37.3
37.2
37.2
1.53
1.52
$1.25
1.29
1.28
1.28
1.31
1.30
1.31
1.29
1.30
1.30
1.31
1.30
1.31
1.29
1.29
Curtains , draperies,
and other housefurnishings
$1.42 $46.98
1. 50 49.37
1.50 48. 34
1.50 50.05
1.49 51.59
1.53 51.19
1.55 49.88
1. 57 50.38
1. 54 47.97
48.28
1.51
1.5C
49. 71
48.33
1.5C
1. 51
36.3
36.8
36.3
37.8
38.5
37.6
36.8
35.9
35.6
36.0
36.1
35.1
34.6
35.7
36.1
49.41
50.05
49.41
36.7
37.4
36.9
38.5
38.5
38.2
37.5
37.6
35.8
36.3
37.1
35.8
36.6
36.8
36.6
$1.28
1.32
1.31
1.30
1.34
1.34
1.33
1.34
1.34
1.33
1.34
1.35
1.35
1.36
1.35
1197
0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C -l.
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—<
Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
tags
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Textile bags
July-----------
$57.28
59.40
60. 50
59.15
62. 27
58. 67
59.43
62. 22
60. 37
69. 44
59. 75
58.75
59. 06
59.14
60. 28
39.5
39.6
39.8
39.7
40. 7
38.6
39.1
40.4
39.2
38.6
38.8
37.9
38.6
38.4
39.4
Canvas products
$1.45 $55.66
1.50 57. 33
1.52 59. 45
1.49 60. 53
1.53 55. 86
1.52 58. 56
1.52 56.45
1.54 57.08
1.54 58. 31
1.54 58. 80
1.54 59. 25
1. 55 60.15
1.53 63.80
1.54 63.09
1.53 62. 55
Paper and allied products
39.2
39.0
39.9
38.8
38.0
39.3
38.4
37.8
39.4
39.2
39.5
40.1
41.7
40.7
41.7
Total: Paper and
allied products
$1.42 $83.03
1. 47 86.29
1.49 87.14
1.56 87. 55
1.47 89.23
1.49 88.19
1. 47 87.15
1. 51 87.15
1.48 86.11
1.50 85. 49
1.50 86.11
1.50 85. 69
1.53 86.10
1. 55 88.20
1.50 88.62
42.8
42.3
42.3
42.5
42.9
42.4
41.9
41.9
41.4
41.1
41.4
41.0
41.0
41.8
41.8
J u n e ________
J u ly -------------
$79. 56
83.01
83.01
82. 62
84.24
84.38
85. 20
86.03
83.10
81. 27
87.95
82.60
84.63
84. 89
87.05
Other paper and
allied products
40.8 $1. 95 $72.92
40.1
2.07 76.07
2.07 76. 67
40.1
2. 05 77. 64
40.3
40. 5 2.08 78.81
2.12 77. 71
39.8
2.13 77. 36
40.0
2.14 77.93
40.2
39.2
2.12 76. 97
2.10 76. 97
38.7
41.1
2.14 77.36
2.14 76.99
38.6
2.17 76.61
39.0
2.16 77. 97
39.3
2.16 78.74
40.3
41.2
40.9
41.0
41.3
41.7
40.9
40.5
40.8
40.3
40.3
40.5
40.1
39.9
40.4
40.8
Pulp, paper and
paperboard mills
$1.94 $91. 05
2.04 94.18
2.06 95.48
2.06 95. 26
2.08 96. 79
2.08 96.35
2.08 95. 24
2.08 95.90
2.08 94. 37
2. 08 93. 26
2.08 93.48
2.09 93.04
2.10 93. 24
2.11 95. 87
2.12 96.28
44.2
43.4
43.4
43.3
43.6
43.4
42.9
43.2
42.7
42.2
42.3
42.1
42.0
42.8
42.6
Paperboard containers and boxes 2
$2. 06 $76.13
2.17 79.90
2.20 80.73
2.20 81.87
2.22 83.92
2.22 83.16
2.22 80.75
2. 22 79.17
2. 21 78.20
2. 21 78.41
2.21 79. 79
2.21 78.80
2. 22 80. 40
2. 24 83.02
2.26 83.22
41.6
41.4
41.4
42.2
42.6
42.0
41.2
40.6
39.9
39.8
40.3
39.6
40.2
41.1
41.2
$1.83 $75.89
1.93 79. 27
1.95 80.70
1.94 81.83
1.97 84.08
1.98 82. 91
1.96 80.12
1. 95 78. 36
1.96 77. 60
1.97 77.81
1.98 78.79
1.99 78.21
2. 00 79. 79
2.02 82. 60
2.02 82.60
Total: Printing, publishing, and allied
industries
$1. 77 $93.90
1.86 96.25
1.87 95. 75
1.88 96. 89
1.89 98.16
1. 90 97.15
1.91 95. 76
1.91 98. 04
1.91 95.76
1.91 96.14
1.91 97.02
1.92 96.14
1.92 97. 01
1.93 97.38
1.93 97.38
1958: Average____
1957: Average____
Ju ly ............. .
August_____
Septem ber...
October____
N ovem ber...
December__
1958: January____
February___
March_____
April....... ......
M ay_______
June_______
July_______
$93.03
95. 76
95.12
95. 76
97.93
96. 56
95.35
97.36
95. 74
95. 40
96.68
94.92
94.82
96.22
97.36
40.1
39.9
39.8
39.9
40.3
39.9
39.4
39.9
39.4
39.1
39.3
38.9
38.7
38.8
39.1
$2.32 $94. 40
2.40 96. 53
2.39 98. 50
2. 40 98.70
2.43 98.70
2. 42 96.19
2. 42 95.80
2. 44 96. 53
2.43 94. 87
2.44 96. 25
2. 46 98. 42
2.44 97.52
2. 45 97.54
2. 48 98.81
2.49 100. 23
Industrial inorganic
chemicals 2
1956: Average....... .
1957: Average....... .
July...............
August..........
Septem ber...
October____
N ovem ber...
December__
1958: January____
February___
M arch_____
April______
M ay........—
June...........
July...............
$95.35
100.04
100.94
101. 18
102.09
101. 50
102.00
104.17
102.50
102.66
102. 82
102. 56
103. 38
104. 96
104.34
41.1
41.0
40.7
40.8
41.0
40.6
40.8
41.5
41.0
40.9
40.8
40.7
40.7
41.0
40.6
See footnotes at end of table.
4 7 9 6 0 3 — 58-
-8
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Lithographing
$2.32
2.44
2.48
2.48
2. 49
2.50
2.50
2. 51
2. 50
2. 51
2.52
2.52
2. 54
2.56
2. 57
40.0
39.4
39.4
39.8
39.8
39.1
39.1
39.4
38.1
38.5
38.9
38.7
38.4
38.9
39.0
38.8
38.5
38.3
38.6
38.8
38.4
38.0
38.6
37.7
37.7
37.9
37.7
37.6
37.6
37.6
$2.42
2. 50
2.50
2.51
2. 53
2.53
2.52
2. 54
2.54
2. 55
2. 56
2. 55
2.58
2. 59
2. 59
$93. 43
97.68
99.31
99.63
98.98
98.09
99.88
102.01
99.88
99. 38
99.38
101.18
99.70
101. 66
103. 53
40.8
40.7
40.7
40.5
40.4
40.2
40.6
41.3
40.6
40.4
40.4
40.8
40.2
40.5
40.6
Greeting cards
$2.36 $61.44
2.45 64.18
2.50 63.63
2. 48 64.13
2.48 63.41
2. 46 62.87
2. 45 63.03
2. 45 66.18
2.49 67.61
2. 50 68. 71
2.53 70. 38
2. 52 69.09
2. 54 68.53
2. 54 66.39
2. 57 63. 75
Alkalies and chlorine
41.7
41.5
41.6
42.4
42.9
42.3
41.3
40.6
40.0
39.9
40.2
39.7
40.3
41.3
41.3
$1.82
1.91
1.94
1.93
1. 96
1.96
1.94
1.93
1.94
1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
2.00
2.00
$99.64
102.03
100. 54
100. 67
103.32
103. 46
102.82
105.85
100.10
101. 44
101. 09
102.37
103. 72
103. 72
102.49
36.1
35.8
35.4
35.7
36.0
35.8
35.7
36.5
35.0
35.1
35.1
35.3
35.4
35.4
35.1
Books
Periodicals
Newspapers
$2. 76
2.85
2.84
2. 82
2. 87
2.89
2.88
2. 90
2. 86
2. 89
2.88
2.90
2. 93
2.93
2.92
$96.16
101.05
100. 90
104. 60
107.38
104. 49
101. 77
101.85
100. 47
99. 71
102. 31
99.07
98.81
100.23
104.02
39.9
40.1
40.2
40.7
41.3
40.5
39.6
40.1
39.4
39.1
39.5
38.7
38.3
39.0
39.4
$2.41 $83. 84
2. 52 84.35
2. 51 83.95
2.57 86.18
2.60 85. 75
2.58 82. 68
2. 57 82.89
2. 54 84. 67
2. 55 85. 06
2. 55 84.02
2. 59 84. 24
2.56 85.02
2. 58 85. 58
2.57 85. 75
2.64 85.80
38.4
38.2
38.8
38.4
38.2
38.1
38.2
38.7
38.2
38.6
39.1
38.6
38.5
38.6
37.5
Industrial organic
chemicals 2
$2.29 $92. 89
2. 40 96.93
2.44 98.16
2. 46 98.40
2. 45 98.81
2.44 98.33
2. 46 98.74
2. 47 99. 39
2. 46 98.17
2. 46 97.44
2. 46 97. 84
2.48 98.00
2. 48 98.98
2. 51 100.12
2.55 100.94
41.1
40.9
40.9
41.0
41.0
40.8
40.8
40.9
40.4
40.1
40.1
40.0
40.4
40.7
40.7
Bookbinding and
related industries
$1.60 $72.10
1.68 73. 71
1. 64 72. 94
1.67 75.07
1.66 73.71
1.65 73. 72
1. 65 73. 73
1.71 74.69
1.77 73.14
1. 78 72. 95
1.80 73.15
1.79 72. 95
1.78 73. 53
1.72 74. 07
1.70 72.72
$2. 26
2.37
2.40
2. 40
2.41
2.41
2. 42
2.43
2. 43
2. 43
2. 44
2. 45
2. 45
2.46
2. 48
39.4
39.0
38.8
39.1
39.0
38.8
38.2
38.5
37.7
37.8
37.9
37.8
37.9
37.6
37.1
42.0
41.8
41.8
42.0
41.6
41.8
41.7
41.2
40.8
40.9
41.0
40.6
41.2
41.1
40.6
Miscellaneous publishing and printing services
$1.83 $109.09
1.89 110. 78
1.88 110.30
1.92 112.91
1.89 111.07
1.90 111.36
1.93 107.07
1.94 109.25
1.94 108. 77
1.93 109. 73
1.93 110. 21
1.93 107. 73
1.94 110.96
1. 97 111. 22
1.96 111. 13
Plastics, except syn
thetic rubber
$93. 66
99.90
101.16
101. 64
101.50
101. 99
101. 75
100.94
99. 55
99.80
100.45
99. 47
102.18
102. 75
101.91
40.5
39.6
39.6
39.9
39.7
38.1
38.2
39.2
39.2
38.9
39.0
39.0
38.9
38.8
39.0
$2.07
2.13
2.12
2.16
2.16
2.17
2.17
2.16
2.17
2.16
2.16
2.18
2.20
2.21
2.20
Chemicals and allied
products
Printing, publishing, and allied industries—Continued
Commercial printing
Paperboard boxes
Printing, publishing, and allied industries
Paper and allied products--Continued
Fiber cans, tubes, and
drums
1956: Average....... .
1957: Average....... .
July..............
August_____
September...
October.........
Novem ber...
December__
1958: January....... .
February___
M arch_____
April............ .
M ay_______
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Nondurable goods—Continued
Apparel and other finished textile products—
Continued
J u n e ________
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Y ear and month
1956: Average....... .
1957: Average____
July...............
August....... .
September...
October____
Novem ber...
December__
1958: January____
February___
M arch_____
April....... .....
M ay.............
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
39.1
38.6
38.3
38.8
38.7
38.8
37.7
38.2
37.9
38.1
38.4
37.8
38.0
37.7
37.8
$2. 79 $87.14
2. 87 91.46
2. 88 92.25
2. 91 92.25
2. 87 92.70
2. 87 91.84
2. 84 92. 66
2. 86 93.34
2. 87 92.62
2.88 92. 57
2. 87 92.39
2. 85 92. 39
2. 92 93.43
2. 95 94.94
2.94 94.83
Synthetic rubber
$2.22 $104.67
2.39 107.98
2.42 108. 77
2. 42 109. 34
2. 44 108. 40
2. 44 108.14
2. 44 112. 75
2.45 112.34
2. 44 109. 62
2. 44 109.21
2.44 110. 03
2. 45 108.14
2. 48 110. 03
2.50 112.61
2. 51 111. 79
41.7
40.9
41.2
40.8
40.6
40.5
41.3
41.3
40.6
40.6
40.6
40.2
40.0
41.1
40.8
Total: Chemicals and
allied products
41.3
41.2
41.0
41.0
41.2
41.0
41.0
41.3
40.8
40.6
40.7
40.7
40.8
41.1
40.7
$2.11
2.22
2.25
2.25
2.25
2.24
2.20
2.26
2.27
2.28
2.27
2.27
2.29
2.31
2.33
Synthetic fibers
$2.51 $78.00
2. 64 82.21
2.64 83. 42
2.68 83.22
2.67 82.41
2.67 83.01
2.73 83. 41
2.72 84.03
2.70 82.37
2.69 81.33
2. 71 82. 74
2.69 82. 71
2. 71 83. 79
2.74 85.44
2. 74 86.07
40.0
40.3
40.3
40.4
40.2
40.1
40.1
40.4
39.6
39.1
39.4
39.2
39.9
40.3
40.6
$1.95
2.04
2.07
2.06
2.05
2.07
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.10
2.11
2.10
2.12
2.12
1198
T able
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
C-l. Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—Con,
nAvg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Nondurable goods—Continued
Chemicals and allied products—Continued
Soap, cleaning and
Drugs and medicines polishing
preparations2
Explosives
1956: Average..........
1957: Average........ .
July------------August_____
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1958: January_____
February-----M arch______
April___ ____
M ay_______
June...... ..........
July-------------
$ 8 7 .2 9
9 3 .3 0
9 5 .6 8
9 6 .1 0
9 6 .8 7
9 4 . 48
9 1 . 66
9 1 .7 7
9 0 .3 2
9 2 .9 7
9 2 .2 0
9 1 .4 9
9 2 . 75
9 5 .6 5
9 5 .2 8
4 0 .6
4 1 .1
4 1 .6
4 1 .6
4 2 .3
4 0 .9
4 0 .2
3 9 .9
3 9 .1
3 9 .9
3 9 .4
3 9 .1
3 9 .3
4 0 .7
3 9 .7
$ 2 .1 5
$ 7 8 .5 5
2 .2 7
2 . 30
2 .3 1
2 . 29
2 .3 1
2 . 28
2 .3 0
2 .3 1
2 .3 3
2 .3 4
2 .3 4
2 .3 6
2 .3 5
2 .4 0
8 2 .8 2
8 2 .4 2
8 1 .8 1
8 3 . 64
8 4 .0 5
8 5 .0 8
8 5 .0 8
8 5 .4 9
8 6 .1 1
8 5 .9 0
8 5 .6 8
8 4 .8 5
8 6 .1 1
8 5 .8 4
Gum and wood
chemicals
1956: Average_____
1957: Average_____
July________
August____ .
September___
October....... .
November___
December___
1958: January-------February......
M arch______
April_______
M ay_______
June________
July.................
$ 7 5 .3 3
7 8 .2 0
8 0 .9 1
7 8 .8 1
8 0 .9 7
7 7 .9 8
7 9 .3 7
7 8 .5 8
7 9 .9 0
7 8 .5 0
7 7 .8 3
8 1 .8 3
8 0 .0 3
7 9 .9 3
8 1 .4 5
4 2 .8
4 2 .5
4 3 .5
4 2 .6
4 3 .3
4 1 .7
4 0 .7
4 1 .8
4 2 .5
4 1 .1
4 1 .4
4 2 .4
4 1 .9
4 1 .2
4 2 .2
4 0 .7
4 0 .8
4 0 .6
4 0 .3
4 0 .8
4 1 .0
4 1 .3
4 1 .5
4 1 .1
4 1 .2
4 1 .1
4 0 .8
4 0 .6
4 1 .2
4 0 .3
$ 1 .9 3
$ 9 0 .6 4
2 .0 3
2 .0 3
2 .0 3
2 .0 5
2 .0 5
2 .0 6
2 .0 5
2 .0 8
2 .0 9
2 .0 9
2 .1 0
2 . 09
2 .0 9
2 .1 3
9 6 .1 7
9 5 .5 3
9 7 .4 7
9 8 .1 2
9 7 .3 4
9 7 .9 2
1 0 0 .2 8
9 8 . 74
9 6 .4 7
9 8 .9 0
9 8 .3 3
9 9 . 31
1 0 0 .2 1
100 . 61
$ 6 7 .6 8
1 .8 4
1 .8 6
1 .8 5
1 .8 7
1 .8 7
1 .9 5
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .9 1
1 .8 8
1 .9 3
1 . 91
1 .9 4
1 .9 3
7 1 .8 3
7 1 .8 0
7 1 .9 7
7 2 .9 1
7 2 .1 4
7 1 .2 1
7 2 .4 9
7 3 .2 5
7 1 .1 0
7 2 .5 8
7 3 . 52
78 . 41
7 2 . 51
7 3 .2 6
4 2 .3
4 2 .5
4 1 .5
4 1 .6
4 1 .9
4 1 .7
4 1 .4
4 1 .9
4 2 .1
4 1 .1
4 3 .2
4 3 .5
4 4 .3
4 1 .2
4 0 .7
$ 7 4 .5 8
7 8 . 67
$ 1 .6 0
1 .6 9
1 .7 3
1 .7 3
1 .7 4
1 .7 3
1 .7 2
1 .7 3
1 .7 4
1 .7 3
1 .6 8
1 .6 9
1 . 77
1 . 76
1 .8 0
8 2 .4 7
8 1 .1 0
7 8 .8 5
7 8 .3 2
7 9 .0 0
7 9 .1 7
8 0 .1 9
8 0 .1 5
8 1 .1 0
8 1 .7 8
8 1 .0 8
8 4 .2 9
8 4 . 63
4 5 .2
4 4 .7
4 4 .1
4 3 .6
4 4 .8
4 5 .8
4 5 .4
4 5 .5
4 4 .8
4 3 .8
4 3 .6
4 3 .5
4 2 .9
4 3 .9
4 3 .4
Chemicals and allied products—Continued
E s s e n ti
1956: Average-------1957: Average_____
July------------August______
September___
October..........
November___
December___
1958: January_____
February____
M arch______
April_______
M ay.............. .
June. _____
July.................
$ 6 6 . 30
6 8 .8 5
6 7 .9 4
6 9 .4 2
7 1 .0 6
6 8 .7 1
6 9 .2 4
7 1 .8 9
7 0 .8 0
7 1 .9 4
7 1 .3 7
7 2 .5 2
7 2 .7 3
7 2 .1 5
7 0 .8 6
$ 2 .2 0
2 .3 4
2 .3 3
2 .3 6
2 .3 7
2 .3 8
2 . 40
2 .4 4
2 . 42
2 .4 3
2 . 43
2 .4 4
2 . 44
2 .4 5
2 .4 6
Vegetable and animal
oils and fats 2
Fertilizers
$ 1 .7 6
4 1 .2
41 .1
4 1 .0
4 1 .3
4 1 .4
4 0 .9
4 0 .8
4 1 .1
4 0 .8
3 9 .7
4 0 .7
4 0 .3
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
4 0 .9
$ 1 .7 0
$ 9 0 .0 9
1 .7 7
1 .7 6
1 .7 8
1 .7 9
1 .7 8
1 .7 8
1 .8 2
1 .8 2
1 .8 4
1 .8 3
1 .8 5
1 .8 6
1 .8 5
1 .8 5
9 5 .9 1
9 6 .7 9
9 5 .0 8
9 8 .0 9
9 6 .7 0
9 9 .2 5
9 6 .9 3
9 7 .5 8
9 7 .8 2
9 6 .1 5
9 8 .2 3
9 8 .7 1
100 . 74
9 8 . 64
4 2 .1
4 1 .7
4 1 .9
4 1 .7
4 2 .1
4 1 .5
4 1 .7
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
4 1 .1
4 0 .4
4 1 .1
4 1 .3
4 1 .8
4 1 .1
$ 9 8 .1 6
104 . 65
1 0 3 .7 3
1 0 7 .4 3
1 0 6 .9 1
1 0 6 .3 0
1 0 7 .2 7
1 1 0 .0 9
1 0 8 .0 9
1 0 4 .5 4
1 0 7 .9 8
1 0 7 .4 5
1 0 8 .1 2
1 0 9 .0 6
109 . 47
4 0 .9
4 1 .2
4 1 .0
4 1 .8
4 1 .6
4 1 .2
4 1 .1
4 1 .7
4 1 .1
3 9 .6
4 0 .9
4 0 .7
4 0 .8
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
$ 6 7 .9 5
1 .7 6
1 .8 7
1 .8 6
1 .7 6
1 .7 1
1 .7 4
1 .7 4
1 .7 9
1 .8 3
1 .8 6
1 .8 8
1 . 89
1 .9 2
1 .9 5
7 1 .5 2
7 6 .4 6
7 4 .9 0
7 1 .6 5
7 2 .0 7
7 1 .9 1
7 3 .1 5
7 4 . 29
7 3 .4 8
74 . 63
7 7 . 44
7 7 . 22
8 0 . 29
7 9 .9 0
4 5 .0
4 4 .7
4 3 .2
4 2 .8
4 4 .5
4 6 .2
4 5 .8
4 6 .3
4 5 .3
4 4 .0
4 3 .9
4 4 .0
4 2 .9
4 3 .4
4 2 .5
$ 2 .1 4 $ 1 0 4 .3 9
1 0 8 .3 9
1 1 1 .6 4
109 . 21
1 1 3 .3 0
1 1 0 .0 3
1 1 1 .1 1
1 1 1 .3 8
1 0 9 .8 9
1 0 8 .5 3
1 0 9 .0 7
1 1 0 .9 7
1 1 0 .1 6
1 1 1 .9 3
1 1 3 .1 6
2 .3 0
2 .3 1
2 .2 8
2 .3 3
2 .3 3
2 .3 8
2 .3 7
2 .3 8
2 .3 8
2 .3 8
2 .3 9
2 . 39
2 .4 1
2 .4 0
1956: Average_____
1957: Average_____
July------------August—....... .
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1958: Jan u ary .........
February____
March______
April_______
M ay...............
June________
July-------------
$ 100 . 95
1 0 6 .5 2
1 1 2 .2 0
1 0 7 .8 3
1 0 7 .2 0
1 0 5 .1 8
1 0 6 .6 2
1 0 5 .8 4
9 8 .5 2
9 3 .0 2
9 8 .0 5
9 5 .6 7
9 9 . 48
1 0 3 .6 3
106 . 59
3 9 .9
4 0 .5
4 2 .5
4 1 .0
4 0 .3
3 9 .1
3 9 .2
3 9 .2
3 6 .9
3 5 .1
3 7 .0
3 6 .1
3 7 .4
3 8 .1
3 8 .9
See footnotes at endof table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Rubber footwear
$ 2 .5 3
$ 7 1 .8 9
2 .6 3
2 . 64
2 .6 3
2 .6 6
2 .6 9
2 .7 2
2 .7 0
2 .6 7
2 .6 5
2 .6 5
2 .6 5
2 .6 6
2 .7 2
2 . 74
7 3 .4 7
7 2 .1 3
7 3 .0 5
7 4 .4 5
7 6 .0 2
7 8 .9 6
7 9 .3 5
7 4 .8 7
7 4 . 68
7 6 . 61
7 5 .4 6
7 5 . 85
7 7 .2 0
7 5 .2 5
3 9 .5
3 9 .5
3 9 .2
3 9 .7
3 9 .6
3 9 .8
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
3 9 .2
3 9 .1
3 9 .9
3 9 .3
3 9 .3
4 0 .0
3 9 .4
$ 8 6 .1 1
2 .5 4
2 .5 3
2 .5 7
2 .5 7
2 .5 8
2 .6 1
2 . 64
2 . 63
2 .6 4
2 .6 4
2 . 64
2 . 65
2 . 66
2 . 67
8 9 .3 8
9 0 .6 7
9 1 .0 8
8 9 .7 6
9 0 .1 3
8 9 .4 7
8 9 .4 7
8 9 . 20
8 8 .9 8
8 9 .6 0
8 9 . 65
9 1 .5 8
9 5 . 57
9 5 .9 1
4 1 .6
4 1 .0
4 1 .4
4 1 .4
4 0 .8
4 0 .6
4 0 .3
4 0 .3
4 0 .0
3 9 .9
4 0 .0
4 0 .2
4 0 .7
4 2 .1
4 1 .7
$ 2 .0 7
$ 8 4 .0 4
2 .1 8
2 .1 9
2 .2 0
2 .2 0
2 .2 2
2 .2 2
2 .2 2
2 .2 3
2 .2 3
2 .2 4
2 .2 3
2 . 25
2 .2 7
2 .3 0
8 7 .3 3
8 8 .8 1
8 9 .0 1
8 7 . 72
8 7 .7 0
8 7 .4 5
8 7 .2 3
8 6 .7 6
8 6 .7 6
8 7 .6 0
8 7 .4 2
8 9 .7 6
9 3 .9 1
9 3 .4 1
4 1 .1
4 0 .9
4 1 .5
4 0 .6
4 1 .5
4 0 .6
4 0 .7
4 0 .8
4 0 .4
3 9 .9
4 0 .1
4 0 .5
4 0 .5
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
$ 2 .0 3
2 .1 3
2 .1 4
2 .1 5
2 .1 5
2 .1 6
2 .1 7
2 .1 7
2 .1 8
2 .1 8
2.19
2.18
2 .2 0
2 .2 2
2 .2 4
Miscellaneous chemcals 2
$ 1 .5 1
$ 8 5 .3 5
$ 1 .8 8
$ 8 0 .3 8
1 .6 0
1 .7 7
1 .7 5
1 .6 1
1 .5 6
1 .5 7
1 .5 8
1 .6 4
1 .6 7
1 .7 0
1 .7 6
1 .8 0
1 .8 5
1 .8 8
8 8 .7 5
8 9 .9 5
8 8 .3 1
8 9 .9 5
8 9 .7 5
9 1 .3 9
8 9 .3 2
9 0 .0 0
9 1 .1 2
9 0 .2 9
8 8 .1 7
8 6 .4 3
8 9 .2 4
8 9 .4 9
1 .9 9
1 .9 9
1 .9 8
1 .9 9
1 .9 9
2 .0 4
2 .0 3
2 .0 5
2 .0 9
2 .0 9
2 .0 6
2 . 01
2 .0 1
2 .0 2
8 4 .0 3
8 3 .2 1
8 3 .8 2
8 5 .4 7
8 4 .8 2
8 5 .6 3
8 6 .4 6
8 5 .6 0
8 6 .2 2
8 6 .1 8
8 6 .2 2
8 6 .4 0
8 7 .4 5
8 5 .5 4
4 5 .4
4 4 .6
4 5 .2
4 4 .6
4 5 .2
4 5 .1
4 4 .8
4 4 .0
4 3 .9
4 3 .6
4 3 .2
4 2 .8
4 3 .0
4 4 .4
4 4 .3
4 0 .8
4 0 .4
4 0 .2
4 0 .3
4 0 .7
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
4 0 .4
4 0 .0
4 0 .1
3 9 .9
4 0 .1
4 0 .0
4 0 .3
3 9 .6
$1.97
2 .0 8
2 .0 7
2 .0 8
2 .1 0
2 .1 1
2 .1 3
2 .1 4
2 .1 4
2 .1 6
2 .1 6
2 .1 5
2 .1 6
2 .1 7
2 .1 6
Rubber products
other petroleum Total: Rubber prod
Petroleum refining Coke,
and coal products
ucts
$ 2 .5 4 $ 1 0 8 .3 9
2 . 65 1 1 2 .8 8
2 .6 9
2 . 69
2 .7 3
2 .7 1
2 .7 3
2 .7 3
2 .7 2
2 . 72
2 . 72
2 .7 4
2 . 72
2 . 73
2 . 76
4 1 .4
4 1 .0
4 1 .5
4 1 .4
4 0 .8
4 0 .6
4 0 .3
4 0 .2
3 9 .8
3 9 .8
4 0 .0
4 0 .1
4 0 .8
4 2 .3
4 1 .7
Animal oils and fats
Products of petroleum and coal
1 1 5 .9 2
1 1 1 .6 0
1 1 7 .0 1
1 1 3 .3 6
1 1 5 .8 7
1 1 6 .3 1
1 1 5 .0 6
1 1 3 .2 4
1 1 4 .0 9
1 1 5 .5 9
113 . 65
115 . 75
1 1 6 .8 5
4 0 .9
4 0 .9
4 1 .4
4 0 .0
4 1 .2
4 0 .2
4 0 .8
4 1 .1
4 0 .8
4 0 .3
4 0 .6
4 0 .7
4 0 .3
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
Rubber products-Continued
Tires and inne r tubes
Paints, pigments, and Paints, varnishes, lac
fillers 2
quers, and enamels
$ 2 .4 0
Vegetable oils
$ 1 . 65
il oils,pi rfumes, Compressed and lique Total: Products of
osmetic<
fied gases
petroleum and coal
3 9 .0
3 8 .9
3 8 .6
3 9 .0
3 9 .7
3 8 .6
3 8 .9
3 9 .5
3 8 .9
3 9 .1
3 9 .0
3 9 .2
3 9 .1
3 9 .0
3 8 .3
Soap and glycerin
$ 2 .6 5
2 . 76
2 .8 0
2 .7 9
2 . 84
2 .8 2
2 .8 4
2 . 83
2 .8 2
2 . 81
2 .8 1
2 .8 4
2 . 82
2 .8 3
2 .8 5
$ 9 1 .3 2
9 6 .0 0
9 8 .4 1
1 0 1 .3 9
1 0 1 .8 1
9 9 .6 6
9 5 .5 1
9 4 .3 3
9 3 .0 6
9 2 .0 2
9 1 .2 5
9 4 .9 6
9 8 .2 3
9 8 .7 1
9 9 .8 7
4 1 .7
4 1 .2
4 1 .7
4 2 .6
4 2 .6
4 1 .7
4 0 .3
3 9 .8
3 9 .1
3 8 .5
3 8 .5
3 9 .9
4 1 .1
4 1 .3
4 1 .1
$ 2 .1 9
2 . 33
2 .3 6
2 .3 8
2 .3 9
2 .3 9
2 .3 7
2 .3 7
2 .3 8
2 .3 9
2 .3 7
3 .3 8
2 . 39
2 .3 9
2 .4 3
$ 8 7 .2 3
9 1 .5 3
9 4 .1 6
9 2 .8 4
9 2 .9 7
9 3 .0 3
9 3 .2 0
9 2 .4 0
8 7 .4 8
8 5 .0 4
8 7 .0 2
8 5 .8 8
8 7 .8 6
9 1 .1 0
9 2 .1 2
4 0 .2
4 0 .5
4 1 .3
4 0 .9
4 0 .6
4 0 .1
4 0 .0
4 0 .0
3 8 .2
3 7 .3
3 8 .0
3 7 .5
3 8 .2
3 9 .1
3 9 .2
$ 2 .1 7
2 .2 6
2 .2 8
2 .2 7
2.29
2 .3 2
2 .3 3
2 .3 1
2.29
2 .2 8
2.29
2 .2 9
2 .3 0
2 .3 3
2 .3 5
Leather and leather products
Leather and Leather: tanned, cur Industrial leather
Other rubber products Total:
leather products
ried, and finished
belting and packing
$ 1 .8 2
$ 7 8 .9 6
1 .8 6
1 .8 4
1 .8 4
1 .8 8
1 .9 1
1 .9 4
1 .9 4
1 .9 1
1 .9 1
1 .9 2
1 .9 2
1 .9 3
1 .9 3
1 .9 1
8 2 .6 2
8 2 . 62
8 3 . 84
8 5 .0 8
8 6 .1 0
8 5 .0 5
8 4 .0 3
8 0 . 94
8 0 .3 2
7 9 .8 7
7 9 .8 7
8 0 . 29
8 3 . 77
8 3 . 53
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
4 1 .1
4 1 .1
4 1 .0
4 0 .5
4 0 .4
3 9 .1
3 8 .8
3 8 .4
3 8 .4
3 8 .6
3 9 .7
3 9 .4
$ 1 .9 4
$ 5 6 .0 2
2 .0 3
2 .0 3
2 .0 4
2 .0 7
2 .1 0
2 .1 0
2 .0 8
2 .0 7
2 .0 7
2 .0 8
2 .0 8
2 .0 8
2 .1 1
2 . 12
5 7 .6 0
5 8 .6 7
5 8 . 67
5 7 .6 6
5 7 .0 4
5 7 .3 1
5 8 .3 4
5 8 .1 9
5 7 .4 1
5 6 .8 3
5 3 .5 4
5 5 . 42
5 7 .4 6
5 7 .8 2
3 7 .6
3 7 .4
3 8 .1
3 8 .1
3 7 .2
3 6 .8
3 6 .5
3 7 .4
3 7 .3
3 6 .8
3 6 .2
3 4 .1
3 5 .3
3 6 .6
3 7 .3
$ 1 .4 9
1 .5 4
1 .5 4
1 .5 4
1 .5 5
1 .5 5
1 .5 7
1 .5 6
1 .5 6
1 .5 6
1 .5 7
1 .5 7
1 .5 7
1 .5 7
1 . 55
$ 7 4 .2 4
7 6 . 64
7 6 .8 3
7 7 . 22
7 7 .4 2
7 7 .8 1
7 7 .6 1
7 8 .8 0
7 7 .4 2
7 7 .0 2
7 5 .6 5
7 4 .6 5
7 5 .8 2
7 8 .9 8
7 6 .4 0
3 9 .7
3 9 .3
3 9 .4
3 9 .4
3 9 .3
3 9 .1
3 9 .0
3 9 .6
3 9 .1
3 8 .9
3 8 .4
3 7 .7
3 8 .1
3 9 .1
3 8 .2
$ 1 .8 7
1 .9 5
1 .9 5
1 .9 6
1 .9 7
1 .9 9
1 .9 9
1 .9 9
1 .9 8
1 .9 8
1 .9 7
1 .9 8
1 .9 9
2 . 02
2 .0 0
$ 7 3 .7 1
7 7 . 27
7 7 .3 6
7 8 .9 1
7 9 .1 3
7 7 .9 0
7 8 .3 4
7 6 .7 6
7 5 .4 3
7 1 .2 5
7 2 .5 8
6 9 .1 9
7 0 .8 7
7 3 . 73
7 4 .1 1
4 0 .5
4 1 .1
4 0 .5
4 1 .1
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
4 0 .8
4 0 .4
3 9 .7
3 7 .7
3 8 .4
3 7 .0
3 7 .3
3 8 .2
3 8 .4
$ 1 .8 2
1 .8 8
1 . 91
1 .9 2
1 .9 3
1 .9 0
1 .9 2
1 .9 0
1 .9 0
1 .8 9
1 .8 9
1 .8 7
1 .9 0
1 .9 3
1 .9 3
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
C -l.
