Full text of Monthly Labor Review : October 1948, Vol. 67, No. 4
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Monthly Labor Review
I I
U N ITED STATES DEPA R TM EN T OF LABOR • BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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Chief, Office of Publications
CONTENTS
Special Articles
361 Work Injuries in the United States, 1947
366 British Labor under the Labor Government: Part II
373 Manpower Needs of the Expanded Defense Program
Summaries of Special Reports
377
381
383
385
388
392
393
394
Electric and Gas Utilities: Wage Structures in 1948
Factors Afiecting Earnings of Ceramic Engineers
Leather Manufacturing: Man-Hour Requirements, 1939-46
Operations of Credit Unions in 1947
Union Labor and Nonfarm Cooperatives
Background of British Labor Movement
Labor Requirements for New Construction, 1948
Labor-Management Disputes in September 1948
Technical Notes
397 Revision of Retail Food Price Index in August 1947
403 Revised Indexes of Agricultural Machinery and Equipment Prices
Departments
hi
406
411
413
420
The Labor Month in Review
Recent Decisions of Interest to Labor
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Publications of Labor Interest
Current Labor Statistics (list of tables)
October 1948 © Voi. 67 © No. 4
ii
This Issue in Brief. . .
W ork I n ju r ie s in the U nited S tates during
1947 (p. 361) shows that the Bureau of Labor
Statistics estimate of total disabling work injuries
in 1947 was less than 1 percent above the 1946
total. This may, nonetheless, be regarded as an
improvement, in view of the expansion in indus
trial activity during the year. Fatalities, how
ever, increased 3 percent, this disproportionate rise
resulting primarily from the Texas City explosion
and the Centralia mine disaster. By contrast,
injuries resulting in permanent-partial impair
ments declined. In manufacturing, the volume
of disabling injuries was lower than in 1946,
despite the substantial expansion in activities,
and represents a favorable trend in safety. Fur
thermore, well over half of the individual manu
facturing industries had significantly lower injuryfrequency rates in 1947 than in 1946.
Union leaders in Great Britain are conscious of
responsibilities of an entirely new character and
magnitude—both to their members and to the
community—since the Labor Party’s assumption
of office. During the decade 1938-48, British
unions not only increased in membership but
also in their influence on national life, as de
scribed in B ritish L abor u n d e r L abor G ov
er nm ent — P art II: P osition and R ole of
T rade -U n io ns (p. 366). Both employers (who
are also highly organized) and labor have a voice
in resolving trade and management problems.
In this connection, B ackground of B ritish
L abor M ovement (p. 392) is of interest. Part
I of British Labor under Labor Government,
which appeared in the August issue of the Review,
dealt with the economic position of labor and the
gains made in earnings and working conditions.
Considerable interest in the adequacy of the
Nation’s labor supply has resulted from the pas
sage of a series of Congressional measures au
ii
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thorizing a substantial expansion of the national
military establishment for the fiscal year 1949.
In M anpow er N e ed s of the E x pa n d e d
D e fe n se P rogram (p. 373), appraisals of the
requirements of this program indicate that about
1 million additional workers—both military and
civilian—will be needed by the end of June
1949. Although the labor supply, on an over-all
basis, is expected to meet these demands, shortages
may develop in certain localities and in particular
types of work.
An all-time peak in membership, assets, and
total business was reached in the O per a tio n s of
C r edit U n io n s in 1947 (p. 385). Compared with
1946, membership increased 10.5 percent, assets,
19.4 percent, and business done (i. e., loans made)
rose 56.5 percent. Assets in these organizations
exceeded half a billion dollars.
The extent of organized labor’s participation
in cooperatives was the subject of a recent Bureau
study. Although unions as such took little or
no part in promotion activities, U nio n L abor
and N onfarm C ooperatives (p. 388) indicates
that often union members were leaders in the
cooperative projects, and that unions did assist
in various ways, such as endorsement of the co-ops,
lending or investing money in the associations.
In revising the retail food price index, the
Bureau reduced the number of foods included
from 62 to 50. The changes in the samples of
quotations obtained are explained in R ev isio n of
R etail F ood P rice I n d e x in A ug ust 1947
(p. 397), which also lists the foods formerly priced
and those included in the revised index, with the
imputation of weights. Tests made by the
Bureau showed that the reduction in the number
of foods priced and of quotations obtained has
had no significant effect on the all-foods index or
on the average food prices for all cities combined.
R evised
chinery and
I n d e x e s of A gricultural M a
E q uipm ent P rices (p. 403) gives the
results of a major revision made in the Bureau’s
primary market price index. The revision con
sisted of certain changes in line with current
agricultural practice. The revised index was
linked to the two former series in order to have
available a continuous series of indexes of “farm
machinery” and “agricultural machinery and
equipment” by months from January 1913.
a
The Labor Month
in Review
E conomic factors affecting labor and industrial
relations were little changed in September. The
demand for labor apparently continued undimin
ished with evidences of slackening reported in only
a few industries or areas. Total industrial pro
duction approached the peak postwar levels
reached in the first quarter of the year, with cor
responding gains in employment in industrial
establishments. Meanwhile the labor market re
mained extremely tight. Employment in non
industrial activi ties, except for agriculture, dropped
in automatic fashion as teen-agers quit vacation
jobs to return to school. Unemployment, nation
ally, remained relatively stable at 1.9 million.
Industrial commodity prices in primary markets
remained strong and consumers’ prices, except for
foods, continued the advances of previous months.
Strike Idleness Increases
While fewer work stoppages occurred during
September than in the previous month, several
large strikes resulted in an estimated increase of
about y2 million in man-days lost in industrial
disputes. About 16,000 employees of nine oil
companies in California struck for a wage increase,
shutting down refineries which normally supply 95
percent of the petroleum products used on the
West Coast. A strike of 170 plant guards at the
Briggs Manufacturing Co. led to a practical shut
down when 25,000 Briggs’ employees refused to
pass the guards’ picket line. The resulting loss
of supplies of auto bodies and parts forced serious
curtailment of production at several of the large
automobile assembly plants. About 30,000 work
ers employed in the shipping industry on the West
Coast, members of the International Longshore
men’s and Warehousemen’s Union (CIO) and
four other groups, went on strike on September 2
and were still out at the end of the month. The
issues in this case were not only wages but also
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the matter of the hiring hall, which, as operated
in the Great Lakes area, the National Labor
Relations Board has ruled violates the closed-shop
provisions of the Labor Management Relations
Act.
During September another step was taken to
ward a final determination of the constitutionality
of section 9 (h) of the Labor Management Rela
tions Act providing that union officers must sign
non-Communist affidavits before their unions may
utilize the services of the NLRB.
The requirement was held constitutional by a
2 to 1 decision of a United States Circuit Court
of Appeals in a case arising out of an appeal by
the Inland Steel Co. from a decision of the NLRB.
The Board had rules that the company must
bargain with the United Steelworkers of America
(CIO) on retirement and pension plans, provided
union officers signed non-Communist affidavits.
The union failed to comply and also appealed,
objecting to this part of the Board’s ruling.
The majority of the court pointed out that the
requirement did not constitute an abridgement of
the right of free speech or assembly, nor was any
union officer denied any political rights. The
right to the services of a Government agency was
a privilege the Congress may deny in the national
interest which, in this case, is the need to avoid
unnecessary labor difficulties which might be
instigated by Communists in strategic union
positions. In the other aspect of the case, the
court ruled unanimously that the employers must
bargain on retirement and pension plans because
they constituted “ wages” and “ other conditions
of employment” under terms of the act requiring
bargaining on these subjects.
New Wage Contracts
Wage increases recently negotiated cover a
variety of industries in different parts of the
country. Among the important new agreements
carrying higher wage rates is the one between the
Western Electric Co. and the Association of Com
munications Equipment Workers (CIO), covering
approximately 25,000 employees in different areas.
The agreement provides for increases of 8 to 14
cents an hour in parts of the South, Southwest,
and Midwest, and 9 to 15 cents an hour in other
parts of the country. A wage increase of $4 a
week for 12,000 telephone operators, members of
the Communications Workers of America (Ind.),
IV
THE LABOR MONTH IN REVIEW
employed by the New Jersey Bell Telephone, was
ordered by an arbitration panel. This followed
a similar increase granted a few days earlier to
maintenance workers by another panel. Other in
creases to telephone workers were granted in
Ohio, Illinois, and New England.
Several wage raises were recently granted
affecting truck drivers, hotel employees, and all
full-time employees of one of the large department
stores in New York City. Other contracts with
higher wage rates covered furniture workers on
the West Coast, aircraft workers in southern
California, and shipyard workers on the East
and Gulf Coasts.
In the competition between increasing prices
and increasing wage income, the average factory
worker gained a little between July and August.
Average weekly earnings in manufacturing of
$53.86 in mid-August were at an all-time high.
Increases in basic wage rates were largely respon
sible for raising average hourly earnings, excluding
overtime, by more than a cent to $1.30, a continua
tion of an upward trend that has been practically
uninterrupted during the postwar period.
Price Developments
modities, prices in primary markets fluctuated
for the most part within a relatively narrow range.
Continued weakness in cotton textile products
was apparent, however, and certain agricultural
products, not yet at their support levels, appeared
likely to fall to such levels. There seemed little
likelihood that prices of many other commodities
would weaken in the immediate future.
Employment Declines Seasonally
The return of students to their classes during
September, after holding temporary summer jobs,
reduced total employment by almost a million,
according to the Census Bureau’s Monthly
Report on the Labor Force. This was a larger
decline than last year but reflects the extraordi
nary rise in teen-age employment during the
summer vacation period. Total employment,
however, was still at a level 1%million above last
September. Unemployment declined slightly to
about 1.9 million, the level of a year ago. Some
increase in agricultural employment occurred
during September, one important reason being
the need for more workers to pick the very large
cotton crop.
For the first time sinc^the rearmament program
was announced, there were evidences of its direct
demand on the manpower resources of the country.
Aircraft employment increased somewhat from
June to August and a further rise can be expected
in the immediate future, according to the United
States Employment Service. Increases in the
recruitment of men for the armed forces, both
through enlistments and selective service, will
become increasingly important.
Consumers have had little relief, except for
some food items, from the continuous advance in
retail prices since early spring. The Bureau of
Labor Statistics consumers’ price index rose to a
new high level in mid-August, and there is no
indication that the September figure will be signi
ficantly different. At 174.5 percent of the 193539 average, the August index was 8.9 percent
higher than the year before and 77.0 percent
above the August 1939 level. The increased
price of food, which for several previous months
had been the most important reason for the ad
vance in the index, was not a factor during August.
Some increases and some decreases, predomi
nantly seasonal, resulted in an average decline of
0.1 percent in food prices. Average prices of all
other groups increased, the greatest rise in terms
of relative importance being in apparel.
During September the index of wholesale prices
for all commodities declined, but was still close
to the postwar high established in August. With
the exception of farm products and related com
Industrial accidents in the United States cost
16,000 to 18,000 workers’ lives each year and
another 90,000 are permanently crippled. Presi
dent Truman called attention to this fact in his
message to a preliminary Conference on Industrial
Safety, held in Washington, September 27-29.
The conference was called by the President,
through the Bureau of Labor Standards of the
United States Department of Labor, in order to
set up a broad safety program to be developed by
industrial communities throughout the country.
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President’s Safety Conference
Work injuries in the United States, 1947
Estimates of Disabling Work Injuries,
Injury-Frequency Rates and Injury Severity
in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing
F r a n k S . M cE l r o y 1
a part of the total production losses accruing
from these injuries. If additional allowance is
made for the future effects of the deaths and
permanent physical impairments included in the
1947 total, the economic time loss chargeable to
these injuries would amount to about 233,700,000
man-days. This is equivalent to a year’s employ
ment for 780,000 workers, or about six times as
Estimates of Disabling Work Injuries
much time as was lost during the year because of
The 1947 total of disabling work injuries was
strikes.
estimated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics as
In addition to the 17,000 workers who died as a
2,059,000. This is less than 1 percent above the
result of work injuries in 1947, there were 1,800
who will be totally disabled and 90,000 who will
1946 total (2,056,000) and, in view of the ex
pansion in most industrial activities during the
have some more or less disabling impairment for
the rest of their lives. Each of the remaining
year, may be regarded as an improvement. The
1,950,200 disabling injuries resulted in an in
fatality record was less favorable, however.
ability to work lasting* at least 1 full day after
About 17,000 workers were killed in on-the-job
the day of injury, but without permanent ill-effects.
accidents during 1947 as compared with 16,500
Although, as in previous years, there were more
in 1946—an increase of 3 percent. This dis
fatalities in agricultural activities than in any of
proportionate rise in fatalities resulted primarily
the other major industry groups, the 1947 total of
from the Texas City explosion and the Centralia
4,300 was 200 less than the 1946 estimate. Simi
mine disaster. In contrast, the volume of per
larly the volume of nonfatal injuries in agriculture
manent-partial impairments declined from about
was substantially less in 1947 than in 1946. Con
92,400 in 1946 to approximately 90,000 in 1947.
tributing factors in this reduction included the
The actual time lost because of work injuries
increased availability of new equipment, repair
which occurred in 1947 is estimated as about
parts, and materials, and a generally high level of
44.700.000 man-days, or the equivalent of a
farm income, which permitted farmers to eliminate
year’s full-time employment for approximately
150.000 workers. This, however, represents only many physical hazards which had developed dur
ing the war period.
1 Of the Bureau’s Branch of Industrial Hazards.
Manufacturing had the largest volume of dis
2 A disabling work injury is an injury arising out of and in the course of
employment which results in death or permanent impairment, or renders the
abling injuries among the major industry groups,
injured person unable to work at a regularly established job throughout the
but the 1947 total of 539,000 injuries was 2,500
hours corresponding to his regular shift on any day after the day of injury.
361
in employment and the
effects of several major disasters, the total volume
of disabling work injuries2 in 1947 was essentially
unchanged from the 1946 total. It was, however,
the seventh consecutive year in which such
injuries were in excess of 2 million.
D espite
a
g eneral
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r is e
362
WORK INJURIES IN 191ft
below the 1946 figure. In view of the substantial
expansion in manufacturing activities, which
normally would be expected to result in a dispro
portionately greater increase in injuries, this
minor reduction actually represents a very favora
ble trend in manufacturing safety. There were,
MONTHLY LABOR
however, about 200 more deaths in manufacturing
during 1947 than in 1946, largely due to the
disastrous effects of the Texas City explosion.
Injuries to railroad workers, totaling about
71,900, were nearly 6 percent fewer than in 1946.
Train-service and nontrain accidents both de-
Injury Frequency Rates and Severity Averages
Major Manufacturing Groups, 1947
120
Average Days Lost per Disabling Injury
¡00
80
60
40
20
Injury Frequency Rates
20
30
40
50
Lumber
Furniture
Stone, Clay and Glass
Food Products
Iron and Steel
Paper Products
Machinery, except
Electric
All Manufacturing
Nonferrous Metals
Transportation Equipment
Miscellaneous
Manufacturing
Textiles
Rubber
Leather
Chemicals
Printing and
Publishing
Electrical Machinery
E Z L ^ S 2 3
Apparel
U N ITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
creased in 1947. The volume of train accidents,
on the other hand, increased about 8 percent as
the total mileage operated increased about 1
percent. This resulted in a slight rise in the vol
ume of train-accident injuries, particularly those
attributed to derailments.
Expanded operations and increased employ
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ment during 1947 were largely responsible for
the rise in the number of injuries in construction,
mining and quarrying, public utility operations,
trade, and miscellaneous transportation. In con
struction., the 1947 total of 151,700 disabling
injuries was 15 percent greater than in 1946.
Because building construction, which generally
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
363
WORK INJURIES IN 19 47
has a lower incidence of serious injuries than heavy
engineering and highway construction, had the
greatest expansion, the volume of construction
fatalities increased only 9 percent to a total of
2,400. In mining and quarrying, fatalities in
creased 15 percent over 1946, although the total
volume of injuries rose only 11 percent. Three
major explosions in bituminous coal mines contrib
uted 146 fatalities to the total-—111 workers were
killed in the Centralia explosion alone—and three
explosions in the anthracite field accounted for 33
additional deaths.
In the miscellaneous-industry group, composed
largely of services and governmental operations,
the total volume of disabling injuries, 382,000, was
about 6 percent lower than in 1946, although the
number of fatalities remained constant at about
2,500.
Estimated number of disabling injuries during 1947, by industry group
[Difference between total number of injuries and injuries to employees represents injuries to self-employed workers]
All disabilities
Fatalities
Permanent-total Permanent-partial
disabilities
disabilities
Temporary-total
disabilities
Industry group
Total
To em
ployees
Total
To em
ployees
All groups_______________________________________
2,059, 000
1, 634,600
17,000
12, 300
1, 800
Agriculture 1_____________________________________
Mining and quarrying 2________ _________________
Construction 3_____ ____ _________________________
Manufacturing A _______ ________________________
Public utilities___________ ___________ ____ _______
Trade 3 _______________________
_______________
Railroads6__________ _______________ __________
Miscellaneous transportation 3________________ ____
Services, government, and miscellaneous industries 3_.
298, 000
92, 900
151, 700
539, 000
27, 700
360,600
71, 900
135, 200
382, 000
70, 600
88, 300
105,100
530,100
27, 700
287, 700
71, 900
116, 200
337,000
4,300
1, 500
2, 400
2, 700
400
1, 500
800
900
2,500
1, 000
1, 400
1, 800
2,600
400
1, 300
800
700
2,300
400
200
300
200
(5)
100
300
100
200
1 Based on fragmentary data.
2 Based largely on Bureau of M ines data.
8 Based on small sample studies.
Injury-Frequency Rates
Manufacturing. Reflecting widespread improve
ment in the frequency rates for the individual
manufacturing industries, the weighted injuryfrequency rate for all manufacturing dropped
nearly 6 percent from an average of 19.9 disabling
injuries per million employee-hours worked in
1946 to an average of 18.8 in 1947.
Among the 18 major groups of manufacturing
industries, there were 12 for which the 1947 rates
were at least a full frequency-rate point lower than
their 1946 rates; 5 had rates which differed by less
than a point from their 1946 levels; only one, the
lumber and basic timber products group, had a
higher rate than in 1946.
Well over half of the individual manufacturing in
dustries had significantly lower rates in 1947 than in
1946. Of the 151 industries for which comparison
was possible, 83 showed reductions of from 1 to 5
points in their frequency rates, and 9 showed reduc
tions of over 5 points. For 36 industries the 1947
rates varied less than a full point from the 1946
averages. Only 23 industries had higher rates in
1947 than in 1946, and only 4 of these increases
amounted to as much as 5 frequency-rate points.
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Total
To em
ployees
Total
To em
ployees
Total
1, 400
90,000
71, 800
1, 950, 200
1, 549,100
100
200
200
200
(5)
100
300
100
200
14, 900
4,100
4,300
27,200
600
8,600
5, 000
7,400
17, 900
3, 500
3, 900
3,000
26, 800
600
6,900
5,000
6, 400
15, 700
278, 400
87,100
144, 700
508, 900
26, 700
350, 400
65, 800
126, 800
361, 400
66,000
82, 800
100,100
500, 500
26,700
279, 400
65, 800
109, 000
318, 800
To em
ployees
* Based on comprehensive survey.
8 Less than 50.
®Based on Interstate Commerce Commission data.
Among the industries for which lower rates were
recorded in 1947, the achievement of the relatively
small boat-building and boat-repair industry was
outstanding. For this group of plants the 1947
frequency rate was 33.8, a drop of nearly 14 points
from the average of 47.7 in 1946. This was in
sharp contrast to the rise in the rate for ship
building and ship repairs, which moved from 20.7
in 1946 to 28.1 in 1947. Other noteworthy rate
reductions included slaughtering and meat-pack
ing, from 35.7 to 29.9; breweries, from 45.3 to 38.4;
plywood mills, from 43.9 to 38.5; and plants man
ufacturing elevators, escalators, and conveyors,
from 28.4 to 20.0.
The most pronounced rate increases were from
80.4 in 1946 to 102.8 in 1947 for logging; from 35.1
to 42.3 for planing mills; from 19.2 to 25.0 for
battery manufacturing; and from 10.7 to 15.8 for
plants manufacturing professional and scientific
instruments and supplies.
The lowest injury-frequency rate recorded for
any manufacturing industry in 1947 was 1.9 for
the synthetic-rubber industry. The electric lamp
(bulbs) industry was second with a rate of 3.3,
followed by the women’s and children’s clothing
industry, 4.3, and the aircraft industry, 4.8.
364
WORK INJURIES IN 19Jt7
The highest frequency rate among the manu
facturing industries was 102.8 for logging. Sawmills
had a rate of 66.6, and combination saw- and
planing-mills, a rate of 56.7. Other industries
with outstandingly high rates included iron
foundries, 44.5; structural clay products, 43.9;
planing mills, 42.3; and wooden containers, 41.9.
Nonmanujacturing. Although there were a few
individual industries which had significant changes
in their 1947 frequency rates, the general level of
rates for the nonmanufacturing industries included
in the Bureau’s survey held very close to that of
1946.
In the construction group, the rate for building
construction rose from 35.4 in 1946 to 38.7 in 1947.
This was offset, however, by a drop in the rate for
heavy engineering from 46.7 to 41.8 and from 50.5
to 46.8 in the rate for highway construction.
In the transportation group (excluding rail
roads and air transport), the 1947 rates were lower
for stevedoring, streetcar operations, bus opera
tions, and warehousing and storage, but were
slightly higher for trucking and hauling. The
stevedoring rate of 72.4 was again one of the highest
recorded.
In the heat, light, and power group, the frequen
cy rate for electric distribution systems rose
slightly from 14.8 to 16.4, but this was balanced
by a drop from 24.5 to 23.0 in the gas distribution
rate.
None of the rates for the industries in the
personal services group changed as much as a full
point from their 1946 levels. The business service
group, on the other hand, showed a general trend
to lower rates, with particular improvement in
the automobile-repair and miscellaneous-repair
classifications.
Increases in the rates for wholesale distributors
(18.5 to 20.3), filling stations (8.8 to 10.6), and
miscellaneous retail stores (10.8 to 12.4) raised the
general average for the trade group from 14.2 in
1946 to 16.4 in 1947. As in previous years, the
rate for wholesale and retail building supply
dealers (34.7) was the highest in the group. It
was, however, well below the 1946 rate of 41.3 for
this industry.
Preliminary injury-frequency rates for the
various classifications of mining and quarrying
furnished by the United States Bureau of Mines
were generally higher than the rates for most
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MONTHLY LABOR
manufacturing industries. Anthracite mining,
with a rate of 83.4, ranked near the top of the
highest-rate group of industries. The more
extensive bituminous-coal mining industry had a
lower rate, 59.8, but this also was considerably
higher than the rates for most manufacturing
industries.
In the metal-mining group, the frequency rates
for iron mining (24.5), gold-placer mining (33.5),
and copper mining (44.7) were within the general
range of rates for the manufacturing industries.
The small gold-silver mining industry, however,
had the highest rate recorded for any industry—
108.4.
Cement quarries had the lowest injury rate
(16.1) among the various quarry classifications.
Limestone, the largest of the quarry classifications,
had a rate of 44.6.
Injury Severity
Although the injury-frequency rate is generally
accepted as the most useful measure of injury
experience, some measure of the relative severity
of the injuries sustained is also recognized as
essential for the complete evaluation of any injury
record. The standard severity-rate3 has long
been the yardstick most widely used for this pur
pose. In recent years, however, the significance
of this rate has been seriously questioned. The
principal criticisms have been that the severity
of an injury cannot logically be related to the
amount of time worked and that the method of
computation makes it, in effect, merely a weighted
frequency rate rather than a true measure of
injury severity. Inasmuch as it expresses the
total time charges, which in turn represent the
economic consequences of the injuries, in terms of
the actual time worked, it should be designated,
more properly, as an operating cost measure. In
this capacity it is useful in evaluating the economic
loss experienced in a plant or industry as a result
of work injuries.
As an accurate indicator of variations in the
actual.severity of injuries, the disability distribu
tion offers obvious advantages. Its computation
is simple, involving only the classification of the
injuries into well-defined groups and the compu
tation of simple percentages. This avoids the
introduction of any artificial or extraneous factors
s The severity rate is the average number of days lost, because of disabling
work injuries, per 1,000 employee-hours worked.
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
*
►
WORK INJURIES IN 191ft
which might alter or confuse its meaning. Chief
disadvantages are that it is somewhat cumber
some to use, inasmuch as a complete comparison
requires reference to several sets of figures, and
that it may not be entirely satisfactory when
applied to small groups of injuries.
The most-favored single measure of average
injury severity at the present time is the average
time charge per disabling injury. This is com
puted by adding the amount of actual time lost
because of temporary-total disabilities and the
standard time charges for deaths and permanent
impairments, and dividing the total by the num
ber of injuries. It is most commonly referred to
as the severity average or the average time charge.
In general, the severity of injuries reported in
the manufacturing industries was less in 1947 than
in 1946. The proportion of fatalities and per
manent-total disabilities was unchanged at 0.3
percent of the total volume of injuries. The pro
portion of permanent-partial disabilities, however,
dropped from 4.9 percent in 1946 to 4.4 percent
in 1947, and the average time charge for these
disabilities fell from 938 to 863 days. The aver
age number of days lost per temporary-total
disability also declined from 17 to 16 days. These
shifts were reflected in the severity average, which
dropped from 82 days per injury in 1946 to 73
days in 1947, and also in the severity rate, which
dropped from 1.6 to 1.4.
The highest ratio of time lost because of work
injuries in any of the reporting industries was 10.6
days per 1,000 employee-hours worked, in steve
doring. This extremely high severity rate re
flected the industry’s high frequency of injuries,
coupled with a high average time loss for tem
porary disabilities (28 days per case), and a high
average time charge for permanent-partial disa
bilities (1,553 days). Other industries with un
usually high severity rates included logging (9.7),
cut stone and cut-stone products (6.0), heavy
engineering construction (5.4), and sawmills (5.3).
In each of these industries a comparatively high
frequency rate was coupled with a higher-thanaverage ratio of fatalities.
One of the highest severity averages, 203 days
per disabling injury, was for the iron and steel
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2
365
industry. In this industry 1.7 percent of all re
ported disabilities were fatalities or permanenttotal disabilities, and 7.0 percent were permanentpartial disabilities. The vegetable- and animaloils industry also had a high ratio of fatalities
(1.4 percent) and of permanent-partial impair
ments (5.5 percent) which gave it a severity aver
age of 181 days per disability. Other high severity
averages included: 164 days per disability for the
paving and roofing materials industry; 162 for cut
stone and cut-stone products; 150 for the electric
light and power industry; and 146 for stevedoring.
High ratios of fatalities or high average time
charges for permanent-partial impairments were
primarily responsible for each of these high severity
averages.
The survey reports indicated that 80 percent of
all permanent-partial disabilities experienced by
manufacturing workers in 1947 were cases in
volving the loss or impairment of a hand or of one
or more fingers. Foot and toe cases accounted for
7 percent of the total; eye cases, for 4 percent; arm
cases, for 3 percent; leg cases, 2 percent; and other
parts of the body, 4 percent.
In the metal-furniture, the stamped and pressed
metal-products, the wooden-container, and the
motor-vehicle parts industries over 90 percent of
all permanent-partial disabilities were impair
ments to hands or fingers. In contrast, only 32
percent of the permanent impairments in the gas
distribution industry and 41 percent of those ex
perienced in stevedoring affected these members.
Foot and toe impairments were particularly promi
nent in the steam -fittings industry, heavy
engineering construction, and stevedoring. Rela
tively high proportions of eye impairments were
reported in plate fabricating, saw and planing
mills, and forging operations. Arm impairments
accounted for 13 percent of all permanent disabil
ities in dyeing and finishing, and 11 percent in
streetcar and bus operations. Leg impairments
constituted less than 10 percent of the permanent
disabilities in all of the manufacturing industries
except logging, but assumed greater relative im
portance in gas distribution, bus and streetcar
transportation, and wholesale and retail distribu
tion of dairy products.
British Labor
under the
Labor Government
P art II :
Position and Rôle of Trade-Unions
Jea n A . F l e x n e r 1
A n economy geared to full em ployment , the
Labor Party’s assumption of office, the nationali
zation of basic industries, and the national post
war economic crisis have brought British unions
new responsibilities. Government has had to
appeal to its trade-union backers to support
policies that are at variance both with socialist
tradition and with its immediate election program.
The economic crisis, unforeseen in 1945, has neces
sitated continuation for 2% years of wartime
restraints on strikes, labor mobility, wage increases,
and consumption.
Construction and the export industries (still
under private ownership, except for coal) have
required additional labor, more hours of work,
and greater intensity of effort, and have asked for
relaxation of longstanding trade-union rules and
practices in order to increase productivity. In
return, they have not been able to offer as much
in pay, consumers’ goods, safe and attractive
workplaces, and other incentives as labor would
like to have. Yet the response on the part of
both individual workers and unions has been—
all things considered—extraordinary.
During the decade 1938-48, British unions
increased their membership and their influence on
1 Of the Bureau’s Office of Foreign Labor Conditions.
366
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national life. Securely established as collectivebargaining agents even before World War II,
their field of bargaining is industry-wide and
nation-wide. They speak with authority for the
wage earners of Britain on all Government social
and economic policies. Employers are also
highly organized both in trade federations and in
a national body. Both private employers and
nationalized industries generally deal with unions
on all matters affecting wages, hours, terms of em
ployment, job assignments, disputes, and griev
ances. They also consult with employee and union
representatives on trade and managerial problems.
Union leaders are conscious of responsibilities
of an entirely new character and magnitude, not
only toward their own members but also toward
the community. To reconcile this wider responsi
bility with active prosecution of the members’
interests at a time which is highly favorable to
pressure-group tactics is their leading problem.
If increases in productivity are large enough,
they believe that both the national and the group
interests can be satisfied. Local groups, however,
sometimes oppose the measures necessary to
increase productivity.
Membership and Political Influence
Trade-union membership at the beginning of
1947 totaled 8.7 million, the highest on record,
compared with 6.1 million at the beginning of
1939, an increase of 42.6 percent. Trades Union
Congress membership in 1947 was 7.5 million
compared with 4.7 million at the earlier date—a
rise from 77.1 to 86.5 percent of the total.
In 1947, 48 percent of the gainfully employed
were organized, and 42 percent were members of
TUC unions. Since the gainfully employed in
clude employers, managers, and self-employed,
and since separate figures for wage earners are not
available, this figure somewhat understates the
proportion of the “organizable” group that were
union members.
The most striking increases in TUC member
ship between 1939 and 1947 occurred among road,
dock, and general labor, and in agriculture, metals,
teaching, and national and local government serv
ices. With the reaffiliation of unions of civil
servants in 1946, after repeal of the 1927 Trades
Union and Trade Disputes Act, 350,000 members
returned to TUC. A concentration of member-
BRITISH LABOR ORDER LABOR GOVERNMENT
ship in the larger unions also took place during
this period. At the beginning of 1939, 72 percent
of TUC membership was in unions with 25,000
or more members and 49 percent in very large
unions with 100,000 or more; by 1947, these
proportions had grown to 84 percent and 67 per
cent, respectively. Individual unions which
gained most in numbers and prestige were the
Union of General and Municipal Workers (417,000
to 795,000), the Transport and General Workers’
Union (634,000 to 1,230,000), Amalgamated
Engineering Union (334,000 to 723,000), Electri
cal Workers (64,000 to 162,000), and Shop and
Distributive Workers (183,000 to 374,000). A
confederation of unions affiliated with TUC, in
the metal trades and shipbuilding, brought
together for purposes of collective bargaining
million wage earners.
The bulk of the Labor Party’s membership and
funds come from trade-unions. Trade-union
membership in the Labor Party almost doubled
between 1939 and 1947, nearly the whole gain
occurring after the repeal of the Trades Union and
Trade Disputes Act in 1946.
1939_______
1946 ______
1947 ______
Labor Party
membership:
Total
Trade-union
membership
2, 663, 067
3, 322, 358
4, 685, 659
2, 214, 070
2, 635, 346
4, 031, 434
pation in the Government, and such a career is not
compatible with carrying on the duties of a full
time trade-union official. Other trade-unionists
who held posts under the Labor Government are
George Isaacs, Minister of Labor (Printers);
James Griffiths, Minister of National Insurance
(Mineworkers) ; George Tomlinson, Minister of
Education (Weavers); and Aneurin Bevan, Min
ister of Health (Mineworkers).
The formal relationship between the Trades
Union Congress and the Government (Labor,
Coalition, or Conservative) is channeled through
the National Joint Advisory Council, on which the
British Employers’ Confederation has equal repre
sentation with the TUC (17 on each side).2 Owing
Percent of
total
83. 1
79. 3
86. 0
The effect of the repeal was to permit unions by
majority vote to contribute to political funds, and
to require individual members who objected to
such contributions to “contract out” of payment
into the fund. Formerly, the political levy could
be deducted from dues only on written authoriza
tion.
At the annual Labor Party conferences, the
trade-unions cast votes proportional to their polit
ical contributions. The number of trade-unionists
sitting in Parliament as Labor Party members
rose from 80 (out of 152) after the 1935 election to
117 (out of 393) after the 1945 election, but the
proportion has dropped from 53 to 30 percent.
Ernest Bevin (former general-secretary of the
Transport and General Workers’ Union) is almost
the only trade-union leader who stepped from
trade-union activities directly into an important
Government post. Generally speaking, a career in
Parliament is a necessary preliminary to partici
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367
to the Labor Party’s dependence on the tradeunions for funds and membership, and to the
large bloc of trade-unionists in Parliament, the
Labor Government is sensitive to trade-union
opinion and pressures. This is particularly true
in regard to economic and social measures affecting
the distribution of the national income, the status
of the worker and the union, and control over the
s See Extent of Collective Agreements in 7 European Countries, M onthly
Labor Review, June 1947 (p. 1025) or Serial N o. R . 1893.
368
BRITISH LABOR UNDER LABOR GOVERNMENT
job. On many of these issues, however, the tradeunions themselves are divided.3
TUC and inflation Controls
The support which the TUC general council has
given the Government’s wage-price policies and,
in fact, the Government’s policy on these matters
have been qualified by the need to conciliate the
rank and file and a strong left-wing element
within the trade-unions. The latter group insists
that price stabilization can be achieved by direct
price controls and limitations on profits, rather
than by abating wage increases. The various
pronouncements of both the Government and the
TUC stop short of advocating compulsory wage
stabilization; but they encourage negotiation and
bargaining, and emphasize the necessity of creating
conditions favorable to the exercise of moderation
and restraint, e. g., subsidies and controls to hold
down the prices of essential goods, rationing, and
profit limitations.
The TUC has urged unions and individual
members “to assist by personal effort in obtaining
the substantial and sustained increase in produc
tion which will alone enable the unions to defend
the existing standard of life, and to secure neces
sary improvements in the conditions of employ
ment.” The TUC has called on its member unions
“to continue to use their power in wage negotia
tions with a full sense of their responsibilities to
their own members and to the nation as a whole.”
At a March 1948 conference of unions, 5,421,000
votes were cast in favor of a general council report
giving qualified endorsement to the stabilization
program contained in the February White Paper
on Personal Incomes; 2,032,000 votes were cast in
the negative.4
The opposition included unions in the engi
neering and shipbuilding group, the Electrical
Trades Union, and the Civil Service Clerical
Association—all unions with pending wage claims.
The Amalgamated Engineering Union defended
its claim in its Monthly Journal on the ground
that the machinists’ economic value to the nation
was not fully met by the existing wage levels, and
that “no Executive authority can withstand the
3 For a discussion of relationship between trade-unions and the present
government in a historical setting see Margaret Cole, British Trade Unions
and the Labor Government, in Industrial and Labor Relations Review, July
1948 (pp. 573-579).
4 For details on wage-price policies, see Great Britain: Wage Trends and
Wage Policies, 1938-47, and Supplement February 15,1948, Bulletin N o. 934.
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MONTHLY LABOR
pressure for higher wages [from the rank and file
of their membership] if the cost of living continues
to increase.” Individual unions obviously find
it hard to modify demands in accordance with
general policies formulated by the top leadership
or to translate the dictates of the national emer
gency into terms acceptable to their memberships.
TUC and Workers’ Control of Industry
Opposing concepts of the trade-union role in
relation to the control of industry are found within
the ranks of the TUC. Viewpoints akin to the
Guild Socialism of the 1920’s are prominent in
present discussions over nationalized industries.
One group advocates direct participation by the
union in the management of industry; the other is
content that nationalized industries be run for the
benefit of the community, in consultation with the
unions involved.
The Report on Post-War Reconstruction,
adopted by the TUC in 1944, demanded a voice
for workpeople in the conduct of a public industry,
but at the same time held that, to preserve the
trade-union’s independence of action, their repre
sentatives should sever their formal trade-union
connections on appointment. The same report
asked for consultative machinery, at all levels,
and for continuation of the collective agreements
in nationalized industries. The Labor Govern
ment has followed this policy.
With some variations in language—which may
or may not portend real differences in future
policy—the Nationalization Acts for coal, trans
port, civil aviation, electricity and gas provide
for management by semi-autonomous boards.
The boards must consult with the unions repre
senting workers in these industries, regarding
terms and conditions of employment and other
matters of interest to employees. The acts do
not, however, provide for representation of tradeunions as such on the boards, although one or two
prominent trade-unionists have been appointed
to each.5
Resolutions attacking the indirect method of
trade-union participation in nationalized indus
tries were presented at the annual congresses of
several trade-unions (notably the engineering
8 For example, when Sir Joseph Hallsworth was appointed to the National
Coal Board he resigned his posts on the Trades Union Congress general
council, and on the Governing Body of the ILO (as workers’ representative).
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
BRITISH LABOR UNDER LABOR GOVERNMENT
trades, the railways, and the post office workers)
and introduced by their representatives at con
gresses of the TUC and of the Labor Party. At
Southport, in 1947, the TUC passed a resolution
asking the Government to “provide for the fullest
participation of all sections of workers, through
their trade-unions, in the direction and manage
ment of nationalized industries not only in places
of employment but on district and national
boards.” The general council, however, reserved
the right to consider the matter further.
The unions that had sponsored this resolution
renewed their attack, with reference particularly
to the nationalized mines and railways, at Scar
borough (Labor Party Conference, 1948). Al
though the general secretary of the Railwaymen
was highly critical of the administration of nation
alized industries, union leaders from the Mineworkers and the Transport Workers opposed the
resolution, which was remitted to the Party’s
national executive for discussion with the TUC.*
Joint Consultative Machinery. Labor’s request for
joint consultation (as distinguished from direct
control) has been met, since nationalization of
mines and electric power, by agreements between
the managing board, or authority, and the unions
concerned to set up, or to continue, machinery at
national, district, and local levels. The coal agree
ments provide for a national as well as divisional,
area, and colliery consultative councils. The elec
tric power agreement provides for national and dis
trict joint councils and for works committees.
In the coal industry, conciliation machinery to
handle disputes and grievances also exists, distinct
from the consultative machinery at the pit, dis
trict, and national levels. Indeed, the multiplic
ity of coal industry committees may actually in
terfere with their effectiveness by causing diffusion
of effort and interest.
Joint consultation on production problems at
the factory level has been repeatedly urged by
the TUC, Labor Party, and cabinet members.
The TUC 1944 report envisaged works councils
or committees, in both private and nationalized
industries, with very broad terms of reference
involving consultation on technical, adminis
trative, financial, and commercial policies. They
*TUC meeting September 1948 re-affirmed 1944 policy.
ments see next issue of M onthly Labor Review.
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For other develop
369
were, in fact, to discuss any internal matters not
coming within the scope of the regular negotiating
machinery.
During the war, joint production committees
actively assisted in increasing the output of
munitions in more than 5,000 establishments.
Despite repeated expressions of interest and
concern, few such committees are still flourishing.
Lacking the stimulus of war, managements and
branch union secretaries alike tend to be somewhat
jealous of the committees. Moreover, the worker
representatives often lack the technical knowledge
which is needed to improve plant lay-out and
operating efficiency. Suggestions are sometimes
discouraged because management seems indiffer
ent. The Ministry of Labor gives assistance on
establishing joint consultation committees when
asked, and within the framework of nationally
negotiated industry agreements.
Informal discussions in works councils, or in
their production subcommittees, often accomplish
as much unobtrusively as the more controversial
joint production committees, on such problems as
the salvage of waste, the conservation of scarce
materials, bottlenecks in supply, better house
keeping practices, care of tools, better timekeep
ing, and means of reducing absences. Branch
union secretaries sit in an advisory capacity with
some works councils. If management decides to
undertake the reorganization of a department—
perhaps using industrial consultants to reallocate
jobs and labor, or to introduce new machinery—
trade-unions, shop stewards, and works councils’
representatives are all consulted. An increasing
number of firms are adopting machinery through
which joint c o n s u l t a t i o n may be effectively
operated.
Regional Boards for Industry, established dur
ing the war, were revived in early 1946, to provide
a fink between the factories and Whitehall.
Government departments, employers, and tradeunions are represented on these boards, four of
which have trade-unionists as chairmen. The
unions in the regions maintain close touch with
their representatives through regional tradeunion advisory councils. The Boards attempt to
adjust local or regional problems concerning labor
supply, unemployment, or skilled labor bottle
necks. During the electricity crisis in the winter
of 1947, they allocated fuel and developed schemes
370
BRITISH LABOR UNDER LABOR GOVERNMENT
for spreading the electricity load by staggering
hours of work or by instituting a powerless day,
In the private sector of industry, outside the
nationalization program, the Labor Government
has set up 18 working parties, each composed
of labor and employer leaders and experts, to
recommend ways and means of modernizing their
respective industries. The reports submitted to
the Board of Trade cover a wide range of subjects:
education and training; improvements in design;
methods of recruiting labor and reducing turn
over; safety, health and working conditions; indus
trial statistics; comparative efficiency and means
of raising productivity. The Industrial Organiza
tion and Development Act of 1947 authorizes
tripartite industrial development councils to carry
on this work on a permanent basis. One such
council operates in the cotton textile industry;
draft proposals have been submitted for jewelry
and silverware, pottery, clothing, hosiery, and
knit-wear councils.
Attitude Toward Employment Controls
The unions have acquiesced in the re-imposition
of controls over hiring of workers and peacetime
direction of labor. However, the Ministry of
Labor has administered these controls with great
caution, and has relied on persuasion and efforts
to find suitable places for workers in priority
industries. Only in a very few instances have
workers been directed to take particular jobs.
Considerably greater freedom of choice and
greater labor mobility prevailed in the labor
market in the spring of 1948 than during the
war. Between June 1945 and March 1948, about
4 million men and women were demobilized from
the armed forces and resumed former jobs or
entered new ones of their own choice. Many
of these veterans were trained or re-trained at
Government expense. In addition, 3.5 million
munitions workers were released between mid-1945
and the end of 1947.
Attitude Toward Productivity
Perhaps the clearest test of reorientation lies
in the unions’ attitudes toward methods of in
creasing productivity. Government, employers,
and union leaders were agreed upon the compelling
urgency of such programs. Labor has been repeat
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MONTHLY LABOR
edly assured that wages would benefit from gains
in productivity. In the spring of 1948, unemploy
ment was low and workers released by labor-saving
arrangements could easily be absorbed in other
jobs. Nevertheless, these favorable factors were
balanced by the unions’ traditional hostility to
changes in rules, and by certain groups’ vested
interests in particular jobs or in customary wage
differentials. The British system of joint consulta
tion at many levels (national, trade, and factory)
means gradual change. Furthermore, labor is
seldom the only party responsible for inefficient
practices, and restrictive practices by manage
ments and trade associations are just as difficult
to remove.
In the building industry, for example, the unions
after 2 years of discussion, agreed in October 1947
to the introduction of payment by results. How
ever, progress was slow, partly because the em
ployers’ federations did not assist their members
to install the schemes, and partly because of cut
backs in the building program. Where incentive
pay was introduced, cases were reported of out
put rising from 50 to 100 percent. Efficiency in
the building industry, it is reported, also suffers
from practices in restraint of trade by various
trade associations. A tripartite working party
was appointed by the Minister of Works in July
1948 to inquire into the organization and efficiency
of the entire industry. The proposal was welcomed
by the unions, but attacked by the national build
ing trades employers’ federations.
The cotton textile industry, spearhead of Brit
ain’s present export drive, is acknowledged as long
overdue for technological renovation. The first
postwar plans for the industry contemplated largescale reequipment of both spinning and weaving
sections. But new machinery is difficult to obtain
because of the many competing demands for steel
and the immediate gains to be realized from the
export of textile machinery. Emphasis has shifted
to getting maximum production on existing ma
chinery, and reducing labor requirements. Start
ling improvements in output have been obtained
in certain mills by means of careful job studies
and reassignment of labor, accompanied by
changes in wage-payment methods. However,
before such changes can be instituted, or even
studied, agreement must be obtained from union
representatives and from the employees involved.
Demonstrations such as that in the cardroom of
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
BRITISH LABOR UNDER LABOR GOVERNMENT
the Musgrave Mill are breaking down resistance;
output per man-hour was increased 39 percent,
although the mill was considered relatively effi
cient before the experiment.6 Operatives in other
mills of the same company have asked for applica
tion of the same system. However, in Lancashire
as a whole, unions and operatives are still slow to
welcome change.
A tripartite commission in the weaving section,
in March 1948, submitted its recommendations
for revision of the weavers’ wage system and for
a new staffing plan, for the purpose of increasing
incentives.7 Even though a majority of weavers
will probably gain, certain groups of workers will
be unfavorably affected. This is retarding adop
tion of the recommendations.
There is general dissatisfaction with the effi
ciency of the British coal industry. The natural
technological handicaps are well known: narrow,
sloping seams; inadequate underground transpor
tation systems; poor mine lay out; too much non
productive labor. The widely entertained hopes
that nationalization would facilitate technical re
organization and stimulate greater effort by the
miners have not been entirely fulfilled. Progress
has been made, although total output and output
per manshift are still below prewar, in spite of
greatly increased mechanization since prewar.
Output in
million tons
A n- Average
nual weekly
1938____________________
1944 ___________________
1945 ___________________
1946 ___________________
1947 ___________________
1948 1___________________
227
191
182
189
197
106
Average
output
per manshift
4. 353 1. 14
3. 688 1. 00
3. 506 1.00
3. 646 1. 03
3. 782 1.07
4. 080 2 1. 10
1 Six months.
J Week ending M ay 29, 1948.
The reasons for this state of affairs are much
debated. Some miners blame the failure to intro
duce direct workers’ control in the industry.
Colliery managements blame the Coal Board and
the union for curtailing their authority. Sir
Charles B-eid, author of the report which showed
how the industry must be technically reorganized,
recently resigned from the Coal Board blaming the
Board’s over-centralized organization. He also
8 Report on Labor Redeployment in the Musgrave M ill Cardroom. The
Cotton Board, March 1948.
7 Great Britain M inistry of Labor and National Service. Cotton Manu
facturing Commission—Interim Report. London, 1948.
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371
stated his belief that “with the manpower 8 and
the machinery now in the industry at least 30
million extra tons of coal per annum could be
produced, provided that absenteeism were re
duced to prewar level, manpower put where it
could be most effectively used, and men and
managers alike were inspired to give their best
service to the country.”
The National Union of Mineworkers, in nu
merous instances, backed up the National Coal
Board in its decisions made for the purpose of
increasing output, which local groups of miners
had resisted. For example, at Grimethorpe, York
shire, in August 1947 a group of miners refused to
increase the daily stint of coal cutting ordered by
the Coal Board and confirmed by the decision of a
joint committee appointed under the district
conciliation machinery. Other pits joined in
sympathetic walk-outs. The Miners’ Union vigor
ously condemned the strikers, and eventually the
men returned to work. However, the old stint
remained in effect. In May 1948 another group
of Yorkshire miners, although assured of jobs at
nearby pits, staged a sit-down strike in protest
against the closing of their pit at Waleswood which
the Coal Board had rated uneconomical to operate.
With union backing, the Waleswood pit was closed
as scheduled.
Attitude on Strikes
Most of the strikes in the war and postwar
periods have been unofficial and unauthorized.
The TUC and the BEC (British Employers’ Con
federation) agreed to extend wartime compulsory
arbitration beyond the date it would have lapsed
(February 24, 1946), with the understanding that
the question would be reviewed as soon as either
side wished compulsory arbitration to be dis8The manpower position in coal, compared with prewar, is as follows:
1938....................................................................................................
1944- ...............................................................- ...........................
1945- ..............................................................................................
1946- .............................................................................................
1947 ................................................................................................
1948 (first 5 months’ average).....................................................
Average num
ber (in
thousands)
On
Accoltually
liery
embooks ployed
782 (No data)
710
642
709
629
697
626
712
649
723
676
The average age of the current labor force is higher than prewar. It is diffi
cult to recruit British youths for the mines, and the father-and-son mining
tradition is disappearing.
372
BRITISH LABOR UNDER LABOR GOVERNMENT
continued.9 Up to July 1, 1948, neither side has
requested a review. On the whole, labor, em
ployers, and government agree that the system is
still necessary, and that the benefits outweigh the
disadvantages. Resolutions censoring compulsory
arbitration in peacetime were debated at the
annual trade-union congresses in 1946 and in 1947
(in the latter year the powerful machinists’ union
introduced the resolution), but the matter did not
come to a vote.
National union officers, as well as TUC officials,
have repeatedly denounced unauthorized stop
pages and made great efforts to get strikers back
to work. Several unions, like the miners, have
taken disciplinary action against strikers. The
National Union of General and Municipal Workers
in August 1947 threatened to expel 36 striking bus
drivers; the Transport and General Workers’
Union at its 1947 convention gave notice that it
would proceed similarly. But while such action is
feasible where small groups are involved and the
issues are clear cut, a union naturally hesitates to
take drastic measures if a large number of members
rebel, or if serious inequities underlie the strike.
On several strikes of transportation workers,
the Labor Government used troops to handle
perishable or badly needed food supplies. In
June 1948, more than 20,000 dockworkers were
idle through an unauthorized strike; troops were
called to unload ships; Prime Minister Attlee, in a
special broadcast, appealed to the strikers to re
turn; and a state of emergency was declared. A
substantial number of strikers having already in
dicated willingness to return, the strike ended.
The union is proceeding to negotiate on the
original grievance.
Even though opposed by trade-union officials and
the Labor Government, unauthorized strikes re8 The conditions of Employment and National Arbitration Orders 1940-44
will continue in force until December 1950 unless altered, by virtue of S. R.
and 0 . 1945 No. 1260, issued December 20, 1945, under Section I Supplies and
Services (Transitional Powers) Act, 1945. For a discussion of the compulsory
arbitration system in Great Britain, see Settlement of Industrial Disputes in
Foreign Countries, M onthly Labor Review, August 1946, or Serial N o. R.
1848; also Arbitration of Labor Disputes in Great Britain, by Jean A. Flexner,
in Industrial and Labor Relations Review, April 1948 (pp. 421-430).
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suited in some economic gains for the workers who
engaged in them. Moreover, such strikes con
stitute a challenge to the top union officials,
similar to the challenge of the shop stewards’
movement in 1917-18. However, without the re
straints imposed by the unions’ discipline and
sense of responsibility toward the Government,
strategically placed groups of workers could hold
out for a great deal more, thereby disrupting the
national recovery effort.
A few strikes in the postwar period have had
official union sanction: a strike of hotel workers,
in October 1946, backed by the Union of Munici
pal and General Workers, was not considered illegal
because it arose over union recognition—a ques
tion that the National Arbitration Tribunal de
clined to arbitrate. The strikers won their de
mands, full recognition and dealing with the union.
In April 1948, a strike of 20,000 automobile body
workers was called by the Vehicle Builders Union,
after negotiations for a wage increase had been re
ferred by the Minister of Labor to the National
Arbitration Tribunal. When the employers agreed
to resume negotiations, the strike was called off
without prosecutions.
The total man-days lost in strikes has been ex
tremely low, compared with the years following
World War I.
Man-days lost (in thousands)
1918
1919
1920
1921
____
5, 880
____ 34,970
____ 26,570
____ 85, 870
Man-days lost (in thousands)
1945
1946
1947
1948
_______
_______
----------_______ i
2, 840
2, 158
2, 433
3, 172
1 Annual rate based on first 6 months.
Employers and labor generally have observed
the voluntary procedures for negotiating agree
ments and settling disputes and have accepted the
decisions of arbitrators. The success of both Coali
tion and Labor Governments in managing scarce
resources and supplies has resulted in a pooling of
effort by all groups to meet a national emergency,
the seriousness of which is widely appreciated.
Manpower Needs
of the Expanded
Defense Program
H arold W ool and H yman L. Lewis 1
be needed by the end of the 1949 fiscal year. The
supply of labor is expected to increase sufficiently,
on an over-all basis, to meet these demands, al
though shortages may develop in particular types
of work and in certain localities.
In arriving at this conclusion, estimates have
been prepared of the number of men required by
the armed forces and of the pool of manpower
which will be available under the terms of the
Selective Service Act of 1948. These estimates
have been related to the additional requirements
of the military for civilian manpower and to
prospective changes in labor supply and demand
in the economy as a whole.
Manpower Requirements of the Armed Forces
enacted last spring, a
sizable expansion of the national military estab
lishment was authorized for the fiscal year 1949.
Under the Selective Service Act of 1948 (Public
Law 759, 80th Cong.), the Congress provided for a
peacetime draft and a net addition of over a half
million men to the armed forces. Increased
appropriations were also made for various types of
military procurement and for additional civilian
personnel in defense activities. In the aggregate,
national defense expenditures during the fiscal
year 1949 were expected to rise by 1.5 billion
dollars, or 14 percent above those for the preced
ing year.2
The expansion occurs at a time when a very
high percentage of the labor force is already
employed, and when substantial backlogs of de
mand, both at home and abroad, still exist in
important sectors of the economy. The situation
in this respect is in sharp contrast with that pre
vailing at the time of the enactment of the Na
tional Defense Program in 1940, when 8 million
workers were unemployed and when considerable
productive capacity was not being utilized. For
this reason, there has been considerable interest in
the adequacy of the Nation’s labor supply in the
year ahead, and in the potential problems of man
power recruitment which might arise as the pres
ent program develops.
Appraisal of the requirements of the expanded
defense program indicates that about 1 million
additional workers, both military and civilian, will
In
a se r ie s o f m easures
1 Of the Bureau’s Branch of Occupational Outlook.
2 Statement by the President reviewing the 1949 Budget, August 15, 1948,
page 5.
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The Selective Service Act of 1948 authorizes
the armed forces to achieve an average daily
strength of 2,167,000 persons on active duty. Ap
propriations, however, permit a strength of 1,948,000—about 200,000 under the authorized level.
In the present study, it is assumed that the lower
figure will be realized during the 1949 fiscal year,
and that the full complement authorized by the
Selective Service Act will be achieved early in the
next fiscal year.
Since the net strength of the armed forces was
slightly in excess of 1,400,000 men at the beginning
of fiscal 1949, achievement of the indicated levels
will require the net addition (i. e., net withdrawals
from civilian life) of more than 500,000 in fiscal
1949 and more than 200,000 in the year following.
A much greater number of civilians will actually
have to be recruited, however, because of turn-over
in the armed forces personnel due to expiration of
enlistments. After allowing for anticipated reen
listments, the gross intake from civilian life will
have to be about 900,000 during the fiscal year
1949, and about 700,000 in the fiscal year 1950.
It was in order to meet these needs that the
present Selective Service Act was passed.
Under the terms of the new law, every civilian
male between the ages of 18 and 26 (with a few
minor exceptions) was required to present himself
for the initial registration on specified days be
tween August 30 and September 18. Thereafter,
in a continuing registration, men are required to
register as they reach the age of 18. Only those
who have reached 19 and who have not yet passed
26, however, are liable for military service.
373
374
MANPOWER AND DEFENSE PROGRAM
A large proportion of the men in the subject age
groups are exempted or deferred either by the act
or by regulations promulgated under it. Among
the major categories of men not eligible for the
draft are most veterans, married men and those
with dependents, persons with certain personal
deficiencies and defects, men who were members
of specified Reserve units at the time of the law’s
enactment (June 24, 1948), and high school stu
dents under the age of 20. In addition, full-time
students in schools of higher education cannot be
inducted until the end of the academic year.
Exempt also are ministers, theological students,
sole survivors in families sustaining war losses,
conscientious objectors who meet certain require
ments, and a limited number of reservists who
may enroll under specified conditions after June
24, 1948.
The act provides substantially the same proce
dure for occupational deferments as was followed
in the prewar draft. It authorizes the President
“to provide for the deferment * * * of per
sons whose employment in industry, agriculture,
or other occupations * * * or whose activity
in study, research, or medical, scientific, or other
endeavors is found to be necessary to the main
tenance of the national health, safety, or interest.”
(Sec. 6 (h), P. L. 759.) The law permits no group
deferments ; in each case the individual’s status, as
determined by the local board, is the governing
consideration.
Special inducements are offered by the law to
18-year-olds. A limited number—161,000 in each
year—may enlist for a 1-year period instead of the
21-month term provided for men who are drafted.
Moreover, they are to be assigned to service in the
continental United States only. The recruitment
of the full complement of these 18-year-old trainees
is not expected to involve any particular difficulties;
In addition, some 50,000 reserve officers may be
recalled to active duty, and a number of enlist
ments may be expected from men who are not sub
ject to the draft, such as veterans or persons out
side the draft ages.
The remainder—less than 700,000 men in fiscal
1949 and approximately 500,000 in fiscal 1950—
will have to be drawn either voluntarily or by draft
from among non veterans aged 19 through 25.
The number to be drafted will obviously depend
upon the number who enlist. It appears currently
that the selective service machinery will obtain
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MONTHLY LABOR
about 250,000 in the first year, and perhaps onefourth that number in the following year. Under
present plans, all draftees are to be assigned to the
Army. The Navy and the Air Force will attempt
to rely exclusively on enlistments.3 The number
to be recruited are to be distributed fairly evenly
throughout the year, once the draft machinery gets
under way.
A recapitulation (in round numbers) of the
pertinent manpower data follows:
Withdrawn from civilian
life
__ _ _ _
Under 19 or over 25__
Between 19 and 25___
To be enlisted___
To be drafted___
Fiscal 194.9
Fiscal 1950
900,
200,
700,
450,
250,
700,
200,
500,
450,
50,
000
000
000
000
000
Returned to civilian life:
Newly discharged veterans__ ______ __ 400, 000
Net loss to civilian life___ 500, 000
000
000
000
000
000
500, 000
200, 000
The Selective Service Manpower Pool
To meet the requirements for 19- to 25-year-old
men approximately 7% million civilian men were
available in continental United States, at the
beginning of the fiscal year 1949, according to
estimates of the Bureau of the Census.4 In
addition, about a million civilian youths could
be expected to attain age 19 during the fiscal
year and thus become subject to selective service.
About 9 out of every 10 of the initial 19-25year-old registrants will probably not be liable to
military service at the time of registration. Some
5 million are World War II veterans, and more
than a million were previously disqualified under
the wartime and early postwar mental and physical
standards. Of those who were not screened under
the former draft law, it is estimated that about
one-fourth, or approximately one-half million,
will be disqualified under the relatively high
peacetime standards. An additional half million
men will be exempted for such reasons as marital
status, membership in the organized reserves,
and school attendance.5
5
Enlistments in the Army are acceptable for the 21-month draft term.
The other services, however, are adhering to an enlistment term of at least 3
years.
4 The Census estimates are as of April 1, 1948, but m ay be accepted as an
approximate measure of the number as of July 1, 1948. Source: Census
release, Series P-25, No. 9.
5 Estimates of the selective service manpower pool were prepared by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics from a variety of sources and are tentative pending
release of official registration and classification statistics by the National
Headquarters of the Selective Service System. A detailed description of
methods used in preparing these estimates may be obtained upon request.
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
MANPOWER AND DEFENSE PROGRAM
Therefore, about 800,000 men are estimated to
be immediately eligible for selective service, prior
to agricultural or other occupational deferments.
Another 500,000 will be eligible before the fiscal
year 1949 is over, mainly from three sources: (1)
Youths not attending school who will attain age
19 during the year, (2) high school students, who
either graduate or attain the age of 20, and (3)
college students.
Losses from the immediately eligible group
because of aging of the 25-year-olds will be negli
gible, in view of the announced policy of inducting
the older age groups first. The total pool of
19-2 5-year-olds available for induction at some
time during fiscal 1949 may thus be estimated
at 1,300,000; the year’s needs from this group
are about 700,000. Since agricultural and occu
pational deferments will be handled on an indi
vidual basis with broad latitude at the draft
board level, it is not possible to estimate the
probable number of such deferments.
The balance sheet for the fiscal year 1950 is
similar, with both requirements and supply some
what lower. There will be an initial pool in July
1949 of more than 500,000 19-25-year-olds, aug
mented by additions of nearly 700,000, for an
aggregate of nearly 1,200,000. This compares
with the year’s needs from the pool of about
500,000.
Three important facts emerge from an examina
tion of the supply available to the armed forces.
1. The pool of eligible manpower, before agri
cultural and occupational deferments, will be
adequate at all times, on a Nation-wide basis, to
meet the needs for enlistees and draftees, assuming
that the present plans to induct new personnel in
an even flow are successful. During fiscal 1949,
for example, there will probably always be a
margin of at least 500,000 men available in excess
of scheduled demands.
2. Most eligibles will be under 21 years of age.
Virtually every registrant in the upper-age brackets
was screened through the draft machinery of
World War II and either accepted for service or
classified as IV-F. Relatively few were exempted
as hardship cases, or given agricultural or other
occupational deferments; of these, many would
now be deferred for various reasons. As a result,
hardly more than 60,000 may be found available
among the 22 to 25-year groups combined and
about the same number in age 21.
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375
3.
The major source of military manpower will
have to be the civilian labor force, rather than
the schools. Of the 1,300,000 men who will be
eligible before fiscal 1949 is over, about four-fifths
are either working or seeking work. Most of the
others are in school and therefore cannot be
drafted before May or June 1949.
The Impact on the Civilian Economy
The major problems created by military ex
pansion include effects upon the over-all labor
supply-demand situation, the present and future
availability of trained men, and the educational
institutions. The analysis in this section is based
on the assumptions that the present full-employ
ment situation will continue and that there will
be no major revision in the anticipated require
ments of the armed forces.
Over-All Labor Supply-Demand Situation. In ad
dition to the net expansion in the armed forces of
more than one-half million scheduled for the 1949
fiscal year, about 500,000 civilians will be required
in government establishments and in private
industries working on military orders. Of this
total, about 100,000 will be needed by the aircraft
industry alone in the first phase of a program to
expand and modernize the air force. On the
demand side, the expanded defense program will
thus require the addition of a total of 1 million
persons to public and private pay rolls by the end
of June 1949.
Analysis of the labor-supply situation indicates
that the labor force will also increase by about 1
million during the coming year, assuming that
normal growth in the labor force continues and
that several hundred thousand World War II
veterans will leave school by June 1949.
Thus—if there is no significant change in the
civilian economy’s current labor demand—the
national labor market may be expected to con
tinue in relatively close balance during the year
ahead. On the other hand, this apparent tight
ness need not preclude further expansions in
industries not connected with the war program.
