Full text of Monthly Labor Review : October 1952, Vol. 75, No. 4
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Monthly
Labor
Review
OCT 31 195'
I if\
il A
Y
OCTOBER 1952 VOL. 75 NO.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Financing of Union A ctivities
Employer’s Duty To Supply Data for Bargaining
Construction Labor on Public H ousing
The 1950 Expenditures Data—Interpretation and Use
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Maurice J. Tobin, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
M aurice J. Tobin , Secretary
BUREAU OF, LABOR STATISTICS
E wan Clague, Commissioner
Aryness J oy Wickens, Deputy Commissioner
Assistant Commissioners
H erman B. B yer
H enry J. F itzgerald
C harles D. Stewart
Chief Statistician
Samuel Weiss
H. M . D outy, Chief, Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
W. D uane E vans, Chief, Division of Interindustry Economics
E dward D. H ollander, Chief, Division of Prices and Cost of Living
R ichard F. J ones, Chief, Division of Administrative Services
W alter G. K eim , Chief, Division of Field Service
P aul R. K erschbaum, Chief, Office of Program Planning
L awrence R. K lein , Chief, Office of Publications
D ’A lton B. M yers, Chief, Division of Productivity and Technological Developments
D avid J. Saposs, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
W alter W. Schneider , Acting Chief, Division of Construction Statistics
Oscar W eigert, Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
F aith M . W illiams, Chief, Office of Labor Economics
Seymour L. W olfbein , Chief, Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics
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U N ITED STATES DEPA RTM EN T OF LABOR • BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Lawrence E. Klein, Editor
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
OCT 31 1952
CONTENTS
Special Articles
373
381
388
395
Financing of Union Activities
The Employer’s Duty To Supply Data for Collective Bargaining
Construction Labor on Public Housing in the South
Wage Developments in Japan During the Occupation
Summaries of Studies and Reports
400
401
403
408
410
413
413
414
416
417
419
420
422
424
United Nations Report on World Social Situation
Future Production and Employment in the United States
Woolen and Worsted Textiles Earnings in April-May 1952
Wage Chronology No. 8: Full-Fashioned Hosiery, Supplement No. 2
Wage Chronology No. 17: North Atlantic Longshoring, Supplement
No. 1
Earnings in Selected Industries in Late 1951 and Early 1952:
Candy and Other Confectionery Products
Electroplating, Plating, and Polishing Industry
Cutlery, Hand Tools, and General Hardware
Heating Apparatus Industry
Millinery Industry
Insurance-Carrier Industry
Milk-Dealer Industry
Millwork Industry
Technical Note
425 Survey of Consumer Expenditures in 1950: Interpretation and Use of
the Results
Departments
hi
429
432
433
437
442
The Labor Month in Review
Recent Decisions of Interest to Labor
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Publications of Labor Interest
Current Labor Statistics (list of tables)
October 1952 • Voi. 75 . No. 4
Now Available
Community Wage Studies
for 40 Major Labor Market Areas
• These bulletins, for sale at the indicated prices, provide, for each area,
cross-industry averages and distributions by earnings classes for office, pro
fessional, technical, maintenance, power plant, custodial, warehouse, and
shipping jobs.
• Separate data (where possible) for manufacturing, utilities, trade, finance,
and service.
• Summaries of prevailing work schedules, shift differentials, vacations,
sick leave, benefit plans, and other practices.
• Special information on important local occupations and union wage
scales.
Or d e r
on ly from
I n d ic a t e
Area
Albany-Schenectady-Troy, N .Y..
Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, Pa.
Atlanta, Ga___________________
Birmingham, Ala_______________
Boston, Mass__________________
Buffalo, N. Y __________________
Chicago, 111____________________
Cincinnati, Ohio_______________
Cleveland, Ohio________________
Columbus, Ohio________________
Denver, Colo_____________ _____
Detroit, Mich__________________
Hartford, Conn________________
Houston, Tex__________________
Indianapolis, Ind_______________
Jacksonville, Fla_______________
Kansas City, Mo_______________
Los Angeles, Calif______________
Louisville, K y_________________
Memphis, Tenn________________
U
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The Labor Month
in Review
T he AFL convention , in an action unprecedented
in 71 years, voted endorsement of a candidate
for the Presidency of the United States. Many
national and local bodies of organized labor turned
their attention to the political campaigns. Nego
tiations were virtually completed for new con
tracts in both the hard and soft coal industries.
Secretary of Labor Maurice J. Tobin reported in
creasing employment in several centers which had
previously been designated as labor-surplus areas.
The AFL’s 71st Convention
The AFL’s 71st was a convention of “firsts.”
For the first time in 57 years, the Federation met
in New York City. For the first time since 1881,
the AFL convened during a political campaign.
For the first time a Presidential candidate—in
fact, both major party nominees—appeared before
an AFL convention. And fort he first time, the
AFL by convention vote, after hearing both
candidates and comparing the platforms of their
parties, advised and urged “each and every mem
ber” of affiliated unions to “vote for Adlai E.
Stevenson for President of the United States on
November 4.” Previous endorsements of Presi
dential candidates, last made by the AFL in 1924,
were voted by the AFL executive council.
In recommending support for the Democratic
nominee, the AFL executive council reviewed the
party declarations of the Republicans and Demo
crats on issues which an AFL committee presented
to the platform committees of the conventions of
the two parties. The council also analyzed the
stands of the parties and the statements of their
candidates and presented its findings as the basis
for making an endorsement. Although several
international unions did not support the motion,
no opposition was expressed. The resolution em
phasized that as parts of a voluntary organization,
AFL affiliates and their members were free to act
as they saw fit.
Much time was devoted to international affairs.
AFL representatives working with the free tradeunions of Europe, Latin America, and Asia re
ported their observations. Leaders of the Inter
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national Confederation of Free Trade Unions and
of the union movements of Great Britain, France,
India, and elsewhere were heard by the delegates.
A full working relationship between the AFL and
the ICFTU was reestablished.
The growing concern of the AFL for improved
race relations was evident in declarations of AFL
leaders, at a luncheon sponsored jointly by the
Jewish Labor Committee and the National Urban
League, in resolutions adopted, and in the choice
of the location of the next AFL convention. Con
sideration of one city was dropped when attention
was called to discriminatory practices reported
there. An invitation extended by St. Louis, Mo.,
was accepted tentatively, providing that down
town hotels and restaurants will be open to Negro
and white delegates on an equal basis.
Steady growth in AFL membership was re
ported. Actual per capita payments as of June
30, 1952, were reported for 8,098,302, an increase
of more than 250,000 from 1951. Underreporting
of membership by several international unions
indicated an even higher total membership. The
convention unanimously reelected president Wil
liam Green (to his 29th term), secretary-treasurer
George Meany, and the 13 vice presidents who
constitute the ALF’s executive council.
New FMCS Director
David L. Cole, veteran New Jersey arbitrator
and mediator, was named by President Truman to
fill the place of Cyrus S. Ching, who resigned as
Director of the Federal Mediation and Concilia
tion Service effective October 1. Mr. Cole, upon
taking office, expressed hope that means could be
evolved for solving emergency disputes which
would avoid both injunctions and plant seizures.
“ I believe that in the field of emergency disputes
it is possible to find a large area of agreement with
respect to the kind of approach to be used,” Mr.
Cole observed. “ I intend to explore this possibil
ity to the utmost in the hope that something con
structive may be proposed to the Congress which
will leave the responsibility of resolving such dis
putes where it essentially belongs—namely, with
the contracting parties themselves.”
Coal Settlement
Acceptance of the agreement reached between
the United Mine Workers (Ind.) and the Bitumiiii
IY
THE LABOR MONTH IN REVIEW
nous Coal Operators Association by the Southern
Coal Producers Association marked the virtual
end of the miners’ 1952 wage negotiations. An
across-the-board wage increase of $1.90 a day and
an additional 10-cents-a-ton payment to the Wel
fare and Retirement Fund were the most important
gains made by the union. The wage increase
brought the basic daily rate in northern bituminous
fields to $18.25. The royalty payment becomes
40 cents a ton for soft coal. Termination of the
contract remains subject to 60-days’ notice and
the contract may be reopened September 30, 1953,
or thereafter.
Other important clauses in the soft-coal agree
ment include recognition of seniority for the first
time throughout the industry, an anti-leasing
proviso, a clause limiting legal actions against the
union, and a modernized safety code.
In advance of the BCOA settlement, arrange
ments were made between the UMW and non
member operators west of Ohio, in Kentucky,
Pennsylvania, and elsewhere, to continue working
with the understanding that they would accept the
BCOA agreement.
An interim agreement was also reached by the
miners with the anthracite operators which pro
vided a 20-cents-a-ton increase in royalty pay
ments to the Anthracite Health and Welfare
Fund, bringing this to 50 cents a ton. The royalty
increase will be incorporated in the final contract
negotiated between the UMA and the hard-coal
operators.
Wage advances won by the miners were sub
mitted by the employers to the Wage Stabiliza
tion Board for approval. At its Cincinnati con
vention, the UMW demanded prompt approval.
The anthracite operators secured OPS approval
of a 20-cents-a-ton price advance to cover in
creased royalty payments.
Wage Stabilization
WSB Director Archibald Cox reported that
many unions and employers are turning to a wide
variety of fringe benefits, since substantial wage
increases under existing WSB policies have virtu
ally been exhausted. An estimated 200 different
fringe benefits have been submitted to WSB, in
cluding such items as paid lunches, 2 or 3 days of
paid funeral leave, severance pay, longer paid
vacations, and wider differentials for second and
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
third shifts. The New York Regional WSB
Director reported that 250 of the last 1,000 con
tracts received by his office included Election Day
as a new paid holiday. Although the Board has
not yet evolved a policy covering wage adujstments
reflecting increased productivity, numerous agree
ments providing for productivity wage increases
have been received for review.
Economic Background
In September, civilian employment was at a
record high for the month, almost 62.3 million.
By mid-September, the number of workers claim
ing unemployment-insurance benefits had declined
to a postwar low. The number of workers in
nonfarm establishments rose by almost 900,000
between mid-July and mid-August to 46.9 million,
an all-time high for the month. Manufacturing
employment rose by 700,000 in mid-August to
15.9 million, reflecting recovery in basic steel and
metalworking and seasonal expansion in food
processing and soft-goods industries. Employ
ment in New York City and Detroit, was reported
greatly improved.
Average hourly earnings of factory production
workers, including overtime and other premium
pay, were $1.66 in August, an increase of 1.4 cents
from July. The average factory workweek rose
by three-tenths of an hour to 40.2 hours in the
same period. As a result, weekly pay checks of
factory workers averaged $66.85 in August, $1.05
above July.
Total strike idleness dropped sharply in August,
with an estimated 2.1 million man-days lost, in
contrast to a loss of 12.5 million in July. Four
strikes starting in August involved 10,000 or more
workers each.
Expenditures for new construction in September
totaled $3,112 million, about the same as in
August. With dollar outlays over $3 billion for
three successive months, construction expenditures
for 1952’s third quarter were at a record high
figure of $9.3 billion.
Retail prices of goods and services purchased
by moderate-income urban families averaged 0.2
percent higher on August 15 than a month earlier.
The CPI rose to 191.1, 12.3 percent higher than
June 15, 1950, and 3.0 percent above a year ago.
The “Old Series” CPI declined fractionally in the
month to 192.3 for August 15.
Financing of Union Activities
An examination of the sources of income
and the methods employed to raise
funds for membership services
K ir k R . P e t s h e k
and
W il l ia m P a s c h e l l *
a c t iv it ie s
depend not solely on the
decisions of its policy-making body, but at least
as much on the efficiency of the administration in
collecting revenues and allocating them wisely
and according to plan. The primary usefulness
of examining union finances is to serve as an aid in
understanding how labor organizations function.
Knowledge of how union revenues are derived
and for what activities they are spent is as signifi
cant as the total funds available.
U nion
Interrelationship of Union Levels
Generally, the three levels of union organization
involved in collecting and disbursing funds are the
local, the international, and the federation. The
primary collection agent for all three levels is
invariably the local, as most union revenues
emanate from the individual member. As in
matters of general union organization, however,
the international has become in most cases the
focal point regarding finances, since complicated
functions and greater interrelationship demand
greater strength at this level.
In joining a union, the worker has to pay his
initiation fee and dues. He may well ask: “What
use is going to be made of my money,” or “what
is it going to do for me?” In all cases, the
contribution of individual members will be shared
in unequal parts by the local, the international,
and the federation—usually in that order. Flow
ing back to the worker and his local, and to some
extent to the international, are direct services
and broad institutional advantages. In order to
render the maximum services and advantages to
its members, the union, at all levels, must be
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
firmly established and efficiently administered.
Part of this strength lies in its financial resources
which give the union economic reserve power in
collective bargaining and in dealing with other
organizations.
The direct benefits which the individual union
member derives from his financial contribution
to the union and his participation in its affairs
take the form of higher wages, better working
conditions, and other benefits gained through
collective bargaining. Time and money are
often spent for assisting workers in the settlement
of daily grievances, or for arbitration and legal
expenses in taking their case “on up.” In
addition, a percentage of the members’ dues may
contribute to union-financed retirement pensions,
disability or death benefits, health centers, or
other activities. For many members, the union
also serves as a “lodge”—a center for social and
recreational activities. It also often gives guid
ance and assists the worker and his family in
personal problems.
The local receives a return for the per capita
levies through the services of organizers main
tained by the international to assist locals;
seasoned negotiators and technical experts are
frequently provided by the international to assist
locals in collective bargaining. The international
may negotiate a “key” agreement with the leading
firms in an industry, setting a pattern for the
locals to follow. Strike reserves, whether specif
ically ear-marked or part of general funds, are
often held by the international in addition to those
held by the local. Assistance is often given in ar*0f the Bureau’s Division of Wages and Industrial Relations.
373
374
FINANCING OF UNION ACTIVITIES
bitration and the final grievance steps, and if a case
goes to the courts, legal and technical help is given
by the international. If desirable, the latter may
send its own representatives to appear before the
National Labor Relations Board or other Govern
ment agencies.
Similarly, the federation will come to the help
of its member internationals in matters of organ
ization, legal and governmental representation, or
economic research to aid in key negotiations. The
federation may undertake to represent unions
before legislative committees or to appear with
them and to seek favorable legislation both on the
national scene and in the States. The strength of
the federation is thrown behind national unions on
important issues to forward mutual objectives.
Chart 1 shows the way in which money flows
from members to the local, thence to the inter
national, and from there to the federation, and how
services flow back to each level from every other
recipient of the funds.
Primary sources of trade-union financial data are
constitutions, convention proceedings, and officers’
reports. These important documents indicate
sources of income available to locals, internationals
and federations, as well as the responsibility of
each of these levels for certain functions and
activities. Somewhat less clear are those precise
functions for which money is disbursed, but union
financial reports usually throw some light on this
matter.
The following analysis is based entirely on these
documents. Ninety international union constitu
tions, covering about four-fifths of all union
members, were surveyed.1 Union convention
proceedings were also consulted in many instances.
The financial statements of international unions
were not used in the analysis of receipts, since an
overwhelming proportion of constitutions yielded
information on per capita charges. On the other
hand, such documents provide very little informa
tion about the pattern of expenditures.
In contrast to a 1946 study 2 of union finances
based primarily on data from bylaws and consti
tutions of some 350 local unions, international
constitutions were used in the current study.
Local bylaws frequently specify exact amounts of
dues charged, while the constitutions of inter
national unions often leave the determination of
the amount of dues within limits (or above a
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MONTHLY LABOR
minimum) to the locals. They specify, on the
other hand, the amount of per capita taxes the
local has to pay to the international. It was
therefore possible in the Taft study to establish a
relationship between local dues and health, wel
fare, or pension benefits to members, while in
quite a few cases a direct link between per capita
taxes of the international and benefit plans
emerged from the current study. However, the
conclusions on this point dovetail: in older unions
of skilled workers, higher dues and per capita
taxes are likely to be associated with union-fi
nanced benefits; in more recently established
unions, collectively bargained benefit plans and
lower charges to members are likely to be found.
In the latter unions, low dues do not indicate
the absence of basic services to union members.
Sources of Revenue
A variety of methods are employed by unions
to finance their activities. The initiation fee is the
first payment which a worker faces when joining a
union. Such payments have attracted wide public
attention and have been subjected to some regula
tion by the Taft-Hartley Act. The amounts
charged in the unions analyzed ranged from a low of
$1 to generally a high of $100.
The broad base of a union’s financial receipts is
its dues, generally collected by local unions. The
vast majority of internationals fail to specify a
fixed amount, and mostly set only a minimum.
This practice leaves a good deal of discretion to the
local, and makes impossible an exact statement
about the amount of dues. Dues, however, are
estimated to range from $2 to $4 per month in
most instances.
The amount of dues which is passed on to the
international is called per capita tax—a term often
also used for the small share of these amounts
which has to be remitted by the international to
the parent federation. The per capita tax due
the international is usually stated exactly by its
constitution, and comprises the largest part of the
international’s income. Most per capita pay1
Included are the latest available constitutions of 48 AFL unions with a
combined membership of over 7.1 million; 17 CIO unions, with more than
3.0 million members; and 25 unaffiliated or independent unions, with approxi
mately 1.2 million members. W ith few exceptions, most of these constitutions
were current in 1951.
1
Dues and Initiation Fees in Labor Unions, by Philip Taft. (In Quarterly
Journal of Economics, February 1946.)
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1952
FINANCING OF UNION ACTIVITIES
Chart 1.
Flow of Union Revenues and Services*
1. L e g i s l a t i v e
2. O r g a n i z i n g
3. R esearch an d education
4 . P u b lic a tio n s
International )
5. J u r i s d i c t i o n a l p r o b l e m s
6. Legal
Etc.
’ 1. O r g a n i z i n g
2. C o lle c t iv e b a r g a i n i n g in c lu d in g
n e g o t i a t i o n s f o r b e n e f it prog ro
3. S t r i k e a s s i s t a n c e
4. L e g i s l a t i v e a n d le g a l
5. R e s e a r c h an d e d u c a t i o n
6 . J o u rn a ls and p u blications
7. A d m i n i s t r a t i o n of c o n t r a c t
8. A d m i n i s t r a t i o n of b e n e f it
an d w e l f a r e p r o g r a m s
Collective b a rg a in in g
O rg a n izin g
A d ju st m e n t of g r i e v a n c e s
A d m i n i s t r a t i o n of co n tract
A d m i n i s t r a t i o n of b e n e f it
an d w e l f a r e p r o g r a m s
Legal
U n io n h a ll
C o m m u n ity w o r k
Etc.
MEMBERS
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
•The listings of services are by no means exhaustive nor necessarily confined
to the levels shown. Many of the individual items could be expanded, e. g.,
rosearch and education could include compilation of economic data; prepara
tion of manuals containing contract data; preparation for presentation of
union views to governmental bodies; etc. An example of services that may
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
overlap is in collective bargaining where negotiations on an industry- or
company-wide basis may be led largely by international union negotiators
w ith certain issues left for local bargaining.
Factors such as degree of union centralization, size, revenues, and industry
problems affect the stress which unions place on various services.
376
FINANCING OF UNION ACTIVITIES
ments are in the neighborhood of $1 per month;
some are as low as 30 cents.
If revenue needs for which the union has not
planned arise, either the international or the local
may be empowered to levy an assessment. Finally,
fees, fines, and returns on investment are minor
sources of union revenue.
Initiation Fees
Initiation fees in 52 international union constitutions
Number of unions by type of
provisions
Amount
Fixed
No fee...................... .
$1.00 to $2.50______
$3.00 to $5.00____
$10.00 to $25.00___
$35.00 to $100.00___
Over $100.00_________
T o ta l1......................
The amount charged by unions as a requirement
for admission to membership has been discussed
widely by all interested parties. Initiation fees,
at least historically, have been only partly de
signed to provide union revenue. Some unions
consider initiation fees to be in effect a lump-sum
payment for the benefits which new members will
enjoy; improved wages and working conditions
which the unions won over the years are examples
of such benefits. Florence Peterson notes that
“historically, high initiation fees have been a
means of controlling the intake into the union
as well as into the trade.” 3 She states that
unions charging high fees point to their stabilizing
effect on employment for members “by acting as
a deterrent to large influxes of new workers into
the trade during temporary booms, for once new
members are accepted they not only share in the
job opportunities during the temporary boom,
but also claim rights to jobs when jobs become
scarce.”
In recent years, with the change in the structure
of unions, initiation charges have become essen
tially designed for revenue purposes, even before
Congress legislated on “excessive or discrimina
tory” fees.4 Sumner Slichter observes, with refer
ence to unions charging relatively high fees, that
revenue is probably a more important considera
tion than membership limitation because (1) high
fees can usually be paid on the installment plan,
and (2) many men will be willing to pay even a
high fee as long as union membership is of sub
stantial assistance in obtaining employment.5
No cases involving “excessive” initiation fees
have been decided b y the National Labor Rela
tions Board, although rulings on “discriminatory”
fees have been made. In one NLRB case, a
union was held to charge discriminatory fees
because nonunion workers who had been employed
for more than a year, were required to pay $15
after a union-shop clause had been secured,
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MONTHLY LABOR
Minimum
only
1
Maximum
only
7
3
4
7
10
7
2
3
2
20
26
6
5
1
1 The remaining 38 union constitutions have the following: 22 provide fees
ranging from a minimum of $1 to a maximum of $100; 1 provides a maximum
mitiation fee not to exceed the weekly wage; and 15 make no mention.
while newer employees with less service were
charged $5.6
The amount of initiation fee in locals affiliated
with 19 of the internationals surveyed is fixed by
the parent body. Other internationals give locals
differing degrees of discretion in setting fees.
Minimum initiation fees are specified in 26 con
stitutions, while only 6 contained maximum or
upper limits. Finally, ranges within which locals
may establish fees are found in 22 international
constitutions.
The predominance of minima gives many locals
a large degree of discretion which has been abused
in some instances. Examples of high initiation
fees in the past range from $500 to $3,000.7
In terms of minimum fees as little as $1 may be
charged in three AFL unions. Most frequently,
however, the lower limit is $5 (four AFL, one
CIO, and two independent unions). A minimum
entrance fee of $50 is required in one AFL and one
CIO union. The six unions placing upper limits
on fees are evenly divided among the AFL, CIO,
and the independents (see table). Where ranges
are prescribed, the lower limits are all less than
$10; the upper limits vary from $5 to $100.
3 American Labor Unions, by Florence Peterson. New York, Harper &
Bros., p. 124.
4 Labor Management Relations Act, 1947, sec. 8 (b) (5). This section
defines as an unfair labor practice by a labor organization or its agents, a
requirement that employees covered by union-shop agreements make pay
ment, as a condition precedent to becoming union members, “a fee, in an
amount which the Board finds excessive or discriminatory under all the
circumstances. In making such a finding, the Board shall consider, among
other relevant factors, the practices and customs of labor organizations in the
particular industry, and the wages currently paid to the employees affected.”
8 Union Policies and Industrial Management, by Sumner H. Slichter.
The Brookings Institution, 1941, p. 64.
« 99 NLRB No. 166.
3 The Closed Union and the Right to Work, by Ralph A. Newman. (In
Columbia Law Review, January 1943, p. 42.) See also testimony by Corwin
Edwards in Hearings before T N EC , P art 31--A, p. 18192 (76th Cong., 3d
Sess.).
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1952
FINANCING OF UNION ACTIVITIES
Local unions are required to remit portions of
the initiation fees to the international, according
to most constitutions. Absolute amounts ranging
from as little as 25 cents to a high of $50 are stated
in 48 instances. However, the required amounts
in 39 cases range from $1 to $5 with 19 in the
modal $1 class. In 14 other unions, the parent
organization receives a specified percentage of the
locally determined fees—usually 25 or 50 percent.
Dues
Most international unions permit their local
union affiliates to set the amount of membership
dues within certain limits (see chart 2). In 80
international union constitutions, covering nearly
11 million members, local dues are not specified
as fixed amounts.
The varying degrees of autonomy allowed locals
in setting dues probably indicate the parent union’s
awareness of the variety of factors affecting local
union expenditures. Where local autonomy gen
erally prevails in negotiating agreements, local
staff requirements may be relatively high for
several reasons. The administration of agree
ments, i. e., costs involved in processing grievances
and arbitration cases, may also differ from local
to local. Again, it may be a question of whether
member-financed local benefit programs are in
cluded in a local’s dues structure. Some locals
also provide an intensive educational program,
local union journals, or other additional services,
which likewise increase local costs. Finally,
some local leaders raise the ability-to-pay argu
ment in favor of local discretion, pointing out
that wages of members often differ among locals.
In some international unions, differences in
dues structure are based on levels of occupational
skill, sex, and coverage under union-financed
benefit programs. Unions using such criteria
may charge journeymen higher dues than helpers
or apprentices. In at least two AFL unions—
the Hatters and the United Garment Workers—
dues minima are lower for women. The higher
dues usually collected from so-called beneficiary
members (eligible and paying for benefits) gen
erally exceed by $1 to $2 monthly the dues paid
by nonbeneficiary members.8
International constitutions generally set mini
mum dues standards, particularly where the per
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377
capita tax is specified. This places an effective
“floor” under local dues. Since dues expressed
as minimum amounts are most prevalent by far
in the international union constitutions surveyed,
a general statement here on exact dues established
is precluded. Such minima are found particularly
among AFL unions. Over 85 percent of AFL
membership (representing more than 6 million
members in 30 unions) and nearly half of the
CIO unions (and half of its members) in the survey
have prescribed dues minima; this principle
also applies to the bulk of independent union
membership.
Dues fixed as specified amounts rank next in
importance in terms of workers covered. The
large CIO Steelworkers Union accounts for nearly
all of the slightly more than 1 million workers
having fixed union dues.
Local dues falling within specified ranges are
found in 12 unions, equally divided among the
AFL, CIO, and independents. One union fixes a
dues “ ceiling” based on a maximum rate, and
another bases dues on a sliding percentage scale
of its members’ total pay.
Dues limits set by internationals for locals may
be lowered or exceeded under certain circum
stances. They may be set lower if the plants are
newly organized by locals; if membership is re
quired in another union by virtue of employ
ment; and if bargaining rights for certain members
have not been won. Some unions permit higher
rates if dues of established local affiliates are
already higher at the time an international union
constitution is adopted.
Union dues are generally higher than they were
about 5 years ago when it was reported: “The
large majority of union members are now paying
dues of $1 a month, although a substantial number
are paying $1.50, and some are paying as much as
$2 and $2.50 a month dues.” 9 In recent years,
expenditures of unions have been rising with the
general rise in prices. Most union members now
pay more than $1 monthly dues. In terms of
minimum dues, the modal amount falls between
$1.51 and $2 a month. Seven of the 10 unions in
the fixed-dues group do not charge more than $2
and only one union fixes a rate of more than $5.
Where ranges are specified, the maximum is $5;
* Unions may also set lower dues rates for the honorary membership usually
offered at a nominal sum to retired or disabled members.
• Florence Peterson, op. cit.. p. 120.
378
FINANCING OF UNION ACTIVITIES
Chart 2. Method of Establishing Dues in 90 Inter
national Union Constitutions, by Unions and by
Members Covered
Dues Provision
BY
UNIONS
____________________
0
Percent
100
Fixed
Minimum Only
Maximum Only
Range
Sliding Scale
No Mention
Dues Provision
BY
MEMBERS
CO VER ED
Percent
Fixed
$1.00-13.00
Per Month
Minimum Only
$.50-4.00
Per Month
Maximum Only
$1.50 Per Month
(One Union)
Range
$.33-5.00
Per Month
Sliding Scale
1%Gross Earnings
lOne Union)
No Mention
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU Of LABOR STATKTICS
for tlie 12 unions in this group, the average mid
point is approximately $2.
Actual dues in the many unions with only mini
mum limits may be considerably higher than the
specified minima. The following conclusion was
reached by a writer on the labor movement:
“The amount (of dues) varies from $1.50 to $5.00
a month, in the largest number of unions, with
$2.00 and $4.00 respectively in the CIO and the
AFL, the prevailing figures for most of the large
unions. In some of the highly skilled crafts,
union dues are much higher.” 10
An interesting comparison between changes in
dues and changes in wage rates has recently been
made by the secretary-treasurer of the AFL
Machinists. He states that IAM union dues have
risen by 14 percent in the last 10 years as compared
with a doubling of the prevailing hourly wage
rate.11
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MONTHLY LABOR
Unemployed members are a special problem
with which unions have to deal in connection with
dues. They could be dropped from membership
or allowed to continue as members; in the latter
case, they are enabled to carry considerable weight
in union meetings during severe depressions.
Although the solution varies, some unions require
at least a token of financial obligation to the union.
More than half of all the unions in the study
make special allowances for financial hardship of
unemployed members and collect dues below usual
levels or waive payments under such circum
stances. Of the 47 unions with special provisions
for unemployed members, about a third require
some payment, usually from 10 cents to $1 for
so-called “out-of-work” stamps. No payment is
stipulated by 30 unions, although a few of these
view the dues waiver as a temporary remission
payable in whole or in part when a member is re
employed. The most frequent standard for de
termining dues waivers is for unemployed members
to work less than 5 calendar days or 40 hours per
month. Some unions provide special dues treat
ment only if the unemployment arises from cir
cumstances beyond the member’s control.
Per Capita Taxes
Per capita taxes—the amounts which locals
remit each month to their parent international
for an individual member—constitute the major
form of income for international unions. In
turn, these unions affiliated with the AFL or the
CIO pay a tax for each of their members to their
respective parent federation. In the AFL, this
tax is 4 cents per month; in the CIO, 10 cents.
In contrast to the flexibility allowed locals in
determining their dues structure, the exact
amount of per capita tax or methods for its
precise computation are found in 83 of the 90
international constitutions analyzed. The 7
unions not in this group are all relatively small
(10,000 or less members) and in most instances
have no locals.
Per capita taxes of international unions have
also risen since Florence Peterson reported 5
years ago that a “majority of constitutions
m “ Dollar W orth” of the Unions, by J. B. S. Hardman. (In The House
of Labor. New York, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1951, p. 411.)
11 The Machinists M onthly Journal, November 1951, p. 324.
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1952
FINANCING OF UNION ACTIVITIES
stipulate per capita taxes from 30 to 50 cents a
month, although a number have 60 and 75 cents
monthly taxes. Some of the ‘benefit’ unions,
composed of skilled craftsmen have per capita
taxes of $1 to $2 per month.” 12
The upward shift in per capita taxes is demon
strated in chart 3. Monthly per capita payments
of 50 cents or less per member appear in only 20
constitutions covering about 2.5 million members
of the nearly 12 million in the survey; 1 large AFL
union accounts for almost half the members in this
group. Most frequently, the per capita tax is over
50 cents. Per capita taxes of 44 unions with over
7 million members range from 55 cents to $1.25.
The modal per capita tax of $1 is paid for over
Chart 3.
3 million members of locals affiliated with 9 AFL
and 4 CIO international unions.
An interesting correlation exists between the
amount of per capita tax and the provisions for
special welfare payments. In the group of 76
constitutions specifying definite per capita
amounts, 33 provide death benefits. A per capita
tax of less than $1 is found in only about 1 of
every 4 in this “benefit” group; the remainder
charge $1 or more. In these 33 unions, all but
50,000 of over 5 million workers are AFL members.
Disability benefits are paid by only 8 international
unions, each receiving per capita payments of
$1 or more monthly; 7 are AFL affiliates with a
12 Peterson, op. cit., p. 121.
Monthly Per Capita Tax Specified in 90 International Union Constitutions*
*Two independent unions whose combined membership is too small to be shown graphically have per capita taxes ranging from 80 to 95 cents.
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379
380
FINANCING OF UNION ACTIVITIES
total membership of about 1.6 million. Retire
ment, sick, unemployment, and accident benefits,
though less common, are also found in some
unions irrespective of affiliation. A mention of
homes for the aged and indigent appears in an
AFL and an independent union constitution.13
Many AFL unions have carried over the tradi
tion of providing benefits found in older fraternal
organizations. Few references, however, to bene
fits are found in CIO constitutions. This is largely
explained by prevailing conditions when CIO
unions were formed. At that time, at least part of
the responsibility of providing assistance to indi
viduals was being assumed by government at all
levels. This development in turn led to collective
bargaining for such benefits.
Some international constitutions require that
different amounts of per capita tax must be re
mitted for members who receive full benefits from
the union as against those receiving “half” or no
benefits. Variations based on skill and sex are
also found. Provisions for unemployed members
are even more liberal than those which apply in
the case of dues.
Assessments
Assessments are often used by unions to provide
revenue for requirements not previously antici
pated. A thin dividing fine may exist between
dues or per capita tax and assessments under
certain circumstances. When the United Automo
bile Workers (CIO) at its 1951 convention raised
dues to a $2.50 monthly minimum and abolished
all assessments, Emil Mazey, UAW secretarytreasurer, pointed out that in effect a dues increase
had not been voted. He explained that in 1950
UAW members paid a sum for an emergency
strike assessment which, if added to the then pre
vailing dues rate, amounted to the new rate
approved by the convention.14
The matter of dues versus assessments may
have gained added importance in view of the
opinion of the NLRB that the Taft-Hartley Act’s
definition of a member’s “ good standing” does not
encompass general assessments within the meaning
of periodic dues and initiation fees as used in sec
tion 8(a) (3) (B) .15 This opinion signifies that non
payment of union assessments will not jeopardize
a worker’s employment opportunity under a union
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
shop agreement. Hence, unions attain better
assurance that necessary operating costs will be
met if they establish dues requirements which
realistically anticipate their financial needs.
Assessments may be made by the international,
by the local, or by intermediate bodies such as
joint boards or councils which are usually com
posed of locals in related trades or in the same
industry. Typically, a union body such as the
executive board can initiate a levy; in some cases,
membership approval by a referendum vote is
also required.
Nearly a third of all the international unions in
the study use assessments for strike or various
welfare purposes. In some instances, the levy is
used to supplement already existing funds when
per capita tax allocations are inadequate. Assess
ments for strike aid and death benefits, in that
order, receive the most mention, particularly
among AFL unions. About 10 percent of the
unions cite other reasons calling for assessments,
such as funds for organizing work, legislative
purposes, financing a convention, and maintaining
the good standing and benefits of members in
military service.
Funds can be raised by assessments for “neces
sary” or “emergency” purposes in more than half
of the AFL and CIO affiliates and in more than a
third of the independent unions in the study.
About one of every three international consti
tutions makes reference to assessments by local
unions. Local unions also have their own rules
pertaining to assessments. Joint bodies composed
of many locals are also often permitted to ask for
assessments, particularly in order to defray
expenses.
Charter fees of locals as well as fractional shares
of reinstatement fees remitted by locals are other
sources of international union income. Fines
constitute an insignificant portion of revenues.
Finally, union funds which are invested in Govern
ment securities, real estate, or financial institutions
also provide union income.
'3 A complete report of benefits paid by A FL unions Is Included in the
Proceedings of the 70th Convention of the AFL, 1951 (pp. 150-154).
11
For debate on this issue, see Proceedings, Thirteenth Convention 1951 of
the International Union, United Automobile, Aircraft and Agricultural
Implement Workers of America (CIO), Afternoon Session, April 2, 1951.
>*95 N L R B No. 80; sec. 8(a)(3)(B) of the Taft-Hartley Act states that no
employer shall justify any discrimination against an employee for nonmem
bership in a labor organization “ if he has reasonable grounds for believing
that membership was denied or terminated for reasons other than the failure
of the employee to tender the periodic dues and the initiation lees uniformly
required as a condition of acquiring or retaining membership.”
The Employer’s Duty
To Supply Data for
Collective Bargaining
J ay E . S h a n k l in *
T he cases coming before the National Labor
Relations Board and available collective-bargain
ing contracts indicate that there is a rising demand
from the representatives of employees for infor
mation on wage rates and business operations
that will affect the pay, working conditions, or
status of employees. More and more contracts
provide that the employer supply such information
in orderly and comprehensive fashion. However,
the Board and the courts have consistently held
that, regardless of the lack of any such contract
provisions, the law of collective bargaining places
upon an employer a duty to supply the employees’
representative with any information that he has
available which is necessary to enable the em
ployees’ representative either to bargain intelli
gently upon the issues raised in negotiations or to
police the administration of contracts. Such in
formation must be supplied without unreasonable
delay and in a form that will not impede or ob
struct bargaining.
Accurate Data Required in Bargaining
This duty of the employer to supply information
has one of its principal roots, aside from the
statutory requirement, in the need for accurate
information to make collective bargaining work
at all. When employee and management repre
sentatives face each other across the bargaining
table to negotiate on an intricate piece rate or
pension plan, each must know what he is bargain
ing about. They must have something more
tangible than the “feel” or “look” of a proposition
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to be able to evaluate it. Take a simple offer of
a 10-cent raise above the rate provided in the
prior contract: if none of the employees has had
a raise since the old contract was negotiated, it
means one thing; but if nearly all the employees
have had 8- or 10-cent individual increases during
the interim, it means quite another thing. Plainly,
the 10-cent offer has no real meaning unless the
facts of the going rate of the individual employees
are put on the table before the negotiators.
“Sound collective-bargaining agreements are
negotiated on the basis of facts,” according to one
mangement organization. “The more facts avail
able to the negotiators, the less likelihood that
the negotiations will be conducted on an emotional
pitch. The closer the parties can hew to the facts,
the more business-like will be the process of nego
tiating the collective-bargaining agreement.” 1
However, in the case of actual wage rates and
much other data necessary to bargaining, the
employer often is in virtually sole possession of
the facts essential for determining the worth of a
given proposal. Management normally accrues
this information in the course of its operation of
the business; the employees’ representative cannot
obtain it from any other source except possibly by
extensive or expensive research, and sometimes
not even by that method without the employer’s
cooperation. In such situations, the National
Labor Relations Board and the courts, in a long
line of decisions going back more than 10 years,
have held that the employer has a duty to furnish
information necessary to bargaining.
Contract Provisions To Supply Information
In recent years, there has been a growing
tendency to recognize this need for information
and to provide for it in the contract. The Bureau
of Labor Statistics in a 1948 survey of wage pro
visions reported that “agreements sometimes re
quire that the union be furnished lists of all rates,
classifications, and job descriptions . . . or that
the union receive periodically a statement of the
’Assistant Director of Information, National Labor Relations Board.
Any opinions expressed, unless specifically credited, are those of the writer
and are not to be attributed to the Board or General Counsel, or to the U. S.
Department of Labor.
1 Preparing to Negotiate, National Association of Manufacturers, Indus
trial Relations Department, New York, 1947 (Management Memo No. 2,
p. 8) quoted in Collective Bargaining Principles and Practices, by C. Wilson
Randle, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1951 (p, 161).
381
382
EMPLOYER'S DUTY IN BARGAINING
hours worked and wages received by its members.”
One contract provision, reported in the survey,
granted a union committee the right to inspect
pay checks of employees before issuance, if the
union desired it.2 Numerous contracts provide
that the employer shall supply information on
job classifications or evaluations, usually in ad
vance of any proposed changes.3 A recent con
tract also provides that the company shall give
the union advance notice of major changes in
business methods which might result in a reduc
tion in working force or a reduction in pay.4
Another contract provides for a study of the wage
structure by a joint committee composed of three
union and three company representatives.5 This
agreement further provides that “all company
data which is pertinent to the authorized studies
of the committee . . . shall be made available
by the company.”
Inherent in the idea of collective bargaining is
the free and willing exchange between the bargain
ers of the information necessary to carry forward
bargaining. But the supplying of necessary infor
mation cannot be left as a matter to be bargained
about, the Board and the courts have ruled.
The broad purpose of the National Labor Rela
tions Act, as stated in the act, is to achieve
peaceful labor-management relations by “the
friendly adjustment of industrial disputes.” This
high purpose would scarcely be furthered by the
making of mere paper agreements based upon
ignorance and misunderstanding between the
parties.
Necessary Information
On the question of what information is necessary
to fair and fruitful bargaining, the Sixteenth
Annual Report of the National Labor Relations
Board summarized the general rule as follows:
“An employer’s duty to bargain also includes
the obligation to furnish the bargaining repre
sentative with sufficient information to enable
the union to bargain intelligently and to under
stand and discuss the issues raised by the employer
in opposition to the union’s demands. The
extent and nature of such information depends
upon the bargaining which takes place in any
particular case.”
In cases coming before the Board, unions have
sought information on the following subjects: (1)
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MONTHLY LABOR
wages of employees in the unit and methods of
computing them; (2) premiums and other financial
details of a group insurance plan; (3) comparative
wages of competing companies; (4) productivity
of employees; (5) transfers of employees to another
plant; (6) subcontracting of work to other com
panies; (7) a financial statement of the employing
company; (8) dividends and capitalization; (9)
manufacturing costs; (10) incoming and outgoing
orders; (11) production requirements on govern
ment orders.6 Information on the number of
employees hired as replacements for strikers was
sought in two cases, but in each the Board declined
to order the employer to supply it under the
circumstances.7
The information asked by employee bargaining
representatives falls into three general categories:
(1) wage information; (2) data on business opera
tions which might affect the pay or status of
employees; and (3) data indicating the company’s
ability to pay. The Board and the courts in
various cases have ordered employers to furnish
each of these three types of information within
certain limits.
Wage Information
The furnishing of wage information has most
often been the subject of litigation before the
Board and the courts. The first such case was
brought to the Board in 1942 by a union of clerical
and technical employees.8 The union had re
quested the company to furnish it with a list of
employees in the bargaining unit and the current
rate of pay, job classification, duties, and the wage
2 Collective Bargaining Provisions, General Wage Provisions, U. S. De
partm ent of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, 1948 (Bull.
No. 908-8, pp. 82, 83).
3 For example, see General Electric-IUE 1950 contract, in Contracts,
Bureau of National Affairs, Washington, 20:801; CIO Rubber Workers 1948
contract with U. S. Rubber and 1949 contract with B. F. Goodrich, ibid.,
21:921; New York Stock Exchange-AFL Office Employees 1950 contract,
ibid., 28:806; Ball Brothers Co. and Glass Workers, 1951-52 contract, in
Union Contracts and Collective Bargaining, Prentice-Hall, New York (pp.
56, 931).
* Consolidated Edison-Utility Workers 1949 contract, in Collective Bar
gaining Negotiations and Contract Texts, op. cit. 26:8.
1 Allis-Chalmers UAW-CIO 1950-55 contract, in Collective Bargaining
Negotiations and Contracts, 21:241-257.
« For a symposium of union officials’ views on the information needed by
bargaining agents, see also W hat Kind of Information Do Labor Unions
W ant in Financial Statements, Journal of Accountancy, vol. 87 (pp. 368-377).
For discussion of the entire problem of information in collective bargaining,
see Employer’s Obligation to Produce Data for Collective Bargaining, by
Herbert L. Sherman, Jr., Minnesota Law Review, December 1950 (pp.
24-46).
7 Oklahoma Rendering Co. (75 NLRB 1112, 1948); Old Line Life Insurance
Co. (96 NLRB No. 66, 1951).
8 Aluminum Ore Co. (39 NLRB 1286), enforced 131 F. 2d 485 (CCA 7).
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1952
EMPLOYER'S DUTY IN BARGAINING
history during 2 years for each employee. The
union informed the company that it needed this
information to enable it to bargain intelligently on
the company’s offer to give varying wage increases
to “related groups” of employees. The company
refused to divulge the information on the ground
that it was confidential and could be disclosed only
by the employees themselves.
The court of appeals, enforcing the Board’s
order that the employer supply this information,
declared: “We can conceive of no justification for a
claim that such information is confidential.
Rather it seems to go to the very root of the facts
upon which the merits were to be resolved.” The
court added:
“In determining what employees should receive
increases and in what amounts, it could have been
only helpful to have before the bargainers the wage
history of the various employees, including full
information as to the work done by the respective
employees and as to their respective wages in the
past, their respective increases from time to time,
and all other facts bearing upon what constituted
fair wages and fair increases. And if there be any
reasonable basis for the contention that this may
have been confidential data of the employer before
passage of the act, it seems to us it cannot be so
held in the face of the expressed social and eco
nomic purposes of the statute.”
This case was decided under the Wagner Act,
but its rule still stands. The Board specifically
reaffirmed it in the first wage information case to
come up under the Taft-Hartley Law,9 and the
Board has applied it in a considerable line of cases
arising from the amended act. Another court of
appeals, passing upon the question in a TaftHartley case, said: “We find it difficult to conceive
a case in which current or immediately past wage
rates would not be relevant during negotiations for
a minimum wage scale or for increased wages.”
“Since the employer has an affirmative statu
tory duty to supply relevant wage data, his re
fusal to do so is not justified by the union’s failure
to show initially the relevance of the requested
information. The rule governing disclosure of
data of this kind is not unlike that prevailing in
discovery procedures under modern codes. There
the information must be disclosed unless it plainly
appears irrelevant. Any less lenient rule in labor
disputes would greatly hamper the bargaining
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
383
process, for it is virtually impossible to tell in
advance whether the requested data will be rele
vant except in those infrequent instances in
which the inquiry is patently outside the bargain
ing issue.” 10
The relevancy of requested wage information
was posed squarely in this case. The union,
during 1949 negotiations, asked wage information
on each employee in the bargaining unit for the
years 1946, 1947, and 1948. The company refused
to supply the information sought on the ground
that it had no relationship to the negotiations.
The Board agreed that the union had failed to
show the relevancy of the 1946 and 1947 data to
bargaining which the Board found was limited to
four principal contract changes sought by the
union: a 15-percent increase, a $1 minimum
hourly wage, a union shop, and an extra week’s
vacation for senior employees. The majority opin
ion said: “. . . the record before us fails to disclose
the relevancy of such information to the negotia
tions under consideration.” However, as to the
1948 wage data, the Board said:
“Most certainly the going rate is a factor to be
considered in determining whether or not to press
or eliminate its demand for a general wage in
crease. Likewise, current wages are directly re
lated to the demand for a minimum. Without
such information, there is no basis for determining
to what extent, if any, the minimum wages would
affect any employees in the unit. Further, the
information requested for 1948 would enable the
union to ascertain if any wage inequities existed
among employees in the unit and to frame its
contract demands so as to eliminate any possible
discrepancies. In sum, the respondent’s refusal to
divulge information as to the current salaries of
the employees in the unit placed the union in the
position of dealing in vacuo on subjects relating
to wages, as there existed no area known to the
union in which it could vary its wage position.”
In d ivid u a l Increases. A type of wage information
which has been involved in a number of NLRB
cases pertains to increases granted to individual
employees, which employers often characterize as
“merit increases.” The first such case arose in
9 Cincinnati Steel Castings Co. (86 NLRB 592, 1949).
10 NLRB v. Yawman & Erbe Mfg. Co. (187 P. 2d 947, C. A. 2,1951) enforcing
89 NLRB 881 (1950).
384
EMPLOYER’S DUTY IN BARGAINING
1945.11 The company in this case declined to give
the union information about certain individual
increases it had made, on the ground that such
individual “merit increases” were not subject to
collective bargaining. The Board and the court of
appeals which reviewed the case rejected this con
tention, holding that such increases were clearly
within the scope of collective bargaining as re
quired by law. The court cited the J . I. Case
decision, in which the United States Supreme
Court said of individual contracts:
“The practice and philosophy of collective bar
gaining looks with suspicion on such individual
advantages. Of course, where there is great
variation in circumstances of employment or
capacity of employees, it is possible for the col
lective bargain to prescribe only minimum rates
and maximum hours or expressly to leave certain
areas open to individual bargaining. But except
as so provided, advantages to individuals may
prove as disruptive of industrial peace as disad
vantages. They are a fruitful way of interfering
with organization and choice of representatives;
increased compensation, if individually deserved,
is often earned at the cost of breaking down some
other standard thought to be for the welfare of
the group, and always creates the suspicion of
being paid at the long-range expense of the group
as a whole.” 12
Upon the basis of this reasoning, the court of
appeals upheld the Board’s order that the employer
furnish the union “full information with respect to
merit wage increases, including the number of such
increases, the amount of such increases, and the
standards employed in arriving at such increases.”
P olicing the Contract. The representative of em
ployees, however, is entitled to wage information
not merely for negotiations but also for policing
the administration of a contract, the Board has
held. In the first case to involve this point, the
union had requested the current pay rates of each
employee and the rates of each a year earlier, to
enable it to process grievances under a contract.13
The Board unanimously adopted the trial exam
iner’s reasoning that “the information requested
was manifestly pertinent to enable the union repre
sentatives to appraise intelligently these grievances
and present them effectively.” Therefore, the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
Board held, the company was obligated to furnish
“information in regard to pay rates and changes
and adjustments therein such as will enable [the
union] to discharge its functions as the statutory
representative of the employees.”
A later case presented a situation in which the
contract gave the employer the unilateral right to
make periodic merit raises under a merit-scoring
system set forth in the agreement.14 In the middle
of the contract term, the union requested a list of
the names of employees who had received merit
increases the last time they were given, the amount
of each increase, the merit-rating score of each
employee, and their current rates of pay and
classification. The company declined to furnish
this information except on specific employees in
volved in grievances or complaints.
“All the information requested by the union
was necessary,” the Board held, “in order for the
union effectively to police the existing contract,
and in order for it intelligently to bargain with
respect to future contracts. Without such infor
mation, the union would be seriously hampered.
Under these circumstances, we have consistently
held that withholding this type of information,
when requested, constitutes a violation of the act.
The courts have approved this doctrine. And the
result has been the same whether the demand and
refusal occurred at the time of contract negoti
ations, or in the middle of the term.”
F orm oj W age In fo rm a tio n . The form in which
an employer may supply information also has
been the subject of several cases before the Board.
The employer does not have to furnish informa
tion “in the exact form requested” by the em
ployees’ representative, the Board has held, but
the information must be supplied “ in a manner
not so burdensome or time-consuming as to im
pede the process of bargaining.” 15
In the case where this rule was enunciated, the
union wanted a w ritten list of the 98 employees in
» J. H. Allison & Co. (70 NLRB 377, 1945), enforced 165 F. 2d 766 (C. A. 6,
1948), certiorari denied by the Supreme Court 335 U. S. 814; rehearing denied
335 U. S. 905.
12 J. I. Case Co. v. NLRB (321 U. S. 332).
13 National Grinding Wheel Co., Inc. (75 NLRB 905, 1948).
u General Controls Co. (88 NLRB 1341, 1950); The Electric Auto-Lite Co.
(89 NLRB 1192, 1950).
1J The Cincinnati Steel Castings Co. (86 NLRB 592,1949); see also Old Line
Life Insurance Co. (96 NLRB No. 66, 1951).
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1952
EMPLOYER'S DUTY IN BARGAINING
the unit giving then- classifications and wage rates.
The company declined to provide such a list on
the ground that it did not want such a list “kicked
around promiscuously” in local business circles.
However, the company had just furnished the
union with a seniority list of all employees and it
offered to furnish oral information as to the classi
fications and wage rates of any and all employees
specifically named by the union. By referring to
its list, the union inquired about, and received in
formation on, the rates of about 70 percent of the
employees. The Board said: “As there were only
98 employees in the unit, we do not regard this
respondent’s insistence on furnishing this infor
mation orally, rather than by a written list, as
evidence of bad faith.”
In another case, the employer furnished a list
ing of the rates on each job by department num
bers and a separate alphabetical list of the 1,154
employees in the unit, but it declined to match
the job rates with the names of the employees.16
The Board held this was inadequate. Without the
names, the Board held, the union was unable to
determine (1) whether a general increase had been
uniformly applied, or (2) whether merit-rating
points were being converted into pay dollars in
accordance with the wage payment plan of the
contract, or (3) whether there had been disparate
treatment of union and nonunion employees in the
matter of merit ratings.
The employer, in this case, took the position
that the union could find out the individual pay
rates. The employer contended that the union
could recognize the jobs of its own members and
it could question other employees and thereby
build up a card index which would help identify
the individuals on the list. As in the A lu m in u m
Ore case, the Board rejected this as too great an
obstruction to bargaining. The Board said:
“ Even if it were conceded, however, that the
union could actually have obtained in the manner
suggested by the respondent [company] informa
tion necessary to correlate the wage data with
particular employees in the unit, it is clear that
recourse to such an approach would certainly have
been attended with considerable difficulty and loss
of time. In these circumstances, full compliance
with the duty to bargain required production of
the information requested . . . . The respondent
was under a duty to furnish this information ‘in a
manner not so burdensome or time-consuming as
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
385
to impede the process of bargaining.’ This it has
adamantly refused to do.”
The Board has consistently held in such cases
that the union representing employees is entitled
to the name of each employee in the unit, his
classification, his current rate of pay, his merit or
performance rating score, and full information re
garding individual merit wage increases or de
creases, including the names of employees receiv
ing such increases, the amount of such increases
or decreases, and the dates on which such in
creases or decreases were put into effect.17
The Board has held also that unnecessary delay
in furnishing wage information is evidence of bad
faith in bargaining.18 But where information has
been sought apparently for the purpose of merely
harassing the employer, the General Counsel has
declined to issue a complaint.19
Data on “ Fringe Issues”
Unions also have sought from the employer in
formation on so-called “fringe issues” or matters
bearing upon wages indirectly. Such cases coming
before the NLRB have included requests for data
on (1) group insurance coverage, (2) productivity,
(3) transfers of employees to another plant, (4)
subcontracting of work to other employers, which
might reduce the earnings of the employees in the
unit, and (5) comparative wages of other em
ployers.
The Board held that, in the circumstances of
the cases involved, the unions were entitled to
information on the first three items.20
The data on subcontracting, however, was re
quested by the union only 3 months after it had
signed a 2-year contract specifically waiving any
right to bargain about subcontracting during the
term of the contract. In this situation, the Board
held the union’s request for information was un
timely because it “was irrelevant to any statutory
right which the union then possessed,” in view of
the waiver.
1» The B. F. Goodrich Co. (89 N LRB 1151, 1950). See also Leland-Gifford Co.
(95 NLRB 1306, 1951).
17 See the Board’s orders in General Controls Co. (88 NLRB 1341) and The
B. F. Goodrich Co. (89 NLRB 1151).
is City Packing Co. (98 NLRB No. 203, 1952); Montgomery Ward & Co.,
(90 NLRB 1244, 1950).
i®General Counsel’s Administrative Decision No. 62, made public Mar. 7,
1951.
8° Jacobs Manufacturing Co. (94 N LBR 1214,1951), group insurance; Hughes
Tool Co. (100 NLRB No. 39, 1952), productivity and transfers.
386
EMPLOYERS DUTY IN BARGAINING
The request for productivity data arose in the
same case. The union requested information on
the changes in the productivity of employees.
The company declined to furnish it, on the ground
that this was not a bargainable issue, in this in
stance, under the formulae of the Wage Stabiliza
tion Board. The company asserted that WSB,
under its regulations, would approve a wage in
crease based upon increased productivity of em
ployees only if the employer warrants that he will
not use such a wage increase as a basis for seeking
a price increase. The company declared it was
not willing to give this warranty. The National
Labor Relations Board said: “This amounts to
saying that bargaining on a productivity wage in
crease will be fruitless, because the respondent
[companyl is unwilling to agree to the conditions
attached to such wage increases by the Wage
Stabilization Board and therefore the respondent
is relieved of any obligation to bargain on this
subject at all. But this attitude does not meet
the statutory standard of good faith bargaining.”
The NLRB specifically ordered the employer to
furnish the productivity data.
Comparisons of wages paid by the bargaining
employer with those paid by other comparable
companies also have been an issue in two NLRB
cases.21 In each instance, the matter was brought
to the bargaining table by the employer indicating
that it had data showing that its wage rates com
pared favorably with, or exceeded, those of other
companies, but the employer declined to show the
data. Both times the Board ordered the em
ployer to furnish the comparative wage data to the
union. In the first case, the court of appeals
upheld the Board’s order, but in the second case,
the same court held that the evidence did not
establish that the union ever actually had asked
to see the data.
Data on Employer’s Financial Condition
Union requests for financial information from
employers in cases coming to the NLRB have all
arisen in settings somewhat different from those
of the wage data requests. Union officers have
indicated on a number of occasions that, as a
preliminary to bargaining, they want information
on the financial condition of the employers they
deal with, in order to negotiate more intelligently
and to forestall exorbitant or “ unrealistic” de
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
mands. But none of the cases coming to the
Board has involved a situation in which a union
has asked for financial data for the purpose of
formulating bargaining demands. In each of the
cases, the request for financial information followed
upon the employer’s countering a union request
for contract improvements with a claim of inability
to pay. The first such case arose in 1936, soon
after adoption of the Wagner Act.22 In that case,
the Board said: “ He [the president of the company]
did no more than take refuge in the assertion that
the respondent’s financial condition was poor; he
refused either to prove his statement, or to permit
independent verification. This is not collective
bargaining.” The Board has since adhered to
this view consistently, in the half-dozen or so
cases involving this question that have come up
for decision.
The Board specifically reaffirmed this rule under
the Taft-Hartley Law in one case.23 The employer
adamantly insisted over a period of 11 months’
negotiations that it could not afford to make any
wage increase because of poor business conditions,
although the union scaled its original demand for
a 30-cent-an-hour increase down to 5 cents.
Throughout the negotiations, the employer de
clined to offer any information on its financial
condition or business operations to support its
claim of inability to pay.
The union first asked for the company’s record
of dividend payments: the amounts of dividends
paid, and the amount of dividends in relation to
the company’s capitalization. The company
would say only that dividend payments during
the past 10 years had been “ small” but refused
to give any other information. The union then
suggested that the company submit a financial
statement to support its claim. The company
rejected this suggestion. Finally, the union asked
for a dollar-and-cents breakdown of manufacturing
costs. The company likewise rejected this re
quest. The Board held unanimously that this did
not measure up to the law’s requirement of col
lective bargaining. The Board’s opinion said:
“ We believe that, if the respondent [company]
was unwilling to modify its initial opposition to
the union’s demands for a wage increase, it should,
21 Sherwin-Williams Co. (34 NLRB 651, 1941), enforced 130 F. 2d 255 (CCA
3, 1942); Westinghouse Electric Supply Co. (96 NLRB No. 58), enforcement
denied 196 F. 2d 1012 (CA 3, 1952).
22 Pioneer Pearl Button Co. (1 NLBR 837, 1936).
23 Southern Saddlery Co. (90 NLRB 1205, 1950).
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1952
EMPLOYER’S DUTY IN BARGAINING
at the very least, have made a genuine and sincere
effort to persuade the union to accept its position.
Here, the validity of the respondent’s position
depended upon the existence of facts peculiarly
within its knowledge. The respondent [company],
therefore, in our opinion, was obliged to furnish
the union with sufficient information to enable the
latter to understand and discuss intelligently the
issues raised by it in opposition to the union’s
demands. The extent and nature of such infor
mation depends upon the bargaining which takes
place in any particular case.
“ The respondent [company], by maintaining the
intransigent position that it was financially unable
to raise wages and, at the same time, by refusing
to make any reasonable efforts to support or
justify its position, erected an insurmountable
barrier to successful conclusion of the bargaining.
We believe that such conduct does not meet the
test of good faith bargaining. Accordingly, we
find that, under the circumstances, the respondent
[company] has failed to discharge its duty to
bargain collectively with the union and thereby
has violated section 8 (a) (5) and 8 (a) (1) of the
act.”
In a later case, when the employer declared
that it could not give a wage increase because of
poor business, the union asked for “information
on incoming and outgoing orders” and “a general
look at the company’s books to find out their
general financial position.” 24 The employer re
fused, stating that the question of whether an
increase could be granted was entirely within the
company’s “business judgment.” The Board
held unanimously that the company’s “refusal
to supply a n y substantial data whatever” to
support its contention of inability to pay showed
a lack of the good faith in bargaining required
by the law. The Board added:
“That being so we are not called upon to
determine whether the union was entitled to all
of the information it requested. It suffices that
the respondent [company] adamantly insisted
that it need go no further in bargaining over a
wage increase than to express its inability to
grant the wage increase the union had sought,
and it refused to disclose any record information
whatever to substantiate its position.”
The Board ordered the company to furnish the
union, upon request, “with such statistical and
other information as will substantiate the re
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
387
spondent’s position in bargaining.” The court
of appeals, in enforcing this order, said: “The
Board’s order does not require the respondent to
produce any specific business books and records
but information to ‘substantiate’ its position in
‘bargaining with the union.’ As we interpret
this, the requirement of disclosure will be met if
the respondent produces whatever relevant in
formation it has to indicate whether it can or
cannot afford to comply with the union’s demands.”
In most of the
cases involving the question of supplying financial
information, the Board has exonerated the em
ployer of refusal to bargain. In the first such
case, the employer offered an explanation of its
financial condition and further offered to show
the union its books, but the union declined the
offer.25 In the next case, the employer not only
offered its books for examination by the union,
but also volunteered to pay the fees of auditors
to be chosen by the union for such an examination.28
Likewise, in later cases, when the employer
offered either to let the union look at its books or
to provide for independent examination of the
books by an outside auditor, the Board has found
no refusal to bargain.27 In one of these, the
union asked the company to produ cesuc records
as would show its financial ability or inability to
pay a wage increase which the company con
tended it could not afford. The company re
fused this request, but agreed to open its books
to a certified public accountant or such other
disinterested third party as the union and com
pany could agree on. The union did not avail
itself of this counterproposal, and the Board
found no refusal to bargain on this score.
On the other hand, when the employer asserted
financial inability to grant a wage increase and
the union requested an examination of the com
pany’s books by a person selected jointly by the
union and the employer, the employer’s refusal
of this proposal for independent verification was
taken as evidence of bad faith on the employer’s
part.28
Independent V erification Offers.
24 The Jacobs Manufacturing Co., 94 N LRB 1214 (1951), enforced 196 F. 2d
680 (C. A. 2, 1952). See also I. B. S. Manufacturing Co., et al. (96 NLRB
No. 200, 1951).
25 Julius Breckwoldt & Sons, Inc., (9 NLRB 94, 1938).
29 Ferguson Brothers Manufacturing Co., Inc. (9 NLRB 189,1938).
27 West Fork Cut Glass Co. (90 NLRB 944, 1950); Commercial Printing Co.,
(99 NLRB No. 80, 1952); City Packing Co., (98 NLRB No. 203).
28 Camp & Mclnnes, Inc., Alamo Division (100 NLRB No. 85).
Construction Labor
on Public Housing
in the South
A dela
E
L.
S tucke
and
H e n r y F . H aase *
N o t e .— This article is the second 1 describing
a part of the Bureau’s program to develop patterns of
labor requirements for selected types of construction, as
an aid in formulating policies concerning the best use
of manpower in periods of defense mobilization.
The labor patterns for the seven projects in this study
of public housing in the South were obtained by analyz
ing the weekly payrolls which contractors and sub
contractors submitted between November 1950 and
March 1951, in compliance with the Prevailing Wage
(Davis-Bacon) Act. They will be combined later with
those in preparation for other projects to yield patterns
for all types of defense and military housing.
Inasmuch as private contractors were employed for
the construction of all of the public housing projects in
this study, the findings from their case histories may
be applied to either privately or publicly financed
projects having similar structural characteristics.
More detailed tabular material than presented here
will be included in a forthcoming reprint.
d it o r ’s
M an -hour requirements for building multi-unit,
low-rent public housing in the South showed wide
variation among the seven individual projects,
although all had somewhat similar structural
characteristics; that is, all buildings were base
mentless, one- or two-story structures, and most
were of masonry-type construction. The average
number of man-hours per apartment required for
site construction ranged from 1,040 to 2,030;
average per-room requirements were between 225
and 420 man-hours.
In view of the similarities in design and basic
characteristics, these variations appear to result
388
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
largely from differences in the size of the work
force employed, relative to the size of the project.
When the contractor amassed a comparatively
large crew to do a job, his total operating time
on the project was relatively low, but his total
man-hour requirements were higher than on a
project of similar size where the contractor built
up a more modest crew and operated the job
for a somewhat longer period.
Experience on the seven projects studied
suggests that herein lies one of the most important
influences on construction cost in building of this
kind. The value of work put in place per man
hour was least and the ratio of site payroll to total
contract amount was highest for projects on which
the average man-hours used per apartment was
greatest, regardless of average construction cost
per apartment or of workers’ average hourly
earnings on the individual projects. However,
even though construction-worker requirements
were relatively very high on the project utilizing
the greatest number of man-hours on the average,
labor cost on that project still was less than twofifths of the contract amount. For all other
projects, the labor-cost ratio was even lower.
When labor requirements were high, the prob
ability is that the margin of profit was narrowed.
This conclusion is strengthened when bid informa
tion is examined. A rather high degree of compe
tition (as many as 12 bids were submitted on 1
project) and a concentration of the contract price
offered around that of the lowest bidder suggest
that the general contractors on the seven projects
were about equal in their ability to estimate their
costs for delivering the buildings according to the
plans and specifications drawn. The statutory
limit placed by the Housing Act of 1949 on the
average building cost per room 2 may not exceed
$1,750 except in high cost areas and may have
been a factor in the similarity of the bidding.
Shop fabrication or site pre-cutting and pre
assembly techniques helped to cut labor require
ments. Other factors influencing the wide dif
ferences in the amount of labor used per apartment
between projects are difficult to isolate precisely,
•Of the Bureau’s Division of Construction Statistics.
1 The first was Labor Requirements for Building Air Force Housing in
the September 1952 issue of the M onthly Labor Review.
2 Covers dwelling construction cost and equipment, and excludes site
development, demolition, and nondwelling space.
389
LABOR PATTERNS FOR PUBLIC HOUSING
T a b l e 1 .—Space
characteristics, construction costs,1 and labor requirements on seven Southern low-rent public
housing projects, 1951
Project designation
Item
D
C
B
A
F
E
|
1
Q
Space Characteristics
Number of buildings:
Nondwelling structures_________________
. __________
_____
Dwelling structures_____________________ ____ . . .
1-story_______________________ ___ ______________ . .
2-story (Project A: partial sp.nonri story)
Num ber of "dwelling emits______________ _________________ . . .
1-bedroom u n its... _______
_____ ___ __________
2-bedroom units.. ______________
. . . _________ _____
_________
3-bedroom u n its .__ ______ ____ ______
4-or-more bedroom units__
__________ . .
Number of rooms (in dwelling structures). ________ . .
_______
Average number of rooms per apartm ent__
. ____ _________ ..
(2)
15
13
2
30
0
10
17
3
«158
5.3
1
16
14
2.
46
12
20
12
2
211
4.6
1
25
25
50
10
26
12
2
231
4.6
(3)
26
26
52
9
25
16
2
«245
4.7
1
29
29
2
55
55
125
22
53
36
14
6041,3
4.8
125
24
52
36
13
601#
4.8
1
81
4 69
12
210
20
90
80
20
1,047
5.0
$8, 852
$7, 773
$7, 416
$357
$1, 079
87.8
83.8
4.0
12.2
$1,840
$1, 615
$1. 541
$224
$3, 023
$628
34.0
$8,354
$7, 228
$7,007
$221
$1,126
86.5
83.9
2.6
13.5
$1, 676
$1, 450
$1, 405
$226
$1, 970
$395
23.6
Construction Costs
Average co st1 (contract amount) per apartment
. ______
Structures and equipm ent7. .
______ ..
. _______
Dwelling space ________ . . .
...
_____ .
Nondwelling space____ ________
_____
Site im provements8... ________ .
- ____ _
Structures and equipment as percent of total
Dwelling space and equipm ent7as percent of total____ ____
Nondwelling space as percent of total____________________
Site improvements as percent of total__ _________ . . _______
Average cost per room 9____ _______ _
........... . . __
Structures and equipment
_
. . . . .
Dwelling space and equipment 7_
_ ____ ___ ___ . . .
______ .
. .............. ........
Site improvements
Average payroll10 per apartment .
. ____
.
____ ____
Average payroll10 per room
___
.
. ____
....
Payroll as percent of contract am o u n t11 __ ____ ________________
$7, 296
$6, 819
$6, 792
$27
$477
93. 5
93.1
0.4
6.5
$1,386
$1, 295
$1, 290
$91
$2, 293
$435
31.4
$8, 514
$7,316
$6, 973
$343
$1,198
85.9
81.9
4.0
14.1
$1, 856
$1, 595
$1, 520
$261
$2,451
$535
28.8
$7,000
$6,113
$5, 988
$125
$887
87.3
85.5
1.8
12.7
$1, 515
$1,323
$1, 296
$192
$1, 668
$361
23.8
$7,086
$6,174
$6,117
$57
$912
87.1
86.3
0.8
12.9
$1. 504
$1,310
$1, 298
$194
$2,010
$427
28.4
$7, 575
$6,753
$6,583
$170
$822
89.1
86.9
2.2
10.9
$1, 566
$1,396
$1,361
$170
$2, 926
$605
38.6
Labor Requirements and Earnings
Man-weeks of labor:1213
Average per apartm ent__
....
. ___
___
Average per room___________
. ... .
. . . ______
Man-houri of labor:73
Average per apartm ent__ _
_________ __ . .
Average per room. __ ___ . ___
_
____ _________
Value of work put in place:14
Per m an-w eek___________ .
. _____ ___ ___ _
Per man-hour
...
__ . ______ .
____________
Average hours worked per week______ ____
. . _____________
____ _______ ______ ..
Average hourly earnings_______ ..
Average weekly earnings_________ ________
Construction period (in weeks)____ _ ___ _ .
. ________
54.0
10.2
51.4
11.2
32.7
7.1
37.4
7.9
60.6
12.5
54.5
11.3
38.9
7.8
1,705
324
1,609
351
1,044
226
1,201
255
2,034
421
1,888
392
1,248
250
$135
$4.28
31.6
$1.35
$42.46
31
$166
$5.29
31.3
$1. 52
$47. 70
$214
$6. 70
32.0
$1.60
$51.01
45
$190
$5.90
32.1
$1.67
$53.80
35
$125
$3. 72
33.6
$1.44
$48.31
45
$162
$4.69
34.6
$1.60
$55.41
53
$215
$6. 69
32.1
$1.58
$50. 66
33
73
i Based on the value of the construction contract (as amended by change
orders and supplemental agreements, but excluding the amount designated
for landscaping), and the value of equipment furnished by the local housing
authority. Excludes cost of site acquisition, architectural and engineering
fees, etc., as well as the cost of any site improvement work not in the con
struction contract but performed by local government orutilities companies.
3 Manager's office consists of one room in a dwelling building.
3A separate maintenance and management building will be built in near
future.
4Includes an existing 1-unit building which was rehabilitated.
3Excludes 1 room originally intended for a bedroom but later converted
into a manager’s office.
«Excludes 1 room originally intended for a bedroom but later converted
into a tool and storage room.
7 For all projects, equipment includes ranges, refrigerators, space or wall
heaters, and water heaters. For a few, such items as garbage receivers or
playground equipment were also included.
3Covers only site improvement work included in the construction contract.
*Bathroom is counted as one-half room; kitchen and dining space combined
as one full room. .
Labor costs cover wages paid to site workers (except those engaged in
landscaping); they exclude all shop labor such as that involved in fabricat
ing at the mills.
11Construction contract, as amended and excluding landscaping items,
plus value of equipment furnished by local housing authority.
13Number of workers shown on weekly payrolls, including those who
worked only a part of the week.
is Unless working proprietors or firm members were actually shown on
payroll, their time is not included here.
14Value of construction and movable equipment contracts divided by
number of man-hours (or man-weeks) worked on erecting buildings, install
ing equipment, and improving site. Man-hours worked on landscaping
are excluded.
but vagaries of the weather and problems of
recruitment and management undoubtedly were
among them.
Differences in the kinds and the timing of the
labor used, however, occurred largely because of
variations in the type of exterior wall construction
and other structural differences and the extent of
site improvement work included in the contract.
For example, plumbers were required in greater
volume on the projects where site-utilities installa
tion was included in the construction contract.
Bricklayers, for the most part, were needed at a
later stage in the construction period on the two
projects where outside walls were of brick veneer.
Notwithstanding the above variations in labor
requirements, all of the projects revealed a gen-
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390
LABOR PATTERNS FOR PUBLIC HOUSING
erally consistent pattern of total employment.
Typically, the pattern showed that in the gradual
build-up and dropping-off of the work force,
roughly a third or less of total site employment was
used at the tapering extremes, which together
constituted half the life of the contract. The em
ployment hump, which also took half the construc
tion time, accounted for two-thirds or more of
total manpower requirements.
Structural Characteristics and Project Costs
The multi-unit public housing projects studied,
all seven of which were located in southern States,
consist of 1-story duplexes and 2-story gardenapartment buildings. Apartments range in size
from 3K to 6K rooms, with a relatively large pro
portion having 3 or 4 bedrooms to accommodate
large families (table 1). In addition, each unit
has a living room, dinette, kitchen, and storage
space.
The projects differ with respect to site-improve
ment features. However, each has open areas
developed for lawns and recreation.
Exterior walls of the dwellings are of some type
of masonry construction on five projects and of
brick veneer on the other two (table 2). In all
buildings, concrete slab is used on first floors, some
of which are covered with asphalt tile; second
floors are concrete on steel joist, for the most part.
All but two projects have separate management
and community buildings. All projects are heated
with oil or gas burning circulator wall or space
heaters. None of the buildings has a basement.
MONTHLY LABOR
An outstanding feature on Project E is the solar
water heating system, installed on the roofs of the
buildings.
Average cost (contract value) per apartment—
including dwelling space and equipment, and a
prorated sum for land development and space for
the project’s management and community activi
ties—ranged from $7,000 to $8,850 (table 1). The
cost of the dwelling construction and equipment
averaged between $5,990 and $7,415.
For land development (which covers grading,
paved roads, and walks on some projects and, in
addition, sewers and water and electrical distribu
tion systems on others, but excludes landscaping
on all), the average contract amount per apart
ment was $475 to $1,200. Cost per apartment for
the nondwelling space varied from approximately
$25 to $360.
Labor Time and Costs
The greatest number of man-hours per apart
ment to complete construction and improve the
site was required on Projects E, F, and A. The
ratio of labor cost to contract value on these
projects was larger than for the others, even
though average hourly earnings of workers were
lowest on Projects A and E, due to the combina
tion of a comparatively large proportion of un
skilled workers and relatively low wage rates in
some trades. On Project F, both man-hours and
average earnings were high. In contrast, on
Projects C, D, and G where average man-hours
required were lowest, the proportion of labor cost
T able 2.—Selected structural characteristics of dwelling
Characteristic
Exterior wall construction...
Interior wall construction:
Between units___
Between rooms, within units.
Roof construction___
Project A
Project B
Cavity wall, uninsulated air space;
concrete block backing; brick
facing.
Cavity wall, uninsulated air space;
brick backing; brick facing.
Concrete block_____
Concrete block___
Gable. Built-up c o m p o s i t i o n ;
crushed stone surface.
Project C
Wood frame; composition
sheathing; brick veneer.
board
Gable construction____
V-Joint siding____ _
Concrete blnelc
Concrete block__
Wood studs
Hip. Insulated. Wood frame; wood Hip.
Insulated.
Wood framing;
sheathing; asphalt shingle covering.
wood sheathing; asbestos shingle
covering.
Floor construction. .
Concrete slab on ground, 1st floor;
concrete on steel joist, 2d floor.
Concrete slab on ground, 1st floor;
concrete on steel joist, 2d floor.
Concrete slab on ground
None. Concrete block uncovered
except for decoration.
Fibre board. . . .
Plaster.
Sheetrock
Plaster
Interior finish:
Walls__________
Ceilings_________
Interior decorations:
Walls_____
C e ilin g s..___
Floors__ ____
Heating facilities____
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P a i n t e d ...___
Painted. _ ___
Treated with surface hardener (ex
cept in bedrooms and storage
rooms).
Gas burning, circulator wall beaters..
_________
Painted
Painted
Treated with surface hardener, and
waxed.
Oil burning, space heaters________
Asphalt tile____
___
_____
Gas burning, circulator wall heaters..
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1952
391
LABOR PATTERNS FOR PUBLIC HOUSING
was also lowest, despite relatively high average
earnings. Project B was in middle position with
respect to both man-hours and percentage of
labor cost.
The ratio of site payroll to total contract amount
varied from 39 percent for Project E to 24 percent
on Projects C and G.3 However, man-hours
utilized for all on-site work averaged better than
2,000 per apartment on Project E, or almost twice
the average for Project C and about two-thirds
higher than on Project G (table 1).
Furthermore, the seven projects ranked in about
the same order with regard to the value of work
put in place per man-hour. Value-in-place was
least for Projects A, E, and F, and greatest for
Projects C, D, and G; it ranged from $3.72 (E)
to $6.70 (C). In addition, the average contract
value per apartment was highest for Project F
and lowest for Project C. Yet, Project F was
among those projects having lowest value-in-place
and Project C had the highest. (The average con
tract value reflects differences among projects in
the kind and quality of materials and equipment
used in construction and site improvements, as well
as variations in contractors’ estimates for over
head, profit, and labor cost.)
These findings indicate that one of the most
important influences on construction cost is sheer
numbers of man-hours expended. It appears that
when, for any reason, the contractor utilizes a
large work force relative to the size of the project,
he has a corresponding increase in his labor cost,
even if he employs a large proportion of workers
in the lower wage brackets.
Skill and Occupational Distribution
A large share of the workers engaged on the
seven projects were in the skilled trades; the pro
portion ranged from 45 percent on Project E to
58 percent on Project B. Although a general
characteristic of light types of building construc
tion is the employment of relatively large numbers
of skilled workers, the proportion used on the
housing projects in this study was considerably
lower than that shown in an earlier Bureau study 4
of one-family dwellings of similar construction.
One reason for the difference is that the seven
public-housing contracts included site-develop
ment work, such as paving streets, sidewalks, and
parking areas. That type of work which requires
extensive use of unskilled labor was excluded in
the early survey.
From 4 to 10 percent of the site workers con
sisted of nonmanual employees (guards, watch
men, engineers, superintendents, clerks, and other
administrative workers). The remaining workers
were semiskilled and unskilled and were primarily
construction laborers.
Even though the buildings were mostly of
masonry construction, carpenters were the largest
single group of skilled workers on every one of the
projects. They were required for a variety of
tasks—framing; sheathing; cutting and assem
bling joists, rafters, and roof trusses; setting win3For comparative data on the relationship of labor cost to total construction
cost, see Labor Share in Construction Cost of New Houses, Monthly Labor
Review, May 1949 (p. 517).
4See House Construction: Man-Hours by Occupation, 1946-47, Monthly
Labor Review, December 1948 (p. 611).
buildings—seven Southern low-rent 'public housing projects, 1951
Project G
Project F
Project E
Project D
board
Cavity wall, uninsulated air space;
salt-glazed tile backing; brick
facing.
Solid masonry; concrete block; stucco. Solid masonry; concrete block; water
proof cement paint.
Wood studs. Insulated
Wood studs
Gable. Insulated. Wood framing;
wood sheathing; asbestos shingle
covering.
Wood frame; V-.Toint T it G siding
Salt-glazed tile
___
Salt-glazed tile
....
Hip. Wood frame; wood sheathing;
asbestos shingle covering.
Concrete slab on ground
Concrete slab on tile
Concrete b lo c k ____
____
. . . Concrete block.
Concrete block.
Concrete b lo c k __ . .
__
Hip. Insulated. Wood frame; wood Hip, 12 bldgs.; remainder, gable.
Insulated.
Wood framing; wood
sheathing; concrete tile covering.
sheathing; concrete tile covering.
Asbestos siding shingles over wood
sheathing.
Concrete slab on ground. ................. Concrete slab on ground, 1st floor;
reinforced concrete, 2d floor.
Sheetroek
None. (Salt-glazed tile .) __________
Wood frame; composition
sheathing; brick veneer.
.
____
Sheetrock
Concrete block uncovered
Cement wash................ ................. ..... None.
except for decoration.
Plaster. . . . _________ . . . __ Plaster_________ _______________ Plaster.
Painted
Painted
Treated with surface hardener
N one. .
. _________________ Painted . ________ ____________
_______
______ . . .
Painted
_____________ Painted
Treated with surface hardener._____ Treated with sealer, and waxed____
Gas burning, circulator wall heaters.. Oil burning, space heaters
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Oil burning, space heaters_________
Painted.
Painted.
Stained.
Oil burning, space heaters.
392
LABOR PATTERNS FOR PUBLIC HOUSING
dow and door frames; cabinet-making; interior
and exterior trim. Of the skilled workers on the
payrolls, carpenters accounted for about threetenths of the total on Project G; the ratio was
substantially greater on all the other projects,
reaching almost a half on Project C.
Bricklayers were next in importance on all
projects, except Projects C and D where outside
walls were wood frame with brick veneer. On
Projects C and D, the second largest group of
skilled workers were painters who were the third
largest on the other five projects.
Project C had the highest ratio of plumbers,
probably because of a comparatively greater
amount of site-utilities-connection work. Plas
terers were relatively numerous on Projects B, E,
F, and G because of the type of interior wall and
ceiling finish (see table 2).
Duration and Level of Employment
One of the major determinants of the duration
of construction-site employment, naturally, is the
size of the project. Contracts for the projects
studied showed scheduled completion time vary
ing from 200 days for the two smallest projects
(A and B) to 330 days for the largest (G). For
numerous reasons—unusually bad weather, delays
in delivery of materials, changes in project speci
fications, unforeseen problems of site preparation—
the originally estimated completion date was ex
tended for all but one of these contracts. The
actual elapsed time from beginning to completion
of the projects, excluding time spent for land
scaping, was 31 weeks for the smallest and 73
weeks for the largest. However, the largest proj
ect (G) was substantially (99 percent) completed
at the end of 64 weeks. The final 1 percent of the
work, which was concerned mostly with street
paving, was spread over 9 weeks while the lime
rock road base was compacted by traffic and a
10-ton roller.
The level of employment, likewise, is determined
in part by the size of the project. But the spread
(or concentration) of work throughout the life of
the contract probably influences both the employ
ment level and total construction time as much as
the project size. On Projects E and F (each con
sisting of 125 dwelling units), the construction
force during the peak week of operations was 340
and 220 workers, respectively. Although total
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MONTHLY LABOR
labor used for Project E was only about a tenth
greater than Project F, the span of the construc
tion period was 45 weeks and 53 weeks, respec
tively. Moreover, total man-weeks of carpenter
time was about 15 percent less on Project E, yet
the peak number of carpenters employed on that
project was over 100 and was about 70 on Proj
ect F. The general contractor, on Project F,
held down the size of his crew in an endeavor to
operate economically under the available super
visory staff. The result was a less costly operation
in terms of labor time per unit and value of work
placed per man-hour.
Labor Utilization Patterns
On all seven projects, the labor-utilization
patterns show a rather gradual build-up of site
employment. On most of them, employment
was at peak when the project was about half
finished, and then tapered until the number of
workers engaged in the final few weeks of opera
tions was almost as small as in the beginning weeks.
A similar labor-utilization pattern for privately
financed single-family masonry houses was re
vealed in an earlier Bureau study.5
For ease of comparison, construction time
(weeks from start to substantial completion) on
each project was divided into 10 equal periods.
Employment on all seven projects was relatively
low during the first two periods when materials
and equipment were being assembled (table 3).
On the three projects (C, F, and G) on which
peak employment was comparatively low for the
size of the job, employment rose more rapidly
than on the other projects during the third period.
Two-thirds, or more, of total employment on
each project occurred during the fourth through
the eighth periods, comprising 50 percent of the
construction time. Less than 10 percent of the
employment on Projects C, F, and G, compared
with 13 to 17 percent on the other four projects,
was spread over the remaining 20 percent of the
time.
In the initial stages of construction, site work
was performed mostly by carpenters and laborers.
Bricklayers also were employed during the first
period on four projects (B, E, F, and G), but were
8 See Labor Utilization Patterns on Selected Housing Projects, Monthly
Labor Review, May 1949 (p. 521). Labor patterns for the frame houses
covered in this earlier survey are somewhat like those shown for frame bar
racks buildings in a recent study (see footnote 1).
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1952
393
LABOR PATTERNS FOR PUBLIC HOUSING
T able 3.— Distribution of man-weeks 1 of labor at construction site, selected occupations, by period of operation '■
Project designation
Project designation
A
B
C
D
F
E
Q
A
B
D
C
E
F
G
100.0
3.0
5.0
7.0
6.0
10.0
12.0
19.5
20.0
12.0
5.5
100.0
4.5
9.5
16.0
16.5
13.0
12.5
11.0
9.0
5.5
2.5
100.0
4.5
11.5
14.5
17.5
12.0
16.0
12.0
6.0
3.0
3.0
100.0
1.5
1.5
3.0
4.5
14.0
26.5
21.5
16.5
9.0
2.0
100.0
2.5
7.5
15.5
13.5
10.0
11.0
18.0
14.0
7.0
1.0
100.0
5.0
11.0
16.0
16.0
16.5
14.0
10.5
8.0
2.0
1.0
Period of operation2
Percentage distribution of man-weeks 1 of labor
Semiskilled and unskilled
All occupations and skills
All periods_________
First___________
Second___ ____
T hird__ . . . . __
F ourth__ ______
F ifth___________
Sixth
______
Seventh, ______
Eighth_________
N inth, ____
Tenth ________
100.0
2.5
5.5
7.0
14.5
19.0
17.5
11.0
10.0
8.0
5.0
100.0
3.0
6.0
9.0
11.0
14.5
15.0
13.0
12.5
10.0
6.0
100.0
2.5
6.0
14.0
20.5
17.0
14.0
11.0
7.0
4.5
3.5
100.0
3.0
6.5
6.0
9.5
14.0
16.5
15.0
12.5
9.0
8.0
100.0
2.5
5.5
5.5
7.0
10.5
15.0
17.0
19.5
12.5
5.0
100.0
4.0
8.0
15.0
13.0
14.0
13.0
13.5
10.5
6.5
2.5
100.0
4.0
11.0
13.0
16.0
19.5
15.5
10.5
6.5
2.0
2.0
100.0
4.5
7.0
8.5
13.0
18.5
10.5
15.0
7.5
7.5
8.0
100.0
4.5
8.0
12.0
10.5
14.0
18.5
12.5
10.5
6.5
3.0
100.0
3.0
23. 0
32.0
25.0
7.5
9.0
0. 5
100.0
3.0
9. 5
20. 5
19. 5
19.0
14.5
8.5
1.0
3. 0
1. 5
100.0
16.5
19.0
26.0
30.0
4.5
4.0
100.0
5.0
29.5
25.5
30.0
10.0
100.0
2.0
9.0
8.5
15.0
16.5
16.0
11.0
9.0
7.0
6.0
Carpenters
Bricklayers
All periods_________
First__ _______
Second . . . _____
T hird__________
F ourth, ___
F ifth___________
Sixth______ ____
Seventh, , _
Eighth
N inth,
T en th_______
100.0
3.5
6.5
16.0
18.5
17.0
12.0
10.0
7.5
3.5
5.5
100.0
1.0
8.0
10.0
14.5
15.5
14.0
24.0
12. 5
0.5
100.0
6.0
16.0
18.0
13.5
14.5
16.5
8.5
6.0
1.0
100.0
4.5
15.5
20.5
24.0
23.5
11.0
1.0
100.0
0.5
4.5
5.0
11.0
14.0
20.0
18.0
13.0
8.5
5.5
100.0
1.5
2.5
9.0
11.5
16.5
12.0
14.5
14.0
12.0
6.5
100.0
1.5
5.0
16.5
28.0
15.0
8.0
13.5
7.5
3.5
1.5
100.0
5.0
5.5
3.5
4.5
16.5
18.0
22.0
12.5
7.0
5.5
1 Number of workers shown on weekly payrolls, including those who
worked only a part of the week.