1199
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—Con.
Avg.
wkly. Avg.
; earn wkly.
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
M anufacturing—C ontinued
Transportation and
public utilities
Nondurable goods—Continued
Transportation
Year and month
Leather and leather products—Continued
1956: Average_____
1957: Average......... .
J u ly ..,...........
A ugust...........
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1958: January____
February____
M arch..
April_______
M ay____
J u n e .............
Ju ly.................
Boot and shoe cut
Footwear (except
Handbags and small
Luggage
stock and findings
rubber)
leather goods
$53.63
37.5 $1.43 $53.57
37.2 $1.44 $62. 88
39.3 $1.60 $51.00
37.5 $1. 30
55.42
37.7
1.47 55.13
37.0
1.49 62. 43
38.3
1. 63 53.68
37.
1. 42
56.74
38.6
1.47 56. OS 37.9
1.48 64. 4C 40. C 1.61 53.34
37.3
1.43
38.3
1.47 56. 32
56.30
37.8
1.49 63. 27
1.61 54.14
39.3
38.4
1.41
53. 95
1.47 54. 9C 36.6
36.7
1.50 65.11
1.64 53. 58
39.7
38.0
1.41
55. 28 37. 1 1.49 54.15
36.1
1.50 62.21
37.7
1.65 54.10
38.1
1.42
36.3
54. 81
1.51 53.91
35.7
1.51 61.92
1.66 56.16
37.3
1.44
39.0
38.3
1.50 55.35
57. 45
36.9
1. 50 61.25
36.9
1.66 54. 95 38.7
1.42
56.55
37.7
1.50 56.17
37.2
1.51 56.62
33.5
1.69 54. 67 37.7
1.45
1.50 54. 96 36.4
55. 65 37.1
1.51 59. 32 35.1
1.69 55.83
38.5
1.45
1.50 53. 96 35.5
35.8
53.70
1.52 60.29
36.1
1.67 56.12
38.7
1.45
1.52 49. 68 32.9
52.90
34.8
1. 51 62.33
1.68 52. 49 36.2
37.1
1.45
36.4
54.96
1.51 51.94
34.4
1. 51 63.25
38.1
1.66 52.13
36.2
1.44
38.1
1.50 54.36
57.15
36.0
1.51 63. 91 38.5
1.66 53.36
36.8
1.45
57.00
38.0
1.50 55.65
37.1
39.2
1.50 66.25
1.69 53.05
37.1
1.43
Transportation and public utilities—Continued
Transportation—Con.
1956: Average_____
1957: Average_____
July .........
A ugust...........
September___
October..
November___
December___
1958: January
February. . . . . .
M arch..
April___
M ay___
June__
J u ly ..............
Communication
Local railways and
Switchboard operat
Telephone
buslines
ing employees 8
$84.48
43.1 $1.96 $73. 47
39.5 $1.86 $60. 70 37.7 $1.61
2. 05 76.05
88. 56 43.2
39.0
1.95 62.70
1.69
37.1
43.7
90.02
39.5
2. 06 76.63
1.94 64.05
1.69
37.9
43.4
89.40
38.9
2.06 75.47
37.2
1.94 62.50
1.68
90.05
43.5
2. 07 75.66
38.8
1.95 66. 86 39.1
1.71
43.0
2.07 77.22
89.01
39.2
1.97 63. 41
37.3
1.70
42.9
88.80
2. 07 79.20
40.0
1.98 62.87
37.2
1.69
89.65
43.1
2. 08 77.59
38.6
1.73
35.9
2.01 62.11
42.6
2.08 76. 38 38.0
88.61
1.73
35.3
2.01 61.07
88. 83 42.5
2.09 76.78
38.2
1.74
36.3
2.01 63.16
42.6
2.09 76.36
89.03
37.8
1.74
35.2
2.02 61.25
42.7
2.11 76. 53
37.7
90.10
1.74
2.03 61.42
35.3
2.10 77.11
2. 04 63. 01 35.6
90. 30 43.0
37.8
1.77
2.12 78.31
43.0
91.16
38.2
1.75
2.05 63.35
36.2
2.12 79.49
91.16
43.0
38.4
2.07 63.70
36.4
1.75
Transportation and public utilities—Continued
1956: Average_____
1957: Average
July.................
August
September___
October . .
November___
December.......
1958: January_____
February____
M arch______
April___
M a y .. .
June__
J u ly ...............
$93.38
97.06
98.41
97.88
98. 47
98.64
99. 29
99. 95
98.98
99.14
99.80
100.45
99. 72
101.68
101. 68
41.5
41.3
41.7
41.3
41.2
41.1
41.2
41.3
40.9
40.8
40.9
41.0
40.7
41.0
41.0
$2.25
2.35
2.36
2. 37
2.39
2.40
2.41
2. 42
2. 42
2.43
2.44
2.45
2. 45
2.48
2.48
Department stores
and general mail
order houses
1956: Average
$48. 77 35.6
1957: Average_____
50.26
34.9
Ju ly ................
34.7
51.01
34.9
August............ 50. 95
September___ 50.66
34.7
October_____
49. 93 34.2
November___ 49. 39 34.3
52.54
37.0
December___
1958: January
50. 57 34.4
February____ 50.52
34.6
M arch______
51.10
35.0
April
51.50
34.8
M ay________ 52.15
35.0
June________ 53.61
35.5
July________
53.91
35.7
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$86.30
90.13
90. 72
90.09
91.76
93. 07
93.25
94. 58
92.80
96. 05
93.15
92. 46
92.23
93.67
95.47
40.9
40.6
40.5
40.4
40.6
41.0
40.9
41.3
40.7
41.4
40.5
40.2
40.1
40.2
40.8
$2.11
2.22
2.24
2.23
2.26
2.27
2.28
2.29
2.28
2.32
2. 30
2.30
2.30
2. 33
2.34
Food and liquor
stores
$1.37 $63.38
1.44 65.50
1.47 67. 46
1.46 67.28
1.46 66.43
1.46 65.34
1.44 65.52
1.42 65.52
1.47 65.70
1.46 65.87
1.46 65.87
1.48 66.23
1.49 66. 42
1.51 68.08
1.51 69.56
37.5
36.8
37.9
37.8
36.7
36.1
36.0
36.2
35.9
35.8
35.8
35.8
35.9
36.6
37.2
$93.11
97.10
97. 58
97.99
98.98
99.80
99.80
100. 86
100. 21
100. 86
98.85
103. 48
102. 97
103.63
103.38
41.2
40.8
41.0
41.0
40.9
40.9
40.9
41.0
40.9
41.0
39.7
40.9
40.7
40.8
40.7
$2.26
2.38
2. 38
2.39
2. 42
2.44
2.44
2.46
2.45
2. 46
2.49
2.53
2. 53
2.54
2.54
Automotive and ac
cessories dealers
$1.69 $81.28
1.78 83.22
1.78 84.29
1.78 84. 73
1.81 84.10
1.81 82.84
1.82 82. 65
1.81 82.16
1.83 82.34
1.84 80. 54
1.84 81.28
1.85 81.72
1.85 83.66
1.86 84.10
1.87 84.10
$88. 40
94. 24
95.42
95.60
93. 71
94. 95
98.16
97. 92
99.01
101.26
96.24
98. 95
100. 12
101.19
41.7
41.7
42.6
42.3
41.1
42.2
40.9
40.8
41.6
41.5
40.1
41.4
41.2
41.3
$2.12
2.26
2.24
2.26
2. 28
2.25
2. 40
2. 40
2.38
2.44
2. 40
2. 39
2. 43
24.5
Other public utilities
Retail trade
Electric light and
gas utilities combined
Gas utilities
Class I railroads 8
Line construction
Total: Gas and elec
Telegraph 8
employees 1
tric utilities
$101. 36 43.5 $2.33 $82. 74
42.0 $1.97 $91. 46
41.2 $2.22
102.48
2.40 87.36
42.7
41.8
2.33
2.09 95. 30 40.9
103.63
2.41 88.62
43.0
42.2
41.2
2. 33
2.10 96.00
101. 76 42.4
2.40 87. 99 41.9
2.34
2.10 95.94
41.0
2. 42 87. 99 41.9
101. 40 41.9
2.37
2.10 97.17
41.0
104.00
42.8
2. 43 87.15
41.5
2.10 97. 58 41.0
2.38
104. 92 43.0
2. 44 85. 69
41.0
2.09 97. 58 41.0
2. 38
2.47 85. 89 40.9
105. 22 42.6
2.10 98.88
41.2
2.40
102.09
2.46 85.90
41.5
41.1
2.09 97.51
2. 39
40.8
2. 47 86.10
101. 76 41.2
2.41
41.0
2.10 98. 81
41.0
2.48 86.52
41.2
102.18
41.2
2.42
2.10 97. 77 40.4
2.49 87. 35
40.9
41.4
101.84
2.44
2.11 99.55
40.8
2. 50 89.04
101. 75 40.7
42.0
2.12 98. 42
2. 43
40.5
2. 54 91.34
104.90
41.3
41.9
40.7
2.46
2.18 100.12
41.9
2.57 91.76
107.68
41.9
2.19 100. 61
40.9
2.46
Wholesale and retail trade
Other public utilities—Continued
Electric light and
power utilities
Gloves and miscella
neous leather goods
$48. 47
37. C $1.31
49. 5S 36.2
1.37
49.32
36.0
1.37
50.32
1.36
37.0
50.14
36.6
1.37
49. 78 36.6
1.36
48. 37 34.8
1.39
48. 69 35.8
1.36
49. 32
36.0
1.37
50. 46 36.3
1.39
50.40
36.0
1.40
50. 34
35.7
1.41
49.98
35.7
1.40
50.04
36.0
1.39
50.54
36.1
1.40
43.7
43.8
43.9
43.9
43.8
43.6
43.5
43.7
43.8
43.3
43.7
43.7
43.8
43.8
43.8
Wholesale trade
$81.20
84.42
85.24
85.24
86. 05
85.63
85.60
86. 46
85.41
85. 57
85.79
85.14
86. 40
87.42
88.26
40.4
40.2
40.4
40.4
40.4
40.2
40.0
40.4
40.1
39.8
39.9
39.6
40.0
40.1
40.3
$2.01
2.10
2.11
2.11
2.13
2.13
2.14
2.14
2.13
2.15
2.15
2.15
2.16
2.18
2.19
Apparel and acces
sories stores
$1.86 $47. 54
1.90 49.13
1.92 50. 77
1.93 49. 77
1.92 49.68
1.90 49. 30
1.90 49.25
1.88 50.62
1.88 50.81
1.86 50.26
1.86 49.19
1.87 50.08
1.91 50. 72
1.92 51.01
1.92 51.60
34.7
34.6
35.5
35.3
34.5
34.0
34.2
35.4
34.8
34.9
34.4
34.3
34.5
34.7
35.1
$1.37
1.42
1.43
1.41
1.44
1.45
1.44
1.43
1.46
1.44
1.43
1.46
1.47
1.47
1.47
Retail trade (except General merchandise
eating and drinking
stores
places)
$60.60
38.6 $1.57 $43.40
35.0 $1.24
62. 48 38.1
1.64 44.85
34.5
1.30
64.46
38.6
1.67 45.67
1.32
34.6
64.08
38.6
1.66 45.72
1.31
34.9
63.63
38.1
1.67 44.80
34.2
1.31
62.79
1.67 44.48
37.6
1.32
33.7
62.25
37.5
1.31
1. 66 44.15
33.7
62.43
1.28
38.3
1.63 46.08
36.0
1.35
63.50
37.8
1.68 45. 77 33.9
34.1
63.50
37.8
1.68 45.69
1.34
34.4
63.13
37.8
1.67 45.75
1.33
63.50
37.8
34.2
1.34
1.68 45.83
63.88
37.8
1.69 46.31
1.35
34.3
64.94
38.2
1.37
34.8
1.70 47.68
66.18
38.7
1.71 48.36
1.37
35.3
Other retail trade
Furniture and appli Lumb er and hardance stores
ware upply stores
42.5 $1.71
$69. 30 42.0 $1.65 $72.68
71.23
41.9
42.2
1.77
1.70 74.69
1.71 76.01
71.14
42.7
1.78
41.6
1.72 76.01
1. 78
72. 41
42.1
42.7
1.72 76. 32 42.4
71.90
41.8
1.80
1.72 75.90
71.72
42.4
41.7
1.79
1.79
71.65
41.6
41.9
1.71 74.46
74.12
42.6
1.74 74.40
41.8
1.78
1.72 73.93
71.72
41.3
41.7
1. 79
1.79
1.67 73.03
40.8
69. 47 41.6
41.5
68.89
1.80
1. 66 74. 34 41.3
1.65 75.30
1.81
41.8
41.6
68.97
1.84
1.69 77.83
42.3
70. 98 42.0
1.82
41.9
72.07
1.72 77.35
42.5
42.1
1.72 78.14
1.83
72.41
42.7
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
1200
T able C -l.
Hours and gross earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers, by industry 1—Con.
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Finance, insurance, and
real estate 8
Year and month
Banks
and
trust
com
panies
$61.97
64. 21
64. 52
64.31
64. 48
64. 74
64.64
65.15
65. 56
65. 60
65. 53
65. 60
65.72
65.56
66.01
1956: Average____
1957: Average____
July_______
August_____
September__
October. __
November__
D ecem ber...
1958: January____
February___
M arch______
April_______
M ay____ _
June__ _____
July— . .........
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Service and miscellaneous
Personal services
Security
dealers
and ex
changes
Insur
ance
carriers
$97. 56
98. 77
101. 44
96. 84
95. 44
97.70
98. 99
98.00
98.19
97.77
95. 65
98. 64
103. 60
105. 42
103. 75
$77. 49
80. 73
81.33
81.43
81.13
80. 77
81.02
81.78
82.12
82.68
82.60
82. 38
82.59
82.86
82.81
Hotels, year-round 10
Cleaning and dyeing plants
Laundries
$42.13
43. 52
43.93
44. 25
44.11
44. 00
44.40
44.69
44. 40
44. 58
44. 29
44.29
44.80
45. 31
45.26
$1.03
1.08
1.09
1.09
1.10
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.11
1.12
1.11
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
40.9
40.3
40.3
40.6
40.1
40.0
40.0
39.9
40.0
39.8
39.9
39.9
40.0
40.1
39.7
$42.32
43. 27
43.38
43.34
43. 96
43. 73
43.29
43.85
43. 68
43.23
43. 68
44. 30
44. 75
45. 37
45.49
40.3
39.7
39.8
39.4
39.6
39.4
39.0
39.5
39.0
38.6
39.0
39.2
39.6
39.8
39.9
$49. 77
50.57
49. 91
48.88
51.35
51.35
49. 78
50. 30
49. 27
47.09
49. 53
50. 70
52.40
53. 47
51.21
$1.05
1.09
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.11
1.11
1.11
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.13
1.13
1.14
1.14
Motion
picture
produc
tion and
distri
bution
$91. 66
99.48
100.33
100.83
98.52
103.02
100.73
103. 67
97.43
98. 79
97.84
95.43
96.20
96. 55
98.06
$1.26
1.30
1.31
1.30
1.31
1.32
1.31
1.31
1. 30
1.29
1.30
1.31
1.32
1.34
1.33
39.5
38.9
38.1
37.6
39.2
38.9
38.0
38.4
37.9
36.5
38.1
38.7
39. 7
39.9
38.5
6 Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry
as switchboard operators, service assistants, operating-room instructors, and
pay-station attendants. In 1957, such employees made up 39 percent of
the total number of nonsupervisory employees in establishments reporting
hours and earnings data.
7 Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry
as central office craftsmen; installation and exchange repair craftsmen; line,
cable, and conduit craftsmen; and laborers. In 1957, such employees made
up 29 percent of the total number of nonsupervisory employees in establish
ments reporting hours and earnings data.
8 Data relate to domestic nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
« Average weekly hours and average hourly earnings data are not available.
10 Money payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips not included.
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to August
195S and coverage, of these series, see footnote 1, table A-2.
In addition, hours and earnings data for anthracite mining have been
revised from January 1953 and are not comparable with those published in
issues prior to August 1958.
For mining, manufacturing, laundries, and cleaning and dyeing plants,
data refer to production and related workers; for contract construction, to
construction workers; and for the remaining industries, unless otherwise
noted, to nonsupervisory workers and working supervisors.
Data for the latest month are preliminary.
>Italicized titles which follow are components of this industry.
* Averages shown for 1956 are not strictly comparable with those for later
years.
* Data beginning with January 1958 are not strictly comparable with those
shown for earlier years.
8 Figures for Class I railroads (excluding switching and terminal com
panies) are based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report by
the Interstate Commerce Commission and relate to all employees who
received pay during the month, except executives, officials, and staff assist
ants (ICC Group I).
T able C-2.
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
N ote: For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing
Major BL8 Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except that for Class I railroads (see footnote 5).
Average weekly earnings, gross and net spendable, of production workers in manufacturing
industries, in current and 1947-49 dollars 1
Item
Annual
average
1957
1958
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
$83.10
67.18
$82.04
66.38
$80.81
65.43
$81. 45
66.06
$80.64
65.83
$81.66
66.77
$82. 74
68.04
$82. 92
68.19
$82. 56
68.18
$82. 99
68.53
$82. 80
68.43
$82.39 $82. 39
68.20 68. 54
68. 46
55.25
68.14
55.08
67.29
54.44
66.30
53. 68
66.81
54.18
66.17
54.02
66.98
54.77
67.85
55.80
67.99
55. 91
67.70
55.90
68.05
56.19
67.90
56.12
67. 57
55.94
67. 57
56. 21
65.86
56. 68
75. 88
61.24
75. 55
61.08
74.68
60.42
73. 67
59. 65
74.20
60.18
73.54
60.03
74.37
60.81
75. 26
61.89
75.40
62.01
75.11
62.02
75.46
62. 31
75.31
62. 24
74. 97
62.06
74.97
62. 37
73.22
63.01
July2
1957
1956
Manufacturing
Gross average weekly earnings:
Current dollars............. ........ $83. 50
1947-49 dollars________ _
67.39
Net spendable average weekly
earnings:
Worker with no dependents:
Current dollars_________
1947-49 dollars ________
Worker with 3 dependents:
Current dollars_________
1947-49 dollars__________
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to August
1958, see footnote 1, table A-2.
Net spendable average weekly earnings are obtained by deducting from
gross average weekly earnings, Federal social security and income taxes for
which the worker is liable. The amount of tax liability depends, of course,
on the number of dependents supported by the worker as well as on the levei
of his gross income. Net spendable earnings have been computed for 2 types
of income-receivers: (1) a worker with no dependents; (2) a worker with 3
dependents. The primary value of the spendable series is that of measuring
relative changes in disposable earnings for 2 types of income receivers.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$79.99
68.84
The computations of net spendable earnings for both the worker with no
dependents and the worker with 3 dependents are based upon the gross aver
age weekly earnings for all production workers in manufacturing without
direct regard to marital status, family composition, or other sources of
income.
Gross and net spendable average weekly earnings expressed in 1947-49
dollars indicate changes in the level of average weekly earnings after adjust
ment for changes in purchasing power as measured by the Bureau’s Con
sumer Price Index.
J Preliminary.
Source: TJ. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C-3.
1201
Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours in industrial and construction activities 1
[1947-49=100]
1958
Annual
average
1957
Industry
T o ta l...................................................... ........
M in in g....... ..................................................
Contract construction_____ ___________
M anufacturing....... ........-______________
Durable goods...... ......................................
Ordnance and accessories___________
Lumber and wood products (except
furniture)............ ................ .............
Furniture and fixtures______________
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Prim ary metal industries___________
Fabricated metal products (except
ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment).......................
Machinery (except electrical)________
Electrical machinery....... .......................
Transportation equipment__________
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing Industries__________________________
Nondurable goods___________
Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco m anufactures..____ _______
Textile-mill products____ ___________
Apparel and other finished textile
products_____________________ _
Paper and allied products..___ _____
Printing, publishing and allied industries__________________________
Chemicals and allied products.............
Products of petroleum and coal.............
Rubber products___ _____________
Leather and leather products________
Aug.2 Ju ly 2 June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1957
1956
97.1
68.0
138.0
93.2
93.9
300.1
94.0
66.8
132.2
90.3
92.2
298.1
93.9
68.7
128.1
90.6
93.7
300.9
90.9
65.1
122.7
88.1
91.3
297.9
89.0
64.5
109.1
87.8
91.6
303.9
89.9
67.0
98.9
90.2
94.4
298.2
89.7
69.3
85.9
91.5
95.7
294.4
93.9
72.6
102.4
94.1
99.5
302.2
99.7
76.9
112.9
99.3
105.7
305.5
102.0
76.1
120.2
101.1
108.3
304.3
105.9
79.8
137.0
103.2
110.0
309.2
108.2
83.1
141.3
105.1
111.0
325.0
108.9
83.4
145.5
105.4
112.4
335.1
105.6
81.4
127.3
104.1
112.9
339.4
109.9
83.8
135.0
108.1
117.3
378.8
78.2
97.7
99.4
81.5
75.4
91.9
95.7
80.5
76.7
92.1
94.9
81.1
70.3
88.7
91.0
77.1
66.2
89.0
88.9
77.2
65.6
92.7
89.2
81.0
65.4
93.7
89.2
82.7
66.4
95.1
93.0
87.8
70.1
101.9
98.9
94.3
72.9
103.1
102.8
97.0
77.6
107.4
105.5
99.7
76.3
108.5
107.3
103.2
82.3
107.4
107.0
104.5
76.6
103.9
104.5
105.4
88.1
107.7
109.6
110.6
99.6
84.9
114.1
101.6
103.7
97.1
84.4
109.0
105.2
100.1
98.3
86.7
110.6
107.7
101.9
94.6
87.5
109.1
107.1
101.3
94.8
89.9
110.9
108.3
104.0
98.0
92.9
114.3
113. 5
105.4
99.8
93.7
116.7
116.5
106.8
105.1
97.1
120.9
122.9
109.5
111.8
100.7
127.2
133.4
112.9
115.3
101.1
131.0
135.5
114.9
116.1
104.5
133.5
130.0
115.4
116.3
107.5
137.6
125.9
117.6
115.2
106.2
134.7
135.6
116.6
115.9
111.0
134.0
139.6
117.5
116.6
116.5
138.5
138.5
121.1
93.6
92.4
97.0
84.7
70.7
88.5
88.0
89.1
68.4
67.3
90.9
87.0
84.7
69.1
68.0
88.3
84.3
78.7
67.1
65.3
88.6
83.3
75.4
66.1
64.5
90.1
85.2
74.7
68.4
66.8
89.7
86.6
75.5
74.5
68.0
89.4
87.8
77.8
81.2
68.1
95.6
91.7
83.6
86.0
72.5
103.0
92.4
86.4
81.5
72.7
106.6
95.1
91.8
91.9
74.7
107.9
98.1
100.4
100.3
75.3
103.8
97.0
97.8
88.4
75.1
101.2
93.7
86.4
80.8
74.7
105.9
97.0
90.6
86.4
80.6
100.7
108.4
94.1
105.2
92.4
106.4
91.3
104.0
90.5
104.5
94.0
105.8
98.2
105.9
96.7
108.2
98.7
112.0
100.4
112.7
102.4
114.8
105.4
115.8
106.0
114.1
102.0
113.9
104.1
116.4
108.4
96.8
84.3
89.1
87.9
107.2
96.2
85.9
86.3
86.9
107.6
97.2
85.8
86.3
84.8
107.3
98.6
84.5
82.7
78.3
108.4
100.0
84.1
83.0
75.3
109.5
100.0
83.2
87.8
85.3
108.7
99.6
83.9
89.7
88.6
109.5
101.5
86.2
96.5
88.8
113.5
104.1
88.2
104.3
89.8
112.2
104.4
89.3
105.1
87.7
113.7
105.3
89.9
105.8
88.8
114.1
105.7
93.2
105.6
90.5
111.5
104.5
91.2
105.2
94.1
112.4
106.2
91.1
104.8
90.8
112.7
108.3
93.8
106.7
93.9
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to August
2 Preliminary.
xiJUOf 30c iUUtiiUlc 1f IciUlt/ A
For mining and manufacturing, data refer to production and related
workers; for contract construction, to construction workers.
T able C-4.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls in industrial and construction activities 1
[1947-49=100]
1958
1957
Annual
average
Activity
Aug.2 J u ly 2 June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1957
1956
M ining.......................... ................................