The labor supply is still sufficiently flexible for
more than normal expansion. Substantial num
bers of potential workers, particularly married
women without young children, may again be
drawn into the labor market if demand becomes
strong enough. In addition, the present level of
376
MANPOWER AND DEFENSE PROGRAM
unemployment, which is considered relatively
low for peacetime, is well above the wartime
figure and is still capable of being reduced.
The Skills Situation. In the close over-all balance
which thus appears likely, specific shortages may
be expected to develop on a somewhat greater
scale than has been true in the past few years, and
serious problems may be expected in some locali
ties. For example, an expanded munitions indus
try may call for a considerable number of profes
sional and skilled workers in metalworking and
related industries. In some of these occupations,
the supply of experienced workers has been tight
for some time.
Recruitment problems may also arise in some
localities, even in occupations where no national
shortages exist. The geographical shifting of
workers is particularly difficult under existing
circumstances. Relatively few areas have suffi
cient community facilities and housing to accom
modate any significant in-migration of workers.
Consequently, in most areas affected, major em
phasis will have to be placed on more intensive
utilization of the local labor supply.
The direct manpower needs of the armed forces,
on the other hand, will not seriously affect the
supply of skilled workers, since relatively few of
those taken will have had time to acquire any
substantial degree of skill or experience. This is
particularly true of the enlistees, who bulk large
in the present plans. It is likely that most of the
volunteers will come from those just out of school,
who would normally be looking for work, the
unemployed (of whom there are only a few), and
those not yet particularly attached to any job.
However, among the 300,000 to be drafted in
the next 2 years, there may be many who are
already in jobs where they are receiving valuable
training. Among registered apprentices alone,
there may be perhaps 50,000 non veterans in the
group subject to draft. While these numbers
may seem small as against total employment,
some of those affected have had considerable
training and have acquired enough experience to
constitute an appreciable loss to industry.
Industry generally will thus feel the draft in
two ways: Loss of a substantial portion of the pool
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of new entrants who would normally be available
for replacements or expansion, and possible loss
of a smaller number of men who have had valuable
training on the job. The size of the latter group
will of course depend on the occupational defer
ment policies pursued at both national and local
levels. Partially offsetting these losses will be
the return to civilian life of a substantial number
of newly discharged veterans—mostly over age
21-—who are draft-free under present conditions.
Effect on the School System.-—In a program of the
present dimensions, the initial drain on the
school system need not be particularly pronounced.
Since high-school students are draft-exempt until
they graduate or attain the age of 20, the impact
of the draft will be limited largely to the college
level.
The effect on college enrollments will depend
partly on the extent of adherence to current
schedules of inductions and expected enlistments.
If the armed forces succeed in recruiting by the end
of the fiscal year 1949 the full number of men for
whom they now have funds, the draft boards will
probably require no more than 100,000 men during
the summer months. Even if the draft boards fill
their entire summer quotas from among eligible
college students or prospective college entrants
(which seems unlikely), this would represent about
6 percent of the total male enrollment of almost
1,700,000 recorded in the fall of 1947.6 Moreover,
a half million eligible nonstudents, as well as a
substantial number of high-school graduates who
would not normally go on to college, will also be
available during this period. Should the enlist
ment and drafting programs fall seriously behind
schedule, however, it is of course possible that
inductions might cut more substantially into the
college population.
As in the case of trained men in industry, the
number of college men in critical fields of study,
which may be considered vital to the national
security, is small relative to the total number of
eligibles available. Deferment policies designed
to conserve the flow of scientists and technicians
into vital industries and professions would there
fore not materially reduce the manpower pool.
6
U. S. Bureau of the Census, School Enrollment of the Civilian Popula
tion: October 1947, Series P-20, No. 19.
Summaries of Special Reports
Electric and Gas Utilities:
Wage Structures in 1948 1
are basic to modem economic
life. They furnish relatively stable employment
to hundreds of thousands of workers located in
all parts of the country. The earnings of workers
in these industries are important indicators of the
general wage levels in local communities and
broader economic regions. This report presents
information on the earnings and supplementary
benefits of workers in electric and gas utilities.2
Straight-time wage rates in class A and class B
privately operated electric utility systems em
ploying 101 or more workers averaged $1.35 an
hour for all plant (nonoffice) workers in MarchApril 1948. At the same time, plant workers in
privately operated gas utilities serving cities of
75,000 or more population averaged $1.29 an hour
on a Nation-wide basis. These respective averages
do not indicate a wage differential between com
parable groups of workers, since the averages are
influenced by differences in the composition of
the labor force between the two industries.
Relatively few workers in each industry were
paid less than 65 cents an hour; about 1 out of
every 8 workers in each industry received less
than $1.00 an hour. A greater proportion of the
P ublic utilities
1 Prepared by Kermit B. Mohn of the Bureau’s Division of Wage Analysis.
The collection of data for this study was directed by the Bureau’s regional
wage analysts. More detailed information w ill be provided in a mimeo
graphed report, available upon request.
2 The scope of this study included privately operated class A and class B
electric utilities (as defined by the Federal Power Commission) employing
101 or more workers and privately operated gas utilities of cities of 75,000 or
more population. Employment in those establishments furnishing both
electric and gas or other services was allocated to each service, so that only
those workers associated with either electric or gas service, plus a proratiou of
workers in general departments, were included in the study of each industry.
The study of electric utilities included a total of 130 establishments employ
ing more than 191,000 workers, and the study of gas utilities, 126 companies
employing almost 58,000 workers.
Information was collected by Bureau field representatives from company
records. Workers were classified on the basis of uniform job descriptions
prepared by the Bureau for that purpose.
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workers in electric utilities than in gas utilities,
however, had hourly rates of $1.50 or more (a
third compared with a fifth), suggesting that
skilled workers were relatively more numerous in
the former industry.
Occupational Differences
Among the key occupations studied in electric
utilities, journeymen linemen comprised the larg
est group and averaged $1.61 an hour throughout
the industry as a whole in the spring of 1948
(table 1). An average rate of $1.07 was shown for
groundmen, typical of the less skilled workers in
the industry.
Substation operators ($1.53),
meter readers ($1.18), boiler operators ($1.48),
and auxiliary-equipment operators ($1.35) were
other occupations employing relatively large
numbers of workers. Load dispatchers, with an
average of $1.94 an hour, constituted the highest
paid occupational group studied.
In gas utilities, main-installation and service
laborers were the largest, as well as the lowest paid,
occupational category studied. Their average
hourly rate, on a national basis, was $1.02 (table 2).
The highest paid workers, although relatively few
in number, were inspectors, with an average rate
of $1.55. Appliance servicemen, the largest
skilled group studied, averaged $1.43. Gas main
fitters ($1.36), meter readers ($1.30), and gas
plant laborers ($1.12) were other numerically im
portant groups.
Office workers comprised a very substantial
segment of the employment in both industries.
In contrast to the plant occupations studied, the
great majority of the office occupations were
staffed by women. As cashiers in electric utility
companies, women averaged 97 cents an hour; as
general stenographers, $1.05; as accounting clerks,
$1.23; and as clerk-typists, 92 cents. The largest
group of men office workers were general clerks,
with hourly rates averaging $1.28.
377
WAGES—ELECTRIC AND GAS UTILITIES
378
Middle Atlantic ($1.33). Those exceeding the
national average included the Mountain region
($1.37); New England ($1.39); Great Lakes ($1.43);
and the Pacific Coast ($1.64).
The same general regional pattern of differences
tended to prevail in electric utilities when meas
ured on an occupational basis, although the
extent of the differences varied considerably
among occupations. For most occupations the
Southeast or Southwest had the lowest wage levels
and the Pacific region the highest. The actual
ranges between the lowest- and highest-paying
regions were from 30 to 59 cents an hour in 24 of
27 occupations used in the comparison; the
smallest spread in any of the occupations was 26
cents. By excluding the Pacific region, the ranges
were considerably smaller in most cases, amount
ing in 9 occupations to less than 25 cents and in
13 others, to between 25 and 39 cents.
Actual wage differentials in electric utilities
between the lowest and highest paying regions
tended to be smaller among the more-skilled
jobs than among the less skilled. For instance,
on a cents-per-hour basis the spread among
Typical women’s office occupations in gas
utilities, together with their average hourly rates,
were cashiers, $1.05; general stenographers, $1.16;
accounting clerks, $1.10; and clerk-typists, 99
cents.
Regional Variations 4
Considerable variation occurred among the
wage levels found in different sections of the coun
try. In electric utilities,, the average hourly rates
for all workers combined ranged from $1.17 in
the Southeast to $1.64 on the Pacific Coast. In
addition to the Southeast, those regions having
general wage levels below the national average of
$1.35 were the Southwest ($1.21); the Border
region ($1.26); the Middle West ($1.26); and the
4 The regions used in this study include: N e w E n g l a n d — Connecticut
Maine, Massachusetts, N ew Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont!
M i d d l e A t l a n t i c —N ew Jersey, N ew York, and Pennsylvania; B o r d e r S t a t e s —
Delaware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and West
Virginia; S o u th e a s t —Alabama, Florida, Georgia, M ississippi, North Carolina,
South Carolina, and Tennessee; G r e a t L a k e s — Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,
Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin; M i d d l e W e s t —Iowa, Kansas, Missouri,
Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; S o u t h w e s t —Arkansas, Loui
siana, Oklahoma, and Texas; M o u n t a i n —Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana,
N ew Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; P a c i f i c —California, Nevada, Oregon,
and Washington.
T able
M ONTHLY LABO R
1.—Average straight-time hourly earnings1for selected plant occupations in electric utilities, by region, March—
April 19^8
Average straight-time hourly earnings in—
United States
Occupation and sex
Number Average
New
Middle Border
hourly
of
workers earnings England Atlantic States
South
east
Great
Lakes
Middle
West
South
west
M oun
tain
$1.27
1.34
1.68
1.58
1.12
1.14
1.00
. $1.69
1.60
1.61
1.91
1.38
0
1.21
Pacific
M en
Auxiliary-equipment operators___________________
Boiler operators______ ____ ____________________
District representatives________ . . . ____ ________
Electricians, maintenance_______________________
Groundmen___________ ________________________
Guards_______ ____ _______ _____ __________
Janitors_____ _____ _______ ______________________
4,007
4,400
2,030
3,859
8,740
691
3,385
$1.35
1.48
1.37
1.64
1.07
1.24
1.04
$1.33
1.45
1.34
1.61
1.15
1.22
1.11
$1.39
1.49
1.54
1.55
1.07
1.23
1.07
$1.25
1.57
1.13
1.57
1.01
1. 27
.94
$1.12
1.36
1.26
1.48
.91
.96
.73
$1.41
1.60
1.53
1.70
1.13
1.32
1.13
$1.23
1.30
1.23
1.67
1.00
.91
$1.22
1.37
1.59
1.60
1.00
.97
.82
Linemen, journeymen___________________________
Load dispatchers______________________________
M achinists, maintenance__________ . . . ________
Maintenance men, general u tility ________________
Mechanics, automotive. _____________________ . .
Mechanics, maintenance________________________
10,989
972
874
1,221
1,796
2,362
1.61
1.94
1.63
1.45
1.52
1.53
1.59
2.16
1.66
1.57
1.43
1.57
1.59
1.97
1.54
1.48
1.52
1.50
1.50
1.91
1.48
1.35
1.44
1.63
1.47
1.76
1.54
1.45
1.43
1.42
1.63
2.00
1.75
1.49
1.53
1.56
1.48
1.71
1.57
1.29
1.51
1.42
1.58
1.68
1.57
.99
1.42
1.53
1.61
1.70
1. 52
1.48
1.49
1.54
1.87
2.16
1.85
1.54
1.75
1.68
Metermen, class A ______________________________
Metermen, class B _____ _________________ _____
Meter readers_________ _________________________
Patrolmen______________________ ______________
Servicemen, appliance.________ __________________
Stock clerks________ _____________ ____________
Substation operators.__________ _________________
2,150
2,154
5,283
482
3,103
2,139
5,883
1.59
1.36
1.18
1.43
1.45
1.24
1.53
1.53
1.32
1.15
1.33
1.42
1.23
1. 51
1.61
1.36
1.15
1.45
1.39
1.21
1.49
1.65
1.36
1.22
1.56
1.34
1.30
1.53
1.46
1.20
1.08
1.40
1.40
1.26
1.19
1.60
1.41
1.21
1.35
1.49
1.28
1.64
1.53
1.31
1.13
1.49
1.39
1.17
1.49
1.58
1.18
1.09
1.17
1.40
1.02
1.23
1.55
1.33
1.13
1.24
1.35
1.20
1.47
1.87
1.68
1.35
1.70
1.66
1.49
1.69
Switchboard operators, class A __________________
Switchboard operators, class B ___________________
Trouble m en____ _____ _________________________
Truck drivers____________________ ________ ______
Truck driver-groundmen____ _____ ______________
Turbine operators_______________________ _______
Watch engineers—____ __________________________
W atchm en_____________________________________
2,439
1,343
3, 576
1,590
2,902
2,486
1,561
532
1.60
1.37
1.63
1.32
1.26
1.49
1.81
1.07
1.49
1.30
1.76
1.32
1.34
1.45
1.89
1.18
1.66
1.40
1.69
1.40
1.29
1.47
1.92
1.06
1.54
1.35
1.60
1.13
1.07
1.33
1.96
.93
1.39
1.11
1.57
1.04
1.10
1.38
1.57
.89
1.73
1.37
1.62
1.37
1.30
1.61
1.93
1.20
1.47
1.38
1.55
1.30
1.18
1.36
1.63
1.08
1.53
1.29
1.49
1.12
1.25
1.45
1.66
.90
1.56
1.16
1.62
1.31
1.18
1.59
1.61
1.04
1.76
1.75
1.87
1.51
1.54
1.68
1.83
1.20
408
.81
.81
.80
.77
.65
.84
.77
0
0
W om en
Janitors________________________________________
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
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2 Insufficient number of workers to justify presentation of an average.
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
379
WAGES—ELECTRIC AND GAS UTILITIES
groundmen amounted to 47 cents (91 cents
compared with $1.38), and among linemen, 40
cents ($1.47 compared with $1.87). On a per
centage basis, however, the actual differential
for linemen amounted to about 27 percent. In
contrast, the differential among groundmen was
about 52 percent. Conversely, the wage spreads
between the less-skilled and more-skilled jobs
were greater in regions with the lowest pay levels
than in those with the highest levels. A com
parison of rates for groundmen and linemen within
the individual regions shows that the differential
between the rates for these jobs varied from about
36 percent in the Pacific region to 62 percent
in the Southeast. This differential tended to
become smaller as the average rates for groundmen
became higher.
In gas utilities, the regional averages for all
plant workers combined ranged from 99 cents
in the Southeast to $1.48 on the Pacific Coast.
The averages in the Great Lakes region ($1.38)
and the Middle Atlantic ($1.30), in addition to
the Pacific Coast, exceeded the national average
of $1.29. Workers in New England averaged
$1.28, in the Border region $1.24, in the Middle
West $1.23, and in the Southwest $1.03.
Among the individual occupations, the Pacific
Coast usually had the highest levels and the
Southeast the lowest. Again, however, the extent
of the differences appeared to vary inversely with
the skill of the occupation, the differentials being
greatest among the least-skilled jobs. For in
stance, main-installation and service laborers
averaged 75 cents an hour in the Southeast and
$1.25 on the Pacific Coast, representing a difference
of 67 percent. On the other hand, appliance
servicemen averaged $1.22 an hour in the South
west and $1.59 on the Pacific Coast—a differential
in pay of about 30 percent.
Between the same jobs the differentials within
a region ranged from 21 percent in New England
to about 73 percent in the Southeast. In general,
the skill differential varied inversely with the
general wage level, the regions with the highest
levels tending to have the smallest differentials.
Supplementary Wage Practices
All except 5 of the 128 electric utility companies,
for which data were available, had formalized their
wage structures so that rates were set in advance
for specific occupations. In the other 5 instances,
rates were presumably established on an individual
worker basis. The 123 companies with formal
T a b l e 2. —Average straight-time hourly earnings 1 for men workers in selected plant occupations in gas utilities, by region,
March- April 191+8
Average straight-time hourly earnings in—
United States2
Occupation
Number Average
N ew
Middle
hourly
of
workers earnings England Atlantic
Border
States
South
east
Great
Lakes
M iddle
West
South
west
$1.30
1.29
1.43
(3)
(3)
1.53
1.41
$1.18
1.36
1. 08
1.34
1.36
1.13
.97
Auxiliary-equipment operators, gas production_____________
Back door and charger operators
Boiler operators (firemen)________________________________
Carpenters, maintenance____________ _____________________
Drip pumpers
Electricians, maintenance___________________ ___ ________
Engine-room operators________ ___________________________
897
167
615
123
180
189
631
$1.41
1.36
1.36
1.47
1.28
1.53
1. 42
$1.30
1.36
1.28
1.44
1.23
1.46
1. 42
$1. 46
1.39
1.40
1. 47
1.30
1.58
1.50
$1.20
0
1.23
1.39
1.35
1.36
1.37
$1.05
(3)
.88
(3)
(3)
1.17
$1.47
1.49
1.48
1.60
1.32
1.66
1.36
Gas-main fitters__________________ ____ __________________
Gas-main fitters’ helpers _ _____ ____ _____ ________________
Gas makers.
..
..
_____
.
___
Heatermen_________ ___ ______________________________
Inspectors..
___
__________ ___ ____________
Installers, gas meter______________________________________
Janitors___________ ____________________________________ _
2,619
1, 672
689
165
277
1,426
604
1.36
1.15
1.44
1.46
1. 55
1.41
1.08
1.29
1.16
1.36
1.30
1.59
1.33
1.09
1.34
1.14
1. 47
1. 57
1.53
1.39
1.07
1. 27
1.09
1.43
(3)
0
1.50
1.04
1.21
.88
1.10
(3)
1.38
1. 27
.80
1.43
1. 25
1.53
1. 51
1. 55
1.34
1.17
(3)
.89
Laborers, gas plant
Laborers, main installation and service........................................
Maintenance men, general u tility____ ___ ____ ____________
Mechanics, a u t o m o t i v e _____ ____ ____________ _________
Meter readers__________ ________________ _____ ____ ______
Pipefitters. ___________________________________________
Pusher operators
2,914
4,448
562
404
2,366
366
197
1.12
1.02
1.43
1. 47
1.30
1.46
1.34
1.13
1.13
1. 41
1.38
1.29
1.45
1.23
1.14
1.05
1.48
1.47
1.30
1. 47
1.42
.99
.98
1.34
1. 53
1.33
1.39
1.03
.78
.75
1.23
1.30
1.03
(3)
1.29
1.13
1.47
1. 51
1.34
1.49
1.49
1.05
1.08
1.34
1.53
1.42
(3)
(3)
.85
1.24
1.26
1.04
(3)
Repairmen, gas meter_____________________ ____ ___ ____
Repairmen’s helpers, gas meter__________ _______ _____ ____
Servicemen, appliance____ _____________________________
Servicemen, regu lators...________________________ ____ ___
Truck drivers___________________________________________
W atchm en._____________________________________________
1,374
515
3,830
446
574
224
1.48
1.17
1. 43
1. 46
1.30
1.13
1.46
1.19
1.37
1.26
1.26
1.21
1. 54
1.22
1.39
1.47
1.29
1.09
1.36
1.05
1.49
1.51
1.19
1. 22
1.34
.93
1.30
1.28
(3)
.82
1.48
1. 21
1.45
1.54
1.43
1.23
1.38
0
1.36
1.53
1.26
1.22
1.22
. 95
1.22
1.30
1.08
(3)
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and night w ort.
2 Includes data for M ountain region.
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1. 27
(3)
1.33
Pacific
$1.50
1.51
1.60
(3)
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.35
1. 51
1. 48
1. 77
1.55
1.27
1. 52
1.24
.80
1.17
1.25
1.50
1.63
1.40
1.51
1.32
1.58
1.39
1. 59
1. 69
1. 55
0
3 Insufficient number of workers to justify presentation of an average.
380
WAGES—ELECTRIC AND GAS UTILITIES
rate structures were almost equally divided be
tween those having a single rate for each job and
those having a range of rates under which recog
nition of length of service, merit, and other factors
could be given to individual workers.
Similar conditions existed in the gas utility
industry. Formal structures were found in 118 of
the 125 companies for which this information was
obtained; the proportions with single rates or
ranges of rates were also about equally divided on
a Nation-wide basis. In both industries, differences
in these proportions existed within the various
regions.
The 40-hour week was by far the most common
regular work standard in both electric and gas
utilities. Only 8 of 130 electric companies studied
and 16 of 126 gas companies had regular work
schedules other than 40 hours. All of these were
in excess of 40, although only 1 (a gas utility com
pany) had a schedule of more than 48 hours.
Three or more shift operations were found in all
except 5 of the electric companies and in all but
24 of the gas companies. However, these extra
shifts were generally limited to certain phases of
the work, such as generation of electricity and
manufacture of gas. As a result, only relatively
small proportions of the total number employed
were working on the extra shifts. Among the
electric companies, 9 percent of the workers were
found on the second shift and 8 percent on the
third or other shift, with these proportions fairly
stable in each of the regions. The proportions of
workers on extra shifts in the gas industry, for the
country as a whole, were slightly smaller, primarily
because of the very small numbers of workers
required for extra-shift work in the natural gas
areas. Only 1 percent of the workers in the South
west were found on the second and third shifts,
respectively, and only 2 percent in the Mountain
region.
The extent of the payment of premiums for
shift work differed between the two industries.
About 46 percent of the electric companies and
approximately 60 percent of the gas companies
operating extra shifts granted additional pay. In
practically all cases the differential consisted of a
uniform addition in eents-per-hour to the firstshift rates. In a majority of the companies with
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MONTHLY LABOR
shift differentials in each industry, the secondshift premium amounted to less than 5 cents;
premiums for the third or other shifts amounted
to more than 5 cents but less than 10 cents.
Vacations with pay for plant and office workers
were universal in both industries (information
was not available in a few gas companies). Over
half of the electric and gas utilities provided a 2week paid vacation after a year’s service for their
plant (nonoffice) workers; practically all others
provided vacations of 1 week. For office workers,
a higher proportion of companies—about twothirds in both industries—granted 2 weeks after 1
year’s service.
Paid holidays were provided for both plant and
office workers by all but a few electric and gas
utility companies. The number of holidays with
pay varied from 5 to 12 (except for 1 gas company
which provided 3). Slightly more than two-thirds
of the companies in both industries paid plant and
office workers for either 6, 7, or 8 holidays not
worked. New England tended to be more liberal
in this respect than the other regions; a majority
of the electric and gas companies located there
granted 10 or more holidays with pay. At the
other extreme, none of the Southeast companies
in either industry provided more than 7 days,
5 being the most common.
Insurance or pension plans of at least one type
were found in all but a few companies in both
industries. Life insurance plans were the most
prevalent, although the proportion of companies
providing retirement pensions was high. In fact,
slightly more than 70 percent of the electric com
panies and slightly less than this proportion of gas
companies had retirement plans for both plant
and office workers.
Formal provisions for granting paid sick leave
for plant and office workers had been established
in both industries by a great majority of the com
panies studied. The eligibility requirements and
the amount of sick leave granted varied consider
ably among the establishments.
Only about 10 percent of the gas utilities and
about 15 percent of the electric companies paid
nonproduction bonuses to their plant and/or office
workers. In practically all cases, these payments
were in the form of a Christmas or year-end bonus.
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
E A R N IN G S OF CERAMIC ENG IN E E R S
Factors Affecting Earnings
of Ceramic Engineers1
C eramic en g in e e r in g is a small but significant
branch of the engineering profession and is re
lated to chemical engineering. The 2 to 3 thou
sand ceramic engineers in the United States are
employed mostly in industries manufacturing
refractory materials, whiteware, enameled metal
products, glassware, and structural clay products.
Factors affecting their earnings, as revealed in
a recent survey by the Bureau of Labor Statistics,
follow a pattern similar in most respects to that
observable in related professional occupations.2
Information on these factors is of interest not
only to members of the profession and to those
who set salary rates for ceramic engineers, but
also to persons concerned with counseling young
people in the choice of a profession.
Earnings of professional workers, it is generally
recognized, are influenced by a combination of
factors, only some of which are susceptible of
statistical measurement. Therefore, although the
survey emphasizes the effects of length of pro
fessional experience, educational attainment, and
the type of engineering work performed, many
other factors are known to operate, such as indi
vidual personality or the “breaks” in employ
ment opportunity.
The earnings data given in this report apply
only to specific members of the Institute of
Ceramic Engineers and are not intended to repre
sent the earnings of all ceramic engineers. It has
been found in connection with other surveys that
a professional society membership in some cases
tends to contain a greater percentage of persons
who have attained higher income or other status
1 Prepared by Cora E. Taylor of the Bureau’s Occupational Outlook
Branch. The report is based on a survey made by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics at the request of the Institute of Ceramic Engineers. A complete
report on the findings of the survey was published by the Institute in the
August 1948 issue of The American Ceramic Society Bulletin. It is available
in mimeographed form on request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Anonymous questionnaires were mailed to 425 Institute members in August
1947; a total of 330 usable forms were returned. Information on personal
characteristics, education, experience, location, employment status, and
earnings "was requested for the years 1939, 1943, 1946, and 1947—covering a
period which witnessed great changes in the economic conditions of the
country.
2 See, for example, Factors Affecting Earnings in Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering (Bureau of Labor Statistics Bui. N o. 881, 1946); and The En
gineering Profession in Transition (Engineers Joint Council, 33 W. Thirtyninth St., N ew York 18, N . Y„ 1947).
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381
in their fields than does the profession as a whole.
Although it has not been established that this is
true in ceramic engineering, data obtained through
a survey of society members must be interpreted
with caution. It is believed, however, that the
factors which affect earnings do not differ as
between members and nonmembers.
Experience
Length of experience is one of the most influen
tial factors affecting earnings. As shown in table
1, salary increased with experience in each of the
years for which earnings data were obtained. For
men with a given length of experience, the salary
range was wide, indicating that other factors were
also important in determining salary. The average
increase in base salary appeared to be about $15
monthly—or about $180 a year—for each year of
T
1.— Median base monthly salary, in specified years,
of members of Institute of Ceramic Engineers, by years of
experience
able
Median base m onthly
salary in—
Percent increase in
median salary from—
Years of experience
1939
1943
1946
1947
1939
to
1947
1939
to
1943
1943
to
1946
60.3
21.9
23.7
6.3
34.3
(2)
58.5 23.2
39.4 21.5
20.0 - 1 . 4
27.3 11.7
28.4 18.2
23.3
10.6
7.5
20.1
4.8
.2
(2)
16.4
6.8
1.4
8.8
8.5
All reporting engineers
$315
$384
$475
$505
Less than 5 years____
5-9 years____________
10-14 years__________
15-19 years__________
20-24 years__________
25 years and over____
169
246
317
424
487
545
227
303
385
418
544
644
280
335
414
502
570
645
(0
390
442
509
620
700
Median years of experience: All reporting engineers-- ___
12
14
16
17
1946
to
1947
1 Too few respondents to compute median; the salary range was from $240
to $370.
2 1947 data not available.
experience in ceramic engineering up to about the
twenty-fifth. It was notable that in general this
average increment was found in the four widely dif
ferent years for which information was obtained—
1939, 1943, 1946, and 1947. After the twentyfifth year, increases in average incomes occur, but
the data are not clear-cut as to the pattern or the
amount.
In terms of annual income (including such items
as fees and bonuses as well as base monthly salary),
the average increment with each additional year
of experience was a little higher—about $200 a
year.
382
EARNINGS OF CERAMIC ENGINEERS
Occupational Status
That the levels of engineers’ earnings are greatly
influenced by the type of work performed is ap
parent from the following tabulation:
P ercen t
d i s t r ib u t i o n
M e d i a n b a se
m o n th l y s a la r y
1947
M e d ia n yea rs
o f e x p e r ie n c e
All engineers reporting ______
100. 0
$505
17
A d m in is t r a t io n management___
Sales____
__
Teaching.
___
D e v e lo p m e n t-__
Production__
Research. _ ___
Plant c o n tr o l____
All o t h e r __
38.
7.
5.
4.
6.
24.
5.
7.
570
510
504
487
450
448
400
20
15
20
18
12
14
13
7
2
7
7
4
0
4
9
___
___
Highest salaries were paid in administrative
jobs, in which nearly two-fifths of the reporting
engineers were employed in 1947. Research, in
which about a fourth were engaged, paid a median
monthly salary $122 below that received in the top
field. This is accounted for in part by the greater
amount of experience of those in administrative
work.
Educational Level
The effect of advanced training on earnings was
difficult to determine from the survey, because
the number of respondents was too small to permit
comparison of earnings by educational levels and
by detailed years of experience. This much is
known: Ceramic engineers with doctors’ degrees
had a higher median base monthly salary than
those with bachelors’ degrees, although their
average length of experience was 1 year less.
There were other indications that those with
advanced degrees were relatively better off than
those in the bachelor group. In 1947, no respond
ent with a doctor’s degree made less than $340 a
month, and none with a master’s degree made
under $320 a month; but nearly 10 percent of
those with bachelor’s degrees earned less than
$320 monthly. Below are shown median base
monthly salaries in 1947 for broad experience
groups of engineers with masters’ and bachelors’
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MONTHLY LABOR
degrees, and the median years of experience for
each level of education.
M e d i a n b a se m o n th ly s a la r y o f th o s e
w i th —
D o c t o r ’s
degree
All engineers reporting
experience. _
___
Less than 15 years. _
15 years and o v er ..
Median years of experienee: All reporting__
M a s t e r ’s
degree
B a c h e lo r ’s
d eg ree
$528
0)
0)
$502
453
650
$500
389
620
16
15
17
1 Too few cases to compute median.
Earnings, 1939 to 1947
Over the past 8 years, earnings of ceramic
engineers have risen, as have earnings in most other
occupations. These increases resulted from gen
eral economic factors—the rapid transition of an
economy not fully recovered from a serious de
pression to a wartime economy, and a further
rapid transition to a postwar period of unprece
dented high levels of employment. Another
factor which has clearly affected the earnings of
individual engineers is the progression in occu
pational status that comes with additional years
of experience.
A median base monthly salary for all respond
ents is shown for each survey year in table 1. The
comparison of these medians from year to year
should be interpreted with caution, since the
median age of the group reporting is different for
each year, as is shown in the last line of the table.
Thus, part of the increase in median salary for the
entire group of members is attributable to the
rise in their average amount of experience, rather
than to changing economic conditions.
For each experience group, salaries advanced
from 1939 to 1947. Between 1939 and 1943, the
range of increase in median base monthly salary
of the various experience groups was from $57 to
$99, or from 11.7 percent to 34.3 percent. (The
group of engineers with 15 to 19 years of experi
ence was an exception, owing to a slight drop in
median salary between 1939 and 1943. This
deviation is not considered significant, however,
as the group regained its relative position in the
following survey year.) From 1943 to 1946—
including the transition from a wartime to a post-
MAN-HOURS IN LEATHER MANUFACTURE
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
war period—the increases for the various groups
ranged from $1 to $53, or from less than 1 percent
to 23.3 percent (excluding the group with 15 to
19 years of experience); and from 1946 to 1947
(excluding the same group), the medians increased
by from $28 to $55 or from 6.8 percent to 16.4
percent. Over the entire 8-year period, increases
ranged from $85 to $155, or from 20.0 percent to
58.5 percent.
The dollar amount of salary increase for the
younger groups did not differ greatly from that
for the oldest groups, but percentagewise, the
increase was of course greater. In other words,
economic conditions had the effect of maintaining
the dollar amount of differentials between the
younger and older engineers but of reducing the
percentage differentials in the salary ladder of the
profession. In 1939, engineers with 25 or more
years of experience averaged 121.5 percent more
than those with 5 to 9 years of experience; in
1946 they averaged only 92.5 percent more; and
by 1947 the difference was narrowed still further
to 79.5 percent. Except for the tendency just
noted, salary progression with advancing experi
ence in the profession has remained fairly constant.
From 1939 to 1946, the increase in median an
nual income (table 2) averaged $2,287, or 59
T a b l e 2. — Median annual income, in specified years, of
members of Institute of Ceramic Engineers, by years of
experience
Median annual
income in
Years of experience
1939
All reporting engineers. $3,858
Less than 5 years______
5-9 years__ ______ - 10-14 years_________ 15-19 years___________
20-24 years------- --------25 years and over______
2,128
3,114
3,700
5, 350
6,300
6,900
Percent increase in median income from—
1939
to
1946
1939
to
1943
1943
to
1946
1943
1946
$4,895
$6,145
59.3
26.9
25.5
2,900
3, 850
4,767
5, 233
7, 320
8,250
3, 640
4,733
5, 300
6,563
7,114
9, 729
71.1
52.0
43.2
22.7
12.9
41.0
36.3
23.6
28.8
-2 .2
16.2
19.6
25.5
22.9
11.2
25.4
-2 .8
17.9
percent, for the whole group; but median years
of experience also increased from 12 years to 16
years. In the grouping of engineers by length of
experience, the increases from 1939 to 1946 ranged
from 13 percent at the 20-24 years level to 71
percent for the group with less than 5 years of
experience.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
383
Leather Manufacturing:
Man-Hour Requirements, 1939-46
for manu
facturing a pound or a square foot of selected
types of leather were approximately 1 percent
lower in 1946 than in 1939, according to reports
received by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from
companies operating 40 tanneries and accounting
for almost one-third of the industry’s production
of the types of leather studied. From 1939 to
1940, the Bureau’s index of man-hour require
ments per unit of leather increased 4 percent, the
rise being due largely to a sizable decline in pro
duction which resulted in incomplete utilization
of plant facilities. In 1941, man-hours expended
per unit declined sharply from the 1940 high,
chiefly because of a large industry expansion in
production. During that period the greater
volume of output stimulated improvements in
technology and the adoption of mechanical equip
ment. Furthermore, the imminence of war led
to some labor-saving modification in the product.
Economies in labor time resulting from these
improvements and product simplifications were
reflected in the index throughout the entire
period 1941 to 1945, when unit man-hours re
mained virtually constant at a point about 5
percent below the 1939 base. From 1945 to 1946,
unit labor requirements rose approximately 3
percent because of severe shortages of materials
and a lower volume of production (table 1).
A verage man - hour requirem ents
Trends by Type of Labor
The trend in direct labor, which makes up about
85 percent of total factory labor, virtually coin
cided with the trend in the total throughout the
period covered. Indirect (or overhead) labor,
however, declined substantially from 1940 to 1941,
reaching a point 10 percent below the 1939 level.
It rose gradually after 1941, the level in 1946
being 3 percent above the 1939 base (chart 1).
Most of the personnel in indirect-labor categories
are required whether plant production is high or
1 Prepared in the Bureau’s Productivity and Technological Development
Branch.
MAN-HOURS IN LEATHER MANUFACTURE
384
low; as a consequence, fluctuations in volume of
output affected the level of indirect man-hours
per unit more sharply than that of direct-labor
man-hours.
1.—Indexes of direct, indirect, and total factory
man-hours expended per unit in production of leather,
1989-46, all reported types combined 1
T able
[1939 = 100]
Factory man-hours
Total.
___ _______
.
Direct
___
.. Indirect (overhead)_______________
1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945
104
104
104
95
96
90
96
96
95
95
95
97
95
94
98
96
96
98
1 These indexes show the average relationship between man-hours expended
and units of product for the selected types of leather covered. The trends are
determined by the combined influence of a large number of factors, including
changes in equipment, production methods, management policies, skill and
efficiency of the work force, availability of materials, product characteristics,
and product quality.
Man-hours per unit of product include the total factory man-hours, as
generally classified by factory accountants, which are charged to the specified
product. Direct man-hours consist of labor time expended in the following
stages of processing: storage, beam house, tanning, splitting and shaving,
coloring and fat liquoring, drying and tacking, finishing, and measuring and
sorting. Indirect labor man-hours are comprised of functions such as general
supervisory maintenance, shipping and receiving, materials handling, and
plant timekeeping. General administration, office, research, and sales were
excluded from all man-hour data. Direct- and indirect-labor man-hours,
the sum of which constitutes total man-hours, are defined in a manner which
conforms with the general accounting practices of reporting firms.
The types of leather selected for coverage included sole leather, side, vege
table tanned; upper leather, side, chrome tanned; upper leather, calf and
kip, chrome tanned; upper leather, calf and kip, vegetable tanned; upper
leather, goat and kid, chrome tanned; glove and garment leather, sheep,
chrome tanned; lining leather, sheep, chrome tanned; shearlings.
MONTHLY LABOR
unit man-hours for firms which introduced changes
were consistently below the 1939 base. For
firms reporting no changes, however, the man-hour
averages rose rapidly during the prewar period,
then declined, but remained considerably above
the level for the other group.
Despite the relative stability of the unit man
hour index for all reported types of leather com
bined, there was a considerable amount of diver
gence in trends both between individual types of
leather and between individual producers. An
extremely complex combination of factors tended
to improve or to lower productive efficiency.
These included age and condition of equipment,
work scheduling, technological and chemical
M an -H o u rs Per Unit For Selected
Types G i Leather
INDEX
1939 = 100
Other Factors Affecting Man-Hour Trends
Small plants made greater reductions in man
hours per unit, on the average, than did large
plants. In 1946, tanneries employing 100 or
fewer wage earners produced leather with an
expenditure of only three-fourths of the unit
labor time required in 1939, while plants employ
ing over 500 expended 3 percent more unit man
hours in 1946 than they did in 1939. The small
plants were generally able to achieve reductions
in man-hours per unit by introducing large-scale
production methods as their output increased
during the war years. The larger facilities in
general had already effected these savings prior
to 1939; consequently they had less opportunity
to achieve man-hour savings.
Companies which had made improvements in
machinery, equipment, or production methods
reported man-hour trends significantly more
favorable than the trends reported by establish
ments that made no such changes. By 1946, the
unit labor requirements for the former group were
10 percent below the 1939 level, while those for
the plants reporting no improvements were equal
to the 1939 level. During the intervening years,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
developments, standardization and simplification
of product, and availability of trained labor and
suitable materials. Some of these influenced all
establishments in the industry, others affected
primarily some one segment or a particular group
of plants. The particular combination of such
factors in an establishment determined its yearto-year trend. Rarely, if ever> was the same
combination encountered in two or more individ
ual establishments.
For the industry as a whole, influences which
tended to improve efficiency and lower the level
of unit man-hour requirements predominated
throughout the period. The increase in volume
of output during the war encouraged the acqui
sition of modern equipment, and longer uninter
rupted production runs were made practicable.
In addition, the leather industry experienced the
widespread application of technological improve-
385
OPERATIONS OF CREDIT UNIONS
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
ments and chemical developments. The principal
technological advances were made in the mechan
ization of handling of materials and in leather
finishing. Chemical developments made possible
acceleration of the tanning process, particularly
in vegetable tanning. Wartime product stand
ardization and simplification also contributed
to economy of labor time. Government restric
tions reduced the number of qualities, types,
grades, and finishes to a bare minimum, and vast
quantities of leather were produced with simpli
fied finishing operations for military use (chiefly
in shoes).
Compared with 1946, the increases were 10.5
percent in members, 19.4 percent in assets, and
56.5 percent in business done (loans made).
Assets increased nearly 96 million dollars in 1947.
Reserves rose by more than 4)i million dollars
(15.7 percent), but since they increased more
slowly than did loans, they formed only 11.4 per
cent of the loans outstanding at the end of the year
(as compared with 14.7 percent in 1946).
Trend oi Credit Union Development
1931=100
INDEX
T a ble 2 . —Indexes of factory man-hours expended per unit
in production of selected types of leather, 1989-46, by
status of technological change
[1939=100]
Companies reporting—
1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946
Significant changes in machinery,
equipment, or production m eth
97
ods ___
________ - - ___ ___
No significant technological changes. 117
91
103
90
107
90
102
88
97
86
101
90
100
A number of conditions limited the extent of
over-all labor-time savings. Short-term fluctua
tions in output tended to raise unit man-hours.
Shortages of adequately trained labor and of
materials created occasional severe problems.
Lack of tanning materials frequently necessitated
use of inferior synthetic substitutes and re-use of
partially spent chemicals, with resulting ineffi
ciency and a higher number of man-hours per unit
of output.
Operations of
Credit Unions in 1947
p e a k in membership, assets, and total
business was reached by the credit unions in 1947.
At the end of the year nearly 3% million persons
were members of credit unions. Assets exceeded
half a billion dollars. Loans to members during
the year totaled $455,833,600.
An a l l - t im e
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Net earnings amounted to $14,138,716—an alltime high; the highest previous year was 1941,
when earnings totaled $14,126,052. Dividends
returned on share capital amounted to $9,964,201,
also a record figure.
Associations under Federal charter, which during
the war suffered equally with those operating under
State laws, in 1947 showed somewhat greater
relative increases than the latter. Membership
in the Federal associations increased 10.7 percent
and in the State associations 10.2 percent. For
assets, the respective increases were 21.5 and 18.2
percent, and for loans made, 60.7 and 53.8 percent.
OPERATIONS OF CREDIT UNIONS
386
Statistics of Operation, 1946 and 1947 1
Six States had over 500 credit units each in
i
For the State-chartered associations the statistical data on which the pres
ent report is based were in most cases furnished to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics by the State official—usually the Superintendent of Banks—charged
with supervision of credit unions. For 1947, reports were received from every
State in the Union. All of the information for the Federal credit unions was
supplied by the Bureau of Federal Credit Unions (formerly in the Federal
Deposit Insurance Corporation, but since July 1948 in the Federal Security
Agency).
T able
MONTHLY LABOR
1947 (table 1), eight had over 100,000 members,
and in six the credit unions had made loans exceed
ing 25 million dollars. Illinois was still the leading
State on all counts, with 803 associations, 387,943
members, and a total credit-union business
amounting to $51,787,000. It was the only
State with over 300,000 members and was far
ahead of its nearest rivals (Massachusetts and New
York) as regards loans made.
1.— Operations, assets, and earnings of credit unions in 1946 and 1947, by States
[A few revisions were made in the 1946 figures, on the basis of later information]
Number of
associations 1
State and type of
charter
Year
Amounl of loans
Reserves
Number
of
members
Number
of loans
made
during
year
2,170, 685 $455,833,601 $279, 923,268 $509, 713, 962 $31,917, 643 $591,126,677 $14,138,716 $9,964,201
1,663,728 291, 244,360 187, 464,366 430,337,723 27, 580,209 495,249,012
9,920,872 7,141,906
1,217,321 271,324,497 188, 551,071 317,303,919 24, 973, 759 380, 751,106
8, 760, 467 6,079,278
941,135 176,432,535 130,663,429 270,619, 683 22,138,340 322,082, 553
6,623,866 4,491,674
953,364 184, 509,104
91,372,197 192,410,043
6,943,884 210,375,571
5,378,249 3, 884, 923
722,493 114,811,825
56,800, 937 159, 718,040
5,441,869 173,166, 459
3,297,006 2,650,232
Made
during
year
Outstanding end
of year
Paid-in
share
capital
general
Total
assets
N et
earnings
dends on
shares
Total
Reporting
1947
1946
1947
1946
1947
1946
9,168
8,968
5,155
5,003
4,013
3,965
8,942
8, 715
5, 097
4, 954
3, 845
3,761
3,339,859
3,023,017
1,893, 944
1, 717,616
1,445, 915
1,305,401
1947
1946
1947
1946
1947
1946
1947
1946
1947
1946
81
80
24
22
27
26
470
450
110
108
78
77
24
22
27
25
460
439
106
105
36,303
31,155
4,667
3,661
3, 861
2,642
219,611
2 191,411
32,162
30,276
58, 718
43,146
3,066
2 1,742
2,920
1,988
2 136,437
2 94,976
19,449
13, 845
9,328,940
6,011,461
919, 200
2 451, 959
454,810
302,278
2 41,080, 762
2 21,277,930
5,053, 988
2,662,140
4,063, 531
2,806, 828
513, 916
249,351
245,164
161, 700
24,868,353
14,523,890
3,285,011
2,114,455
5, 517,192
4,411, 515
612,910
419,254
424,136
336, 930
33,865, 415
27, 509,068
5,367,301
4,463,875
478, 810
131,104
23,233
18, 558
21,093
18,059
1, 743,052
1,623,145
259,406
230,624
6,339,947
4,903, 209
685,375
461,877
462,538
369,260
40,303, 228
32,198,135
6.065,291
5,044,688
254,655
155,159
25,068
11,107
14, 689
8,445
1,022,931
2 662,017
128,366
2 89,407
140, 206
105, 902
15,060
7,987
9, 544
6,274
710, 471
2 496,530
2 102,090
73,464
Connecticut_________ 1947
1946
1947
1946
District of Columbia— 1947
1946
Florida....................... — 1947
1946
Georgia_____________ 1947
1946
255
238
10
10
115
116
173
174
137
129
250
235
9
9
111
108
170
164
133
126
100,825
88, 911
2,609
5,630
66,527
62,417
45,339
39,007
41,185
35,660
2 64,726
2 45, 964
1,620
1,191
37,188
2 36, 466
36,584
26,328
2 31,154
2 24,032
2 12, 818,841
2 8,290,371
315,044
171,018
7,695,439
5,199,057
8,682,345
5,458,971
2 5,956, 501
2 4,152, 776
6,263, 297
3,952,384
175,537
102,161
4, 229, 795
2,784, 588
4, 911,313
3,237,060
4, 276,563
2, 957,620
16,191, 662
12, 691, Oil
281, 941
216, 584
7,417,533
6,607,420
7,548,875
6,608, 819
2, 230, 645
1, 907, 768
526,438
419,544
14,414
11,574
528,691
512,121
304,897
250,891
560, 240
344,855
17, 729, 793
13,655,416
305,096
232,991
8,410,931
7,388, 682
8,370,812
7,182,915
7, 273,612
6,200,263
342,095
256,351
9,079
5,080
270,163
220,449
229, 537
155,246
2 198,403
2 134, 772
256,428
175, 781
6,446
4, 279
159,021
129,220
213,630
136,367
2 133, 903
2 97,199
1947
1946
1947
1946
1947
1946
1947
1946
1947
21946
102
98
31
33
803
786
307
301
195
195
98
97
31
32
798
784
304
294
189
190
36, 537
35,667
2 4, 989
4, 395
387, 943
354, 774
2 101,611
2 97,862
40,343
39,802
13,661
10,250
2, 541
1,714
2 322,526
2 233,738
2 61,808
2 53,525
28, 330
18, 459
4,838, 881
2,858,167
571,880
356,387
51, 787,004
36,634,792
2 13,165, 666
2 7,944,054
5,075, 594
2,447,519
2, 585,365
1,454, 437
348,072
194,480
28,435,015
20,048,907
8,160,338
5, 517,037
3,391, 980
1,929,470
10,939,510
10, 043, 821
532,842
454,030
66, 469,087
55, 913,391
17,384, 389
14,351, 434
7,008, 687
5,580, 513
320, 645
279,018
15, 987
12, 875
3, 599, 735
3,113,888
745, 738
520,015
309, 282
277,184
12,127, 254
11,082, 943
567,190
477,112
71,490,881
59, 917,192
18,872, 760
15,519,997
8,172, 753
6,336,131
249, 780
186,193
15, 278
8,076
1, 798, 869
1,175, 760
2 373,468
2 219,966
142,667
66, 507
195,309
156,074
10,811
5,945
1, 296,079
988,772
2 255,102
2 165, 674
116, 894
51,011
1947
1946
1947
1946
L ouisiana..................... 31947
1946
M aine______________ 1947
1946
Maryland___________ 1947
1946
123
114
107
105
143
142
38
37
67
66
120
113
107
100
137
137
38
36
62
58
29,921
2 26, 437
2 26, 239
2 24,969
2 38, 795
34, 869
12, 016
10,360
30,327
26,939
18, 552
16, 769
2 19, 992
2 16, 493
2 28,021
19, 812
6,170
4,175
2 19, 243
2 18, 417
4, 475,958
2, 816,037
2 3,335,156
2 2, 203,319
2 5,029,148
3, 204,388
1,060, 546
654, 281
2 3, 233,603
2 2,350, 203
2,973,836
1, 779, 831
3,048,397
1,972, 472
2, 813,452
1, 615,942
600, 770
381, 945
1, 622,192
1,120,798
4, 561,123
3,605, 350
4, 465, 960
3,974,093
4,355,388
3, 612, 713
1, 207, 466
994,950
2,821, 960
2,441, 697
159, 541
143,937
290, 235
482,132
242,970
370,203
65, 530
82, 024
269, 578
230, 771
4,982,118
3,926, 380
5,405, 835
4, 468,198
4,915,023
4,170, 453
1, 469, 245
1,179, 687
3, 403,409
2,925,156
167,311
2 62, 237
2 128,969
2 66,837
2 141,059
84,927
27, 957
17, 427
100,402
59,203
90, 934
47,980
2 87,909
2 45, 287
2 100, 335
66,105
23, 016
17, 215
65, 556
49, 880
M assachusetts............. 1947
1946
Michigan___________ 1947
1946
M innesota__________ 1947
1946
M ississippi__________ 1947
1946
Missouri *_________ _ 1947
1946
543
542
262
247
335
338
28
26
372
373
539
536
250
241
319
317
25
26
372
373
291, 750
272, 898
141, 595
120,830
77,669
70, 562
7,341
6,400
2 95,131
90, 270
2 135, 553
2 124,426
94, 437
63,897
47, 855
2 31, 618
6,817
7, 645
2 41,370
29, 581
39, 765,126
30, 874,856
23,307, 880
14, 225,143
10,063,330
2 5, 239, 870
914,054
1,308, 466
2 10,876, 829
2 5, 552,391
27, 481,348
21, 734, 501
15, 582, 515
10, 081,348
11, 243, 526
8,069,037
352, 757
318, 828
7,950, 803
4,384,999
53, 536, 801
48,578,487
26, 523, 275
21,921, 864
13,975, 368
12,090, 885
707, 861
656, 251
16, 789, 978
13, 868,150
5, 547,381
4, 614, 863
1,115, 408
1, 239, 219
740, 009
900,127
72,793
65,543
812, 511
740, 627
59, 760, 654
53,958,477
31,319,937
24,905,150
18, 562,979
16,187,086
848,029
766, 908
19,027,762
15, 297, 867
1,358, 883
1, 230, 450
787,951
672,926
313, 215
2 306,145
47,371
33, 427
175, 440
158, 548
1, 019,091
928, 519
515,102
372,543
232, 521
2 229,313
33,371
23, 683
288,891
181,962
All States___________
State___________
Federal _______
Alabama____________
Arizona 2_____ - ___
Arkansas___________
California___________
Colorado___________
Delaware 5__________
H a w a ii5____________
Idaho_______________
Illinois______________
Indiana_____________
Iowa________________
Kansas_____________
Kentucky 2________
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
OPERATIONS OF CREDIT UNIONS
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
T able
387
1.— Operations, assets, and earnings of credit unions in 1946 and 1947, by State— Continued
[A few revisions were made in the 1946 figures, on the basis of later information]
Number of
associations *
State and type of
charter
Year
Number
of
members
Number
of loans
made
during
year
3 3,965
3 2,742
14, 534
9,468
504
124
3 4, 111
3 3,164
63, 210
50, 547
Total
Re
port
ing
1947
1946
1947
1946
Nevada 3__________ - 1947
1946
N ew Ham pshire2__ -- 1947
1946
N ew Jersey......... ......... 1947
1946
44
41
83
88
6
4
13
13
251
253
41
39
83
86
6
4
13
13
243
240
3 8,153
7,504
21, 812
20, 009
845
649
6, 426
5, 705
107, 615
102, 732
1947
1946
1947
1946
North Carolina______ 1947
31946
North D akota_______ 1947
1946
O hio-.................. ........... 1947
1946
41
41
731
742
216
202
90
98
583
583
41
40
703
708
201
186
89
91
571
565
3 2, 635
2, 298
280, 895
263, 760
45,025
39, 267
12, 804
11, 420
231, 586
207,461
Oklahoma__________
1947
1946
1947
1946
1947
1946
1947
1946
1947
1946
75
76
70
70
592
581
41
39
32
32
73
70
66
66
571
563
36
38
27
27
3 21,123
3 17,034
15,845
13,167
255,896
224, 563
32, 776
28,391
6,984
6,353
3 14,355
3 9, 562
10,314
5,928
159,332
125, 247
9,639
7,241
6,037
4,362
South Dakota !______ 1947
1946
Tennessee_____ _____ 1947
1946
T e x a s ...____________ 1947
1946
U tah_______________ 1947
1946
Vermont____________ 1947
1946
34
34
121
117
333
333
62
61
23
16
32
33
119
114
329
320
62
60
21
16
5, 210
4,960
46,344
38, 678
99, 404
82,078
14, 257
11, 587
2,341
3 1, 750
Virginia.......................... 1947
1946
Washington......... ......... 1947
1946
W est Virginia 2______ 1947
1946
Wisconsin...................... 1947
1946
Wyoming «................ . 1947
1946
91
85
164
170
61
63
536
525
17
17
87
80
163
167
58
56
533
521
17
15
28,481
24,020
41, 809
36,750
16, 509
15, 918
156, 857
146, 538
2,931
2,621
M ontana __________
Nebraska___________
N ew Mexico.............
N ew York__________
Oregon............................
Pennsylvania...............
Rhode Island_______
South Carolina______
Amount of loans
Made
during
year
Reserves
(guaranty
fund,
general
reserve,
etc.)
Total
assets
N et
earnings
D iv i
dends on
shares
3 $998, 256
3 670, 847
2, 924,903
1,706,821
84,472
20,101
3 1, 249,300
3 791,102
10, 431, 064
6, 817,385
$597, 579
415,432
1, 647,073
1, 033, 802
51, 292
12, 895
1, 003,049
740,034
5,055,396
3,491,649
3 $949, 467
763,832
2, 875, 990
2,449,138
64, 511
31, 219
677,188
581,161
15,333, 413
13,335, 231
$26, 289
21,978
177, 780
134,967
1,673
1, 309
124,530
103,955
534,983
465, 644
$1,025, 763
824,170
3, 537, 863
3,036,993
68, 407
33, 207
1, 957, 813
1, 606,342
17, 229, 690
15,048, 622
$30, 789
20, 946
81, 532
46, 746
1,831
595
53, 826
39, 864
367, 620
298, 572
$20,151
13,077
49,132
3 26,194
1, 265
479
11, 650
9,688
292,062
235, 405
3 1, 250
3 227,307
592
3 128,185
39, 236, 577
162, 711
3 138, 830 3 25,643,199
4, 487, 596
3 32, 823
3,143, 234
27,344
4,143
2,441,863
3, 419
1,395, 406
151, 407
31, 736,188
112, 553
19, 265,370
131,141
70,755
22,197, 509
16, 065,988
3, 695,180
3, 429, 649
1, 812, 913
1,116, 775
17, 503, 925
10,908, 262
174,976
131, 619
39,146, 047
34, 854, 458
5, 827,077
4, 729,319
4,190, 873
2,996, 741
32,300, 524
26, 620, 636
7,731
5,699
3, 499, 649
3, 229, 914
229, 477
274,307
74,230
50, 463
1,402, 583
1,132,367
193, 731
139, 693
44,293, 848
39, 570, 348
7, 657,133
6,371, 354
4,326, 210
3,110,472
35,041,472
28, 509, 831
3 5, 267
2, 798
1,110, 719
856,892
103, 671
93, 472
63, 759
32, 719
889, 866
492, 848
3 3,859
2,107
772, 710
454, 645
78, 492
70, 774
28,929
19,115
577, 632
368,422
3 3,390, 788
3 2,114, 248
2, 299,971
1,194,378
27, 684,379
19, 018, 887
4, 836, 929
3, 736, 516
934,195
564, 564
2, 264, 801
1,410, 286
1, 440, 619
779,021
14,331, 718
9, 567, 596
7, 865,352
6,029, 600
478, 874
287, 220
1, 538, 535
1,140,384
2,281, 279
1,813, 737
29, 547,094
24, 796,473
5, 580, 507
4, 737,329
728,342
605,133
126,454
96, 275
106, 605
97, 796
1,131,363
976,097
668, 442
527, 999
34,459
34,433
3, 562, 938
2, 672, 710
2,465, 287
1,978, 800
33,155, 524
27, 655, 599
13,838,219
12,335,169
833, 574
662,442
3 160, 257
3 56,308
62, 756
34, 855
858, 056
588, 268
280,342
196, 267
22, 892
11, 857
3 102, 292
3 37,831
43, 698
29,086
631, 496
449, 256
133,281
99,184
14,484
10,016
2,619
2,087
3 34,834
3 35,462
84, 700
3 55, 289
3 8,991
3 7,019
3 1, 993
3 1,422
388,009
260, 776
3 5,955, 702
3 4, 287,927
17, 493, 268
3 9,112, 250
3 2,405,430
3 1, 875, 997
3 156, 029
3 100, 646
193,939
127, 725
3, 695,429
2, 469,374
9,382,084
5,437, 702
1, 795, 826
1,062, 533
71,871
38, 887
607,138
547, 234
6,481,077
5,159, 872
16, 202, 789
13,066,956
2, 267, 636
1,689, 696
107, 772
84,063
23,878
21, 498
624, 525
538, 589
910,245
750,354
647, 596
75, 693
3, 468
2,888
650, 558
584, 656
7,337,095
5, 895,987
18,032,309
14,179, 972
2, 562,066
1, 889,928
119,447
93,021
15, 251
10, 222
3 141,056
3 75,449
434,908
262, 783
3 91, 974
3 69, 210
2,344
857
11,383
11,427
99, 585
57, 956
340,208
212, 708
3 72,078
3 47,347
1, 202
438
20,455
15,130
3 30, 518
3 19, 768
13, 734
11,405
94,426
73,881
1,342
945
3,306, 509
2,029, 690
3 6, 426,322
3 3,413,916
2,016, 719
1,387,299
14, 503,394
9,604, 297
411,906
253, 485
2,177,335
1,076, 292
3, 844,670
2,067, 846
1, 049,191
770, 275
7,981, 453
5,414,426
232, 205
146, 273
2,211, 295
1,830, 635
5, 766, 589
4, 775, 754
1, 596, 520
1,369, 679
22,121,265
18, 615, 959
398, 753
351, 592
571,154
222, 587
196,490
358,479
127,396
126, 800
1, 885, 647
1,687,138
13,379
10,079
2,889,497
2,368, 700
6,374,080
5,228, 626
1,963, 690
1, 659, 293
24, 700, 950
20,661, 585
437,061
375,319
86,020
49,108
203, 527
119, 791
63, 664
44, 527
671, 548
460,962
11, 635
8,294
43,965
38, 414
129, 520
84, 681
38,984
28,830
380,822
264, 950
7,601
6,910
1
M ost of the difference between the total number of associations and the
number reporting is accounted for by credit unions chartered but not yet
in operation by the end of the year and those in liquidation which had not
yet relinquished their charters.
Trend of Development, 1925-47
Until the beginning of World War II, an un
broken rise in credit-union development bad oc
curred, as indicated in table 2. With the higher
wages, restrictions on credit, and other controls
of the war period, this trend was halted and credit-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Outstand
ing end
of year
Paid-in
share
capital
2 Data are for years ending June 30.
3 Partly estimated.
4 Data are for years ending September 30.
3 Federal associations only; no State-chartered credit unions in this State.
union membership and business began a decline
that was checked only at the end of the war.
Assets, however, continued to increase steadily.
By the end of 1947, although there still were fewer
credit cooperatives than in 1942, membership and
business had reached and passed the prewar peak.
388
UNION LABOR AND COOPERATIVES
MONTHLY LABOE
T a ble 2. — Relative development of State and Federal credit unions, 1925-1^7
[Some revisions in figures previously published, on basis of later information]
Total number of
credit unions
Active, reporting
credit unions
Members
Amount of loans made
Assets
Year
Fed
Total State Fed
eral Total State eral
1925_____
1929_____
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
419
419
974
974
___________
1,500 1,500
___________
1,612 1,612
___________
2.016 2,016
___________
2, 450 2,450
___________
2,600 2,600
5,352 3,490
___________
___________
6, 292 3, 792
___________
7, 314 4,299
___________
8,326 4, 782
___________
9, 512 5,302
___________
10,
457 5,664
___________
10,
591 5, 611
___________
10,372
5,284
___________
9. 099 5,051
___________
8,890 4,931
___________
8,968 5,003
___________
9,168 5,155
1,862
2,500
3, 015
3,544
4, 210
4, 793
4,980
5, 088
4,048
3, 959
3. 965
4,013
176
838
1,244
1, 472
1,772
2,028
2. 589
4,408
5, 231
6,707
7,841
8, 893
9, 658
9,474
8, 978
8,702
8, 629
8, 715
8,942
176
838
1,244
1,472
1,772
2,028
2,122
2,734
3,128
3,977
4, 677
5,178
5, 514
5,404
5,119
4,907
4, 872
4, 954
5,097
467
1,674
2,103
2, 730
3,164
3, 715
4,144
4, 070
3, 859
3,795
3, 757
3, 761
3,845
Total
State
108,000
264, 908
286,143
301,119
359,646
427,097
597,609
1,170, 445
1. 503, 826
1,863,353
2, 305, 364
2,815, 653
3,321, 312
3,126,461
3,015,487
2, 925, 591
2, 841,154
3, 023,017
3,339,859
108,000
264,
286,143
301,119
359,646
427, 097
523,132
854,475
1,055, 736
1,236.826
1,459,377
1,695, 421
1, 924,616
1, 778,942
1, 713,124
1,621, 790
1, 624, 529
1,717,616
1,893, 944
Federal
Total
$ 20,
74,477
315, 970
448, 090
626, 527
845, 987
1,120, 232
1,396,696
1, 347, 519
1,302,363
1,303, 801
1, 216, 625
1,305, 401
1,445, 915
State
Federal
Total
$2,322,308
15, 658,060
30, 774, 469
46, 893,885
71,026, 060
104, 986, 791
134,331, 959
91, 536, 967
77, 265,382
78,333, 897
78, 268. 844
114, 811,825
184, 509,104
$33, 645,343
31,416,072
35,498,668
40,212,112
49, 505, 970
83,070, 952
115,399, 287
147,156,416
192, 723,812
252,293,141
322, 214, 816
340,622,459
355,262,808
397,929, 814
432, 583,911
495, 249, 012
591,126,677
100,000 $20, 100,000
54.048.000
21,214, 500
32.065.000
28, 217, 500
36,200, 000
39,172,308
100,199, 695
141, 399, 790
175, 952,433
230,429, 517
304, 606, 208
359, 711, 005
247, 636,185
208, 569, 688
209, 475,436
210,904. 783
291, 244,360
455,833, 601
54.048.000
21, 214, 500
32.065.000
28, 217, 500
36, 200,000
36, 850, 000
84, 541,635
110, 625,321
129, 058, 548
159,403, 457
199, 619, 417
225,379, 046
156,099, 218
131,304,306
131.141, 539
132, 635,939
176, 432, 535
271,324, 497
(>)
0)
State
Federal
(>)
(')
$33, 645,343
31,416,072
35,496, 668
40,212,112
47,964,068
73, 659,146
97,087, 995
117,672, 392
145, 226, 718
180,198, 260
216, 557,977
221,389, 566
228,314, 723
253,663,658
279,480, 791
322,082, 553
380, 751,106
$1, 541, 902
9,411,806
18,311, 292
29,484,024
47,497, 094
72,094, 881
105, 656,839
119,232,893
126, 948,085.