2 Each period represents 10 percent of elapsed time from beginning to (99
percent) completion of construction
N ote : Detailed data by week of operation will appear in the reprint of this
article.
brought on the job at later periods on the other
three projects. The second pattern would be
expected for Projects C and D, because both were
of brick-veneer construction which requires that
framing be substantially completed before the
brickwork is begun. Masonry work on Project
A—outside walls of which were brick backed with
concrete block—was started behind the time
originally scheduled by the contractor, possibly
because there was a great deal of rain during the
first few weeks of operations.
Likewise, plumbers and operating engineers
began work in the earlier periods—the former
installing water mains and sewer facilities, and
the latter excavating and grading the site. As
actual construction of buildings progressed, other
types of skilled workers were recruited for con
crete finishing, wiring, insulating, roofing, plaster
ing, and painting.
Carpenters, setting forms for floor slabs at
first and later working on trim, were the one group
of craftsmen employed throughout the life of the
contracts. Employment among the other trades,
although much shorter in duration than that of
carpenters, most often was continuous because
the workers could move from one building to
another.
In line with work history in building construc
tion generally, many workers were engaged for
very short periods. Peak employment lasted
about 20 weeks on the largest contract, but no
more than 4 or 5 weeks on the smaller ones.
On five projects the general contractor utilized
most of the site labor; special-trades contractors
accounted for the largest share on the other two.
The proportion of total man-hours reported on
general contractors’ payrolls varied from 90
percent on Project A to 38 percent on Project G.
The kinds of work done by the special-trades
contractors differed considerably among projects.
On all projects, however, special-trades contractors
were responsible for the electrical and plumbing
work and at least some aspect of roofing. Most of
the carpentry, on the other hand, was done under
the general contractor, who also used the largest
proportion of the laborers’ time.
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»
394
LABOR PATTERNS FOR PUBLIC HOUSING
Hours and Earnings
Wage rates paid on these public-housing pro
jects were based by law on wage determinations
of the Secretary of Labor, and they reflect local
labor market conditions. The modal hourly rates
paid for bricklayers, who were the highest paid
of the major skilled groups on four projects, varied
widely from $2,375 to $3.50; carpenters were paid
from $1.50 to $2.00; cement finishers, $1.75 to
$2.25; electricians, $2.00 to $2.50; painters, $1.50
to $1.90; plasterers, $2.00 to $2.75. Rates for
plumbers differed less than those for the other
trades, ranging from $2,125 to $2.50. The range
for laborers was from $0.75 to $1.00.
The workweek for the construction workers on
the seven projects was relatively short, averaging
from 31.3 hours on Project B to 34.6 on Project F.
These averages, when measured against the 40hour week regularly scheduled for construction
workers, indicate that very little overtime was
necessary to complete the work within the con
tract time.
Only a few scattered instances of overtime oc
curred among the general contractors and were
probably due to efforts to make up for time lost
as a result of bad weather or delays in delivery of
building materials. Several of the smaller sub
contractors, on the other hand, averaged over 40
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hours per week, possibly because their particular
type of work needed to be completed rapidly so
as not to hold up the general flow of project ac
tivity, or because they had to shift operations in
the immediate future to fill other pending con
tracts. Although the plastering subcontractor
had difficulty in recruiting the necessary number
of plasterers on one project (F), there was no evi
dence of overtime on any project in order to make
up for delays resulting from labor shortages.
Average hourly earnings, which include basic
wage rates and overtime, ranged from $1.35 on
Project A to $1.67 on Project D (table 1). Project
A had the lowest over-all average because it em
ployed the greatest proportion of unskilled labor.
Average hourly earnings on subcontractors’ pay
rolls were below the occupational wage rates for
the skill because of the inclusion of helpers and
laborers.
Weekly earnings averaged highest ($55.41) on
Project F, which also had the highest average
workweek—34.6 hours. Lowest average weekly
earnings ($42.46) were reported for Project A.
The foregoing averages understate the experience
of many individual workers, however—especially
those employed by special-trades contractors and
who worked on other construction jobs during the
same week they were engaged on these public
housing contracts.
Wage Developments
in Japan During
the Occupation
Alice W. Shurcliff*
monthly earnings of Japanese workers in
manufacturing were back to the normal prewar
level1 by April 1952 when Japan regained sover
eignty; hourly earnings were considerably higher
than they were in the mid-1930’s. Trade-union
pressure and the rise in production and worker
productivity, which increased approximately 3%
times between 1947 and 1951, contributed to the
rapid increase in earnings.
Although 1952 wage levels in Japan remained
far below those of the Western countries in terms
of the United States dollar, the cost of essential
commodities in Japan was so much less that the
worker purchasing power was similar to that of
Austrian workers and considerably better than
that of Soviet workers. Japanese wage differen
tials between men and women and between high
and low wage industries—which are greater than
in the United States—have been reduced as a
result of changes in the labor market, following
social and economic reforms instituted during the
Occupation.
R eal
derived from black-market sales of raw materials
and finished products, out of their financial re
serves, out of funds borrowed from the banks, and
out of subsidies obtained from the Government.
In terms of the prevailing inflationary condi
tions, wages were so low that Japanese workers
and their families had to draw on their savings
and sell their possessions to meet their living ex
penses. In April 1946, the first month for which
both price and earnings data are available, real
cash earnings were reported at only 19 percent of
the prewar level.
By 1947, manufacturing was getting under way
again and wages were increasing. Production
averaged 36 percent of the 1934-36 level; pro
ductivity,2 29 percent; and real cash earnings, 33
percent. Real wages, production, and produc
tivity continued to increase rapidly in 1948. (See
chart 1.)
Throughout 1946, 1947, and 1948, Japan ex
perienced a severe inflation. Government at
tempts to halt the inflation by freezing prices and
the labor cost factor in the commodities sold at
controlled prices proved unsuccessful because of
the inadequacies of consumer supplies distributed
at controlled prices, the continuing increase in
free- and black-market prices, Government spend
ing in excess of revenues, and trade-union pressure
for higher wages. Employers were able to meet
labor’s demand for higher wages by diverting an
increasing proportion of production to more profit
able black-market channels, by increased use of
credit and subsidies which were only loosely con
trolled by the Government, and by obtaining in
creases in official price ceilings.3
In December 1948, the Supreme Commander
for the Allied Powers asked Prime Minister
Yoshida to implement a directive from the United
States Government drawn up in accordance with
•Of the Bureau’s Division of Foreign Labor Conditions.
Wage Trends and Policies
At the end of the war, industrial production
came to a virtual standstill because of wartime
destruction of industrial plants, shortages of raw
materials, absence of export markets, and numer
ous other factors. In spite of these chaotic condi
tions, many employers, in accordance with Japa
nese paternalistic traditions, continued to main
tain their work forces, paying wages out of funds
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1 In this article all the statistics on Japan were obtained from Japanese
Government sources. Statistics regarding cash earnings in manufacturing
relate only to establishments employing 30 or more workers. Cash earnings
are defined to include all cash wages, cash bonuses, and cash allowances, but
to exclude the value of payments in kind which is sometimes considerable.
Japanese indexes are based on the years 1934-36, which the Japanese Govern
ment considers the last “normal” prewar period. During the Occupation,
the Japanese Government developed techniques of gathering wage data,
which resulted in more accurate statistics than in the prewar period.
2 The productivity index published by the Japanese Labor M inistry is
calculated by dividing the production index by the employment index for
production workers.
3 Wage Aspects of Economic Stabilization (mimeographed), Supreme
Commander of the Allied Powers, GHQ, Labor Division, Economic and
Scientific Section, January 29, 1949.
395
396
WAGE DEVELOPMENTS IN JAPAN
Chart 1.— Annua! Average Indexes of Real Cash
Earnings, Production and Worker Productivity in
Manufacturing, 1947-51
1934-36 = 100
INDEX
140
REAL CASH EARNINGS
PRODUCTION
120
100
80
60
40
20
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
Source: J a p a n e s e Labor Ministry, Monthly
Labor Statistics an d Research Bulletin,
J u n e 1952, page 32.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BU M AU
or
LABOR STATISTICS
the recommendations of the Far East Commission.
This directive set forth a series of objectives ‘‘de
signed to achieve fiscal, monetary, price and wage
stability as rapidly as possible, as well as to maxi
mize production for export.” 4
The government was able to achieve the wage
and price stability required by this directive
through its existing administrative machinery.
For the first time in the postwar period, the
Government balanced its budget, and at the same
time froze the wage levels of the 2.5 million gov
ernment employees in the civil service and in the
extensive government-operated enterprises—rail
roads, communications, and the tobacco, salt,
and camphor monopolies. The Government also
exerted effective indirect controls over wage in
creases in private industry 5 by refusing to com
pensate management for further wage increases
through (1) increases in official prices, (2) addi
tional Government subsidies, or (3) increased
credit (largely underwritten by the Government).
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MONTHLY LABOR
These indirect controls left scope for collective
bargaining in regard to noninflationary wage in
creases which could be obtained by increased
productivity or at the expense of profits.
As a result of the firm application of the entire
economic stabilization program, including direct
and indirect wage and price controls, and the
increased distribution of consumer goods at con
trolled prices, the inflation was checked. The
price level in late 1949 was about the same as it
had been at the beginning of the year. (See
chart 2.) Average cash earnings in manufacturing
(excluding the year-end bonus) rose only 9 percent
in 1949 as compared with 137 percent in the pre
vious year. Real earnings continued to increase
with productivity.
Wages and production continued to increase
rapidly during 1949 and the first half of 1950.
Meanwhile, prices went down and price controls
on many commodities were gradually abandoned
as supply and effective consumer demand came
into balance. Real wages reached the prewar
level in late 1950.
The price trend was reversed by the end of
1950, reflecting the increased cost of raw materials
in world markets following the outbreak of Korean
hostilities, increased demand for Japanese exports,
and local procurement by the United Nations
forces. Productivity and earnings also increased.
Wage increases, however, soon lagged behind the
increase in the cost of living with the result that
workers demanded and were granted larger than
usual mid-year and year-end bonuses. These
bonuses prevented the 1951 real earnings from
falling below the prewar level.
With annual earnings at the prewar level,
hourly earnings, moreover, were considerably
higher than prewar in view of the shorter working
hours. Before World War II, a 9- to 11-hour day
for production workers was usual, and an 11-hour
limit for men and a 10-hour limit for women and
children were recommended by the Government.
A day off was granted every week or two, 2 days
per month being the legal requirement. During
the Occupation, working hours were reduced
considerably as a result of the Labor Standards
4 Text of letter from General Douglas MacArthur to Prime Minister
Yoshida, December 18, 1948.
5 Wage controls which were in force during World War II had been aban
doned at the end of the war.
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1952
WAGE DEVELOPMENTS IN JAPAN
Law (1947), which provides for a basic 8-hour
day and a 6-day workweek, time and a quarter
pay rates for overtime, and a paid annual vacation
of 2 weeks. Since 1948, the average workweek of
paid nonagricultural employees has ranged from
47 to 52 hours for men and from 45 to 50 hours
for women; in April 1952, it was 48.9 and 47.0
hours, respectively.6
397
Chart 2.— Indexes of Average Monthly Cash Earnings
in Manufacturing and of Tokyo Consumer Prices,
1946-52
Wage Differentials
The differences in earnings levels between the
high- and low-wage industries in Japan are much
greater percentage-wise than they are in the
United States, partly because there is no legal
floor for wage rates.
Another cause of the great differentials in hourly
earnings is found in the wage structure. The cash
earnings of Japanese workers in manufacturing
consist of (1) a basic cash wage related to the type
of work performed and sometimes to productivity,
(2) bonuses and payments for overtime and holi
day work, if any, and (3) allowances for depend
ents, seniority, and other factors not related to the
job. The allowances can total more than the
basic wage in the case of older male workers with
many dependents. This wage structure results
in far lower payments to women factory workers
who are for the most part young, unmarried, and
without dependents. The low payments to women
workers are an important factor in the generally
low earnings in the textile and needlecraft indus
tries where over three-fourths of the workers are
girls between 15 and 25 years old.
During the Occupation, earnings of women in
creased faster than those of men. In October
1951, the last month for which breakdowns by
sex are available, earnings of women workers
averaged 43 percent of those of men, compared
with 38 percent during 1944 and 30 percent in the
base period 1934-36. In the textile industry,
one of the major sources of employment for women,
monetary monthly earnings rose 138 percent be
tween October 1948 and April 1952, compared
with a 105-percent increase for manufacturing as
a whole. The percentage increase in the textile
industry was greater than that for any other in
dustry for which data are available as is shown in
table 1.
The decrease in the gap between the earnings of
men and women is partially due to the improved
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job opportunities for women in the postwar period
and to the pressure of newly organized tradeunions in the industries employing women. It is
also partially due to the enactment and enforce
ment of labor legislation which outlawed many of
the employment practices which formerly forced
women to take and remain in jobs regardless of the
low wages or their desire to seek better-paid em
ployment elsewhere.7
The wage levels in Japan’s chief export indus
tries are not lower than in the industries which
produce chiefly for domestic consumption. One
of the highest earnings levels is found in the
• The figures exclude persons who were employed but not at work because
of paid vacations, bad weather, illness, labor disputes, material or power
shortages, or similar temporary conditions.
Souroe: Japanese Economic Stabilization Board, Japanese Economic
Statistics, May 1952 (sec. I ll, d. 621.
7 For further information on labor legislation and enforcement, see the fol
lowing articles in the M onthly Labor Review: Labor Policies and Programs
in Japan Under the Occupation, February 1947 (p. 239); Labor Boss System
in Japan, January 1949 (p. 47); Japanese Labor in 1950, October 1950 (p. 445).
Also in the Labor Information Bulletin: Occupation Ends Peonage System
in Japanese Textile Mills, November 1948 (p. 10).
398
MONTHLY LABOR
WAGE DEVELOPMENTS IN JAPAN
1.— Comparison of monthly earnings in manufac
turing establishments employing 80 or more persons,
October 1948 and April 1952
Ta ble
Industry
October
1948‘
(yen)
April
1952
(yen)
All industries..................................................
5,779
11,841
Food and kindred products.......... ..............
Tobacco manufactures..................................
Textile mill products__________________
Apparel and other finished textile products
Lumber and wood products.........................
Furniture and fixtures..................................
Paper and allied products............................
Printing and publishing...............................
Chemical products............. ...........................
Products of petroleum and coal...... .............
Rubber products......................_..................
Leather and leather products....... ...............
Stone, clay, and glass products............... .
Primary metal industries.............................
Fabricated metal products...........................
Machinery (except electrical)_______ ____
Electrical machinery and supplies...............
Transportation equipment________ _____
Precision in stru m en ts........... .....................
Miscellaneous manufacturing......................
5, 518
n. a.
3,169
n. a.
3,953
n. a.
n. a.
6,522
6,571
n. a.
n. a.
n. a.
5,774
7,490
n. a.
6, 712
n. a.
n. a.
n. a.
n. a.
11,414
10,072
7,527
6,186
7,806
9,421
15,341
14, 598
13,264
14, 875
10,935
10,864
12,821
16,530
11,752
12,493
13,712
15,429
12,429
8,647
Percentage
increase
10i
107
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
138
97
123
102
113
121
86
0
0
0
0
1 Data taken from the Japanese Census of Wages and Employment.
* N ot available.
Sources: Japanese Economic Stabilization Board, Japanese Economic
Statistics, April 1952, Section III page 69; and Japanese Labor Ministry,
Monthly Labor Statistics and Research Bulletin, June 1952, page 55.
manufacture of transportation equipment, an
export of growing importance. The lowest aver
age hourly earnings are in the needle trades which
cater mainly to the domestic market. Next
lowest are those in tobacco processing, lumber and
wood products for domestic consumption, and
textiles, Japan’s main export.
probably are among the highest.8 Secondly, the
April 1952 earnings do not reflect the traditional
“mid-year” bonuses given annually in anticipation
of the religious and family celebration of the O
Bon holidays;9 nor the “year-end” bonuses given
in anticipation of the extensive New Year celebra
tions. The mid-year bonus in 1951 equaled in
many cases up to half a month’s basic wage, and
the year-end bonus up to a month’s basic wage.
The amount of both these bonuses was determined
usually by collective bargaining. Their impor
tance in earnings is shown in chart 2.
In terms of purchasing power, the difference
between the earnings of Japanese workers and
those of European and American workers is less
pronounced because the cost of essential commodi
ties is much less in Japan. In March 1952, for
instance, the price per pound of certain important
foodstuffs in Japanese and European diets was as
follows: rice, 8 cents; wheat flour, 6 cents; bread,
4 cents; sweet potatoes, 2 cents; and white pota
toes, 3 cents. With average hourly earnings of 17
cents in manufacturing, the worktime required to
8 Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, GHQ, Economic and Scien
tific Section, Labor Division, Postwar Labor Practices in Japanese Textile
Industry (mimeographed), November 1950, table 13a.
* These holidays celebrate the spiritual return of the ancestors to their
family homes.
T able 2.— Average hourly cash earnings in manufac
Relation to Wage Levels of Other Countries
turing, Japan and the United States, April 1952
[In U. S. dollars]
Although wage levels in terms of the depreciated
Japanese yen increased 300-fold during the Occu
pation, wage levels in terms of the dollar remained
far below those in the United States. In April
1952, when the Occupation ended, average hourly
earnings in manufacturing establishments ranged
from 7 to 13 percent of those of American workers.
(See table 2.)
These figures are not accurate measures of the
differences in earnings between Japan and the
United States for several reasons. First, the
Japanese figures do not take into account pay
ments in kind which Japanese workers often
receive regularly in the form of below-cost housing,
food, work clothes, education, recreation, and
whatever consumer goods, if any, the employer
may produce. Payments in kind constituted
about a 13-percent addition in value to the July
1950 cash earnings in the “Big Ten” cotton-spin
ning companies, where such payments in kind
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Japan 1
Industry
All industries.._____________ _____
Food____ _________ _______
Tobacco manufactures_____ ___ ___
Textile mill products_______________
Apparel and other finished products..........
Lumber and wood products".....................
Furniture and fixtures_______________
Paper and allied industries___________
Printing, publishing, and allied industries..
Chemical and related industries________
Petroleum and coal products _________
Rubber products_____ _____________
Leather and leather products__________
Stone, clay, and glass products_________
Primary metal industries_____________
Fabricated metal products.. _________
Machinery (except electrical)__________
Electrical machinery, equipment, and
supplies__ _______ __________ _
Transportation equipment. _____ __ _
Miscellaneous manufacturing equipment...
United
States
Average Percent average
hourly
hourly of U. S.
earnings earnings earnings
0.17
. 16
.il
.il
.09
.11
.12
.21
.19
.21
.20
.17
.15
.17
.23
.16
.17
.20
.22
.12
0
10
9
8
7
7
8
13
9
12
10
9
11
11
13
9
9
12
11
8
1. 55
1.20
1.34
1.25
1.50
1.47
1.58
2.05
1.69
2.03
1.80
1.31
1.60
1.83
1.71
1.84
1.70
1.93
1.48
1 Converted from yen at the official rate of exchange, 360 yen to the U. S.
dollar.
3 N ot available.
S ources: U. S. Department of Labor, M onthly Labor Review, July 1952
(pp. 95-107); Japanese Labor Ministry, M onthly Labor Statistics and
Research Bulletin, June 1952 (pp. 55 and 59).
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1952
WAGE DEVELOPMENTS IN JAPAN
buy a pound of each of these foodstuffs in Japan
would be 29 minutes, 21 minutes, 14 minutes, 7
minutes, and 11 minutes, respectively. Compared
with the corresponding time units in a recent study
of food-purchasing power,10 these figures are found
to be on a somewhat similar level with those of
Austria (where the purchasing power of workers
is among the lowest in Europe) and substantially
more favorable than those of the Soviet Union.
Although no statistical studies have been made
comparing the purchasing power of Japanese
industrial workers with those of other Asian
countries, many competent observers have noted
that industrial workers in Japan appear to have
much greater purchasing power.
The margin by which Japanese products some
times undersell those of western countries has led
many people to believe that there is a considerable
scope for wage increases for Japanese workers.
Others believe that because Japan’s markets are
largely in Asia, Japanese labor costs must be
competitive with those of other Asian countries,
and hence remain below those of western industrial
countries. For instance, a representative of the
American Cotton Manufacturers Institute has
written: 11
In the interest of fairness it is essential in any discussion
of Japan’s economic position internationally to take for
granted her necessity for relatively low wages. To a large
but indefinable degree her wage disparity is not of itself
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399
a condition of internal exploitation, but a prerequisite to
the maintenance of her livelihood as a nation, and the servic
ing of the low-wage areas which are her natural markets.
The degree to which wage increases are granted,
within the limits imposed by the Japanese econ
omy, will depend largely on the effectiveness of
trade-union pressures. The bargaining power of
workers is much greater than it was in the prewar
period as a result of trade-union legislation and
labor-education programs during the Occupation.
Some 5% million out of Japan’s 13 million paid
workers in nonagricultural employment were or
ganized at the end of the Occupation; as a result,
collective bargaining became an important method
of determining wages on local and industry-wide
levels. Workers’ demands were reinforced by
strikes and threats of strikes. Over half of the
industrial disputes which occurred during the
Occupation were over wage matters. National
and international political issues, however, as
sumed a growing proportion of organized labor’s
attention in the year preceding the return of
sovereignty.
It is too soon to know whether the trade-union
movement will retain its bargaining power and
interest in improving wages now that Japan is
independent.
io See
M onthly Labor Review, June 1952 (p. 658).
“ Japan and the World Cotton Goods Trade, by Claudius Murchison,
American Cotton Manufacturers Institute, Inc., Washington, December 1951
(P- 22).
Summaries of Studies and Reports
United Nations Report
on World Social Situation
D emocratic and totalitarian ways of life as they
pertain to improving living standards throughout
the world were brought out in sharp contrast by
Mr. Walter Kotschnig, deputy representative of
the United States, in a speech to the 1952 summer
session of the United Nations Economic and Social
Council, held in New York City. Expressing the
United States Delegation’s general approval of a
preliminary report on the World Social Situation,1
Mr. Kotschnig developed the thesis that “freedom
is not just a philosophical concept but a most
powerful force for human advance” and that “ in
spite of the abstention and the obstructionism of
the Communist countries within the United
Nations, our efforts to advance the economic and
social standards in the world by mutual effort are
becoming increasingly effective.”
The preparation of the World Social Situation
report was hampered by a dearth of information
in some areas where social problems seem most
acute, Mr. Kotschnig observed. This lack of in
formation is apparent not only in many of the
less-developed countries where “ economic poverty
and poverty of information go hand in hand” but
also in the vast areas under Soviet domination
“ where statistics is a flourishing science and where
poverty is said to have disappeared . . . This
darkness, this lack of information about Sovietcontrolled territory, is apparent, chapter after
chapter [in the report], beginning with the very
facts of life itself.”
In reviewing the social conditions indicated by
the report, Mr. Kotschnig outlined the areas of
danger in the less-developed countries as well as
the encouraging developments. Some of the
problems he mentioned were: (1) increasing pop
ulations; (2) diversities in levels of living; (3) need
of housing; (4) disparity in conditions of work;
(5) under-production of food. On the credit side
400
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of the picture, the United States deputy repre
sentative noted: (1) improvement in health; and
(2) increase in literacy.
From the facts, he concluded that “the lessdeveloped countries are now in a situation from
which the West only recently emerged . . . The
end-products, as of 1952, of a long and painful
process in scientific and technological develop
ment are here, for everyone to see, for everyone
to take over and adapt to their conditions. The
question is:
“Will they he taken over imbedded in the
spirit which created them and which makes them
capable of continuous change and improvement;
or will they be taken over in terms of a political
creed which is at fundamental variance with the
spirit that created and continues to expand them?”
To enable an “intelligent choice between the
free society and the totalitarian state,” Mr.
Kotschnig described “the difference between the
way of the free and the way of the slave, the
social achievements of a democratic society and
the achievements of the totalitarian state.” He
contrasted economic and social conditions in the
United States with those in Russia, stressing the
fundamental differences in the philosophies which
“have made for progress in the United States.”
In pointing to this progress, he called attention
to the leveling-up of income distribution, the in
crease in productivity, the “very real increase in
the buying power of the worker’s dollar,” advances
made in the production of food and its distribution
to all income levels, the rise in home ownership,
i United Nations Economic and Social Council: Preliminary report on the
World Social Situation. (General E/CN. 5/267, April 25, 1952.) 418 pp.,
mimeographed. The report was made at the joint request of the Social
Commission and the Economic and Social Council. The United Nations
Secretariat was generally responsible for its preparation, but extensive
chapters were contributed on conditions of work and employment, food and
nutrition, education, and health conditions by the International Labor
Organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization, the United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, and the World Health
Organization. The report also includes chapters on world population trends,
housing, special circumstances affecting standards of living, general levels of
income and welfare, and social conditions in Latin America, in the Middle
East, and in South and Southeast Asia.
»
PRODUCTION AND EMPLOYMENT IN U. 9.
social advances in health, social security, working
conditions, education, etc.
In contrast, Mr. Kotschnig highlighted the
political, social, and economic conditions in the
Soviet Union with special stress on the sub
servience of trade unions. ‘‘Labor is defenseless
against the monopolistic employer—the omni
potent State. It is hedged in by punitive legisla
tion. It is under constant pressure to increase
output.” He described the Soviet Union as “a
great nation which, having cast off the yoke of
inefficient and corrupt monarchy, has fallen victim
to an even worse despotism”—where, “as Andrei
Vishinsky, the authoritative interpreter of Soviet
law, has put it so well: ‘The dictatorship of the
proletariat is unlimited by any statutes whatso
ever/ ”
Mr. Kotschnig drew these conclusions toward
the close of his comments on the report:
The first is that the socio-economic problems of the
world, although formidable, are not insoluble. Anyone
reading the Report on the World Social Situation must
be impressed and encouraged by the striking advances
made in standards of living and the improvement of social
organization achieved within a few generations in large
parts of the world. There is hope for the poor and the
oppressed, the sick and the illiterate everywhere. It has
indeed become possible to think of “the welfare of the
whole human race as a practical objective.”
Second, these advances are the direct result of scientific
discoveries and technological progress based on free
inquiry and the application of social intelligence. They
are attributes of evolving democratic societies which
derive their dynamic qualities from a recognition of the
dignity of the individual and his ability to think and act
for himself.
Third, the claim of international communism to be
able to meet the needs and the rising expectations of
people, particularly in the under-developed countries,
appears to be hollow. Their methods are at complete
variance with the values and concepts which have made
for progress elsewhere. To test the Communist claims, I
have made an analysis of their society as it exists today.
The result, I believe, has been to show that mere tech
nology cannot solve human problems. Human values and
human rights—the rights of individuals—must be con
sidered. In spite of the fact that the Soviet people have
been driven to even greater production, their living stand
ards continue to appear pitiably low. And, having
contributed so little to the welfare of their own people,
one wonders what they can contribute to the welfare
of others.
Yes, we have organized for purposes of mutual aid. We
have created a Technical Assistance Program which is
perhaps the best means of making available, wherever it
may be most needed, the end-products of a hundred
222775— 52------ 3
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401
years of progress in technical knowledge and social
organization.
Through the World Health Organization we are com
bating the great killers of mankind such as malaria,
tuberculosis, and the endemic diseases that are the scourge
of tropical countries, and we are laying the foundations
for health services which will mean greater productivity
and happier lives for untold millions of people. Through
UNICEF, millions of children have been helped to sur
vive and to grow into useful citizens of tomorrow.
Through the International Labor Organization we are
assisting in the training of manpower and the improve
ment of wages and working conditions. We are aiding in
the establishment of systems of social security and other
guarantees to assure that those who need it most will
have their proper share of any economic advance their
countries can achieve.
And through the United Nations itself, in cooperation
with the Specialized Agencies, we are helping in the
development of community service and welfare centers as
part of the drive for higher standards of living.
It is significant, however, that one group of countries
refuses to have any share whatsoever in that heroic drive
for a better world which is within our reach. These are
the countries under Communist control . . . They
have contributed neither funds nor supplies. They have
offered nothing but obstruction and sterile criticism.
Since these are the countries in which freedom has
died, we have in our very midst a striking confirmation
of my thesis that freedom is not just a philosophical
concept but a most powerful force for human advance.
In spite of the abstention and the obstructionism of the
Communist countries within the United Nations, our
efforts to advance the economic and social standards in
the world by mutual effort are becoming increasingly
effective. We feel certain that when another edition of
the “ Report on the World Social Situation” appears a
few years hence it will reflect these efforts.
Future Production and Employment
in the United States
P rospects for maintaining high levels of produc
tion, consumption, and employment in the United
States after defense expenditures level off to the
rates required for continuing national security
were discussed by Isador Lubin,1 United States
representative, at the summer session of the
i This article reproduces, in part, Mr. Lubin’s comments regarding the
World Economic Report, 1950-51, which was published by the United Na
tions, Department of Economic Affairs, New York, in April 1952.
402
PRODUCTION AND EMPLOYMENT IN U. S.
United Nations Economic and Social Council,2
held in New York City in July 1952. In sum
marizing the economic situation from the point
of view of probable developments after Govern
mental expenditures for defense have reached their
peak, Mr. Lubin called attention to the smooth
adjustment of the American economy to a peace
time basis after World War II and to both the
difficulties and advantages of the current situation.
The question is asked, inside as well as outside the
United States, whether we can make the adjustment to a
reduced level of defense expenditures as smoothly as we
made the adjustment to the reduction of war expenditures
after World War II.
The first factor which may make the problem more
difficult is that the backlog of deferred needs for both
consumers’ and producers’ goods is likely to be much
smaller than it was after World War II. During the war,
production of a great variety of consumers’ goods for
civilian purposes was prohibited. Many durable goods
were worn out, new demands went unsatisfied, and in
ventories were depleted. In contrast, restrictions in the
current defense period have been less extensive and have
been in effect for a shorter time. Consequently the backlog
of deferred demand will be substantially smaller.
The second factor in this same connection is that, even
though the total dollar volume of liquid assets in the hands
of consumers and of business is higher now than it was at
the end of the war, the purchasing power of these assets,
due to price increases, will not be as great as it was at that
time. Moreover, the gold and dollar reserves of some of
the major trading nations are substantially lower now than
they were then and their purchasing power is smaller.
Third, our employment problem will be of a different
nature. At the end of World War II, many people who
had patriotically entered the labor force had no desire to
remain after the fighting ceased. In contrast, when
defense spending declines, it is probable that most of
those no longer needed in defense activities will want
other work.
Among the favorable considerations, the most striking
difference between the [post] World War II situation and
the one that we expect to face after defense expenditures
reach their peak is that the reduction in defense expendi
tures will be only a fraction of the cut that was made after
World War II. . . . The decline in expenditures will be at
most one-fifth as big as the World War II cut.
The relative importance of these cuts, in terms of their
effect upon the national income, becomes evident when we
note their relationship to the gross national product. The
MONTHLY LABOR
$119 billion curtailment of spending [after World War II]
was related to a full employment gross national product of
about $275 billion in 1951 prices. The probable cut of
from $15 to $25 billion should be related to a current
prospective full employment gross national product of
about $350 billion.
After World War II, the size of the armed forces was
reduced by 10 million during a 2-year period. The
total strength of our armed forces at the peak of the pres
ent defense program will be only 3.7 million. This
obviously makes impossible any reduction as drastic as
that which occurred at the end of the war. We regret
that the international political situation does not at this
moment appear to permit any significant reduction in the
size of our armed forces. We trust, however, that the
proposals now being considered in the Disarmament
Commission will soon make possible a radical reduction
in this burden.
The coming adjustment problem should be much smaller
than the one we handled successfully after World War II.
Moreover, there are other factors in this situation which
lead us to believe that we are in a much better position to
deal with adjustment problems than we have been in the
past.
Economic and Social Considerations
Fundamental changes have been taking place in the
structure of our economy, changes that we think have
permanently moved up our level of demand to new heights.
Among the most important of these modifications has been
a radical change in what our consumers regard as a normal
standard of living. Amenities like electricity in rural
areas—a rarity 20 years ago—are now widely available
and regarded as essential. We have added approximately
20 million new consumers to our economy. There is an
increased demand for new construction as a result of the
dispersion of dwellings and business from the centers of
our great cities to the suburbs. Of particular importance
is the fact that income in the United States is more evenly
distributed. We have a much stronger organization of
labor with the result that the position of workers in our
society is more secure and their purchasing power more
stable. These structural changes will in themselves
assure a level of effective demand sufficient to maintain
high levels of production of consumers’ goods.
In addition . . . there are many urgent public
needs which stem from some of these same structural
changes. As a result of the growth in population and the
geographical shift in population, the need for certain public
projects has been increasing. Construction of this type
has been curtailed by defense restrictions and will have
to be resumed at the first opportunity.
Moreover, the restrictions made necessary by the
2
The members of the United States delegation to this session of the Eco
defense program have also prevented the satisfaction of
nomic and Social Council were as follows: Representative, Isador Lubin;
alternate representative, Walter M. Kotschnig; advisers, Robert E. Asher,
normal private demand in some areas of the economy.
Kathleen Bell, Kathryn G. Heath, Frances Kernohan, Joseph C. McCaskill,
. . . Expenditures for these purposes can be expected
Forrest D. Murden, Walter Salant, Robert B. Schwenger, Allen M. Seivers,
to
increase when restrictions are removed. While such
William J. Stihravy, Virginia C. Westfall, Aryness Joy Wickens, William H.
expenditures are not likely to be as great as after World
Wynne; ad hoc advisers, Herbert Block, Joseph D. Coppock, Eleanor Den
nison, James F. Green.
War II, they will not be negligible.
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REVIEW, OCTOBER 1952
EARNINGS IN WOOLENS AND WORSTEDS
Weight must also be given to the effect of the success
ful operation of our economy in the past 6 years upon the
psychology of the American private investors. The
manner in which our economy has operated has been
progressively altering their outlook. More and more,
they are focusing their attention on the requirements of
an economy operating at expanding levels and are dis
carding the concept of a limited market.
The coverage of our social security program has been
extended and the benefits have been increased. Our
tax structure provides a better cushion against recession
ary forces. Agricultural incomes are protected against
sudden and severe declines through a system of farm price
supports. Bank deposit insurance has been increased to
$10,000 for every covered depositor. Through Federal
guarantees of mortgages, we have better safeguarded the
savings which more than half of the American families
have invested in the homes they live in.
If it should prove necessary, there are a variety of
measures available to the Government to counteract
recessionary tendencies. I shall only mention a few of
these measures: the removal of any direct restrictions
which may then exist on business investment and con
sumer and mortgage credit; the traditional easing of general
credit and banking policy; the possibilities of freeing pur
chasing power by tax reductions are very great; [the
acceleration of] public works construction. There is
general agreement among the American people that we
must expand our efforts to prevent national disasters such
as we have recently suffered from floods in the Missouri
Valley.
In summary, then, the weight of the evidence leads to
the conclusion that the coming adjustment problem will
be much smaller than the one we handled successfully
after World War II. There is no denying there will be a
problem. But there should be no reason for alarm about
our ability to meet it. We have the tools for coping with
any necessary readjustment when we have reached the
peak of our defense expenditures.
The people of the United States are determined to
maintain high levels of demand and to continue to trade
their products on a large scale with the people of other
peace-loving countries. They are determined to have
an expanding economy, not only at home but also abroad.
They know that only an expanding economy can provide
reasonable over-all stability and individual economic
security within a framework of genuine democracy and
freedom.
That is why the development of underdeveloped coun
tries will continue to be a cardinal point in our foreign
policy. As President Truman said in his State of the
Union message last January: “There is nothing of greater
importance in all our foreign policy. There is nothing
that shows more clearly what we stand for and what we
want to achieve.” “What we can do now”, said the Presi
dent on another recent occasion, “is sharply limited by
the cost of maintaining defenses to prevent aggression and
war. If that cost could be reduced—if the burden of
armaments could be lessened, new energies and resources
would be liberated for greatly enlarged programs of
reconstruction and development.”
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403
Woolen and Worsted Textiles
Earnings in April-May 1952
W oolen and worsted textile-mill production
workers had average straight-time earnings of
$1.45 an hour in April-May 1952, according to a
survey made by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.1
Although earnings of individual workers ranged
from less than 75 cents to more than $2.10 an
hour (a spread of $1.35), the middle 50 percent
earned from $1.25 to $1.65 an hour. Average
hourly earnings in woolen mills amounted to $1.41
and in worsted mills to $1.48 (table 1).
Earnings of individual workers in both woolen
and worsted mills varied by more than $1.35 an
hour. In mills producing woolen products, the
middle 50 percent were concentrated within a
40-cent range ($1.20 to $1.60); in worsted mills,
within a range of 35 cents ($1.30 to $1.65). About
14 percent of the industry’s total employment
earned less than $1.15 an hour and a similar pro
portion received $1.75 or more. Nearly twice as
many woolen-mill workers (18 percent) as worstedmill workers (9.3 percent) averaged under $1.15 an
hour; the ratios for $1.75 an hour or more were
13 and 16 percent, respectively.
Earnings in woolen and worsted textiles also
varied by type of mill.2 Production workers in
weaving mills averaged $1.60 an hour—25 and 15
cents more, respectively, than those in yarn mills
and integrated mills (table 2). The difference, at
least in part, is attributable to the greater pro
portion of skilled workers in weaving m i l l s
Weaving mills accounted for only 1 of every 16
workers in the woolen and worsted industry,
integrated mills for 3 of every 4 workers, and yarn
mills for about 1 of every 6 workers.
Women comprised about two-fifths of the total
work force in the woolen and worsted industry in
1 This survey included woolen and worsted textile mills employing 21 or
more workers. Excluded were mills primarily engaged in the manufacture
of pile fabrics, carpets, rugs, or carpet yarn. I t was estimated that the total
employment in the industry as defined above was approximately 111,000. Of
these, approximately 100,000 were production workers and were almost
equally divided between mills primarily producing woolen yarn or fabrics
and those producing worsted yarn or fabrics.
The data exclude premium pay for overtime and late-shift work. More
detailed information on wages and related practices is available on request.
1 Woolen and worsted mills are of three main types, namely, yarn, weaving,
and integrated. Yarn mills spin raw wool into finished yarns for use in
weaving and knitting fabrics; weaving mills produce cloth from yarn spun in
yarn mills; and integrated mills perform both the spinning and the weaving
operations in processing raw wool into cloth.
EARNINGS IN WOOLENS AND WORSTEDS
404
M ONTHLY LABO R
T able 1 .— Percentage distribution of all production workers in woolen and worsted textile mills by average straight-time hourly
earnings,1 and predominant type of yarn produced or woven, United States and selected regions, April—May 1952
Average hourly earnings 1
(in cents)
All
types
(4)
Woolen Worsted
yarn
All
yarn
types
or
or
fabric
fabric
(4)
(<)
(<)
0.1
.2
.2
.7
.8
1.0
2.0
3.0
8.1
12.5
12.3
9.7
7.3
6.8
4.9
4.7
4.8
4.0
3.7
3.1
2.8
2.3
1.6
1.1
.8
1.5
(4)
(4)
0.1
.3
.2
1.3
1.3
1. 4
3. 6
4.5
9.4
12.5
10.4
11.2
5.4
4.9
4.2
4.1
4.9
4.3
4.3
3.1
3.0
1.4
1.0
.5
.6
(4)
(4>
(4>
0.1
.1
.2
.3
.7
.7
1.7
7.1
12.6
14.0
8.5
9.0
8.3
5.5
5.1
4.8
3.9
3.2
3.0
2.6
2.4
1.7
1.2
1. 1
2.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
50, 799
$1.41
49, 533
$1.48
62, 989
$1.50
28,341
$1.48
34, 648
$1.53
0.4
.4
.7
1.3
.9
1.3
8. 2
4.8
4.4
4.2
7. 5
9.4
8.5
9.0
5.8
5.3
4.2
3.7
4.1
3.2
3.4
2.5
2.0
1.9
1.0
,8
.4
.7
100.0
Number of workers___ ________ 100,332
$1.45
Average hourly earnings 1______
90 0 and nndfir 95 0
95 0 and under 100.0
105 0 and under 110 0
110 0 and under 115.0
115 0 and under 120 0
120.0 and under 125.0 __ ______
125.0 and under 130.0
130.0 and under 135.0-- _ ----135.0 and under 140.0
_ _ ____
140.0 and under 145.0_ ________
145.0 and under 150.0
-------__
150.0 and under 155.0 __
155.0 and under 160.0____ ____
160.0 and under 165.0 _________
165.0 and under 170.0- .
. . ..
170.0 and under 175.0 . - ____
175.0 and under 180.0 - _______
180.0 and under 185.0- ... 185.0 and under 190.0-.
_ _. 190.0 and under 195.0----- --------195.0 and under 200.0___ ______
200.0 and under 205.0.
. ___
205.0 and under 210.0
210.0 and over . ___ ______
Total- _
_____ _____ _
(4)
(4)
Woolen Worsted
yarn
yarn
All
or
or
types
fabric fabric
0. 1
.3
.4
.4
1.4
3.9
2.8
2. 7
2.8
6. 9
11.1
12.1
8.0
7.7
7.0
4.7
4.3
4.0
3.3
2.9
2.6
2.6
2.4
1.6
1.2
.9
1.9
0.2
.2
.5
.8
.7
1.4
6.1
3.8
3. 6
3.5
7.2
10.3
10.2
8.5
6.7
6.2
4.5
4.0
4.0
3.3
3.1
2.6
2.3
2.1
1.3
1.0
.6
1.3
2.1
South
east
Middle Atlantic
New England
United States 2
(4)
0.8
.8
1.1
.9
.8
2.1
3.4
3.8
2.4
3.5
6.7
8.6
7.7
8.4
7.5
6.6
5.7
4.4
3.4
3.0
3.6
2.9
3.0
3.3
1.6
1.4
.7
1.9
Woolen Worsted
yarn
yarn
All
or
or
types
fabric
fabric
(4)
1.7
1.6
1.0
1.6
1.3
1.0
1.3
2. 6
2.2
2.8
5.0
8.1
7.3
7.8
10.2
8.2
7.3
5.6
4.2
3.3
3.7
3.5
1.8.
2.4
c4)
.9
.7
1.9
1.2
.3
.3
3.1
5.3
5.0
2.6
4.2
8.2
9.2
8.1
8.9
5.0
5.0
4.1
3.4
2.6
2.7
3.6
2.3
4. 1
4. 1
2.2
2.0
.7
1.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
17,633
$1. 47
8, 456
$1.47
9,177
$1.47
1.0
0.1
.1
.4
.2
2.3
1.8
2.5
32.7
15.4
11.9
5.1
3.9
4.1
4.5
2.8
3.1
3.0
1.5
1.2
1.7
.7
.3
.3
.1
.1
.1
.1
Great Lakes
All
types 3
0.9
.2
4.9
5.6
4.2
5.5
11.7
10.1
6.1
8.1
9.0
5.1
5.3
5.7
3.4
3.1
2.5
1.3
2.2
1.2
2.0
1.4
(4)
.3
.1
(4)
Pacific
Woolen
Woolen
yarn
All
yarn
or
types 3
or
fabric
fabric
li
.3
5.7
6.5
4.9
3.1
7.8
8.6
5.6
8.7
9.5
5.6
5.8
6.6
3.4
3.6
2.9
1.6
2.5
1.4
2.4
1.6
.1
.4
.2
(4)
0.4
.1
4.8
17.7
22.8
15.5
13.1
3.4
3.3
3.7
2.3
2.7
.8
.9
6.3
2.0
.1
0.6
2.0
5.8
29.1
15.7
17.2
3.5
3.8
5.0
2.9
2.5
.5
.3
8.4
2.5
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
13,644
$1.19
4,005
$1.23
3,415
$1.25
1,441
$1.51
1,060
$1.54
(4)
1Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
*Includes data for other regions in addition to those shown separately.
3Includes data for worsted yarn or fabric mills which were insufficient
to permit separate presentation.
3 Less than 0.05 of 1 percent.
April-May 1952. This proportion was approxi
mately the same in weaving and integrated mills;
in yarn mills, however, nearly three-fifths of the
total production workers were women.
Hourly earnings of women in woolen and worsted
mills were, on the average, 11 cents lower than
those of men—$1.38 as compared with $1.49—
partly because women were generally engaged in
the lesser-skilled jobs. Women averaged 10 cents
an hour below men in integrated mills and in
weaving mills, and 14 cents in yarn mills. Average
earnings of women were $1.39 in integrated mills,
$1.54 in weaving mills, and $1.30 in yarn mills
(table 2).
Between April 1946, the date of the Bureau’s
last Nation-wide study of woolen and worsted
textiles,3 and April-May 1952, average hourly
earnings had advanced approximately 55 percent:
from 94 cents to $1.45 for the industry as a whole;
from 92 cents to $1.41 for woolen mills; and from
95 cents to $1.48 for worsted mills. The propor
tion of the industry’s work force earning at least
$1 an hour advanced from about 31 to 98 percent;
that of woolen-mill workers, from 30 to 96 percent;
and that of worsted-mill workers, from 32 to 99
percent.
Woolen and worsted textile mills which had
collective-bargaining agreements with labor unions
employed slightly over half of the industry’s
production workers. On a regional basis, the
proportion of workers covered by union contracts
varied widely—from a fifth in the Southeast to all
in the Pacific region. Half of the production
workers in the woolen and worsted industry in the
New England and Great Lakes regions were em
ployed in mills having collective-bargaining agree
ments; in the Middle Atlantic States, three-fourths
of the workers were in unionized mills.
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Regional Variations
The woolen and worsted industry is located
largely in New England, where about 63,000 of
the production workers in the industry were em*See BLS Wage Structure Series 2, No. 40, Woolen and Worsted Textiles,
1946.
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1952
405
EARNINGS IN WOOLENS AND WORSTEDS
ployed in April-May 1952; approximately 18,000
were in the Middle Atlantic States, nearly 14,000
in the Southeast, and about 5,400 in the Great
Lakes and Pacific regions.4 Hourly earnings of
production workers averaged $1.51 on the Pacific
Coast, $1.50 in New England, $1.47 in the Middle
Atlantic States, $1.23 in the Great Lakes region,
and $1.19 in the Southeast.
Earnings of less than $1.15 an hour were re
ceived by 3 percent of the workers in New England,
14 percent in the Middle Atlantic States, 56 per
cent in the Southeast, and 43 percent in the Great
Lakes. On the other hand, hourly earnings
averaged $1.75 or more for 17 percent of New
England workers, 18 percent of those in the Middle
Atlantic, and 1 and 4 percent, respectively, in the
Southeast and Great Lakes regions. The middle
50 percent of the workers in New England earned
from $1.30 to $1.70 an hour; in the Middle Atlantic
States, from $1.25 to $1.65; in the Southeast, from
$1.05 to $1.30; and in the Great Lakes region,
from $1.05 to $1.40.
About 70 percent of the total employment on
worsted products and over half of the workers in
woolen mills were concentrated in New England.
Worsted workers in this region earned, on the
average, $1.53 an hour—5 cents more than wpolen
workers. In the Middle Atlantic States, however,
where nearly a fifth of the workers in worsted mills
and a sixth of those in woolen mills were employed,
earnings averaged $1.47 an hour for both.
Production employment in weaving mills was
significant in only the two most important regions
and represented 6 percent of the workers in New
England and 14 percent in the Middle Atlantic
States. In both regions, weaving mills primarily
produced worsted fabrics. Hourly earnings in
New England worsted-weaving mills averaged
$1.64 and were 3 cents higher than in similar mills
in the Middle Atlantic States.
Workers in integrated mills, which accounted
for at least two-thirds of the industry employment
in each region, earned, on the average, $1.51 an
hour in New England; $1.52 in the Middle Atlantic
States; $1.20 in the Southeast; $1.25 in the Great
Lakes; and $1.54 on the Pacific Coast.
Earnings in yarn mills, which employed about a
fifth of the production workers in both the New
England and Middle Atlantic regions, were 23
cents an hour higher in New England ($1.43) than
in the Middle Atlantic ($1.20).
4 For purposes of this study the regions include: New England—Connect
icut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont;
Middle Atlantic—New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; Southeast—
Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina,
Tennessee, and Virginia; Great Lakes—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minne
sota, Ohio, and Wisconsin; Pacific—California, Oregon, and Washington.
T able 2.—Average straight-time hourly earnings 1 of production workers in woolen and worsted textile mills, by type of mill
and predominant type of yarn produced or woven, United States and selected regions, A pril-M ay 1952
United States 2
Type of mill
All
types
Woolen Worsted
yarn
yarn
or
or
fabric
fabric
New England
All
types
Middle Atlantic
Woolen Worsted
yarn
yarn
or
or
fabric
fabric
All
types
South
east
Great Lakes
Pacific
Woolen Worsted
yarn
yarn
or
or
fabric
fabric
All
types
All
types 3
$1.47
1.60
1.37
$1.19
1.23
1.15
$1.23
1.28
1.17
$1.25
1.29
1.19
$1.51
1.57
1.46
$1.54
1.59
1.49
1.20
1.23
1.16
1.25
1.29
1.20
1.25
1.29
1.20
1.54
1.59
1.49
1.54
1.59
1.49
Woolen
Woolen
yarn
All
yarn
or
types 3
or
fabric
fabric
All mills
All production workers_________
Men_-- ______________
Women__________________
$1.45
1.49
1.38
$1.41
1.45
1.32
$1.48
1.55
1.42
$1.50
1. 54
1.45
$1.48
1.51
1.39
$1.53
1.58
1.47
$1.47
1. 57
1.37
$1.47
1.54
1.38
1 35
1. 44
1.30
1 33
1. 41
1. 21
1 36
1 45
1.31
1 43
1.49
1.37
1 43
1. 48
1.35
1.43
1. 50
1.38
1. 20
1. 29
1.17
1. 23
1.35
1.20
1 60
1 64
1.55
1 63
1. 65
1.59
1.64
1.66
1. 60
1. 61
1.67
1. 50
1.61
1.67
1.51
1. 52
1. 56
1.47
1. 51
1.54
1.46
1. 56
1.60
1.51
1.52
1.58
1.45
Yarn mills
All production workers
Men
Women
Weaving mills
All production workers
Men
Women
1.60
1. 64
1.54
Integrated mills
All production workers
M en...
Women_______________ - _
1.45
1.49
1.39
1. 42
1.46
1.33
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
2 Includes data for other regions in addition to those shown separately.
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1.48
1.51
1.39
1. 50
1.56
1.42
3Includes data for worsted yam or fabric mills which were insufficient to
permit separate presentation.
MONTHLY LABOR
EARNINGS IN WOOLENS AND WORSTEDS
406
system), plain loom weavers, and cloth menders
also averaged more than $1.50 an hour.
On a regional basis, occupational averages
ranged from $1.25 to $1.91 in New England; from
$1.09 to $2.06 in the Middle Atlantic; from $1.04
to $1.52 in the Southeast; from 85 cents to $1.68
in the Great Lakes; and from $1.38 to $1.89 in the
Pacific region. The highest average in most
instances reflected the earnings of loom fixers.
Occupational earnings, on a Nation-wide basis,
were generally higher in worsted mills than in
woolen mills; the differences ranged from 4 to 30
cents an hour. In the Middle Atlantic region,
however, woolen-mill weavers averaged slightly
more than worsted-mill weavers. New England
worsted mills usually had higher earnings than
Middle Atlantic mills; conversely, Middle Atlantic
woolen mills frequently had higher levels than New
England mills (table 3).
Occupational Variations
Average hourly earnings of men in the selected
occupations studied in the woolen and worsted
industry in April-May 1952 varied from $1.24 for
spinning-frame doffers to $1.87 for loom fixers.
Women averaged from $1.09 for spinning-frame
doffers to $1.67 for automatic-box-loom weavers.
The spread in average earnings was narrower for
women than for men (58 cents compared with 63
cents). The range of averages for both men and
women was greater in worsted mills than in woolen
mills; the respective spreads were 71 and 54 cents
in the former mills and 58 and 53 cents in the
latter mills. Other men’s occupations having
average earnings in excess of $1.50 were mainte
nance machinists, frame spinners (French system),
mule spinners, and all classifications of weavers.
Among women workers, frame spinners (French
T able 3.—Average straight-time hourly earnings,1 of production workers in selected occupations in woolen and worsted textile
mills, United States and selected regions, A pril-M ay 1952
United S tates2
All mills
Woolen mills Worsted mills
All mills
New England
Southeast
Woolen mills Worsted mills
All mills
Occupation and sex
Avg. No. of Avg. No. of
No. of hourly
work earn work hourly
earn work
ers
ers
ers
ings
ings
Men
Card finishers_______________________________ 1, 670 $1.35
1.39
Card strippers-------------- -------------------------------- 1,005
Com bar ton dors
__ ______________ _____
1. 44
394
129 1.24
Doffers, spinning frame ______ ___ - ________
109
1. 25
DnfFors spinning frame, French system
1. 36
24
Dyeing-machine tenders, cloth___________
__
951
1.35
1.43
936
Fuller tenders---------------------- - . . . --------------1.27
Janitors (excluding machinery cleaners)_________
575
1.87
Loom fixers........... ....................... .................. ......... 2,400
1.70
Machinists, maintenance_____ _____________ __
678
1. 39
Spinners frome
596
Spinners frame. Bradford system
1. 44
109
Spinners frame, French system
1.72
100
1. 67
Spinners, mule
2, 433
Spinners, mule, French system
202 1.80
1.29
Truckers, hand (including bobbin boys)________ 2, 773
1.75
W eavers4____________ _________ .
______ 6, 954
Box looms, automatic_____________________ 5, 342
1.76
Box looms, nonautomatic__________________
1.65
931
Plain loom s____________________________
681
1.77
Women
Battery hands___________________________
Comber tenders _______________ _
Doffers, spinning fram e-___ ______ _
Doffers, spinning frame, Bradford system
DofFers. spinning frame, French system „ .
M enders,cloth----------------- ------ ------------ -------Spinners, frame_____________________________
Spinners, frame, Bradford system___ _____
Spinners, frame! French system______ . . .
Spinners! frame, other systems_____ _____
W eavers4____ _______________ ______ _____
Box looms, automatic_____________ - ____
Box looms, nonautomatic____________ _
Plain looms____________ ________________
Winders 4__ ____ ___________ _____ _________
Cone and tube, automatic_________________
Cone and tube, high speed, nonautomatic___
Cone and tube, slow speed, nonautomatic
Filling, automatic__ ____'________________
Filling, nonautomatic- __ ________________
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
480
232
50
1, 291
87
6,067
2,315
2, 743
688
163
2,707
1, 762
557
388
5,966
831
2, 476
442
1,141
307
1. 22
1. 40
1.09
1. 27
1.43
1. 52
1.37
1. 35
1. 54
1. 26
1.61
1.67
1. 44
1. 56
1.34
1.44
1.35
1. 22
1.33
1. 27
Avg.
Avg. No. of Avg. No. of Avg. No. of Avg.
of hourly
hourly work hourly
hourly No.
work hourly
earn
earn
earn
earn work
earn- work
ers
ers
ers
ers
ings
ings
ings
ings
• ings
239
110
389
$1.44
1.47
1.44
109
22
381
267
266
1,035
340
1.25
1.34
1.40
1.61
1.31
1.96
1.73
109
84
1.44
1.72
1.27
1. 70
1. 71
1.62
1.71
202
1,224
2,646
1,722
432
492
1.80
1.31
1.83
1.87
1.69
1.80
330
28
50
1.19
1. 38
1. 09
150
204
1.29
1. 40
43
2,472
2, 227
1. 53
1.35
1.36
1, 291
44
3, 595
88
2, 743
613
163
829
465
152
212
4,137
734
2,034
151
494
195
1.27
1.33
1.63
1.59
1. 35
1. 53
1. 26
1.72
1.80
1. 56
1.67
1.39
1. 47
1.36
1. 42
1.45
1.35
1,431
895
$1.33
1.38
119
1.22
570
669
309
1,365
338
586
1.32
1.36
1.23
1.80
1.68
1.39
2,416
1. 67
1, 549
4, 308
3,620
499
189
75
1.62
1,878
1, 297
405
176
1,829
97
442
291
647
112
1.55
1.62
1. 40
1.43
1.21
1.24
1.32
1.12
1.24
1.14
¥
1,074 $1.39
631
1.45
1. 51
290
19
1.40
1.32
41
22
1.34
1.39
595
574
1.43
1.34
240
1, 552
1.91
1.71
420
1. 51
255
109
1. 44
40
1.85
1,969
1.73
182
1.79
1.34
1,876
1.82
4, 394
1.84
3,750
321
1.71
323
1.76
293
109
12
853
42
3,814
1,400
1,763
462
42
1,258
893
160
205
3, 719
637
1, 712
249
585
216
1.25
1. 45
1.30
1.32
1.32
1.62
1.41
1.43
1.53
1. 57
1. 69
1.74
1. 44
1.67
1.42
1.53
1.40
1. 33
1.43
1.38
176
87
290
$1.47
1.48
1.51
41
22
223
183
174
729
262
1. 32
1.34
1.48
1.60
1.35
1.97
1.75
109
40
1.44
1.85
1.32
1.78
1.79
1.46
1.86
182
853
1,823
1,379
239
205
1. 79
1.36
1.89
1.93
1.79
1.70
210
1.20
1.39
1.45
1.07
1.30
83
109
119
12
1.43
1.41
1,168
524
259
1.19
1.21
1.18
845
701
106
38
787
18
241
115
245
63
1.64
1.71
1.20
1. 57
1.30
1.57
1.33
1.17
1.34
1.33
1.32
1.32
1.74
1. 58
1.43
1.53
1.57
1.80
1.86
1. 92
1.69
1.45
1.53
1.41
1. 47
1.49
1.40
1.06
1.08
I, 473
1,341
853
42
2, 341
59
1,763
462
42
413
192
54
167
2,932
619
1,471
134
340
153
18
74
121
437
299
1.15
1.37
1.37
135
829
114
426
1.36
1.09
1.15
1.10
254
1.07
898
544
$1.37
1.44
16
1.39
372
391
66
823
158
247
1.33
1.35
1.31
1.85
1.62
1. 51
1,952
1.73
1,023
2, 571
2,371
82
118
217
128
63
85
53
$1.12
1.14
1.17
1.18
1.24
160
62
97
318
59
174
1.14
1.14
1.04
1. 52
1.48
1.18
241
1.46
481
966
875
24
67
1.07
1.43
1.43
1.27
1.43
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1952
T able 3.—
E A R N IN G S
IN
W OOLENS AND
407
W O RSTEDS
A v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n in g s ,* o f p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s i n s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s i n w o o le n a n d w o r s te d te x tile
m i l l s , U n ite d S ta te s a n d s e le c te d r e g io n s , A p r i l - M a y 1 9 5 2 — Continued
Middle Atlantic
Occupation and sex
All mills
Woolen mills
Great Lakes
Worsted mills
All mills »
Pacific
Woolen mills
All mills »
Woolen mills
Avg. No. of Avg. No. of Avg. No. of Avg.
Avg. No. of Avg. No. of Avg.
No. of hourly
No. of hourly
hourly workers hourly workers hourly workers
hourly
hourly
workers earnings
workers earnings
earnings
earnings
earnings workers earnings workers earnings
Men
Card finishers_______ __________ .
Card strippers__________________
Comber tenders______ ______ ____
Doffers, spinning frame___________
Doflers, spinning frame, Bradford
system_________________ ___
Doffers, spinning frame, French
i system______ _______________
Dyeing-machine tenders, cloth_____
Fuller tenders___ _____ _________
Janitors
(excluding
machinery
f. cleaners)........ ....................... ...........
Loom fixers__________ ___________
Machinists, maintenance...................
Spinners, frame_____________ ____
Spinners, frame, Bradford system.—
Spinners, frame, French s y s te m __
Spinners, mule . . . .
__ _______
Spinners, mule, French system__
Truckers, hand (including bobbin
boys)— ...........................................
W eavers4.......................... ................ .
Box looms, automatic..............
Box looms, nonautomatic______
Plain looms____________ _____
Women
Battery hands..... ................ ...............
Comber tenders_______________ __
Doffers, spinning frame___ _.
Doffers, spinning frame, Bradford
system________ _______ __
Doffers, spinning frame, French
system__________ ______ _____
Menders, cloth__________________
Spinners, frame_________________
Spinners, frame, Bradford system__
Spinners, frame, French system____
Spinners, frame, other system s___
Weavers 4________ ______________
Box looms, automatic_________
Box looms, nonautomatic______
Plain looms_______ _____ ____
Winders 4__ _ ___ ____________
Cone and tube, automatic_____
Cone and tube, high speed, nonautomatic..................... .............
Cone and tube, slow speed, nonautomatic_________________
Filling, autom atic....................
Filling, nonautomatic............. ....
244
110
23
$1.42
1.49
1.29
194
87
$1.42
1.50
$1.40
1.46
1.28
85
103
18
18
$1.13
1.23
1.33
1.23
12
1.09
81
103
$1.13
1.23
18
1.23
32
19
$1. 55
1.56
32
19
$1.55
1. 56
1.47
1.54
22
21
1.47
1.54
118
186
1. 51
1. 59
62
114
1.49
1. 51
56
72
1.53
1.71
54
87
1.17
1.29
54
87
1.17
1.29
22
21
195
391
167
127
1.33
2. 06
1. 79
1.41
143
173
126
125
1.32
2. 04
1.77
1.41
52
218
41
1.36
2. 07
1. 85
34
84
25
13
1.05
1.63
1. 68
1. 50
34
84
17
13
1.05
1.63
1.83
1. 50
35
Ï. 89
25
1.92
15
1.53
15
1.53
60
93
20
1.64
1.44
1.88
93
1.44
114
1.37
114
1.37
13
1.58
13
1.58
323
1, 286
461
540
285
1.36
1. 75
1.78
1.67
1.87
141
590
243
347
55
153
125
28
1.24
1.48
1.56
1.11
51
153
125
28
1.26
1.48
1. 56
1.11
24
72
54
12
1.45
1.82
1.86
1.68
17
® 72
54
[12
1.45
1.82
1.86
1.68
56
111
1.34
1.35
33
28
10
.85
.85
12
1.48
klO
44
1.61
20
1.88
1.37
1. 76
1.80
1.73
182
696
218
193
285
1.34
1. 74
1.75
1. 55
1.87
1.35
1.38
23
83
1.32
1.34
341
1.19
F43
770
144
610
193
1.53
1.61
1.47
1.24
1.58
43
213
115
1.53
1.54
1.44
75
1.62
568
256
274
38
1,110
54
1.71
1. 87
1.57
1. 68
1.30
1.12
275
99
176
1. 74
1.84
1.68
509
50
274
1.43
88
1.23
1.12
4•
1.52
181
229
42
1.09
1.41
1. 20
170
129
1.10
1.36
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
1 Includes data for regions other than those shown separately.
Wage Practices and Related Benefits
Paid vacations were established policies in
woolen and worsted mills employing 99 percent
of the total industry work force in April-May
1952. The typical vacation policy provided for a
1-week vacation with pay after 1 year’s service.
A second week after 5 years’ employment was
granted by mills employing over four-fifths of the
workers in the New England, Middle Atlantic,
and Pacific regions; two-thirds of those in the
Great Lakes; and a third in the Southeast.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
50
23
18
341
1.19
20
1.07
557
29
610
118
1.64
1.59
1. 24
1.55
204
126
77
1.12
1.33
1.09
204
126
1.12
1.33
71
77
34
33
1.40
1.47
1.38
1.38
56
77
1.41
1.47
293
157
98
38
601
1.69
1.89
1.36
1. 68
1.37
315
231
84
1.37
1. 50
1.00
315
231
84
1.37
1.50
1.00
216
20
1.06
1.23
150
20
1.02
1.23
100
64
26
10
69
1.80
1.86
1.68
1 70
1.40
71
35
26
10
43
1.80
1.91
1.68
1 70
1.41
186
1.38
51
1.22
15
1.24
11
100
42
.97
1.48
1. 20
12
25
40
1.05
1.06
.85
25
40
1.06
.85
43
1.39
33
1.41
s Includes data for worsted yarn or fabric mills which were
insufficient to permit separate presentation.
4 Includes data for workers not shown separately.
Insurance or pension plans, financed wholly or
in part by employers, have been adopted by mills
with 96 percent of the total employment in the
industry. Life insurance plans were applicable to
at least five-sixths of the workers in each region;
on the Pacific Coast, all woolen and worsted
textile workers were provided with such benefits.
Health insurance and hospitalization plans each
covered over seven-eighths of the industry’s
workers in the New England, Middle Atlantic,
and Southeast regions. In the Pacific and Great
Lakes regions, three-fifths of the workers were
408
covered by health insurance plans; two-thirds and
one-third, respectively, by hospitalization plans.
Retirement plans were in effect in mills with 11
percent of the industry employment in New
England, 30 percent in the Middle Atlantic, and
15 percent in the Great Lakes. No such plans
were reported for the Southeast and Pacific
regions.
Paid holidays were granted by woolen and
worsted mills employing four-fifths of the workers
in the industry. By region, the proportion varied
widely, ranging from 22 percent of the employees
in the Southeast to 100 percent in the Pacific
region; half of the industry employment in the
Great Lakes region and over 90 percent in the
New England and Middle Atlantic States were
in mills providing such benefits. The most
common practice in each region was six paid
holidays a year; in the Southeast, however, 5 days
a year was almost as prevalent.
Late-shift work was performed by 4 of every 11
workers in the woolen and worsted industry in
April-May 1952; about three-fourths of these
were on the second shift. The proportion of
workers receiving shift differentials varied widely
by region. Extra compensation for late-shift work
was received by over nine-tenths of the shift
workers in New England mills; in the Middle
Atlantic States, by four-fifths of the second-shift
workers and all of the third-shift workers; and
in the Great Lakes region, by three-tenths and
five-ninths of the second- and third-shift workers,
respectively. Only 8 percent of the workers on
the second shift and 22 percent of those on the
third shift in the Southeast received differential
rates. None of the second-shift workers, but 16
percent of third-shift workers, in the Pacific
region, were paid a premium. The most preva
lent differentials for second- and third-shift work,
respectively, were 4 and 7 cents an hour in New
England, 4 and 5 cents in the Southeast, 5 and
10 cents in the Great Lakes region, and 5 and 15
percent of earnings in the Middle Atlantic States.
Third-shift workers on the Pacific Coast received
a full day’s pay for reduced hours of work.
Minimum entrance rates and minimum job rates
in the woolen and worsted industry relate to the
lowest rates paid in an establishment to inexperi
enced and experienced workers, respectively. Ad
vancement from the entrance rate to the job rate
generally involves either a formal training period
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MONTHLY LABOR
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 8
or a progression of rates based on length of service
or merit rating. In many mills, however, the
minimum entrance and job rates were identical.
For the industry as a whole, hiring rates tended
to concentrate at $1.30 and $1.31. These rates
were reported as entrance rates in mills with a
fourth of the industry’s employment, and as job
rates in mills with a third of the employees.
About a tenth of the workers were employed in
mills having $1.05 as an entrance or job rate.
On a regional basis, there were marked differ
ences. In New England, an entrance rate of $1.30
or $1.31 was reported by mills with about threeeighths of the workers in this region; half of the
workers were in mills with minimum job rates of
the same amounts. In the Middle Atlantic States,
entrance rates of $1.15 and $1.30 were in effect in
mills employing 22 and 14 percent of the workers,
respectively; job rates of $1.17 and $1.30 each
prevailed in mills with 18 percent of the employ
ment. In the Southeast, $1.05 was the entrance
rate in mills having about four-ninths of the woolen
and worsted workers, and as a job rate in mills
with two-thirds of the workers.
— J o h n F. L a c is k e y
D ivision of Wages and Industrial Relations
Wage Chronology No. 8:
Full-Fashioned Hosiery1
Supplement No. 2
A n e w a g r e e m e n t effective September 17, 1951,
between the Full-Fashioned Hosiery Manufactur
ers of America, Inc., and the American Federation
of Hosiery Workers (AFL) increased wages of
2,000 pieceworkers on pairing, folding, and boxing
operations from 7 to 13 cents an hour, but left the
rates of the majority of workers unchanged. It
liberalized holiday and vacation pay provisions
and also made public the details of the pension
plan. The contract, to run until August 31, 1953,
retained the provisions for wage reopenings at any
1 See Wage Chronology No. 8: Full-Fashioned Hosiery, 1941-48, Monthly
Labor Review, March 1951 (p. 294), or BLS Serial No. R. 2027.
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1952
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 8
time upon request of either party and for settle
ment of wage disputes by a wage tribunal.
The contract was reopened for wage discussions
in January 1952 at the request of the employers.
When agreement could not be reached, final de
termination was made by the wage tribunal. On
January 30, 1952, the tribunal released a decision
409
providing for a downward revision of most piece
rates. The award of the tribunal and the changes
negotiated by the parties are summarized in the
following tabulation which brings the Full-Fash
ioned Hosiery Chronology and its Supplement
No. 1 up to the termination date of the current
agreement.
A—General Wage Increases
Effective date
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
Provision
Sept. 17, 1951____
Feb. 4, 1952-
__
Downward revision of piece rates, ranging up
to 25 percent.
7 to 13 cents-an-hour increase to about 2,000
workers in the pairing, folding, and folding
boxing departments.
By decision of Wage Tribunal, Jan. 30, 1952. Not
applicable to pairers, stampers, folders, boxers,
and miscellaneous employees.
C— Related Wage Practices
Effective date
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
Provision
Vacation Pay
Employee, previously terminated but returning to
work before loss of seniority status, to receive
vacation pay proportionate to service during
vacation year.
Sept. 17, 1951.
Holiday Pay
New employees paid 0.4 percent of total earnings
in Social Security quarter prior to first holiday
occurring after 9 months of service. After 1 year
of service, paid on same basis as other employees.
Eligible employees, on lay-off of less than 1 year,
recalled during week in which holiday occurred
received holiday pay, even if the holiday pre
ceded the recall.
Sept. 17, 1951
Hospitalization, Accident, and Health Insurance
Dec. 1, 1951
2 2 2 7 7 5 -5 2 -
Increased to: Sickness and accident benefits,
minimum of $15 a week, up to 52 weeks.
Hospitalization benefits, employees $8 a day,
dependents $7.
Medical benefits, office visit $3, home or hos
pital call $5.
Miscellaneous hospital expenses, employees up
to $80, dependents up to $70.
Surgical benefits, employees up to $300, de
pendents up to $150.
Changed to: Maternity benefits, employees,
$100 flat amount in lieu of hospital or surgi
cal expense; dependent wife, $75 flat
amount.
4
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Benefits increased at no additional cost to employer.
Benefits paid whether patient was hospitalized or
not.
410____________
W A G E C H R O N O L O G Y N O . 17
MONTHLY LABOR
C—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
P e n s i o n P la n
Jan. 1, 1951-_
Noncontributory retirement plan established
to provide pensions to employees at age 65
after 5 years of credited service. Annuity,
including statutory benefits, ranged from
$80 to $165 a month depending on length of
service.
Wage Chronology No. 17:
North Atlantic Longshoring, 1934-511
Supplement No. 1
N egotiations for a new contract to replace tlie
agreement scheduled to expire September 30, 1951,
were begun early in that month by the New York
Shipping Association and the International Long
shoremen’s Association (AFL). Although the
contract expired before negotiations were com
pleted, it was extended to prevent interruption in
dock operations.
By October 8, 1951, the Union Wage Scale
Committee for the Atlantic Coast District and
representatives of the New York Shipping Associ
ation (comprising about 175 operators) had
reached agreement on the terms of a two-year
contract to be effective as of October 1, 1951.
The new contract provides for one wage reopening,
in September 1952. Ratification by the union
membership was voted on October 11. As in
Retirement fund established by decision of Wage
Tribunal, Mar. 23, 1950. Payments into fund
began Apr. 3, 1950. Employer contributed 4
percent of gross weekly payroll into retirement
fund. The fund was administered jointly.
previous years, the New York agreement estab
lished a pattern that was accepted by operators
and local unions from Portland, Maine, to Hamp
ton Roads, Va.
Subsequently, dissident local groups challenged
the validity of the contract, and the ensuing work
stoppage led to the appointment of a New York
State Board of Inquiry to investigate the claims
and counterclaims of the union factions. Findings
of the Board included a statement that “the col
lective (New York) agreement was validly ratified
and should remain in full force and effect.”
Further, the Board recommended the continuation
of the present system of having the entire Atlantic
Coast District vote on the Port of New York
agreement. The Regional Wage Stabilization
Board approved the contract on January 10, 1952.
Changes in wages and related practices that
were incorporated in the new contract are reported
in the following tabulation and bring the Atlantic
Coast Longshore Chronology up to the termination
date of the current agreement.
1 See Wage Chronology No. 17: North Atlantic Longshoring, 1934-51,
Monthly Labor Review, August 1951 (p. 170), or BLS Serial No. R. 2048.
A—General Wage Changes
Effective date
Oct. 1, 1951________________________
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Provision
10 c e n t s - a n - h o u r ine,re u s e
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1952
411
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 17
B-—Basic Hourly Rates for Longshoremen 1 in Selected North Atlantic Coast Ports
Effective date
Effective date
Cargo classification and port
Cargo classification and port
Oct. 1,1950 Oct. 1,1951
Oct. 1,1950 Oct. 1,1951
G en era l cargo
All ports:
Basic rate______________________
Overtime rate__________________
P e n a lty cargoes 2
New York:
Bulk cargo, ballast, and coal car
goes 3________________________
Cement and lime in bags________
Damaged cargo 4________________
Explosives 5____________________
Kerosene, gasoline, and naptha6__
Refrigerator space cargo 7________
Wet hides, creosoted poles, ties
and shingles, cashew oil, soda
ash in bags, and napthalene in
bags_________________________
Baltimore:8
Cement and lime in bags and bulk.
Chrycillic acid stowed under deck 9
Damaged cargo 4________________
Explosives 5____________________
Old coal-restricted spaces________
Refrigerator space cargo 7_______
Rubber where talc has been stored9
Soda ash, toxaphene (cotton dust),
red oxide, napthalene, and cal
cium cyanamid in bags, raw
bones in bulk, and chrycillic
acid in drums 10_______________
Wet hides, creosoted lumber and
lumber products, and all copra. _
Boston:11
Bulk cargo and ballast3_________
Cement in bags_________________
Damaged cargo 4________________
Explosives_____________________
Grain 12________________________
P e n a lty C argoes
<£9 nn
3 OH
2.
2.
3.
3.
2.
2.
05
05
90
90
20
20
CpZ. 1U
3 15
2.
2.
4.
4.
2.
2.
15
15
10
10
30
30
2. 15
2. 25
2. 05
2.
4.
4.
4.
2.
2.
2.
3.
3.
2.
2.
90
90
405
20
15
10
10
10
625
30
20
2. 25
2. 15
2. 25
2.
2.
3.
3.
2.
2.
2.
4.
4.
2.
05
05
90
90
20
15
15
10
10
30
1 Contrary to the practice on the Pacific Coast, nonsupervisory longshore
men, except in the ports listed, receive the same rate of pay regardless of the
function performed.
1 Overtime work handling these cargoes is paid for at l j i times the penalty
rate.
3 Including loading and trimming coal for ship’s own bunker.
4 Premium rate not paid on ship with damaged cargo for handling sound
cargo in same or separate compartment.
3 When handled in the stream, pay to start when men leave the pier.
• In cases and barrels when loaded by case-oil gang with a fly.
7 When transported at temperature of freezing or below, rate paid entire
gang.
2— Continued
Boston:11— Continued
Napthalene in bags__ _ __ __ _
Pickled skins, in casks, from New
Zealand and Australia_____ __
Refrigerator space cargo 7 __
Scrap mica_____
_ _ _ ______
Wet hides, creosoted products,
cashew oil, soda ash, carbon
black, cotton seed meal in bags,
and gasoline __
___
Hampton Roads (including Newport
News and Norfolk):
Damaged cargo 4_ ___ _
__
__ __
Explosives5 ____
Grain________ _____
Refrigerator space cargo 7 __
Cement in bags, lime in bags, iron
ore when handled by hand, sulfur and steel dust in bulk or
bags, pitch in bulk or barrels___
Wet hides, creosoted products,
cashew oil, soda ash, kerosene,
and caustic s o d a ___
Philadelphia:
Distress cargo 4___ _______
Explosives 5______________ __
__
Grain 12_ _______
Oil, kerosene, gasoline, grease,
naptha in barrels, drums, cases,
or other containers 13_ __ _
Sulfur and bog ore in bulk
_ _
Wet hides _
__ _______
Tallow, vegetable oil, asphalt and
pitch in barrels and drums 913
Napthalene in bags, inbound only 9_
Chrycillic acid, in drums, inbound
o n ly 9 „
______
$2. 75
$2. 85
2. 50
2. 20
2. 25
2. 60
2. 30
2. 35
2. 15
2. 25
4.
4.
2.
2.
4.
4.
2.
2.
00
00
20
20
10
10
30
30
2. 05
2. 15
3. 225
2. 15
2. 25
4. 00
4. 00
2. 10
4. 20
4. 20
2. 30
2. 15
2. 05
2. 15
2. 25
2. 15
2. 25
2. 25
2. 35
2. 60
8 Rates applicable to holdmen. Winch men, deck men, and leaders paid
an additional 5 cents an hour.
8 Rate established for first time.
t° Effective Oct. 31, 1951. Rate established for first time.
11 Gangway men, winch men, and tractor operators receive a 5-cent-anhour differential; chisel and fork lift operators, a 10-cent differential.
13 Rate applicable to men in next hatch when there is no bulkhead or par
tition.
13 Rate applicable if cargo was handled by a gang for 2 hours or more a day.
D—Related Wage Practices
Effective date
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
Meal Time Premium Pay
O c t. 1, 1 9 5 1 _______
A d d e d : D o u b le tim e p a id fo r w o rk d u r in g th e
n o o n m e a l h o u r o n S a tu r d a y s , S u n d a y s , a n d
r e c o g n iz e d h o lid a y s .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In
B a ltim o r e , t h e a p p r o p r ia te o v e r tim e r a te
(w h e th e r tim e a n d o n e -h a lf or d o u b le ) c o n tin u e d
t o a p p ly u n t il t h e m e n w ere r e lie v e d , w it h a
m in im u m o f 2 h o u r s .
412
MONTHLY LABOR
W A G E C H R O N O L O G Y N O . 17
D—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
Provision
Effective date
P a id
Oct. 1, 1951______
V a c a tio n s
Changed to: 40 hours’ pay for 700 but less
than 1,200 hours paid for during the year;
80 hours’ pay for 1,200 hours or more.
-
C a ll- in P a y
Oct. 1, 1951______
1
Changed to: 4 hours’ pay guaranteed when
ordered out the first time each day.
Men employed between 8 a. m. and 12 noon who
continued working through the meal hour and
were ordered back at 2 p. m. guaranteed 3 hours’
pay for afternoon work, unless that work was
prevented by weather conditions or the ship or
hatch was completely discharged or loaded in less
time; in these cases men received a minimum of
2 hours’ pay. Four hours’ pay guaranteed men
employed, Monday to Sunday inclusive, for the
period between 8 a. m. and 12 noon.
In Baltimore, if re-employed for the next succeeding
shift, a second 4-hour guarantee was applicable,
unless weather or other specified conditions made
work impossible, in which case the guarantee
was for 2 hours. If ordered to report at Spar
rows Point, whether work proved to be available
or not, a “reporting fee” of $2.10 plus $0.14
carfare was paid.
W e lf a r e a n d I n s u r a n c e P l a n
July 1, 1951
Changed to: A c c i d e n t a n d s ic k n e s s b e n e fits ,
increased to $30 a week in New York and
New Jersey and Hampton Roads.
J a n .1,1952
Changed to: Employer contributions: 5 cents
at all ports.
L i f e in s u r a n c e , $2,000 in New York and New
Jersey, Philadelphia, and Baltimore.
A c c i d e n ta l d e a th a n d d is m e m b e r m e n t, up to
$
2 , 000 .
for employees, maximum of $300 for
each operation in Boston, New York and
New Jersey, Philadelphia, and Baltimore;
maximum of $200 in Hampton Roads. For
dependents, maximum of $210 in New
York and New Jersey, $200 in Baltimore,
and $150 in Philadelphia and Hampton
Roads.
Added: M a t e r n i t y b e n e fits , up to $80 for hos
pitalization (New York and New Jersey),
up to $60 (Baltimore); $70 for doctors’
fees; $140 for Caesarean operation; $35 for
miscarriage (New York and New Jersey),
and $25 (Baltimore).
L i f e in s u r a n c e f o r -p e n s io n e r s , $500 paid-up
policy.
S u rg ery,
1 In New York and New Jersey, a single “ shape-up” , at 7:55 a. m. each day,
instead of two, as in the past, with special arrangements for the employment
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Effective Oct. 1, 1951, in Philadelphia and Jan. 1,
1952, in Baltimore. For Hampton Roads only,
the following changes, effective July 1, 1951:
H o s p i t a l i z a t i o n , $6 a day for employees, $5 for
dependents; M i s c e lla n e o u s h o s p i t a l e x p e n s e s , maxi
mum of $100 for employees, $75 for dependents.
No increase from $1,500 in Boston, or from $1,000
in Hampton Roads.
In New York and New Jersey, Philadelphia, and
Baltimore payable whether accident causing
death occurred on or off the job; in Hampton
Roads, if the accident occurred off the job; in
Baltimore, payable if accident causing dismem
berment occurred off the job. No change from
$1,500 in Boston.
Payable whether or not surgery was performed in a
hospital, but must have been performed by a
legally licensed physician or surgeon. No cover
age for dependents in Boston.
No maternity benefits in Boston, Philadelphia, and
Hampton Roads.
Pensioners covered for first time. Not applicable
to Hampton Roads.
of workers after 5 p. m., was provided for in the 1951 contract. Each of the
other ports continued to have three or more “shape-ups” .
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1952
413
EARNINGS IN CANDY INDUSTRY
Earnings in Selected Industries in Late 1951 and Early 1952
Candy and Other
Confectionery Products
m a k e r s performing all-round operations
(class A) were generally the highest paid process
ing workers in candy manufacturing in six impor
tant centers of the industry, according to a survey
conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in
selected months in late 1951 and early 1952.1
Straight-time averages for workers in this job
category ranged from $1.58 an hour in New York
to $1.83 in Chicago and the San Francisco-Oaldand
area.
For men, average hourly earnings of less than
$1.25 were limited to custodial workers, stock
handlers, and helpers in some of the areas Women
outnumbered men in the work force in each area
and were employed primarily on dipping opera
tions, filling containers, and in wrapping and pack
ing work. Although average hourly earnings for
women ranged from 87 cents for hand packers in
Milwaukee to $1.38 for dippers in Chicago, twothirds of their city job rates averaged between 95
cents and $1.15.
Job pay levels were not consistently highest or
lowest in any of the cities studied. Chicago, Los
Candy
Angeles, and the San Francisco-Oaldand area
shared the top position for most of the jobs.
Boston, Milwaukee, and New York ranked either
fifth or sixth in three or more jobs.
A substantial majority of the production workers
in each city were paid according to established
hourly rates. However, incentive wage systems
were in effect in all six cities studied. The largest
proportion of workers—between 35 and 40 per
cent—paid on this basis were in Chicago, Boston,
and Milwaukee. Only about a tenth of the work
ers in San Francisco, a sixth in Los Angeles, and a
fourth in New York City were similarly paid.
Among the occupations studied, incentive pay was
generally limited to dipping, packing, and wrap
ping operations; women most frequently were
employed at these tasks.
Unionization varied substantially in terms of
the proportion of production workers covered by
written agreements. A fifth of the workers in
Chicago and Boston, together accounting for two1 Data in the study were collected by field representatives under the direc
tion of the Bureau’s regional analysts. The study covered 79 establishments,
employing 21 or more workers, primarily engaged in the manufacture of candy
and other confectionery products (Group 2071) as defined in the Standard
Industrial Classification Manual, 1945 edition. Establishments primarily
engaged in manufacturing solid chocolate bars and chewing gum were ex
cluded. Earnings data exclude premium pay for overtime and late-shift work
but include incentive earnings.
S tr a i g h t - ti m e a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 1f o r se le c te d o c c u p a tio n s i n th e c a n d y a n d o th e r c o n f e c tio n e r y p r o d u c ts i n d u s t r y
in se le c te d a r e a s , la te 1 9 5 1 a n d e a r ly 1 9 5 2
Boston,
Apr. 1952
Occupation and sex
Chicago,
J a n .1952
Milwaukee,
Jan. 1952
New York,
Feb. 1952
San FranciscoOakland,
Nov. 1951
Avg.
Avg.
Avg.
Avg.
Avg.