102.5
106.2
99.0
98.2
103.6
108.0
112.5
119.2
117.6
123.1
129.7
128 5
124.3
121.6
Contract construction_________ ________
222.8
213.3
205.1
183.2
166.3
145.5
172.8
188.9
200.2
226.6
234.1
237.4
207.1
207.7
145.0
144.9
140.9
139.6
143.6
144.9
149.9
157.3
160.7
162.6
164.7
164.6
162.7
161.4
Manufacturing___________ „___________
1 See footnote 1, table 0-3.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
149.0
1 Preliminary.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1202
T able
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
C-5. Average hourly earnings, gross and excluding overtime, of production workers in manu
facturing, by major industry group 1
Ex
Ex
Ex
Ex
Ex
Ex
Ex
Gross cluding Gross cluding Gross cluding Gross cluding Gross cluding Gross cluding Gross cluding Gross
over
over
over
over
over
over
over
time 3
time 3
time 3
time 3
time 3
time 3
time 3
Year and month
Ex
cluding
over
time 3
Durable goods
Total: Manu
facturing
1956: Average.........
1957: Average.*---July—-...........
August_____
September—
October -----November__
December___
1958: January.........
February----M arch______
April_______
M ay. ------June___ ____
July 3—...........
$1.98
2. 07
2.07
2.07
2.08
2.09
2 .1 1
2 .1 0
2 .1 1
2 .1 0
2 .1 1
2 .1 1
2 .1 2
2 .1 2
2.13
$1.91
Total: Durable
goods
$2 . 1 0
2 .0 1
2 .2 0
2 .0 1
2 .0 1
2 .2 0
2 .2 1
2 .0 2
2 .2 2
2.03
2.05
2.05
2 . 06
2.06
2.07
2.07
2. 07
2. 07
2.08
2.23
2. 24
2.24
2.24
2. 24
2. 25
2.25
2 . 26
2. 27
2.28
$2.03
2.14
2.14
2.14
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2 .2 0
2 .2 0
2 .2 1
2 21
2 21
2 .2 2
.
.
2.23
Ordnance and
accessories
$2.19
2. 34
2. 34
2. 34
2. 37
2.38
2. 40
2.42
2. 44
2.44
2. 45
2. 46
2. 46
2. 48
2.48
$2 . 1 2
2.28
2.29
2.29
2. 32
2.35
2.36
2. 37
2.38
2.38
2. 39
2. 40
2.41
2. 43
2. 42
Lumber and
wood products
(except furni
ture)
$1. 76
1.81
1.82
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.83
1.81
1.82
1.82
1.84
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
$1.69
1.75
1.76
1.77
1.77
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.75
1.77
1.77
1.79
1.82
1.81
1.82
Furniture and
fixtures
$1.69
1.75
1.74
1.76
1.77
1.77
1.76
1.77
1.76
1.77
1.77
1.77
1. 77
1. 78
1.78
$1.64
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.72
1.72
1.73
1.74
1. 74
1.74
1. 74
1.74
Stone, clay, and Prim ary metal
glass products
industries
$1.96
2.05
2.05
2.06
2.08
2.09
2 .1 1
2 .1 0
2 .1 0
2.09
2.09
2.09
2.09
2 .1 0
2 .1 1
$1 . 8 8
1.98
1.97
1.98
2 .0 0
2 .0 1
2.03
2.03
2.04
2.04
2.03
2.03
2 .0 2
2.03
2.04
Durable goods—Continued
Machinery
(except electrical)
1956: Average........
1957: Average------Ju ly -----------August-------September—
October_____
November__
December___
1958: January.........
February___
M arch______
April____ __
M ay_______
June . ...........
July 5......... .
$2 . 2 1
2.30
2.30
2.30
2.32
2.33
2.33
2.34
2.34
2.35
2.36
2.36
2.37
2.38
2.38
$2 . 1 2
2.23
2.23
2.23
2.26
2. 27
2 . 28
2. 29
2.30
2.30
2.31
2.32
2.33
2.33
2.33
Electrical
machinery
$1.98
2.07
2.05
2 . 06
2.07
2.08
2 .1 0
2 .1 1
2 .1 2
2.13
2.14
2.14
2.14
2.15
2.15
$1.92
2 .0 2
2 .0 1
2 .0 1
2 .0 2
2.04
2.06
2 . 08
2 .1 0
2 .1 1
2 .1 1
2 .1 1
2 .1 2
2 .1 2
2 .1 2
Transportation
equipment
$2.31
2.41
2. 41
2.42
2. 45
2.47
2. 50
2.48
2. 46
2.46
2.47
2. 47
2.49
2.50
2. 52
$2.23
2.35
2. 35
2.37
2.39
2.40
2.41
2. 42
2.41
2. 42
2. 43
2. 44
2. 45
2. 46
2. 47
2 .1 1
2 .1 0
2 .1 0
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.15
2.17
2.17
2.18
2.19
2 .2 0
$2.29
2.44
2. 46
2.48
2. 50
2.50
2.50
2. 51
2. 52
2. 53
2. 54
2.54
2.55
2. 57
2.63
$2.07
2.18
2.19
2 .2 0
2 22
2 .2 2
.
2.23
2 .2 2
2 .2 2
2 .2 2
2. 23
2. 24
2. 25
2. 27
2.28
$2 . 0 0
2 .1 1
2 .1 2
2 .1 2
2.13
2.15
2.16
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2 .2 0
2 21
2 21
2 .2 2
.
.
Nondurable goods
Instruments
and related
products
$2 . 0 1
$2.36
2. 50
2.53
2. 54
2.57
2. 55
2.54
2. 55
2. 56
2.56
2. 57
2. 58
2.58
2 . 61
2. 67
Fabricated
metal products
$1.96
2.06
2 . 06
2.05
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.09
2 .1 1
2 .1 2
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
Miscellaneous
manufacturing
industries
$1.75
1.81
1.81
1.80
1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.85
1.84
1.84
1. 85
1.84
1.85
1.84
$1.69
1. 76
1.76
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.77
1.78
1.81
1.80
1.80
1.81
1.81
1.80
1.80
Total: Nondurable goods
$1.80
1 .8 8
1.89
1 .8 8
1.90
1.90
1.91
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.93
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.94
$1.75
1.83
1.83
1.82
1.83
1.84
1 .8 6
1 .8 6
1 .8 8
Food and kindred products
$1.83
1.93
1.91
1.90
1.91
1.94
1.96
1.97
1 .8 8
2 .0 1
2 .0 1
2 .0 1
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.89
2 .0 1
2 .0 1
2 .0 0
1.87
2 .0 1
$1.76
1 .8 6
1.83
1. 83
1.84
1.87
1.89
1.90
1.94
1.94
1.95
1.95
1.95
1.94
1.92
Tobacco manufactures
$1.44
1.52
1.61
1.48
1.45
1.46
1.54
1.54
1.56
1.56
1.59
1.65
1 .6 6
1.67
1.67
$1.42
1.50
1. 57
1.46
1.42
1.44
1.51
1. 51
1.53
1.55
1. 58
1.62
1.63
1.63
1.63
Nondurable goods—Continued
Textile-mill
products
1956: Average____
1957: Average____
July ______
August_____
September__
October
November__
December..
1958: January____
February___
M arch_____
April.
M ay_______
J une________
July 3....... ......
$1.45
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1. 50
1.50
1. 51
1.50
$1.40
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.47
1.47
1.46
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1. 47
1.47
1.46
Apparel and
Paper and
Printing, pub- Chemicals and
other finished allied products lishing, and al- allied products
textile products
lied industries *
$1.45
1.49
1.50
1.50
1.51
1.49
1.50
1.50
1.51
1.50
1.49
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
$1.43
1.47
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.47
1.48
1.48
1.49
1.48
1.47
1.48
1. 48
1.48
1.48
$1.94
2.04
2.06
2.06
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.11
2.12
$1.84
1.94
1.96
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99
1. 99
1.99
1.99
2.00
2.01
2.01
2. 02
2.03
$2.42
2.50
2. 50
2.51
2. 53
2. 53
2. 52
2. 54
2.54
2. 55
2. 56
2. 55
2.58
2. 59
2.59 .............
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to August
1958, see footnote 1, table A-2.
* Derived by assuming that the overtime hours shown in table C-6 are paid
for at the rate of time and one-half.
* Preliminary.
* Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime, are not available separately
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2
11
. 22
2 25
2 25
2.25
2 24
2. 26
2
$2 05
2.16
2 10
2 19
2.19
18
2. 20
Products of
petroleum and
coal
$2 54
2 65
2 fiQ
2 69
2. 73
Rubber products
Leather and
leather products
2 59
$2 17
2 2fi
$2 09
2 18
$1 49
2 fi2
2 ?8
18
1 54
$2 47
2
fi3
2 27
2
2 18
2 .6 6
2.29
2. 2 1
2 fi5
2 82
2
2.33
2.25
2 95
2 25
2
2 71
2.73
2. 67
2 2fi
2 21
2 7.8
2 27
2.28
2 27
2. 27
2.29
2.31
2.33
2 22
2. 23
2 22
2 22
2.24
2.26
2.28
2 72
2 72
2 72
2 74
2.72
2. 73
2. 76
2
2
2
2
2
fi8
68
68
68
69
2.67
2. 68
2. 69
2
2
2
2
2
31
29
28
29
29
2. 30
2.33
2.35
23
1 64
1
64
Î! 55
1 55
1 .5 7
1 56
1 dÇ
2 24
1 55
2 95
2 25
2 ! 25
2.26
2.28
1 57
1 57
L57
1. 57
1.55
$1 47
1 52
1 . 01
1 51
1.52
1 53
1 .5 4
1 KQ
1
1
1
1
54
54
55
56
1 .5 5
1 .5 5
1 .5 3
for the printing, publishing, and allied industries group, as graduated over
time rates are found to an extent likely to make average overtime pay signif
icantly above time and one-half. Inclusion of data for the industry in the
nondurable-goods total has little effect.
Sotjbce: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1203
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
C-6.
Gross average weekly hours and average overtime hours of production workers in manu
facturing, by major industry group 1
Gross
Year and month
Over
time 8
Gross
Over
time 8
Over
time 8
Gross
Over
time 8
Gross
Over
time 8
Gross
Over
time 8
40.4
39.8
39.8
40.0
39.9
39.5
39.3
39.4
38.7
38.4
38.6
38.3
38.7
39.2
39.2
2.8
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.3
2.3
2.0
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.7
1.9
1.9
41.1
40.3
40.0
40.3
40.2
39.8
39.7
39.7
38.9
38.6
39.0
38.8
39.1
39.6
39.4
3.0
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.5
2.3
2.2
1.9
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.7
Ordnance and
accessories
41.8
40.8
40.0
40.1
40.1
39.9
40.0
40.8
41.3
40.6
40.7
40.7
40.6
40.7
40.8
2.9
2.0
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.2
1.3
1.7
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.6
2.1
Lumber and
wood products
(except furniture)
40.3
39.8
39.5
41.1
38.9
40.2
39.1
39.0
38.5
38.7
38.9
38.8
39.6
40.5
39.8
3.3
2.8
2.9
3.2
3.1
2.9
2.7
2.5
2.2
2.2
2.4
2.2
2.6
2.9
2.9
Furniture and
fixtures
Over
time 8
40.8
40.0
39.3
40.7
40.9
40.7
39.7
39.9
38.5
38.4
38.6
38.0
37.8
38.8
38.8
2.8
2.3
2.2
2.6
2.7
2.6
2.2
2.3
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.7
1.8
Stone, clay, and Prim ary metal
glass products
industries
41.1
40.5
40.4
40.8
40.7
40.5
40.1
39.8
39.2
38.6
39.1
39.0
39.7
40.3
40.0
3.6
3.1
3.3
3.3
3.4
3.2
3.0
2.7
2.4
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.6
2.8
2.8
Durable goods—Continued
1956: Average____
1957: Average____
Ju ly -----------August_____
September__
October ___
November__
December___
1958: January____
February___
M arch............
April_______
M ay_______
June----------July 8..............
Gross
Gross
Over
time 8
Durable goods
Total manufacturing
Total: Durable
goods
1956: Average____
1957: Average____
July----- -----August_____
September__
October____
November__
December___
1958: January____
February___
March______
April_______
M ay. ____
June___ ____
July 8----------
Gross
Machinery
(except electrical)
Electrical
machinery
42.2
41.0
40.7
40.5
40.7
40.2
39.7
40.3
39.7
39.2
39.5
39.3
39.4
39.6
39.4
40.8
40.1
39.7
40.2
40.2
39.4
39.5
39.6
39.1
39.0
39.1
39.0
39.1
39.6
39.3
3.7
2.6
2.5
2.3
2.4
2.1
1.9
1.9
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.5
2.6
1.9
1.7
2.1
2.0
1.7
1.5
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.0
.9
1.0
1.2
1.2
Transportation
equipment
40.9
40.4
39.6
40.1
39.7
39.5
40.6
40.2
38.8
38.6
39.4
39.3
39.7
39.8
39.6
2.9
2.4
2.0
2.0
2.1
2.2
3.0
2.0
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.6
2.8
2.0
2.1
1.8
2.1
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.0
.9
1.0
.9
1.3
1.3
41.2
40.8
40.7
40.9
41.4
40.7
40.5
40.2
39.3
38.9
39.2
38.9
39.4
40.0
40.0
3.0
2.8
2.8
2.9
3.3
2.9
2.7
2.1
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.7
2.0
2.0
Nondurable goods
Instruments
and related
products
40.8
40.3
40.1
40.0
40.4
39.9
40.0
39.8
39.6
39.3
39.4
39.5
39.2
39.8
39.7
40.9
39.5
39.7
39.3
39.4
38.5
38.2
38.1
37.2
36.8
37.1
36.9
37.3
38.3
38.4
Fabricated
metal products
2.3
2.0
1.8
1.7
2.1
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.2
Miscellaneous
manufacturing
industries
40.3
39.9
39.5
40.0
40.3
39.9
39.7
39.6
39.2
39.0
39.2
39.0
39.1
39.5
39.2
2.6
2.3
2.1
2.4
2.6
2.6
2.4
2.2
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.9
1.8
Total: Nondurable goods
39.5
39.1
39.4
39.5
39.6
39.0
38.8
39.0
38.3
38.1
38.1
37.7
38.1
38.7
38.9
2.5
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.6
2.4
2.4
2.2
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.2
Food and kindred products
41.0
40.5
41.5
40.9
41.2
40.2
40.4
40.7
40.1
39.7
39.6
39.7
40.2
40.7
41.0
3.3
3.1
3.4
3.2
3.3
3.2
3.3
3.0
2.9
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.8
3.1
3.2
Tobacco manufactures
38.9
38.6
39.6
38.4
39.8
38.3
37.4
39.1
39.0
37.9
37.1
38.0
38.7
39.7
39.6
1.1
1.2
1.9
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.1
.7
.8
1.3
1.6
1.8
1.7
Nondurable goods—Continued
Textile-mill
products
1956: Average____
1957: Average____
July-----------August_____
September__
October_____
November__
December___
1958: Jan u ary .........
February___
March______
A p ril......... .
M a y .. ____
June_______
July 8_______
39.6
38.9
38.6
39.1
39.1
39.1
38.6
38.9
37.6
37.8
37.6
36.6
37.3
38.4
38.5
2.6
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.1
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.4
1.5
1.9
1.9
Printing, pubApparel and
other finished Paper and allied lishing, and altextile products
products
lied industries
36.3
36.0
36.1
36.8
36.7
35.9
35.4
35.2
35.1
35.1
34.7
34.5
34.8
35.0
35.6
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.2
1. 1
.9
.8
.9
.9
.8
.8
.8
1.0
42.8
42.3
42.3
42.5
42.9
42.4
41.9
41.9
41.4
41.1
41.4
41.0
41.0
41.8
41.8
4.6
4.3
4.6
4.5
4.8
4.5
4.0
3.8
3.6
3.5
3.5
3.2
3.4
3.8
4.0
38.8
38.5
38.3
38.6
38.8
38.4
38.0
38.6
37.7
37.7
37.9
37.7
37.6
37.6
37.6
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to August
1958, see footnote 1, table A-2.
* Covers premium overtime hours of production and related workers during
the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. Overtime hours are
those for which premiums were paid because the hours were in excess of the
number of hours of either the straight-time workday or workweek. Weekend
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3.2
3.0
2.8
3.1
3.3
3.0
2.8
3.1
2.4
2.3
2.5
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
Chemicals and
allied products
41.3
41.2
41.0
41.0
41.2
41.0
41.0
41.3
40.8
40.6
40.7
40.7
40.8
41.1
40.7
2.3
2.2
2.3
2.2
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.1
1.9
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.0
Products of
petroleum and
coal
41.1
40.9
41.5
40.6
41.5
40.6
40.7
40.8
40.4
39.9
40.1
40.5
40.5
41.0
41.0
2.0
1.9
2.2
1.8
2.2
1.8
1.9
1.5
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.8
Rubber products
40.2
40.5
41.3
40.9
40.6
40.1
40.0
40.0
38.2
37.3
38.0
37.5
38.2
39.1
39.2
2.8
2.8
3.8
3.2
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.2
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.5
2.4
2.4
Leather and
leather products
37.6
37.4
38.1
38.1
37.2
36.8
36.5
37.4
37.3
36.8
36.2
34.1
35.3
36.6
37.3
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.0
.6
.8
.9
1.3
and holiday hours are Included only if premium wage rates were paid. Hours
for which only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types o f
premiums were paid are excluded. These data are not available prior to 1956.
* Preliminary.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1204
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
T able D -l.
Consumer Price Index 1—United States city average: All items and major groups of items
[1947-49=100]
Year and month
All items
Food
Housing
Transporta Medical care Personal care Reading and
tion
recreation
Apparel
Other goods
and services
Average.....................
Average— ......... ......
Average................... .
Average___ ______
Average__________
Average.......... ..........
Average— ................
Average_____ _____
Average__________
Average__________
Average.....................
95.5
102.8
101.8
102.8
111.0
113.5
114.4
114.8
114.5
116.2
120.2
95.9
104.1
100.0
101.2
112.6
114.6
112.8
112. 6
110.9
111.7
115.4
95.0
101.7
103.3
106.1
112.4
114.6
117.7
119.1
120.0
121.7
125.6
97.1
103.5
99.4
98.1
106.9
105.8
104.8
104.3
103.7
105.5
106.9
90.6
100.9
108.5
111.3
118.4
126.2
129.7
128.0
126.4
128.7
136.0
94.9
100.9
104.1
106.0
111.1
117.2
121.3
125.2
128.0
132.6
138.0
97.6
101.3
101.1
101.1
110.5
111.8
112.8
113.4
115.3
120.0
124.4
95.5
100.4
104.1
103.4
106.5
107.0
108.0
107.0
106.6
108.1
112.2
96.1
100.5
103.4
105.2
109.7
115.4
118.2
120.1
120.2
122.0
125.5
1954: Jan u ary ....................
February_________
M arch......................
April................. ........
M ay_____________
June_____________
July_____________
August.......... ...........
September________
October__________
November________
December............. .
115.2
115.0
114.8
114.6
115.0
115.1
115.2
115.0
114.7
114.5
114.6
114.3
113.1
112.6
112.1
112.4
113.3
113.8
114.6
113.9
112.4
111.8
111.1
110.4
118.8
118.9
119.0
118.5
118.9
118.9
119.0
119.2
119.5
119.5
119.5
119.7
104.9
104.7
104.3
104.1
104.2
104.2
104.0
103.7
104.3
104.6
104.6
104.3
130.5
129.4
129.0
129.1
129.1
128.9
126.7
126.6
126.4
125.0
127.6
127.3
123.7
124.1
124.4
124.9
125.1
125.1
125.2
125.5
125.7
125.9
126.1
126.3
113.7
113.9
114.1
112.9
113.0
112.7
113.3
113.4
113.5
113.4
113.8
113.6
108.7
108.0
108.2
106.5
106.4
106.4
107.0
106.6
106.5
106.9
106.8
106.6
120.3
120.2
120.1
120.2
120.1
120.1
120.3
120.2
120.1
120.1
120.0
119.9
1955: January__________
February_________
M arch___________
April_____ _______
M ay_____________
June...........................
July...........................
August......................
September...... .........
O ctober...................
November________
December.................
114.3
114.3
114.3
114.2
114.2
114.4
114.7
114.5
114.9
114.9
115.0
114.7
110.6
110.8
110.8
111.2
111.1
111.3
112.1
111.2
111.6
110.8
109.8
109.5
119.6
119.6
119.6
119.5
119.4
119.7
119.9
120.0
120.4
120.8
120.9
120.8
103.3
103.4
103.2
103.1
103.3
103.2
103.2
103.4
104.6
104.6
104.7
104.7
127.6
127.4
127.3
125.3
125.5
125.8
125.4
125.4
125.3
126.6
128.5
127.3
126.5
126.8
127.0
127.3
127.5
127.6
127.9
128.0
128.2
128.7
129.8
130.2
113.7
113.5
113.5
113.7
113.9
114.7
115.5
115.8
116.6
117.0
117.5
117.9
106.9
106.4
106.6
106.6
106.5
106.2
106.3
106.3
106.7
106.7
106.8
106.8
119.9
119.8
119.8
119.8
119.9
119.9
120.3
120.4
120.6
120.6
120.6
120.6
1956: January......... ...........
February...................
March........... ...........
April_____________
M ay..........................
June........... ..............
Ju ly ..........................
August............. ........
September________
October................... .
November________
December________
114.6
114.6
114.7
114.9
115.4
116.2
117.0
116.8
117.1
117.7
117.8
118.0
109.2
108.8
109.0
109.6
111.0
113.2
114.8
113.1
113.1
113.1
112.9
112.9
120.6
120.7
120.7
120.8
120.9
121.4
121.8
122.2
122.5
122.8
123.0
123.5
104.1
104.6
104.8
104.8
104.8
104.8
105.3
105.5
106.5
106.8
107.0
107.0
126.8
126.9
126.7
126.4
127.1
126.8
127.7
128.5
128.6
132.6
133.2
133.1
130.7
130.9
131.4
131.6
131.9
132.0
132.7
133.3
134.0
134.1
134.5
134.7
118.5
118.9
119.2
119. 5
119.6
119.9
120.1
120.3
120.5
120.8
121.4
121.8
107.3
107.5
107.7
108.2
108.2
107.6
107.7
107.9
108.4
108.5
109.0
109.3
120.8
120.9
121.2
121.4
121.5
121.8
122.2
122.1
122.7
123.0
123.2
123.3
1957: Jan u ary ....................
February_________
March___________
April............. ...........
M ay__ _________
June...... ................
J u ly ..........................
August— ..................
September................
O ctober....................
November________
December....... ..........
118.2
118.7
118.9
119.3
119.6
120.2
120.8
121.0
121.1
121.1
121.6
121.6
112.8
113.6
113.2
113.8
114.6
116.2
117.4
117.9
117.0
116.4
116.0
116.1
123.8
124.5
124.9
125.2
125.3
125.5
125. 5
125.7
126.3
126.6
126.8
127.0
106.4
106.1
106.8
106.5
106.5
106.6
106.5
106.6
107.3
107.7
107.9
107.6
133.6
134.4
135.1
135.5
135.3
135.3
135.8
135.9
135.9
135.8
140.0
138.9
135.3
135.5
136.4
136.9
137.3
137.9
138.4
138.6
139.0
139.7
140.3
140.8
122.1
122.6
122.9
123.3
123.4
124.2
124.7
124.9
125.1
126.2
126.7
127.0
109.9
110.0
110.5
111.8
111.4
111.8
112.4
112.6
113.3
113.4
114.4
114.6
123.8
124.0
124.2
124.2
124.3
124.6
126.6
126.7
126.7
126.8
126.8
126.8
1958: January.....................
February...................
March___________
April............ .............
M ay_____________
June_____________
July...........................
August______ ___
122.3
122.5
123.3
123.5
123.6
123. 7
123.9
123.7
118.2
118.7
120.8
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.7
120.7
127.1
127.3
127.5
127.7
127.8
127.8
127.7
127.9
106.9
106.8
106.8
106.7
106.7
106.7
106.7
106.6
138.7
138.5
138.7
138.3
138.7
138.9
140.3
141.0
141.7
141.9
142.3
142.7
143.7
143.9
144.6
145.0
127.8
128.0
128.3
128.5
128.5
128.6
128.9
128.9
116.6
116.6
117.0
117.0
116.6
116.7
116.6
116.7
127.0
127.0
127.2
127.2
127.2
127.2
127.2
127.1
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
1955:
1956:
1957:
1 The Consumer Price Index measures the average change in prices of goods
and services pin-chased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker families.
Data for 46 large, medium-size, and small cities are combined for the United
States average.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
N ote: For a description of this series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1205
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able D-2.
Consumer Price Index ^ U n ite d States city average: Food, housing, apparel, transpor
tation, and their subgroups
I1947-49=100J
Annual
average
1957
1958
Group
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1957
1956
Food 2_______________________ _____
Food at home_____________________
Cereals and bakery products_____
Meats, poultry, and fish_________
Dairy products________________
Fruits and vegetables___________
Other foods at home 3___________
120.7
119.2
132.9
117.7
113.0
124.9
112.8
121.7
120.5
132.9
119.2
112.4
131.9
111.8
121.6
120.4
132.9
118.3
111.7
134.3
110.9
121.6
120.5
132.8
116.6
111.8
137.4
111.5
121.6
120.5
132.7
115.9
112.5
136.6
112.4
120.8
119.6
132.7
114.4
114.1
130.7
113.8
118.7
117.2
132.6
112.0
114.5
124.4
111.3
118.2
116.7
132.5
110.2
114.6
121.9
113.1
116.1
114.3
131.8
106.0
114.6
113.9
114.9
116.0
114.1
131.6
104.6
114.5
114.6
115.6
116.4
114.7
131.4
106.3
114.2
114.5
116.2
117.0
115. 5
131.2
110.3
113.1
114.8
115.0
117.9
116.6
131.0
111.9
111.5
121.3
113.8
115.4
113.8
130.5
105.2
111.8
118.6
112.9
111.7
110.2
125.6
97.1
108.7
119.0
112.8
Housing 4_.__________________________
Rent__ . . . -----------------------------Gas and electricity________________
Solid fuels and fuel oil______________
Housefurnishings__________________
Household operation.,---------------------
127.9
138.1
117.5
133.6
103.3
132.1
127.7
137.8
117.0
132.3
104.0
131.2
127.8
137.7
116.9
131.7
104.1
131.1
127.8
137.5
116.5
131.6
104.0
130.9
127.7
137.3
116.0
134.2
104.0
130.9
127.5
137.1
115.9
136.7
103.9
130.7
127.3
137.0
115.9
137.2
104.9
129.9
127.1
136.8
115.7
138.4
104.2
129.7
127.0
136.7
114.3
138.3
104.9
129.6
126.8
136.3
114.3
138.0
104.5
129.4
126.6
136.0
113.8
137.6
104.8
128.7
126.3
135.7
113.7
136. 8
104.8
128.3
125.7
135.4
113.3
135.7
103.9
128.0
125.6
135.2
113.0
137.4
104.6
127.5
121.7
132.7
111.8
130.7
103.0
122.9
Apparel-------- . . . ...................................... 106.6
Men’s and boys’__________________ 108.3
Women’s and girls’________________
98.5
F ootw ear... ................................... . . .
130.0
Other apparel s._ .............. ..................... 91.9
106.7
108.5
98.6
129.7
92.0
106.7
108.8
98.5
129.8
91.9
106.7
108.9
98.4
129.7
92.1
106.7
109.1
98.2
129.8
91.9
106.8
108.9
98.8
129.5
91.9
106.8
109.0
98.6
129.5
92.0
106.9
109.0
98.8
129.3
91.9
107.6
109.5
100.1
129.1
92.3
107.9
109.4
100.8
129.0
92.6
107.7
109.4
100.6
128.3
92.5
107.3
109.3
99.8
128.1
92.3
106.6
108.8
98.6
128.3
92.0
106.9
109.0
99.2
127.9
92.1
105.5
107.4
98.7
123.9
91.4
Transportation. _________________ ____ 141. 0
Private___________________________ 130.1
Public___________________________ 189.5
140.3
129.3
189.5
138.9
128.0
187.7
138.7
128.0
186.1
138.3
127.6
186.1
138.7
128.0
185.9
138.5
127.9
185.4
138.7
128.4
182.4
138.9
128.6
182.4
140.0
129.7
182.8
135.8
125.4
181.6
135.9
125.5
181.1
135.9
125.6
180.6
136.0
125.8
17S.8
128.7
118.8
172.2
4 In addition to subgroups shown here, total housing includes the purchase
price of homes and other homeowner costs.
* Includes yard goods, diapers, and miscellaneous items.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1 See footnote 1, table D -l.
* In addition to subgroups shown here, total food Includes restaurant meals
and other food bought and eaten away from home.
3Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, beverages (nonalcoholic),
and other miscellaneous foods.
T able D -3.
Consumer PriceJIndex 1—United States city average: Special groups of items
[1947-49=100]
All items
less food
All Items
less shelter
All com
modities
All com
modities
less food
Durable
commodi
ties 2
Nondura
ble com
modities
less food 3
Average____________________________________
Average__ __________________ ________________
Average__________________________ _________
Average_______________ ____ _ _______ _______
Average. ____________________ _____________
Average_______ ________ ________ _________ _
Average_____ ______________________________
A v erag e____ ____ ____________________ _____
Average ______________ __________________
Average. ................ ............. ......................................
Average. ......................................................... ..........
95.1
101.9
103.0
104.2
110.8
113.5
115.7
116.4
116.7
118.8
122.8
95.6
103.1
101.3
102.0
110.5
112.7
113.1
113.0
112.4
114.0
117.8
96.3
103.2
100.6
101.2
110.3
111.7
111.3
110.2
109.0
110.1
113.6
95.7
102.9
101.5
101.3
108.9
109.8
110.0
108.6
107.5
108.9
112.3
94.9
101.8
103.3
104.4
112.4
113.8
112.6
108.3
105.1
105.1
108.8
95.7
103.1
101.1
100.9
108.5
109.1
110.1
110.6
110.6
113.0
116.1
94.5
100.4
105.1
108.5
114.1
119.3
124.2
127.5
129.8
132.6
137. 7
94.7
100.1
105.2
108.1
114.6
120.1
124.6
127.7
130.1
133.0
138.6
1957: August................ ................................................ ......