144,266,156
153,103,120
173,166,459
210,375,571
1 No data.
Union Labor and
Nonfarm Cooperatives1
S ome op the oldest nonfaem coopeeatiyes in
the United States were started with the assistance
or support of labor organizations, but a larger
proportion of the new than of the established
cooperatives were thus formed. A study made
by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, in an endeavor
to learn to what extent organized labor is partici
pating in cooperatives, indicated that, on the
whole, comparatively few associations had the
assistance of unions during the promotion period.
In many instances, however, although unions as
such took no part, their members were leaders in
the project.
Most of the interest in cooperatives manifested
during the past year by organized labor has been
occasioned by the sharply increasing cost of living
(particularly of food). Numerous new coopera
tives have resulted, and some older associations
report that unionists have joined or are patronizing
the cooperative in varying numbers. Other
reports indicate, however, that in many cases the
interest died before anything concrete resulted.
The assistance received from the unions has
taken various forms. These include promoting
cooperatives in talks at union meetings, holding
1 B y Florence E . Parker of the Bureau’s Office of Labor Economics.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
joint labor-cooperative meetings, endorsing coop
eratives (or individual associations) in union
resolutions, encouraging union members to join
and patronize cooperatives, carrying articles
regularly or occasionally in the union papers,
helping to organize new associations (through
volunteer or hired workers), and even lending or
investing union funds in new or established
cooperatives.
Many labor organizations were mentioned in
the reports from the cooperatives as having pro
vided one or more of the above types of help.
Of these unions, slightly over 50 percent were AFL,
about 30 percent were CIO, and about 20 percent
were independent. The organizations whose mem
bers or locals were most frequently mentioned
were (in descending order of frequency) the
following:
International Union of United Automobile,
Aircraft & Agricultural Implement Workers of
America (CIO)
United Steelworkers of America (CIO)
United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners
of America (AFL)
International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers
of America (AFL)
International Association of Machinists (inde
pendent)
International Union of Mine, Mill & Smelter
Workers (CIO)
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
UNION LABOR AND COOPERATIVES
American Federation of State, County & Mu¡cipal Employees (AFL)
Textile Workers Union of America (CIO)
Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America
(CIO)
Many cooperatives are in localities where there
are no labor unions. That would account in part
for the fact that, in 21.7 percent of the associations
reporting on membership composition, there were
no members of labor organizations. In 27.9 per
cent of the associations, unionists formed a tenth
or less of the membership. At the other extreme
were the associations—31.0 percent of the total—
half or more of the members of which belonged to
Unions. Generally, in associations with any
sizable proportion of union members, the compo
sition of the board of directors reflected roughly
the same proportion.
Characteristics of Reporting Cooperatives
Some 600 cooperatives of various types, known
to be urban associations or rural associations in
which farmers were a minority, were circularized
to obtain information for the Bureau’s study.
Usable reports were received from 347 associations
(286 distributive and 61 service).,
The reporting associations, which included all
the largest nonfarm cooperatives in the United
States, had nearly 169,000 members, assets exceed
ing 21 million dollars, and a combined business for
1947 amounting to nearly 59 million dollars.
They ranged in size—in terms of membership—
from about 25 to nearly 8,300. Two-thirds had
fewer than 500 members, and about a fourth had
between 500 and 1,500. Sixteen associations (5
percent) had 2,500 or more, and of these, 2 had
6,000 or more. In volume of business, they
ranged from less than $10,000 a year to nearly
$6,000,000. Almost 31 percent had a business of
less than $50,000, nearly 22 percent between
$50,000 and $100,000, and about 30 percent
between $100,000 and $250,000. Nine associa
tions (3 percent) had a volume of a million dollars
or more; this group included 6 operating stores, 2
operating creameries, and 1 operating a chain of
6^cafeterias and 6 food stores.
The reporting associations included enterprises
of all degrees of success, ranging from those con
spicuously successful to a few which had en
805996— 48---------- 3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
389
countered such difficulties that their members
voted to liquidate the enterprises in 1948.
Union Assistance in Organizing
Only a small proportion of these cooperatives
had been started with the help of unions. The
proportions were largest among the petroleum
associations (3 of 13), the “other distributive” (2
of 9), the medical-care (2 of 4), and the burial
associations (2 of 6). Of the 254 stores and buy
ing clubs, only 37 had the support of labor organi
zations in getting started. None of the associa
tions providing rooms and/or meals, and none of
the housing, cold-storage, or “other service”
associations had such help. Thus, in only 46 of
the 347 associations of all types had unions been
interested at the start; a large proportion of these
were the younger associations, formed within the
past few years.
In the case of one new association, Negaunee
(Mich.) Cooperative Services, the idea of forming
the cooperative undoubtedly was born when the
iron miners who constitute the main body of its
members received financial assistance, during their
strike in the spring of 1947, from a cooperative in
a neighboring town and from the regional co
operative wholesale. Within a month after the
strike was settled, representatives of five CIO
locals started a campaign which culminated in the
opening of a cooperative store 9 months later.
At the time of the association’s report to the
Bureau, union interest was being maintained by
reports on the store’s progress, which were a
regular feature at local union meetings.
Three other newly organized associations—two
in Michigan and one in Minnesota—had free
publicity, assistance in organizing, and financial
help from unions, especially from the automobile
workers. In all of them, CIO and AFL locals
united in promoting the cooperative. The Michi
gan associations opened outlets of the warehouse
type in Detroit and Pontiac, respectively, selling
the goods directly from the cases in which they
were shipped. In these cooperatives, unionists
form 70 and 75 percent of the membership.
Another outstanding example of joint laborcooperative effort is the Peninsula Cooperative
Association in Hampton, Va. In a drive begun
by an independent union, Peninsula Shipbuilders
390
UNION LABOR AND COOPERATIVES
Association, share subscriptions to the cooperative
were collected (with the consent of the employing
company) by means of a voluntary salary check
off. Within 6 months (in January 1948) a com
plete food store, stocked largely with “co-op
label” goods, was opened. Its first 3 days’ sales
totaled nearly $19,000; its sales for a month
amounted to $64,700. About 90 percent of the
3,200 members belong to the labor organization
which sponsored the project. The president and
business manager of the union were serving as
president and treasurer, respectively, of the
cooperative.
In the formation of a Negro association, Cooper
ative Commonwealth, Inc., in Gary, Ind., the steel
workers’ locals (CIO), to which a large proportion
of the members belonged, helped with publicity
and some funds. This association profited by the
mistakes of a previous cooperative (which went
out of business in 1941), and its formation was
preceded by several years of intensive educational
and promotional work among the prospective
members. Funds were raised, little by little over
a long period, through collectors who made
periodic calls upon subscribers. Much of the
construction on the building for the combination
grocery-drugstore-lunchroom enterprise which was
opened at the end of 1946 was done by the mem
bers.
The Crane (Tex.) Cooperative Association,
organized in 1947, received wide publicity from
eight local unions, which also gave time for coop
erative speakers at their meetings. The president
of the plumbers’ union became one of the coop
erative’s directors. At the time of its report,
however, “only a small percentage of union labor
had actually signed up” for membership.
Some of the oldest associations also were started
by unions or their members. These include two
funeral associations, in Christopher and Gillespie,
111., the capital for which was provided in the early
1920’s by local unions of the United Mine Workers.
The largest consumers’ cooperative creamery in
the United States, Franklin Cooperative Creamery
Association, Minneapolis, was started by striking
milk-wagon drivers, with the support of the
unions.
One of the urban petroleum associations, Coop
erative Services, St. Paul, Minn., started oper
ations, with the endorsement of the Central Labor
Union of the city, in a station leased from the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
Labor Temple Association. Its organizers were
all union men. During its 15-year existence it
has had the support of the local labor unions
generally. The association, which operates four
gasoline stations and a repair garage in the Twin
Cities, is currently receiving publicity and support
from 15 different locals, some of which invested
funds in the cooperative.
Labor Interest and Support
Improved Support. Among the store associations,
only a small number (82 in all) reported any
increase in support from unions or their mem
bers since the formation of the cooperative. Of
these one noted that the increase was “ very slight,”
and another stated that the interest expressed
itself mostly in “ talk” and not in patronage of
the store.
In Massachusetts, “ 50 percent of the union
members in one bakery” joined the greater Boston
Cooperative Society; other unions, the members
of which also have joined the cooperative in vary
ing proportions, are those of the teachers and of
State, county, and municipal workers (both AFL).
At the end of 1947, however, unionists constituted
only about 18 percent of its 575 members. One
Pennsylvania cooperative was witnessing “ the
beginning of a rather spasmodic support” by indi
vidual unionists, mostly members of the longshore
men’s union (AFL).
The United Cooperative Society, Maynard,
Mass., which started over 40 years ago, before
the local woolen mill was unionized, reported that
support from unionists (though not from unions
themselves) was increasing. About 50 percent
of its 2,567 members belonged to the union (CIO)
at the end of 1947. A cooperative in Michigan,
the membership of which contains large groups of
factory workers, office employees, and teachers,
reported an access of interest by both CIO and
AFL locals, but “no one union has put any con
certed effort behind cooperatives.” Sixty percent
of its members are unionists.
The Cloquet (Minn.) Cooperative Society,
one of the largest in the United States, was
started in 1910, long before labor organizations
appeared in the community. Its employees were
the first in town—and for some years, the only
store employees—to be unionized. Assistance to
striking sawmill and paper-mill workers in 1920
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
UNION LABOR AND COOPERATIVES
and 1922 won continued union gratitude and good
will. Members of these unions were conducting
a stock-selling campaign and educational drive
for the cooperative among factory workers, at the
time of the association’s report to the Bureau.
This association lost its store and goods in a forest
fire in 1918 which destroyed the whole town.
Since that year, however, it has never sustained
an operating loss. It has returned to its members
in refunds on purchases the sum of $1,006,675,
in addition to $100,808 in interest on their share
capital. It is outstanding in the variety of goods
and services provided. At the end of 1947, about
30 percent of its members were unionists.
The Janesville (Wis.) Consumers Cooperative
Association, started just before World War II
by CIO and AFL union members who combined
forces for the purpose, had lately noticed more
pronounced labor interest. The AFL Central
Labor Union (with 23 affiliated unions) and the
CIO Automobile Workers had each appointed a
standing committee on cooperatives, and the
latter union had become a fraternal member of
the association. Organized workers formed 60
percent of this association’s membership in 1947.
In Illinois, an association which had had no
support from unions as such found that “ union
members join readily” when approached; mem
bers of organized labor formed 50 percent of the
cooperative membership in 1947. A California
association, started in 1936, states: “ Now, after
12 years, we do have union members but no active
support or sponsorship; however, labor support
is growing. The local newspaper of the AFL
Central Labor Union gives us bimonthly articles.”
An iron miners’ cooperative in Minnesota,
which began operations in 1926, reported that
recently members of the barbers’ and steel work
ers’ unions (both CIO) and railroad workers
(AFL) had become interested. Another associa
tion in this State reported that the Trades and
Labor Assembly was promoting cooperatives
through a series of labor-cooperative conferences.
A third Minnesota association, formed just before
the war by members of the longshoremen’s union
(AFL), stated that several union locals, both
AFL and CIO, recently formed cooperative com
mittees. Sixty percent of the cooperative’s mem
bership belong to labor organizations.
In a Pacific Coast association started by AFL
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
391
union shipyard workers, members of unions still
constituted 90 percent of the membership. After
8 years of operation its membership had reached
only 250, but new members have recently been
coming in from the teamsters’ and teachers’ unions
(AFL).
The Racine (Wis.) Consumers Cooperative
Association, also started by unionists, began in
1933 with a single gasoline service station. Mem
bers of labor organizations form 75 percent of its
2,700 members. The greatest support has come
from CIO automobile workers (automobile manu
facture is the largest single industry in the city),
but AFL unionists are now reported to be partici
pating actively also. The association has 2 food
stores, 4 gasoline stations, a coal yard, and an
insurance agency.
A Pennsylvania association reported that one
local union ran articles on cooperatives in its paper
for a whole year; many union leaders were reported
to be members of this cooperative. In an Ohio
city, an AFL union had been issuing “certificate
dollars” to be spent at the cooperative store.
Investment of union funds in shares of the coop
erative or in loans to the association was reported
from Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, and New
York; and an association in New York State, the
members of which are from 28 local unions, had
one local join the cooperative as a member.
Cooperative Services, Indianapolis—a coal coop
erative in the starting of which unions had a
hand—reported increased patronage from unions
buying coal to heat union halls, and considerable
publicity and endorsement at union meetings by
both CIO and AFL locals. A milk-distributing
cooperative in Michigan, although not started by
unionists, has since been aided by a small amount
of union funds, and the CIO locals have encouraged
their members to join; in 1947, 80 percent of the
members were unionists.
One of the recreation cooperatives—a symphony
orchestra—reports that “union leaders have be
come patron members and have supported and
participated in concerts.” Another association,
which operates a meeting hall equipped with
snack bar, and promotes recreational events, was
started by members of the unions of dining-car
employees and marine cooks and stewards (both
CIO). The Pullman-car porters and their ladies’
auxiliaries (AFL) had become interested also.
392
BR ITISH LABOR MOVEMENT BACKGROUND
No Improvement in Support. Other cooperatives
reported less encouraging situations. The mana
ger of a new association in the Midwest stated that
unions had not cooperated as they promised while
the store was being started; the local union of
electrical workers (AFL) “was the only one that
really helped.” An eastern seaboard cooperative
reported “obstruction” by the AFL local unions.
An Illinois association had held meetings with
certain AFL unions, but had “no real support.”
In one city in New York, “membership in the
cooperative has been urged by labor leaders, but
only a few [union members] have joined.” A
Pennsylvania cooperative reported only “luke
warm” support, and one in Washington State
noted “some interest but no very active support.”
In a Connecticut town, a local CIO union “started
to boost it [the cooperative] for a while but it
soon died out.” A Massachusetts cooperative
noted that union members had “expressed inter
est, but few have joined;” unionists formed only
10 percent of the total membership at the end of
1947. A similar situation existed in an Ohio city,
where the cooperative had been the object of
interest by the AFL and CIO central labor
organizations, but had only “negligible” support
in terms of purchases at the store. In a Pennsyl
vania association the only evidence of union
interest occurred when a “small group” of CIO
textile workers joined; only 5 percent of its
members in 1947 were unionists.
Unionists in Membership and in Directorship
Cooperatives do not ordinarily set out deliber
ately to accord labor organizations or their
members representation on the board of directors.
The usual criteria for nomination are membership
in the cooperative and ability to perform the
duties of the office. The number of unionists on
a cooperative board is usually, therefore, the
result of chance (or composition of the member
ship) rather than of design.
It appears, nevertheless, that on the whole,
union representation on the board of directors of
the cooperatives reporting in this study corre
sponds rather closely with the proportion of
unionists in the membership. Members of labor
unions constituted 50 percent or more of the co
operative membership in 31.0 percent of the
associations reporting, but only 10 percent or less
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
in 49.6 percent of them. In 51.2 percent of the
associations which had unionists on the board of
directors, half or more of the cooperative’s mem
bers belonged to labor unions; in 23.0 percent,
unionists constituted 10 percent or less of the
cooperative membership. On the other hand,
among the associations that had no directors be
longing to labor unions, unionists form 10 percent
or less of the membership in 85.2 percent of the
associations (in this group, 53.3 percent had no
union members at all).
Background of
British Labor Movement1
T rade - u n io n s in G reat B ritain at the present
time must play a double role. “As supporters of
a government which they helped to make, during
a period of very great difficulty,” Margaret Cole
points out, “ they have a part to play in the de
termination of national economic policy.” While
usually supporting the government, they have had
also to bear in mind their other function—guardian
of the standards of their members. As a result
they are sometimes slow, and always cautious, as
in the development of “ wage and price” policy.
Trade-unionism in England, Mrs. Cole states,
has actually had a dual history. “ The first move
ment was revolutionary in the ordinarily accepted
sense of the word. It was a reaction of the starv
ing and downtrodden to the horrors of the second
generation of the Industrial Revolution. * * *
it thrived on secret ritual, torchlight processions,
and mass enrollments which were political and even
religious in their inspiration.” This movement
was thoroughly defeated—first at the collapse of
Robert Owen’s utopian Grand National Union and
finally at the discrediting the Chartists suffered
after the Kennington Common affair. The second
labor movement literally was forced to start from
“ tiny coral-insect beginnings” ; and “ it is at least
possible that recollections, handed down from
father to son, of the dangers of ‘revolutionism’ may
in part account for the complete failure * * *
of Communist parties or Moscow directives to
1
British Trade-Unions and the Labor Government, by Margaret Cole,
honorary secretary of the Fabian Society, in Industrial and Labor Relations
Review, July 1948 (pp. 573-579).
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
LABOR REQUIREMENTS FOR CONSTRUCTION
gain any control in either the trade-unions or in
the Labor Party.”
The labor movement, in its second try in
England, was distinctly nonpolitical. “ Our trade
societies are not constituted on a political basis,”
the London Trades Council of 1861 told an
inquirer. “Even 40 years later, when the first
storms of world depression had swept the country,
when Socialism was being preached again and it
was becoming increasingly clear that the Liberal
Party’s zeal for social reform had spent itself—
even then it was with the utmost difficulty,” Mrs.
Cole explains, that the founder of the Independent
Labor Party “ induced the principal trade-unions
to join in founding the federation called the Labor
Representation Committee—which became the
Labor Party.”
Finally in 1918, the constitution of the federa
tion was revised to transform it into a real party.
However, writes Mrs. Cole, even then the tradeunion affiliates to the party did little more than
act as a brake “ against the premature adoption of
proposals to which the mass of the movement had
not yet been converted.”
The lack of trade-union political action in the
history of the present British labor movement
explains the slow development of “ policy.”
Trade-unions, through their congress, Mrs. Cole
declares, are not the dictators and masters of the
Government. Their influence derives only from
the fact that “ the majority of members of the
Labor Party are trade-unionists, and the majority
of trade-unionists members of the Labor Party.”
Labor Requirements
for New Construction, 1948
for new construction proj
ects under way (both private and public) during
the third quarter of 1948 averaged 2% million
L abor requirem ents
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
393
workers per month—the highest in 6 years. In
response to a 60-percent increase in construction
activity, as measured by the dollar volume of
new work put in place, over 800,000 additional
jobs were provided for construction workers
between the first and third quarters of this year.
Between the second and third quarters, seasonal
increases occurred in labor needs for all types of
construction except publicly financed housing.
Construction at the site of privately financed
projects required more workers in the third quarter
of 1948 (1,700,000) than at any time during the
10 years for which the Bureau has monthly data—
1939 to date. Site labor needs for new nonfarm
housing (787,000) and for privately financed
public utilities (355,000) were also at the highest
level in this 10-year period.
Site jobs on privately financed nonresidential
building were provided for a monthly average of
417,000 workers during July, August, and Sep
tember. This represents an increase of about 15
percent over the second quarter and reflects con
tinued gains in the construction of community
shopping and service centers (stores, restaurants,
garages, etc.) to accommodate expanding resi
dential areas.
Labor requirements for publicly financed non
residential building have been rising steadily
since the first quarter of 1947, largely because of
expanded building programs for educational insti
tutions. In the third quarter of 1948, 88 percent
more site workers were needed for public non
residential construction than in the same period
of 1947.
Jobs provided by public road and street con
struction increased threefold between the first
and third quarters of 1948, and accounted for
two out of every five workers engaged on publicly
financed construction in July, August, and Sep
tember. Total labor requirements at the site of
public construction exceeded half a million workers
in the third quarter of 1948, a gain of 100,000
over the second quarter.
394
LABOR-MAN A GEMEN T DISPUTES
MONTHLY LABOR
Labor requirements for new construction 1
[Estimated total number of workers involved in current construction activity]
Average monthly number of workers (in thousands)
1948
Type of construction
Total new construction (off-site and on-site) A
Off-site_____ ______________ .
On-site_____________________
Private construction_________ _
Residential building (nonfarm)___ _
Nonresidential building (nonfarm) A.
Farm construction____ _
Public utilities. ____
Public construction________
Residential building____________
Nonresidential building«_____
Conservation and development
H igh w ays... ____________ _ .
All other public 7_________
1947
1946
1947
1946
3d
quar
ter 2
2d
quar
ter 3
1st
quar
ter 3
4th
quar
ter
3d
quar
ter
2d
quar
ter
1st
quar
ter
4th
quar
ter
3d
quar
ter
2d
quar
ter
1st
quar
ter
2,528
2,156
1,709
2,135
2,102
1,708
1,515
1,928
2,081
1,628
1,114
1,865
300
261
217
266
246
204
194
242
254
204
144
228
211
2, 228
1,701
787
417
142
355
527
8
145
60
214
100
1,895
1,469
690
365
96
318
426
8
125
49
149
95
1,492
1,190
553
347
33
257
302
13
112
38
70
69
1,869
1,494
742
373
60
319
375
20
96
47
133
79
1,856
1,453
627
360
135
331
403
21
77
47
171
87
1,504
1,165
476
349
82
258
339
25
65
37
131
81
1,321
1,053
416
395
28
214
268
57
47
34
68
62
1,686
1,304
510
495
49
250
382
107
50
39
121
65
1,827
1,461
550
538
114
259
366
78
55
33
129
71
1,424
1,194
407
500
65
222
230
31
48
27
76
48
970
815
248
379
22
166
155
9
55
23
35
33
1,637
1,291
' 565
369
76
281
346
31
71
41
126
77
1,477
1,194
429
478
63
224
283
56
52
31
90
54
1,688
1
Previously published as employment estimates, which included data on
minor building repairs.
These estimates are designed to measure the number of workers required
to put in place the dollar volume of new construction under way during the
given period of tim e. They cover the workers engaged at the site of new
construction and also employees in yards, shops, and offices whose time is
chargeable to new construction operations. Consequently the estimates
include not only construction employees of establishments primarily engaged
in new construction, but also self-employed persons, working proprietors,
and employees of nonconstruction establishments who are engaged in new
construction work. They do not cover persons engaged in repairs and main
tenance.
The non-Federal construction estimates are derived by converting, into
man-months of work, dollars spent during each month of the quarter on
construction projects under way. The conversion is made by using a factor
representing the value of work put in place per man per hour based on data
from the 1939 Census of Construction and from periodic studies of a large
number of individual projects of various types by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics.' The factor is adjusted for each quarter in accordance with changes
in prices of building materials, average hourly earnings of construction
workers, and average hours worked per week. For Federal construction,
estimates are made directly from reports on employment collected from con
tractors and then checked against estimates based on Federal expenditures.
For estimates of the total number of workers employed by firms engaged
in new construction, additions, alterations, repairs, and maintenance work,
see table A-2, p. 423.
2 Preliminary.
3 Revised.
‘ Includes major additions and alterations.
5 Includes nonresidential building by privately owned public utilities.
* Includes workers employed on facilities used in atomic energy projects.
2
Includes airports, water supply and sewage disposal systems, electrifica
tion projects, and miscellaneous.
Labor-Management Disputes
in September 1948
members, will give workers an average hourly
increase of 11 cents, or $4.40 a week. Still un
settled in the telephone industry was the dispute
of some 25,000 long distance telephone workers,
whose union, the CIO American Union of Tele
phone Workers, resumed wage talks with the
American Telephone and Telegraph Co. in midSeptember.
in four large strikes
approximated 90,000 in September 1948. These
disputes involved about 28,000 West Coast mari
time workers, 25,000 production workers at 8
plants of the Briggs Co. in Detroit, as well as
22,000 oil workers in California and some 15,000
truckers in New York and Northern New Jersey.
The strike at the Boeing Airplane Co. in Seattle,
Wash., which began April 22 was called off by the
union on September 10.
A strike of approximately 25,000 installation
workers, members of the CIO Assn, of Com
munication Equipment Workers and employees
of the Western Electric Co., was averted by a last
minute agreement on wage increases. Negoti
ations which had been in progress for over 4 months
were highlighted by a series of short, sporadic
work stoppages in various parts of the country.
The settlement, which must be ratified by union
T h e n um ber of w orkers idle
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
West Coast Maritime Strike
Approximately 28,000 West Coast dock workers
and seagoing personnel, members of five unions,
became idle in West Coast ports on September 2
upon the termination of the 80-day antistrike
injunction issued under the Labor Management
Relations Act of 1947. Increased wages and the
union hiring hall were the principal issues in
dispute.
Delegates of the International Longshoremen’s
and Warehousemen’s Union on August 20 had
voted unanimously to reject the shipowners’ last
offer of a 5-cent hourly wage increase. However,
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
LABOR-MAN A OEMEN T DISPUTES
negotiations continued and the employers re
portedly offered wage increases of 10 cents an
hour with the hiring hall question to be held in
status quo to await a test decision by the courts.
As the strike began, further negotiations were
suspended when the Waterfront Employers Asso
ciation and Pacific American Shipowners Associ
ation withdrew all previous offers and demanded
that maritime leaders sign non-Communist affi
davits, required under the Labor Management
Relations Act of 1947. In addition to members
of the International Longshoremen’s Union, other
unions in the dispute include the Marine Cooks
and Stewards (CIO), the Marine Engineers’
Beneficial Association (CIO), the Marine Firemen,
Oilers, Watertenders and Wipers (Ind.) and a
radio officers’ union.
At the end of the month, no negotiations were
in progress between the longshoremen’s union
and the associations, nor had any agreements
been reached with the other unions.
Guard Strike at Detroit Briggs Plants
A shut-down of 8 plants of the Briggs Manu
facturing Co. occurred on September 8 when 170
plant guards, members of the United Plant Guard
Workers of America (Ind.), walked out. They
demanded, among other things, 15 minutes prep
aratory time (at overtime rates) in which to get
ready for work. All hourly paid employees had
been granted 5 minutes of preparatory time at
straight-time rates. The plants closed when the
25,000 CIO United Auto Workers refused to cross
the picket lines, and an equal number of workers
at other auto plants were reported idle as a result.
UAW officials charged that the principal cause of
the dispute was that provision of the Labor Man
agement Relations Act of 1947 which prohibits
guards’ membership in a production employees’
union. The guards involved in the dispute were
formerly UAW members, but were forced to dis
affiliate.
At a conference with representatives of the
Michigan State Mediation Board on September 13,
the union offered to settle the strike on the basis
of a wage increase of 10 cents an hour, but the
company reportedly refused the offer. A settle
ment was reached September 23 when a 2-year
contract was signed retaining the 5-minute prepa
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
395
ratory time arrangement but giving the union a
maintenance-of-membership clause.
Oil Workers Strike in California
About 16,000 employees of 9 major oil companies
in California stopped work on September 4 as lastminute negotiations between the companies and
the 16 locals of the Oil Workers International
Union (CIO) failed to bring about agreement on
wages. The union asked originally for hourly in
creases ranging from 30 to 39% cents but lowered
the demand to 21 cents by September 3. The
companies’ offer was 12% cents which they claimed
would raise wages 83 percent above the 1941 figure.
The number of idle workers increased to nearly
22,000 on September 8, when members of the In
dependent Union of Petroleum Workers, employ
ees of the Standard Oil Co. of California, failed to
reach an agreement and joined in the strike.
A temporary embargo was placed on the ship
ment of commercial oil from the West Coast ports
by the U. S. Department of Commerce. Earlier,
Governor Earl Warren had ordered the California
Public Utilities Commission to survey the oil supply
with a view to insuring the transportation of farm
products. Efforts of conciliators to settle the strike
were continuing at the end of the month.
New York Trucking Strike
Nearly 10,000 truck drivers and helpers stopped
work in New York City on September 1, upon
expiration of the contract between trucking
companies and Local 807 of the International
Brotherhood of Teamsters. The workers re
quested a wage increase, an employer-financed
welfare fund amounting to 1 percent of the pay
roll, and an extra week’s vacation. In negotia
tions prior to the strike, an area-wide union
committee, representing 12 locals in the metro
politan area, and delegations from 5 employer
associations, assisted by State, city, and Federal
mediators, had arrived at a tentative agreement
providing for an hourly increase of 15 cents,
with no welfare provisions. This was rejected
by the rank and file membership of Local 807,
while officials of Locals 282 and 816 accepted it
for their members. On September 7, the striking
truck drivers in New York City were joined by
over 3,000 drivers in Essex and Union Counties,
396
LABOR-MANAGEMENT DISPUTES
New Jersey, members of Newark Local 478.
Three days later Local 807 which was demanding
a 25-cents-an-hour increase and a welfare plan,
modified its demands to 17% cents an hour with
a welfare plan and began to sign agreements with
individual employers. Local 282, whose members
had engaged in a short sympathy walk-out with
Local 807, continued to demand 25 cents an hour
increase while endeavoring to keep its men at work.
On September 18, united resistance of major
employers to wage demands was broken as in
dividual companies began signing with Local 807
on its terms. Within a few days most of the
workers were back on their jobs with different
wage rates for different locals. Some workers
had received hourly increases of 15 cents and
some 17% cents, while for others negotiations
for a 25-cent increase were still in progress.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Termination of Boeing Stoppage in Seattle
The stoppage at the Boeing Airplane Co. was
called off by the Aeronautical Mechanics Union
(part of the International Association of Machin
ists, Ind.) on September 10, following a vote of
the local membership. The stoppage, which
originally involved nearly 15,000 workers, began
April 22. Since early summer the company was
hiring all strikers and nonstrikers who would
pass through the picket lines and offered to rehire
as soon as possible all former employees except
30 strikers whom it termed “subversive.” How
ever, it indicated that expansion of assembly
operations would have to await stepped-up
production in the shops. Available reports indi
cate that approximately 8,000 of the 14,000
vacancies were filled before the union called off
the strike.
Technical Notes
Revision of
Retail Food Price Index
in August 1947 1
Two sample r ev isio n s were introduced into the
retail food price index by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics in August 1947, after an evaluation of
the list of foods included and the number of price
quotations obtained for each food. These revi
sions followed the Bureau’s policy of continuous
reappraisal of its indexes and coincided with a
reduction in the funds available for food price
work for the fiscal year 1948.
The list of foods included in the index was
reduced from 62 to 50.2 Thirteen foods were dis
continued; one food—rice—was reintroduced into
the index for the first time since August 1939.
The number of price quotations per item per
city remained unchanged for meats and fresh fruits
and vegetables, for which variation in price from
store to store is greater than for dry groceries and
staples. The number of quotations obtained from
independent stores for dry groceries and staples
(foods other than meats and fresh fruits and vege
tables) was reduced so that the degree of accuracy
in average prices for these foods as measured by
the “standard error of the mean” would be more
in line with that for meats and produce. This re
duction diminished by 20 percent the number of
quotations obtained from independent stores. No
change was made in the size of the sample of quo
tations from chain stores for any of the 50 foods.
Tests made by the Bureau showed that the re
duction in number of foods priced and in number
1
Prepared by Willard Fazar of the Bureau’s Division of Prices and Cost
of Living. Based on statistical data and interpretive material compiled by
Lillian Leikind.
> Both store and delivered milk are included in these figures.
of quotations obtained has had no significant effect
on the all-foods index or the average food prices
for all cities combined. A considerable saving has
resulted from this revision, both in collection and
processing time.
The Bureau has continued to use prices obtained
in 56 cities monthly for computing the retail food
price index. Indexes for groups and subgroups of
foods were continued unchanged except for the
addition of a subgroup for meats (excluding poultry
and fish).
Number of Foods
For the purpose of deriving the minimum num
ber of foods necessary to produce an accurate
national index of retail food prices, the list of 71
foods3 formerly priced by the Bureau was ex
amined carefully. Two criteria were considered
of primary importance in this examination—the
relationship of price movements among the various
foods and the relative importance of each food in
the index. A study of the relationship of price
movements revealed, for example, that the average
price of whole wheat and of rye bread moved about
the same as that of white bread; the price of
sliced ham, about the same as whole ham; the
price of shortening other than hydrogenated, about
the same as hydrogenated shortening, etc. Further,
the prices of certain foods, such as tea, with a
relative importance of 0.1 percent in the food
index, and corn sirup and peanut butter, each
with a relative importance of 0.2 percent, had a
negligible influence on the all-foods index and on
their own group indexes.
Following this examination, a preliminary list
of 44 foods was selected from the 71 foods formerly
priced. The weights for the 18 deleted foods were
assigned to the remaining 44 foods and indexes
3 62 of these foods were included in the index prior to September 1947.
397
8 0 5 9 9 6 -4 8 -
■4
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
398
REVISED RETAIL FOOD PRICE INDEX
computed quarterly for the period March 1939
through February 1947. A comparison of the
proposed 44-food index with the published 62-food
index is shown in table 1. The greatest divergence
in level between the 2 indexes is 1 index point, with
the majority of differences between 0.2 and 0.3 of
an index point. Had the index of 44 foods been
linked to the March 1939 index of 62 foods (as was
T
able
1.
MONTHLY LABOR
the procedure for introducing the final list of 50
foods), the differences would have been reduced.
In measurement of trend, the divergence between
the indexes is quite small, the greatest difference
being 0.3 of a percentage point. Comparisons
between the major group indexes, based on 44
and 62 foods (see table 1) also show minor differ
ences.
Comparison of 62-food and 44-food retail food price indexes, all foods and major commodity groups, 66 cities
combined, quarterly 1939-46 and February 1947
[1935-39 = 100]
All oods
Retail price indexes baised on—
M onth and year
Percent change
from previous
dates, index
based on—
62 foods 44 foods 62 foods 44 foods
Cereals and bak
ery products
Meats
Dairy products
Fruits and
vegetables
Fats and oils
62 foods 44 foods 62 foods 44 foods 62 foods 44 foods 62 foods 44 foods 62 foods 44 foods
1939: M arch_________
June___________
September______________
December_____ _
1940: M arch_______ .
June__________
September_____
December__________
94.6
93.6
98.4
94.9
95.6
98.3
97.2
97.3
94.2
93.3
98.2
94.6
95.5
98.1
96.9
97.2
- 1 .1
+ 5 .1
- 3 .6
+ 0 .7
+ 2 .8
- 1 .1
+ 0 .1
+ 5 .3
- 3 .7
+ 1 .0
+ 2 .7
- 1 .2
+ 0 .3
94.6
93.6
94.5
95.1
97.9
97.7
96.2
94.8
94.1
93.5
94.3
94.8
98.1
97.7
95.9
94.6
97.1
96.7
101.0
91.7
91.0
96.0
102.4
97.4
97.0
96.5
100.8
91.4
90.9
95.7
102.1
97.1
95.7
90.5
98.2
102.2
102.3
98.2
99.7
107.4
94.8
89.6
97.6
101.8
102.0
98.0
99.5
108.3
94.3
96.2
94.4
91.9
99.4
110.6
90.4
90.4
94.3
96.2
94.5
91.9
99.4
110.6
90.4
90.4
88.2
86.3
92.3
86.0
83.5
82,0
81.3
80.1
88.5
86.5
92.7
86.1
83.4
82.0
81.4
80.1
1941: M arch__________
June__________
September_____ _
December_______
1942: M arch. _
June.......................................
September________
December___________
98.4
105.9
110.7
113.1
118.6
123.2
126.6
132.7
98.2
105.8
110.5
112.6
118.2
122.8
126.5
132.7
+ 1.1
+ 7 .6
+ 4 .5
+ 2 .2
+ 4 .9
-+ 3.9
+ 2 .8
+ 4 .8
+ 1 .0
+ 7 .7
+ 4 .4
+ 1 .9
+ 5 .0
+ 3 .9
+ 3 .0
+ 4 .9
95.1
95.9
100.9
102.5
104.8
105.1
105.4
105.8
95.0
96.0
101.6
103. 2
105.6
105.7
106.1
106.5
102.5
106.8
115.5
111.1
120.5
126.6
130.6
133.2
102.2
106.5
114.9
110.5
120.0
125.8
129.9
132.5
104.6
109.7
118.5
120.5
121.7
122.1
127.7
132.3
104.5
109.9
117.7
118.8
120.3
121.4
128.4
133.2
97.1
112.1
100.5
110.5
123.4
133.8
129.7
146.6
97.1
112.1
100.6
110.5
123.4
133.8
129.6
146.6
81.3
92.5
103.0
108.5
116.8
120.0
120.7
125.3
81.2
92.1
102.3
108.1
116.1
118.7
119.0
123.0
1946: March__ . .
J u n e .., ________
September_________
D ecem ber... _____
1947: February____ . . .
140.1
145.6
174.1
185.9
182.3
139.8
145.1
173.2
184.9
181.3
+ 5 .6
+ 3 .9
+19.6
+ 6 .8
-1 .9
+ 5 .4
+ 3 .8
+19.4
+ 6 .8
- 1 .9
110.3
122.1
137.3
141.6
144.1
111.3
122.7
138.3
142.2
144.3
131.3
134.0
188.5
197.8
196.7
131.0
133.3
186.9
195.8
195.8
137.0
147.8
185. 0
200.9
183.2
136.1
147.2
186.6
199.0
179.4
183.4
183.5
176.4
185.0
191.7
182.4
182.6
175.7
184.1
190.7
125.9
126.4
151.4
207.3
201.3
123.0
123.2
150.6
209.7
202.7
+92.7
+30.1
+92.5
+29.7
.
March 1939 to February 1947
March 1946 to February 1947..
.
.......
-
1.0
At this point in its analysis, the Bureau had
derived a basic list of 44 foods that would serve
about as well as the former 62-food list for pro
ducing a national index. Further examination
with regard to the needs for the maintenance of
retail food price indexes for individual cities, how
ever, indicated the need for restoring certain foods
formerly priced but not included among the 44.
Corn meal and salt pork had been dropped because
of their small relative importance in the national
index. These were restored because of their im
portance in southern cities. A few foods of con
siderable relative importance (chuck roast, store
milk, and cheese) had been dropped because their
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
price movements closely paralleled related items
in the 44-food list. These were restored because
of their heavy individual weights in the index.
Rice, one of the 9 non-index foods formerly priced,
was re-introduced into the index because of its
importance in the consumption habits of some
nationality and regional groups. Restoration of
these 6 foods brought the final list of foods for
inclusion in the index to 50.
Table 2 presents the list of 71 foods formerly
priced, the 50 foods selected for the revised index,
the foods for which pricing was eliminated, and the
foods to which the weight of eliminated foods was
allocated or imputed.
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
T a b l e 2 . —List
Foods formerly priced
399
REVISED RETAIL FOOD PRICE INDEX
of foods formerly priced, foods in revised index, foods eliminated, and imputation of weights
Original
year of
pricing
Relative
importance
in foods
index,
April 1947
Foods in revised index
Foods eliminated
Foods to which weight
imputed
P ercen t
Cereals and bakery products__________
1890
Flour, w heat__ ___________________
1919
Macaroni_________________________
1919
Corn flakes ______________________
1890
Corn meal___________ ___________
1919
Rolled oats __________________ . .
1913
Bread, w hite____ __ _______ __
1934
Bread, whole w heat___ ___________
1933
Bread, rye
_________ ________
1939
Vanilla cookies
_______ - __
1935
Soda crackers_____________________
1913
Rice.
.
____________
_______
Meats
________________
1890
Beef: Round steak.. _______ ______
1907
Rib roast
. _________ ___
1913
Chuck roast_________________
f 1935-36 \
Liver.
___________________ ( and 1943 /
1943
Hamburger . . . ________ . .
1935
Veal: Cutlets. ___________________
1943
R o a s t_____________ _______
1890
Pork: Chops____ ________________
1890
Bacon, sliced__________ _____
1890
Ham, sliced _____________ .
1935
Ham, whole________________
1935
Salt pork . ________________
1943
Sausage.. __________________
1913
Lamb: Leg
__________
1935
Rib chops_______ _________
1890
Poultry: Roasting chickens___ __
1938
Fish: Fish, fresh or fro zen ________
1935
Salmon, pink, canned________
1915
Salmon, red, c a n n e d ..______
Dairy products
_________________
1890
________________
Butter
1913
Cheese
__________ . .
1890
M ilk, fresh (delivered)_____________
1936
M ilk, fresh (grocery) _____________
1919
M ilk, evaporated-_______ ________
Eggs . . .
________________________
Eggs, fresh __ ________
______
1890
Fruits and vegetables_________________
1934
A pples________________________ .
1919
Bananas____________
__________
1919
Oranges ________________________
1941
Grapefruit
_____________
1934
Beans, green_________ ________ . .
1919
Cabbage___________ _____________
1934
Carrots__________________________
1934
Lettuce_______________ _______
1915
Onions
__ _____________________
1890
P o ta to e s_________________________
1934
Spinach
______________________
1934
Sweetpotatoes. ______________ .
1935
Peaches, canned _________________
1935
Pineapple, canned________________
1941
Grapefruit juice, canned__________
1935
Beans, green, canned__ _____ _ ._
1919
Corn, canned_______ ___ __________
1919
Peas, canned___ ____ _____________
1919
Tomatoes, canned___ ___________
1943
Vegetable soup_____ ______________
1915
Prunes, dried
__ ______________
1915
N avy beans, dried________________
Beverages____________________________
1913
Coflee__________ . .
. . _______
1913
T e a . . . _____ . . . . . __________
1935
Cocoa. ___________ _ ._
_______
Fats and oils__________ _____ _________
1890
Lard
____
. . . . ___________
1935
Standard shortening- . ____ ______
1919
Hydrogenated shortening. _______
1940
Salad dressing
. . _______________
1919
Oleomargarine__________________ .
1935
Peanut butter____________________
f 1935-36
Cooking or salad oil_______________ (and 1943
Sugar and sweets. . ______ __________
1890
Sugar . ________________________
1935
Corn sirup_______________________
1935
Molasses_____ ____________________
1 N ot included in index.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
13.7
2.2
.7
.5
.4
.5
5.6
.7
1.0
1.6
.5
(0
Flour, wheatCorn flakes...
Corn meal__
Rolled oats...
Bread, white.
Vanilla cookies.
Macaroni.
Cereals and bakery products.
Bread, whole wheat.
Bread, rye________
Bread, white.
Bread, white.
Soda crackers.
Cereals and bakery products.
Liver.
Beef.
Rice....................
30.2
3.7
3.4
1.5
.9
1.4
1.9
0)
(>)
3.7
2.1
.9
1.6
.4
1.4
1.3
3.0
2.1
.9
Round steak.
Rib roast___
Chuck roastHamburger.
Cutlets.........
Chops______
Bacon, sliced.
Ham, whole.
Salt pork----Leg.
Roasting chickens____
Fish, fresh or frozen. _.
Salmon, pink, canned.
(0
18.4
5.9
1.9
6.8
2.8
1.1
5.1
5.1
22.2
3.0
1.9
2.6
C1)
1.1
.6
.8
1.2
.9
3.5
.8
.5
.5
.3
.1
.2
.5
.4
1.7
(')
.9
.7
3.0
2.9
.1
0)
4.2
1.5
.4
.7
.9
.5
.2
3.0
.2
Ham, sliced.
Ham, whole.
Sausage
Rib chops.
Leg.
Salmon, red, canned
B u tte r.............................
Cheese______________
M ilk, fresh (delivered).
M ilk, fresh (grocery)...
M ilk, evaporated_____
Eggs, fresh.
A pples...
Bananas.
Oranges..
Beans, green.......... .
Cabbage...................
Carrots.....................
L ettuce.............—
Onions......................
Potatoes_________
Spinach__________
Sweetpotatoes-----Peaches, c a n n ed ...
Pineapple, canned.
Corn, canned.........
Peas, canned_____
Tomatoes, canned.
Grapefruit
Grapefruit juice, canned.
Beans, green, canned___
Canned fruits.
Canned vegetables.
Vegetable soup.
Prunes, dried_____
N avy beans, dried.
Coflee.
Lard.
Hydrogenated shortening.
Salad dressing___________
Oleomargarine__________
} « 3.2
(0
Roast
Sugar.
T e a ...
Cocoa.
Coflee.
Standard shortening.
Oleomargarine.
Peanut butter_____
Cooking or salad oil.
Fats and oils.
Corn sirup.
M olasses..
Sugar.
400
R E V ISE D R E T A IL FOOD P RIC E IN D E X
Number of Quotations
Although the number and composition of the
sample of reporters remain constant each month,
the number of quotations obtained by the Bureau
in a city varies considerably among foods. Price
variations among stores result from differences in
types of food sold, errors in reporting, refinements
in food specifications, and food shortages, seasonal
or otherwise. Prices of staples like sugar and
bread fluctuate relatively little from time to
time and vary but slightly from store to store at
a given time. Prices of perishables like lettuce
or round steak may fluctuate violently within a
few days and vary considerably from store to
store at a given time.
Analysis of the number of quotations needed for
the different foods was confined to a study of
independent store quotations, since the Bureau has
an extensive coverage of chain stores as described
under Sample of Reporters. The relative s a m p ling
errors in independent store average prices, before
taking into account the method of selecting the
store samples (stratification), range up to 5 per
cent, with the majority of foods at less than 3
percent. The sampling errors in the published
city-wide average prices of these foods for chain
and independent stores combined are only about
one-half of those for independent stores only, since
there is practically complete coverage of the food
chain organizations, the quotations from which
represent approximately 50 percent of the total
weight for most foods. For example, if the inde
pendent store average price of food A is 50 cents
and has a sampling error of 3 percent or 1% cents,
then the chances are 2 out of 3 that the actual
independent store average would be between 48%
and 51% cents. The chain store average price is
also 50 cents and has practically no sampling error.
In combining the chain and independent store
average prices, using a 50-50 chain-independent
store ratio,4 the published average price for all
stores would have approximately half the error of
that for independents alone and the true city-wide
4
The actual weight of chain store prices in the national retail food price
index is 45 percent and that of independent store prices is 55 percent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
average price would fall somewhere between 50
cents plus or minus %cents.5
Table 3 shows a summary of the sampling errors
in independent store quotations for the 61 foods 6
formerly priced for New York and Chicago in
March 1947. In general, the sampling errors in
independent store average prices of the staples and
dry groceries were significantly lower than those
for meats or fresh fruits and vegetables. In New
York, for example, the relative sampling errors in
T a b l e 3 . — Distribution
of sampling errors1 in average retail
food prices reported by independent stores, New York and
Chicago, March 1947
Number of average retail food prices
Sampling error
Meats and
produce
Total
Staples
and other
groceries
New Chi New Chi New Chi
York cago York cago York cago
Cents:
0 . 0- 0.5 _________________ ________
0 . 6- 1.0 ______________
1. 1- 1.5 _____ ________
1 . 6- 2.0 ________ __________
2 . 1- 2.5 .......... ................
2 . 6- 3.0 ........ .....................
3.1 and over_________ . . .
1
0
38
15
5
3
0
0
0
1
1
0
61
61
0 .0- 0.5 ______________ __________
0 . 6- 1.0 _______________________
1. 1- 1.5 _______________________
1 . 6- 2.0 ______________________
2 . 1- 2.5 ___________ ________
2 . 6- 3.0 _________________________
3 . 1- 3.5 ________________________ .
3 . 6- 4.0 _____________________
4.1 and over ___________ __________
6
12
13
6
9
5
5
4
1
6
13
12
14
9
5
0
T otal. ...................... .........................
61
61
Total_____ _____
______________
36
13
5
5
1
8
9
10
4
2
0
0
0
0
29
5
1
1
0
0
0
25
25
36
36
0
0
1
7
8
5
3
6
12
5
6
1
0
1
0
6
11
6
4
5
1
1
2
0
25
25
36
36
8
4
3
28
5
1
2
0
0
Percent of average price:
1
1
1
7
2
4
4
4
2
4
2
1
0
0
1 Computed w ithout regard to stratification among independent stores.
average prices of independent stores for the
majority of the staples were less than 2 percent,
with almost half at less than 1 percent. Among
meats and produce, the sampling errors in the
average prices of the majority of foods were be
tween 1 and 3 percent; only one was less than 1
percent. The sampling errors in average food
prices show a similar distribution for other cities
and for the averages for all cities combined.
5
This is based on the standard stratification formula for computing stand
ard error.
8 Excludes delivered milk for which prices are obtained from dairies.
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
REVISED RETAIL FOOD PRICE INDEX
The desirability of attaining some uniformity
in the sampling errors among the average prices of
the various foods led to th e ,proposal that the
Bureau either (1) extend its coverage of independ
ent stores in order to obtain a significantly larger
sample of quotations for meats and produce or
(2) reduce the number of quotations obtained for
staples and dry groceries. The first alternative
would have reduced the sampling errors for meats
and produce; the second alternative would have
increased the errors for staples. Although the
latter alternative was used, either method would
have achieved greater uniformity in sampling
errors among all foods priced. The method chosen
reduced the collection and processing costs for the
Bureau and eliminated for some foods the collec
tion of more prices than needed for reasonable
accuracy. A reduction in the number of quota
tions obtained for staples was put into effect by
obtaining prices for staples from only 50 percent
of the Bureau’s independent store reporters that
formerly quoted such prices. Stores no longer
required to report prices of staples were continued
as reporters of meat and produce prices, however.
Because of the low degree of price variability
among staples, this reduction in number of quo
tations did not seriously impair the accuracy of
the Bureau’s average prices or indexes.
Sample of Reporters
Whenever a revision of the Bureau’s retail food
price work is undertaken, the sample of retail food
stores is reviewed. After careful examination of
the sample of reporters prior to August 1947,7 no
material change was made in the number or
composition of reporters.
Retail food prices are obtained from all impor
tant chain organizations in each city. Because of
efficiency in collection procedure,8 accuracy and
completeness of reports, and their importance in
the grocery business, there was no particular need
for examination of the chain store sample.
i
For a description of the sample, see Store Samples for Retail Food Prices
in M onthly Labor Review, January 1947.
8 Local or regional headquarters report the prices prevailing in their various
stores in each city. Some 275 chain organizations report prices each month
for about 8,500 chain stores in 56 cities.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
401
The sample of independent stores, last revised
in 1945-46, has remained essentially the same,
except for a few stores dropped in August 1947.
These were certain stores handling staples only
and were not needed in view of the reduced number
of quotations desired for staples. All types of
food stores, as classified by kind of foods handled,
sales-volume class, and geographic area in each
city, are represented in the sample in proportion
to their sales volume importance in the city.
Among cities, the number of independent stores
in the sample varies from 12 in Butte (Mont.) to
120 in New York City.
T a b l e 4. —Comparisons
of sampling errors in average retail
prices of certain foods, computed with and without stratifi
cation among independent stores, March 1947
N ew Y ork C ity
W ashington, D . O.
Sam pling
error
Sam pling
error
Food and u nit
F lo u r............ ................... .5 lb ..
R ound steak ................... . . . l b . .
Pork c h o p s ................... . . . l b . .
B u t t e r ...____ ________ . . . l b . .
E g g s-------------------------- ..d o z ..
A p p les_______________ . . . l b . .
P o ta to es_______ _____ 15 lb ..
C offee............................ .. . . . l b . .
L a rd ................. ............ .. . . . l b . .
A ver
A ver
W ith
age
W ith W ith
age
W ith
out
price
out
strati price
strati fica
strati strati
fica
fica
fica
tio n 1
tion 1
tion
tion
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
47.5
75.2
73.0
85.1
69.0
15.9
77.5
52.7
40.7
0.52
.96
.91
.41
.49
.39
1.05
.47
.54
0.51
.44
.8 2
.31
.41
.36
.91
.47
.50
45.8
68.1
71.9
88.0
65.5
13.4
70.4
50.0
42.1
0.63
1.02
.94
.62
.86
.40
1.25
.44
.93
C e n ts
0.43
1.02
.84
.58
.84
.38
1.04
.41
.93
1 Independent store reporters, stratified by types of commodities handled.
J Independent store reporters, stratified by sales volume class.
A proportional relationship in sample size from
city to city and the stratification of the samples
by type of store and the other classifications
mentioned above have produced moderate sam
pling errors in the individual city food aggregates,
ranging from about 0.6 percent in New York, the
city with the largest sample and a weight of 11.8
percent in the index, to an estimated 1.7 percent
in Butte, the city with the smallest sample and a
weight of only 0.1 percent in the index. The
error in the food indexes for these cities is of
course smaller than the error in the city food
aggregates for any one period, since there is also
an error of approximately the same size in the
402
REVISED RETAIL FOOD PRICE INDEX
aggregate for the base period.9 The sampling
error of the revised all-foods index for all cities
combined was estimated at considerably less than
1 percent—about 0.3 percent when adjustments
are made to account for the method of selecting
store samples.
The sampling errors discussed above were com
puted by using prices from the sample of stores,
assuming that complete random sample selection
procedures were used. These are greater than
would be true of the published prices, since the
Bureau’s samples of stores are “stratified” samples.
Table 4 compares sampling errors for New York
and Washington computed (1) by assuming ran
dom selection and (2) by assuming that the stores
were first classified by types of commodities han
dled or by sales volume. In New York, sampling
errors in the March 1947 average prices of 8 out
of 9 important foods were smaller when computed
' The sampling error in the all-foods index for both N ew York and Chicago
between February and March 1947 was 0.2 percent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
with regard to one of the controls on the selection
of the independent store sample—types of com
modities handled. In Washington, sampling er
rors for 7 out of 9 important foods were smaller
when computed with regard to stratification by
sales-volume class than without regard to such
stratification.
As the size of the sample of reporting stores
becomes progressively smaller in accordance with
the size of the city, the sampling errors become
larger. Among the 56 cities included in the
Bureau’s retail food price index, the sampling
errors for all cities probably fall between those for
New York and Butte, the largest and smallest
cities in the index. Because each quotation ob
tained in New York has a much greater importance
in the national index than a quotation from Butte,
it was desirable to continue the proportional rela
tionships previously established between the num
ber of independent stores in the sample and the
total number of stores in each city.
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
REVISED FARM MACHINERY PRICE INDEXES
Revised Indexes of
Agricultural Machinery and
Equipment Prices 1
T he B u r ea u of L abor S tatistics recently com
pleted a major revision of the agricultural machin
ery and equipment section of its primary market
price index.
Prices of agricultural machinery were first
introduced into the primary market price index
in 1926. At that time, data reaching as far back
as 1913 were collected, and a continuous series of
monthly indexes was constructed, beginning with
January of that year. In 1931, the number of
implements included in the product sample was
increased. In 1935, as a result of a thorough
study of its wholesale price data, the Bureau
instituted a major change in the sample of firms
and commodities in the agricultural implements
subgroup. Prior to that time, each price series
in the index consisted of quotations from an
important manufacturer of each item. After the
1935 revision, each series consisted of a composite
of prices obtained from two to eight manufac
turers of each product. The prices of the 40
machines included in that revision represented
150 quotations from 31 different manufacturers.
Prices from January 1913 were reported by these
manufacturers, and the index of farm-machinery
prices was reconstructed from that date forward.2
The 1947 revision of the index of primary
market prices of agricultural machinery and
equipment consisted of the addition and substi
tution of certain machines, largely of the tractordrawn and particularly of the tractor-mounted
types, in line with current agricultural practices,
and the addition of more farm equipment, such
as cattle stalls, stanchions, brooders, and incu
bators. Forty-two farm machines and 14 items
of other agricultural equipment are included in
the new index. The price for each machine in
the revised index is an average of quotations, in
most cases from 3 representative manufacturers
of the item. The weights are based on .recent
data from the Bureau of the Census. The revised
index was linked to the two former series of “farm
machinery” and “agricultural implements” in
1 B y Elizabeth V. Minson of the Bureau’s Branch of Industrial Prices.
2 See M onthly Labor Review, August 1935 (p. 526): Revised Indexes of
Wholesale Prices of Farm Machinery.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(Reprinted as Serial No. R. 274.)
403
December 1947, so that continuous series of index
numbers of “farm machinery” and “agricultural
machinery and equipment” (formerly “agricul
tural implements”) are available, by months,
from January 1913.
Commodity Sample
The Bureau had the full cooperation of the
industry through the committee on statistics of
the Farm Equipment Institute in this revision.
Representatives from the Department of Agri
culture also provided technical advice as to speci
fications in selection of the machines used in the
sample. The present sample, as shown below,
includes the important types of equipment used
in the different kinds of farming in various sections
of the United States.
Farm Machinery
Corn planter, horse-drawn, 2-row.
Corn planter, tractor-drawn, 2-row.
Corn and cotton planter, attachments for tractor-mounted
cultivator, 2-row.
Grain drill, plain, tractor-drawn, 20 discs.
Manure spreader, tractor-drawn, 2-wheel.
Manure spreader, horse-draw, 4-wheel.
Plow, moldboard, tractor-drawn, 2-bottom.
Plow, moldboard, tractor-mounted, 1-bottom, 1 way.
Plow, disc, tractor-drawn, 1 way, 9- to 12-foot cut.
Plow, disc, tractor-drawn or direct connected, 2 discs.
Middlebuster, mounted, 2-row.
Harrow, spike tooth, drawn, 2-section, 60 teeth, with
drawbar.
Harrow, spring tooth, horse-drawn, 2- or 3-section, 15 to
23 teeth.
Harrow, disc, tractor-drawn, tandem type, 7-foot cut, 16inch discs.
Cultivator, tractor-mounted, 2-row.
Cultivator, drawn, 6 to 7-foot, power lift.
Binder, grain, horse-drawn, 8-foot.
Forage harvester, tractor-drawn, field or row type.
Combine (harvester-thresher), pull type, 5- to 6-foot cut.
Combine (harvester-thresher), pull type, 12-foot cut.
Combine (harvester-thresher), self-propelled type, 12-foot
cut.
Corn picker, pull type, tractor-drawn, 1-row.
Corn picker, tractor-mounted or semimounted, 1- or 2-row,
with elevator.
Potato digger, tractor-drawn, 2-row.
Beet harvester and loader, drawn.
Mower, horse-drawn, 5-foot cut.
Mower, trailer type, 7-foot cut, power take-off drive,
tractor-mounted or semimounted.
Rake, side delivery, tractor-drawn.
Hay loader, 6-foot, drawn.
Pickup hay baler, drawn, self or hand tie.
Ensilage cutter, silo filler, 14- to 16-inch throat size,
mounted on truck, steel wheels.
Corn sheller, power operated.
Hammer mill.
Tractor, wheel type (except all-purpose), 3-4 plows, 30- to
49-belt h. p., rubber tires.
Tractor, wheel type, all-purpose, under 15-belt h. p.,
rubber tires.
Tractor, wheel type, all-purpose, 20- to 28-belt h. p.,
rubber tires.
404
REVISED FARM MACHINERY PRICE INDEXES
Tractor, wheel type, all-purpose, 30-belt h. p., and over,
rubber tires.
Tractor, tracklaying type, 30- to 40-drawbar h. p., diesel
engine.
Wagon, 4-wheel, rubber tires (no bed), tractor-drawn.
Spraying outfit, power, drawn, gasoline engine, 9 to 11
gal. per min.
Duster, power.
Elevator, farm, open flight, portable, 24- to 40-foot length,
with truck.
Agricultural Equipment
Milking machine, portable.
Cream separator, 500- to 800-pound capacity.
Milk cooler, 6-can.
Brooder, floor, oil.
Incubator, electrically heated, various egg capacities.
Cattle stall, without stanchion.
Cattle stanchion, wood-lined or plain, chain-hung.
Stock tank, round, 20- or 22-gauge galvanized steel, 6-foot
diameter, 2-foot depth.
Sprayer, hand, galvanized tank, 3}i- or 4-gallon capacity.
Engine, 3 to 6 h. p., water or air cooled.
Electric plant, farm, 1500 to 3500 watts, 115 volts, 60 cy
cles, a. c., gasoline engine.
Water system, deep well, y2 h. p. electric motor, 40- to 42gallon capacity pressure tank.
Water system, shallow well, centrifugal or reciprocating
pump, 340 to 500 gallons per hour,
to
h. p.
Windmill, steel, 8-foot diameter.
MONTHLY LABOR
and specifications from January 1946 on each
product. Prices from three reporters are com
bined into an unweighted arithmetic average to
form the composite price series used in the index,3
and certain additional quotations are retained
as stand-by series. The primary market level—
i. e., the first commercial transaction price—is
used. According to the 1939 Census of Business,
nearly 83 percent of the sales of agricultural
machinery, exclusive of tractors, were to whole
salers (including m anufacturers’ wholesale
branches) and to jobbers; and over 95 percent of
the tractors for farm use were distributed to these
two classes of customers. All trade discounts are
deducted; cash discounts are not deducted.
When prices are obtained from cooperatives, the
billing price of the manufacturer to the cooperative
is used.
The items listed in the sample are designated as
the agricultural machinery and equipment sub
group of the metals and metal products group.
Small hand tools such as shovels, rakes, and hoes,
which were included in the former classification,
other agricultural implements, have been trans
ferred to the iron and steel subgroup of metals and
metal products.
Firm Sample
Approximately 70 manufacturers of agricul
tural machinery and equipment are cooperating
with the Bureau by furnishing price data on about
250 items each month. They are well scattered
throughout the principal production centers for
farm equipment, and represent a cross section of
both large and small producers. These firms were
selected on the basis of their importance in pro
ducing the individual machines included in the
index, and not on the basis of the total volume of
their production of all types of farm machinery
and equipment. Prices from three representative
producers of each product are used in the index.
The sources of the price data are confidential.
Prices and Indexes
Generally, four reporters have furnished a
complete historical record of changes in prices
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Specifications for farm machinery, as for most
other highly fabricated products, change fre
quently. When major changes in specifications
occur, the price for the new machine is linked
into the index so as not to affect the level of the
index if it can be determined that there would
have been no adjustment in the price of the old
machine had the manufacturer continued to
produce it. When changes in price and specifica
tions are made simultaneously, the Bureau
obtains, if possible, the value of the specification
modification, and the index reflects only the
3
Composite average prices for the various machines included in the index
were published in Average Wholesale Prices and Index Numbers of In
dividual Commodities in April 1948 (mimeographed report).
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
405
REVISED FARM MACHINERY PRICE INDEXES
amount of the change represented by price
movement.
The 1941 domestic sales values of farm ma
chinery, as reported by the Bureau of the Census
in its “Facts for Industry” series, are the basic
weight data. The 1941 total value was adjusted
by the percentage change shown between 1941
and 1946 in the Bureau of Labor Statistics index
and equipment was linked into the metals and
metal products group index in December 1947.
The results of the revised subgroup of agricultural
machinery and equipment was first reflected in the
indexes of metals and metal products, all com
modities, and other affected groups, in February
1948. This is in accordance with the Bureau’s
policy in that during the period of a major revision
in the primary market price index, such as is now
in progress, the linking of a revised subgroup into
the group index or other affected indexes occurs
Index numbers of wholesale 'prices of agricultural machinery
and equipment
[1926=100]
Farm machinery
Year and month
of prices of agricultural implements. This ad
justed total was apportioned according to the
relative importance of domestic shipments of each
type of machine in 1946. These values, in turn,
were divided by the average 1946 price per unit
as calculated by BLS, to obtain a quantity
multiplier for each machine. The computed
physical quantities are the .weights used in the
calculation of the index.
The revised indexes for farm machinery and for
agricultural machinery and equipment were linked
to the former series for farm machinery and agri
cultural implements, respectively, in December
1947. They are available from January 1946,
thus making possible a monthly comparison of the
former and revised series for a period of 2 years.
The revised subgroup of agricultural machinery
805996— 48-
4
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1946: Average____ _____
January____________
February____ ______
March_____________
April______________
M ay............. ................