No. of hrly. No. of hrly. No. of hrly. No. of hrly. No. of hrly. No. of
workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
Men
Candy makers, class A------------ -------- -----------------Candy makers, class B ---- -------------------- --------Candy makers’ helpers----------- -------------------------Dippers, machine _ _ ____________ ___________
Janitors, porters, and cleaners ____ ____ _____
Machinists, maintenance
________________
Maintenance men, general utility____ ___________
Mogul operators
- _______________________
Mogul operators* helpers
____________ _ ____
Stock handlers and truckers, hand______ __________
Watchmen _ __________________________________
89
131
213
36
125
40
55
32
109
105
8
$1.66
1.30
1.15
1.48
1.11
1.72
1.59
1.52
1.27
1.16
1.10
454
381
421
92
418
110
181
114
218
493
113
$1.83
1.49
1.37
1.94
1.27
1.96
1.93
1. 53
1.27
1.42
1.20
Women
Dippers, one-hand
________ ________
Dipping-machine operators* helpers
Filling-machine operators
__________________
Inspectors
___ _
______ _____________
Janitors, porters, and cleaners___________________
Packers! hand, bulk-------------------- ----------------------Packers, hand, fancy
____________________
Wrappers, machine_____________________________
131
434
119
29
24
260
708
268
1.16
1.00
1.10
1.09
.94
.96
1.11
.98
65
347
466
215
45
558
1,028
873
1.38
1.13
1.06
1.19
1.14
1.14
1.14
1.28
i Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Los Angeles,
Dec. 1951
39
82
74
$1.80
1.53
1.24
39
1.16
10
1.85
19
1.43
115
91
190
39
18
7
33
$1.65
1.29
1.14
6
26
16
1.34
1.09
1.14
1.37
42
50
.97
.99
1.23
.97
1.03
8
108
85
27
.98
.90
.87
1.06
134
146
374
20
98
16
49
$1.58
1.40
1.07
1.53
1.05
1.87
1. 76
86
203
40
1.09
1.07
1.03
227
65
1.07
1.07
445
876
217
1.06
1.02
1.00
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
74
71
47
$1.83
1.52
1.32
27
9
1. 57
1.97
2.25
124
1.52
6
33
1.31
132
1.26-
72
1.26-
414
EARNINGS IN ELECTROPLATING
thirds of the industry’s employment in the six
areas, were employed in establishments operating
under union contracts. In Milwaukee, two-thirds
of the workers were covered by union contracts;
in Los Angeles, seven-tenths; in San FranciscoOakland, five-sixths; and in New York City, ninetenths.
Related Wage Benefits
A 40-hour workweek was scheduled at the time
of the study by establishments which accounted
for seven-tenths or more of the production workers
in all but one area. In Milwaukee more than half
of the men and a fourth of the women were sched
uled to work 45 hours or more.
Paid holidays were granted to all office workers
and to virtually all production workers, except in
Milwaukee where the proportion was two-thirds.
Six paid holidays were most commonly granted
in Chicago, Los Angeles, and Milwaukee. A
great majority of the workers in San Francisco-
Electroplating,
Plating, and Polishing Industry
polishers and buffers were generally the
highest paid workers in the plating and polishing
industry 1 in eight important cities included in a
survey conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statis
tics in selected months in late 1951 and early 1952.
Average earnings 2 for these workers exceeded $2
an hour in three of the eight areas. The highest
pay level was found in Detroit. New York em
ployers generally provided the most liberal sup
plementary wage benefits (paid holidays, paid va
cations, and the like) to their employees.
Over half the workers in the plating and polish
ing industry were concentrated in the eight areas
studied. Chicago, Detroit, and New York ac
counted for over a third of the total employment
in the industry.
Electroplating establishments are typically
small; Detroit and Newark-Jersey City were the
only areas covered in which average employment
per plant exceeded 50 workers. Ordinarily such
M etal
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
Oakland received 7 paid holidays, and New York
and Boston establishments generally reported more
liberal provisions.
Paid vacations were general throughout the
industry. Plans providing at least a week’s vaca
tion after a year’s service covered the vast major
ity of the workers in all areas. Most of the pro
duction and office workers qualified for 2 weeks
with pay upon completion of 5 years of service.
Insurance plans were prevalent except in Los
Angeles and San Francisco. A majority of the
workers in the other cities were employed in
establishments which paid at least a part of the
cost of some form of insurance. Life insurance,
hospitalization, and other health-insurance plans
were commonly reported. Retirement plans were
reported by a fourth of the 79 establishments in
the study. Only in Chicago and Milwaukee, how
ever, were a majority of the production and office
workers concentrated in establishments having
such plans.
— L . E arl L e w is
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
establishments operate on a jobbing basis and are
usually located in the large industrial centers close
to the plants requiring their services.
Workers in the industry were typically paid on
a time basis; only about 5 percent of the aggregate
employment in the eight areas were paid on an
incentive basis. Nearly all of the incentive work
ers were located in Chicago, Detroit, or Cleveland.
Metal polishers and buffers comprised the only job
category studied in which incentive rates were paid
to an appreciable number of workers.
Women constituted approximately a sixth of the
combined work force in the areas studied and were
mainly employed as platers’ helpers.
Establishments employing about half of the
production workers had written agreements with
labor organizations. Most of these contracts were
with the Metal Polishers, Buffers, Platers, and
Helpers Union (AFL). The highest degree of
unionization was found in Detroit, where nearly
1 The study covered establishments with eight or more workers, primarily
engaged in all types of electroplating, plating, and metal-polishing work
(group 3468) as defined in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual
(1945 edition) prepared by the Bureau of the Budget.
* Earnings data exclude premium pay for overtime and night work.
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1952
S tr a i g h t - ti m e a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s
1f o r
s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s i n th e e le c tr o p la tin g , p l a t i n g a n d p o l i s h i n g i n d u s t r y , s e le c te d
a r e a s , la te 1 9 5 1 a n d e a r ly 1 9 5 2
Buf falo,
Jan. 1952
Occupation *
Janitors, porters, and cleaners. _______
Maintenance men, general utility_______ .
P la te rs_________________
___
Platers’ helpers (men)...............................
Platers’ helpers (women) ................. ..
Polishers arid buffers, metal_______
Polishing-and-buffing-machine operators____
Stock handlers and truckers, hand_____
N um
ber of
work
ers
Cleveland,
Oct. 1951
Detroit,
Oct. 1951
Avg. Num Avg. Num Avg. Num
hrly. ber of hrly. ber of hrly. ber of
earn work earn work earn work
ings ers ings ers ings ers
42 $1.55
25 1.12
39
Chicago,
Jan. 1952
1.75
G 1.09
25 $1.07
45 1.76
512 1.58
685 1.25
211 1 15
440 2. 24
71 1.74
22 1.32
i Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
three-fourths of the workers were in establishments
having union agreements. In Los Angeles, on the
other hand, less than a tenth of the workers were
employed in such plants.
Occupational Earnings
About three-fifths of the production workers in
the plating and polishing industry in the eight
areas were employed either as metal polishers and
buffers, platers, or platers’ helpers. Nearly a
third of the metal polishers and buffers were paid
on an incentive basis and their earnings ranged
from an hourly average of $1.28 in Providence to
$2.26 in Detroit. Platers’ earnings averaged from
$1.35 an hour in Providence to $1.78 in Detroit
and Los Angeles. Men working as platers’
helpers typically averaged about 10 cents more an
hour than women employed in this category. The
largest differential (27 cents) for this job was in
Los Angeles, where men earned $1.32. General
maintenance men, paid predominantly on a time
basis in each of the areas, averaged $1.83 in Los
Angeles, $1.80 in New York, $1.76 in Chicago,
and $1.63 in Cleveland.
Related Wage Practices
Although a 40-hour workweek was typical for
most of the plating industry in the areas studied,
longer workweeks were reported by a number of
establishments. In the Newark-Jersey City and
Cleveland areas, about a fifth of the production
workers were scheduled to work at least 50 hours
a week at the time of the study.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
415
E A R N IN G S IN E L E C T R O P L A T IN G
10 $1.28
40 1.63
198 1. 52
141 1.28
92 1.19
132 1. 94
35 1.55
10 1.47
Los Angeles, Newark-Jer
York,
sey City, New
Dec. 1951
J a n .1952
Nov. 1951
Avg. Num
hrly. ber of
earn work
ings ers
284 $1.78
356 1.58
109 1 4ft
330 2. 26
24 2.06
Avg. Num
hrly. ber of
earn work
ings ers
16 $1.28
20 1. 83
206 1.78
353 1.32
254 1 05
283 1.82
21 1. 64
16 1.30
Avg. Num
hrly. ber of
earn work
ings ers
124 $1.40
89 1.13
77
2.18
Providence,
Dec. 1951
Avg. N um
hrly. ber of
earn work
ings ers
16
20
218
329
1 ftQ
1.49
1. 07
499
1 64
23
1.20
106
53
163
104
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.35
Q5
. 82
1 28
»Data limited to men workers in all jobs except platers’ helpers.
Almost all late-shift workers were paid a shift
premium—typically a cents-per-hour differential
over day-shift rates. The amounts most com
monly reported were 5 and 10 cents for both
second- and third-shift workers. The proportions
of production workers on late shifts ranged from
about a sixth in Cleveland to a fourth in Detroit;
less than 5 percent in New York and Providence
were working on late shifts.
Paid holidays, generally six in number, were
granted to a majority of the production workers
and office workers in all areas except Los Angeles
where two-fifths of the production workers and
two-thirds of the office workers were in establish
ments that provided fewer than 6 days with pay.
Substantial numbers of production and office
workers in New York received 7 or 8 paid holi
days and in Providence 8 or 9 paid holidays.
Chicago, Detroit, and New York were the only
areas in which over half the production workers
were employed in establishments furnishing some
forms of insurance or pension plans financed at
least partially by the employer. Private pension
plans for production workers were reported in
Chicago and Cleveland; in the last-named city,
nearly a tenth of the workers were employed in
establishments with such plans.
Paid vacations for production workers in this
industry generally were 1 week after a year’s serv
ice and 2 weeks after 5 years; policies tended to
be more liberal for office workers.
—A. N.
J a r r ell
D iv is io n o f W a g e s a n d I n d u s tr ia l R e la tio n s
416
E A R N IN G S IN
Cutlery, Hand Tools,
and General Hardware
fourth in Cleveland and the Newark-Jersey City
area; and fully two-fifths in New York City.
Incentive methods of wage payment for at
least part of the production force were reported
by nearly half of the 79 establishments studied.
By area, the proportion of production workers
paid on an incentive basis amounted to a fifth
in Chicago and Los Angeles; two-fifths in New
York and St. Louis; and half or more in the other
areas. Among the selected occupations studied,
incentive workers outnumbered time workers in
polishing and buffing work and, in some areas,
in assembling and machine-tool operations.
Establishments employing four-fifths or more
of the production workers in areas other than
Chicago and Los Angeles operated under collec
tive agreements with labor unions. Union con
tracts covered a third of the production workers
in Chicago and somewhat less than half in Los
Angeles. Most of the major unions in the metal
working field had one or more agreements in the
industry. In several of the areas studied, five
or more international unions had agreements.
T ool- and - die makers and all-round (class A)
machine-tool operators generally averaged $1.90
or more an hour on a straight-time basis in the
seven large cities in which the Bureau of Labor
Statistics conducted an occupational wage survey
in the cutlery, hand tools, and general hardware
industry during selected autumn and winter
months in 1951 and 1952.1 Men employed as
stock handlers, assemblers, machine-tool operators,
and inspectors whose work is generally repetitive
and requires only a short period of on-the-job
training, averaged between $1.25 and $1.50 an
hour; average hourly earnings of women, employed
primarily at such operations were grouped at the
$1-$1.25 level.
Among the items manufactured in the industry
are cutting dies, files, hammers, hardware, pocket
knives, razor blades, saws, shovels, and vacuum
bottles. Metalworking and finishing processes
varied considerably from plant to plant and
among the cities studied as shown by the selected
occupations in the accompanying table. Women
accounted for less than an eighth of productionworker employment in Philadelphia and St.
Louis; a fifth in Chicago and Los Angeles; a
S tr a ig h t- tim e a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s
1fo r
Assemblers, class A
__
_
_ ___
Assemblers, class B ____ ____________ _______
Assemblers, class C ._____ ___ ______________
Assemblers, class C (women)........... .......................
Heat treaters, class B _______ ___________
Inspectors, class B ________ _
_
Inspectors, class C__________________________
Inspectois, class C (women)__
__ _ . _____
Machine-tool operators, production, class A_ _
Machine-tool operators, production, class B __
Machine-tool operators, production, class 0 ____ _
Machine-tool operators, production, class C (women).
Machine-tool operators, toolroom. _____________
Polishers and buffers, metal______ __________
Polishing-and-buffing-machine operators_______
Set-up men, machine tools_____ ____ _________
Stock handlers and hand truckers__ ___________
Tool-and-die makers_________________________
Cleveland,
Oct. 1951
Los Angeles,
Dec. 1951
NewarkJersey City,
Nov. 1951
New York,
J a n .1952
Philadelphia,
Oct. 1951
St Louis,
J a n .1952
N um Avg. N um Avg. N um Avg. N um Avg. Num Avg. Num Avg. Num Avg.
ber of hrly. ber of hrly. ber of hrly. ber of hrly. ber of hrly. ber of hrly. ber of hrly.
work earn work earn work earn work earn work earn work earn work earn
ings
ings
ers
ers
ings
ers
ings
ers
ings
ers
ings
ers
ings
ers
21 $1.62
130
1. 50
1.08
403
97 1.70
22 1.66
50 1.49
63 1.14
100 1.93
210 1. 69
568 1. 49
262 1.20
46 1. 74
62 1.83
1.49
51
1. 83
113
160 1.33
132 2.19
i Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 Data in this study were collected by field representatives under the direc
tion of the Bureau’s regional analysts. The study was limited to establish
ments employing 21 or more workers and primarily engaged in the manu
facture of cutlery, hand tools, and general hardware (group 342) as defined
in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1945 edition, prepared by
the Bureau of the Budget. Earnings data exclude premium pay for overtime
and late-shift work.
s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s i n th e c u tle r y , h a n d to o ls, a n d g e n e r a l h a r d w a r e i n d u s t r y i n
s e le c te d a r e a s , la te 1 9 5 1 a n d e a r l y 1 9 5 2
Chicago,
J a n .1952
Occupation 5
MONTHLY LABOR
C U T L E R Y IN D U S T R Y
22
28
22
19
$1.62
1.90
1. 76
1. 73
10
95
109
$1. 55
1.39
1.25
12
1.56
32
88
159
115
1.28
2. 03
1. 65
1.42
37
30
82
1. 97
1.39
2.27
31
$1.42
24
1.44
28
39
1.31
1.04
327
1.70
46
47
1. 04
1.94
11
248
21
145
49
67
$1.16
1.16
1.79
1. 50
1.48
2.14
..
32
79
40
$1.82
1.42
1.25
50
22
38
1.34
1.16
1.63
137
1. 51
169
52
1.76
1. 57
22
28
1. 27
1.92
82
$2. 01
13
1.80
9
1.32
87
20
10
1.92
1.78
1.28
21
2.20
s Data limited to men workers except where otherwise indicated.
R E V I E W , O C T O B E R 1952
EARNINGS IN HEATING APPARATUS
Related Wage Practices
Work schedules of 40 hours a week were common
for production workers in all but one of the areas
studied. The exception was Newark-Jersey City
where a majority of the workers were scheduled
to work 45 hours or more a week. Second-shift
operations employed as many as 7 percent of the
production workers in all areas, except NewarkJersey City and St. Louis; third-shift operations
were negligible in ah areas. With the exception
of Los Angeles, workers on second shifts typically
received a premium over day rates of pay. This
premium was usually 5 cents an hour in Chicago,
Cleveland, Newark-Jersey City, Philadelphia, and
St. Louis; second-shift workers in New York nor
mally received a 10-percent premium.
Paid vacation plans providing a week’s vacation
after a year’s service were general among the areas
studied. Production workers in each city gener
ally received at least 6 paid holidays during a year.
The majority of the workers in each area were
employed in establishments which provided some
form of insurance or pension benefits, paid, at
least in part, by the employer. Life, hospitaliza
tion, and health insurance plans were common in
each area. Retirement pensions affecting a sub
stantial number of production workers were re
ported only in Chicago, where establishments
employing over a fourth of the production workers
provided such benefits.
— L. E
arl
L
e w is
D iv is io n o f W a g e s a n d I n d u s tr ia l R e la tio n s
Heating Apparatus Industry
h e highest paid processing workers in the heating
apparatus industry generally were hand welders
(class A) who performed the difficult welding
operations, according to a Bureau of Labor Sta
tistics survey made in late 1951 and early 1952 in
six important production centers.1 Average earn
ings 2 for welders exceeded $2 an hour in three of
T
1The study covered establishments with 21 or more workers primarily
engaged in the manufacture of domestic and industrial oil burners (SIC 3432)
and nonelectrical heating and cooking apparatus (SIO 3439). Additional
detailed information for each area is available upon request.
2 Earnings data exclude premium pay for overtime and night work.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
417
the six areas, and ranged from an average of $1.76
in St. Louis to $2.14 in Chicago. Among the
selected indirect occupations studied, a higher pay
level was reported only for tool-and-die makers,
whose average hourly earnings ranged from $2.02
in Cleveland to $2.41 in San Francisco-0akland.
Workers in the six areas accounted for about a
fourth of the total employment in this industry.
Los Angeles and St. Louis were the two most
important centers studied and accounted for over
half of the workers in the six areas.
Union agreements were in effect in establish
ments employing most of the production workers
in each of the areas; coverage varied from about
three-fifths of the workers in Chicago and Phil
adelphia to virtually all in Los Angeles and San
Francisco.
Nearly a third of the production workers in the
heating apparatus industry in the six areas were
paid on an incentive basis. This method of pay
was most prevalent in the three mid-western areas;
nearly half the workers in Chicago, a third in
Cleveland, and about two-fifths in St. Louis were
paid incentive rates. Only about a fifth of the
workers in Philadelphia and Los Angeles and less
than a tenth in San Francisco were paid on a
similar basis.
The occupational composition of the industry’s
work force varied considerably among the areas
and among individual plants within an area.
This variation may be attributed to differences in
types of products and manufacturing processes
among individual establishments. Included in
this industry are such products as oil burners,
stoves, water heaters, cast-iron radiators, gas
burners, and steam tables.
Numerically, assemblers were the most impor
tant job group for which earnings data were col
lected. They were classified into three groups
(class A, B, and C) according to the skill and re
sponsibility required on the job. Average hourly
earnings of class B assemblers, involving the
largest numbers of assembling workers, ranged
from $1.57 an hour in Los Angeles to $1.78 in
Cleveland.
Janitors were the lowest-paid workers covered,
with average rates ranging from $1.04 an hour in
Philadelphia to $1.32 in Cleveland. Laborers em
ployed as stock handlers and hand truckers aver
aged $1.04 in Philadelphia, $1.27 in St. Louis, from
$1.42 to $1.47 in Chicago, Cleveland, and Los
418
EARNINGS IN HEATING APPARATUS
S tr a ig h t- tim e a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s
1fo r
se le c te d o c c u p a tio n s i n th e h e a tin g a p p a r a t u s i n d u s t r y i n s e le c te d a r e a s ,
1951 an d 1952
Chicago,
January 1952
Occupation 2
Cleveland,
October 1951
Philadelphia,
October 1951
San FranciscoOakland,
November 1951
St. Louis,
January 1952
Num
ber of
work
ers
Num
ber of
work
ers
Num
ber of
work
ers
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Num
ber of
work
ers
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Num
ber of
work
ers
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
114
$2.09
1.75
1.39
1.73
368
$1.78
'"29"
1. 70
319
33
44
$1.57
1.56
1.60
61
1.84
39
1.61
37
32
1.41
1.81
210
58
1.44
114
112
1.69
1.29
1.72
1.94
1.72
1.32
1.73
1.70
1.85
1.65
1.76
1.42
1.73
1.42
1.67
1.43
2.20
2.14
1.76
1.84
1.71
Angeles, and $1.75 in the San Francisco-Oakland
area.
Related Wage Practices
A 40-hour workweek was typical for most of the
production workers in the heating apparatus in
dustry in all of the six areas. Establishments in
the Chicago area, however, reported scheduled
workweeks of 45 hours or longer.
Late-shift workers, accounting for an eighth of
the production workers during the payroll period
studied, were virtually always paid a differential
over day (first) shift rates. They were employed
mostly on the second shift in each of the areas,
since relatively few plants operated three shifts.
In Chicago and San Francisco, late-shift workers
usually received a 10-percent differential over dayshift rates; in St. Louis and Cleveland, the differ
ential was in the form of a cents-an-hour addition
(usually 5 cents). Part of the late-shift workers
in Los Angeles received a cents-per-hour differen
tial; others received a uniform percentage differ
ential and were also given a full day’s pay for
reduced hours of work. No late-shift workers
were reported in Philadelphia.
Six or more paid holidays were provided by es
tablishments employing a great majority of the
production workers in each of the six areas. In
2. 02
2. 04
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.78
Ì.46
116
1.61
1.65
1.51
1.47
1.52
2.17
2.07
26
173
1.87
1.50
1.37
102
$1.75
1.59
30
1.04
31
156
183
113
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
1.72
1.31
1.81
202
1Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Los Angeles,
December 1951
Num
ber of
work
ers
Assemblers, class A...... ......... ...............................
Assemblers, class B ......................... .............................
Assemblers, class C ____ ______________ ____ _____
Chippers and grinders...... .......... ........ ......... .......
Drill-press operators, single- or multiple-spindle,
class B ___ __________________________________
Drill-press operators, single- or multiple-spindle,
class C________ ___ _____ __ _____ _____
Inspectors, class A___ ________ ____________
Inspectors, class B . . ....... ............. ....................... ..........
Janitors.........,.....................................................
Maintenance men, general utility..........................
Painters, finish....................... ............ .................
Painters, rough_____ __________ ______ ____
Power-shear operators, class A________________
Power-shear operators, class B ___________________
Punch-press operators, class A.___ ____________
Punch-press operators, class B ________ _____ _____
Stock handlers and truckers, hand__ __________
Stove mounters..................... ......... ....................
Tool-and-die makers______________________
Welders, hand, class A................................... ......
Welders, hand, class B .......................... ............ ..........
Welders, machine, class A......... ............ ...............
Welders, machine, class B ______ ____________ ___
M ONTHLY LABOR
143
266
$1.64
1.65
1.67
1.75
1.74
1.25
1.72
1.68
58
30
73
83
Î. 75
466
1.69
1.70
200
1.04
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
2.28
1.76
1.44
2. 41
1.93
1.77
1.52
1.64
1.39
1.78
1.41
1.27
139
2D ata limited to men workers.
San Francisco, nearly three-fourths of the produc
tion workers were in establishments furnishing 7
paid holidays; in Philadelphia, half the workers
received either 7 or 8 paid holidays.
Paid vacations of 1 week after a year’s service
and 2 weeks after 5 years were typical for produc
tion workers. About nine-tenths of the workers
in each area were entitled to 1 week’s vacation
after a year of service and more than three-fifths
were employed in establishments granting 2 weeks
or more after 5 years.
Insurance or pension plans, financed wholly or
in part by the employer, were in effect in establish
ments employing more than nine-tenths of the
production workers in Chicago, Los Angeles, San
Francisco, and St. Louis. About four-fifths of the
workers in Cleveland and half in Philadelphia were
employed in establishments with such plans. Al
though health insurance was the most common
plan, nearly as many workers were employed in
establishments contributing to hospitalization and
life insurance plans. Less than half of the pro
duction workers in each area were employed in
establishments with retirement plans. The high
est coverage was in St. Louis where about twofifths of the production workers were in establish
ments with pension plans.
_^
J a r r ell
D iv is io n o f W a g e s a n d I n d u s tr ia l R e la tio n s
EARNINGS IN MILLINERY INDUSTRY
R E V I E W , O C T O B E R 1952
Millinery Industry
H o u r l y e a r n i n g s of production workers in the
millinery industry averaged $2.15 in New York,
$1.73 in Chicago, and $1.59 in St. Louis at the peak
of the 1952 spring production season, according to
a study made by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.1
The three areas included in the March 1952 study
accounted for approximately three-fourths of the
industry’s employment; New York alone ac
counted for well over half. In that area, men
employed in the industry averaged $2.65 an hour
and women $1.76. Earnings were below $1 an
hour for a tenth of the men and an eighth of the
women; on the other hand, nearly a third of the
men and nearly a twentieth of the women in New
York received $3 or more. Men made up nearly
half the production work force in New York,
compared to only about one-sixth in Chicago and
in St. Louis.
Among the selected occupations, trimmers were
the largest numerical group in which women were
employed in March 1952. They averaged $1.95
in New York, $1.55 in Chicago, and $1.46 in St.
Louis. In the women’s occupations, sewingmachine operators had the highest earnings.
Sewing straw or synthetic materials commonly
used in spring and summer hats, these operators
averaged $2.74 in New York, $2.08 in Chicago, and
$1.81 in St. Louis. Men sewing-machine operaS t r a i g h t - ti m e a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s ,1 s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s
i n th e m i l l i n e r y i n d u s t r y , s e le c te d a r e a s , M a r c h 1 9 5 2
Chicago
Production occupation
and sex
New York
St. Louis
Avg. No. of Avg.
No. of Avg.
of hrly.
hrly. No.
hrly.
work earn
work earn
work earn
ers
ers
ers
ings
ings
ings
All occupations
All workers__ _____ ______
M en______ . . . _______
Women____ _________
1,258
202
1,056
$1.73 10,345
2. 22 4, 593
1.64 5, 752
$2.15
2. 65
1.76
315
46
269
$1. 59
1.80
1.56
27
2.34
28
116
103
1. 25
1.81
1.46
Selected occupations
Men:
Blockers, h and_________
Blockers, machine______
C u tters..______________
Sewing-machineoperaters.
Shipping clerks. I ______
Straw operators________
Women:
Milliners___ . ______
Sewing-machineoperators.
Straw operators_____ . . .
Trimmers_____________
83
2.73
26
27
24
2.00
2.36
1.30
965
153
193
1,141
'340
875
3. 52
3. 84
2.54
2.69
1. 71
3.37
93
288
473
1.83
2.08
1. 55
497
297
271
3,252
1. 63
2.06
2. 74
1.95
1Excludes premium pay for overtime.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
419
tors in New York, who greatly outnumbered
women in the job in that area, averaged $3.37 an
hour on straw or synthetic materials and $2.69 on
other materials. In hand blocking, a typical
men’s job in all three areas, $3.52 was the average
earned in New York, compared to $2.73 in Chicago
and $2.34 in St. Louis.
The relatively high average earnings revealed by
the study were representative only of the spring
production season. The industry also has a peak
season in the fall, but both earnings and employ
ment decline considerably during the remainder of
the year. Because a high proportion of the
workers are paid on an incentive basis, full produc
tion schedules result in higher earnings during peak
seasons. In March 1952, more than half the
production workers studied were paid according
to units produced. Where comparisons were
possible, average earnings of these incentive-rate
workers were substantially above those of timerate workers in the same job. In New York, for
example, women hat trimmers averaged $1.98 an
hour on an incentive basis, compared to an average
of $1.11 for the relatively small number of workers
on a time basis.
A very high proportion of the millinery workers
in the areas studied were covered by collectivebargaining agreements between employers and
the United Hatters, Cap and Millinery Workers
International Union (AFL). Under these agree
ments, special funds were established for payment
of health and retirement benefits in all three areas,
and for payment of vacation benefits in New York.
Each fund was maintained by employer contribu
tions equivalent to 2 percent of weekly payrolls of
union members.
Vacation benefits paid from the New York fund
to workers with a year of union membership
ranged from $42 for trimmers to $70 for blockers.
Agreements in Chicago and St. Louis provided for
direct payment of vacation benefits to workers.
Those paid on an incentive basis were entitled to
2 percent of annual straight-time earnings, and
time workers to 35 times their hourly rate.
Health-fund benefits available to workers cov
ered by agreements included accident, sickness,
1Earnings data shown are exclusive of premium pay for overtime. The
study covered millinery establishments employing 8or more workers. Addi
tional detailed information for each of the three areas is available on request.
SALARIES IN INSURANCE CARRIERS
420
hospitalization, surgical, medical, and death
payments.
Retirement-benefit plans provided for payments
to union workers with service qualifications, after
age 65. Under the New York plan, payments
amounted to $50 a month for machine operators
and blockers, and $40 for all others. The Chicago
plan was being funded and payments were to begin
in the near future.
—Louis E. B a d e n h o o p
D iv is io n o f W a g e s a n d I n d u s tr ia l R e la t io n s
Insurance-Carrier Industry
S t a n d a r d w e e k l y s a l a r i e s for a majority of the
women’s office occupations in the insurance-carrier
industry averaged from $40 to $50 in most of the
30 cities studied by the Bureau of Labor Statistics
during the late months of 1951 and the early part
of 1952.1 Exceptions were found in Memphis,
New Orleans, Pittsburgh, and Providence, which
were generally somewhat lower than the average
for all cities, and in the large insurance centers of
Chicago and New York where pay levels were
typically higher. Earnings of men, who accounted
for only a minor part of the total office work force
in each of the areas, generally averaged from $10
to $20 more a week than those of women in com
parable occupational categories.
Important insurance centers included in the
study, in addition to Chicago and New York, were
Boston, Hartford, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, and
San Francisco. Of the 287,000 workers employed
in the 30 cities, New York and Chicago accounted
for approximately 80,000 and 30,000, respectively.
Occupational Earnings
Underwriters and section heads were the
highest-paid occupations included in the study.
In about half the cities surveyed, women under
writers averaged slightly more than section heads,
but in the remainder of the cities a reverse relation
ship existed. Average weekly earnings of women
underwriters ranged from $50 in Buffalo to $75.50
in New York; for women section heads, they
ranged from $42 in Memphis to $74 in Denver.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M ONTHLY LABOR
Pay levels in jobs requiring only a short period of
training showed less variation among all of the
areas. Although averages for routine file clerks
varied from $31.50 (Memphis) to $40.50 (San
Francisco-Oakland), fully two-thirds of the city
averages were concentrated at the $33.00-$37.50
level. Salaries of routine typists, numerically the
most important occupational group studied, aver
aged from $33 in Buffalo to $43.50 in Chicago;
two-thirds of the city averages in that group were
within a range of $35 to $39.50 a week.
Men employed as underwriters averaged from
$66 (Pittsburgh) to $87.50 (Milwaukee). In most
of the cities, standard weekly earnings of men
employed as section heads exceeded those of under
writers, although underwriters averaged more
than section heads in a few areas. The highest
average for men section heads ($106) was recorded
in New York, while the lowest ($71.50) was in
Atlanta and Jacksonville.
Supplementary Benefits
Work schedules in excess of 40 hours a week
were virtually nonexistent in the areas studied.
A 40-hour workweek was prevalent in Birmingham,
Cleveland, Denver, Detroit, Jacksonville, Kansas
City, Memphis, Oklahoma City, and Seattle;
workers in the remaining areas were usually em
ployed on shorter work schedules, ranging from 35
to 39 hours a week. The length of the workweek
did not appear to exert a substantial influence on
level of weekly earnings. Cities having longer
work schedules frequently had the lowest wage
levels.
Paid vacation plans were universal in all areas
studied. In each of the cities, workers most
frequently received a 2-weeks’ paid vacation after
a year of service.
Holiday-pay provisions were part of the wage
structure of nearly all the establishments surveyed.
A majority of the workers in Cleveland, Detroit,
Houston, and Kansas City were granted 6 paid
holidays annually; most of the workers in all other
areas studied received 7 days or more. Sub
stantial numbers of workers in Boston, Los
Angeles, New York, Philadelphia, and San Frani
The survey included insurance carriers of all types (Group 63, as defined
in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, M ay 1949 edition, prepared
by the Bureau of the Budget) employing 21 or more workers. Earnings data
relate to standard salaries that are paid for standard work schedules.
421
SALARIES IN INSURANCE CARRIERS
R E V I E W , O C T O B E R 1952
A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a r n in g s ( s t a n d a r d ) 1 f o r se le c te d o c c u p a tio n s i n th e in s u r a n c e - c a r r ie r i n d u s t r y , s e le c te d a r e a s ,
la te 1 9 5 1 - e a r l y 1 9 5 2
At
lan
ta
Bir
ming
ham
Cin C leve Co
lum
cin
nati land
bus
Den
ver
De
troit
Indi Jack
H art Hous anap
son
ford
ton
olis
ville
Febru Octo April
April Janu
ary March
ary
ber
1952
1952
1952
1951
1952
1952
No
vem
ber
1951
De
cem
ber
1951
Octo Janu
ber
ary
1951
1952
Bos
ton
Buf
falo
Chi
ca
go
Kan
sasCity
Sex and occupation
March April
1952
1952
De
cem
ber
1951
May
1952
Octo
ber
1951
Men
Clerks, accounting.
Section heads____
Underwriters.........
$53. 50
$49.00
$59.00
71. 50 $75. 50 78. 50 $85.00 91.00 $69. 50
75.00 72. 50 79.00 74. 50 78. 50 74.00 $71. 50
$50.00 $55. 50 $59.00 $64. 50
81.00 81.00 86.00 77. 50 $82. 50 $71. 50
68. 50 77. 50 86.00 69. 50
$65. 50
74.00
67.00
Women
Clerks, accounting...............
Clerks, actuarial___________
Clerks, file, class A ........ ..........
Clerks, file, class B__..............
Clerks, general____ ________
Clerks, premium-ledger-card..
Clerks, underwriter________
Key-punch operators............. .
Premium acceptors............. .
Section heads......... ..................
Stenographer, general_______
Tabulating-machine operators
Typists, class A .......................
Typists, class B ____________
Underwriters________ ____ _
45.00 43. 50
45. 50
42.00 41. 50
34.00 34. 50
47. 50 43. 50
43.00 39. 50
44.00 43.00
41.00 41.00
45.00 39. 50
55. 50 57. 50
44. 50 42. 00
45.00 52. 00
43. 50
36. 50 37.00
61.50
43. 50 46.00
40. 00
41. 50
34.00 33.00
57. 50
39.00
44. 50 40. 50
39. 50
44. 50
57.00 57. 50
40. 50 39. 50
46. 50
41.00
36. 50 33.00
58.00 50.00
50. 50
48. 50
50. 50
39.50
48.00
46.00
52. 00
48. 50
50.00
64.00
51.00
51. 50
50.00
43. 50
68. 50
43.00
34.00
42.00
41.00
38. 50
53.50
45. 50
40.50
44.00
37.00
44. 00 $47.00
43. 50
37. 50
44.00
39.00
43.00
42. 50
49. 50
39. 50
42.00
39. 50
44. 50
37. 50
54. 50
42.00
45. 50
55. 50
45. 50
48. 00
44.00
39.00
43.00
36. 00
40. 50
40. 50
74.00
44. 50
42.00
37.00
45.00
44.00
37.00
47. 50
42. 50
44.50
50. 00
46. 50
62.00
46.00
53. 00
45.50
40. 50
60. 00
45.00
50. 50
36.0Ô
46. 50
42. 00
65.00
47.00
47.00
42.00
63.00
48. 50
45. 50
37. 00
46. 00
39. 00
42. 00
65. 50
48. 50
45. 50
38. 50
75.00
44.50
41.00
41. 50
36.00
54. 00
40.00
44. 50
43. 50
41. 50
61.00
48.00
56.00
47.00
39.50
54.00
41.50
32. 50
34. 50
43. 50
60. 50
42.00
34. 50
50. 50
48. 50
42. 50
35. 50
45. 50
44.50
45.00
41.50
42.00
60.50
47. 50
43. 50
42.50
37.00
56. 50
Los Louis Mem Mil Minne- New New
Angeles ville phis waukee apolisSt.Paul Orleans York
Okla Phila Pitts Provi Rich St.
San
homa delphia
Seattle
burgh dence mond Louis Fran
City
cisco
De
Jan
No
No
De
cember May
vember March
vember cember uary
1952
1952
1951
1951
1951
1951
1952
Octo Octo No
De Octo
ber vember cember ber
ber
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
Sex and occupation
Jan
uary
1952
Octo Sep
ber tember
1951
1951
Men
Clerks, accounting.
Section heads____
Underwriters____
$52.00 $44. 50
»69. 50 $47.00
$51.00
86.00 79. 50 $75.00 106.00 $75.50 75.00
,50
87.50 71.00 75. 50 86.00 71.50 73.00
. 00
$51. 50
85.00 $77.00
79. 50 83.00
»96. 50
83. 00
$65.00 &60.00
74. 50 97.00
81.50 79. 50
$56. 50
88. 50
72.50
49.00
48.00
48.00
40. 50
45. 50
48.00
42.50
43.00
37. 50
43.50
Women
Clerks, accounting_____ ____
Clerks, actuarial.....................
Clerks, file, class A..................
Clerks, file, class B ..................
Clerks, general_____________
Clerks, premium-ledger-card..
Clerks, underwriter________
Key-punch operators_______
Premium acceptors..... ...........
Section heads_____ ________
Stenographer, general_______
Tabulating-machine operators.
Typists, class A ........ ..............
Typists, class B _______ ____
Underwriters______________
45.50
49. 50
42. 50
37.00
43.50
48. 50
46.00
47. 50
59.00
48. 50
54.00
44. 50
41.00
65.00
42.00
34.00
44.00
31.50
41.50
47. 50
67.00
45. 50
41.50
42.00
38.00
38.00
35.00
44. 50
36. 50
47. 50
42.50
47. 50
39. 50
43.00
61.00
45.00
48. 50
38.00
74.50
42.00
41.50
35.50
34. 50
33. 50
37.00
41.50
51.00
39. 50
39. 50
55.00
44. 50
43.50
41.00
38.00
66. 50
34. 50
37.00
56.00
41. 50
35.00
37. 50
33. 50
49.00
51.00
49. 50
39.00
50.00
49.00
52. 50
46. 50
63.00
52. 00
52.00
46.00
43. 00
75. 50
39. 50
33. 00
38.00
42.00
40.50
51.00
43.50
40. 50
38. 50
41.00
33.00
45. 50
36. 50
41.50
38. 50
39. 50
51.00
41.00
45. 50
41.50
36.00
56.00
37.00 $39. 50
34. 50
32. 50
46.50
35. 50
43.00
32. 50
37.00
35. 50
42.00
38.00
53. 50
41.00
43. 50
38. 00
33. 50
52. 50
39.00
44.50
42.00
35.00
40. 00
46. 50
43. 50
33.00
45. 00
37.00
37.00
57.00
43.00
41.50
42.00
35. 50
44.00
46.50
36.00
41.00
45.00
42. 50
45.00
62. 50
44.00
45.50
43.00
38. 50
61.50
50. 50
51.00
42.00
65. 00
52.50
55. 00
49.00
43.00
61.00
46. 50
60.00
48. 50
51.50
45.00
38.00
57.00
1Regular straight-time salaries corresponding to standard work schedules.
cisco were granted as many as 10 paid holidays
annually. Only a comparatively few workers in
any areas studied received fewer than 6 paid
holidays.
Life-insurance benefits, paid at least in part by
the employer, were available to most of the work
ers in all areas. Slightly more than half the work
ers in Houston, Indianapolis, Memphis, Oklahoma
City, and Providence were employed in establish
ments with such provisions. In the remaining
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
areas studied, larger proportions of workers,
ranging from three-fourths to virtually all, were
employed by establishments providing these
benefits.
Retirement-pension plans were prevalent in all
areas studied with the exception of Denver, Los
Angeles, Memphis, Oklahoma City, and Seattle.
— L. E
arl
L
e w is
D iv is io n o f W a g e s a n d I n d u s tr ia l R e la t io n s
422
M ONTHLY LABOR
E A R N I N G S I N M IL K -D E A L E R . I N D U S T R Y
Milk-Dealer Industry
less than 5 percent of the total production workers
in the survey. A great majority of the workers
were employed in plants having union agreements
covering nonoffice employment.
v e r a g e weekly earnings,1including commissions,
for retail drivers—the most important occupation,
numerically, in the milk-dealer industry—ranged
from $70 to $116, in the 13 areas included in a
survey conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statis
tics during the late months of 1951 and the early
part of 1952.2 Among processing jobs selected for
study, pasteurizers were generally the highest paid,
averaging $1.50 or more an hour in 10 of the areas.
A majority of the production workers in nearly
all the areas received supplementary wage bene
fits such as vacations with pay and insurance or
pension plans at least partially financed by the
employer.
About three-fifths of the 35,000 workers em
ployed by milk-dealer establishments in the 13
areas were concentrated in Boston, Detroit, Los
Angeles, and Philadelphia. Women constituted
A
Occupational Earnings
Driver-salesmen comprised more than a third
of the workers in the milk-dealer industry in the
13 areas studied. Of these, about four-fifths were
drivers on retail routes and the balance were em
ployed on wholesale routes. Average weekly earn
ings of driver-salesmen varied substantially among
the areas studied. This variation can be attrib
uted, at least partly, to differences in the length
of the workweek. The average weekly earnings
of retail driver-salesmen on a 5-day schedule
ranged from $70 in Cincinnati to $95.50 in Cleve
land; those on a 6-day schedule averaged from $79
in Boston to $116 a week in Detroit. Average
weekly earnings of wholesale drivers exceeded
those of retail drivers in most of the areas, although
in many instances the differences were slight.
Among the processing occupations, pay levels
were generally highest in the Minneapolis-St. Paul
1Earnings data exclude premium pay for overtime and night work.
2The study covered retail establishments with 21 or more workers prima
rily engaged in the processing and distribution of dairy products, such as
milk, cream, butter, cheese, and related products (SIC 5452). Additional
detailed information for each area is available upon request.
S tr a i g h t - ti m e a v e r a g e e a r n in g s
1f o r
s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s i n th e m ilk - d e a le r i n d u s t r y , i n s e le c te d a r e a s ,
la te 1 9 5 1 a n d e a r ly 1 9 5 2
Boston
April 1952
Occupation 2
Engineers, sta tio n ary ________________________
Filling-machine tenders____
__________
Mechanics, automotive (maintenance)-.Order fillers_____ ___________________________
Pasteurizers________________________________
Refrigerator m en__________________________
Sanitary men__ ___ - - - - - - - __ ________ _
Truck drivers (heavy trucks over 4 tons, trailer
type).
Washers, bottle, machine________
____ _____
Washers^ can, machine_____________ ______ -
Buffalo
Cleveland
Hartford
Cincinnati
Detroit
January 1952 February 1952 October 1951 December 1951 October 1951
Avg.
Avg.
No.
No.
hrly.
hrly.
of
of
work- earn- work- earners
ings
ers
ings
23
115
99
$1.82
1.46
1.66
15
6
$1.35
1. 48
41
125
60
61
1.56
1.46
1.46
1.63
9
14
1.35
1.34
67
17
1.45
1.36
10
1.35
Avg.
No.
hrly.
of
work- earners
ings
Avg.
No.
of
hrly.
work- earners
mgs
30
61
63
62
64
61
42
18
$1.95
1.61
1.74
29
19
$1.65
1.84
1.65
1.78
1.65
1.65
16
15
1.65
1.65
64
1.57
1. 59
51
30
23
20
11
1.66
1.65
1.60
1.55
1.66
Avg.
No.
hrly.
of
work-. earners
ings
48
97
89
25
52
229
86
55
73
20
$1.94
1.68
1.95
1.71
1.77
1.72
1.69
1.80
1.71
1.69
No.
of
workers
Avg.
No.
Avg.
hrly.
hrly.
of
earn- work- earnings
ers
ings
19
$1.15
1.47
1.34
30
13
27
1.06
1.28
.99
1. 25
1.23
7
1.05
15
16
$1.30
1.49
8
8
6
28
Houston
January 1952
Avg.
Avg.
Avg. No.
Avg.
No.
Avg.
Avg.
Avg.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
wkly.
wkly.
wkly.
wkly.
wkly.
of
of
wkly.
wkly.
of
of
of
of
of
work- earn- work- earn- work- earn- work- earn- work- earn- work- earn- work- earners
ings
ers
ers
ers
ers
ers
ings
ings
ings
mgs
ers
ings
ings
Routemen (driver-salesmen), retail:
5-day workweek__________ _______________ 1,007 $77. 00
6-day workweek___ . .
______ . . .
'224 79. 00
Routemen (driver-salesmen), wholesale:
5-day workweek_________________ . . ____
299 75.00
6-day workweek__________ ______________
1 See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
171 $85. 50
25
73.50
462 $70.00
693 $95. 50
108
114 111.50
70. 50
1,291 $116. 00
390 121. 50
167 $74. 00
25 99.50
40
3
74.00
84.00
299
$82.50
120
91.50
R E V I E W , O C T O B E R 1952
EARNINGS IN MILK-DEALER, INDUSTRY
S t r a i g h t - ti m e a v e r a g e e a r n in g s
1f o r
423
s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s i n th e m i lk - d e a le r i n d u s t r y , i n s e le c te d a r e a s ,
la te 1 9 5 1 a n d e a r ly 1 9 5 2 — Continued
Indianapolis
December 1951
Kansas City
October 1951
MinneapolisLos Angeles
St. Paul
December 1951 November
1951
Philadelphia
October 1951
Pittsburgh
November 1951
Occupation2
No. of
work
ers
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
No. of
work
ers
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
No. of
work
ers
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
41
30
27
18
35
27
$1.31
1.45
1.33
1.50
1. 20
1.18
21
$1.99
1. 72
1.97
1.72
1.85
1.23
1.42
$1.86
1.37
1.57
1.42
1. 52
1.37
1.37
1.46
1.37
1.37
47
119
89
156
76
18
40
42
26
24
41
62
26
24
80
39
32
15
No. of
work
ers
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
No. of
work
ers
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
307
$93.00
Engineers, stationary____________
Filling-machine tenders
Mechanics, automotive (maintenance)
Order fillers__________ .
Pasteurizers______________
_.
Refrigerator men_______
Sanitary m en______
Truck drivers (heavy trucks over 4 tons, trailer type)
Washers, bottle, m achine..
Washers, can, m achine.—
11
Routemen (driver-salesmen), retail:
5-day workweek_____
6-day workweek________
Routemen (driver-salesmen), wholesale:
5-day workweek______ . . . .
6-day workweek________
10
447 »$96.00
87
3102. 00
78
105.50
No. of
work
ers
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
No. of
work
ers
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
28
48
57
40
81
78
$1.64
1.40
20
1.71
1.90
1.71
1.69
$1.96
1.76
1.91
1.78
1.85
1.79
1.78
35
20
1.78
1.76
45
159
150
48
67
18
1.50
1.43
1.42
1.55
1.38
1.33
No. of
work
ers
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
No. of
work
ers
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
No. of
work
ers
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
1,314
$76. 50
693
$78. 50
1,410
$87.50
365
79. 50
130
90. 50
178
90. 50
19
52
38
1.66
No. of
work
ers
65
42
79
23
92
90
11
11
51
No. of
work
ers
Av?.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.64
2.10
1.62
1.71
1.63
1.60
1.78
1.61
1.63
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
1,054
$92. 50
307
104. 50
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
2 Data limited to men workers.
3 Drivers normally work a 5- or 5^-day week.
area, followed in order by Los Angeles, Detroit,
Cincinnati, and Pittsburgh.
Average hourly earnings for pasteurizers ranged
from $1.28 in Houston to $1.85 in the Los Angeles
and Minneapolis-St. Paul areas. Within individ
ual cities, filling-machine tenders, order fillers, re
frigerator men, sanitary men, bottle washers, and
can washers generally had about the same average
hourly earnings. In Cincinnati, an average of
$1.65 an hour was recorded for each of these six
occupations. The greatest variation in averages
among these jobs was in Indianapolis, where sani
tary men averaged $1.18 as compared with $1.42
an hour recorded for can washers.
Related Wage Practices
A 40-hour workweek was scheduled for a
majority of the production workers in Cincinnati,
Los Angeles, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Philadelphia,
and Pittsburgh. Most of the Boston and Hart
ford workers were on a 42-hour and a 45-hour
schedule, respectively. A 48-hour workweek was
most common in the other areas.
Paid holidays were granted to a majority of the
production workers in only 4 of the 13 areas.
Production workers in Kansas City received 4
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
paid holidays, while 6 days a year were usually
granted in Cleveland, Los Angeles, and Phila
delphia.
Paid vacations of 2 weeks after a year of service
were provided by milk dealers to nearly all pro
duction workers in Boston, Cincinnati, Detroit,
Hartford, and Minneapolis-St. Paul; in Pittsburgh,
the vacation period was 14 working days. Pro
duction workers in the seven other areas received
a paid vacation of 1 week after a year of service,
and this was graduated to 2 weeks after varying
periods of service.
Insurance or pension benefits, financed at least
in part by employers, were provided to the
majority of the production workers in all the
areas except Cincinnati, where only about 10
percent of the production workers were employed
in establishments with such plans. Life insurance
was provided most frequently, but health-insur
ance and retirement-pension plans were also
common throughout the areas studied. Twothirds of the production workers in Boston and
nearly nine-tenths of those in Detroit were em
ployed in establishments having retirement-pen
sion plans.
—A. N. J a r r e l l
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
424
E A R N IN G S IN M IL L W O R K IN D U S T R Y
almost wholly of men. Pay for production work
ers in each of the six cities was based on hourly
rates. None of the establishments in the study
reported the use of incentive wage plans. Virtu
ally all production workers in each of the areas
were employed in establishments having col
lective-bargaining agreements with labor unions.
Straight-time average earnings of cabinetmak
ers, numerically the most important occupation
studied, ranged from $1.68 in St. Louis to $2.18 an
hour in Chicago. Workers employed to set up
and operate molding machines were generally the
highest paid among the occupations studied.
Their average earnings ranged from $1.68 in
Minneapolis-St. Paul to $2.28 an hour in Chicago.
Comparatively high wages were also paid to
assemblers, saw operators, and planer operators
Millwork Industry
C a b i n e t m a k e r s were among the highest paid
production workers in the millwork industry
according to a survey of wages and related prac
tices conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics
in six large cities during late 1951 and early 1952.1
Straight-time average hourly earnings2 for most
occupational groups studied exceeded $1.75 in
Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Seattle;
pay levels were somewhat lower in MinneapolisSt. Paul and St. Louis. Production workers in
each of the six cities typically received additional
wage benefits, including paid vacations and
holidays.
The millwork industry consists of relatively
small establishments. Its work force is composed
S t r a i g h t - ti m e
a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s 1 f o r m e n i n s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s i n th e m il l w o r k i n d u s t r y , s e le c te d a r e a s , la te 1 9 5 1 a n d
e a r ly 1 9 5 2
Chicago
January 1952
San FranciscoMinneapolisLos Angeles
St. Paul
Oakland
December 1951 November
1951 November 1951
St. Louis
January 1952
Seattle
September 1951
Occupation
Num Avg. Num Avg.
Num Avg. Num Avg. Num Avg. Num Avg.
ber of hrly.
ber of hrly.
ber of hrly.
ber of hrly.
ber of hrly.
ber of hrly.
workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings
Assemblers, sash, door and frame_________________
Cabinetmakers_______ ____ _____ _ _ _ _______
Cut-off-saw operators (treadle-operated or swinging). . .
Molder and sticker operators (set-up and operate)___
Off-bearers, m achine.. . . __
_ ____ ____ _
Planer operators (set-up and operate) _____________
Rip-saw operators__ ______________ __________
Stock handlers and truckers, hand
Truck drivers, medium (1)4'to and including 4 tons) —
181
205
81
55
42
25
81
159
27
$2.17
2.18
2.19
2.28
1.49
2.10
2.11
1.24
1.94
90
50
66
52
81
10
44
104
36
$1.80
2. 06
1.78
2.01
1.61
2. 03
1.85
1.61
1. 79
70
64
25
46
22
27
20
84
$1.54
1. 71
1.57
1.68
1.41
1.52
1.56
1.41
133
127
40
28
24
$2.04
2. 05
2.04
2.16
1. 79
48
50
19
67
38.
2. 03
1. 77
1.91
23
38
22
2.11
20
24
17
11
20
$1. 43
1.63
1.62
1. 77
1.31
1.50
1. 52
1. 27
1.53
102
51
21
6
11
$1.85
1.89
1.91
1.98
15
1.85
76
1.92
1.91
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
who averaged from $1.43 (assemblers) in St.
Louis to $2.19 (cut-off saw operators) in Chicago.
At the other end of the wage scale, averages for
stock handlers and hand truckers ranged from
$1.24 an hour in Chicago to $1.77 in San
Francisco.
Scheduled 40-hour workweeks prevailed for
three-fourths of the production workers in Minne
apolis-St. Paul and virtually all workers in the
other areas studied. Longer work schedules,
ranging from 42% to 45 hours, were in effect for
nearly a fourth of the workers in the Minne
apolis-St. Paul area.
Paid vacations were a part of company policy
among all establishments studied. About 70
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
percent of the production workers in San Fran
cisco and all workers in the remaining areas
studied were employed in establishments that
provided a week’s vacation with pay after 1
year’s service. All production workers received
paid holidays, typically 6 days a year.
— L. E
arl
L
e w is
D iv is io n of W a g e s a n d I n d u s tr ia l R e la tio n s
1The study covered establishments employing 21 or more workers and
primarily engaged in manufacturing sash, windows, doors, frames, mantels,
stairways, and similar fabricated millwork from purchased lumber (Group
2431 as defined in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1945
edition, prepared by the Bureau of the Budget). Planing mills primarily
engaged in producing millwork were included, but those primarily producing
standard workings or patterns of lumber were omitted.
2Earnings data exclude premium pay for overtime or night work.
Relationship of Reported Data
.Technical Note
Survey of Consumer Expenditures
in 1950: Interpretation and
Use of the Results
publication in the August 1952 Monthly
Labor Review of the preliminary results of the
1950 family-expenditure survey of the Bureau of
Labor Statistics, because of misinterpretation of
the data, has led to the need for clarification of
three points:
1. The basic purpose of the survey which was
designed as an expenditure study mainly to
provide a new market basket for the Consumers’
Price Index.
2. The nature of the Bureau’s study of income
and savings and its relationship to similar studies
of other Federal agencies which are designed
primarily to provide such data.
3. The difference between average reported
“disbursements” and average reported income as
savings or deficits in the Bureau’s study. (This
difference between average reported disbursements
and average reported income has been miscon
strued to be dis-saving. A conclusion that urban
families as a whole were greatly overspending their
income for living expenses in 1950 is unwarranted.)
Urban family income in 1950 reached near
record levels as a result of full employment and
high production throughout the year. The out
break of hostilities in Korea at mid-year, coupled
with high incomes and adequate supplies of con
sumer goods at high prices, resulted in the highest
dollar expenditures by urban families recorded up
to that time. The buying of consumer durables
reached abnormal levels as consumers replenished
their inventories and anticipated their future
needs, following developments in Korea. Infor
mation from other sources indicates that there
was a substantial increase in savings in 1951 and
1952 when compared with 1950.
T he
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The Survey of Consumer Expenditures in 1950
was undertaken by the Bureau of Labor Statistics
as one of the principal steps in obtaining weights
for the revision of the Consumers’ Price Index.
The expenditure data from this survey appear to
be the most comprehensive and reliable ever col
lected by the Bureau in its long experience in this
field dating back to 1889.
In the revision of the CPI, the Bureau has
utilized only the expenditures and income data of
wage-earner and clerical families of two or more
persons. This is because the index measures the
effect of price change on the cost of living of these
groups. Hence, the index weights are not affected
by some of the reporting difficulties common to
such surveys with respect to high-income families
and independent business and professional worker
families. The inclusion of nonwage earners in the
1950 consumer-expenditure survey was to make
available information for a variety of other pos
sible uses such as the preparation of consumer
price indexes for other population groups.
The collection procedures, as described in the
Monthly Labor Review of January 1951 and m
BLS Bulletin 1097, were designed to obtain the
most accurate possible information about expendi
tures and spending patterns, including the quan
tity and quality of the purchases, and their
frequency and source. Information on family
incomes was also needed, because enumeration of
detailed information on income is not only an
important stimulant to the recall of expenditure
data, but also necessary for interpretation of the
data. Similarly, information was obtained fiom
each family on net changes in assets and liabilities
(saving or dis-saving). These data are especially
important because they make possible reconstruc
tion of the pattern of each family’s accounts and
reveal the extent to which the reports of expendi
tures plus savings are in balance with the repoits
of income.
Here is how this works in practice. In the
course of one or more interviews with various
members of a family, the Bureau’s enumeratois,
by diligent questioning, obtain what is seemingly
a complete 12-month record of the family expendi
tures, income, and net change in assets and
liabilities. If this record were in fact complete
and error-free, the income would be exactly equal
425
426
1950 E X P E N D IT U R E S D A T A — IN T E R P R E T A T IO N
to the sum of expenditures plus saving. For
example, a family might report that it had a total
income of $4,600; total expenditures of $4,500;
and saving (net increase in assets or decrease in
liabilities) of $100. Such precision is rarely
achieved in practice. Because the family is un
able or unwilling to account for all income, expend
itures, and saving, the record of the family
accounts usually is somewhat out of balance. If
the records of income, expenditures, and saving
seem to be generally consistent and in line—that
is, if the schedule met the test of editing instruc
tions with respect to internal completeness and
consistency of expenditures with each other and
with the reported manner of living of the family—
the record is used even though expenditures plus
savings reported on the schedule do not exactly
equal reported income. The amount of the “net
balancing difference” is entered as part of the
record. When this net balancing difference is
positive, it means that reported income exceeds
reported expenditures plus reported savings; when
the net balancing difference is negative, it means
that the reported expenditures plus saving exceeds
income. A review of the individual reports shows
that the net balancing difference is positive for
some families and negative for others.
If these individual family net balancing differ
ences were randomly distributed—that is, if on
the average, they about canceled out—they might
still introduce no discrepancies into the average
or aggregate statistics. But this is not the case.
There is a general tendency for the negative dif
ference to predominate. In other words, families
either understate their incomes or overstate their
expenditures or saving; or the understatement in
income is larger than the understatement in ex
penditures or savings. This resulting bias must
be taken into account when conclusions regarding
the income, expenditures, and savings relationship
are drawn.
It is clear, therefore, that this balancing dif
ference is a measure of net reporting discrepancy
and does not indicate whether actual family
incomes, on the average, exceeded or fell short of
family outlays during the survey year. The
reporting discrepancy is shown in the tables in the
Monthly Labor Review article in the August 1952
issue and in Bulletin 1097 as a “balancing differ
ence” to show the extent of the reporting gap.
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M ONTHLY LABOR
By the very nature of the survey, it is not
possible to say how much of this net balancing
difference arises from mis-reporting of any of three
categories: expenditures, income, or saving. For
most cities the average net balancing difference is
negative , which means the reported figure of aver
age expenditure plus average saving exceeds the
reported figure of average income by the amount
of the net balancing difference. Discrepancies of
this kind have been noted with almost an historical
regularity. (There is a reference to this type of
discrepancy in England as early as 1790.) Expe
rience suggests that average family income is
usually understated. On the other hand, the
over-all expenditure data are more accurate than
the income and savings data. I t is, therefore, Quite
incorrect to interpret the entire diiference between
reported incom e a n d expenditure as saving or d is
saving. The more likely explanation is that there
has been some under-reporting of income and some
what less under-reporting o f expenditures. Further
more, there is reason to believe that saving, on the
average, is somewhat greater—or dis-saving is
somewhat less—than shown by the reports of
average net changes of assets and liabilities in the
survey.
Comparison With Other Sources
If the net balance difference is disregarded, the
survey shows that on the average there was a slight
decrease in assets or an increase in liabilities.
This leads to the question: How can these results
be interpreted in the light of reports from other
Government agencies which indicate that on a
national basis there was a positive increase in the
volume of personal saving during 1950? The ex
tensive differences in content, coverage, and
method between this survey and other sources of
data (e. g., the Department of Commerce and the
Federal Reserve Board) do not permit a formal
statistical reconciliation at this time. It is useful,
however, to point to some of these differences,
even though the separate effects of each cannot
possibly be estimated.
In the first place, there are differences in cover
age. The Bureau’s 1950 Survey of Consumer
Expenditures was limited to cities; this means that
the results do not therefore reflect the incomes,
expenditures, or saving of the rural population.
Furthermore, the summary results published in
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1952
1950 E X P E N D I T U R E S D A T A — I N T E R P R E T A T I O N
the Monthly Labor Review in August 1952 relate
only to civilian families of two or more persons
which existed as family groups during the entire
year. Therefore, they exclude the effect of in
come, expenditures, and savings of single persons,
newly formed families, and persons living in mili
tary establishments or private institutions. Simi
larly, they do not include income, or saving
effected by pension or trust funds which were not
handled by the families. Savings of this kind are
included in other (Department of Commerce)
estimates of aggregate personal saving.
Moreover, the definition and classification of
income and disbursements between the BLS and
other studies vary. In its effect on savings, the
most important of these is in the BLS classification
of insurance (including Social Security payments).
In this study the BLS excluded payments of insur
ance from savings (net change in assets and liabil
ities) because of the fact that such payments com
bine insurance protection for the current year
and equity for future use. To determine that
part which is available to the families for future
use, that is, which is actually savings, is very
difficult. Therefore, insurance payments are
shown separately in the survey summary to en
able individual users to classify them according to
the purposes for which the data are being used.
They are included among total “outlays.” In
some cities, the classification of insurance pay
ments as saving would alone have changed the
average from negative to positive savings. For
example: In New York, on the average, a net
decrease in assets or increase in liabilities of $141
was reported; the disbursements for insurance pay
ments were $218; in Chicago, a negative of $143
would have been offset by insurance payments
of $246.
In addition to these exclusions by definition,
the results of the survey under-report the families
with very high incomes. As far as the expenditure
data are concerned, such under-reporting presents
no very serious difficulty, but is more important
in its effect on the reports of incomes, and still
more important in its effects on reports of saving.
It is well known that a very large fraction of all
personal saving is done by the families in the top
5 percent, and more especially the top 3 percent,
of the income pyramid.1 These families were
proportionately included in the sample visited by
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427
the Bureau’s enumerators, but the refusal rates
among them are relatively high, since they are
found to be more reluctant than the average to
disclose their finances to the enumerators. More
over, these families, and particularly the inde
pendent business and professional persons among
them, have more complex financial affairs and
therefore more than average difficulty in furnishing
complete and precise reports.
The under-representation and under-reporting
of these groups lead to a serious downward bias in
the average reported saving. In the final results
of the survey, adjustments will be made for this
under-reporting, but no such adjustments were
made in the preliminary presentation in the
Monthly Labor Review for August 1952.
Experience From Previous Surveys
In 1936-40, the Bureau collaborated with the
National Resources Committee and other agencies
in developing procedures for estimating reporting
errors in such surveys. These adj ustment methods
are discussed in Consumer Incomes in the United
States; Their Distribution in 1935-36, published
by the committee. The methods used included
(1) splicing the data on income from tax statistics
and the data on income reported in the survey and
(2) a correction of the expenditure data for overor under-representation of families of different
types.
In 1941, the Bureau reported on a study of the
errors that result from the methods of interviewing
housewives about their food consumption.2 At
the request of the President early in World War
II, the Bureau, with the Department of Agricul
ture, made a survey of family spending and savings
in 1941. The studies of survey errors made it
possible to estimate their magnitudes. The
Bureau reached the following conclusions as to
biases in reporting:
B i a s e s i n r e p o r t i n g i n c o m e . The problems of determining
the best measure of income to associate with expenditure
data would beset the investigator even though the basic
data on individual reports were perfectly accurate. The
greatest difficulties arise out of the two types of biases that
appear to be characteristic of reports on income volun-
• Shares of Upper-Income Groups In Income and Savings, by Simon
Kuznets. National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. Occasional Paper 35.
* See On Certain Biases in Samples of Human Populations, by Jerome
Cornfield. Reprinted from the Journal of the American Statistical Associa
tion, March 1942, Vol. 37 (pp. 63-68).
428
1950 EXPENDITURES DATA—INTERPRETATION
tariiy given to representatives of research agencies, whether
government or private. The first of these, which may be
called the refusal bias, results from a higher refusal rate
in the highest (and perhaps also the lowest) income brack
ets than among the middle income groups. The second
bias, which may be named under-reporting, apparently is
based on the inability or unwillingness on the part of many
families to give a complete report on income.
The refusal bias is of serious consequence in connection
with a study having as one of its purposes an estimate of
the distribution of consumer units by the amount of their
incomes. At the present time, the persistence of the bias
is accepted as inevitable, although the magnitude of the
effect can doubtless be considerably reduced by employing
more elaborate methods of approaching the group of re
spondents drawn in a sample. Since it does not appear
possible to eliminate the bias entirely, methods of correc
tion have come into use. The chief source of data used
in such adjustments is the Federal Income Tax informa
tion. The income data from the Consumer-Purchases
Study, 1935-36, were combined by the National Resources
Committee (Consumer Incomes in the United States;
Their Distribution in 1935-36, Washington, D. C., 1938)
with data from the income tax returns in constructing the
estimates of income distribution in those years. The
difficult problems of making such adjustments are now
being studied by income analysts.
The income bias has a serious aspect for the analysis of
expenditure data. Without a valid estimate of the number
of families in each income bracket, it is impossible to obtain
from survey data estimates of the aggregate expenditure
for each category of consumption for specific goods or
services. To date, family expenditure studies have not
been found to be a good source of data for estimates of
aggregate expenditures, chiefly because of the under
estimate of the number of families in the higher income
brackets. Since, however, estimates of aggregate expendi
tures are prepared from other sources, the main loss in
expenditure analysis is methodological. Without a means
of deriving a good estimate of aggregate expenditures
from survey data, it is impossible to compare the survey
results with aggregates based on other data and thus ap
praise the quality of reporting on expenditures. . . .3
The correction of survey results by using data
from other statistical compilations has certain
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limitations, arising mainly from the difficulties
of defining groups of receipts and disbursements.4
Research in the field of marketing and public
opinion indicates that it is possible to obtain
significant information on the characteristics of
the families and individuals unable or unwilling
to participate in a survey by analyzing the char
acteristics of households during successive inter
views at the home. In 1946, the Bureau investi
gated the possibility of utilizing this type of sta
tistical analysis with the reports on income from
families in three cities.6
On the basis of studies of survey errors such as
those discussed above, it appears that sample
surveys of families and individual income are
likely to under-estimate income by at least 10
percent. The comparisons made with the De
partment of Commerce data in 1941 showed that
total money income was under-estimated by 11
percent and wage and salary income by 10 percent
in Family Spending and Saving in Wartime (BLS
Bulletin 822). It is still not possible to determine
with precision what part of this error is due to
the loss of high-income families from the survey
samples. An examination of a considerable num
ber of studies indicates that there must be a sig
nificant amount of under-reporting of income by
families included in such surveys.6 As soon as the
data for 1950 are refined and analyzed, an evalua
tion of the final results together with the analysis
of sampling and reporting errors will be published.
3Advances in the Techniques of Measuring and Estimating Consumer
Expenditures, by Dorothy S. Brady and Faith Williams. Journal of Farm
Economics, Vol. XXVII, No. 2, May 1945. See also BLS Bull. 822.
4For the adjustment of income and variations in the definition of items
included in survey data and in the national income statistics, see Bull. No.
822.
« Family Incomes and the Cost of Family Budgets, by Abner Hurwitz.
M onthly Labor Review, February 1948 (p. 46).
* Appraisal of Basic Data Available for Constructing Income Size Distri
butions, by Selma Goldsmith. National Bureau of Economic Research
Studies in Income and Wealth, Vol. 13 (pp. 267-377).
Labor Relations
Recent Decisions
of Interest to Labor
Wages and Hours 2
FLSA Applicable to Drivers and Dispatchers of Limousines.
A United States court of appeals held 3 that employees
of a transportation company who drove and dispatched
limousines between an airport and cities were covered
by the minimum-wage and overtime-compensation re
quirements of the Fair Labor Standards Act. Such
workers were engaged in interstate commerce within the
meaning of the act, the court held, and were not exempt
from FLSA requirements as employees of an employer
operating taxicabs. The company had contracted with
interstate airlines to provide local transportation for their
passengers, the airlines reserving the right to specify the
time and place of arrival and departure, and type of
vehicle used.
Citing United States v. Yellow Cab Co.,* the court pointed
out that a traveler intending to make an interstate journey
by air begins the interstate movement when he enters the
limousine to be transported to the airport. As distin
guished from regular taxi service, the limousines were
required to follow fixed routes, on a definite schedule which
was determined in advance without regard to the con
venience of individual passengers..
Refusal to Bargain. (1) The National Labor Relations
Board found 7 an employer to be in violation of section 8
(a) (5) of the Labor Management Relations (Taft-Hartley)
Act by refusing to bargain with a union. The employer
contended that the union had lost its majority status after
the election had been held but before certification. The
original vote for the union was 7 to 6. The employer
contended that since the election three persons who were
supposedly union supporters had voluntarily terminated
their employment.
The Board, citing two cases— N LRB v. Century Oxford
Mfg. Corp., and N L R B v. S. H. Kress & C o. 3 noted
that even a substantial turn-over of employees within a
year after an election does not constitute proof of loss of
majority status sufficient to rebut the legal presumption
that—unusual circumstances being absent—a union desig
nated by a majority in an election maintains its majority
status for at least 1 year.
(2) The NLRB held9that an employer had not refused to
bargain in violation of section 8 (a) (5), as the union con
cerned had not sufficiently presented its claim for recogni
tion. When the union requested recognition, the re
spondent had replied that it was cognizant of the union’s
representation petition pending before the Board and had
invited the union to place its claim for recognition. The
union failed to communicate further with the respondent.
Three other cases 10 were cited by the Board which dis
tinguished them from the instant case. These cases in
volved, respectively, outright refusal of the request,
referral of the union to the employer’s attorney for further
information, and no response at all. It was the Board’s
opinion that in the present instance, since the union
remained silent, the respondent could reasonably assume
that the union was willing to await the Board’s disposition
of the matter.
1Prepared in the U. S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor.
Applicability of FLSA to Claw Pickers. A United States
circuit court of appeals recently held 8 that employees em
ployed as claw pickers extracting meat from crabs were
engaged in canning within the meaning of section 13 (b)
(4) of the FLSA, as amended, and were therefore entitled
to the minimum wage, although not to overtime compen
sation. The court further found that the employees were
not engaged in “processing (other than canning)” within
the meaning of section 13 (a) (5) and, therefore, were not
exempted by that section from the minimum wage and
overtime requirements of the act.
The court cited Donnelly v. Mavar Shrimp & Oyster Co.,6
for the proposition that canning includes not only sealing
and sterilizing but also other operations which are neces
sarily performed on the product before it is placed in the
can. Extraction of the crab meat, the court reasoned,
was an early and preparatory function, but was neverthe
less an essential and integrated step in the continuous
process of canning the meat.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant
decisions believed to be of special interest. No attem pt has been made to
reflect all recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of
labor law or to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in
which contrary results may be reached, based upon local statutory pro
visions, the existence of local precedents, or a different approach by the courts
to the issue presented.
2 This section is intended merely as a digest of some recent decisions in
volving the Fair Labor Standards Act and the Portal-to-Portal Act. It is
not to be construed and may not be relied upon as interpretation of these
acts by the Administrator of the Wage and Hour Division or any agency of
the Department of Labor.
2A i r l i n e s T r a n s p o r ta t io n , I n c . v. T o b in (C. A. 4, July 24, 1952).
4332 U. S. 218.
! T o b in v. B l u e C h a n n e l C o r p . (C. A. 4, July 31, 1952.)
«190 F. 2d 409 (C. A. 5).
7I n re S e x to n W e ld i n g C o . a n d L o c a l N o . 105, I n t e r n a t io n a l B r o th e r h o o d of
B o i le r m a k e r s , I r o n S h i p B u il d e r s & H e l p e r s , A F L (100 NLRB No. 57, July 23,
1952).
8140 F. 2d 541 (C. A. 2), ccrt. denied, 323 U. S. 714; and 194 F. 2d 444 (C. A.6.)
8I n re L o n g v ie w F u r n it u r e C o . a n d U n it e d F u r n it u r e W o r k e r s , C I O (100
NLRB No. 43, July 22, 1952).
10M . H . D a v id s o n v. N L R B (94 NLRB 142); K e n R o s e M o to r s v. N L R B
(94 NLRB 432); and S o m e r s e t C l a s s ic s v. N L R B (90 NLRB 1680).
429
430
DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR
Definition of Supervisor. The NLRB held 11 that radio
directors exercising independent judgment in directing
and coordinating the performance of persons participating
in broadcasts were supervisors within the meaning of
section 2 (11) of the LMRA, and therefore the Board had
no jurisdiction to determine questions involving their
representation.
The petitioner contended that such workers failed to
meet the statutory definition of supervisor because the
orders they gave merely described a desired effect and did
not prescribe the manner in which the effect was to be
achieved. The Board rejected this contention and pointed
out that the directors performed a fundamental function
of management.
Unlawful Surveillance of Union Activity.
The NLRB
found 12 that an employer who permitted a supervisor to
stand at a plant window and take notes during a union
rally, which was being held on a public street below,
unlawfully interferred with union activities in violation
of section 8 (a) (1) of the act.
The supervisor had on a previous occasion furnished the
employer with notes on a union meeting. She was not
called as a witness in the proceeding before the trial
examiner in the instant case. However, the respondent
offered no explanation of her behavior, and the Board
held it to be a reasonable inference that she was taking
the notes for the purpose of conveying same to her em
ployer. Citing N LRB v. Vermont Furniture Corp. and
N LRB v. Collins & Aikman Corp.,13 the Board was of the
opinion that respondent’s conduct had a restraining and
coercive effect on the employees’ statutory right to engage
in union activity.
Judicial Review of Refusal To Issue Complaint. A United
States court of appeals held 14 that only a “final order of
the Board” within the meaning of section 10 (f) of the act
can be reviewed by the courts. A construction company
filed a petition in the appeals court for review of an NLRB
order. That order had quashed a notice of hearing previ
ously issued pursuant to a charge filed by the company
with the NLRB in connection with a jurisdictional dispute.
The Board moved to dismiss the petition for review, on
the ground that a final order is the only Board action which
a court of appeals has jurisdiction to review directly on
petition of an aggrieved party.
The court pointed out, citing General Drivers, Chauffeurs
and Helpers v. N L R B ,15 that the words “final order” as
used in section 10 (f) of the act refer to a Board order
which dismisses a complaint in whole or in part or directs
a remedy relating to an unfair labor practice entered under
section 10 (b) and (c). The charge filed by the construc
tion company was not a complaint within the meaning
of the act.
Unprotected Strike, Employer's Right Not To Reinstate
Strikers. A United States circuit court of appeals held 18
that an employer waived his right to discharge employees
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MONTHLY LABOR
after an unprotected strike was over by permitting them
to work several hours and, as indicated by the record,
continuing to look upon them as employees.
While section 2 (3) of the LMRA provides, in effect,
that an employer cannot deprive striking employees of
their status as employees so long as the strikers are engaged
in protected activity, the employer may discharge an
employee who engages in unprotected activity. Citing
Stewart Die Casting Corp. v. N LRB,1,1 the court denied that
an employee automatically loses his status once he engages
in unprotected activity, although admitting that he sub
jects himself to the risk of termination of his employment
(NLRB v. Fansteel Corp.).13 If termination is the em
ployer’s intention, he must take affirmative action either
by discharging the strikers or by refusing to reinstate
them.
Issuance of Complaints. A United States court of appeals
held 19 that the NLRB had not possessed jurisdiction to
issue a complaint which it issued pursuant to a charge
filed by a local union. The national union, with which the
local union was affiliated, had not complied at the time
the charge was filed, with provisions of section 9 (f), (g),
and (h) of the LMRA. These provisions require union
registration and the filing of non-Communist affidavits.
The court, citing Regulations of the NLRB, Series 5,
and N LRB v. Dant,20 pointed out that as the requirements
of these provisions had not been met at the time the charge
was filed, the Board had not possessed authority to issue
the complaint—even though they were complied with
before it was issued.
Unemployment Compensation
Availability of Student. (1) The Pennsylvania Superior
Court held 21 that a claimant who was taking a sales-training course given by a prospective employer and would not
accept work during this training period, was not available
for work and hence not eligible for unemployment compen
sation. The course required him to attend classes 5 days
a week, from 9 a. m. to 5 p. m. (2) An Ohio Court of
Common Pleas held 22 that a business-school student was
available for work, as she had arranged to transfer from
day to evening classes if she secured a job, and had con
tacted numerous business establishments, even taking time
from school to make such contacts. The court stated:
ii I n re A m e r i c a n B r o a d c a s ti n g C o ., e t a t. (100 NLRB No. 103, Aug. 14,1952).
ii I n r e C a y e y M f g . C o . (100 NLRB No. 83, Aug. 6, 1952).
i* 182 F. 2d 842 (O. A. 2); and 146 F. 2d 454 (C. A. 4).
ii M a n h a t t a n C o n s tr u c tio n C o . v. N L R B (C. A. 10, July 25,1952).
1®179 F. 2d 492.
1» N L R B v. W a ll ic k & S c h w a lm C o . (C. A. 3, Aug. 1, 1952).
ii 114 F. 2d 849 (O. A. 7), cert, denied, 312 U. S. 680.
i®306 XT. S. 240.
i# N i n a D y e W o r k s v. N L R B (O. A. 3, July 24,1952).
at 29 C. F. R. 102.13; and 195 F. 2d 299.
si S c h o r n s te in v. U n e m p l o y m e n t C o m p e n s a ti o n B o a r d o f R e v i e w (Penna.
Super. Ct., July 17, 1952).
22 C o r n e ll v. S c h r o e d e r (Ohio Ct. of Com. Pleas, Hamilton Co., Ohio, July
16, 1952).
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1952
DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR
“The claimant should be commended for her efforts in
better suiting herself, during this period of idleness, for
work which would offer her more and better opportunities
for employment thus relieving the Bureau of Unemploy
ment Compensation from paying future benefits to her,”
Good Cause for Refusal of Work. Fear of physical injury,
in the absence of immediate danger, is not good cause for
refusing work otherwise suitable, the Pennsylvania Su
perior Court held.23 When laid off from above-ground
work at a coal mine, claimant refused work inside the
mines because of his fear of injury. His father had been
seriously injured in a mine and his brother had been dis
abled by silicosis contracted in mine work. The court
stated that all occupations have their hazards, and that a
job in an industry which conforms to the safety standards
required by law is not unsuitable simply because the haz
ards are different or greater than those to which claimant
is accustomed. Further, the court stated: “A man has an
inalienable right to take counsel of his fears and refuse a
job, but when he does, he is 'out of work through his own
choosing.’ ”
Instigation of Strike as Misconduct. The Pennsylvania
Superior Court held 24 that claimants who had been dis
charged for inciting a strike had been discharged for “will
ful misconduct connected with their work,” and were there
fore ineligible for unemployment benefits.
Claimants were shop stewards in a taxi-drivers’ union.
When their employer suspended seven drivers for failing
to report for work on Christmas Day, they induced the
other drivers at that garage to refuse to work, although the
union contract contained a no-strike provision. After
the union officials ordered the men to return to their jobs
and negotiate their grievance, if any, claimants not only
encouraged continuance of the strike but went to other
garages of the employer and urged drivers there to join
the strike. The court held that occurrence of the claim
ants’ acts during a labor dispute did not exclude applica
tion of the misconduct disqualification, and that to find
claimants’ acts misconduct did not involve a restriction
on the proper exercise of the right to strike.
Unemployment Caused by Strike. Unemployment was due
to a strike rather than to a lock-out, and hence, the Penn
sylvania Superior Court held,21 was subject to disqualifi
cation, The circumstances were that the National Labor
Relations Board had set a date in April 1950 for an election
at an electrical plant to determine whether the workers
would be represented by the AFL union with which
the employer had an existing contract or by a rival CIO
union. The employer had agreed that during the interim
the existing steward structure for processing grievances
would continue. In January 1950, the company refused
to pay a steward in the cupola department for time lost
in processing a grievance, and the men in his section
stopped work for 1 day. The company then discharged
the steward, after which his co-workers failed to report
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
431
for work for a month. Claimants, who were in other de
partments, became unemployed because their work de
pended on metal from the cupola department. They con
tended that discharge of the steward amounted to a lock
out, since under the workers’ peculiar situation their only
union representation was through their shop stewards.
The court stated that, while lock-outs are not limited to
physical closing of the plant, a violation of contract not
accompanied by threat of dismissal or imposition of
onerous terms of employment is not a lock-out. Claimants
were “members of an organization which is participating
in, or directly interested in, the labor dispute which caused
the stoppage of work” within the statutory disqualifica
tion—since their union supported although it did not
instigate the work stoppage.
Unemployment Caused by Lock-out. Claimants’ unem
ployment was due to a lock-out rather than a strike and
hence, the Connecticut Superior Court held,28 was not
subject to disqualification, under the following circum
stances: The employer, a milk processing and distributing
company, gave timely notice that it desired to change its
contract with the union which represented its truck drivers
and plant employees. Unless new terms were agreed on
by the expiration date, February 1, 1948, the company
stated, it would consider the contract terminated. The
contract provided that if no agreement were reached by
the expiration date, any subsequent agreement would be
retroactive. No agreement was reached, but the em
ployees continued working. On February 25, the union
members voted to authorize a strike at the discretion of
the executive board. Thereupon the employer imported
employees from other areas to learn the truck drivers’
routes and take over in the event of a strike. The union
members then ceased to report for work and picketed the
plant, and on the same day, the employer issued separa
tion slips to employees of the local plant indicating that
the latter had left voluntarily. The next day it adver
tised for applicants for steady, year-round jobs. Impor
tation by the employer of “observers” to learn and later
take over the drivers’ jobs constituted a lock-out, the
court held, since it was for the purpose of coercing the em
ployees to accede to the employer’s changed terms of em
ployment. Those terms, it held, were such that the em
ployees could not reasonably be expected to accept them
and had no adequate remedy other than quitting. The
court stated that no self-respecting worker could have
been expected to teach a strikebreaker his job. A reliance
on contract remedies, it said, would have extinguished the
union and the employees’ jobs.
ss G le n A l i e n C o a l C o . v. U n e m p l o y m e n t C o m p e n s a ti o n B o a r d o f R e v i e w
(Penna. Super. Ct., July 17, 1952).
24 Y e l lo w C a b C o . v . U n e m p l o y m e n t C o m p e n s a ti o n B o a r d o f R e v i e w (Penna.
Super. Ct., July 17, 1952).
**B y e r l y v. U n e m p l o y m e n t C o m p e n s a ti o n B o a r d o f R e v i e w (Penna. Super.
Ct., July 17, 1952).
S6A l m a d a v. A d m i n i s t r a t o r , U n e m p l o y m e n t C o m p e n s a ti o n L a w (Super. Ct.,
Hartford Co., Conn., July 9, 1952).
Chronology of
Recent Labor Events
ber 1, 1952, and appointed Tighe E. Woods, Director of
Rent Stabilization, as his successor. (Source: White
House release, Aug. 26, 1952; and New York Times,
Aug. 27, 1952.)
August 29
T he 17 nonoperating railway labor organizations signed
union-shop agreements with eastern railroads not having
such contracts, in line with recommendations of a Presi
dential emergency board (see Chron. item for Feb. 14, 1952,
MLR, Apr. 1952). Two large carriers had previously
signed with the unions. (Source: Labor, Sept. 6, 1952;
and Labor Relations Reporter, vol. 30, No. 37, Sept. 8,
1952, LRR, p. 298.)
August 14, 1952
August 30
T he Office of D efense M obilization established
Defense Manpower Policy No. 7, designed to promote the
employment and utilization of older workers. (Source:
ODM release No. 134, Aug. 14, 1952.)
On September 6, ODM established Defense Manpower
Policy No. 8, on the training and utilization of scientific
and engineering manpower. (Source: Federal Register,
vol. 17, No. 175, Sept. 6, 1952, p. 8070.)
T he United Rubber Workers (CIO) announced ratification
of a 2-year contract, formally ending their strike against
B. F. Goodrich Rubber Co. The agreement provided a
10-cent-an-hour wage increase, negotiated earlier with
other members of the “Big Four,” and a full union shop.
(Source: CIO News, Sept. 1, 1952; and New York Times,
Aug. 31, 1952.)
August 16
September 5
T he president of the United Mine Workers of America
(Ind.) proclaimed a stoppage of coal production from
August 23 through September 1, as a memorial to workers
killed in mine accidents. (Source: UMWA release,
Aug. 16, 1952.)
T he P resident appointed Henry H. Fowler as Director
of Defense Mobilization, effective September 8, 1952, to
succeed John R. Steelman (see Chron. item for Mar. 30,
1952, MLR, May 1952). (Source: White House release,
Sept. 5, 1952.)
August 24
September 8
T he Secretary of L abor announced formation of a new
division in the Bureau of Employment Security, which,
in cooperation with State agencies, will administer un
employment compensation provisions of the Veterans’
Readjustment Assistance Act of 1952. (Source: U. S.
Dept, of Labor release, Aug. 24,1952.)
A fter several weeks of unsuccessful negotiations on issues
that included wage increases and a union shop, the Inter
national Association of Machinists (AFL) struck against
6 Lockheed plants which employ about 25,000 workers
in the production of military planes. (Source: New York
Times, Sept. 9, 1952.)
August 26
September 10
F ollowing negotiations beginning in December 1951,
when their contract expired, and several threats of strike
action, the Industrial Union of Marine and Shipbuilding
Workers of America (CIO) reached a 2-year agreement
with Bethlehem Steel Co. The contract, covering the
largest single company in the East Coast shipbuilding
industry, provided for a graduated wage increase, im
proved pension and vacation plans, and other benefits.
(Source: CIO News, Sept. 1, 1952; and New York Times,
Aug. 28, 1952.)
On August 28, a similar agreement was reached with
Todd Shipyards Corp. (Source: New York Times,
Aug. 29, 1952.)
T he International Longshoremen’s Association (AFL)
released an AFL commission’s (see Chron. item for Apr. 24,
1952, MLR, June 1952) report which rejected the State
Board of Inquiry’s findings on the 1951 New York dock
workers strike, primarily on the grounds that the Board
lacked authority to investigate an intra-union dispute.
(Source: New York Times, Sept. 11, 1952.)
T he P resident accepted the resignation of Ellis Amall as
Director of the Office of Price Stabilization (see Chron.
item for Feb. 18, 1952, MLR, Apr. 1952), effective Septem43 2
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
September 12
T he Acting Administrator of the U. S. Department of
Labor’s Wage and Hour Division announced a new mini
mum hourly wage rate of 60 cents, effective October 13,
1952, for the rubber products division of the rubber, straw,
hair, and related products industry in Puerto Rico, under
provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act. (Source:
U. S. Dept, of Labor release, Sept. 12, 1952.)
Developments in
Industrial Relations
n t h r a c i t e and bituminous-coal miners stopped
work in August to observe a 10-day “memorial
period” proclaimed by the president of the United
Mine Workers (Ind.) during contract negotiations
with major coal operators. Agreements affecting
large numbers of employees were reached in
several major industries.