September___________ _________________ . . . .
October____________________ _________ _____
November_________________________________
December ____________ ______________ . . . .
123.0
123.4
123.7
124.6
124.5
118.7
118.7
118.6
119.2
119.2
114.6
114.5
114.3
114.7
114.7
112.1
112.6
112.8
113.8
113.6
108.4
108.6
108.6
110.9
110.3
116.0
116.7
117.0
117.4
117.3
138.3
138.8
139.2
139.8
140.0
139.3
139.8
140.3
140.9
141.1
1958: January ______ _____________ _____ ________
February_______ ____________ _______ ______
March.."_________________________ ______ ___
April_____ ________________________________
May
J u n e . . ___ ________ ______________________
Ju ly ................ ................................... ...........................
August _______ __________________________
124.7
124.8
125.0
125.0
125.1
125.2
125.4
125.6
120.0
120.2
121.0
121.2
121.3
121.4
121.6
121.4
115.4
115.5
116.4
116.6
116.6
116.6
116.8
116.4
113.5
113.2
113.1
112.8
112.9
112.9
113.1
113.2
110.5
110.3
109.6
109.6
109.7
109.6
109.8
109.9
117.0
116.7
116.9
116.6
116.5
116.7
116.9
116.9
140.5
141.0
141. 7
142.1
142.3
142.3
142.6
143.0
141.7
142.3
143.1
143.5
143.8
143.8
144.1
144.4
Year and month
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
1955:
1956:
1957:
1 See footnote 1 and Note, table D -l.
* Includes household appliances, furniture and bedding, floor coverings,
dinnerware, automobiles, tires, radio and television sets, durable toys, sport
ing goods, and from 1953 forward, water heaters, kitchen sinks, sink faucets,
and porch flooring.
* Includes solid fuels, fuel oil, textile housefurnishings, household paper,
electric light bulbs, laundry soap and detergents, apparel (except shoe re
pairs), gasoline, motor oil, prescriptions and drugs, toilet goods, nondurable
toys, newspapers, cigarettes, cigars, beer, whiskey, and from 1953 forward,
house paint and paint brush.
4 Includes rent, gas, electricity, dry cleaning, laundry service, domestic
service, telephone, water, postage, shoe repairs, auto repairs, auto insurance,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
All
All services
services4 less r e n t3
auto registration, transit fares, railroad fares, professional medical services,
hospital services, group hospitalization, barber and beauty shop services,
television repairs, motion picture admissions, and from 1953 forward, home
purchase, real estate taxes, mortgage interest, property insurance, repainting
garage, repainting rooms, reshingling roof, and refinishing floors.
4 Formerly all services less shelter for 1953 and later years; for definition of
services, see footnote 4.
N ote: Indexes from 1953 forward have been revised to reflect the distribu
tion of shelter items, formerly included in “all services and shelter” now en
titled “all services,” among the appropriate commodity and service classi
fications.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
1206
T able
D-4.
Consumer Price Index *•—United States city average: Retail prices and indexes of selected
foods
I n d e x e s (1 9 4 7 -4 9 = 1 0 0 , u n le s s o th e r w is e sp e c ifie d )
C o m m o d it y
C e r e a ls a n d b a k e r y p r o d u c ts: Unit
F lo u r , w h e a t ----------- ________5 !b__
B is c u it m ix 4----------- _______20 OZ-C orn m e a l_________ __________ l b . .
R ic e ________________ __________l b . .
R o lle d o a t s ------------- _______18 OZ-.
C orn fla k e s-------------- _______12 o z ._
B r e a d ______________ __________ l b . .
S o d a crack ers 4------- __________ l b . .
V a n illa c o o k ie s ------- ________7 o z ._
M e a ts , p o u lt r y , a n d fish :
B e e f a n d v e a l -----R o u n d s t e a k . . . __________ l b . .
C h u c k r o a s t----- .................... lb__
R ib r o a s t______ __________ l b . .
H a m b u r g e r ._ __________ l b . .
V e a l c u t le t s ------ ............. . . . l b . .
P o r k c h o p s , c e n te r c u t . . - l b . .
B a c o n , s l i c e d .. . __________ l b . .
H a m , w h o le ----- .............. . . . l b . .
L a m b , l e g ------------ __________ l b . .
0 th er m ea ts:
F r a n k fu r ter s 4. . __________ l b . .
L u n c h e o n m e a t 4 12-oz c a n . .
R pud y-t,f)-COOk___
■ffiVh
A ver
age 2
p rice,
A ug.
1958
1957
1958
A nnual
average
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A p r.
M ar.
F eb.
Jan.
D e c .3
N ov.
O ct.
S e p t.
A ug.
1957
114.0
95 .7
116.3
98.1
138.0
150.0
144. 6
113.6
126.5
114.6
9 5 .8
115.7
9 7 .6
138.0
149.7
144.5
113.8
126.5
114.9
95 .8
115.6
97 .5
138. 0
149.7
144.4
113.6
126.5
115.4
9 6 .0
155.5
9 6 .8
137.9
149.4
144.0
113.7
126.7
115. 4
95 .9
115.4
96 .3
137.9
149.0
143.8
113.6
126.8
115.1
96 .0
115.3
95 .9
137.7
148.5
143.7
113.4
127.7
114.7
9 6 .0
115.2
9 5 .8
137.5
147.6
143. 7
113.6
127.6
114.4
9 6 .0
114.1
9 5 .6
137.2
146.5
143.7
113.3
128.1
113.7
96 .0
114.1
95 .3
137.2
143.0
142.7
113.4
127.9
113.8
95 .9
114.1
9 5 .2
136.7
138.5
142. 5
113.4
127.9
114.1
9 5 .9
114.0
94 .6
136.5
136.4
142.2
112.9
127.8
114.0
9 5 .6
114.1
94 .4
136.3
136.2
142.0
113.2
127.4
113.9
9 5 .8
113.4
9 3 .7
136.4
136.0
141.8
113.1
127.2
113.4
9 5 .8
113.3
9 3 .5
134.9
136.1
141.0
112.4
127.3
110.7
95 .4
111.0
92 .8
119.1
128.9
134.7
107.3
124.0
124.3
119.8
125. 8
113.0
122.4
110.9
145.1
120.3
130.1
118.2
106.7
111.6
125.4
122.3
128.5
117.4
124.3
112.6
144. 7
120.7
132.2
116.5
107.1
113.1
124.2
122.6
128.8
118.2
124.5
112.3
145.3
118.3
131.8
112. 4
106.1
112. 6
122.0
121.7
128.4
116.9
124.5
110.9
144.3
115.0
125.4
110.4
104.7
111.8
121.5
121.5
128.4
118.5
123.9
109.1
143.1
114.7
125.3
109.2
105.5
113. 4
118.8
117.9
125.2
115. 4
121.5
103.3
142.4
112. 6
123.0
105.8
105.5
112.4
116.7
114.8
122.7
110.2
120.4
100. 7
140.4
111.3
121. 7
105.9
102.3
113.2
115.1
112.8
122.1
106.6
120.6
9 8 .3
135.9
110.1
120.8
103.7
102.1
110.5
110.5
107.7
117.8
102.1
114.9
91 .8
130.4
105.2
117.1
9 6 .8
9 9 .0
105.1
108. 9
105.6
116.3
98 .5
112.9
90.1
128.7
103.7
117.3
96 .0
9 4 .7
104.3
111.1
105.9
117.1
9 8 .4
113.7
8 9 .7
128.8
108.2
120.9
103.7
95 .3
104.5
115.2
107.3
119.1
99 .9
115.2
90. 6
129.5
116.0
124.7
117.4
99.1
105.7
116.3
106.9
119.2
97 .9
114.4
9 1 .2
128.8
119.2
127.6
120.3
102.6
105.5
108.7
102.8
113.7
95 .0
86. 6
127.9
107.3
119.1
101.5
97 .4
103.5
97 .9
95 .7
107.1
87 .2
104.7
79.3
120.8
93.1
107.6
79 .0
92 .4
99 .8
110.1
105.1
77. 6
109.6
104.2
81. 5
108.6
103.4
8 1 .9
106.5
101.6
81. 7
105. 2
9 9 .7
80.1
102.9
98 .4
8 3 .5
100.2
98.1
79. 7
9 9 .0
97 .7
77.0
97 .3
9 6 .8
74 .2
9 7 .2
9 6 .2
73.1
98.1
9 5 .2
7 3 .8
9 8 .5
9 4 .6
78 .5
9 7 .7
9 4 .2
8 3 .3
93 .1
93.1
78 .4
8 5 .4
8 4 .4
80 .4
1956
Cents
55.0
2 6 .8
12.9
18 .6
20.3
25 .5
19.3
29 .2
2 4 .5
104.0
6 2 .7
81 .7
53 .9
134.2
9 4 .6
86 .4
68 .9
76 .8
67.1
50 .8
111.0
__________ l b . .
46. 5
117. 8
120.1
117. 6
119.9
117. Ï
119.4
117.6
120.4
117.6
120.4
117.1
119.7
115. 4
116.6
113.8
113.9
112.2
111.5
ill. 4
110.1
110.5
108.5
iio. Ö
107.6
110.2
107.8
109. 9
107.6
108.5
105.5
fr o z e n , l b .
T T o b h f i l l e t , fr o z e n ._
lb
S a lm o n , p in k ------- --1 6 -o z. c a n . .
T u n a fish , c h u n k
6 - 6 ^ -o z . c a n . .
D a ir y p r o d u c ts:
A/Tilt fresh . e r ocerv
H o m o g e n iz e d , w it h v ita m in D
____ a t _ .
A/riik fresh , d e liv e r e d ____________
H o m o g e n iz e d , w it h v ita m in D
added
______ __________qt__
Ic e cream 4. . --------- ....... — p t B u t t e r ________ _____ __________ l b . .
C h ee se . A m e r ic a n p r o c e ss----- l b . .
M ilk e v a p o r a t e d . .. 14J4-0Z. c a n . .
A ll fru its a n d v e g e ta b le s:
TTi-rwon fru its a n d v e g e ta b le s 4___
S tr a w b e r r ie s 4------ ______ 10 0Z-O ran ge ju ic e c o n c e n tr a t e 4 6 o z ._
P e a s , green 4-------- _______10 oz__
B e a n s , g reen 4 ----- ________9 o z ._
46 .0
55.0
63 .4
131.7
131.5
131.3
131.3
131. 2
131.1
131.0
130.8
130.8
130. 7
130.4
130.1
130.2
130.1
125.5
33.1
96 .2
95 .9
95 .3
9 5 .2
95 .3
9 5 .0
9 4 .9
9 4 .4
9 3 .7
9 3 .4
9 3 .6
9 3 .6
9 3 .6
93 .3
94 .6
119.1
118.2
117.0
117.1
118.3
120.5
121.2
121.5
121.9
121.8
121.0
119.5
116.9
117.6
113.6
123. 9
122.6
1 2 1.6
121.7
122. 4
125.2
125.8
126.0
126.2
126.1
125.5
123. 8
121.5
122.1
118.4
98.4
93 .0
109.2
111.1
98 .0
93 .0
109.4
111.2
98 .3
9 3 .0
109.5
111.1
9 8 .3
93.1
109. 5
110.9
9 8 .4
93 .5
109.9
111.1
9 8 .2
9 4 .8
110.0
110.8
9 8 .4
9 4 .8
109.8
110.5
9 8 .4
9 4 .8
109.9
110.1
98.1
9 4 .8
109.6
109.0
9 7 .8
9 4 .9
109.5
108.4
9 8 .0
9 5 .4
109.5
108.5
98.1
9 4 .4
109.6
108.5
97 .9
9 3 .2
109.5
108.3
9 7 .4
9 4 .0
109.3
107.2
95.5
91.3
108.4
103.4
121 8
8 1 .9
156.8
100.6
106.4
127.7
(5)
118.0
174.0
9 6 .6
(8)
89 .5
(8)
8 8 .5
54 .9
111.7
166.6
111.2
119.7
103.2
97 .3
101.3
69.3
80 .2
112.4
132.8
108.2
112.4
101.4
104.8
100.2
119.8
102.8
120.4
137.8
100.3
121.0
8 2 .0
155.2
100.2
106.3
139. 5
(«)
103.2
173.8
97.1
(8)
104. 1
(8)
110.9
69 .6
127.4
165.2
119.9
118.0
111.6
116. 4
111.0
94.2
94 .3
111. 5
125.5
108.0
112.3
101.2
104.1
99 .6
123.7
102. 5
119.6
137.5
99 .3
119. 8
8 2 .4
152.2
9 9 .8
106.4
144.0
193.3
104.2
165.4
9 8 .9
(8)
116. 2
8 2 .6
143.2
99 .5
106.6
150.0
157.7
103.8
160.9
102.9
149.3
(8)
95 .2
115. 5
8 2 .5
141.5
99 .5
106.4
149.3
133.3
9 8 .3
169.0
101.8
130.5
(8)
(5)
112.7
8 2 .6
134.8
9 9 .7
105.2
140.9
121.8
104.8
147.7
102.6
118.2
(8)
(8)
(8)
110.3
81 .9
129.4
100.4
103.1
131.4
117.6
106.9
142.2
101.8
116.4
(8)
(8)
(8)
107.6
8 0 .3
123.4
100.5
102.6
128.0
114.1
104.9
137.3
104.2
122.4
(8)
(8)
197.7
79 .4
9 9 .2
99 .8
101.9
116. 5
110.9
99 .3
124.6
105. 3
110.0
(8)
(8)
9 7 .8
79 .4
99 .4
100.3
101.6
117.6
104.6
109.7
133.2
104.9
113.4
(8)
(8)
8 2 .6
9 7 .6
7 9 .6
9 8 .9
100.3
101.5
117.4
104.8
144.6
141.9
9 6 .7
(8)
(8)
(8)
7 7 .6
9 7 .0
79 .5
9 7 .8
100.8
9 9 .8
118.0
123.8
110.9
139.3
9 7 .5
(8)
106.7
(8)
75.1
155.9
152.9
159.7
106.2
135.5
132.4
160.9
163.8
136.3
108.6
114.4
108.4
111.7
100.7
103.7
99 .7
118.2
101.8
116.4
137.0
9 4 .8
138.4
147.6
128.7
119.3
140.7
109.7
174.1
148.6
(•)
107.4
111.9
109.5
111.4
100.6
103.6
100.6
112.2
102.2
113.9
136.1
9 1 .4
115.7
138.3
105.5
123.7
113.0
108.4
165.5
145.8
0)
106. 5
112.6
134.2
101.2
135.2
118.3
102.2
151. 7
138.7
171.0
106.0
109.4
109.3
110.9
100.6
103.6
101.2
106.3
102.2
112.0
136.2
103.1
9 7 .8
82.1
91 .2
99 .4
107.0
100.9
107. 5
9 9 .2
95 .9
123. 7
122.8
« 140. 8
128.9
107.7
104.4
126.2
126.7
101.9
103.0
10111.3 J« 104.0
i2109.9
12 97 .4
>4 80. 7
« 99. 7
is 90. 6
w 80. 9
12 79. 5
12 87 .5
111.0 107.9
127.9
155. 8
131.0
114.8
112.4
110.2
111.9
117.1
125.7
108.1
153.4
121.9
114.4
104.1
9 7 .6
92 .7
121.2
125.9
114.5
77.2
105.1
105.4
119.5
98 .8
117.7
105. 6 106.3
107.9
108.9
113.2
120.0
110.4
110.8
111.0
110.4
110.2
108.8
100.4
100.3
100.8
102.2
101.7
106.8
102.9
102.1
102.1
104.1
103.0
103.4
102.9
102.6
100.9
111. 4 111.5
114.6
147.2
140.2
140.3
8 5 .2
8 5 .2
85 .7
A p p le s ----------------- __________ l b . .
B a n a n a s -------------- __________ lb__
O r a n g e s __________ ________d o z _ .
L e m o n s L --------- __________ l b . .
G r a p e f r u it 89------- _______e a c h ..
P e a c h e s 811______ _________ lb__
S tr a w b e r r ie s 8 13. . - — ..............P t - G ra p es, se ed le ss 811-------------lb ._
W a te r m e lo n s 8 i7_ ............... . l b . .
P o t a to e s --------------- _______1 0 1 b ._
S w e e t p o t a t o e s . . . __________ l b . .
O n io n s ___________ __________ lb__
C a r r o ts ___________ __________ lb__
Lettuce________ _____ head..
Celery 9------------ ________lb ..
Cabbage----------- ________lb ..
Tomatoes 4_____ ________lb ..
Beans, green------ ________lb__
P a n n e d fru its and vegetables.
Orange juice 4----- ..46-oz. can..
P e a c h e s.______ . #2\i can..
Pineapple______ ____ #2 can..
F ruit cocktail4 __ #303 can..
Corn, cream style ...#303 can..
Peas, green____ ...#303 can..
.#303 can..
Tomatoes______
Babv foods 4__ _ . . . 414-5 oz..
D r ie d fruits and vegetables
Prunes_________ _______ lb ..
Dried beans____ _______ lb ..
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
23 .7
25.1
2 9 .7
73 .5
5 7 .8
15.1
2 6 .4
2 8 .8
19 .6
2 3 .2
(s)
19.1
80 .3
17 .8
f8)
14 .6
(8)
2 4 .5
3 .4
59.1
18 .8
9 .4
15 .2
14 .8
14.3
7 .0
19.4
17.0
41 .7
3 3 .9
3 4 .8
2 6 .3
17.7
21.1
17 .6
10.1
3 3 .4
19 .0
P)
76 .7
(s)
101.6
128.7
159.5
123.0
113.9
106.4
127.1
126.3
101.7
9 3 .9
110.6
121.1
107.6
112.1
100. 9
103.7
9 9 .5
124.2
102.2
118. 5
137.0
9 7 .9
(8)
(«)
144.1
158.4
132.9
108.4
145.8
147.0
152.3
157.8
125.0
109.5
117.5
107.9
111.8
100.8
104.0
9 9 .4
121.0
101.7
117.3
137.2
95 .9
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
111.1
109.1
111.0
100.8
103.9
100.9
107.9
102.0
112.3
136.1
8 9 .0
(8)
(8)
88.5
(8)
(8)
109.3
120.3
9 8 .9
132.7
104.7
9 3 .2
120.4
115.4
110. 5
105.3
108.0
108.4
110.6
100.4
102.8
101.0
105.5
102.1
111. 1
135.9
8 7 .3
(8)
107.1
109.2
9 7 .0
131. 6
128.7
91 .3
113.5
95.1
113.4
105.5
108.0
109.8
110.6
100.5
103.2
101.6
104.9
101.9
110.7
136.4
8 6 .4
(8)
105.9
112.7
95 .9
125.5
133.3
9 2 .7
114.1
83 .3
104.5
105.7
108.5
110.5
110.5
100.5
102.8
102.1
104.0
102.8
110.9
137.1
8 6 .2
(s)
106.2
118.2
96 .7
131.1
127.9
9 8 .5
120.8
70 .9
9 3 .2
105. 6
108.1
110.8
110.4
100.5
102.0
102.3
103.7
103.0
111.0
137.7
86.1
96 .3
7 9 .0
96 .4
100.3
100.3
128.5
(')
115. 6
133.6
98.1
(8)
9 9 .6
(8)
88 .0
72 .8
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able D -4.
1207
Consumer Price Index *■—United States city average: Retail prices and indexes of selected
foods—Continued
Indexes (1947-49=100, unless otherwise specified)
Average 2
price,
Aug.
1958
Commodity
1958
Aug.
Other foods at home:
Partially prepared foods:
Unit Cents
Soup, tom ato4___ 11-oz. can.. 12.5
99.9
Beans with pork 4.._16-oz. can.. 15.1 106.5
Condiments and sauces:
Pickles, sweet *_______ 7Yi oz.. 27.1
99.9
22.1
Catsup, tomato 4_ ____14oz._
97.2
178.2
Beverages___________________
Coffee...____ ______________ (18)
164.4
T eabags4___ .package of 16. _
24.0 124.4
Cola drink 4 ____carton, 36 oz . 27.9 123.1
Fats and oils________ ________
85.8
Shortening, hydrogenated
3-lb. can.. 93.9
89.2
Margarine, colored_______ lb .. 29.1
76.2
L a rd .___ ______________ lb .. 22.9
84.4
Salad dressing................... .p t .. 37.9 100.9
Peanut butter 4__________lb.. 56.6 115.4
Sugar and sweets_____ ________
119.8
Sugar___ ____________ 5 lbs.. "~56."$r 118.4
Corn syrup 4__________ 24 oz_. 26.0 110.9
Grape jelly 4________ .12 oz
27.8 116.3
Chocolate b a r 4________ 1 oz._
5.2 114.2
Eggs, grade A, large......... __doz.. 60.9
87.2
Miscellaneous foods:
Gelatin, flavored4. . . -.3-4 oz_.
9.0 104.4
1957
Annual
average
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.*
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1957
1956
100.5
106.5
100.3
106.4
100.4
106.7
100.3
106.6
100.1
106.3
100.0
105.9
99.1
104.9
98.5
104.6
98.3
104.4
98.5
104.1
98.7
103.6
99.6
104.2
99.0
103.9
98.3
103.0
99.8
96.9
179.9
167.3
124.5
121.9
85.8
99.9
96.4
180.9
168.9
124.3
121.7
85.9
100.0
96.1
181.2
169.9
124.2
120.7
86.2
100.6
96.4
182.5
171.6
124.2
120.8
86.2
100.8
96.3
183.4
172.9
124.2
120.7
86.1
100.4
97.4
184.7
175.0
124.0
120.3
85.8
100.1
98.2
184. 8
175. 2
123.8
120.4
86.3
99.8
97.4
183.8
173.9
123.2
120.2
86.1
100.7
96.9
183.9
174.2
122.7
120.1
86.1
100.5
96.3
184.7
175. 4
123.3
119.8
86.1
100.1
95.7
188.0
180.1
123.5
119.4
86.5
100.2
96.0
192.5
186.5
123.2
119.1
86.6
100.0
99.2
192.7
187.4
122.9
118.1
86.8
98.8
101.6
194.0
192.0
121.2
113.0
83.1
89.9
76.5
83.3
100.7
113.7
119.6
118.1
110.7
116.2
114.2
82.5
89.9
77.3
83.1
100.8
112.5
119.2
117.6
110.5
115.9
113.8
78.9
90.9
77.7
82.7
101.0
111.5
118.4
116.2
110.2
115.7
113.2
81.1
91.0
78.0
82.6
100.6
111.0
117.1
115. 9
109.7
115.9
109.6
84.5
90.5
78.0
82.6
101.0
110.9
113.9
115.6
108. 7
115.9
100.7
90.6
90.1
77.7
82.0
100.8
110.5
113.6
115.6
107.9
115.3
100.4
81.4
91.5
78.1
82.6
100.7
110. 5
113.7
115.8
107.3
115.4
100.5
87.6
91.3
78.0
83.2
99.7
110.2
113.4
115.6
106.9
115.0
100.4
95.5
90.9
77.7
84.1
99.9
110.2
113.4
115.5
106.6
115.0
100.4
98.1
90.9
78.0
84.3
99.7
109.9
113.3
115.4
106.6
114.7
100.4
99.6
92.0
77.9
84.9
99.8
109.9
113.4
115.5
106.6
115.1
100.4
93.0
92.7
77.7
84. 5
99.7
109.8
113.3
115. 5
106.3
114.7
100.5
85.4
93.1
78. 5
83.8
99.2
109.8
112.8
114.6
106.0
114.5
100.4
82.2
90.5
75.6
73.1
94.3
110.0
109.6
109.8
101.5
111.4
100.0
86.3
104.4
104.6
104.3
104.1
104.0
104.1
103.8
103.6
103.9
103.5
102.8
103.4
103.0
99.3
1 See footnote 1 and Note, table D -l.
1 Based on prices in the 46 cities used in compiling the Oonsumer Price
Index. Average prices for each of the 20 large cities listed in table D-5 are
available upon request. Not strictly comparable with prices published for
months prior to January 1958 because of revision of outlet weights. For
explanation, see Retail Food Prices by Cities, January 1958.
* Prices collected the 9th, 10th, and 11th instead of the week containing the
15th as usual.
4December 1952=100.
'Not available.
411 months’ average.
i May 1953=100.
8 P r ice d o n ly in season .
*January 1953=100.
i° 7 months’ average.
11 July 1953 = 100.
123 months’ average,
is April 1953=100.
■4 2 months’ average,
is 5 months’ average,
is 4 months’ average,
ii June 1953=100.
is Price of 1-lb. can, 89.6 cents. Price of 1-lb. bag, 73.0 (priced only in chain
stores and large supermarkets).
S o u r c e : U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
T able D -5.
Consumer Price Index l-—All items indexes, by city
[1947-49=100]
1958
City
1957
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
United States city average2.
123.7
123.9
123.7
123.6
123. 5
123.3
122.5
Atlanta, Ga_____________
Baltimore, M d___________
Boston, Mass....... ........... .
Chicago, 111 _ ___________
Cincinnati, Ohio_________
Cleveland, Ohio...................
Detroit, M ich.____ ______
Houston, Tex..... ..............
Kansas City, Mo_________
Los Angeles, Calif________
Minneapolis, M inn_______
New York, N. Y_________
Philadelphia, P a________ .
Pittsburgh, P a___________
Portland, Oreg.____ ______
St. Louis, M o______ _____
San Francisco, Calif______
Scranton, P a_________ . . .
Seattle, W ash..
_______
Washington, D. C________
(*)
0
0
126.9
(3)
125.1
123.7
124.0
(3)
125.2
(3)
121.1
123.4
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
120.4
126.3
121.2
(»)
(3)
125.4
127.6
(3)
(3)
124.3
(3)
124.8
125.4
124.9
121.1
123.3
124.7
124.7
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
124.9
124.8
(3)
127.5
122.7
(3)
124.2
(3)
(3)
125.1
(*)
121.0
123.0
0
0
124.5
128.0
(3)
(3)
(3)
(*)
(3)
(*)
127.0
(3)
125. 0
124.3
123.7
(3)
125.2
(*)
121. 1
122.9
(*)
(3)
(3)
(3)
120.7
126.1
121.3
(3)
(*)
124. 5
127.0
(3) .
(3)
124.4
(3)
123. 7
125.6
124.1
121.2
122.9
123.8
125.0
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
124.9
124.1
(3)
126.8
122.3
(3)
124.2
(3)
(3)
125.0
(3)
121.2
123.1
(3)
(3)
124.5
126.7
(3)
(3)
(3)
(*)
(3)
(3)
126.2
(3)
124. 5
123.7
122.3
(3)
124.1
(3)
120.3
122.3
(3)
(3)
(*)
(3)
119.1
125.0
120.3
i See footnote 1 and Note, table D -l. Indexes measure time-to-time
changes in prices of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and
clerical-worker families. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live
in one city than in another.
* Average of 46 cities.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Annual average
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1957
122.3
121.6
121.6
121.1
121.1
121.0
120.2
116.2
(3)
(3)
123.4
126.1
(3)
(3)
123.7
(3)
122.4
123.7
123.2
120.0
122.2
122.6
123.3
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
122.4
122.1
(3)
125.6
120.8
0
123.3
(3)
(3)
122.9
(3)
118.7
122.1
(3)
(3)
122.5
124.8
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
125.6
(3)
123.3
123.5
122.4
(3)
122.9
(3)
118.6
122.1
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
117.8
123.9
119.4
(3)
(3)
122.0
124.7
(3)
(3)
122.7
(3)
121.8
122.2
122.2
118.4
122.0
121.1
121.9
(*)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(*)
122.2
121.7
(3)
124.3
120.9
0
122.8
0
0
122.0
0
118.3
121.9
0
0
122.1
123.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
124.1
0
122.8
123.0
122.1
0
121.2
0
118.7
121.6
0
0
0
0
117.8
123.7
119.1
121.4
121.0
121.2
123.3
119.6
122.1
122.2
121.5
121.1
121.2
121.1
117.6
120.8
120.2
121.7
121.2
123.1
116.9
123.1
118.3
118.1
116.9
117.1
119.5
116.0
118.0
118.7
117.8
117.5
117.4
117.0
113.9
117.0
116.5
118.0
117.2
118.4
112.9
118.1
114.9
1956
* Indexes are computed monthly for 5 cities and once every 3 months on a
rotating cycle for 15 other cities.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
1208
T able D -6.
Consumer Price Index 1—Food and its subgroups, by city
[1947-49=100]
Food at home
Total food 1
Aug.
1958
July
1958
Aug.
1957
Aug.
1958
July
1958
Meats, poultry, and fish
Cereals and bakery products
Total food at home
City
Aug.
1957
Aug.
1958
July
1958
Aug.
1958
Aug.
1957
July
1958
Aug.
1957
United States city average«...
120.7
121.7
117.9
119.2
120.5
116.6
132.9
132.9
131.0
117.7
119.2
111.
Atlanta, Ga.-_ ___________
Baltimore, M d__ ____ _____
Boston, Mass____ _________
Chicago, 111- ____________
Cincinnati, Ohio-----------------
118.5
122.1
121.2
117.0
123.5
119.1
122.8
121.9
119.5
124.3
115.8
118.4
117.5
115.0
120.2
118.1
119.7
119.4
114.7
121.8
118.7
120.6
120. 3
117.6
123.1
114.8
115. 5
115.7
113.0
119.1
126.6
128.1
133.1
123. 5
132.0
126.9
128.3
131.6
123.9
132.0
124.0
127.3
131.1
122.6
131.8
120.9
116.6
116.7
110.8
120.4
122.3
117.8
118.5
112.4
122.3
115.
112.
108.