June____ ____ ______
July............................
A ugust____________
September_________
October____________
November_________
December____ _____
1947: Average_____ ____
January___________
February__________
March_____________
April_____ _________
M ay_________ _____
June_______________
July____________ —
A ugust..................... .
September_________
October____________
November_________
December____ _____
Revised
series
Former
series
105.3
98.0
98.0
98.2
98.2
102.2
104.9
105.0
108.8
108.9
109.0
112.8
119.6
122.5
120.4
120.5
120.4
120.5
120.8
121.2
121.2
121.6
122.8
124.1
127.0
128.6
106.7
99.1
99.2
99.6
99.6
102.7
108.4
108.7
109.7
109.8
109.9
113.8
118.6
121.0
119.0
119.0
118.2
118.0
119.2
119.7
119.7
119.7
120.8
121.8
126.7
128.6
Agricultural
machinery
and equip
ment
Agricultural
implements
Eevised
series
Former
series
104.8
97.9
97.9
98.0
98.1
102.0
104.5
104.8
108.0
108.2
108.3
111.7
117.9
121.1
119.1
119.3
119.1
119.1
119.5
119.9
119.9
120.4
121.6
122.8
125.5
127.0
105.5
98.1
98.1
98.5
98.6
101.7
107.0
107.2
108.5
108.6
108.7
112.5
117.1
119.6
117.5
117.6
116.8
116.6
117.8
118.2
118.4
118.6
119.6
120.7
125.3
127.0
at the time the revision is completed. The new
indexes for the revised subgroup, however, are
published for the entire period covered by the
revision. The revised indexes for farm machinery
and for agricultural machinery and equipment and
the former series for farm machinery and for agri
cultural implements are shown in the accompany
ing table and charts.
Recent Decisions
of Interest to Labor
Wages and Hours2
Portal Act—Constitutionality. The Sixth Circuit
Court of Appeals has again upheld3the validity of
the Portal-to-Portal Act of 1947. In a previous
case,4the court upheld the validity of sections 9 and
11 of the act (the “good faith” defense). In the
instant case, the court upheld the validity of sec
tion 2, which relieves employers from liability
under the Fair Labor Standards Act for employees’
activities engaged in prior to enactment of the
Portal Act, which were not compensable by reason
of their contract of employment or by reason of any
custom or practice of the employer. Section 2 also
deprives State and Federal courts of jurisdiction in
suits for compensation for such activities under the
Fair Labor Standards Act.
The “work” for which compensation was alleged
to be due consisted of walking time and other pre
liminary activities, which the court held were not
compensable within the meaning of section 2.
The act was not an unconstitutional deprivation of
vested rights of the employees, the court pointed
out; a vested right is an immediate right to the
present or future enjoyment of property, and not
a mere expectancy. The right to compensation
for portal-to-portal activities, had been created by
provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act, as
construed by certain decisions of the United States
Supreme Court. That right was subject to change
1
Prepared in the Office of the Solicitor, U . S. Department of Labor. The
cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant decisions
believed to be of special interest. N o attempt has been made to reflect all
recent judical and administrative developments in the field of labor law or
to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contrary
results may be reached, based upon local statutory provisions, the exist
ence of local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to the issue
presented.
1
This section is intended merely as a digest of some recent decisions involv
ing the Fair Labor Standards Act and the Portal-to-Portal Act. It is not to
be construed and may not be relied upon as interpretation of these acts by
the Administrator of the Wage and Hour D ivision or any agency of the
Department of Labor.
* Fisch v. General Motors Corp. (U. S. C. C. A. (6th), Aug. 2, 1948).
4 Rogers Cartage Co. v. Reynolds, 166 F. (2d) 317.
406
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
by subsequent legislation or decisions, which might
reasonably have been anticipated. The court
pointed out that retroactive laws have been upheld
in civil cases when no vested right was at stake.
At any rate, such rights were held subject to the
power of Congress over interstate commerce.
Congress, in its statement of findings and policy in
section 1 of the Portal Act, declared that the inter
pretation of the fair Labor Standards Act by the
Supreme C ourt6 created a burden on commerce,
and that the purpose of the Portal Act was to
promote the free flow of commerce.
The act was held not to be a usurpation of the ju
dicial power, since there was no attempt to reverse
any final judgment. The jurisdiction of the dis
trict courts, it was pointed out, is more limited by
the Constitution than is that of the Supreme
Court, and may be enlarged or diminished by
Congress. Since their jurisdiction over cases
arising under the Fair Labor Standards Act had
been granted by Congress, it could also be taken
away by Congress.
Portal Act— Good Faith Defense. A recent decision6
by a Federal district court holds that the advice
of an inspector employed by the Wage and Hour
Division of the U. S. Department of Labor is not
an administrative regulation, order, ruling, ap
proval, or interpretation, or an administrative
practice or enforcement policy of an agency of the
United States within the meaning of section 9 of
the Portal-to-Portal Act. Section 9 exonerates
employers from liability under the Fair Labor
Standards Act for acts or omissions made in good
faith in reliance on such a regulation, ruling, order,
approval, interpretation, practice, or enforcement
policy.
The employer had, until May 1943, erroneously
excluded from the employees’ “ regular rate” of
pay an incentive bonus paid to them for time
saved in finishing particular tasks. The court
held that since the bonus was considered part of
the regular compensation and not a gratuity, it
was clearly includible in computing the employees’
regular rate of pay. The court also refused to
allow extra pay for work on Sundays and holidays
to be credited against weekly overtime compensa
tion due under the act.
! Anderson v. M ount Clements Pottery Co. (328 U . S. 680).
1 Burke v. Mesta Machine Co. (U. S. D . C., W. D . Pa., July 27,1948).
DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR
The employing company contended that it was
relieved of any possible liability because it had
acted in reliance upon the statements of certain
inspectors of the Wage and Hour Division. The
first inspector visited the plant in 1940 and, upon
examination of the pay-roll records and after
questioning employees, advised the auditor of the
plant that everything was in order except the
method of keeping records. Three other inspec
tors, who made individual inspections of the plant
at different times, questioned the failure to include
incentive bonus in the regular rate of pay, but did
not request the employer to make any alterations
in compliance with the act. One inspector told
the auditor to wait until he heard from him before
altering his method of computing overtime.
Nothing further was heard from that inspector.
During the period when the inspections were
made, Wage and Hour Division interpretative
bulletins were in existence, all to the effect that
incentive bonuses should be included in the regular
rate of pay for the purpose of computing overtime
due under the act.
The actions and statements of the inspectors
in this case, the court held, could not be considered
rulings, approvals, or interpretations of an agency
of the United States. The intent of Congress in
enacting the Portal Act, the court pointed out, had
been to allow reliance only on the words or actions
of responsible officials authorized to make regu
lations, rulings, orders, interpretations, or ap
provals. Inspectors were clearly not so author
ized. Under the well-settled practice of the Wage
and Hour Division, only the Administrator or
Deputy Administrator (and subsequently the
Solicitor of Labor) could issue interpretative bul
letins, opinion letters, regulations, or rulings.
The employer, being a large corporation, should
have known of the existence of the interpretative
bulletins expressing the opinion that incentive
bonuses were includible in the regular rate of pay.
The employer claimed relief under section 11
of the Portal Act from all liquidated damages due
under section 16 of the Fair Labor Standards Act.
Section 11 of the Portal Act provides for exoner
ation of an employer from all or any part of such
damages, in the discretion of the court, if the
employer’s error was made in good faith and he
had reasonable ground for believing that his
action was not in violation of the Fair Labor
Standards Act.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
407
The court refused to relieve the employer of any
liquidated damages for the period prior to the
visit of the first inspector, and reduced such
damages by only 50 percent for the period between
that visit and the date when his compliance with
the act began. The failure of the inspectors to
order inclusion of the bonus in computing overtime
compensation was held to have given the employer
some reasonable ground to believe he was not
violating the act. This was counteracted, how
ever, by the Wage and Hour Division official
rulings and interpretations to the contrary, of
which the employer should have known.
Portal Act—Activities During Lunch Time. A
district court7 held that employees of a shipyard
could not claim compensation under the Fair
Labor Standards Act for time spent at their posts
of duty during a 30-minute lunch period, even
though on occasions the employees performed
work during that time. The court pointed out
that there had never been any custom or practice
by which such employees were paid for their lunch
periods. Since the employment contract pro
vided for a 30-minute period for lunch on the
employees’ own time, and the men knew, or should
have known, of this provision in their contract,
the court held that the employees’ services were
voluntary and not compensable within the mean
ing of section 2 of the Portal Act.
The majority of employees spent their lunch
time away from their posts of duty, but the few
who stayed at their posts for lunch did so because
their lunch time was irregular and differed from
that of their fellow workers. This circumstance,
the court held, did not make their staying at their
posts compulsory.
The time spent by these employees in actual
work during the lunch period, the court concluded,
was so negligible that it would not even be com
pensable under the U. S. Supreme Court decision8
which it was the purpose of the Portal Act to
counteract.
Labor Relations
Secondary Boycotts. Section 8 (b) (4) (A) of the
National Labor Relations Act, as amended by the
Taft-Hartley Act, makes it an unfair labor
practice for a union to engage in, or induce the
7 T u l l y v . J o s h u a H e n d y C o r p . (U. S. D . C. S. D . Calif., July 28, 1948).
8 A n d e r s o n v. M o u n t C l e m e n t s P o t t e r y C o ., (328 U . S. 680).
408
DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR
employees of any employer to engage in, a strike
or concerted refusal to handle goods if an object of
such action is to require any person to cease doing
business with any other person, or to cease dealing
in the products of any other person. This is the
so-called “secondary boycott’’ prohibition. In a
recent case9a local union was involved in a dispute
with its employer, a manufacturer. A sister local
union quit work because its employer was a dis
tributor of that manufacturer’s products and had
refused to cease dealing in such products on the
sister local’s demand. The National Labor Rela
tions Board held that such activity of the sister
local constituted a secondary boycott in violation
of section 8 (b) (4) (A), pointing out that the
secondary boycott is illegal even if it is merely one
object of union activity rather than the sole or
principal object. It rejected the union’s conten
tions that the prohibition extends only to disputes
over union recognition and that the distributors
were not neutrals but rather were allies of the
manufacturer. It also refused to rule on the
constitutionality of the section, pointing out that
such ruling was a question for the courts, not for
the Board.
Discharge for Abusive Language. Nonunion em
ployees, in substantial numbers, complained to
their employer on several occasions that six of
their fellow employees, all of whom were union
officers, had abused them by calling them insulting
names such as “stool pigeon” as well as other
obscene and abusive epithets. The employer
dismissed the six union officers on the ground that
such conduct on company property and during
working hours created a serious disciplinary
problem, as many of his nonunion employees had
threatened to quit unless such abuse ceased. The
dismissed employees charged that they had been
discriminatorily fired because of their union mem
bership. The Board ruled otherwise,10 holding
that the firings were not discriminatory because
they were motivated by the misconduct of the
employees 8nd not by antiunion considerations.
Two Board members dissented on the ground that
the evidence indicated that the dismissals were
antiunion in motive, and that the abusive language
used by the dismissed employees was not a suffi
cient cause for discharge since such language is not
8 In re Distillery Workers Union (77 N L R B No. 61, July 23, 1948).
ICIn re Sunland Biscuit Co., Inc. (78 N L R B No. 85, July 30, 1948).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
uncommon among employees in manufacturing
plants.
Political Expenditures by Union. A Federal
district court held 11 that section 304 of the TaftHartley Act, which prohibits union expenditures
in connection with Federal elections, is constitu
tional as applied to the spending of union funds for
an advertisement in a commercial newspaper with
a general circulation and for a radio broadcast.
Both advertisement and broadcast advocated the
defeat of certain representatives to a political
convention called for the purpose of selecting
candidates for Federal office. The court, in reply
to the contention that such prohibition constituted
an abridgment of the freedom of speech guaranteed
by the first amendment, held that the right of the
people by free elections to keep the control of their
own government is “truly fundamental and pre
ponderant even over the freedom of the first
amendment. With that right gone, the ultimate
power of the people to enforce their other constitu
tional rights will also be gone; enforcement there
after will occur only as a matter of grace.” The
court took the position that the political activities
of large aggregations of capital or labor may be
strong enough to endanger free elections; hence,
Congress has the power to restrict their political
activities. It pointed out that such aggregations
owe their strength to special privileges and im
munities conferred upon them for their discharge
of a public economic function.
No Hearing for Noncomplying Union. The TaftHartley Act requires unions to file certain financial
and organizational data as a prerequisite to re
course by them to procedures under the act. The
NLRB directed an election to determine an ex
clusive bargaining representative. A union which
had not filed the required financial and organiza
tional data, but which had a collective agreement
with the employer involved, sought a hearing
prior to the Board’s directing such election. The
Board refused to grant the hearing, because of the
union’s noncompliance. The union then sought
an injunction in a Federal court against the
Board, contending that its denial of a hearing
violated the act and denied the noncomplying
union due process of law. The court sustained 12
11 U. S. v. Painters Union (U. S. D . C., D , of Conn., July 28, 1948).
u Fay v. Douds (U. S. D . C., S. D . N . Y ., July 2, 1948).
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR
the Board, holding that the act does not require a
hearing with respect to any question which the
Board is forbidden to investigate, and that the
Board is forbidden to investigate any question
concerning representation raised by a noncomply
ing union. Such denial of a hearing is constitu
tional, inasmuch as the Supreme Court had
already sustained the constitutionality of the
act's requirement that, as a condition for inclusion
on the ballot in a representation election, financial
and organizational data must be filed.
Hiring Halls Under the Taft-Hartley Act. The
NLRB has held 13 that the hiring-hall arrange
ment in the maritime industry is unlawful.
The union refused to enter into a collective
agreement with the employer unless the latter
consented to continuance of the previous hiringhall arrangements, under which the union had
referred to the employer prospective employees
for available job vacancies. The evidence in
dicated that these previously existing arrange
ments had operated to discriminate in favor of
the employment of union members as against
nonmembers. On the basis of that finding, the
Board ruled that the union's refusal to enter into
a collective agreement because it did not include
a provision for hiring through the union hiring
hall, violated the amended National Labor Re
lations Act. Section 8(b)(2) of this act prohibits
all union attempts to cause employers to discrimi
nate against nonunion employees or job appli
cants; and section 8(b)(3) makes it an unfair
labor practice for a union to refuse to bargain in
good faith with the employer.
The Board based its conclusion upon the theory
that an attempt to cause an employer to sign a
hiring-hall agreement is an attempt to enter into
an arrangement that would discriminate against
nonunion employees. This would constitute a
violation of the act, and a strike to compel the
signing of such an agreement, the Board indicated,
would be an unfair labor practice on the part of
the union. With respect to the conclusion that
the union had failed to bargain in good faith,
the Board took the position that the act “does
not permit the insistence, as a condition precedent
to entering into a collective-bargaining agreement,
that the other party to the negotiations agree to
a provision or take some action which is unlawful
or inconsistent with the basic policy of the act."
In the statement of its opinion in this case, the
Board made several other rulings: (1) That a
refusal by a union to bargain, in violation of
section 8(b)(3), does not in itself constitute
“restraint" or “coercion" of employees in the
exercise of their rights, in violation of section
8(b)(1) (A); and (2) that under the Taft-Hartley
Act the Board lacks authority to assess against
unions money damages which result from strikes,
even when such strikes are themselves violations
of the act.
Veterans’ Reemployment
Discharge for Cause. A circuit court of appeals
held14 that the discharge of a veteran for failure
to join a union with which his employer had a
closed-shop agreement was a discharge for “cause"
within the meaning of the veterans’ reemploy
ment provisions of the Selective Training and
Service Act of 1940. The discharge occurred
prior to enactment of the Labor Management
Relations Act of 1947, which prohibits the closed
shop.
When the veteran was first employed, prior to
entering the service, he paid for working permits
required of nonmembers by the closed-shop
agreement, and subsequently paid a union initia
tion fee. However, after his reinstatement, the
veteran refused to join the union and was dis
charged by his employer pursuant to the closedshop agreement.
In holding that the discharge was lawful, the
appellate court ruled that a condition of employ
ment effective before a veteran's induction and
after his reinstatement, to which the veteran has
himself subscribed, may not be disregarded either
by him or by his employer. Not to discharge the
veteran would have meant that the employing
company must break its contract with the union
and run the risk of disrupting its labor relations
and of a possible strike. The discharge was not
unreasonable under these circumstances.
Seniority Eights. Adverse Union Agreement During
Veteran's Absence. A recent decision of the Ninth
Circuit Court of Appeals 15dealt with an important
i* K e m
p
v.
J o h n C h a tillo n & S o n s , I n c .,
11 A e r o n a u t ic a l I n d u s t r i a l D i s tr i c t L o d g e
is I n
re N a t i o n a l M a r i t i m e U n io n
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(78 N L R B N o. 137, August 17, 1948).
409
July 26. 1948).
(U. S. C. C. A. (3d), July 6,1948).
v. C a m p b e ll (U. S. C. C. A. (9th),
410
DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR
question involving seniority rights arising under
the veterans’ reemployment statutes. Before the
veteran’s induction, an agreement between his
employer and a union provided that lay-offs were
to be made on a basis of straight seniority or
length of service. During the veteran’s absence in
the service, the contract was modified so as to
give union chairmen top seniority in lay-offs.
Under this provision, which continued in effect
after the veteran was reinstated, he was laid off
within 1 year of his reinstatement because of lack
of work, while union chairmen with shorter length
of service continued in active employment.
In an action by the veteran for damages, the
circuit court, affirming the judgment of the district
court, ruled in favor of the veteran. It expressly
disagreed with the Third Circuit Court of Appeals,
which, in a case 16 raising the same question, had
held by a 2 to 1 decision that a veteran may be
adversely affected by a union agreement changing
seniority rules, although the agreement was made
in his absence, provided that the agreement is not
arbitrary nor discriminatory. The third circuit
majority opinion pointed out that the Supreme
Court had held 17 veterans were not entitled to
superseniority, but only to the same seniority they
would have had if they had not entered the service.
If they had continued to work, it was held, they
would have been affected by the subsequent union
agreement giving top seniority to union officials.
The ninth circuit court, however, adopted the
views of the third circuit dissenting opinion, which
stated that it was futile to speculate on what
seniority the veteran would have had if he had
not entered the service, and that the Supreme
Court, while denying superseniority, referred to
veterans’ restored reemployment rights as ‘‘ex
traordinary statutory security,” which could not
be altered adversely even by a collective-bargain
ing agreement.
Decisions of State Courts
California—Refusal To Cross Picket Line. An em
ployer sought an injunction in a lower State court18
requiring a union tq abide by a collective-bargain16 O a u w e il e r v. E l a s ti c S t o p N u t C o r p . (162 F . (2d) 448).
11 F is h g o ld v. S u l li v a n D r y d o c k & R e p a i r C o r p . (328 U. S. 275); T r a ilm o b ile
C o . v. W h i r l s (331 U. S. 40).
18 F r u e h a u f T r a i le r C o . v. I n t e r n a t io n a l U n io n , U . A . W . (Calif. Super. Ct.,
L . A. County, July 29, 1948).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ing agreement which the employer alleged had
been breached by the union. The collective
agreement prohibited strikes during the life of the
agreement, but expressly provided that it should
not be applicable to plant guards. During the
contract term, an organization of the plant guards
employed in the enterprise set up a picket line.
Thereafter, several hundred members of the con
tracting union remained away from work, the
union conceding that one reason for such stoppage
was the fact that its members refused to cross the
picket line. The union contended, however, that
this refusal to work was not a breach of the con
tract, because an implied term of such an agree
ment is that refusal to cross a picket line is per
mitted. The court refused to read any such
implication into the agreement and held that the
work stoppage constituted a breach in violation
of the contract which justified the granting of a
preliminary injunction.
Pennsylvania—Injunction Against Union Coer
cion. An appellate State court held 19 that picket
ing to compel an employer to force his employees
to join a union is picketing for an unlawful object
and may be restrained by injunction. The
Pennsylvania anti-injunction act prohibits the
issuance of injunctions in labor disputes, but also
provides that the prohibition shall not apply
when a majority of the employees are nonunion
and when a union engages in conduct having the
effect of compelling an employer to violate the
State labor relations act. The latter statute
specifically guarantees employees the right not to
join a union, and makes it an unfair labor practice
for an employer to interfere with, restrain, or
coerce employees in the exercise of this right.
In the instant case, the majority of the employees
were not members of the union. The union
picketed to compel the employer either to force
his employees to join the union or to discharge
them and hire union members in their places.
The picketing, therefore, was for an unlawful
purpose and was clearly outside the protection
of the State anti-injunction act, the court held,
and thus justified the use of its general equity
powers to restrain the unlawful conduct by issuing
an injunction against it.
19 W il b a n k v.
C h e s te r H o te l U n io n
(Pa. Supreme Ct., E. D ., July 6,1948).
Chronology of
Recent Labor Events
August 16, 1948
T he U n it e d S ta tes C ir c u it C ourt of Appeals, in Cin
cinnati, in a case involving the Foreman’s Association of
America and the Edward G. Budd Manufacturing Co., up
held the provision of the LMRA of 1947 which removes
statutory protection from supervisors. The effect was
held to be that employers are free to discharge supervisors
for joining unions and to interfere with their union activi
ties. The United States Supreme Court had returned the
case (National Labor Relations Board v. Budd) to the lower
court for reconsideration of a decision given under the
previous act. (Source: Labor Relations Reporter, 22
LRRM, p. 2414.)
August 17
T h e NLRB unanimously ruled, in a precedent decision,
that the National Maritime Union of America (CIO) and
seven of its officials violated the LMRA of 1947 (sections
8b (2) and (3)), by insisting that the Texas Co. and three
other Great Lakes oil tanker firms sign agreements for con
tinuation of hiring-hall practices and by striking in support
of their demands (see Chron. item for June 3, 1948, in
MLR, July 1948; also Hiring Halls under Taft-Hartley
Act, p. 409 of this issue). (Source: NLRB release, R-118,
Aug. 19, 1948.)
M e m b e r s of th e Textile Workers Union of America (CIO)
totaling 15,000 in the New York Metropolitan area reached
a 2-year agreement with 300 employers in the textile
dyeing and finishing industry, thereby averting a scheduled
strike. The settlement included a general wage increase of
12 cents an hour and certain fringe payments. The agree
ment extends to September 30, 1950, and provides for a
wage reopening. (Source: CIO News. August 23, 1948.)
August 18
T h e N a tio na l M a ritim e U n io n —one of 3 CIO unions
enjoined from striking on the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts—
reached a settlement for 60,000 members based on the
Seafarers’ International Union (AFL) contract of August
13, thereby retaining hiring-hall provisions pending final
court adjudication, and winning similar wage increases for
most ratings (see Chron. item for Aug. 13, 1948, in MLR,
Sept. 1948.) On August 25, the National Marine Engi
neers’ Beneficial Association won a 6-percent wage increase
and other benefits and retained its hiring practices. On
August 27, the American Radio Association won a 6-per
cent rise for 1,400 officers. (Source: BLS monthly Report
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
on Current Wage Developments, Sept. 1, 1948, p. 39;
NMU Pilot, Aug. 20, 1948; New York Times, Aug. 19,
26, 27, 28, 1948.)
August 21
H ourly w a g e in c r e a s e s of 5 to 24 cents, affecting 2,700
atomic plant workers of the Carbide and Carbon Chemicals
Corp., Oak Ridge, Tenn., were approved by Local 228,
United Gas, Coke, and Chemical Workers of America
(CIO), under the wage reopening provision of a contract
expiring June 9, 1949. (Source: New York Times, Aug.
22, 1948.)
On August 24, an unauthorized 7-day walk-out of some
3,300 AFL construction and maintenance workers at the
Los Alamos (N. Mex.) atomic energy project was settled
by agreement that the men were to return to work without
being discriminated against (see also MLR, Sept. 1948,
p. 288). (Source: New York Times, Aug. 24, 1948.)
On September 3, the President appointed a special com
mission to study the adequacy of collective bargaining
methods and the entire problem of labor relations in
Government-owned, privately operated atomic energy
installations, and to make recommendations. Members
appointed: William H. Davis (chairman), Aaron Horvitz, and Edwin E. Witte. (Source: White House re
lease, Sept. 3, 1948; Cong. Record, June 18, 1948, p. 9091.)
T he F e d e r a l C o urt in New York, following the appoint
ment and report of a Presidential board of inquiry, tem
porarily restrained the International Longshoremen’s As
sociation (AFL) from striking against East Coast com
panies. On August 24, it further enjoined the union’s
45,000 members from striking for an 80-day period.
(Source: Federal Register, Vol. 13, p. 4779; Labor Relations
Reporter, 22 LRRM, p. 2421; and New York Times, Aug.
25, 1948. For issues in dispute, see MLR, Sept. 1948, p.
289.)
August 22
T h e NLRB, in a precedent decision, in the case of the
Midland Building Co., Kansas City, Mo., declined to
assert jurisdiction over the maintenance employees of a
general office building occupied partly by the clerical
staffs of companies engaged in interstate commerce. The
case arose out of a request for a decertification election.
(Source: NLRB release R-117, Aug. 23, 1948.)
August 24
G e n e r a l M otors C o r p . announced a 3-cent-an-hour
quarterly cost-of-living wage increase for 265,000 hourly
rated employees beginning September 1, under recent
union agreements made with the United Auto Workers
(CIO) and United Electrical Workers (CIO) (see MLR,
July 1948, p. 1). In addition, 68,000 salaried employees
of the company were to receive $25 extra in September,
under a somewhat different formula. (Source: NewYork
Times, Aug. 24, 1948.)
411
412
CHRONOLOGY OF LABOR EVENTS
August 31
T h e N ew J e r se y C h a n cer y C o u r t held the Brewers
Union Local No. 2, an affiliate of the International Union
of United Brewery, Flour, Cereal, Soft Drink, and Dis
tillery Workers of America (CIO), had the right, by will
of its membership, to withdraw from the parent organiza
tion, regardless of its motives, and dismissed a preliminary
injunction against the local. (Source: Labor Relations
Reporter, 22 LRRM, p. 2453.)
September 1
T h e U n it e d A uto W or k er s (CIO) ended a 16-day strike
of 24,000 workers in seven plants of the International
Harvester Co. called over terms for a new agreement. The
settlement provided for individual plant contracts instead
of a single company contract, as formerly. Issues were
working conditions, about 60,000 members of various
unions having obtained an 11-cent hourly wage increase
on June 24. (For further details, see MLR, Sept. 1948,
p. 287.) (Source: CIO News, Sept. 6, 1948.)
T h e U n it e d M in e W o r k er s op A m erica (Ind.) an
nounced that payment of pensions of $100 a month to
eligible bituminous-coal miners and to anthracite miners
would begin during September 1948, under the two health
and welfare funds established by collective agreement
(see Chron. item for June 25, 1948, in MLR, Aug. 1948).
On September 9, payment was begun to bituminous-coal
miners. (Source: United Mine Workers Journal, Sept. 1
(p. 3) and 15 (p. 3), 1948.)
T h e NLRB, in the case of the Retail Clerks International
Association (AFL) and Times Square Stores Corp., New
York City, unanimously ruled that striking employees who
had been replaced in a strike situation not caused by the
employer’s unfair labor practices were not eligible to vote
in collective bargaining elections, under section 9 (c) (3)
of LMRA of 1947, but that permanent replacements were
eligible. The Board refused to review the strike, holding
that it lacked power to “review the General Counsel’s
administrative dismissals of unfair labor practice charges,
regardless of the grounds for his action.” The decision
arose out of a representation election of July 2, in which
Local 830, Retail, Wholesale, and Department Store
Union (CIO), representing the employees in the past, was
ineligible to appear on the ballot because of noncompliance
with the affidavit and registration requirements of the act.
(Source: NLRB Release R-121, Sept. 1, 1948.)
September 2
T h e NLRB ruled 3 to 2, in the case of Lane-Wells Co., Los
Angeles, and the Oil Workers International Union (CIO),
that a parent union may represent a local’s employees as
sole bargaining agent if both the international and local
are in compliance with LMRA of 1947 as to affidavit and
filing requirements. The Board found that both had been
in compliance originally (see Chron. item for June 8, 1948,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
in MLR, July 1948) and rescinded its order of June 4
dismissing the international’s petition for an election.
(Source: NLRB release, R-120, Sept. 2, 1948.)
T h e P r e sid e n t r e l e a se d the Federal Security Ad
ministrator’s report on a 10-year national health
program, which he had requested in January 1948 (see
Chron. item of May 1, 1948, in MLR, June 1948). Na
tional compulsory health insurance was among the 9 major
recommendations. (Source: New York Times, Sept. 3,
1948, and The Nation’s Health— A Ten-Year Program,
Federal Security Agency, 1948.)
S ome 28,000 workers of 5 maritime unions struck against
West Coast ship owners and stevedoring companies on
expiration of the 80-day anti-strike injunction imposed
under the LMRA of 1947. The International Longshore
men and Warehousemen’s Union (CIO) refused to accept
the controversial hiring-hall provision yielded by em
ployers if subject to final court approval, as stipulated in
recent East Coast agreements (see also p. 394 of this issue).
(Source: New York Times, Sept. 3, 4, 1948.)
September 3
T h e NLRB
r u l e d u n a n im o u sl y , in the case of Chrysler
Corp. and Local 114 of the newly formed United Plant
Guard Workers of America (Ind.), that a union previously
affiliated with a labor federation admitting nonguards,
but which had disaffiliated, was qualified to represent
guards under LMRA of 1947 (section 9 (b) (3)). Accord
ingly, the Board ordered its first representation election
of this type among 600 plant protection employees in the
Chrysler Detroit plants. (Source: NLRB release R-123,
Sept. 8, 1948, and Labor Relations Reporter, Analysis,
p. 77, and 22 LRRM, p. 1394.)
September 8
T h e Michigan Supreme Court, in Local 170, Transport
Workers Union of America {CIO) v. Gadola, declared the
Michigan Labor Mediation (Bonine-Tripp) Act unconsti
tutional, so far as it required compulsory arbitration of
labor disputes in public utilities, with a circuit judge as
chairman in such proceedings. (Source: Labor Rela
tions Reporter, 22 LRRM, p. 2460.)
September 10
M e m b e r s of L odge 751, International Association of
Machinists (Ind.), voted to end its 20-week strike against
the Boeing Airplane Co., Seattle, on terms proposed in the
NLRB trial examiner’s report of July 24, which recom
mended that all strikers be reinstated without loss of
seniority or former rights.
On April 22, the strike involving nearly 15,000 produc
tion and maintenance employees had started (for discus
sion, see MLR, Aug. 1948, p. 152, MLR, Sept. 1948, p.
300 {Graham v. Boeing), and p. 396 of this issue). (Source:
Labor, Sept. 18, 1948, and NLRB release R-109, July 25,
1948.)
Publications
of Labor Interest
Special Reviews
Effective Labor Arbitration: The Impartial Chairmanship of
the Full-Fashioned Hosiery Industry. By Thomas
Kennedy. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania,
Wharton School of Finance and Commerce, Industrial
Research Department, 1948. 286 pp., bibliography.
(Research Study XXXIV .) $3.50, University of
Pennsylvania Press.
Arbitration as the terminal point in grievance pro
cedures was recommended by both labor and management
representatives at the President’s National Labor-Manage
ment Conference of 1945. It was recognized that unless
satisfactory terminal points for grievance procedures are
developed, industrial peace may be marred by stoppages,
and efficiency in production may be hindered by the
festering of grievances and the challenging of management’s
claim to administrative initiative.
Can arbitration prevent these consequences? Can in
dustrial peace be preserved with satisfaction to both labor
and management? Can arbitration be effective in a
partially unionized, competitive industry with association
wide collective bargaining and a piece-rate wage system?
These questions are answered affirmatively in this book,
which describes and evaluates the procedures, techniques,
and principles of the permanent arbitration system estab
lished in 1929 in the unionized section of the hosiery
industry, an industry in which strikes and stoppages have
been virtually eliminated.
The arbitration system—the impartial chairmanship—
is a mediation and arbitration system voluntarily estab
lished and maintained by the employers’ association and
the American Federation of Hosiery Workers as a part of
their national labor agreement. Under this system, the
parties agree to submit all problems which arise during the
life of the contract, and which they cannot settle by
negotiation, to the permanent impartial chairman for
final and binding settlement (except for requests for changes
in the general wage level). The impartial chairman interE ditor’s N ote.—Correspondence regarding the publications to which
reference is made in this list should be addressed to the respective publishing
agencies mentioned. Where data on prices were readily available, they have
been shown with the title entries.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
prets and applies the agreement, and at times makes new
rules to govern conditions not covered by its provisions.
In rendering decisions on the various problems presented
to him, the impartial chairman creates a system of indus
trial common law which constitutes “a body of accepted
principles which now serve as precedents” and which guide
the parties in their day-to-day negotiations. Basic to
this industrial code, according to the author, who has
served as impartial chairman, is the establishment and
protection of employees’ rights by methods which main
tain and strengthen, rather than weaken, the powers
which management requires for efficiency of operations.
As a result, this body of common law has lent stability
to the bargaining system and has made uninterrupted
production possible; has released union and management
officials for more productive work; and has improved em
ployee morale and fostered willingness to cooperate with
management, individually and through the union, in the
introduction of new equipment and techniques.— A. W.
Work and Effort: The Psychology of Production.
By
Thomas Arthur Ryan. New York, Ronald Press
Co., 1947. 323 pp., charts. $4.50.
The book with this intriguing title actually is a system
atic survey of investigations in the field of applied indus
trial psychology. The field which the author has staked
out within this concept covers a considerable variety of
item s: metabolism and muscle fatigue, fatigue in sedentary
work, productivity, work methods and efficiency, incen
tives and motivations, boredom, time standards and rate
setting, merit rating and job evaluations, accident prone
ness, and skill and practice. Aside from bringing to
gether data in these fields, the writer makes his own con
tribution in his critical examination of the work that has
been done in each of the areas, and in his objective
evaluation of results and shortcomings.
The text is intended primarily as an orientation for
future work by psychologists. As the author points out
again and again, most of the work done in this field has
been conducted in laboratories and consequently has
suffered from failure to take into account the many other
factors affecting a worker’s performance on the job.
The author’s solution for this situation is contained in
his last sentence: “Once more we come back to our much
repeated point that industry cannot expect decisive aid
from psychology until it actively maintains research pro
grams directed toward the solution of its particular prob
lems, not only its immediate, everyday problems, but also
the broad fundamental questions which underlie them.”
The difficulty with this approach, however, is that the
problem is caught on both horns of a dilemma. Obviously
the best answer to the inadequacy of laboratory experi
ments is to conduct experiments in the workplace itself.
This, however, would require that an employer manipulate
his work arrangements (rest pauses, shift rotations, wage
incentives, hours and work schedules, and the many other
factors to be studied) so as to suit the needs of the experi
mental psychologist.
On the other hand, for experiments of this type to be
successful, it is necessary that the work force be unaware
413
414
P U BLIC ATIO N S OF LA B O R IN T E R E S T
that its performance is being studied. This was dramati
cally illustrated by the famous Hawthorne study, in which
a small number of workers were studied over a long period
of time in order to determine the effects of various types of
working conditions. The experiment misfired because
the workers knew that they were being studied and they
made it a point to keep up their production regardless of
the improvement or worsening of their working conditions.
The conclusion arrived at in the study was that motivation
was more important than working conditions—a conclusion
which may be open to question.
It would seem that applied psychology will have to
continue to be what it is—a pioneering effort which may
indicate to management various factors to be taken into
account, and some possible leads, but no conclusive answers.
— M. D. K.
Absenteeism
Absenteeism and Injury Experience of Older Workers.
By
Max D. Kossoris. Washington, U. S. Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1948. 4 pp., charts. >(Serial No. R.
1928; reprinted from Monthly Labor Review, July
1948.) Free.
Illness Absenteeism in Manufacturing Plants in 194-7.
By
Max D. Kossoris. Washington, U. S. Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1948. 3 pp. (Serial No. R. 1919;
reprinted from Monthly Labor Review, March 1948.)
Free.
Agricultural Workers
Agricultural Workers Under National Labor Relations Laws.
By Fred Witney. Urbana, University of Illinois,
Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations, 1948.
32 pp. (Publications Series A, Vol. 2, Special.)
5 cents.
The Hired Farm Working Force of 1947.
Washington,
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Agri
cultural Economics, 1948. 16 pp.; processed.
Results of a sample survey, with comparisons from a
similar survey for 1945. These surveys supplement the
monthly employment series and quarterly wage series.
This report includes information on such matters as time
worked and cash wages earned at farm work and the
composition of the hired farm working force. It is shown,
for example, that only 36 percent of the farm wage workers
were restricted to hired farm work, the other 64 percent
comprising farm operators, workers engaged mainly or
partly at nonfarm work, and students or others not
ordinarily in the labor force.
Trends in the Tenure Status of Farm Workers in the United
States Since 1880. By Carl C. Taylor, Louis J.
Ducoff, Margaret J. Hagood. Washington, U. S.
Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Agricultural
Economics, 1948. 36 pp.; processed.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
Child and Youth Employment
The Case for Sixteen Year Employment Laws. New York,
National Child Labor Committee, 1948. 8 pp., map.
(Pamphlet No. 392.) Rev. ed.
A Guide to Child-Labor Provisions of the Fair Labor Stand
ards Act (The Federal Wage and Hour Law). Wash
ington, U. S. Department of Labor, Wage and Hour
and Public Contracts Divisions, Child Labor Branch,
1948. 15 pp. (Child-Labor Bull. No. 101.) Free.
International Labor Conference, 81st Session, San Francisco,
1948: Report of the Governing Body of the International
Labor Office Upon the Working of the Convention (No.
6) Concerning the Night Work of Young Persons
Employed in Industry (1919). Geneva, International
Labor Office, 1948. 24 pp. 25 cents. Distributed
in United States by Washington Branch of ILO.
Supplementary Investigation of the Logging and Sawmilling
Industries: A Report on Occupational Hazards to
Young Workers. Washington, U. S. Department of
Labor, Wage and Hour and Public Contracts D ivi
sions, Child Labor Branch, 1948. 39 pp.; processed.
(No. 4-C.) Free.
The investigation served as a basis for revising and
extending the coverage of Hazardous Occupations Order
No. 4, issued under the child-labor provisions of the Fair
Labor Standards Act. Text of the revised order is given
in an appendix.
Youth Enters the Labor Market.
(In Employment Service
Review, U. S. Department of Labor, Employment
Service, Washington, May 1948, pp. 3-40, bibliog
raphy, illus. 15 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.)
Symposium on various subjects pertinent to the
employment of young persons.
Cost and Standards of Living
Expenditures of Moderate-Income Families: 1934-86 and
1945. Washington, U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1948. 5 pp. (Serial No. R. 1926; reprinted from
Monthly Labor Review, June 1948.) Free.
How Families Use Their Incomes.
Washington, U. S.
Department of Agriculture, 1948. 64 pp., charts.
(Miscellaneous Pub. No. 653.) 30 cents, Superin
tendent of Documents, Washington.
Largely a graphic presentation of types and trends of
family expenditures, with considerable tabular data.
Farm and nonfarm conditions are compared.
Workers’ Budgets in the United States: City Families and
Single Persons, 1946 and 1947. Washington, U. S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1948. 55 pp., chart.
(Bull. No. 927; reprinted from Monthly Labor
Review, February 1948, with additional data.) 25
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
Income and Living Costs in Alaska in 194-3-45, Including
a Report of Housing Characteristics of PrivatelyFinanced Dwellings in Juneau, Fairbanks, and Anchor
age. By Pauline B. Paro. Washington, U S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1948.
processed. Free.
112 pp., charts;
El Subconsumo en América del Sur— Alimentos, Vestuario
y Vivienda. By Moisés Poblete Troncoso. Santiago,
Chile, Editorial Nascimento, 1946. 428 pp., biblio
graphy.
Documented study of consumption habits and the
standard of living in South America.
Economic and Social Problems
Alternative to Serfdom.
By John Maurice Clark. New
York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1948. 153 pp. $3.
Five lectures at University of Michigan, March 1947.
The lectures deal with old problems such as freedom and
responsibility, the role of the market, and the functions
of political and economic agencies—problems described
by the author as now assuming new forms and fresh
urgency. In the labor field, there are discussions of
“labor’s rise to power,” the problems of wage determination,
and the role of wages in the flow of income and the mainte
nance of adequate levels of employment and economic
activity. Group organization is viewed as an inevitable
and necessary protection for the common man: his alter
native to serfdom. In general, the author deplores depend
ence on any automatic mechanism such as the competitive
market or any ready-made formula such as that of the
Keynesian doctrine. Our economy depends, he states,
on its ability to command willing cooperation; and political
democracy must be achieved and continually earned or
it ceases to have reality.
Mechanization Takes Command—A Contribution to Anony
mous History. By Siegfried Giedion. New York,
Oxford University Press, 1948. 743 pp., diagrams,
illus. $12.50.
A study of the evolution of mechanization, primarily
for the purpose of understanding its effects on the human
being. The author believes that the changes he describes
have split our modes of thinking from our modes of feeling.
Mechanization, he states, has been misused to exploit both
earth and man, with complete irresponsibility, and he
argues for a new point of view which would subordinate
technology to human needs and reinstate basic human
values. The volume, although philosophical in approach
and outlook, is a detailed and elaborately illustrated study
of technological changes, especially those most intimately
affecting modes of everyday living and the nature of the
surroundings of human beings in their homes. Special
attention is given to mechanization in the United States,
where, the author states, it is inextricably woven into the
pattern of thought and customs.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
415
P U BLICATIO NS OF L A B O R IN T E R E S T
Modern Economics.
By A. E. Burns, A. C. Neal, D. S.
Watson. New York, Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1948.
954 pp., bibliography, charts. $5.
In this new introductory text, the authors take advan
tage of the expository possibilities of a national income
approach to present a broad factual and theoretical cover
age of the main outlines of the study of economics on an
elementary level. An effort is made to reflect the changes
in the general approach and body of economic thought
resulting from the impact of Keynes; and a national income
approach is readily adapted to the new emphasis on aggre
gative analysis and consumption-savings-investment rela
tionships. One curious consequence is that the business
cycle receives less rather than more attention than one
would expect in a modern text of this scope.
Education and Training
Digest of Annual Reports of State Boards for Vocational
Education to the Office of Education, Division of
Vocational Education, fiscal year ended June 30, 1947.
Washington, Federal Security Agency, Office of Edu
cation, Division of Vocational Education, 1948.
70 pp., charts; processed.
National Apprenticeship Standards for the Photo-Engraving
Industry. Washington, U. S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Apprenticeship, 1948. [17 pp.] Free.
Formulated by American Newspaper Publishers Associ
ation and the International Photo-Engravers’ Union of
North America in cooperation with the Bureau of Ap
prenticeship of the U. S. Department of Labor.
National Standards of Apprenticeship for Terrazo Workers.
Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Apprenticeship, 1948. [15 pp.] Free.
Formulated by National Terrazo and Mosaic Associa
tion, Inc., and Bricklayers, Masons and Plasterers Inter
national Union of America in cooperation with the Bureau
of Apprenticeship.
Testing and Counseling in the High-School Guidance Pro
gram. By John G. Darley. Chicago, Science Re
search Associates, 1947. 222 pp., bibliographies,
charts. $2.95.
General survey of the problems of the high-school coun
selor, including outlines and explanations of standard
achievement tests and suggestions for wider and more
adequate counseling programs.
Proceedings of the Second Annual Training Conference of
Educational Directors in Industry and Commerce, May
6-7, 1948, Montreal, Quebec. Montreal, Canadian
Industrial Trainers’ Association,
processed.
1948.
126 pp.;
Vocational Guidance in Poland. By Seweryn Hartman.
{In International Labor Review, Geneva, June 1948,
pp. 591-602. 50 cents. Distributed in United States
by Washington Branch of ILO.)
416
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
Guaranteed Wage
Industrial Hygiene
The Guaranteed Annual Wage.
Industrial Medicine and Hygiene.
By Alexander Calder and
Janies L. Knipe. Washington, National Planning
Association, 1948. 38 pp. (Planning Pamphlet No.
63.) 50 cents.
Discussion of possible economic consequences of a very
rapid spread of annual wage plans throughout industry.
The increased wage bill resulting from general adoption of
the guaranteed annual wage, the authors state, might be
slightly offset by tax reduction and increased productivity
but would be borne mainly by consumers. Perhaps
more important, “there might be such decrease in labor
mobility as to retard seriously the great long-range devel
opments leading to permanently higher standards of living.”
For rapidly fluctuating sectors of industry, the authors con
clude that “perhaps it is better to rely on other techniques
to improve worker income stability.” To date, the limited
experience in the steadier sectors of industry “indicates that
the guaranteed annual wage has real possibilities, and
deserves careful consideration by top management.”
Guaranteed Wage Plans in the United States: A Report on
the Extent and Nature of Guarantee Plans and the Ex
perience of Selected Companies. Washington, U. S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1948. 90 pp. (Bull. No.
925.) 35 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Wash
ington.
Contains a section on experience with 62 selected guar
antee plans, and an appendix on the basic data studied.
Guaranteeing Security for the Worker. By Jules Backman
and Joseph Keiper. (In Dun’s Review, New York,
June 1948, pp. 20-22, et seq.)
Brief examination of the economic characteristics of the
industries which include the “big three” (George A. Hormel & Co., Procter & Gamble Co., and Nunn-Bush Co.)
guaranteed wage plans, and of the individual firms them
selves, as an aid toward understanding the type of economic
environment in which such plans have had their greatest
success.
MONTHLY LABOR
Abstracts of proceed
ings of industrial health meetings, Boston, March 27
to April 4, 1948. Reported by C. O. Sappington,
M.D. (In Industrial Medicine, Chicago, June 1948,
pp. 225-232, illus. 75 cents.)
Medical Problems Encountered in the Manufacture of
American-Made Rubber. By R. H. Wilson, M.D.,
G. V. Hough, M.D., W. E. McCormick. (In In
dustrial Medicine, Chicago, June 1948, pp. 199-207,
bibliography. 75 cents.)
Deals with the principal ingredients of the butadiene
type of rubber, their toxic effects on workers, medical
treatment in the plant, and control of hazards.
Methyl Bromide Poisoning—Review of the Literature. By
Ludwig Teleky, M.D.
(In Monthly Review, of
Division of Industrial Hygiene and Safety Standards,
New York State Department of Labor, New York,
June 1948, pp. 21-24, bibliography.)
Therapeutic and Industrial Uses of Music—A Review of
the Literature. By Doris Soibelman. New York,
Columbia University Press, 1948.
raphy. $3.
274 pp., bibliog
The Natural Lighting of Industrial Buildings.
[Mel
bourne?], Australia, Department of Labor and Na
tional Service, Industrial Welfare Division, 1948.
83 pp., bibliography, diagrams, illus. (Bull. No. 11.)
2s.
Industrial Relations
Attitude Prediction in Labor Relations—A Test of “ Under
standing.” By Lester M. Libo. Stanford, Calif.,
Stanford University, Division of Industrial Relations,
[1948?]. 18 pp., bibliography. (Studies in Industrial
Relations, No. 10.)
Benefit Plan Provisions of Collective Agreements and Federal
and State Social Security Laws. (In Bulletin of the
Proposals for Coordinating Guaranteed Annual Wages and
Unemployment Insurance. Washington, Federal Se
Metal Trades Department, American Federation of
Labor, Washington, May 1948, pp. 1-8.)
curity Agency, Social Security Administration, Bu
reau of Employment Security, 1948. 18 pp.; proc
essed. (Attachment to Unemployment Compensa
tion Program Letter No. 136, Sup. 1.)
Analysis of recommendations for coordinating unem
ployment insurance and guaranteed wages, made by the
Advisory Board of the Office of War Mobilization and Re
conversion in its report on guaranteed wages, with discus
sion of present and possible relationships.
Collective Bargaining: Lawyers’ Role in Negotiations and
Arbitrations. By W. Willard Wirtz. (In American
Guaranteed Wages: Increased Security Over Wide Field.
(In Labor and Industry in Britain, British Informa
tion Services, New York, etc., June 1948, pp. 82-84.)
Reviews provisions made in collective-bargaining agree
ments in Great Britain, since World War II, for the guar
anteed week in a wide range of industries. A tabulation
shows extent of the guaranty, by industry.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Bar Association Journal, Chicago, July 1948, pp.
547-552. 75 cents.)
Collective Bargaining Provisions: Apprentices and Learners.
Washington, U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1948.
44 pp. (Bull. No. 908-4.) 15 cents, Superintendent
of Documents, Washington.
Labor Relations in the Air Transport Industry Under the
Amended Railway Labor Act. By E. B. McNatt.
Urbana, University of Illinois, Institute of Aeronau
tics, 1948. 27 pp. (Aeronautics Bull. No. 3.)
Union Attitudes on the Application of Industrial Engineering
Techniques to Collective Bargaining. By William
Gomberg. (In Personnel, New York, May 1948,
pp. 443-454.
$1.)
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
Industrial Regulation in Australia: A Study of Awards,
Method of Remuneration Fixation, and the Status of
Trade Unions Under the Australian Regulative System.
By Orwell de R. Foenander. Melbourne, University
Press, 1947. 232 pp. 17s. 6d.
Canadian Strike Trends.
By J. I. Griffin.
Affairs, Halifax, July 1948, pp. 184r-189.
(In Public
30 cents.)
(See also under Labor Management Relations Act, 1947.)
State Labor Relations Acts—A Study of Public Policy.
By Charles C. Killingsworth. Chicago, University
of Chicago Press, 1948. 328 pp., bibliography. $4.
Outlines the background provided by Federal legisla
tion up to and including the National Labor Relations
Act of 1935, and analyzes the various State labor relations
acts which followed.
The Good Faith Clauses of the Portal-to-Portal Act: An
Attempt to Introduce Certainty in the Field of Ad
ministrative Law. By Wiliiam S. Tyson. (In Temple
Law Quarterly, Philadelphia, July 1948, pp. 1-11;
also reprinted.)
“ Working Time” and the Portal-to-Portal Act of 1947.
By Johanna M. D ’Amico. (In Federal Bar Journal,
Washington, July 1948, pp. 375-390.
75 cents.)
The Constitutions of the Americas (as of January 1, 1948).
Edited by Russell H. Fitzgibbon and others. Chi
cago, University of Chicago Press, 1948. 847 pp.
(In English.) $10.
A Statement of the Laws of Brazil in Matters Affecting
Business in its Various Aspects and Activities. Wash
ington, Inter-American Development Commission,
1948. 116 pp.; processed. $10.
Includes an 18-page summary of labor and social legis
lation.
(See also under Labor Management Relations Act, 1947.)
Labor Management Relations Act, 1947
The Labor Management Relations Act of 1947: A Topical
Digest. By Richard Powers. (In Southern Eco
nomic Journal, Chap 1 Hill, N. C., July 1948, pp.
67-79. $1.)
Collective Bargaining and the Taft-Hartley Act. By Walter
L. Daykin. (In Iowa Law Review, Iowa City, May
$1.)
Collective Bargaining Under the Taft-Harttey Act. By
Beryl Harold Levy. (In Harvard Business Review,
Boston, Mass., July 1948, pp. 468-479.
$1.50.)
Collective Bargaining, Public Policy, and the National
Labor Relations Act of 1947. By Donald H. Wollett.
(In Washington Law Review and State Bar Journal,
Seattle, August 1948, pp. 205-234.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The Labor Management Relations Act and the Rivival of
the Labor Injunction. (In Columbia Law Review,
New York, July 1948, pp. 759-772.
$1.)
Labor Under the Taft-Hartley Act.
By Julie Meyer. (In
Social Research, New York, June 1948, pp. 194-210.
$ 1.)
The “New” National Labor Relations Act in Operation:
First Eight Months. By William B. Lockhart. (In
Minnesota Law Review, Minneapolis, June 1948, pp.
663-733. $1.)
Labor and Social Legislation
1948, pp. 623-652.
417
P U BLICATIO NS OF L A B O R I N T E R E S T
50 cents.)
The Periodical Press and the Taft-Hartley Act. By Philip
Ash. (In Public Opinion Quarterly, Princeton, N. J.,
Summer 1948, pp. 266-271. $1.50.)
Results of an analysis of attitudes concerning the LaborManagement Relations (Taft-Hartley) Act, 1947, as
reflected by items in 50 periodicals.
The Taft-Hartley Act in Action. By Thomas R. Mulroy.
(In University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 15, No. 3,
Chicago, Spring 1948, pp. 595-637.
$1.)
Labor Organizations and Activities
The Building Service Story.
By James J. Bambrick. New
York, Labor History Press, 1948. 90 pp., charts. $1.
The story of New York's local 32-B of the Building
Service Employees’ International Union (AFL) from the
time of its organization in 1934, as told by its founder and
president for seven years.
The Canadian Labor Press from 1867: A Chronological
Annotated Directory. By Robbins L. Elliott. (In
Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science,
Toronto, May 1948, pp. 220-245; also reprinted.)
Registered Trade Unions in India, 1945-46.
(In Indian
Labor Gazette, Ministry of Labor, Delhi, January
1948, pp. 442-447.)
In addition to the more detailed data for 1945-46, the
article shows the growth of registered trade-unions in
British India, by year, 1927-28 to 1945-46. During this
period, women members increased from 1.2 to 4.5 percent
of the total.
Minority Groups
Compilation of Laws Against Discrimination Because of
Race, Creed, Color, or National Origin. New York,
Executive Department, State Commission Against
Discrimination, 1948. 172 pp.
New York State Law Against Discrimination. By Caro
line K. Simon. (In Women Lawyers Journal, Vol.
X X X III, No. 1, ISjew York, Spring 1947, pp. 51-56.
25 cents.)
The background and operation of New York's antidis
crimination law are described by a member of the State
Commission Against Discrimination.
418
P U BLICATIO NS OF L A B O R IN T E R E S T
Discrimination in Employment: Report of Activities of
Bureau on Jewish Employment Problems, July 194.7.
Chicago, Bureau on Jewish Employment Problems,
1947. 26 pp., charts, illus.; processed.
Integrating the Negro Worker into Factories and Offices.
By J. J. Morrow. (In Service, Tuskegee, Ala.,
March 1948, pp. 23, 32. 25 cents.)
Address by the personnel manager of a Connecticut firm
relating the experience of his own company in the em
ployment of qualified Negro workers.
Old Age Pensions and Assistance
Old Age and Survivors’ Insurance and Old Age Assistance
in the South. By E. J. Eberling. (In Southern
Economic Journal, Chapel Hill, N. C., July 1948,
pp. 54-66, chart. $1.)
Pension Planning Fundamentals. New York, Central
Hanover Bank and Trust Co., 1948. 44 pp.
Recent Amendments to the [Federal] Civil Service Retirement
Act. By Robert J. Myers. (In Social Security
Bulletin, Federal Security Agency, Social Security
Administration, Washington, April 1948, pp. 9-17.
20 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Discussion and evaluation of recent changes in the Act.
Retirement System for Municipal Employees in Cities of
Washington State. Compiled by Donald C. Samp
son. Seattle, University of Washington, Bureau of
Governmental Research and Services, 1948. 21 pp.;
processed. (Report No. 73.)
Personnel and Industrial Management
An Approach to Management. By G. E. Milward. Cam
bridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1947. 82
pp., bibliography. $1.50.
The author, who organized the Management Library
in London, states that the economic period we are now
entering may well be one of “organized cooperation” in
which management assumes the broader meanings which
he attempts to develop— “broader than the old concep
tion of authority maintained by strict discipline.” He
therefore emphasizes the human factor in management
and the art of human sympathy and understanding.
Building Quality into Manpower. New York, American
Management Association, 1948. 35 pp. (Produc
tion Series, No. 179.)
One of the three papers in the pamphlet is on “Use and
results of attitude surveys.”
Counseling Employees. By Earl M. Bowler and Frances
Trigg Dawson. New York, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1948.
247 pp., bibliographies. $4 ($3 to schools).
The writers deal with the development and advantages
of counseling programs, describe how they function, and
make suggestions for their successful operation.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
Improved Foremanship. By Auren Uris.
Macmillan Co., 1948. 280 pp. $3.50.
New York,
Principles of Personnel Testing. By Charles H. Lawshe,
Jr. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1948.
227 pp., charts. $3.50.
Wages and Hours of Labor
Clerical Salary Survey of Rates Paid, A pril 1948. New
York, National Industrial Conference Board, Inc.,
1948. 18 pp. (Studies in Personnel Policy, No. 93.)
Third Annual Survey [o/] Wage Rates, Office and Related
Occupations; Personnel Policies, Office Employees and
Production Employees: Salt Lake City and Vicinity.
Salt Lake City, Industrial Relations Council of Utah,
1948. 28 pp.
Union Wages and Hours: Local Transit Operating Em
ployees, October 1, 1947. Washington, U. S. Bureau
of Labor Statistics, 1948. (Bull. No. 933.) 10
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Fair Wages Conditions in Dominion Government Contracts.
(In Labor Gazette, Department of Labor, Ottawa,
June 1948, pp. 623-625.)
Wage Rates, Hours, and Working Conditions in the Iron and
its Products Industry, [Canada], October 1947. (In
Labor Gazette, Department of Labor, Ottawa, July
1948, pp. 757-770.)
Deals with conditions in the production of crude, rolled,
and forged products; foundry and machine shop products;
and sheet metal products. Data for other branches of the
iron industry will be given in subsequent articles.
Wage Rates, Hours, and Working Conditions in the Logging
Industry, [Canada], 1947.
(In Labor Gazette,
Department of Labor, Ottawa, June 1948, pp. 635639.)
General Reports
The Midyear Economic Report of the President to the Con
gress, July 80, 1948, Together with a Report, The Eco
nomic Situation at Midyear 1948, by the Council of
Economic Advisers. Washington, Government Print
ing Office, 1948. 115 pp., charts. 30 cents, Superin
tendent of Documents, Washington.
Prosperity Decade: A Chapter from American Economic
History, 1917-1929. By George Soule. London,
Pilot Press Limited, 1947. 365 pp., bibliography,
illus. 25s.
Much attention is given to such topics as labor unions,
productivity, and the relative shares of income as affected
by price and wage trends.
EVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
P U BLICATIO NS OF LA B O R IN T E R E S T
ond Report of the International Labor Organization to the
United Nations. Geneva, International Labor Office,
1948. 138 pp. 75 cents. Distributed in United
States by Washington Branch of ILO.
employment Benefits, Wages, and Living Costs, [1939-4-7].
By Joseph Schachter. (In Social Security Bulletin,
Federal Security Agency, Social Security Adminis
tration, Washington, April 1948, pp. 3-9. 20 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.)
France Économique de 1939 à 1946. {In Revue d’Économie Politique, Paris, September-October 1947,
pp. 801-1192.)
Collection of reports reviewing various aspects of the
rench economy between 1939 and 1946. Contains disussions of price trends and national income.
French Reconstruction.
By Elizabeth R, Cameron. New
Haven, Conn., Yale Institute of International
Studies, 1948. 24 pp.; processed.
Analysis of economic conditions and policies in postar France.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
419
Economic Survey [of Great Britain] for 1948.
London,
1948. 62 pp. (Cmd. 7344.) Is. net, H. M. Stationery
Office, London.
Second annual survey of the economic state of the nation,
reviewing prospects and targets for 1948. Recapitulates
objectives of the economic survey for 1947 and examines
degree of fulfillment. The Prime Minister’s “Statement
on Personal Incomes, Costs, and Prices” (Cmd. 7321),
presented to Parliament in February 1948, is reproduced
in an appendix.
Guides to Official Sources: No. 1, Labor Statistics.
London,
Interdepartmental Committee on Social and Eco
nomic Research, 1948. 32 pp. 9d. net, H. M.
Stationery Office, London.
Descriptions of the various statistical series issued by
the British Ministry of Labor and National Service, and
of the methods by which they are collected and compiled.
Fields covered include employment, unemployment,
wage rates, earnings, hours worked, industrial disputes,
industrial accidents and diseases, prices, and family
budgets. Specimen forms used are given in an appendix.
Current Labor Statistics
A.—Employment and Pay Rolls
422 Table A -l: Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, horn
worked, and sex
423 Table A-2: Estimated number of wage and salary workers in nonagricultural es
tablishments, by industry division
423 Table A-3: Estimated number of wage and salary workers in manufacturing indus
tries, by major industry group
424 Table A-4: Estimated number of wage and salary workers in manufacturing indus
tries, by State
425 Table A-5: Estimated number of production workers in manufacturing industries
428 Table A-6: Indexes of production-worker employment in manufacturing industries
430 Table A-7: Indexes of production-worker weekly pay rolls in manufacturing
industries
433 Table A-8: Estimated number of employees in selected nonmanufacturing
industries
A-9:
Indexes
of employment in selected nonmanufacturing industries
434 Table
434 Table A-10: Indexes of weekly pay rolls in selected nonmanufacturing industries
435 Table A -ll: Total Federal employment by branch and agency group
436 Table A-12: Total Federal pay rolls by branch and agency group
437 Table A-13: Total Government employment and pay rolls in Washington, D. C.,
by branch and agency group
438 Table A-14: Personnel and pay in military branch of Federal Government
B.—Labor Turn-Over
438 Table B -l: Monthly labor turn-over rates (per 100 employees) in manufacturing
industries, by class of turn-over
439 Table B-2: Monthly labor turn-over rates (per 100 employees) in selected
industries
C.—Earnings and Hours
441 Table C -l: Hours and gross earnings in manufacturing and nonmanufacturing
industries
452 Table C-2: Estimated average hourly earnings, gross and exclusive of overtime, of
production workers in manufacturing industries
452 Table C-3: Average earnings and hours on private construction projects, by type
of firm
420
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
E
CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS
421
^( -Prices and Cost of Living
Ur,
1
454 Table D -l: Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families in large cities, bygroup of commodities
455 Table D-2: Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families, by city, for
selected periods
456 Table D-3: Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families, by city and
group of commodities
457 Table D-4: Indexes of retail prices of foods, by group, for selected periods
458 Table D-5: Indexes of retail prices of foods, by city
459 Table D-6: Average retail prices and indexes of selected foods
460 Table D-7: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group of commodities, for selected
periods
460 Table D-8: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group of commodities, by weeks
461 Table D-9: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
—Work Stoppages
462 Table E -l: Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes
-Building and Construction
r
b
462 Table F -l: Expenditures for new construction
463 Table F-2: Value of contracts awarded and force-account work started on federally
financed new construction, by type of construction
464 Table F-3: Urban building authorized, by principal class of construction and by
type of building
465 Table F-4: New nonresidential building authorized in all urban places, by general
type and by geographic division
466 Table F-5: Number and construction cost of new permanent nonfarm dwellingunits
started, by urban or rural location, and by source of funds
8 0 5 9 9 6 — 48 — — 5
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
422
MONTHLY LABOR
A: Employment and Pay Rolls
T able A -l: Estimated Total Labor Force Classified by Employment Status, Hours Worked, and Sex
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over 1 (in thousands)
1947
1948
Labor force
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Jan.
Feb.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
Total, both sexes
Total labor force1...................................................
64, 511
65,135
64, 740
61,660
61,760
61,005
61,004
60,455
60,870
61,510
62, 219
62,130
63,017
Civilian labor force_____ ____ _____ ________
Unemployment_______________________
Em ploym ent__ _____________________
Nonagricultural...... ............................ .