A
Negotiations, Arbitration, and Strikes
Coal. Approximately 65,000 anthracite and
300,000 bituminous-coal miners left their jobs,
starting August 23, to observe a 10-day “me
morial” holiday proclaimed by the United Mine
Workers (Ind.) to honor workers killed in coal
mine accidents during the year. Five workingdays were affected by the “memorial” holiday,
the maximum period for such idleness permitted
under a clause in the bituminous-coal contract.
Anthracite operators, however, charged that the
stoppage was “wholly without warrant, legal or
otherwise.” A 1950 contract amendment elimi
nated a clause that permitted miners to work only
when “willing and able” but made no provision
for a memorial period.
Virtually the entire industry became involved
in negotiations with the UMW when 60-day con
tract termination notices, effective August 1, were
filed with the Southern Coal Producers Association
and the Anthracite Operators’ Wage Agreement
Committee.2 The possibility of a national coal
strike increased late in the month when the union
notified the Federal Mediation and Conciliation
Service that negotiations were deadlocked. Al
though the union’s contract proposals were not
disclosed, one report on the bituminous-coal
meetings indicated that the union sought a
“spread-the-work” arrangement under which the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
output of some mines would be reduced in order
to permit marginal mines to maintain or increase
production. The anthracite industry operates
under a voluntary production control plan.
A general hourly wage increase of 10
cents affecting about 100,000 workers was agreed
upon by the United Rubber Workers (CIO) and
several major tire and rubber companies—Good
year, U. S. Rubber, General, Seiberling, and
Firestone.2 3
A 13-day strike at the B. F. Goodrich Co., that
idled about 16,000 workers, ended August 30.
The settlement provided for a 10-cent hourly wage
increase, a wage reopening by either party on 60
days’ notice, a union shop, liberalized minimum
incentive guarantees, and an improved companysecurity-union responsibility clause intended to
reduce unauthorized work stoppages.
Rubber.
Agreements providing for a
general hourly wage increase of 8 cents and other
benefits were concluded August 31 between the
International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter
Workers (Ind.) and 2 major copper companies—
Anaconda, and American Smelting and Refining.
A similar contract was reached earlier with
Phelps Dodge Corp. Negotiations continued
during the month with Kennecott Copper Co.—
the Nation’s largest copper producer.2
N onjerrous M etals.
T rucking. Some 35,000 members in 6 locals of the
Teamsters’ Union (AFL) received hourly wage
increases ranging from 15 to 23 cents under a
2-year industry-wide agreement reached with
about 5,000 employers in the New York-New
Jersey general trucking industry. The agree
ment, which is effective September 1, also pro
vided for increased pension contributions by em
ployers and 4 additional paid holidays (to total
14), applicable to 4 of the 6 local unions. The
adjustments were approved by the Wage Stabili
zation Board.
The agreement will establish “virtual uniform
ity” of wages and working conditions among the
locals and tend to stabilize conditions in the in
dustry, according to the parties. Previously
1Prepared in the Bureau’s Division of Wages and Industrial Relations.
2See September 19S2 issue of Monthly Labor Review (p. 312).
3 Subject to approval by the Wage Stabilization Board.
433
434
IN D U ST R IA L R E LA TIO N S
existing wage differentials, it was pointed out,
had caused labor unrest and permitted employers
paying lower wages to gain a competitive ad
vantage.
Scattered, unauthorized walk-outs
that idled about 10,000 workers at major meat
packing plants—Cudahy, Armour, and S w iftbeginning on August 8, ended 7 days later. The
stoppages followed a breakdown in negotiations
with the United Packinghouse Workers (CIO) to
replace expiring contracts. Further bargaining
meetings with the 3 firms and Wilson and Co.
another large meat packer—were held later in the
month.
Negotiations continued between the
Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher Work
men (AFL) and major meat packers.4
M e a t P a cking.
Negotiations were held in wage dis
putes involving Atlantic and Gulf Coast ship
owners and three AFL maritime unions. Arbitra
tion proceedings were completed between the
employers and three CIO maritime unions.2 5
A stalemate in negotiations, which began
August 7 with the International Longshoremen’s
Association (AFL), resulted in a warning by the
New York Shipping Association on August 24
that a strike, similar to the one which disrupted
East Coast port operations late in 1951,6 was
impending. The employers in rejecting proposals
for a severance-pay clause, improved vacation,
pension, and welfare provisions, and other benefits,
contended that the proposals, with the exception
of a requested general hourly wage increase of 50
cents, were not bargainable issues under the con
tractual wage-review clause. Discussions con
tinued during the remainder of the month on
revised union proposals.
Approximately 22,000 unlicensed seamen of
the Seafarer’s International Union (AFL) were
affected by negotiations which started August 11
with passenger, dry cargo, and tanker ship oper
ators. The union sought increased wages,
improved working conditions, and larger employer
welfare contributions. The present contract was
due to expire September 30.
Wage discussions with the Masters, Mates and
Pilots (AFL) were suspended “indefinitely” on
August 8, following rejection of the union’s pro
posal for a compromise 5-percent increase in deck
M a ritim e .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
officers’ monthly base pay. The adjustment was
intended to achieve wage “parity” with Pacific
Coast members who recently received the 5percent increase.2 The employers proposed, how
ever, that the union should abide by the outcome
of arbitration proceedings involving three CIO
maritime unions.
An announcement by the
General Electric Co. on August 13 offered wage
increases ranging from 7% to 13 cents an hour, and
improved fringe benefits to about 120,000 workers
represented by the International Union of Elec
trical, Radio and Machine Workers (CIO) and the
United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers
(Ind.). Westinghouse Electric Corp. offered
similar wage adjustments on August 26 to em
ployees represented by both unions. The pro
posed wage increases at GE totaled 5.76 percent,
including 3.26 percent to compensate for advances
in living costs and 2.5 percent for increased pro
ductivity. They were immediately rejected by
the unions. IUE announced subsequently that
a strike might occur after September 15, the con
tract expiration date, unless GE agreed to its
demands, including a guaranteed minimum hourly
wage increase of 10 cents to production workers
in a 2-year contract, an annual wage-reopening
clause, 7 paid holidays, revision of the incentive
system, and a modified union shop. UE had
demanded a 15-cent hourly wage increase in addi
tion to other benefits.
Electrical Products.
The first regional union-shop agree
ment in the railroad industry was reached between
eastern carriers and 17 nonoperating railroad
unions on August 29.2 It provides that present
employees must join the union of their “ craft or
class” within 60 days after the contract is signed:
new employees must join within 60 days after
they are hired. The settlement, which is effective
September 15, raised the number of nonoperating
employees covered by union-shop provisions to
about 400,000. Similar agreements had been
reached previously with several eastern railroads,
including the N. Y. Central, Baltimore and Ohio,
Reading, Lehigh Valley, and Lackawanna. Nego-
R ailroads.
4
See July 1952 issue of Monthly Labor Review (p. 66).
* See August 1952 issue of Monthly Labor Review (p. 201).
• See December 1951 issue of Monthly Labor Review (p. 714).
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1952
IN D U ST R IA L R E LA TIO N S
tiations for the union shop on western railroads
were discontinued late in August, subject to
renewal by either party on 10 days’ notice. South
ern carriers continued to refuse to bargain on this
issue.
Communications. Wage increases, ranging from
$3 to $4 a week for approximately 11,000 Pacific
Telephone and Telegraph Co. employees and from
$2.50 to $5.50 a week for about 18,000 North
western Bell Telephone Co. workers, were provided
in 1-year agreements signed with the Communica
tions Workers of America (CIO).3
In an effort to insure that the entire amount of
increased social-security benefits, effective Septem
ber 1, should accrue to its members, the CWA
requested the American Telephone and Telegraph
Co. to revise its pension plan in order to provide
for a $100 guaranteed minimum monthly retire
ment benefit for those retiring at age 65, exclusive
of social-security benefits. The plan in effect at
all Bell Telephone operating companies, subsidi
aries of AT and T, provides for the minimum
pension, inclusive of Federal benefits. Under the
terms of the existing plan, the union claimed, the
company’s contributions to the minimum pension
would be reduced by the entire amount of the
increased social-security benefits. Company pay
ments towards other pension benefits provided by
the plan would also be partially reduced, according
to the union. The CWA, which claims to repre
sent approximately 300,000 workers in the tele
phone industry, warned that it intended to make
“ maximum use” of its economic strength to enforce
the proposal.
Shipbuilding. A 2-year contract, extending to June
23, 1954, was reached between the Bethlehem
Steel Corp. and the Marine and Shipbuilding
Workers (CIO) on August 26, averting a threatened
strike by about 30,000 workers at the company’s
8 East Coast shipyards.5 The settlement, which
was preceded by an unauthorized strike on the
same day involving about 3,000 employees, pro
vided for (1) wage adjustments graduated accord
ing to job classifications (including a 20-cent
hourly wage increase in the base rate for standard
first-class mechanics), and (2) additional increases
due to job reclassifications; all are retroactive to
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
435
April 14. Other provisions included 6 paid holi
days, increased pension benefits, 3 weeks’ vacation
after 15 years’ service (formerly 25 years), and a
wage reopening in June 1953. A similar agree
ment, affecting about 7,800 employees of the
Todd Shipyards Corp., was reached on August 28,3
Aircraft. A strike by about 30,000 workers at the
Santa Monica and El Segundo (Calif.) plants of
Douglas Aircraft Co. was threatened when mem
bers of the International Association of Adachinists (AFL) voted to enforce demands for an
hourly wage increase of 10% percent, improve
ments in vacation and sick leave pay, and other
benefits. Contracts at both plants expired
August 22.
The Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service
intervened in negotiations between the Lockheed
Aircraft Corp. and the IAM in an effort to avoid
a threatened strike. However, about 25,000 union
members stopped work on September 8 at 6 of the
company’s California plants.
Arbitration proceedings in the wage dispute
involving North American Aviation, Inc., and the
United Automobile Workers (CIO) were com
pleted late in August.2 The union’s wage pro
posals 20 cents an hour across-the-board plus
additional annual improvement increases of 4
cents an hour in 1952 and 1953—were intended
to eliminate historical differentials between wage
rates in the aircraft and automobile industries.
Clothing. The Cloak Joint Board of the Inter
national Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union (AFL)
announced on August 29 that contracts had been
signed with 19 employer members of the nonunion
Independent Association of Women’s Apparel
Manufacturers, many of whose members had been
accused by the union of having ties with racketeers.
Under the terms of the settlements, the employers
agreed to bargain with the union, either as indi
viduals or as members of the 3 employer associa
tions recognized by the union. The ILGWU had
rejected the Independent Association’s offer to
bargain with the union on condition that its
members be exempted from joining any of the
3 recognized associations. The new agreements
resulted from a drive that began late in July
3 Subject to approval by the Wage Stabilization Board.
436
IN D U ST R IA L R E LA TIO N S
against nonunion garment shops in the New York
area. Union picketing led the Independent Asso
ciation to file suit against the union, the industry's
impartial chairman, and the 3 employer associa
tions recognized by the union; the association
charged that they constituted a monopoly in re
straint of trade in violation of the Sherman AntiTrust Act
Textiles. Members of the Textile Workers Union
(CIO) on August 20 ratified a wage settlement
reached with the Bigelow-Sanford Carpet Co.,
ending the strike that began at 5 major carpet
and rug firms early in June.2 It provided for wage
increases of 10 cents in hourly rates and 9 cents
an hour in incentive and piece rates. Similar
agreements with Alexander Smith and with Mo
hawk were ratified earlier in the month.
Approximately 25,000 Interna
tional Harvester Co. employees struck on August
21 in an effort to bolster new contract demands
of the Farm Equipment Workers (Ind.).5 The
walk-out continued during the remainder of the
month.
F arm E q u ip m en t.
C onstruction. A 9-day unauthorized strike, which
idled about 14,000 construction workers at the
Paducah, Ky., project of the Atomic Energy Com
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
mission, terminated on August 20. A “declara
tion of policy” intended to curb unauthorized work
stoppages at the project was agreed upon between
20 local building and construction unions and F.
H. McGraw and Co., prime contractor at the
project. It was reached with the assistance of
the Atomic Energy Labor Relations Panel.7 The
plan subjects employees who disregard union and
company back-to-work orders to the penalties pro
vided by the union’s constitution and bylaws, and
to dismissal or discipline by the employer.
Wage Stabilization Board Actions
The Board, by a vote of 8 to 4 (industry mem
bers dissenting), authorized its regional offices to
approve wage settlements—patterned on the basic
steel agreement2—that were reached with steel
fabricating plants, provided that a “tandem” or
historical wage relationship could be demonstrated.
An estimated 500,000 workers, principally mem
bers of the United Steelworkers of America (CIO),
were affected by the decision. Fringe benefits
were not covered by the ruling as they are subject
to General Wage Regulation 13, which provides
for consideration of these issues on an individual
basis.8
7See November 1950 issue of Monthly Labor Review (p. 587).
• See June 1952 issue of Monthly Labor Review (p. 696).
Publications
of Labor Interest
E ditor ’s N ote .—Correspondence regarding publications to which ref
erence is made in this list should be addressed to the respective publishing
agencies mentioned. Data on prices, if readily available, are shown with
the title entries.
Listing of a publication in this section is for record and reference only and
does not constitute an endorsement of point of view or advocacy of use.
Special Review
P r i n c i p l e s o f H u m a n R e l a t i o n s — A p p l i c a t i o n s to M a n a g e
m en t.
By Norman R. F. Maier. New York, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1952. 474 pp., bibliography,
diagrams. $6.
Industrial and business management has been increas
ingly advised in recent years to study and apply "human
relations” in the solution of many varied and complex
employee relations problems. P r i n c i p l e s o f H u m a n R e l a
t i o n s by Norman R. F. Maier is another contribution in
this field, and it is primarily concerned with applications
of human relations to management.
The author points out that management’s growing
interest in human relations results in part from a recogni
tion that "the state of employee morale affects production,”
and in part from the desire to increase job satisfaction.
The strength of the unions, he conjectures, "has made
this need apparent, and the leadership of management
feels itself to be in competition with the union leadership
for the loyalty of its employees.”
According to the author, the objective of training super
visors is to enable them to effect changes in attitudes.
Since supervisory employees are to deal with attitudes,
they should be the first to receive training in human rela
tions. In the author’s words: “The whole problem of
human relations training is complicated by the fact that
conflicts in attitudes are involved. Attitudes are always
loaded with feelings, and the logic of feeling is different
from the logic of thinking. Until these two kinds of logic
are treated for what they are, misunderstandings cannot
be corrected by facts. A basic requirement for human
relations training therefore is an attitude change on the
part of the person who is to practice human relations.”
The course of training developed by the author is based
on the practice of democratic leadership rather than on
the exercise of authority through fear. While at each level
of supervision the opportunities for the exercise of freedom
are somewhat limited, there nevertheless exist areas of free
dom. In these areas of freedom, it is preferable for subor
dinates to participate in arriving at decisions rather than
to do things blindly. The techniques suggested for gaining
the maximum participation of subordinates are: discussions
with individuals and groups, directive counseling, and
role-playing with small and large groups.
Role-playing is featured rather prominently by the
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author. Problems are prepared for a group by the leader
and roles are assigned to individuals in the group. In
acting out the problems, attitudes and feelings are dis
played which the skillful leader can then assist the group
to analyze. The therapeutic effects of such procedures
are changes in attitudes and development of better under
standing of human beings. By implication, the purging
of pent-up emotions and feelings should result in better
production. Whether the group role-playing methods are
used, or individual counseling, the practice of human
relations attempts to get at problems of individuals.
The implications of this book lead the reviewer to the
conclusion that management is expected to deal more and
more with problems that belong in the general field of
psychology. There is no doubt that human beings do
have conflicts and emotional problems, and no matter
what their origin they are brought to the job. Among
the 60 million gainfully employed in our country, probably
there are many whose attitudes are somewhat abnormal
by some standards, and in relation to one or another social
institution. These people, nevertheless, manage to per
form their economic functions pretty well on the whole.
The assumption that the techniques of psychology can be
used to resolve such emotional problems on the basis of a
single standard, whether it be employee loyalty, better
production, or teamwork, is open to question. Assuming
that such results are desirable, can the individual firm be
expected to equip its supervisory personnel with the tech
nical knowledge to handle such problems? Fortunately,
the author does not expect an all-out application of his
program but would like it to be viewed "as a guide or
blueprint for the future.”
—H arry O b e r .
Cooperative Movement
Co-ops in Other Lands. Washington, U. S. Department of
Agriculture, Farm Credit Administration, 1952. 40
pp., illus. (Reprint 23; from various issues of News
for Farmer Cooperatives.)
Co-operation in the Non-Self-Governing Territories. (In
International Labor Review, Geneva, April 1952, pp.
486-509. 60 cents. Distributed in United States by
Washington Branch of ILO.)
Agricultural Cooperation in Denmark and Sweden. By
John H. Heckman and Anna E. Wheeler. Washing
ton, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Farm Credit
Administration, Cooperative Research and Service
Division, 1952. 42 pp., bibliography, illus. (Mis
cellaneous Report 165.)
Cooperatives in hewfoundland, 1950. By J. E. O’Meara
and H. K. Ingersoll. (In Economic Annalist, Depart
ment of Agriculture, Ottawa, June 1952, pp. 63-65;
August 1952, pp. 77-81.)
The Consumers’ Cooperative Movement in the U.S.S.R. By
Ivan Khokhlov. (In Review of International Coop
eration, London, July 1952, pp. 147-150, 168.)
The author alleges that the Russian cooperative move
ment is a voluntary independent movement, “enjoying
the support of the Soviet State.” The actual role of the
state is not described.
437
438
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
Employment
Channels of Employment: Influences on the Operations of
Public Employment Offices and Other Hiring Channels
in Local Job Markets. By Murray Edelman and
others. Urbana, University of Illinois, Institute of
Labor and Industrial Relations, 1952. 210 pp.
$2.50, paper; $3.50, cloth.
Employment in Selected Metalworking Industries, by Size
Class of Establishment, January 1952. Washington,
U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statis
tics, 1952. 23 pp.; processed. Free.
Report of Proceedings of 15th Annual Meeting, Interstate
Conference of Employment Security Agencies, M iami
Beach, Fla., October 29-November 1, 1951. Washing
ton (W. R. Curtis, Executive Secretary of the Con
ference, U. S. Department of Labor Building), [1952],
196 pp.
Age-Analysis of Employed Persons [in Great Britain ].
{In Ministry of Labor Gazette, London, June 1952,
pp. 195-199. Is. net, H. M. Stationery Office,
London.)
Men and Women in Industry. By C. E. V. Leser. {In
Economic Journal, London, June 1952, pp. 326-344.
10s. net.)
Results of an analysis, based on Ministry of Labor and
National Service data on insured employment, of the level
and industrial distribution of employment in Great Britain,
of changes from 1923 to 1950, and of regional differences,
with particular reference to employment of women.
Industrial Accidents and Accident Prevention
Accidents and Accident-Prevention Policies in Agriculture:
X, Recapitulation and Conclusions. {In Occupational
Safety and Health, International Labor Office,
Geneva, January-March 1952, pp. 19-23, bibliogra
phy. 75 cents. Distributed in United States by
Washington Branch of ILO.)
Countries represented in this series of articles include
Austria, Denmark, Finland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway,
Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States.
Recommendations for Improved Shuttle-Car-Haulage Safety.
By D. S. Kingery. Washington, U. S. Department
of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1952. 10 pp.;
processed. (Information Circular 7638.) Limited
free distribution.
Rubber Mills and Calendars— A Comparison of State Safety
Codes and Standards with A S A Code B28.1-1949.
Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Standards, 1952. 21 pp., charts, illus. ;
processed. Free.
Ongevallenstatistiek, 1949. Amsterdam, Rijksverzekeringsbank, 1952. 82*, 180 pp., charts.
This statistical report on accidents in the Netherlands
includes data on average daily wages of insured laborers
and white-collar workers, by industry, in 1949 and earlier
years. Parts of the report are in English and French.
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Industrial Health
Classification and Labeling of Dangerous Substances. {In
Occupational Safety and Health, International Labor
Office, Geneva, January-March 1952, pp. 3-11,
chart; April-June 1952, pp. 59-66. 75 cents each.
Distributed in United States by Washington Branch
of ILO.)
An appendix, published separately, reproduces examples
of labels.
Radiological Monitoring Methods and Instruments. Wash
ington, U. S. Department of Commerce, National
Bureau of Standards, 1952. 33 pp., charts. (Hand
book 51.) 15 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
Recommendations on methods of detecting radiation
hazards, and on appropriate measuring instruments.
Survey of X-Ray Exposures in Hospital Personnel. By
Egilda DeAmicis, Charles K. Spalding, Russell F.
Cowing. {In Journal of the American Medical Asso
ciation, Chicago, July 5, 1952, pp. 924-925. 45
cents.)
History of Lung Diseases of Coal Miners in Great Britain:
Part III, 1920-1952. By Andrew Meikiejohn. {In
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, London, July
1952, pp. 208-220. 12s.6d.)
Part I of this study, covering the period 1800-1875, was
published in the Journal for July 1951, and part II, for the
period 1875-1920, in the issue for April 1952. Each
installment has a bibliography.
Industrial Relations
Analysis of Work Stoppages During 1951. Washington,
U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statis
tics, 1952. 29 pp., charts. (Bull. 1090.) 20 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Collective Bargaining: Radio, Television, and Electronics
Industry. Washington, U. S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1952. 32 pp. (Bull.
1089.) 20 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
Multi-Plant Collective Bargaining. Princeton, N. J.,
Princeton University, Industrial Relations Section,
July 1952. 4 pp. (Selected References, 46.) 20
cents.
Grievance Procedures Under the Railway Labor Act. By
Jacob J. Kaufman. {In Southern Economic Journal,
Chapel Hill, N. C., July 1952, pp. 66-78. $1.25.)
Description and evaluation of procedures established
for the settlement of grievances in the railroad industry,
with a brief review of suggestions which have been made
for improvement in the procedures.
Union Representation Elections. By John V. Spielmans.
{In Journal of Political Economy, Chicago, August
1952, pp. 323-331, diagrams. $1.50.)
Using National Labor Relations Board data for the
years 1941 to 1950, the author has analyzed union-rep re-
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1952
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
sentation elections ordered by the Board, contrasting
various aspects on the basis of whether voting was for
more than one union (multi-union) or only a single union.
Strikes and Lockouts in Canada During 1951, With Infor
mation for Certain Other Countries. Ottawa, Depart
ment of Labor, Economics and Research Branch,
1952. 49 pp., chart. (Supplement to Labor Gazette.)
International Labor Affairs
The International Labor Code, 1951: Vol. I, Code; Vol. II,
A-ppendices. Geneva, International Labor Office,
1952. civ, 1181 pp.; xxxix, 1220 pp. $10. Distrib
uted in United States by Washington Branch of ILO.
A systematic arrangement of the conventions and recom
mendations adopted by the International Labor Con
ference, 1919-1951, with appendices embodying other
standards of social policy framed by or with the coopera
tion of the International Labor Organization, 1919-1951.
Report of the Director-General [of ILO] to 85th Session of
International Labor Conference, Geneva, 1952. Geneva,
International Labor Office, 1952. 121 pp., charts.
75 cents. Distributed in United States by Washing
ton Branch of ILO.
Report of the Director-General [of ILO] to Fifth Conference
of American States Members of the International Labor
Organization, Rio de Janeiro, April 1952. Geneva,
International Labor Office, 1952. 152 pp. 75 cents.
Distributed in United States by Washington Branch
of ILO.
[Reports Prepared for] Fifth Conference of American States
Members of the International Labor Organization, Rio
de Janeiro, April 1952: I, Application and Supervision
of Labor Legislation in Agriculture; II, Social Security
Achievements and Future Policy; III, Methods of Re
muneration of Salaried Employees. Geneva, Inter
national Labor Office, 1952. 56, 108, 85 pp. Reports
I and III, 50 cents each; II, 75 cents. Distributed
in United States by Washington Branch of ILO.
439
Labor Organizations
Democracy in Labor Unions. By Clyde W. Summers.
New York, American Civil Liberties Union, 1952.
16 pp., bibliography. 25 cents.
Identifies three major basic rights of the individual union
member as essential to union democracy: to participate in
the making of decisions which affect the member; to fair
and equal treatment with all others governed by the union;
and to a fair trial on all charges brought against him. The
author comments on the extent to which these basic rights
exist in American unions and makes suggestions looking
toward their more general establishment.
Protection of Workers Against Union Discrimination.
{In Columbia Law Review, New York, March 1952,
pp. 399-408. $1.)
French Trade Unions Since Liberation, 1944-1951. By
Val R. Lorwin. {In Industrial and Labor Relations
Review, Ithaca, N. Y., July 1952, pp. 524-539.
$1.25.)
Trade Unionism [in Great Britain], Its Origins, Growth, and
Role in Modern Society. By Herbert Tracey.
London, Labor Party, 1952. 30 pp., bibliography.
(Educational Series, No. 1.) 4d.
Annual Report of the Trade Unions Registry, [Federaiion of
Malaya], for the Year 1950. By J. B. Prentis. Kuala
Lumpur, 1952. 50 pp., map. 4s. 8d.
Contains financial and membership statistics and a
directory of unions.
The Scandinavian Labor Movement. By Walter Galenson.
Berkeley, University of California, Institute of Indus
trial Relations, 1952. 69 pp. (Reprint 40; from
Comparative Labor Movements, edited by Walter
Galenson.) Single copies of reprint available free
from the Institute.
Mediation and Arbitration
[Reports Prepared for] Chemical Industries Committee,
International Labor Organization, Third Session,
Geneva, 1952: I, General Report—Effect Given to the
Conclusions of the Previous Session; II, Vocational
Training in the Chemical Industries; III, General Prob
lems of Hours of Work in the Chemical Industries, With
Particular Reference to a Comparison of Day Work and
Shift Work. Geneva, International Labor Office, 1952.
32, 68, 86 pp.; processed. Distributed in United
States by Washington Branch of ILO.
Meeting of Minds: A Way to Peace Through Mediation.
By Elmore Jackson. New York, McGraw-Hill Book
Co., Inc., 1952. xxii, 200 pp., illus. $3.50.
In this book is summarized the experience in mediation
of labor disputes in the United States, Sweden, and Great
Britain, with a view to developing some generalizations
that might be useful in the settlement of international
disputes through the United Nations. Also summarized
are UN efforts in the mediation of international disputes.
The essential elements of similarity in both types of medi
ation are then compared.
[Reports Prepared for] Metal Trades Committee, Inter
national Labor Organization, Fourth Session, Geneva,
1952: I, General Report; II, Human Relations in Metal
Working Plants; III, Factors Affecting Productivity in
the Metal Trades. Geneva, International Labor Office,
1952. 69, 119, 116 pp. Report I, 50 cents; Reports II
and III, 75 cents each. Distributed in United States
by Washington Branch of ILO.
Compulsory Arbitration in Australia. {In Current Affairs
Bulletin, Commonwealth Office of Education, Sydney,
September 24, 1951, pp. 195-207, bibliography, chart.
6d.)
Condensed yet comprehensive article on Australia’s
compulsory arbitration system, considering its origin,
present structure, problem of compulsion, and influence on
trade-unions.
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440
Legal Aspects of Compulsory Arbitration in Great Britain.
By Jean Trepp McKelvey. (In Labor Law Journal,
Chicago, May 1952, pp. 332-340, 383. 50 cents.)
This article was also published in the Cornell Law
Quarterly, spring issue 1952, pp. 403-418.
Union Attitudes Toward Compulsory Arbitration in Great
Britain. By Jean Trepp McKelvey. (In Arbitration
Journal, New York, Vol. 7, No. 2, 1952, pp. 102-110.
$1.50.)
Older Workers and the Aged
Evidences of Potentialities of Older Workers in a Manufactur
ing Company. By M. W. Smith. (In Personnel
Psychology, Baltimore, Md., Spring 1952, pp. 11-18.
$ 2 .)
Jobs for Older Workers. By Solomon Barkin. (In Journal
of Gerontology, St. Louis, Mo., July 1952, pp. 426430. $2.)
Paper presented at the 2d International Gerontological
Congress, St. Louis, Mo., September 1951. Two other
papers presented at this congress are reproduced in the July
issue of the Journal of Gerontology: Adjustment of Older
People in Two Florida Communities, by Samuel Granick;
The Philadelphia Story in Geriatrics, by Joseph T. Free
man.
Looking Around— [Literature Concerning Older Workers].
By Arthur N. Turner. (In Harvard Business Review,
Boston, July-August 1952, pp. 135,137, et seq. $1.50.)
Problems of Aging: Transactions of the 14th Conference,
September 7-8, 1951, St. Louis, Mo. Edited by
Nathan W. Shock. New York, Josiah Macy, Jr.,
Foundation, 1952. 138 pp., bibliographies, charts.
$3.
Some of the facts and opinions presented at the confer
ence were summarized in an article on retirement and
employment problems of the older worker in the Monthly
Labor Review for December 1951 (p. 695).
Selected Bibliography [on] Problems of Aging. Minneapolis,
University of Minnesota, Industrial Relations Center,
1952. 19 pp.; processed.
MONTHLY LABOR
trial and Labor Relations, 1952. 62 pp. (Bull. 21.)
Free to residents of New York State, 25 cents to
others.
Retirement— A Second Career. Albany, University of the
State of New York, State Education Department,
Bureau of Adult Education, [1952]. 69 pp., bibliog
raphies, forms, illus. (Bull. 8, rev.)
An attempt to provide an “organized, systematized
body of material for use in guiding the individual in
making the transition from the creative, vocational phase
of his life to an equally creative avocational phase of
living.”
Prices; Price and Wage Control
Retail Prices of Food, 1950, Including Historical Tables of
Item Indexes, 1939-50. Washington, U. S. Depart
ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1952.
37 pp., charts. (Bull. 1055.) 25 cents, Superintend
ent of Documents, Washington.
Basic Issues in Decontrol— An Economic Forum Discussion.
New York, National Industrial Conference Board,
Inc., 1952. 62 pp. (Studies in Business Economics,
35.) 50 cents.
Transcribed remarks of 10 participants in a round-table
discussion of economic aspects of removal of price and wage
controls.
Implications of Rent Control— Experience in the United
States. By Leo Grebler. (In International Labor
Review, Geneva, April 1952, pp. 462-485. 60 cents.
Distributed in United States by Washington Branch
ofILO.)
Report on Rent Control [in New York State]. New York,
Temporary State Housing Rent Commission, 1952.
119 pp., maps, charts.
Statistics of population, employment and earnings of
labor, housing, rent trends, and other related factors
are included.
Pensions and Retirement
Report on the Working of the Interim Index of Retail Prices,
[Great Britain]. London, Ministry of Labor and
National Service, Cost of Living Advisory Committee,
1952. 48 pp. (Cmd. 8481.) Is. 6d. net, H. M.
Stationery Office, London.
Arbitration—A Facet of Pension Planning and Pension
Administration. By Laurence J. Ackerman. (In
Journal of the American Society of Chartered Life
Underwriters, Philadelphia, June 1952, pp. 244-255.
$1.50.)
Soviet Prices of Producers’’ Goods. By Naum Jasny.
Stanford, Calif., Stanford University, Food Research
Institute, 1952. 180 pp. (Misc. Pub. 11C.) $2.
Deals with wholesale prices of producers’ goods in
Soviet Union, 1926 to 1950.
Negotiated Pension Plans in Connecticut Manufacturing
Industries. By
Therese
Comcowich
Newman.
Storrs, University of Connecticut, Labor-Manage
ment Institute, 1951. 47 pp., bibliography. (Bull.
3.) 25 cents.
Unemployment Insurance
Pension Plan Policies and Practices: Recent Experience of
11 Pension Plans. By Michael Puchek. Ithaca,
Cornell University, New York State School of Indus-
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Comparison of State Unemployment Insurance Laws as of
December 1951. Washington, U. S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Employment Security, 1952. xv,
123 pp. 35 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
Includes a section on State temporary disability insur-
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1952
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
ance laws, and one on significant legislative amendments
enacted in 1952 (up to May 21) concerning both unemploy
ment and disability insurance.
New Directions in Unemployment Insurance Financing.
By Miriam Civic. (In Business Record, National
Industrial Conference Board, Inc., New York, July
1952, pp. 270-273, charts.)
A Study of Arizona’s Jobless After Unemployment Insurance
Benefits Expired. Phoenix, Employment Security
Commission of Arizona, Unemployment Compensa
tion Division, 1952. 35 pp., map; processed.
Post-Exhaustion Study, [Maine], Benefit Year, 1950-1951.
[Augusta], Maine Employment Security Commission,
[1952?]. 19 pp.; processed.
The two reports listed immediately above give data on
age and sex distribution, employment status when inter
viewed, and other facts about claimants who had exhausted
their unemployment-insurance benefit rights. The Ari
zona report covers 302 persons and the Maine report, 7,123.
[Unemployment Insurance] Experience Rating in Pennsyl
vania, 1951-1952. Harrisburg, State Department of
Labor and Industry, Bureau of Employment Security,
Research and Statistics Section, 1952. 11 pp., chart;
processed. (Statistical Information Bull. 90.)
Women in Industry
Jobs for Women With One or Two Years of College or Tech
nical School Training. Washington, B’nai B’rith Vo
cational Service Bureau, 1952. 4 charts, 50 cents
a set.
The charts cover selected occupations in artistic and
literary, health, business, and scientific and technical
fields, respectively.
The Outlook for Women as Physical Therapists. Washing
ton, U. S. Department of Labor, Women’s Bureau,
1952. 51 pp., bibliography, illus. (Bull. 203-1, rev.;
Medical Services Series.) 20 cents, Superintendent
of Documents, Washington.
Maternity Protection of Employed Women. Washington,
U. S. Department of Labor, Women’s Bureau, 1952.
50 pp., bibliography. (Bull. 240.) 20 cents, Super
intendent of Documents, Washington.
Deals with legislative and other provisions in the United
States, and with legislation in other countries.
Vocational Guidance and Training for Women. (In Inter
national Labor Review, Geneva, July 1952, pp. 56-76.
60 cents. Distributed in United States by Washing
ton Branch of ILO.)
Women’s Life and Labor. By F. Zweig. London, Victor
Gollancz, Ltd., 1952. 190 pp.
Summarizes findings of interviews with 445 women
employed in British factories. Subjects discussed include
choice of jobs and work preferences, liking for jobs held,
supervision, wage differentials and the equal-pay issue,
labor turn-over, absenteeism, and trade-unionism.
222775—52-----6
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441
Miscellaneous
The Economics of New England— Case Study of an Older
Area. By Seymour E. Harris. Cambridge, Mass.,
Harvard University Press, 1952. 317 pp., maps.
$4.75.
Labor aspects of the New England situation are treated
in chapters dealing with labor costs and their significance,
labor supply, productivity, variations in cost of living,
social legislation, unionization, and strikes.
The Negro and the Communist Party. By Wilson Record.
Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press,
1951. 340 pp. $3.50.
Traces efforts of the Communist Party, as directed from
Moscow, to win the allegiance of American Negroes to its
cause, from 1919 through 1950. As examples of tactics
employed by the Communists, the author examines their
efforts to win support of Negroes in various AFL, CIO,
and independent unions; the use of Communist-inspired
unions, such as the Trade Union Unity League and its
affiliates, at certain stages; and the creation, at one time
or another, of large-scale Negro organizations, such as the
National Negro Congress. Mr. Record shows the resist
ance of legitimate union organizations, and of the National
Association for the Advancement of Colored People and
the National Urban League, as well as of the Negro people
of America, to the blandishments and intrigues of the
Communists throughout the period under review.
The Uneasy Triangle. (In Economist, London, August
9, 1952, pp. 322-323; August 16, pp. 376-378; August
23, pp. 434-435. Is. each.)
The three articles in the series discuss the “incompati
bility” of a stable price level, full employment, and free
collective bargaining, and the extent to which one of the
three must give way if public opinion insists on adhering
strictly to the other two. The first article deals mainly
with prices, the second with wage negotiations, and the
third with employment levels.
They Went to College: The College Graduate in America
Today. By Ernest Havemann and Patricia Salter
West. New York, Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1952. 277
pp., charts, illus. $4.
A survey of more than 9,000 graduates of over 1,000
institutions of higher education made by Time magazine
and analyzed by Columbia University’s Bureau of Applied
Social Research. Proves some folk notions on higher
education held by the American public and disproves others;
analyzes such matters as trends in subjects studied, rela
tionship of income to school grades achieved and of business
success to student leadership, and problems of tuition,
religious affiliation, and marriage versus career.
Konjunkturldget, Varen 1952. Stockholm, IConjunkturinstitutet, 1952. 199 pp., charts. (Meddelanden,
Serie A, 21.)
Part 1 deals with international economic developments;
part 2 covers economic trends in Sweden, including data
on production and productivity, employment, wages,
income, and consumer expenditures, for varying periods
down to 1951. Includes a summary in English.
Current Labor Statistics
A.—Employment and Payrolls
444 Table A -l:
445 Table A-2:
449 Table A-3:
451 Table A-4:
452 Table A-5:
453 Table A-6:
Table A-7:
Table A-8:
454 Table A-9:
Estimated civilian labor force classified by employment status, hours
worked, and sex
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division
and group
Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries
Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolls in
manufacturing industries
Federal civilian employment and payrolls, by branch and agency group
Government civilian employment and payrolls in Washington, D. C.,
by branch and agency group
Employees in nonagricultural establishments for selected States 1
Employees in manufacturing industries, by State 1
Insured unemployment under State unemployment insurance pro
grams, by geographic division and State
B.—Labor Turn-Over
455 Table B -l:
456 Table B-2:
Monthly labor turn-over rates (per 100 employees) in manufacturing
industries, by class of turn-over
Monthly labor turn-over rates (per 100 employees) in selected groups
and industries
C.— Earnings and Hours
458 Table C -l:
473 Table C-2:
474 Table C-3:
474 Table C-4:
Table C-5:
Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory
employees
Gross average weekly earnings of production workers in selected
industries, in current and 1939 dollars
Gross and net spendable average weekly earnings of production
workers in manufacturing industries, in current and 1939 dollars
Average hourly earnings, gross and exclusive of overtime, of produc
tion workers in manufacturing industries
Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing
industries for selected States and areas 1
1 This table is included in the March, June, September, and December issues of the Review.
N ote.—Beginning with Volume 74, tables in the A section have been renumbered consecutively,
to take into account the elimination of two tables.
442
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
443
CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS
D.—Prices and Cost of Living
Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families in large cities,
by group of commodities
Table D-2: Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families, by city, for
selected periods
Table D-3: Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families, by city and
group of commodities
Table D-4: Indexes of retail prices of foods, by group, for selected periods
Table D-5: Indexes of retail prices of foods, by city
Table D-6: Average retail prices and indexes of selected foods
Table D-7: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group of commodities (1947-49=100)
Table D-7a: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group of commodities, for selected
periods (1926=100)
Table D-8: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
475 Table D -l:
476
477
478
479
480
481
481
482
E.— Work Stoppages
483 Table E -l:
Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes
F.— Building and Construction
484 Table F -l:
485 Table F-2:
486 Table F-3:
487 Table F-4:
488 Table F-5:
Expenditures for new construction
Value of contracts awarded and force-account work started on fed
erally financed new construction, by type of construction
Urban building authorized, by principal class of construction and by
type of building
New nonresidential building authorized in all urban places, by general
type and by geographic division
Number and construction cost of new permanent nonfarm dwelling
units started, by urban or rural location, and by source of funds
Note.— Earlier figures in many of the series appearing in the following tables are shown in the Handbook of Labor
Statistics, 1950 Edition (BLS Bulletin 1016). For convenience in referring to the historical statistics,
the tables in this issue of the Monthly Labor Review are keyed to the appropriate tables in the Handbook.
MLR
table
Handbook
table
A - l ________
A - 2 ______
A -1 3
|rA - l
A -3
A -4
(A -8
A -3
A -4
[a - 7
A -6
1
A - 3 ________ ______
A - 4 ________
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MLR
table
Handbook
table
A - 5 ________ _________ A - 9
A - 6 ______ _________ N o n e
A - 7 ________ _________ A - 2
A - 8 ________ _________ A - 2
A - 9 ________ _________ A - 1 4
B - l ________ _________ B - l
B - 2 ________ _________ B - 2
0 - 1 ________ _________ C - l
__ N o n e
C - 2 ________ _ __
M LR
t a b le
Handbook
table
C -3______ ________C-4
C -4______ ________C-3
C -5........... _______ C-2
D - l ______ _______ D - l
D -2 ______ ________D -2
D -3 ______ ________ None
D -4 ______ ________D -4
[D -2
D -5 ______ ----- .
j D -3
MLR
table
Handbook
t a b le
D -6 ______ ____ __ None
D -7 a _____ ________D -5
D -8 ______ ______None
E - l_ _ _ __ ________E -2
F - l ______ ________H - l
F -2 ______ ________H -4
F -3 ______ ________H -6
F -4 ______ ________H -6
F -5 ______ ________ 1-1
MONTHLY LABOR
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
444
A: Employment and Payrolls
T able A - l:
Estimated Civilian Labor Force Classified by Employment Status, Hours Worked, and Sex
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over 1 (in thousands)
1951
1952
Labor force2
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.3
Aug.
63,186
1,606
1,004
280
128
78
116
61, 580
54,054
29,204
20,070
1, 818
2,962
7,526
5,724
1,436
224
142
64,208
1,578
870
390
44,720
956
43,764
37,604
31,554
2,726
656
Total, both sexes
Civilian labor force........................... .....
Unemployment - -................ -...........
Unemployed 4 weeks or less..........
Unemployed 5-10 weeks..............
Unemployed 11-14 weeks— ........
Unemployed 15-26 weeks--------Unemployed over 26 weeks------Employment_____________ ____
Nonagricultural____ _______
Worked 35 hours or more........
Worked 15-34 hours------------Worked 1-14 hours 4_______
With a job but not at work 5..
Agricultural_________ _____
Worked 35 hours or more........
Worked 15-34 hours..............
Worked 1-14 hours4----------With a job but not at work 5...
63,164 63,452
63,958 64,176 64,390 62,778 61, 744 61, 518 61,838 61,780 62,688
1,616
1,828
1,674
2,054
2,086
1,804
1,612
1, 942 1, 818 L602
1,604
944
1,072
920
1,068
982
880
774
'896
1,240
1,174
872
330
390
374
570
638
418
342
352
' 288
476
422
126
130
152
136
174
202
174
96
78
116
130
126
114
136
172
198
208
196
158
146
106
122
90
122
92
108
94
96
126
100
66
70
58
62,354 62, 234 62,572 61,176 60,132 59,714 59, 752 59,726 61,014 61,336 61,836
54,168
54,314
54,636
53,
540
53,688
53,
702
53,
720
54,216
54|
402
54Í
636
55,390
708 43,040
43,824 42,112 44,144 45,284 43,002 43,954 44,134 44,046 45,116 43,
7,488
6,832
5,926
5,686
5,652
5,810
6,826
5,016
5', 180 4,946
4,924
1,922
2,102
2,080
2,002
2,078
2,012
1,918
1,934
1, 512 1,642
1,480
1,718
1,672
1,514
1,806
1,824
1,926
1,974
2,052
3,436
5,996
5,162
7,668
7,022
6,378
6,186
6,064
6,012
6,412
6,960
7, 598 8,170
6,964
6,090
4,660
4,392
4,116
4,390
4,152
4,684
5,416
6,482
5,654
5,030
1,270
1,840
1,538
1,378
1,194
1,416
1,378
1,408
Í, 610
1Í308
1,560
228
332
250
316
194
202
150
184
120
174
194
80
190
198
376
286
280
162
116
96
160
180
102
104
112
62,630
54,942
43,656
5,080
1,558
4,648
7,688
5,658
1,592
238
200
Males
Civilian labor force.................................. .
Unemployment--------------------- -----E mployment . . . . ----------------- ------N onagricultural_______ _____
Worked 35 hours or more..........
Worked 15-34 hours________
Worked 1-14 hours 4________
With a job but not at w ork5..
Agricultural................... ................. .
Worked 35 hours or more..............
Worked 15-34 hours---------------Worked 1-14 hours 4__________
With a job but not at work 5_
44,396
1,004
43,392
37, 582
31,362
2,622
494
3,104
5,810
4,656
870
152
132
44, 720 44,464 43,262
972
1,138
1,244
43’ 476 43,326 42,290
37, 316 37,050 36,620
30Í 286 31,734 32,060
2,438
2,490
2,682
780
628
562
1,342
2,198
3,786
5,670
6,276
6,160
4,902
5,450
5,114
596
618
' 778
140
76
134
74
90
134
43,346
1,002
42,344
36,616
31,102
3,540
834
1,140
5, 728
4,280
1,074
216
158
43,522
890
42,632
36, 756
31,206
3,654
780
1,116
5,876
5,110
554
142
70
43,672
842
42,830
37,050
22,174
12,240
760
1,876
5,780
4,810
690
154
126
18, 798 18, 708 18,980 18,916 19,574 19,818
826
666
670
710
580
564
18,234 18,128 18,270 18,246 18,908 18,992
17,422 17,456 17,572 17, 408 17,908 17,698
12,206 12,916 12,788 12, 750 13,142 12,606
3,292
3,020
2,834
2,928
2,750
3,348
1,268
1,228
1,174
1,226
1,174
1,140
532
518
650
616
630
728
1,294
1,000
838
698
672
812
380
282
206
180
186
220
602
766
490
414
426
540
116
92
84
40
54
26
32
24
58
52
18
26
19,930
726
19,204
17,412
11,834
3,834
1,142
602
1,792
980
716
86
10
19,514 19,488
764
622
18,750 18,866
17,004 17,338
7,030 12,102
2,354
7,830
902
1,058
1,980
1,086
1,528
1,746
530
914
868
746
70
106
24
16
42,946 42,810 42,858 42,864
1,384
1,376
1,224
1,048
41,898 41,586 41,482 41,480
36,298 36,246 36,116 36,132
30,796 31,038 31,346 31,296
2,852
2,724
3,060
3,478
828
852
838
778
1,156
1,194
1,310
1,246
5,348
5,366
5,340
5,600
3,910
4,210
3,966
4,464
888
768
964
876
232
154
148
124
318
234
262
136
43,114
1,008
42,106
36,728
31,974
2,906
852
996
5,378
4,110
936
158
174
2,668
6,160
5,128
724
132
176
Females
Civilian labor force......... ........... .....................U nem ploym ent........................................
Employment_________ ______________
N onagricultural---------------------------Worked 35 hours or more________
Worked 15-34 hours-----------------Worked 1-14 hours 4___________
With a job but not at w ork5...
Agricultural..................................... .
Worked 35 hours or more............. .
Worked 15-34 hours .......................
Worked 1-14 hours 4.__.................
With a job but not at work 3—
19, 562 19,456 19,926
698
680
600
18,962 18,758 19,246
17,808 17,320 17,352
12,462 11, 826 12,410
2, 334 2,690
2,302
1,014
'950
986
1,238
2,210
2,058
1,894
1,438
1,154
1,032
540
374
832
812
690
44
40
42
26
6
48
19, 516
630
18,886
17, 596
13,224
2,508
1,154
710
1,290
514
690
44
42
1 Estimates are subject to sampling variation which may be large in cases
where the quantities shown are relatively small. Therefore, the smaller
estimates should be used with caution. All data exclude persons in instiiutions. Because of rounding, the individual figures do not necessarily add to
group totals.
2 Beginning with January 1951, total labor force is not shown because of the
security classification of the Armed Forces component.
3 Census survey week contains legal holiday.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4 Excludes persons engaged only in incidental unpaid family work (less than
.
5 Includes persons who had a job or business, but who did not work during
the census week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor dispute or
because of temporary lay-off with definite instructions to return to work
within 30 days of lay-off. Does not include unpaid family workers.
15 hours); these persons are classified as not in the labor force.
Source: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1952
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
445
T able A-2: Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group 1
[In thousands]
1952
Annual
average
1951
Industry group and industry
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1951
1950
Total employees.................................... . 46,91( 46,03’ 46,34 46,325 46,29 46,001 45,89 45,91, 47,66 46,85: 46, 90: 46,95€ 46,724 46,401 44,124
Mining____________ _______ ____
86
79’
82
89'
89
904
90S
90S
91(
91’
91’
917
922
920
904
Metal____________ ____________ . 103.
76.
80.
107.3 107.3 106.8 107.: 106.
106.
105.4 104. £ 103.7 105.2 104. S 101.0
Iron.............................. ............... ~
9.’
li.:
38.
38.5
36. S 36. £ 37.:
37.,
37.7
38.
38.7
39.0
37.6
35.5
Copper...........................................
28.
29.
29.
29.:
29.2
29.:
28. £ 28.
28. ‘
27. £ 27.9
28.8
28.7
28.1
Lead and zinc......................... ........
20.
21.
21. £ 22.5
22.2
22.4
22.
21. £ 21.4
20. £
19.8
20.0
20.8
19.7
Anthracite..........................................
60.
65.1
66.8
65.6
60.1
61.8
67.0
67.1
67.1
67.2
67.9
68.3
69.1
75.1
Bituminous-coal................................. . 318. 278.7 305. 348.4 356. 362.8 366.0 367.0 368.5 367.9 367.0 366.5 369.6 378.2 375.6
Crude petroleum and natural gas pro
duction...........................................
274.5 271.3 266.3 267.4 266.1 266.6 267.4 268.8 269.2 268.7 269.1 269.5 262.2 255.3
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying___ 107.0 105.7 105.8 105.5 104. 101.4 100.7 100.8 105.1 107.3 109.3 109.5 109.8 105.1 97.4
Contract construction............................... 2, 778 2, 722 2, 663 2, 522 2,416 2,296 2,308 2,316 2,518 2,633 2,761 2,768 2,809 2,569 2 , 3 1 8
Nonbuilding construction....... .............
551
539
454
500
398
395
453
495
544
554
568
480
447
Highway and street.......... ............. _________ 242.4 236.3 215.3 179.3 143.2 143.5 390
140.8 179.4 207.3 234.5 240.4 247.7 200.4 183.0
Other nonbuilding construction_____
308.5 302.4 284.2 274.2 254.4 251.1 249.5 273.3 288.1 309.6 313.1 320.5 285.1 264.1
Building construction...........................
2,171 2,124 2,022 1, 962 1,898 1,913 1, 926 2,065 2,138 2,217 2,214 2, 241 2,084 1,871
General contractors..............................
893
876
794
823
768
775
775
847
887
944
945
963
880
797
Special-trade contractors...... ................
1, 278 1,248 1,199 1,168 1,130 1,138 1,151 1,218 1,251 1,273 1,269 1,278 1,204 1,074
Plumbing and heating......................
307.0 299.4 287.8 286.8 288.6 291.4 296.9 307. 9 313.6 314.0 308.4 305.7 298.5 ’ 270.6
Painting and decorating__________
184.2 176.6 173.8 158.2 145.3 143.5 146.4 167.6 175.5 182.9 188.8 189.9 165.5 132.5
Electrical work.......... ...................
166.7 162.0 156.7 154.5 154.9 155.2 156.9 158. 2 156.9 155.3 153.4 154.0 147.5 128.6
Other special-trade contractors........ .
620.1 609.7 580.3 568.4 540.9 548.0 550.6 584.6 604.8 620.7 618.6 628.4 591.9 541.7
Manufacturing______ ____ _________ 15, 891 15,196 15, 463 15, 654 15, 795 15, 869 15,859 15,776 15,913 15,890 1 5 ,9 8 5 16,039 16,008 15,931 1 4 ,8 8 4
Durable goods »......................... . 8,789 8,334 8, 675 8,991 9,054 9,035 9,010 8,946 9,000 8,976 8,942 8, 913 8,878 8,926 8,008
Nondurable goods »_____ ______ 7,102 6, 862 6,788 6, 663 6,741 6,834 6,849 6,830
6,913 6,914 7,023 7,126 7,130 Î, 005 6,876
Ordnance and accessories...................... 84.0 79.4 79.7 78.3 76.3 74.3 71.7 69.2 66.3 63.4 59.0 55.1 50.8 46.7 24.7
Food and kindred products____ ____ 1, 686 1,615 1,529 1,463 1,444 1,444 1,448 1,452 1,507 1,547 1,644 1,721 1,698 1,555 1, 542
Meat products____ ____________
295. 5 294.9 292.4 295.4 301.5 309.3 310.7 314.5 309.8 298.7 297.2 295.1 300.1 ' 295.6
Dairy products.___ ____ ________
154 7
141 4 13ft 0
144.5
Canning and preserving .......... ..........
241.5 177.5 147. 7 138.9 129.6 130.4 131.3 145.5 170.6 263.4 356.6 332.8 200. 4 202.9
Grain-mill products____ ____ ____
135.1 133.4 129.8 129.7 130.6 130.5 131.0 130.5 130.1 131.3 131.7 132.1 128.9 123.9
Bakery products______ ________
294.4 289.2 280.7 286.7 287.0 286.4 286.2 288.3 288.6 291.6 289.8 288.3 287.6 285.9
Sugar..._____________________
28.9
28.6
26.7
27.8
27.3
27.4
28.7
42.0
51.7
46.1
30.3
29.7
34.0
34.5
Confectionery and related products__
87.2
88.5
90.6
93.8
87.7
96.7
97.8 102.2 104.5 106.3 101.7
95.2
97.2
99.5
Beverages__________ _____ ____
238. 5 226.8 217.3 203.8 207.4 202.8 203.9 214.3 216.2 221.5 225.7 232.0 218.8 216.3
Miscellaneous food products_______
136.8 135.6 131.3 129.8 131.2 129.9 129.3 132.9 136.1 140.3 137.5 136.2 136.5 138.5
Tobacco manufactures____________
85
97
85
84
85
86
88
90
92
93
96
96
91
88
88
Cigarettes...................... ........ .........
27.2
27.1
26.5
26.7
26.5
26.8
26.8
27.0
26.9
26.6
26.2
26.0
26.1
25.9
Cigars.............................................
42.0
42.2
41.6
41.0
41.8
41.7
40.9
41.9
42.3
42.0
41.1
39.9
41.0
41.2
Tobacco and snuff___ ______ ____
11.3
11.6
11.8
11.8 12.0 11.9 11.8 11.9 11.7 12.0 11.7 11.9 12.3
11.8
Tobacco stemming and redrying____
4. 6
4.4
5.4
4.7
4.8
7.1
9.9
11.5
11.5
15.8
16.8
13.3
8.9
8 .8
Textile-mill products........................... 1,224 1,177 1,179 1,178 1,189 1,209 1,217 1,226 1, 237 1,227 1,228 1,231 1,247 l, 282 1,297
Yarn and thread mills______ _____
155.6 157.1 155.1 155.9 157.9 159.7 160.0 160.5 160.3 161.3 164.0 164.8 167.1 ' 162.0
Broad-woven fabric mills___ ___ __
538. ö 536. 5 533.8 538.1 548.9 556.2 569.7 579.3 575.2 578.0 582.8 592.7 600.4 616.1
Knitting mills............................... .
228.0 231.2 228.4 229.3 229.8 230.0 229.1 231.0 229.0 228.4 225.1 230.9 238.8 242.8
Dyeing and finishing textiles.............
84.2
85.0
84.9 86.4
89.2
89.3
87.8
87.9
86.4
84.7
83.3
83.2
88.1
89.7
Carpets, rugs, other floor covering......
47.3
44.8
51.9
52.6
52.6
52.3
50.9
50.4
49.4
49.5
48.5
49.2
55.0
60.6
Other textile-mill products.................
123.7 124.5 124.2 126.5 130.6 129.9 128.6 128.2 127.0 126.4 127.0 126.0 132.4 125.7
Apparel and other finished textile
products....................................... 1,176 1,101 1,090 1,077 1,115 1,172 t, 172 1,149 1,155 1,128 1,138 1,156 1,167 ,160 L, 159
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats........ —
131.6 133.3 126.5 134.3 140.4 141.2 140.7 136.4 131.0 144.2 151.5 152.8 ' 147. 7 148.3
Men’s and boys’ furnishings and
work clothing...............................
257.9 259.4 256.8 257.6 256.6 251.9 247.2 253.6 251.6 256.2 257.0 256.2 264.2 263.2
Women’s outerwear..........................
301.9 285.9 286.0 309.7 342.3 344.7 335.5 331.5 314.1 305.5 320.2 329.8 317.7 320.3
Women’s, children’s undergarments_
99.4 101.2 101.4 102.2 102.7 101.1
98.9 100.3 100.3
99.7
97.7
97.5 100.9 105.4
Millinery...... ............ .....................
19.1
16.2
18.2
21.2
26.0
25.5
23.4
21.0
19.1
21.1
21.5
21.6
21.2
22.0
Children’s outerwear..... ...................
67.9
68.2
64.8
64.8
69.9
69.8
65.9
64.0
64.7
63.6
62.8
65.3
65.2
66.5
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel...
87.7
89.0
85.1
85.0
88.2
89.5
90.3
98.9 101.5 102.2 102.2 101.4
97.1
89.6
Other fabricated textile products____
135.3 137.0 138.3 140.6 145.8 148.6 146.7 149.2 145.6 145.2 143.0 142.5 145.6 143.5
Lumber and wood products (except fur
niture)........... ..... ........ .............
761
756
760
700
742
735
733
718
761
783
803
808
818
805
792
Logging camps and contractors...........
63.4
61.6
42.4
62.1
62.3
61.1
52.1
68.8
74.9
78.1
79.8
76.8
73.3
67.9
Sawmills and planing mills________
450.4 454.6 420.5 438.1 430.2 429.0 423.2 445.1 460.7 471.4 475.0 481.8 469.4 461.6
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products____ ____
111.9 110.6 103.1 107.3 106.0 105.3 107.0 109.3 110.8 115.2 115.6 118.4 118.8 124.3
Wooden containers___ __________
72.4
74.6
75.1
75.1
76.0
76.5
76.5
77.9
76.7
77.0
77.0
78.0
80.3
77.7
Miscellaneous wood products______
58.0
59.0
58.5
59.8
60.4
60.6
59.2
59.8
60.2
61.1
60.8
62.9
62.7
60.8
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
446
MONTHLY LABOR
A: EM PLOYM ENT AND PAYROLLS
T able A-2: Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group 1—Con.
[In thousands]
A nnual
average
1952
In d u stry group and industry
Aug.
Manufaetii rin z—Con tin ued
F u rn itu re and fixtures..............
Household fu rn itu re_______
Other furniture and fixtures.
Ju ly
June
M ay
April
M ar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1951
1950
342
332
229.9
102.3
337
230.9
106.2
336
231.8
104.6
342
235. 3
106.6
346
237.8
107.7
345
236.4
108.2
345
237.2
107. 5
344
236. 3
108. 1
342
235.1
106.8
337
229.8
107.3
334
225. 0
108.5
333
223.9
108.8
349
240.8
108.0
357
255. 5
101.5
Paper and allied p ro d u cts----------- --------- 480
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills........ ...........
Paperboard containers and boxes____ ______
O ther paper and allied products........................
472
237.2
126.9
108.0
480
243.2
128.5
108.6
475
241.0
126.1
108.2
477
241.6
126.8
108.4
479
243. 4
127.1
108.3
482
246.4
126.8
108.3
482
247.1
126. 8
108.4
484
245. 9
129.2
109.3
486
246.1
130 5
109.4
488
246.3
131.4
110.4
490
247.7
131.1
111.2
494
248.1
132. 5
113.0
494
245. 7
134.9
113.0
472
235.8
128.5
107.7
Printing, publishing, and allied industries
764
N ew spapers.................. ........................... ...............
Periodicals...................... ................ .......................
Books.............. ................................. .......................
Commercial p rin tin g .......................................... .
L ithographing____________ _______________
O ther printing and publishing...................... .
765
303.2
53.8
51.8
203.0
39.4
113.4
768
304.1
53.8
52.4
204.7
39.7
113.2
763
302.9
54.0
50.8
203. 5
39.8
111.7
763
302.6
54.3
51.2
203.4
40.0
111.8
763
301.8
54.4
51.3
204.0
40.2
111.4
765
303. 5
54.6
51.6
203.9
39.9
111.3
768
303.2
54.7
51.2
207.2
39.9
112.1
775
304.4
56.1
51.3
207.9
41. 5
114.2
773
302.5
55.4
51.2
207.1
41.9
115.2
769
300.7
54.5
50.9
206.3
42.1
114.6
764
299.6
53.8
51.0
203 7
41.5
114.1
759
298. 5
53.5
511.3
202.2
40,9
113.9
763
299 2
53. 5
49.8
205.6
41.2
113. 5
743
293.3
52.1
46.7
200.8
40.7
108.9
Chemicals and allied p roducts_______
Industrial inorganic chemicals...........
Industrial organic chem icals..........
D rugs and medicines_______ ______
Paints, pigm ents, and fillers______
Fertilizers___________ ____ _______
Vegetable and animal oils and fa ts ..
O ther chemicals and allied products.
744
742
84.5
230.3
111.5
75.4
29.6
44.3
166.4
739
84.1
225.0
111.2
75.0
31.5
45.0
167.4
741
83.1
221.4
110.3
74.6
37.4
47.5
167.0
754
83.1
223. 3
110. 5
74.8
42. 3
51.1
168.7
761
83. 5
227.8
110. 6
75.0
41.9
53.7
168.6
759
83.4
228.1
109.1
74.8
38.8
56.9
168.0
757
83.5
229. 5
108.2
74.8
35.0
59.6
166.6
759
84. 2
230 9
108. 3
74.3
32. 5
61.9
166.6
762
84.0
233. 0
108.3
74.4
31.8
63.3
167.6
763
83.7
231.3
107.9
75. 1
32.7
64.5
168.2
764
84.0
234. 5
108.1
75. 9
32.7
59.8
168.6
753
84.1
233.3
108.3
76.9
30.6
49.9
169.4
749
82 3
227 2
106.2
75 6
34.8
55. 1
168.2
686
71.5
200.1
95.8
71.4
34.0
54. 5
158.3
Products of petroleum and coal..........
Petroleum refining.......................... .
Coke and byproducts_______ ____
O ther petroleum and coal products.
281
271
228.3
12.6
30.4
268
223.1
14.7
30.3
244
192.3
22.6
28.9
271
220.0
22.4
28.7
267
216. 9
22.5
28.0
267
217.1
22.2
27.6
266
216.4
22.1
27.4
269
218.3
22.2
28.5
269
217.0
21.3
30.4
269
215.4
22. 1
31.1
267
213.9
22.1
30.7
267
214.0
22.2
30.4
263
210 6
21.8
30.4
245
194. fi
20.8
29.5
R u b b er products_______
Tires and inner tu b es..
R ubber footwear-------O ther rubber products.
261
255
118.7
24.1
112.1
270
120.8
29.3
119.7
268
120.2
29.1
118.9
268
120.3
27.6
120.2
270
119.3
29.9
120.9
269
119.4
30.3
119.6
272
119.7
31.0
121.7
273
120. 5
31. 1
121.7
273
120.4
31.2
121.8
269
115.0
31.1
122.9
272
117.7
30 9
123.6
272
116. 5
30.9
124. 5
272
115.5
30.8
125.7
252
110.9
25.6
114.9
Leather and leather products
L eather-------------------------Footw ear (except ru b b e r)..
O ther leather products------
389
379
45.0
241.9
91.6
380
44.8
245.1
89.6
369
43.6
236.7
88.8
376
43.7
241.0
90.8
383
44.2
245.6
93.6
382
44.5
244.1
93.2
368
44.2
235.1
89.1
362
43. 7
228. 2
90.5
356
43.3
220.7
92.3
359
42.6
224.0
92.5
365
42.2
230.4
92.7
382
44.8
244.0
92.8
381
46 7
240. 6
93.3
394
50.5
252.3
91.1
Stone, clay, and glass products_________
541
Glass and glass products......................................
Cem ent, h ydraulic............. ....................... ...........
Structural clay products___________________
P ottery and related p ro d u c ts._____ ________
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products______
O ther stone, clay, and glass products............ .
523
140.1
41.1
89.2
50.4
100.6
101.7
536
142.1
41.2
91.9
53.2
101.4
105.8
532
142.2
41.4
89.3
53.5
98.4
106.7
533
140.9
42.2
89.3
54.1
97.5
108.9
530
139. 5
42.5
86.9
54.2
97.0
110.2
528
138.0
42.4
87.3
54.7
96.2
109.6
533
137.6
42.8
88.8
54.7
97.2
111.5
545
141.8
43.0
92.0
55. 3
100.3
112.7
552
143.2
43.2
93.0
56.2
102.1
113.8
559
146.7
43.3
93.2
56.8
103. 1
115.4
561
147.9
43.6
93.4
57.2
103.0
116.2
564
148. 5
44.0
93.4
57.7
103.8
116.1
556
145.7
43 0
91 3
58 6
101.2
115. 6
512
133.5
42.1
82.4
57.9
92.2
103.5
Prim ary m etal industries_____ ____ ____ 1,244
Blast"furnaces, steel works, and rolling
m ills____________________________ ______
Iron and steel foundries-----------------------------Prim ary smelting and refining of nonferrous m etals_______ ____ ______________
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous m etals________ ____ _____________
Nonferrous foundries........................... ...............
O ther prim ary m etal Industries____________
922
951
271.5
251.5
278.0
265.6
Fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transporta
tion equipment)_________________
944
Tin cans and other tinware.............................
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware_________
Heating apparatus (except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies........................... ............
Fabricated structural metal products______
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving. ........
Other fabricated metal products___________
1,335
644.6
270.6
1,338
646. 5
270.7
1,350
656.8
272.1
1,354
659.2
275.0
1,354
657.6
277.4
1,355
658. 9
279.9
1,339
643.6
281.9
1,349
655. 6
280.4
1,351
659. 0
280.6
1,352
659.8
280.7
1.345
650. 5
279.9
1,220
614.1
231.8
57.1
57.3
57.2
56.9
56.8
56.9
56.3
56.4
56.2
56.3
55.9
56.8
56.3
54.6
95.5
112.0
134.6
98.9
112.7
138.7
100.6
113.4
148.6
100.6
113.3
149.7
100.5
111.9
151.9
99.9
111.7
151.5
100. 5
150.8
97.9
110. 4
151.0
98.6
108.7
149.8
98.5
108.3
149.7
96.3
109.0
149.8
97.8
108.4
148.3
100.3
109.6
147.7
96.9
93.0
129.8
922
48.4
132.6
970
48.8
145.5
981
46.8
147.2
990
46.7
148.9
989
45.4
148.4
989
44.4
150.6
986
44.7
151.1
988
46. 1
149.9
984
45.9
150.5
988
48.9
152.7
989
51.0
154.3
996 1,007
50.9
49. 0
158.0 159.7
933
48.4
156.9
142.1
226.7
161.3
210.8
144.8
235.3
172.9
222.7
143.0
241.5
172.1
230.8
144.4
243.3
173.4
233.1
144.7
243.2
172. 5
235.2
144.9
241.9
171.0
236.2
143.8
240.9
170.4
235.3
148.1
240. 5
168. 4
235.2
148.7
235.6
169.1
234.3
148.6
234.2
170.1
233.2
149.2
232.3
168.4
233.6
151.0
233.0
169.0
234.0
150.6
201.4
169.8
206.1
111.1
154. 8
229.8
179.7
233.8
1,580 1,640 1,648 1,660 1,658 1,655 1,647 1,640 1,625 1,611 1,585 1,573 1,591 1,352
Machinery (except electrical)__________1,565
100.4 103.2 102.2 100.8 100.7 100.5 100.1
94.6
Engines and turbines.___ _______ _______
95.1
93.5
99. C 97.9
91.3
72.6
165.6 189.9 190.9 191.4 186.6 190.9 189.6 188. C 186.3 187.8 170.0 169.7 187.3 172.4
Agricultural machinery and tractors............ .
128. 3 131.0 132.4 133.3 133. 5 132.3 130.9 128.1 126.2 124.8 124.1 122.1 120.7 100.7
Construction and mining machinery_______
305.7 311.3 311.1 312.9 312.9 311.8 310.0 307.9 303.5 294.3 293.1 286.1 289.8 220 .2
Metalworking machinery________________
Special-industry machinery (except
188.9 191.0 190.8 192.9 194.3 191.8 193.1 194.8 196.6 196.7 196.4 197.3 195.6 167.6
metalworking machinery)........................ .
233.8 237.5 237.6 241.8 242.6 242.1 240.1 239.8 238.6 236.9 235.3 233.0 229.7 188.5
General industrial machinery......................... .
104.3 107.4 107.6 108.1 107.7 107.7 107.8 107.8 108.0 107.2 106.3 105.3 104.5
Office and store machines and devices........... .
90.9
Service-industry and household ma
161.6 164.9 172.4 174.3 173.2 170.5 167.4 164.7 159.4 161.0 162.0 162.7 171.2 176.2
chines................. ..........................................
191.4 203.7 203.4 204.6 206.5 207.2 208.0 209.6 208.8 207.4 204.4 202.4 201.2 162.7
Miscellaneous machinery parts....................... .
See footnote at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1952
447
A: EM PLOYM ENT AND PAYROLLS
T able A-2: Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group 1—Con.
[In thousands]
1952
Annual
average
1951
Industry group and industry
Manufacturing—Continued
Electrical machinery ________________
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial apparatus ____ ____ ________ ______
Electrical equipment for vehicles-___
Communication equipment
___ __
Electrical appliances, lamps, and miscellaneous products. _____________
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1951
1950
950
927
952
955
960
967
970
965
965
955
944
942
927
937
836
357. f
76.3
359.0
373.8
81.4
361.9
374.1
82.6
362.6
376. £
81. 5
364.1
379.8
81.7
367.3
380. £
82.3
366.5
378.3
82. 5
362. 4
376. 2
83 0
362. 2
370.8
82.7
357.3
369.1
82.3
346.0
376. £
82. 5
334.2
374.1
81.2
323. 2
367.6
81,0
339.8
317.3
70.1
309.2
133 . a
134.8
135. £
137.3
138.3
139.8
141. 4
143. £
144.4
146. £
148. 7
148.6
149. C 139.8
Transportation equipment____________ 1,558
Automobiles
Aircraft and p arts... . _____________
Aircraft________________________
Aircraft engines and parts . .. . ___
A ircraft propellers and parts___ _ .
Other aircraft parts and equipm ent-.
Ship and boat building and repairing.
Ship building and repairing 4 ______
Boat building and repairing_______
Railroad equipm ent___.. . ______
Other transportation equipment_____
Instruments and related products______
Ophthalmic goods.. . _____________
Photographic apparatus___ ________
Watches and clocks._______ _______
Professional and scientific instruments.
325
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware..
Toys and sporting goods
_________
Costume jewelrv, buttons .notions.. .
Other miscellaneous manufacturing
industries______________________
475
1, 517 1,668 1,648 1,629 1,602 1,584 1, 560 1, 558 1,551 1,511 1, 514 1,497 1,511 1,273
668 7 818.0 812. £ 809. 8 786. 6 776.9 775.0 786 0 794. 5 807. 1 816. 7 812. 4 856 3 839. 4
622.9 610.8 598.2 591.9 586.1 581.0 566. 4 556. 0 539.0 496.2 493. 4 486.3 456 3 275.4
417. 5 407.9 399.9 395.1 390.2 386.6 377.5 373. 2 364.0 339.8 330.8 330.6 308.3 184. 2
95. 4 89.6
124.2 123.5 121.6 120.9 120. 7 120.4 116.1 112. 6 106. 5 90.3
99.8
54. 5
13. 5 13.4
12.1
11.8
13.9
13. 2
12. 7
10. 5 10.7
14.0
12.9
11.5
8.1
12. 4
54.3
65. 5 63.2
62. 5 62. 0
51.3
49.8
67.2
61.1
60.1
56.4
47. 7 28. 7
57. 8
150. 5 152.1 150.1 144.8 142. 5 138.9 131.0 126. 5 127.0 118.9 117.2 114. 4 113.7
84. 4
129. 2 131. 5 130. 7 126.8 126.1 123.8 116.8 112. 6 113.6 106.2 104.3 101. 2 99.7
71.4
19.4
14.2
12.7
12.9
21.3
20.6
18.0
13. 4
13. 2 14.0
16. 4
15.1
13.9
13. 0
75. 5 71.9
76.6
77.4
63.8
76.3
75.1
72.4
72.4
76.0
62. 2
75.7
77. 6
78.3
11.1
11.0
11.5
11.4
11.2
11.1
11.1
10.9
11. 2
11.2
11.7
11. 7
11.7
11.4
322
26.9
66.8
36.0
192.2
321
27.1
65.7
36.3
192.3
320
27.5
64.9
36.3
191.0
454
42.7
76.1
50.8
460
44.0
75.8
50.2
289.8
284.6
Transportation and publico,"ilities_______
4, 201 4,129
Transportaiion.................... ....................... 2,903 2, 830
Interstate railroads_________________
1,351
1,182
Cla=s I railroads . _______________
Local railways and btis lines_________
136
Trucking and warehousing ________
647
Other transportation and serv ices__
696
Air transportation (common carrier)
91.8
Communication_____________________ 729
729
Telephone
682.0
_________________
Telegraph____
46.2
569
Other public utilities___________ ____
570
Gas and electric u tilitie s___ ________
544.0
Electric light and power utilities__ _
241.4
Gas utilities .
123. 2
Electric light and gas u tilitie s___
179.4
Local utilities ..
25.8
T rade.. ____________________________
Wholesale trade____ ______ _________
Retail tr a d e ,.________ _______ _____
General merchandise stores. _______
Food and liquor stores... . . . . ____
Automotive and accessories dealers___
Apparel and accessories stores............ .
Other retail trade__________ ______ _
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
36.4
193.9
321
27. 7
64.4
36.0
192.4
319
27. 4
64.1
35.8
191. 3
316
27. 5
63.7
35. 5
189.4
315
27. 9
63 5
35. 3
188. 6
313
27.7
62.7
35. 5
186.9
310
27.4
62.3
35.0
185. 6
307
27.2
62. 6
34.2
183.2
302
27 3
62.3
33.9
178.3
299
27 6
60.1
34.3
177.3
250
25.4
51.3
30.1
143. 4
458
44.0
72.3
49.2
461
45. 4
70.1
51.1
463
45. 9
68. 9
53.8
461
46. 2
67.0
54. 5
453
45. 7
64.5
52.6
463
46. 8
65.9
52. 9
469
47. 2
70 5
53.7
471
47.6
72.1
53.4
467
48.1
72.2
51.9
465
48. 5
73.2
53. 4
480
51. 4
73.5
56.7
459
54.8
73.3
58.2
292.3
294. 6
293.9
293. 2
290.6
297. 0
297.9
297.8
294.9
290.3
298.6
272.3
4, 157 4,131
2, 875 2, 891
1,395 1,416
1, 224 1, 243
137
136
650
648
694
690
90.4
89.9
720
(t)
673. 5 668.6
45.2 (t)
553
562
536. 6 528.8
238.0 234.9
121.4 118. 7
177.2 175.2
24. 5
25.1
323
27. 7
4,098 4,118 4,111 4, 103 4, 161 4, 165 4,166 4, 178 4,190 4, 144 4,010
2,877 2,855 2, 853 2, 852 2, 908 2,912 2,915 2,925 2, 929 2,905 2, 801
1,404 1,395 1, 392 1,394 1 426 1,428 1,440 1, 457 1. 468 1,449 1,390
1,230 1, 221 1, 218 L 222 1 247 1, 258 L 271 1, 287 1,297 L 276 1, 220
141 ' 141
' 141
142
139
141
’ 143
148
139
141
141
649
631
621
628
584
637
641
648
641
641
651
694
693
696
698
686
679
680
686
679
680
690
84.1
83.7
83.7
80.9
74.4
84.7
87.8
86.3
85.3
89.2
87.5
700
701
697
696
688
663
712
708
701
702
(t)
648.0 663. 8 660. 3 652. 8 654.1 652.8 648.5 647.8 651. 5 638.9 614.8
47.4
47.7
47.5
47.9
47.2
46.8
47.0
47.1
47.2
47. 3
(t)
561
552
554
557
551
546
553
551
550
550
551
528.0 526. 3 525. 6 525. 5 527. 0 527. 6 528. 7 531. 7 534.7 5¿6. 0 520.6
234. 9 234. 4 234.1 234. 4 234.3 234.9 236. 2 236.2 237.1 234.3 234.0
118. 6 117.8 117. 6 117.3 118. 5 118.6 118. 4 118.8 120.3 117.7 114.9
174. 5 174. 1 173.9 173.8 174. 2 174.1 174.1 176.7 177.3 174.0 171.6
25.1
24.1
25. 4 26.2
25.2
24. 8 24. 3 24.1
24. 4
24.5
25.0
9, 752 9, 785 9, 835 9, 773 9, 845 9, 668 9, 643 9, 720 10, 660 10,109 9, 893 9, 781
2, 627 2, 622 2, 617 2, 601 2,605 2, 623 2, 624 2, 622 2, 657 2, 657 2,622 2,594
7,125 7,163 7, 218 7,172 7,240 7,045 7,019 7,098 8, 003 7, 452 7, 271 7,187
1,396 1,416 1,458 1,466 1.527 1,437 1,416 1,472 2, 092 1,701 1,550 1, 487
1, 288 1,294 1,293 1,293 1,295 L, 287 1,286 1,282 1,316 1,295 1,281 1,274
750
754
752
742
749
759
754
738
748
737
743
768
517
508
552
554
580
544
589
529
531
651
561
515
3,183 3,182 13,163 3.117 3,092 3, 054 3,059 3,064 3, 176 3,117 3,131 ¡3,128
9, 641
2, 596
7,045
L, 399
L, 260
9, 804 9, 524
2,602 2, 544
7,203 5,980
1,535 1,493
L, 272 l, 209
500
3,129
550
3,097
757
749
728
536
3,014
448
MONTHLY LABOR
A: EM PLOYM ENT AND PAYROLLS
T able A-2: Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group 1—Con.
I In thousands]
Annual
average
1951
1952
Industry group and industry
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1951
1950
Finance______________________________
Banks and trust companies___________
Security dealers and exchanges________
Insurance carriers and agents__________
Other finance agencies and real estate___
1, 991
1,992
502
64.9
721
704
1,977
491
64.2
712
710
1,958
481
64.4
706
707
1,952
481
64.5
705
701
1,937
479
64.3
702
692
1,919
477
64.1
692
686
1,909
472
63.9
685
688
1,912
472
64.1
690
686
1,907
470
64.1
689
684
1,898
467
63.7
682
685
1,898
466
63.4
684
685
1,914
471
64.3
690
689
1,883
460
63.7
674
686
1,812
427
59.6
646
680
Service---------- -------- ------------------------Hotels and lodging places______________
Laundries. __ ___ _______________
Cleaning and dyeing plants..................Motion pictures __ _ ________________
4, 846
4. 858
512
370.1
161.6
244
4, 840
477
368.1
165.7
248
4, 796
450
363.3
163.8
249
4,748
438
357.5
161.0
248
4,681
430
352.9
154.1
242
4,667
428
354.0
153.4
242
4,671
424
355.5
153.8
242
4,702
426
356.2
154.3
241
4,734
430
356.6
157.4
242
4,770
437
360.0
159.3
244
4,831
473
362.1
157.4
247
4,839
507
364.5
153.3
245
4,759
455
358.6
154.5
245
4,761
456
353.5
147.5
241
Government___________________ _____ - 6. 589 6, 558 6, 585 6, 602 6, 551 6, 528 6,490 6,509 6,881 6,497 6,532 6,544 6,401 6,390 5,910
Federal5___________________________ 2, 418 2, 416 2,381 2,371 2,362 2, 354 2,344 2,331 2,727 2,325 2,322 2,336 2,330 2,277 1,910
State and local •.................... ...................... 4,171 4,142 4, 204 4,231 4,189 4,174 4,146 4,178 4,154 4,172 4,210 4,208 4,071 4,113 4,000
i The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ series of employment in nonagricultural
establishments are based upon reports submitted by cooperating establish
ments and, therefore, difler from employment information obtained by
household interviews, such as the Monthly Report on the Labor Force
(table A-l), in several important respects. The Bureau of Labor Statistics’
data cover all full- and part-time employees in private nonagricultural estab
lishments who worked during, or received pay for, any part of the pay period
ending nearest the 15th of the month; in Federal establishments during the
pay period ending just before the first of the month; and in State and local
government during the pay period ending on or just before the last of the
month, while the Monthly Report on the Labor Force data relate to the
calendar week which contains the 8th day of the month. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, domestic servants, and personnel of the Armed Forces
are excluded from the BLS but not the M R L F series. These employment
series have been adjusted to bench-mark levels indicated by social insurance
agency data through 1947. Revised data in all except the first four columns
will be identified by asterisks the first month they are published.
» Includes: ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood products (except
furniture); furniture and fixtures; stone, clay, and glass products; primary
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
metal industries; fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery,
and transportation equipment); machinery (except electrical); electrical
machinery, transportation equipment; instruments and related products;
and miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
8 Includes: food and kindred products; tobacco manufactures; textile-mill
products; apparel and other finished textile products; paper and allied prod
ucts; printing, publishing, and allied industries; chemicals and allied prod
ucts; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products; and leather and
leather products.
* Data by region, from January 1940, are available upon request to the
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
8 Fourth class postmasters (who are considered to be nominal employees)
are excluded here but are included in table A-5.
8 Excludes as nominal employee paid volunteer firemen, employees hired
to conduct elections, and elected officials of small local governments.
t Data are not available because of work stoppage.
All series may be obtained upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Requests should specify which industry series are desired.
R E V I E W , O C T O B E R 1952
449
A: EM PLOYM ENT AND PAYROLLS
T able A-3: Production Workers in Mining and Manufacturing Industries 1
[In thousands]
1952
Annual
average
1951
Industry group and industry
Aug.
Mining:
M etal______ . . _________
____
Iron__________ ____ _____________
Copper................. ..
......... ........
Lead and zinc..... ...........-...........
July
63.3
5. 5
24.5
17.6
June
66.9
7.0
25.7
18.7
May
94.3
34.5
25.2
19.2
Apr.
94.4
33.9
25.4
19.5
Mar.
94.1
32.9
25.5
19.5
Feb.
94.4
32.9
25.3
19.7
Jan.
94.2
33.1
25.2
19.5
Dec.
93.8
33.6
25.1
19.2
Nov.
92.9
33.8
.24.8
18.7
Oct.
91.8
34.2
24.3
18.2
Sept.
91.0
34.7
24 2
17.1
Aug.
92.6
35.0
25.0
17.3
1951
92.5
33.8
25.1
18.1
1950
89.4
31.9
24.8
17.2
Anthracite_____________________ ____
57.2
61.2
61.6
56.5
62.8
58.1
63.0
63.1
63.1
63.2
63.8
64.2
65.0
70.6
Bituminous-coal____________________
253.9
281.5
322.9
332.2
338.8
341.8
343.5
344.9
344.7
343.0
341.9
345.2
353.7
351.0
Crude petroleum and natural gas pro
duction:
Petroleum and natural gas production
(except contract services)________
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying..........
135 9
91.5
133.8
91.9
128.7
91.7
129.2
90.9
128.3
87.9
127.5
87.2
127.3
87.2
126.9
91.6
127.8
93.9
127.7
95.5
78
24.7
39.8
9.7
3.7
78
24.6
39.9
10.0
3.5
77
24.0
39.4
10.0
3.8
77
23.7
38.8
10.0
4.0
78
23.9
39.6
10.1
4.6
80
24.2
39.5
10.3
6.3
82
24.2
38.8
10.3
9.0
85
24.4
39.7
10.2
10.5
85
24.4
40.1
10.3
10.5
89
24.0
39.8
10.2
14.8
96.5
96.1
91.9
85.2
Manufacturing.......................... ............ ........ 12, 798 12, 110 12, 383 12, 588 12, 733 12,815 12,820 12, 766 12, 911 12,904 12, 997 13,087 13,069 13,034 12,264
___ 7,049 6,601 6, 939 7, 262 7,329 7,316 7,306 7,264 7,322 7,314 7,296 7,279 7,261 7,334 6,622
Durable goods *________
Nondurable goods *_________
5, 749 5, 509 5,444 5, 326 5,404 5,499 5,514 5,502 5,589 5,590 5, 701 5,808 5, 808 5,700 5,642
Ordnance and accessories__________ .
65.0
60.4
57.8
60.7
59.4
56.1
54.6
53.5
51.7
46.9
50.1
41.3
43.6
37.4
19.8
Food and kindred products___________ 1,289 1, 216 1,135 1,074 1,057 1,057 1,060 1,068 1,122 1,160 1,254 1,330 1,307 1,170 1,168
M eat products____________________
234.1 232.0 230.4 233.1 239.4 244.1 246.4 251.6 246.3 236.3 234.5 233.1 237.6 235.9
Dairy products____
________
114.8 112.9 106.9 100.4
95.5
94.8
93.7
96.3
98.5 102.8 108.1 114.2 104.4 104.4
Canning and preserving____ . . .
213.9 151.7 121. 7 114.3 104.3 105.4 105.8 120.3 145.2 238.1 329.5 304.5 180.5 176.9
Grain-mill products_________
. . .
100.8
99.4
96.4
96.6
97.0
97.9
96.0 : 95.6
97.3
97.2
99.2
98.5
96.4
94.2
Bakery products____________
. . .
194.9 190.3 183.3 186.3 188.5 187.3 187.2 190.3 192.2 195.1 193.0 192.3 191.0 191.5
Sugar...............................
............
23.7
22.2
21.8
22.3
23.7
24.0
22.7
36.7
40.2
45.6
25.3
24.7
28.8
29 9
Confectionery and related products___ —
71.0
82.7
71.9
73.7
76.8
79.4
85.1
89.2
71.1
87.5
78.2
84.7
80.4
83.1
Beverages___
__________ . . .
162 1 152.6 145.6 136.3 137.9 134.4 136.2 145.9 146.8 150.0 155.5 160.5
149.1
Miscellaneous food products_________
100.9 100.6
95.1
96.5
94.7
95.2
98.1 101.1 104.8 101.2
96.5
99.9 100.9 102.6
Tobacco manufactures................. .............