105.
114.
Cleveland, Ohio___________
Detroit, Mich_______ ______
Houston, Tex. . _________
Kansas City, M o__________
Los Angeles, Calif---------------
118.2
120.5
117.1
113.3
122.7
118.9
122.8
117.9
114.9
123.8
115.9
119.3
115.3
114.3
118.9
116.4
118.7
115.6
111.1
119.0
117.2
121.3
116.3
112.8
120.4
114.2
117.8
113.8
112.7
115.6
129.6
125.8
125. 8
127.5
141.1
129.8
125.6
126.2
127.6
141.1
124.0
124.9
121.4
126.4
139.0
112.5
113.9
112.8
114.3
118.1
113.6
115.5
114.0
115. 6
118.2
108.
108.
107.
108.
112.
Minneapolis, M inn___ _____
New York, N. Y ___________
Philadelphia, P a . . ___ _____
Pittsburgh, P a____ ______
Portland, Öreg........... ............
119.4
121.0
124.3
121.7
121.5
119.6
121. 7
124.7
123.8
121.4
115.6
117.7
121.5
118.9
119.0
118.1
119.0
122.2
120.7
120.3
118.7
120.1
122.7
123.1
120.6
114.4
115. 9
119.7
117.6
117.9
137.7
137.7
134.2
130.6
135.7
134.1
137.7
134.5
131.0
135.6
129.6
135.1
133.2
129.3
134.7
112.1
116.7
118.6
116.8
120. 5
112.3
118.8
120.2
118.8
120. 8
104.
111.
114.
110.
115.
St. Louis, M o ...
________
San Francisco, Calif________
Scranton, P a ______________
Seattle, Wash
_________
Washington, D. C ---------------
121.3
122.5
118.6
122.7
122.4
123.2
124.1
120.8
122.2
123.4
118.1
118.2
116.1
119.1
120.0
117.4
121.0
118.5
121.9
120.9
119.7
122.9
120.9
121.8
122.2
115.3
116.9
116.2
118.4
118.3
124.9
147.0
135.2
146.4
131.2
125.4
146.9
135.2
142.0
131.3
125.1
139.9
127.0
140.4
129.8
115.2
120.6
118.6
119.8
117.3
117.6
122.1
121. 2
119. 5
118.7
109.
114.
112.
112.
111.
Food at home—Continued
Aug.
1958
July
1958
Other foods at hom e4
Fruits and vegetables
Dairy products
City
Aug.
1957
Aug.
1958
July
1958
Aug.
1957
Aug.
1958
July
1958
Aug.
1957
United States city average *...........................
113.0
112.4
111.5
124.9
131.9
121.3
112.8
111.8
113.8
Atlanta, Ga. ________________________
Baltimore, M d________________________
Boston, M a s s .- ___ ______ ____________
Chicago, 111 _________________________
Cincinnati, Ohio_________ _____________
114.1
117.5
113.0
112.2
116.2
113.8
117.6
110.5
111.8
116.1
110.3
112.5
116.1
111.1
114.7
128.0
128.7
130.1
117.6
129.4
129.9
131.9
136.0
131.9
135.3
122.7
115.2
119.4
118.5
122.1
105.4
112.6
108.6
116.5
116.8
105.4
111.9
108.2
116.0
115.5
105.8
113.6
110.0
118.1
119.3
Cleveland, Ohio_______________________
Detroit, Mich___ -- __________________
Houston, T e x _________________________
Kansas City, M o _________________ ____
Los Angeles, Calif................................. - ........
110.6
111.4
112.6
91.8
109.3
107.8
109.1
112.7
92.6
109.6
104.3
111.7
112.0
107.9
105.5
119.0
129.4
123.4
115.5
120.2
124.4
145.2
125.1
122.8
130.1
121.3
130.3
121.7
119.1
114.1
115.4
113.5
108.7
105.8
113.1
114.9
113.1
108.9
105.6
111. 1
117.2
116.1
112.0
107.0
113.6
Minneapolis, M inn____________________
New York, N. Y ______________________
Philadelphia, P a _______________________
Pittsburgh, P a________________________
Portland^ Öreg.................................................
104.2
116.0
118.7
114.0
117.2
104.1
114.8
118.3
114.1
117.0
104.6
112.4
117.0
111.9
117.2
128.0
121.7
133.2
125.2
115.8
135.8
126.8
135.4
135.3
121.0
124.7
116.9
127.2
120.8
110.2
119.8
111.7
111.7
121.8
117.3
118.8
110.3
110.1
121.9
114.9
120.6
113.2
113.2
123.0
118.2
St. Louis, M o ... _____________________
San Francisco, Calif____________________
Scranton, P a__________________________
Seattle, W ash... ______________________
Washington, D. O_____________________
103.3
113.7
110.5
115.5
118.3
105.1
113.9
110.6
115.4
118.6
102.7
109.8
110.5
118.4
116.6
125.7
121.2
120.2
124.1
127.6
132.4
130.8
131.8
131.7
133.7
124.1
117.5
123.5
117.9
125.0
119.9
113.0
110.9
113.9
114.1
120.0
111.7
109.7
110. 5
112.8
120.8
112.8
111.1
113.8
114.6
1 See footnote 1, table D -l.
4 See footnote 2, table D-2.
* Average of 46 cities.
4 See footnote 3, table D-2.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1209
D.— CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T a ble D -7.
Indexes of wholesale prices, by major groups 1
Farm products
Processed foods
All commodities
other than farm
and foods
Textile products
and apparel
H id e s , s k in s ,
le a th e r , an d
leather products
Fuel, power, and
lighting mate
rials
Chemicals and
allied products
Rubber and rub
ber products
L u m b er and
wood products
Pulp, paper, and
allied products
Metals and metal
products
Machinery and
motive products
F u r n itu r e and
o th e r h o u s e
hold durables
N onmetallic mine r a ls —s t r u c
tural
Tobacco manu
factures
and
bottled bever
ages
1947:Average.
1948:Average,
1949:Average.
1950: Average.
1951 ¡Average,
1952:Average.
1953 ¡Average.
1954 ¡Average.
1955:Average.
1956¡Average.
1957:Average.
96.4
104.4
99.2
103.1
114.8
111.6
110.1
110.3
110.7
114.3
117.6
100.0
107.3
92.8
97.5
113.4
107.0
97.0
95.6
89.6
88.4
90.9
98.2
106.1
95.7
99.8
111.4
108.8
104.6
105.3
101.7
101.7
105.6
95.3
103.4
101.3
105.0
115.9
113.2
114.0
114.5
117.0
122.2
125.6
100.1
104.4
95.5
99.2
110.6
99.8
97.3
95.2
95.3
95.3
95.4
101.0
102.1
96.9
104.6
120.3
97.2
98.5
94.2
93.8
99.3
99.4
90.9
107.1
101.9
103.0
106.7
106.6
109.5
108.1
107.9
111.2
117.2
101.4
103.8
94.8
96.3
110.0
104.5
105.7
107.0
106.6
107.2
109.5
99.0
102.1
98.9
120.5
148.0
134.0
125.0
126.9
143.8
145.8
145.2
93.7
107.2
99.2
113.9
123.9
120.3
120.2
118.0
123.6
125.4
119.0
98.6
102.9
98.5
100.9
119.6
116.5
116.1
116.3
119.3
127.2
.129.6
91.3
103.9
104.8
110. 3
122.8
123.0
126.9
128.0
136.6
148.4
151.2
92.5
100.9
106.6
108.6
119.0
121.5
123.0
124.6
128.4
137.8
146.1
95.6
101.4
103.1
105.3
114.1
112.0
114.2
115.4
115.9
119.1
122.2
93.9
101.7
104.4
106.9
113.6
113.6
118.2
120.9
124.2
129.6
134.6
97.2
100. 5
102.3
103. 5
109.4
111.8
115. 7
120.6
121.6
122.3
126.1
100.8
103.1
96.1
96.6
104.9
108.3
97.8
102.5
92.0
91.0
89.6
1955:
January__
February..
M arch__
April____
M ay_____
June ..
Ju ly ..........
August. ..
September.
October. .
November.
December.
110.1
110.4
110.0
110.5
109.9
110.3
110.5
110.9
111.7
111.6
111.2
111.3
92.5
93.1
92.1
94.2
91.2
91.8
89.5
88.1
89.3
86.8
84.1
82.9
103.8
103.2
101.6
102.5
102.1
103.9
103.1
101.9
101.5
100.2
98.8
98.2
115.2
115.7
115.6
115.7
115.5
115.6
116.5
117.5
118.5
119.0
119.4
119.8
95.2
95.2
95.3
95.0
95.0
95.2
95.3
95.3
95.4
95.4
95.6
95.6
91.9
92.3
92.2
93.2
92.9
92.9
93.7
93.8
94.0
95.3
96.4
96.7
108.5
108.7
108.5
107.4
107.0
106.8
106.4
107.2
108.0
108.0
108.6
109.3
107.1
107.1
106.8
107.1
106.8
106.8
106.0
105.9
106.0
106.5
106.6
106.6
136.8
140.6
138.0
138.3
138.0
140.3
143.4
148.7
151.7
147.8
150.6
151.0
120.3
121.2
121.4
122.4
123.5
123.7
124.1
125.1
125.7
125.4
125.0
125.1
116.3
116.6
116.8
117.4
117.7
118.3
119.0
119.7
120.5
122.8
123.2
123.6
130.1
131.5
131.9
132.9
132.5
132.6
136.7
139.5
141.9
142.4
142.9
143.9
125.8
126.1
126.1
126.3
126.7
127.1
127.5
128.5
130.0
131.4
132.5
133.0
115.5
115.4
115.1
115.1
115.1
115.2
115.5
116.0
116.4
116.9
117.2
117.3
122.0
121.8
121.9
122.3
123.2
123.7
125.3
126.1
126.4
126.8
125.2
125.4
121.4
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.7
121.7
121.7
121.7
121.7
97.0
97.1
95.6
94.0
91.3
89.1
90.8
89.8
90.3
01.5
88.0
88.8
1956:
January__
February..
M arch___
April____
May
.Tune
J uly ___
August___
September.
October__
November.
December.
111.9
112.4
112.8
113.6
114.4
114.2
114.0
114.7
115.5
115.6
115.9
116.3
84.1
86.0
86.6
88.0
90.9
91.2
90.0
89.1
90.1
88.4
87.9
88.9
98.3
99.0
99.2
100.4
102.4
102.3
102.2
102.6
104.0
103.6
103.6
103.1
120.4
120.6
121.0
121.6
121.7
121.5
121.4
122.5
123.1
123.6
124.2
124.7
95.7
96.0
95.9
95.1
94.9
94.9
94.9
94.8
94.8
95.3
95.4
95.6
96.7
97.1
97.7
100.6
100.0
100.2
100.1
100.0
100.2
99.7
99.8
99.2
111.0
111.2
110.9
110.6
110.8
110.5
110.7
110.9
111.1
111.7
111.2
114.0
106.3
106.4
106.5
106.9
106.9
107.1
107.3
107.3
107.1
107.7
108.2
108.3
148.4
147.1
146.2
145.0
143.5
142.8
143.3
146.9
145.7
145.8
146.9
147.9
126.3
126.7
128.0
128.5
128.0
127.3
126.6
125.2
123.6
122.0
121.5
121.0
124.8
125.4
126.8
127.4
127.3
127.4
127.7
127.9
127.9
128.1
127.8
128.0
145.1
145.1
146.5
147.7
146.8
145.8
144.9
150.2
151.9
152.2
152.1
152.3
133.3
133.9
134.7
135.7
136.5
136.8
136.9
137.7
139.7
141.1
143.4
143.6
118.0
118.2
118.1
118.0
118.0
118.1
118.3
119.1
119.7
121.0
121.1
121.2
127.0
127.1
127.9
128.6
128.6
128.9
130.6
130.8
131.1
131.5
131.2
131.3
121.7
121.7
121.7
121.7
121.6
121.6
121.7
122.5
122.8
123.1
123.5
123.6
89.6
88.7
88.2
92.1
96.1
92.9
91.3
91.1
89.9
89.2
91.2
91.7
1957:
January__
February..
M arch___
April____
Mav
J une_____
July. .. . .
August___
September.
October . .
November.
Decómber.
116.9
117.0
116.9
117.2
117.1
117.4
118.2
118.4
118.0
117.8
118.1
118.5
89.3
88.8
88.8
90.6
89.5
90.9
92.8
93.0
91.0
91.5
91.9
92.6
104.3
103.9
103.7
104.3
104.9
106.1
107.2
106.8
106.5
105.5
106.5
107.4
125.2
125.6
125.4
125.4
125.2
125.2
125.7
126.0
126.0
125.8
125.9
126.1
95.8
95.7
95.4
95.3
95.4
95.5
95.4
95.4
95.4
95.1
95.0
94.9
98.4
98.0
98.4
3 98.6
» 98.9
3 99.8
3 100. 6
3 100. 3
3 100.0
a 100.1
3 100.0
99.5
116.3
119.6
119.2
119.5
118.5
117.2
116.4
116.3
116.1
115.8
115.7
116.2
108.7
108.8
108.8
109.1
109.1
109.3
109.5
109.8
110.2
110.4
110.3
110.6
145.0
143.9
144.3
144.5
144.7
145.1
144.9
146.9
146.5
146.2
144.7
145.7
121.3
120.7
120.1
120.2
119.7
119.7
119.3
118.6
117.8
117.3
116.9
116.3
152.2
128.6
151.4
128.5
151.0
128.7
128.6
150.1
128.9
150.0
128.9
150.6
129.5
152.4
153.2
129.9
130.1
152.2
150.8
130.9
150.4
130.9
131.0 3 150. 5
143.9
144.5
144.8
145.0
145.1
145.2
145.8
146.2
146.9
147.7
149.2
149.4
121.9
121.9
121.9
121.5
121.6
121.7
122.2
122.4
122.3
122.6
122.7
123.5
132.0
132.7
133.2
134.6
135.0
135.1
135.2
135.3
135.2
135.3
135.4
135.7
124.0
124.1
124.1
124.5
124.5
124.7
127.7
127.7
127.7
127.7
127.8
128.0
93.2
92.4
92.0
91.4
89.4
87.3
88.8
90.1
89.4
87.7
86.8
87.2
1958:
January__
February..
M a rch .....
April____
M ay_____
June_____
July ___
A ugust2. . .
118.9
119.0
119.7
119.3
119.5
119.2
119.2
119.1
93.7
96.1
100.5
97.7
98.5
95.6
95.0
93.2
99.5
94.6
94.1
99.6
99.5
94.0
99.7
93.7
99.9
93.5
93.3
100.3
93.3 4 100.3
93.3
100.6
116.1
113.6
112.4
110.8
110.6
110.7
111.0
111.0
145.1
144.6
144.6
144.5
143.8
144.2
144. 7
145.1
116.3
115.8
115.5
115.7
115.9
116.4
116.8
118.3
130.8 s 150.0
130.8
150.1
130.5
149.8
148.6
130.5
130.5
148.6
148.8
130.5
148.8
131.0
150.7
131.0
149.4
149.3
149.2
149.4
149.4
149.5
149.5
149.6
123.8
123.6
123.5
123.4
123.2
123.0
123.2
123.1
136.4
136.6
135.3
135.4
135.7
135.5
135.6
135.5
128.1
128.1
128.0
128.0
128.0
128.0
128.0
128.0
88.3
89.3
94.3
97.8
96.2
93.7
97. 2
95.6
109.5
126.1
125.7
109.9
125.7
110.7
125.5
111.5
125.3
112.9
125.3
113.5
112.7 « 125.6
111.3
126.1
110.3
110.7
111.9
113.7
110.8
110.7
110.4
110.0
i As of January 1958, new weight factors reflecting 1954 values were introduced into the index,. Technical details furnished upon request to the
B 2*Preliminary. » Corrected.
* Revised.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M iscellaneous
products
Year and
month
All commodities
[1947-49=100]
N ote: For a description of this series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Souece: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1210
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
T able D -8.
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities 1
[1947-49=100, unless otherwise specified]
1958
Aug.2 July
Annual
average
1957
Commodity group
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1957
1956
119.2
119.2
119.5
119.3
119.7
119.0
118.9
118.5
118.1
117.8
118.0
118.4
117.6
114.3
Farm products-........................... . ................
Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables___
Grains_____________________________
Livestock and live poultry____________
Plant and animal fibers______________
Fluid milk_________________________
E ggs-................... ......................................
Hay, hayseeds, and oil seeds.....................
Other farm products_________________
93.2
95.0
96.9 2106.0
77.3
79.8
94.0 3 96.7
101.8 101.8
93.4 3 92.0
81.5
76.1
75.9
76.2
139.5 139.9
95.6
103.0
81.3
98.8
101.9
90.2
74.9
79.3
141.4
98.5
123.4
84.2
99.8
101.6
90.5
75.7
79.7
142.0
97.7
130.4
85.7
94.5
101.4
91.7
77.1
79.9
142.3
100.5
96.1
143.1 127.9
79.9
82.2
95.8
91.1
101.7 102.8
95.7 4 98.0
93.6
74.2
79.4
79.0
143.4 142.2
93.7
121.2
79.0
86.2
103.4
4 98.3
73.9
79.2
143.7
92.6
108.3
80.5
82.6
103. 7
99.0
93.4
78.6
142.5
91.9
106.3
80.9
79.3
104.7
99.4
100.1
77.6
144.1
91.5
107.7
80.6
78.4
103.3
98.8
103.5
77.3
141.5
91.0
98.9
81.2
81.5
102.9
96.9
91.2
78.0
143.2
93.0
106.3
82.4
86.7
104.0
94.9
79.7
81.3
142.9
90.9
103.6
84.1
80.2
104.0
96.0
77.2
82.0
144.6
88.4
104.2
87.0
71.3
102.8
94.5
81.9
82.6
146.9
Processed foods_______________________
Cereal and bakery products___________
Meats, poultry, and fish______________
Dairy products and ice cream_________
Canned and frozen fruits and vegetables-.
Sugar and confectionery. ___ _______
Packaged beverage materials__________
Animal fats and oils. _______________
Crude vegetable oils_____ ___________
Refined vegetable oils________________
Vegetable oil end products____________
Other processed foods________________
111.3 112.7
116.9 117.5
108.2 112.1
112.4 111.6
111.9 111.6
116.7 117.1
161.2 165.2
80.6 3 74.1
56.4
57.0
67.5
67. 5
81.6
82.6
96.5
97.1
113.5
118.5
114.1
111.1
110.3
117.1
168.4
73.4
58.8
70.0
83.2
96.9
112.9
117.9
112.8
110.8
108.2
116.1
168. 4
72.7
63.9
70.9
85.2
96.9
111.5
118.4
108.5
111.4
107.6
115.7
168.4
72.3
64.1
70.9
85.1
97.1
110.7
117.8
105.9
113.4
106.8
114.4
168.4
73.7
63.6
70.9
85.8
96.4
109.9
118.1
102. 7
114.2
105.7
115.6
173.3
70.4
66.4
70.9
86.3
95.2
109.5
118.0
101.7
114.2
105.6
115.2
173.3
68.5
67.7
70.9
86.4
95.5
107.4
118. 3
95.5
114.7
104.6
114.3
173.3
70.4
67.1
70.9
85.5
96.3
106.5
117.6
93.6
114.5
103.8
114.4
172.9
71.1
65.2
68.5
84.7
96.6
105.5
117.3
91.6
113.7
103.6
113.8
172.9
74.0
61.5
68.5
84.7
96.0
106.5
116.7
95.7
112.4
102.5
113.9
178.3
78.3
61.3
64.5
84.1
96.0
106.8 105.6
116.7 116.9
97.7
91.9
110.3 111.7
102.1 103.9
113.8 113.4
183.7 183.1
74.4
75.6
62.3
65.7
66. 1 70.1
84.1
86.1
95.1
95.5
101.7
115.2
81.6
108.6
107.9
109.8
192.7
69.8
68.5
73.4
85.3
96.8
All commodities other than farm and foods. 126.1 3125. 6
All commodities............................................. 119.1
125.3
125.3
125.5
125.7
125.7
126.1
126.1
125.9
125.8
126.0
126.0
125.6
122.2
123.3
123.1
123.1
123.0
123.0
122.9
123.1
122.8
122.8
122.2
122.5
122.6
122.1
118.6
93.3
Textile products and apparel____________ 93.3
87.4
Cotton products______ ______________ 87.7
Wool products______________________ 100.2 3100. 5
80.1
Manmade fiber textile products________ 80.0
Silk products__________________ _____ 116.3 116. 2
Apparel____________________________ 99.3 3 99.3
74.8
Other textile products________________ 75.9
93.3
87.6
101.3
80.4
109.9
99.1
73.6
93.5
88.3
100.5
80.3
116.1
99.1
75.4
93.7
88.5
101.6
80.5
116.5
99.2
75.4
94.0
89.0
102.8
81.0
116.1
99.3
73.8
94.1
89.3
103.8
81.2
117.5
99.2
74.2
94.6
90.2
105.1
81.3
119.5
99.4
74.7
94.9
90.2
105.8
82.1
119.5
99.6
75.8
95.0
89.8
107.4
82.3
119.6
99.6
76.7
95.1
89.9
108.3
82.3
120.0
99.6
77.2
95.4
90.0
110.3
82.3
121.1
99.7
77.2
95.4
90.2
111.2
82.1
122.0
99.6
75.7
95.4
90.7
109.5
82.0
122.1
99.6
76.4
95.3
93.0
103.7
81.4
121.9
99.6
72.8
Hides, skins, leather, and leather products. 100.6 3100.3
58.1
Hides and skins_____________________ 60.4
91.3
91.5
L eath er___________________________
Footwear__ ________________ _______ 122.1 122.0
97.2 3 97.1
Other leather products_______________
100.3
57.0
91.8
122.0
97.3
99.9
55.4
91.1
122.0
97.3
99.7
53.3
91.1
121.9
97.6
99.5
51.2
91.0
122.1
97.5
99.6
51.2
90.6
122.2
98.5
99.5
50.5
90.7
122.1
98.5
99.5 4100.0 4100.1 <100.0 ♦100.3
53.8
56.8
50.3
58.2
61.5
91.2 491.2
90.8
91.6
91.6
122.0 4122.0 4121.8 4121.0 4121.0
4 98.4 4 98.7
98.4
98.4
98.2
99.4
55.2
90.2
121.1
98.0
99.3
59.2
91.2
119.3
98.6
Fuel, power, and lighting materials______
Coal......................... ..................................
Coke. ......................................................
Gas fuels 5____________ _____________
Electric power 5____________ . . . _____
Petroleum and products............................
113.7 111.9
121.9 121.1
161.9 161.9
102.0 3 97.9
100.8 100.1
119.2 117.1
110.7
120.3
161.9
97.4
100.1
115.3
110.3
119.7
161.9
98.3
100.0
114.7
111.0
119.8
161.9
98.1
100.0
115.8
112.4
126.2
161.9
101.1
100.1
117.0
113.6
126.2
161. 9
101.5
100.1
118.9
116.1
126.1
161.9
100.0
100.0
123.0
116.2
126.3
161.9
(«;
(«)
123.5
115.7
125.8
161.9
(8)
(«)
123.5
115.8
125.6
161.9
(6)
(0)
124.6
116.1
124.8
161.9
(»)
(8)
125.6
116.3
124.4
161.9
(«)
(8)
125.5
117.2
124.4
161.7
(6)
(8)
127.0
111.2
114.5
149.7
(8)
(8)
118.2
Chemicals and allied products___________
Industrial chemicals_________________
Prepared paint______________________
Paint materials_____________ _______ _
Drugs and pharmaceuticals___________
Fats and oils, inedible. ______________
Mixed fertilizer_____________________
Fertilizer materials. ......................... ......
Other chemicals and allied products____
110.0 110.4
122.8 123.1
128.2 128.2
103.3 103.4
94.4 3 94.4
62.5
62.5
111.6 3111.5
104.4 108.0
106.4 107.0
110.7
123.5
128.2
103.4
94.5
61.9
111.4
110.3
107.4
110.8
123.9
128.4
103.9
94.3
61.5
111.4
110.3
107.2
111.0
124.3
128.4
104.0
94.1
62.2
111.5
110.3
107.2
110.7
123.7
128.4
104.4
94.0
64.2
111.6
110.3
106.8
110.6
123.6
128.4
104.7
93.6
62.9
111.9
110.4
106.9
110.8
123.9
128.4
104.8
93.6
63.1
112.2
110.7
106.9
110.6
123.9
128.4
101.7
93.5
65.4
112.1
107.8
106.9
110.3
123.6
128.1
101.6
93.4
65.2
112.3
107.7
106.6
110.4
123.6
128.1
102.2
93.4
64.8
112.1
107.6
106.8
110.2
123.5
128.1
101.5
93.5
64.5
112.0
106.4
106.7
109.8
123.6
128.1
100.5
93.4
63.4
110.5
106. 5
105.5
109.5
123.5
126.3
100.5
93.3
61.4
110.0
106.8
105.7
107.2
121.4
120.0
99.6
92.1
56.2
108.7
108.4
103.2
Rubber and rubber products____________
Crude rubber_______________________
Tires and tu b es..........................................
Other rubber products..............................
145.1
134.3
152.4
142.9
144.7
133.0
152.1
142.7
144.2
129.4
152.1
143.0
143.8
127.7
152.1
143.0
144.5
131.2
152.1
143.0
144.6
131.3
152.1
143.3
144.6
131.2
152.1
143.3
145.1
133.7
152.1
143.3
145.7 144.7
135.7 131.6
153.5 4153. 5
142.7 142.3
146.2
138.1
153.5
142.5
146.5
140.3
153.5
142.2
146.9
144.3
153.5
140.8
145.2
141.3
150.9
140.9
145.8
146.7
152.2
138.0
Lumber and wood p ro ducts____________ 118.3
L um ber.. ................................................. 118.7
Millwork___________ __ . . _________ 127.3
Plywood___________________________ 99.4
116.8
116.7
127.3
98.3
116.4
116.8
127.1
94.9
115.9
116.7
127.1
92.2
115.7
115.9
127.6
94.4
115.5
115.9
127.6
92.9
115.8
116.2
127.6
93.6
116.3
116.5
127.7
95.6
116.3
116.4
127.7
95.6
116.9
117.1
128.0
96.4
117.3
117.5
128.3
96.9
117.8
118.3
128.3
94.7
118.6
119.4
128.3
95.2
119.0
119.7
128.3
96.4
125.4
127.2
129.1
101.7
Pulp, paper, and allied products.................
Wood pulp__________________________
Wastepaper______ ______ ___________
Paper_____________________________
Paperboard_________________________
Converted paper and paperboard products___ ____________________ ____
Building paper and board____________
131.0
121.2
87.0
141.8
136.0
131.0
121.2
86.1
141.8
136.0
130.5
121.2
71.8
141.8
136.0
130.5
121.2
71.8
141.8
136.0
130. 5
121.2
75.3
142.9
136.1
130.5
121.2
75.3
143.0
136.2
130.8
121.2
83.6
143.1
136.3
130.8
121.2
83.6
143.2
136.3
131.0
121.2
88.5
143.2
136.6
130.9
121.2
88.5
143.3
136.6
130.9
121.2
88.5
143.2
136.6
130.1
118.0
88.5
143. 2
136.2
129.9
118.0
74.7
143.2
136.2
129.6
118.8
77.2
141.9
136.3
127.2
117.7
112.3
137.3
134.8
127.8 127.9
143.4 3143. 4
127.9
144.1
128.0
144.1
127.2
144.1
127.2
142.5
127.2
141.7
127.2
141.7
127.2
141.7
127.0
141.7
127.0
141.7
126.5
141.7
126.5
141.7
126.1
141.5
123.1
136.9
Metals and metal products....................... .
Iron and steel..... .............................. ........
Nonferrous metals___________________
Metal containers____________________
Hardware__________________________
Plumbing equipment_____ _____ _____
Heating eq u ip m en t............ .................
Fabricated structural metal products___
Fabricated nonstructural metal products.
See footnotes at end of table.
150.7 148.8 148.8 148.6 148.6 149.8 150.1 4150.0 4150.5
171.2 167.0 166.7 166.2 166.4 167.3 167.6 166.6 166. 5
126.1 3124.9 124.8 123.9 124.1 127.0 127.8 128.7 130.6
155.7 155.7 155. 7 155.7 155.7 155.7 152.8 152.8 153.1
172.0 171.7 171.7 170.7 169.0 168.9 168.6 168.4 168.1
120.9 120.9 123.8 123.7 123.6 124.8 125.9 127.3 128.5
121.4 3121.2 4121.0 4120.8 4120.8 4120. 7 4121.3 4121. 5 121.5
133.1 133.1 133.7 134.1 134.1 134.5 134.7 134.6 134. 6
145.1 145.0 145.0 145.9 145.9 146.7 146.7 4147.0 4147. 7
150.4
166.5
130.8
153.1
167.4
128.5
122.1
134.6
147.0
150.8
167.8
129.9
153.1
167.4
128.5
122.3
134.6
147.1
152.2
170.2
131.7
153.1
167.2
128.9
122.3
134.9
147.1
153.2 151.2
171.2 166.2
134.6 137.4
153.1 151.2
165.9 164.9
129.0 130.2
122.3 122.1
135.6 133.8
146.6 ♦144.8
148.4
154.7
156.1
141.6
155.9
133.9
119.0
132.6
135.1
All commodities except farm products____
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
123.4
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T a ble
D-8.