Worked 35 hours or more_______
Worked 15-34 h o u r s ......................
Worked 1-14 hours 3 __________
With a job but not at work * ____
Agricultural _____________________
Worked 35 hours or more_______
Worked 15-34 hours____________
Worked 1-14 hours 3____________
With a job but not at work *____
63,186
1,941
61, 245
52,801
42, 305
4,811
1,447
4, 239
8, 444
6,122
1,669
249
405
63, 842
2,227
61,615
52, 452
32, 404
12,147
1,394
6, 508
9,163
7, Oil
1,767
203
184
63, 479
2,184
61,296
51, 899
43, 240
4,910
1,403
2, 348
9, 396
7, 390
1,669
182
154
60,422
1, 761
58, 660
50,800
42, 726
4,886
1,637
1,550
7, 861
5,936
1,513
201
211
60, 524
2,193
58,330
50,883
42,179
4,902
1,776
2,027
7,448
5,670
1,336
187
255
59, 769
2,440
57, 329
50,482
42, 576
4,467
1,684
1,753
6, 847
4, 754
1,397
265
431
59, 778
2, 639
57,139
50,368
40,977
5, 255
1,798
2, 338
6, 771
3,844
1,759
386
782
59,214
2,065
57,149
50,089
42, 242
4,614
1,513
1,721
7, 060
4, 729
1,765
250
315
59, 590 60, 216
1,621
1,643
57, 947 ■58, 595
50, 985 50,609
43,144 42, 616
4,674
5,147
1,631
1,470
1,534
1,376
7,985
6, 962
4, 590
5,709
1,631
1,781
320
298
421
198
60,892
1,687
59, 204
50, 583
43,102
4, 534
1,391
1,556
8, 622
6,867
1,383
204
167
60, 784
1,912
58, 872
50,145
42, 796
3. 988
1,312
2,050
8, 727
7,297
1,077
165
187
61,665
2,096
59, 569
50, 594
41,068
4, 574
1,224
3, 726
8, 975
6, 734
1,687
193
362
Males
T otal labor force s.......................................................
46, 525 | 46,715
46,039
44,519
44,589
44,228
44, 236
44,071
44,156
44, 426
44, 754
44, 881
45,874
C ivilian labor force-..................................................
U n e m p lo y m en t-................................................
E m p lo y m en t..........................
N on agricu ltu ral..........................
Worked 35 hours or m ore________
W orked 15-34 hours...........................
45, 215
1,326
43,889
36,836
31,226
2,599
44, 794
1,375
43,420
36,162
31,700
2,535
43, 298
1,239
42,058
35,386
31,006
2,565
43, 369
1,567
41,801
35,352
30,575
2,525
43, 009
1,765
41,244
35,063
30, 649
2,390
729
1,294
6,181
4,548
1,035
43,026
1,889
41,137
35,046
29, 592
2, 800
899
1, 755
6,091
3,698
1,375
330
42, 846
1,574
41,273
35,018
30, 719
2,414
610
1,275
6.254
4, 505
1.255
43,148
1,176
41,972
35, 323
31,020
2,709
622
972
6,649
5, 236
1,038
194
180
43, 443
1,183
42, 260
35,340
31,476
292
42, 892
1,239
41,653
35,484
31,147
2,411
738
1,187
6,169
4,376
1,177
252
364
6,920
5, 913
736
128
142
43, 551
1,393
42,158
35,202
31,232
2,094
522
1,355
6, 955
6,175
523
87
169
44, 540
1,518
43,022
35, 452
30,302
2,506
487
2,156
7,570
6,191
937
141
303
Worked 1-14 hours a____ ____
W ith a job but not at work ♦____
A gricultural...... ................
W orked 35 hours or m ore________
W orked 15-34 hours_______
W orked 1-14 hours s_____________
W ith a job b ut n ot at work <.........
45,437
1,448
43,989
36,633
24,344
7,766
563
563
597
709
787
2,448
7,053
5,663
882
179
330
3,962
7,356
6,152
903
145
157
1,332
7,257
6,310
707
111
129
1,105
6,673
5,525
862
136
150
1,465
6,450
5,321
816
124
189
211
387
688
202
2, 212
630
1,022
Females
Total labor force s_ ._____
17,986
18,420
18, 701
17,141
17,171
16, 777
16, 768
16, 384
16, 714
17,084
17, 465
17, 249
17,143
Civilian labor force— ............................................
U n em p lo y m en t...____________________
Employm ent_____ ______
Nonagricultural........................................
Worked 35 hours or m ore...............
Worked 15-34 hours____________
Worked 1-14 hours 3_......................
With a job but not at work *.........
Agricultural__________________
Worked 35 hours or more_______
Worked 15-34 hours.........................
Worked 1-14 hours 3 _ _ ____
With a job but not at work * ........
17,971
615
17,356
15,965
11,079
2,212
884
1,791
1,391
459
787
70
75
18,405
779
17,626
15,819
8,060
4,381
831
2,546
1,807
859
864
58
27
18,685
809
17,876
15, 737
11, 540
2,375
806
1,016
2,139
1,080
962
71
25
17,124
522
16,602
15,414
11,720
2,321
928
445
1,188
411
651
65
61
17,155
626
16, 529
15, 531
11,604
2,377
989
662
998
349
520
63
16,760
675
16,085
15,419
11, 927
2,077
955
459
16, 752
750
16, 368
491
15, 876
15,071
11,523
16, 698
404
16, 294
15, 501
11,997
2,263
893
347
793
214
454
17,068
445
16, 623
15,286
11,596
2,438
848
404
1,336
473
743
104
18
17,449
504
16, 944
15, 243
11,626
2,322
761
534
1,702
954
647
76
25
17, 233
519
16,714
14, 943
11,564
1,894
790
695
1, 772
1,122
554
78
18
17,125
578
16, 547
15,142
10, 766
2,068
737
1, 570
1,405
543
750
52
59
1 Estimates are subject to sampling variation which may be large in cases
where the quantities shown are relatively small. Therefore, the smaller
estimates should be used with caution. All data exclude persons in institu
tions. Because of rounding, the individual figures do not necessarily add to
group totals.
* Total labor force consists of the civilian labor force and the armed forces.
66
666
206
362
54
44
16, 002
15,322
11,385
2,455
899
583
680
146
384
66
94
2,200
903
446
806
224
510
48
23
68
57
3 Excludes persons engaged only in incidental unpaid family work (less than
15 hours); these persons are classified as not in the labor force.
4 Includes persons who had a job or business, but who did not work during
the census week becausq of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor dispute, or
because of temporary lay-oil with definite instructions to return to work
within 30 days of lay-off. Does not include unpaid family workers.
Source: U . S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
N o t e .— Explanatory notes outlining briefly the concepts, methodology, size of the reporting sample, and
sources used in preparing data presented in tables A-2 through A-14 are contained in the Bureau’s monthly mimeo
graphed release, “Employment and Pay Rolls— Detailed Report,” which is available upon request. Fuller
discussion is contained in the Handbook of Labor Statistics (Bulletin 916).
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
423
T able A-2: Estimated Number of Wage and Salary Workers in Nonagricultural Establishments, by
Industry Division 1
[In thousands]
1948
Annual
average
1947
Industry division
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1943
1939
Total estimated employm ent....................... . 45, 487 45, 074 45,008 44,616 44, 299 44. 600 44, 279 44,603 45, 618 44, 918 44, 758 44, 513 44,125 42,042
30, 287
M anufacturing..._______________
16, 451 16,155 16,113
M ining___________ _____ ______
950
922
950
Anthracite.. ________ ________
83
81
82
Bituminous coal_____________
425
395
426
M etal____ _____________ ______
99
103
104
Quarrying and nonmetallic. _ ___ _
97
97
97
Crude petroleum and natural gas production !. . . __________
246
241
246
Contract construction 3................
2,257 2, 217 2,173
Transportation and public utilities 4___
4, 137 4,135 4,105
Transportation 4..........
2,867 2, 872 2,860
Communication____ .
747
745
734
Other public utilities....... ...........
523
518
511
Trade.............................
9, 659 9,647 9, 671
Finance______________ .
1, 761 1,754 1,726
Service....... ............................. .
4, 622 4, 645 4. 663
Government 4_____ __________
5, 650 5, 599 5,607
Federal_____________
1, 855 1,833 1,804
State and lo ca l4. ......... . .
3, 795 3. 766 3,803
15,892 15, 950 16, 269 16,183 16, 267 16,354 16, 256 16, 209 16,175 15, 962 17,381
935
817
924
914
922
925
922
923
921
923
917
81
82
82
81
81
81
81
81
81
82
83
423
419
415
309
422
421
417
412
415
408
437
102
103
102
101
100
100
100
99
100
102
126
93
95
90
87
89
94
96
97
98
99
90
10,078
845
89
388
103
76
234
2,052
4,042
2,809
731
502
9,617
1,716
4,738
5,624
1,788
3,836
189
1,150
2, 912
2, 080
391
441
6, 705
1,382
3, 228
3,987
' 898
3,089
230
1, 933
3,974
2,744
731
499
9, 576
1, 704
4, 768
5, 577
1,771
3,806
' Estimates are based upon reports submitted by cooperating establish
ments and therefore differ from employment information obtained by house
hold interviews, such as the M onthly Report on the Labor Force. The
Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates of employment in nonagricultural
establishments differ from those of the M onthly Report on the Labor Force
(table A -l) in several important respects. The Bureau of Labor Statistics
estimates cover all full- and part-time wage and salary workers in private
nonagricultural establishments who worked or received pay during the pay
period ending nearest the 15th of the month, in Federal establishments during
the pay period ending just before the first of the month, and in State and local
government during the pay period ending on or just before the last of the
month. Persons who worked in more than one establishment during the
reporting period would be counted more than once. Proprietors, self-em
ployed persons, domestic servants, unpaid family workers, and personnel of
the armed forces are excluded. These estimates have been adjusted to levels
indicated by Federal Security Agency data through 1946 and have been
231
1,805
4,032
2, 808
728
496
9,598
1.697
4, 729
5, 546
1. 758
3,788
230
1,731
4,019
2,802
723
494
9, 520
1,690
4,730
5,492
1,746
3, 746
230
229
1,871 1,978
4,020 4,071
2,809 2,858
719
719
492
494
9,622 10, 288
1,680 1,676
4, 723 4, 688
5, 498 5, 638
1,743 1,985
3, 755 3,653
229
2,046
4, 077
2,872
713
492
9, 886
1,673
4,670
5,387
1, 751
3,636
230
2,099
4,097
2,899
707
491
9,684
1,671
4,662
5,414
1,744
3,670
230
2,107
4,134
2, 929
' 713
492
9, 471
1,668
4,634
5,403
1,761
3,642
232
2,096
4,163
2,946
722
495
9,356
1,688
4,619
5,318
1,795
3,523
181
1,567
3,619
2, 746
488
385
7,322
1,401
3, 786
6; 049
2,875
3,174
carried forward from 1946 bench-mark levels, thereby providing consistent
series. Data for the current and immediately preceding months are subject
to revision.
2 Includes well drilling and rig building.
3 These figures cover all employees of private firms whose major activity is
construction. They are not directly comparable with the construction em
ployment estimates presented in table 2, p. 1111, of the June 1947 issue of this
publication, which include self-employed persons, working proprietors, and
force-account workers and other employees of nonconstruction firms or public
bodies who engage in construction work, as well as all employees of con
struction firms. An article presenting this other construction employment
series appeared in the August 1947 issue of this publication, and will appear
quarterly thereafter.
4 Figures are not strictly comparable with those of preceding months be
cause of the transfer of some companies from private to municipal operation
in October 1947.
T able A-3: Estimated Number of Wage and Salary Workers in Manufacturing Industries, by Major
Industry Group 1
[In thousands]
1948
Annual
average
1947
Major industry group
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dee.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1943
All manufacturing__________________
16, 451 16,155 16,113 15,892 15, 950 16, 269 16, 183 16, 267 16,354 16, 256 16,209 16,175 15, 962 17,381
Durable goods______________________ 8,188 8,145 8,121 8,114 8.164 8,258 8,167 8, 256 8, 274 8,194 8,126 8, 070 7,987 10, 297
Nondurable goods ________ __
8,263 8,010 7,992 7,778 7, 786 8,011 8,016 8,011 8, 080 8,062 8,083 8,105 L 975 7,084
Iron and steel and their products_________ 1, 929 1,895 1,904 1,894 1,897 1,929 1,920 1,925 1, 922 1,908 1,896 1,892 1,884 2,034
Electrical m achin ery...___________
717
713
724
727
742
756
763
767
773
772
752
763
745
914
Machinery, except electrical_____________ 1, 555 1,561 1,579 1,568 1,562 1,587 1,591 1,583 1,589 1, 569 1, 565 1,560 1, 552 1, 585
Transportation equipment, except automobiles_____________________ .
543
556
562
565
589
589
591
589
598
578
552
540
530 2,951
Automobiles_________________ . _
958
984
918
964
985
914
989
979
983
961
964
960
926
845
Non ferrous metals and their products_____
466
456
468
467
475
482
478
478
482
479
472
468
463
525
Lumber and timber basic products__ ____
930
912
881
851
833
827
813
829
816
828
827
821
821
589
Furniture and finished lumber products__
551
542
550
548
561
576
581
580
578
573
565
557
549
429
Stone, clay, and glass produ cts....................
539
526
535
530
526
527
518
520
527
526
522
520
517
422
Textile-mill products and other fiber manufactures________________________
1, 397 1,366 1,418 1,416 1,425 1, 435 1, 428 1, 413 1,409 1, 391 1,368 1,341 1,320 1, 330
Apparel and other finished textile products. 1,334 1,235 1,263 1,247 1,268 1, 334 1, 333 1,311 1, 305 1, 277 1, 287 1,251 1, 222 1. 080
Leather and leather products____________
431
422
419
404
418
442
448
445
446
442
438
435
' 429
378
Food_______ ________ ____________
1,965 1,912 1,789 1,610 1,562 1, 655 1, 658 1,688 1, 735 1, 769 1, 833 1, 964 1, 922 1, 418
Tobacco manufactures__________________
99
96
98
97
99
100
101
101
102
104
103
100
99
103
Paper and allied products_______ ____
478
475
477
476
476
479
480
482
484
479
476
470
469
389
Printing, publishing, and allied industries..
718
716
719
718
718
722
724
726
732
726
720
713
710
549
Chemicals and allied products___________
773
748
759
759
767
773
773
774
778
777
773
763
750
873
Products of petroleum and c o a l........... .
245
247
245
242
238
237
238
238
238
239
237
238
238
170
Rubber products ___________
244
238
243
243
246
253
257
259
261
259
257
252
252
231
Miscellaneous in d u stries.................
577
557
562
566
569
579
578
574
590
599
591
578
564
563
1 Estimates include all lull- and pari-time production and nouproduetion
workers in manufacturing industries who worked or received pay during the
These estimates have been
p a y period ending nearest the 15th of the month.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1939
10,078
4’ 357
5, 720
1,171
355
690
193
466
283
465
385
349
1, 235
894
383
1,192
105
320
561
421
147
150
311
adjusted to levels indicated by Federal Security Agency data through 1946
and have been carried forward from 1946 bench-mark levels, thereby provid
ing consistent series.
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
424
M ONTHLY LABOR
T able A-4: Estimated Number of Wage and Salary Workers in Manufacturing Industries, by State 1
[In thousands]
1948
1947
Region and State
July
New England:
Maine 3_______________________
N ew Hampshire.............................
V erm ont3___________ _________
Massachusetts____ ___________
Rhode Island_________________
C onnecticut3_________________
Middle Atlantic:
New York_________ __________
N ew Jersey___________________
Pennsylvania.________________
East North Central:
Ohio_____ ___________________
Indiana__ _______ ___________
I llin o is ..--------------------- ---------Michigan________________ ____
W isconsin3. . . . . .
_______
West North Central:
Minnesota 3___________________
Io w a 3. . _____________________
M issouri3. . . . . ------------------ North Dakota________________
South D akota_________________
Nebraska___________________ _
Kansas_______________________
South Atlantic:
Delaware_____________________
M aryland____________________
District of Columbia__________
Virginia---------------------- --------West Virginia__________ _____ _
North Carolina_______________
South Carolina________________
Georgia3______________________
Florida 3______________________
East South Central:
K entucky. ________ ________
Tennessee---------- -------------------Alabama3____________________
M ississippi___________________
West South Central:
Arkansas3____________________
Louisiana3. ____________ ____
Oklahoma 3
..........................
Texas. _____________________
Mountain:
M ontana.____ ________________
Idaho3 ______ _____________
W yoming _______ ___________
Colorado_____ ____ ___________
N ew Mexico 3________________
Arizona 3___ . . . _____________
U tah_____________ . . . ______
Nevada 3. . . _________________
Pacific:
W ashington___________________
Oregon____________ _____ _____
California-_ _________________
116.5
82.1
37.0
711.1
144.8
393.3
June
115.2
82.7
37.8
726.1
146.5
396.5
M ay
108.2
81.6
37.8
723.4
147.0
401.1
Apr.
106.7
82.6
38.1
729.7
149.9
406.4
Mar.
115.2
84.4
38.7
745.7
153.6
412.5
116.5
85.6
38.8
746.0
154.5
412.1
Jan.
116.9
85.8
39.1
747.3
153.5
413.2
Dec.
118.5
85.3
40.0
757.2
154.6
417.8
N ov.
117.4
83.9
39.5
753.2
154.3
415.7
Oct.
116.9
82.9
39.3
741.6
152.9
414.8
Sept.
119.6
82.1
39.2
732.5
148.1
409.2
Aug.
119.4
80.7
39.1
720.4
143.0
406.0
July
112.9
77.6
37.2
707.2
141.4
403.3
144.4
77.0
41.3
835.6
169.4
504.2
1,816. 5 1,831.7 1,829.0 1, 850.4 1, 902.6 1, 906.4 1, 905. 8 1, 924. 6 1,918.6 1,922. 8 1, 900.1 1, 870.8 1,801.9 2,115.7
757.4
764.0
751.4
749.2
732.1
740.7
746.0
757.8
757.3
753.7
735.9
719.6
951.1
741.8
1,476.1 1, 492.4 1,487.3 1,495. 5 1,512.2 1,510.9 1,513.4 1,527. 3 1,523.1 1,517.9 1,504.5 1,490. 7 1,471.1 1,579.3
1, 215. 7 1, 228. 2 1,221.3 1, 230. 7 1, 244.0 1, 243.9 1, 246.0 1, 250.9 1, 247.3 1, 244. 7 1, 244.0 1, 238.1 1, 232.0 1,363.3
553.4
559.0
558.7
561.0
544.0
541.9
552.8
556.3
580.0
546. 4
540.0
552.3
550.0
633.1
1, 227.4 1, 228.7 1, 203. 5 1,198.0 1, 253. 5 1, 267.0 1. 271.0 1, 273.6 1, 266.3 1, 257.0 1, 249.0 1, 237.8 1,228.6 1, 263.7
996.8
998.5 1,002. 7 1,010.9
970.7 1,019.6 1, 024. 2 1,019.0 1,021.8 1, 023.3 1,004.6
962.7
997.0 1,181.8
447.9
434.2
433.9
436.1
433.1
429.7
420.0
432.5
433.3
452.0
446.6
461.5
426.3
442.8
206.6
152.1
345.7
7.0
11.8
43.6
83.9
203.3
149.8
343.9
7.1
11.9
43.0
84.5
190.9
135.1
339.3
6.7
11.3
36.1
77.0
188.7
133.8
339.9
6.4
11.3
34.9
73.3
198.0
153.7
346.6
6.3
11.0
42.4
77.6
199.0
154.7
349.2
6.4
11.1
43.0
78.3
200.0
155. 5
350.3
6.6
11.2
43.8
80.5
202.0
156.3
351.7
6.7
11.3
46.3
81.9
201.3
153.9
352.7
6.8
11.5
45.9
79.9
200.2
151.3
351.9
6.7
11.4
45.1
79.8
210.6
152.3
348.7
6.7
11.3
43.1
79.4
206.8
151.3
348.9
6.9
11.5
43.2
80.0
205.6
149.8
343.5
6.8
11.8
43.4
80.7
215.1
161.7
412.9
5.6
10.3
60.8
144.2
46.6
232.8
17.2
210.9
133.3
362.9
195.8
274.3
88.0
46.6
229.4
17.1
211.1
133.9
381.7
200.5
275.7
90.0
45.8
228.5
17.2
210.8
132.4
381.4
199.3
273.8
93.2
*46.5
228.2
17.4
212.8
131.9
382.6
199.3
276.4
96.5
46.5
228.9
17.1
213.7
130.9
385.8
200.5
281.5
99.4
45.9
228.5
16.8
213.5
130.3
380.4
196.9
280.5
98.9
45.7
226.9
17.3
213.6
132.4
382.7
198.3
281.7
100.3
46.1
229.6
17.5
215.1
132.5
380.8
198.9
280.4
97.8
45.8
231.1
17.4
217.3
133.0
378.7
197.6
283. 5
95.0
45.8
229.3
17.5
217.0
133.4
374.1
194.8
280.3
90.4
48.2
232.4
17.5
214.5
132.8
368.1
192.3
281.6
88.6
48.4
228.2
17.3
211.5
132.5
366.6
192.0
278. 3
86.8
45.2
217.4
17.4
208.2
131.0
365.2
191.5
262.5
85.7
55.2
348.8
15.6
231.9
132.2
399.9
191.8
302.9
136.0
126.8
249. 5
229.8
91.3
127.C
250.7
228.3
89.5
125.9
250.8
228.0
88.1
128.2
251.5
227.3
88.6
129. 5
252.8
231.8
90. C
129.4
252.8
231.1
90.5
129.5
252.1
233.7
95.5
130.4
252.4
231.9
95.7
130.7
253.0
231.8
95.5
130.3
253.8
228.9
94.1
128.2
251.8
226.5
95.0
125.8
250.8
221.4
95.3
122.4
246.2
219.6
91.4
131.7
255.9
258.5
95.1
76.5
148.2
66.7
350.7
76.6
149.4
68. £
354.8
75.1
146. C
65.2
341.7
74.8
147. 5
65.5
338.7
74.3
145.8
62.6
337.1
74.4
142. 5
62.6
340.2
75.3
150.2
64. C
342.9
76.1
151.2
64.7
346.8
77.1
153.1
64. £
347.6
77.1
149.2
64. a
339.9
81.2
149.5
64.1
337.8
80.5
150.3
64.0
341.5
75.1
143.3
62.9
335.1
76.7
166.1
99.7
424.8
18.1
20.6
6.8
56.5
10.4
15.7
28.7
3.4
17.7
18.8
6.8
56.3
10. C
16. C
26. C
3.4
17.1
18.1
6.5
53.3
9.3
15.7
24.2
3.3
17.1
16.7
6.3
54.0
8.8
15.3
22.6
3.3
17.2
16. £
6.2
55.5
*8.2
14.8
23. £
3 .a
17.3
17.6
6.1
55.1
*8.2
14.6
23. £
3. a
17.7
18.2
6.1
57.2
*8. a
14.7
25.1
3. a
18.5
19. 5
7. C
61. C
8.6
14.7
26.8
3. a
18.7
21.2
7.2
60.3
8.6
14.6
27.3
3.5
19.1
22.4
7.1
60.6
8.8
14. C
29.4
3.5
18.1
22.6
6.8
57. £
9.1
13.8
30.1
3.4
18.2
23.8
6.8
56.6
9.3
13.4
26.3
3.4
18.4
22.9
6.7
55. £
9.1
14.0
29.1
3.4
15.7
15.9
5.1
67.5
7.9
19.4
33.5
7.9
179.9
117.3
741.3
163.4
112.8
713.0
152.4
110.7
696.3
175.3
110.2
695.8
173.7
110.2
700.4
173. C
109.2
703.5
173. C
109.8
705.0
174.6
111.4
715.1
178.2
112.2
717.7
183. £
117.2
736.4
191.7
122.2
744.8
185. C
122.4
760.2
i Revised data in all except the first three columns are identified by an
asterisk for the first month’s publication of such data. Comparable series,
January 1943 to date, available upon request to U. S. Department of Labor,
or cooperating State Agency listed below.
3 1943 averages may not be strictly comparable with current data for those
States now on Standard Industrial Classification.
3 Series based on Standard Industrial Classification. Data for Georgia,
Idaho, and Louisiana may not be strictly comparable with those published
prior to the current report.
* Revised.
C o o p e r a tin g S t a te A g e n c ie s :
Alabama—Department of Industrial Relations, Montgomery 5.
Arizona—Unemployment Compensation Division, Employment Secu
rity Commission, Phoenix.
Arkansas—Employment Security D ivision, Department of Labor,
Little Rock.
California—Division of Labor Statistics and Research, Department of
Industrial Relations, San Francisco 3.
Connecticut—Employment Security Division, Department of Labor and
Factory Inspection, Hartford 15.
Delaware—Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Philadelphia 1, Pa.
Florida—Unemployment Compensation Division, Industrial Commis
sion, Tallahassee.
Georgia—Employment Security Agency, Department of Labor, Atlanta 3.
Idaho—Employment Security Agency, Industrial Accident Board,
Boise.
Illinois—Department of Labor, Chicago 1.
Indiana—Employment Security Division, Indianapolis 4.
Iowa—Employment Security Commission, Des Moines 8.
Kansas—State Labor Department, Topeka.
Louisiana—Division of Employment Security, Department of Labor,
Baton Rouge 4.
Maine—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Augusta.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Feb.
Annual
aver
age
1943 J
285.6
176.5
192.1
116.6
704.0 1,165.5
Maryland—Department of Labor and Industry, Baltimore 2.
Massachusetts—D ivision of Statistics, Department of Labor and In
dustries, Boston 10.
Michigan—Department of Labor and Industry, Lansing 13.
Minnesota—Division of Employment and Security, Department of So
cial Security, St. Paul 1.
Missouri—Division of Employment Security, Department of Labor and
Industrial Relations, Jefferson City.
Montana—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Helena.
Nebraska—Division of Placement and Unemployment Insurance, D e
partment of Labor, Lincoln 1.
Nevada—Employment Security Department, Carson City.
New Jersey—Department of Labor, Trenton 8.
New Mexico—Employment Security Commission, Albuquerque.
N ew York—Division of Placement and Unemployment Insurance, D e
partment of Labor, N ew York 17.
North Carolina—Department of Labor, Raleigh.
Oklahoma—Employment Security Commission, Oklahoma City 2.
Pennsylvania—Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Philadelphia 1
(manufacturing); Bureau of Research and Information, Department
of Labor and Industry, Harrisburg (nonmanufacturing).
Rhode Island—Division of Census and Information, Department of
Labor, Providence 2.
Tennessee—Department of Employment Security, Nashville 3.
Texas—Bureau of Business Research, University of Texas, Austin 12.
Utah—Department of Employment Security, Industrial Commission,
Salt Lake City 13.
Vermont—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Montpelier.
Virginia—Division of Research and Statistics, Department of Labor and
Industry, Richmond 21.
Washington—Employment Security Department, Olympia.
Wisconsin—Statistical Department, Industrial Commission, Madison 3
Wyoming—Employment Security Commission, Casper.
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
425
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY BOLLS
T able A-5: Estimated Number of Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries 1
[In thousands]
1948
A nnual
average
1947
Ind u stry group and in d u stry
A ug.
A ll m a n u fa c tu r in g _______________________
D u ra b le goods „ ____________________
N ond u rab le g o o d s ___________________
Ju ly
June
M ay
A pr.
M ar.
F eb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
A ug.
1943
13, 233 12, 973 12, 954 12,738 12, 791 13,131 13,066 13,150 13,263 13,176 13,143 13,125 12,928 14, 560
6,700 6,667 6,658 6, 642 6,683 6,791 6,711 6,795 6,816 6,746 6,681 6,630 6, 555 8,727
6,533 6,306 6,296 6,096 6,108 6,340 6,355 6,355 6,447 6,430 6,462 6,495 6i 373 5,834
1939
8,192
3,611
4,581
D u r a b le g oods
Iron and steel and their p r o d u c ts .......... __
B la st furnaces, steel w orks, and rolling
m ills
- _____ ____ _________
Grav-iron and sem isteel castin gs______
M alleable-iron castings________________
Steel castings _ ____ _______________
' Cast-iron pipe and fittings ___________
T in cans and other tin w are___________
W ire drawn from purchased rods_____
W ir e w o r k .__ ____ _________________
C utlery and edge to o ls______ ___ _
T ools (except edge tools, m achine tools,
flies, an d saw s)______________________
Hardw are __
__ __________________
P lum b ers’ sup p lies______ _____ ______
Stoves, oil burners, and heating eq u ip
m ent, n ot elsew here classified_
Steam and hot-w ater heating apparatus
and steam fittin gs.
______
__ .
Stam ped and enam eled w are and gal
vanizing
..
. . ____________
Fabricated structural and ornam ental
m etalwork
_ _ __ ___
___
M etal doors, sash, frames, m olding,
and trim .
..
. . ______
B olts, n u ts, washers, and riv ets_______
Forgings, iron and ste e l. __
W rought pipe, w eld ed and heavyriveted
_____
. ...
Screw-m achine products and w ood
screw s_______ _
___ ___________
Steel barrels, kegs, and d r u m s .. ._ . .
Firearm s ____ _____________________
E lectrical m achinery
__________________
Electrical equ ip m en t
____________
1,631 1,601
538
Machinery, except electrical .. ________
Machinery and machine-shop pro
ducts
__
. ________________
Engines and turbines___ ____ ________
Tractors.. __. _
................... .............
Agricultural machinery, excluding
tractors _ ___ . ______________
Machine tools. __. ______ __________
Machine-tool accessories____ _________
Textile machinery_____
__________
Pumps and pumping equipment_____
Typewriters . .
____
___
Cash registers; adding, and calculating
machines.
. _______ ______
Washing machines, wringers, and
driers, dom estic...
. .
Sewing machines, domestic and in
dustrial . . .
.
__________ ___
Refrigerators and refrigeration equip
ment ___________ ____ ___________
Transportation equipment, except auto
mobiles ______________________________
Locomotives___ . _________ ______
Cars, electric- and steam-railroad___ _
Aircraft and parts, excluding aircraft
engines
_____ ____ _____________
Aircraft engines.
__________
Shipbuilding and boatbuilding_______
Motorcycles, bicycles, and p a r ts..........
1,603
1,634
1,628
1,634
1,633
1, 619
1, 609
1, 604
1,597
1,761
991
523.0
108.8
37.9
69.6
28.9
44.7
28.7
40.2
22.1
517.7
107.1
37.3
68.4
28.4
42.8
29.4
41.1
23.1
511.8
110.7
37.2
68.6
27.6
42.1
30.1
41.9
23.7
516.1
113.9
37.9
69.3
28.3
44.5
30.6
43.4
24.0
508. 5
114.5
37.8
68.6
28.0
45.7
30.9
42.5
24.6
508.8
114.4
37.9
67.7
28.7
47.4
31.4
43.5
24.7
506.5
113.8
37.6
67.0
28.7
47.8
31.6
42.4
25.0
505.6
113.1
36.7
66.4
28.3
47.1
31.2
40.5
24.8
505.1
113.1
36.1
66.2
28.1
47.0
31.0
40.6
24.5
505.1
112.4
35.6
66.2
27.8
48.4
30.5
41.1
23.9
508.6
113.6
35.4
65.5
27.5
47.6
30.8
40.3
23.3
516.7
88.4
28.8
90.1
18.0
32.4
36.0
32.8
21.8
24.6
49.3
38.8
25.1
49.8
40.3
25.2
51.9
39.3
25.5
53.0
39.4
25.7
54.3
40.2
25.8
54.1
40.0
25.9
53. 2
40.0
25.9
52.6
40.0
25.4
51.1
39.6
25.0
50.3
38.7
24.6
49.3
38.4
24.4
48.3
38.5
27.8
45.3
25.0
78.7
78.7
79.5
77.8
83.1
86.5
88. 5
90.9
91.5
91.1
90.3
86.4
60.4
15.3
35.7
26.2
'1
49.2
57.0
60.5
60.8
59.8
62.7
63.2
62.6
62.5
61.8
61.7
61.2
61.3
64.4
32.3
110.1
111.0
110.9
112.2
114.1
115.1
115.5
117.1
116. 4
115.3
114.7
111.9
97.0
59.2
59.3
59.6
60.0
60.6
60.7
60.2
60. 5
60.7
60.5
59.8
60.3
60.3
71.0
35.5
10.4
28.1
35.1
10.4
28. 5
34.9
10.2
28.6
35.1
10.1
28.9
36.7
10.5
28.9
37.5
10.2
28.7
37.6
10.8
28.7
37.8
10.9
28.6
37.4
10.7
28.4
36.8
10.5
27.8
36.7
10.3
28.3
36.3
10.1
28.4
36.2
12.8
31.6
43.6
7.7
15.2
16.4
19.8
20.1
18.8
18.8
19.2
19.1
19.8
19.6
18.9
18.4
17.8
17.7
28.4
8.9
35.2
7.9
21.5
35.9
7.9
21.4
36.4
7.6
21.2
36.8
7.7
21.0
36.8
7.9
20.8
36.6
8.1
20.4
36.1
8.4
20.0
35.8
8.2
19.7
35.5
8.0
19.3
35.4
8.0
19.0
35.3
8.2
18.5
35.4
8.3
18.3
53.8
8.5
71.7
18.0
6.5
5.3
535
351. 4
546
356.7
548
357.4
563
364.9
577
371.7
584
376.5
588
378.4
596
382.2
595
380.3
588
377.1
578
373.7
569
368.2
99. 2
97.2
100.3
98.2
104.8
98.2
106.3
97.5
1,193 1,199
415
1,600
388.4
62.2
19.2
32.1
17.6
31.8
22.0
30.4
15.4
85.8
86.9
Radios and phonographs___________
Communication equipment_____ . .
1,610
526.5
104.7
36.1
68.2
28.6
47.4
28.0
41.8
21.8
88.9
90. 2
1,217
90.0
90.0
1,207
93.4
93.9
1,202
97.6
96.5
1,232
1,237
1, 231
1, 235
1, 218
104.3
95.6
1, 214
99.6
93.6
1,209
96.8
93.3
1,198
741
259
497.5
124.1
119.3
182.7
44.0
32.5
1,293
529
487.5
52.3
60.0
493. 2
52.1
60.4
489.6
53.5
56.3
495.9
53.9
44.8
500.1
54.7
62.2
502.8
54.4
61.9
500.2
54.6
61.4
498.9
54.5
60.3
497.3
53.0
58.6
498.8
53.3
58.0
498.7
53.5
57.1
495.1
53.5
55.7
586.0
79.5
52.4
207.6
18.7
31.3
74.8
46.8
51.8
41.3
66.3
22.8
76.3
47.0
55.4
42.0
67.7
23.7
75.2
47.5
55.4
41.6
69.3
23.8
76.2
47.7
55. 5
41.4
69.9
24.1
75.9
49.2
55.9
41.1
71.3
24.9
74.6
50.4
56.3
40.8
73.0
25.1
72.3
50.4
56.4
40.7
73.1
25.8
71.0
51.3
56.3
40.6
72.8
25.9
68.0
51.1
55.8
39.8
72.2
25.2
67.5
52.1
55.6
39.3
72.3
24.8
67.6
52.3
56.0
37.3
73.9
24.2
66.4
52.5
56.4
36.4
73.3
23.6
45.1
109.7
105. 4
28.5
92.8
12.0
28.5
36.6
25.8
21.9
24.9
16.2
45. 2
45.8
45.6
46.3
46.1
45.9
45.3
45.2
44.1
43.0
42.1
41.0
34.8
19.7
15.6
16.4
16.0
16.2
16.3
16.5
16.2
16.3
15.8
15.3
14.9
15.1
13.3
7.5
14.1
14.0
13.9
13.8
13.7
13.5
13.4
13.3
13.0
12.6
12.1
12.1
10.7
7.8
84. 2
84.8
82.5
79.7
81.0
81.6
82.6
81.5
80.1
79.7
79.1
78.6
54.4
35.2
430
26.4
54. 5
434
26.3
55.0
438
26.4
53.9
462
26.6
53.9
465
26.6
54.4
464
26.5
54.0
472
26.3
55.9
463
26.3
56.9
452
26.0
56.8
427
25.9
55.2
414
25.1
55.4
405 2,508
24.4
34.1
54.6
60.5
159
6.5
24.5
130.3
25.6
103.7
10.8
127.6
25.9
108.9
12.4
125.1
25.1
116.1
12.9
137.3
24.8
122.5
14.4
136.1
24.6
125.8
14.8
135.3
24.9
127.7
14.6
134.7
25.3
132.9
14.5
133.2
25.9
125.7
14.7
133.4
25.9
117.6
14.4
133.9
26.2
100.2
14.1
129.7
26.6
93.0
13.9
130.7 794.9
26.7 233.5
87.1 1, 225. 2
10.0
13.6
39.7
8.9
69.2
7.0
Automobiles __________________________
762
784
737
767
772
784
720
789
785
766
764
767
741
714
402
Nonferrous metals and their products___
Smelting and refining, primary, of
nonferrous m etals___ .
.................
Alloying; and rolling and drawing of
nonferrous metals, except alum inum .
Clocks and w atches..
______ _____
Jewelry (precious metals) and jewelers’
findings__________________________
Silverware and nlated ware__________
See footnotes at end of table
395
388
398
398
406
413
409
409
413
410
404
400
396
449
229
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
41.9
41.9
41.4
41.0
40.8
40.2
39.9
40.0
39.7
39.7
39.8
39.9
56.4
27.6
51.8
25.9
52.5
28.3
52.6
28.3
53.7
28.5
54.6
28.8
53.1
28.6
53.6
28.6
53.4
28.6
52.9
28.4
53.0
28.1
53.2
27.8
53.4
27.2
75.8
25.2
38.8
20.3
25.7
26.4
26.3
27.3
26.4
27.2
27.1
27.5
27.6
27.5
27.5
27.1
27.3
26.8
27.7
27.1
28.1
26.5
27.5
26.1
26.4
25.5
25.6
25.0
20.5
15.1
14.4
12.1
426
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
T able
MONTHLY LABOR
A-5: Estimated Number of Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1948
Annual
average
1947
Industry group and industry
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1943
1939
D u r a b l e g o o d s —Continued
Nonferrous metals and their products—Con.
Lighting equipm ent__ ______________
Aluminum manufactures. ___
- ..
Sheet-metal work, not elsewhere classifled_________ ____________________
30.2
39.0
35.5
34.9
Lumber and timber basic products 3_ . ___
Sawmills and logging camps__________
Planing and plywood mills__ ________
844
828
680.0
147.7
799
653.1
145.8
Furniture and finished lumber products__
Mattresses and bedsprings___________
Furniture___
__ .
_______
Wooden boxes, other than c i g a r .. . ___
Caskets and other morticians’ goods
Wood preserving. .
___ ______
Wood, turned and shaped_________ .
461
452
31.0
228.1
33.2
17.6
16.1
31.6
459
31.2
231.7
33.2
18.1
15. 7
33.1
458
31.2
233.3
32. 5
18.6
15.4
32. 1
Stone, clay, and glass products... _______
Glass and glassware .. ___________ .
Glass products made from purchased
glass____________________________
C e m e n t____ ________ ____________
Brick, tile, and terra cotta___________
Pottery and related products......... .........
Gypsum . __________ ___ _________
Wallboard, plaster (except gypsum),
and mineral wool_________ ____ ___
Lim e. ___ _ .
___
_ . ...
Marble, granite, slate, and other produ c t s _____________________________
A brasives...
_ ___________________
Asbestos products___________________
461
450
111.0
458
116.5
12.4
38.1
79.8
55.6
6.7
30.4
42.7
31.3
44.2
35.2
36.0
36.8
36.9
37.3
39. 4
39. 2
38. 8
37. 6
37 7
37 0
18 7
772
754
627.7 611.0
144. C 142.7
749
606.9
142.3
736
594.1
141.1
738
597.7
140. 8
750
610.7
139. 4
751
612.8
137.7
751
616.3
134 5
745
613.3
132 0
745
614.6
130 8
535
435.8
420
313.7
79 1
470
32.7
239.7
33.7
19.0
15.1
32.8
485
34.6
246.9
34.6
19. 6
15.6
33.5
490
36.2
249.4
35.2
19.4
15.7
32.9
489
36.3
248. 6
35.5
19.7
16. 5
32.2
487
36.0
246.8
34.8
19. 8
16.9
32. 8
483
35.9
243.6
35.3
19.7
17.4
32.5
475
34.9
238.6
36.0
19. 4
17.9
31.6
466
33. 3
233.1
35. 8
19 6
18.2
31. 4
460
31
930
35
19
18
31
366
454
117. 5
451
117.9
452
117.8
443
115.1
445
117.2
454
119. 7
452
120.1
449
120.0
447
118.9
444
118.2
360
99.8
294
71.4
12.3
37. 6
80.1
57.6
6.6
12. 2
37.1
77.7
57.1
6.5
12.4
36.6
76.1
56.6
6.6
12.5
36.4
75.5
57.6
6.6
12.4
36. 6
73.7
56. 5
6.6
12.5
36.3
76.3
56.1
6. 6
12. 7
36. 7
76.3
57.6
6. 6
12.6
36. 8
75.8
57.2
6.5
12.2
36.8
75.6
56.1
6. 4
12.0
37 0
75. 4
55. 9
6.1
19 0
36 8
75 1
56 1
6.1
11
27 1
52 5
45 0
10 0
24 4
5R 0
3-3 8
2.7
9.4
12.6
9.3
12.6
9.5
12 6
9.6
12.4
9.5
12.5
9.3
12.6
9.3
12.7
9.3
12.7
9.5
12. 3
9.1
12.1
9. 2
11 8
9.2
11 1
9! 3
9.5
18.6
18.3
20.8
18.4
17.8
21.6
18.1
17. 5
21.8
17.9
17.5
21.9
18.4
17.5
22.0
17.9
17.1
21.8
18.0
13.8
21.9
18.3
16.8
21. 7
18. 5
16. 5
21.3
18. 4
16. 5
21.3
18. 5
16.9
21.0
18 4
16 9
20.6
19 5
23 4
30.8
42.2
33.1
45.2
33.9
45.2
33.6
45.3
34.1
44. 8
34. 3
43. 6
34. £
43.1
35 2
42. 4
35 3
4L 0
5
3
6
4
9
5
98 9
79! 4
99 2
21 7
200
35
14
12
26
0
4
2
4
4
4.5
22.0
90 ,5
23 ! 5
328
20 5
177 9
28 3
13 9
12 6
24 6
4.9
3 1
13 5
7* 7
15.9
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s
Textile-mill products and other fiber manufactures_____________________________
Cotton manufactures, except smallwares___ _____________________ __
Cotton smallwares. ________________
Silk and ravon goods . . . ____ .
Woolen and worsted manufactures, except dyeing and finishing_______ __
Hosiery___ _ __________ _______ ____
Knitted cloth_______ . . . _________
Knitted outerwear and knitted gloves..
Knitted underwear__________________
D veine and finishing textiles, including
woolen and w o r ste d .._____
_____
Carpets and rugs, wool____
______
Hats, fur-felt... . .
______________
Jute goods, except felts______________
Cordage and twine ________________
Apparel and other finished textile products... ___ ____ ______________________
M en’s clothing, not elsewhere classified.
Shirts, collars, and nightw ear.. _____
Underwear and neckwear, men’s .. . .
Work shirts._________
______ ..
W omen’s clothing, not elsewhere classified________ . . . . . . . _______
Corsets and allied g a r m e n ts ..._____ _
Millinery
Handkerchiefs.. ______ _________
Curtains, draperies, and bedspreads
Housefurnishings, other than curtains,
etc .. . . _________ _________
Textile b a g s _________________
Leather and leather products 3___________
L e a th e r ..____ . _ ______ ______
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings
Boots and shoes...........................
Leather gloves and m ittens__________
Trunks and suitcases............................. .
Food_______________________ ____ _____
Slaughtering and meat packing_______
Butter______ _____ _______ _ .
Condensed and evaporated milk . . . .
Ice cream.................1_________________
F lo u r .._______________________ . .
Feeds, prepared_____________________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,274 1,243
1,295
1,293
1,301
1,312
1,306
1,292
1,290
1,271
1,249
1,223
1,202
1,144
1,237
508.9
13.4
108.2
527.7
14.0
112.6
524.7
14.4
111.8
526.4
14. 6
111.7
529.4
14.9
111.6
525.3
14.9
110. 8
523.6
14.6
107. 4
523.2
14.3
108. 2
516.9
13.9
106. 9
508. 2
13. 7
105. 7
498. 9
13 4
103.3
494 1
13 1
101.5
526 3
17 8
104I 1
418 4
14 1
126! 6
167.2
125.6
11.1
28.1
46.6
173.8
135.3
11.2
30.8
48.1
173.2
136.6
11.5
31.4
48.6
175.0
139.2
11.8
31. 0
50.0
178.3
141.2
11.7
31.6
50.3
179. 5
140.2
11. 7
31.5
49.8
177. 4
139.1
11. 6
30. 6
49.1
177. 3
138. 4
11. 5
31. 3
48.8
174. 2
136. 2
11. 5
31. 4
47.8
170 9
133 4
11. 2
30 8
46.9
168. 7
130 2
11. 0
29 6
45.6
162 9
198 2
10 9
97 9
45. 0
174
195
19
34
157
163
11
29
7
0
5
84.5
37.1
12.3
4.3
15.8
86.5
37.2
13.4
4.3
16.2
87.5
36.9
12.9
4.2
lfiL
88.3
36.6
12.7
4.3
16.7
88.5
36.6
13.7
4.1
17.1
88.9
36.2
13. 7
4. 2
17.2
87.9
35.7
13.7
4. 0
16.8
87.5
35. 4
13. 8
3.1
16. 5
85. 9
34. 4
13. 6
3.0
16.1
85.1
33. 6
13 6
3. 0
15 4
83
32
13
2
14
81 2
32 4
13 3
3 0
14.9
8Q 9
94 5
11 0
4 2
18.3
70
97
15
3
6
0
1,160 1,070 1,095 1.082 1,103 1,165 1,166 1,147 1,143 1,117 1,127 1,096 1,071
296.5 314.4 309.8 310.0 314.5 311.3 308.1 310.5 309.2 306.9 299.4 294.7
75.8
80.9
82.0
82.2
80.0
82.0
S2. 4
81.6
81.1
75 1
79 3
77 2
16.7
18. 4
18.7
18.2
19.0
18. 7
18.1
17 1
16 6
18. 4
18.1
17. 3
18.5
18.2
17.9
17.5
16.8
18.6
15. 8
15. 5
15. 5
15.8
15.9
15! 6
958
265.9
67 ?
16 3
18.5
790
229.6
74 0
17 0
14.1
16.5
286 9
18.'8
384
0
9
2
9
7
1
9
3
8
44.9
7
40! 7
4
8
12.8
437.0
17.0
22.4
3.9
25.1
435.4
18.1
20 3
4.9
26.4
427.6
18. 5
20. 5
5.0
26.4
440.0
19.2
23. 6
5.1
27.7
481. 7
19.9
27 6
5.1
30.6
485.3
20. 1
27. 9
5.0
33.8
476.2
19. 7
26 4
4.9
31.6
470. 5
19. 6
23 6
5. 1
32.2
452.1
19. 4
21 6
5. 2
32.1
462. 3
18. 8
9,5 9
5. 1
30 9
452.1
18 1
23 8
5 0
28.7
440 4
17 5
23 6
4 6
27.3
345 3
5 7
25.2
5 ]
17.8
28.2
28.2
27.9
27.3
27.7
26.8
29.0
26.8
30.4
27.3
29. 2
27.8
30 0
28.2
30 6
28. 6
30 0
28 4
31 6
28 1
30 6
27 8
99 4
27 3
24 q
19 0
11 2
12 6
376
47.2
17.7
240.2
12.8
13.3
373
47.9
17. 8
236. 6
12.9
13.3
359
47.5
17.3
225. 5
12.4
13.2
372
47.6
17.7
235.9
12. 2
13.3
396
49. 2
18.9
254.1
12.5
13.9
402
50.3
19. 5
257.8
12.5
14.0
399
50. 2
19. 7
256. 2
12. 2
13.3
400
50.3
19. 8
255. 4
13. 0
14. 2
396
50. 2
19. 8
251.1
13. 2
14.8
393
50 2
19. 6
248 8
13 1
14 4
390
49
19
247
12
13
8
3
6
8
5
385
49
19
245
12
12
1
2
7
7
7
03 3
340
46
19
905
15
13
5
9
6
4
7
1,414 1,367 1,259 1,091 1,047 1,149 1,159 1,191 1,255 1,288 1,353 1,483 1,442 1,056
190.3 188.9 116.2
97.1 180.9 187 0 196 7 203 7 191 7 183 0 182 0 18-9 9 174 q
39.3
39.2
34 3
32 0
32 6
32 9
33 9
34 8
35 8
40. 5
36.9
37 8
33 2
22.4
IQ 9
21. 6
29 7
23.0
19. 3
18 6
19 5
20 5
21 2
20. 5
18 8
18 4
32.6
29. 2
23 0
24 9
26 3
27 8
31 1
31.6
27.1
24.4
23 6
32 8
23.6
39.8
39 f)
37.3
38. 2
39 2
39 4
39 7
39 8
39 3
38. 6
37. 5
37.8
32 9
29.1
28.7
27.9
26.6
26.3
27.4
29.3
29! 1
28.5
28.9
2 9 .6
29.9
25.0
347
50 0
90 n
92Q 9
10 0
8* 3
855
135 0
20 1
10 9
17 6
27 8
17.3
T
able
A -5:
427
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
R E V IE W , O CTOBER 1948
Estimated Number of Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries 1—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1947
1948
Industry group and industry
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1943
1939
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s— Continued
Food—Continued
Cereal preparations
__
Baking
_ - ___________________
fin gar rp,fining, c a n e __________ _____
Sugar, beet
_____________________
Confectionery
___________________
Beverages, nonalcoholic___________
Malt, liquors
_
_________ ____
Canning and preserving_____________
13.8
226.3
21.3
7.2
56.4
44.6
79.3
246.2
13.0
224.6
18.3
7.0
57.3
41.0
74.8
167.9
12.8
219.7
17.7
6.3
56.0
38.5
66.3
137.8
12.2
217.5
17.3
5.4
61.0
36.1
69.8
126.7
12.1
219.7
19.6
5.6
65.9
34.2
67.6
122.1
12.4
217.2
20.2
6.5
70.3
32.1
66.9
123.4
12.1
215.4
18.4
10.6
74.7
33.4
68.0
128.5
12.1
220.8
20.0
20.9
78.7
33.3
69.7
148.9
12.8
224.8
20.8
26.2
79.5
34.3
73.3
172.0
12.8
224.5
20.5
26.3
76.4
35.8
74.7
240.1
14.0
219.8
20.8
11.9
68.3
39.3
76.2
384.3
14.2
218.0
20.8
10.5
62.8
39.7
76.0
349.7
11.4
211.3
16.7
10.1
59.5
32.2
54.3
188.5
8.4
190 4
15.9
11.6
55. 7
23.8
40.5
150.3
85
33.3
43.6
84
33.1
43.7
86
33.2
45.2
87
33.2
46.2
88
33.5
46.2
87
33.6
45.8
88
34.2
45.6
90
34.0
47.8
89
33.4
47.0
86
32.6
45.5
85
32.9
44.5
91
33.9
47.5
93
27.4
55.8
Tobacco manufactures 2_________________
Cigarettes
__ __ _________________
____________________
Cigars
_
Tobacco (chewing and smoking) and
__ __________________
snuff
86
83
33.6
41.7
7.6
7.7
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.9
8.3
8.2
8.2
8.0
8.0
9.3
10.1
Paper and allied products 2______________
Paper and pulp _ _ ___ - _____________
Paper goods, other ___________ __
Envelopes
_______________________
_____________________
Paper bags
Paper boxes________________________
391
388
206.0
60.5
12.3
17.4
90.9
390
204.2
61.7
12.5
17.5
92.8
389
204.7
61.5
12.7
17.6
91.4
389
203.7
61.4
12.7
18.0
92.7
393
203.8
61.0
12.7
18. 2
95.2
392
203.0
61.9
12.5
18.0
96.5
395
203.0
62.6
12.4
18.1
97.7
398
202.8
63.8
12.4
18.2
99.6
394
200.7
63.3
12.4
17.9
99.0
392
200.2
63.0
12.2
17.9
98.1
388
200.0
61.4
12.0
17.7
96.0
387
199.8
60.6
11.8
18.0
95.6
324
160.3
50.2
10.2
13.1
89.6
265
137.8
37.7
8.7
11.1
69.3
Printing, publishing, and allied industries 2_
Newspapers and periodicals.. ________
Printing; book and job ______________
Lithographing
-- ________________
B ookbinding_______________________
432
430
146.8
183.0
31.2
33.4
433
146.9
184.4
31.1
35.1
432
146.4
184.2
30.9
35.1
432
145.0
183.2
31.3
35.9
435
144.8
185.4
31.4
37.2
438144.1
187.7
31.8
37.4
439
143.6
189.7
32.0
37.6
445
145.6
191.4
32.9
38.3
444
145.1
190.6
33.0
38.7
441
144.6
189.3
32.6
38.5
437
144.4
185.9
32.4
38.2
434
143.0
184.3
32.6
38.3
331
113.0
138.7
25.9
29.4
328
118.7
127.6
26.3
25.8
Chemicals and allied products __________
Paints, varnishes, and colors________
Drugs, medicines, and insecticides____
Perfumes and cosmetics
Soap
-- _________________- ______
Bayon and allied products
Chemicals, not elsewhere classified____
Explosives and safety fuses___________
Compressed and liquefied gases.
Ammunition, small-arms____ ________
Fireworks _ ______________________
Cottonseed oil
___________ _______
Fertilizers
_______________________
586
564
51.1
62.9
10.9
22.3
64.2
192.8
23.7
10.0
7.7
2.2
12.5
23.2
572
51.2
63.5
10.9
22.0
64.2
198.2
23.1
10.1
7.8
2.5
12.6
24.8
572
50.7
63.6
11.0
21.7
63.4
195.6
22.2
10.0
7.8
2.6
13.6
29.4
580
50.1
64.2
11.2
21.8
63.5
198.0
22.1
10.0
7.8
2.4
15.2
33.4
587
50.7
65.2
11.6
24.9
63.7
196.3
22.4
9.9
7.8
2.4
17.6
34.7
588
51.5
65.6
12.1
25.4
63.7
196.5
22.1
9.8
7.8
2.6
19.5
32.3
588
50.7
65.7
12.0
25.5
63.2
197.7
22.0
9.9
7.7
2.5
21.7
30.4
592
50.6
65.9
12.9
25.5
63.5
198.1
21.9
9.9
7.4
2.8
24.4
28.0
589
50.2
66.4
13.9
25.8
63.1
196.4
21.7
9.7
7.2
2.9
24.5
26.7
586
49.9
67.1
13.5
25.3
62.9
195.0
21.4
9.7
7.2
2.9
24.0
26.8
576
49.6
67.1
12.6
24.7
62.1
195.1
21.2
9.9
7.0
2.5
18.3
26.7
563
49.0
66.2
12.1
23.9
61.1
196.3
21.1
10.1
4.4
2.1
13.1
25.1
734
38.2
56.0
14.1
17.9
54. 0
144.5
112.0
7.8
154.1
28.2
20.4
27.5
288
28.3
27.5
10.4
15.3
48. 3
69.9
7.3
4.0
4.3
1.2
15.3
18.8
Products of petroleum and coal2_________
Petroleum refining
_____
Coke and bvproducts
__
Paving materials
___________
Roofing m aterials__________________
170
170
117.0
31.9
2.7
17.4
170
116.6
31.7
2.7
17.7
167
114.7
31.1
2.4
17.3
164
113.6
29.7
2.3
17.4
165
113.5
30.7
1.8
17.4
163
112.1
30.3
1.8
17.6
164
112.4
30.5
2.0
18.0
165
112.5
30.0
2.7
18.3
165
112.3
30.0
3.4
18.5
165
112.4
29.6
3.4
18.4
166
113.4
29.3
3.4
18.4
166
114.5
29.2
3.3
18.2
125
83.1
25.5
2.1
13.1
106
73.2
21.7
2.5
8.1
Bobber products 2
____________
Rubber tires and inner tubes _______
Rubber boots and shoes ___________
Rubber goods, other_________________
195
190
90.9
20.7
78.9
195
91.9
21.8
81.7
195
91.4
21.7
81.7
198
92.6
22.1
84.0
204
96.4
22.6
85.7
208
98. £
22.8
86.5
210
100.6
22.5
86.8
212
101. S
22.5
87.7
208
210
102.4 102.0
22. C 21.7
84.0
86.1
203
100.5
21.0
81.9
203
104.7
18.9
79.6
194
90.1
23.8
79.9
121
54.2
14.8
51.9
Miscellaneous industries ______
--Instruments (professional and scien
tific) , and fire-control equipment .
Photographic apparatus
- ____
Optical instruments and ophthalmic
goods
_______________________
Pianos, organs, and parts____________
Games, toys, and dolls_______________
Buttons
_____________________
Fire extinguishers_______ _ __ _ _ __
441
425
429
432
436
447
445
443
459
466
447
435
445
244
27.5
38.1
27.5
37.8
27.6
38.4
27.7
38. S
27.7
39. C
27.7
38.9
28.1
39.2
27.8
38.8
28.0
38.7
27.7
38.2
27.5
38.3
86.7
35.5
11.3
17.7
23.8
12.7
41.7
12.5
2.8
25.5
13.5
40.9
12.9
2.7
26.7
13.7
40.2
12.8
2.7
27.0
13.3
40. í
13.1
2.7
27.2
14.8
38.5
13.8
2.6
27.4
15.7
36. Í
13.4
2.5
27.8
16.8
33.5
13. £
2.6
28.0
17.6
38.5
13.4
2.7
27.6
17.8
43.4
12.7
2.7
27.5
17.4
42.3
12.1
2.8
27.5
16.5
40.9
11.6
2.8
27.6
14.6
38.6
.11.4
2.8
33.3
12.2
19.1
13.1
9.3
11.9
7.8
19.1
11.2
1.0
1 Data are based upon reports from cooperating establishments covering
both full- and part-time production and related workers who worked or
received pay during the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month.
Major industry groups have been adjusted to levels indicated by Federal
Security Agency data through 1946 and have been carried forward from 1946
bench-mark levels, thereby providing consistent series. Data shown for
the two most recent months are subject to revision without notation. Re
vised data in any column other than the first three are identified by an
asterisk.
2 Estimates for the individual industries comprising the major industry
groups have been adjusted to levels indicated by Federal Security Agency
data through 1946 and have been carried forward from 1946 bench-mark
levels, thereby providing consistent series. Comparable data from January
1939 are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Such
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
459
27.8
38.8
1
1
requests should specify the series desired.
Data for the individual industries comprising the major industry groups
listed below supersede data shown in publications dated prior to:
M a jo r in d u s tr y g ro u p
Tobacco manufactures___________________
Lumber and timber basic products________
Leather and leather products--------------------Paper and allied products_________________
Printing, publishing, and allied industries-„
Products of petroleum and coal____________
Rubber products-------------------------------------
M im e o g r a p h e d
r e le a s e
July
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
1948
1948
1948
1948
1948
1948
1948
M o n th ly L a b o r
R e v ie w
Aug.
Oct.
Oct.
Oct.
Oct.
Oct.
Oct.
1948
1948
1948
1948
1948
1948
1948
428
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
T able
MONTHLY LABOR
A-6: Indexes of Production-Worker Employment in Manufacturing Industries 1
[1939 average=100]
1948
An
nua]
aver
age
1947
Industry group and industry
Aug.
A ll m a n u fa c tu r in g .....................................................................
D u r a b le g o o d s......................................................
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s.............................................................
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1943
158.1
184.4
137.4
155.5
183.9
133.1
156.1
185.1
133.3
160.3
188.1
138.4
159.5
185.8
138.7
160.5
188.2
138.7
161.9
188.8
140.7
160.8
186.8
140.4
160.4
185.0
141.1
160.2
183.6
141.8
157.8
181.5
139.1
177.7
241.7
127.4
161.4
133.3
172.2
194.2
213.6
161.6
134.9
134*0
135.2
149.9
161.7
131.8
177.9
193.6
214.1
157.0
132.4
137.1
137.9
153.8
164.8
132.9
183.0
197.0
216.3
160.8
140.0
139.4
142.9
155.9
164.2
130.9
184.0
196.7
214.2
159.1
143.8
140.5
139.9
159.4
164. 9
131.0
183.9
197.2
211.3
162.9
149.1
142.7
143.0
160.3
164.7
130.4
183.0
195.5
208.9
163.4
150.3
143.7
139. 4
162.2
163.3
130.2
181.8
191.1
207.3
160.6
148.3
141.8
133.2
161.0
162.3
130.0
181.7
187.7
206.7
159.5
148.0
141.0
133.6
158.9
161.7
130.0
180.6
185.1
206.7
157.8
152.3
138.8
135.3
154.7
161.0
130.9
182.6
184.4
204.5
156.4
149.8
140.2
132. 5
151.2
177.6
133.0
142.1
149.6
281.1
102.5
127.5
137.6
141.
162.4
134.6
174.8
197.0
217.1
164.5
140.8
130. 7
132.4
143.6
163.8
108.0
141.3
160.
138.3
147.8
163.9
139.7
153.7
164.7
145.5
149.8
166.7
148.6
150.3
167.9
152.5
153.2
168.8
151.7
152.6
169.2
149.4
152.5
169.5
147.5
152.5
166.1
143. 4
150.9
163.0
141.1
147.4
160.9
138.4
146.2
157.3
135.6
146.7
181.5
127.1
95.3
161.5
185.5
112. 6
D u ra b le goods
ir o n an d ste e l a n d th e ir p r o d u c t s ....................................
B la s t fu rn a ces, s te e l w o rk s, a n d r o llin g m il is .I
G r a y -iro n a n d s e m is te e l c a s tin g s _______________
M a lle a b le -ir o n c a s tin g s ________ ________________
S te e l c a s t i n g s ...................
..."
C a st-iro n p ip e a n d f it t in g s .....................................1.1,
T in ca n s a n d o th er tin w a r e ___________ ________
W ir e d r a w n from p u r ch a se d r o d s _______ ______ _
W i r e w o r k ................ ...................................... .................
C u tle r y an d e d g e to o ls .............................
H IT
T o o ls , (e x c e p t e d g e to o ls , m a c h in e to o ls , flies,
a n d s a w s ) _____________________________________
H a r d w a r e _________________________ ____________ _
P lu m b e r s ’ s u p p lie s .............. ...........................— H I T
S to v e s , o il b u rn ers, a n d h e a tin g e q u ip m e n t,
n o t e lse w h ere c la ssifie d ........ ..................................
S te a m an d h o t-w a te r h e a tin g a p p a r a tu s a n d
s te a m f it t i n g s .______________ ______ ___________
S ta m p e d an d e n a m e le d w a re a n d g a lv a n iz in g ..
F a b r ic a te d s tr u c tu r a l a n d o r n a m e n ta l m e ta l
w o r k . .............. ................... .................................................