Cigarettes............... ................... .............
Cigars___________________________
Tobacco and snuff_______________
Tobacco stemming and redrying_____
90
89
23.7
38.8
10.3
15.9
84
23.6
37.7
10.2
12.2
81
23.6
10.4
8.0
81
23.3
39.1
10.8
7.8
Textile-mill products...______ ________ 1,130 1,084 1,085 1,083 1,093 1,113 1,123 1,131 1,141 1,132 1,133 1,136 1,152 1,186 1,206
Yarn and thread mills............................ ___
145.0 146.6 144.4 145.2 146.8 149.0 149.0 149.8 149.4 150.5 153.2 154.0 ' 156.3 151.8
Broad-woven fabric mills........... ........... —
509.0 506.5 503.4 507.4 518.2 526.7 540.0 547.5 544.2 546.2 551.4 561.2 568.7 585.6
Knitting mills_____________________
208.6 212.3 209.0 209.6 210.0 210.0 209.0 210.7 209.1 208.5 205.3 211.5 219.0 223.6
Dyeing and finishing textiles________
77.9
74.0
74.8
74.7
76.1
79.0
78.0
79.0
74.9
76.5
73.4
'73.4
78.1
80.1
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings.......
39.7
43.1
37.2
44.1
44.8
44.8
42.6
44.5
41.6
41.6
40.6
41.2
47.1
53.3
Other textile-mill products__________ —
107.4 107.9 107.8 109.9 113.7 113.3 112.4 112.3 111.3 110.8 111.6 110.5 117.0 111.9
Apparel and other finished textile products___________________ ________ 1,057
984
971
959
996 1,051 1,052 1,029 1,035 1,008 1,019 1,037 1,047 1,039 1,042
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats______
118.5 119.6 113.0 120.7 126.5 127.5 127.2 122.5 117.1 130.6 138.0 139.2 133.8 134.3
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing_____ ______ ___________
239.1 240.4 237.5 238.8 237.9 232.7 228.2 235.4 232.7 237.5 238.8 238.0 245.6 245.3
Women’s outerwear............ ....................
268.7 251.6 252.0 274.7 306.4 308.8 300.3 295.7 278.6 270.1 284.4 294.5 282.7 286.8
Women’s, children’s undergarments.. .
89.1
88.9
91.9
90.8
91.1
92.6
90.2
91.2
90.3
89.8
87.6
87.0
90.6
95.2
M illinery................................................
16.7
14.0
23.4
21.0
15.8
18.7
18.7
22.8
16.7
18.7
19.1
19.0
18.7
19.4
Children’s outerwear__________ ____ _
61.8
60.2
61.9
58.8
58.9
63.8
58.3
64.0
59.2
57.1
58.1
59.7
59.6
60.7
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel...
76.6
79.2
74.3
77.8
74.4
77.2
78.7
87.6
90.3
91.0
90.9
89.5
85.4
78.4
Other fabricated textile products_____
113.2 115.1 116.3 118.1 123.2 126.0 124.3 126.5 123.3 123.3 120.7 119.7 123.1 121.7
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)___________________ ______ 696
691
635
694
678
670
654
696
668
719
740
745
754
741
730
Logging camps and contractors______
59.1
57.1
38. 5 58. 2 58.1
47.9
64.2
56.9
70.7
74.2
75.5
72.9
69.2
63.6
Sawmills and planing mills...... ...... ......
418.0 420.9 387.3 405.2 397.5 396.4 390.6 412.2 428.0 439.3 442.7 449.0 437.1 431.1
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products....................
95.6
94.8
87.6
91.7
90.3
91.6
93.9
89.8
95.3 100.0 100.4 103.0 103.4 108.5
Wooden containers_____
69 2 69.4
66.6
69.0
72.1
70.3
70.8
71.0
70.9
71.2
72.3
74.4
71.1
72.2
Miscellaneous wood products________
51.6
52.4
52.1
54.1
53.4
53.0
53.7
54.4
54.0
54.9
54.8
56.7
56.5
54.8
Furniture and fixtures................... ........ .
294
284
288
287
292
296
296
296
296
294
289
285
285
301
311
Household furniture........................... .
201.4 201.8 202.2 205.4 207.8 207.4 208.0 207.7 206.4 201.2 198.0 195.2 211.9 227.9
Other furniture and fixtures_________
82.9
86.4
84.5
87.6
88.4
86.6
88.0
88.4
87.3
87.9
89.3
89.4
88.8
82.6
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
450
M ONTHLY LABOR
A: EM PLOYM ENT AND PAYROLLS
T
able
A-3: Production Workers in Mining and Manufacturing Industries 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1952
Annual
average
1951
Industry group and industry
Aug.
Manufacturing—Continued
Paper and allied products_______ _____
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills___
Paperboard containers and boxes
Other paper and allied p ro d u cts.____
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1951
1950
402
394
201.0
105. 6
86.7
403
208.4
106.9
87.4
398
206.3
104.4
86.9
398
205.8
105.0
86.9
401
207.9
105.6
87.4
404
210. 2
105.7
88.0
405
211.3
105.7
87.8
410
212. 2
108. 7
88.8
411
211.9
109.9
89.0
413
212.3
110.7
90.2
416
214.3
110.9
91.0
419
214.6
112.1
92.3
420
212.2
114. 5
92.7
404
205.1
109.8
88.8
Printing, publishing, and allied industries.
Newspapers
________________
Periodicals
Books
Commercial printing
Lithographing
Other printing and publishing
508
508
153.4
33.9
35.7
165.8
30.2
89.0
512
154. 5
33.6
36.8
167.3
30.3
89.0
507
507
153.6 151.9
34.5
35.2
35.3
35.7
166. 5 166.4
3.05
30.7
86.8
87.2
508
151.8
35.6
35.9
166.9
30.8
86.9
507
151.7
35.2
36.2
166.4
30.6
87.3
510
151.3
34.7
36.0
169. 7
30.6
88.0
520
154. 9
35. 6
36.3
170. 5
32.1
90.2
519
153.7
35.1
36.5
169. 6
32.6
91.0
517
152.8
35.5
36.7
168.9
32.9
90.5
515
152. 5
35.4
37.0
167.4
32.4
89.9
509
150. 5
35.2
36. 4
165. 8
31. 8
89.6
512
151.6
35.0
36.2
168. 6
32.1
89. 1
503
148.6
34.7
35. 7
166.6
31.7
85.8
Chemicals and allied products_________
Industrial inorganic chemicals
Industrial organic chemicals
Drugs and medicines
Paints, pigments, and fillers
Fertilizers
Vegetable and animal oil and fats_____
Other chemicals and allied products
514
513
60.6
166.7
70.8
48.4
22.4
31.6
112.3
513
60.9
163.2
71.3
48.0
24.2
32.0
113.5
517
60.5
161.1
70.9
47.5
30.1
34.1
112.9
530
60.8
162.8
71.3
47.7
35.0
37.9
114.4
538
60.9
167.9
71.5
47.8
34.4
40.7
114.5
538
61.0
168.4
70.6
48.0
31.5
44.0
114. 2
536
61.0
169.6
70.2
47.9
27.8
46.4
112.8
538
542
61.8
61.7
171.1 172.9
70. 5 70.4
47.9
47.9
25.4
24.8
48.8
50,5
112.4 113. 5
544
61.2
172.1
69.9
48.1
25.8
52.0
114.4
543
61. 4
174.9
70.0
48.6
25.8
47.6
114.6
535
531
496
61. 1 60. 1 52.9
173.8 169. 9 151.8
70. 2 69.7
62. 7
49. 7 49. 1 46.8
23. 8 28.0
27. 8
43.2
37.9
43.8
114.5 114.8 110.3
Products of petroleum and coal________
Petroleum refining
Coke and byproducts
Other petroleum and coal products___
202
193
158.9
10.0
24.2
193
156.8
11.6
24.2
168
125.8
19.2
23.1
197
155.3
19.0
22.7
194
152.3
19.2
22.1
193
152.6
18.8
21.6
193
152.7
18.8
21.4
196
154. 5
19.0
22.4
197
154.1
18.2
24.2
197
153.6
19.0
24.8
197
153.6
19.2
24.4
198
154.0
19. 4
24.2
195
151.9
18.8
24.3
185
142.8
18.1
23.9
Rubber products... . . . _____________
Tires and inner tubes
Rubber footwear
Other rubber products
207
200
92.8
18.6
89.0
215
95.2
23.7
95.7
213
94.6
23.5
95.0
213
94.6
22.0
96.3
215
93.9
24.2
97.2
215
94.2
24.7
96.3
218
94.4
25.4
97.9
219
95.4
25. 5
97.9
219
94.8
25.6
98.2
215
89.8
25. 5
99.4
218
92. 4
25.3
100.2
218
91. 5
25.2
101.2
219
90.8
25.3
102.9
203
87.8
20.6
94.3
339
40.4
218.2
80.0
339
40.2
220.8
78.1
330
39.0
212.8
77.7
336
39.2
216.9
79.4
344
39.7
221.8
82.0
342
40.0
220.6
81.6
330
39.8
212.8
77.5
323
39.0
205.4
78.4
317
38.7
197.7
80.3
320
38.1
201.4
80.8
327
37.6
208.0
81.2
343
40. 0
221.3
81.2
342
42.1
218.0
81.7
355
45. 9
229.4
79.7
441
121.6
34.6
79.8
44.6
83.3
76.7
453
123. 5
34.8
82.4
47.3
84.2
80.7
449
122.8
35.0
80.1
47.8
81.6
81.9
452
122.5
35.8
80.2
48.5
80.'8
84. 2
449
121.2
36.2
77.9
48.4
80.2
85.2
447
119.8
36.1
78.0
49.1
79.2
84.6
452
119.4
36.6
79.7
49.0
80.8
86. 7
465
123.4
36.8
83.2
49.9
83.7
88.2
472
124.7
37.0
84.4
50.6
85.6
89.4
479
128.2
37.1
84.7
51.1
87.0
91.0
482
120.6
37. 4
85.2
51. 5
86.9
91. 7
478
484
130 1 128.2
37. 7 36.8
85. 0 83.0
51. 9 52 9
85.6
87.8
91. 6
91.4
441
117.3
36.0
74.8
52.3
78.7
81.8
731
756
186.8
220.1
190.3
233.7
556.9
238.9
558.0
239.0
47.4
47.8
47.8
76.6
92.4
107.6
79.8
93.4
111.3
81.7
94.3
121.4
740
42.5
107.5
788
42.9
119.3
112.7
173.4
132.4
171.6
115.9
182.1
144.7
182.9
Leather and leather products__________ 350
Leather
Footwear (except rubber)___________ _________
Other leather products_____________ —
Stone, clay, and glass products________
Olass and glass products____________
Cement, hydraulic
Structural clay products
Pottery and related products
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products.
Other stone, clay, and glass products...
458
_________
Primary metal industries_____________ 1,051
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills
Iron and steel foundries
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals
Non ferrous foundries
Other primary metal industries______ —
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)..................................
Tin cans and other tinware
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware
Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ supplies
Fabricated structural metal products
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving.
Other fabricated metal products
762
1,141
1,143
1,154
1,160
1,162
1,164
566.9
240.2
570. 2
243.4
570.2
246.3
572.7
248.6
47.6
47.4
47.5
47.1
47.1
81.9
94.0
122.4
81.9
93.0
124.7
81.4
93.0
124.7
82.2
92.4
124.1
79.3
91.8
124.3
798
41.0
121.0
806
40.9
122.9
807
39.7
122.3
807
38.7
124.6
804
38.9
124.9
806
40.2
123.9
113.3
188.2
144.0
190.9
115.0
188.6
145.5
193.2
115. 5
189.2
144.7
195.2
115.5
188.2
143.8
196.3
115.4
186.7
143.0
195.5
118.9
186.1
141.2
195.7
1,149
1,160
1,162
1,165
1,159
1,053
569.7
248.7
572.7
249.4
574. 7
249.6
566.4
248.9
47.1
47.2
46.8
47. 7
47.2
45.4
80.0
90.2
123.3
80.1
90.8
123.4
78. 4
90.8
123.7
79. 3
90. 5
122.9
82.2
91.9
122.7
80. 7
78.8
108.4
805
40.0
124.5
809
42.9
126.6
810
44.9
128. 5
817
44.8
132.3
831
42.9
134.3
776
42.8
132.7
120.0
183.1
142.2
195.2
120.2
181.7
142.9
194.5
120.7
180.0
141.5
194.8
121.8
180.8
142. 1
195. 2
126.0
178.8
153.0
195.6
123.9
156. 5
146.9
173.0
557.7
250.3
535. 6
204.0
Machinery (except electrical)_________ 1,183 1,198 1, 259 1,269 1,282 1,280 1,281 1,276 1, 269 1,255 1,242 1,219 1,209 1,233 1,040
73.9
70 2 69.4
68.6
73.7
77.1
76.0
74.8
70.9
54.5
Engines and turbines____ __________
74.8
74.9
74.3
73.0
123.3 147.4 149.2 150.6 145.5 149.9 148.7 147.2 145. 8 145. 6 129.0 127. 4 145.9 133. 5
Agricultural machinery and tractors
97.4
93.8
90.8
94.3
98.4 100.4 101.4 101.7 100.8
99.6
95.5
91.8
73.0
Construction and mining machinery ..
95.7
Metalworking machinery_______ "___
242.1 247.8 247.0 249.1 249.1 248.5 246.5 244.8 240.7 231.9 230.9 224.5 228.7 169.0
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery). _____
140.2 142. 5 142. 5 144.5 145.8 145.4 146.8 147.5 148. 4 148.9 148.9 150.0 148.6 126.6
163.6 168.2 169. 2 172.1 173.4 173.6 173.4 173.1 172.5 171 3 169.4 168.0 166.5 134.3
General industrial machinery...............
87.9
90.4
89.5
89.8
90.6
90.9
88.3
75.6
Office and store machines and devices.
88.5
88.9
89.4
89.2
85.3
89.3
Service-industry and household ma122. 5 126.5 133.4 135.6 134.8 132.5 130.1 127.0 121.4 123.5 124.1 125.0 134.7 143.2
chines....................... ...........................
Miscellaneous machinery parts.............. ................... 151.7 162.8 162.7 164.1 165.2 166.4 166.6 167.9 166.6 165.7 163.5 162.7 161.6 130.0
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1952
451
A: EM PLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able A-3: Production Workers in Mining and Manufacturing Industries 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1952
Annual
average
1951
Industry group and industry
August July
Manufacturing—Continued
Electrical machinery — . . . . ____
Electrical generating, transmission, distribution. and industrial apparatus .
Electrical equipment for vehicles_____
Communication equipment_________
Electrical appliances, lamps, and misceilaneous products __ . __ ___
704
Transportation equipment________ - 1,211
Automobiles _ _____ ___ ___
Aircraft and parts____
- ____
Aircraft
___ Aircraft engines and parts _
Aircraft propellers and parts ___
Other aircraft parts and* equipment-Ship and boat building and repairing-Shipbuilding and repairing .. _ _ _
Boat building and repairing__
____
Railroad equipment
Other transportation equipment
_-
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1951
1950
710
636
681
705
708
714
722
727
725
726
718
707
707
696
250. 9
60.7
263.4
265. 7
65.3
266.3
266.8
66.3
266.5
269.9
65.4
268. 7
272. 7
65.4
273.3
274. 6
66.1
273.4
272.8
66.6
271.1
270. 8
67.2
272.0
266. 2
67.4
268.4
265.0
67.2
257.5
272. 8
67.5
247 3
271. 6 267 1
66. 1 66. 1
238.6 256. 1
229. 7
56.0
237.0
106.3
107.6
108.7
109.9
110.8
112.4
114.1
115.7
115. 9
117.7
119 7
119.4
113. 3
120.5
1,171 1,322 1,307 1,288 1, 266 1,251 1,235 1,235 1,234 1,205 1,211 1.198 1,221 1.044
525. 0 671.1 667.4 663. 2 642.6 634. 0 633. 2 645. 3 654.6 667. 4 678 6 675.1 718. 4 713. 5
451. 8 445.8 437.2 430.3 427.7 424.3 415.4 406.7 395.3 362. 1 360. 3 357.1 336 6 201. 8
304. 4 299.4 294.7 288. 8 286.8 283.7 278. 9 274.7 267.8 248. 7 241 9 243. 7 228. 6 135. 7
84.5
84.1
84.2
81. 3 78.4
74.8
62.4
69 5 66. 6 63.0
86.0
86.0
84.3
39. 1
9.0
8.7
8.5
7.4
9.9
9.4
8. 3
80
75
5. 4
10.0
9.7
9.6
9.2
44.9
50.4
47.1
44.2
42. 7 40 9 39 4 37 5
51.5
48.3
47.8
47.3
46.2
21. 5
133.4 134.7 132.9 128.0 125.8 122. 4 114.9 110.5 111. 1 103. 7 101. 9
99.3
98 9
71. 4
98.2
92. 5 90. 6
87.6
86 5
114.1 116.0 115.3 111.7 111. 1 108.9 102.3
99.3
60. 2
12.3
12 4
18.7
17.6
16.3
14.7
13. 5 12.6
11.8
11. 2
11.7
11. 2
19.3
11 3
57.4
60.7
60.
5
62.8
61. 2 60.4
56.9
61.7
63. 1 62.2
60.0
56.7
47. 9
51.0
9.1
9. 2
9.1
9. 3
9.4
9. 3
9.8
9. 7
9.9
9. 7
9.3
9.8
9. 7
9.3
235
233
21.6
46.5
30.4
134.0
234
21.9
46.2
30.7
134.8
233
22.3
45.5
30.8
133.9
236
22. 5
45.2
30. 8
137.1
234
22.4
44.8
3u. 5
136. 4
233
22.3
44.7
30.2
135.8
232
22.3
44.7
30.1
135.1
232
22.7
44.9
30.0
134.1
230
22. 5
44.4
30.0
133. 2
228
22.3
44.2
29. 5
132.3
226
22. 1
44.7
28. 9
130. 2
224
22. 2
44. 9
28 6
128.0
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries. _ 390
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are.Toys and sporting goods
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions __ Other miscellaneous manufacturing industries______________
____ _-
371
34.2
65. 5
41.5
379
35.4
65.8
41.0
376
35. 5
62. 2
40.2
380
36.9
60.1
42. 2
382
37.1
58.9
44.8
381
37.4
57.3
45.5
374
36.8
54.9
43.5
381
37.7
56.2
43.7
388
390
38.3
38.6
60.8
62.4
44. 5 44.4
388
39.0
62.6
43.1
388
402
385
39.4
42 0
44.5
64. 1 64. 1 64 2
47.8
49.2
44.3
230.0
236.5
238.5
241.0
241.0
240.4
238.3
243.8
244.6
243.6
240.6
Instruments and related products— __ Ophthalmic goods
__________ __
Photographic apparatus____________
Watches and clocks___ ..
Professional and scientific instruments.
i See footnote 1, table A-2. Production workers refer to all full- and parttim e employees engaged in production and related processes, such as fabrieating, processing, assembling, inspecting, storing, packing, shipping, main
tenance and repair, and other activities closely associated with production
operations.
244.8
223
22. 5
43.4
29.0
127.7
247.8
186
20. 6
37.3
25. 5
103. 0
227.2
1 See footnote 2, table A-2.
* See footnote 3, table A-2.
T able A-4: Indexes of Production-Worker Employment and Weekly Payrolls in Manufacturing
Industries 1
[1947-49 average=100]
Period
1939: Average.........................
1940: Average.......... ...... ........
1941: Average.____ _______
1942: Average______ _____
1943: Average.......... ...... ...
1944: Average____________
1945: Average____________
1946: Average_____________
1947: Average................. ........
Employ
ment
66.2
71.2
87.9
103.9
121.4
118.1
104.0
97.9
103.4
1 See footnote 1, tables A-2 and A-3.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Weekly
payroll
29.9
34.0
49.3
72.2
99.0
102.8
87.8
81.2
97.7
Period
Employ
ment
Weekly
payroll
1948: Average________ ____
1949: Average____________
1950: Average...................... .
1951: Average____________
102.8
93.8
99.2
105.4
105.1
97.2
111. 2
129.2
1951: A ugust........................
September__________
October_____________
November...................
105.7
105.8
105,1
104.3
128.4
130 9
129.7
129.8
Period
1951: December__________
1952: J a n u a ry ____________
February___________
M arch_____________
April. . . _________
May ______________
J u n e ___ _____ _
July- _____________
August ....................
Employ Weekly
ment
payroll
104. 4
103 2
103.6
103 6
102 9
101 8
100. 1
97.9
103 5
132.9
130 4
131.0
131.9
128.1
128.1
126.8
121.7
452
MONTHLY LABOR
A: EM PLOYM ENT AND PAYROLLS
T able
A-5: Federal Civilian Employment and Payrolls, by Branch and Agency Group
[In thousands]
Executive1
All branches
Year and month
Total
Defense
agencies *
Post Office
Department *
All other
agencies
Legislative
Judicial
Employment—Total (including areas outside continental United States)
1950: Average----------------------------------1951: Average.------- ---------------------------
2, 080. 5
2, 465. 9
2,068. 6
2, 453. 7
837.5
1,210. 7
521.4
525.4
709.7
717.6
8.1
8.3
3.8
3.9
1951: August________________ _______
September_____________________
October. --------------------- ------ ----November_________ _________
December_____________________
2, 521.3
2, 528. 7
2, 514. 9
2, 517. 5
2,921. 6
2, 509.3
2, 516. 7
2, 502. 8
2, 505. 4
2,909. 2
1, 267. 7
1, 277. 2
1,279. 4
1, 288. 5
1,293.0
495.5
496.0
495.7
496.2
898.1
746.1
743.5
727.7
720.7
718.1
8.1
8.1
8.2
8.2
8.4
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
4.0
1952: Ja n u a ry ..--------------------------------February______________________
M arch________________________
April--------------------------------------M ay----------- ---------------------------June________________ _________
July-------- -------------------------- ..
August________ . --------------------
2, 524.3
2. 537. 5
2, 550. 9
2, 559.2
2, 571.3
2,582. 9
2,619.1
2,621.5
2, 512.1
2, 525. 2
2, 538. 5
2, 546. 7
2, 558. 7
2, 570.2
2,606. 4
2, 608. 9
1, 296. 9
1,308. 8
1, 314. 6
1, 319. 0
1, 326. 4
1,334.0
1, 356.1
1, 358. 2
502.4
503.6
508.8
510.0
511.8
512.5
514.5
515.8
712.8
712.8
715.1
717.7
720.5
723.7
735.8
734.9
8.3
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
3.9
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.9
4.0
4.0
3.9
Payrolls—Total (including areas outside continental United States)
1950: Average----------- -----------------------1951: Average..............................................
585, 576
749, 563
580, 792
744, 560
235,157
361, 825
135, 300
147, 408
210, 335
235, 327
3, 215
3,320
1, 569
1,683
1951: August________________________
September_____________________
October _____________________
November______________ ______
December______ __________ ____
769,173
707, 508
857, 429
891,129
856,123
764,167
702, 576
851, 725
885, 714
850, 904
385, 852
347, 046
402, 013
423, 827
381,184
130, 860
134, 916
169, 963
187,003
225, 820
247, 455
220, 614
279, 749
274, 884
243, 900
3, 257
3, 213
3,445
3,589
3,529
1, 749
1, 719
2, 259
1, 826
1,690
1952: January---------------------------------February-------- ------------------------M arch-------------- ----------------------April__________________________
M ay--------------- ------ -----------------June__________ ____ ___________
July------------------ ------- -------------August . . . .
.. __ __ _.
846, 065
801,375
807, 727
826, 843
826,104
827, 347
880, 590
840, 578
796,100
802, 514
821,276
820,611
821,860
874,892
413, 322
391, 062
391, 111
405,977
410,699
403, 234
442,232
158, 767
158, 481
162, 569
159, 495
152,038
169, 558
160, 644
268, 489
246, 557
248, 834
255,804
257,874
249,068
272,016
3, 661
3, 546
3,604
3, 721
3, 725
3,687
3,819
1, 826
1, 729
1,609
1,846
1,768
1,800
1,879
Employment—Continental United States
1950: Average_______________________
1951: Average._______ ______ ________
1, 930. 5
2, 296. 9
1, 918. 7
2,284. 8
732.3
1,093. 7
519.4
523.4
667.0
667.7
8.1
8.3
3.7
3.8
1951: August...............................................
September_________ ______ _____
October_______ ____ _____ _____
November.___ ________________
December.... ........ .......................... .
2, 349.0
2, 355.3
2, 341. 5
2, 344.0
2, 746. 2
2,337.1
2, 343. 4
2, 329. 4
2, 332.0
2, 733. 9
1,156.1
1,164. 4
1,166.1
1,174. 0
1,177.8
493.4
494.0
493.6
494.1
894.4
687.6
685.0
669.7
663.9
661.7
8.1
8.1
8.2
8.2
8.4
3.8
3.8
3.9
3.8
3.9
1952: January_______________________
February_______________ ______
March______________ ____ ______
April-------- -----------------------------M ay........ ......... ................................
June___________________ _____
July---------------------------------------A ugust.. _____________________
2, 350.0
2, 362. 9
2, 373. 5
2,380. 8
2, 390.0
2,399. 8
2, 434.7
2,437.1
2, 337. 8
2,350. 7
2,361. 2
2, 368. 4
2, 377. 4
2,387. 2
2, 422.1
2,424.6
1,181.1
1,192. 2
1,195. 3
1,198. 5
1, 203. 6
1,210.4
1, 232. 3
1,233. 7
500.3
501.5
506.6
507.9
509.6
510.3
512.3
513.6
656.4
657.0
659.3
662.0
664.2
666.5
677.5
677.3
8.3
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3, 9
3.8
Payrolls—Continental United States
1950: A verage...-------- ------- --------------1951: Average....................................... ......
549, 328
706,838
544, 587
701, 880
211, 508
334, 015
134, 792
146, 819
198, 287
221, 046
3, 215
3,320
1, 526
1, 638
1951: A u g u st.................................. ......... .
September_____________________
October _______________ _____
November_____________________
December________ ________ _____
724,164
665, 042
818, 307
840,879
808, 960
719, 202
660,153
812, 658
835,515
803, 786
357, 459
320, 781
379, 746
391,089
352, 230
130, 329
134, 356
169, 257
186, 221
224, 878
31, 414
205, 016
263, 655
258,205
226, 678
3, 257
3,213
3,445
3, 589
3,529
1,705
1, 676
2,204
1,775
1,645
1952: January......... .............. .....................
February______________________
March.......... ............. ........... ...........
April------------- ------------ ------- ----M ay............... ....................... .............
June____________________ ____ _
July---------------------------------------August___ _
_______ _____ .
797, 797
755,244
759,261
778,491
776, 713
778,081
826, 794
792, 357
750, 014
754, 089
772,968
771,264
772,638
821,141
382, 580
361, 775
360,239
374, 879
379, 369
372, 308
408,161
158,110
157, 824
161,893
158, 832
151,401
168,852
159,983
251, 667
230, 415
231,957
239, 257
240,494
231,478
252,997
3,661
3, 546
3,604
3, 721
3,725
3,687
3,819
1, 779
1,684
1, 568
1,802
1, 724
1,756
1,834
1 See footnote 2, table A-6.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 See footnote 3, table A-6.
* Includes fourth class postmasters, excluded from table A-2.
R E V I E W , O C T O B E R 1952
453
A: EM PLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able A-6: Government Civilian Employment and Payrolls in Washington, D. C.,1 by Branch and
Agency Group
[In thousands]
Federal
Year and month
District of
Total
Columbia
government government
Executive 2
Total
All agencies
Defense
agencies3
Post Office
Department
All other
agencies
Legislative
Judicial
Employment
1950: Average__ __________
1951: Average__________________
242.3
271.4
20.1
20.3
222.2
251.1
213.4
242.1
67.5
83.8
8.1
8.3
137.8
150.0
8.1
8.3
0.7
.7
1951: A u g u st....... ................ ........
Septem ber-..
October_____________
November ___ - - - - - - December..- -- __________
281.1
278.0
274.0
273.5
279.2
19.8
20.0
20.3
20.7
20.5
261.3
258.0
253.7
252.8
258.7
252.5
249.2
244.8
243.9
249.6
88.7
87.4
86.6
86.7
86.5
7.9
7.8
7.7
7.9
14.2
155.9
154.0
150.5
149.3
148.9
8.1
8.1
8.2
8.2
8.4
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
1952: January_____ __________
February - _ ____
...
M a rc h ... . . _________
April____________ ____
M a y ...
. . . ______
June_____________________
July-------------------------------August____ ____________
272.0
273.0
272.7
273.1
273.0
272.7
275.5
274.8
20.5
20.6
20.6
20.4
20.5
20.5
20.1
20.1
251.5
252.4
252.1
252.7
252.5
252.2
255.4
254.7
242.5
243.4
243.0
243.5
243.1
242.8
246.0
245.2
86.5
87.1
87.1
87.4
87.6
87.8
89.7
89.9
7.9
8.0
8.0
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.2
8.2
148.1
148.3
147.9
148.0
147.4
146.9
148.1
147.1
8.3
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.8
Payrolls
1950: Average__
1951: Average___
.
.
______ _
________
81,602
98,369
5,321
5, 629
76, 281
92, 740
72, 780
89,106
22, 888
31,018
2,937
3, 201
46, 955
54,887
3,215
3,320
286
314
1951: A ugust...
- _______ _
September ___
______ .
October____
_____ _
November
. . _ ...
December.. _
_
102,943
89, 868
119,319
111, 480
101,184
4,591
5,435
6, 264
6, 491
6,241
98,352
84,433
113,055
104, 989
94, 943
94, 766
80,905
109, 252
101, 045
91,102
35,357
28, 258
37,085
37,729
31,920
2,975
2,860
4,096
3,649
4,533
56,434
49, 787
68,071
59, 667
54,649
3,257
3,213
3,445
3, 589
3, 529
329
315
358
355
312
. . _____
1952: January____
February. . .
. .
M a r c h ____ ________ ...
A pril... ____ _
M a y ..
_ _
.
June_____________________
July-------------------------------August
109, 745
101, 213
102, 657
106, 456
106, 487
103,614
111,010
6,635
6,266
6,270
6,324
6, 444
6,287
5,184
103,110
94,947
96,387
100,132
100,043
97, 327
105,826
99, 111
91,084
92, 481
96,071
95,983
93, 311
101,663
34, 683
32,354
33, 486
34,259
34,457
33, 335
36, 580
3, 450
3,364
3, 447
3, 462
3, 425
3, 375
3, 524
60, 978
55,366
55, 548
58, 350
58,101
56,601
61,559
3,661
3,546
3,604
3, 721
3, 725
3,687
3,819
338
317
302
340
335
329
344
1 Data for the executive branch of the Federal Government also include
areas in Maryland and Virginia which are within the metropolitan area, as
defined by the Bureau of the Census.
2 Includes Government corporations (including Federal Reserve banks
and mixed-ownership banks of the Farm Credit Administration) and other
activities performed by governmental personnel in establishments such as
navy yards, arsenals, hospitals, and force-account construction. Data which
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
are based mainly on reports to the Civil Service Commission are adjusted to
maintain continuity of coverage and definition.
3 Covers civilian employees of the Department of Defense (Secretary of
Defense, Army, Air Force, and Navy), National Advisory Committee for
Aeronautics, Canal Zone Government. Selective Service System, National
Security Resources Board, National Security Council, and War Claims
Commission.
454
T
M ONTHLY LABO R
A: EM PLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
able
A-9: Insured Unemployment Under State Unemployment Insurance Programs,1 by Geographic
Division and State
[In thousands]
1950
1951
1952
Geographic division and
State
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
Continental United States------------- 1,228.5 1,024.9 1,075.5 1,143.9 1,192.3 1,284.1 1,384.1 1,101.6
July
June
May
April
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
July
July
1,388.4
939.9
853.0
859.8
939.2 1,001.6
New England. _________________
Maine
_________________
New Hampshire--------------------Vermont_____________ _____
Massachusetts----------------------Rhode Island_____________
Connecticut_________________
116.7
5.6
7.2
3.1
63.8
18.9
18.1
118.3
7.4
7.7
3.9
67.5
18.0
13.8
131.5
12.4
8.8
2.8
73.2
19.8
14.5
135.2
14.7
9.6
2.9
73.3
19.3
15.4
110.3
9.8
7.6
2.3
58.2
18.6
13.8
113.1
9.2
7.0
2.3
61.0
18.6
15.0
123.3
10.2
7.6
3.0
65.3
21.0
16.2
107.4
9.8
7.9
2.3
56.5
18.4
12.5
102.2
8.6
8.9
1.9
52.1
17.7
13.0
105.8
7.4
8.0
1.9
52.1
22.4
14.0
106.4
7.5
8.2
1. 7
52.7
21.8
14. 5
110.5
7.4
7.3
1. 5
54.1
22. 5
17.7
111.7
8. 5
7.0
1. 5
56.2
22. 2
16.3
155.3
10.1
10.8
3.1
85.3
20.1
25.9
Middle Atlantic_________________
New Y o r k .- _______ . ______
New Jersey___________ ____
Pennsylvania................................
383.9
190.3
51.5
142.1
355. 7
185.2
41.7
128.8
356.4
199.0
50.6
106.8
359.5
200.6
51.0
107.9
355.3
19S.4
50.4
106.5
373.2
209.6
54.7
108.9
415.8
232 6
63.1
120.1
352. 2
219.3
42.8
90.1
316.2
196.0
41.6
78.6
304.2
183.9
46.2
74.1
298.6
178.2
42.9
77.5
315.1
189.0
42.9
83.2
344.8
215. 5
46.5
82.8
East North Central---------------------Ohio ______________________
Indiana________ __________
Illinois_____________________
Michigan_____________ —
Wisconsin----------------------------
321.8
57.4
46.9
84.3
111.3
21.9
175.4
36.0
19.8
81.6
30.1
7.9
173.0
35.6
17.6
76.1
34.4
9.3
184.3
36.7
19.3
71.3
44.6
12.4
194.5
42.8
19.6
55.5
61.1
15.5
226.1
47.8
23.8
63.3
73.7
17.5
259.3
49.7
25.6
73.8
89.3
20.9
213.4
41.8
22.0
57.4
77.2
15.0
182.2
38.0
19.1
55.8
57.5
11.8
158.7
32. 7
13.3
54.6
50.6
7.5
158.0
30.4
15.1
62.1
44. 5
5. 9
184.3
31.8
20.1
70.6
55.1
6.7
191.0
33. 4
22.9
76.8
51.1
6.8
478.4
311.0
60.7
106.7
F
218.4
57.5
13.1
117.5
! 22.0
8.3
West North Central--------------------Minnesota------ -------------------Iowa
____________________
Missouri------ ---------------------North Dakota-------------- -----South Dakota-----------------------Nebraska----------------------------Kansas......... ........ .........................
40.9
9.7
4.5
21.3
.2
.2
1.2
3.8
30.0
8.2
3.8
14.2
.2
.2
1.1
2.3
40.7
13.7
4.5
17.3
.4
.4
1.5
2.9
59.2
23.7
6.1
19.7
2.0
1. 1
2.6
4.0
71.0
26.3
8.1
21.6
3.5
1.8
4.3
5.4
76.1
26.7
8.9
24.3
3.7
1.9
5.1
5.5
76.5
24.0
8.4
28.2
3.1
1.8
4.7
6.3
51.3
13.9
4.4
24.2
1.8
.9
1.9
4.2
40.6
8.1
2.6
25.0
.6
.3
.8
3.2
34.4
6.0
2.5
22.4
.1
.2
.5
2.7
30.8
6.3
2.4
18.3
•1
.2
.6
2.9
31.5
6. 7
2.8
16.7
.2
.2
.6
4.3
35.2
7. 2
3.2
18.2
.2
.2
.7
5. 5
49.0
10.8
4.8
25.5
.4
.4
1.9
5. z
South Atlantic--------------------------Delaware___________________
M aryland, . ________________
District of Columbia--------------Virginia - _________________
West Virginia ______________
North Carolina________ ___ - South Carolina______________
Georgia____________________
Florida ....... - .............................-
128.5
1.5
15.6
1.8
14.5
24.8
26.9
10.8
16.5
16.1
113.6
.8
12.8
1.7
16.0
20.2
27.1
9.6
14.7
10.7
110.1
1.0
14.4
1.9
12.3
16.3
30.4
10.7
13.8
9.3
104.8
1.3
12.7
2.3
7.1
15.7
31.8
11.3
14.6
8.0
99.8
1.5
9.5
2.8
8.1
14.4
29.3
11.2
14.6
8.4
106.8
1.7
11.6
3.0
9.3
15.7
28.4
12.2
15.3
9.6
116.9
1.9
13.5
2.7
10.6
16.3
30.2
12.9
17.9
10.9
90.6
1.4
10.0
1.8
7.3
11.3
24.7
10.0
13.9
10.2
84.6
1.1
7.7
1.4
7.5
9.0
25.2
9.3
12.9
10.5
83.2
1.0
6.7
1.2
7.4
8.5
24.2
9.0
11.4
13.8
94.7
1.1
6.5
1.4
8. 2
8.5
28.5
9.6
13.8
17.1
107.0
1. 2
8.5
1.5
10. 5
10.4
31.0
10.5
15. 4
18.0
112.7
1. 2
10.7
1. 5
12.7
11.7
30.6
11.0
16.1
17.2
157.8
1. 8
22.1
4.0
22.1
21.8
30.8
15.8
18.9
20. 5
East South Central---------------------Kentucky___________________
Tennessee__________________
A labam a-._________________
Mississippi---------------------------
83.2
24.8
25.2
24.0
9.2
72.4
21.7
22.8
20.1
7.8
71.8
20.8
26.1
15.9
9.0
74.8
20.8
28.6
15.0
10.4
78.5
20.1
31.4
14.9
12.1
79.1
19.7
31.4
15.1
12.9
81.4
18.8
35.0
15.6
12.0
66.1
15.5
28.4
13.4
8.8
63.1
14.9
26.0
15.3
6.9
51.8
13.5
21.5
11.6
5.2
54.7
13.5
22.7
12.2
6.3
58.3
14. 9
22.7
13.2
7.5
63.5
16.4
25.5
13.9
7.7
78.8
19.4
27.3
22.1
10.0
West South C e n tral-..----------------Arkansas ___________________
Louisiana_________ __________
Oklahoma___________________
Texas........................................... -
41.4
6.9
15.1
7.8
11.6
39.7
5.8
15.4
7.2
11.3
46.4
7.4
17.4
8.1
13.5
53.1
11.3
18.6
9.3
13.9
60.7
14.2
21.0
10.5
15.0
63.3
15.5
21.5
11.2
15.1
58.7
15.1
19.5
10.7
13.4
42.7
10.5
13.9
7.9
10.4
34.5
7.7
11.5
6.5
8.8
29.1
4.9
11.1
5.3
7.8
30.2
4. 5
12.1
5.5
8.1
35.8
5. 3
14.4
6.5
9.6
37.8
5. 4
15.9
6.8
9.7
62.8
9.4
21.3
11.4
20.7
M ountain. ____________________
Montana __________________
Idaho ____________________
Wyoming -------------- ----------Colorado .. ________________
New Mexico___________
Arizona_____________________
Utah ................ ................. .......
N evada.............. .............. ........
9.9
.7
.9
.3
2.1
1.2
1.9
2.3
.5
10.0
.9
.7
.4
2.3
1.2
1.6
2.3
.6
11.4
1.4
1.4
.4
1.6
1.7
1.9
2.1
.9
18.9
3.4
3.3
.8
2.0
2.2
2.5
3.5
1.2
28.3
5.9
6.0
1.2
2.4
2.7
3.1
5.4
1.6
31.9
6.8
7.3
1.5
2.7
2.6
3.2
5.8
2.0
30.7
6.1
7.3
1.4
2.6
2.5
3.0
5.7
2.1
18.8
3.2
4.7
.7
1.4
1.6
2.6
3.2
1.4
10.3
1.4
2.0
.3
6.7
6.7
.6
.7
.1
.7
.9
2.0
1.2
8.0
.7
.9
.2
1.1
.9
.9
,2
.7
.7
1.7
1.3
.6
9.1
.8
1.0
.3
1. 4
1.1
2.0
1.8
.7
18.6
1.9
1.7
.7
4. 2
2.0
3.6
3.1
1.4
Pacific __________________
Washington ____________
Oregon_______________
California-------------- --------------
101.9
11.9
7.2
82.8
110.1
11.6
5.4
93.1
134.3
15.3
7.9
154.2
19.7
12.3
122.2
193.9
28.3
21.4
144.2
214.0
38.4
27.6
148.0
221. 5
46.3
33.2
142.0
159.0
31.1
21.5
106.4
106.5
18.1
12.3
76.1
78.9
10.8
7.6
60.5
96.0
9.3
5.9
80.8
169.4
15.6
9.6
144.2
111.1
i Prior to August 1950, monthly data represent averages of weeks ended in
specified m onths; for subsequent m onths, the averages are based on weekly
d ata adjusted for split weeks in the m onth and are not strictly comparable
with earlier data. For a technical description of this series, see the April
1950 Monthly Labor Review (p. 382).
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.0
1.0
2.0
1.7
.6
.5
79.9
9.6
6.3
64.0
1.0
2.0
1.5
.6
88.7
10.3
64
72.0
Figures may not add to exact column totals because of rounding.
HflTTnrw. rr a P s m rtm e n t of T nhnr Bureau o f E m n l o v m e n t S e e u r itv
S oubce . U. 8. D ep artm en t of Labor, B ureau of em p lo y m en t becurity.
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1952
455
B : L A B O R T U R N -O V E R
B: Labor Turn-Over
T able B -l: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Manufacturing Industries, by
Class of Turn-Over1
C la s s of tu rn - o v e r a n d y e a r
Jan.
T o ta l s e p a ra tio n :
1 9 5 2 . . . ................................ ................................
1 9 5 1 .. ........................... ........... ............................
1 9 5 0 ................................... ............. .....................
1 949____________________________________
1 9 4 8 ____________________________________
1 9 4 7 .................................................. .....................
1 946.................................................... ...................
1 939........................................................................
4 .0
4 .1
3 .1
4 .6
4 .3
4 .9
6 .8
Quit:
1952...................................................
1951....... ........................ ..................
1950.......... ....................................... .
1949_____ __________ ___________
1948_________________________
1947....................... ........................
1946_________________________
1939 »________________________
D is c h a r g e :
1 9 5 2 ..................................................................... ................. ..
1 9 5 1 . . . ................................................. ............................. ..
1 9 5 0 .................. ................................... ...................................
1 9 4 9 ________________ _____________ _____________ _
1 9 4 8 ............................................. — .................... ..............
1 9 4 7 ______ _____________ _________________________
1 9 4 6 _____________ _______________________________
1 9 3 9 . ..................................................................... .............. ..
Feb.
M a r.
A p r.
M ay
June
J u ly
A ug.
S e p t.
O c t.
N ov.
D ec.
3 .9
3 .8
3 .0
4 .1
4. 7
4 .5
6 .3
3. 7
4 .1
2 .9
4 .8
4 .5
4 .9
6 .6
4 .1
4 .6
2 .8
4 .8
4 .7
5 .2
6 .3
3 .9
4 .8
3 .1
5 .2
4 .3
5 .4
6 .3
3 .9
4 .3
3 .0
4 .3
4 .5
4 .7
5 .7
2 4 .7
4 .4
2 9
3 .8
4 .4
4 .6
5 .8
5 .3
4 .2
4 .0
5 .1
5 .3
6 .6
3 .5
3 .6
3 .2
4 .3
3 .7
4 .5
2.3
3.5
3.5
4 .7
4 .3
4 .1
4 .5
5 .0
6 .3
4 .3
3 .8
4 .0
4 .1
4 .0
4 .9
3.1
5 .1
4 .9
4 .2
5 .4
5 .9
6 .9
3.3
3.3
3.0
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.5
1.9
2.1
1.1
1.7
2.6
3.5
4.3
1.9
2.1
1.0
1.4
2.5
3.2
3.9
2.0
2.5
1.2
1.6
2.8
3.5
4.2
2.2
2.7
1.3
1.7
3.0
3.7
4.3
2.2
2.8
1.6
1.6
2.8
3.5
4.2
2.2
2.5
1.7
1.5
2.9
3.1
4.0
2 2.2
2.4
1.8
1.4
2.9
3.1
4.6
3.1
2.9
1.8
3.4
4.0
5.3
3.1
3.4
2.1
3.9
4.5
5.3
2.5
2.7
1.6
2.8
3.6
4.7
1.9
2.1
1. 2
2.2
2.7
3.7
1.4
1.7
.9
1.7
2.3
3.0
.9
.6
.8
.8
.7
.7
.7
.8
1.1
.9
.8
.7
.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.5
.1
.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.5
.1
.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.4
.1
.3
.4
.2
.2
.4
.4
.4
.1
.3
.4
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.1
.3
.4
.3
.2
.4
.4
.3
.1
2. 3
.3
.3
.2
.4
.4
.4
. 1
.4
.4
.3
.4
.4
.4
.1
.3
.4
.2
.4
.4
.4
.1
.4
.4
.2
.4
.4
.4
.2
.3
.3
.2
.4
.4
.4
.2
.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.1
1. 4
1.0
1.7
2.5
1.2
.9
1.8
2.2
1.3
.8
1.7
2.3
1.7
.8
1.7
1.9
1.1
.8
1.4
2.8
1.2
.9
1.8
2.2
1.3
1.0
1.2
2.8
1.2
1.0
1.4
2.6
1.1
1.2
1.1
3.3
1.1
1.4
1.5
2.7
1.1
1.0
.9
2.5
1.1
1.1
1.2
2.5
2 1,9
1.3
.6
2. 1
1.0
1.0
.6
2.5
1. 4
.6
1.8
1.2
.8
.7
2.1
1.3
.7
1.8
1.0
.9
1.0
1.6
1.4
.8
2.3
1.2
.9
1.0
1.8
1.7
1.1
2.5
1.4
.8
.7
2.0
1.5
1.3
2.0
2.2
.9
1.0
2.7
.4
.7
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.4
.6
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.3
.3
.3
2.3
.5
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.5
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.4
.1
.1
.1
. 1
.2
.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.4
.4
.4
.1
.1
. 1
.2
.4
.3
.3
.1
.1
.1
.2
.4
.4
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
. 1
. 1
.1
. 1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
4. 4
5.2
3.6
3.2
4.6
6.0
8.5
4 .1
3.9
4.4
3.2
2.9
3.9
5.0
6.8
3.9
4.6
3.6
3.0
4.0
5.1
7.1
3. 7
4.5
3.5
2.9
4.0
5.1
6.7
2 .9
3.9
4.5
4.4
3.5
4.1
4.8
6.1
4.9
4.9
4.8
4.4
5.7
5.5
6.7
3 .9
4.5
6.6
4 4
5.0
5.3
7.0
5 .1
4.3
5.7
4.1
5.1
5.9
7.1
6 .2
4.4
5.2
3.7
4.5
5.5
6.8
5 .9
3.0
4.0
3.3
3.9
4.8
5.7
4 .1
3.2
Lay-off:
1 9 5 2 ............................................................... .. .......................
1 9 5 1 . ............................ ...................................... ....................
1 9 5 0 . . ________ __________________________________
1 9 4 9 _____________ _______ _______ _______ ________
1 9 4 8 _____________________________________________
1 9 4 7 ....................................... .................... .. ....................... ...
1 9 4 6 _____________ __________ ____________________
1 9 3 9 ____________ ________________ ________________
Miscellaneous, Including military:
1 9 5 2 . . ................................................................ ....................
1 9 5 1 ___________________________________________
1 9 5 0 . ________ _________ _____________ _______
1 9 4 9 ___________________ _____________ _
1 9 4 8 _________________________________ _____ _
1 9 4 7 . ............. ....................... ..................................................
1 9 4 6 _____________________________________________
.4
.2
.1
.2
.3
Total accession:
1 9 5 2 .................. ................................... .............. ....................
1 9 5 1 ............... .. .................... ..................................................
1 9 5 0 ______ _____________ _________________________
1 9 4 9 _____________ _____________ _________________
1 9 4 8 . _______________ __________ _________________
1 9 4 7 ....................................... ............................. ....................
1 9 4 6 . . . . ______ ________ _______________________
1 9 3 9 ______________________ _______ ______________
3.1
3.3
>M >nth-t.o rnontn changes in total employment In manufacturing indus
tries as indicated by labor turn-over rates are not comparable with the changes
shown by the Bureau’s employment and payroll reports, for the following
reasons:
(1) Accessions and separations are computed for the entire calendar month;
the employment and payroll reports, for the most part, refer to a 1-week pay
period ending nearest the 15th of the month.
(2) The turn-over sample is not so large as that of the employment and
payroll sample and includes poportionately fewer small plants; certain
industries are not covered. The major industries excluded are: printing,
publishing, and allied industries; canning and preserving fruits, vegetables,
and sea foods; women’s, misses’, and children’s outerwear; and fertilizers.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3.3
24.4
4.2
4.7
3.5
4.7
4.9
7.4
4.2
3.0
3.0
3.2
2.7
3.6
4.3
2 .8
(3) Plants are not included in the turn-over computations in months when
work stoppages are in progress; the influence of such stoppage is reflected,
however, in the employment and payroll figures. Prior to 1943, rates relate
to production workers only.
* Preliminary figures.
* Prior to 1940, miscellaneous separations were included with quits.
N ote : Information on concepts, methodology, and
special studies, etc., is given in a “Technical Note on Labor
Turn-Over,” October 1949, which is available upon re
quest to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
456
MONTHLY LABOR
B : L A B O R T U R N -O V E R
T able B-2: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Selected Groups and Industries1
Separation
Total
Industry group and industry
July
1952
Manufacturing
Durable goods1..... .....................................
Nondurable goods *......................................
Ordnance and accessories...... ......................
Food and kindred products.......................
Meat products.......................................
Orain-mill products................ .............
Bakery products..______________ ..
Beverages:
M alt liquors............................. ......
Tobacco m anufactures................ ...............
Cigarettes____________ ___________
C ig ars...................................................
Tobacco and sn u ff...............................
Textile-mill products..... .............................
Yarn and thread mills. ..................... .
Broad-woven fabric mills___________
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber____
Woolen and worsted___________
Knitting mills_____________ ______
Full-fashioned hosiery_________ _
Seamless hosiery______________
Knit underw ear............................
Dyeing and finishing textiles_______
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings__
Apparel and other finished textile prod
ucts_____ .. --------------------------------M en’s and boys’ suits and coats_____
Men’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing______________ _________
Lumber and wood products (except fur
niture)----- ------- ----------------------------Logging camps and contractors_____
Sawmills and planing mills_________
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products................ .
Furniture and fixtures................................
Household furniture_______________
Other furniture and fixtures..... ...........
Paper and allied products_____________
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills___
Paperboard containers and boxes____
Chemicals and allied products..................
Industrial inorganic chemicals______
Industrial organic chemicals________
Synthetic fibers_____ ____ _____
Drugs and medicines.... _________
Paints, pigments, and fillers________
Products of petroleum and coal_________
Petroleum refining________________
Rubber pro d u cts________________ ____
Tires and inner tubes______ _____
Rubber footwear__________________
Other rubber products_____________
Leather and leather products__________
Leather _________________________
Footwear (except rubber)......... ...........
Stone, clay, and glass products____ ____ _
Glass and glass products....... ...........
Cement, hydraulic______ ______ . . .
Structural clay products. _________
Pottery and related products_______
Primary metal industries _____________
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills__________________________
Iron and steel foundries___________
Gray-iron foundries____________
Malleable-iron foundries________
Steel foundries_____ _ ________
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals:
Primary smelting and refining of
copper, lead, and zinc.. ______
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals:
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of
copper_____________________
Nonferrous foundries______ _______
Other primary metal industries:
Iron and steel forgings................
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Quit
June
1952
July
1952
Discharge
June
1952
5.4
3.7
4.3
3.4
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.0
(4)
4.1
4.1
5.9
3.7
2.9
4.3
5.0
4.8
4.3
(4)
2.4
1.6
4.3
2.6
1.6
2.6
2.0
3.6
3.2
3.5
3.4
4.1
3.2
2.3
3.6
3.6
4.2
3.8
5.8
3.2
2.9
2.8
4.0
3.2
2.9
3.1
2.4
2.1
2.5
2.0
3.5
3.0
3.4
3.4
3.1
4.0
3.0
3.0
6.2
5.2
2.9
1.7
2.3
1.9
2.9
1.4
2.1
2.0
2.4
2.4
2.0
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.7
1.2
1.4
1.7
1.6
.9
2.1
1.2
1.7
1.5
1.9
2.0
1.2
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.0
.8
1.2
4.5
3.7
4.6
3.4
3.8
2.7
2.8
1.5
5.0
4.9
4.4
3.3
5.7
7.7
5.1
7.5
4.2
6.3
5.2
3.8
4.1
3.4
5.0
5.2
4.4
3.8
2.3
4.4
2.4
2.2
2.1
2. 2
1.9
1.9
1.1
.5
3.3
2.2
4.8
4.1
4.2
3.8
4.2
4.7
5.0
3.8
3.0
2.2
4.2
2.5
3.4
3.5
3.2
2.2
1.6
3.1
1.2
1.1
.9
4.8
7.0
11.2
2.4
8.1
4.0
3.6
(4)
4.7
4.5
4.8
5.0
1.7
2.4
1.6
1.3
1.7
2.0
1.1
.7
3.1
2.0
3.2
4.3
3.6
2.9
3.7
4.5
4.9
2.3
3.9
5.2
2.9
(4)
3.5
3.4
3.2
3.7
.6
1.1
1.4
.7
.3
1.6
1.3
1.6
1.9
3.1
1.8
3.4
1.7
1.7
1.4
2.5
1.5
1.7
(4)
2.4
2.3
2.1
2.7
July
1952
0.3
.3
(4)
4.7
4.5
7.4
4.9
6.1
8.2
6.7
8.8
8.1
.2
.3
.5
.1
.4
.3
.1
.3
.3
.2
.1
.1
.1
3.9
9.1
17.1
5.4
2.2
4.4
5.5
4.8
4.5
8.2
4.3
3.2
4. 5
5.5
2.7
2.8
10.9
3.9
3.1
4.6
3.3
4.1
5.7
4.3
3.8
8.2
3.7
2.6
3.9
4.3
2.5
2.6
.3
.1
6.3
4.3
4.8
4.3
.1
.1
7.2
5.1
.2
.2
6.8
.5
.2
.3
.1
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
.1
.1
.2
.2
.3
.7
.2
.4
.2
.1
1.0
1.2
1.1
.9
2.5
.6
.3
.4
1.0
1.3
.7
.7
.3
.4
.2
.1
1.3
1.2
1.0
.9
1.4
1. 8
.9
.9
4.0
3.8
1.0
.5
.6
1.4
(5)
.4
.3
.2
.4
.3
.6
.1
.2
.1
(5)
.5
.4
.4
.2
.1
.2
.1
.3
.4
1.5
1.5
.2
.5
.1
.2
.4
1.3
.4
.2
.3
.2
.3
.9
.5
2.6
.4
.6
.7
.3
.3
.2
.5
.3
.2
.2
.1
.1
.8
.7
.7
.6
.3
.9
1.0
.6
.5
.5
.3
.2
.4
.2
.3
.1
(5) «
.1
.3
.1
.3
.1
(5)
.3
.5
(5)
(5)
.2
.1
.2
.3
1.1
.4
2.3
1.6
.7
.3
.3
1.3
2.6
1.7
2.8
1.7
1.6
1.8
2.7
1.2
.3
.5
.2
.2
.2
.3
.3
.3
.3
.2
.1
.2
.3
.3
.2
.5
.3
.3
.5
1.3
.4
.6
1.0
.5
2.2
2.7
.4
.4
.4
.5
(4)
.5
(4)
.4
.4
.7
1.6
1. 5
2.0
1.6
.3
.3
.4
.2
.4
(5)
.5
3.5
.6
(4)
.3
.5
.1
.1
(5)
(4)
.4
.2
.2
.1
.4
.3
.4
.4
.6
.6
.2
.6
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
.3
4.8
9.0
.2
5.0
2.1
1.3
0.4
.3
.6
1.0
.2
.5
.6
.7
.7
1.0
.5
.1
.1
1.9
1.3
1.8
2.5
2.5
2.2
2.5
2.7
.5
.2
.3
.2
.2
.6
.3
.4
.1
.4
.2
.2
.3
.2
.7
.2
.1
.1
.3
.2
3.1
3.3
2.6
(4)
4.9
5.0
(4)
.3
.6
June
1952
4.3
4.4
.3
1.1
2.2
.7
.4
.8
.6
July
1952
0.4
.2
(4)
1.0
1.8
.3
.6
.4
1.7
June
1952
.5
.4
.5
.3
.5
.3
(4)
July
1952
1.2
1.0
.4
.4
.9
.3
1.8
1.3
3.1
June
1952
2.5
.8
(4)
4.1
6.8
July
1952
0.4
.2
4.1
1.0
1.4
.8
.6
1.2
1.0
.7
.4
June
1952
Total accession
Mise., incl.
military
Lay-off
8.2
7.4
6.9
12.9
7.9
4.9
.4
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.2
.3
.5
.2
.1
.2
.2
.4
.3
.8
.3
.2
.2
.2
.1
.3
.3
.4
5.4
6.2
7. 4
3.4
3. 7
2.4
5.3
.1
.3
.1
.1
.2
.1
.2
.2
3.0
2.5
3.4
7.0
1.4
3.0
1.8
1.2
3.5
4.0
3.7
5.1
2.9
4.0
.3
.3
.9
.2
3.5
2.9
3.7
4.1
.3
.2
.2
.3
.3
.5
.3
.1
.3
.2
.1
.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
2.7
1.7
2.7
3.7
5.5
4.0
5.8
4.3
5.0
2.8
3.6
3.2
2.9
.3
.3
.3
.2
.3
(4)
.2
.3
.2
.2
(4)
3.2
2.6
1.8
4.2
5.0
5.3
4.3
4.2
3.4
6.2
3.0
2.4
6.2
4.6
6.4
3.9
5.2
4.4
3.8
3.0
3.2
(4)
4.0
3.3
3.3
4.9
3.8
2.0
2.0
1.3
.1
.2
1.4
.2
.3
.3
2.9
3.3
2.1
6.3
1.3
5.4
1.2
2.1
.8
2.8
.2
.5
.1
.8
.1
3.4
.2
1.2
.6
.3
.2
.6
3.0
4.5
1.9
6.1
4.9
3.6
1.7
2.2
.3
.3
2.3
.8
.6
.3
1.4
2. 5
R E V I E W , O C T O B E R 1952
B : L A B O R T U R N -O V E R
457
T able B-2: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Selected Groups and Indus
tries 1—Continued
Separation
Total
In d u stry group and industry
July
1952
Manufacturing—C ontinued
fabricated metal products (e x c e p t__
nance, machinery, a n d transportation
equipm en t)...................................................
C utlery, hand tools, and h ard w are.”
C utlery and edge tools...................
H and tools.........................................
H ardw are...........................................
H eating apparatus (except electric)
and plum bers’ supplies.....................
S anitary ware and plum bers’
supplies..........................................
Oil burners, nonelectric heating
and cooking apparatus, not
elsewhere classified. ................ .
F abricated stru ctu ral metal products.
M etal stam ping, coating, and en
g ra v in g ...............................................
M achinery (except electrical).
Engines and tu rb in es___
Metalworking machinery............. .
Machine tools......................... .
Metalworking machinery (except
machine tools)...... ................
Machine-tool accessories______
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)______
General industrial machinery_____
Office and store machines and devices..
Service-Industry and household ma
chines_____________ _______
Miscellaneous machinery parts____
Electrical machinery.............................
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial appa
ratus. —.......... .............................
Communication equipment___ ___
Radios, phonographs, television
sets, and equipment___ ____
Telephone and telegraph equip
ment__ ___ ________ ____
Electrical appliances, lamps, and
miscellaneous products_________
Transportation equipment.....................
Automobiles.................... .............
Aircraft and parts______________
Aircraft _________________
Aircraft engines and parts_____
Aircraft propellers and parts........
Other aircraft parts and equip
ment__ ________________
Ship and boat building and repairing..
Railroad equipment____________
Locomotives and parts................
Railroad and streetcars_______
Other transportation equipment___
Instruments and related products______
Photographic apparatus....................
Watches and clocks....... ............... .
Professional and scientific instru
ments________________ ___
Miscellaneous m anufacturing in d u strie s..
Jew elry, silverware, and plated w are..
Quit
June
1952
July
1952
Discharge
June
1952
July
1952
Mise., inch
military
Lay-off
June
1952
July
1952
June
1952
July
1952
June
1952
Total accession
July
1952
June
1952
6.1
6.3
2.4
3. 6
8.6
4.5
3.7
4.8
3. 5
2.4
4.0
3.5
4.4
3.0
2.0
1.6
1.7
1.4
1.6
2.7
2.3
2.2
1.6
1.1
1.1
2.0
2.4
1.8
0.4
.2
.1
.3
.2
.5
.5
0.4
.4
.1
.2
.6
.5
.4
3.3
4.1
.3
1.5
6.3
1.0
.6
1.8
1.3
1.0
2.6
.7
1.3
.6
0.4
.4
.3
.4
.5
.3
.3
0.4
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
3.5
1.6
1.0
2.3
1.4
5.4
4.2
4.8
3.1
1.0
2.6
3.9
5.4
2.7
5.1
4.8
5.7
5.6
3.2
(4)
4.0
2.8
2.5
2.5
4. 6
4.7
2.8
2.7
6.9
3.3
3.6
6.2
4.7
6.1
3.3
3.1
4.3
3.5
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.4
2.8
2.9
2.0
5.1
2.9
3.3
3.0
2.7
1.8
1.8
1.8
(4)
2.6
1.8
1.7
1.8
2.2
2.1
1.6
1.5
1.8
1.7
1.7
3.2
2.6
2.6
1.8
2.0
1.7
2.3
1.9
1.9
1.8
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.4
1.4
1.7
1.8
.5
.6
.2
.3
.5
(4)
.6
.4
.4
.3
.3
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
.2
.6
.6
.3
.4
.5
.4
.7
.4
.5
.3
.3
.4
.4
.2
.2
.4
.2
1.3
1.1
3.0
3.2
.5
(4)
.5
.4
.1
.2
1.9
2.1
.5
.7
4.4
1.0
1.4
2.2
1.3
2.5
.8
.4
1.8
.3
.3
.2
.4
.9
.3
.4
.2
2.9
.5
1.0
.3
.4
.7
.3
.4
(4)
.3
.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
.3
.3
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.7
.3
.2
.4
.2
.4
.4
.5
.2
.2
.3
.2
.6
.3
.3
6.5
3.9
3.1
3.3
2.8
(4)
3.2
2.6
2.3
2.9
3.3
2.7
2.6
3.0
6.9
1.9
3.3
8.5
4.9
5.9
3.5
5. 2
3.1
4.1
3.4
3.4
3.2
3.6
3.8
3.6
2.2
3.5
3.2
4.0
4.3
2.2
3.5
4.0
2.5
5.2
5.7
5.8
4.0
4.3
3.5
2.0
2.8
12.1
4.0
1.2
1.3
2.4
2.3
2.0
1.9
2.6
1.7
3.2
3.6
1.9
1.7
2.0
5.6
.1
.1
.3
.5
.1
.3
.4
.2
.4
.4
.6
.2
.4
1.1
2.7
.5
.5
.9
.1
2.7
2.0
2.8
.2
.1
.5
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.7
1.1
.2
.2
.5
.1
.2
.4
1.8
2.9
5.4
6.0
4.5
3.8
6.4
4.7
6.9
7.1
6.2
4.7
6.8
13.7
(4)
2.8
w
4.1
8.1
12.6
3.7
3.9
2.9
1.2
3.6
(4)
4. 7
2.6
6.1
3.3
2.0
1.2
2.0
2.5
6.1
2.2
1.9
1.2
1.5
(4)
2.0
(4)
2.0
2.5
1.4
2.9
3.3
2.0
.9
2.2
(4)
2.5
1.3
3.4
2.1
1.4
.8
1.3
2.1
1.5
3.0
1.2
1.1
.8
1.0
(4)
.3
(4)
.4
.3
.2
.4
.3
.5
.1
.5
(4)
(5)
.6
.2
.8
.3
.2
.1
.4
.1
.9
.1
.2
(5)
(4)
4.3
1.7
2.1
4.6
2.7
(4)
2.8
1.1
1.1
2.8
1.6
6.8
4.1
5.5
4.6
3.7
3.7
6.6
2.9
4.8
5.0
2.8
4.1
5.3
1.6
5.1
3.3
1.6
1.6
4.9
1.6
4.2
3.6
.9
1.2
(5)
0)
(s)
(6)
2.1
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
.1
(4)
.1
(4)
1.3
4.6
9.8
.2
.1
.2
«
(5)
.7
(4)
.9
.6
1.1
.6
.2
.1
.5
.2
5.0
.8
.2
1.6
.5
.2
.1
.3
(4)
.4
.1
.3
.4
.1
.8
.3
.2
1.0
.9
.5
.5
.2
.2
.1
.3
.2
.7
.6
1.4
(5)
.3
1.8
1.8
.8
.9
(5)
1.0
1.7
2.8
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
.4
(4)
.4
.7
1.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
(4)
.7
.5
.8
.3
.2
.3
.1
(4)
.3
.2
(4)
5.6
(4)
4.8
5.6
3.2
6.5
7.3
4.6
1.2
5.8
.7
.7
.6
.4
.4
.3
.1
(4)
4.8
1.9
7.1
5.9
2.7
3.5
1.7
.5
.4
.1
(4)
6.9
3.0
4.2
5.6
2.5
.2
.3
.3
.2
.2
.1
6.9
5.9
5.5
5.2
1.9
4.1
7.4
1.4
5.8
6.0
1.0
1.0
7.3
4.3
11.2
4.9
3.5
2.6
2.8
Nonmanufacturing
M etal m in in g _________________________
Iron m in in g ......................... ......................
Copper m in in g .___________________
Lead and zinc m ining______________
A nthracite m ining___________ __________
Bituminous-coal m ining............ ...................
Com m unication:
Telephone....................... ...........................
T elegraph...................................................
(4)
(4)
2.4
(4)
(4)
(4)
1 See footnote 1, table B -l. D ata for the current m onth are subject to
revision w ith o u t notation; revised figures for earlier m onths will be indicated
b y footnotes.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.1
.1
.4
.6
.2
.8
.3
.3
(4)
<4)
.1
(4)
1 See footnote 2, table A-2.
* See footnote 3, table A-2. Printing, publishing,
and allied industries are excluded.
(4)
(4)
4.5
(4)
* N ot available.
* Less th a n O.Ofi
458
M ONTHLY LABOR
C: E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S
C: Earnings and Hours
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1
M ining
Coal
M etal
Year and m onth
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
w kly.
hrly
earn earn wkly.
hours
ings
ings
42.2 $1. 554 $51 96
43.6 1.711 72. 63
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
40.9 $1. 515 $72. 05
42.5 1.709 78.19
Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly.
earn earn
ings
ings
45.0 $1. 601 $66. 64
46.1 1.696 76.20
Avg.
wkly.
hours
B itum inous
A nthracite
Lead and zinc
Copper
Iron
Total: M etal
Avg. Avg
hrly. wkly. Avg.
kly.
earn earn w
ings hours
ings
41.8 $1.602 $63. 24
43.0 1.772 66.60
1950: Average____
1951: Average........
$55. 58
74.60
1951: Ju ly _______
A u g u s t____
S eptem ber-.
O ctober____
N o v em b er...
D ecem b er...
72.32
75. 74
76.43
76.10
74. 43
79. 43
42.0
44.5
44.1
44.4
43.4
44.4
1.722
1.702
1.733
1. 714
1.715
1.789
67. 58
75. 92
76. 56
76 79
73.06
76.83
39.2
44.4
43.8
44. 7
42.5
43.9
1.724
1.7J0
1.748
1. 718
1.719
1.750
75.86
76 88
79. 20
78.15
77.74
84.38
44.6
45.9
46.7
46.3
46.0
46.8
1.701
1.675
1.696
1.688
1. 690
1.803
76. 85
76.78
75. 66
75.55
74.44
81. 52
43.1
43.7
42.6
42.9
42.2
43.2
1.783
1. 757
1.776
1.761
1.764
1.887
79. 50
58. 52
60. 36
78.24
81.84
69.98
1952: Jan u a ry ____
F eb ru ary __
M arch
A p ril..
M a y ..
J u n e ..
J u ly ..
79.12
79. 25
80. 59
77.67
80. 45
78. 03
78. 92
44.3
44.1
44.5
43.1
44.4
42.2
42.5
1.786
1.797
1.811
1.802
1.812
1.849
1. 857
74. 57
76.32
78. 42
72.33
77.80
49.39
70. 76
44.1
44.4
45.2
42.3
45.1
29.0
41.5
1.691
1.719
1.735
1.710
1.725
1.703
1.705
86.11
84.50
84.69
82.43
83. 57
84.07
84. 32
46.7
46.0
45.9
44.8
45.2
45.2
44.9
1.844
1.837
1.845
1.840
1.849
1. 860
1.878
83.02
81.90
82.45
80.20
82. 52
80.71
79.16
43.4
42.7
42.7
41.9
42.6
42.3
41.4
1.913
1.918
1.931
1.914
1.937
1.908
1.912
73. 58
68.97
67. 00
62. 52
74. 69
66. 26
58.71
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn w kly.
ings hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
32.1 $1. 970 $70. 35
30.3 2.198 77.86
35.0
35.2
$2.010
2.212
35.3
26.3
27.2
35.1
36.8
31.1
2. 252
2. 225
2. 219
2.229
2. 224
2. 250
73. 71
77 23
81.61
80.62
81.09
86. 28
32.7
34 9
36 5
36.3
36 2
38.4
2. 254
2.213
2.236
2.221
2.240
2. 247
32.6
30.9
30.1
28.1
33.3
29.9
26.4
2. 257
2. 232
2. 226
2.225
2.243
2. 216
2.224
86.39
80.27
79. 26
66.68
70.25
64.27
62. 27
38.5
35.9
35.4
29.9
31.8
28.4
27.6
2.244
2. 236
2.239
2.230
2.209
2.263
2.256
C ontract construction
M ining—C ontinued
C rude petroleum and
natural gas production
N onbuilding construction
N onm etallic mining
Petroleum and
and quarrying
natural gas production
(except contract
services)
40.6 $1,815 $59. 88
40.9 1.948 67.19
T otal: C ontract con
struction
44.0 $1,361 $73. 73
45.0 1.493 81. 71
T otal: N onbuilding
construction
$73. 69
79.67
1951: Ju ly ...............
A ugust------S e p te m b e r..
O c to b e r___
N o v e m b er..
D ecem b er...
83. 32
78.15
83.68
78.93
79.02
83. 85
42.1
40.2
41.8
40.5
40.4
41.8
1.979
1.944
2.002
1.949
1. 956
2.006
68.84
69. 59
70.63
71. 72
68.35
67.32
45.8
46.3
46 1
47.0
44.5
44.0
1.503
1.503
1. 532
1.526
1.536
1.530
83. 73
84.46
85.19
86.26
81.66
83. 83
39.0
39.1
38.9
39.3
36.8
37.9
2.147
2.160
2.190
2.195
2. 219
2. 212
1952: Jan u a ry .......
F e b ru a ry ....
M arch ..........
A p ril______
M a y ______
Ju n e ........ .
J u ly ______
84.53
82. 29
84.57
83.10
81.93
85.78
85.53
41.7
40.8
41.6
41.1
40.6
41.3
41.1
2.027
2.017
2.033
2.022
2.018
2. 077
2. 081
66.69
67.60
67. 50
69.31
70.74
71. 64
70. 64
43.7
44.3
43.8
44.8
45.7
45.6
45.4
1.526
1.526
1. 541
1.547
1. 548
1. 571
1. 556
84.74
85. 95
83. 51
85. 20
85.81
87.27
88.14
37.9
38.3
37.1
38.0
38.6
39.4
39.4
2. 236
2.244
2. 251
2. 242
2. 223
2. 215
2. 237
O ther nonbuilding
construction
40.9 $1,796 $69.17
40.8 1.981 74.66
41.1 $1,683 $76.31
41.0 1.821 85.06
40.7
40.6
$1,875
2.095
84.81
85.27
84. 72
86.61
79. 30
79. 08
42.9
42.7
41.9
42.6
38.7
38.9
1.977
1.997
2. 022
2.033
2.049
2.033
79. 22
79. 90
78.81
81 75
71.73
70. 56
43.6
43.4
42.1
43.6
38.4
38.2
1.817
1.841
1.872
1.875
1.868
1.847
89.21
89. 51
89.20
90 42
84.72
84. 75
42.4
42.2
41.7
41.9
38.9
39.4
2.104
2.121
2.139
2.158
2.178
2.151
81.26
82. 73
79. 46
82.43
84. 42
86.18
86.94
39.6
40.2
38.5
39.8
41.2
42.1
41.9
2.052
2.058
2.064
2.071
2. 049
2.047
2.075
71.84
73.34
68. 03
73.64
78. 64
81.03
81.89
39.3
39.6
37.5
39.7
42.1
43.1
43.1
1.828
1.852
1.814
1.855
1.868
1.880
1.900
86. 64
88.01
85.76
88.00
89.00
90.16
90.80
39.8
40.5
39.0
39.8
40.6
41.3
40.9
2.177
2.173
2.199
2.211
2.192
2.183
2.220
37.2 $1,982 $73. 46
37.9 2.156 80. 82
1950: Average____
1951: Average........
H ighw ay and street
C ontract construction—C ontinued
Building construction
Special-trade contractors
T otal: Building con
struction
$73. 73
82.10
1951: Ju ly ................
A ugust...........
S e p te m b e r...
O ctober------N o v e m b er...
D ecem ber__
83.63
84.31
85. 42
86.20
82. 26
84. 94
38.1
38.2
38.2
38.5
36.4
37.7
2.195
2.207
2.236
2.239
2. 260
2. 253
1952: Jan u a ry ____
F eb ru ary ___
M arch ...........
A p ril.............
M a y ............
Ju n e _______
J u ly _______
85.35
86. 60
84. 57
85. 92
86.03
87.54
88.31
37.5
37.9
36.9
37.6
37.9
38.7
38.7
2. 276
2.285
2. 292
2.285
2. 270
2. 262
2. 282
S ee fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .
T otal: Special-trade Plum bing and heating
contractors
P ainting and
decorating
Electrical work
38.4 $2.128 $71.26
39.2 2.328 78. 65
35.4 $2,013 $89.16
35.8 2.197 102. 21
38.4
40.1
$2.322
2.549
92.19
92.39
93.89
94.60
91.18
95.92
39.6
39.4
39.7
39.9
38.2
40.2
2.328
2.345
2.365
2.371
2.387
2.386
79.24
80. 33
80. 27
82.16
78.07
80.31
36.4
36.2
35.9
36.5
34.3
35.1
2.177
2.219
2. 236
2.251
2. 276
2.288
103. 54
104. 42
106. 76
105 19
100. 61
106.28
40.7
40.9
41.0
40.6
38.8
40.8
2.544
2.553
2.604
2.591
2.593
2.605
95. 92
94.32
93. 77
91.96
91.60
91.79
93.47
39.8
39.3
38.7
38.3
38.6
38.6
38.8
2.410
2.400
2.423
2.401
2. 373
2. 378
2.409
78. 07
79. 57
78.51
78. 59
81.36
84. 47
85.19
34.3
34.9
34.6
34.5
35.1
36.3
36.5
2.276
2.280
2.269
2. 278
2. 318
2. 327
2.334
106.74
108.93
108.43
106.57
108. 63
108.42
1110.77
40.6
41.2
40.4
39.9
40.1
40.5
40.8
2.629
2.644
2.684
2.671
2.709
35.8 $1,915 $77. 77
36.6 2.052 87.20
36.7 $2.119 $81.72
37.8 2.307 91. 26
76.28
76. 76
77.79
79 66
76.06
77.98
37.3
37.5
37.4
38.3
36.2
37.4
2.045
2.047
2.080
2.080
2.101
2.085
88.97
89.94
91.14
90.94
86. 58
89.51
38.6
38.7
38.8
38.6
36.5
37.8
2.305
2. 324
2.349
2.356
2.372
2. 368
78. 62
79.67
76.26
80.60
79.78
81.42
82.91
37.6
37.9
36.4
38.2
38.3
39.2
39.5
2.091
2.102
2.095
2.110
2.083
2.077
2. 099
90.00
91.34
90.17
89.30
90.28
91.97
92. 21
37.5
37.9
37.2
37.1
37.6
38.4
38.2
2.400
2.410
2. 424
2.407
2.401
2. 395
2. 414
36.3 $2. 031 $68. 56
37.3 2.201 75.10
1950: A verage.........
1951: Average.........
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
General contractors
2.677
2. 715
R E V I E W , O C T O B E R 1952
459
C: E A R N I N G S A N D H O U R S
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Contract construction—Continued
Building construction—Continued
Special-trade contractors—Continued
Year and m onth
O ther special-trade
contractors
Avg.
Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn
hours
ings
1950: Average.
$74. 71
83.62
Plastering and la th
ing
M asonry
Avg
Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn w kly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly
earn earn
ings
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Roofing and sheetmetal work
C arpentry
Avg. Avg.
wkly
kly.
earn w
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkiy.
earn hours
ings
Avg.
hrly
earn
ings
Excavation and foun
dation work
Avg
wkly
earn
ings
Avg
wkly
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
35.8 $2.087 $70. 85
37.0 2.260 78.83
33.9 $2.090 $86. 70
35.1 2.246 89. 66
35.0 $2. 477 $69. 86
34.9 2. 569 72.92
37.0 $1,888 $64.49
35.8 2. 037 71.13
35.3 $1 827 $74. 92
36.2 1.965 80.17
38.6
39.3
$1,941
2.040
1951: Ju ly _________
A ugu st______
September__
O ctolier_____
November__
December__
86.86
87.90
88. 97
88.20
82. 91
84. 51
38.3
38.5
38.6
38.1
35.6
36.6
2.268
2.283
2 305
2 315
2.329
2. 309
83.96
83 55
84.00
83 61
74.93
76. 94
37.4
37.1
37.3
36.8
33.2
33.6
2. 245
2. 252
2. 252
2. 272
2. 257
2. 290
91.38
91.18
90. 72
87 91
83.05
85. 81
35.5
35.8
35.8
34.5
32.8
33.6
2. 574
2. 547
2. 534
2.548
2. 532
2. 554
76.76
77.73
80 14
77.65
71.14
73.08
37.7
37.3
38.0
36.2
33.7
35.0
2.036
2 084
2.109
2.145
2. I ll
2.088
73. 63
73. 51
75. 53
76.63
70. 55
71.92
37.8
37.6
37.9
37.9
34.6
35.5
1.948
1. 955
1.993
2.022
2.039
2. 026
83.15
85 82
84. 69
85 11
77. 53
81.82
40.7
41. 2
40 5
40 8
36.9
39.0
2.043
2.083
2. 091
2086
2. 101
2. 098
1952: Jan u a ry ......... .
F ebru ary ____
M arch ............ .
A p ril......... ......
M a y ________
J u n e ________
J u ly _________
85.18
87. 80
85. 95
86. 32
87.38
89. 70
88. 67
36.2
37.0
36.1
36.5
37.2
38.3
37.7
2.353
2.373
2.381
2.365
2.349
2.342
2.352
75.70
75.73
71.97
74.84
80.68
83.42
80. 61
33.0
33.2
32.0
33.1
35.0
36.7
35.4
2.294
2. 281
2.249
2. 261
2. 305
2. 273
2.277
83.19
87.88
85.17
86.45
89.04
89. 44
91.16
32.7
34.3
33.0
33.3
34.3
33.7
33.9
2. 544
2.562
2. 581
2. 596
2. 596
2. 654
2.689
71.89
73.43
72.83
71.77
72. 71
77. 98
77. 56
35.0
35.7
35.2
35.2
35.8
37.6
36.9
2.054
2.057
2.069
2. 039
2. 031
2. 074
2.102
70.31
72.04
68.46
72. 79
74. 76
78.45
77.93
34.4
34.7
33.3
35.2
36.1
37.7
36.9
2.044
2.076
2.056
2.068
2. 071
2.081
2.112
78. 19
83.28
80.45
81.90
83. 42
89.76
88.33
37.9
39.3
38.0
39.7
40.3
41.4
40.5
2.063
2.119
2.117
2.063
2.070
2.168
2.181
M anufacturing
Food and kindred products
T otal: M anufac
turing
1950: Average__
1951: A verage__
$59. 33
64. 88
1951: Ju ly ______
A ugust___
Septem ber.
O ctober__
N ovem ber.
D ecember..
1952: J a n u a ry ...
F e b ru a ry ..
M arch ____
A pril...........
M ay _____
J u n e _____
J u ly ............
D urable goods >
N ondurable goods *
T otal: O rdnance and
accessories
T otal: Food and kin
dred products
M eat products
40.5 $1. 465 $63. 32
40. 7 1. 594 69. 97
41.2 $1,537 $54. 71
41.7 1.678 58.50
39. 7 $1. 378 $64. 79
39.5 1.481 73. 78
41.8 $1. 550 $56. 07
43.5 1.696 61.34
41.5 $1,351 $60. 07
41.9 1.464 66. 79
41.6
41.9
$1. 444
1.594
64. 24
64. 32
65. 49
65.41
65. 85
67. 40
40.2
40.3
40.6
40.5
40.5
41.2
1.598
1. 596
1.613
1.615
1.626
1.636
68.79
69. 55
71.01
71.10
71.05
72. 71
40.9
41.3
41.6
41.7
41.5
42.2
1.682
1.684
1.707
1.705
1.712
1.723
58. 48
57. 91
58. 67
58.00
59. 07
60. 45
39.3
39. 1
39.4
38.9
39.2
39.9
1.488
1.481
1.489
1.491
1.507
1. 515
73.10
73. 71
76.47
75. 50
75. 68
77.62
43.1
43.9
44.2
44.0
43.9
45.1
1.696
1.679
1. 730
1. 716
1.724
1.721
61.65
61.15
62.06
61.91
63.34
64.13
42.2
42.0
42.8
42.0
42.0
42.3
1.461
1.456
1.450
1.474
1. 508
1.516
68. 26
67. 48
68. 46
67.65
73. 51
73. 06
41.8
41.3
41.9
41 5
44. 1
44.2
1. 633
1.634
1.634
1.630
1.667
1.653
66.91
66.91
67. 40
65.87
66. 65
67.06
65. 80
40.8
40.7
40.7
39.8
40.2
40.4
39.9
1.640
1. 644
1.656
1. 655
1.658
1.660
1.649
72.15
72.18
72.81
71.07
71.76
71.88
69.88
41.8
41.7
41.7
40.8
41.1
41.1
40.3
1. 726
1.731
1.746
1.742
1. 746
1. 749
1.734
60.04
60.12
60.13
58. 71
59. 71
61.02
60.87
39.5
39.5
39.3
38.4
39.0
39.6
39.4
1.520
1. 522
1.530
1.529
1.531
1. 541
1. 545
77. 26
78. 76
78. 85
77.04
78. 22
78.08
76. 93
44.4
44.7
44.3
43.4
43.7
43.5
42.51
1.740
1.762
1.780
1.775
1.790
1. 795
1.810
63.40
63.30
63. 30
62. 80
64.09
65. 54
65.02
41.6
41.4
41.0
40.7
41.4
42.2
42.0
1. 524
1.529
1.544
1.543
1. 548
1.553
1.548
69. 66
68. 72
68. 09
67. 78
68.82
69.58
69. 72
42.5
41.4
40.6
.40.3
40.7
41.0
40.7
1.639
1.660
1.677
1.682
1.691
1.697
1.713
Manufacturing—Continued
Food a nd kindred products—C ontinued
M eat packing,
wholesale
1950: Average__
1951: A verage__
$60. 94
68. 34
1951: J u ly ........... .
A ugust___
Septem ber
O ctober__
N ovem ber.
Decem ber..
09. 81
69. 09
70. 27
69. 01
75. 98
75. 82
41.7
41.2
41.9
41.1
44.2
44.6
1.674
1.677
1.677
1.679
1.719
1.700
1952: J a n u a ry ...
F e b ru a ry ..
M arch ____
A pril...........
M a y ..........
J u n e ______
J u ly ______
71. 95
70. 97
70. 02
69. 87
70. 96
72. 29
72. 61
42.8
41.6
40.5
40.2
40.5
41.1
41.0
1.681
1.706
1.729
1.738
1. 752
1.759
1. 771
41.6 $1,465 $60. 80
41.9 1.631 65. 87
See footnotes a t end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Sausages and casings
D airy products
Condensed and evap
orated milk
Ice cream a nd ices
C anning and preserv
ing
42.4 $1. 434 $56.11
41.9 1.572 60.61
44. 5 $1. 261 $57. 36
44.6 1.359 63. 25
45.6 $1,258 $57. 29
46.1 1.372 62. 35
44.1 $1,299 $46. 81
44.6 1.398 51.42
39.3
40.2
$1.191
1. 279
67. 50
67. 69
67. 92
67.00
68.19
66. 44
42.8
42.6
41.9
41.9
42.3
41. 6
1. 577
1.589
1.621
1.599
1.612
1.597
62.02
60. 70
62.10
60.60
60. 09
61.48
45.4
44.9
45.0
44.3
43.8
44.1
1.366
1.352
1.380
1.368
1.372
1.394
65.47
63.70
64. 77
62 06
61.92
62. 56
46.8
46. 7
46.5
45.5
45.2
45.2
1.399
1. 364
1.393
1 364
1.370
1.384
63. 57
62. 32
63.11
62.33
62. 48
64.09
45.7
44.9
44.6
44.3
44.0
44.6
1.391
1.388
1.415
1.407
1. 420
1.437
49.20
53.00
54.33
56. 87
47.80
51.02
40.8
41.7
43 5
42.5
37.0
38.3
1.206
1.271
1.249
1.338
1.292
1.332
65.91
66.01
66. 75
66. 95
68.39
70.13
70. 45
41.3
40.8
41.1
40.8
41.6
42.5
42.8
1.596
1.618
1.624
1. 641
1.644
1. 650
1.646
62.79
62. 29
62. 55
62.24
62. 95
64. 83
64. 53
44.0
43.9
43.8
43.8
44.3
45.4
45.0
1.427
1.419
1.428
1. 421
1. 421
1.428
1.434
63. 56
63.50
64.12
64. 36
66. 04
67. 96
67. 53
44.6
45.1
44.9
45.1
45.8
47.0
46.0
1.425
1.408
1.428
1.427
1.442
1.446
1.468
63. 03
63.66
63. 34
62.89
62. 28
64. 58
64.56
43.5
43.9
43.5
43.4
43.4
44.6
44.4
1.449
1. 450
1.456
1.449
1.435
1.448
1.454
50.35
51.11
51.40
50.44
49. 50
52. 52
53.02
38.0
38.4
38.1
37.5
37.9
39.7
41.1
1.325
1.331
1.349
1.345
1.306
1.323
1.290
460
M ONTHLY LABOR
C: E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
M anufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
Year and m onth
Grain-mill products
Avg.
w kly. wAvg.
kly.
earn
ings hours
F lour and other
grain-mill products
Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
1950: A verage............ *59.02
1951: Average_____ 66.28
43.3 $1,363 $60.95
44.6 1.486 67.43
1951: Ju ly ...................