1211
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities1—Continued
[1947-49=100, unless otherwise specified]
1958
Annual
average
1957
Commodity group
A ug.2 July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1957
1956
149.6 149.5
138.4 138. 4
165.6 3165.6
169.3 169.7
149.5
138.3
165.5
169.4
149.4
138. 4
165. 5
169.6
149.4
138.5
165.4
170.7
149.2
138.3
165.4
170.7
149.3
138.3
165. 6
170.7
149.4
138.4
165.6
171.2
149.4
138.3
165.3
171.3
149.2
137.3
165.2
171.3
147.7
136.2
164.9
170.6
146.9
133.4
162.9
168.9
146.2
132.5
161.4
167.0
146.1
133.6
160.0
167.0
137.8
127.6
148.6
156.4
160.5 3160.3
147.6 147.5
152. 7 152.6
139.0 139.0
160.3
147.7
152.6
139.0
159.8
147.6
152.3
139.0
159.6
149.0
151.8
139.0
159.4
148.9
151.3
139.1
159.8
148.8
151.3
139.1
160.8 160.8 160.8 159.5
148.8 4148. 4 4148.1 4147. 5
151.2 151.1 151.2 151.0
139.1 139.1 138.7 135.5
158.5
147.3
151.1
134.8
158.0
146.3
149.6
134.7
157.6
145.2
149.0
135.4
147.5
137.0
138.4
129.8
Furniture and other household durables__
Household furniture_________________
Commercial furniture________________
Floor covering______________________
Household appliances—..............................
Television, radio receivers, and phono
graphs________ ___ ____ _____ ______
Other household durable goods.................
123.1 123.2
122.6 122.6
155.0 2155.0
127.1 3127.1
104.8 104.8
123.0
122.5
154. 2
128.3
104.9
123.2
122.8
154.2
128.9
104.9
123.4
122.8
154.2
128.9
105.3
123.5
122.8
154.2
129.8
105.3
123.6
123.3
154.2
130.1
105.3
123.8
123.1
154.1
131.9
105.4
123.5
122.8
154.1
132.6
105.4
122.7
122.8
153.8
132.5
105.1
122.6
122.6
153.6
132.5
105.4
122.3
122.5
153.6
132.5
104.6
122.4
122.9
153.6
132.5
104.7
122.2
122.5
150.4
133.4
105.5
119.1
119.0
141.8
131.1
105.5
95.0
95.0
154.8 3155.1
93.7
155.2
94.3
155.1
94.7
155.1
94.7
155.0
94.7
155.0
95.4
155.0
95.8
153.1
95.6
149.5
95.6
148.8
95.6
148.3
95.6
148.2
94.4
148.3
93.1
140.9
Nonmetallic minerals—structural________
Flat glass.............. ....................... ............ .
Concrete ingredients_________________
Concrete products___ _______________
Structural clav p ro d u cts..........................
Gypsum products.......................................
Prepared asphalt roofing_________ ____
Other nonmetallic minerals___________
135.5
135.5
139.1
128.4
155.6
133.1
105.8
131.2
135.6
135.7
139.0
128.5
155.6
133.1
105.8
131.2
135.5
135.7
138.9
128.5
155.6
133.1
105.8
131.2
135.7
135.7
139.0
128.4
155.6
133.1
108.6
131.2
135.4
135. 7
138.9
128.0
155.5
133.1
105.6
131.2
135.3
135.7
138.7
128.0
155.5
133.1
105.6
131.1
136.5 136.4
135.7 135.7
139.0 138.9
127.9 127.8
155.5 4155. 5
127.1 127.1
124.6 124.6
131.1 131.1
135.7
135.7
136.9
127.2
4155. 3
127.1
124.6
131.1
135.4
135.7
136.9
126.7
155.1
127.1
124.6
128.5
135.3
135.7
136.9
126.5
155.1
127.1
124.6
128.5
135.2
135. 7
136.7
126.3
155.0
127.1
124.6
128.6
135.3
135.7
136.5
126.4
155. 0
127.1
125.8
128.4
134.6
135.7
136.0
126.4
154.0
127.1
122.3
128.0
129.6
133.4
130.6
123.0
148.0
127.1
111.7
123.4
Tobacco manufactures and bottled bev
erages............ ......................................... .
Cigarettes____ ______________________
Cigars...........................................................
Other tobacco manufactures____ ______
Alcoholic beverages__________________
Nonalcoholic beverages..............................
128.0
134.8
106.0
139.7
120.3
149.3
128.0
134.8
106.0
139.7
120.3
149.3
128.0
134.8
106.0
139.7
120.3
149.3
128.0
134.8
106.0
139.7
120.3
149.3
128.0
134.8
106.0
139.7
120.3
149.3
128.0
134.8
106.0
139.7
120.3
149.3
128.1
134.8
106.0
144.3
120.3
149.3
128.0
134.8
105.1
144.3
120.3
149.3
127.8
134.8
105.1
144.3
119.8
149.3
127.7
134.8
105.1
144.3
119.6
149.3
127.7
134.8
105.1
143.8
119.6
149.3
127.7
134.8
105.1
143.8
119.6
149.3
126.1
129.4
105.0
136.0
119.5
149.2
122.3
124.0
104.2
122.8
115.8
148.3
Miscellaneous products______________ — 95.6
Toys, sporting goods, small arms, and
ammunition_________ _____________ 119.3
Manufactured animal feeds___________
76.8
Notions and accessories_______________ 97.5
Jewelry, watches, and photographic
equipment________ _______________ 107.8
Other miscellaneous products................... 132.4
97.2
93.7
96.2
97.8
94.3
89.3
88.3
87.2
86.8
87.7
89.4
90.1
89.6
91.0
119.1
79.7
97.5
119.1
73.3
97.5
119.1
78.0
97.5
119.1
80.9
97.5
119.1
74.6
97.5
119.5
65.7
97.5
119.4
64.0
97.4
118.0
62.1
98.5
117.9
61.4
97.8
117.9
63.2
97.4
118.2
66.4
97.4
117.8
68.2
97.4
117.7
67.3
97.3
116.1
72.0
95.3
107.8
132.3
107.8
132.6
107.3
132.4
107.3
132.4
107.4
131.9
107.3
131.7
107.1
131.5
107.7
130.9
107.7
130.9
107.6
130.7
107.6
130.1
107.2
129.4
107.5
128.4
104.9
124.1
Machinery and motive products..................
Agricultural machinery and equipment-Construction machinery and equipmentMetalworking machinery and equipmentGeneral purpose machinery and equip
m ent____________________________
Miscellaneous machinery_____________
Electrical machinery and equipment___
Motor vehicles.—.......................................
‘January 1958=100.
4Not available.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1 See Note and footnote 1, table D-7.
3Preliminary.
* Revised.
4Corrected.
T a ble
D-9.
128.1
134.8
106.0
144.3
120.3
149.3
Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings 1
[1947-49= 100]
Annual
average
1957
1958
Commodity group
Aug.2 July June May Apr. Mar. Feb.
All foods...................... ................ ........................... ...............
All fish___________________________________________
Special metals and metal products________ ___________
Metalworking machinery__________________________
Machinery and equipm ent.— —......... ................. ..............
Agricultural machinery (including tractors)____________
Total tractors................... ............ ..................—____ _____
Steel-mill products_________________________________
Construction m a t e r i a l s _________________________
Soaps................................................................. .......................
Synthetic detergents_______________________________
Refined petroleum products...................... .......................... .
East Coast petroleum___________________________
Mid-continent petroleum________________________
Gulf Coast petroleum____________ _____ _________
Pacific Coast petroleum______ ____—...........................
Pulp, paper and products, excl. bldg, paper____________
Bituminous coal, domestic sizes______________________
Lumber and wood products, excl. millwork____________
1 See Note and footnote 1, table D-7.
3 Preliminary.
3 Revised.
4 Corrected.
‘ This index was formerly Building materials.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
108.5 2 110.2
129.9 131.2
147.5 146.2
178.1 3178.0
155.3 155.2
138.9 138.9
147.0 147.0
187.7 183.0
130.6 3129.6
107.7 107.7
101.3 101.3
116.6 114.1
108.4 107.7
116.4 112.0
120.6 119.7
121.3 118.3
130.7 130.6
123.0 120.8
117.2 115.4
110.6
131.5
146.3
178.0
155.2
138.7
146.8
183.0
129.5
107.7
101.3
111.9
108.6
112.0
114.3
112.2
130.1
118.8
114.9
111.7
128.6
146.1
178.0
155.0
138.7
146.8
183.1
129.2
109.0
101.0
111.1
108. 6
108.7
114.3
116.4
130.2
117.2
114.3
111.2
122.9
146.1
178.0
155.0
138.8
147.0
183.1
129.0
109.0
101.0
112. 5
111.0
110.8
114.3
117.7
130.2
117.4
114.0
112.4
124.8
146.9
178.0
154.8
138.7
147.3
183.1
129.4
107.1
101.0
113.9
112.3
110.7
117.2
120.4
130.2
125. 5
113.7
109.5
126. 9
147.1
4178.0
154.9
138.7
147.5
183.2
130.1
107.1
101.0
116.1
114.1
114.3
117.4
124.1
130.6
125.5
114.1
Jan.
108.6
123.7
147.0
4 178. 6
155.0
138.7
147. 5
183.2
130.3
107.1
101.0
121.0
116.7
120.7
123. 5
127.7
130.6
125.5
114.7
Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug.
106.7
126.6
147.4
178. 7
154.9
138.7
147.4
183.2
130.1
107.2
101.0
121.5
116.7
120.7
123.0
130. 5
130. 8
125.6
114.7
106.1
121.2
147.3
178.7
154.9
137.8
146.4
183.2
130.1
107.2
101.0
121.6
117.2
120.7
123.0
130.5
130. 7
125.0
115. 4
105.4
119. 3
146.7
178.3
154.3
136.5
145.1
183.2
130.2
107.2
101.0
123.0
117.2
120.7
126.7
130.5
130.6
124.0
115.7
105.2
120.0
147.4
177.9
153.5
133.4
142.7
183.0
130.9
107.0
101.0
124.1
117.2
121.8
126.7
135.9
129.9
123.2
116.3
105.4
116.0
148.1
177.8
152.4
132.6
141. 5
183.0
131.2
103.8
9 8 .2
124.0
118.6
121.2
126. 7
135.9
129.6
121.2
117.2
1957
1956
104.0 100.8
119.4 114.1
146.9 1 4 3.3
176.1 165.0
151.9 142.1
133.7 127.4
141.3 132.5
178.9 163.2
130.6 1 3 0 .6
104.5
9 9 .7
9 9 .0
95.1
125.8 117.5
122.0 114. 6
124.3 118.3
128.8 118. 8
132.3 117.4
129.3 127.0
121.5 115.4
117.7 1 2 4 .0
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
1212
T a ble
D-10.
Indexes of wholesale prices, b y stage of processing 1
[1947-49=100]
Annual
average
1957
1958
Commodity group
Aug.2 July
June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan.
1957
Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug.
1956
119.1 119.2 119.2 119.5 119.3 119.7 119.0 118.9 118.5 118.1 117.8 118.0 118.4 117.6 114.3
95.0
Crude materials for further processing— .............................. 99.1 3100.0 100.7 101.7 100.3 101.5 99.5 97.5 96.4 95.3 95.3 97.0 99.6 97.2
86.1 87.3 90.3 87.7 84.0
Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs----------------------------- 92.0 3 94.3 95.7 97.7 95.4 96.7 93.2 90.3 88.5 86.8 109.9
112.5
112.6
114.2
115.0
108.1
107.9
107.7
107.1
107.6
Crude nonfood materials except fuel----------------------- 109.3 107.7 107.0 106.0 106.3
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for manu
facturing........................................-............... ........ 107.8 106.0 105.2 104.1 104.4 105.3 106.3 105.9 106.2 106.6 108.5 111.5 114.1 111.5 113.6
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for con139.1 139.0 138.9 139.0 138.9 138.7 139.0 138.9 136.9 136.9 136.9 136.7 136.5 136.0 130.6
120.5 119.0 118.6 118.0 119.7 113.3
Crude f u e l................................... .................... ............... 120.6 3118.8 118.2 117.9 117.9 123.4 123.5 123.0 122.4
117.8 119.4 113.0
Crude fuel for manufacturing................................... 120.3 3118.5 117.9 117.6 117.7 123.0 123.1 122.6 122.1 120.2 118 7 118.4
Crude fuel for nonmanufacturing Industry............. 121.1 3119.2 118.5 118.3 118.3 124.1 124.2 123.6 123.0 121.0 119.4 118.9 118.2 120.1 113.7
Intermediate materials, supplies, and components............
Intermediate materials and components for manu
facturing....................... - ........- ......................... ...........
Intermediate materials for food manufacturing---Intermediate materials for nondurable manu
facturing...........................-.....................................
Intermediate materials for durable manufacturing.
Components for manufacturing-----------------------Materials and components for construction-------------Processed fuels and lubricants------------------------------Processed fuels and lubricants for manufacturing..
Processed fuels and lubricants for nonmanufactur
ing industry______________________________
Containers, nonreturnable----------------------------------Supplies...... ................................. ........... - ....................—
Supplies for manufacturing ------------- ------------ Supplies for nonmanufacturing industry-----------Manufactured animal feeds_______________
Other supplies--------------------------------------Finished goods (goods to users, including raw foods and
fuels)............. — ........................................................- ..........
Consumer finished goods----------------------------- ------Consumer foods___ ________________________
Consumer crude foods------------------------------Consumer processed foods-------------------------Consumer other nondurable goods-------------------Consumer durable goods-------------------------------Producer finished goods--------------------------------------Producer goods for manufacturing Industries------Producer goods for nonmanufacturing industries..
125.3 125.0 124.7 124.9 125.1 125.0 125.0 125.4 125.4 125.3 125.2 125.4 125.5 125.1 122.1
127.2 126.7 126.9 126.8 126.9 127.1 127.3 127.5 127.6 127.5 127.3 127.4 127.4 126.9 123.7
101.8 102.6 103.4 103.5 103.2 102.4 102.5 102.4 101.6 100.8 99.6 99.6 99.5 99.9 98.0
104.3
152.9
149.5
132.1
106.0
105.1
104.5
152.9
149.4
132.1
105.0
104.5
104.6
152.9
149.0
132.0
104.6
104.2
105.0
152.9
148. 5
131.8
105.4
105.0
105.2
153.5
148.8
131.9
106.1
105.7
105.4
153.6
149.1
132.6
107.7
107.2
105.7
153.8
149.3
133.0
111.1
109.9
105.8
154.2
149.3
132.9
111.4
110.2
105.8
154.2
149.2
133.0
111.1
109.9
106.0
154.2
148.9
133.0
111.5
110.0
106.0
154.3
149.4
133.1
112.0
110.3
105.9
154.7
148.8
133.4
112.6
111.0
105.7
153.2
148.3
132.9
113.0
111.2
104.3
148.5
142.9
132.0
106.7
105.3
109.5 107.6
137.7 137.5
115.0 116.1
138.9 3139.1
103.6 105.0
74.0 77.7
120.9 3121.0
106.0
137.4
114.6
139.4
102.9
71.7
121.2
105.4
137.5
116.3
139.6
105.1
76.9
121.6
106.2
137.1
117.3
140 6
106.1
79.8
121.6
107.0
137.0
115.5
140.4
103.7
73.4
121.5
108.7
136.3
113.2
140.7
100.5
65.1
121.3
113.1
136.4
112.7
140.6
99.9
63.5
121.3
113.5
136.6
112.4
140.6
99.5
62.0
121.6
113.3
135.5
112.1
140.6
99.2
61.2
121.5
114.1
135.3
112.3
140.2
99.7
62.6
121.4
114.9
134.9
112.6
138.5
100.9
66 0
121.3
115.4
134.8
112.5
136.9
101.5
67.9
121.1
116.0
134.3
112.5
137.6
101.1
67.6
120.7
109.1
128.5
111.3
132.9
101.6
72.9
118.2
120.6 120.8
113.3 113.7
110.0 3111.5
94.1 3 95.7
113.3 114.8
112.0 111. 4
124.7 124.7
150.0 3150.0
154.7 154.6
146.1 146.0
120.7
113.6
111.6
93.2
115.5
111.0
124.7
150.0
154.7
146.0
121.0
113.9
112.5
102.4
114.7
110.9
124.7
150.0
154.7
146.0
120.9
113.7
111.9
105.9
113.3
111. 1
124.8
150.1
154.7
146.3
121.4
114.4
113.1
117.3
112.4
111.5
124.9
150.0
154.5
146.3
120.6
113.3
110. 1
105.8
111.1
111.8
124.9
150.1
154.6
146.3
120.6
113.3
109.2
102.8
110.6
112.5
125.1
150.1
154.6
146.3
119.9
112.5
307.2
104.0
108.0
112.6
124.9
150.1
154.5
146.3
119.6
112.2
106.8
105.4
107.3
112.3
124.7
149.8
154.3
146.1
119.0
111.8
106.2
106.9
106.3
112.4
123.5
148.4
152.7
144.9
118.8
111.6
106.0
98.6
107.6
112.4
123.0
147.8
152.3
144.1
118.6
111.6
106.2
96.1
108.2
112.2
123.1
147.2
151.9
143.2
118.1
111.1
104.5
95.0
106.4
112.4
123.3
146.7
151.2
142.9
114.0
108.0
101.0
96.2
102.1
109.9
119.7
138.1
142.2
134.9
104.2
154.9
149.5
132.8
107.6
106.5
1 See footnote 1 table D-7
Preliminary. ’ 3 Revised.
N ote : For a description of these series, see New BLS Economic Sector
Indexes of Wholesale Prices, M onthly Labor Review, December 1955 (p.
2
S o u r c e : U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
T a ble
D -ll.
Indexes of wholesale prices, by durability of product
[1947-49=100]
Annual
average
1957
1958
Commodity group
Aug.1 July
All commodities- . ____________________
Total durable goods_________ ______
Total nondurable goods______ _____ Total manufactures__________________
Durable manufactures._____________
Nondurable manufactures__________
Total raw or slightly processed goods___
Durable raw or slightly processed goods
Nondurable raw or slightly processed
goods___________________________
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1957
1956
119.1
142.8
106.2
124.6
143.9
109.4
100.6
111.7
119.2
142.1
106.8
124.6
143.3
109.8
101.3
106.8
119.2
142.1
106.8
124.5
143.3
109.7
101.4
106.1
119.5
141.9
107.3
124.5
143.2
109.7
103.1
102.9
119.3
141.9
107.1
124.5
143.3
109.6
102.6
103.1
119.7
142.2
107.5
124.3
143.4
109.2
104.9
105.9
119.0
142.4
106.4
124.1
143.6
108.8
102.3
107.1
118.9
142.5
106.1
124.4
143.7
109.2
100.5
104.7
118.5
142.5
105.4
124.1
143.8
108.5
99.8
104.8
118.1
142.4
105.0
123.8
143.6
108.2
99.1
105.4
117.8
141.9
104.8
123. 5
142.9
108.1
98.9
111.2
118.0
142.0
105.0
123.7
142.7
108.7
98.9
121.8
118.4
142.1
105.5
123.8
142.6
109.0
100.3
129.8
117.6
141.4
104.7
123.2
142.0
108.4
98.9
122.3
114.3
136.7
102.1
119.5
136.8
105.8
97. U
136.3
100.0
101.0 101.2
103.2
102.6
104.8
102.0
100.2
99.5
98.7
98.3
97.7
98.7
97.7
94.9
N ote: For a description of these series and data beginning with 1947, see
Wholesale Prices and Price Indexes, 1957, BLS Bull. 1235 (1958).
1Preliminary.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1213
E.—WORK STOPPAGES
E.—Work Stoppages
T able E - l.
Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1
Workers involved in stoppages
Number of stoppages
M onth and year
1935-39 (average)
1947-49 (average)
1945..................
1946
........
1947
..... .
1948
..... .
1949
.....
1950
.....
1951
........
1952
.....
1953
.....
1954
.................... .................... ....................
1955.....................
1956
........
1957
.....
Beginning in
month or year
In effect dur
ing month
2.220.000
3, 540,000
2, 400, 000
1, 530,000
2, 650,000
1.900.000
1.390.000
1957: August---September.
October__
November.
December.
370
335
293
184
108
601
518
471
340
1958: Jan u ary 9..
February 3.
March 2__
A p ril2___
May 3____
June 3____
Ju ly 3........
August A
200
300
275
300
375
475
500
525
475
200
275
350
350
350
300
i The data Include all known work stoppages involving six or more workers
and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers Involved and
man-days idle cover all workers made idle for as long as one shift in establish
ments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or
secondary effects on other establishments or industries whose employees are
made idle as a result of material or service shortages.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In effect during month
1.130.000
2.380.000
3, 470, 000
4, 600,000
2.170.000
1.960.000
3.030.000
2, 410,000
2,862
3, 573
4,750
4,985
3, 693
3,419
3,606
4,843
4, 737
5,117
5,091
3,468
4,320
3,825
3,673
150
Beginning in
month or year
220
136,000
243, 000
95.000
63.000
31, 000
226,000
279.000
159.000
109.000
54,000
90, 000
45,000
165.000
200.000
110.000
150.000
160.000
160,000
140,000
110,000
70, 000
160, 000
200, 000
250.000
240.000
250.000
Man-days idle during month
or year
Number
Percent of esti
mated work
ing time
16.900.000
39, 700,000
38,000,000
116, 000, 000
34, 600,000
34.100, 000
50, 500,000
38.800.000
22.900.000
59.100, 000
28, 300, 000
22,600. 000
28,200, 000
33.100.000
16, 500,000
0.27
.46
.47
1.43
.41
.37
.59
.44
.23
.57
.26
1.690.000
1, 730,000
1.410.000
765.000
404.000
.17
.19
.13
.08
.04
750.000
.07
.06
.13
.13
500.000
1,200. 000
1,250, 000
2,000, 000
1,650, 000
1 ,7 0 0 ,0 0 0
2, 000,000
.21
.26
.29
.14
.21
.18
.18
.22
3 Preliminary.
N ote: For a description of this series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Soubce: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1214
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , O C T O B E R 1958
F.—Building and Construction
T able F -l.
Expenditures for new construction 1
[Value of work put In place]
Expenditures (in millions of dollars)
Type of construction
1958
Sept.3 Aug.
July
June
1957
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
1957
1956
Total
Total
Total new construction........................... _. 4,835
4,803
4,642
4,397
4,054
3,703
3,400
3,153
3,380
3,791
4,208
4,609
4,682 48, 492
46, 292
Private construction...................... ............
Residential buildings (nonfarm). . . . .
New dwelling units____________
Additions and alterations ............
Nonhousekeeping___________ .
Nonresidential buildings3 ________
Industrial........................................
Commercial.......... ........... .............
Office buildings and warehouses________ _________
S tores, r e s ta u ra n ts , and
garages. _______________
Other nonresidential buildings___
Religious. ______________
Educational______________
Hospital and institutional4...
Social and recreational______
Miscellaneous_____________
Farm construction................................
Public utilities.......................... .........
Railroad. .............. ............... ........
Telephone and telegraph_______
Other public utilities__________
All other private--------------------------Public construction____ ______________
Residential buildings *.____________
Nonresidential buildings (other than
military facilities)_______________
Industrial______________ _____
Educational.. _______________
Hospital and institutional. ____
Administrative and service_____
Other nonresidential buildings__
Military facilities8________________
Highways______ ______ __________
Sewer and water system s.. ________
S e w e r.......... ............. ............. ......
W ater. __________ _________ _
Public service enterprises_______ . . .
Conservation and development_____
All other public.._________________
3,229
1,742
1,320
371
51
742
174
316
3,215
1,718
1,280
387
51
743
179
316
3,128
1,641
1,200
389
52
754
185
326
2,979
1,539
1,110
377
52
735
193
315
2,773
1,407
1,000
356
51
698
204
285
2,583
1,288
945
295
48
677
218
263
2, 442
1,177
890
239
48
689
235
262
2,301
1,083
815
219
49
705
252
258
2,435
1,165
895
220
50
746
274
270
2,750
1,365
1,050
265
50
799
277
306
3,020
1,524
1,140
333
51
842
287
332
3,143
1,586
1,180
357
49
844
289
330
3,185 34,138
1,611 17,019
1,190 12,615
374 3,903
47
501
840 9, 556
293 3,557
322 3,564
33,287
17, 677
13, 535
3,695
447
8,817
3,084
3,631
168
169
169
169
165
163
161
161
167
178
183
179
1,893
1,684
148
252
80
53
52
43
24
162
565
36
74
455
18
1,606
73
147
248
79
52
53
42
22
175
562
34
77
451
17
1,588
71
157
243
75
50
52
41
25
171
542
33
77
432
20
1, 514
69
146
227
70
46
51
37
23
162
524
30
77
417
19
1,418
65
120
209
65
43
51
32
18
147
504
29
81
394
17
1,281
63
100
196
61
42
50
28
15
127
478
27
82
369
13
1,120
62
101
192
61
41
50
26
14
114
450
27
80
343
12
958
60
97
195
64
42
50
25
14
105
397
21
71
305
11
852
56
103
202
68
43
51
25
15
101
411
26
74
311
12
945
59
128
216
74
46
51
27
18
100
472
32
78
362
14
1,041
54
149 1,671
225 2, 435
81
868
48
525
51
525
29
311
16
206
159 1,590
556 5,774
406
37
87 1,068
432 4,300
19
199
1,497 14,354
52
506
1,947
2,102
768
536
328
275
195
1,560
5,113
427
1,066
3,620
12C
13,005
292
425
33
258
35
56
43
125
685
130
79
51
50
102
16
422
34
257
34
54
43
120
675
131
79
52
51
103
15
417
34
263
31
48
41
105
635
128
77
51
46
101
13
406
34
257
30
45
40
95
580
123
73
50
41
96
12
381
33
239
29
42
38
88
500
118
69
49
37
82
12
370
31
237
28
39
35
80
375
111
65
46
33
78
11
347
29
222
26
36
34
77
265
105
62
43
28
67
9
308
28
201
21
29
29
73
240
91
54
37
21
56
7
340
29
226
22
30
33
87
260
99
59
40
27
65
8
342
31
226
24
31
30
97
350
99
62
37
25
67
7
1 Estimated monetary value of new construction put in place during the
periods shown, Including major additions and alterations but excluding
maintenance and repair. These figures differ from permit-valuation data
reported in the tabulations for building-permit activity (tables F-3, F-4,
and F-5) and the data on value of contract awards (table F-2),
3 Preliminary.
3 Expenditures by privately owned public utilities for nonresidential build
ing are included under “ Public utilities.”
4 Includes Federal contributions toward construction of private nonprofit
hospital facilities under the National Hospital Program.
1 Includes nonhousekeeping public residential construction as well as house
keeping units.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
149
151
223
225
78
80
48
47
52
52
28 ‘
28
18
17
114
133
564
525
36
37
84
96
405
431
15
16
1,188 1,466
54
56
367
36
235
25
34
37
108
425
107
67
40
31
86
8
409
38
262
27
41
41
132
604
117
72
45
38
101
11
173
416
36
261
30
46
43
138
607
126
76
50
44
103
11
4,486
473
2,825
333
439
416
1,322
5,215
1,344
781
563
393
971
117
4,074
453
2,556
298
362
405
1,395
4,655
1,275
701
574
384
826
104
8 Covers all building and nonbuilding construction, except production
facilities (which are included in public industrial building), and Armed
Fora's housing under the Capehart program (which is included in public
residential building).
N ote : For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing
Major BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954). See also Technical
Note on Revised Estimates of Residential Additions and Alterations, 1945-56
(in Monthly Labor Review, August 1957, p. 973).
Source: Joint estimates of the U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics and U. S. Department of Commerce, Business and Defense
Services Administration
1215
F .— B U I L D I N G A N D C O N S T R U C T IO N
T able F--2.
Contract awards: Public construction, by ownership and type of construction 1
Value (In millions of dollars)
1957
1958
Ownership and type of construction
Oct.
Sept.
Jan.
Total public construction....................... 1,245.2 1,812.8 1,608.0 1,165. 5 941.5
822.6
696.5
718.9
871.1
891.5
745.7
273.9 189.7
29.2 33.0
122.8 79.0
5.8
6.3
12.9 14.7
24.7 16.2
78.9 42.3
38.1 13.9
8.0
4.0
4.4
3.5
29.3 20.0
29.7 18.0
68.5 28.5
3.6
9.9
3.4 16.6
10.4 11.0
891.6 751.8
47.2 30.9
326.5 311.0
208.8 213.2
32.5 37.3
40.5 31.6
44.7 28.9
365.5 291.4
95.9 80.4
66.0 48.9
29.9 31.5
24.5 24.4
12.1
6.1
12.4 18.3
3.4
15.7
16.3 10.3
121.9
62.0
22.2
3.2
.3
6.4
12.3
1.9
.5
1.0
8.9
17.5
12.7
5.4
4.0
8.1
700.7
30.7
279.2
188.3
17.9
48.4
24.6
213.2
56.9
37.9
19.0
108.2
102.9
5.3
7.5
5.0
120.2
47.6
42.8
58.4
3.2
28.7
.4
.2
125.9
141.3
66.5
46.8
.3
3.7
23.7
19.1
3.9
63.4
3.5
22.1
.2
.7
1.7
19.5
2.3
1.1
.3
15.8
3.7
14.8
9.2
1.0
9.1
682.3
20.4
278.1
201.0
15.5
31.7
29.9
272.3
69.8
47.8
22.0
26.6
10.1
16.5
7.8
7.3
June
May
Federally owned s— ....... .........- .......... 159.9 695.2 474.2
52.4
39.0 101.3
Residential buildings-----------------43.0 239.8 184.9
Nonresidential buildings_________
5.0
1.8
13.8
Educational______________ _
27.0
.4
11.2
Hospital and institutional____
29.1
13.9
37.8
Administrative and service----26.9 177.0 123.8
Other nonresidential buildings.
37.7
8.2
63.6
Airfleld buildings________
22.5
3.9
36.2
Troop housing__________
9.2
1.6
10.2
Warehouses_____________
54.4
13.2
67.0
All other_______________
53.1 150.3 120.3
Airfields *_____________________
73.9
6.1 133.1
Conservation and development---25.4
11.8
9.3
Highways...........................................
13.1
13.9
6.2
Electric power_________________
a 9 31.4
17.8
All other federally owned________
State and locally owned_____________ 1,085 3 1,117.6 1,133.8
70.3
67.6
31.9
Residential buildings.......................
Nonresidential buildings_________ 327.0 335.6 355.9
Educational........ .................... .