M e ta l d oors, s a sh , fra m es, m o ld in g , a n d t r i m ..
B o lt s , n u t s , w a sh e r s, a n d r i v e t s .................................
F o r g in g s, iron a n d s t e e l________________ _____
W r o u g h t p ip e , w e ld e d a n d h e a v y - r iv e t e d _____
S c r e w -m a c h in e p r o d u c ts a n d w o o d s c r e w s _____
S te e l b a rre ls, k e g s , a n d d r u m s . . ..................
F ir e a r m s .................................................................................
164.5
E le c tr ic a l m a c h in e r y ______________ __________________
E le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t ________ ______ ____ H I . . . I I
R a d io s a n d p h o n o g r a p h s ..............................
I.
C o m m u n ic a tio n e q u ip m e n t .........................................
207.7
102.0
160.2
160.2
161.7
158.2
169.1
175.9
180.0
184.9
186.2
185.2
183. 7
175.8
122.9
176.4
186.1
187.4
187.6
188.2
187.4
185.2
1S9.6
194.2
192.8
195.7
194.6
194.0
195.2
193.7
198.0
191.3
196.8
191.2
194.9
189.7
193.9
189.8
189.1
199.4
163.9
167.1
134.2
184.5
214.5
169.0
131.4
187.8
214.2
211.0
202.1
117.7
397.9
170.7
130.6
189.8
223.9
210.8
204.4
119.5
395.1
170.9
135.4
190.0
228.8
215.5
203.9
121.9
390.0
169.4
131.2
188.2
229.5
214.6
203.2
125.5
383.9
170.3
139.3
188.4
231.0
222.5
200.1
130.3
375.4
171.0
141.0
187.4
228.3
219.7
198. 7
126.4
369.8
170.2
138.3
186.5
225.0
212.5
196.8
123.5
361.6
168.4
135.8
182.3
223.8
206.6
196.4
123.8
357.4
169.7
132.8
185.6
221.6
169.6
130.6
186.6
195.3
122.4
403.0
167.9
133.7
187.3
213.3
225.1
199.1
121.7
402.6
200.0
198.6
196.3
128.4
343.3
206.4
192.4
195.0
267.7
210.8
195.3
202.0
277.8
211.6
105. 7
204.6
277.3
217.4
199.8
212.2
289.3
222.9
203.5
221.9
297.4
225.4
206.1
225.5
299.3
227.0
207.2
228.0
302.4
230.2
209.2
238.2
302.7
229.7
208.2
241.7
300.3
226.9
206.5
237.0
294.6
223.0
204.6
226.3
288.3
219.6
287.3
285.9
272.4
282.0
367.5
226.9
234.8
280. 6
191.8
262.2
127.7
200.4
188.6
266.5
140.8
230.4
237.5
279.5
193.0
267.4
128.4
214.5
191.6
272.3
145.9
228.5
235.8
286.7
180.1
263.7
129.7
214.4
189.8
278.7
147.0
227.4
238.8
289.1
143. 4
267.0
130.4
214.8
189.2
280.9
148.7
233.1
240.9
293.3
198.8
266.1
134.5
216.6
187.6
286.8
153.5
234.0
242.2
291.6
197.9
261.6
137.6
218.0
186.2
293.5
154.9
233.0
240.9
292.9
196.4
253.5
137.6
218.6
185.8
293.9
158.8
233.8
240.3
292.4
192.8
248.8
140.2
218.1
185.3
292.7
159.5
230.5
239.5
283.9
187.5
238.4
139. 5
216.2
181.9
290.3
155.5
229.7
240.2
285.8
185.3
236.6
142.4
215.3
179.3
290.5
152.7
228.8
240.2
286.6
182.5
236.9
142.9
216.8
170. 5
297.3
149.4
226.8
238.4
287.0
178.0
232.8
143.2
218.5
166.1
294.7
145.8
244.7
282.2
426.4
167.5
158.1
299.5
408.1
130.1
372.9
73.8
222.1
195.9
127.3
347.6
221.0
201.6
220.0
200.0
164.9
207.4
266.3
318.5
298.5
131.8
1346. 4
M a c h in e r y , e x c e p t e le c tr ic a l_______________________
225.8
M a c h in e r y a n d m a c h in e -s h o p p r o d u c t s I I I I H I I
E n g in e s a n d tu r b in e s .................. .................................
T r a c to r s _____ ____ ________ _____ ______ _________
A g r ic u ltu r a l m a c h in e r y , e x c lu d in g tr a c to r s..'.!
M a c h in e t o o l s . .......................................... ..........................
M a c h in e -to o l a c c e s s o r ie s ........................................ H H
T e x t ile m a c h in e r y ................... .......................... ...............
P u m p s a n d p u m p in g e q u ip m e n t ...111111111111
T y p e w r it e r s _____________________________________
C a sh re gisters; a d d in g a n d c a lc u la tin g m a
c h in e s _______ ______ ______ _____ ________________
W a s h in g m a c h in e s , w r in g e r s, a n d d rie rs, d o
m e s t ic _______________________________________
S e w in g m a c h in e s , d o m e s tic a n d in d u s t r ia l.I I I I
R efrigerators a n d refrig era tio n e q u ip m e n t _____
229.5
232.9
231.8
235.2
234.2
233.4
230.2
229.4
224.1
218.5
213.9
208.3
177.0
209.5
179.4
239.4
220.0
178.6
241.3
214.6
177.2
234.6
217.0
175.9
226.7
218.4
174.8
230.4
221.1
172.5
232.2
216.8
171.0
234.9
218.1
170.1
231.8
211.2
165.7
227.7
205.1
160.2
226.6
200.1
154.6
225.0
202.2
153.7
223.7
178.8
136.6
154.9
T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t, e x c e p t a u to m o b ile s ____
L o c o m o tiv e s __________________ ________________
C ars, electric- a n d stea m -ra ilro a d ..........................I .
A ircra ft a n d p a rts, e x c lu d in g aircraft e n g in e s . .
A ircraft e n g in e s _______ ________ _________________
S h ip b u ild in g a n d b o a t b u ild in g .................... I I I I I I
M o to r c y c le s , b ic y c le s , a n d p a r ts _____ ______ _
261.4
270.6
407.4
222.3
328.5
287.4
149.8
154.7
273.7
406.5
224.4
321.5
290.8
157.2
177.5
276.0
407.7
219.6
315.3
282.4
167.6
185.2
290.9
410.5
219.7
346.0
278.4
176.8
206.0
292.7
411.3
221.8
342.9
276.9
181.6
211.7
292.6
409.1
220.2
341.1
280.1
184.4
209.4
297.3
406.7
228.0
339.5
284.0
191.9
207.6
291.6
406.2
231.8
335.8
291.0
181.5
210.1
284.6
402.0
231.4
336.2
291.0
169.9
207.0
269.2
400.5
225.2
337.4
294.8
144.7
260.7
388.1
225.7
327.0
299.2
134.3
222.8
201.8
200.0
A u to m o b ile s ................................................................
189.4
195.0
183.2
190.5
191.9
195.0
178.9
202.6
195.2
190.4
190.0
190.5
184.1
177.5
N o n fe r r o u s m e ta ls an d th e ir p r o d u c ts ............................ 172.4
S m e ltin g a n d re fin in g , p r im a r y , of nonferrous"
m e t a ls ________________ ________________________
A llo y in g ; a n d r o llin g a n d d r a w in g o f nonferrous"
m e ta ls, e x c e p t a lu m in u m __________________
C lo ck s a n d w a tc h e s __________________ I I I I I I I I H
J e w e lr y (p recio u s m e ta ls) a n d je w e le r s ’ "find"-"
in g s .......... ............................................................................
S ilv e r w a r e a n d p la te d w a r e .............
L ig h tin g e q u ip m e n t ................................................. IH "
A lu m in u m m a n u fa c tu r e s _____ _____
H.
S h e e t-m e ta l w o r k , n o t e lse w h e r e classified"_____ _
169.1
173.8
173.7
176.9
180.0
178.5
178.4
180.3
178.8
176.3
174.7
172.8
196.0
151.6
149.8
148.4
147.8
145.4
144.5
144.6
143.7
143.9
144.0
144.4
204.3
133.5
127.6
135.3
139.3
135.6
139.2
138.3
140.7
140.6
141.9
136.9
141.1
138.2
140.8
137.5
140.8
136.3
139.9
136.6
138.6
136.9
137.0
137.6
134.2
195.2
124.2
178.1
217.9
147.4
165.8
189.3
181.8
225.2
150.6
179.3
186.2
182.6
224.2
148.4
181.5
187.8
187.6
226.8
152.7
187.7
192.0
191.0
226.5
161.7
192.1
196.4
190.4
223.1
165.4
192.0
196.9
189.3
221.0
164.1
192.2
199.0
191.6
223.5
166.6
190.1
209.9
194.6
218.8
167.3
185.4
209.1
190.2
215.3
170.2
183.0
207.1
182.9
171.7
179.9
200.3
177.0
205.7
172.3
174.0
200.8
141.8
124.5
137.8
337.4
201.9
L u m b e r a n d tim b e r b a sic p r o d u c t s 2_______________ 200.
S a w m ills a n d lo g g in g c a m p s ____________________
P la n in g a n d p ly w o o d m i l l s . ............... I I I I I I I I I I I I I
196.9
216.8
186.6
190.0
208.2
184.2
183.6
200.1
182.0
179.4
194.8
180.4
178.3
193.5
179.9
175.0
189.4
178.4
175.6
190.6
178.0
178.4
194.7
176.2
178.5
195.4
174.1
178.6
196.5
170.0
177.3
195.5
166.9
177.3
195.9
165.4
127.3
139.0
125. 4
See fo o tn o te s 1 a n d 2, ta b le A -5 .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
210.2
255.0
377.2
329.3
299.9
125.8
195.3
1580.1
526.8
246.5
2003.5
2625.7
1769.4
143.7
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
T
able
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
429
A-6: Indexes of Production-Worker Employment in Manufacturing Industries 1—Continued
[1939 average» 100]
1948
An
nual
aver
age
1947
Industry group and industry
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1943
Furniture and finished lumber products.................... 140.5
Mattresses and bedsprings..............................., .................
Furniture___________________________ _______ _____
Wooden boxes, other than cigar_____________ _______
Caskets and other morticians’ goods......... .................. .
Wood preserving__ ______ _____ ___________________
Wood, turned and shaped....................................................
137.8
151.1
128.2
117.2
126.5
128.5
128.6
139.8
152.3
130.3
117.3
130.5
124.8
134.5
139. 7
152.0
131.1
114.8
133.5
122.6
130.5
143.4
159.4
134.7
119.0
136.4
120.4
133.4
147.8
168.8
138.8
122.2
140.6
124.3
136.2
149.2
176.7
140.2
124.3
139.6
124.8
133.7
149.1
177.1
139.8
125.3
141.4
131.1
131.1
148.3
175.8
138.7
122.7
142.2
134.8
133.4
147.1
174.9
136.9
124.6
141.5
138.8
132.1
144.8
170.3
134.1
127.1
139.6
142.4
128.5
141.9
162.3
131.0
126.3
140.6
145.1
127.9
140.1
153.5
129.4
125.6
139.2
150.4
128.2
111.7
105.9
112.4
125.0
102.4
98.7
107.4
Stone, clay, and glass products..................................... 157.0
Glass and glassware...............................................................
Glass products made from purchased glass......................
Cement______ ________________________ ______ ____
Brick, tile, and terra cotta_________________________
Pottery and related products..............................................
Gypsum...................... ............................................................
Wallboard, plaster (except gypsum), and m in
eral wool........................................................... ...................
Lim e...... ...................................... ............................................
Marble, granite, slate, and other products.......................
Abrasives___________________________ __________ _
Asbestos products...................................................................
153.2
155.6
124.3
156.4
137.5
164.4
136.4
156.0
163.2
123.2
154.5
138.0
170.2
134.0
154.7
164.7
122.2
152.2
133.8
168.9
132.5
153. 7
165.2
123.4
150.5
131.1
167.2
132.8
153.9
165.2
124.8
149.4
130.1
170.2
134.3
150.9
161.3
123.8
150.3
126.9
166.9
133.8
151.6
164.3
125.0
149.1
131.4
166.0
132.7
154.7
167.8
127.1
150.5
131.4
170.3
134.6
154.0
168.4
125.8
151.0
130.6
169.0
132.4
152. 8
168.2
122.0
151.1
130.2
166.0
128.7
152.3
166.7
120.1
152.1
129.8
165.2
124.2
151.2
165.7
120.2
151.1
129.4
165.9
123.5
122.5
139.9
113.1
111.5
90.5
132. 9
91.2
156.7
99.4
100.7
237.2
130.9
154.9
98.3
99.2
230.4
136.0
155.4
100.8
97.8
226.0
137.1
155.2
101.6
96.6
226.3
137.5
153.1
100.0
99.3
226.4
138.2
154.1
98.0
96.5
221.0
137.4
155.7
97.8
97.5
178.0
137.8
156.9
98.6
99.0
217.6
136.3
156.4
99.9
100.1
213.7
134.1
151.2
95.8
99.2
213.8
134.4
149.4
97.0
99.9
217.9
132.0
145.3
97.0
99.4
208.8
129.9
137.2
98.7
67.4
302.2
138.2
108.7
121.6
95.1
85.4
113.2
126.1
99.4
89.0
113.0
125.4
102.3
88.3
113.7
125.8
103.6
88.2
114.7
126.6
105.8
88.1
114.2
125.6
105.8
87.6
113.0
125.2
103.8
84.9
112.7
125.1
101.8
85.5
111.1
123.6
98.6
84.4
109.2
121.5
97.2
83.5
106.9
119.3
95.2
81.6
105.1
118.1
93.3
80.2
108.2
125.8
126.6
82.2
D u r a b l e g o o d s —Continued
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s
Textile-mill products and other fiber manufactures.. 111.4
Cotton manufactures, except smallwares______
Cotton smallwares_________ ________________
Silk and rayon goods.............. ................................
Woolen and worsted manufactures, except dye
ing and finishing_________ ____ ___ ________
Hosiery......... ...................................................... .
Knitted c lo th ..._____________________ ______
Knitted outerwear and knitted gloves________
Knitted underwear................. ........................... .....
D yeing and finishing textiles, including woolen
and w o r ste d ..._________ _________________
Carpets and rugs, wool............................................
Hats, fur-felt__________ ____________________
Jute goods, except felts.......................... ...........
Cordage and tw ine_______________ __________
106.0
74.8
96.5
94.6
114.4
110.3
80.5
96.8
103. 6
118.1
109.9
81.3
99.4
105.8
119.3
111.0
82.8
101.9
104.4
122.7
113.1
84.1
101.4
106.4
123.5
113.9
83.5
101.8
106.0
122.2
112.5
82.8
100.4
102.9
120.6
112.4
82.3
99.9
105.5
120.0
110.5
81.1
99.4
105.5
117.5
108.4
79.4
97.1
103.5
115.3
107.0
77.5
95.2
99.5
111.9
103.3
76.3
94.2
94.0
110.5
110.4
74.9
109.4
117.2
110.4
119.6
137.4
80.0
112.3
123.7
122.5
137.6
87.0
114.2
127.0
123.9
136.4
84.2
112.0
128.7
125.0
135.4
82.7
112.8
130.9
125.2
135.5
89.3
109.3
134.1
125.8
134.0
89.0
110.3
134.7
124.4
132.2
89.1
105.1
131.6
123.8
130.9
89.7
80.6
128.8
121.6
127.1
88.5
79.4
125.7
120.5
124.4
88.4
79.5
120.4
117.6
121.7
85.8
76.6
115.3
114.9
119.7
86.3
78.1
116.5
113.6
90.8
71.3
110.6
143.4
Apparel and other finished textile products___
M en’s clothing, not elsewhere classified___
Shirts, collars, and nigh tw ear......................
Underwear and neckwear, men’s ..............
Work sh ir ts......................................................
Women’s clothing, not elsewhere classified.
Corsets and allied garm ents........... .............
M illin ery ........................... ...............................
Handkerchiefs_________ _____ __________
Curtains, draperies, and bedspreads............
Housefurnishings, other than curtains, etc.
Textile bags....................... ......................... .
146.9
135.6
129.1
102.5
98.5
130.9
152.7
90.8
87.8
76.8
141.2
252.6
223.6
138. 6
136.9
108.2
107.4
131.4
152.1
96.5
79.4
96.6
148.9
249.9
216.4
137.1
134.9
109.4
108.3
129.2
149.4
98.8
80.4
99.2
148.8
248.2
212.8
139.8
135.0
110.9
110.1
126.4
153.7
102.4
92.3
99.8
156. 0
259.8
212.4
147.5
137.0
111.2
112.0
123.8
168.3
106.1
108.3
99.6
172.1
272.0
216.9
147.7
135.5
110.8
110.3
119.0
169.5
107.0
109.2
97.9
190.5
261.5
220.2
145.3
134.2
110.4
106.6
112.0
166.4
104.9
103.4
95.7
178.0
268.6
223.7
144.8
135.2
111.4
108.8
109.8
164.4
104.4
92.0
101.1
181.3
274.3
226.8
141.5
134.7
109.7
106.5
109.4
158.0
103.3
84.7
102.2
180.9
268.7
225.3
142.7
133.6
107.2
102.3
112.1
161.5
100.2
98.9
100.9
173.7
283.4
222.6
138.9
130.4
104.4
101.1
112.4
158.0
96.5
93.4
98.3
161.4
274.0
220.1
135.6
128.3
101.6
97.9
110.7
153. 9
93.4
92.6
90.6
153.9
263.5
216.5
121.4
115.8
90.9
96.3
131.3
120.6
88.1
91.5
113.1
141.9
214.9
155.7
Leather and leather products 2................................... 110.7
Leather_____________ _____________ _________ _____
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings..............................
Boots and shoes................................. ..................................
Leather gloves and mittens________________________
Trunks and suitcases........ ....... ...........................................
108.3
94.3
88.6
104.0
127.8
159.6
107.4
95.7
88.9
102.5
128.8
159.3
103.3
94.9
86.9
97.7
123.9
158.6
107.1
95.1
88.7
102.2
121.9
160.1
114.1
98.4
94.7
110.1
125.4
166.4
115.8
100.4
97.8
111.7
124.9
168.6
114.9
100.3
98.8
111.0
121.9
159.3
115.3
100.4
99.4
110.6
130.1
170.1
114.1
100.3
99.0
108.7
131.8
177.9
113.2
100.2
98.1
107.8
131.5
172. 5
112.2
99.6
96.9
107.2
128.1
162.6
111.1
98.1
96.3
106.4
126.8
153.1
98.1
92.9
96.0
89.0
153.7
161.2
Food.................................................................................... 165.5
Slaughtering and meat packing..........................................
Butter..................................................................... .................
Condensed and evaporated milk.......................................
Ice cream................................................... .............
Flour................................ .......................... ............... .............
Feeds, prepared............. .............................. .......................
Cereal preparations......................... .....................................
Baking................. .................. .................................... .............
Sugar refining, cane________________ ____ __________
Sugar, beet_________________ _____ _______________
Confectionery............ ................................................. ..........
Beverages, nonalcoholic.................... ............................ ......
M alt liquors.......................................................... ...............
Canning and preserving............................................ ..........
160.0
140.9
195.4
205.9
184.9
143.4
168.6
164.5
118.9
134.4
62.0
101.2
187.0
196.1
163.8
147.4
139.9
201.2
211. 2
179.1
139.1
166.4
155.2
118.0
115.3
60.2
102.9
172.2
185.0
111.7
127.7
86.0
194.5
198.3
166.0
134.2
161.5
152. 6
115.4
111.7
54.6
100.5
161.7
163.9
91.7
122.6
71.9
183.3
188.3
153.9
135. 0
153.9
146.4
114.3
109.2
46.9
109.5
151.3
172.4
84.3
134.5
134.0
170.5
177.2
138.5
136.0
152.0
144.7
115.4
123.2
48.4
118.3
143.6
167.0
81.2
135.6
138.5
158.8
172.5
133.8
137.5
158.7
147.8
114.1
127.2
56.3
126.2
134.9
165.5
82.1
139.3
145.7
162.0
169.3
133.7
141.3
169.4
145.0
113.1
116.2
91.5
134.1
140.1
168.2
85.5
146.9
150.8
163.6
170.6
141.4
141.9
168.4
144.3
116.0
126.2
179.7
141.2
139.7
172.4
99.1
150.7
142.0
168.2
179.7
149.1
143.1
165.3
153.7
118.1
131.1
225.5
142.7
143.8
181.3
114.4
158.3
135.5
172.9
188.9
157.8
143.3
167.7
153.6
117.9
129.0
226.4
137.2
150.4
184.6
159.8
173.6
134.7
178.0
194.5
176.8
140.4
171.2
168.0
115.5
131.3
102.9
122.6
164.9
188.4
255.7
168.8
135.5
188.0
208.8
185.9
141.6
173.1
169.7
114.5
131.2
90.2
112.8
166.4
187.9
232.7
123.5
128.9
165.2
182.6
130.7
118.5
145.0
136.0
105.1
86.8
106.7
135.1
134.1
125.4
Tobacco manufactures 2_______________ _____
Cigarettes_____________________ ________
Cigars.............................................................. .
Tobacco (chewing and smoking) and snuff.
88.8
122.4
74.7
75.6
90.6
121.2
78.1
76.1
90.5
120.7
78.3
75.9
92.4
121.1
81.0
77.0
93.4
121.1
82.7
77.3
93,9
122.1
82.8
78.3
93.6
122.6
82.1
78.9
94.4
124.5
81.7
82.1
96.5
124.0
85.5
81.3
95.1
121.7
84.2
81.8
92.3
118.7
81.5
79.8
91.6
120.0
79.8
79.3
97.2
123.8
85.0
92.5
1 See footnotes 1 and 2, table A-6.
805 9 9 6 — 48-
6
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
92.5
111.0
MONTHLY LABOR
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
430
T able A-6: Indexes of Production-Worker Employment in Manufacturing Industries ^C ontinued
[1939 average=100]
An
nual
aver
age
1947
1948
Industry group and industry
1943
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
Pappr rmrl allied products 2
________________ 147.4
Paper and pulp
__________________
Paper goods, o th e r ________________________
Envelopes
_____________________________
Paper hags
__________________________
Paper boxes
_______________________
146.1
149.5
160.2
140.9
156.3
131.0
146.9
148.2
163.6
144.0
157.8
133.9
146.5
148.5
163.0
145.8
158.5
131.8
146.8
147.8
162.6
145.6
162.3
133.7
148.0
147.9
164. 2
145.7
164.1
137.3
147.8
147.3
164.1
143.9
162.0
139.1
148.7
147.4
165.9
142.0
163.2
140.8
149.9
147.2
169.1
142.6
163.9
143.7
148.6
145.7
167.9
142.5
161.3
142.7
147.8
145.3
166.9
140.6
160.7
141.5
146.2
145.2
162.9
137.4
159.2
138.5
145.7
145.0
160.8
136.0
161.6
137.9
122.2
116.3
133.1
116.9
118.0
129.3
131.8
131.1
123.7
143.4
118.9
129.5
132.3
123.8
144.5
118.3
136.3
132.0
123.3
144.3
117.6
136.2
131.8
122.2
143.5
119.0
139.2
132.8
122.0
145.3
119.5
144.5
133.5
121.4
147.1
121.2
145.1
134.0
121.0
148.6
121.7
145.9
135.7
122.7
150.0
125.3
148.8
135.4
122.2
149.3
125.8
150.3
134.6
121.8
148.3
124.2
149.3
133.2
121.7
145.7
123. 4
148.1
132.3
120.5
144.4
124.0
148.7
100.8
95.2
108.7
98.5
114.1
Chemicals and allied products___________________ 203.3
Paints varnishes, and colors________________
"Drugs medicines, and insecticides___________
Perfumes and cosmetics___________________ Soap
_____________________________
Payrm and allied products _________________
Chemicals, not elsewhere classified......... ............ —
Explosives and safetv fuses__________________
Compressed and liquefied gases______________
Ammunition, small-arms___________________
Fireworks
____________ ______________
Cottonseed oil ________ _______ _____________
Fertilizers
_________ _________________
195.7
180.9
228.6
104.6
146.4
132.9
275.8
325.4
251.5
179.8
189.8
81.8
123.4
198.4
180.9
230.6
104.7
144.3
132.7
283.5
316.5
253.7
181.1
211.8
82.8
131.4
198.4
179.4
231.1
105.2
142.2
131.2
279.8
304.7
250.9
181.6
219.7
89.1
156.1
201.4
177.1
233.3
107.6
142.9
131.4
283.2
303.7
252.4
182.5
210.1
99.5
177.4
203.6
179.4
236.9
111.2
163.1
131.8
280.8
306.8
250.1
182.8
203.9
115.0
184.4
204.2
182.1
238.3
116.2
166.3
131.8
281.0
303.3
246.2
182.2
221.8
127.7
171. 5
204.1
179.3
238.5
115.4
167.0
130.8
282.8
301.3
249.9
178.7
213.4
142.1
161.3
205.4
178.9
239.2
123.6
167.4
131.4
283.3
300.7
248.8
172.7
243. 5
159.5
148.7
204.5
177.7
241.3
133.1
168.9
130.5
280.9
298.0
244.9
168.7
249.0
160.5
141.6
203.2
176.5
243.7
129.9
165.7
130.1
278.9
293.6
243.5
167. 2
249.9
157.2
142.1
199.9
175.4
243.6
121.3
161.7
128.4
279.0
291.4
249.0
163.5
214.0
119.8
142.0
195.3
173.4
240.5
116.5
157.0
126.4
280.8
290.1
253.2
103.8
177.5
85.9
133.4
254.5
135.1
203.6
135 8
117.1
111.7
206.7
1536.9
197.3
3595.4
2426. 5
133.4
146.2
Products of petroleum and coal2_______ _________ 160.3
_____ ________ _____
Petroleum refining
Coke and byproducts
Paving materials
_________ - _______
Roofing m aterials______ _____ _____________
160.7
159.8
147. 0
111.0
215.5
160.3
159.2
145.9
110.3
218.2
157.3
156.7
143.2
97.1
213.2
154.9
155.2
136.8
92.7
214.6
155. 4
155.0
141.4
75.3
215.3
153.9
153.1
139.6
73.2
217.5
155.0
153.5
140.6
83.2
222.7
155. 5
153.7
138.3
109.4
226.2
156.1
153.4
138.2
138.1
228.0
155.8
153.5
136.5
137 4
227.7
156. 4
154.9
135.1
140.0
226.8
157.0
156.3
134.7
133.9
224.9
117.6
113.4
117.4
87.0
161.2
Rubber products 2 - - - -- ________ _____ ___ 160.9
Rubber tires and inner tubes___ _____ ___ _
Rubber boots and s h o e s ___________ - - - Rubber goods, other______ ________________
157.5
167.6
139.4
152.1
161.6
169.4
146.9
157.5
161.1
168.5
146.4
157.5
163.8
170.7
149.0
161.9
168.9
177.7
152.4
165.3
172.0
182.4
153.8
166.9
173.5
185.5
151.5
167.4
175.3
187.8
151.4
169.1
174.0
188.7
147.9
166.0
171.7
188.0
146.1
162.0
168.1
185.2
141.6
157.8
167.9
193.0
127.2
153.5
160.3
166.1
160.5
154.1
180.1
Miscellaneous industries______ ___ ___________
Instruments (professional and scientific), and
fire-control eq u ip m en t___ _______________
Photographic apparatus
___
_ _ __
Optica) instruments and ophthalmic goods___
Pianos, organs, and p a r t s .- ________________
Games, toys, and dolls________ - __ - ___ Buttons
_ . _____ . ___________ ___ _
Fire extinguishers
____________________
173.6
175.4
176.6
178.4
182.6
181.9
180.9
187.5
190.4
187.5
182.8
177.7
181.7
246.1 243.4
219.7 215.6
199.9 214.6
163.1 172.9
218.1 213.8
111.2 i 114.8
270.3 i 269.3
242.8
214.1
224.1
175.2
210.3
114.2
260.9
244.1
217.1
226.9
170.5
210.7
1x6.3
266.8
244.6
219.8
229.1
189.7
201.2
122.6
258.6
245.2
220.9
230.0
201.5
189.9
119.4
249.3
245. 3
220.4
233.6
215.2
175.0
118.7
253.5
248.1
221.8
235.4
226.3
201.3
119.1
268.0
246.1
219.5
232.1
228.6
226.9
113.0
269.5
247.4
218.8
231.6
223.8
221.4
107.7
273.2
245.0
216.1
231.6
211.4
213.9
103.4
277.6
243.4
216.5
231.8
187.2
202.1
101.9
277.3
766.4
200.9
280.3
156.2
99.7
116.6
913.1
N o n d u r a b le go o d s —Continued
Printing publishing, and allied industries 2______
Newspapers and periodicals_________________
_________
Printing* hook and job
Eithopraphing
_ _____________________
Pookhinding
_ _______________________
i
See footnotes 1 and 2, table A-5.
T able A-7: Indexes of Production-Worker Weekly Pay Rolls in Manufacturing Industries 1
[1939 average= 100]
An
nual
aver
age
1947
1948
Industry group and industry
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1943
374.6
418.7
331.4
360.1
403.1
318.1
359.0
401.3
317.7
346.7
390.8
303.6
347.1
393.4
301.9
358.4
402.0
315.7
354.1
393.1
316.0
358.7
403.1
315. 3
365.7
411.0
321.4
353.4
395.0
312.8
350.1
389.9
311.2
345.3
282.2
309.2
331.5
366.8
297.0
334.4
469.5
202.3
Iron and steel and their products__________
___ 361.1
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling m ills...
Gray-iron and semisteel castings__________ _.
Malleable-iron eastings__ ____
_____ . . .
Steel castings . .
__________________ ___
Cast-iron pipe and fittings. .
________ . .
Tin cans and other tinware.
____________
Wire drawn from purchased rods______ ____
Wirework___ ___________________________
Cutlery and edge tools_____ ______ __________
336.9
269.9
377. 8
448.8
440.5
411. 6
353.8
242.8
315.1
335.7
340.5
268.4
400.1
468.1
469.5
422.0
310.8
243.3
295.7
343.6
334.4
265.4
374.3
460.3
454.2
401.4
286.1
249.8
298.2
357.8
329.6
253.0
394.6
453.0
453.2
370.0
274.9
255.3
302.0
364.6
340.8
260.9
421.7
469.7
456.8
397.5
289.8
269.1
316.4
370.6
337.6
257.5
414.9
467.6
442.3
392.5
302.4
268.7
309.0
377.2
341.9
261.2
416.4
480.1
442.1
394.4
320.0
271.6
320.5
381.9
345.8
257.8
420.7
479.8
443.3
404.0
336.7
280.3
321.9
386.3
335.1
255.1
399.3
459.6
429.5
381.4
320.7
270.1
297.4
384.1
331.6
251.9
406.7
448.7
423.1
382.3
331.9
267.6
289.0
372.2
327.7
254.5
403.0
425.9
414.2
366.6
349.2
259.5
290.1
359.1
316.8
254.2
384.1
392.1
396.9
352.5
334.9
254.3
271.6
333.3
311.4
222.3
261.1
278.9
493.5
177.2
161.6
255.3
202.6
279.5
All manufacturing_____________________________
Durable goods.. _____________________ ____
Nondurable goods___ ____ ______ _____ ______
D u ra b le goods
1 See footnotes 1 and 2, table A-5
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
431
T able A-7: Indexes of Production-Worker Weekly Pay Rolls in Manufacturing Industries1—Con.
[1939 average=100]
1948
An
nual
aver
age
1947
Industry group and industry
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1943
358.7
303.8
316.7
370.8
318.6
329.0
366.6
325.8
324.0
372.4
342.2
322.2
378.4
355.1
329.0
379.0
353.5
320.3
381.0
352.5
321.8
381.0
345.9
331.9
363.0
328.7
324.1
352.6
321.2
306.8
347.9
308.4
291.6
329.6
291.8
278.6
334.1
245.8
161.7
D u r a b l e g o o d s —Continued
Iron and steel and their products—Continued
Tools (except edge tools, machine tools, files,
and saws)............................................................. .
Hardware............................ .....................................
Plumbers’ supplies____________ ______ _____
Stoves, oil burners, and heating equipment,
not elsewhere classified___________________
Steam and hot-water heating apparatus and
steam fittings___________________ _________
Stamped and enameled ware and galvanizing.
Fabricated structural and ornamental metal
work_________________________ __________
Metal doors, sash, frames, molding, and trim ...
Bolts, nuts, washers, and r iv e ts...................... .
Forgings, iron and s te e l.......................... ...........
Wrought pipe, welded and heavy-riveted.........
Screw-machine products and wood screws____
Steel barrels, kegs, and drums..............................
Firearms........................... ........................................
359.9
352.5
345.4
368.6
387.2
395.8
422.7
404.5
417.6
399.3
355.9
210.9
397.2
428.9
409.5
439.3
406.0
440.6
393.8
439.8
416.5
447.0
425.1
447.4
403.7
456.0
430.9
472.8
419.4
453.7
403.0
445.2
394.1
437.1
365.8
415.0
360.6
307.0
329.0
292.9
401.0
449.6
473.0
426.8
301.4
952.7
345.2
309.1
412.8
454.1
467.3
436.9
313.3
945.9
345.7
288.6
408.2
443.7
443.1
445.4
302.6
915.6
340.6
283.9
416.7
467.6
437.7
452.0
298.1
906.0
343.4
292.2
422.4
487.5
455.3
456.5
302.0
911.3
335.4
276.9
406.0
496.2
433.2
452.1
300.5
872.2
339.7
296.7
393.1
502.4
457.2
446.1
333.7
846.7
360.1
313.2
406.0
506.9
472.7
442.9
334.0
835.0
350.5
298.1
391.5
484.8
443.1
421.7
308.6
796.1
347.7
290.0
386.0
485.5
427.3
424.3
299.6
780.3
339.4
280.3
369.4
456.3
396.6
413.4
325.6
766.9
339.3
266.4
367.3
419.0
388.7
402.6
317.6
734.8
364.3
292.6
382.0
507.9
610.9
560. 4
247.0
2934. 8
Electrical machinery.................... ................ ............
Electrical equipm ent............................................
Radios and phonographs............................. .........
Communication equipment....... .........................
454.8
436.5
405.7
456.2
517.8
439.6 431.6
406. 7 398.1
458.0 451.4
534.1 530.0
444.3
408.1
468.5
551.2
459.1
419.6
488.4
578.6
465.1
424.0
495.6
593.7
471.0
430.6
507.3
586.4
481.2
434.3
542.9
604.6
471.9
423.9
539.6
597.8
464.6
417.8
533.2
584.5
450.5
411.0
501.9
551.1
428.1
393.7
459.7
523.8
488.0
475.6
505.0
538.2
Machinery, except electrical_______________ ____
Machinery and machine-shop products—........
Engines and turbines........................................... .
T ractors................... ........................... .....................
Agricultural machinery, excluding tractors___
Machine to o ls............................... ......................... .
Machine-tool accessories___________ _________
Textile machinery .................................. .............
Pumps and pumping equipm ent................. ......
Typewriters__________________ ____ _______
Cash registers; adding, and calculating ma
chines______ ______ ___ _________________
Washing machines, wringers, and driers, do
mestic............................ .........................................
Sewing machines, domestic and industrial____
Refrigerators and refrigeration equipment..........
477.8
469.5
489.3
584.5
366.4
573.3
238.7
361.1
437.9
585.2
318.7
480.7
500.7
601.4
355.5
595.4
242.9
383.5
459.1
596.5
325.2
466.4
491.0
617.6
285.4
571.2
240.7
389.9
444.8
610.3
325.0
463.8
493.6
611.7
248.9
571.9
240.2
392.6
441.3
610.0
336.8
475.2
496.4
632.3
353.8
576.8
249.2
388.9
443.2
617.7
347.5
471.9
495.5
622.1
351.9
550.5
254.4
398.0
420.9
627.0
357.6
473.8
494.9
625.5
354.3
534.9
250.1
398.6
417.9
622.0
366.1
479.9
500.7
607.4
347.0
522.7
262.2
397.7
417.4
628.1
369.6
459.6
481.5
601.9
336.9
482.5
253.3
380.2
396.3
607.7
358.2
458.0
480.0
576.0
333.1
504.6
257.5
379.0
381.7
611.1
342.3
451.4
477.9
591.3
322.2
494.1
257.4
380.5
366.0
627.1
321.6
434.5
462.1
597.2
306.5
471.5
253.6
362.9
330.2
609.6
309.6
443.7
501.8
849.4
256.7
298.6
503.9
671.1
230.1
761.8
143.8
Transportation equipment, except automobiles___
Locomotives.........................................................
Cars, electric- and steam-railroad____________
Aircraft and parts, excluding aircraft engines.
Aircraft engines_____ _____ ______________
Shipbuilding and boatbuilding.......................
Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts__________
506.2
505.9
489.4
504.7
499.9
489.0
491.9
490.7
463.5
455.8
441.9
405.2
341.6
438.5
458.5
489.3
480.9
444.2
508.9
454.2
428.0
472.3
465. 3 454.0
409.9 414.5
450.4 454.7
470.4
404.0
433.7
464.3
397.9
479.2
484.2
398.8
465.9
449.7
382.1
434.3
430. 5
369.9
446.6
400. 0
348. 2
426.6
393.3
323.2
408.7
301.5
282.3
264.5
547.7
552.4
907.3
467.9
661.1
533.1
305.3
300.2
561.2
913.7
492.5
649.2
517.5
321.7
345.7
566.4
916.4
478.5
634.2
493.5
345.7
370.5
601.4
928.1
483.8
695.2
481.0
373.6
418.2
600.4
908.6
490.3
675.9
473.9
383.7
426.6
593.3
869.2
479.5
667.3
469.4
385.4
420.6
611.2
883.0
500.6
657.4
482.9
416.7
414.5
600.2
900.3
522.4
668.7
503.5
378.9
448.2
555.1
863.1
503.5
653. 8
479.2
316.6
441.3
541.5
870.1
493.6
663.8
499.9
289.9
430.8
509.8
875.3
468.8
623.3
501.3
262.0
404.9
492.4
811.9
436.3
637.6
486.7
241.8
392.8
3080.3
1107.3
457.9
3496.3
4528.7
3594.7
253.6
423.3
Automobiles.
422.1
Nonferrous metals and their products........... ............
Smelting and refining, primary, of nonferrous
metals________________ _______ _____ _____
Alloying; and rolling and drawing of nonferrous metals, except aluminum__________
Clocks and watches________ ____ ___________
Jewelry (precious metals) and jewelers’ find
ings----------------------------------- ------------------Silverware and plated w a r e ............. ...................
Lighting e q u ip m e n t............................................
Aluminum manufactures______________ _____
Sheet-metal work, not elsewhere classified_____
379.3
Lumber and timber basic products
Sawmills and logging camps___
Planing and plywood m ills___
380.9
362.6
386.2
396.5
357.6
408.7
427.7
395.6
385.8
380.6
345.1
321.2
368.1
362.5
368.3
377.1
372.9
372.7
377.8
367.3
359.3
349.5
335.3
354.5
338.1
329.3
321.6
314.1
307.2
303.7
303.1
299.9
300.3
296.0
302.5
292.4
353.9
283.9
304.1
277.9
331.7
268.9
327.4
271.7
336.8
283.5
339.1
273.2
333.4
273.4
326.2
271.9
333.3
263.7
330.5
260.6
320.1
257.6
311.7
250.9
293.1
353.4
238.4
345.2
481.1
317.8
315.1
420.9
372.0
526.7
305.5
338.0
420.7
362.4
522.4
293.3
347.0
413.2
377.7
529.4
308.3
356.8
417.8
391.8
543.3
328.4
362.0
433.0
396.2
525.6
333.7
366.8
429.7
383.4
520.5
337.8
371.3
436.8
415.6
535.5
343.0
364.7
459.8
403.6
507.4
333.9
351.7
438.0
393.4
496.2
333.8
345.5
441.6
360.2
480.6
325.9
325.5
419.0
321.2
441.7
318.5
311.8
420.0
240.4
591.6
357.6
538.
511.7
575. 6
456.3
497.3
555.6
456.1
461.1
508.4
445.1
433.4
471.0
435.4
427.6
466.4
424.7
417.2
452.4
422.2
413.5
450.3
417.1
431.8
473.4
421.1
429.1
476.2
400.9
427.2
476.2
395.0
427.4
480.4
379.5
429.7
485.2
376.5
215.1
238.3
197.8
Furniture and finished lumber products_____
Mattresses and bedsprings._____ _______
Furniture._____ ______________________
Wooden boxes, other than cigar...................
Caskets and other morticians’ goods_____
Wood preserving________________ ______
Wood, turned and shaped........ ....................
339.7
320.4
330. 5
296.5
297.3
255.1
348.6
297.1
326.0
324.9
304.2
304.3
264.7
334.5
301.5
325. 6
318.0
307.2
281.4
270.3
328.6
303.9
333.0
336.4
314.6
285.2
281.0
312.6
310.4
349.2
363.2
330.9
300.1
295.6
310.5
317.4
350.2
385.0
333.6
292.2
291.0
292.1
307.3
352.2
388.3
333.4
304.2
294.9
330.4
298.3
355.7
395.0
334.3
312.1
299.6
347.2
305.3
343.0
372.6
323.2
301.9
287.3
353.0
290.8
338.8
378.7
315.0
308.8
281.4
384.2
287.8
324.3
356.0
297.9
305.0
283.4
393.7
281.2
311.6
323.0
284.7
304.7
271.6
404.2
281.4
183.9
165.7
185.3
215.8
159.3
181.9
175.5
Stone, clay, and glass products_____ ____ ____
Glass and glassware______ ____ __________
Glass products made from purchased glass.
C e m e n t........ ................... ................................
Brick, tile, and terra co tta .......... .............
Pottery and related products____________
359.4
335.5
316.8
257.0
328.7
335.1
336.6
347.1
348.5
265.9
323.5
329.9
355.2
343.4
352.5
264.5
314.3
320.8
351.1
337.9
355.3
259.9
297.2
305.6
348.7
336.6
358.2
267.6
287.3
297.1
352.9
321.4
340.0
267.0
282.8
279.0
337.4
322.9
343.4
271.6
284.7
296.9
337.8
335.7
356.5
287.1
291.3
301.9
354.4
331.2
357.2
269.4
294.0
296.7
349.8
328.2
351.2
264.0
294.7
300.2
342.7
320.2
342.8
251.5
298.3
294.1
326.5
315.5
334.1
246.4
297.0
289.1
330.4
189.1
208.3
165.9
156. 5
135.8
191.9
See footnotes 1 and 2, table A-5.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
211.8
212.8
MONTHLY LABOR
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
432
T able A-7: Indexes of Production-Worker Weekly Pay Rolls in Manufacturing Industries 1—Con.
[1939 average=100]
An
nual
aver
age
1947
1948
Industry group and industry
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
307.5
306.1
303.7
298.6
285.4
278.4
283.0
290.2
284.5
426.5
268.9
184.1
488.4
327.2
412.9
270.7
185.0
502.4
334.3
403.8
273.3
183.2
490.6
329.9
406.6
273.3
176.6
474.9
328.9
390.1
262.1
179.3
487.0
327.0
375.5
243.8
169. 5
457.4
322.3
374.1
249.5
173.5
363.2
325.0
386. 5
256.9
183.3
462.1
318.7
381.5
259.5
175.9
418.2
313.6
285.4
341.3
226.0
257.1
304.6
365. 9
238.0
271.5
303.8
369.7
238.3
268.6
307.1
374.7
243.0
267.4
315.6
385.1
249.1
267.8
310.6
377.0
249.3
262.4
303.0
378.7
243.8
252.6
302.0
376.4
234.1
248.1
294.9
171.1
223.9
212.0
283.4
311.5
185. 6
223.2
242.2
301.8
307.9
183.6
223.1
247.6
303.4
308.6
189.2
237.1
242.8
320.3
322.1
197.6
243.3
249.9
323.7
321.1
190.5
242.6
250.3
311.0
292.0
188.8
236. 5
234.3
306.6
278.4
342.1
174.3
272.4
287.6
297.8
345.4
197.4
277.5
306.5
299.0
332.8
184.6
272.2
303.4
305.6
324.2
176.4
275.9
311.4
308.8
327.9
197.5
264.2
330.4
311.2
321.8
202.2
265. 7
337.6
Apparel and other finished textile products. _____ 343.4
Men's clothing, not elsewhere classified _
Shirts, collars, and nightwear _ _
Underwear and neckwear, men’s
Work shirts
Women’s clothing, not elsewhere classified...
Corsets and allied garments____________
Millinery
Handkerchiefs
Curtains, draperies, and bedspreads
Honsefnrnishings, other than curtains, etc
Textile bags
__________________________
303.6
294.1
246.6
269.6
323.5
326.6
197.8
166.2
180.3
316.8
576.8
493.2
303.6
312.9
258. 5
289.1
330.9
310.7
210.8
133.2
231.0
339.2
587.3
470.8
297.9
311.5
266.8
296.7
325. 8
299.3
213.0
127.9
239.1
334.8
544.2
464.8
306. 5
317.1
274.6
297.0
316 1
307.1
229.1
171.3
251.5
348. 5
584.6
446.4
343.2
324.8
279.7
313.7
305.6
376.4
241.6
212.5
259.4
397.0
609.2
449.3
Leather and leather products2_..................... .............
Leather
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings
Boots and shoes
Leather gloves and m ittens_____________ ____
Trunks and su itca ses________________ .
249.0
236.9
203.6
178.6
231.1
267.4
339.5
233.4
205.2
179.9
225.3
273.6
339.5
215.4
201.1
169.6
202.8
256. 9
339.8
227.1
197.9
173.4
219.5
241.3
347.2
Food__ ___________________ ____ ____________
Slaughtering and meat packing_______
Butter _____ _____ ___ . . . ______
Condensed and evaporated m ilk. . . .
Ice cream_______________________ .
Flour__________ ____ ______ _______
Feeds, prepared______________________
Cereai preparations .... ... .................. .
Baking. _______________
Sugar refining, cane.
Sugar, beet_______________________ . .
Confectionery_____________________
Beverages, nonalcoholic_____________
M alt liq uors_________ ___ _
Canning and preserving____________
350.2
353.5
305.9
429.5
506.3
363.2
343.5
395.2
374.8
247.6
312.0
128.0
228.7
342.0
391.8
421.2
330.1
315.4
429.8
520.3
341. 5
317.3
389.0
353.7
245.4
243.4
123.0
231.1
304.2
351.0
282.9
281.3
211.3
407.2
477.9
311.3
294.0
367.4
333.6
235.1
227.9
111.8
210.4
277.0
299.9
234.2
Tobacco manufactures2________________________ 218.3
Cigarettes.......... ... .................. ..................................
Cigars .
. . . ____ ______________________
Tobacco (chewing and smoking) and snuff__
205.5
270.0
171.1
164.1
205.8
263.1
175.8
166.7
Paper and allied products2_____________________ 349.6
Paper and pu lp.. _______________________
Paper goods, other_______________________ .
Envelopes______ __________________________
Paper bags______________________________ ._
Paper boxes_______________________________
341. 7
358.9
355.3
272.9
380.0
294.9
Printing, publishing, and allied industries2. ___ 264.8
Newspapers and periodicals ______ __________
Printing; book and job . ___________________
Lithographing___ .’ ___________________ . . .
Bookbinding _____________________________
260.1
235.5
296.0
223.5
290.1
Aug.
1943
Sept.
Aug.
278.1
258.3
260.4
151.7
368.4
258.9
183.5
408.0
305.6
357.8
245. 5
180.9
498.2
299.2
353.9
243.3
176.4
375.6
301.7
223.8
171.6
90.8
480.2
254.6
288.2
362.1
215.1
236.6
271.8
329.1
213. 6
227.6
262.9
317.4
210.6
220.2
246.2
305. 7
195.4
208.5
178.9
215.9
214.6
138.6
294.4
193.5
231.6
241.6
306.9
276.6
186.4
221.7
243.0
295.4
270.4
177.2
214.4
237.0
282.8
268.5
166. 4
207.8
215.3
274.3
233.6
158.6
204.1
200.6
258. 0
199. 5
109.6
174.7
192.7
183.3
304.1
316.8
195.8
250.1
330.6
298.1
311.6
202.1
175.4
320.0
279.8
297.6
181.9
170.1
300.6
271.3
288.7
185.9
168.7
282.0
269.5
276.5
177.2
163.7
258.6
248.7
246. 3
171.4
162.0
256.0
174.9
145.2
121.5
196. 4
240.3
345.2
316. 4
272.0
300.0
284.6
387.1
237.7
236.0
243.4
431.4
572.9
461.7
337.0
313.4
273.0
292.0
247.5
374.8
234.5
204.4
222.5
419.1
597.8
481.1
327.3
309.5
281.3
304.0
248.2
355.9
230.5
157.4
251.2
424.7
653.1
492.9
304.8
301.5
266.0
292.9
253.1
319.3
226.8
123.6
260.4
422.2
590.1
484.8
320. 5
303.5
258.9
280.2
262.0
349. 5
219.0
195.2
251.4
412.1
632.2
472.6
303.8
284.9
243.2
261.3
266.9
334.7
205.4
173.1
239.4
371.9
604.6
458.8
288.4
264.8
225. 5
240.7
263.6
323.1
194.7
171.2
210.6
334.7
573. 5
443.6
185.2
174.9
143.6
166.5
220.4
184.4
137.1
123.3
184.0
230.2
370.3
233.0
251.7
206.4
187.9
249.7
252.8
364.1
262.5
216.4
198.6
261.0
252.2
366.9
258.7
214.8
201.4
258.3
245.3
321.6
259.6
217.5
202.6
256.0
262.4
369.3
252.5
213.8
190.3
246.7
264.1
406.0
251.8
212.9
189.6
246.6
267.5
381.8
248.1
212.0
191.4
243.7
253.5
335.9
235.8
202.5
189.8
230.9
242.3
309.1
154.2
140.6
142.2
142.0
239.4
240.3
267.4
179.9
381.0
438.1
286.4
285.1
337.1
313.0
227.6
229.3
96.7
241.1
257.9
316.0
216.9
285.8
276.6
348.2
403.0
261.3
275.8
329.6
297.8
227.1
248.4
98.9
260.1
241.0
293.0
204.6
288.5
263.3
332.7
388.1
250.9
298.3
314.7
322.2
234.1
232.3
126.7
275.6
226.7
289.9
216.5
296.6
304.2
330.3
369.8
248.0
305.9
379.0
307.8
221.5
216.9
188.0
295.3
237.1
289.4
216.2
321.9
338.9
342.2
364.0
258.5
319.4
381.4
306.3
229.2
248.9
392.8
326.6
236.3
307.7
250.2
323.5
317. 4
346.0
377.8
269.9
336.9
346.9
313.7
227.8
302.3
516.8
325.1
240.0
326.8
265.7
332.8
271.7
353.4
402.5
288.5
336.4
358.6
304.4
230.8
279.1
464.0
312.2
258.7
344.1
437.9
356.1
271.9
364.8
419.8
326.2
334.7
382.9
337.5
223.2
278.7
214.3
271.3
295.6
370.3
683.8
349.3
270.0
391.3
446.0
346.0
336.1
364.1
361.2
218.4
284.2
286.7
233.4
298.0
365.1
653.7
180.9
188.6
231.0
268.5
170.6
182.9
230.0
223.3
153.0
152.8
119.6
157.6
163.2
180.5
216.0
201.3
253.1
175.1
161.8
205.7
254.3
182.7
161.6
204.6
246.5
186.6
159.6
195.7
219.2
189.4
162.2
210.5
259.6
188.2
161.2
219.8
267.9
196.7
175.8
216.3
253.3
201.7
169.0
214.5
252.8
196.4
178.1
205.3
243.7
185.4
177.0
203.0
248.5
179.4
169.9
151.0
172.0
141.0
132.3
337.8
347.7
358.4
284.0
364.4
304.8
331.1
343.2
355.0
283.3
355.4
290.4
325.7
333.3
350.7
282.1
365.3
292.5
330.8
335.6
354.2
283.7
373.7
305.4
328.9
333.8
352.9
282.8
357.8
307.1
328.0
330.3
355.1
278.0
368.1
309.1
334.0
332.5
362.4
284.1
370.2
321.9
325.9
325.0
352.7
281.5
347.4
314.5
320.5
322.6
344.4
279.8
350.0
304.2
315.5
322.0
334.2
273.7
333.9
291.5
307.2
317.3
313.8
258.8
337.6
280.1
184.8
181.6
193.2
165.7
183.4
189.6
264.9
238.1
299.3
230.3
310.0
262.2
236.5
296.7
224.1
302.9
259.5
234.6
291.0
221.4
304.0
258.5
229.2
292.5
227.2
313.4
254.7
224.6
290.9
219.0
307.7
255.3
218.9
295.9
224.0
315. 3
263.1
230.0
297.8
237.1
326.6
257.2
224.0
292.5
236.1
325.1
252.8
221.6
285.8
226.2
325.4
249.7
221.6
279.3
225.9
322.9
240.0
214.0
267.3
215.7
311.9
124.7
111.7
137.3
124.9
174.8
D u r a b l e g o o d s— Continued
Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued
Gypsum
_ ____________
Wailboard, plaster (except gypsum), and
mineral wool
_________
Tump
______ ___ _______________
Marble granite slate a,nr! other products
Abrasives
_
__________
Asbestos prod nets
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s
Textile-mill products and other fiber manufactures
____________________________
Cotton manufactures, except smallwares
Cotton smallwares
______________________
Silk and rayon croods
___________
Woolen and worsted manufactures, except dyeing and finishing _ _ __________________
Hosiery
. _ ________________
Knitted cloth
_____________
Knitted outerwear and knitted gloves_ _
Knitted underwear
_ __ ________
D yeing and finishing textiles, including woolen
and worsted
_ ___________
Carpets and rugs, wool
_ _________
Hats, fnr-felt
__ ________________
______
.Tuta goods, except felts
Cordage and twine
__ ______
¡See footnotes 1 and 2, table A-5.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
298.0
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
T able
433
A-7: Indexes of Production-Worker Weekly Pay Rolls in Manufacturing Industries 1—Con.
[1939 average=100]
An
nual
aver
age
1947
1948
Industry group and industry
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1943
Chemicals and allied products......................... ............ 450.6
Paints, varnishes, and colors__ ____________
Drugs, medicines, and insecticides—- ........ .........
Perfumes and cosmetics ___________________
Soap____
__ - _ ____________________
Rayon and allied products__________________
Chemicals, not elsewhere classified____ — —
Explosives and safety fuses _________________
Compressed and liquefied gases______________
Ammunition, smalf-arms___________________
Firew orks.. ______________________________
Cottonseed o il..____________________ ______ _
F e r tiliz e r s..______________________________
430.2
357.3
475.7
205.0
331.9
288.9
573.1
657.7
517.0
419.8
505.7
229.6
361.0
432.2
349.7
485.7
213.2
329.8
279.7
585.9
638.4
504.3
410.3
571.3
227.8
377.3
422.5
343.9
481.5
209.7
322.9
275.1
563.2
592.0
491.7
404.1
594.9
■245.9
428.3
422.1
329.4
479.9
215.1
321.8
274.6
564.8
561.5
483.7
398.8
572.5
270.2
482.9
425.1
332.9
487.6
222.0
359.0
271.9
558.6
585.0
473.6
396.8
625.8
316.4
492.3
425.6
338.5
489.2
231.2
376.4
270.2
559.2
587.8
475.5
388.7
610.2
338.0
439.6
426.7
332.6
490.7
230.9
379.3
268.6
561.3
580.2
465.0
380.5
591.6
397.4
433.4
424.1
329.8
488.5
240.5
381.3
265.9
555.8
565.0
459.6
411.9
633. 8
448.4
393.0
416.4
327.4
489.9
265.3
371.0
260.5
540.8
566.2
458. 0
398.0
711.6
448.7
362.5
409.6
318.6
499.1
250.1
357.6
257.8
529.8
542.8
445.6
393.3
747.3
443.1
373.9
403.1
315.0
484.7
228.2
351.6
259.9
527.3
545.6
455. 3
381.4
577.7
315.8
390.9
390.2
312.7
469.7
211.2
325.0
252.2
527.0
539.4
448.1
206.5
447.7
221.6
354.5
422.5
197.2
286.3
180.6
174.5
168.2
336.9
2361. 8
325.3
6734. 4
5963.9
230.4
272.2
Products of petroleum and coal2________________ 358.2
Petroleum refining_________________________
Coke and byproducts_______________________
Paving materials___________________________
Roofing m aterials... _______________________
353.4
344. 9
329.7
261.2
531.9
342.2
330.8
330.1
249.2
523. 3
335.8
326.2
320. 6
222.8
508.5
316.7
310.9
287.3
206.5
495.6
320.0
306.6
314.6
173.1
502.7
315.4
302.1
312.3
160.6
500.7
318.1
303.9
309.8
168. 2
508.3
313.3
300.4
294.8
224.8
535.7
309.5
295.9
292.7
268.8
526.4
301.8
286.6
288.1
295.9
523.1
307.5
294.4
280.0
297.9
510.5
302.1
289.4
285.6
273. 2
502.5
184.3
176.7
183.4
144.8
267.2
347.2
329.1
329.8
321.7
330.1
330.2
322.0
329.7
343.7
318.9
305. 7
328.1
337. 7
312.8
286. 4
333.9
347.1
320.6
292.4
347.0
356.2
337.2
315.4
345.0
366.2
354.9
344.4
342.8
368.3
373.6
365.6
367.1
379.9
361.4
362.4
322.4
362.2
354.4
354.7
331.7
352.3
348.3
355. 3
314.4
338.3
337.6
355. 5
268.4
321.5
263.9
265.7
268.8
255.8
373.8
386.1
384.2
382.6
394.0
393.9
388.2
405.1
403.9
394.1
378.2
355.9
322.7
484.6
441.5
390.9
337.9
510.3
253.7
570.0
488.8
436.3
419.6
361.1
508.2
271.6
592.8
492.6
431.0
426.7
367.8
496.7
269.4
563.4
494.2
416.2
438.1
357.9
487.6
269.4
575.5
489.3
422.3
444.8
396.0
463.7
284.3
541.0
487.1
424.2
446.3
421.1
450.1
285. 5
523.2
507.5
418.1
452. 3
455.5
399.7
275.7
546.8
499.2
421.1
458.5
513.4
469.5
280.8
520.4
480.8
416.8
445.3
500.1
525.9
262.5
560.6
478.9
405.1
443. 5
475.6
518.7
245.8
555.4
469. 3
394.3
442.3
460.2
482.3
230.2
558.' 9
460.3
385.1
426.5
384.8
431.4
220.7
583.7
1356.9
311.5
439.0
295.1
169.7
204.1
1622.9
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s—
Continued
Rubber products 2__________________ ______ ____
Rubber tires and inner tubes _______________
Rubber boots and shoes ______________ _____
Rubber goods, other________________________
Miscellaneous industries_______________ _______ 397.4
Instruments (professional and scientific), and
fire-control equipment____________________
Photographic apparatus____________________
Optical instruments and ophthalmic goods____
Pianos, organs, and parts___________________
Games, toys, and dolls______________________
B u tto n s..
_____________________________
Fire extinguishers__________________________
1See footnotes 1 and 2, table A-5.
T able
A-8: Estimated Number of Employees in Selected Nonmanufacturing Industries 1
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1947
1948
Industry group and industry
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1943
M inin g:2 3
Coal:
76.2
76.2
78.4
76.5
76.0
76.7
76.4
76.9
77.4
76.2
77.4
76.6
77.6
76.1
Anthracite............. .............. ................
399
397
394
419
402
390
296
401
404
407
407
405
397
378
Bituminous_____________________
89.4
88.7
89.6
91.0
112.7
91.4
89.8
91.4
90.2
89.7
88.4
92.8
91.7
91.7
M etal______________________________
32.4
31.3
32.4
32.7
35.3
31.5
30.9
32.0
32.5
33.8
33.7
33.7
32.7
31.0
Iron_____ ______________________
33.3
26.1
25.8
25.7
25.7
26.9
26.9
26.6
26.8
27.0
26.6
28.7
26.5
26.6
Copper_________ _____ _____ . ___
14.9
15.5
16.5
15.4
21.6
16.3
16.3
15.6
15.7
12.0
15.1
16.3
16.4
16.3
Lead and zinc___________________
8.2
8.3
8.5
8.1
8.0
7.7
8.5
8.7
8.7
8.6
8.1
8.3
8.3
8.1
Gold and silver_________________
7.9
14.8
7.9
7.8
7.6
7.7
7.9
7.8
7.7
8.0
7.9
7.7
7.7
8.0
Miscellaneous_____ ___________
87.3
88.9
80.9
83.9
86.4
88.1
79.9
83.9
76.8
87.4
85.1
80.0
86.8
86.8
Quarrying and nonmetallie__________
Crude petroleum and natural gas pro137.1 136.9
133.5 128.7 127.2 127.2 127.1 126.4 126.3 126.4 127.1 128.7 131.0 103.2
d u ction4
..
__
_______
Transportation and public utilities:
Class I steam railroads 8 ____________ 1,354 1,362 1,352 1,321 1,258 1,316 1,311 1,318 1,331 1,340 1,357 1,364 1,381 1,355
253
249
249
251
227
249
249
249
249
250
247
249
249
246
Street railways and busses 8__________
613
402
614
609
616
623
620
620
630
627
643
633
630
Telephone. ________________________ 647
46.9
36.9
37.6
37.8
36.7
36.6
36.9
36.6
35.1
36.9
36.8
36.1
36.3
36.0
Telegraph 7_________________________
211
267
268
269
269
268
268
273
271
269
286
274
283
279
Electric light and power_____________
Service:
379
379
344
378
380
378
381
375
377
377
374
379
377
Hotels (year-round)----------- --------------- 370
243
252
245
238
241
235
237
232
231
230
233
233
238
239
Power laundries 2___________________
94.3
93.1
78.0
92.7
95.6
88.9
91.0
93.4
90.0
80.8
94.7
92.5
89.7
92.6
Cleaning and dyeing 2. -------------------1 Unless otherwise noted, includes all nonsupervisory employees and
working supervisors. Data for the three most recent months are subject to
revision without notation. Revised data for earlier months are identified
by an asterisk.
2 Includes production and related workers only.
3 Estimates have been adjusted to levels indicated by Federal Security
Agency data through 1946 and have been carried forward from 1946 bench
mark levels, thereby providing consistent series.
4 Does not include well drilling or rig building.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1939
83.6
372
92.6
21.1
25.0
16.3
26.0
4.2
68.5
114.4
988
194
318
37.6
244
323
196
58.2
5 Includes all employees at middle of month. Excludes employees of
switching and terminal companies. Class I steam railroads include those
with over $1,000,000 annual revenue. Source: Interstate Commerce Com
mission.
6 Includes private and municipal street-railway companies, and affiliated,
subsidiary, or successor trolley-bus and motor-bus companies.
7 Includes all land-line employees except those compensated on a commis
sion basis. Excludes general and divisional headquarters personnel, trainees
in school, and messengers.
434
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
MONTHLY LABOR
T able A-9: Indexes of Employment in Selected Nonmanufacturing Industries 1
[1939 average=100]
1948
An
nual
aver
age
1947
Industry group and industry
M ining:2 3
Coal:
Anthracite-.............................