A u g u s t...........
Septem ber___
O ctober_____
N ovem ber___
D ecem ber____
68.14
68. 09
68.60
68.67
68.00
68.38
45.7
45.3
45.4
45.3
44.5
44.4
1.491
1.503
1.511
1.516
1.528
1.540
1952: Jan u a ry ...........
F eb ru ary ____
M arch . _____
A pril________
M a y _____. .
J u n e ________
J u ly ____ _ ..
69.22
66. 40
67. 77
66. 53
68.91
72. 32
71.80
44.8
43.2
43.5
43.2
44.2
45.8
45.3
1.545
1. 537
1.558
1.540
1.559
1.579
1.585
Prepared feeds
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Sugar
B akery products
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly.
kly.
earn earn w
ings hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
kly.
earn earn w
ings hours
ings
44.1 $1.382 $57. 21
45.5 1.482 64.63
45.3 $1,263 $53.54
46.1 1.402 57.38
41.5 $1,290 $59.94
41.7 1.376 61.66
68.54
69. 76
71.35
69.98
71.37
71.28
46.5
46.6
47.0
45.8
45.9
45.4
1.474
1.497
1. 518
1.528
1. 555
1.570
67.40
65.85
68. 45
65.98
67.04
65.98
47.7
46.8
47.9
46 5
46.3
45.5
1.413
1.407
1.429
1.419
1.448
1.450
58.15
58.07
58.69
58.38
59. 26
59.43
42.2
41.9
42.1
41.7
41.5
41.5
1.378
1.386
1.394
1.400
1.428
1.432
62. 77
58. 42
62.82
55.39
65.20
64.75
71.06
67. 21
68. 57
67. 67
68.99
76. 25
75.19
45.7
43.7
43.9
43.6
44.0
47.3
46.5
1. 555
1. 538
1.562
1.552
1. 568
1.612
1.617
67.46
63.20
67.47
66.05
67.88
68. 62
68.70
46.3
44.1
45.9
45.3
46.4
47.1
46.8
1.457
1.433
1.470
1. 458
1.463
1.457
1.468
59.04
60.09
59. 29
60.25
61.57
62. 25
62.01
41.2
41.5
41.0
41.1
41.8
42.2
41.9
1.433
1.448
1.446
1.466
1.473
1.475
1.480
62. 57
62.24
66.10
61.78
63.04
71.95
67.03
Cane-sugar refining
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
w kly. wAvg.
kly.
earn hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
43.0 $1.394 $61. 83
41.3 1.493 63.13
43.0
41.1
$1. 438
1.536
41.0
39.0
41.3
38.2
45.5
43.6
1.531
1.498
1.521
1.450
1.433
1.485
63.14
59.15
63.38
56.93
62.36
63.45
41.4
39.2
41.7
37.9
39.9
40.7
1. 525
1.509
1.520
1.502
1. 563
1.559
40.5
40.1
41.6
39.1
39.3
43.9
41.3
1.545
1.552
1.589
1.580
1.604
1.639
1.623
63. 40
60.80
67.17
61.90
64. 76
74.94
67.42
40.8
39.0
42.3
39.1
40.0
45.5
41.9
1. 554
1.559
1.588
1.583
1.619
1.647
1.609
M anufacturing—Continued
Food a nd kindred products—Continued
Confectionery and
related products
Beet sugar
1950: Average__
1951: Average__
$58.69
61.36
1951: Ju ly ...........
A ugust___
September.
O c to b er...
Novem ber.
Decem ber.
1952: J a n u a ry ...
F e b ru a ry ..
M arch ___
A pril____
M a y _____
Ju n e _____
J u l y . ........
Confectionery
M alt liquors
41.0 $1,646 $49.12
41.2 1.787 53.03
42.9 $1,145 $72.66
43.5 1.219 78.99
40.8
41.1
$1.781
1.922
75.64
75.13
75.11
72.54
74. 54
73. 48
42.0
41.9
41.8
40 8
40.6
40.8
1.801
1.793
1.797
1.778
1.836
1.801
56.16
54.89
53. 79
52.68
54.59
52.58
45.4
44.7
43.7
43.0
43.5
43.1
1.237
1.228
1.231
1.225
1. 255
1.220
81.42
80.53
81.00
77.29
80.11
79.34
42.1
41.9
42.1
40.4
40.5
41.0
1.934
1.922
1.924
1. 913
1.978
1.935
72.94
73.50
73.41
73.81
76. 95
79.19
81.01
40.5
40.7
40.4
40.6
41.8
42.6
43.0
1.801
1.806
1.817
1.818
1.841
1.859
1.884
51.31
51.73
52.35
53.21
54.04
58.14
59.24
42.3
42.4
42.7
42.6
43.2
45.0
46.1
1.213
1.220
1.226
1.249
1.251
1.292
1.285
77. 89
78. 75
78.42
79.28
82.61
84.03
87. 26
40.4
40.7
40.3
40.7
41.7
42.1
42.9
1.928
1.935
1.946
1.948
1.981
1.996
2.034
42.5 $1,381 $46. 72
41.1 1.493 50.41
39.9 $1,171 $44.81
40.2 1.254 48.32
39.9 $1. 123 $67.49
40.3 1. 199 73.62
64.20
58. 91
63.78
54.90
68.12
66.60
40.1
38.3
40.7
38.1
47.7
43.9
1.601
1.538
1.567
1.441
1.428
1.517
49.71
50.23
52.17
50. 96
51. 74
52. 33
38.9
39.8
41.5
40.7
41.1
41.6
1.278
1.262
1.257
1.252
1. 259
1.258
47.10
47.48
49.16
48.44
49.68
50.61
38.7
39.5
41.1
40.6
41.3
42.0
1. 217
1. 202
1. 196
1. 193
1. 203
1. 205
62.70
66. 91
64.80
63.06
60.19
65. 49
65.35
38.8
40.7
38.3
38.5
37.2
40.3
39.2
1.616
1.644
1.692
1.638
1. 618
1.625
1.667
51.82
52.43
51.68
51.01
52.17
54. 26
50.88
39.8
40.3
39.6
38.5
39.4
40.4
38.0
1.302
1.301
1.305
1.325
1.324
1. 343
1.339
49.30
50.01
49.10
48.51
49. 83
51. 70
47.90
39.6
40.3
39.5
38.2
39.3
40.2
37.6
1. 245
1. 241
1. 243
1. 270
1. 268
1. 286
1. 274
B ottled soft drinks
Beverages
M anufacturing—C ontinued
Tobacco m anufactures
Food and k indred products—C ontinued
D istilled, rectified,
and blended liquors
M iscellaneous food
products
T otal: Tobacco
m anufactures
1950: A verage______ $61. 94
1951: Average......... 68.86
40.3 $1,537 $54.99
40.2 1.713 59.22
1951: J u l y ............... .
A ugust.............
Septem ber___
O ctober______
N ovem ber___
D ecem ber____
68.50
68.18
67. 70
70.20
67. 61
66.30
39.8
39.8
39.5
40.6
38.7
38.5
1.721
1.713
1.714
1.729
1. 747
1.722
59.21
58.66
59. 74
59.05
60.06
60.77
41.7
41.4
41.6
41.7
42.0
42.2
1.420
1.417
1.436
1.416
1.430
1.440
44.03
44. 08
44.75
45.30
46.26
46.53
37.6
38.5
39.5
39.7
39.3
39.5
1.171
1.145
1.133
1.141
1.177
1.178
53.70
55. 79
55.82
55.40
58.02
57. 53
39.2
40.4
40.1
39.8
41.0
40.6
1.370
1.381
1.392
1.392
1.415
1.417
37.83
38.94
40.18
40. 88
41.03
41.66
36.8
37.7
38.3
38.9
38.6
39.3
1952: Jan u a ry .........
F eb ru ary___
M arch ............
A pril________
M a y _____ __
Ju n e, _ _ ____
J u ly ________
68. 43
68.87
68.60
68.38
73.04
73. 42
72.13
39.1
39.2
38.8
38.7
41.5
41.6
40.8
1. 750
1.757
1.768
1.767
1.760
1. 765
1.768
61.36
61.82
61.30
60. 92
61.28
62. 71
63. 25
41.8
42.2
41.7
41.3
41.6
42.4
42.0
1.468
1.465
1.470
1.475
1.473
1.479
1.506
45. 27
43. 69
43. 88
41.45
45. 40
46. 82
46. 36
38.4
36.9
36.6
34.6
37.9
38.6
38.0
1.179
1.184
1.199
1.198
1. 198
1. 213
1.220
55.24
5,1.84
52. 59
48.40
54.41
56. 94
57. 30
39.4
36.9
37.3
34.4
38.7
39.9
39.3
1.402
1.405
1.410
1.407
1.406
1. 427
1.458
40.14
38. 86
39. 05
37.03
40.25
40. 47
39. 26
37.9
36.8
36.6
34.8
37.9
38.0
37.0
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
42.2 $1,303 $41.08
42.0 1.410 44.20
37.9 $1,084 $50.19
38.3 1.154 54. 21
Tobacco and snuff
Cigars
Cigarettes
39.0 $1.287 $35.76
39.4 1.376 38.92
36.9 $0.969 $4,2.79
37.6 1.035 46.07
37.7
37.7
$1.135
1.222
1.028
1.033
1.049
1.051
1.063
1.060
44.99
46. 76
48. 20
46.90
48.63
47.67
37.0
38.3
38.9
37.7
38.5
38.2
1.216
1.221
1.239
1.244
1.263
1.248
1.059
1.056
1.067
1.064
1.062
1.065
1.061
47. 82
46.30
44.09
43.42
45. 74
48.12
48.49
38.1
37.1
34.8
34.6
36.3
37.8
38.3
1.255
1.248
1.267
1.255
1.260
1.273
1.266
R E V I E W , O C T O B E R 1952
C: E A R N I N G S A N D H O U R S
461
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Tobacco manufac
turas—Con.
Year and m onth
Tobacco stem m ing
and redrying
Textile-mill products
Total: Textile-mill
products
Y am and thread
mills
Y am mills
Broad-woven fabric
mills
C otton, silk, syn
thetic fiber
U nited States
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
w kly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
1950: A verage_____ *37. 59
1951: Average............ 37.91
39.4 $0.954 $48.95
39.2
.967 51.33
1951: J u ly ____ ____
A ugust______
Septem ber___
O ctober______
N ovem ber____
D ecem ber____
41.00
34.99
37.30
39. 25
36.89
37. 67
36.8
37.5
42.0
42.8
39.0
38!. 6
1.114
.933
.888
.917
.946
.976
1952: J a n u a ry ...........
F eb ru ary ____
M arch _______
A p ril................
M a y _____. . .
J u n e ..
___
J u ly ________
38.04
37. 72
39.16
37.88
41.92
45.08
44.42
38.5
36.8
36.5
34.0
37.7
39.3
38.9
.988
1.025
1.073
1.114
1.112
1.147
1.142
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly. Avg.
earn wkly.
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly.
earn earn
ings
ings
Avg.
w kly.
hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
39.6 $1. 236 $45.01
38.8 1.323 47.86
38.9 $1.157 $45.09
38.6 1.240 48.02
38.8 $1.162 $49. 28
38.6 1.244 51.63
40.1 $1. 229 $48.00
39.2 1.317 50.38
40.1
39.3
49.58
48.08
48. 74
49.29
50.46
52.70
37.7
36.7
36.9
37.2
37.8
39.3
1.315
1.310
1.321
1.325
1.335
1.341
46. 70
44.89
45.14
46. 01
46. 57
49.02
37.6
36.2
36.2
36.9
37.2
39.0
1. 242
1. 240
1.247
1.247
1.252
1. 257
46.92
44.94
45.16
46.38
46. 97
48.94
37.6
36.1
36.1
37.1
37.4
38.9
1.248
1.245
1.251
1.250
1.256
1. 258
50.25
48. 30
48.75
48.77
50.01
52.62
38.3
37.1
37.1
37.0
37.6
39.3
1.312
1. 302
1.314
1.318
1.330
1.339
48.74
46. 59
47. 20
47.36
48. 35
50.48
38. 2
36.8
36. 9
37.0
37.6
39.1
1 27«
1 2««
1 27Q
1 280
1 28«
1.291
52.40
52.22
51.32
49.85
50.78
51.51
51.69
38.9
38.8
38.1
37.2
37.7
38.3
38.4
1.347
1.346
1.347
1.340
1.347
1.345
1.346
48.88
48.55
48.31
46.39
47. 22
48. 66
48. 46
38.7
38.5
38.1
36.7
37.3
38.5
38.1
1.263
1.261
1.268
1.264
1.266
1.264
1. 272
48. 71
48.35
48.02
46.39
47.39
48.83
48.63
38.6
38.4
37.9
36.7
37.4
38.6
38.2
1.262
l. 259
1.267
1.264
1. 267
1.265
1.273
52.10
51.19
49.48
49.08
49. 42
50. 27
50.81
39.0
38.4
37.2
37.1
37.1
37.6
38.0
1.336
1.333
1.330
1.323
1.332
1.337
1.337
50.30
49.45
47.49
47.14
46.99
47. 45
48.34
38.9
38.3
36. 9
36.8
36. 6
36.9
37.5
1 293
1. 291
1.287
1 281
1.284
1 28«
1.289
$1.197
1.282
M anufacturing—C ontinued
Textile-mill products—C ontinued
C otton, silk, synthetic fiber—C ontinued
Woolen and worsted
N o rth
Full-fashioned hosierv
K n ittin g mills
South
U nited States
N orth
1950: A verage______ $51.23
1951: A verage______ 53.66
40.5 $1.265 $47.08
38.8 1.383 49. 41
40.0 $1.177 $54.01
39.4 1. 254 57.71
39.8 $1.357 $44.13
39.1 1.476 46. 57
37.4 $1.180 $53.63
36.7 1. 269 56.69
37.9 $1. 415 $54.25
36.6 1.549 58.16
37.7
35.9
$1.439
1.620
1951: Ju ly ...................
A ugust______
Septem ber____
O ctober.............
N o v e m b e r.....
D ecem ber........
51.60
48. 82
51.17
51.41
51.27
54. 46
38.0
35.9
36.6
36.1
35.8
37.9
1.358
1.360
1.398
1.424
1.432
1.437
47.86
45.99
46.18
46. 40
47.58
49. 49
38.2
37.0
37.0
37.3
38.0
39.4
1.253
1.243
1.248
1.244
1.252
1.256
57.47
65.84
56.20
55.38
57.68
62.15
39.2
38.3
38.1
36.8
37.6
40.2
1.466
1.458
1.475
1.505
1.534
1.546
44. 57
44.44
44.84
46.06
47.56
48.08
35.4
35.3
35.5
36.3
37.3
37.8
1.259
1.259
1.263
1.269
1.275
1.272
54. 01
63. 75
54.07
55.18
57. 75
58.09
35.3
35.2
35.2
35.9
37.5
37.6
1.530
1.527
1.536
1.537
1.540
1.545
54. 48
54. 32
55.12
57.47
57.80
56. 57
34.2
34. 4
34.6
36.1
36.4
35.6
1. 593
1. 679
1. 593
1.592
1.588
1.589
1952: Jan u a ry _____
F ebru ary .........
M arch _______
A pril.................
M a y .. _ . . .
Ju n e ______ _
J u ly ........ .........
54.89
54.13
52.53
52.74
52. 67
53.00
37.7
37.2
36. 2
36.4
36.3
36.6
1.456
1.435
1.451
1.449
1.451
1.448
49.12
48.20
46. 21
45.87
45. 68
46.29
39.2
38.5
37.0
36.9
36.6
37.0
1.253
1.252
1.249
1.243
1.248
1.251
61.42
60.37
59.25
59.29
61.69
63.44
63.23
39.6
39.1
38.6
38.7
39.9
40.9
40. 4
1.551
1.544
1. 535
1.532
1. 546
1. 551
1. 565
47.66
48.31
48.16
45.94
46. 86
47.30
47. 72
37.0
37.8
37.8
36.2
36.9
37.6
37.9
1.288
1.278
1.274
1.269
1.270
1.258
1.259
58.18
59.06
58.83
55.20
55. 70
54.90
57.11
37.2
38.5
38.6
36.1
36.5
36.7
38.0
1.564
1.534
1.524
1.529
1. 526
1.496
1.503
58. 76
57.26
56.36
54.13
54. 75
54. 02
36.7
37.6
37. 7
35.8
36. 5
36.4
1 601
1. 523
1.495
1. 512
1. 500
1.484
M anufacturing—C ontinued
Textile-mill products—Continued
Full-fashioned hosierv—C ontinued
South
1950: A verage............ $53.33
1951: Average______ 55. 76
Seamless hosiery
U nited States
N orth
South
38.2 $1.396 $34. 94
37.2 1. 499 36.85
35.8 $0.976 $38.12
35.2 1.047 41.24
38.2 $0.998 $34. 37
37.8 1.091 36.02
35.4 $0.971 $43.73
34.7 1.038 47.23
38.6 $1.133 $39. 60
38.4 1.230 42. 71
37. 5
37.3
$1.056
1.145
1951: J u l y . . . ........ .
A ugu st..............
Septem ber___
O ctober............
N ovem ber____
D ecem ber____
53.83
53. 41
53. 32
53. 81
57.68
58.70
36.1
35.7
35.5
35.8
38.2
38.8
1.491
1.496
1.502
1.503
1.510
1.513
35.39
35.32
35.25
37.45
38.66
39.41
34.0
33.7
33.8
35.5
36.4
37.0
1.041
1.048
1.043
1.055
1.062
1.065
38.20
39. 71
40.74
42. 21
42.48
44.31
35.5
36.6
37.1
38.1
38.0
39.6
1.076
1.085
1.098
1.108
1.118
1.119
34.85
34. 42
34.23
36.54
37.94
38.43
33.7
33.1
33.2
35.0
36.1
36.5
1.034
1.040
1.031
1.044
1.051
1.053
45.26
46.27
46. 56
47. 36
48.33
48. 21
37.5
37.8
37.7
37.8
38.6
38.6
1.207
1.224
1.235
1.253
1.252
1.249
40. 55
40. 91
41.62
42.33
43.14
44.50
35.6
35. 7
36.0
36.3
36.9
38.0
1.139
1 .14«
1.156
1.166
1.169
1.171
1952: Ja n u a ry _____
F e b ru a ry ____
M arch _______
A pril________
M a y .............
J u n e ______ .
J u ly ________
57.49
59.98
59.90
55.50
55.69
55.46
37.5
39.1
39.1
36.3
36.4
36.9
1.533
1.534
1.532
1.529
1.530
1.503
38.48
39.38
38.88
37.13
38.41
39.08
38.76
36.1
36.8
36.4
34.9
35.9
36.9
36.5
1.066
1.070
1.068
1.064
1.070
1.059
1.062
42. 85
42.79
43. 05
41.29
42.83
42.90
38.4
38.0
38.3
36.8
38.0
38.2
1.116
1.126
1.124
1.122
1.127
1.123
37.66
38.76
38.16
36.40
37. 56
38.35
35.7
36.6
36.1
34.6
35.5
36.7
1.055
1.059
1.057
1.052
1.058
1.045
46.79
47.88
48.32
45.41
47.10
48.35
47.31
36.9
38.0
38.2
36.5
37.8
38.4
38.0
1.268
1.260
1.265
1.244
1.246
1.259
1.245
44.16
43.78
43.61
42.71
43.72
44.62
45.43
37.3
37.1
37.4
36.6
37.4
38.3
38.7
1.184
1.180
1.166
1.167
1.169
1.165
1.174
See footnote at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
462
M ONTHLY LABO R
C: E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
M anufacturing—C ontinued
Apparel and ocher
fin is h e d te x tile
products
Textile-m ill products—C ontinued
Y ear and m onth
D yeing and flinshing
textiles
Avg. Avg.
wkly wkly.
earn hours
ings
1950: Average______ $53.87
56. 49
1Q51 * A v e r a g e
C arpets, rugs other
floor coverings
Avg. Avg. Avg
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
40.9 $1,317 $62. 33
39.7 1.423 62. 53
Wool carpets, rugs,
and carpet yarn
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
kly.
earn earn w
ings
ings hours
41.5 $1,502 $62. 72
39.4 1.587 60.37
O ther textile-mill
products
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly.
kly.
earn earn w
ings
ings hours
41.1 $1. 526 $52. 37
37.9 1.593 54. 88
Fur-felt hats and h a t
bodies
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly.
kly.
earn earn w
ings hours
ings
T otal: Apparel and
tile products
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn w kly
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
40.6 $1,290 $51.05
39.8 1.379 52.67
35.9 $1,422 $43.68
35.3 1.492 45. 65
36.4
36.0
$1,200
1.268
1951: J u l y .................
A u g u st.............
Septem ber___
O ctober______
N ovem ber___
December____
52. 56
51.01
53.18
55.19
58.70
61.76
37.3
36.0
37.4
38.7
40.4
42.3
1.409
1.417
1.422
1.426
1.453
1.460
58.43
58.59
59. 69
60. 99
60. 80
63.12
37.1
37.2
37.8
38.8
38.7
39.9
1.575
1.575
1.579
1. 572
1. 571
1. 582
54. 92
54.46
55. 96
59.05
59.18
61.15
35.0
34.8
35.6
37.3
37.6
38.8
1. 569
1.565
1.572
1.583
1.574
1. 576
53.70
52. 32
53.89
54. 03
54. 09
56.30
39.2
38.3
38.8
38.7
38.5
40.1
1.370
1.366
1.389
1.396
1.405
1.404
50. 38
47.18
49. 66
49.90
49.93
57.23
34.2
33.2
32.0
33.4
33.4
37.8
1.473
1.421
1. 552
1.494
1.495
1.514
45.10
46.11
45. 89
43.70
45.12
46. 26
35.4
35.8
35.6
34.6
35.5
36.2
1.274
1.288
1.289
1.263
1.271
1.278
1952: Ja n u a ry ____
F eb ru ary .........
M arch __ ____
A p r il_______
M ay . _______
Ju n e __ ____
J u ly ..................
60. 69
62. 27
60. 76
58. 72
59.91
62.35
60. 38
41.4
42.1
41.0
40.0
40.7
41.9
40.8
1. 466
1. 479
1.482
1.468
1.472
1 488
1.480
64.80
65. 04
66. 79
61.53
65. 64
66.10
65.00
40.5
40.5
41.0
38.1
40.1
40.7
40.0
1. 600
1.606
1.629
1.615
1.637
1.624
1.625
63.68
64.00
64.96
56.55
62.47
61.86
59.14
39.9
39.9
40.1
35.5
38.8
39.1
37.6
1. 596
1.604
1.620
1.593
1.610
1.582
1. 573
56. 41
56.98
56.97
55.10
56. 67
57. 63
57.45
39.7
39.9
39.7
38.4
39.3
39.8
39.7
1.421
1.428
1.435
1.435
1.442
1.448
1.447
55.12
56. 22
55. 31
44.44
52.41
56.63
53. 04
36.6
36.7
36.7
29.1
34.3
36.7
34.2
1.506
1.532
1.507
1.527
1.528
1.543
1. 551
46. 40
47. 56
47.36
43.58
45.06
45. 27
45.70
36 0
36.7
36.8
35.0
36.4
36.3
36.1
1.289
1. 296
1.287
1.245
1.238
1.247
1.266
Manufacturing—Continued
A pparel a n d other finished textile products—C ontinued
M en ’s and boys’
suits and coats
M en ’s and boys’ fur
nishings and work
clothing
Shirts, collars, and
nightw ear
37.8 $1.043 $31.34
36.0 1.115 33.02
35.30
36.47
37. 70
37. 52
38. 84
38.41
33.4
34.5
35.1
35.0
36.0
35.7
1.057
1.057
1.074
1.072
1.079
1.076
38. 61
39.13
39.94
36. 83
37.56
39.32
35.1
35.0
35.6
33.3
33.6
35 2
1.100
1.118
1.122
1.106
1.118
1.117
32.62
32.42
31.83
32.53
32.85
32.86
38. 23
38.84
39.24
38.41
39. 82
39. 60
39.13
35.3
35.7
36.3
35.6
36.7
36.6
36.2
1.083
1.088
1.081
1.079
1.085
1.082
1.081
40. 52
42.03
44.12
41.95
43.32
42. 75
41. 44
35.7
36.8
38.2
36.8
37.9
37 6
37.1
1.135
1.142
1.155
1.140
1.143
1.137
1.117
33. 46
33.32
33.39
34.63
35.06
35. 68
34.84
36.8 $0.990 $36. 26
36.0 1.057 37. 95
52.82
51.56
51.98
47.81
47.59
49. 98
36.2
35.0
35.1
32.5
32.2
33.7
1.459
1. 473
1.481
1.471
1. 478
1.483
36.15
36.99
37.67
37.14
38.13
38.09
34.4
35.3
35.5
35.0
35.6
35.8
1.051
1.048
1.061
1.061
1.071
1.064
50 00
51.67
52. 63
48.20
48. 77
50. 83
49.35
33.4
34.7
35.3
32.9
33.2
34.3
33.8
1.497
1.489
1.491
1.465
1.469
1.482
1.460
38. 06
39.02
39.34
38.02
39. 47
39. 60
39.20
35.7
36.5
36.7
35.8
37.2
37.5
37.3
1.066
1.069
1.072
1.062
1.061
1.056
1.051
$50.22
52.73
1951: Ju ly .............
A ugust........
Septem ber.,
O ctober___
N ovem ber..
D ecem ber..
1952: Jan u ary . . .
F e b ru a ry ...
M arch .........
A p ril...........
M a y _____
Ju n e ______
J u ly ---------
W ork shirts
36.7 $0.988 $39.43
35.6 1.066 40.14
36.9 $1. 361 $36. 43
35.8 1.473 38.05
1950: Average___
1951: Average___
Separate trousers
W om en’s outerw ear
35.9 $0. 873 $49. 41
35.7
.925 51.31
34.7
35.0
$1.424
1.466
35.3
35.2
34.3
34.5
35.1
35.3
.924
.921
.928
.943
.936
.931
52.35
53.45
51. 50
47. 33
50.41
52. 30
34.9
35.4
34.4
32.8
34.6
35.8
1.500
1. 510
1.497
1.443
1.457
1.461
36.1
35.9
36.1
37.2
37.7
38.7
37.5
.927
.928
.925
.931
.930
.922
.929
53.38
54.78
53.14
47.81
49.43
49.07
51.44
35.9
36.4
36.2
34.2
36.0
35.1
34.9
1.487
1.505
1.468
1.398
1.373
1.398
1.474
Manufacturing—Continued
Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued
W om en’s dresses
$48.09
50. 65
1951: J u ly ............
A ugust___
Septem ber.
O ctober___
N ovem ber.
D ecem ber..
48.96
52. 16
51.05
47. 33
49. 60
52.60
35.4
35.8
34.4
32.8
34.3
36.1
1.383
1. 457
1.484
1.443
1.446
1.457
1952; J a n u a ry __
F eb ru ary ...
M arch ........
A pril_____
M a y _____
J u n e ......... .
J u ly _____
51.77
52. 96
52. 82
50. 33
52. 45
47. 82
48. 23
35.9
36.3
36.4
35.0
36.1
34.4
34.9
1. 442
1.459
1.451
1.438
1.453
1.390
1.382
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
taD le .
W om en’s suits, coats,
and skirts
W om en’s and chil
dren’s undergar
m ents
U n d e rw ea r and
nightw ear, except
corsets
M illinery
36.1 $0,960 $63.77
36.9 1.026 63.89
33.6 $1. 898 $38.38
32.9 1.942 40. 92
36.9 $1. 040 $36. 55
36.6 1.118 39. 67
36.4 $1,004 $54. 21
36.8 1.078 57. 46
35.2
36.0
$1,540
1.596
34. 48
37.19
37. 69
36. 81
38. 35
39. 07
34.0
36.5
36.7
35.7
36.8
37.9
1. 014
1.019
1.027
1.031
1.042
1.031
68.43
66. 97
63.33
56.29
60.83
63. 21
34.2
33.5
32.1
29.3
31.5
33.2
2.001
1.999
1.973
1.921
1. 931
1.904
38. 41
39. 55
41.06
41.66
42. 79
42. 90
34.6
35.5
36.5
36.8
37.5
37.5
1.110
1. 114
1.125
1.132
1.141
1.144
38. 56
38.66
40. 00
40. 51
41.13
41.21
35.7
35.9
36.9
37.2
37.6
37.4
1.080
1.077
1.084
1.089
1.094
1.102
57. 66
59. 35
62.10
52. 50
50.90
55. 91
35.9
36.5
37.3
33.4
32.9
35.5
1.606
1.626
1.665
1.572
1.547
1.575
39. 34
40.38
41.24
39.51
41.00
39.63
37.16
37.5
38.2
38.8
37.7
38.5
37.6
35.7
1. 049
1.057
1.063
1.048
1.065
1.054
1.041
67. 01
68.63
63.31
54.09
54. 41
62.84
69.15
34.0
34.3
32.4
28.5
30.9
32.9
34.8
1.971
2. 001
1.954
1.898
1. 761
1 910
1.987
41.95
42.49
43. 39
41.18
43.12
43.12
41.62
36.7
37.4
37.8
36.0
37.3
37.3
36.7
1.143
1.136
1.148
1.144
1. 156
1.156
1.134
40.00
40.18
40.62
38.62
40. 00
40. 22
39.06
36.6
37.0
37.1
35.3
36.3
36.6
36.1
1.093
1.086
1.095
1.094
1.102
1.099
1.082
61.82
69. 91
68.86 ■
49. 91
50. 46
49. 89
54.96
38.4
41.1
40.7
32.6
33.2
31.9
34.5
1.610
1.701
1.692
1.531
1.520
1.564
1.593
34.8 $1.382 $34.66
35.1 1.443 37. 86
1950: Average__
1951: Average—..
See footnotes at end of
H ousehold apparel
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1952
463
C: E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Lumber and wood
products (except
furniture)
Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued
Year and month
Children’s outerwear
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1950: Average____
1951: Average____
$38. 98
41.53
1951: July...............
August_____
Sep tern ber__
October____
November__
December___
1952: January____
February___
M arch_____
April..............
M ay_______
June_______
July------------
Fur goods and mis
cellaneous apparel
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Other fabricated
textile products
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Curtains and
draperies
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Textile bags
Avg. Avg
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Total: Lumber and
wood products (ex
cept furniture)
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$55. 31
59. 26
41.0
40.9
$1,349
1.449
36.5 $1.068 $43.45
36.3 1.144 45. 71
36.7 $1.184 $42.06
36.6 1. 249 44.19
38.2
37.8
$ 1.101
41.83
41. 59
41.93
40. 15
42. 37
42. 79
36.5
36.2
35.9
34.7
36.4
36.7
1.146
1.149
1.168
1. 157
1.164
1.166
43.61
46.28
46. 76
45. 68
47. 62
47.13
36.4
36.5
36.7
36.0
37.0
37.2
1.198
1.268
1.274
1. 269
1.287
1. 267
43. 48
44.03
44. 36
44. 41
44.65
45. 74
37.1
37.7
37. 5
37.6
37.9
38.6
1.172
1.168
1.183
1.181
1.178
1.185
38. 05
37. 49
37.31
37.73
38.00
39. 33
35.3
35.7
35.4
35.8
36.5
37.1
1.078
1.050
1. 054
1. 054
1.041
1.060
44.00
45.94
44.92
45. 21
46. 21
47. 60
37.8
38.9
38.0
37.9
38.8
40.0
1.164 57. 43
1.181 60. 49
1. 182 61 51
1.193 62. 32
1.191 60.86
1.190 60.18
39.8
40. 9
40.6
41.3
40.6
40.8
1.443
1.479
1.515
1.509
1.499
1. 475
43.23
44. 29
43.87
39. 87
42. 41
42. 21
43.00
36.7
37.5
37.4
35.6
37.6
36.7
37.2
1.178
1.181
1.173
43.86
43.37
44. 39
42. 32
44.12
45.20
45. 41
36.1
36.2
36.3
34.8
35.9
36.1
36.3
1. 215
1.198
1.223
1.216
1.229
1.252
1.251
45.08
44. 96
45.15
44.15
46. 38
46.15
45.71
38.3
38.1
38.2
37.1
38.3
38.3
37.9
1.177
1.180
1.182
1.190
40.81
42.32
41.92
41. 27
42.14
40.99
38.41
38.9
39.7
39.4
38.5
39.2
38.2
36.0
1.049
1.066
1.064
1.072
1.075
1.073
1.067
45. 31
45. 71
45.31
44.02
45.73
47.04
46. 81
38.4
39.0
38.4
36.5
37.0
38.0
37.9
1. 180
1.172
1.180
1.206
1. 236
1.238
1.235
40 1
40.6
40.4
40.7
41.1
42.1
40.8
1. 422
1.456
1.475
1.502
1.459
1.532
1.530
1.120
1.128
1.150
1.156
1.169 $38.37
1.211
1.205
1.206
36.3 $1. 057 $44.85
38.4 $1,168
57. 02
59.11
59. 59
61.13
59. 96
64. 50
62. 42
Manufacturing—Continued
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)—Continued
Logging camps and
contractors
Sawmills and planing mills, general
Sawmills and plan
ing mills
United States
South
West
1950: Average_____ $66.25
1951: Average_____ 71. 37
38.9 $1,703 $54.95
39. 3 1.816 58.73
40.7 $1,350 $55.53
40.5 1.450 59.58
40.5 $1,371 $38.90
40.5 1.471 41.19
42.1 $0.924 $70. 43
42.2
.976 75.85
1951: July................. 62. 55
August_____ 74.57
September__ 76. 63
October_____ 79. 99
November___ 79.38
December___ 74. 92
35.7 1.752
40.2 1.855
39. 7 1. 905
41. 9 1.909
41.3 1.922
40.0 1.873
57.46
60.29
61.06
61. 49
60. 56
59.47
39.6
40.6
40.2
40.8
40.4
40.4
1.451
1.485
1.519
1.507
1.499
1. 472
58.17
61.06
61. 95
62. 42
61.49
60.36
39.6
40.6
40. 2
40.8
40.4
40.4
1.469
1.504
1.541
1.530
1.522
1.494
40.62
41.02
41. 21
42.37
41. 75
42.03
41.7
41.9
41.8
42.8
42.3
42. 5
.974
.979
.986
.990
.987
.989
1952: January_____
February____
M arch ..........
April............ .
M ay________
June________
July-------------
39. 1 1. 623 56. 56
41.4 1. 759 58.47
40.3 1.806 58.85
40. 6 1.942 60. 37
39.3 1.721 60. 45
41.8 1. 919 64.85
40.3 1.931 62. 52
39.5
40.1
39.9
40.3
40.9
42.0
40.6
1. 432 57.25
1.458 59.16
1.475 59.43
1.498 61. 30
1.478 61.40
1.544 66.05
1. 540 63. 34
39.4
40.0
39.7
40.3
40.8
42.1
40.5
1. 453
1.479
1.497
1. 521
1.505
1.569
1.564
41.92
41.18
41.05
41.86
43.13
43.40
42.60
42.3
41.6
41.3
41.9
43.0
43.1
42.3
.991
.990
.994
.999
1.003
1.007
1.007
63. 46
72.82
72.78
78. 85
67. 64
80. 21
77.82
Millwork, plywood,
and prefabricated
stru c tu ra l wood
products
38.7 $1,820 $60.52
38.6 1. 965 64.74
43.2
42.4
$1. 401
1.527
72.38
77.57
79. 01
79. 57
78. 82
77.19
37.1 1.951
39.1 1.984
38. 6 2.047
39.1 2.035
38.6 2. 042
38.1 2.026
63.56
64. 79
66.39
66.94
62. 97
65.15
41.6
42.1
42.1
42. 5
40.6
41.9
1.528
1.539
1. 577
1. 575
1. 551
1.555
72. 67
76. 76
76. 72
78. 80
78. 32
84. 75
79.62
36. 3 2. 002
38.4 1.999
38.0 2.019
38.8 2. 031
38.3 2.045
41.0 2.067
38.5 2.068
65. 06
65.89
66. 62
66. 87
65.47
68.48
41. 6
41.7
41.9
41.9
41.7
42.8
41.6
1. 564
1.580
1. 590
1.596
1. 570
1. 600
1.587
66.02
M anufacturing—Continued
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)—Continued
Millwork
Wooden containers
Wooden boxes, other
than cigar
Furniture and fixtures
Miscellaneous wood
products
Total: Furniture
and fixtures
Household furniture
1950: Average_____ $59.05
1951: Average_____ 61.80
43.2 $1,367 $46.03
42.1 1.468 49.22
40.7 $1,311 $46. 56
41.5 1.186 49.54
41.5 $1.122 $47.07
42.2 1.174 51.28
41.4 $1.137 $53.67
42.0 1.221 57.72
41.9 $1. 281 $51. 91
41.2 1.401 54. 84
41. 9 $1. 239
40. 8 1.344
1951: Ju ly .................
August______
September___
October...........
November___
December___
60. 54
62.14
62.81
64.20
61.74
63.09
41.1
42.1
42.1
42.8
41.3
42.2
1.473
1.476
1.492
1. 500
1.495
1. 495
48.63
48. 87
49.93
50.01
49. 48
51.07
40.9
41.0
41.3
41.5
41.3
42.0
1.189
1.192
1.209
1.205
1.198
1.216
49.27
48. 74
49. 42
49. 61
49.16
50.37
41.3
41.2
41.6
41.9
41.8
42.4
1.193
1.183
1.188
1.184
1.176
1.188
50. 75
51.29
52.38
51.96
50.92
52.08
41.7 1.217
41.9 1.224
41. 9 1. 250
41.6 1.249
40.8 1.248
41.7 1.249
55.74
57.53
58. 40
58. 79
58.81
60.48
39.7
40.8
41.1
41.4
41.1
42.0
1.404
1.410
1.421
1. 420
1.431
1.440
51. 91
53. 64
55. 32
55. 94
56. 50
57. 75
38. 8
40. 0
40. 8
41. 1
41. 0
41. 7
1.338
1.341
1. 356
1.361
1.378
1.385
1952: January_____
February........
March.............
April................
M a y ......... .
Ju n e________
July.............
61.98
62.00
63.11
63. 79
64. 36
67.47
65. 23
41.4
40.9
41.3
41.5
41.9
43.5
42.0
1.497
1. 516
1.528
1. 537
1.536
1.551
1.553
48. 63
48. 64
49.37
49. 45
50.51
51.29
50.88
40.8
40.7
40.7
40.6
41.5
41.6
41.2
1.192
1.195
1.213
1. 218
1. 217
1.233
1.235
48.16
48.16
48. 79
49.64
50. 32
51.28
51.20
41.3
41.3
41.1
41.4
41.9
42.1
41.9
1.166
1.166
1.187
1.199
51.75
52. 21
52.83
52. 67
53. 51
53. 97
52. 53
41.6
41.6
41.7
41.7
41.9
42.2
41.2
59. 84
60. 26
60.67
59. 48
59.80
60.04
58.49
41.5
41.5
41.3
40.6
40.9
40.9
40.2
1. 442
1.452
1.469
1. 465
1.462
1.468
1.455
56. 46
57. 31
57. 55
56. 76
56. 84
57. 31
56. 28
41. 0
41. 2
40. 9
40. 4
40. 6
40. 7
40. 4
1. 377
1.391
1.407
1.405
1.400
1.408
1. 393
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.201
1. 218
1.222
1. 244
1. 255
1.267
1. 263
1. 277
1.279
1.275
464
MONTHLY LABOR
C: E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees
Con.
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts
F u r n i t u r e a n d f ix t u r e s — C o n t i n u e d
Y ear a n d m o n th
W o o d h o u s e h o ld
f u r n it u r e , e x c e p t
u p h o ls te r e d
W o o d h o u s e h o l d fu r n itu r e , u p h o ls te r e d
M a ttr e sse s a n d
b e d s p r in g s
T o ta l: P a p e r a n d
a llie d p r o d u c ts
O t h e r f u r n it u r e
a n d f ix t u r e s
P u lp , p ap er, a n d
p a p e r b o a r d m ills
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w K ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
1950: A v e r a g e _______ $48. 39
1951: A v e r a g e ............... 5 0 .8 8
4 2 .3
4 1 .3
$ 1 .1 4 4
1 .2 3 2
$ 5 6 .3 5
5 8 .0 3
4 1 .4
3 9 .8
$ 1 .3 6 1
1 .4 5 8
$57. 27
6 0 .3 7
4 1 .2
4 0 .3
$ 1 .3 9 0
1 .4 9 8
$58. 53
6 4 .6 9
4 1 .9
4 2 .2
$ 1 .3 9 7
1 .5 3 3
$ 6 1 .1 4
6 5 .7 7
4 3 .3
4 3 .1
$ 1 ,4 1 2
1. 526
$ 6 5 .0 6
7 1 .1 7
4 3 .9
4 4 .4
$ 1 .4 8 2
1 .6 0 3
1 951: J u l y . . . ............... ..
A u g u s t . ...............
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r ................
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
47. 50
5 0 .1 0
50. 92
5 1 .4 6
5 1 .5 8
5 2 .5 4
3 8 .9
4 0 .6
4 1 .1
4 1 .5
4 1 .3
4 1 .8
1 .2 2 1
1 .2 3 4
1 .2 3 9
1 .2 4 0
1 .2 4 9
1. 257
5 4 .3 7
55. 59
58 17
6 0 .2 3
6 1 .3 9
65. 33
3 7 .6
3 8 .5
4 0 .2
4 1 .0
4 1 .2
4 2 .7
1 .4 4 6
1 .4 4 4
1 .4 4 7
1. 469
1 .4 9 0
1 .5 3 0
58. 84
57. 97
6 2 .2 3
62. 09
6 3 .1 5
6 3 .0 8
3 9 .2
3 9 .3
4 0 .7
4 0 .5
4 0 .4
4 0 .8
1 .5 0 1
1. 475
1 .5 2 9
1 .5 3 3
1 .6 6 3
1. 546
6 4 .3 0
65. 92
6 5 .3 2
65. 30
6 4 .4 9
6 7 .0 7
4 1 .7
4 2 .5
4 1 .9
4 2 .1
4 1 .5
4 2 .8
1 .5 4 2
1. 551
1. 559
1. 551
1 .5 5 4
1. 567
6 5 .4 4
6 4 .8 4
65. 57
65. 32
6 5 .6 4
6 6 .6 8
4 2 .8
4 2 .6
4 2 .8
4 2 .5
4 2 .4
4 2 .8
1 .5 2 9
1 .5 2 2
1 .5 3 2
1 .5 3 7
1 .5 4 8
1. 558
7 1 .7 3
7 0 .3 8
7 1 .2 9
7 1 .1 5
7 1 .3 1
7 2 .2 2
4 4 .5
4 4 .1
4 4 .2
4 4 .0
4 3 .8
4 4 .2
1 .6 1 2
1 .5 9 6
1 .6 1 3
1 .6 1 7
1 .6 2 8
1 .6 3 4
1952: J a n u a r y _____
F e b r u a r y ______
M a r c h ..................
A p r i l _______ __
M a y _______ __
J u n e _________ __
J u l y ____________
5 1 .8 7
5 2 .3 7
5 1 .8 9
51. 56
5 1 .6 5
5 1 .8 2
51. 46
4 1 .4
4 1 .5
4 0 .7
4 0 .6
4 0 .8
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
1 .2 5 3
1. 262
1 .2 7 5
1 .2 7 0
1 .2 8 6
1 .2 6 7
1. 255
5 9 .1 2
6 2 .3 4
6 3 .2 8
62. 42
6 1 .9 7
6 3 .2 7
6 0 .8 2
3 9 .6
4 0 .8
4 1 .2
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
4 0 .9
3 9 .7
1 .4 9 3
1. 528
1. 536
1. 545
1. 534
1 .5 4 7
1 .5 3 2
6 3 .4 5
63. 78
6 4 .3 9
62. 92
6 2 .7 6
64. 50
6 2 .4 8
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
3 9 .9
3 9 .9
4 0 .8
4 0 .0
1 .5 5 9
1 .5 6 7
1 .5 8 2
1. 577
1 .5 7 3
1 .5 8 1
1 .5 6 2
67. 85
67. 22
6 7 .9 4
6 5 .9 7
6 6 .6 5
6 6 .4 5
6 4 .0 0
4 2 .7
4 2 .2
4 2 .2
4 1 .1
4 1 .5
4 1 .4
3 9 .8
1 .5 8 9
1. 593
1 .6 1 0
1 .6 0 5
1 .6 0 6
1 .6 0 5
1 .6 0 8
6 6 .3 9
66. 57
6 7 .4 8
65. 33
6 6 . 34
6 7 .7 6
6 8 .4 8
4 2 .5
4 2 .4
4 2 .6
4 1 .4
4 1 .8
4 2 .4
4 2 .3
1 .5 6 2
1. 570
1 .5 8 4
1 .5 7 8
1 .5 8 7
1 .5 9 8
1 .6 1 9
7 1 .2 9
7 1 .6 8
7 2 .9 3
69. 88
7 1 .0 1
7 2 .9 2
7 4 .0 9
4 3 .6
4 3 .6
4 3 .8
4 2 .2
4 2 .6
4 3 .3
4 3 .3
1 .6 3 5
1. 644
1 .6 6 5
1. 656
1 .6 6 7
1 .6 8 4
1 .7 1 1
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
P r in tin g , p u b lis h in g , a n d a llie d in d u s tr ie s
P a p e r a n d a l li e d p r o d u c t s - - C o n t i n u e d
Paperboard con
t a in e r s a n d b o x e s
O th e r p a p e r a n d
a llie d p r o d u c ts
T o ta l: P r in tin g , p u b
l i s h i n g , a n d a l li e d
in d u s tr ie s
Books
P e r io d ic a l s
N ew sp ap ers
1950: A v e r a g e _______ $ 5 7 .9 6
1951: A v e r a g e _______ 60. 65
4 3 .0
4 1 .8
$ 1 ,3 4 8
1 .4 5 1
$ 5 5 .4 8
5 9 .7 3
4 2 .0
4 1 .8
$ 1 .3 2 1
1. 429
$ 7 2 .9 8
7 6 .0 5
3 8 .8
3 8 .8
$1. 881
1 .9 6 0
$ 8 0 .0 0
83. 34
3 6 .9
3 6 .6
$ 2 .1 6 8
2 .2 7 7
$ 7 4 .1 8
7 9 .2 8
3 9 .5
3 9 .8
$ 1 .8 7 8
1 .9 9 2
$ 6 4 .0 8
6 7 .4 8
3 9 .1
3 9 .6
$ 1 .6 3 9
1 .7 0 4
1951: J u l y __________
A u g u s t ________
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r _____
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
58. 59
5 8 .9 2
5 9 .1 2
5 8 .9 3
59. 49
60. 77
4 0 .6
4 0 .8
4 1 .0
4 0 .7
4 0 .8
4 1 .2
1 .4 4 3
1 .4 4 4
1 .4 4 2
1 .4 4 8
1 .4 5 8
1 .4 7 5
5 8 .9 5
5 9 .3 9
5 9 .7 8
5 9 .6 0
5 9 .8 0
60. 76
4 1 .4
4 1 .5
4 1 .6
4 1 .3
4 1 .1
4 1 .5
1 .4 2 4
1 .4 3 1
1 .4 3 7
1 .4 4 3
1 .4 5 5
1. 464
75. 50
75. 54
77. 69
7 6 .2 7
7 7 .0 9
79. 43
3 8 .6
3 8 .7
3 9 .2
3 8 .6
3 8 .7
3 9 .4
1 .9 5 6
1 .9 5 2
1 .9 8 2
1. 976
1 .9 9 2
2 .0 1 6
8 2 .3 6
8 2 .2 9
8 5 .1 3
8 4 .5 9
8 5 .5 1
8 8 .6 5
3 6 .3
3 6 .3
3 6 .9
3 6 .7
3 6 .7
3 7 .5
2. 269
2. 267
2 .3 0 7
2 .3 0 5
2 .3 3 0
2. 364
7 9 .6 4
8 0 .3 2
8 3 .2 3
8 0 .0 7
8 0 .4 8
8 0 .1 1
3 9 .7
4 0 .0
4 0 .7
3 9 .7
3 9 .8
3 9 .5
2 .0 0 6
2 .0 0 8
2 .0 4 5
2 .0 1 7
2 .0 2 2
2 .0 2 8
6 6 .2 0
68. 28
68. 69
6 6 .3 1
6 6 .6 8
6 8 .0 3
3 9 .1
4 0 .0
4 0 .1
3 9 .4
3 9 .2
3 9 .6
1 .6 9 3
1 .7 0 7
1 .7 1 3
1. 683
1 .7 0 1
1. 718
1952: J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h _________
A p r i l _______ . .
M a y _____ _____
J u n e ____
J u l y ____________
6 1 .2 5
6 1 .1 3
61. 57
6 0 .1 8
6 1 .8 3
6 3 .1 6
6 3 .7 1
4 1 .3
4 1 .0
4 1 .1
4 0 .2
4 1 .0
4 1 .8
4 1 .4
1 .4 8 3
1 .4 9 1
1 .4 9 8
1 .4 9 7
1 .5 0 8
1 .5 1 1
1 .5 3 9
60. 90
6 0 .6 4
6 1 .5 9
6 0 .6 5
6 0 .6 1
6 1 .0 5
6 1 .2 4
4 1 .4
4 1 .0
4 1 .5
4 0 .9
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
4 1 .1
1 .4 7 1
1. 479
1 .4 8 4
1 .4 8 3
1 .4 8 2
1 .4 8 9
1 .4 9 0
7 7 .2 8
7 7 .6 4
7 9 .0 6
78. 23
79. 86
8 0 .0 4
79. 54
3 8 .6
3 8 .4
3 8 .7
3 8 .2
3 8 .6
3 8 .8
3 8 .5
2 .0 0 2
2. 022
2 .0 4 3
2 .0 4 8
2 .0 6 9
2 .0 6 3
2 .0 6 6
8 3 .1 3
8 4 .1 9
84. 55
8 5 .0 2
87. 42
8 7 .2 7
86 . 21
3 5 .8
3 6 .1
3 6 .1
3 6 .1
3 6 .5
3 6 .5
3 6 .1
2 .3 2 2
2 .3 3 2
2 .3 4 2
2. 355
2. 395
2. 391
2. 388
7 8 .6 7
8 1 .6 9
8 4 .2 4
8 0 .9 9
8 1 .8 5
8 2 .9 0
84. 53
3 9 .1
4 0 .2
4 0 .5
3 9 .2
3 9 .6
4 0 .4
4 0 .7
2 .0 1 2
2. 0.32
2 .0 8 0
2. 066
2. 067
2. 052
2. 077
6 8 .1 9
68. 56
6 9 .3 6
6 9 .6 8
7 0 .5 4
70. 37
68. 87
3 9 .3
3 9 .0
3 9 .3
3 9 .1
3 9 .3
3 9 .8
3 8 .8
1 .7 3 5
1. 758
1 .7 6 5
1 .7 8 2
1 .7 9 5
1 .7 6 8
1 .7 7 5
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts
P r in tin g , p u b lis h in g , a n d a llie d in d u s t r ie s — C o n tin u e d
u o m m o r c ia i p r in tin g
ijitn o g r a p n m g
O th e r p r in tin g a n d
p u b lis h in g
T o ta l: C h e m ic a ls
a n d a l li e d p r o d u c t s
I n d u s t r i a l i n o r g a n ic
c h e m i c a ls
I n d u s t r i a l o r g a n ic
c h e m i c a ls
1950: A v e r a g e _______ $ 7 2 .3 4
1951: A v e r a g e _______
7 5 .3 6
3 9 .9
4 0 .0
$ 1 ,8 1 3
1 .8 8 4
$ 7 3 .0 4
7 5 .9 9
4 0 .0
4 0 .1
$ 1 ,8 2 6
1 .8 9 5
$ 6 5 .1 8
6 7 .4 2
3 9 .1
3 9 .2
$1. 667
1. 720
$ 6 2 .6 7
6 8 .2 2
4 1 .5
4 1 .8
$ 1 ,5 1 0
1 .6 3 2
$ 6 7 .8 9
7 5 .1 3
4 0 .9
4 1 .6
$ 1 ,6 6 0
1 .8 0 6
$65. 69
71. 62
4 0 .6
4 0 .9
$ 1 .6 1 8
1 .7 5 1
1951: J u l y ___________
A u g u s t .................
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r ................
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
7 4 .8 6
74. 77
76. 99
7 5 .1 3
7 6 .5 7
78. 75
3 9 .8
3 9 .9
4 0 .5
3 9 .5
3 9 .9
40. 7
1 .8 8 1
1 .8 7 4
1 .9 0 1
1 .9 0 2
1 .9 1 9
1. 935
76. 42
7 7 .0 9
7 7 .8 1
7 5 .9 6
7 5 .5 6
78. 47
4 0 .2
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
4 0 .0
3 9 .6
4 0 .7
1 .9 0 1
1 .9 1 3
1 .9 2 6
1. 899
1 .9 0 8
1. 928
6 6 .4 4
6 5 .9 6
6 7 .7 0
67. 22
6 6 .9 9
69. 38
3 8 .9
3 8 .8
3 9 .2
3 8 .9
3 8 .7
3 9 .6
1. 708
1 .7 0 0
1 .7 2 7
1 .7 2 8
1 .7 3 1
1. 752
6 9 .0 1
6 8 .1 8
6 8 .4 3
6 8 .1 8
6 8 .7 2
6 9 .1 0
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
4 1 .7
4 1 .8
4 1 .8
4 1 .8
1 .6 5 9
1 .6 4 3
1. 641
1 .6 3 1
1 .6 4 4
1 .6 5 3
76. 36
7 6 .0 3
7 6 .1 3
76. 45
7 6 .3 6
7 5 .8 9
4 2 .0
4 2 .1
4 1 .6
4 1 .8
4 1 .5
4 1 .0
1 .8 1 8
1 .8 0 6
1 .8 3 0
1 .8 2 9
1 .8 4 0
1 .8 5 1
7 3 .0 6
7 1 .6 7
7 2 .5 4
7 1 .1 7
7 1 .6 3
7 2 .4 5
4 1 .3
4 1 .0
4 0 .8
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
4 0 .7
1 .7 6 9
1 .7 4 8
1 .7 7 8
1. 766
1 .7 7 3
1 .7 8 0
1952: J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y ______
M a r c h _________
A p r i l ................. ..
M a y ___________
J u n e ..
_ _
J u l y ____________
7 8 .1 8
77. 26
7 9 .5 5
78. 21
79. 96
8 0 .8 0
8 0 .6 8
4 0 .3
3 9 .7
4 0 .3
3 9 .5
4 0 .0
4 0 .3
4 0 .3
1 .9 4 0
1 .9 4 6
1 .9 7 4
1 .9 8 0
1 .9 9 9
2 .0 0 5
2 .0 0 2
7 6 .4 0
77. 14
7 8 .9 6
7 7 .9 3
7 9 .4 8
8 1 .2 4
82. 53
3 9 .2
3 9 .1
3 9 .6
3 9 .2
3 9 .6
4 0 .0
4 0 .2
1 .9 4 9
1 .9 7 3
1 .9 9 4
1 .9 8 8
2 .0 0 7
2 .0 3 1
2. 053
6 8 .9 9
68. 84
7 0 .7 1
69. 45
6 9 .7 4
6 8 .4 9
6 7 .6 5
3 9 .4
3 8 .5
3 9 .0
3 8 .5
3 8 .7
3 8 .5
3 7 .9
1 .7 5 1
1 .7 8 8
1 .8 1 3
1 .8 0 4
1 .8 0 2
1 .7 7 9
1 .7 8 5
6 9 .0 6
6 8 .8 1
6 9 .1 8
69. 09
6 9 .7 3
70. 52
6 9 .8 1
4 1 .6
4 1 .4
4 1 .3
4 1 .0
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
4 0 .4
1 .6 6 0
1 .6 6 2
1 .6 7 5
1 .6 8 5
1 .7 0 5
1 .7 2 0
1 .7 2 8
76.
75.
75.
76.
76.
77.
77.
4 1 .3
4 0 .9
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
4 0 .9
4 1 .1
4 1 .0
1 .8 5 8
1 .8 4 5
1 .8 6 0
1 .8 6 7
1 .8 7 1
1 .8 8 6
1 .8 9 4
7 2 .1 1
72. 02
7 2 .5 4
73. 20
7 3 .6 7
7 3 .9 5
7 3 .7 4
4 0 .4
4 0 .3
4 0 .3
4 0 .2
4 0 .3
4 0 .3
4 0 .1
1 .7 8 5
1. 787
1 .8 0 0
1.8 2 1
1 .8 2 8
1 .8 3 5
1 .8 3 9
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
74
46
70
55
52
51
65
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1952
T able
465
C: E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Chemicals and allied products—Continued
Year and month
Plastics, except syn
thetic rubber
Avg.
wkly
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
$65.54
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Synthetic rubber
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Synthetic fibers
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Drugs and medicines
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Paints, pigments,
and fillers
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Fertilizers
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
42.3 $ 1,532 $47.00
41.9 1.643 52.16
41.3
42.2
$1 138
1.236
1951: Average.
72.66
41.8 $ 1,568 $71. 93
42.0 1.730 78.31
40.8 $1,763 $58. 40
41.0 1.910 62.76
39.3 $ 1,486 $59. 59
39.4 1.593 62.51
40.9 $ 1. 457 $64.80
41.1
1.521 68.84
1951: July________
73. 91
72.36
74. 65
72. 36
73.49
73.61
42.6
41.9
42.5
41.3
41.4
41.4
1.735
1.727
1.754
1.752
1.775
1.778
79.32
79.12
78.44
76.86
80. 42
81.20
41.1
41.1
40.6
40.2
41.2
41.6
1. 930
1.925
1.932
1.912
1.952
1.952
63.32
62.53
63.54
62.86
63.10
63.91
39.5
39.4
39.1
38.9
38.9
39.4
1.603
1.587
1. 625
1.616
1.622
1.622
61.63
62.00
61.90
63. 51
63.59
63.67
40 2
40. 6
40 3
41 0
41.0
41.0
1.533
1.527
1. 536
1.549
1.551
1.553
68.84
68.35
67.86
68.56
69.85
70.27
41.8
41.7
41.0
41.2
41.6
41.9
1.647
1.639
1.655
1.664
1.679
1.677
54.36
52. 67
54.02
52.92
53.09
54.95
42.6
41.8
42.4
41.9
41.9
42.6
1.276
1.266
1.274
1.263
1.267
1.290
73.86
72.69
73.36
72 . 54
73.83
75.11
74.64
41.4
40.7
40.8
40.3
40.5
41.0
40.7
1.784
1. 786
1.798
1.800
1.823
1.832
1.834
78.86
77. 62
77.84
78.83
76.75
79.03
78. 53
40.4
40.3
40.0
40.2
39.2
40.2
39.8
1.952
1.926
1.946
1.961
1.958
1.966
1.973
63. 38
64.06
65.18
67.28
66.02
65.93
66.11
39.0
39.4
39.6
40.0
39.7
39.6
39.9
1. 625
1. 626
1.646
1.682
1.663
1.665
1.657
64 . 25
64.93
64.55
63.00
62 . 37
62.09
59. 63
40.9
41.2
40.8
40.0
39.3
39.1
37.6
1.571
1. 576
1.582
1.575
1.587
1.588
1.586
69.63
69.41
70.66
69.89
71.34
71.59
70.82
41.3
41.0
41.3
40.8
41.6
41.5
41.1
1.686
1.693
1.711
1.713
1.715
1.725
1.723
54.23
53.76
54.23
57.14
56.31
57.58
56.62
42.2
42.1
42.7
44.4
42.5
43.0
42.1
1.285
1. 277
1.270
1.287
1.325
1.339
1. 345
August______
September___
October..........
December.
1952: January...
M arch.
A pril...
M a y ...
June__
July__
Manufacturing—Continued
Chemicals and allied products—Continued
Vegetable and ani
mal oils and fats
Other chemicals and
allied products
Products of petroleum and coal
Soap and glycerin
Total: Products of
petroleum and coal
1950: Average____
1951: Average____
$53.46
58.60
45.5 $1.175 $64.41
46.0 1. 274 69.31
41.5 $1.552 $71.81
41.7 1.662 77.11
41.7 $1.722 $75.01
41.5
1.858 81.30
1951: July...............
61.59
59.81
58.43
58. 82
58. 95
59.65
44.5
44.4
47.7
49.1
48.6
48.3
1.384
1.347
1.225
1.198
1.213
1.235
68.68
68.19
69. 22
69. 55
70.47
70.72
41.4
41.3
41.4
41.4
41.6
41.5
1.659
1.651
1.672
1.680
1.694
1.704
76.40
75.91
76.86
77. 39
79.25
79.06
40.9
40.9
41.1
41.1
41.6
41.2
1.868
1.856
1.870
1.883
1.905
1.919
59. 53
58.79
59.16
60. 08
61.20
62. 52
61.93
47.4
46.4
45.4
44.7
43.9
44.5
43.8
1.256
1. 267
1.303
1.344
1.394
1.405
1.414
70.38
70.46
70.71
69. 69
70. 49
71.41
70.53
41.4
41.3
41.3
40.8
41.1
41.3
40.7
1.700
1. 706
1.712
1. 708
1.715
1.729
1.733
77.79
77.93
78.65
77.80
78. 50
79. 26
80.25
40.9
40.8
40.9
40.5
40.8
40.5
40.9
1.902
1.910
1.923
1.921
1.924
1.957
1.962
August..........
Septem ber..
October____
November ...
Decem ber__
1952: January........
February___
M arch..........
April.............
M ay_______
June_______
July________
Petroleum refining
Coke and byproducts
40.9 $1,834 $77.93
41.0 1.983 84.70
40.4 $ 1,929 $62.85
40.7 2.081 69.47
39.7
39.9
$1.583
84.06
80.55
83.21
81.72
81.28
82.94
41.8
40.6
41.4
40.9
40.7
41.2
2.011
1.984
2.010
1.998
1.997
2.013
87.94
83.70
86.60
84.68
84.89
87.14
41.6
40.2
41.1
40.4
40.6
41.3
2.114
2.082
2.107
2.096
2.091
2.110
70.88
68.77
70. 62
69.20
69.32
70.35
40.5
39.5
39.9
39.7
39.5
40.2
1.750
1.741
1.770
1.743
1.765
1.750
82.66
82.09
82.09
82.34
75.22
85.19
87.75
40.9
40.8
40.7
40.5
37.2
40.9
41.1
2.021
2.012
2.017
2.033
2.022
2.083
2.135
86.67
85.63
85.50
85. 68
76. 58
88. 21
90.78
41.0
40.7
40.5
40.3
35.7
40.5
40.6
2.114
2. 104
2.111
2.126
2.145
2.178
2.236
70.05
70. 46
69.48
68.53
65.25
65.87
69.62
39.6
39.9
39.5
38.5
36.8
36.8
38.7
1.769
1. 766
1.759
1. 780
1.773
1.790
1.799
1.741
M anufacturing—Con tin ued
Products of petro
leum and coal—Con.
Other petroleum and
coal products
Total: Rubber
products
1950: Average........... $66. 78
1951: Average........... 69.09
44.7 $ 1.494 $64. 42
43.7 1.581 68.70
1961; July____ ____
69.09
70.68
72. 44
72. 74
67.37
64.75
43.7
44.4
44.8
44.9
42.4
41.4
1.681
1.592
1. 617
1.620
1.589
1.564
70.81
69.52
70.18
68.67
69.46
73.91
41.0
40.7
40.9
40.3
40.5
41.2
1.727
1.708
1.716
1.704
1.715
1.794
1952: January............ 64.88
February____ 67.43
March.............. 68.95
April________ 70. 54
M ay________ 75. 41
June_________ 74.73
July______ . 75.88
41.3
42.3
42.8
43.3
45.4
45.4
45.6
1. 571
1.594
1.611
1.629
1.661
1.646
1.664
74.19
73.31
72.58
71.40
73.47
75. 30
73.71
40.9
40.5
40.3
39.6
40.5
41.1
40.3
1.814
1.810
1.801
1.803
1.814
1.832
1.829
August______
September___
October______
N ovem ber___
December____
See footnote a t end of table.
2 2 2 7 7 5 — 5 2 ------------ 7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Leather and leather
products
Rubber products
Tires and inner
tubes
40.9 $1.575 $72.48
40.6 1.692 77.93
Rubber footwear
Other rubber
products
39.8 $1.821 $52.21
39.6 1.968 57.81
40.1 $1,302 $59. 76
41.0 1.410 63.26
83.67
82.07
81. 64
78.76
80.27
86.26
41.4
41.2
40.9
39.9
40.5
41.0
2.021
1.992
1.996
1.974
1.982
2.104
54.68
57.04
55.94
56.16
56.64
59.95
39.0
40.8
40.1
40.0
40.2
40.7
1.402
1.398
1.395
1.404
1. 4C9
1.473
86.99
85.75
83.46
81.90
84.96
88.22
87.11
40.9
40.6
39.8
39.3
40.4
41.4
40.8
2.127
2.112
2.097
2. 084
2.103
2.131
2.135
60.27
60.46
61.51
59. 42
60. 69
61.35
58.19
40.1
39.8
40.2
39.3
39.9
40.2
39.0
1.503
1. 519
1.530
1.512
1.521
1.526
1.492
Total: Leather and
leather products
42.2 $1,416 $44.56
41.4 1.528 47.10
37.6
37.0
$1. 18A
63.29
61.42
63.06
62.68
62.36
65.45
41.1
40.3
41.0
40.7
40.6
41.5
1.540
1.524
1. 538
1.540
1.536
1. 577
47.12
46.19
45. 92
45.31
45.85
48.61
37.1
36.4
35.9
35.4
35.6
37.8
1.270
1.268
1.279
1.280
1.288
1.286
65.63
64.43
64.83
63 . 68
65.32
65.81
62.88
41.2
40.6
40.8
39.9
40.8
41.0
40.0
1.593
1. 587
1.589
1.596
1.601
1.605
1.572
49. 54
50. 19
50.46
48. 53
48.90
50. 48
50.28
38.4
38.7
38.7
37.1
37.3
38.3
38.5
1.290
1. 297
1.304
1.308
1.311
1.318
1. 306
1.273
466
MONTHLY LABOR
C: E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees
Con.
M anufacturing—C ontinued
Stone, clay, and glass products
Leather and leather products—Continued
Year and m onth
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1980: A verage—
1961: Average—
Footw ear (except
rubber)
Leather
$57. 21
60. 41
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
39. 7 $1,441 $41. 99
39.1 1. 545 44.10
Other leather
products
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
36.9 $1.138 $44. 85
36.0 1. 225 48.16
Glass and glass
products
T otal: Stone, clay,
and glass products
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. w kly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
38. 6 $1.165 $59. 20
38.5 1.251 64. 94
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. w kly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
41.2 $1. 437 $61. 58
41.6 1. 561 65. 81
Glass containers
Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. Avg.
kly.
earn earn w
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
40.3 $1. 528 $56.36
40.2 1.637 60.67
39.8
40.1
$1,416
1. 513
1951: J u ly .............
A ugust___
Septem ber.
O ctober___
N ovem ber.
D ecem ber..
59. 44
5« 94
58.94
60. 37
69.98
61.11
38. 5
38.1
38.3
38.9
38.3
38.9
1. 544
1. 547
1. 539
1.552
1.566
1.571
44.39
43. 29
42. 73
41.83
41.93
45. 57
36.3
35.4
34.6
33.9
33.9
36.9
1.223
1.223
1. 235
1.234
1.237
1.235
47. 85
47. 88
48.04
47.08
48. 79
50.17
38.4
38.3
38.1
37.6
38.6
39.5
1.246
1. 250
1.261
1.252
1.264
1.270
65. 04
64. 74
65. 74
65. 93
65.03
65.30
41.4
41. 5
41.5
41.7
40.9
41.2
1. 571
1.560
1. 584
1.581
1.590
1. 585
67.14
63.19
65.40
65. 67
65.50
66. 28
40.4
39.2
39.3
39.8
39.2
40.0
1.662
1.612
1.664
1.650
1.671
1.657
61. 44
58. 45
59. 40
61.21
62.22
64.48
40. 5
39.1
38.4
39.9
40.3
41.6
1. 517
1. 495
1. 547
1. 534
1.544
1.550
1952: Ja n u a ry __
F e b ru a ry —
M arch ____
A pril_____
M a y _____
J u n e ______
J u ly ---------
61 82
61 78
fil 78
6L 61
62 17
64 60
64.15
39.1
39. 0
39 0
38. 8
39.1
40. 2
39.5
1.581
1. 584
1.584
1. 588
1. 590
1.607
1.624
47. 52
48. 52
49.15
46. 57
46. 63
48.49
48.18
38.2
38.6
38.7
36.7
36.8
38.0
38.3
1.244
1. 257
1.270
1. 269
1.267
1.276
1. 258
48.92
49.17
48.80
47. 66
48. 42
48.78
49.15
38.7
38.9
38.7
37.5
37.8
38.2
38.7
1.264
1.264
1.261
1.271
1.281
1.277
1.270
64. 35
65. 23
65.76
64. 88
65.85
65.97
65.12
40.6
41.0
41.1
40.5
41.0
40.8
40.2
1.585
1. 591
1.600
1.602
1.606
1.617
1.620
64.14
65. 54
66.59
65.16
66. 78
66.89
65.42
38.8
39.6
39.9
38.9
39.8
39.3
38.1
1.653
1. 655
1.669
1.675
1.678
1.702
1.717
60.92
60. 76
61.89
60. 76
61.70
61.58
62.01
39.2
39.1
39.6
38.6
39.4
39.0
39.2
1.554
1. 554
1.563
1. 574
1. 566
1. 579
1.582
M anufacturing—C ontinued
Stone, clay, and glass products—C ontinued
Pressed and blown
glass
1950: Average.
1951: Average.
$53. 71
57. 50
C em ent, hydraulic
39.7 $1.353 $60.13
39.9 1.441 65.17
Structural clay
products
41.7 $1.442 $54.19
41.8 1.559 61.01
Brick and hollow
tile
40.5 $1.338 $53. 75
41.5 1.470 58. 09
P ottery and related
products
Sewer pipe
42.9 $1,253 $52.17
42.9 1.354 58.19
39.7 $1,314 $52.16
40.1 1.451 57. 65
37.5
38.1
$1.391
1.513
D ecem ber..
60.16
56. 56
58 23
56. 64
56 70
58. 76
40.9
39.5
39 8
39.2
38.6
40.3
1.471
1.432
1. 463
1.445
1.469
1.458
65.78
66. 72
67. 01
66.56
65. 64
65. 27
41.4
42.2
41.8
42.1
41.7
41.6
1.589
1.581
1.603
1. 581
1.574
1.569
60.96
61.63
61.98
63. 34
61.98
62.13
41.5
41.9
41.4
42.2
41.4
41.5
1.469
1.471
1.497
1.501
1.497
1.497
58. 49
58.71
58. 58
59. 91
57.34
57. 92
43.2
43.2
42.7
43.6
42.1
42.4
1.354
1.359
1.372
1.374
1.362
1.366
55.57
59.30
59.41
62.10
61.11
60. 25
38.7
40.7
39.5
41.1
40.5
39.9
1.436
1.457
1.504
1.511
1.509
1.510
55.37
57.04
56. 93
58. 06
58. 79
59.40
36.5
37.4
37.3
37.8
38.0
38.2
1.517
1.525
1.527
1.536
1.547
1.555
1952: Jan u a ry ___
F e b ru a ry ...
M arch ____
A pril_____
M a y ______
'
J u n e ______
Ju ly ______
58 12
59 99
60 51
59 30
60. 33
60. 50
57.73
39.4
40. 7
40.5
39. 3
39.9
39.8
37.2
1.475
1.474
1.494
1. 509
1.512
1.520
1. 552
65.05
65. 81
65.27
65.89
66. 31
66.13
68.10
41.3
42.0
41.6
41.6
41.6
41.2
42.3
1. 575
1. 567
1.569
1. 584
1. 594
1.605
1.610
61.21
60. 48
60. 41
59. 70
59.79
60.52
59.84
41.0
40.7
40.6
40.2
40.1
40.4
40.0
1.493
1.486
1.488
1.485
1. 491
1.498
1.496
55. 62
56. 22
56.63
57.11
58. 39
59.75
58.80
41.2
41.8
41.7
41.9
42.9
43.2
42.7
1.350
1.345
1.358
1.363
1. 361
1.383
1.377
58.37
56. 76
59.09
60. 39
53. 04
58.97
58. 56
39.2
38.3
39.5
40.1
35.6
39.0
38.3
1.489
1.482
1.496
1.506
1.490
1.512
1. 529
58.97
60. 92
61.86
60.40
60.88
59.94
58.03
37.8
39.0
39.3
38.3
38.8
38.2
36.8
1.560
1. 562
1.574
1. 577
1.569
1.569
1.577
1951: J u ly ............
A ugust____
Septernber.
O ctober___
November.
M anufacturing—C ontinued
Prim ary m etal industries
Stone, clay, a n d glass products—Continued
Concrete, gypsum,
and plaster products
Concrete products
45.0 $1.392 $61.15
45.4 1.506 67.41
O ther stone, clay,
a nd glass products
43.9 $1. 393 $60. 94
45.0 1.498 67. 67
T otal: P rim ary
m etal industries
41.4 $1. 472 $67. 24
41.8 1.619 75.12
B last furnaces, steel
works, a nd rolling
mills
40.8 $1. 648 $67. 47
41.5 1.810 77.06
39.9 $1. 691 $65.32
40.9 1.884 71.95
41.9
42.4
$1. 559
1.697
1.903
1.872
1.920
1.876
1.890
1.896
70. 22
70. 85
71.82
72.24
71.37
73.69
41.6
41.9
42.1
42.0
41.4
42.4
1.688
1.691
1.706
1.720
1.724
1.738
1.910
1.885
1.892
1.876
1.884
1.920
1.946
72.86
72.32
72.02
71.00
72.02
72. 31
68.73
41.8
41.3
40.9
40. 6
40.9
40.9
d9. Ö
1.743
1. 751
1.761
1.753
1.761
1.768
1.740
1950: Average__
1951: Average__
$62. 64
68.37
1951: J u ly _____
A ugust___
September.
O c to b e r...
N ovem ber.
D ecem ber.
69.14
70.34
70 71
70. 82
69.06
67.98
45.7
46.4
46. 4
46.2
44.9
44.4
1.513
1. 516
1. 524
1.533
1.538
1.531
69.07
69. 49
69.89
70.12
68.67
68.36
46.2
45.9
46.1
46.1
45.0
44.8
1.495
1. 514
1. 516
1.521
1.526
1.526
67. 32
67.93
68. 35
67. 81
66.94
67.73
41.4
41.7
41.7
41.4
40.4
41.1
1.626
1.629
1. 639
1.638
1.657
1.648
74. 76
73.70
75. 79
74. 82
75.23
77.73
41.1
40.9
41.3
41.2
41.2
42.2
1.819
1.802
1.835
1.816
1.826
1.842
77.64
75.25
78. 72
75.79
77.49
79.44
40.8
40.2
41.0
40.4
41.0
41.9
1952: J a n u a ry . . .
F eb ru ary —
M arch ___
A p ril____
M a y ........ .
J u n e _____
J u ly _____
67. 49
68. 44
67.83
69. 22
70. 24
71. 41
70.65
44.4
44. 5
44.1
44.6
45.2
45.4
45.0
1.520
1. 538
1.538
1. 552
1. 554
1.573
1.570
66.66
68. 75
66.14
68.11
69.89
72.81
70.63
44.5
45.2
43.6
44.4
45.5
46.7
45.6
1.498
1. 521
1.517
1. 534
1.536
1.559
1.549
67.52
68.46
69. 45
67.69
68. 57
68. 22
67.30
40.6
40.7
41.0
40.1
40.5
40.2
39.8
1.663
1.682
1.694
1. 688
1.693
1.697
1.691
76. 86
75. 85
76.55
71. 53
72.17
71.21
71. 59
41.5
41.2
41.4
39.0
39.2
38.7
39.1
1.852
1.841
1.849
1.834
1.841
1.840
1.831
77.93
76.53
78.33
70.16
70. 46
61.82
70.06
40.8
40. 6
41.4
37.4
37.4
32.2
36.0
8ee footnotes a t end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Iron and steel
foundries
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1952
467
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees1—Con.
M anufacturing—C ontinued
Prim ary metal industries--C ontinued
G ray-iron foundries
Year and m onth
Avg.
wkly. wAvg.
kly.
earn hours
ings
1950: A v e ra g e _____ $65. 06
1951: Average........ . 70.01
M alleable-iron
foundries
Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly.
earn earn
ings
ings
Avg.
w kly.
hours
Steel foundries
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn
ings
ings
42.3 $1. 538 $65. 46
42. 2 1.659 71.98
41.3 $1. 585 $65. 43
41.9 1.718 75. 68
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
P r im a ry sm eltin g
and refining of
nonferrous metals
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
P r im a ry sm eltin g
and refining of
copper, lead, and
zinc
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
41.1 $1. 592 $63. 71
43.1 1.756 70.13
41.0 $1. 554 $62. 37
41.4 1.694 69. 34
P rim ary refining of
alum inum
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn
ings
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
40.9 $1. 525 $63.97
41.3 1.679 70. 92
40.9
41.6
$1. 564
1.709
Avg.
w kly.
hours
1951: J u l y . . . ........ .
A ugust______
S eptem ber___
October . . ._
N ovem ber___
D ecem ber____
68.15
68.81
68.93
69.47
68.96
70.43
41.3
41. 5
41.4
41. 4
41.0
41.6
1.650
1.658
1.665
1.678
1.682
1.693
69. 37
71.39
71.84
71. 69
70. 79
72.99
40.9
41.6
41.5
41. 2
40.5
41.4
1 696
1.716
1.731
1. 740
1.748
1.763
74. 45
74.99
76.33
76. 64
76.37
79. 56
42.3
42.9
43.2
43.2
43.0
44.1
1.760
1.748
1.767
1.774
1.776
1.804
69.90
70. 46
68.64
70. 47
69.95
71.58
40.9
41.4
40.4
41.6
41.1
41.4
1.709
1.702
1.699
1.694
1.702
1.729
68. 26
69. 84
67.31
70.01
69.17
72.44
40.2
41.4
39.9
41.6
41.1
41.8
1.698
1.687
1.687
1.683
1.683
1.733
72. 93
71.39
71.05
72.24
71.70
69.12
42.4
41.6
41.5
42.1
41.3
40.4
1.720
1.716
1.712
1.716
1.736
1.711
1952: J a n u a ry ___ _
70. 59
41.4
40.3
40.6
40.0
40.0
39.7
38.5
1.705
1. 706
1.715
1.715
1.720
1.718
1.672
70.79
70. 09
68.85
68. 58
71.18
72.10
64.81
40.2
39.8
38.9
38.7
39.7
39.9
36.7
1.761
1. 761
1.770
1.772
1.793
1.807
1.766
77.01
78. 78
76.97
75. 20
76.97
79. 24
77. 25
42.9
43.5
42.2
41.8
42.5
43.3
42.4
1.795
1.811
1.824
1.799
1.811
1.830
1.822
73.54
73.17
74.03
73. 33
74. 41
74.52
75.66
41.5
41.6
41.8
41.5
41.9
41.7
41.8
1.772
1. 759
1.771
1.767
1.776
1.787
1.810
74.82
73. 77
74.67
73.88
74. 31
75. 35
76.07
41.8
41.7
41.9
41.6
41.7
41.7
41.5
1.790
1. 769
1.782
1.776
1.782
1.807
1.833
71.60
72.19
72.15
72.10
74. 42
72.27
74.85
41.8
41.9
41.8
41.7
42.6
41.7
42.7
1.713
1.723
1.726
1.729
1.747
1.733
T. 753
February____ 68. 75
M arch______ 69.63
A pril......... .......
M ay
______
June
. ____
J u ly _________
68.60
68. 80
68.20
64.37
M anufacturing—C ontinued
Prim ary m etal industries—Continued
R o llin g , d ra w in g ,
and alloying of
nonferrous m etals
1950: A verage........... $66. 75
1951: A verag e.......... 68. 70
R o llin g , d ra w in g ,
and alloying of
copper
41.9 $1. 593 $70.24
40.7 1.688 70. 47
R o llin g , d ra w in g ,
and alloying of
alum inum
42.7 $1.645 $59.99
40.9 1.723 64.14
Nonferrous foundries
40.1 $1. 496 $67.65
39.4 1.628 73.83
O ther prim ary metal
industries
41.5 $1.630 $71.27
41.9 1.762 79.45
Iron and steel
forgings
41.9 $1. 701 $74.09
42.6 1. 865 84. 87
41.«
43.3
$1. 781
1.960
68.76
67.15
67.64
68.61
68. 94
73.00
40.4
39.9
40.0
40.6
40.6
42.1
1.702
1.683
1.691
1.690
1.698
1.734
71.92
69.53
69.41
70. 54
69.04
75.35
41.5
40.4
40. 4
40.8
40.0
42.5
1.733
1.721
1.718
1.729
1.726
1.773
62.33
62.17
63.36
64.39
66. 50
67.07
37.8
38.4
38.4
39.6
40.4
40.6
1.649
1.619
1.650
1.626
1.646
1.652
71.43
72. 73
74. 76
75.08
74.48
77.97
40.7
41.3
42.0
41.9
41.4
42.7
1. 755
1.761
1.780
1. 792
1.799
1.826
78. 32
78.51
79.21
80 49
80.39
83. 69
42 2
42.3
42.0
42. 7
42.4
43.5
1.856
1.856
1.886
1.885
1.896
1.924
82.15
83.22
84.14
87. 21
85. 46
91.10
42.3
42.7
42.6
43.8
42.9
44.7
1.942
1.949
1.975
1.991
1.992
2.038
1952: J a n u a ry ......... . 71.54
February____ 70. 21
M arch___ . . 70.74
A pril________ 69.85
M ay________ 70. 47
J u n e _________ 70.91
Ju ly _________ 72. 74
41.4
40.7
40.7
40.4
40.5
40.8
41.4
1.728
1. 725
1.738
1.729
1.740
1.738
1.757
73.37
71.33
72.11
71. 33
71.64
73.10
76. 23
41.5
40.3
40.4
40.3
40.2
41.0
42.0
1.768
1. 770
1.785
1.770
1.782
1.783
1.815
67.15
66. 21
66.00
66. 21
66. 77
65.17
65.06
40.6
40.2
40.1
40.2
40.2
39.4
39.1
1.654
1. 647
1.646
1.647
1.661
1.654
1.664
78. 88
76.94
77.24
74. 79
74.97
75.58
73.74
42.8
42.0
42.0
40.8
40.7
41.1
40.1
1.843
1.832
1.839
1.833
1.842
1.839
1.839
82.75
83.01
81.79
77.40
78.69
77.83
75. 42
43.1
43.1
42.4
40.5
41.2
40.6
39.8
1.920
1.926
1.929
1.911
1.910
1.917
1.895
91.30
89. 85
87.51
84. 44
85.03
84.06
76.52
44.8
44.0
43.0
41.8
42.2
41.8
38.9
2.038
2.042
2.035
2. 020
2.015
2.011
1.967
1951: J u ly _________
A u g u s t_____
Septem ber___
O ctober. ____
N ovem ber___
D ecem ber____
M anufacturing—Con tinued
P rim ary m etal in
dustries—Con.
W ire drawing
F abricated metal products (except ordnance, m achinery, and transportation equipm ent)
T o ta l: F a b ric a te d
m e ta l p r o d u c ts
(except ordnance,
m ach in ery , and
tra n s p o rta tio n
equipm ent)
T in cans and other
tinw are
41.4 $1. 532 $60.90
41.7 1.663 66. 45
42.9 $1. 720 $63.42
43.0 1.864 69.35
1951: J u ly ......... .........