225.1 212.3 229.2
36.4
55.8
Hospital and institutional___
36.7
53.4
40.6
Administrative and service----35.8
36.9
29.4
26.9
Other nonresidential buildings.
Highways_____________________ 525.6 461.0 418.8
Sewer and water systems------------- 116.1 104.7 129.2
73.1
74.5
77.3
Sewer_____________________
56.1
30.2
38.8
* W ater___________ ________
55.4 114.0 137.4
Public service enterprises-----------84.2 107.3
18.9
Electric power______________
30.1
29.8
Other...................... ........... ........
36.5
6.4
17.1
Conservation and development----9.0
15.8
17.6
All other State and locally o w ned...
20.3
Apr.
Mar.
* Includes major force account projects started (construction done directly
by a government agency using a separate work force to perform nonmainte
nance construction on the agency’s own property).
J Includes construction contracts awarded under Lease-Purchase pro
grams.
* Less than $60,000.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.8
.8
10.5
30.7
1.8
(a)
.8
28.1
8.3
8.0
4.8
1.5
7.3
576.3
21.8
239.5
169.5
15.0
30.7
24.3
207.2
75.2
55.8
19.4
16.0
7.0
9.0
10.8
5.8
Dec.
Nov.
Feb.
July
9.9
18.2
1.2
.4
( a)
16.6
1.4
14.3
3.7
3.7
3.4
660.5
20.2
238.7
163.7
19.8
18.8
36.4
272.1
94.5
65.1
29.4
19.4
9.4
10.0
11.2
4.4
.2
41.2
2.0
20.0
2.9
16.3
.6
1.0
(a)
14.7
.3
21.2
2.2
59.7
1.1
745.2
23.3
267.7
207.4
15.8
24.6
19.9
334.6
93.4
44.4
49.0
15.0
5.3
9.7
6.9
4.3
( 8)
(a)
15.2
3.5
22.7
7.6
.8
3.4
750.2
55.2
303.5
215.4
41.6
19.7
26.8
248.0
77.0
42.7
34.3
48.2
24.3
23.9
8.4
9.9
Aug.
July
1957
1956
Total
Total
869.6 1,134.4 11,473.8 10, 423.1
57.6
1.4
17.1
( a)
.1
4.8
12.2
.8
( a)
.4
11.0
1.8
14.4
7.5
2.4
13.0
812.0
44.3
305.5
223.2
19.6
36.8
25.9
293.5
75.1
53.5
21.6
74.7
61.6
13.1
10.8
8.1
146.7
59.8
32.2
2.1
.3
10.2
19.6
14.0
.2
1.0
4.4
.3
42.1
9.1
1.1
2.1
987.7
38.8
267.0
183.0
22.2
28.7
33.1
540.8
80.7
55.5
25.2
38.7
14.7
24.0
12.3
9.4
2.317.3
406.2
776.5
48.4
78.9
148.3
500.9
98.9
60.9
35.0
306.1
182.2
563.8
91.5
140.3
156.8
9,156. 5
326.7
3.409.4
2,450. 5
287.1
315.4
356.4
3.825.1
1.034.2
619.4
414.8
364.2
200.1
164.1
112.7
84.2
2,088.3
136.0
924.3
27.1
43.9
87.3
766.0
76.2
123.2
63.3
503.3
155.9
539.0
91.8
177.4
63.9
8,334.8
253.2
3, 202. 8
2.289.0
278.9
320.8
314.1
3,211.6
1 . 1 0 0 .0
658.9
441.1
336.5
227.2
109.3
139.3
91.4
<Beginning with January 1958, includes missile launching facilities which
were previously included under All other federally owned.
S o u r c e : U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics and U. 8.
Department of Commerce, Business and Defense Services Administration.
1216
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , O C T O B E R 1958
T able F-3.
Building-permit activity: Valuation, by private-public ownership, class of construction,
and type of building 1
Valuation (in millions of dollars)
Class of construction, ownership, and
type of building
1958
July
Ju n e 2 M a y 2 Apr.
1957
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dee.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
Ju ly 2
1957
1956
Total
Total
All building construction___________ 1,950. 2 2,031.6 1,920.1 1, 797.1 1, 516. 8 1,110.1 1,153.0 1, 097. 2 1,230.6 1, 642.7 1, 551. 7 1, 626.1 1, 703.3 18,142.3 18,787.8
Private_______________________ 1, 731. 6 1,701.7 1, 557.7 1, 568. 3 1,324. 5 938.4 995.1 958.2 1, 061.9 1, 453. 5 1,417.3 1,462. 7 1, 520.3 15,997.0 16,903.4
Public________________________ 218.7 329.9 362.4 228.8 192.3 171.7 157.9 139.0 168.7 189.2 134.4 163.4 183.0 2,145.3 Il 884.4
New residential building____________ 1,081.2 1,054. 9 1,024.3 959.1 779.1 536.9 578.4 556.9 649.0 895.7 813.2 885.9 850.2 9,404.2 10,291.9
Dwelling units (h o u s e k e e p in g
only)__.............. ............................ 1,060.8 1,036.2 1,001.9 942.8 760.0 525.0 563.1 635.4 635.8 870.3 796.9 871.8 835.1 9,220.0 10,149.6
Privately owned____________ 1,038.3 952.4 935.8 916.9 729.5 491.4 548.2 525.2 604.5 825.6 784.8 862.0 808.7 8i 937.6 9, 971.9
1- family_____________
889.4 837.2 813.3 793.2 622.8 419.0 464.4 451.6 636.4 730.8 696.7 748.8 724.7 7,922.0 9, 221. 8
2- family______ ______
23.5
22.2
27.5
25.5
21.3
15.7
16.9
17.1
17.8
22.2
20.1
18.8
19.7
228.7
215.0
3- and 4-family__________
14.5
10.3
10.8
11.0
11.6
8.4
8.9
6.5
8.7
9.9
9.2
8.7
9.3
111.6
87.9
5-or-more family_________ 110.9
85.4
82.7
74.4
85.4
48.3
58.0
50.0
41.6
62.8
58.8
75.6
675.3
55.0
447.2
Publicly owned_____________
22.5
83.8
66.1
25.8
30.5
33.6
14.9
10.2
31.3
44.7
12.2
19.8
26.4
282.4
177.7
Nonhousekeeping buildings______
20.4
18.7
22.4
16.3
19.1
11.9
15.2
21.5
13.2
25.4
16.3
14.1
15.1
184.2
142.3
New nonresidential buildings________ 672.8 785.8 727.6 656.9 586.2 452.3 435.6 433.9 459.1 592.1 569.2 557.2 663.2 6,834.1 6,664.5
Commercial buildings. .................... 236.2 201.2 263.0 269.9 228.6 149.8 140.6 151.4 147.4 203.9 203.4 167.3 203.4 2,224.0 2,184.7
Amusement buildings.............
30.8
21.9
17.6
17.8
13.3
14.7
10.2
11.6
18.2
11.6
10.5
8.8
11.9
139.8
116.1
Commercial garages_________
8.9
6.8
4.1
6.6
5.0
3.4
4.2
2.1
2.9
6.1
4.9
4.0
5.3
57.5
60.6
Gasoline and service stations...
11.0
11.0
11.2
11.6
11.3
8.8
10.2
9.9
10.3
13.0
14.2
13.9
14.8
159.1
165.5
Office buildings_____________
92.6
64.0 139.9 116.7 119.9
64.8
56.0
67.4
60.3
92.2 102.1
69.1
76.2
975.7
828.3
Stores and other mercantile
buildings________________
92.9
97.5
90.3 117.2
79.0
60.0
58.1
60.3
55.7
82.1
71.7
71.4
95.2
891.8 1,014.3
Community buildings...................... 268.6 235.0 276.6 219.5 236.6 171.9 168.7 163.3 194.2 219.5 204.2 213.1 224.4 2,478.6 2,263.1
Educational buildings_____ _
139.4 144.0 149.9 119.2 159.6 118.4 108.9 108.6
98.8 132.0 134.3 119.7 123.5 1,491. 8 1,431.4
Institutional buildings_______
78.1
47.5
81.0
51.0
40.8
26.2
33.7
27.3
61.0
46.9
32.0
50.9
60.4
522.6
380.3
Religious buildings....................
51.2
43.5
45.6
49.2
36.2
27.4
26.1
34.4
27.3
40.6
37.9
42.6
40.5
464.2
451.4
Garages, private residential______
19.4
19.2
19.1
18.2
10.3
4.8
5.9
6.3
12.2
21.9
24.2
23.3
200.4
21.8
201.9
Industrial buildings____________
61.5 2 204.1
53.6
61.9
57.5
44.9
62.8
63.8
59.8
92.0
81.7
87.2 125.0 1,085.9 1,273.3
Public utilities buildings.......... .
24.2
30.4
55.5
36.9
21.2
47.4
28.4
22.1
24.7
25.3
34.2
37.0
49.5
423.5
328.4
All other nonresidential buildings..
62.8
95.9
59.9
50.6
32.0
33.5
29.2
26.9
20.8
29.7
21.5
29.4
39.1
421.7
413.0
Additions and alterations...................... 196.2 190.9 168.2 181.1 151.5 120.8 139.0 106.4 122.5 154.8 169.2 183.0 189.9 1,904.0 1,831. 4
1 Data relate to building construction authorized by local building permits
In all localities (over 7,000) having building-permit systems—rural nonfarm
as well as urban. Figures on the amount of construction contracts awarded
for Federal projects and for public housing (Federal, State, and local) in
permit-issuing places are added to the valuation data (estimated cost entered
by builders on building-permit applications) for privately owned projects;
construction undertaken by State and local governments is reported by local
officials. Because permit valuations generally understate the actual cost of
construction and because of lapsed permits and the lag between permit
T able F-4.
issuance or contract-awarded dates and start of construction, these data do
not represent the volume of building construction started.
Because of rounding, sums of individual Items do not necessarily equal
totals.
2 Revised.
8 Includes a retroactive building permit issued during the month for a steel
plant, valued at $120 million, which was actually begun early in 1957.
S o u r c e : U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Building-permit activity: Valuation, by class of construction and geographic region 1
Valuation (in millions of dollars)
Class of construction and
geographic region
1958
July
June 2 May 2 Apr.
1957
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July 2
1957
1956
Total
Total
All building construction 3__________ 1,950. 2 2,031. 6 1,920.1 1, 797.1 1, 516.8 1,110.1 1,153.0 1, 097.2 1,230. 6 1, 642. 7 1,551.7 1,626.1 1, 703.3 18,142.3 18, 787.8
Northeast____ ________________
360.8 385.0 380.4 360.4 270.5 189.4 215. 7 219.4 272.9 352.8 350.8 371.8 345.8 3, 878. 8 4,056.2
North Central_________________
567.8 639.5 531. 5 539.0 395.4 224.2 231.2 319. 0 324.9 489.3 480.0 504.5 516.9 5,282.1 5, 681.0
South.................................................. 500.8 506.2 518.2 457.1 418.9 370.3 375.7 288.2 324.3 400.2 381.1 387.3 441.0
4, 614. 8 4. 467.0
West ___________
520. 8 501.0 489.9 440.6 431.9 326.2 330.4 270.6 308.6 400.3 339.8 362.5 399.6 4, 366. 6 4, 583.5
New dwelling units (housekeeping
only)..................... .......................... ..... 1,060.8 1,036.2 1,001.9 942.8 760.0 525.0 563.1 535.4 635.8 870.3 796.9 871.8 835.1 9,220.0 10,149. 6
Northeast________
195.0 202.7 220.8 189.2 131.2
59.7
79.7 102.1 139.0 178.2 158.4 199.8 163.2 1,864. 4 2,200. 4
North Central_________________
304.7 279.9 273.7 278.4 205.1 102. 7 109.1 131.4 165.0 253.1 247.7 267.3
2, 644. 3 3^ 144.7
South_________________ _______ 277.3 281.3 245.7 248.5 218.7 198.2 195.6 155.9 169.3 210.0 199.5 203.6 257.9
224.8 2,361.9 2,346.0
West . . _______
283.8 272.4 261.7 226.6 205.0 164.4 178.7 146.0 162.6 229.0 191.3 201.1 189.2 2, 349.3 2,458.5
New nonresidential buildings_______
672.8 785.8 727.6 656.9 586.2 452.3 435.6 433.9 459.1 592.1 569.2 557.2 663.2 6, 834.1 6, 664.5
Northeast_____________________ 121.5 135.6 123.7 132.1 109.8 107.7 107.5
89.8 100.8 126.0 147.8 129.4 140.1 1, 550.0 L 435.8
North Central_______
208.9 308.0 210.9 211.0 148.2
91.9
89.3 156.9 128.5 193.5 177.6 181.7 202.2 2,104.0 1,993.5
South_____ ___________________
162.0 172.4 216.5 151.5 154.9 130.1 131.3
91.8 119.0 144.5 137.1 129.8 155.8 1, 664.3 1,596.9
West____________________
180.6 169.8 176.5 162.3 173.2 122.7 107.5
95.4 110.7 128.1 106.8 116.4 165.1 1, 515. 7 1, 638.3
Additions and alterations. . . .
196.2 190.9 168.2 181.1 151.5 120.8 139.0 106.4 122.5 154.8 169.2 183.0 189.9 1,904.0 1,831.4
Northeast__ . . . . . .
42.2
44.2
34.9
35.9
28.2
20.8
24.7
23.5
29.4
35.1
42.5
40.5
40.4
424.6
394. 5
North Central__________ .
48.6
47.8
45.4
46.5
40.0
28.3
32.2
25.5
29.6
47.4
38.9
52.5
54.6
499.9
510.7
South____________ .
48.9
53.7
51.2
45.7
41.8
37.8
43.3
30.4
32.2
41.5
40.6
49.1
52.2
481.9
520.6
West ______________
51.6
50.1
42.2
47.6
41.4
33.9
38.8
27.1
31.3
39.3
38.7
40.9
42.7
458.8
444.3
1 See footnote 1, table F-3.
2Revised.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
* Includes new nonhousekeeping residential building, not shown separately.
S o u r c e : U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1217
F .— B U I L D I N G A N D C O N S T R U C T IO N
T
able
F-5. Building-permit activity: Valuation, by metropolitan-nonmetropolitan location and State 1
Valuation (In millions of dollars)
State and location
1958
June
M ay 1 Apr.
Mar.
1957
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
Ju ly 3 June
1957
1956
Total
Total
All States..... .................. ........................ 2, 031. 6 1,920.1 1, 797.1 1, 516.8 1,110.1 1,153.0 1,097.2 1, 230. 6 1, 642. 7 1, 551. 7 1, 626.1 1, 703. 3 1, 795.8 18,142. 3 18, 787.8
Metropolitan areas3_______ _____ 1, 573. 7 1, 483.0 1. 388.9 1,196. 6 881.2 918.2 860. 2 957.8 1, 278.2 1, 202. 5 1,261.8 1. 304.4 1, 394.7 14,104.1 14, 688. 9
Nonmetropolitan areas............ ...... 457.9 437.1 408.2 320.2 228.9 234.8 237.0 272.8 364. 5 349.2 364.3 398.9 401.1 4,038. 2 4,098. 9
Alabama__ ______________________
25.3
20.8
21.1
18.2
16.6
15.3
16.5
15.6
13.0
14.1
13.8
18.7
15.4
190.6
173.3
24.4
Arizona. ____________ _______ ____
33.1
20.5
23.6
19.9
13.2
13.0
15.1
17.6
19.4
20.1
19.3
20.3
224.5
189.7
Arkansas. ____________ _____ _____
9.8
5.3
7.9
6.3
3.3
4.6
4.3
4.4
5.7
5.7
5.4
8.4
4.7
70.6
57. 4
California.._____ _________________
339.3 308.1 275.0 317.4 208.6 247.2 195.1 216.1 287.6 229.5 250.7 273.4 267.4 3, 048.0 3,163.3
Colorado__ ______ _______________
34.8
37.9
25.6
15.1
24.3
15.8
16.0
17.6
24.0
21.2
18.1
25.3
25.2
263.8
' 282.0
Connecticut
___ ______________
30.8
30.6
20.2
18.4
30.9
17.7
27.9
25.2
18.7
36.3
40.5
44.1
33.2
390.3
375.1
Delaware --------- -------------------------6.2
6.7
3.6
6.9
2.3
6.1
4.5
7.0
6.1
5.9
7.4
8.5
9.3
68.9
66 0
District of Columbia-------------- --------12.1
66.5
8.3
6.4
9.3
12.9
3.1
9.1
13.7
13.2
2.9
52.1
13.0
133.8
66.8
Florida---------------------------------------77.9
84.1
69.6
83.5
83.3
70.9
77.0
73.4
77.7
74.5
81.4
88.9
87.2
946.3
834. 8
Georgia__________________________
25.8
27.8
27.3
36.6
19.6
28.3
17.1
15.3
22.9
24.4
18.9
21.9
16.7
247.0
250.1
Idaho_______ ______________ _____
3.3
4.5
3.9
5.9
1.6
1.3
1.8
2.5
4.7
3.0
3.3
4.0
3.6
38.2
39.6
Illinois___________ . ___________
233.0 136.2 112.9 110.2
53.8
55.8
93.8
73.6 108.9 105.7 103.9 109.2 120.4 1, 239. 5 1, 334.3
Indiana......... ................ ........... ...........
33.4
33.1
30.4
21.3
33.7
22.5
20.0
19.3
44.1
43.9
49.0
37.8
42.2
419. 5 ' 432.0
Iowa---------------------- --------------------19.3
18.5
17.4
3.9
7.9
16.8
6.5
12.5
16.6
17.1
14.7
18.2
18.5
160. 5
181.9
Kansas_________________ ____ _____
11.3
12.6
14.6
10.6
11.5
10.9
10.0
7.1
10.8
12.6
17.9
15.8
10.6
134.5
151.9
K entucky_______________________ _
12.2
19.8
15.5
13.5
6.3
13.5
5.0
10.5
12.2
16.5
14.5
16.1
18.9
169.1
168.2
Louisiana_________________________
29.3
29.6
31.2
17.3
19.6
21.0
32.3
16.8
23.0
20.1
20.9
23.2
27.2
250.5
273.1
M aine______________________ _____
4.4
2.9
4.1
.3
.7
.8
1.3
2.7
3.2
1.8
3.3
3.4
29.2
33.9
M aryland. ________ ___________
48.3
39.4
35.4
35.7
28.0
27.2
24.0
33.4
55.3
29.9
32.5
40.7
53.9
446.7
430. 4
Massachusetts____________________
47.4
68.0
31.5
50.3
14.0
24.2
24.0
26.6
38.4
31.5
42.6
50.9
45.5
440.5
470.4
Michigan_________________________
83.3
88.8
64.5
43.9
78.9
27.7
73.5
38.8
82.1
82.6
87.9
91.1 107.8
933.4 1,090.8
Minnesota. ______________________
51.5
39.8
60.4
22.1
14.1
18.1
10.1
35.2
27.0
35.2
40.1
42.1
47.4
390.7
376.1
Mississippi- ______ _____ ______
6.6
3.9
2.9
7.5
7.3
2.2
3.0
4.5
5.8
6.3
4.4
4.4
7.8
54.2
53. 5
Missouri------------------------------40.4
31.1
31.9
23.1
18.7
29.0
15.5
33.5
17.8
27.7
29.4
35.0
29.1
302.0
306. 7
M ontana_____ ________________ . . .
2.9
4.5
1.5
1.4
1.6
4.7
1.2
1.9
3.1
2.7
2.6
3.6
4.0
35.1
42.7
Nebraska________________________
7.1
11.8
5.4
2.5
6.3
17.1
3.1
3.1
7.5
5.7
8.3
7.0
6.6
78.5
82.0
Nevada__________________________
6.9
5.7
3.8
3.1
8.3
4.7
2.0
7.8
3.2
4.0
4.7
3.5
3.9
45 5
60. 2
New Hampshire___________________
4.3
2.7
2.5
3.4
4.0
2.0
.6
1.9
2.0
1.6
2.1
3.0
2.6
30.1
37.8
New Jersey____________ _______ . .
80.0
62.6
64.5
42.9
76.7
27.1
51.4
49.9
70.1
65.0
71.8
60.5
69.3
723.2
811 8
New Mexico____________________ _
12.1
10.7
8.5
6.8
7.5
6.3
8.9
6.1
5.5
11.0
7.6
6.7
10.4
88.4
77.2
New York____ ____ ____________ . . 128.0 145.7 122.1
99.4
91.3
90.1 108.8 139. 5 147.4 114.1 102.4 107.3 1,450. 6 1, 476.0
80.1
North Carolina____________________
20.9
26.3
22.7
17.6
10.5
18.0
13.4
14.5
16.1
16.9
17.6
18.3
15.6
194. 3
221. 6
North Dakota____ ________________
4.6
7.9
1.6
5.6
.4
.3
.6
4.3
1.5
5.0
5.4
5.7
4.1
37.2
40. 5
Ohio_______________________ ______ 113.9
98.2 118.8
78.7
51.5
60.5
44.9
57.2 101.2
93.3 108.1 101.3 126.2 1,093.9 1,205. 5
Oklahoma________________________
13.2
16.8
14.4
22.6
15.9
10.3
7.4
9.3
10.5
9.3
13.2
13.8
8.5
121.3
143.2
Oregon________ ___________ _____
18.4
36.2
12.9
22.7
9.7
8.5
7.6
7.2
12.1
12.3
13.7
14.6
13.2
138.9
182.0
Pennsylvania____________ ________
65.7
68.6
47.7
74.8
35.2
36.1
37.1
51.1
66.8
53.4
93.0
75.7
74.1
749.3
781. 4
Rhode Island_______________ _____
4.6
7.4
4.5
3.7
1.6
2.1
2.9
4.3
6.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
3.9
48. 8
59 6
South Carolina-----------------------------9.3
5.4
7.5
6.6
4.8
5.1
3.7
2.7
5.0
5.3
6.2
7.3
5.9
63.4
75.8
South D akota________ ____________
2.4
3.6
4.1
3.4
.6
.8
1.4
4.2
2.4
3.4
3.5
4.6
2.5
36.0
37.4
Tennessee__ ______________________
20.0
24.5
15.1
25.8
22.7
8.8
13.6
12.4
14.5
14.2
16.9
15.8
22.0
179.3
213.8
Texas____________________________ 108.1 103.7 102.4
97.6
77.4
83.9
64.0
89.2
68.0
88.0
83.6 101.5
91.3 1,013.4
916.9
U tah__________ __________________
16.3
16.7
20.8
14.2
12.4
6.9
6.4
5.9
11.6
10.2
9.8
9.4
12.2
113. 5
145.3
Vermont______ ___ __________ _____
.7
.6
2.7
1.1
.2
.2
.2
.9
1.8
.6
7.0
.6
.5
10.1
15.6
Virginia__________ . ________ _____
38.5
36.2
34.8
58.1
26.5
28.4
18.5
23.4
30.6
32.2
34.0
32.4
53.2
384.3
457.5
W ashington.. ____________________
45.8
28.3
17.9
37.5
34.8
34.3
22.5
24.3
29.1
26.4
31.3
38.2
28.9
335.3
390.6
West Virginia________ ___________
6.4
11.1
6.4
13.6
5.5
4.3
4.4
3.0
5.2
4.5
14.8
6.9
16.4
80.8
64.4
Wisconsin________________________
42.4
46.7
44.1
28.2
19.8
19.1
26.8
32.2
41.1
42.7
41.0
49.3
43.2
457.3
442.0
Wyoming_________________________
3.1
3.1
2.0
2.6
1.8
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.7
3.1
2.1
2.5
2.2
21.1
25.6
1 See footnote 1, table F-3.
>Revised.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3 Comprised of 168 Standard Metropolitan Areas used In 1950 Census.
S o u r c e : U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
1218
T able F-6.
Number of new permanent nonfarm dwelling units started, by ownership and location,
and construction co st1
Number of new dwelling units started
Estimated construction cost
(in thousands)
Location
Period
Total
Privately Publicly
owned
owned
1950.................................................
1951.................................................
1952................................................
1953............................ ...... ...........
1954................................................
1955.......... ......................................
1956......... ......................................
1957....................... - .......................
1,396,000
1,091,300
1,127,000
1,103,800
1, 220,400
1,328,900
1,118,100
1,041,900
1,352,200
1,020,100
1,068, 500
1,068,300
1, 201, 700
1,309,500
1,093, 900
992,800
1954: First quarter........................
Second quarter__________
Third quarter.......................
Fourth quarter__________
1955: First quarter____________
Second quarter.....................
Third quarter___________
Fourth quarter__________
1956: First quarter....... ................
January______________
February_____________
March_____ __________
Second quarter.___ _____
April_____ ___________
M ay_________________
June_________________
Third quarter___________
July..... .................. ...........
A u g u st______________
September____________
Fourth quarter.....................
O ctober.......................
November____________
December.........................
1957: First quarter........................
January___ ___________
February_____________
M arch________________
Second quarter.....................
April_________________
M ay_________________
June_________________
Third quarter___________
J u ly ............... .................
A u g u st______________
September........................
Fourth quarter__________
October............................
November____________
December_____ _______
1958: First quarter____________
January______________
February.____ ________
M arch___ ___________
236,800
332, 700
346,000
304,900
291,300
404,100
362,300
271, 200
252,100
75,100
78,400
98,600
332, 500
111,400
113,700
107, 400
298,900
101,100
103, 900
93, 900
234,600
93, 600
77, 400
63, 600
217,000
64, 200
65,800
87,000
296.600
93. 700
103,000
99, 900
289, 700
97,800
100,000
91,900
238, 600
97,000
78, 200
63,400
215,400
67,900
66,100
81,400
322, 600
99,100
108,500
115,000
232,200
326, 500
339,300
303,700
288,000
397,000
357,800
266, 700
244, 600
73, 700
77,000
93, 900
325,300
109, 900
110,800
104, 600
292,900
99,000
103, 200
90, 700
231,100
91,200
77,000
62,900
202, 500
60,100
63,100
79,300
282,800
91,400
96, 900
94, 500
280,900
93,900
96,800
90,200
226, 600
88, 400
75. 700
62, 500
201, 200
62,900
61,000
77,300
300,000
94', 200
101,300
104, 500
111, 000
119,000
107, 300
108,800
April__ ______ _______
M a y 4______
_______
June 3________________
Third quarter___________
July 3........... ............. ........
A ugust3............................
Metro Nonmetro North North
politan
politan
east Central South
places
places
43,800 1,021,600
776,800
71,200
794,900
58, 500
803,500
35,500
18, 700 896,900
19, 400 975,800
779,800
24,200
49,100
699, 700
374,000
314,500
332,100
300,300
323, 500
353,100
338,300
342,200
4,600
6,200
6,700
1,200
3,300
7,100
4,500
4, 500
7,500
1,400
1,400
4,700
7,200
1, 500
2,900
2,800
6,000
2,100
700
3,200
3, 500
2,400
400
700
14,500
4,100
2,700
7,700
13,800
2,300
6,100
5,400
8,800
3,900
3,200
1,700
12,000
8,600
2,500
900
14, 200
5,000
5,100
4,100
22,600
4,900
7,200
10, 500
174,300
244,000
252,800
225,800
221,800
294, 800
263,400
195, 800
183,800
54,300
57,600
71,900
228,300
76, 200
77,600
74,500
202,900
69, 700
70,900
62,300
164,800
64, 900
54,800
45,100
149,100
44,000
46,600
58,500
200,300
63, 500
68,200
68,600
192,600
63,400
67,700
61,500
157, 700
61,800
52, 500
43,400
143, 700
44, 500
44,400
54, 800
218,000
67,400
73,900
76, 700
62, 500
88, 700
93, 200
79,100
69, 500
109,300
98, 900
75, 400
68,300
20,800
20,800
26, 700
104,200
35, 200
36,100
32, 900
96,000
31,400
33,000
31,600
69,800
28, 700
22. 600
18,500
67, 900
20, 200
19,200
28, 500
96,300
30,200
34,800
31,300
97,100
34,400
32,300
30,400
80,900
35,200
25, 700
20,000
71, 700
23, 400
21, 700
26, 600
104,600
31,700
34, 600
38,300
3,700
10,200
76,100
80,500
34, 900
38,500
i Excludes temporary units, conversions, dormitory accommodations,
trailers, and military barracks; includes prefabricated housing if permanent.
These estimates are based on (1) monthly building-permit reports adjusted
for lapsed permits and for lag between permit issuance and the start of con
struction, (2) continuous field surveys in nonpermit-issuing places, and (3)
reports of public construction contract awards.