Bituminous_________________
M etal_________________
Iron____________________
Copper_________________________
Lead and zinc__________ ______
Gold and s ilv e r ____________ ______
Miscellaneous______________ ______
Quarrying and nonmetallic_______________
Crude petroleum and natural gas production 4
Transportation and public utilities:
Class I steam railroads 5______________ ____
Street railways and busses 8_______ ________
T elep hone...__________
Telegraph 7___________ ______
Electric light and power........ .............................
Trade:8
W holesale.. ______________
R etail____________ ____ ____ ______
Food____________________ .
General merchandise______________
Apparel____ ____________________ _.
Furniture and housefumishings________
A u to m o tiv e... _______________ .
Lumber and building materials................
Service:
Hotels (year-round)___________________ ____
Power laundries 2________ ________
Cleaning and dyeing 2.............................................
1 See
2 See
3 See
4 See
footnote 1, table
footnote 2 , table
footnote 3, table
footnote 4, table
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1943
92.8
109.5
95.5
159.9
106.5
74.0
30.9
190.0
127.7
119.8
91.1
101.7
99.1
159.6
106.6
92.6
32.0
191.3
126.7
119.7
92.6
109.6
100.2
159.6
106.9
100.1
31.9
188.6
126.8
116.7
91.4
108.9
98.7
155.0
106.0
100.6
31.3
182.9
124.2
112.5
91.9
79.7
99.0
153.7
107.2
100.4
32.5
182.8
122.5
111.2
92.6
108.0
98.7
149.4
107.9
100.2
33.3
189.1
116.8
111.1
91.6
106.8
97.4
146.8
108.2
99.9
33.4
187.0
112.2
111.1
91.1
108.7
96.9
146.5
107.5
96.2
33.1
183.0
116.7
110.5
91.5
108.3
97.0
148.0
106.6
95.8
32.5
187.2
122.6
110.4
91.2
107.4
96.5
151.3
104.4
94.8
31.3
185.7
126.2
110.5
91.2
106.8
95.8
153.3
103.1
91.8
30.9
181.6
127.6
111.1
91.0
106.0
96.8
153.6
103.0
95.5
31.5
184.6
128.7
112.5
91.7
105.0
98.3
154.6
102.8
101.4
31.8
188.3
129.8
114.5
93.7
112.6
121.7
167.4
133.2
132.7
29.7
352.0
118.2
90.2
137.1
127.5
203.7
93.3
117.1
137.9
127.2
202.5
95.7
115.7
136.9
128.3
199.4
96.0
114.0
133.8
128.5
198.4
96.3
112.3
127.3
128.3
198.3
97.9
111.7
133.3
128.7
197.4
98.2
110.9
132.7
128.6
196.2
97.8
110.3
133.4
129.2
195.0
97.2
109.8
134.8
128. 6
195.0
97.6
110.3
135.7
128.7
193.3
97.2
109.7
137.4
128.8
191.6
98.1
109.4
138.1
129.6
192.9
99.8
109.9
139.8
130.7
193.8
100.5
110.2
137.2
117.0
126.7
124.7
86.3
117.0
111.2
112.3
120.6
105.1
90.2
116.2
111.9
113.8
121.3
107.9
90.6
109.8
128.2
115.3
113.6
115.5
124.8
115.4
92.0
108.5
126.3
114.5
113.1
116.3
123.7
115.2
91.9
107.0
123.7
114.8
112.8
116.1
123.4
114.6
91.6
107.1
121.9
115.3
113.8
116.7
124.5
116.8
91.9
105.8
119.4
116.1
111.8
113.9
122.9
108.2
91.0
105.7
118.8
116.3
114.4
114.4
129.4
111.5
93.6
106.5
122.5
117.1
130.2
117.4
175.5
136.7
97.4
109.9
126.1
116.5
119.8
116.1
143. 6
124.0
92.4
107.6
126.4
115.5
115.8
115.0
131.5
119.4
89.5
105. 6
126.9
113.3
112.4
112.6
122.8
113.5
87.5
104.8
124.5
112.2
110.0
114.7
115.7
103.4
85.9
105.1
123.1
95.9
99.9
106.2
116.9
110.1
67.7
63.0
91.5
116.0
117.6
121.5
162.9
117.0
119.0
160.6
116.9
118.3
159.0
116.4
117.7
154.8
116.8
117.6
149.3
117.2
120 1
118.1
120.9
156.5
117.1
121.3
159.4
117.7
123.1
164.4
117.4
124.3
162.1
117.6
125.0
160.1
106.6
128.7
134.0
111.1
129.6
114.6
119.0
154.2
122 .1
159.2
A - 8.
A - 8.
A - 8.
A - 8.
152.8
5 See footnote 5, table A - 8.
6 See footnote 6, table A - 8.
7 See footnote 7, table A - 8.
8 Includes all nonsupervisory employees and working supervisors.
T able A-10: Indexes of Weekly Pay Rolls in Selected Nonmanufacturing Industries 1
[1939 average= 100]
1948
A n
nual
aver
age
1947
Ind u stry group and industry
M in in g :2 3
Coal:
A nth racite.................................
B itu m in ou s.........................
M e ta l________ _____ ___
Iron _____________ ______
C opper________________ _______
Lead and zinc..........................
Gold and silver_________________
M iscella n eo u s.. ____
Quarrying and n onm etallic____ ______
C rude petroleum and natural gas production
Transportation and public utilities:
Class I steam ra ilro a d s................... .. .
Street railw ays and b u sses6_____________
T elep h on e_____________
Telegraph 7__....................
E lectric ligh t and pow er____________
T ra d e:8
W h olesale...........................
R eta il_____________________
F o o d ___ ____ ________
General m erchandise_______ ____
A p p a re l.. ____ ______
Furniture and housefu m ish in gs..........
A u to m o tiv e___________
Lum ber and building m aterials...... ...........
Service:
H otels (year-round) 8................................
Pow er la u n d ries2___________ .
Cleaning and d y e in g 2..................................
1 See footnote 1, table A - 8.
2 See footnote 2 table A - 8.
3 See footaote 3, table A - 8.
4 See footnote 4, table A - 8.
s N ot available.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
*.
A ug.
Ju ly
June
M ay
Apr.
M ar.
F eb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
A ug.
1943
259.4
366.8
209.8
355.6
255.3
189.1
54.2
387.5
340.7
251.0
192.7
293.8
202.2
333.1
242.4
193. 7
55.2
383.0
322.3
241.1
246.0
344.2
208.2
345.0
232.9
238.7
54.2
360.7
321.7
227.1
246.2
344.3
206.1
336.3
232.6
238.9
54.6
352.5
312.5
223.4
195.4
167.4
201.7
319.7
232.6
235.8
55.2
343.1
295.4
213.4
255.9
342.0
201.3
313.8
234.8
232.8
56.7
349.2
272.7
208.3
232.8
320.0
201.7
310.3
241.7
235.0
58.4
347.4
262.0
219.9
242.4
350. 5
198.9
302.7
238.0
228.1
56.4
348.4
272.8
215.5
239.4
345.8
198.8
301.1
236.5
231.6
56.5
349.2
295.3
203.2
224.4
327.4
194.8
310. 2
224.7
220.6
53.7
346.7
305.7
211.0
252.7
327.5
192.7
315.5
222.9
209.7
51.7
338.1
319.2
199.9
237.9
321.6
193.6
311.0
225.3
216.0
52.1
339.6
315.9
206.5
244.0
314.7
193.3
313.0
219.0
220.5
52.1
345.0
317.2
204.0
146.
203.
184.
257.
214.
226.
37.
560
199
128
(*)
235.2
331.3
225.5
204.9
(!)
232.2
336.4
233.2
202.5
(5)
231.2
327.1
228.5
196.2
(5)
228.1
326.1
231.1
192.1
(5)
227.1
317.7
224.8
188.6
(5)
232.6
314.7
213.0
184.4
(*)
234.7
316.3
212.6
188.2
(5)
230.1
315.8
209.5
187.9
(«)
226.7
313.0
207.8
185.7
(5)
223.6
321.5
206.8
187.6
(5)
223.2
314.2
208.1
182.8
(6)
224.1
312.3
211.8
183.1
(5)
225.2
306.2
213.5
182.9
(5)
155.
144.
159.
109
220.6
218.1
229.0
231.2
195.5
178.5
219.6
264.6
215.3
218.9
232.9
234.0
202.3
178.8
213.4
257.3
211.8
218.3
231.9
236.5
214.7
180.2
209.5
252.8
211.8
213.8
227.0
229.2
211.8
180.3
205.3
242.6
211.0
211.1
225.5
225.8
209.2
175.6
204.7
234.9
210.8
210.4
226.1
225.5
208.8
173.7
197.5
228.6
214.9
208.4
221.5
221.4
194.3
177.8
196.8
227.6
211.7
209.4
219.4
233.0
198.8
174.5
193.9
228.0
213.9
237.6
221.5
314.0
248.8
192.9
204.2
238.1
213.6
216.5
220.0
251.1
222.7
177.3
198.6
233.5
206.9
207.1
213.8
225.2
213.5
167.6
193.8
238.8
203.3
202.5
209.2
220.4
203.5
169.8
188.5
231.8
198.2
197. 6
212.2
212.0
182.9
155.1
188.5
229.0
127.
120.
129.
135.
133
86.
84.
120.
233.9
228.1
286.9
234.7
240.6
308.0
236. 5
238.3
324.8
234.6
232.3
312.4
233.4
231.5
308.0
229.0
227.5
291.2
233.2
225.4
271.9
230.4
232.9
285.6
233.2
233.6
292.8
228.6
226.8
293.7
226.9
232.3
303.8
222.4
236.2
301.7
221. 0
231.3
285.0
138.
167.
185.
8 See footnote 6, table A - 8.
7 See footnote 7, table A - 8.
8 See footnote 8, table A-9.
8M oney payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips, not included.
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
435
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
T able A -ll: Total Federal Employment by Branch and Agency Group 1
Executive
Year and month
Legislative
All branches
Total
Defense
agencies 4
Post Office
Department •
Judicial
All other
agencies
Government
corporations *
Total (including areas outside continental United States)
1939
1943___________________
968, 596
3,183,235
935,493
3,138, 838
207,979
2,304, 752
319, 474
364,092
408,040
469, 994
5,373
6,171
2,260
2,636
25, 470
35, 590
1947: August
_____
Septem ber______
October
____
N ov em b er______
December______
2,067, 228
2, 020.873
2,002. 385
2,006,412
2, 229,164
2,026,071
1,980, 084
1, 962, 042
1, 966,339
2,189, 436
923,080
906, 989
901,197
905. 251
894,855
442, 289
425,449
425,005
429,789
667, 912
660, 702
647, 646
635,840
631, 299
626,669
7, 230
7,184
7,118
7,068
7,046
3, 404
3, 406
3,430
6y 453
3, 450
30. 523
30, 199
29. 795
29, 552
29, 232
1948: January
February
March . .
___
April
M ay
___
.Tune
July
August__________
*1,985,792
*1, 992.162
*2,004,132
*2,020, 625
*2,038. 847
2,053,850
2,084, 333
2,094,608
1, 946,076
1, 952. 533
*1, 964. 333
1, 980, 998
1,999, 234
2,014,453
2,044, 747
2,055,418
890, 719
895,850
*897,917
903, 814
909, 885
916,864
919, 784
924, 555
432, 920
432, 696
439, 517
449, 260
455, 707
458,244
471. 255
471, 255
622,437
623,987
626,899
627, 924
633, 642
639,345
653, 708
654,434
*7,046
*7,101
*7,217
*7, 186
*7, 257
7,308
7,305
7,341
3, 461
3, 470
3, 462
3, 461
3,468
3,459
3, 477
3,495
29,209
*29,058
*29. 120
*28. 980
*28. 888
28, 630
28,804
28,354
Continental United States
1939
1943___________________
926,659
2, 913, 534
897, 602
2,875,928
179,381
2,057,696
318, 802
363, 297
399,419
454, 935
5, 373
6,171
2,180
2, 546
21,504
28,889
1947: August
September _
October
November
December_______
1,815, 905
1,781, 733
1,764,384
1,771,360
*2,005,563
1, 782, 410
1, 748, 530
1,731,411
1, 738, 587
1,973, 066
708,681
704, 575
699,815
706, 418
708,099
440,773
424, 005
423, 473
428,252
665,662
632, 956
619, 950
608,123
603,917
599,305
7, 230
7,184
7,118
7,068
7,046
3,332
3, 334
3, 358
3,381
3,377
22, 933
22,685
22. 497
22, 324
*22, 074
19481 January__
February
March
April
M ay
.Tune
July
A u g u s t---------------
*1,763,295
*1,766, 130
*1,778, 498
*1,791,674
*1,808, 657
1,823,896
1,858, 221
1,875,130
1, 730,871
1, 733, 698
*1, 745, 869
1, 759. 094
1, 776. 138
1,791,494
1, 825,587
1,842,454
704,251
705, 792
*708, 934
710,991
717, 072
724,683
732, 217
742, 925
431,389
431,214
437, 942
447, 678
454, 122
456,633
469, 662
474, 806
595,231
596,692
598, 993
600, 425
604, 944
610,178
623, 708
624, 723
*7,046
*7,101
*7,217
*7,186
*7,257
7,308
7,305
7,341
3,388
3, 396
3, 388
3, 387
3,394
3,388
3, 406
3,424
21,990
21 935
*22 024
*22, 007
*21,868
21,706
21, 923
21,911
• Employment represents an average for the year or is as of the first of the
month. Data for the legislative and judicial branches and for all Govern
ment corporations except the Panama R. R. Co. are reported directly to the
Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data for the executive branch and for the Pana
ma R. R. Co. are reported through the Civil Service Commission but differ
from those published by the Civil Service Commission in the following
respects: (1) Exclude seamen and trainees who are hired and paid by private
steamship companies having contracts with the Maritime Commission,
included by Civil Service Commission starting January 1947; (2) exclude
substitute rural mail carriers, included by the Civil Service Commission since
September 1945; (3) include in December the additional postal employment
necessitated by the Christmas season, excluded from published Civil Service
Commission figures starting 1942; (4) include an upward adjustment to Post
Office Department employment prior to December 1943 to convert temporary
substitute employees from a full-time equivalent to a name-count basis,
the latter being the basis on which data for subsequent months have been
reported; (5) the Panama R. R. Co. is shown under Government corpora
tions here, but is included under the executive branch by the Civil Service
Commission; (6) employment published by the Civil Service Commission
as of the last day of the month is presented here as of the first day of the next
month.
Data for Central Intelligence Agency are excluded starting August 1947.
a From 1939 through June 1943 employment was reported for all areas
monthly and employment within continental United States was secured by
deducting the number of persons outside the continental area, which was
estimated from actual reports as of January 1939 and 1940 and of July 1941
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
and 1943. From July 1943, through December 1946, employment within
continental United States was reported monthly and the number of persons
outside the country (estimated from quarterly reports) was added to secure
employment in all areas. Beginning January 1947, employment is reported
monthly both inside and outside continental United States.
3 Data for current months cover the following corporations: Federal Reserve
banks, mixed ownership banks of the Farm Credit Administration, and
the Panama R. R. Co. Data for earlier years include at various times the
following additional corporations: Inland Waterways Corporation, Spruce
Production Corporation, and certain employees of the Federal Deposit
Insurance Corporation and of the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency,
Treasury Department. Corporations not included in this column are under
the executive branch.
. .
* Covers the National Military Establishment, Maritime Commission,
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, The Panama Canal, and
until their abolition or amalgamation with a peacetime agency, the agencies
created specifically to meet war and reconversion emergencies.
« For ways in which data differ from published figures of the Civil Service
Commission, see footnote 1. Employment figures include fourth-class post
masters in all months. Prior to July 1945, clerks at third-class pcist offices
were hired on a contract basis and therefore, because of being private em
ployees, are excluded here. They are included beginning July 1945, how
ever, when they were placed on the regular Federal pay roll by congressional
action.
♦Revised.
436
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
MONTHLY LABOR
T able A-12: Total Federal Pay Rolls by Branch and Agency Group 1
[In thousands]
E xecutive 3
Year and month
All branches
Total
Defense
agencies 4
Post Office
Department «
All other
agencies
Legislative
Judicial
Government
corporations 8
Total (including areas outside continental United States)
1939..
1944;«1947 August___
September.
October___
November.
December..
1948: January...
February.
March___
April____
M ay..........
June_____
J u ly .........
A u g u st.. .
$1, 757, 292
8, 301, 111
$1, 692,824
8, 206, 411
$357, 628
6,178,387
$586,347
864,947
$748, 849
1,163, 077
$14, 767
18,127
$6, 691
9; 274
$43,010
67, 299
464,076
470, 515
481, 401
451, 502
531, 452
454, 723
461,157
471,938
442,171
521, 924
199,247
201, 582
203,892
192, 111
214,051
96,145
96, 485
99, 713
98, 666
143, 537
159,331
163,090
168,333
151,394
164,336
2,421
2,448
2,457
2,457
2,461
1, 259
1, 284
1,334
1,192
L 336
5,673
5, 626
K 679
5, 682
5,730
*483,071
*445,134
*498, 325
*477,620
474, 725
505,345
528, 437
557,311
473, 466
435, 894
488, 676
468,100
465,356
495, 792
518, 639
547,283
211, 495
191,372
218, 706
204, 606
205, 912
225,440
223, 968
236, 960
100,395
98, 054
102,124
100,894
100, 925
102, 653
121,676
123,136
161, 576
146, 468
167, 846
162, 600
158, 519
167, 699
172, 994
187,187
*2, 442
*2, 414
*2, 499
*2,482
2,469
2,536
2 , 600
2, 695
*1, 346
*1,199
1,343
1,322
1,207
1, 279
1, 301
1,390
*5, 817
*ñ O27
*5 807
*5, 716
*5,693
5,739
5,
943
Continental United States
1944 «...................
$7, 628,017
$7, 540,825
$5, 553,166
$862, 271
$1,125,388
$18,127
$8,878
$60,187
1947: A ugust___
September
October__
November.
December.
423, 545
430, 555
443,408
414, 020
491, 702
414, 898
421,857
434. 545
405,485
482, 860
166, 681
169, 441
173, 717
162, 219
182, 091
95, 819
96,138
99,356
98, 313
143,057
152,398
156, 278
161, 472
144, 953
157, 712
2, 421
2, 448
2'457
2,457
2,461
1 223
1 248
1 297
1,154
1,301
5,003
5,002
5,109
4,924
5,080
1948: January__
February..
March___
April_____
M ay_____
J u n e..........
J u ly ...........
A ugust___
*443,259
*408, 614
*456, 878
*439, 691
*434. 657
461,406
487, 057
514,343
434,366
399, 975
447, 901
430, 845
426,011
452,529
478,016
505,131
179,395
161, 996
185, 284
174, 409
174,209
189,974
191, 686
203, 510
100,052
97, 703
101, 765
100, 543
100, 570
102, 306
121, 263
122,721
154, 919
140, 276
160, 852
155, 893
151,232
160, 249
165, 067
178, 900
*2,442
*2, 414
*2, 499
*2, 482
2, 469
2, 536
2,600
2, 695
*1 309
*l’ 165
1 304
l ’ 288
*5,142
*5,060
*5,173
*5,077
*5,003
5,099
5,178
5,166
i Data are from a series revised June 1947 to adjust pay rolls, which from
July 1945 until December 1946 were reported for pay periods ending during the
month, to cover the entire calendar month. Data for the executive branch
and for the Panama R. R. Co. are reported through the Civil Service Com
mission. Data for the legislative and judicial branches and for all Govern
ment corporations except the Panama R. R. Co. are reported directly to
th e Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data for Central Intelligence Agency are
excluded starting July 1947.
3 From 1939 through M ay 1943, pay rolls were reported for all areas monthly.
Beginning June 1943, some agencies reported pay rolls for all areas and some
reported pay rolls for the continental area only. Pay rolls for areas outside
continental United States from June 1943 through November 1946 (except
for the National Military Establishment for which these data were reported
monthly during most of this period) were secured by multiplying employ
ment in these areas (see footnote 2, table A -ll, for derivation of the employ-
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,174
1, 242
1 263
1,351
ment) by the average pay per person in March 1944, as revealed in a survey
os of that date, adjusted for the salary increases given in July 1945 and July
1946. Beginning December 1946 pay rolls for areas outside the country are
reported monthly by most agencies.
8 See footnote 3, table A -ll.
4 See footnote 4, table A -ll.
* Beginning July 1945, pay is included of clerks at third-class post offices
who previously were hired on a contract basis and therefore were private
employees and of fourth-class postmasters who previously were recompensed
i
retention
a Part of the postal receipts. Both these groups were
placed on a regular salary basis in July 1945 by congressional action.
» Data are shown for 1944, instead of 1943 as in the other Federal tables,
because pay rolls for employment in areas outside continental United States
are not available prior to June 1943.
*Revised.
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
437
T able A-13: Total Government Employment and Pay Rolls in Washington, D. C., by Branch and
Agency Group 1
Federal
Year and month
District of
Total
Columbia
government Government
Executive
Total
All agencies
Defense
agencies 2
Post Office
Depart
ment 3
All other
agencies
Legislative
Judicial
E m ploym ent 4
1939___________________ _________
1943............. ................................. ...........
143, 548
300,914
13,978
15,875
129,570
285,040
123, 773
278,363
18, 761
144,319
5,099
8,273
99,913
125, 771
5, 373
6,171
424
506
1947: August............. ...........................
September......................... .........
October__________ _________
November_________________
December............. ......................
223, 728
221,862
221,236
221, 481
224, 375
17,807
18, 074
18, 303
18, 381
18,418
205,921
203, 788
202, 933
203,100
205,957
198, 099
196, 033
195,239
195,448
198, 331
65, 062
64, 651
64, 505
64, 548
64, 715
7,342
7,120
7,284
7,281
10,156
125, 695
124, 262
123,450
123, 619
123,460
7,230
7,184
7,118
7,068
7, 046
592
571
576
584
580
1948: January................................ .......
February..... ......................... .
March____________________
April______________________
M a y ______________________
June_____ ____________ ____
July----------------------------------August______ ____________
*221,794
*224, 517
*226,256
*227, 629
*228,864
229, 526
233, 310
234,194
18, 448
18, 625
18, 668
18, 628
18, 669
18, 848
19, 290
18,823
*203,346
*205,892
*207, 588
*209,001
*210,195
210,678
214, 020
215,371
195, 714
198, 201
*199, 784
201,227
202,350
202, 782
206,116
207,438
65,065
65, 543
66,050
66, 635
67,212
67,592
69, 056
70,217
7,258
7,235
7, 412
7, 396
7,380
7,387
7, 499
7,486
123,391
125, 423
126, 322
127,196
127,758
127,803
129, 561
129,735
*7,046
*7,101
*7,217
*7,186
*7, 257
7,308
7, 305
7,341
586
590
587
588
588
588
599
592
Pay rolls (in thousands)
1939_______________________ _____
1943___________ _____ . _______ _
$305, 741
737, 792
$25,226
32,884
$280, 515
704,908
$264, 541
685, 510
$37,825
*352, 007
$12, 524
20, 070
$214,192
*313, 433
$14, 765
17, 785
$1, 209
1, 613
1947: A u g u st.......................................
September_________________
October. _________ _____ _
November_________________
December_________________
58, 624
59,911
64, 467
59, 400
64, 111
3,187
4,382
4,496
4,223
4,570
55, 437
55, 529
59, 971
55,177
59, 541
52, 817
52.876
57, 298
52, 525
56,861
15, 705
16, 651
16,806
16,110
17, 235
2, 283
2, 239
2, 744
2 , 606
3,135
34,829
33, 986
37, 748
33, 809
36,491
2, 421
2, 448
2, 457
2, 457
2, 462
199
205
216
195
218
1948: January............................ .........
February....................................
M arch____ _____ _____ _____
April_________________ ____
M a y . . ...... ................................
June______________________
Ju ly----------------- ------- -------August____________________
*63, 295
*57,991
*65,336
*62, 987
63,492
66, 658
67,206
71,817
4,499
4,281
4, 518
4, 495
4,422
4, 561
3, 459
3,468
*58, 796
*53, 710
*60, 818
*58,492
59,070
62,097
63, 747
68, 349
56,141
51,099
58,104
55, 799
56,400
59,350
60, 930
65,426
16, 656
15,910
17,900
16, 324
18,045
19, 250
20,234
21,465
2, 776
2,165
2,340
2, 277
2,234
2, 300
2, 651
2,723
36, 709
33, 024
37, 864
37,198
36,121
37,800
38,045
41,239
*2, 442
*2, 414
*2, 499
*2, 482
2,469
2, 536
2,600
2, 695
213
197
215
1 Data for the legislative and judicial branches and District of Columbia
Government are reported to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data for the
executive branch are reported through the Civil Service Commission but
differ from those published by the Civil Service Commission in the following
respects: (1) Include in December the temporary additional postal employ
ment necessitated by the Christmas season, excluded from published Civil
Service Commission figures starting 1942; (2) include an upward adjustment
to Post Office Department employment prior to December 1943 to convert
temporary substitute employees from a full-time equivalent to a namecount basis, the latter being the basis on which data for subsequent months
have been reported; (3) exclude persons working without compensation or
for $1 a year or month, included by the Civil Service Commission from
June through November 1943; (4) employment published by the Civil
Service Commission as of the last day of the month is presented here as of
the first day of the next month.
Beginning January 1942, data for the executive branch cover, in addition to
the area inside the District of Columbia, the adjacent sections of Maryland
and Virginia which are defined by the Bureau of the Census as in the metro-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
211
201
211
216
288
politan area. Data for Central Intelligence Agency are excluded starting
August 1947 for employment and July 1947 for pay rolls.
2 Covers the National Military Establishment, Maritime Commission,
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, The Panama Canal, and
until their abolition or amalgamation with a peacetime agency, the agencies
created specifically to meet war and reconversion emergencies.
8 For ways in which data differ from published figures of the Civil Service
Commission, see footnote 1.
4 Yearly figures represent averages. M onthly figures represent (1) the
number of regular employees in pay status on the first day of the month plus
the number of intermittent employees who were paid during the preceding
month for the executive branch, (2 ) the number of employees on the pay roll
with pay during the pay period ending just before the first of the month
for the legislative and judicial branches, and (3) the number of employees on
the pay roll with pay during the pay period ending on or just before the last
of the month for the District of Columbia Government.
*Revised.
B: LABOR
438
MONTHLY LABOR
TURN-OVER
T able A-14: Personnel and Pay in Military Branch of Federal Government1
[In thousands]
Type of pay
Personnel (average for year or as of first of month) 1
Year and month
Total
Army and
Air Forces *
Marine
Corps
N avy
Coast
Guard
Total
$331, 523
11,173,186
$331, 523
10,140,852
20
334,129
332, 804
355,961
309, 705
300, 257
248,670
248, 928
271, 040
252,112
246, 532
$10, 498
9,632
9, 954
9,117
13, 293
24, 502
24. 210
25,145
23,127
23,827
$50, 459
50, 034
49, 822
25,349
16,605
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
21
300, 241
281, 423
285. 011
285, 210
278.995
277,368
276, 655
278,165
250, 953
240, 493
242, 969
247, 452
242,292
243,239
246, 422
244, 547
13,465
11.838
13, 050
9, 751
9.085
5, 756
2,581
3,886
23, 454
23. 566
24.997
25,414
25, 736
26, 476
26,353
27, 756
12, 369
5, 526
3,995
2,593
1,882
1,898
1,299
1, 976
345
192
8,944
6,733
124
1,744
19
311
156
1947: August________________
September_____________
October____ ___________
November______________
December______________
1,575
1,557
1, 543
1, 490
1,463
972
955
941
920
911
492
491
491
459
445
92
92
92
92
87
19
19
19
19
1948: J a n u a ry ...------- -----------February_______________
March_____ ___________
April__________________
M ay______________ ____
June........... .............. .............
July---------- ------ ------- August_________ _______
1,422
1,419
1,422
1,417
1,419
1,439
1,463
1,514
898
905
909
906
916
930
940
978
421
414
413
412
403
407
420
430
83
80
80
79
80
82
84
1939
1943
_________
10
86
Fam ily al Leave pay
Pay rolls 4 Musteringout pay 4 lowances 4
ments 7
$1,032,334
data represent estimated obligations based on an average monthly personnel
count. Pay rolls for the N avy and Coast Guard include cash payments for
clothing-allowance balances in January, April, July, and October.
* Represents actual expenditures.
6 Represents Government’s contribution. The men’s share is included in
the pay rolls.
7 Leave payments were authorized by Public Law 704 of the 79th Congress
and were continued by Public Law 254 of the 80th Congress to enlisted per
sonnel discharged prior to September 1, 1946, for accrued and unused leave,
and to officers and enlisted personnel then on active duty for leave accrued
in excess of 60 days. Value of bonds (representing face value, to which in
terest is added when bonds are cashed) and cash payments are included.
Lump-sum payments for terminal leave, which were authorized by Public
Law 350 of the 80th Congress, and which were started in October 1947, are
excluded here and included under pay rolls.
1 Except for Army personnel for 1939 which is from the Annual Report of
the Secretary of War, all data are from reports submitted to the Bureau of
Labor Statistics by the various military branches. Because of rounding,
totals will not necessarily add to the sum of the items shown.
2 Includes personnel on active duty, the missing, those in the hands of the
enemy, and those on terminal leave through October 1,1947, when lump-sum
terminal-leave payments at time of discharge were started.
* Prior to March 1944, data include persons on induction furlough. Prior
t o June 1942 and after April 1945, Philippine Scouts are included.
4 Pay rolls are for personnel on active duty; they include payment of per
sonnel while on terminal leave through September 1947. For officers this
applies to all prior periods and for enlisted personnel back to October 1, 1946,
only. Beginning October 1 , 1947, they include lump-sum terminal-leave
payments made at time of discharge. Coast Guard pay rolls for all periods
and Army pay rolls through April 1947 represent actual expenditures. Other
B : Labor Turn-Over
T able B -l: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Manufacturing Industries,
by Class of Turn-Over 1
Class of turn-over and year
Total accession:
1948
______
1947_________ _____________________________
1946______________________________________
1943________ _______ ______________________
1939 4_____________________________________
Total separation:
1948_________________________ _______ _____
1947__________________ ____________________
1946______________________________________
1943______________________________________
1939 3____________________________________________
Q u it:4
1948_____________________________________________
1947_____________________________________________
1946___________________________ _______ __________
1943_____________________________________________
1939 3________ ___________________________________
D isc ha rg e:
1948_____________________________________________
1947_____________________________________________
1946_____________________________________________
1943_____________________________________________
1939»____________________________________________
Lay-off:1
1948_____________________________________________
1947_____________________________________________
1946_____________________________________________
1943_____________________________________________
1939 3______ _____________________________________
M i s c e ll a n e o u s , i n c l u d in g m i l i t a r y : 4
1948_____________________________________________
1947________________ _____ _______________________
1946______________________________________
1943______________________________________
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
June
4.1
4.8
July
Aug.
Sept.
M .7
4.9
7.4
7.8
4.2
5.3
7.0
7.6
5.1
5.9
7.1
7.7
4.0
5.1
6.7
7.4
2.9
6.1
7.2
3.3
5.7
5.5
6.7
8.4
3.9
4.5
4.9
6.8
4.2
4.5
6.3
6.6
4. 7
5.2
6.3
4.3
5.4
6.3
4.5
4.7
5.7
2 4.4
4.6
5.8
7.1
3.2
7.1
2 .6
7 .7
3.1
7 .5
3 .5
6 .7
3 .5
7.1
3 .3
7 .6
3.3
2 .6
3 .5
4 .3
4 .5
.9
2 .5
3.2
3.9
4 .7
.6
2 .8
3 .5
4 .2
5 .4
.8
3 .0
3 .7
4.3
5.4
.8
2 .8
3 .5
4 .2
4 .8
.7
2 .9
3.1
4 .0
5 .2
.7
.4
.4
.5
.5
.1
.4
.4
.5
.5
.1
.4
.4
.4
.6
.1
.4
.4
.4
.5
.1
.3
.4
.4
1 .2
.9
1.8
.7
2 .2
1 .2
.8
1.7
.5
1.9
1 .2
.9
1 .8
.5
2 .2
1.2
1.0
1.4
.6
2 .6
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.2
.1
.2
1.2
6.8
8.5
8.3
4.1
7.9
3.1
4.3
4.9
1.4
1.4
1 Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing indus
tries as indicated by labor turn-over rates are not precisely comparable to
those shown by the Bureau’s employment and pay-roll reports, as the former
are based on data for the entire month, while the latter, for the most part,
refer to a 1 -week period ending nearest the 15th of the mouth. The
turn-over sample is not so extensive as that of the employment and pay-roll
survey—proportionately fewer small plants are included; printing and pub
lishing, and certain seasonal industries, such as canning and preserving, are
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M ay
4.0
5.1
7.1
8.3
3.3
4.6
6.0
3.9
5.0
Apr.
Oct.
Dec.
6.8
4.8
5.7
6.2
7.2
5.9
6.6
4.1
2.8
6.6
5.9
6.9
5.0
6.3
4.0
4.9
3.7
4.5
8 .3
3 .0
8.1
2 .8
7 .0
2.9
6 .4
3.0
6 .6
3 .5
2 2 .9
3.1
4 .6
5 .6
.7
4 .0
5.3
6.3
.8
4 .5
5.3
6.3
1.1
3 .6
4.7
5 .2
.9
2 .7
3 .7
4 .5
.8
2.3
3 .0
4 .4
.7
.1
.4
.4
.3
.6
.1
2 .4
.4
.4
.7
.1
.4
.4
.7
.1
.4
.4
.6
.1
.4
.4
.6
.2
.4
.4
.6
.2
.4
.4
.6
.1
1.1
1.4
1.5
.5
2 .7
1.1
1.1
1.2
.5
2 .5
2 1.0
1.0
.6
.5
2 .5
.8
.7
.5
2.1
.9
1.0
.5
1 .6
.9
1.0
.5
1.8
.8
.7
.7
2 .0
.9
1.0
1.0
2.7
.1
.1
.1
2 .1
.1
.2
1 .0
.1
.2
.8
.1
.2
.8
.1
.2
.8
.1
.2
.8
.Ï
.1
.2
.1
.1
.6
.1
.1
.6
.6
5.3
.2
.7
5.5
N ov.
.7
3.6
4.3
5.2
not covered. Plants on strike are also excluded.
1 Preliminary figures.
* Prior to 1943, rates relate to wage earners only.
4 Prior to September 1940, miscellaneous separations were included with
quits.
5 Including temporary, indeterminate (of more than 7 days’ duration),
and permanent lay-offs.
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
439
B: LABOR TURN-OVER
Table B-2: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Selected Industries 1
Separation
Total accession
July a
1948
M A N U F A C T U R IN G
Durable goods_______________ ___________ _______ ._
Nondurable goods- ...... .................................................... .
Quit
Total
Industry
June
1948
July 2
1948
June
1948
4.6
4.7
5.6
5.7
4.4
4.3
4.5
4.5
4.1
3.8
4.7
5.0
4.6
6.3
7.1
3.7
3.0
4.6
7.1
4.2
3.9
4.7
3.0
3.2
3.8
2.9
5.2
5.4
4.2
1.9
5.3
3.1
3.9
2.8
3.5
4.1
July 2
1948
2.9
2.8
Miscellaneous,
including
military
Lay-off
Discharge
July 2
1948
June
1948
July 2
1948
June
1948
July 2
1948
3.0
2.9
0.4
.3
0.4
.4
0.9
1.0
1.1
0.2
.1
0 .1
.1
2.7
2.4
3.8
4.4
3.3
1.5
3.2
1.7
1.4
.3
.4
.4
.5
.2
.2
.6
.1
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.1
.2
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
.2
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.2
.1
.2
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
.2
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
June
1948
1.1
June
1948
D u ra b le goods
Iron and steel and their products------ ---------------------Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling m ills_____
Gray-iron castings, . . .......... ...............................- --| Malleable-iron castings.................... ..........................—
Steel castings....................................................................
Cast-iron pipe and fittings........ ................................Tin cans and other tin w a re.._____________ _____
Wire products--------------------- ------------ --------------Cutlery and edge tools._____ __________________
Tools (except edge tools, machine tools, files, and
saws)__________________________________ ____
Hardware_________________ ____ _______ — .........
Stoves, oil burners, and heating equipment______
Steam and hot-water heating apparatus and
¡Tsteam fittings_______________________________
Stamped and enameled ware and galvanizing____
Fabricated structural-metal products........................
Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets..................................
Forgings, iron and steel--------------- -------------------Electrical machinery______________________________
Electrical equipment for industrial use--------------Radios, radio equipment, and phonographs...........
Communication equipment, except radios_______
Machinery, except electrical...............................................
Engines and turbines__________________________
Agricultural machinery and tractors____________
Machine tools-------- ----------------------------------- . .
Machine-tool accessories------------------------ ----------Metalworking machinery and equipment, not
elsewhere classified__________________________
General industrial machinery, except p u m p s .---Pumps and pumping equipment...............................
5 .0
4.3
3.9
10.5
3.9
2.4
2. 2
3.3
6.1
3.9
9.3
3.9
2.0
1.8
4.0
6.0
6.2
4.3
4.3
3.2
5.9
3.6
5.4
7.8
5.2
2.3
4.2
4.5
5.0
2 .2
3.6
2.8
2.8
3.0
3.9
4.0
1.0
2 .2
.4
.5
.3
1.9
2.4
.3
.7
.5
.4
.4
.4
.2
.1
1.9
.2
.6
.7
1.0
.9
.5
.9
(3)
1.4
.5
.7
2.1
.2
.1
.3
1. 4
.9
.3
.2
.i
.i
.7
.1
.6
2.6
.1
.2
,i
.1
.2
3.1
4.6
.9
.2
.2
.i
.1
1.0
12.1
.i
(3)
1.0
1.1
1.6
.7
.2
.2
.2
.2
,i
1. 5
.2
.1
2.8
2.0
.3
(3)
.4
2.0
.3
.3
.3
.4
.4
.4
.8
.2
.9
.7
.4
2.8
2.3
2.9
1.3
1.5
2.3
1.9
3.7
1.3
1.5
.3
.8
2.6
2.1
2.1
.3
.4
.4
.1
2.3
1. 5
.3
.3
.3
.4
.3
.3
(3)
.3
.2
.3
.5
.5
.4
.6
.2
3.1
3.5
3.4
4.7
1.9
1.3
6.2
5.0
2.5
(3)
7.7
4.0
2.7
15.8
2.5
2.9
1.3
(3)
1.4
3.1
8.1
8.0
5.3
5.6
4.5
3.3
5.5
3.9
4.4
8.4
5.0
7.5
5.1
2.6
2.8
.5
.7
.7
2.7
.1
.9
2.0
.9
.9
.4
2.1
2.6
6.9
5.7
3.9
.7
.4
1.8
1.2
3.4
5.0
2.9
6.2
2.0
1.8
2.5
(3)
3.1
3.2
2.1
1.2
3.0
3.6
3.1
3.3
2.3
2.4
2.1
2.6
.5
1.0
2.2
6.0
3.6
5.2
4.6
3.1
3.8
(3)
.5
1.1
.8
.4
.4
.5
5.5
3.6
2.9
4.0
.2
.1
1.2
.1
.1
.2
.6
.3
.4
.3
1.9
.1
.7
.4
.7
.3
.4
2.5
2.5
3.2
3.3
3.6
4.2
1.8
3.0
.4
.6
.2
2.6
4.4
4.8
5.7
2.4
3.2
2.8
3.4
2.5
5.7
.6
.6
.3
.9
.3
.5
.5
1.5
.1
3.1
3.8
2.3
5.0
4.0
2.0
2.0
.7
6.0
2.0
2.9
3.6
(3)
2.8
2.5
3.3
4.8
3.3
3.4
3.5
2.4
1 .8
1 .6
1 .8
.2
.1
(3)
Transportation equipment, except automobiles--------Aircraft...
-------------------- ---------------------------Aircraft parts, including engines.......... —.................
Shipbuilding and repairs---------- ------------------------
5.7
3.0
(3)
Automobiles---- ------------------ ----------------- --------- ----Motor vehicles, bodies, and trailers.......... ...............
Motor-vehicle parts and accessories--------------------
5.7
8.5
5.9
Nonferrous metals and their products----------------------Primary smelting and refining, except aluminum
and magnesium________________ ______ ______
Rolling and drawing of copper and copper alloys..
Lighting equipm ent----------------------------------------Nonferrous-metal foundries, except aluminum
and magnesium........ ............ .......................................
3.9
4.9
3.5
3.8
2.3
2.5
.4
.4
.7
.8
,i
3.0
3.3
4.8
4.0
2.4
2.5
2.2
1 .6
1.8
1.8
1. 2
2.4
1. 7
2. 5
.5
.2
.5
.5
.2
.5
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
2.1
.2
.1
8.8
2.7
1. 7
5.1
4.2
5.2
3.5
4.7
2.7
3.0
.3
.5
.3
l.i
.2
Lumber and timber basic products-------------------------Sawmills__ _________________________ ________
Planing and plywood mills.................................... .
7.0
7.3
4.7
7.6
6.5
4.6
4.1
3.0
.5
.6
.3
.3
.2
.3
.8
6.8
5.1
5. 4
3.0
Furniture and finished lumber products ----------------Furniture, including mattresses and bedsprings...
6.5
6.7
5.9
4.6
4. 6
3.9
3.9
.5
.5
.6
1. 5
Stone, clay, and glass products..........................................
Glass and glass products---------- -----------------------C em ent........................... ......................... .....................
Brick, tile, and terra cotta_____________ ________
Pottery and related products....... ................ .............
4.1
3.6
4.3
5.4
5.4
2.4
2.7
.3
.2
.4
.3
.4
1.3
.2
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
10.0
6.8
5.0
4.2
5.6
4.7
4.3
6.9
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.1
4.9
4.1
5.2
7.0
4.9
3.5
3.6
4.0
4.7
3.7
4.1
4. 5
3.7
4.5
4.1
1.8
3.0
3.8
3.0
2.8
2.0
2.9
3.7
3.2
.6
.6
.6
.4
.5
.6
.4
1.6
.8
(3)
.6
.9
(4)
.2
.8
.2
.2
.i
(4>
.1
.2
.2
.2
.1
(4)
.1
.7
.7
.4
.9
.1
.1
.2
1.6
1.4
1. 5
.2
.1
.2
.1
.6
.2
.2
.9
2.0
.2
.2
.5
.1
(4)
.1
.1
.3
.2
.i
.1
.1
(4)
(4)
-2
440
B: LABOR TURN-OVER
T able
MONTHLY LABOR
B-2: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Selected Industries 1—Continued
Separation
Total accession
Total
Industry
Quit
July 2
1948
June
1948
July 2
1948
June
1948
Textile-mill products.............................................................
Cotton____ _________ _______ ______________
Silk and rayon goods_______ _______ ___________
Woolen and worsted, except dyeing and finishing..
Hosiery, full-fashioned_________ _______________
Hosiery, seamless____ _________________________
Knitted underwear______ _______ _____ _________
Dyeing and finishing textiles, including woolen
and worsted ________ _______ ______________
3.8
4.1
4.2
4.6
3.0
3.0
3.1
4.3
4.5
4.4
4.0
4.1
4.3
4.0
4.1
4.7
4.1
3.5
2.5
5.2
4.6
3.8
4.3
3.6
3.5
2.9
6.4
4.2
1.9
2.2
2.7
Apparel and other finished textile products. _______
M en’s and boys’ suits, coats, and overcoats______
M en’s and boys’ furnishings, work clothing, and
allied garments______________________________
5.3
3.4
4.2
2.9
4.9
Leather and leather products______________________
Leather_______ ______________________________
Boots and shoes_______________________________
Food and kindred products________________________
Meat products______________________________
Grain-mill products______ ____________________
July 2
1948
Discharge
Miscellaneous,
including
military
Lay-off
July 2
1948
June
1948
July 2
1948
2.7
3.3
2. 7
1. 7
0.3
.4
.3
0.3
.4
.3
.3
0.9
2.9
3.2
3.4
3.1
.3
.3
1.1
.2
2.1
1.0
.8
.3
(4)
'. 1
.1
2.3
1.3
1.4
.4
.3
.8
.4
.2
4.9
3.4
4.8
3.0
3.5
1.9
3.1
9
1.8
.l
.3
J2
1.1
1.4
1.4
1. 0
.1
(4)
(4)
(4)
4.2
4.9
5.4
4.2
3.7
.l
.2
.6
1.5
(4)
(4)
4.5
3.0
4.7
5.3
3.8
5.6
4.3
3.8
2.5
3.9
3.4
3.1
9
.6
.4
3.7
3/3
.2
.2
.2
7.1
7.4
9.5
10.3
13.2
7.6
7.1
9.4
4.1
3.6
3.5
4.3
4.4
5.2
2.9
Tobacco manufactures.............................................. ...........
3.8
4.0
3.6
4.0
3.0
2.7
2
Paper and allied products__________________________
Paper and p u lp .______________________________
Paper boxes................................. .............. . ................
3.8
3.2
5. 1
5.0
4.7
5.2
3.0
2.6
2.3
1.9
3.4
2.1
4.3
3.1
2.5
3.9
.3
.3
.4
Chemicals and allied products_____ _____ __________
Paints, varnishes, and colors___________________
Rayon and allied products_____________________
Industrial chemicals, except explosives.......... .........
2.4
3.1
3.8
2.5
3.4
1.9
2. 2
2.1
1.3
1.5
.2
.2
.1
Products of petroleum and c o a l.____ ______________
Petroleum refining._________ ____ _____________
1.5
2.6
2.2
Rubber products. ............................... ....... .......................
Rubber tires and inner tubes _________________
Rubber footwear and related products__________
Miscellaneous rubber industries_______ _____ ___
3.1
3.6
3.8
3.9
3.2
5.4
4.6
Miscellaneous industries____________________ _____ _
4.2
5.2
June
1948
June
1948
Julv 2
1948
June
1948
M A N U F A C T U E IN G —Continued
N o n d u r a b le g oods
2.6
1.9
2.4
1.2
2.6
2.8
4.6
6.8
7.7
5.8
2.8
3.4
3.0
1.9
2.2
2.0
1.6
2. 7
2.8
2.3
1.5
4.1
3.0
4.0
2.7
2.3
1.7
1.7
6.4
5.0
7.0
7.4
5.1
6.3
7.6
4.8
2. 7
5. 7
6.3
4.2
1.5
5.5
5.4
4.0
1.9
5.2
5.2
2. 1
1.6
fl
.1
.3
(4)
.2
.6
.1
.1
.3
.1
.1
.1
.1
1.8
.2
.2
.3
1.0
.1
.1
.4
.3
.4
.3
.3
.3
.5
.4
.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.3
.3
.1
.3
.3
.3
.1
.4
.5
.5
.1
.7
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.i
.i
.2
.2
.1
.3
.7
.2
.8
.2
.2
.2
3.4
2.5
5.8
4.2
0.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
.1
3.2
3.9
2.3
3.0
0 .1
.1
.1
2.9
.7
.2
.5
.5
.6
0.7
.5
.5
1.4
.5
2. 6
.8
.5
.1
1.0
.8
2.8
2.2
1.0
.1
.1
1.0
.6
.7
.7
.5
2.6
.7
.2
.2
.3
2.2
.9
.6
.2
.2
1.3
1.5
.9
1.5
2.4
1.3
1.4
.7
.9
1.7
3.0
1.3
1 .0
.2
.1
.1
2.1
.8
.1
.3
.1
.3
(4)
9
.i
.6
.8
.2
.2
.1
.6
.1
.2
.7
.3
.1
.1
.3
.3
(4)
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
9
.4
(4)
.9
.4
N O N M A N U F A C T U R IN G
M etal mining________ ____________________________
Iron-ore___ ____ i ____________ ______ __________
Copper-ore____________________________________
Lead- and zinc-ore_____________________ ______ _
Coal mining:
Anthracite................. ............................................... .......
Bituminous-coal______________________________
Public utilities:
Telephone____ __________ ____ _______ _________
Telegraph. __________________________________
1.8
6.1
7.8
4.5
2.8
3.5
1.5
2.9
1.4
3.2
2.5
3.4
3.8
2.2
1.8
2.1
2.1
2.2
1.9
1.4
1.8
1 .2
1.6
1.4
1.8
1 Since January 1943 manufacturing firms reporting labor turn-over infor
mation have been assigned industry codes on the basis of current products.
M ost plants in the employment and pay-roll sample, comprising those which
were in operation in 1939, are classified according to their major activity at
that time, regardless of any subsequent change in major products. Labor
turn-over data, beginning in January 1943, refer to wage and salary workers.
1.8
2.2
1.1
.4
.1
.2
.3
.2
1.0
.7
.1
1.1
.1
,i
.3
.1
.1
,i
,i
.5
(4)
.1
.1
.1
.3
.2
.2
.1
.8
Employment information for wage and salary workers is available for major
manufacturing industry groups (table A-3); for individual industries these
data refer to production workers only (table A-5).
2 Preliminary figures.
3 N ot available.
4 Less than 0.05.
N o t e : Explanatory notes outlining briefly the concepts, sources, size of the reporting sample,
and methodology used in preparing the data presented in tables B - l and B -2 are contained in
the Bureau’s monthly mimeographed release, “Labor Turn-over,” which is available upon request.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.2
441
G: E A R N IN G S AND HOURS
R E V IE W , O CTOBER 1948
C: Earnings and Hours
T a b l e C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries1
M A N U F A C T U R IN G
Iron and steel and their products
All manufacturing
Nondurable goods
Durable goods
Blast furnaces, steel
works, and rolling
mills
Total:
and tl
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1939: Average.......... $23.86
1941: January_____ 26.64
37.7
39.0
1947: July________ 48.98
August______ 49.17
September___ 50. 47
October_____ 51.05
November___ 51.29
December....... 52.69
39.8
39.8
40.4
40.6
40.4
41.2
52.07
51. 75
52.07
51.79
51.86
52. 89
53.08
40.5
40.2
40.4
40.1
39.9
40.2
39.9
1948: Jan u a ry___
February____
M arch___ . .
April________
M ay________
June_________
July_________
Gray-iron and semi
steel castings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
63.3 $26. 50
68.3 30.48
38.0
40.7
123.0
123.6
124.9
125.8
126.8
127.8
52.19
52. 46
54.06
54.69
54. 86
56.48
40.0
40.0
40.6
40.9
40.7
41.7
128.5
128.7
128.9
129.2
130.1
131.5
133.2
55.46
54. 77
55.25
54. 96
54.81
56. 23
56.48
40.9
40.5
40.9
40.5
40.1
40.7
40.2
58.2 $27. 52
61.0 31.07
37.2
40.4
69.8 $21. 78
74.9 22.75
37.4
37.3
130.5
131.2
133.1
133.7
134.6
135.4
45.61
45.78
46.80
47.29
47. 56
48. 72
39.7
39.5
40.2
40.2
40.1
40.8
115.0
115.8
116. 5
117.5
118.5
119.6
53.67
54. 53
56.21
56. 61
56. 93
58.13
39.3
39.6
40.3
40.5
40.5
41.2
135.5
135.2
135.2
135.7
136.6
138.3
140.6
48.45
48. 56
48.66
48. 33
48.65
49.37
49. 50
40.0
39.9
39.9
39.6
39.6
39.8
39.5
121.0
122.0
122.0
57.43
56.99
57.28
56. 49
57.39
57. 70
57.74
40.6
40.4
40.6
39.9
40.3
40.3
39.6
121.7
123.0
124.2
125.2
73.9 $29. 88
78.9 33.60
35.3
38.7
136.5
137.6
139.6
139.7
140.4
141.2
55. 23
58. 25
58. 96
58. 56
59. 52
60.01
37.4
39.2
39.0
39.0
39.4
39.5
141.4
140.9
141.2
141.6
142.3
143.1
145.7
60. 58
59. 74
59.26
58.37
60. 54
59.54
60.37
39.5
39.5
39.4
38.6
39.9
39.3
38.7
84.5 $25.93
86.9 30.45
37.1
41.2
69.9
73.9
147.8
148.8
151.3
150.2
151.0
151.9
55.64
53. 77
56. 86
56.66
55. 51
58.16
41.6
40.3
41.7
41.9
40.9
42.5
134.1
133.5
137.1
136.5
135.9
136.8
153.3
151.3
151.0
151.3
151.5
151.5
155.9
57.31
57.24
58.47
56.39
55.15
57.85
56.66
41.6
41.2
41.8
40.2
39.3
40.7
39.8
137.9
139.0
140.1
140.4
140.3
142.2
142.6
Iron and steel and their products—Continued
Malleable-iron
castings
Cast-iron pipe and
fittings
Steel castings
36.0
40.2
1947: July............
August___
September.
October___
November.
December..
55 08
51. 68
55 66
57. 73
58.06
59.18
40. 4
37. 7
40. 3
41. 2
41. 2
41.8
136.4
137. 2
139.0
141.1
141.7
141.4
56.25
54.71
56. 50
58.15
58. 73
60.05
40.3
39.1
39.9
40.7
41.0
41.6
1948: January__
February..
March____
April...........
M ay............
June.......... .
July______
59 03
57 44
57 79
56.77
57. 21
57.46
57. 37
41. 5
40. 8
40. 8
39.8
40.4
40.1
40.0
142.0
140.5
141.4
142.4
141.5
143.0
143.4
59. 48
58. 52
59.88
60.13
60.49
61.60
58.71
41.1
40.5
41.3
41.2
41.3
41.7
40.0
58.1 $23.61
62.6 25.31
75.9 $21.33
78.0 25.42
36.4
40.5
139.5
139.9
141. 5
142.9
143.4
144.3
49.65
46. 79
48. 34
49.60
48.93
50.98
41.4
39.9
40.5
41.4
40.7
42.2
119.6
118.4
118.4
119.8
144.6
144.5
145.0
145.8
146.3
147.9
146.7
49.67
50.42
50.21
48.52
51.07
52.74
52.02
40.4
40.3
40.1
38.5
40.2
40.9
40.7
36.9
41.4
67.1 $27.97
70.7 32.27
$24.16
28. 42
38.8
39.8
Cutlery and edge
tools
Wirework
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
1939: Average__
1941: January___
T in cans and other
tinware
61.1 $25.96
63.9 28.27
38.1
39.7
68.3 $23.11
71.2 25.90
39.1
40. 5
60.1
65.2
120.1
120.6
51. 34
53. 57
55.28
53. 74
52.16
53.92
41.5
42. 5
43.4
42.5
41.1
42.5
124.1
125.9
127.5
127.0
126.8
126.5
51.85
51.45
53.70
54. 35
56.10
57.83
39.7
39.6
40.3
41.0
42.0
42.6
131.1
130.0
132.3
132.6
133.5
135.6
47.45
46. 56
49. 20
49.57
50.48
50.26
41.2
40. 2
42. 2
42.1
42.3
42.0
115.1
115.8
117.1
ii/. Ö
119. 2
119. 7
122.5
125.0
124.8
125.8
127.1
128.8
128.1
51.45
50. 44
49. 76
49. 65
50. 98
53. 04
56. 95
40.7
40.1
39.8
39.8
40.2
41.0
41.8
126.3
126.3
125.1
125.0
127.3
129. 5
136.1
56. 36
55.47
55.70
54. 96
55.11
55.82
57. 36
41.8
41.1
41.0
40.4
40.5
40.5
40.3
134.7
134.9
ldÖ. 6
136.0
136.7
138. 2
143.1
49.91
50.09
50.20
49.90
50. 22
50.36
50.05
41.8
41.6
41.5
41.4
41.2
41.4
40.4
119.2
119. 3
120.7
120. 5
121. 7
121.6
123.5
Iron and steel and their products—Continued
Tools (except edge
tools,
machine
tools, files, and
saws)
61.8 $23.13
66.2 25.24
39.7
44.7
1947: July............ .
A ugust____
September..
October___
November..
D ecember..
49.40
50.10
52.39
52. 47
52. 97
54.44
41.0
41.0
42.2
42.1
42.2
43.0
120.4
1948: January___
February..
March____
April...........
M a y............
June............
July______
54. 24
54.02
54.68
54.15
54.01
54.96
54.11
42.6
42.3
42.6
41.9
41.6
42.1
41.2
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
38.9
40.9
Stoves, oil burners,
and heating equip
ment, not else
where classified
59.3 $25.80
62.1 27.13
38.2
39.0
Steam
and hotwater heating ap
paratus and steam
fittings
67.6 $25.25
69.6 26.07
38.1
38.7
Stamped and enam
eled ware and gal
vanizing
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
$24. 49
29. 49
1939: Average1941: January.
Plumbers’ supplies
Hardware
66.6 $26.19
67.8
30.98
37.6
42.5
69.7 $23.92
26.32
7 3 .2
38.1
39.4
62.7
66.5
124.3
124.8
125.5
126.6
49. 29
48.19
50. 43
51.22
51.58
52. 55
41.0
40.2
41.3
41.7
41.6
42.2
120.1
121.0
122.2
122.8
123.3
124.5
52.45
49.93
52. 38
54. 65
56. 42
57.00
40.3
38.9
40.0
40.7
41.4
41.6
130.1
128.5
131.0
134.3
136.4
137.0
50.65
49. 75
53. 32
55.15
53. 39
56.22
40.0
39.0
40.9
41.6
40.1
42.0
126.6
127. 5
130.5
132.6
133.1
133.9
52.74
50.60
54. 54
55. 46
57.64
58.66
39.6
38.1
40.4
41.1
41.8
42.2
133.1
132.9
135.2
135.0
138.0
138.9
50.11
50.40
51. 72
52.40
52. 81
54.72
39.3
39.5
39.9
40.4
40.5
41.5
127.4
127.6
129.7
129.8
130.5
132.0
127.3
127.8
128.7
129.3
129.9
130.8
131.4
53. 29
52.79
52.63
52.05
50. 84
51.66
49. 64
42.4
42.3
42.0
41.6
40.4
40.6
38.7
125.6
124.9
125.2
125.1
125.3
127.0
128.4
55.61
55. 26
56. 54
56. 27
56.93
56. 51
56. 48
40.8
40.4
41.2
40.6
41.0
40.4
40.2
136.5
136.7
137.4
138.6
138.8
140.1
140.5
54.24
54. 59
54.12
54.34
54.18
55.95
55. 84
40.3
40.2
40.1
39.9
39.7
40.2
40.0
134.5
135.8
135. 2
136.3
136.6
139. 2
139.7
54.87
57.07
56. 53
56.13
56.90
57. 68
59. 42
40.3
41.3
40.9
40.7
40.7
40.7
41.0
136.3
138.3
138.0
137.8
139.6
141.8
144.8
53.65
52. 42
52. 78
52.93
53.75
53.54
52. 62
40.7
40.0
40.3
40.1
40.3
40.2
38.6
131.9
131.1
131.1
132.1
133.2
133.0
136.3
12 2. 1
442
C: E A R N IN G S AND HOURS
MONTHLY LABOR
T a b l e C 1: Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries1—Con.
M A N U F A C T U R IN G —Continued
Iron and steel and their products—Continued
Year and month
F abricated stru c
tural and orna
mental metalwork
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn
ings hours
M etal doors, sash,
frames, molding,
and trim
Bolts, nuts, wash
ers, and rivets
Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. Avg.
earn earn w kly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. Avg.
earn earn Wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
1947: J u ly .................
A u gu st.......... .
September___
October............
November___
December........
53. 54
55. 64
55.87
57.60
57.31
58.81
40.7
41.7
41.6
42.6
42.0
42.7
131.6 $52. 42
133.4 54.12
134.4 55. 75
135.2 56. 48
136.8 57.11
137.8 58.97
40.8
41.2
42.0
42.0
42.7
43.5
1948: January...........
February....... .
M arch..............
April________
M a y .............
June________
July_________
55. 76
55.31
56.15
55. 77
57. 16
57.84
55. 39
41.1
40.9
41.1
40.8
41.2
41.2
39.4
135.6
135.3
137.1
136.5
138. 8
139.5
139.8
42.0
41.7
41.1
41.2
41.0
42.7
40.4
72.7
74.3
56.49
55. 88
57. 35
57. 97
58. 55
61.49
58.05
$26.04
29.58
37.7
41.9
128.6
131.5
132.8
134.4
133.9
135.4
51.88
52.45
53.08
56. 52
55. 98
57.79
40.0
40.0
40.2
42.1
41.3
42.5
129.5
131.0
131.7
133.9
135.3
135.9
59.07
57. 42
62. 38
65. 54
65.00
67.20
39.7
38.7
40.9
41.8
41.4
42.2
148.9 $52.93
148.4 52. 38
152.6 53. 91
156.9 55.02
157.2 54. 55
159.1 56.77
41.4
40.8
41.9
42.1
41.6
43.0
127.8 $53.04
128.4 53. 38
128.5 55. 08
130.6 52.13
131.1 53. 81
131.9 57.08
40.3
40.3
40.7
39.4
40.8
42.5
131.6
132.4
135.3
132.2
132.0
134.4
134. 6
134.2
138.5
139. 2
141.2
142.6
142.0
55.68
57. 38
59.20
58. 44
57.88
58.76
57.96
40.6
42.0
43.1
42.5
42.2
42.3
41.9
136.9
136.4
137.2
137.5
137.1
138.6
138.4
65. 74
65. 51
64. 42
63.10
62. 64
64.74
63. 44
41.6
41.4
40.8
40.0
40.0
40.7
40.0
158.1
158.3
157.9
157.7
156. 6
158.0
158.5
42.7
42.8
42.9
42.4
42.1
41.9
41.3
132.4
132.4
132.7
132.7
133.1
132.9
135.1
41.0
38.2
39.5
39. 2
40.4
40.5
38.2
135.6
134.3
134. 4
136.1
136.9
136.9
138.1
Iron and steel and
their products—
Continued
C e n ts
56.69
56. 65
58. 51
57.90
58. 53
60.01
1948: January..........
February____
March_______
April________
M a y ________
June________
J u ly .................