A ugust______
Septem ber___
O ctober______
N ovem ber___
D ecem ber____
81.00
79. 09
80.06
78.70
80.33
81.00
43.5
42.8
42.7
42.2
42.5
42.9
1.862
1.848
1.875
1.865
1.890
1.888
67.98
68.68
70.14
70.39
69. 92
71.78
41.0
41.3
41.7
41.7
41.4
42.3
1.658
1.663
1. 682
1.688
1.689
1.697
66.68
69.69
72.11
68. 52
66. 50
68. 51
41.6
42.7
43.1
41.3
40.7
41.9
1.603
1.632
1.673
1.659
1.634
1.635
1952: J a n u a r y .____
78.58
79.34
79.04
70.16
75.13
75. 31
77.02
41.6
42.0
41.8
37.6
40.2
40.1
40.2
1.889
1.889
1.891
1.866
1.869
1.878
1.916
71.06
71.27
71.43
69. 64
70.95
70.01
68.04
41.8
41.8
41.7
40.7
41.3
40.8
40.0
1.700
1. 705
1.713
1.711
1.718
1.716
1.701
66.22
65. 65
67.57
66. 87
66. 74
68.97
70. 31
40.5
40.4
41.1
40.6
40.5
41.8
42.2
1.635
1.625
1.644
1.647
1.648
1.650
1.666
February____
See fo o tn o te s a t end o f ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C utlery and edge
tools
H and tools
41.5 $1.470 $55. 54
41.7 1.594 60.53
41.7 $1.332 $61.31
41.6 1.455 69.49
41.2
42.5
$1.488
1.635
65. 47
65.84
66.41
66.78
66. 74
68. 21
41.1
41.2
41.2
41.3
41.3
42.0
1.593
1.598
1. 612
1.617
1.616
1.624
58.65
59.18
60.55
60.31
60.87
62. 36
40.7
40.7
41.3
41.0
41.1
41.6
1.441
1.454
1.466
1.471
1.481
1.499
68.50
69.32
69.09
69.30
68.06
69.68
42.1
42.5
42.0
41.9
41.1
42.1
1.627
1.631
1.645
1.654
1.656
1.655
67.81
67. 57
67.32
66.86
67.60
67.80
65.49
41.6
41.2
40.8
40. 3
40.6
40.5
39.5
1.630
1. 640
1.650
1.659
1. 665
1.674
1.658
61.49
61.39
61.01
60. 37
62.09
62. 42
59.82
40.8
40.6
40.3
39.9
40.5
40.4
39.1
1. 507
1. 512
1.514
1. 513
1.533
1.545
1.530
69.26
69.35
69.26
68.97
69. 51
68.02
65.80
41.9
41.7
41.5
41.2
41.4
40.9
40.0
1.653
1. 663
1.609
1.674
1.679
1. 663
1.645
41.6 $1. 464 $61.01
41.3 1.609 66.47
1960: A verage_____ $73. 79
1951: Average........... 80.15
M arch . . . . .
A pril.................
M a y _________
J u n e _____ ___
J u ly ....... ...........
C utlery, hand tools,
and hardw are
MONTHLY LABOR
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
468
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)—Continued
Heating apparatus
(except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies
Hardware
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Sanitary ware and
plumbers’ supplies
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours earn earn hours
ings
ings
ings
ings
41.1 $1,555 $67.64
41.0 1.697 75.03
41.6 $1,506 $63.91
41.3 1.615 69. 58
Oil burners, non
electric heating and
cooking apparatus,
not elsewhere
classified
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
41.6 $1,626 $61.20
41.8 1.795 65.93
Fabricated struc
tural metal products
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
40.8 $1,500 $63.29
40.6 1.624 71.74
Structural steel and
ornamental
metalwork
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
41.1 $1,540 $63.23
42.6 1.684 71.61
41.3
42.3
$1,531
1.693
1.677
1.685
1.704
1.704
1.712
1.725
70.17
72.89
73.66
72. 12
73.19
74.78
41.4
42.8
43.1
42.2
42.5
43.0
1.695
1.703
1.709
1.709
1.722
1. 739
1.718
1. 723
1.730
1.728
1.731
1.722
1.716
73.74
74.34
74.99
72.34
73.00
69.88
69. 78
42.7
42.8
43.1
41.6
42.1
40.7
40.9
1.727
1.737
1.740
1.739
1.734
1.717
1.706
1950: Average.......
1951: Average___
$62.65
66.70
1951: July.............
August-----September—
October___
Novem ber..
December...
66.14
66.30
66. 67
67.32
67. 52
69.09
40.8
40.9
40.8
41.2
41.4
42.0
1.621
1.621
1.634
1.634
1.631
1.645
67.40
67.23
69.89
70. 65
69.53
71.49
39.6
39.9
40.8
41.1
40.4
41.3
1.702
1.685
1.713
1.719
1.721
1.731
74.13
70.92
75.84
75.58
72. 96
75.84
41.0
39.8
41.4
41.3
40.0
41.4
1.808
1.782
1.832
1.830
1.824
1.832
62.34
64.24
65. 61
66. 91
66. 91
68.27
38.6
39.9
40.4
40.9
40.7
41.2
1.615
1.610
1.624
1.636
1.644
1.657
69.93
71.95
73.44
72.59
72.93
74.87
41.7
42.7
43.1
42.6
42.6
43.4
1952: January----F ebruary....
M arch____
April.......... .
M ay______
June______
July.......—
69.26
68.60
68.13
67.77
68.11
68.71
66.55
41.8
41.2
40.6
40.1
40.3
40.3
39.4
1.657
1. 665
1.678
1.690
1.690
1.705
1.689
70.07
69. 85
70.35
67.74
69. 99
69.72
68.08
40.5
40.4
40.5
39.0
40.2
40.0
39.4
1.730
1.729
1.737
1.737
1.741
1.743
1.728
73.61
73.83!
74.09
68.04
71.59
71.39
70.34
40.4
40.5
40.4
37.1
39.4
39.4
38.8
1.822
1.823
1.834
1.834
1.817
1.812
1.813
67.40
67.10
67. 55
67. 21
68.45
68.36
66.51
40.6
40.4
40.5
40.2
40.6
40.4
39.8
1.660
1. 661
1.668
1.672
1.686
1. 692
1.671
73.36
73.74
74.04
72.23
73.39
70.95
70.87
42.7
42.8
42.8
41.8
42.4
41.2
41.3
Manufacturing—Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance machinery and transportation equipment)—Continued
Machinery (except
electrical)
Metal stamping,
coating, and
engraving
Total: Machinery
(except electrical)
Boiler-shop products
1950: Average........- $62.16
1951: Average-------- 71.57
Sheet-metal work
40.6 $1. 531 $62.14
42.7 1.676 70.31
41.1 $1. 512 $64.22
41.9 1.678 68. 54
Stamped and pressed
metal products
41.3 $1. 555 $66.15
40.7 1.684 70.50
Other fabricated
metal products
41.5 $1,694 $64. 76
40.8 1.728 70.43
41.7 $1,553 $67. 21
42.3 1.665 76.73
41.8
43.5
$1.608
1.764
1951: July________
August- ---September___
October_____
November___
December___
70.09
71.56
74.38
73.73
73.53
75.11
42 3
42.8
43.7
43.5
43.2
43.9
1. 657
1.672
1.702
1. 695
1.702
1. 711
68.59
70.05
70.68
72. 54
71.13
74.69
41..0
41.6
41.6
42.3
41.5
43.0
1.673
1.684
1.699
1.715
1.714
1.737
66. 74
67.08
68. 67
69. 49
69. 84
71.15
39.4
39 8
40. 3
40.4
40.3
41.2
1.694
1. 685
1.704
1. 720
1.728
1.727
68 69
68. 76
70.73
71.52
71.85
73.40
39.5
39.7
40.3
40.5
40.5
41.4
1.739
1.732
1. 755
1. 766
1.774
1.773
69. 47
69.22
70. 27
71.32
70.22
72.71
41.6
41.6
42.0
42.4
41.9
43.1
1.670
1.664
1.673
1.682
1.676
1.687
75. 42
75.94
77.24
77.86
77.63
79.95
43 0
43.0
43.2
43.4
43.2
44.1
1.754
1.766
1.788
1.794
1.797
1.813
1952: January_____
February__
M arch____ _
April_______
M ay________
June________
July.......... ......
73.70
74.35
74.78
73.27
74.30
71.19
71.46
43.1
43.2
43.1
42.4
42.8
41.1
41.4
1.710
1. 721
1.735
1.728
1.736
1.732
1.726
72.01
71. 93
71.32
69.05
73.02
72.92
73. 57
41.6
41.6
41.2
39.8
41.8
41.2
41.1
1.731
1. 729
1.731
1.735
1.747
1. 770
1.790
73.06
73.35
73.54
71.21
72.41
72.12
66.95
41.7
41.7
41.5
40.6
41.0
40.7
38.5
1. 752
1. 759
1.772
1.754
1.766
1.772
1.739
75. 77
76.02
76.19
73.68
74.90
74.48
68.62
42.0
42.0
41.7
40.8
41.2
40.9
38.4
1.804
1.810
1.827
1.806
1.818
1.821
1.787
71.19
71.66
71.23
69. 54
70. 76
69.12
67.04
42.3
42.4
42.1
41.1
41.5
40.9
40.0
1.683
1.690
1.692
1.692
1.705
1.690
1.676
79.81
79. 70
80.00
78.62
79.06
79.09
77.05
43.9
43.6
43.5
42.8
42.9
42.8
41.9
1.818
1.828
1.839
1.837
1.843
1.848
1.836
Manufacturing—Con tinued
Machinery (except electrical)—Continued
Engines and
turbines
1950: Average_____
1951: Average____
1951: Ju ly_______
August
September__
October
__
November___
December___
1952: January
February____
M arch____
April_______
$69.43
79.79
77.05
78.91
78. 79
81.76
79.97
83. 55
84. 42
84.90
83. 29
82.37
May______ 79.50
June.... ........... 81.76
Ju ly ........ ........ 80.91
40.7 $1,706 $64.60
42.9 1.860 73. 46
41.9 1.839 73.36
42.4 1.861 72.41
42.0 1.876 74.52
43.1 1. 897 74.01
42.4 1.886 73. 42
43.7 1.912 76. 55
43.9 1.923 75.85
43.9 1.934 76.10
43.0 1.937 77.94
42. 5 1.938 78.25
41.6 1.911 77.94
42.1 1.942 75.92
41.6 1.945 74.06
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Agricultural
machinery
and tractors
40.1 $1,611 $66. 09
40.7 1.805 75. 75
40.8 1. 79*- 75. 13
39 7 1.824 74. 85
40.0 1. 863 77. 73
40. 6 1. 823 76. 24
40.1 1.831 76. 58
41.2 1. 858 79. 23
40.8 1.859 78. 06
40. 2 1. 893 78.63
41.0 1.901 79.01
40. 8 1.918 80. 94
40. 7 1.915 79.10
40.0 1.898 77.99
39.5 1.875 74.61
Tractors
Agricultural
machinery
(except tractors)
40. 3 $1.640 $62.57
40.9 1. 852 70.92
40 9 1.837 71.66
38.6 1.939 70.64
39. 6 1. 963 72.18
40. 9 1.864 71.65
40.8 1.877 69.97
41.7 1.900 73. 40
41.0 1.904 73. 63
40.3 1. 951 73.30
40.6 1.946 76.94
40.9 1.979 75.21
40.4 1.958 76.34
40.2 1.940 73.39
38.8 1.923 73.06
Construction and
mining
machinery
39.8 $1.572 $65.97
40.5 1. 751 75.38
40.9 1.752 73.63
40.6 1.740 74.94
40.3 1.791 75.60
40.3 1.778 75.57
39.4 1.776 76.96
40.6 1.808 80. 47
40.7 1.809 79.24
40.1 1.828 79.04
41.5 1.854 79.54
40.7 1.848 77.79
41.0 1.862 77.31
39.8 1.844 75.34
39.9 1.831 73.72
Metalworking
machinery
42.4 $1.556 $71.54
44.5 1.694 85.55
43.7 1.685 83.57
44.5 1.684 85. 23
44.6 1.695 86. 77
44.4 1.702 89. 44
44.9 1.714 87.33
46.3 1.738 90.20
45.7 1.734 90.30
45.4 1. 741 89.82
45.4 1.752 90.43
44.5 1.748 88. 33
44.1 1.753 89.55
43.0 1.752 89.88
42.1 1.751 86.30
43.2
46.8
46.3
46.5
46.5
47.4
46.5
47.6
47.5
47.0
47.0
46.1
46.4
46.4
44.9
$1,656
1.828
1.805
1.833
1.866
1.887
1.878
1.895
1.901
1.911
1.924
1.916
1.930
1.937
1.922
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1952
T
able
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
469
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Machinery (except electrical)—Continued
Year and month
Machine tools
ma
Metalworking ma Machine-tool acces Special-industry
chinery (except
chinery (except
sories
metalworking
ma
machine tools)
chinery)
General industrial
machinery
Office and store ma
chines and devices
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly.
hrly.
earn hours earn earn wkly.
earn
earn
earn
earn
earn
earn
earn
earn
earn
ings
ings ings hours ings ings hours ings ings hours ings ings hours ings ings hours ings
1950: Average........
1951: Average.........
1951: July.......... .
August_____
September___
October...... .
November__
December___
1952: January____
February___
March...........
April______
May______
June____
July_______
$09. 72
84.75
81.84
84.64
84. 91
89. 42
86.89
89.69
90.59
89.39
89.77
88. 08
88.45
88.26
84.28
43.2
47.4
46.9
47.1
46.5
48.0
47.3
48.3
48.6
47.7
47.6
46.9
46.9
46.6
44.9
$1,614
1.788
1.745
1. 797
1.826
1.863
1.837
1. 857
1.864
1.874
1.886
1.878
1.886
1.894
1.877
$70. 54
81. 99
80.95
81.00
83.68
85.28
82.89
85. 75
84.64
85. 97
86.67
83.37
84. 66
84.98
80.93
42.7
45.2
44.8
44.9
45.6
46.4
45.0
46.1
45.7
45.9
46.1
44.7
45.2
45.3
43.7
$1. 652
1.814
1.807
1.804
1.835
1.838
1.842
1.860
1. 852
1.873
1.880
1.865
1.873
1.876
1.852
$74.69
88.08
86. 25
87.46
90. 81
91. 62
90.64
93.68
94.00
92.70
94.32
92. 61
94. 78
95.00
92.19
43.5
46.8
46.0
46.4
47.2
47.4
46.6
47.7
47.5
46.7
46.9
46.1
46.6
46.5
45.3
$1,717
1.882
1.875
1.885
1.924
1.933
1.945
1.964
1.979
1.985
2.011
2. 009
2.034
2.043
2.035
$65. 74
74.69
74.00
73.14
74.56
74.43
74.65
76.47
76.39
76.47
77.25
75. 71
76. 23
76.49
74.17
41.9
43.6
43.4
43.0
43.3
43.0
42.9
43.8
43.5
43.4
43.4
42.7
42.9
42.9
41.6
$1. 569
1. 713
1.705
1.701
1. 722
1.731
1.740
1.746
1.756
1.762
1.780
1.773
1.777
1.783
1.783
$66. 33
76.91
75.04
76.56
78.15
77. 48
78.14
79.97
78.90
79.07
79.02
77.45
78. 60
78.99
75.98
41.9
44.2
43.4
44.0
44.2
43.8
44.0
44.8
44.2
44.1
43.8
43.1
43.4
43.4
42.0
$1. 583
1.740
1. 729
t. 740
1.768
1.769
1.776
1.785
1.785
1.793
1.804
1. 797
1.811
1.820
1.809
$66. 95
73.58
72. 57
73. 67
74.38
75.04
74. 95
75.35
75.24
75.04
75.72
74.85
74.05
75.19
74.05
41.1 $1,629
41.9 1. 756
41.4 1. 753
41.6 1.771
41.6 1. 788
41.9 1.791
41.8 1.793
41.7 1.807
41.5 1.813
41.3 1.817
41.4 1.829
40.9 1.830
40.4 1.833
40.8 1.843
40.6 1.824
Manufacturing—Continued
Machinery (except electrical)—Continued
Computing machines
and cash registers
1950: Average...
1951: Average__
1851: July........
August__
September.
October__
November.
December1952: January...
February..
March__
April.......
May.......
June.......
July____
$71.70
78.81
77.87
79. 22
80. 48
81.17
81.62
81.91
82.43
81.08
82.15
80. 99
80.24
81.16
80. 52
40.9
41.5
40.9
41.5
41.4
41.5
41.6
41.6
41.8
41.2
41.3
40. 7
40.3
40.7
40.4
$1. 753
1.899
1.904
1.909
1.944
1. 956
1.962
1.969
1.972
1.968
1.989
1.990
1.991
1.994
1.993
Typewriters
$62.08
68.00
67.20
67.49
67.45
68.42
68. 51
68. 51
67.81
69.18
69. 26
68. 52
67.13
71.48
67.79
41.5
42.5
42.0
42.0
42.0
42.6
42.5
41.9
41.4
41.7
41.8
41.2
40.2
42.0
41.9
$1,496
1.600
1.600
1.607
1.606
1. 6)06
1.612
1.635
1.638
1.659
1.657
1.663
1.670
1.702
1.618
Service-industry and Refrigerators and airhousehold machines conditioning units
$67.26
71.06
70.04
69.54
71.32
71.73
72.41
74.04
75.59
74.49
74.03
72.34
73. 71
75.05
75.32
41.7
40.7
40.0
39.6
40.5
40.5
40.7
41.2
41.9
41.2
40.7
39.9
40.5
41.1
41.0
$1,613
1.746
1.751
1.756
1. 761
1.771
1.779
1.797
1.804
1.808
1.819
1.813
1.820
1.826
1.837
$66.42
69.41
69. 24
68. 72
70. 26
70.25
71.44
72.80
75.25
74. 65
74.11
70.90
72.90
75.33
75.60
41.1
39.8
39.5
39.2
39.9
39.8
40.0
40.4
41.6
41.2
40.7
39.3
40.1
41.3
41.2
$1,616
1.744
1.753
1.753
1. 761
1.765
1.786
1.802
1.809
1.812
1.821
1.804
1.818
1.824
1.835
Miscellaneous ma
chinery parts
$66.15
74.26
72.85
73.49
74.13
74. 82
74.00
75.86
76.39
75.85
75.66
74.16
74.69
74. 28
72.07
42.0
43.2
42.5
42.7
42.8
43.1
42.6
43.4
43.5
43.0
42.7
41.9
42.1
41.8
40.9
$1.575
1. 719
1.714
1.721
1.732
1.736
1. 737
1. 748
1.756
1.764
1.772
1. 770
. 1. 774
1.777
1.762
Ball and roller bear
ings
$68.55
76.69
75.97
77.39
76. 46
77 20
75.28
76.70
78.38
76.73
76.70
73. 62
73. 28
73.11
71.12
42.5 $1.613
43.4 1. 767
42.8 1.775
43.6 1.775
43.1 1.774
43.3 1.783
42.2 1.784
42.8 1.792
43.4 1.806
42.7 1.797
42.4 1.809
41.2 1.787
41.1 1.783
40.8 1. 792
40.5 1.756
Manufacturing—Continued
Machinery (except
electrical)—Con.
Electrical machinery
Machine shops (Job Total: Electrical ma
and repair)
chinery
1950: Average____ $65.18
1951: Average____ 74.17
1951: July_______ 71.91
August.......... 72.38
September__ 74.08
October____ 74.81
November__ 75.90
December___ 78.15
1952: January____ 78.14
February___ 78. 62
March_____ 78.58
April______ 78.21
M ay...__ _ 78.83
June______ 78. 56
July----------- 76.14
See
41.7
43.2
42.2
42.4
42.6
42.8
43.1
44.2
44.0
43.9
43.8
43.4
43.6
43.5
42.3
footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1,563
1. 717
1.704
1.707
1. 739
1.748
1.761
1.768
1.776
1.791
1.794
1.802
1.808
1.806
1.800
$60.83
66.86
66.13
66.34
68.06
68. 27
69.10
69.97
70. 22
69.93
70.43
69.03
68.90
69.39
68.11
41.1
41.4
40.4
40.8
41.5
41.5
41.8
42.0
41.9
41.6
41.5
40.7
40.6
40.7
39.9
$1.480
1. 615
1.637
1.626
1. 640
1.645
1.653
1.666
1.676
1.681
1.697
1.696
1.697
1.705
1.707
Electrical generat
ing, transmission, Motors, generators, Electrical equipment
distribution, and
transformers, and
for vehicles
industrial appa
industrial controls
ratus
$63. 75
71.53
70.87
72.11
73.01
73.26
73. 78
74. 81
75.19
75.06
76.37
75.11
73.64
74.29
74.30
41.1
42.1
41.3
42.0
42.3
42.3
42.4
42.7
42.7
42.5
42.5
41.8
41.3
41.5
41.3
$1. 551
1.699
1.716
1.717
1.726
1.732
1.740
1. 752
1.761
1.766
1.797
1.797
1.783
1. 790
1.799
$64.90
72.92
72.18
73.58
74.48
74.70
75.30
75.95
76.92
76.37
78.35
77. 20
74.56
75.37
75.28
41.1
42.1
41.2
41.9
42.2
42.3
42.4
42.5
42.9
42.5
42.7
42.0
41.1
41.3
41.0
$1.579
1.732
1.752
1. 756
1.765
1. 766
1.776
1.787
1.793
1. 797
1.835
1.838
1.814
1.825
1.836
$66.22
68.84
70.02
68.88
70.08
70.32
70. 86
72.99
74.41
71.83
72.34
71.66
69. 71
72.42
66.17
41.7
40.4
40.9
40.0
40.3
40.3
40.4
41.1
41.9
40.4
40.3
39.9
38.9
39.9
36.6
$1,588
1.704
1.712
1.722
1. 739
1.745
1.754
1. 776
1.776
1.778
1.795
1.796
1.792
1.815
1.808
Communication
equipment
$56.20
61.86
60.34
60.34
62. 75
63. 87
65.02
64.69
65.35
65.17
64.86
63.28
64.52
64.52
62. 52
40.9 $1,374
41.1 1. 505
39.7 1.520
40.2 1.501
41.2 1. 523
41.5 1.539
42.0 1.548
41.6 1. 555
41.6 1.571
41.3 1.578
41.0 1.582
40.1 1. 578
40.4 1.597
40.3 1.601
39.1 1.599
470
G: E A R N I N G S A N D
T able
MONTHLY LABOR
HOURS
C—1 : Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Electrical machinery—Continued
Year and month
Transportation equipment
R a d io s , p h o n o
appliances,
graphs, television Telephone, telegraph, Electrical
lamps, and miscel
sets, and equip and related equipment
laneous
products
ment
Avg. Avg.
wkly, wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkiy. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
1950: Average_____ $53.85
1951: Average.......... 58. 40
40.7 $1.323 $65. 84
40.5 1.442 77. 20
40.1 $1. 642 $61.58
43.2 1.787 65.73
1951: Ju ly .................
August....... .
September___
October_____
November___
December___
57. 35
57. 26
59. 40
60.41
60.98
61.14
39.2
39. 9
40.8
40.9
41.4
41.2
1.463
1.435
1. 456
1. 477
1.473
1.484
76. 27
76. 24
78. 76
80. 42
81.33
81.08
42.8
43.1
44.2
44. 8
44.3
43.9
1. 782
1. 769
1.782
1. 795
1.836
1. 847
1952: January_____
February____
M arch______
April_______
M ay________
June________
July________
61.24
61.01
60.91
59.62
61.33
61. 58
60. 68
41.1
40.7
40.5
39.8
40.4
40.3
39.3
1.490
1.499
1.504
1. 498
1.518
1. 528
1.544
82.19
82.73
81.91
80. 81
82. 06
81.01
74. 72
44.0
44. 1
43.8
43.1
43.6
43.3
41.1
1.868
1.876
1.870
1.875
1.882
1.871
1.818
Total: Transporta
tion equipment
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Automobiles
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Aircraft and parts
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
41.0 $1.502 $71.18
40.8 1. 611 75. 77
41.0 $1.736 $73. 25
40.8 1. 857 75.52
41.2 $1. 778 $68. 39
39.5 1. 912 78.05
41.6
43.8
$1.644
1.782
64. 55
64.28
66.10
65. 61
66. 26
68. 89
39.6
40.0
40.7
40. 4
40.5
41.6
1.630
1.607
1.624
1.624
1. 636
1.656
74. 33
76.36
77.43
77.14
77.05
79.48
39.9 1.863
40.9 1.867
41. 1 1.884
40.9 1.886
40.7 1. 893
41.7 1. 906
73. 30
76.31
77.53
77.34
76.44
79.91
37.9
39.5
39.8
39.7
39.1
40.4
1.934
1.932
1.948
1.948
1.955
1.978
77.48
77. 48
79. 28
78 07
79 85
80. 57
43.7
43.6
43.9
43.3
43.9
44.1
1.773
1.777
1.808
1.803
1.819
1.827
67. 77
67. 98
68.18
66. 60
67.39
67. 83
68.44
40.9
40.9
40.8
40.0
40.4
40.4
40.4
1.657
1. 662
1. 671
1.665
1.668
1.679
1.694
79. 47
79.24
80. 08
78. 47
79. 57
79.23
75.18
41.5
41.4
41.3
40.7
41.1
40.8
39.3
80. 55
79.83
80.84
79. 68
80.24
79.43
70.85
40.5
40.4
40.4
39.9
40.1
39.5
36.0
1.989
1.976
2.001
1.997
2. 001
2.011
1. 968
79.53
80.01
80. 57
78. 08
80.38
80.42
80.39
43.2
43.2
42.9
42.0
42.8
42.8
42.6
1.841
1.852
1.878
1.859
1.878
1.879
1.887
1.915
1.914
1.939
1.928
1.936
1.942
1.913
Manufacturing—Continued
Transportation equipment—Continued
Aircraft engines and
parts
Aircraft
1960: Average1951: Average.
August..........
September—
October_____
November___
February.
M arch___
April........
M ay____
June____
July_____
$67.15
75. 82
Aircraft propellers
and parts
Other aircraft parts
and equipment
Ship and boat build
ing and repairing
Shipbuilding and
repairing
41.4 $1.622 $71.40
43.3 1. 751 85.90
42.1 $1. 696 $73.90
45.4 1.892 89.17
42.4 $1. 743 $70. 81
46.2 1.930 78.53
41.7 $1. 698 $63. 28
43.7 1. 797 70. 56
38.4 $1.648 $63.83
40.0 1. 764 71.18
38.2
39.9
$1.671
1.784
75.78
76. 86
77 65
76 42
77.95
78.13
43.4
43.3
43.7
43.1
43.5
43.5
1.746
1. 752
1. 777
1 773
1.792
1.796
86. 24
84.00
85 61
83.20
87.02
88. 44
45. 7
44.8
44. 8
43 4
45.3
45.8
1.887
1.875
1.911
1.917
1.921
1.931
92.16
90. 49
87. 33
86. 33
87.67
88.98
48.1
47.5
45.2
44.8
45.1
45.4
1.916
1. 905
1. 932
1.927
1.944
1. 960
76.00
75. 84
78. 29
79 35
78. 50
81.16
42.6
42.7
43.4
43.6
43.3
44.4
1. 784
1.776
1.804
1.820
1.813
1.828
71. 59
71.96
71. 52
73 57
72. 37
74.12
40.4
40.2
40.0
40. 2
39 1
40.5
1.772
1.790
1. 788
1.830
1. 851
1.830
72.40
72. 66
72.10
74. 23
72. 97
74. 72
40.4
40.1
39.9
40.1
39.0
40.5
1.792
1.812
1.807
1.851
1.871
1.845
76. 82
78. 40
78. 59
76. 56
78. 58
78. 63
79.26
42.3
42.7
42.3
41.7
42.5
42.5
42.5
1.816
1.836
1.858
1.836
1.849
1.850
1.865
88. 50
85. 66
87. 23
81.98
85.13
84.82
84.32
45.9
44.8
44.8
42. 7
43.5
43.1
42.8
1.928
1.912
1.947
1.920
1.957
1.968
1.970
88.97
87.36
91. 21
89. 27
92.75
93. 59
93. 52
45.3
44.8
45.2
44. 5
45.0
45.5
45.8
1.964
1. 950
2.018
2.006
2.061
2.057
2.042
80. 78
79. 75
79. 71
78. 33
80.98
80. 11
78.32
44.0
43.2
42.9
42.0
43.1
43.0
42.2
1.836
1.846
1.858
1.865
1.879
1.863
1.856
74. 85
74.32
76.81
75. 01
76.36
75. 99
74.93
40.7
40.0
40.9
40. 5
41.1
40.9
40.7
1.839
1.858
1.878
1.852
1.858
1.858
1.841
75. 58
75 04
77.90
75. 86
77.12
76.97
76. 05
40.7
40.0
41.0
40. 5
41.0
40.9
40.8
1.859
1.877
1.900
1.873
1.881
1.882
1.864
Manufacturing—Continued
Instruments and
related products
Transportation equipment—Continued
Boat building and
repairing
1950: Average...
1951: Average...
$55.99
60.79
1951: July_____
August___
September.
October . .
November.
December.
1952: Jan u ary ...
February..
M arch___
April.........
M ay.......... .
June...........
July........
Railroad equipment
Locomotives and
parts
Railroad and street
cars
Other transportation Total: Instruments
equipment
and related products
40.6 $1.379 $66.33
40.1 1. 516 75.99
39.6 $1.675 $70. 00
40.9 1.858 81.16
40 3 $1. 737 $62.47
41.6 1.951 70. 48
38.9 $1.606 $64.44
40.0 1.762 68.44
41.9 $1. 538 $60. 81
42.3 1.618 68. 87
41.2
42.2
$1.476
1.632
60.80
60.86
62. 52
62. 55
63. 48
65. 53
40.4
40.2
40.7
40.3
39.9
40.3
1. 505
1,514
1.536
1.552
1.591
1.626
75.82
77.05
76. 96
77 06
76. 49
77.81
40.7
40.7
40.7
40 9
40.6
40.8
1.863
1. 893
1.891
1.884
1.884
1.907
82. 43
82. 45
82.05
82. 75
81 93
83. 76
41.8
41.6
41.8
41.9
41.8
41.9
1.972
1.982
1. 963
1. 975
1.960
1. 999
70.98
71.20
71.68
71.06
70.66
71. 05
39.9
39.6
39.6
39.9
39.3
39.3
1. 779
1.798
1.810
1. 781
1. 798
1.808
66.85
67. 82
68.91
71.13
71.06
73. 48
41.7
42.1
42.3
42 9
42.6
44.0
1.603
1.611
1.629
1. 658
1. 668
1. 670
68.18
68.51
69.93
70. 26
70. 98
71. 70
41.8
41.9
42.2
42.3
42.5
42.6
1.631
1.635
1.657
1.661
1.670
1.683
63. 99
63.40
62.84
63. 28
66.13
65.81
64.63
39.6
39.5
39.5
39.5
41.1
40.6
39.6
1.616
1.605
1.591
1.602
1.609
1.621
1. 632
76.79
78.12
78. 55
76.25
76.11
77.26
74.31
41.0
41.4
41.3
40.3
40.4
40.3
39.8
1.873
1.887
1.902
1. 892
1.884
1.917
1.867
81.61
81.90
81.62
78. 74
81.32
82.31
80.43
41.7
42.0
41.6
40.4
41.7
41.3
41.5
1.957
1.950
1.962
1.949
1.950
1.993
1.938
72.19
74. 22
75.58
73. 57
72.10
73.05
70. 86
40.4
40.8
41.1
40.2
39.7
39.7
39.0
1.787
1.819
1. 839
1.830
1.816
1.840
1.817
68.80
68. 72
70. 39
70. 69
71.28
73.40
73.96
41.9
41.5
41.8
42.1
42.2
42.8
43.1
1.642
1.656
1.684
1. 679
1.689
1.715
1. 716
71.02
71.02
71.47
70. 71
71.81
72. 23
70.89
42.1
41.7
41.7
41.4
41.8
41.8
41.0
1.687
1.703
1.714
1.708
1.718
1.728
1.729
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1952
T
able
471
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Miscellaneous manu
facturing industries
Instruments and related products—Continued
Year and month
Ophthalmic goods
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Photographic
apparatus
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Watches and
clocks
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Professional and sci
entific instruments
Avg.
Avg. Avg.
hrly.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
wkly. earn
earn earn hours
ings
ings
ings
1950: Average................... ........ ............... ... $50. 88
1951: Average.............. ............................ ...... 55.65
40.7 $1. 250 $65. 59
40.8 1.364 73.08
41.2 $1. 592 $53. 25
42.0 1.740 69.49
39.8 $1.338 $63. 01
40.8 1. 458 71.99
1951: Ju ly ............................. .......................
August________ ____ _____ ______
_ . ________
September ____
October____ _____________ ______
November
December......... ............................ ......
55.41
55. 23
56. 19
56. 11
55. 36
55.14
40.3
40. 2
40.6
40.6
40. 2
39.9
1.375
1. 374
1.384
1.382
1. 377
1.382
73.04
71.93
72.90
73.33
74 53
74. 96
41.5
41.6
41.8
41.9
42 3
42.3
1. 760
1. 729
1.744
1. 750
1. 762
1. 772
57.66
59.70
59.98
59. 52
60 57
60. 55
40.1
41.0
40.8
40.3
40 9
40.8
1.438
1. 456
1.470
1.477
1 481
1.484
1952: January________________________
February________________________
M arch_______________________
A pril ___
M ay____ _ ________________ .
Ju n e ._____________ _ ______
July____________ _____ _________
55. 62
56. 22
57. 20
57. 49
57.73
53.44
51.48
39.7
39.4
40.0
40. 2
40.2
37.4
36.1
1.401
1.427
1. 430
1.430
1.436
1.429
1.426
75. 39
74. 92
76.47
76. 62
76. 71
76. 64
74.98
42.4
41.9
41.4
41. 8
41.6
41.7
41.2
1.778
1. 788
1.847
1. 833
1.844
1.838
1.820
59.52
59. 86
60.68
59. 31
59.40
60.13
57.58
40.0
40.2
40.4
39. 7
40.0
40.3
38.8
1.488
1.489
1.502
1. 494
1.485
1.492
1.484
Total: Miscellaneous
manufacturing in
dustries
Avg. Avg.
wkly.
earn wkly.
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
41.7 $1,511 $54.04
42.9 1.678 58.00
41.0
40.9
$1,318
1. 418
71.06
71.57
73. 53
73. 92
74 78
75.95
42.5 1.672
42.5 1. 684
43.0 1.710
43. 1 1. 715
43 3 1 727
43.6 1. 742
56. 46
56. 82
57.61
58. 18
58 71
60.53
39.9
40.1
40.4
40. 6
40 6
41.4
1.415
1.417
1.426
1. 433
1 44ft
1.462
74. 77
74. 71
74. 67
73. 40
75. 27
76. 58
75.76
42.9
42.4
42.4
41. 8
42.5
42.9
42.3
59. 94
60.18
60. 57
59. 31
60.39
60.36
59.48
41.0
40.8
40.9
40 1
40.5
40.4
40.0
1.462
1.475
1.481
1. 479
1.491
1.494
1.487
1.743
1.762
1. 761
1. 756
1.771
1.785
1.791
Manufacturing—Continued
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries—Continued
Jewelry, silverware,
and plated ware
Jewelry and
findings
Silverware and
plated ware
Toys and sporting
goods
42. 8 $1.389 $54. 25
41.6 1.493 58. 21
41.6 $1,304 $64.08
41.7 1.396 65. 73
43. 8 $1. 463 $50. 98
41.6 1.580 53. 54
58. 59
59. 25
61.53
62. 14
63. 42
66.33
39.4
39.5
40.8
40.8
41.4
42.6
1.487
1. 500
1.508
1. 523
1.532
1. 557
54. 43
55. 28
57. 25
59. 27
61.07
63. 02
39.3
39.6
41. 1
41.3
42.0
42.9
1. 385
1.396
1.393
1. 435
1. 454
1.469
61. 94
62. 69
65 28
64. 68
65. 73
69.25
39.4
39. 4
40.6
40.3
40.9
42.2.
1. 572
1.591
1.608
1.605
1.607
1.641
63. 55
63.47
64.35
62. 98
63.43
64.74
63.76
41.4
41.0
41.3
40.4
40.4
41.0
40.2
1.535
1. 548
1. 558
1. 559
1.570
1.579
1.586
60. 77
60. 44
60. 90
58.93
60.48
62. 01
59. 72
42.2 1.440
41.6 1.453
41.8 1. 457
40. 5 1.455
41.0 1.475
41.7 1.487
40.0 1.493
66. 30
66. 42
67. 44
66.41
65. 99
67. 27
67.27
40.7
40.6
40.8
40.3
39.9
40.5
40.4
1.629
1.636
1. 653
1. 648
1.654
1.661
1.665
1950: Average_____
1951: Average.........
$59. 45
62.11
1951: July...............
August_____
September__
October_____
November__
December___
1952: January_____
February........
M arch______
April_______
M ay_______
June________
July...............
Manufacturing—Con.
40. 4 $1. 262 $49. 52
39.6 1.352 53.65
40.0
40.1
$1,238
1.338
52.13
52. 72
53. 54
54. 26
54.53
56.17
38.7
39.2
39.6
39.9
39.8
40.7
1.347
1.345
1.352
1. 360
1. 370
1.380
53. 44
52. 63
53.35
53.53
54.04
54.20
39.5
38. 9
39.9
39.8
39.3
40.0
1.353
1.353
1.337
1.345
1.375
1. 355
57.21
57. 39
58.14
55. 98
57. 87
57. 73
56.19
40.6
40.7
41.0
39.7
41.1
40.8
39.6
1.409
1.410
1.418
1.410
1.408
1.415
1.419
54. 48
54.54
55. 43
53. 92
54.84
55.46
52.83
40.0
40.1
40.4
39. 1
39.4
39.7
38.9
1.362
1.360
1.372
1.379
1.392
1.397
1.358
Transportation and public utilities
Communication
Miscellaneous
manufacturing
industries—Con.
Class I railroads *
Other miscellaneous
manufacturing
industries
Local railways and
bus lines *
Telephone •
45.0 $1,488 $54. 38
46.3 1. 562 58.30
37.5
37.7
$1. 244
1.314
1.490
1. 501
1. 522
1.533
1.552
1.532
50. 77
50. 03
51.23
51.48
52. 79
49. 70
38.7
37.9
38.2
37.8
37.9
37.2
1.312
1.320
1.341
1. 362
1.393
1.336
1. 542
1. 554
1. 540
1. 545
1. 566
1.558
1.583
49.63
50.33
49.31
43. 30
52.11
51.90
53.25
36.9
36.9
36.8
32.1
37.6
37.8
38.2
1.345
1. 364
1.340
1. 349
1.386
1.373
1.394
$54. 91
59.20
1951: July............... .
August______
September__
October...........
November___
December___
57.85
58. 22
58.89
59. 43
59. 84
61.73
40.4
40.6
40.7
40. 9
40.9
41.6
1.432
1.434
1. 447
1. 453
1. 463
1. 484
69.81
72.54
68. 82
72.74
71.40
69. 95
40.1 1.741
42. 1 1.723
39.1 1. 760
42.0 1. 732
40.8 1.750
39.5 1. 771
73.19
72. 72
73. 11
73. 23
73.11
75. 35
46.5
46.2
46.1
46. 2
46.3
47.6
1. 574
1. 574
1. 586
1. 585
1. 579
1.583
59.30
58. 84
59. 97
59. 94
60. 84
59.44
39.8
39.2
39.4
39.1
39.2
38.8
1952: January_____
February........
M arch______
April...............
M ay________
Ju n e ._______
July...............
61.02
61.50
61. 55
60.49
61.44
61.26
61.01
41.2
41.0
40.9
40.3
40.5
40.3
40.3
1.481
1.500
1.505
1. 501
1.517
1.520
1. 514
74.09
76. 69
71.52
72. 65
70. 57
70.78
41.6
42.7
40.2
41.3
39.8
39.5
73.92
73. 52
74.89
74.31
76.17
76.42
77.67
46.4 1. 593
46.5 1.581
46.6 1.607
46. 1 1. 612
46.9 1.624
47.2 1.619
47.3 1.642
59. 68
59.83
59. 29
53. 92
60. 60
60.92
62.37
38.7
38.5
38.5
34.9
38.7
39.1
39.4
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
41.1 $1. 336 $63. 20
41.2 1. 437 *69. 78
40.8 $1. .549 $66. 96
*41.0 *1. 702 72.32
1.781
1. 796
1.779
1. 759
1.773
1.792
Switchboard operat
ing employees 7
38.9 $1,398 $46. 65
39.1 1.491 49.54
1950: Average_____
1951: Average_____
See footnotes at end of table.
Costume jewelry,
buttons, notions
472
MONTHLY LABOR
C: EARN IN O8 AND HOURS
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Transportation and public utilities—Continued
Other public utilities
Communication
Line construction,
in sta lla tio n ,a n d
maintenance em
ployees •
Y ear and montb
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Telegraph •
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
42.1 $1. 741 $64.19
42.8 1.899 68.33
1950: Average...
1951: Average__
$73. 30
81.28
1951: July_____
August__
September.
October__
November.
December.
82.78
82.58
83.83
83. 54
83.79
83.91
43.0
42.9
43.1
42.6
42.6
42.7
1.925
1.925
1.945
1.961
1.967
1.965
1952: January__
February..
M arch___
April.........
M ay____
June_____
July_____
83.90
83.97
83.39
76.55
83.99
85. 75
87.50
42.5
42.3
41.8
38.7
42.1
42.6
42.6
1.974
1.985
1.995
1.978
1.995
2.013
2.054
Total: Gas and electric Electric light and
power utilities
utilities
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
44.7 $1. 436 $66.60
44.6 1. 532 71. 77
41.6 $1.601 $67.81
41.9 1. 713 72.74
71.23
70. 47
72.33
72. 34
72.13
72. 21
44.8
44.6
44.4
44.3
44.2
44.3
1.590
1.580
1.629
1.633
1.632
1.630
71.82
71. 73
72. 88
72. 92
73.29
73.63
42.0
41.9
42.2
42.1
42.0
42.1
1.710
1.712
1.727
1.732
1.745
1.749
70.77
70. 90
71.02
(t)
(t)
72.27
72. 71
43.9
43.9
44.0
(t)
ft)
44.5
44.8
1.612
1.615
1.614
(t)
(t)
1.624
1.623
73.20
72.82
73.28
73.24
73.46
74.49
74.63
41.9
41.4
41.4
41.4
41.2
41.2
41.3
1.747
1.759
1. 770
1.769
1.783
1.808
1.807
Transportation and
public utilities—
Con.
Wholesale trade
$67.02
72.36
July............................
August..................... .
September_________
October......................
November_________
December.................. .
1952: January.....................
February.....................
March____________
April.........................
May..........................
Average...........................
1951:
June______________
July_______________
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
41.6 $1.630 $63. 37
41.9 1.736 68. 76
41.5
41.8
$1. 527
1.645
73.25
72.96
73.34
72.85
73. 56
74. 56
42.1
42.1
42.1
41.7
41.7
42.1
1.740
1.733
1.742
1. 747
1.764
1. 771
67. 44
67. 48
69.35
71.39
71.49
71.53
41.4
41.3
41.8
42.7
42.4
42.3
1.629
1.634
1. 659
1.672
1.686
1.691
74.25
73.39
74.27
73.62
74. 25
75. 67
76.09
41.9
41.3
41.4
41.2
41.0
41.1
41.4
1.772
1.777
1.794
1.787
1.811
1.841
1.838
70.56
70.38
70.09
70.34
70.20
71. 62
71.30
41.8
41.4
41.4
41.4
41.2
41.4
41.0
1.688
1.700
1.693
1.699
1.704
1. 730
1.739
Retail trade
Electric light and gas
utilities combined
Average___________
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Trade
Other public utilities—Con.
1950:
1951:
Gas utilities
Retail trade (except
eating and drinking places)
41.6 $1.611 $60.36
41.9 1.727 64. 51
40.7 $1.483 $47. 63
40.7 1. 585 50.25
72.80
73.04
74.50
74.02
73.96
73.66
42.2
42.1
42.5
42.2
42.0
41.9
1.725
1.735
1. 753
1.754
1.761
1. 758
64. 55
64. 51
65.64
65.44
65. 52
66.58
40.7
40.7
40.9
40.8
40.8
41.1
1.586
1.585
1.605
1.604
1.606
1.620
51.49
51.37
50.80
50. 43
49.92
49.92
40.8
40.8
40.0
39.8
39.4
40.1
1.262
1.259
1.270
1. 267
1.267
1.245
73.58
73.62
74.29
74. 55
74.62
74.90
74. 98
42.0
41.5
41.5
41.6
41.5
41.2
41.4
1.752
1.774
1. 790
1.792
1.798
1.818
1.811
66.42
66.13
66.62
66.49
66.94
67.68
68.05
40.7
40.4
40.4
40.1
40.4
40.6
40.7
1.632
1.637
1.649
1.658
1.657
1.667
1. 672
51.22
50.98
50.90
50.97
51.68
53.02
53.25
39.8
39.8
39.8
39.7
39.6
40.2
40.4
1.287
1.281
1.279
1.284
1.305
1.319
1.318
D epartm ent stores
and general mailorder houses
40.5 $1.176 $35. 95
40.1 1. 253 37.25
36.8 $0.977 $41.56
36.2 1.029 44.11
38.2
37.8
$1.088
1.167
38.51
38.01
37.19
36.56
36.12
37.52
37.1
36.9
35.9
35.6
35.1
37.0
1.038
1.030
1.036
1.027
1.029
1.014
44.81
44.27
44.29
43. 57
43.28
46.49
38.1
37.9
37.6
37.3
36.8
39.4
1.176
1.168
1.178
1.168
1.176
1.180
38.27
37.44
37.20
37.04
37.91
39.16
39.20
35.8
35.9
35.8
36.0
35.7
36.5
36.6
1.069
1.043
1.039
1.029
1.062
1.073
1.071
45.27
43.67
43.63
43.94
44. 71
45. 78
45.47
37.2
37.1
37.1
37.3
37.1
37.4
37.3
1.217
1.177
1.176
1.178
1.205
1.224
1.219
Trade—Continued
Bétail trade—Continued
Food and liquor
stores
46.7 $1.349 $40. 70
45.4 1. 465 42.20
55.44
55.23
54. 24
53. 90
54.35
54.44
41.1
41.0
40.0
39.6
39.7
40.0
1.349
1.347
1.356
1.361
1.369
1.361
66.91
67.18
67.94
67.24
67.13
67.06
45.3
45.3
45.2
45.4
45.3
45.4
1.477
1.483
1.503
1. 481
1.482
1.477
42. 71
42.47
42. 45
42. 49
42. 17
43. 31
36.5 1.170
36.8 1.154
36. 1 1. 176
35.8 1. 187
35. 5 1.188
36.3 1.193
54.53
54.45
54.87
55.16
55.12
56.92
57.15
39.4
39.4
39.5
39.6
39.2
40.0
40.3
1.384
1.382
1.389
1.393
1.406
1.423
1.418
66.68
67.37
67.74
69.28
71.08
72.18
71.48
44.9
45.0
45.1
45.4
45.3
45.6
45.5
1.485
1.497
1.502
1. 526
1.569
1.583
1.571
43.64
42. 76
41.83
42.97
42.48
43.90
43.83
36.1
35.9
35.6
35.6
35.4
36.1
36.4
1.209
1.191
1.175
1.207
1.200
1.216
1.204
$51.79
53.96
1951: July..................... .............
1952:
January..........................
February...........................
M a rc h ........... .............. .
April............................. .
M ay_________________
June_________ _____ _
J u ly .............. ................. .
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
-
Apparel and accèssories stores
40.4 $1. 282 $61.65
40.0 1.349 66.51
1950: Average______________
1951: Average........ ....................
August.............
..........
September____________
October.............................
N ovem ber.. ..................
December........................
Automotive and accessories dealers
Other retail trade
Furniture and appliance stores
Lumber and hardware-supply stores
43.5 $1.290 $54.62
43.1 1.383 58.64
43.8
43.6
$1.247
1.345
59. 62
59. 47
60. 07
60.50
60 23
62.39
43.2
43.0
43.0
43.0
42.9
43.6
1.380
1.383
1.397
1. 407
1.404
1. 431
59.67
59. 48
59.69
60. 18
59.10
59.60
44.2
43.9
43.7
43.8
43.2
43.6
1.350
1.355
1.366
1.374
1.368
1.367
59. 45
59. 72
59.24
58. 96
60. 51
61.45
61.10
42.8
42.9
42.8
42.6
42.7
42.7
42.7
1.389
1.392
1.384
1.384
1.417
1.439
1.431
58. 65
59.36
59.21
60.36
59.96
61.77
61.95
43.0
43.2
43.0
43.3
43.2
43.9
44.0
1.364
1.374
1.377
1.394
1.388
1.407
1.408
36.5 $1.115 $56.12
36.1 1.169 59.61
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1952
T
able
473
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Finance »
Service
Banks Security
and
dealers Insur
trust
and
ance
com
ex
carriers
panies changes
Year and month
Avg.
Avg.
Avg.
Avg.
wkly.
wkly.
wkly.
wkly.
earnings earnings earnings earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Cleaning and dyeing
plants
Laundries
Hotels, year-round 11
Avg.
Avg.
hrly.
wkly.
earnings earnings
Avg.
Avg.
wkly.
hrly.
earnings earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Motionpicture
produc
tion
and
distri
bution !»
Avg.
Avg.
hrly.
wkly.
earnings earnings
1950: Average____ __________
1951; Average_______________
$46.44
50.32
$81.48
83.68
$58. 49
61.31
$33. 85
35.38
43.9
43.2
$0. 771
.819
$35. 47
37. 52
41.2
41.1
$0.861
.913
$41.69
44.07
41.2
41.5
$1.012
1.062
$92. 79
83.95
1951: J u ly .._____ _______ ____
August_______ ______ _
September_____________
October______ __________
November______________
December______________
50 50
50.28
50.36
50. 78
51.13
51.81
77. 67
79.14
81. 78
85.20
83.88
83.09
62.09
61.01
60.91
61.32
60.70
62.25
35. 46
35.29
35. 78
35.91
36. 20
36.81
43.4
43.3
42.9
42. 9
43.1
43.2
.817
.815
. 834
.837
.840
.852
37. 83
37.38
37.87
37.73
37. 93
38.34
41.3
40.9
41.3
41.1
41.0
41.4
.916
.914
.917
.918
.925
.926
44.26
42.56
44.72
44.36
43. 71
44.14
41.6
40.3
41.6
41.5
40.7
41.1
1.064
1.056
1.075
1.069
1.074
1.074
84.13
83. 32
83.98
85.09
83.68
86.19
1952: January_______________
February___ ___________
March_________________
April___ ______________
M ay_____________ _____
June___ . . . _________
July___________________
52.05
52.14
52.30
52. 03
52.12
52.01
52.55
82. 79
83.17
81.34
82.99
81.54
80. 71
81.58
62.09
62.11
63.22
62. 68
62. 55
63.31
64.72
36. 47
36.59
36.38
36. 72
36.76
37.15
37.23
42.8
42.8
42.5
42.8
42.6
42.8
42.6
.852
.855
.856
.858
.863
.868
.874
38. 55
37. 96
38.00
38. 47
39.00
39. 55
38.93
41.5
40.9
40.9
41.1
41.4
41.9
41.2
.929
.928
.929
.936
.942
.944
.945
44.08
43.14
43.39
45. 22
46.41
47.01
44.79
40.7
39.8
40.1
41.3
42.0
42.5
40.5
1.083
1.084
1.082
1.095
1.105
1.106
1.106
89.35
90.25
90. 47
89.00
90. 52
91.32
93.30
i These figures are based on reports from cooperating establishments cover
ing both full- and part-time employees who worked during, or received pay
for any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. For the
mining, manufacturing, laundries, and cleaning and dyeing plants industries,
data relate to production and related workers only. For the remaining indus
tries, unless otherwise noted, data relate to nonsupervisory employees and
working supervisors. All series are available upon request to the Bureau of
Labor Statistics. Such requests should specify which industry series are de
sired. Data for the three current months are subject to revision without nota
tion; revised figures for earlier months will be identified by asterisks the first
month they are published.
1 Includes: ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood products (except
furniture); furniture and fixtures; stone, clay, and glass products; primary
metal Industries; fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery,
and transportation equipment); machinery (except electrical); electrical ma
chinery; transportation equipment; instruments and related products;
miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
* Includes: food and kindred products; tobacco manufactures; textile-mill
products; apparel and other finished textile products; paper and allied prod
ucts; printing, publishing, and allied industries; chemicals and allied prod
ucts; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products; leather and leather
products.
* Data relate to hourly rated employees reported by individual railroads
fexclusive of switching and terminal companies) to the Interstate Commerce
Commission. Annual averages include any retroactive payments made,
which are excluded from monthly averages.
* Data include privately and government operated local railways and bus
lines.
T
able
• Through May 1949 the averages relate mainly to the hours and earnings of
employees subject to the Fair Labor Standards Act. Beginning with June
1949 the averages relate to the hours and earnings of nonsupervisory employ
ees. Data for June comparable with the earlier series are $51. 47,38.5 hours,
and $1,337. Hours and earnings data for April 1952 affected by work stoppage.
I Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone Industry
as switchboard operators, service assistants, operating room instructors, and
pay-station attendants. During 1951 such employees made up 47 percent of
the total number of nonsupervisory employees in telephone establishments
reporting hours and earnings data.
• Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry
as central office craftsmen; installation and exchange repair craftsmen; line,
cable, and conduit craftsmen; and laborers. During 1951 such employees
made up 23 percent of the total number of nonsupervisory employees in
telephone establishments reporting hours and earnings data.
• New series beginning with January 1952; data relate to domestic employ
ees, except messengers, and those compensated entirely on a commission
basis. Comparable data for October 1951 are $70.52, 43.8 hours, and $1,610;
November—$70.31, 43.7 hours, and $1,609; December—$70.47, 43.8 hours,
and $1,609.
II Data on average weekly hours and average hourly earnings are not avail
able.
» Money payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips, not included.
•Preliminary.
tD ata are not available because of work stoppage.
C-2: Gross Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers in Selected Industries, in Current
and 1939 Dollars 1
Manufacturing
Bituminouscoal mining
Manufacturing
Laundries
Year and month
Current 1939 Current 1939 Current 1939
dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars
1939:
1941:
1946:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
Average................. $23. 86
Average_____ ____ 29. 58
Average.......... ........ 43.82
54. 14
Average_________
A verage_____ __
54. 92
A verage_____ _
59.33
Average_____ ____ 64.88
1951: July ......................
A u g u st_________
September...... ........
Bituminouscoal mining
Laundries
Year and month
64. 24
64.32
65.49
$23. 86
27. 95
31.22
31.31
32. 07
34.31
34. 75
$23. 88
30 86
58.03
72.12
63. 28
70 35
77.86
$23. 88
29.16
41.35
41.70
36. 96
40. 68
41.70
$17.69
19.00
30.30
34.23
34. 98
35. 47
37.52
$17.69
17.95
21.59
19. 79
20. 43
20. 51
20.09
34. 42
34. 47
34.89
73. 71
77.23
81.61
39. 50
41.38
43.47
37.83
37. 38
37. 87
20. 27
20.03
20.17
1These series indicate changes in the level of weekly earnings prior to and
after adjustment for changes in purchasing power as determined from the
Bureau’s Consumers’ Price Index, the year 1939 having been selected for the
base period. Estimates of World War II and postwar understatement by
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Current 1939 Current 1939 Current 1939
dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars
1951: October__________ $65. 41
November_______
65.85
December________ 67.40
1Q59- January
February___ ___
March.....................
April__ _________
M ay__ ___ _ _ . .
June 2___________
July 2____ _______
66.91
66.91
67.40
65.87
66. 65
67.06
65.80
$34. 69
34. 71
35.43
$80. 62
81.09
86.28
$42. 76
42.74
45.35
$37. 73
37.93
38.34
$20.01
19.99
20.1«
35.17
35.40
35.64
34. 70
35.05
35.16
34.28
86.39
80.27
79.26
66.68
70. 25
64.27
62.27
45.41
42.46
41.91
35.12
36. 95
33.69
32.44
38. 55
37.96
38.00
38.47
39.00
39. 55
38.93
20.26
20.08
20.09
20. 26
20. 51
20. 73
20.28
the Consumers’ Price Index were not included. See the Monthly Labor
Beview, March 1947, p. 498. Data from January 1939 are available upon
request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
2 Preliminary.
474
T
C: E A R N I N G S A N D
able
C-3: Gross and Net Spendable Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers in Manufactur
ing Industries, in Current and 1939 Dollars 1
Gross average
weekly earnings
Period
Net spendable average weekly
earnings
Worker with
no dependents
W orker with
3 dependents
Index
Cur
Cur
1939
Amount (1939= rent
rent
dollars dollars dollars
100)
1941: January.
1945: January.
July......
1946: June___
1939:
1940:
1941:
1912:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951-
$26. 64
47. 60
45. 45
43. 31
111. 7
199. 1
190. 5
181.5
$25. 41
39. 40
37.80
37.30
$25. 06
30. 76
28.99
27. 77
$26.37
45.17
43. 57
42.78
$26. 00
35. 27
33. 42
31. 85
23. 86
25. 20
29. 58
36.65
43 14
46. 08
44.39
43 82
49. 97
54. 14
54. 92
59. 33
64.88
500.0
105. 6
124.0
153. 6
180.8
193. 1
186.0
23. 58
24. 69
28. 05
31.77
36. 01
38.29
36. 97
37. 72
42. 76
47. 43
48.09
51.09
54.18
23. 58
24. 49
26. 51
27. 08
28. 94
30.28
28. 58
26. 88
26. 63
27. 43
28.09
29.54
29. 02
23. 62
24.95
29. 28
36. 28
41.39
44. 06
42. 74
43 20
48.24
53.17
53.83
57 21
61.41
23.62
24. 75
27. 67
30,93
33.26
34.84
33.04
30. 78
30. 04
30. 75
31. 44
33. 08
32.89
Average.
Average.
Average.
Average.
Average.
Average.
Average.
Average.
AverageAverage.
Average.
Average.
Average.
183. 7
209. 4
226.9
230. 2
248.7
271.9
able
Period
Net spendable average weekly
earnings
Worker with
no dependents
Worker with
3 dependents
Cur
Index
Cur
1939
1939
rent
Amount (1939= rent dollars
dollars dollars
100) dollars
1951: July....... ................. $64. 24
August.................... 64. 32
September............. . 65. 49
October__________ 65.41
November............... 65. 85
December________ 67.40
1952: January_________
66. 91
66. 91
F e b r u a ry .______
M a rc h ................... 67.40
April____________ 65. 87
66. 65
M a y .. _________
June 2___________ 67.06
65.80
July 2. _________
269.2
269.6
274. 5
274.1
276.0
282.5
280. 4
280.4
282.5
276.1
279.3
281.1
275.8
$53. 87
53 93
54. 85
54. 79
54.04
55.23
54. 85
54. 85
55.23
54.06
54. 65
54. 97
54. 00
$28. 87
28. 90
29. 22
29. 06
28.48
29.03
28.83
29. 02
29. 20
28.48
28. 74
28. 82
28.13
$40. 94
61 01
61.95
61. 89
61.96
63.17
62. 79
62. 79
63.17
61.97
62. 58
62. 91
61.92
$32. 65
32.69
33. 00
32. 83
32 66
33 21
33. 01
33. 22
33.40
32.64
32.91
32. 98
32.26
gross average weekly earnings for all production workers in manufacturing
industries without direct regard to marital status and family composition.
The primary value of the spendable series is that of measuring relative
changes in disposable earnings for 2 types of income-receivers. That series
does not, therefore, reflect actual differences in levels of earnings for workers
of varying age, occupation, skill, family composition, etc. Comparable data
from January 1939 are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1 Preliminary.
C-4: Average Hourly Earnings, Gross and Exclusive of Overtime, of Production Workers in
Manufacturing Industries 1
Durable
goods
Manufacturing
Excluding
overtime
Period
Gross
amount
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
Gross average
weekly earnings
1939
dollars
i Net spendable average weekly earnings are obtained by deducting from
gross average weekly earnings, social security and income taxes for which
the specified type of worker is liable. The amount of income tax liability
depends, of course, on the number of dependents supported by the worker
as well as on the level of his gross income. Net spendable earnings have,
therefore, been computed for 2 types of income-receivers: (1) A worker
with no dependents: (2) a worker with 3 dependents.
The computation of net spendable earnings for both factory worker with
no dependents and the factory worker with 3 dependents are based upon the
T
MONTHLY LABOR
HOURS
Average___
Average___
Average___
Average___
Average...
Average___
Average.......
Average___
Average___
Average___
Average___
$0. 729
.853
.961
1.019
1.023
1.086
1.237
1.350
1.401
1. 465
1.594
Ex
clud
ing
over
time
Period
110.9 $0.808 $0.770 $0.640
127.2
.881
.723
.947
141.2 1.059
.978
.803
149.6 1.117 1.029
.861
152.1 1. Ill 2 1.042
.904
166.0 1.156 1.122 1.015
189.3 1.292 1.250 1.171
207.0 1.410 1.366 1.278
216.0 1.469 1.434 1.325
223. 5 1. 537 1.480 1.378
242.7 1.678 1.610 1.481
$0. 625
.698
.763
.814
».858
.981
1.133
1.241
1.292
1. 337
1.437
1951: J u ly ...........
August....... .
September...
October __
November_
December...
1952: January___
February__
March_____
April______
M ay ______
Jun e 3_____
July 3.......... .
Gross
1 Overtime is defined as work in excess of 40 hours per week and paid for at
time and one-half. The computation of average hourly earnings exclusive of
overtime makes no allowance for special rates of pay for work done on holi
days. Comparable data from January 1941 are available upon request to
the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Durable
goods
Manufacturing
Ex
clud
ing Gross
over
time
Index
Amount (1939=
100)
$0. 702
.805
.894
.947
.963
1.051
1.198
1.310
1.367
1.415
1.536
Nondurable
goods
Excluding
overtime
Gross
amount
$1,598
1. 596
1.613
1.615
1.626
1.636
1.640
1.644
1.656
1.655
1. 658
1.660
1.649
2 Eleven-month average.
period.
* Preliminary
Index
Amount (1939 =
100)
$1,546
1.542
1. 554
1. 557
1. 569
1. 571
1. 579
1. 585
1.597
1.605
1.604
1.604
1.601
Gross
Nondurable
goods
Ex
clud
ing Gross
over
time
244.2 $1.682 $1,622 $1,488
243.6 1.684 1. 619 1.481
245.5 1. 707 1. 638 1. 489
246.0 1. 705 1. 635 1.491
247.9 1.712 1.644 1.507
248.2 1. 723 1.644 1.515
249.4 1.726 1.653 1. 520
250. 4 1. 731 1. 659 1. 522
252.3 1.746 1.673 1.530
253.6 1.742 1.683 1.529
253. 4 1.746 1.682 1. 531
253. 4 1. 749 1.686 1.541
252.9 1. 734 1.683 1.545
Ex
clud
ing
over
time
$1. 444
1.441
1. 444
1.450
1.465
1.468
1.476
1.480
1.489
1.494
1.492
1.497
1.502
August 1945 excluded because of VJ-holiday
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1952
D : PR IC E S A N D
475
CO ST OF L IV IN G
D : Prices and Cost of Living
T
able
D -l: Consumers’ Price Index1 for Moderate-Income Families in Large Cities, by Group of
Commodities
[1935-39= 100]
Fuel, electricity, and refrigeration
Year and month
All items
Food
Apparel
Rent
Total
1913: Average_______________
1914: Average...... ........... ...........
1915: Average____ __________
1916: Average........................ .
1917: Average______________
1918: Average______ ________
1919: Average______________
1920: Average_______ ______
1921: Average......... ...................
1922: Average_______________
1923: Average..................... ........
1924: Average______ ______ _
1925: Average.______________
1926: Average________ ______
1927: Average..................... ........
1928: Average______ ______ _
1929: Average________ ______
1930: Average________ ______
1931: Average_______________
1932: Average......... ...................
1933: Average_______________
1934: Average________ _____ _
1935: Average______________
1936: Average.______________
1937: Average_______________
1938: Average_______________
1939: Average.......................... .
1940: Average_______________
1941: Average_______________
1942: Average._____ ________
1943: Average_______________
1944: Average......... ........ ...........
1945: Average_____ _________
1946: Average_____ _________
1947: Average______________
1948: Average_______________
1949: Average_______ _______
1950: Average.______________
1951: Average.. ....
_____
1950: January 15____________
June 15.________ ______
1951; January 15____________
January 15____ _____________
August 15.........................
August 15________________________
September 15__________
September 15___________
October 15____ ________
October 15.- ___________
November 15____. . . . . .
November 15___________
December 15______ .
December 15.......... ...........
1952: January 15__ _ . ....
January 15 ____________
February 15___________
February 15____________
March 15............................
March 15______________
April 15_______ ______
April 15_______________
May 15. _____________
May 15 __ _______
_ ..
June 15___________ _____
June 15______ _____ ___________
July 15__________________
July 15__________________
August 15_______________
August 15. . . . . .
70.7
71.8
72.5
77.9
91.6
107.5
123.8
143.3
127.7
119.7
121.9
122.2
125.4
126.4
124.0
122.6
122.5
119.4
108.7
97.6
92.4
95.7
98.1
99.1
102.7
100.8
99.4
100.2
105. 2
116.6
123.7
125.7
128.6
139.5
159.6
171.9
170.2
171.9
185. 6
168.2
170.2
181. 5
79.9
81.8
80.9
90.8
116.9
134.4
149.8
168.8
128.3
119.9
124.0
122.8
132.9
137.4
132.3
130.8
132.5
126.0
103.9
86.5
84.1
93.7
100.4
101.3
105.3
97.8
95.2
96.6
105.5
123.9
138.0
136.1
139.1
159.6
193.8
210.2
201.9
204.5
227.4
196.0
203.1
221.9
181.6
221.6
185.6
186.6
227.0
226. i
227.3
186.6
185.5
69.3
69.8
71.4
78.3
94.1
127.5
168.7
201.0
154.8
125.6
125.9
124.9
122.4
120.6
118.3
116.5
115.3
112.7
102.6
90.8
87.9
96.1
96.8
97.6
102.8
102.2
100.5
101.7
106.3
124.2
129.7
138.8
145.9
160.2
185.8
198.0
190.1
187.7
204. 5
185.0
184.6
198. 5
92.2
92.2
92.9
94.0
93.2
94.9
102.7
120.7
138.6
142.7
146.4
151.6
152.2
150.7
148.3
144.8
141.4
137.5
130.3
116.9
100.7
94.4
94.2
96.4
100.9
104.1
104.3
104.6
106.4
108.8
108.7
109.1
109.5
110.1
113.6
121.2
126.4
131.0
136.2
129.4
130.9
133.2
199.7
126.0
144-6
206.2
129.3
1 4 6 .0
203.6
136.8
187.4
187.8
188.6
229.2
209.0
210.7
208.9
229.2
2 1 1 .0
189.3
232.1
209.9
131. 4
190.0
2S3.9
209.1
131.8
189.1
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
loe
(')
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
(*)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
(*)
0
0
102.8
100.8
99.1
99.0
98.0
98.0
97.1
96.7
96.1
95.8
95.0
92.3
92.0
94.3
96.7
96.8
97.2
96. 7
96.8
97.2
97.2
97.3
97.3
226. S
146.3
144.6
97.3
130.8
1 4 6 .8
97.4
231.4
232. 2
232.4
2316
188. 3
229.1
227.5
227.6
188.1
229 2
188.7
230.0
232.3
230.8
207.6
206.8
204.6
138.9
139.2
139.7
206.7
132.2
206.1
132.8
204.3
203.5
205.6
202.7
140.2
144.4
144.8
97.4
97.4
2 0 1 .8
204.2
2 0 4 .0
204.9
204.8
205.8
206.3
206.3
157.8
2 1 2 .8
156.3
210.4
156.3
210.8
212.5
210. 2
156.3
2 1 2 .0
97.5
207.0
156.3
2 1 1 .8
156.3
209.1
144.9
145.0
147.2
145.3
147.3
147.4
145.3
97.5
97.6
206.6
206.8
97.6
207.1
97.8
207.1
97.9
97.9
206.7
206.8
97.8
207.1
98.0
206.1
20Í.4
203.3
201.1
145.9
98.7
134. S
147.8
98.7
208. 4
205.6
142.3
99.0
209.0
1 9 2 .3
2 3 8 .4
2 0 2 .7
134.7
147.3
2 0 4 .0
157.8
208.9
210. 8
212.7
211. 1
147.1
132.9
133.2
141.3
133.7
141.6
134.0
141.9
157.8
156.3
231.5
236.0
234.9
239.1
235.5
205.0
202.3
204.4
202. Ó
162.9
157.8
206.7
189.6
189.0
190 A
189.6
191.1
190.8
192-4
191.1
2 5 4 .6
104.1
110.0
114.2
115.8
115.9
115.9
125.9
135.2
141.7
147.8
155.6
145.5
147.0
152.0
147.2
98.1
206.2
145.5
98.2
2 0 1 .8
144.6
144.8
146.4
148.7
98.2
98.4
98.3
99.2 1
203. 1
203.4
2 0 2 .1
206.5 I
156.3
166.3
156.3
2 1 0 .6
208.6
156.3
2 1 0 .0
166.5
209.2
156.5
156.5
M iscella
neous *
59.1
60.7
63.6
70.9
82.8
106.4
134.1
164.6
138.5
117.5
126.1
124.0
121.5
118.8
115.9
113.1
111.7
108 9
98.0
85.4
84.2
92.8
94.8
96.3
104.3
103.3
101.3
100.5
107.3
122.2
125.6
136.4
145.8
159.2
184.4
195.8
189.0
190.2
210.9
184. 7
184.8
207.4
97.4
145.3
140.8
97.3
98.4
99.8
101.7
101.0
99.1
101.9
108.3
115.1
120.7
126.0
128.3
136.9
156.1
183.4
187.7
194. 1
204. 5
193 1
189.0
202.3
(*)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
m 2
100.4
Housefurnishings
147.0
140.5
1 The “Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families in large cities”
formerly known as the “ Cost-of-living index” measures average changes in
retail prices of goods, rents, and services purchased by wage earners and
lower-salaried workers in large cities,
U. S. Department of Labor Bulletin No. 699, Changes in Cost of Living in
Large Cities in the United States, 1913-41, contains a detailed description of
methods used in constructing this index. Additional information on the
index is given in the following reports: Report of the Joint Committee on the
Consumers’ Price Index of the U. 8. Bureau of Labor Statistics, A Joint
Committee Print (1949): September 1949 Monthly Labor Review, Construc
tion of Consumers’ Price Index (p. 284); April 1951 Monthly Labor Review,
Interim Adjustment of Consumers’ Price Index (p. 421), and Correction of
New Unit Bias in Rent Component of C PI (p. 437): and Consumers’ Price
Index, Report of a Special Subcommittee of the House Committee on Educa
tion and Labor (1951).
The Consumers’ Price Index has been adjusted to incorporate a correction
of the new unit bias In the rent Index beginning with indexes for 1940 and
N ote.—The old series
144.2
O ther
fuels
137.5
1 S0 .O
138.2
189.1
190. t
187.9
188.0
61.9
62.3
62.5
65.0
72.4
84.2
91.1
106.9
114.0
113.1
115.2
113.7
115.4
117.2
115.4
113.4
112.5
111.4
108.9
103.4
100.0
101.4
100.7
100.2
100.2
99.9
99.0
99.7
102.2
105.4
107.7
109.8
110.3
112.4
121.1
133.9
137.5
140.6
144. 1
140.0
139. 1
143.3
Gas and
electricity
207.6
206.2
50.9
51.9
53.6
56.3
65.1
77.8
87 6
100.5
104.3
101.2
100.8
101.4
102.2
102.6
103 2
103 8
104.6
105.1
104.1
101.7
98.4
97.9
98.1
98.7
101.0
101. 5
100. 7
101.1
104.0
110.9
115.8
121.3
124.1
128 8
139.9
149.9
154.6
156.5
165.4
155. 1
154.6
162. 1
163 7
165.4
166
8
166.0
167.5
166.6
168.
1
168.4
169.9
169.1
170.5
169.6
171.1
170.2
171.5
170. 7
172 0
171.1
156.5
207.7
172.4
156.6
207.0
156.8
204.4
172.9
156.5
205.4
171.4
172.5
156.8
205.7
173.9
162.1
205.8
164.2
204.2
174.4
162.1
1 6 4 -2
204.2
205.3
173.0
173.2
174-7
adjusted population and commodity weights beginning with Indexes for
January 1950. These adjustments make a continuous comparable series
from 1913 to date. See also General Note below.
Mimeographed tables are available upon request showing indexes for each
of the cities regularly surveyed by the Bureau and for each of the major groups
of living essentials. Indexes for all large cities combined are available since
1913. The beginning date for series of indexes for individual cities varies from
city to city but indexes are available for most of the 34 cities since World
War I.
* The Miscellaneous group covers transportation (such as automobiles and
their upkeep and public transportation fares); medical care (including pro
fessional care and medicines); household operation (covering supplies and
different kinds of paid services); recreation (that is, newspapers, motion pic
tures, radio, television, and tobacco products); personal care (barber and
beauty-shop service and toilet articles); etc.
1 Data not available.
of Indexes for 1951-52 are shown in italics in tables D-l, D-2, D-5 and for reference.
D : P R IC E S A N D
476
MONTHLY LABOR
COST OF L IV IN G
T able D -2: Consumers’ Price Index for Moderate-Income Families, by City,1 for Selected Periods
[1 9 3 5 -3 9 -1 0 0 ]
City
Average___ ____
Aug. 15, July 15, June 15, May 15, Apr. 15, Mar. 15, Feb. 15, Jan. 15, Dec. 15, Nov. 15, Oct. 15, Sept. 15, Aug. 15, Jan. 15, June 15, Aug. 15,
1951
1951
1951
1950
1952
1951
1951
1951
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
191.1
Atlanta, Qa.............
Baltimore, M d -----Birmingham, Ala__.
Boston, Mass...........
Buffalo, N. Y ..........
Chicago, 111- _____
Cincinnati, Ohio__
Cleveland, Ohio___
Denver, Colo_____
Detroit, Mich_____
Houston, Tex_.........
198.4
00 *
198.5
183.0 .
Indianapolis, I n d ...
Jacksonville, Fla__
Kansas City, M o ...
Bos Angeles, Calif..
Manchester, N. H ..
Memphis, T enn___
Milwaukee, W is---Minneapolis, Minn
Mobile, Ala.. ___
New Orleans, Ba__
New York, N. Y __
Norfolk, Va_______
Philadelphia, P a__
Pittsburgh, P a____
Portland, Maine__
Portland, Oreg____
Richmond, Va____
St. Bouis, Mo_____
San Francisco, Calif.
Savannah, O a .........
Scranton, P a______
Seattle, Wash__ ..
Washington, D. C_.
190.8
189.6
189.0
194.4
(2)
194.2
179.9
188.7
196.7
190.9
194.2
(2) «
194.2
(2)
(2)
(2)
196.7
183.1
189.9
195.9
190.9
(2)
192.8
193.5
195.6
190.1
(2)
(2)
192.3
194.7
189. 4
192.7
(2)
191.8
(2)
(2)
(0
193.3
178.9
188.8
193.1
188.4
(2)
191.1
191.7
196.0
195.1
194.6
194.3
194.7
(2)
(2)
(2)
192.0
(2) 0
192.1
(2)
185.6
192.1
190.2
(2)
198.2
(2)
191.9
(2)
191.2
(2)
(2)
(2)
191.3
(2)
189.8
(2)
183.3
191.5
187.0
(2)
198.1
(2)
(2)
190.1
183.2
(2)
(2)
(2)
183.5
192.9
188.3
191.1
188.2
190.9
(2)
(2)
(2)
199.2
(2)
(2)
192.7
185.7
(*)
185.9
195.7
191.2
192.9
191.1
192.1
(2)
00
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
189.4
195.9
187.4
(2)
00
(2)
(2)
198.6
185.8
(2)
(»)
202.0
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
194.2
194.5
180.4
(2)
190.3
188.4
(2)
183.6
(s)
189.1
190.8
182.3
(2)
(2)
192.7
196.3
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(0
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
186.3
195.8
184.9
(2)
(2)
(0
(2)
198.6
184.5
(2)
(2)
199.6
(*)
(»)
(2)
188.0
187.9
(2)
195. 2
(2)
193.9
179.3
<2)
191.9
187.1
191.8
(2)
193.0
193.6
179.1
(2)
192.7
187.5
(2)
(2)
185.5
181.6
170.2
192.3
(»)
190.5
191.4
177.8
(2)
(*)
(2)
188.2
173.5
180.8
185.4
182.3
(2)
184.9
(>)
174.7
171.6
165.5
(2)
(2)
(2)
196.0
179.3
186.9
193.5
187.0
(2)
191.2
193.1
197.7
00
201.1
185.2
(2)
198.9
192.4
195.4
(0
195.4
195.3
188.6
(»)
(»)
194.7
180.0
188.3
194.1
188.3
(»)
192.3
(2)
193.3
196.0
180.9
196.1
(2)
196.3
180.0
(2)
194.2
187.9
(>)
(2)
194.3
187.8
192.0
(2)
187.4
(2)
191.8
186.8
(2)
(2)
(2)
190.5
177.2
190.9
185.3
189.1
(2)
(2)
175.1
170.5
(2)
(2)
190.7
194.3
190.7
194.3
192.0
195.4
191.9
196.0
191.5
195.1
190.2
194.4
189.0
194.1
188.5
193.0
184.2
190.1
173.5
175.8
(2)
195.6
(’)
190.9
(2)
190.2
(2)
188.0
187.9
(2)
182.4
(2)
(2)
(2)
190.7
(2)
(2)
195.1
(2)
(2)
190.5
183.0
190.9
(2)
182.3
190.0
187.0
(»)
(2)
195.9
(>)
190.4
(»)
191.4
(2)
187.7
187.3
(»)
184.0
(*)
(2)
(2)
189.6
(2)
189.9
(2)
180.4
187.9
187.0
(2)
(»)
(2)
(2)
183.0
(2)
(2)
(2)
186.6
(2)
(2)
192.3
(2)
(2)
188.9
180.9
184.4
(2)
175.6
181.3
180.6
195.3
(2)
(2)
190.0
184.1
(2)
192.0
(2)
187.2
(2)
189.9
(2)
183.1
185.6
(2)
182.5
(0
176.3
(2)
169.3
(2)
172.7
(2)
169.1
168.2
(2)
167.0
(>)
»192.0
187.1
190.9
(>)
191.7
189.1
192.0
186.7
191.2
(2)
188.6
185.4
188.8
187.8
190.3
180.6
(2)
(2)
190.2
193.1
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
184.2
195.3
183.9
i T h e Ind exes are b a se d o n tim e -to -tim e ch a n g e s In t h e c o s t o f g o o d s a n d
ser v ic e s p u r ch a se d b y m o d e r a te -in c o m e fa m ilie s in large c itie s . T h e y d o
n o t in d ic a te w h e th e r it co sts m o re to liv e in o n e c it y th a n i n a n o th e r .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
186.6
189.1
189.1
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
184.2
(«)
188.0
192.2
(»)
199.0
183.8
(»)
(»)
200.3
(2)
(2)
(2)
189.2
191.7
179.9
(0
(•)
190.2
193.1
(»)
(>)
(>)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(«)
185.4
194.6
184.7
(2)
(2)
(»)
186.1
190.0
178.6
(2)
(2)
186.2
188.4
195.8
183.8
198.8
(2)
(2)
(»)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(>)
(2)
(*)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
182.5
190.9
180.8
(2)
(2)
(*)
(2)
(2)
177.8
(*)
(»)
(2)
169.1
171.8
164.4
(2)
168.8
172.4
181.0
183.4
190.4
179.8
(0
189.2
(0
(0
(0
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(0
<»)
(0
(0
(0
189.6
(0
(0
199.6
(0
(0
194.7
186.2
195.6
192.5
195.4
(0
(0
00
oo
oo
(0
193.2
193.8
188.6
1 In d e x e s are c o m p u te d m o n th ly for 10 c itie s a n d o n c e e v e r y 3 m o n th s for
24 a d d itio n a l c itie s a cc o rd in g to a sta g g ered s c h e d u le ,
* C o rrec ted .
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1952
477
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
T able D-3: Consumers’ Price Index for Moderate-Income Families, by City and Group of
Commodities 1
[1 9 3 6 -3 9 -1 0 0 )
Fuel, electricity, and refrigeration
Food
Apparel
Housefumishings
Rent
C it y
Miscellaneous
Gas andelectricity
Total
Aug. 15, July 15, Aug. 15, July 15, Aug. 15, July 15, Aug. 15, July 15, Aug. 15, July 15, Aug. 15, July 15, Aug. 15, July 15,
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
A vera g e........................
Atlanta, Qa_ ............... ..
Baltimore, M d ..............
Birmingham, A la.........
Boston, M ass.................
Buffalo, N . Y .............. .
Chicago, 111....................
Cincinnati, O h io .........
Cleveland, Ohio...........
Denver, C olo...............
Detroit, M ich...............
Houston, Tex....... .........
Indianapolis, Ind..........
Jacksonville, F la ..........
Kansas C ity, M o..........
Los Angeles, Calif........
Manchester, N . H ___
Memphis, T enn_____
M ilwaukee, W is._........
Minneapolis, M inn___
Mobile, A ia .................
New Orleans, L a .........
New York, N . Y ..........
Norfolk, V a ...................
Philadelphia, P a_____
Pittsburgh, P a.............
Portland, Maine...........
Portland, Oreg.............
Richmond, Va...............
St. Louis, M o ...............
San Francisco, C a lif...
Savannah, Qa...............
Scranton, P a ________
Seattle, W a s h ..............
Washington, D . O____
235.5
238.0
249.9
230.8
225.5
229.7
241.8
239.7
245.5
237.7
235.3
242.8
235.6
244.6
220.6
235.3
230.6
243.7
240.1
225.0
236.0
248.7
232.5
244.0
235.4
240.9
222.9
251.6
224.1
249.0
241.7
252.0
237.7
239.0
233.1
234.9
236.1
248.6
225.5
225.9
228.3
239.9
239.1
245.5
237.7
237.2
239.7
232.0
240.1
220.2
235.7
228.6
236.8
237. 6
226.4
235.2
246.6
233.2
242.0
235.1
237.3
222.3
250.5
220.7
248.6
243.0
247.3
237.7
239.2
232.2
201.1
214.2
0)
212.7
185.1
(')
203.5
199.2
200.3
0)
195.7
216.8
0)
0
(9
195.2
(*)
(9
202.7
(9
(9
207.7
204.0
190.8
194.5
226.5
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
211.3
201.6
220.2
201.4
(9
(9
211.4
186.1
198.0
203.0
199.8
(9
201.2
195.1
217.6
192.5
(9
194.9
196.9
193.7
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
204.0
(9
196.1
226.7
(9
197.4
203.2
(9
(9
207.3
(9
(9
(9
142.3
153.0
(9
207.4
(9
(9
(9
(9
153.3
(9
(9
173.0
(9
(9
(9
169.3
(9
(9
178.0
(9
(9
144.3
(9
163.4
132.7
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
126.1
163.7
128.2
141.9
1 P r ic e s o f a p p a r e l, h o u s e fu m is h in g s , a n d m is c e lla n e o u s g o o d s a n d s e r v ic e s
a re o b ta in e d m o n t h ly in 10 c itie s a n d o n c e e v e r y 3 m o n th s in 24 a d d itio n a l
c it ie s o n a sta g g e r e d s c h e d u le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
147.3
159.3
152.3
137.8
166.3
154.6
138.7
154.6
153.6
114.6
155.7
103.1
161.7
143.6
134.9
100.9
173.5
141.6
152.4
150.7
131.0
112.0
150.0
162.0
150.5
149.6
163.4
138.5
149.4
144.2
98.8
170.1
160.3
129.3
156.0
(9
(9
(9
(9
141.4
(9
(9
(9
165.4
148.1
(9
148.9
(9
151.4
(9
138.3
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
119.3
0
(9
132.1
(9
160.0
157.1
(9
(9
171.7
(9
(9
(9
*
146.4
157.8
152.2
137.5
165.9
154.6
138.7
153.5
150.2
114.6
155.5
103.1
161.7
143.5
134.4
100.9
177.1
141.6
152.1
150.8
131.1
113.2
146.5
161.0
149.9
149.6
163.4
138.1
148.7
143.6
98.8
170.1
158.7
129.3
155.3
99.0
85.9
115.6
79.4
118.6
110.0
83.5
104.3
107.0
69.7
88.9
86.3
84.5
84.8
71.8
95.3
113.0
77.0
99.2
86.2
85.1
74.1
106.8
100.3
104.2
111.6
112.5
97.5
102.2
88.4
87.0
123.9
103.5
88.5
111.2
98.3
85.8
115.6
79.4
118.5
110.0
83.5
104.3
105.6
69.7
88.8
86.3
84.5
84.8
71.6
95.3
119.8
77.0
99.2
86.2
85.2
75.1
102.9
100.1
104.2
111.6
112.4
97.5
102.2
88.4
87.0
123.9
103.5
88.5
111.2
204.2
212.7
(0
195.5
193.0
0
194.0
187.3
183.9
(0
219.2
202.9
0
0
0
200.5
(>)
0
217.1
0
0
205.6
193.8
201.3
210.5
206.2
(0
0
(■)
0
0)
0
181.6
206.3
212.3
204.2
0
0
194.8
193.0
208.3
194.1
189.8
(*)
226.1
220.7
202.2
192.8
(')
191.8
200.8
213.2
(')
0
0
0
0
194.0
(0
208.5
207.9
0
194.8
217.2
0
(0
213.8
(0
(•)
0
Rents are surveyed every 3 months In 34 large cities on a
173.2
183.3
0
171.1
166.5
0
176.5
172.9
169.1
0
187.5
172.9
0
0
0
172.0
0)
0
170.9
0
0
153.9
173.1
170.5
174.0
169.6
0
0
0
0)
0
0
161.1
178.9
175.4
173.0
0
0
171.2
166.1
178.4
176.0
172.9
0
170.2
183.9
172.9
179.4
0
178.0
172.0
162.7
0
0
0
0
0
173.6
0
174.1
169.6
0)
178.0
160.7
0
0
176.8
0
0
0)
sta g g ered s c h e d u le ,
478
MONTHLY LABOR
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
T able D-4: Indexes of Retail Prices of Foods,1 by Group, for Selected Periods
(1935-39«= 100]
Y ear and m onth
Cere M eats,
als
poul
All
and
try ,
foods bakery and
prod fish
Total
ucts
1923:
1926:
19291932:
1939:
Average..........
Average..........
Average_____
A verage-........
Average_____
A ugust--------1940: Average-------
124 0
137. 4
132. 5
86.5
95. 2
93.5
96.6
105.5 101.2
115. 7 117. 8
107. 6 127.1
79.3
82.6
94. 5
96 6
93. 4
95. 7
95. 8
96.8
1941: A verage_____
D ecem ber___
1942: Average_____
1943: A verage_____
1944: A verage------1945: Average_____
A ugust______
105.5
113.1
123.9
138 0
136.1
139.1
140.9
97.9
102.5
105.1
107. 6
108.4
109.0
109.1
107.5
111 1
126.0
133. 8
129.9
131. 2
131.8
106.5
109.7
122.5
124.2
117.9
118.0
118.1
1946: Average_____
June _ _ ___
N ovem ber___
159.6
145.6
187.7
125.0
122.1
140.6
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
A verage_____
Average..........