Private construction costs are based on permit valuation adjusted for
understatement of costs shown on permit applications. Public construction
costs are based on contract values or estimated construction costs for indi
vidual projects.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0
0
0
0
243,100
273,100
228, 800
195, 500
0
0
0
0
325, 800
356,000
303,100
258,400
0
0
0
0
359, 700
389,000
334, 200
346,300
West
Total
Privately
owned
Publicly
owned
$11, 788,595 $11,418,371
0
9,800, 892
9,186,123
0
10, 208,983
9,706, 276
0
10, 488,003 10,181,185
0
291,800 12,478, 237 12,309, 200
310,800 14, 544,647 14,345,829
252,000 13,077,027 12,814, 776
241,700 12,693,995 12,126,800
47, 400 52, 700 77,600 59,100
67,300 98, 400 90,900 76,100
72, 500 97,800 99,900 75,800
65,900 76, 900 91,300 80,800
53,100 63,400 95,900 78,900
89,100 116,600 109, 700 88, 700
75,400 108,000 99. 400 79, 500
55, 500 68,000 84,000 63, 700
45, 700 58,200 83, 200 65,000
12,400 15, 700 27, 200 19,800
14, 400 16, 400 26,800 20, 800
18,900 26,100 29,200 24,400
72, 300 98,100 93, 200 68,900
23,400 33, 600 31,100 23,300
24,700 33,300 32,800 22,900
24,200 31,200 29,300 22, 700
61,800 87, 200 86, 500 63,400
21,800 29, 900 27, 700 21, 700
20,800 29,200 30, 700 23, 200
19, 200 28,100 28,100 18, 500
49,000 59, 600 71,300 54, 700
20,100 26, 200 27, 500 19, 800
16,500 19, 200 22, 700 19, 000
12,400 14,200 21,100 15,900
33,800 46,800 80,000 56,400
9,300 10, 700 26,000 18,200
9,700 14,000 24, 600 17, 500
14,800 22,100 29,400 20,700
60, 700 77,200 92, 800 65,900
19,900 23, 700 28,100 22,000
20, 900 25, 700 33, 700 22, 700
19,900 27,800 31,000 21, 200
57,900 79,300 91,200 61,300
19,200 27,000 31, 500 20,100
21,800 27,300 31,000 19,900
16,900 25,000 28, 700 21,300
43,100 55,100 82,300 58,100
19, 500 24, 200 30,100 23, 200
13,800 17,400 28,200 18,800
9,800 13, 500 24,000 16,100
27, 400 40, 200 88,100 59, 700
8,100 11,000 28, 700 20,100
7,000 11, 200 28, 700 19, 200
12,300 18,000 30, 700 20, 400
18, 900
23, 400
0
25, 700
27,000
0
33,000
32, 600
0
21, 500
25,500
0
2,240,448
3, 454, 571
3,590,366
3,192, 852
3,076,198
4,416,285
4,025, 441
3,026, 723
2,846,008
814, 448
887,138
1,144,422
3, 923,607
1,309,175
1,346, 587
1,267, 845
3, 532,193
1,201,139
1,227, 269
1,103, 785
2,775, 219
1,103,963
930, 642
740,614
2,609,458
752,234
784,019
1,073,205
3,645,531
1,152,166
1,264,385
1,228,980
3, 535, 278
1,198,141
1, 207, 763
1,129,374
2,903, 728
1,195,309
946,481
761,938
2, 546,848
792,427
781,091
973,330
3,919, 682
1,196; 950
1,323, 709
1,399,023
0
0
0
0
0
0
(»)
(2)
1,354, 560
1,455, 300
$370,224
614,769
502, 707
306,818
169,037
198,818
262,251
567,195
2,199,446
3,398, 898
3, 528, 471
3,182,385
3,043,959
4,349,159
3, 981,182
2,971, 529
2, 761,446
800,665
871, 700
1,089,081
3, 844,192
1, 293,488
1,312,890
1, 237, 814
3, 471, 787
1,179, 266
1, 222, 281
1,070, 240
2, 737.351
1,078,142
925, 991
733, 218
2,432, 406
704,917
751,813
975,676
3,479,262
1,123,385
1,191, 789
1,164,088
3,443,443
1,154, 771
1,176,600
1,112,072
2, 771,689
1,098,140
921,444
752,105
2, 381,164
737. 503
718,862
924, 799
3,654,125
1,14L 508
1,237, 717
1, 274, 900
41,002
55,673
61,895
10,467
32, 239
67,126
44, 259
55,194
84. 562
13,783
15, 438
65,341
79,415
15,687
33,697
30,031
60,406
21,873
4,988
33,545
37,868
25,821
4, 651
7,396
177,052
47,317
32,206
97,529
166,269
28, 781
72, 596
64,892
91, 835
43,370
31,163
17,302
132,039
97,169
25,037
9,833
165, 684
54, 924
62, 229
48, 531
265,557
55, 442
85,992
124,123
1,309, 060
1, 327,360
45, 500
127,940
»Not available.
3 Preliminary.
4 Revised.
N ote: For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing
Major BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source:
U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1219
G : W O R K IN J U R IE S
G.—Work Injuries
T able
G -l.
Injury-frequency rates1 for selected manufacturing industries
1958 2
Second quarter
Industry
Average, all manufacturing____________________
Food and kindred products:
Meatpacking and custom slaughtering------------Sausages and other prepared meat products-----Poultry and small game dressing and packing__
Dairy products____________________________
Canning and preserving____________________
Grain-mill products________________________
Bakery products___________________________
Cane sugar_________ _____________________
Confectionery and related products___________
Bottled soft drinks_________________________
M alt and malt liquors.. ____________________
Distilled liquors___ _______________________
Miscellaneous food products_________________
Textile-mill products:
Cotton yarn and textiles___________ _________
Rayon, other synthetic, and silk textiles----------Woolen and worsted textiles......... ................ ........
Knit goods________________________________
Dyeing and finishing textiles________________
Miscellaneous textile goods__________________
Apparel and other finished textile products:
Clothing, men’s and boys’..... ............................. Clothing, women’s and children’s. . --------------Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel--------------Miscellaneous fabricated textile products---------Lumber and wood products (except furniture):
Logging---------------------------------------------------Sawmills and planing mills__________________
Millwork and structural wood products...............
Plywood m ills........... ............ ............................—
Wooden containers________ _______________
Miscellaneous wood products________________
Furniture and fixtures:
Household furniture, nonmetal..............................
Metal household furniture___________________
Mattresses and bedsprings________ _______ _
Office furniture_______ ____________________
Public-building and professional furniture-------Partitions and fixtures______________________
Screens, shades, and blinds___ ______________
Paper and allied products:
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills___________
Paperboard containers and boxes_____________
Miscellaneous paper and allied products----------Printing, publishing, and allied industries:
Newspapers and periodicals_________________
Bookbinding and related products____________
Miscellaneous printing and publishing ---------Chemicals and allied products:
Industrial inorganic chemicals___________ ____
Plastics, except synthetic rubber ------------------Synthetic rubber_______________ __________
Synthetic fibers---------------- ------- -----------------Explosives . ____________________________
Miscellaneous industrial organic chemicals-----Drugs and medicines_______________________
Soap and related products___________________
Paints, pigments, and related products-----------Fertilizers____ ___________________________
Vegetable and animal oils and fats____________
Compressed and liquefied gases______________
Miscellaneous chemicals and allied products___
Rubber products:
Tires and inner tubes_______________________
Rubber footwear___________ ________ - ...........
Miscellaneous rubber products_______________
Leather and leather products:
Leather tanning and finishing_______________
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings--------------Footwear (except rubber)____________ _____
Miscellaneous leather products_______________
Stone, clay, and glass products:
Glass and glass products____________________
Structural clay products.......... ....................... ......
Pottery and related products. ........................
Concrete, gypsum, and mineral wool--------------Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products.......
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1956
1957 s
Annual
average
First Fourth Third Second First Fourth Third Second
quar quar quar quar quar quar quar quar 1957 s
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
1956
Apr.
May
June
Quar
ter
9.8
10.0
10.2
10.0
9.9
9.9
11.5
11.4
11.3
11.3
12.7
12.1
11.1
12.0
23.0
18.9
(3)
14.7
16.4
15.9
15.4
17.0
10.0
22.1
14.0
9.4
10.2
18.3
20.6
(3)
14.0
18.9
17.6
13.8
10.5
8.0
24.2
15.3
9.7
11.3
23.3
18.9
(0
18.2
21.5
14.7
15.4
10.7
10.5
27.5
15.9
11.2
12.8
21.4
19.5
41.8
15.7
19.1
16.1
14.9
12.9
9.5
24.7
15.2
10.1
11.5
17.5
25.5
37.0
18.1
15.3
11.6
16.7
17.1
11.5
18.6
12.8
9.7
11.3
17.2
25.7
39.2
16.2
15.5
14.8
18.6
20.6
11.2
19.9
15.1
9.7
14.5
18.8
22.8
45.2
20.0
24.2
22.1
16.7
19.7
15.3
25.5
16.1
8.8
17.0
19.8
25.5
44.7
19.1
20.7
14.4
16.6
17.0
11.0
23.9
14.8
13.0
14.2
20.5
22.8
33.4
16.3
20.1
16.5
17.4
18.2
11.3
22.1
17.3
12.1
16.7
20.0
24.9
39.8
17.0
19.9
16.5
17.0
14.1
13.0
16.7
13.2
6.7
13.3
21.3
21.3
40.9
17.4
26.6
18.7
16.5
17.6
13.6
25.2
19.6
9.9
13.8
21.1
20.1
46.1
18.3
20.1
15.9
15.9
22.1
12.0
29.1
19.6
9.0
14.1
19.6
24.0
41.3
18.0
20.9
17.0
17.2
18.5
12.8
23.0
15.8
10.8
15.5
20.6
22.2
41.1
17.1
21.9
16.2
16.4
19.0
12.9
23.0
16.7
8.6
13.6
7.5
5.7
13.7
4.2
10.0
13.0
8.1
5.5
17.1
3.2
14.3
9.5
5.8
4.9
14.9
5.0
14.6
8.7
7.1
5.4
15.3
4.1
12.9
10.4
7.4
5.3
15.0
6.4
13.8
7.6
7.7
6.0
15.5
4.7
10.5
11.5
9.1
7.8
18.3
6.6
12.3
13.6
9.4
6.4
17.6
5.2
15.1
13.3
8.2
6.8
19.7
4.9
11.3
14.3
7.9
7.0
16.2
6.0
14.3
14.2
8.9
7.7
17.5
5.9
16.3
14.3
8.8
6.1
17.7
6.0
14.8
16.1
8.6
6.7
18.0
5.3
12.8
13.8
8.4
7.1
16.9
6.0
15.5
15.0
5.4
5.6
(3)
8.4
5.7
6.9
(3)
8.2
6.3
5.1
(0
9.2
5.8
5.9
7.1
8.7
6.3
5.4
5.5
9.4
5.5
5.0
6.7
6.6
7.5
6.6
9.0
7.5
7.3
6.0
7.2
10.3
7.5
6.1
6.8
8.1
7.1
5.3
3.7
10.5
7.2
5.8
7.1
11.0
7.2
5.0
7.3
11.9
7.0
5.9
7.4
8.1
7.0
5.1
5.8
10.8
47.6
36.0
23.0
19.1
23.2
26.0
57.0
35.9
15.0
26.8
23.5
21.7
75.8
38.8
20.7
20.8
24.3
22.6
62.9
36.9
19.6
22.2
23.7
23.4
54.3
33.9
22.3
20.5
22.0
20.1
58.5
34.0
21.0
25.3
20.8
23.1
60.5
40.6
23.8
21.4
27.5
24.2
63.3
38.7
21.5
22.0
25.5
28.7
60.8
38.2
21.7
25.3
25.5
29.1
63.4
36.4
19.9
22.6
25.5
29.5
68.3
41.9
22.6
26.1
29.5
35.5
60.8
44.5
21.5
25.5
27.1
32.3
60.2
37.9
21.9
23.4
25.2
26.9
65.0
41.1
21.3
24.0
27.4
31.3
12.0
(3)
10.1
11.6
(3)
17.6
(3)
18.4
(3)
16.0
18.6
(3)
14.4
(3)
12.9
(0
13.6
21.8
(0
17.1
(0
14.5
13.2
13. 2
17.1
13.5
16.3
15.1
15.2
12.1
10.5
16.9
9.6
15.7
9.4
15.1
12.0
9.4
17.1
14.9
19.3
15.7
19.4
22.9
11.2
17.6
14.4
19.3
15.1
15.5
13.0
13.5
17.7
18.5
21.3
12.7
17.4
14.8
14.7
17.3
9.7
17.1
18.5
17.1
16.1
14.4
16.1
16.1
21.9
11.6
17.7
16.4
16.4
17.5
25.5
21.4
17.2
17.9
16.4
16.7
19.2
15.7
21.3
18.4
16.9.
16.2
12.3
17.4
14.4
19.8
15.5
17.6
16.1
16.1
17.6
18.2
20.7
15.3
8.9
10.3
11.2
8.4
11.5
8.8
8.4
12.3
12.1
8.5
11.4
10.7
9.8
12.4
9.2
10.3
13.2
12.4
11.7
15.6
15.3
10.0
16.0
14.0
10.8
13.1
15.2
11.2
15.7
14.7
12.3
15.5
13.7
11.1
14.0
11.4
10.6
14.5
14.4
11.4
15.5
13.5
6.6
(3)
7.5
10.3
(3)
7.5
7.2
(0
8.3
8.1
8.1
7.8
8.7
10.8
8.1
8.4
10.0
9.0
8.2
15.4
9.5
9.6
15.9
8.7
8.1
10.4
10.1
8.3
11.7
7.9
9.1
14.9
9.3
9.5
12.2
9.8
8.5
12.8
9.4
9.1
12.5
8.9
5.2
4.6
(3)
(3)
(3)
4.2
5.6
8.5
10.7
(3)
27.7
(3)
13.3
3.0
4.1
(3)
(3)
(3)
7.5
6.0
8.8
14.7
00
28.2
(0
14.5
3.7
2.2
(0
(0
(0
5.4
6.8
7.1
10.8
(0
32.5
(0
11.2
3.9
3.7
1.3
2.5
1.7
5.6
6.2
8.1
12.1
10.7
29.4
11.2
13.0
4.4
3.4
2.8
2.9
2.6
5.1
7.6
6.4
10.2
12.4
28.6
9.1
14.3
4.2
4.3
1.1
3.1
2.8
4.6
7.1
7.4
9.6
9.7
25.3
4.5
10.8
4.7
4.1
2.8
2.1
1.4
4.7
6.9
8.6
10.8
16.5
26.5
6.9
14.9
5.3
4.3
1.1
3.6
1.6
7.4
6.6
8.2
8.4
10.2
31.7
5.8
16.1
4.4
4.7
2.9
3.5
2.1
4.0
8.3
8.2
10.2
11.4
26.0
10.4
15.0
4.8
4.3
.9
1.7
2.7
4.0
6.5
7.9
10.0
18.5
30.1
7.6
14.6
6.8
5.0
1.4
2.3
2.9
4.2
8.0
9.3
11.0
16.1
24.6
5.6
16.0
4.7
4.7
2.6
2.5
2.3
4.9
9.2
7.8
10.0
11.1
22.1
8.9
15.0
4.8
4.3
1.9
3.1
2.0
5.1
7.2
8.1
9.7
11.7
27.5
6.9
14.2
5.3
4.6
1.9
2.3
2.5
4.2
8.0
8.2
10.2
14.8
25.2
8.1
15.2
2.4
5.3
10.0
2.0
3.9
8.4
2.8
7.1
9.5
2.4
5.4
9.3
1.9
3.6
8.0
2.2
5.1
8.9
2.3
6.6
9.4
2.7
5.4
8.1
2.9
6.1
12.0
2.7
6.1
8.1
3.6
6.8
10.5
3.3
5.7
11.2
2.5
5.7
9.6
3.3
5.9
10.4
24.6
(3)
7.8
15.4
18.2
(0
6.7
5.4
19.5
(3)
7.8
9.0
20.7
(0
7.4
10.0
25.1
<3>
8.3
8.5
23.4
(3)
7.7
12.2
27.3
(3)
9.1
9.8
22.4
(3)
8.8
11.4
23.4
18.3
7.6
12.2
18.5
20.5
8.2
14.5
27.1
21.4
8.5
12.4
23.2
16.3
9.1
11.7
24.1
17.2
8.3
11.3
23.8
19.2
8.6
13.4
8.9
30.2
11.4
11.9
10.5
9.0
31.2
15.8
21.0
11.6
8.2
28.8
22.2
24.5
12.2
8.6
30.1
16.4
19.3
11.4
8.7
30.5
11.1
14.4
12.3
8.9
28.6
9.9
17.9
11.4
9.1
37.1
13.1
22.0
11.9
7.6
29.6
15.5
22.0
12.8
8.9
29.6
11.5
20.8
13.7
8.6
27.4
17.0
21.4
14.3
11.1
35.8
16.7
31.4
12.5
8.3
36.2
15.8
28.3
12.2
8.6
31.5
12.6
20.8
12.5
9.0
32.9
16.6
26.4
13.3
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, OCTOBER 1958
1220
T a ble G - l .
Injury-frequency rates 1 for selected manufacturing industries—Continued
Second quarter
Industry
Apr.
M ay
June
Quar
ter
Prim ary metal industries:
3.5
3.2
3.7
3.6
Blast furnaces and steel mills - ..........................
23.4
20.6
21.5
Qray-iron and malleable foundries------------------ 16.9
12.2
13.2
12.8
Steel foundries_____ ___ --- -- ------------------ 13.0
9.1
8.9
8.6
10.1
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and alloying— . . .
13.1
17.7
21.0
Nonferrous foundries----------------------------------- 18.8
12.8
15.3
13.7
13.3
-------------------Iron and steel forgings--------12.9
13.3
14.3
12.5
Wire drawing---------- -------- ------ ---------------11.9
13.7
12.6
Welded and heavy-riveted pipe---------------------- 12.1
3.8
6.7
9.3
7.0
Cold-finished steel____________ _______ _____
Fabricated metal products:
5.2
4.8
4.0
6.9
Tin cans and other tinware--------------------------16.1
P)
Cutlery and edge tools...----- ------ ------ ----------0
0
14.1
14.2
13.8
14.1
Handtools, files, and saws-------- -----------------7.2
6.4
6.1
9.0
Hardware------------------------11.6
10.2
11.8
12.9
Sanitary ware and plumbers’ supplies------------12.6
16.6
13.1
10.3
Oil burners, heating and cooking apparatus-----19.2
19.4
18.3
Structural steel and ornamental metal work------ 19.7
19.8
15.9
17.3
15.9
Metal doors, sash, frame, and trim --------------..
18.5
16.1
19.0
Boiler-shop products------------------------ ----------- 20.4
20.8
17.6
14.4
17.7
Sheet-metal work__ . ------------------------------8.2
7.4
9.3
8.0
Stamped and pressed metal products--------------19.3
Metal coating and engraving------- -------------(3)
0
0
14.2
13.6
15.1
Fabricated wire products---------- ----------------- 11.6
16.7
Metal barrels, drums, kegs, and pails--------------(3)
0
0
19.7
Steel springs_____ - --------------------------------- 0
0
0
11.2
10.4
10.3
9.1
Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets--------------12.2
7.5
8.7
6.3
Screw-machine products____
-- -- - --- -Fabricated metal products, not elsewhere class!9.3
11.0
12.8
11.0
fied_____________ ________ _______
___
Machinery (except electrical):
5.2
6.8
7.1
8.0
Engines and turbines___ _ — -------------------7.5
9.5
8.3
8.0
Agricultural machinery and tractors... --------10.4
9.8
10.1
Construction and mining machinery----- ---------- 10.2
6.5
6.8
6.9
7.5
Metalworking machinery------------------ -------7.4
11.1
8.8
9.0
Food-products machinery----------------- — -----14.4
12.1
12.1
12.9
Textile machinery---- ------ -------- ------------16.2
13.8
9.8
15.5
Miscellaneous special-industry machinery-------10.8
10.9
8.7
Pumps and compressors----------------- -------------- 12.7
15.5
12.6
10.1
Elevators, escalators, and conveyors---------------- 12.2
Mechanical power-transmission equipment (ex9.9
10.3
10.1
cept ball and roller bearings)----------------------- 11.0
14.2
12.9
12.8
Miscellaneous general industrial machinery------ 11.7
4.4
5.8
5.4
5.3
Commercial and household machinery------------12.2
14.8
11.9
13.0
Valves and fittings________________________
15.1
(2)
Fabricated pipe and fittings------------------------0
0
10.4
11.8
5.0
9.0
Ball and roller bearings_____________________
9.1
10.7
10.1
Machine shops, general-------------- ---------------- 10.6
Electrical machinery:
4.9
4.7
4.5
4.7
Electrical industrial apparatus----------------------4.0
4.4
5.1
4.0
Electrical appliances__________ . . . -----------9.6
16.4
11.7
12.5
Insulated wire and cable_______ . . . -----------4.1
2.6
3.9
5.0
Electrical equipment for vehicles-------------------3.0
Electric lamps (bulbs)-------- ------------------------ 0
0
(3)
3.4
3.4
3.2
2.6
Radios and related products... ---------------- ..
1.6
2.8
2.5
2.3
Radio tubes_______________________________
2.1
2.4
3. 2
2.0
Miscellaneous communication equipment-------13.5
8.7
10.3
9.0
Batteries--------- ------------------------- -----------4.6
Electrical products, not elsewhere classified-----(2)
0
0
Transportation equipment:
4.2
4.2
4.6
3.9
Motor vehicles, bodies, and trailers----------------5.9
5.3
5.7
5.9
Motor-vehicle parts and accessories___________
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.5
Aircraft------- ---------------- ------- -----------------3.8
3.7
3.8
4.0
Aircraft parts------------- -----------------------------17.4
14.9
18.6
Shipbuilding and repairing---------------------------- 19.1
38.6
Boatbuilding and repairing__________________
(2)
0)
(2)
9.3
6.8
9.3
Railroad equipment-------- ---------------------------- 11.2
Instruments and related products:
3.9
3.3
4.0
Scientific instruments____________ - . . ---4.0
Mechanical measuring and controlling instru6.9
6.1
6.1
5.5
ments _________ . . . . . . ------ ------- -5.3
Optical instruments and lenses---------------------(2)
0
0
5.2
12.8
8.7
9.0
Medical instruments and supplies-----------------5.2
3.6
5.5
4.8
Photographic equipment and su p p lie s ..-------6.1
Watches and clocks------ ----- . . .
. --------C3)
0
0
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries:
Paving and roofing materials------- ------------------ 0
6.0
(2)
0
5.5
5.8
5.3
5.6
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware------ --------12.4
10.0
Fabricated plastics products_________________ 11.2
16.0
9.3
10.2
10.1
Miscellaneous manufacturing________________ 11.1
3 .4
3.3
3.5
3.4
Ordnance and accessories---- ----------------------i The injury-frequency rate is the average number of disabling work injuries
for each million employee-hours worked. A disabling work injury is any
injury occurring in the course of and arising out of employment, which
(a) results in death or permanent physical impairment, or (b) makes the
injured worker unable to perform the duties of any regularly established
job which is open and available to him throughout the hours correspond
ing to his regular shift on any one or more days after the day of injury (in
cluding Sundays, days off, or plant shutdowns). The term “injury”
includes occupational disease.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1956
1957 2
19582
Annual
average
First Fourth Third Second First Fourth Third Second
quar quar quar quar quar quar quar quar 1957»
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
1956
3.6
22.1
13.9
7.6
20.0
17.9
12.1
11.2
7.8
3.8
21.2
16.4
8.0
16.6
16.8
13.0
11.7
11.2
3.8
25.7
17.9
9.6
18.8
20.0
11.2
12.7
12.6
4.3
26.2
20.5
10.6
18.2
17.7
15.9
12.8
12.6
4.2
24.2
23.1
9.5
20.9
22.1
14.5
13.8
13.7
4.5
27.1
21.0
10.6
17.7
16.4
10.8
13.5
12.3
4.8
30.5
24.4
9.2
22.4
19.5
16.2
13.4
13.6
4.5
28.5
21.8
10.5
21.7
19.3
14.5
10.7
15.9
3.9
24.8
19.8
9.5
21.0
19.3
13.8
12.7
12.5
4.5
28.9
22.0
10.7
20.3
18.9
13.4
11.7
15.1
5.1
13.7
13.3
6.6
14.7
15.7
21.7
18.3
21.1
19.9
9.9
17.7
18.5
13.0
16.0
11.9
10.3
4.9
14.4
12.6
7.1
9.4
14.1
17.7
19.4
19.1
16.6
10.0
15.9
19.1
10.6
17.7
13.2
13.2
7.3
21.0
12.3
8.4
13.4
16.4
20.3
25.8
22.5
20. 8
11.9
17.8
18.0
14.0
19.2
12.1
13.6
5.8
15.8
16.1
7.0
15.4
16.0
22.8
16.8
27.2
17.4
10.9
16.8
19.4
9.0
15.9
10.0
13.9
6.1
15.1
16.6
6.9
10.2
13.4
23.5
16.7
25.5
23.6
10. 1
17.6
19.5
13.7
16.6
11.5
14.1
8.0
16.8
18.0
8.6
13.9
15.2
22.4
19.4
23.0
22.4
10.9
20.0
19.4
6.8
18.3
12.9
14.4
7.2
17.7
17.8
9.7
12.7
18.9
23.1
15.9
24.8
26.7
11.1
25.2
20.0
12.4
17.6
15.0
12.1
6.9
11.0
18.3
9.0
16.7
14.3
22.4
17.0
23.9
21. 3
10.2
15.5
17.7
10.1
15.3
13.9
12.7
6.1
16.4
14.5
7.3
12.1
15.0
21.5
19.5
23.3
19.6
10.9
17.0
18.9
11.7
17.0
11.5
13.8
7.0
14.9
17.8
9.5
14.7
15.8
22.9
16.0
24.0
23.1
11.0
20.7
18.9
10.5
17.2
13.9
12.7
9.8
12.4
10.2
10.8
11.1
9.8
14.7
10.5
11.2
11.5
7.0
9.3
11.5
8.4
10.4
12.5
13.9
12.1
10.2
7.3
8.2
11.2
7.6
8.5
13.6
12.0
12.0
11.0
6.3
8.0
12.9
9.4
14.4
16.8
14.2
13.9
13.9
7.5
9.4
14.7
10.1
15.7
14.9
16.5
12.8
15.6
8.5
9.0
16.7
10.5
13.1
11.5
17.2
15.2
16.0
10.1
8.0
15.5
10.3
14.8
13.3
14.4
12.1
16.0
10.3
8.2
16.8
10.5
16.9
13.3
16.6
15.0
16.5
10.2
10.0
18.7
10.5
14.0
9.9
17.7
13.1
16.4
7.5
8.8
14.0
9.6
12.8
14.0
15.3
13.4
14.4
10.4
9.1
16.9
10.6
14.7
11.8
16.3
13.7
16.2
9.4
12.2
4.8
12.7
12.9
7.8
10.7
11.2
10.5
5.2
13.8
19.2
8.4
11.4
12.0
12.3
6.1
15.6
21.9
9.1
15.7
13.6
14.0
6.3
15.3
18.1
8.1
14.5
13.6
16.7
6.9
14.2
18.7
8.3
14.5
12.5
13.0
6.2
14.2
15.5
11.4
11.9
13.6
14.0
6.2
17.3
13.1
10.8
14.0
16.6
13.9
6.8
14.8
17.0
10.3
15.2
12.7
13.5
6.2
14.6
19.6
8.4
14.2
14.5
13.5
6.5
15.1
16.2
10.9
14.1
5.0
4.3
6.5
4.3
2.8
4.0
2.1
2.8
10.9
5.6
4.6
5.4
9.2
3.7
3.2
3.9
1.7
2.0
12.5
5.5
5.6
6.5
9.4
4.3
2.6
4.8
1.6
2.3
11.3
6.1
5.9
5.7
9.6
4.8
4.0
4.5
1.5
2.4
10.3
5.6
5.9
5.0
10.6
3.8
3.3
4.2
3.1
3.0
10.9
5.0
5.5
5.7
10.3
3.4
3.2
4.8
2.4
3.2
12.7
8.3
5.7
4.7
13.7
3.4
2.6
4.6
1.9
2.1
11.6
6.4
6.3
6.1
12.7
3.3
4.0
5.0
3.1
2.1
9.3
6.9
5.5
5.7
9.9
4.2
3.3
4.4
2.1
2.4
11.2
5.5
6.1
5.9
12.6
3.4
3.3
4.9
2.7
2.4
11.3
6.8
4.6
4.9
2.5
4.3
16.6
29.0
9.0
4.4
5.2
2.3
3.4
16.2
31.1
9.3
4.7
5.7
3.1
4.4
20.7
30.4
10.6
4.9
5.8
3.2
4.5
18.9
38.3
8.7
4.5
6.3
2.4
4.1
18.5
31.5
11.0
3.9
6.4
2.5
4.4
16.9
25.0
9.1
4.2
6.2
2.7
4.6
16.7
26.0
9.9
4.4
6.0
2.3
4.7
18.8
32.0
10.4
4.6
5.8
2.7
3.8
18.6
33.2
10.0
4.2
6.2
2.6
4.7
17.9
31.2
10.0
2.6
3.3
3.0
4.1
4.3
3.6
4.4
6.3
3.2
4.5
7.7
6.6
9.4
3.7
5.5
6.3
4.3
5.5
4.8
8.4
6.9
4.6
8.1
5.4
6.8
7.0
6.1
7.0
5.3
6.1
6.7
4.7
6.5
5.3
7.8
6.1
4.2
4.7
4.8
6.6
5.2
4.1
10.0
6.3
5.4
6.1
4.7
7.6
6.7
6.8
6.7
5.0
6.7
5.2
7.3
6.0
4.1
7.5
5.8
5.9
8.1
10.2
6.4
6.6
11.2
7.3
8.3
10.1
8.3
8.7
6.4
6.1
8.5
6.8
6.9
7.3
5.3
6.4
6.8
7.3
14.6
13.3
18.0
10.9
12.2
14.9
15.2
13.1
14.1
13.4
11.2
13.9
11.6
12.0
10.6
11.5
11.8
12.5
13.3
11.8
3.4
3.5
4 .4
5.6
4 .4
5.0
5.5
5.6
4.6
5.1
2 Rates are preliminary and subject to revision when final annual averages
become available.
* Insufficient data to warrant presentation of average.
N o t e : These data are compiled in accordance with the American Stand
ard Method of Recording and Measuring Work Injury Experience, approved
by the American Standards Association, 1954.
Information on concepts, methodology, etc., Is given in Techniques of
Preparing Major BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
S o u r c e : U . S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
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BLS Bull. 1224-16: Occupational Wage Survey, Portland, Oreg., April 1958.
25 pp. 25 cents.
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permit. Write to Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor, Washington 25,
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BLS Report 127-6: Studies of the Effects of the $1 Minimum Wage, Fort
Smith, Ark., February and April 1956 and April 1957. 23 pp.
BLS Report 127-7: Studies of the Effects of the $1 Minimum Wage, Meridian,
Miss., February and April 1956 and April 1957. 22 pp.
BLS Report
133:
Wage Structure—Footwear Industry, April
1957.
86
pp.
BLS Report 135: Wage Structure—Electric and Gas Utilities, September
1957. 92 pp.
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