A verage_____
A verage_____
J a n u a ry _____
June _____
193.8
210. 2
201.9
204. 5
196.0
203.1
1951: Average_____
J u n e . . - _____
J u ly .................
A u g u s t..........
Septem ber___
O ctober_____
N ovem ber___
D ecem ber___
1952: J a n u a ry ..........
Feb ru ary ____
M arch ______
A pril_______
M a y ..............
Ju n e ____ ____
July-----------A ugust____
M eats
Beef
and
veal
96.6 101. 1
95.4 99.6
94. 4 102.8
Pork
F ruits and vegetables
Chick Fish
ens
Lam b
93.8 101 0
94. 6 99. 6
94. 8 110 6
88.9
88. 0
81.1
99. 5
98. 8
99 7
110.8
114 4
123.6
124. 7
118.7
118.4
118. 5
100.1
103.2
120.4
119. 9
112.2
112.6
112. 6
106.6
108. 1
124.1
136.9
134.5
136. 0
136. 4
102.1
100. 5
122.6
146.1
151.0
154. 4
157.3
161.3
134 0
203.6
150.8 150. 5
120.4 121.2
197.9 191.0
148. 2
114.3
207.1
163.9
139 0
205.4
155.4
170. 9
169.7
172.7
169.0
169. 8
217.1
246. 5
233. 4
243. 6
219.4
246.5
214.7
243. 9
229.3
242.0
217.9
246.7
213.6
258. 5
241.3
265. 7
242.3
268. 6
215.9
222. 5
205.9
203.2
177. 3
209.1
227.4
226. 9
227.7
227.0
227.3
229.2
231.4
232.2
188.5
188.4
189.0
1.88.7
189.4
189.4
190.2
190.4
272.2
271.6
273.2
275.0
275. 6
276.6
273.5
270.1
274.1
273.1
274.2
276.6
277.6
281.0
278.6
274.6
310.4
308.8
310.3
310.1
310. 7
317.0
317 3
316.9
232.4
227.5
227.6
230.0
230.8
231.5
234.9
235.5
190.6
190.9
191.2
191.1
193.8
193.3
194.4
194.2
272.1
271.1
267.7
266.7
266.0
270.6
270.4
277.3
273.8
270.8
268.8
268.1
271.7
275.9
274.1
280.3
316.0
314.2
312.6
311.2
310.8
310.9
308.0
307.8
Eggs
Fro
zen * Fresh
Total
129. 4 136 1 169 5
127. 4 141 7 210 8
131. 0 143 8 169 0
84. 9 82 3 103 5
94 5
95. 9 91 0
92 4
93.1 90 7
96 5
101 4 93 8
173
226
173
105
95
92
97
112.0
120. 5
125.4
134. 6
133. 6
133. 9
133. 4
6
2
5
9
1
8
3
C an Dried
ned
124 8 175
192 9 159
124 3
91 1 91
92 3 93
91 6 90
99 4 100
4
4
9
3
3
6
Sugar
Bever Fats
and
and
ages
oils sweets
131
170
164
119
95
94
9?
5 190 9 175
4 145 0 190
114
0 71 1
89
5 87 7 100
9 84 .5 95
5 82 2
96
8
101.5 94 0
112.2
138.1
136. 5
161 9
153.9
164 4
171 4
103.2
110 5
130.8
168 8
168. 2
177 1
183 5
104.2
111.0
132.8
178 0
177. 2
188 2
196 2
97.9
106.3
121.6
130 6
129.5
130 9
130 3
106 7
118.3
136 3
158 9
164 5
114.1
122.1
194 8
124! 3
174.0 236. 2
162. 8 219 7
188.9 265.0
165.1 168 8
147 8 147 1
198.5 201.6
182 4
183 5
184. 5
190 7
196 7
182.3
140 8
220.1
246.8
251.7
257.8
234.3
268 1
183.2
203. 2
191.5
183.3
158.9
185 1
271.4
312. 8
314.1
308. 5
301.9
295 9
186.2
204 8
186.7
184. 7
184 2
177 8
200.8
208 7
201.2
173 6
152 3
148 4
199.4
205 2
208.1
199 2
204 8
909 3
215.7
214.4
215.3
222.6
224.3
223.8
215.8
203.8
288.8
292.5
292.2
292.0
292.2
293.7
295.6
300.0
192.1
191.3
195.3
194.4
195.1
188.7
184.0
181.9
352.0
356. 3
353. 3
356. 4
353.2
353.2
351 1
351.2
206.0
203.9
205.1
205.9
206.4
207.9
210.4
213.2
211.3
201.2
211.5
225.8
239.3
243.4
241.8
216.7
217.9
219.9
218.5
208.9
205.1
210.8
223.5
236.5
203.8
201.0
200.3
198.7
208.6
219. 4
219.3
237.0
297.1
285.6
276. 5
283.1
287.1
291.5
290.3
290.8
192.6
197. 5
190.7
188.8
175.4
181.9
187.4
197.8
351.5
351.5
347.6
346.3
345.3
343.9
342.1
339.8
215.8
217.0
215.7
212.6
184.3
166. 5
161.3
165.9
164.0
169.1
208.7
217.2
241.4
223.5
232.1
247.2
253.8
250.0
253.2
242.3
• The Bureau of Labor Statistics retail food prices are obtained monthly
during the first three days of the week containing the fifteenth of the month,
through voluntary reports from chain and independent retail food dealers.
Articles included are selected to represent food sales to moderate-income
families.
The indexes are computed by the flxed-base-weighted-aggregate method,
using weights representing (1 ) relative importance of chain and independent
store sales, in computing city average prices; (2 ) food purchases by families
of wage earners and moderate-income workers, in computing city indexes;
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
124. 5
138.9
163.0
206 5
207 6
217.1
217. 8
D airy
prod
ucts
210.6
209.8
212.3
213.8
......
4
0
3
fi
6
6
8
108 6
194 7
108 5
119.6
100 l
123.3
194 0
174 0
106.4
114.4
126.5
127 1
126'. 5
126 5
126 6
190 4
139 6 15? 1
143 9
197 5
167^7 251.6
166.2 263.5
167.8 244.4
170.5
186.8 197.5
180.0
220.7 148. 4
176.4
201.5
919 4
218.8
206 1
217 9
14^ g
98.6
98.8
98.8
98.0
97.5
97.5
95 9
95.0
223.3
223.5
221.8
209.1
204.3
214. 4
235.0
255.4
165.9
170.4
170.0
165.8
164.2
162.8
162.7
163.3
249.9
254. 4
250.7
248. 5
245.6
240 8
238.1
238.9
345.2 162.7
345.0 161.5
345.8 160.6
346.6 158. 5
346.8 157.8
186.6
186.1
188.0
188.3
188.2
187.0
186.7
186.4
95.0
94.2
92.5
91.5
88.7
90.0
90.1
90.8
263.2
234.6
248.4
272.8
283.4
278.1
283.0
265.3
163.3
163.6
163. 9
163.5
163.7
162.3
162.4
162.6
238.6
238.4
236.3
236.9
236.8
237.1
238.9
241.4
346.7
347.1
347.1
347.3
346.6
346.5
346. 4
346.6
185.9
185.1
184.3
186.2
187.3
187.7
188.9
189.9
152'9 227.4
319 5
344.5 168.8
345.2 175.2
344.8 168.8
155.3
150.9
145.6
143.1
139.9
140.1
140.6
141.4
and (3) population weights, in combining city aggregates in order to derive
average prices and indexes for all cities combined.
Indexes of retail food prices in 56 large cities combined, by commodity
groups, for the years 1923 through 1950 (1935-39«= 100), may be found in Bulle
tin No. 1055, Retail Prices of Food, 1950, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S.
Department of Labor, table 3, p. 8 . Mimeographed tables of the same data,
by months, January 1935 to date, are available upon request.
• December 1950=100.
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1952
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
479
T able D-5: Indexes of Retail Prices of Foods, by City
[1935-38=100]
Aug.
1952
City
July
1952
June
1952
May
1952
Apr.
1952
Mar.
1952
Feb.
1952
Jan.
1952
Dec.
1951
Nov.
1951
Oct.
1951
Sept.
1951
Aug.
1951
June
1950
Aug.
1952
United States____________
235.5
234.9
231.5
230.8
230.0
227.6
227. 5
232.4
232.2
231.4
229.2
227.3
227.0
203.1
238.4
Atlanta, Ga_____________
Baltimore, M d______ ___
Birmingham, A la................
Boston, M a s s ....... ...........
Bridgeport, Conn________
238.0
249.9
230.8
225.5
235.2
236.1
248.6
225.5
225.9
238.0
226.5
242.4
217.4
219. 9
230.2
223.2
243.2
216.4
218.8
230.5
225.0
242.6
215.8
215.2
228.3
223.9
239.5
215 3
214.6
227.3
227.4
238 6
217.3
214.5
227.0
230.7
243.8
232.1
242.4
224.3
218.4
227.9
230.0
241.1
224,0
217.8
227.4
232.1
238. 3
220.1
213.9
224.3
231.4
238.0
217 3
215.5
225.0
195 4
215. 6
192. 2
196.1
204.0
9.1.1 L
?,K9 $
218.2
229.4
230.7
242.5
222.7
219 3
228.9
Buffalo, N. Y ___________
Butte, M ont... _________
Cedar Rapids, Iowa 1 _____
Charleston, S. O_________
Chicago, 111_____________
229.7
232.8
238.7
232.2
241.8
228.3
231.8
240.9
231.4
239.9
227.0
231.7
240.6
224.7
228.9
236. 4
219.2
229.0
236.0
239.2
227.0
229.4
238.0
221.4
239.3
Cincinnati, Ohio_________
Cleveland, Ohio_________
Columbus, Ohio. ________
Dallas. Tex _____________
Denver, Colo____ ______
239.7
245.5
220.3
237.4
237.7
239.1
245.5
217.2
233.7
237.7
236.9
242. 5
214.3
232.0
235.1
Detroit, Mich ....................
Fall River, Mass_________
Houston, Tex.
________
Indianapolis, Ind_____ ...
Jackson, Miss.1 __________
235.3
227.6
242.8
235.6
232.8
237.2
228.6
239.7
232.0
229.7
Jacksonville. Fla_________
Kansas City, Mo_________
Knoxville, Term .1________
Little Rock, Ark_________
Los Angeles, Calif................
244.6
240.1
263.4
233.6
235.3
256.6
230.4
235.7
Louisville, Ky ...................
Manchester, N. H ................
Memphis, T enn_________
Milwaukee, W is_________
Minneapolis, M in n ......... .
224.4
230.6
243.7
240.1
225.0
22 1.2
228.6
236.8
237.6
226.4
218.1
223.9
235.6
237.9
226.6
231.7
237.1
224.2
Mobile, Ala____________
Newark, N. J ___________
New Haven, Conn____
New Orleans, L a _________
New York, N. Y ..... .........
236.0
230.0
229.4
248.7
232.5
235.2
230.2
232.0
246.6
233.2
230. 4
226.4
225.3
241.4
226.9
224.4
228.6
226.1
239.2
227.4
240.1
229.3
Norfolk, Va___________
Omaha, N ebr__________
Peoria, 111____________
Philadelphia, P a___ ____
Pittsburgh, P a__________
244.0
227.3
245.9
235.4
240.9
242.0
225.5
243.7
235.1
237.3
236.0
226.6
243.3
228.8
232.9
235.0
224.8
240.0
228. 1
233.0
234.7
223.2
239.8
226.9
231.4
231.0
222.4
235.6
224. 3
229.3
Portland, Maine_________
Portland, Oreg_______
Providence, R. I ________
Richmond, Va___ ______
Rochester, N. Y _______
222.9
251.6
241.3
224.1
231.0
222.3
250.5
241.8
220.7
232.0
219.0
250.0
238.5
214.6
226.7
215.4
251.3
237.8
215.6
226.4
213.6
250.6
233.4
216.8
213.8
248.3
231.4
212.9
222.2
221.6
St. Louis, M o................
St. Paul, M inn.....................
Salt Lake City, U tah_____
San Francisco, Calif............
Savannah, G a...................
249.0
223.3
237.3
241.7
252.0
248.6
224.1
236.8
243.0
247.3
247.6
225.1
234.8
247.4
242.9
243.6
223.2
234.2
247.0
241.3
233. 7
249.5
239.3
231.5
245.4
238.7
Scranton, P a___________
Seattle, Wash____________
Springfield, 111................... .
Washington, D. O................
Wichita, Kans .1___ ____ _
Winston-Salem, N. C.>.........
237.7
239.0
246.9
233.1
250.9
228.6
237.7
239.2
246.9
232.2
246.0
224.9
230.9
237.8
245. 9
227.2
245.9
219.0
231.1
239.7
242.2
226.8
241.5
217.1
227.8
241.5
240.1
227.8
240.4
218.0
224.3
239.7
238.6
224.0
240.8
217.6
220.6
1 June 1940=100.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
220.2
220.2
227.5
235.1
219.4
231.4
225.2
230.2
238.3
222.3
237.5
226.7
233.7
239.8
221. 5
238.1
227. 2
230 2
240. 5
218.0
237.8
224.2
229.2
237.8
217.9
236.2
221.5
228. 5
235.1
234.8
228.1
235.1
219.3
233.3
232.3
233.4
199.0
203. 0
208. 6
188 0
208. 4
234.3
240.3
213.8
231.8
232.6
231. 9
238.2
211.4
231.3
232.0
228.6
235. 8
209.2
229.8
230.4
228.1
237.2
209.8
228.8
230.0
233.2
240.9
214.3
236.3
236.2
230.4
238.5
211.3
235.4
239.2
232.0
239.0
211.4
236.0
236.9
229.7
237.2
209.6
233.8
234.0
229.0
235.3
207.8
233.5
232.4
228.3
235.7
207.3
230.9
231.6
205.1
2 11. 2
183.9
201.5
205.9
234.2
225.2
237.2
228.9
225.2
231.6
224.4
236.1
225.0
222.7
231.2
220.4
237.9
229.1
220.7
236.0
223.8
225.8
235.0
224.0
241.4
227.6
230.3
234. 5
223.8
241.2
227.0
229. 2
233. 5
224.2
237.8
227.9
227.4
230.5
223.2
237.6
226.3
229.4
228.4
219 7
239.4
225.4
227.2
228.9
223.7
228.8
221.4
236.1
224.1
223.9
237.2
224.3
224.8
202.9
200.7
208.1
108.1
236.2
216.8
251.5
228.7
235.4
231.3
215.5
249.6
226.5
235.7
232.6
214.4
250.9
226.1
237.1
231.2
213.1
250.5
224.3
234.6
231.5
213.0
253.2
224.6
234.2
237.2
217.8
256.9
229.7
239.3
235.0
218.0
256.6
229.9
240.7
234.8
216. 4
256.2
226.4
237.1
232.5
213.9
253.7
224.4
234.5
234.7
233.6
216.4
214.5
217.5
231.4
231.5
222.3
213.2
216.6
231.0
228.0
213.6
216.8
234.9
227.3
218.4
222.8
220.1
219.1
220.9
238.9
232.6
224.0
218.6
222.5
237.7
231.7
220.2
237.8
232.8
223.1
22 1.2
229.1
228.2
228.0
224.1
221.0
231.6
227.7
231.4
227.2
230.0
228.3
220.2
228.0
225.0
219.7
240.5
226.2
222.6
222.2
238.5
224.4
229.8
237.2
226.8
243.8
229.4
235.7
214.1
246.9
229.5
214.3
223 5
238.6
222.8
2 2 1.2
220.2
222.2
240.5
221.6
221 8
239.8
225.3
238.3
220.0
221.0
212 .2
2,54.9
223 0
233.3
221.0
221.0
211.8
253.1
222.0
222.1
241.3
230.9
231.7
226.4
222.4
239.9
227.8
229.1
225.3
219.9
240.6
226.1
227.0
225.0
219.2
240.8
225.5
233.6
227.0
242.5
228.8
234.6
231.9
225.1
239. 5
228.6
235.2
230.0
223.3
235.6
227.1
233.5
229.1
219.6
235.6
224.1
231.0
217.0
254.8
234.4
219.3
227.4
216.1
253.3
234.1
218.3
227.4
216.4
251.8
233.3
219.1
226.3
215.8
246.9
232.8
218.4
222.3
213.2
247.9
228.3
217.7
244.0
224.0
232.9
248.9
242.6
243.9
223.7
233.4
248.4
241.7
242.2
231.2
240. 5
238.9
225.6
238.2
240.2
223.1
242.7
218.6
232.0
243.4
244.1
228.7
248.3
223.2
229.9
239. 9
242.6
228.9
248.8
232.7
222.6
22 1.2
244.8
230.2
244.3
230.6
222.8
221.6
232.5
240.7
241.7
229.8
238.1
241.4
228.1
244.1
220.5
234.5
ZJ^t. 0
ZZZ. Z
zoo. y
za>y. 1
282.5
998 7
981 a
9%i) 9
9i8 n
226.2
988 R
208. 3
206.6
194.1
214.8
221.9
234.7
229.2
217.5
229.1
192.0
200.6
200.1
203.3
199.8
212.9
203.7
236.9
223.2
232.0
205. 9
197.2
216.8
201.4
207.5
220.2
215.9
247.4
228.9
215.9
218.9
193.0
219.1
207.9
195.2
196.4
239.3
220.7
228.5
235.6
240.7
238.8
215.1
228.0
234.8
241.4
237.2
216.2
227.4
234.4
240.0
227.2
234.8
238.6
228.0
242.9
225.6
234.4
238.1
224.0
241.4
219.3
225.9
232.7
237.9
220.1
220.0
222.6
237.8
220.7
9/f1 1
p,lß ß
2$; g
plQ 8
235.9
2$7 9
989 1
VIZ Q
205 8
189.2
223.1
200.1
201.6
215 6
219.8
237.4
227.9
215.6
2 4 5 .3
201.0
232.3
238.0
228.9
218.9
22 1.2
216.7
220 6
6>.q>y £
238.5
238 /,
287 5
fi 0
288 f)
ZoZ. /
9nn n
232.7
9/fi 2
920 9
9.K1 Q
288 8
2 4 3 .3
225.1
252. 0
2 4 5 .9
230 0
233.7
210.2
254 0
202.2
2 1 1 .1
9 /f1 Q
9,1,7 n
192.5
998 2
206.3
255.1
204.2
208.6
241.s
2 11.8
201.9
209.4
197.3
238.3
249.4
239. Ö
256.3
230.5
MONTHLY LABOR
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
480
T able D-6: Average Retail Prices and Indexes of Selected Foods
Commodity
Aver
age
price
Aug. Aug.
1952
1952
Cereals and bakery products:
Cents
Cereals:
Flour, wheat----------- .-5 pounds.. 52.1
Cornflakes ----------- —12 ounces.. 22.3
10.4
Corn meal_ . ----- —___ pound..
18.3
R ice' -____________ _____ do___
Rolled oats !_______ —20 ounces.. 18.2
Bakery products.
___ pound..
16.2
Bread, white 3__
Vanilla cookies.- ---- _ _7 ounces.- 23.4
___ pound. _ 49.6
Layer cake 4 4
Meats, poultry, and fish:
Meats:
Beef:
Round steak____ _____ do___ 1 11.8
Rib roast_______ _____ do___ 85.7
Chuck roast____ _____ do___ 71.8
Frankfurters 4__ _____ do___ 64.7
H am burger 2------ _____ do___ 63.4
Veal:
Cutlets________ _____ do___ 126.8
Pork:
Chops_________ _____ do___ 92.0
Bacon, sliced----- _____ do___ 70.7
Ham, whole____ _____ do___ 70.3
Salt pork ---------- _____ do----- 37.6
Lamb:
Leg___________ _____ do___ 83.7
Frying chickens:
_____ do___
T?pad y-to-nook 6_______ do___
202.8
Apr
1952
M ar.
1962
Feb.
1952
Jan.
1952
Dec.
1951
Nov.
1951
Oct.
1951
Sept.
1951
Aug.
1951
203.6
203.7
209.6
218.0
96.7
163.5
204.4
209.4
216.1
96.7
163.8
204.3
208.2
212.7
96.1
163.3
203.1
207.7
209.0
94.9
162.9
202.3
207.9
206.4
93. 1
162.7
201.8
217. 4
98.2
163.7
206.4
204.3
94.2
162.9
201.3
205.8
203.6
99. 7
162.2
201.8
190.5
176.5
181.9
93.1
145.8
June
1950
164.9
210.3
218.5
100.9
164.6
203.5
209.8
217.7
99.9
164.2
203.4
209.9
217.1
99.0
163.8
190.2
224.9
108.7
190.1
225.4
109.7
188.9
224.6
107.9
189.7
223.3
108.9
185. 2
222.5
108.2
185.1
224.6
108.5
184.8
224.5
107.9
184.5
224.2
108.3
184.2
223.8
109.1
183.9
223. 1
109.8
183.9
221.5
107.6
220 0
107.9
183. 6
215 8
107. 1
163.9
191.7
331.1
296.6
318.0
106.7
207.1
330.2
297.7
318.4
106.5
207.6
330.1
297.0
327.1
106.5
211.9
330.3
299.0
332.6
105.7
330.4
298.0
333.7
106.2
214.3
331.9
303. 2
334.0
106.3
215.9
333.3
305.3
336.7
107.6
217.0
333.6
307.2
338.3
108. 1
217.9
334.6
30S. 2
338. 5
108.6
217.6
332.7
306.4
337.4
108.9
218.7
323.3
290.6
327.7
108.6
216.1
323.2
289. 5
327.1
108.6
215.1
287.9
264.1
279.2
210.6
330.0
299.0
332.3
105.8
211.7
316.5
318.2
326.7
325.3
325.5
326.4
326.8
325.0
322.9
319.5
319.6
320.1
319.8
271.2
278.7
185.2
239.2
178.6
254.4
170.7
227.1
167.0
257.5
167.3
226.1
166.8
245.8
158.8
213.4
159.4
223.2
159.2
160. 9
225.1
160.6
211.9
164.0
223.9
161.9
214.4
168.1
227.6
163.5
216.8
171.4
226.0
165.2
217.2
174.8
248.8
172.7
218.7
179.2
258.7
178.4
226.5
185.6
258.1
178.0
229.4
186.2
254.4
177.8
229.4
184.9
243.6
161.9
215.8
160.5
295.4
197.8
294.9
187.4
296.1
181.9
291.7
175.4
287.7
188.8
280.9
190.7
290.2
197.6
301.8
192.6
304.8
181.9
300.3
184.0
298.4
188.7
296.9
195.1
296.7
194.4
272.4
185.1
290.7
291.8
293.3
295.1
295.5
296.7
299.6
298.3
296. 7
295.8
294.7
290.1
292.5
268.4
448.8
454.2
456.9
456.7
459.3
460.9
467.1
471.2
475.1
477.4
489.1
503.1
508.2
344.1
230.6
267.4
197.0
198.3
105.4
223.5
265.3
193.3
193.3
105.1
231.1
266. 1
195.0
196.6
106.0
209.6
165.9
245.8
265.6
196.7
198.7
106.0
208.2
161.3
258.5
265.4
196.5
198.5
105.7
206.6
166.5
252. 4
266.8
196.0
198.1
105.3
205.1
184.3
226.9
261.2
194.0
195.8
104.5
219.7
259.4
189.7
191.2
104.8
203.0
239.3
220.5
259.3
188.3
190.5
105.2
203.7
225.8
195.4
226. 2
160.4
162 0
169.1
225.3
266.2
193.7
194.2
105.5
209.8
164.0
241.2
263.3
195.0
197.1
104.4
217.2
229.0
266.4
195.7
196.0
105.1
209.7
208.7
88.8
88.6
89.2
73.9
89.8
73.3
88.5
83.0
91.9
84.2
92.0
85.3
92.7
95.6
100.2
95.8
101.5
202.0
210.5
45.7
50.3
55.5
84.0
60.5
24.2
22.7
31.4
14.9
75.7
210 .1
39.5
18.4
78.5
210 . 1
210.8
183.7
201 . 1
203 9
101.3
162.0
181.8
74.6
210.0
88.8
216.7
241.8
224.2
258.3
191.2
192.7
104.9
203.1
243.4
93.2
92.5
94.9
96.6
95.1
99.2
202.8
202.8
174.2
148.4
24.1
96.3
96.4
95.9
93.3
96.3
95.8
98.7
98.5
96.9
96.3
08.6
97.8
98.3
15.4
16.3
55.0
288.7
269.4
193.2
366.9
265.5
188.6
395.9
277.9
170.0
310.0
278.7
164.3
279.7
282. 1
159.9
239.4
281.5
160.8
229.2
273.4
156.2
218.8
269.9
161.7
204.3
267.7
164.7
191.2
270.6
175.8
178.4
269.9
189.3
203.0
265.6
194.4
214.3
264.6
188.0
301.1
271.8
172.8
23.1
10.7
11.7
14.7
9.7
129.2
235.3
287.6
216.8
171.3
250.7
360.1
444.8
204.9
161.2
229.7
220.9
166.9
276.7
351.9
470.7
217.0
236.8
327.6
234.7
199.3
370.1
333.7
433.4
201.4
258.8
235.5
193.4
184. 5
382.2
307.0
387.7
231.8
250.4
198.1
196.3
166.0
313.3
282.0
331.2
192.9
238. 1
260.0
145.4
250.9
270.5
309.9
160.7
191.3
419.8
291.7
256.5
242.6
289.5
299.7
189.0
208.0
268.0
281.8
272.8
209.0
266.2
265. 2
222.4
246.2
217.2
289.4
232.1
196.6
247.6
234.4
144.3
188.4
160.5
235.9
186.4
177.0
215.2
227.5
142.8
185.4
153.7
241.1
168.1
168.6
193.3
266.8
101.5
166.8
151.6
235.0
180.6
176 0
203.7
308.2
23.1
214.8
286.2
216.2
177.8
234.3
354.4
407.2
151.8
112.6
151.0
174.3
181.7
167.3
187.1
219.3
209.4
208.3
33.2
38.2
172.8
176.1
172.4
176.2
173.6
176.6
180.0
176.6
178.8
176.5
179.7
176.4
180.0
176.8
179.1
176.7
178.3
177.3
177.6
177.6
177.9
177.8
177.0
177.4
175.3
177.5
140.1
172.0
18.9
18.0
174.4
192.7
112.8
102.0
173.0
193.8
112.4
172.6
193.1
111.7
172.2
195.2
20.6
10.0
172.0
194.8
112.3
171.2
195.9
113.0
171.3
194.2
113.0
169.5
195.1
113.0
101.9
260.6
214.0
168.3
195.4
114.3
101.9
261.6
213.9
166.7
194.2
114.6
101 7
263.1
211.9
165.3
194.8
115.6
101.7
268.7
213.1
165.7
200. 7
116.9
101.7
274.9
216.8
165.4
138.4
209.0
161.6
117.8
114.3
101.7 ____
275.1
237 8
220.9
202.7
345.2
111.3
345.4
345.5
345.1
1 1 1 .2
110.8
110 .2
345.3
109.1
346.3
108.4
294.8
1 1 1 .2
2 1 .1
10 1.8
102.0
11 1 .8
102.0
10 2.1
102.0
220.0
102.0
26.9
16.3
256.0
220.4
256.0
216.7
256.0
214.2
256.2
213.6
256.3
213.7
256.2
212.9
259.0
214.6
86.7
29.2
344.7
344.8
111.3
345.0
il l . 3
345.2
345.8
111.4
345.9
1 1 1 .2
345. 9
18.1
32.6
34.4
29.7
12 2 .2
157.7
142.6
158.5
120.7
157.8
142.0
156.7
122.4
158.1
141.1
153.9
118.3
159.1
142.9
151.8
124.8
162.8
146.7
151.6
130.3
165.6
147.9
153.8
143.7
170.7
151.1
157.2
149.8
174.0
153.6
165.4
155.5
176.6
153.4
169.4
158.3
177.2
152.8
170.6
167.7
178.4
153.0
171.2
163.1
179.4
156.9
172.8
161.7
181.4
158.3
174.6
116.0
155.6
142.1
161.1
52.3
23.4
195.1
98.0
193.3
98.4
192.2
97.5
191.2
98.2
189.1
98.9
187.0
98.2
187.9
98.3
188.7
98.8
188.8
99.6
189.1
100.0
189.8
99.4
191.6
99.3
191.7
99.4
175.3
1 11.6
» Average price based on 52 cities; index on 56 cities.
* December 1950=100.
! Priced in 46 cities.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
May
1952
220 . 6
10 2.2
1 July 1947=100.
2 February 1943=100.
June
1952
50.3
62.1
Fish:
Ofiflftn perch fillet, frozen4do___
Haddock fillet, frozen 8 _do__
Salmon, p in k 2. . . . 16-ounce can..
Dairy products:
B utter________________ __ pound..
Cheese, American process _____ do___
Milk, fresh (delivered). . . ____ quart..
Milk, fresh (grocery)------ _____ do___
_____ pint.
Icecream 4.. . —
Milk, evaporated
. 1413-ounce can
Eggs: Eggs, fresh--------------- ___dozen._
Fruits and vegetables:
Frozen fruits:
Strawberries 4
__ . . 1 2 ounces _
Orange juice 4------ .. . . . 6 ounces..
Frozen vegetables:
P eas 4
___ . . 1 2 ounces
Fresh fruits:
Apples------ --------- ___ pound..
Bananas---- -------- _____ do___
Oranges, size 200------ ____ dozen..
Fresh vegetables:
Beans, green .. . . . . . . . pound..
C abbage___ -- -- _____ do___
Carrots.— —- - - —- ___ bunch..
____ head..
Lettuce___--- ___ pound..
Onions____ ____
Potatoes__________ .15 pounds. _
Sweetpotatoes—------- ___ pound..
Tomatoes 9— -------- _____ do___
Canned fruits:
Peaches. — . . . ----- No. 213 can..
Pineapple_________ _____ do___
Canned vegetables:
Corn.
...
. . . No. 303 can..
Tomatoes_________ ..N o . 2 can.Peas. __ ------------- No. 303 can.Baby foods 4______ 4?4-5 ounces..
Dried fruits, prunes------- ___ pound. _
Dried vegetables, navy beans— do---Beverages:
Coffee_______ ______ _____ do_ __
Cola drink 4 ________ 6-bottle carton..
Fats and oils:
L ard .. . . . - —- -------- ___ pound—
Shortening, hydrogenatec _____ do___
Salad dressing------------- __ ..p in t—
Margarine, colored 10- — ___ pound..
Sugar and sweets:
Sugar... ------- ------------ .. 5 pounds..
Grape jelly 4. . ---------- —12 ounces..
Indexes 1935-39= 100
July
1952
1 1 1 .2
®Priced in 28 cities.
2 1938-39=100.
8 Priced in 47 cities.
9 October 1949= 100.
10 Average price based on 50 cities; index on 56 cities.
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1952
T able
D:
PRICES
ARD
COST OF
481
L IV IN G
D-7 : Indexes of Wholesale Prices, by Group of Commodities
[1947-49=100] »
Aug.
1952
Commodity group
July
1952
1 1 2 .1
1 11.8
Farm products_______________________________
Processed foods______________________________
109.9
110.5
110 .2
110 .0
All commodities other than farm and food___________
112.9
« 112.5
Textile products and apparel . ______________
Hides, skins, and leather p ro d u cts______________
Fuel, power, and lighting materials_____________
Chemicals and allied products _______ _________
99.2
96.5
105.5
104.0
«98.9
96.2
« 106.0
104.2
All com m odities________________________________
•T he revised wholesale price index (1947-49=1001 is the official index
for January 1952 and subsequent months. The official index for December
1951 and previous dates is the former index (1926=100)—see table D-7a.
The revised index has been computed back to January 1947 for purposes
of comparison and analysis. Beginning with January 1952 the index is
based on prices for one day in the month. Prices are collected from manu
July
1952
Aug.
1952
Commodity group
All commodities other than farm and food—Continued
Rubber and products_________ ___ _____ - ........Lumber and wood products......... ........................... Pulp, paper, and allied products...........................
Metals and metal products------------------------------Machinery and motive products...................... ........
Furniture and other household durables-------------N onm etallic m inerals—structural----------------------Tobacco manufactures and bottled beverages-------Miscellaneous________________ ____ ___________
128.3
120.3
115.6
123.8
121.4
111.6
113.8
110.8
108.9
« 130.0
120.2
«115.3
121.9
«121.4
111.6
113.8
110.8
105. 5
facturers and other producers. In some cases they are secured from trade
publications or from other Government agencies which collect price quota
tions in the course of their regular work. For a more detailed description
of the index, see A Description of the Revised Wholesale Price Index,
Monthly Labor Review, February 1952 (p. 180).
• Corrected.
T able D-7a: Indexes of Wholesale Prices,1 by Group of Commodities, for Selected Periods
[1923 = 100]
Mis
cella
neous
com
modi
ties
56.1
56.7
99.2
143.3
94.3
68.8
88.1
164. 4
95.4
80.2
77.9
178.0
173.7
94.0
142.3
176.5
82.6
67.3
138.8
163.4
97.6
74.9
67.8
162.7
253.0
93.9
69. 4
66.9
130.4
157.8
94.5
69.0
65.7
131 0
165.4
93.3
76.0
65 7
129.9
170.6
91.6
80.2
94.4
93.2
95.8
71.4
90.5
89.6
94.8
73. 9
76.0
74.2
77.0
75.1
86.3
85.6
88.5
64.4
74.8
73.3
77.3
55 1
70.2
66.5
71.0
59.3
77.0
74.5
79.1
70.3
80. 4
79. 1
81.6
68.3
79.5
77.9
80.8
70.2
81.3
80.1
83.0
76.2
78.4
78.5
80.8
83.0
99.4
103. 3
103.8
103. 8
103.8
103.2
107.8
94.3
102.4
102.7
104.3
82.0
87.6
89.7
92,2
93.6
83.5
92.3
113.2
86.9
90. 1
92. 6
92.9
94.1
89.1
94.6
98.6
111.4
115. 5
84.4
90.4
95.5
94.9
95.2
100.1
100.8
88.3
93.3
97.0
98.7
99.6
89.0
93.7
95.5
96.9
98.5
100.1
84.0
84.8
104.7
104.7
117.8
117.8
95.2
95.3
104.5
104.5
94.7
94.8
116.8
116.3
95.9
95.5
101.8
101.8
100.8
99.6
100.9
99.7
99.9
137.2
122.4
172. 5
182.4
188.8
180.4
191.9
218.7
221.4
116.3
109.2
131.6
141.7
149.8
140.4
148.0
171.4
172.2
90.1
87.8
94.5
108.7
134.2
131.7
133.2
135. 7
138.2
115.5
101.4
96.4
118.9
127.3
135.7
118.6
122.7
139. 6
143.3
1 1 1 .6
110.4
118.2
131.1
144. 5
145.3
153.2
170.2
176.0
100.3
98. 5
106. 5
115. 5
120.5
112.3
120.9
140. 5
141.0
134.7
126.3
153.4
165.6
178.4
163.9
172.4
187.1
192.4
110.8
130. 2
145.0
163.6
170.2
173.6
184.9
189.2
132.6
129.9
145. 5
179. 7
199.1
193.4
206.0
221.4
225.5
105.7
129.1
148. 5
158.0
150.2
156.0
178.1
177.6
116.1
107.3
134.7
146.0
159.4
151.2
156. 8
169 0
174.9
114.9
106.7
132.9
145.5
159.8
152.4
159.2
172.4
176.7
109.5
105.6
120.7
135.2
151.0
147.3
153.2
166.7
169.4
235.4
238. 7
236.9
233.3
232.6
230.6
221.9
213.7
178.4
181.0
183.0
182.7
182.0
177.9
173.2
167.4
163.1
157. 7
159.4
160. 5
136.4
138.1
138.6
138.1
137.5
137.8
137.9
138.1
138.8
138.9
139.1
139.2
187.5
188.1
188.8
189.0
188.8
188.2
187.9
188.1
189.1
191.2
191.5
191.7
226.2
228.2
228.6
228.6
227.7
225.6
223.8
147.5
150.2
149.3
147.2
145.7
142.3
139.4
140.1
140.8
141.1
138.7
137.9
175.0
175.7
179.1
180.4
180.1
179.5
178.8
175.3
172.4
171.7
172.0
172.0
142.4
142.7
142.5
142.7
141.7
141.7
138.8
138.2
138. 5
139.2
141.3
141.6
192.6
198.9
199.4
197.7
195.5
194. 7
189.9
187.5
187.0
188.9
189.6
188.8
184.9
187.0
187.4
187.0
186.4
180.0
174. 0
170.0
168.8
168.3
168.7
167.9
173.3
175.6
175.9
176.1
176.2
175.6
175.1
174.4
174.2
174.3
174.1
173.9
176.9
179.3
179.4
179.2
179.0
177.8
176.0
174.9
174.8
174.8
174.3
174.1
170.4
171.9
172.6
172.3
171.6
170.6
168.6
167.2
167.0
166.6
166.9
166.9
Tex
tile
prod
ucts
Farm
prod
ucts
Average........
July________
November__
M ay----------Average____
69.8
67.3
136. 3
167.2
95.3
71.5
71.4
150.3
169.8
104.9
64.2
62.9
128. 6
147.3
99.9
69.7
131. 6
193.2
109.1
57.3
55.3
142.6
188.3
90.4
61.3
55.7
114.3
159.8
83.0
90.8
79.1
143.5
155.5
100.5
101.8
1932: Average.........
1939: Average____
August...........
1940: Average.........
64.8
77.1
75.0
78.6
48.2
65.3
61.0
67.7
61.0
70.4
67.2
71.3
72.9
95.6
92. 7
100.8
54.9
69.7
67.8
73.8
70.3
73.1
72.6
71.7
1941: Average____
Decem ber...
1942: Average____
1943: Average____
1944: Average____
87.3
93.6
98.8
103.1
104.0
82.4
94.7
105.9
122 . 6
123.3
82.7
90.5
99.6
106.6
104.9
108.3
114. 8
117.7
117. 5
116.7
84.8
91.8
96.9
97.4
98.4
1945: Average____
August...........
105.8
105.7
128.2
126.9
106.2
106.4
118.1
118.0
1946: Average-------Ju n e ... ____
November___
1947: Average_____
1948: Average-----1949: Average_____
1950: Average_____
December___
1951: Average........
1 2 1.1
148.9
140. 1
169.8
181.2
188.3
165.5
170.4
187.4
196.1
130.7
112.9
165.4
168.7
179.1
161.4
166.2
179.0
186.9
1951: Jan u ary .........
February........
March______
April...............
M ay....... ........
Ju n e ........... .
Ju ly _______
A ugust..........
September___
October_____
November__
December___
180.2
183.7
184.0
183.6
182.9
181.7
179.4
178.0
177.6
178.1
178.3
177.8
194.2
182.2
187.6
186.6
185.8
187.3
186.3
186.0
187.3
188.0
189.4
188.8
187.3
1913:
1914:
1918:
1920:
1929:
112.9
139.7
152.1
165.1
155.0
161.5
175.3
180.4
202.6
203.8
202. 5
199.6
198.6
194.0
190.6
189.2
192.3
195.1
193. 6
68.1
2 12 .1
208. 3
196.6
192.3
112 .2
• This index (1926=100) is the official index for December 1951 and all
previous dates. The revised index (1947-49=100) is the official index for
January 1952 and subsequent dates—see tables D-7 and D- 8. BLS whole
sale price data, for the most part, represent prices in primary markets. They
are prices charged by manufacturers or producers or are prices prevailing on
organized exchanges.
222775-52-
-8
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
AH
com
modi
ties
ex
cept
farm
prod
ucts
and
foods
Chem
Fuel Metals
Build icals Houseand
furand
and
light metal
ing
nishmate allied
ing
ing
P ro d
prod goods
rials
mate
ucts
ucts
rials
Hides
and
Foods leather
prod
ucts
AH
com
modi
ties
Year and month
All
com
Semi- Manu modi
ties
fac
Raw manutured
ex
facmate
prod
cept
tured
rials
farm
articles ucts
prod
ucts
56.7
52.9
110 .2
222.6
223. 1
223.6
224.5
224.0
10 1.1
93.1
100.6
1 1 2 .1
For a detailed description of the method of calculation for this series see
November 1949 Monthly Labor Review, Compiling Monthly and Weekly
Wholesale Price Indexes (p. 541).
Mimeographed tables are available upon request, giving monthly indexes
for major groups of commodities since 1890 and for subgroups and economic
groups since 1913.
482
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
MONTHLY LAB OB
T able D-8: Indexes of Wholesale Prices, by Group and Subgroup of Commodities 1
[1947-49=100]
’ Aug.3
$ 1952
Commodity group
July
1952
All commodities...................................................................
1 1 2 .1
1 1 1 .8
Farm products....................................................................
Fresh and dried produce.................... ........................
Grains...................... ................................. ...................
Livestock and poultry_________________________
P lant and animal fibers_______________________
Fluid m ilk__________________________________
Eggs______ ________________________________
Hay and seeds-.____ _________________________
Other farm products........................... .........................
109. 9
[ 126.1
(96.9
r 106.4
114.9
107. 9
116.1
99. 9
137.6
110 .2
Processed foods.................. ........ .............................. .........
Cereal and bakery products__
Meats, poultry, fish______ ______
Dairy products and ice cream _ .
Canned, frozen, fruits and vegetables
Sugar and confectionery
Packaged beverage materials___________________
Animal fats and oils_____________
Crude vegetable oils__________________________
Refined vegetable oils_____________ _ ________
Vegetable oil end products_____________________
Other processed foods__ _
110.5
106.4
112.3
114.3
105.3
113.8
103.9
1 1 1 .1
1 1 1 .6
128.2
94.9
108.2
115.3
' 107.0
112. 9
100. 5
«138.1
110.0
106.5
110.6
79.3
125.4
161.9
64.8
60.4
69.5
78.9
126.6
All commodities other than farm and foods__________
112. 9
112. 5
Textile products and apparel
Cotton products
Wool products .
Synthetic textiles
Silk products________________________________
Apparel.
99.2
97.6
112.9
90.5
139.3
99.4
90.4
'98.9
96.1
113.9
'89.2
134.7
'99.5
' 94.4
90 ft
7
90 2
C61 8
Other leather products.................................................
1 1 0 ft
100.2
no o
' 100. 5
Fuel, power, and lighting materials..................................
C oal..._____________________________________
Coke___ _____________ _____ ___________ ____
Gas_________ ______________________________
Electricity______ _________________________ _
Petroleum and products....... ............. ........ ................
105. 5
106.5
124.3
101.4
99.1
108.3
' 106.0
' 106.0
124.3
'101.4
'99.1
109.4
Chemicals and allied products.......... ................................
Industrial chemicals....... ........ ....................................
Paint and paint materials......... ........ .......................
Drugs, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics________ ______
Fats and oils, inedible_______ _________________
Mixed fertilizer ____________ ________________
Fertilizer materials.............. ........... ................... ........
Other chemicals and products__________________
104.0
114.6
106.8
92.1
47.5
108.7
110.9
103.1
104.2
114.7
106.9
92.1
49.8
108.7
110.7
103.1
Rubber and products ............................... ....... ........ ......
Crude rubber.................... ..........................................
Tires and tubes............... ....................... .....................
Other rubber products............................. .................
128.3
138.9
126.3
125.2
' 130. 0
138.6
129.6
' 125.8
161.9
63.1
61.9
68.6
Commodity group
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 Preliminary.
• Corrected.
July
1952
Lumber and wood products
Lumber
Mill work______
Plywood______ __
120 3
120 5
127.2
105.8
'105.8
Pulp, paper, and allied products
Woodpulp-— .
Wastepaper__ .
Paper- ___________
Paperboard__
Converted paper and paperboard.......
Building paper and board................................. ..........
115.6
109.3
65.7
124.0
124. 6
113.0
115.8
e 115 3
109 3
c 44* 3
123 8
12^ 4
113 2
115.8
Metals and metal Droducts____
- - - - Iron and steel___________ _____________
Nonferrous metals__ _________ ______
Metal containers_____ ___________
Hardware_____ _____________ _
Plumbing equipment....................................
Heating equipment........ .....................................
Structural metal products_____________ _
Nonstructural metal products_________ _____
123.8
127.0
123.6
120.7
123.8
118.1
113.6
115.4
124.5
121 9
122.3
• 124.0
120 . 5
123 9
118.1
113.6
115.4
124.4
M achinery and motive products.....................................
121.4
121 ft
125.4
129.0
• 121.4
Construction machinery and equipment_____ _
Metal working machinery
General purpose machinery and equipment______
Miscellaneous machinery____________ ________
Electrical machinery and equipment.........................
Motor vehicles..................................................
Furniture and other household d u rab les___
Household fu rn itu re _________ _______
Commerca 1 furniture........ .......................... ...........
Floor cov ering___ __________
Househol d appliances........... ................ .
Radio, T V, and phonographs............... ...........
Other ho usehold durable goods___________
Nonmetalic minerals—structural___________ .
Flat glass________ _________ _____
Con nrp,te ingrprlicnts
122 .2
119.0
119.9
119.7
1 1 1 .6
112 .6
i?o 2
120 4
120 8
125.4
«129 O
' 122 ! 2
119.0
' 119. 9
119.7
1 1 1 .6
112 .6
122.5
119.2
106.8
93.8
119.5
123.2
119.1
106.8
93.8
119.4
113.8
114.4
113.8
114.4
112. 4
Other nonmetallic minerals
Tobacco manufactures and hntt.le.d beverages
Cigarettes
Cigars.
Other tobacco products
Alcoholic beverages
Nonalcoholic beverages
M iscellaneous__
Toys, sporting goods, small arms......... ........... ..........
Manufactured animal feeds.
Notions and accessories._____ _
Jewelry, watches, photo equipment
Other miscellaneous______ _
1
i See footnote 1, table D-7.
Aug.»
1952
111 9
110 8
117. 7
106.0
110 8
118 4
C105 7
c 101 5
« 118 4
119.7
119.7
108 9
113.3
109. 5
90.8
105 5
«113.3
102 7
91 ft
10 1.1
120 . 8
101 1
12 o! 8
10/5 7
102 0
111 2
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1952
D : PR IC E S A N D
483
COST OF L IV IN G
E: Work Stoppages
T able E -l: Work Stoppages Resulting From Labor-Management Disputes 1
Number of stoppages
Workers involved in stoppages
Man-days idle during month
or year
Month and year
Beginning in
month or year
In effect during month
Beginning in
month or year
1935-39 (average)...
1945.........................
1946..........................
1947.........................
1948 ....................
1949 ....................
1950 ....................
2,862
4,750
4,985
3,693
3,419
3,606
4,843
1951: August_____
September__
October____
November__
December__
505
457
487
305
186
727
693
728
521
357
213,000
215,000
248,000
84,000
81, 500
1952: January *.......
February *...
March 3........
April*_____
May *............
Ju n e 1............
July *......... ..
August 3 *___
400
350
400
475
475
425
425
450
600
550
600
650
675
650
650
675
190, 000
185,000
240,000
1,000,000
300, 000
170,000
125,000
225,000
• All known work stoppages, arising out of labor-management disputes,
involving six or more workers and continuing as long as a full day or shift
are included in reports of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Figures on “work
ers involved” and “man-days idle” cover all workers made idle for one or
more shifts in establishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In effect during month
Number
Percent of esti
mated work
ing time
16, 900,000
38, 000,000
116,000,000
34, 600, 000
34,100,000
50, 500, 000
38, 800,000
0.27
.47
1.43
.41
.37
.59
.44
314,000
340.000
365,000
191,000
130,000
2, 640,000
2, 540,000
2, 790, 000
1,610,000
1,020,000
.28
.33
.30
.19
.13
250,000
250, 000
320,000
1, 200, 000
1, 200, 000
1, 000, 000
850, 000
310,000
1,250,000
1, 270, 000
1, 400,000
5, 300,000
7, 500,000
14, 000, 000
12,500,000
2,100,000
.14
.15
.17
.61
.90
1.68
1.44
.25
1.130.000
3.470.000
4.600.000
2.170.000
1.960.000
3.030.000
2.410.000
measure the indirect or secondary effects on other establishm ents or in d u s
tries whose employees are made idle as a result of material or service shortages.
* Prelim inary
3 Does not Include memorial stoppage in coal mining industry.
484
F: B U IL D IN G A N D
MONTHLY LABOR
CO N STR U C TIO N
F: Building and Construction
T
able
F -l: Expenditures for New Construction 1
[Value of work put In place]
Expenditures (in millions)
1952
Type of construction
Sept.3 Aug.3 July 3 June
May
1951
April
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
1951
Oct.
Sept.
1950
Total Total
Total new construction8. ............................. $3,112 $3,129 $3,062 $2,980 $2, 778 $2, 541 $2, 345 $2,102 $2,193 $2, 394 $2. 660 $2,893 $2, 934 $31, 025 $28, 749
Private construction-------------- -------------- 2, 037
Residential building (nonfarm)______ 1,053
935
New dwelling units_____________
Additions and alterations...............
100
18
Nonhousekeeping*______________
Nonresidential building (nonfarm) •__
433
188
Industrial___ _________________
101
Commercial__________________
Warehouses, office and loft
44
buildings ___ ___________
Stores, restaurants, and garages.
57
144
Other nonresidential building____
38
Religious -------------------- -----34
Educational. ______________
Social and recreational_______
13
32
Hospital and institutional7___
27
Miscellaneous.......................... .
168
Farm construction._______ _________
Public utilities._____ ______________
376
37
Railroad______________________
48
Telephone and telegraph________
Other public utilities.......................
291
7
All other private 8___________ _____
Public construction....... ............................. . 1,075
Residential building 1___
___ ____
53
Nonresidential building (other than
378
military or naval facilities)___ _____
162
Industrial........ .................. ............ .
141
Educational. _______ __________
42
Hospital and institutional________
0 ther nonresidential____________
33
Military and naval facilities 10_______
153
Highways____________ ___________
325
Sewer and water___________________
62
Miscellaneous public service enter22
prises 11.. ___ __________________
Conservation and development.............
77
All other public11_________ ________
5
2,040
1,048
930
100
18
420
181
98
1,995
1,023
905
101
17
412
180
97
1,925
979
860
104
15
408
185
93
1,811
922
810
99
13
392
188
82
1,690
849
750
87
12
386
194
73
1,616
799
710
77
12
397
201
74
1,464
676
600
63
13
407
209
76
1,518
720
650
57
13
415
209
83
1,674
840
760
66
14
415
200
92
1,818
930
832
84
14
425
200
96
1,908
963
858
91
14
440
205
95
43
55
141
37
32
12
34
26
183
381
37
48
296
8
1,089
54
39
58
135
34
30
11
35
25
180
371
36
47
288
9
1,067
53
37
56
130
32
29
10
34
25
171
359
36
47
276
8
1,055
55
34
48
122
29
27
9
33
24
157
333
33
46
254
7
967
55
33
40
119
28
26
9
33
23
136
313
32
45
236
6
851
57
33
41
122
29
26
9
33
25
123
292
30
46
216
5
729
59
36
40
122
30
27
9
32
24
113
263
27
41
195
5
638
62
39
44
123
31
28
9
32
23
110
267
30
41
196
6
675
65
41
51
123
32
28
8
33
22
110
303
37
40
226
6
720
66
41
55
129
34
29
9
34
23
126
331
41
42
248
6
842
68
41
54
140
38
31
10
36
25
148
351
40
44
267
6
985
66
45
56
149
42
32
12
37
26
179
352
35
43
274
6
979
63
544
827
1, 664
452
345
164
419
284
1,800
3, 695
399
487
2,809
64
9,341
595
402
886
1,427
409
294
247
344
133
1,791
3, 330
315
440
2,575
112
7,139
345
380
168
139
41
32
152
335
64
372
166
134
42
30
155
320
63
370
166
133
41
30
153
310
62
351
151
132
40
28
150
250
60
334
134
131
41
28
135
175
56
301
108
128
38
27
122
115
51
268
85
126
35
22
105
90
46
282
90
129
37
26
113
90
48
289
95
131
36
27
116
111
50
300
97
134
37
32
136
187
55
318
105
136
40
37
147
293
58
319
103
136
40
40
129
303
60
3, 471
958
1,531
498
484
1,019
2,400
706
2,402
224
1,163
476
539
177
2,381
671
19
79
6
18
80
6
18
81
6
18
77
6
14
74
6
12
65
4
8
56
3
11
62
4
12
72
4
15
76
5
20
78
6
21
77
7
213
860
77
186
881
96
1 Joint estimates of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of
Labor, and the Building Materials Division, U. S. Department of Com
merce. Estimated construction expenditures represent the monetary value
of the volume of work accomplished during the given period of time. These
figures should be differentiated from permit valuation data reported In the
tabulations for building authorized (tables F-3 and F-4) and the data on
value of contract awards reported in table F-2.
* Preliminary.
* Revised.
* Includes major additions and alterations.
« Includes hotels, dormitories, and tourist courts and cabins.
* Expenditures by privately owned public utilities for nonresidential
building are included under “ Public utilities."
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1,955 21.684
958 10, 973
849 9,849
93
934
16
190
460 5,152
210 2,117
101 1,371
21,610
12, 600
11, 525
900
175
3,777
1,062
1,288
71ncludes Federal contributions toward construction of private nonprofit
hospital facilities under the National Hospital Program.
8 Covers privately owned sewer and water facilities, roads and bridges, and
miscellaneous nonbuilding items such as parks and playgrounds.
8 Includes nonhousekeeping publio residential construction as well as
housekeeping units.
Covers all construction, building as well as nonbuilding (except for pro
duction facilities, which are included in public industrial building).
n Covers primarily publicly owned airports, electric light and power
systems, and local transit facilities.
11 Covers public construction not elsewhere classified, such as parks, play
grounds, and memorials.
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1952
T
able
F: B U ILD IN G A N D
485
CO N ST R U C TIO N
F-2: Value of Contracts Awarded and Force-Account Work Started on Federally Financed
New Construction, by Type of Construction 1
Value (in thousands)
Type of construction
1952
July
Total new construction
Airfields *____________
Building______ ___
Residential_________
Is onresidential______
Educational
.......
Hospital and institutional.. ______
Administrative and
generals_____ _
Other nonresidential
build in g ...........
Airfield buildings •_
Industrial7...........
Troop housing___
Warehouses_____
Miscellaneous8__
Conservation and development......... ......
Reclamation________
River, harbor, and
flood control............
Highways___________
Electrification________
All other *..... ................
June*
May
Apr.
1951
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
1951
1950
Total
Total
$203, 658 $596,883 $285,047 $358, 525 $265,187 $202,100 $260,887 $208, 507 $190, 610 $189,117 $264,023 $281, 797 $337, 685 $4, 201, 939 $2,805, 214
3,924 17, 556 6,020
6, 949
3,371
3,833
68, 418 369,355 143,940 144, 461 144, 054 104,876
362
2,067
668
530
178
280
68, 056 367, 288 143, 272 143, 931 143,876 104, 596
9,073 12,290
879
5,896
3, 318 6,508
9,315
3,340
97,126 115, 631
310
306
96,816 115, 325
3,384
7, 703
10,170
72,316
112
72, 204
9,825
9, 096 14, 532 15, 535 48, 427
278, 630
58,183
72,709 109,893 151, 381 165,801 2,179, 280 1, 369, 617
46
179
64
611
8, 966
15, 445
72, 663 109,714 151,317 165,190 2,170, 314 1,354,172
12, 229
9,723
8,038
6,909
60, 570
3,123
6,931
20,060
15,171
23, 270
10, 902
10, 629
5, 745
10, 653
10,867
14, 601
29, 634
23,825
15,843
305, 787
2, 514
11,891
3,422
615
3, 266
1,717
2,236
1, 570
1,265
1,812
15, 673
2,807
1,116
57,146
58, 794
49, 538 323,047 123, 800 114,150 126, 390
4,131
7, 773
2, 702
5,310
6, 461
9, 974 166, 522 48,511 31, 161 43, 645
20,305 58,360 23,178 36, 534 28, 492
4,165 38,013 35, 998 28, 256 29, 765
10, 963 52,379 13,411 12,889 18,027
85, 742
2, 041
6, 764
23, 962
32, 427
20, 548
85, 451
905
11, 703
25, 020
28,133
19, 690
95, 399
1,787
32, 274
47, 293
6, 734
7, 311
50, 247
309
27, 973
656
12, 547
8, 762
44, 021
3, 903
10, 890
1, 201
4,850
23,177
54, 684 116, 647 141,322 1,746,811
11,013 15, 685 13,137
91,911
22, 033 47,006 71, 731
892, 384
3,055
5, 633
9, 498
225. 909
3, 229
3,156
7,880
75, 824
15, 427 45,094 39, 076
460, 783
896,169
32, 450
745, 037
2,589
45, 437
70, 656
50, 433
34, 637
15, 246
5,461
24, 382
5, 470
26, 389
527
13,852
2,423
28, 449
2,017
19, 429
6,244
47, 493
6, 409
9,816
1,953
9, 551
5,204
396,841
86, 928
321, 458
81,768
3,068 33, 797 6,635 15, 796
105, 449 124,689 105, 228 101, 566
14, 464
9,039 10, 896 49, 081
7,676 31, 524 10,137
8, 551
9,785
79, 605
12, 738
6,595
18,912
60, 971
2, 960
5, 540
25,862
66, 430
49, 523
12,104
11, 429
53, 373
6, 464
15,847
26, 432
69, 554
2,711
7, 410
13,185
65, 375
3,614
18,894
41, 084
68, 419
5. 671
18,015
7,863
91, 588
2, 730
10, 747
4, 347
77, 090
13, 932
22,884
309, 913
850, 946
281, 251
214, 991
239. 690
836. 015
156, 981
62, 960
3, 727
659
44, 720
10,923
396,086
8, 826
2,191
1 Excludes classified military projects, but includes projects for the Atomic
Energy Commission. Data for Federal-aid programs cover amounts contrib
uted by both owner and the Federal Government. Force-account work is
done not through a contractor, but directly by a Government agency, using a
separate work force to perform nonmaintenance construction on the agency’s
own properties.
J Includes major additions and alterations.
* Excludes hangars and other buildings, which are included under “ Other
nonresidential” building construction.
4 Includes projects under the Federal School Construction Program, which
provides aid for areas affected by Federal Government activities.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
i Includes post offices, armories, offices, and customhouses.
6 Includes all buildings on civilian airports and military airfields and air
bases with the exception of barracks and other troop housing, which are in
cluded under “ Troop housing.”
7 Covers all industrial plants under Federal Government ownership, in
cluding those which are privately operated.
8 Includes types of buildings not elsewhere classified.
* Includes sewer and water projects, railroad construction, and other types
of projects not elsewhere classified.
‘ During June, the last month in the fiscal year, volume is relatively high
because of the large number of contracts customarily awarded.
486
F: B U ILD IN G Â N D
T able
MONTHLY LABOR
CO N STR U C TIO N
F-3: Urban Building Authorized, by Principal Class of Construction and by Type of Building 1
Number of new dwelling units—House
keeping only
Valuation (in thousands)
Privately financed
New residential building
Housekeeping
Period
Total all
classesa
Non
Publicly housePrivately financed dwelling units
financed keep
ing «
dwell
M ulti
ing
1-family 2-fam
Total
family 4 units
ily ‘
1942.............................. - $2,707, 573 $598, 570
1946................................ 4, 743,414 2,114,833
1947...... .................. ...... 5, 563,348 2,885, 374
1948________________ 6,972, 784 3, 422, 927
7, 396,274 3, 724, 924
1949.............................
10, 408,292 5,803, 912
1950............................
1951___________ ____ 8,895,430 4,375, 520
$478, 658
1, 830, 260
2,361,752
2, 745, 219
2,845,399
4,845,104
3,814,922
$42,629
103,042
151,036
181, 493
132,365
179, 214
170,392
New non
resi
dential
building
Addi
tions,
altera
tions,
and
repairs
Total
1-fam
ily
$77, 283 $296,933 $22, 910 $1,510,688 $278, 472 184, 892 138,908
181,531 355, 587 43,369 1, 458, 602 771,023 430,195 358,151
42, 249 29,831 1, 713, 489 892, 404 502,312 393,606
372, 586
496,215 139, 334 38, 034 2,367, 940 1,004, 549 516,179 392, 532
747,160 285,627 39, 785 2,408, 445 937. 493 575,286 413, 543
779, 594 301, 961 84, 508 3,127, 769 1,090,142 796,143 623,330
390, 206 579,634 37,467 2,807,359 1,095, 451 533,942 434,893
P ub
licly fi
2-fam Multinanced
fam
ily *
ily 4
15, 747 30, 237
24,326 47, 718
33, 423 76. 283
36,306 87, 341
26, 431 135, 312
33,302 139,511
29,743 69,306
95, 946
98,310
5. 833
15,114
32,194
34,363
66,044
1951: July...................August_______
September.........
October_______
November_____
December_____
733,378
781, 644
838,035
651,679
541, 096
429,830
343,994
385,139
435, 867
344, 329
264, 089
210, 328
292,998
333,986
379,690
306,172
235, 464
178,004
13, 816
15, 389
18,169
14, 374
10, 324
9,572
37,180
35,764
38,007
23, 784
18, 301
22, 752
30,000
15,838
16,616
9,788
21,192
10,669
3, 685
4,100
7,684
4,880
2,369
1,014
246, 541
272,987
282,659
196,589
186,187
148,031
109,159
103, 581
95, 209
96, 092
67, 258
59,788
42,037
47,182
50,492
42,175
32, 682
26,805
33, 307
38, 036
40,371
35, 580
27, 782
21, 238
2,396
2,669
2,995
2,477
1,766
1,700
6,334
6,477
7,126
4,118
3,134
3,867
3, 275
1,706
1,860
1,017
2,308
1,234
1952: January............. .
February______
March________
April...................
M ay__________
Ju n e 6_________
July *_________
508,470
595,214
778, 897
843, 466
813,858
869,290
796,623
266, 719
345,009
407, 925
465,375
443, 641
410, 751
418,811
234,184
300, 701
352, 857
409, 724
388, 300
367, 746
368,124
12,206
17,263
18, 794
20,38C
20, 59£
17, 384
16,751
20,329
27,045
36, 274
35, 271
34,742
25,621
33,936
25, 731
25,181
76, 903
73, 066
55,15C
62,07C
22, 554
1,247
1,607
4, 57C
3, 307
5, 561
3,605
2,395
145,675
146,739
198, 888
208,317
204, 635
275,25(
244,973
69.098
76,678
90, 611
93, 401
104,871
117,614
107,890
34,374
43,191
49, 942
56, 269
53, 228
48,841
50,432
28, 376
34,978
40,136
45, 936
43,572
41,075
41, 754
2,386
3,017
3, 469
3,558
3, 532
3,060
2,828
3,612
5,196
6,337
6,775
6,124
4, 706
5, 850
3,185
2,975
9, 588
8,941
5, 996
6,868
2,483
i Building for which building permits were issued and Federal contracts
awarded in all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken
in some smaller urban places that do not issue permits.
The data cover federally and non federally financed building construction
combined. Estimates of non-Federal (private and State and local govern
ment) urban building construction are based primarily on building-permit
reports received from places containing about 85 percent of the urban popula
tion of the country; estimates of federally financed projects are compiled from
notifications of construction contracts awarded, which are obtained from
other Federal agencies. Data from building permits are not adjusted to allow
for lapsed permits or for lag between permit issuance and the start of construc
tion. Thus, the estimates do not represent construction actually started
during the month.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Urban is defined according to the 1940 Census, and includes all incorporated
places of 2,500 inhabitants or more in 1940 and a small number of places,
usually minor civil divisions, classified as urban under special rule.
Sums of components do not always equal totals exactly because of rounding.
* Covers additions, alterations, and repairs, as well as new residential and
nonresidential building.
* Includes units in 1-family and 2-family structures with stores.
4 Includes units in multifamily structures with stores.
» Covers hotels, dormitories, tourist cabins, and other nonhousekeeping
residential buildings.
8 Revised.
1 Preliminary.
R E V I E W , O C T O B E R 1952
F: BU ILD IN G AND
487
CONSTRUCTION
T able F-4: New Nonresidential Building Authorized in All Urban Places,1 by General Type and by
Geographic Division 2
Valuation (in thousands)
Geographic division and
type of new nonresi
dential building
1952
July 8 June 4
May
Apr.
1951
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
1951
1950
Total
Total
All ty p es-........ ............... $244,973 $275,25C $204,635 $208, 317 $198, 88S $146, 73E $145,675 $148, 031 $186,18" $196, 58E $282, 65C $272, 987 $246, 541 $2, 807, 359 S3, 177 700
N ew England........... 14, aya 12, 65C
8, 914 13, 812 19, 440
7, 525 10, 847
7, 56€ 14, 651 11, 29' 16,170 32, 282 17, 681
192 280
197, 358
M iddle Atlantic___ 30,628 44, 928 34,294 29, 773 41, 738 26, 096 25,311 28, 95S 29, 98£ 36,132 33, 408 47, 537 26, 442
422, 549 51o’ 582
East North Central. 58,914 56, 541 66,073 45, 827 40, 238 34, 87S 28, 136 33, 71C 63, 408 52, 322 70, 698 ¡ 68, 478 59, 253
67S S55
744',
183
West North Central. 22,029 18,057 18,356 20, 367 10, 941 10,136
9, 732
8, 946 11, 18: 17, 692 30. 799 13, 482 18, 220 204, 788 262* 727
South Atlantic.........
22,666 30,632 19, 557 20, 589 22, 78' 21, 615 17, 06( 15, 687 18, 222 20, 962 39, 716 26, 266 25, 345
301, 283 275 803
East South Central- 13, 090 19,429
6,199
5, 040
8, 455
2, 939
6, 556
6, 735
5,603
4,999
8,176
8, 760
5,436
112. 622
144 084
West South Central- 32,982 24,000 18,994 25, 224 17,503 15, 736 18,142 12, 635 15, 673 15, 777 28, 872 30, 699 23,109
287,
388 288 201
7,842 15,275
M o u n ta in ................
7, 763
5,477
6,411
4,125
5, 639
5, 229
5, 27S
9,088 11, 282 13,311
8,496
101,
235
112
205
Pacific____________ 42,423 53,738 24,484 42, 208 31,378 20, 074 24, 073 32, 361 22,183 28, 324 43, 537 j 32,172 62, 558
435, 953
459,155
Industrial buildings
New England...........
M iddle Atlantic___
East North Central.
West North CentralSouth Atlantic____
East South Central.
West South Central.
M ountain_________
Pacific_______ ____
Commercial buildings • .
New E ngland..........
Middle Atlantic___
East North Central
West North Central.
South Atlantic____
East South Central.
West South Central
M ountain................:
Pacific.........................
Community buildings 7_
New England......... .
Middle Atlantic___
East North Central.
West North Central.
South Atlantic____
East South Central
West South Central.
M ountain_________
Pacific____________
Public buildings *_____
New England_____
M iddle Atlantic___
East North Central.
W est North Central
South Atlantic___
East South CentralW est South Central.
Mouutain_________
Pacific____________
Public works and utility
buildings •__________
New England_____
Middle Atlantic___
East North CentralWest North Central.
South Atlantic____
East South Central.
West South CentralMountain___ _____
Pacific____________
All other buildings 10___
New England_____
M iddle Atlantic___
East North Central.
West North CentralSouth Atlantic____
East South CentralWest South CentralM ountain___ _____
Pacific____________
36, 277
3,226
3,624
8,942
3, 515
2,044
2,382
1,505
774
10, 265
56, 603
2,804
10,056
10, 903
3,808
7,427
3,4/4
7,999
2,243
7,888
102,785
6,311
11,763
25,780
11, 558
10,199
5, 769
10,908
3, 240
17, 256
7, 5/3
1,022
1,681
779
341
343
113
361
270
2,663
41,193
1,298
8, 552
13,707
1,267
2,044
2,270
2,306
288
9,461
65,846
2,394
10,714
13,203
4,738
8,159
2,405
11,469
4,267
8,497
88,886
3, 640
12,035
16,779
8, 508
14,493
5,855
5,189
2,703
19,686
43,027
2,813
5,854
2,717
632
1, 745
8,148
2,007
6,842
12,269
33, 613
1,690
5,200
17,457
1,412
656
2,460
888
445
3,406
50,848
1,908
6,426
12, 508
4,583
7,347
1,251
6,961
2, 775
7,090
81,338
3,487
15,035
22, 751
8, 252
7,918
1,992
9,146
2,101
10,656
10,107
559
3, 950
2,150
12
1,623
34
44
1,650
84
33,067
1, 570
6,068
6,683
1,332
3,108
354
4,421
246
9,285
54, 040
2,256
8,489
10, 904
4,867
8,457
1, 948
7,552
2,384
7,183
79, 851
8, 277
11, 696
17, 036
11, 825
5,708
2,057
10, 054
1, 082
12,116
12, 216
6
461
1,393
31
246
0
714
716
8,649
22, 517
1.010
4, 427
7,665
643
1,728
2,212
536
216
4,080
54, 976
2,751
16,120
8,133
3, 715
6,369
3,528
6, 560
1, 500
6,300
96, 367
14, 330
18, 950
18, 843
4,569
13, 081
2,224
8,681
1, 636
14,053
4,725
10
19
450
554
172
0
120
927
2,473
17,391
2, 299
2,074
5, 85Ç
1,300
939
34C
1,541
132
2,907
34, 434
1, 227
5, 398
6, 953
1,724
5,957
1,146
4, 823
1, 092
6,114
71, 769
3, 406
17, 030
19, 032
5,857
7,608
4, 528
6, 658
2, 005
5,645
3, 696
339
107
256
0
2,351
0
131
90
422
23, 222
5,939
3, 94C
4, 731
1, 484
1, 570
662
1, 586
279
3, 031
33,184
1,983
5, 203
3,853
1, 537
5, 045
2, 163
4, 995
2, 807
5, 598
64,084
2, 481
13, 121
12, 447
6, 137
8, 559
2,639
7, 321
1, 140
10, 239
4,045
86
1, 122
1, 522
0
52
1,000
60
18
185
17, 828 58, 295 36, 206
617
4,362
1, 503
1, 59£ 10,10C 11, 546
9,236 36, 652 12, 981
1,131
1,156
1,169
499
1, 53C
1,016
24S
118
982
1,185
975
1, 046
293
74£
308
3, 021
2,654
5, 655
43, 594 41, 348 47,144
1, 174
1,314
1, 693
6,625
8,904
6,631
6, 797 6, 476
9, 375
1, 458
3, 776
2, 934
6,714
4, 853
9,346
744
1. 738
1, 800
4,707
4,132
5,499
1, 835
1, 479 2, 143
13, 539 8, 674
7, 722
54, 910 59, 611 79, 016
4, 799
6, 784
6,130
19, 585 8, 815 14, 504
6, 503 16, 095 18, 821
5,382
4, 593
9, 734
5,361
7,356
8,467
1,270
1, 963
1, 475
5,310
4, 814
6,248
1, 331
2,038
4,625
5,368
7, 153
9,011
11, 593
6, 063
4,362
265
780
521
48
38
226
7,934
937
130
345
8
0
2, 093
195
40
0
0
56
305
3, 948
654
0
8
1,090
604
148
1,645
36,163
2,62'
6,634
12, 218
3, 887
2, 950
1, 590
1,048
382
4,830
91, 488
2, 535
12, 655
16, 487
4, 977
17, 484
3, 078
10, 946
4, 398
18, 928
114,163
8, 083
10, 375
29, 208
16, 842
15,191
2, 301
13, 816
5, 111
13, 236
5,879
889
213
897
777
2,666
36
18
0
382
48, 651
4,600
9,379
22,165
1, 527
1,008
4, 548
1, 475
214
3, 735
57, 360
5,947
10, 815
10, 822
2,424
7. 244
2, 074
7,341
1,034
9, 661
122, 591
19, 971
13, 959
24, 604
6, 160
15, 786
1, 775
18, 361
10, 334
11, 641
16, 097
200
11, 076
374
244
47
0
685
361
3,109
57, 624
506,193
290 802
1, 843
31, 916
12 999
8, 529
97,144
55 079
16, 563 205, 815
110 899
3, 980
25' 306
22 209
2,865
22, 038
17 01Q
887
23, 914
12 255
949
18, 328
17 800
304
5’ 409
6,103
21, 705
75. 629
29 984
61, 124
739, 908 lr 122 582
7, 071
36, 506
52 075
5, 267
111! 764 212 045
13, 344
155, 535
201 214
2, 946
94 104
43, 206
5,468
99, 315
129 990
2, 244
36, 535
40 070
6, 120
93, 132 175 19.9
4, 675
26! 185
47 481
13, 990
137, 730 152 109
92, 056 1,147, 356 1 9 0 o ’ 0 7 8
7,793
105, 739 107 541
8, 956
167, 319
109 020
18,114
263', 047 275' 029
8,333
105, 792
105 002
11, 628
139, 562 179T025
1, 718
43, 328
02 599
13. 370
130,15Ó 140 088
2, 079
51, 210
42 990
20, 066
170 791
14l! 209
11, 981
108', 196
134 894
214
4, 354
2 584
325
16! 236
40 178
3, 714
25, 332
9 512
299
2, 084
4 890
3,636
17, 419
15, 008
100
9 279
271
64
15, 899
8 208
0
4,136
2 240
3,630
22, 466
4lj 928
23,455
122
1,749
6,225
1,186
1,378
649
10,645
559
942
18,280
914
1,756
6,286
1,620
1,275
704
1, 563
755
3,407
14, 284
1,647
5,724
2,981
395
557
346
1,499
104
1,031
22,013
858
2,051
7,155
2, 515
3,635
405
1,532
1,070
2,793
8,321
102
1,383
3,904
2,102
291
36
0
7
496
20,408
1,168
2,299
7,304
1,995
1,723
426
1,956
785
2,752
8, 568
275
803
3,188
169
1, 673
240
728
30
1,462
20, 576
1, 429
2,256
6,623
2, 143
1,398
440
1, 755
1,019
3, 513
5,779
1,008
268
1,020
479
247
112
272
0
2,373
14, 524
332
1, 955
4,126
981
1,186
379
1,334
2,131
2,100
8,163
28
644
816
238
3, 517
66
763
4
2, 087
11, 286
223
842
1, 963
1,017
1,243
476
1, 821
802
2,899
12, 753
149
1, 162
3,903
134
689
0
2,862
1,085
2, 769
8,387
209
762
1, 680
441
1,144
271
1,318
310
2, 252
11, 674
205
187
1,424
6
389
368
472
70
8,553
8,433
506
914
1,817
623
632
308
657
1,700
1,276
9,458
1,002
1, 354
3. 722
1,825
128
250
511
240
426
25, 508
1,037
2,176
8,166
2,492
1, 298
922
2,532
1,151
5,735
8,809
624
348
3,309
889
324
0
1, 727
240
1, 348
19, 478
941
1, 960
7,203
2,238
1, 857
363
1,110
1,128
2,677
6,341
42
1, 633
1, 861
758
175
92
560
126
1,094
17, 415
717
1,733
5,657
1,905
1, 574
396
2, 047
1,313
2,074
1 Building for which permits were issued and Federal contracts awarded
in all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken in some
smaller urban places that do not issue permits. Sums of components do not
always equal totals exactly because of rounding.
* For scope and source of urban estimates, see table F-3, footnote 1.
* Preliminary.
4 Revised.
* Includes factories, navy yards, army ordnance plants, bakeries, ice plants,
Industrial warehouses, and other buildings at the site of these and similar
production plants.
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7,507
106
647
707
534
3, 555
8
845
440
664
13, 364
1, 305
1,485
2, 540
1,113
732
1, 776
958
565
2,891
9, 713
361
1, 024
3, 960
1, 002
1,212
161
842
0
1,150
20,148
1, 086
2,201
7. 054
2,852
881
523
1,488
923
3,140
115, 708
8, 801
11,161
35, 028
9, 672
9, 629
l! 988
11,058
2, 094
26, 279
189, 998
10, 044
18! 925
59, 426
18, 727
13, 320
6, 587
18, 821
11, 507
32, 640
106 164
6 478
10. 808
26, 585
9, 314
7, 658
2, 210
13,646
2, 702
19 597
207, 247
9,109
22, 177
52, 285
25, 451
16, 493
9, 529
26, 670
10,077
35, 456
* Includes amusement and recreation buildings, stores and other mercantile
buildings, commercial garages, gasoline and service stations, etc.
7 Includes churches, hospitals, and other institutional buildings, schools,
libraries, etc.
8 Includes Federal, State, county, and municipal buildings, such as post
offices, courthouses, city halls, fire and police stations, jails, prisons, arsenals,
armories, army barracks, etc.
8 Includes railroad, bus and airport buildings, roundhouses, radio stations,
gas and electric plants, public comfort stations, etc.
20 Includes private garages, sheds, stables and barns, and other buildings
not elsewhere classified.
488
F: BUILD ING AND
CONSTRUCTION
T able F-5: Number and Construction Cost of New Permanent Nonfarm Dwelling Units Started, by
Urban or Rural Location, and by Source of Funds 1
Number of new dwelling units started
Privately financed
All units
Estimated construction cost
(in thousands) a
Publicly financed
Period
Urban
Rural
non
farm
Total
non
farm
Urban
Rural
non
farm
185,000
937,000
93,000
48,000
271.800
619,500
45. 600
138, 700
662, 500
266,800
845, 600
369, 200
406, 700 913, 500
988,800
436,300
568, 200 1,352,200
496,000 1,020,100
752, 000
45, 000
369, 500
93, 200
395, 700
476, 400
510,000
556, 600
785, 600
531,300
185,000
43, 000
250,000
45, 500
266,800
369, 200
403, 500
432,200
566,600
488,800
0
0
86, 600
3,100
8,000
3,400
18.100
36, 300
43, 800
71, 200
0
0
64, 800
3,000
8,000
3,400
14,900
32, 200
42, 200
64,000
0 $4,475,000 $4,475,000
285, 446
0
285, 446
21,800 2,825, 895 2, 530, 765
495, 054
483,231
100
0 3, 769, 767 3, 713, 776
0 5, 642, 798 5,617,425
3, 200 7,203,119 7,028, 980
4,100 7, 702, 971 7,374, 269
1.600 11, 788, 595 11,418, 371
7,200 9,800, 538 9,186,123
0
0
$295,130
11,823
55,991
25, 373
174,139
328,702
370,224
614, 415
111,100
30, 500
31,900
48, 700
179, 800
54,600
63, 600
61,600
168, 700
60, 200
58,300
50, 200
108, 600
43,100
34, 200
31,300
276,100
77, 800
82, 300
116, 000
420, 400
131,300
145, 700
143,400
393, 600
139, 700
137, 800
116,100
262,100
100, 800
82, 700
78, 600
165, 600
47, 300
50,800
67, 500
241,200
77, 000
82, 200
82, 000
225, 200
79, 500
79, 600
66,100
153, 600
57, 700
48, 500
47,400
110, 500
30, 500
31,500
48, 500
179,200
54,300
63, 500
61,400
168,400
60, 200
58, 200
50,000
108, 500
43,100
34, 200
31,200
2, 800
900
600
1,300
6,400
2,100
3,400
900
13, 300
4, 700
4,100
4,500
21,300
1,700
4,600
15,000
2,200
900
200
1,100
5, 800
1,800
3, 300
700
13,000
4, 700
4,000
4, 300
21, 200
1,700
4, 600
14,900
600 2,162, 425 2,138, 565
0
589, 997
581, 497
632, 690
637, 753
400
934,675
924,378
200
600 3, 564, 856 3, 511,204
300 1,093, 726 1,075, 644
100 1, 232, 976 1,204,978
200 1,238,154 1, 230, 582
300 3, 564, 953 3,446, 722
1,253, 340 1,210, 745
0
100 1, 266,198 1,230,238
200 1,045,415 1, 005, 739
100 2, 496, 361 2, 321,880
915, 895
902,190
0
762, 625
724, 876
(7)
817,841
694,814
100
23, 860
8, 500
5, 063
10,297
53, 652
18,082
27, 998
7, 572
118.231
42, 595
35. 960
39,676
174,481
13, 705
37, 749
123,027
147, 800
49, 600
47, 000
51,200
192, 000
51,900
55, 400
84, 700
141, 200
45, 900
45, 900
49,400
114,300
44, 400
38, 500
31,400
112, 500
36, 300
33,600
42,600
137, 700
44,300
45, 600
47, 800
134, 800
44, 600
43, 200
47, 000
111,000
45,600
36,000
29, 400
248, 900
82, 200
76, 500
90, 200
280, 200
92,300
97, 600
90.300
270, 400
86, 800
88,300
95, 300
220, 600
88, 900
72, 200
59, 500
137, 200
46,400
43, 200
47, 600
148, 500
48,300
52, 300
47,900
135, 700
42, 300
45,100
48,300
109.900
43, 400
36, 200
30, 300
111,700
35, 800
33,300
42, 600
131,700
44,000
45, 300
42, 400
134, 700
44, 500
43, 200
47, 000
110, 700
45, 500
36,000
29, 200
11,400
3, 700
4.100
3, 600
49, 500
3, 900
3,400
42, 200
5,600
3, 700
800
1,100
4, 700
1, 100
2, 300
1,300
10, 600
3, 200
3, 800
3, 600
43, 500
3, 600
3,100
36, 800
5,500
3,600
800
1,100
4,400
1,000
2,300
1,100
800 2,293, 974
755, 600
500
300
716, 629
821,745
(7)
6,000 2,964,456
866, 298
300
922, 661
300
5,400 1,175, 497
100 2, 527, 033
100
827,173
804, 317
0
895. 543
(7)
300 2, 015,075
100
806,955
672,078
(7)
536,042
200
2,191,489
721,014
681,607
788, 868
2, 549,238
828, 339
895, 309
825, 590
2,472,196
791, 783
795,624
884, 789
1, 973, 200
796,682
650, 660
525, 858
102,485
34, 586
35,022
32,877
415,218
37, 959
27,352
349,907
54,837
35,390
8,693
10, 754
41,875
10, 273
21,418
10,184
137,400
36,100
42, 800
58, 500
109,100
28,800
34,900
45,400
119, 200
32, 900
39, 700
46, 600
107,700
28,600
34, 600
44, 500
1,400
200
300
900
47, 200
48, 900
(9)
(#)
50, 400
52, 400
0
m
46, 600
48, 500
(9)
(»)
19,600
3,400
3,400
12,800
24, 700
9, 200
8,700
6,800
1,600
18, 200
3, 200
3,100
11,900
59, 000
60, 700
C)
(8)
226,900
61, 500
74,300
91,100
297,100
97, 000
100, 900
99, 200
102, 400
8,600
8,300
(9)
0
600
400
0
0
2,167,387
566, 625
682,895
917, 867
2, 908, 274
948, 850
982, 232
977.192
951, 877
2,007,833
538, 612
654,631
814, 590
2, 686, 899
874, 524
902, 483
909, 892
937, 504
159, 554
28, 013
28,264
103. 277
221, 375
74, 326
79, 749
67, 300
14, 373
Urban
Rural
non
farm
1925-................................................ 937,000
93,000
1933 3 ___ _______ ____________
706,100
1941 ‘..............................................
1944 3 ________ _______________ 141.800
1946 ........................................ ........ 670, 500
1947................................................. - 849,000
1948.......... ......................... ............... 931, 600
1949................................................... 1,025,100
1950 «........................................ ........ 1, 396,000
1951................................................... 1,091,300
752,000
45, 000
434, 300
96,200
403, 700
479. 800
524, 900
588,800
827, 800
595,300
1950: First q u arter..................... .
January_______________
February____ ____ ____
March
_____________
Second quarter— ................
April_________________
M ay__________________
June__________________
Third quarter-----------------Ju ly __________________
August________________
Septem ber...___ ______
Fourth quarter__________
October.___ ___________
November_____________
December_____________
278,900
78, 700
82,900
117,300
426, 800
133, 400
149,100
144, 300
406, 900
144, 400
141,900
120, 600
283,400
102, 500
87, 300
93, 600
167, 800
48,200
51, 000
68, 600
247, 000
78, 800
85, 500
82, 700
238, 200
84,200
83,600
70, 400
174, 800
59, 400
53,100
62,300
1951: First quarter-------------------January..............................
February________ _____
M arch____ ___________
Second quarter___ _______
A pril.________________
M ay.......... .........................
June__________________
Third quarter----------------July. ________________
August....... .................. ......
September___ _________
Fourth quarter___________
October______ _________
November. ......................
D ecem ber------ ------------
260,300
85, 900
80, 600
93, 800
329, 700
96, 200
101,000
132, 500
276, 000
90, 500
89,100
96, 400
225,300
90, 000
74, 500
60,800
1952: First quarter.—---------------January....... .....................
February........ ...... ........... .
March.................................
246, 500
64, 900
77, 700
103,900
321, 800
106, 200
109, 600
106, 000
104, 000
Total
non
farm
A p r il.__________ _____
May 8_________________
June__________________
July 10-..............— ......... -
Total
non
farm
i The estimates shown here do not include temporary units, conversions,
dormitory accommodations, trailers, or military barracks. They do include
prefabricated housing units.
These estimates are based on building-permit records, which, beginning
with 1945, have been adjusted for lapsed permits and for lag between permit
issuance and start of construction. They are based also on reports of
Federal construction contract awards and beginning in 1946 on field surveys
in non-permit-issuing places. The data in this table refer to nonfarm
dwelling units started, and not to urban dwelling units authorized, as
shown in table F-3.
All of these estimates contain some error, For example, if the estimate
of nonfarm starts is 50,000, the chances are about 19 out of 20 that an actual
enumeration would produce a figure between 48,000 and 52,000.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Total
Privately
financed
Publicly
financed
i Private construction costs are based on permit valuation, adjusted for
understatement of costs shown on permit applications. Public construc
tion costs are based on contract values or estimated construction costs for
individual projects.
3 Depression, low year.
4 Recovery peak year prior to wartime limitations.
3 Last full year under wartime control.
8 Housing peak year.
7 Less than 50 units.
• Revised.
* Not available;
10 Preliminary.
u. sI.
GOVERNMENT PR IN T IN G O F F IC E ! I 8 B 2
@FedFRASER