59.88
60.80
62. 33
61. 16
61.42
63.10
63.06
69.0 $29.45
70.6 36.75
38.4
45.0
76.7
81.8
56.54
56. 62
56.99
56. 30
56. 06
55.72
55. 75
66.0 $27.09
Electrical equipment
C e n ts
72.2
31.84
38.6
42.4
41.0
40.8
41.8
41.2
41.1
42.0
138.4
138.9
140.1
140.5
142.4
142.9
52.00
51.53
53. 46
54.10
54.32
55.34
39.8
39.2
40.4
40.6
40.6
41.1
41.8
42.1
42.7
41.8
41.9
42.1
42.4
143. 4
144.6
146.0
146.3
146.6
148.9
148.9
54. 82
54. 50
54. 41
53.86
53.70
54.84
55.60
40. 5
40.4
40.3
39.9
39. 6
40.0
39.5
Radios and phono
graphs
C e n ts
Communication
equipment
C e n ts
38.7
43.4
130.8
131.4
132.5
133.1
133.9
134.6
53.84
53.50
55.05
55.35
55. 76
56. 99
40.1
39.6
40.5
40.6
40.6
41.2
134.4
135.0
136.0
136.4
137.4
138.4
46.17
44.29
47.24
47.98
47. 61
48. 59
39.6
38.0
40.0
40.2
39.8
40.4
116.6
116.7
118.2
119.3
119.7
120.3
50. 57
51.18
53. 66
55.81
55.94
56.15
38.7
38.9
40.2
41.4
41.4
41.7
130.6
131.6
133.5
135.0
135.2
134.8
135.2
134.8
135.0
135.0
135. 7
137.3
140.9
56. 77
56.11
56. 23
55.70
55. 41
56.49
57.14
40.8
40.6
40. 5
40.2
39.9
40.2
39.5
139.1
138.2
138.8
138.7
139.0
141.0
145.2
47. 56
47.00
47.00
47.01
46.97
48.10
49.45
39.6
39.2
39.2
39.1
38.8
39.1
39.7
120.2
120.0
54.64
55.83
54.78
53. 49
53. 59
54. 06
54.38
40.5
41.1
40.5
39.6
39.3
39.7
39.0
135.1
135.9
135.5
135.3
136. 4
136.3
139.5
38.5
38.2
58.1 $28. 74
63.2 32.47
119.9
120.1
12 1 .1
122.9
124.7
Total: Machinery,
except electrical
C e n ts
70.2 $27. 95
75.1 33.18
72.2 $22.34
76.5 24.08
55.31
51.35
53.16
53. 49
55. 31
55.41
52. 97
Machinery, except
electrical
Electrical machinery
Total: Electrical
machinery
Firearms
1947: July_________
August.............
September___
October...........
November___
December____
Steel barrels, kegs,
and drums
Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. Avg.
earn earn w kly.
ings
ings hours
38.5
41.8
41.3
48.6
S c r e w - m a c h in e
p r o d u cts and
wood screws
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn Wkly.
ings
ings hours
1939: Average_____ $27. 95
1941: January........... 31.01
1939: Average_____ $27. 28
1941: January_____ 35.09
Forgings, iron and
steel
38.3
41.4
75.1 $29.27
78.4 34.36
C e n ts
39.3
44.0
74.6
78.1
56.06
55. 74
57.36
57.87
57.92
59.67
40.9
40.5
41.1
41.3
41.2
42.2
137.1
137.7
139.5
140 0
140.4
141.3
59.13
58. 65
59.12
59. 30
59. 33
60.50
59. 97
41.8
41.4
41.6
41 4
41.2
41.4
40.7
141.5
141.7
142.1
143.1
144.1
146.1
147.5
Machinery, except electrical—Continued
Machinery and ma
chine-shop products Engines and turbines
C e n ts
C e n ts
1939: Average............ $28. 76
1941: January_____ 34.00
39.4
43.7
1947: July_________
August.........
September___
October........__
November___
December____
55. 00
55. 07
56.41
56. 75
57.03
59.22
40.8
40.9
41.3
41.3
41.4
42.7
134.9
135.3
137.0
137.4
138.1
139.1
59.51
61.34
60.16
58. 72
62. 04
61.14
40.3
40.9
40.5
39.6
41.2
40.5
147.7
151.0
149.4
148.9
151.6
151.9
1948: January_____
February____
M arch_______
April________
M a y _____
June________
July_________
58. 33
58.11
58.29
58. 57
59 05
59. 51
58.81
42.0
41.8
41.8
41.6
41.6
41.6
40.7
138.9
139.2
139.5
140.8
141.8
143.2
144.4
62.79
62. 66
63.31
62. 47
63. 46
63. 59
61.53
41.3
41.6
41.6
41.0
41.2
40.2
38.8
152.9
152. 7
152.5
153.0
154. 3
158.1
158.8
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
73.0 $28. 67
77.7 36. 50
37.4
44.1
A g ricu ltu ra l m a
chinery, excluding
tractors
Tractors
76.7 $32.13
82.7 36.03
C e n ts
Machine tools
C e n ts
C e n ts
38.3
41.5
86.8
57. 77
57.67
59.08
60.17
60.13
60. 24
40.1
40.0
40.7
41.1
41.1
41.3
144.0
144.3
145.0
146.5
146.4
145.9
56.83
56. 29
57.97
58. 36
55.91
57.85
41.0
40.3
40.6
40.9
39.6
40.6
138.5
139.2
141.7
143.9
141.5
142.4
56. 78
57. 77
58.69
59. 25
59. 53
61.34
41.6
41.4
41.8
42.1
41.9
43.1
136.6
139.4
140.5
140.8
141.2
142.4
60.10
59. 40
59. 43
60. 08
54.12
61.83
64.14
41.1
40.6
40.6
39.4
35.5
40. 8
40.8
146.2
146.4
146.4
152.6
152.6
151.6
155.4
57.84
57. 80
59. 55
58.87
59. 44
61.31
60.22
40.4
40.4
41.0
40.5
40.7
41.1
40.0
143.3
143.2
145.1
145.5
146.1
149.3
150.4
59. 64
60. 54
60.58
60. 29
60.63
61.75
60. 90
42.0
42.3
42.3
42.0
42.0
42.0
41.4
142.0
143.2
143.3
143.7
144.3
146.9
146.9
83.9 $26. 46
29.92
37.0
39.5
71.6 $32. 25
75.7 40.15
Machine-tool acces
sories
42.9
50.4
75.2 $31.78
79.7 37.90
C e n ts
40.9
50.0
77.7
75.8
58.42
57.43
61.16
61.42
61.30
63.47
41.2
39.9
41.2
41.4
41.1
42.4
143.0
144.7
148.6
148.2
149.4
149.7
63. 58
63. 59
62.30
63.50
63.19
62.23
62.71
42. 2
42.2
41.8
42.0
41.8
41.4
41.3
150.8
150.8
149.1
151.3
151.4
150. 4
151.8
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
443
C: EARN IN G S AND HOURS
-Con.
T a b l e C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries
M A N U F A C T U R IN G —Continued
Machinery, except electrical—Continued
Textile machinery
Cash registers; add
ing, and calculat
ing machines
Typewriters
Fear and month
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
1939: Average—
1941: January—
$26.19
30.13
39.8
44.6
1947: Ju ly ............
A ugust___
September.
October__
November.
December.
54.79
51.91
56. 08
55. 77
56. 88
58. 56
41.9
40.2
42.2
42.1
42.1
43.1
1948: January---February..
M arch____
April_____
M a y ______
June..........
July______
59.21
59. 50
61.40
61.01
61.28
62. 53
60. 61
43.1
42.8
43.7
43.5
43.3
43.3
42.1
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
66.0 $23. 98
67.7
26.40
37.3
39.1
130.1
129.1
132.9
132.5
135.5
135.8
52.33
51.22
51.91
54. 04
55. 54
55.89
43.7
40.5
40.6
42.0
42.5
42.9
137.4
139.0
140.6
140.3
141.7
144.3
144.0
55. 59
55.68
54.62
54. 63
53.31
53. 75
54. 62
42.6
42.4
42.0
42.0
41.2
41.2
41.5
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Sewing
machines,
domestic and in
dustrial
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Refrigerators and re
frigeration equip
ment
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn*
ings
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Washing machines,
wringers, and dri
ers, domestic
81.2
84.6
64.3 $30.38
67.5 34. 78
37.2
41.4
119.8
126.5
128.0
128.8
130.6
130.1
60.35
59.52
63. 21
63.82
63.29
65.67
40.6
40.2
42.1
42.3
42.1
42.9
149.0 $54.85
148.7 52. 82
151.3 54.17
152.3 57.13
151.8 57.96
153.7 60.42
41.6
40.1
41.0
42.4
42.7
43.7
131.8 $58.43
131.6 56. 35
132.0 60. 72
134.6 62. 27
135.8 62.17
138.4 63.21
41.0
40.0
42.0
42.5
42.4
42.9
142.5 $55.37
140.9 52.22
145.4 54.18
146.9 56.33
146.5 54.41
147.2 57.05
40.8
38.5
39.5
40.7
39.8
41.2
135.6
135.6
137.3
138.3
136.7
138.4
130.5
131.2
130.1
130.1
129.4
130.5
131.7
65.39
64.11
65.30
65.62
64. 55
66.43
67. 45
42.4
41.6
42.2
42.1
41.5
41.5
41.5
155.7
155.4
156.1
157.3
157.0
161.4
163.9
58.28
57.69
56.38
58.15
57.39
59. 29
57.05
42.6
41.8
41.2
42.1
41.3
41.8
39.5
136.9
138.2
137.0
138.3
139.0
141.7
144.5
62.74
63.14
63.90
62. 59
64.89
. 80
. 47
42.4
42.8
43.0
42.3
41.8
42. 5
43.5
147.6
147.6
148.3
147.2
155.1
156.6
157.5
57.62
52. 55
55. 51
55.99
56.72
59. 47
57. 64
41.6
38.1
39.9
40.2
40.5
40.5
39.1
138.6
137.8
1392
139. 1
140.2
146 7
147.6
66
68
Transportation equipment, except automobiles
Total: Transporta
tion equipment,
except automobiles
$30. 51
35.69
38.9
43.1
1947: July--------August____
September.
October___
Novem ber.
D ecem ber..
66.02
55. 75
56.54
58.07
56. 42
59. 79
40.1
39.6
39.7
40.4
38.6
40.8
1948: January---February. .
M arch____
April_____
M a y ..........
June______
July______
59.56
58. 67
59.40
59.89
59. 30
59.27
58.88
40.3
39.6
40.3
40.5
40.0
39.8
39.2
Aircraft and parts,
excluding aircraft
engines
74,1 $30.34
76.8 34.13
41.5
44.7
78.5 $28.33
82.8 34.79
36.7
42.8
77.1
81.4
29. 57
36.0
38.5
139.5
140.6
142.4
143.7
146.2
146.5
59. 26
61.75
64.69
62. 32
61.64
63.63
39.7
40.6
41.3
40.6
39.8
40.7
149.4
152.2
156.7
153.4
154.9
156.5
56.83
51.89
55.03
58.09
57. 61
59.84
41.7
38.6
39.9
41.4
40.4
41.4
136.4
134.3
137.8
140.4
142.5
144.7
54.48
55.30
54.44
56.01
55.48
57.12
39.7
40.0
39.3
40.2
39.3
40.6
147.9
148.2
147.2
147.8
148.1
148.9
150.1
62. 34
61.01
63.46
64.96
64.57
64. 58
64.00
40.1
39.2
40.2
40.5
40.1
39.7
38.4
155.3
155.5
157.9
160.4
161.0
162.6
166.5
58.51
58.02
58.90
58.70
58.07
58.46
56.19
40.7
40.2
40.9
40.9
40.2
39.9
38.3
143.9
144.2
143.9
143.7
144.6
146.7
146.6
55.53
56.13
56. 71
57.75
57. 74
57. 99
57.80
39.4
39.9
40.1
40.6
40.4
40.4
39.9
T r a n s p o r ta tio n
equipment, except
automobiles—Con.
Shipbuilding and
boatbuilding
C e n ts
C e n ts
38.0
42.0
83.5
89.3
56.77
56.93
57. 71
59.31
55.20
61.74
39.9
39.3
39.5
39.8
36.1
40.5
142.1
144.7
146.2
149.0
152.9
152.5
64.05
61.54
62.07
62. 04
60. 40
40.9
38.9
40.3
40.2
39.4
39.2
38.8
156.7
158.2
153.9
154.1
153.1
152.5
153.1
83.5 $31.91
89.2 37.69
74.5 $36t 58
77.6 42.16
44.1
47.2
137.2
138.1
138.6
139.5
141.3
140.6
56.19
56. 58
58. 43
59.19
57. 52
60.39
39.2
39.2
40.0
40.5
39.4
41.2
143.5
144.3
146.0
146.1
146.1
146.5
140.8
140.6
141.4
142.1
142.8
143.6
144.7
59.30
58. 29
59.53
60.33
61.02
62.14
64. 79
40.6
40.1
40.6
40.5
40.9
40.6
40.6
146.1
145.2
146.7
149.1
149.4
153.2
159.4
59. 76
59. 49
Nonferrous metals and their products
Automobiles
Total: Nonferrous
metals and their
products
Motorcycles, bicycles,
and parts
$32.91
37.69
35.4
38.9
Smelting and refin
ing, primary, of
nonferrous metals
92.9 $26. 74
96.9 30.47
38.9
41.4
Alloying; and rolling
and drawing of
nonferrous metals,
except aluminum
68.7 $26. 67
73.6 29.21
38.2
38.7
Clocks and watches
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
1939: Average1941: January.
Aircraft engines
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
1939: Average___
1941: January___
Cars, electric- and
steam-railroad
Locomotives
69.9 $28. 77
75.5 35.96
39.6
44.0
72.9 $22. 27
81.8 23.90
37.9
38.9
58.7
61.4
1947: J u ly ............
August____
September.
October___
N ovem ber.
December..
.
.
.
.
.
.
$56.35
55.58
65.94
58.94
58.94
58.96
42.3
41.0
41.0
42.5
42.0
42.3
133.3
135.5
136.6
138.8
140.4
139.3
56.44
55. 76
59.35
60. 30
61.30
64.64
37.7
37.2
39.2
39.5
39.8
41.4
149.6
150.0
151.5
152.6
154.0
156.3
51.12
51.07
52. 62
53.59
54.27
55.53
39.7
39.5
40.2
40.8
41.1
41.8
128.9
129.4
130.9
131.2
132.0
132.7
53.89
53.98
55. 82
54.89
55. 69
55.44
41.3
40.8
41.2
40.9
41.2
41.2
130.4
132.2
135.5
134.2
135.1
134.6
54.13
52. 62
54. 37
55.19
55.93
57.26
39.2
38.0
38.9
39.4
39.7
40.5
138.1
138.4
139.6
140.1
141.0
141.2
44. 58
45.03
46.87
47. 54
48. 64
48.69
39.1
39.1
40.4
40.8
41.4
41.9
114.0
115.1
116.0
116.7
117.5
116.4
1948: January___
February..
M arch____
April.........
M ay______
June______
July______
.
.
.
.
.
_
.
55.33
55.65
55.88
56.36
55.54
54.07
53.94
40.3
39.8
40.4
40.3
39.4
37.5
37.6
1373
140.0
138.4
139.8
141.0
144.2
143.5
60. 96
59.00
59.81
59.14
54. 44
61.23
64.37
39.6
38.1
38.9
38.6
35.2
38.1
39.3
153.8
154.8
153.9
153.3
154. 8
160.9
164.0
55.06
55.07
55.23
54.87
54.96
56. 90
56. 35
41.2
41.2
41.1
40.9
40.6
40.8
40.1
133.6
133.8
134.4
134.3
135.5
136.9
140.5
55.85
55.58
55.31
56. 49
57. 33
57.96
59. 75
41.1
41.0
40.5
41.1
41.5
41.3
41.2
136.0
135.7
136.6
137.5
138.0
140.3
144.9
57.30
57. 73
58.25
56.84
57. 42
59. 35
61.61
40.4
40.6
40.8
40.0
40.1
41.2
40.8
141.8
142.2
142.9
142.2
143.1
144.0
151.1
47.63
48. 59
49.15
49. 09
48.27
48.89
48. 96
40.2
41.0
41.1
40.8
40.1
40 1
39.8
118.5
118.6
119. 6
120.5
120.5
121.9
123.0
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
444
G: E A R N IN G S AND HOURS
MONTHLY LABOR
T a b l e C 1: Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries1—Con.
M A N U F A C T U R IN G -C ontin ued
Nonferrous metals and their products—Continued
Y
Jewel ■y
(precious
met als) and jewelers’ findings
ear and month
Avg.
Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn
hours
ings
1939: Average_____ $26.36
1941: January............ 26.43
39.4
39.1
1947: J u ly ...............
A u g u st............
September___
O ctober..........
November___
December____
44.44
46.40
50.32
52.97
53.39
55.53
1948: January...........
February.........
M arch......... .
April________
M ay.................
June_________
July--------------
51.69
52.98
52.17
51.31
50.59
52.10
49.30
Silverware am plated
Lighting equipment
ware
Lumber and timber basic products
Aluminum manu
factures
Total: Lumber and
timber basic products
Avg. Avg.
hrly. ■wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.j Avg.
earn earn w kly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
66.0 $26.03
66.4
27.37
40.7
41.4
39.0
39.8
42.0
43.6
42.7
44.4
114.7
117.2
120.4
122.2
125.5
125.4
58.72
57.20
60.93
61.31
61.65
63.80
45.3
44.1
46.1
46.4
45.9
47.2
130.0
129.9
132.1
132.1
134.4
135.3
47.74
48. 78
50.02
51.73
52. 51
54.11
36.7
37.4
38.4
39.3
40.0
40.5
130.2
130.5
130.4
131.7
131.4
133.6
48.86
49.34
49.74
52.02
52.15
52.86
38.4
38.9
38.6
39.7
39.8
40.1
127.2
126.6
128.7
130.0
130.9
132.0
43.57
45.32
45.41
45.23
45.30
45. 65
42.2
43.3
42.8
42.6
42.2
43.2
103.3
104,8
106.2
106.3
107.4
105.6
41.9
43.6
42.2
41.2
39.8
40.9
39.8
123.7
124.9
123.7
124.6
127.1
127.4
124.0
62.54
62. 52
63.81
62.09
62.00
62.24
58.55
46.3
46.1
46.5
45.7
45.5
45.5
43.7
135.4
135.6
137.4
136.0
136.3
136.7
134.0
53.92
52.86
53.22
52.90
51.75
53.19
56. 54
39.8
39.3
39.2
38.8
37.7
37.5
38.7
135.6
134.5
135.9
136.4
137.3
141.9
146.2
53.35
52. 75
52.05
52.53
52. 83
52.13
52. 52
40.2
39.6
39.4
39.7
39.7
39.1
37.1
132.9
133.0
132.2
132.3
133. 2
133.3
141.6
44.49
45.01
45.32
45.59
47. 39
49. 42
49. 09
42.4
41.7
42.3
42.1
42.5
43.6
42.7
105.0
108.0
107.1
108.3
111.5
113.4
115.1
64.3 $25.73
28.19
66.6
Lumber and timber
basic products—Con.
P aning and
Plj wood mills
$22.17
22. 51
41.1
40. 5
1947: July______
August........
September.
October___
N ovem ber.
D ecember..
46.58
48.89
48.94
50.12
49.60
51.61
42.6
44.2
43.8
44.3
43. 2
44.8
Total:
Furniture
and finished lum
ber products
1948: January___
February...
March____
April______
M a y ............
June...........
July_______
50. 67
51.31
61.06
51. 94
52.53
53.18
52. 51
43.9
43.8
43.8
44.0
43.9
43. 8
43.1
111.8
113.2
114.7
115.1
115.2
117.1
116.6
118.1
119.7
121.3
121.8
69.3 $27.49
71.7 32.85
39.3
42.0
69.9 $19.06
78.2 20.27
38.5
38.7
43.51
44.09
45.38
46. 53
46.32
47. 72
41.1
41.2
41.5
42.1
41.8
42.7
47.02
46. 68
47.08
46.34
46.39
46. 54
46. 35
41.9
41.4
41.8
41.0
40.8
40.6
40.3
51.8 $20. 51
54.0 21.42
105.8
107.0
109.3
110.5
110.8
111.7
112.2
112.7
112.6
113.1
113.6
114.5
115.2
Caskets and other
morticians’ goods
Furniture
C e n ts
54.0 $19.95
55.4 20.90
109.3
110.7
37.1
39.3
39.0
38.9
48.9 $18.29
52.1 19.59
C e n ts
38.9
39.0
Wood preserving
C e n ts
53.0
55.2
38.4
38.4
47.6
51.0
42.86
45.05
44.58
44.09
44. 27
44.20
42.1
43.1
42.5
42.2
41.9
42.8
104.4
104.9
104.6
105.6
103.2
42.94
43.41
43.86
43.99
46.23
48.58
48. 34
42.0
41.1
42.0
41.6
42.2
43.5
42.6
102.3
105.5
104.6
105.7
109.5
111.6
113.6
Total: Stone, clay,
and glass products
C e n ts
37.6
37.4
40.1
40.6
40.4
40.8
40.5
41.0
122.7
123.4
124.7
124.5
40.0
39.8
40.8
40.7
40.7
40.6
39.4
125.3
125.5
126.0
127.1
128.6
129.1
130.6
40.9
41.0
41.4
42.3
42.3
42.9
107.9 $44.32
108.9 45.69
111.7 47.06
113.0 47.00
113.7 47.35
114.5 49.01
40.2
40.6
41.6
41.1
40.9
42.2
110.3 $41.05
42.10
42.41
113.9 42.19
115.0 39.98
115.7 40.50
41.6
42 0
42 2
41. 5
39. 7
39.8
101.7
48.00
49.06
49.57
50.38
50.47
51.00
48.54
48.38
48.58
47. 64
47. 60
47. 57
47.04
42.2
41.9
42.1
41.1
40.8
40.6
40.0
115.1
115.5
115.6
116.1
116. 7
117.4
117.8
41.8
41.8
42.3
41.3
40.7
40.6
40.0
115.7
115. 5
115.6
116. 7
116. 5
117.2
117.7
39 2
35 8
38 6
39 8
40 3
40 4
40.4
101 4
103 1
0
3
105 0
105 0
106.5
50.10
49.98
51.41
51.77
52. 30
52. 41
51.50
112.2
112.8
39.71
36.95
39.59
41.09
42. 29
42. 45
42.97
97 8
100 1
100 5
101 7
100 7
102
102
C e n ts
$23.94
25.02
44.12
44.58
46.24
47. 76
48.07
49.10
48. 52
48.85
49. 21
48. 23
47. 48
47. 61
47. 37
101.8
Stone, clay, and
glass products
Furniture and finished lumber products
C e n ts
1939: Average___
1941: January___
Sawmills and
logging camps
63.7
66.9
119.8
120.8
Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued
1939: Average.
1941: January.
Glass and glassware
Glass products made
from purchased glass
C e n ts
C e n ts
$25.32
28.02
35.2
36.3
1947: July___
August—
September___
October............
November___
December____
49.34
50.40
51.57
52.27
53.05
53.07
38.6
39.5
39.2
39.4
39.2
39.5
128.1 $40.87
128.0 41.88
131.7 42.91
132.8 44.41
135.4 43.87
134.4 46.16
39.6
40.2
40.1
41.1
40.4
42.3
1948: January...........
February____
March_______
A pril................
M ay________
June..................
July--------------
52.49
53.00
54.42
54.12
53. 44
53. 32
50. 90
38.0
38.8
40.0
39.9
39.3
39.2
37.0
138.3
136.8
136.2
135.5
136.0
136.1
137.6
41.1
40.0
40.5
39.6
40.4
40.1
37.7
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
72.1
77.2
44.48
44.18
43.96
43.16
44.37
44. 25
42. 37
Brick, tile, and
terra cotta
Cement
C e n ts
C e n ts
$26.67
26.82
38.2
37.9
103.1
104.2
107.1
108.1
108.5
109.2
51.72
52.93
52.68
52.32
52.19
51.94
41.9
42.5
41.8
42.0
41.9
42.0
123.5
124.4
126.1
124.5
124.5
123.7
45.25
46.06
46. 51
47.37
46.81
47.46
40.5
40.9
40.9
41.3
40.5
41.2
108.3
110.5
108.5
108.9
109.9
110.4
112.3
51.21
51.07
51.72
53. 27
55.85
56.38
56.48
41.4
41.7
42.0
42.0
42.6
42.7
42.0
123.7
46.74
45.52
47.54
48.39
49.75
49. 66
50.70
40.5
38.9
40.5
40.6
41.1
40.8
40.2
69.9 $20.55
70.9 21.74
122.6
123.1
126.9
131.1
132.1
134. 9-
Pottery and
related products
37.8
36.9
54.3 $22. 74
58.7 22.92
111.3
112.1
113.3
114.3
114.8
114.6
115.0
116.3
116.6
118.6
120.6
121.0
122.7
Gypsum
C e n ts
C e n ts
37.2
36.4
62.5
63.5
44.86
46.48
46.14
48.18
48.25
48.55
37.9
38.8
38.5
39.6
39.4
39.2
120.1
122.1
119.2 $54. 91
55.39
54.68
56.70
122.7 56.35
123.8 66.53
46.1
45.7
45.0
45.9
45.3
45.6
121.5
123.4
124.5
124.1
47.32
46.98
48.17
48.45
48.09
48. 42
47. 65
38.2
38.5
39.4
39.2
38.7
38.6
37.8
123.4
123.0
123.3
124.9
126.3
127.2
129.7
45.3
44.4
45.0
46.8
47.2
46.2
44.5
123.4
122.9
123.7
126.1
127.5
129.8
133.4
120.7
55.94
54. 58
55.71
58.98
60.17
59.91
59.14
119.1
121.2
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
C: E A R N IN GS AND HOURS
445
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries1—Con.
MANUFACTURING—Continued
Textile-mill products and other fiber
manufactures
Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued
Marble, granite, slate,
and other products
Lime
Tear and month
Avg.
wkly. Avg.
earn wkly.
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
C e n ts
1939: Average____
1941: January........
$26.18
24.29
36.9
34.6
Abrasives
Asbestos products
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
C e n ts
C e n ts
71.4
70.8
Avg.
wkly. Avg.
earn wkly.
ings hours
$24.43
27. 26
39.0
41.3
Total: Textile-mill
products and other
fiber manufactures
Cotton manufactures,
except smallwares
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
62.7 $16. 84
66.0 18.01
36.6
36.9
46.0 $14.26
48.8 15.60
36.7
37.2
38.9
41.9
38.3
38.4
39.2
39.6
40.4
41.1
97.3
97.7
98.5
99.1
105.1
106.1
40.7
40.1
40.7
40.1
39.6
39.1
38.0
107.7
108.3
108.1
107.6
107.8
107.5
107.0
1947: July..............
August..........
Septem ber...
October____
N ovem ber...
December__
$47. 23
48.90
49.23
51.96
50.33
50.48
44.9
44.8
45.0
46.1
45.8
46.4
104.2
106.9
108.1
108.5
108.9
108.5
45.48
46.61
47. 56
48.60
46.27
48.68
42.1
41.4
42.2
42.5
40.2
41.9
107.9 $50.00
112.6 51.26
112.7 54. 57
114.3 54.30
115.2 55.68
116.0 60.68
39.3
39.2
40.3
40.4
40.7
44.0
127.3
130.6
135.6
134.5
137.0
137.3
54.90
53.53
52.30
52. 57
54.05
53. 85
43.3
42.2
41.3
41.3
41.9
41.8
126.8
127.7
126.6
127.3
129.2
128.9
39. 48
39.44
41.39
41.94
43. 73
45.15
38.4
38.2
39.5
39.7
40.1
41.0
110 .0
37. 21
37. 50
38. 55
39.22
42.47
43.64
1948: January........ .
February___
M arch............
April_______
M a y...............
June...............
July................
49.10
47.86
50.58
52.08
52.41
53. 32
52. 46
44.2
43.7
45.8
46.3
46.1
45.9
44.4
109.4
109.1
46.89
46.23
47. 57
47.97
49. 44
49. 35
48. 22
40.6
40.4
40.9
40.9
41.3
40.9
39.8
115.3
114.6
116.2
116.0
119.3
119.8
44.4
42.6
42.6
41.5
41.9
42.1
41.0
133.1
137.2
142.4
142.3
145.7
145. 7
140.6
53. 98
54.04
54.49
55.11
55.45
56.66
57. 61
41.4
40.9
41.3
41.2
41.3
41.7
41.7
130.5
132.2
131.8
133.8
134.0
135.2
137.3
45.19
45.79
46.32
45. 46
45. 22
45. 29
44.15
40.5
40.2
40.6
39.9
39.6
39.5
38.6
111.5
113.9
114.0
113.8
114.2
114.7
114.5
43. 81
43.43
43.98
43.08
42. 64
42.00
40. 63
110 .2
112.7
113.6
115.3
116.9
121.0
59. 07
58. 38
60.62
59.02
61.04
61.32
57.90
102.8
103.2
104.8
105. 5
109.0
Textile-mill products and other fiber manufactures—Continued
Cotton smallwares
Silk and rayon
goods
C e n ts
1939: Average.......... $18.22
1941: January.......... 19. 74
39.0
39.3
1947: July.................
August...........
September__
October..........
November__
December___
39.68
38. 58
40. 67
40.49
40.13
42.35
39.1
38.2
39.7
39.1
38.7
40.5
1948: January..........
February.......
M arch______
April_______
M a y................
J u n e...............
July________
43.15
43.23
43.31
43.03
42. 72
43.98
43. 48
40.3
40.4
40.2
39.6
39.3
39.8
39.3
C e n ts
47.4 $15. 78
50.3 16. 53
101.6
100.9
102.4
103.5
103.6
104.5
107.1
107.2
108.0
108.7
108.9
110.6
110.7
Woolen and worsted
manufactures, ex
cept dyeing and
finishing
36.5
35.7
41.17
41.65
43.23
43. 57
44.84
46.48
40.3
40.0
40.9
41.0
41.2
42.3
47.55
47.92
48. 53
48.31
48.38
48. 47
47.69
41.9
41.8
42.2
41.8
41.8
41.8
41.6
C e n ts
42.9 $19.21
46.1 21.78
102.3
104.3
105.7
106.2
108.8
Hosiery
36.4
37.9
Knitted cloth *
C e n ts
52.8 $18.89
57.6 18. 51
35.6
33.8
Knitted outerwear
and knitted gloves
C e n ts
53.6 $18.15
55.0 19.90
38.4
37.9
C e n ts
46.8 $17.14
50.3 17.65
37.0
35.8
46.1
48.9
99.1
36.8
37.6
37.5
38.8
38.7
38.5
92.6
92.6
95.1
96.9
98.0
97.8
37.7
38.7
38.6
38.4
38.5
38.3
37.2
110.0
45.33
42.28
46.99
46. 70
46.95
49.12
39.1
36.6
40.2
39.7
39.6
41.2
116.0
115.6
116.9
117.8
118.8
119.2
36.37
38.08
39.48
41.00
42.11
42. 95
35.3
36.8
37.7
38.3
38.7
39.1
103.0
103.4
104.9
106.9
108.7
109.8
40.91
41.11
41.71
42. 21
42.63
44.18
40.8
40.7
40.5
41.1
40.8
41.9
103.5
104.5
34. 51
35.42
35. 86
38. 01
38. 30
38.02
113.7
114.7
115.1
115.6
115.7
115.9
114.7
48.79
52.82
53.49
52.33
52.61
53.10
52.31
40.8
40.8
40.7
39.9
40.1
40.3
39.5
119.5
130.3
131.3
131.1
131.4
132.0
132.7
41.76
41.72
42.80
41.61
41.14
42.01
41.64
37.9
37.6
38.6
37.4
36.7
36.6
36.1
110.3
110.8
110.8
1 1 1 .2
112.0
44.65
45.23
45.84
44.39
42.79
43.94
44.21
42,1
41.9
41.9
41.4
39.7
40.7
40.5
106.2
107.9
109.4
107.2
107.8
107.9
109.1
37.94
39.18
39.08
38.73
39. 00
38. 84
37. 28
114.6
115.1
100.1
102.7
10 2.1
99.2
100.1
100.4
100.7
10 1.2
100.4
98.7
Textile-mill products and other fiber manufactures—Continued
Knitted underwear
Dyeing and finishing
textiles, including Carpets and rugs, wool
woolen and worsted
C e n ts
C e n ts
1939: Average_____ $15.05
1941: January............ 16.06
36.9
36.0
41.0 $20.82
44.6 21.65
38.6
39.3
1947: J u ly ............... .
August______
September___
October______
November___
December........
34.65
34.60
36.30
36. 50
37.41
38.17
38.4
38.2
39.5
39.3
39.5
40.2
90.2
90.4
91.8
93.0
94.7
95.1
44.37
45.31
47.89
47.16
48.16
50.25
40.1
40.5
41.9
41.5
41.2
42.7
1948: January...........
February.........
March_______
April________
M ay________
June_________
J u ly ....; _____
37.77
37. 76
38.89
38.72
37.88
38. 09
36. 79
39.4
38.9
39.5
39.1
38.3
38.4
37.3
95.9
96.9
98.1
98.8
98.7
99.4
98.9
51.04
51.80
51.85
51.44
50.67
51. 05
48. 76
42.3
42.2
42.3
41.8
41.3
41.5
39.9
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C e n ts
53.5 $23. 25
55.1 25.18
110.4
1 1 1 .6
114.2
113.6
116.7
117.5
120.4
122.7
122.7
122.9
122.6
122.9
12 2 .1
Hats, fur-felt
36.1
37.3
Jute goods, except feltss
C e n ts
64.4 $22. 73
67.5 27.12
32.2
36.2
Cordage and twine
C e n ts
C e n ts
70.7
75.5
49.80
47.43
52. 38
53.53
53.99
54.91
40.6
39.4
41.0
41.4
41.6
42.2
122.8
120.6
127.9
129.5
130.1
130.6
47.47
45. 67
47.44
48.33
47.10
51.52
36.5
34.7
35.9
37.0
36.2
39.1
130.2 $37.92
131.2 36.40
133.4 37. 51
131.1 37.27
130.3 37.60
132.1 38.21
41.0
41.0
41.4
41.1
41.5
41.2
55.23
55.35
55. 79
55.18
56.22
57.86
57. 42
41.9
42.0
42.1
41.4
41.8
42.0
40.7
132.2
131.9
132.7
133.6
134.8
138.0
141.2
50.17
51.79
50.36
48.58
49.94
51.72
49. 52
37.8
38. 7
37.2
35.3
36.7
37.7
37.1
132.8
132.8
134.8
137.9
136.4
137.5
133.8
40.8
40.1
40.0
40.6
40.1
40.2
40.6
41.75
42. 28
42. 44
42.93
42.69
42. 65
42. 58
94.1 $38.71
90.8 39.10
90.6 40.00
90.6 41.70
90.6 42. 55
92.7 44.13
38.2
38.6
38.8
40.1
40.4
41.3
101.4
101.4
103.0
104.1
105.3
106.8
44.63
44.44
43.65
42.21
41.82
42. 68
41. 22
41.3
40.8
40.6
39.1
38.5
39.0
37.8
108.1
109.1
107.9
107.9
108.4
109.4
109.2
102.4
105.3
106.0
105.7
106.4
106.0
104.8
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
446
T
able
MONTHLY LABOR
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries 1—Con.
M A N U F A C T U R IN G —Continued
Apparel and other finished textile products
Year and month
Total: Apparel and
other finished tex
tile products
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
M en’s clothing, not
elsewhere classi
fied
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
C e n ts
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings horns
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
58.1 $13. 75
60.7 14. 22
34.6
33.0
39.8 $14.18
43.1 14. 85
35.4
33.6
40.1 $11.03
44.2 12.33
35.8
33.6
30.9 $19. 20
36.7 19.47
33.9
33.2
51.9
55.3
36.3
36.0
36.9
37.8
38.0
38.1
86.2
113.6
31.24
30. 74
32.38
33.42
33. 75
34.12
85.2
87.8
88.5
88.9
91.8
33.79
31.51
33.05
35.00
35. 09
35.56
36.0
34.5
35.5
36.9
36.5
37.3
93.8
91.4
93.2
94.9
96.1
95.3
26. 56
25. 54
25. 59
25.15
24. 90
24.32
36.2
35.4
34.6
33.7
34.1
34.1
73.5
72.2
74.0
74.5
72.8
71.2
43. 81
45. 49
45. 78
46. 91
43.82
46. 76
34.8
34.6
35.0
35.8
35.3
36.2
124.1
128.5
127.9
127.9
121.7
127.0
117.8
117.6
118.8
117.3
117.1
116.9
115.9
34.45
34. 20
35. 02
34. 39
33.83
33.00
33.14
36.9
36.8
37.4
36.9
36.3
35.5
36.2
92.9
92.8
93.4
92.8
92.7
92.5
92.4
35.03
34. 78
35. 77
34. 35
34. 80
34.00
34. 54
36.4
35.5
36.3
36.0
36.8
36.0
36.6
95.7
97.4
98.4
95.4
94.6
95.0
95.0
23.73
25.69
26.50
26.85
27. 22
27.18
26. 67
32.7
35.6
36.9
36.8
36.5
36.7
35.8
72.5
72.1
71.8
73.0
74.4
73.9
74.2
48. 52
49.09
48.10
43. 20
43. 27
43. 94
45.91
36.0
36.1
36.1
35.1
35.1
35. 0
34.9
132.7
133.4
131.0
1947: July..................
August-...........
September___
October...........
November___
December........
36.50
36. 57
37. 64
38. 78
37. 09
39.00
35.8
35.2
36.0
36.9
36.4
37.1
103.8
104.6
105.1
101.9
105.2
40.17
38. 66
41.06
42. 78
42.24
43.11
36.5
35.1
36.8
37.9
37. 5
37.7
109.8
109.0
1948: January_____
February____
March..............
April.................
M a y ____ ____
June_________
July--------------
40. 00
40.23
40. 09
37 61
37. 24
37. 61
38.80
36.6
36. 7
36.7
36.2
35.8
35.6
35.8
109.4
109.8
109.2
104.0
104.0
105.5
108.3
44.11
44.05
44.73
44. 31
43. 50
43.19
42.84
37.0
37.1
37.4
37.3
36.8
36.4
36.7
102.0
Women’s clothing,
not elsewhere clas
sified
Work shirts
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
kly.
earn earn w
ings
ings hours
34.5
33.5
33.2
33.4
U n d erw ear and
neckwear, men’s s
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
1939: Average-------- $18.17
1941: January............ 18. 76
52.7 $19.32
56.0 20. 40
Shirts, collars, and
nightwear
110 .6
112 .0
1 11.6
120 .1
120.6
123.9
130.8
Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued
Corsets and allied
garments
Handkerchiefs
M illinery
H ou sefu rn ish in gs,
other than cur
tains, etc.
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
Curtains, draperies,
and bedspreads
1939: Average.......... $17.15
1941: January........... 17. 24
37. 5
35. 6
45. 6 $22.19
48. 2 22.31
33.8
30. 5
1947: July....... ..........
August.............
September___
October_____
November___
December___
34. 95
34.80
35. 75
36. 76
36. 80
36.89
37.5
36.7
37.5
38.5
38.6
39.0
93.5
94.2
95.4
95.6
95.5
94.8
48. 58
49. 52
49. 74
53.20
39.14
46.03
36.2
36.3
35.8
38.2
31.3
35.0
129.8 $31.13
131.4 30. 40
134.0 31.85
133.7 32. 57
121.3 33.31
125.6 32. 55
36.3
35.5
36.7
37.5
37.7
37.0
85.7 $29.09
85.7 28.93
86.7 30.64
86.8 31.55
88.4 31. 26
88.1 31.28
36.1
36.1
37.3
37.5
37.2
37.1
1948: January...........
February____
March............ .
April________
M a y .......... .
J u n e ............. .
J u ly ................
37.37
37. 07
38.14
37.39
35. 85
36. 58
36. 33
38.0
37.9
38.5
37.8
35 8
36.2
36.3
98.5
97.9
99.3
99.1
100.'3
101.3
100.7
53.14
57. 84
52. 77
49 95
42.82
45.14
50. 68
37.3
39.3
36. 9
36.0
31.5
32.5
34.6
136.5
141. 5
139.4
135. 3
133.3
135.1
141.4
30.46
32. 66
34. 21
33. 09
31.66
31.40
30.91
34.4
36.4
37.1
36.1
34.8
34.3
33.9
88.4
89.7
92.2
91.7
90.9
91.7
90.9
36.8
35.9
35.4
33.1
32.9
33.7
34.2
Textile bags
C e n ts
63.6
64.8
31.44
30.69
31.40
30.17
30.41
30.67
30. 21
81.6 $36.44
81.1 37. 74
83.0 38.33
84.4 38.72
83.9 38.03
84.3 41.34
38.4
38.6
38.2
38.3
38.3
40.5
94.5 $35.48
97.7 35.34
99.6 35. 86
100.4 36. 76
98.3 37. 25
10 1.2 37.60
85.6
85.4
38.2
37.7
38.1
38.2
37.2
39.1
38.1
100.0
100. 1
88.2
89.1
91.2
91.0
90.5
38. 54
36.83
38. 29
38.46
37. 52
40.19
38.93
99.9
96.5
99.8
101.9
101.4
37.20
36.23
35. 80
36.35
37.94
37. 86
38.26
38.3
37.8
38.1
38.9
38.9
39.5
92.5
93.6
94.1
94.4
95.8
95.3
38.9
38.0
37.1
37.2
38.4
38.1
38.8
95.6
95.2
96.4
97.7
98.7
99.2
98.8
Leather and leather products
Total: Leather and
leather products
Boot and shoe cut
stock and findings
Leather
C e n ts
C e n ts
1947: July....... ..........
August______
September___
October..........
November___
December___
40. 30
40. 25
41.89
42.18
41.93
42. 67
38.2
38.1
39.1
39.0
38.3
39.1
105. 5
105.7
107.2
108.2
109.5
109.2
51.11
51.19
52.66
52. 52
52.82
53.65
40.4
40.0
41.0
40.7
40.6
41.3
126.1 $39.06
127.7 39.86
128.3 40.14
128.7 39.19
129.7 38.92
130.0 41.36
38.4
39.1
39.2
38.3
37.2
39.3
1948: January...........
February____
M arch............
April................
M a y ................
June________
July________
42.63
42.99
41.87
40.34
39.65
41.38
41.55
39.0
39.0
37.8
36.2
35.5
37.0
37.4
109.5
110 .2
110.6
1 11.6
1 11.8
1 1 1 .8
1 1 1 .2
53.06
53.38
51.91
51. 59
52. 38
53.11
53. 39
40.8
40.5
39.4
39.1
39.4
39.5
39.5
129.9
131.7
131.5
131.8
133.0
134.5
135.1
38.9
38.4
37.6
36.5
36.3
37.4
37.4
41.36
41.23
40. 55
39.90
39. 72
41.24
41.09
Leather gloves and
mittens
C e n ts
C e n ts
36.2
37.3
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
38.7
38.3
63.4
66. 2
1939: Average........... $19.13
1941: January........... 20. 66
Seedootnotes at end of table.
52. 8 $24.43
55.4 25.27
Boots and shoes
Trunks and suit
cases
C e n ts
C e n ts
50.3
53.0
$17.83
19. 58
35.7
37.0
103.1
103.4
103.2
103.7
106.0
106.3
38. 49
38.32
40.12
40. 41
39.98
40. 87
37.8
37.7
38.8
38.7
37.8
38.7
10 1.8 $32. 42
101.8 32.33
103.5
104.6
105.9
105.6
33. 45
34.43
33.88
33. 91
35.6
35.7
36.3
36.4
36.3
36.3
91.4 $40.62
91.2 42. 09
92.7 43.07
94.5 46.15
93.4 47. 61
93.1 45.53
38.4
39.4
39.5
40.9
42.2
40.9
105.6
106.7
109.5
111.4
112.9
110.9
107.5
108.0
108.6
110.7
110. 5
41.09
41.35
40. 21
38.09
36. 79
39.00
39. 42
38.8
38.8
37.5
35.3
34.3
36.4
37.0
105.9
106.5
107.1
108.0
107.4
107.4
106.7
33. 75
33.67
33. 82
33.18
34. 77
35.78
35.01
35.7
36.0
36.0
35.4
35. 2
35.8
35.8
94.7
94.1
94.0
93.8
99.1
99.9
98.8
38.4
40.6
40.6
40.1
39.6
39.0
38.8
110.5
112.9
113.5
113.0
113.7
115.0
115.2
110 .8
110.4
42.33
45. 61
45.83
45.35
45.06
44. 86
44.42
447
G: EARNINGS AND HOURS
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries1—Con.
M A N U F A C T U R IN G —Continued
Food
Total: Food
Slaughtering and
meat packing
Condensed and
evaporated milk
Butter
Flour
Ice cream
Year and month
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
1939: Average............ $24. 43
24. 69
1941: Jan u ary__
40.3
39.0
1947: J u ly ,,...............
August______
September___
October . ___
November___
December____
48.40
49.46
49. 04
49. 61
49.90
50.93
43.2
43.4
43.4
42.8
42.5
43.3
1948: January_____ 49. 44
February____ 49. 18
M arch_______ 49.36
A p r il_______ 50. 95
M ay. ______ 51. 26
Ju n e., _ _
52. 08
July_________ 51.82
42.0
41.6
41. 6
42.4
42. 5
42.8
42.6
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
C e n ts
40.6
39.3
56.82
54.33
55.31
54.98
61.31
61.57
44.5
43.0
43.4
43.2
46.9
47.7
57.12
51.88
56. 62
68.51
67. 66
62.14
59.79
44.8
40.7
43. 6
48. 1
46.7
44.2
42.9
11 2 .1
117. 7
118.1
118. 7
120.1
120.7
121.7
121.7
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
C e n ts
60.7 $27. 85
63.3 26.84
114.0
112.9
115.9
117.3
117.5
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkiy.
earn- hours
ings
C e n ts
68. 6 $22 . 60
68.1 22. 84
46.7
44.6
128.2
126.7
127.6
127.3
130.5
129.1
44. 75
46.20
45. 65
45. 58
46. 05
46. 98
47.0
47.7
47.4
46.3
46.1
46.5
127. 5
127.7
130.1
142. 5
142.4
137.9
136.9
45.92
47. 28
45.92
47.16
47. 52
48. 42
49. 42
45.9
46.3
45.8
45.6
45. 9
46. 3
46.7
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
$29.24
29.41
46.2
44.2
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
C e n ts '
C e n ts
C e n ts
48.4
50.9
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
62.6 $25.80
65.3 25. 27
42.3
41.0
60. 5
60.8
95.5 $50.18
96.4 49. 21
96.1 49.66
98.1 49. 24
99.6 48. 54
100.4 49.32
48.1
47.2
46.9
46.5
45.7
45.9
104.4
104.2
105. 9
105. 8
106.2
107.4
49.62
50.84
50. 12
49 86
49. 40
49. 87
46.7
46.9
45.7
45.5
44.3
44.8
103. 4
105.2
105.9
106.4
107.2
107.3
57. 71
59.69
59. 91
59.01
59.15
56.45
50 5
50.1
49.9
49.0
48.6
47.6
114.5
119.3
50.20
51.68
52. 28
53. 51
55. 36
56. 66
56. 42
45.5
45.9
46.4
46. 7
47.5
48.5
47.6
110.3
112.5
50.50
51.12
51.44
50. 86
51. 11
52. 22
53. 53
45.3
45.0
45.4
45.3
45.0
45.8
46.2
107.9
109.3
109.5
108.7
108.6
110.3
54.43
54. 56
50.99
53. 07
55.12
57.73
60.65
46.4
45.9
43.7
45.3
46.1
47.9
48.5
117.5
118.9
116.7
117.3
119.6
120.7
125.0
99. 5
10 1.1
101 1
103.2
103. 3
104.3
106.6
112.6
114. 7
116.5
116.8
118.6
112.8
120 .1
120.3
121.8
118.7
Food—Continued
C e n ts
C e n ts
1939: Average_____
1941: January___
Sugar refining,
cane
Baking
Cereal preparations
$25. 70
26.46
41.7
41.1
37.6
35.0
43.0
42 9
43.0
43. 7
43.9
45.0
45.8
105.5
104 8
104.4
104.1
104.1
105.3
107.4
39.0
42 4
38.7
*38.4
37.5
38.5
38.4
129.3
130. 5
129.6
130.2
133.9
130. 3
132.1
40 82
40 45
40. 48
40.83
38.76
41.56
41.89
39.6
38.9
39.1
38.6
37.5
39.1
38.8
110.5
1948: January_____
54.10
55. 58
52. 46
54. 50
55.64
58.00
57. 92
40.5
40.6
38.7
39.8
40.4
41.5
41.7
133.5
136.9
135.6
137.0
137.7
139. 8
139.1
47.03
49. 30
47.38
48.00
49. 09
50.03
50.01
41.6
43.6
41.9
42.1
42.7
42.9
42.7
113.1
113.2
113.1
113.8
114.8
116.5
116.8
45.66
44. 66
49.30
52. 57
51.08
52.88
57. 45
38.0
37.9
41.0
43.2
41.9
43.5
45.4
120 .1
1 1 2 .1
115.6
116.8
122.4
117.1
111.7
120.2
121.7
122.0
121.4
126.5
118.4
122.0
Tobacco manufactures
Food—C ontinued
Canning and pre
serving
Total: Tobacco
manufactures
37.0
33.0
47.6 $20. 88
50.1 22.38
37.2
37.3
1947: J u ly ________
August______
September___
October
___
November___
December____
67. 52
68. 98
69. 54
149.3
152.3
153.9
151.7
152.3
151.1
39. 96
45. 88
43.69
44. 75
37. 94
41.14
39.9
42.6
42.8
40.9
35.9
37.7
100.3
108.3
102.5
64.03
63.54
45.1
45.3
45.2
43.5
42.1
42.1
37. 74
37. 26
37 33
37.90
37 67
39.16
39.6
39.2
39.2
39.7
39.4
39.9
95.3
95.1
95.2
95.4
95.6
98.3
44.67
43.74
43.36
43.92
43.15
45.45
42.2
41.2
40.7
41.3
40.6
40.6
106.0
106.1
106.6
106.3
106.3
111.9
1948: Janu ary_____
February.........
M a r c h ...........
April—.......... .
M ay _______
June________
July_________
61.03
62. 25
62. 57
65.24
65.31
67. 77
71.27
40.4
40.9
41.2
42.5
42.5
42.9
44.1
151.0
152.0
151.6
153. 2
153.7
157.9
161.3
41.10
42.73
40. 77
41.63
41.35
41.16
41.78
37.3
38.4
36.5
37.0
36.8
38.0
39.0
110 .2
111.8
112.0
110.0
106.2
109.3
37. 97
35.04
36. 52
37.19
37.12
37. 86
38. 51
38.6
36.2
37.7
38.2
37.7
37.8
38.0
98.4
96.8
96.8
97.3
98.4
100.3
101.4
44.74
37.93
42.99
44.35
44.32
45. 84
46. 59
39.4
33.9
38.2
39.6
38.9
39.1
39.8
113.5
113.0
112.5
109.0
108.3
34.7
35.0
41.9 $17.53
43.2 18.60
34.1
34.9
51.4
53.7
31.25
32.00
32. 42
33. 21
33.69
34. 24
37.4
37.3
37.7
38.3
38.6
39.3
84.7
85.3
85 7
86.3
38. 21
37.13
38.39
37. 78
36.10
37.16
39.9
40.1
41.2
40.6
38.5
39.1
95.8
92. 8
93 3
93.1
93.9
95.0
32.64
32. 59
32.12
32.13
31.80
31.73
32.24
38.1
37.9
37.5
37.4
36.9
36.8
36.7
35. 38
35.89
35. 78
36. 32
36. 91
37. 93
37. 59
37.1
37.2
36.9
37 1
37.3
37.6
37.1
95.5
96.5
97 1
97 9
99. 1
100.9
101.5
56.1 $14. 59
60.0 15.13
112.0
112.4
111.9
113.9
117.2
117.1
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
35.4
35.7
46.4 $16. 84
51.0 17.89
38.3
36.4
Tobacco (chewing
and smoking) and
snuff
Cigars
Cigarettes
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
1939: Average_____ $35.01
1941: January............ 34. 57
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
45.05
44.99
44 93
45. 46
45. 75
47. 27
49.13
50.45
55. 30
50.11
50.19
50. 27
50.20
50.73
45.5
46.3
44.0
45.3
46.0
41.2
See footnotes at end of table.
103.4
104. 5
105 0
106.0
103.6
106.4
107.7
10 2.1
50.33
51.89
50.87
53.03
56. 39
48.24
66.10
103.6
104.9
103.9
103.2
103.2
37.8
38.8
40.4
41.1
40.8
41.5
107.4
109.1
110.4
111.5
111.5
111.9
91.6 $16. 77
95.2 16.67
45.0
46.6
46.0
44.3
43.3
43.7
102.0
102.9
103.6
103.5
45.98
47. 89
47.91
45. 85
44.60
45. 22
37. 66
38. 39
41.20
42. 24
42. 24
42. 96
42.7
41.9
41.9
41.9
41.6
42.3
M alt liquors
99.8
99.3
126.3
113.0
117.2
116.8
45. 81
45. 52
46.14
46. 85
46.26
47.43
F eb ru ary
55.6
60.2
39.2
41.7
40.8
44.8
48.2
46.1
124.6
128.1
126.5
127.3
129.1
132.8
March_______
April________
M a y ________
June
J u ly .—
43.6
42.0
46. 34
50.88
51.55
50. 59
56 47
53. 87
43.2
42.4
40.5
39.7
40.3
40.8
C e n ts
49.2 $24. 21
61.1 25. 28
42.9
36.5
$,53. 83
54 32
51.28
50. 54
52 05
54.13
58. 5 $18. 64
63.0 19.19
38.1
37.6
63.6 $24. 68
65.0 24.03
1947: July_________
A u g u st_____
September___
October_____
November___
December____
Beverages, non
alcoholic
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
62.1 $23.91
64.4 22.73
Confectionery
Sugar, beet
86.8
86.8
86.0
85.7
85.2
85.7
85.8
86.3
87.7
448
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
MONTHLY LABOR
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries1—Con.
MANUFACTURING-Continued
Prin tin g, publishing,
and allied industries
Paper and allied products
Y ear and m onth
Total: Paper and
allied products
Paper and pulp
E n velop es
Paper bags
A vg.
w k ly.
earn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
1939: A verage______ $23. 72
1941: Jan uary............ 25.16
40.1
40.0
1947: J u ly ...................
A u g u s t............
Sep tem b er___
O ctober______
N ovem b er____
D ecem b er.........
51.06
50.72
51.99
52. 22
52. 80
53.69
42.9
42.4
42.9
43.0
43.2
43.8
119.0
119.6
121.0
121.5
122.2
122.6
56. 36
56.30
57.14
57.10
57. 40
58. 21
44.5
44.1
44.5
44.4
44. 4
44.9
126.6 $44. 72
127.6 44.96
128.3 47.02
128.7 46. 97
129.2 46.52
129.5 47. 35
42.1
41.0
42.2
42.1
41.9
42.2
107.4 $42. 30
110.7 41.89
112.5 42.05
112.8 43.67
112.0 43.17
112.2 45.29
38.8
38.4
38.2
39.3
39.0
40.7
1948: January______
F ebruary..........
M arch _______
A pril_________
M a y _________
J u n e_________
J u l y ..............
53. 20
53. 61
53.82
53. 36
54.28
55. dl
56. 06
43.1
43.1
43.1
42.7
42.8
42.8
42.6
123.5
124.5
124.9
125.0
126.9
129.2
131.7
57.75
58. 41
58. 50
58.02
59. 47
60.40
61.42
44.4
44.5
44.5
44.1
44.6
44.1
44.0
130.1
131.0
131.3
131.3
133.4
136.8
140.0
41.4
41.3
41.1
40.8
40.8
41.2
40.6
113.9
114.6
114.4
114.9
115.0
116.3
115.4
40.8
39.5
40.7
40.5
39.8
40.8
41.6
A vg.
h rly.
earn
ings
A vg.
w k ly.
earn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
59.2 $24.92
62.9 27.02
40.3
40.8
C e n ts
A vg.
h rly.
earn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
C e n ts
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
C e n ts
Printing; book and
job
C e n ts
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
$21. 78
22.26
40 2
38.8
fi4 7
$35 49
5 7 fi
3 3 4Q
37 4
37 8
109.4
109.3
110. 2
111.3
110.6
111.3
45.44
44.92
46. 53
47.37
48. 66
49.44
41.4
40.8
41.6
42.1
42.7
43.3
109.9
110.4
112.2
112.7
114.3
114.4
59.37
59.48
61.61
61. 62
62. 30
63. 37
39.6
39.4
40.2
40.0
40.0
40.4
149.8
150. 8
153.4
154.0
155.6
156.8
111.2
112.0
112.1
111.3
112.6
113.0
116.7
48.35
48.75
49.14
48. 32
48.64
50. 27
49. 95
42.0
41.9
41.8
41.0
40.7
41.6
40.7
115.5
116.7
117.7
118.0
119.9
121.4
122.4
62.41
62.72
63.97
64.62
65.06
65. 53
65.06
39.5
39.1
39. 5
39.2
39.1
39.1
38.8
157.9
160.4
162.1
164.6
166.3
167.7
167.5
C e n ts
45. 23
44.34
45.69
45.14
44.93
46.29
48. 61
T otal: C hem icals
and allied products
C e n ts
36.1
35.4
100.4 $30. 30
105.2 31.64
38.3
39.6
1947: J u ly __________
A u gu st_______
Sep tem b er___
O ctober______
N o v em b er___
D ecem b er____
66. 53
67.74
69.40
69.18
69.78
71.45
38.2
38.5
39.0
38.7
38.6
39.1
171.3
173.6
175. 3
175.8
177.6
179.1
56. 77
55.95
58. 32
58.63
59.35
60. 22
40.5
40.0
40.8
40.7
40.7
41.1
140.8 $57. 55
140.6 57.56
143.6 60. 51
145.1 60.16
146.9 62.19
147.9 62.91
40.5
40.1
51.2
41.1
42.4
42.3
1948: Jan uary........ .
F ebruary_____
M arch _______
A p ril_________
M a v _________
Ju ne_________
J u ly __________
68. 96
70. 36
71.32
72. 79
73.04
73.36
72. 39
37.8
38.3
38.4
38.5
38.4
38.0
37.8
179.7
181.2
184.3
187.0
187.7
190.0
189.4
60. 23
60.13
60. 96
61.26
61.92
62. 25
62.06
40.7
39.8
40.3
39.9
39.8
39.7
39.7
149.3
152. 8
152.8
155.1
157.0
157. 9
157.6
40.4
39.8
40.3
39.5
39.5
40.0
38.6
80.4
81.0
61.03
60.04
62.92
61.78
63.24
65.00
62. 45
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h rly.
earn
ings
C hem icals and allied products
L ithographing
1939: A verage............ $37. 58
1941: Jan uary______ 38.15
A vg.
h rly.
earn
ings
C e n ts
P rin tin g, p ub lishing, and allied industries—C ontinu ed
N ew sp ap ers and
periodicals
A vg.
h rly.
earn
ings
62.0
66.2
46.50
46.68
46. 30
46. 26
46. 34
47.10
45.87
T otal: Prin tin g, p u b
lishing, and allied
industries
Paper boxes
P a in ts, varnishes,
and colors
C e n ts
D ru gs, m edicines,
and insecticides
C e n ts
$25.59
27. 53
39.5
39.9
142.1
143.6
146.7
146.2
146.7
148.6
51.00
51. 27
51.81
52. 67
53.15
53. 73
40.9
40.9
41.0
41.4
41.3
41.5
124.7
125. 2
126. 3
127.3
128.7
129.3
53. 37
53. 76
53. 55
53.93
55.06
55.11
42.3
42.1
41.8
41.9
41.9
42.0
126.3
127.9
128.4
129.0
131.6
131.4
151.1
150.9
156.0
156. 5
160.1
161.6
161.8
54.31
54.12
54.15
54.38
55.24
56. 62
57.14
41.4
41.1
41.2
41.0
41.0
41.4
41.1
131.1
131.5
131.5
132.7
134.7
136.7
139.0
55. 34
55.73
55. 71
55.54
57.22
57.84
59.11
42.0
41.8
41.7
41.5
42.2
42.4
42.7
132.1
.133. 4
133.8
134. 4
135.8
136.5
138.7
64.9 $28.48
69.0 29.86
40.5
40.3
C e n ts
70.4 $24.16
74.1 24.68
39.7
39.3
59.2
61.9
43.50
45.68
46. 43
47.90
47.35
47.90
39.1
39.9
39.5
40. 4
40.0
40.4
111.4
114.4
117.6
118.5
118.3
118.5
48. 31
48.42
48. 44
48.36
48. 91
49.22
48. 63
40.4
40.2
40.2
39.8
39.4
39.5
38.8
119. 6
120.6
120. 5
121.6
124.1
124.9
125.3
C hem icals and allied products—C ontinued
R ayon and allied
products
Soap
C e n ts
C hem icals, n ot else
w here classified
C e n ts
E x p lo siv es and safety
fuses
C e n ts
C e n ts
1939: A verage___
1941: January___
$28.11
29. 58
39.8
40.0
1947: J u ly .............
A u gu st____
S ep tem b er.
O etober___
N o v em b er.
D ecem b er ..
66.30
59.04
62.05
61. 58
62.66
65.01
42.0
43.0
44.0
43. 5
44.1
44.7
134.0
137.4
141.0
141.4
142.0
145.6
48.69
49.04
49.74
48.71
49.07
49. 73
39.6
40.0
39.6
39.0
39.2
39.2
123.0
122.6
125.7
124.9
125.2
126.8
57.73
57.44
57. 98
58.46
59. 21
60.07
41.1
40.7
40.5
40.8
40.9
41.2
140.4
141.0
143.2
143.2
144.8
145.7
56. 47
57.08
57.39
56.65
58.20
57.36
41.2
41.9
41.6
40.5
40.7
40.0
1948: Jan uary___
F e b r u a r y ...
M arch .........
A p r il...........
M a y . . .........
J u n e.............
J u ly _______
64.69
64. 54
62.83
64.29
64.99
65. 46
64.88
44.1
43.8
42.8
42.1
42.1
42.1
41.7
146.6
147.5
146.7
152.8
154.3
155.3
155.5
50. 36
50. 33
50.68
51.29
51.46
51.72
53.38
39.2
39.3
39.5
39.8
39.7
39.8
40.1
128.4
128.0
128.4
128.7
129.6
129.8
133.0
60.80
60. 82
60. 84
60. 97
61.48
63.17
63.49
41.2
41.1
41.0
41.1
41.2
41.9
41.3
147.7
147.9
148.3
148.4
149.3
150.9
153.9
58.85
59.20
58. 24
56. 47
59. 34
61. 58
61.65
40.8
41.2
40.5
39.6
40.6
41. 9
41.8
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
70.7 $24. 52
74.0 27. 26
37.9
39.2
64.6 $31. 30
69.6 33.10
40.0
40.3
A m m un ition, sm allarms
78.4 $29.99
82.2 31.56
38.8
37.8
C ottonseed oil
C e n ts
77.3 $22.68
83.5 24.05
39.0
38.6
137.1
136.1
138.1
140.0
143.0
143.3
50.42
44. 96
52. 69
53.13
53. 30
53. 85
41.6
41.0
42.1
42.9
43.1
43.3
144.1
143.8
143.7
142.7
146.2
147.1
147.3
48.09
48.19
49.04
49. 37
50.28
51.48
53.05
40.5
40.6
40.7
40.8
41.3
41.2
41.2
C e n ts
61.2 $13.70
62.3 15. 55
44.3
44.6
30.2
33.8
121.3
109.8
125.0
123.9
123.8
124.3
35. 29
35.76
36.30
38.84
38. 47
38.68
48.3
48.9
51.0
53.8
52.6
52.9
73.0
73.2
71.2
72.2
73.1
73.1
118.8
118.7
120.4
120.9
121.8
124.3
127.9
38. 86
36.59
37. 95
37.50
38.07
37. 94
38.77
52.2
48.8
50.3
49.4
49.0
48.0
47.6
74.6
75.0
75.5
75.9
77.8
79.1
81.6
449
0: EARNINGS AND HOURS
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries1—Con.
MANUFACTURING—Continued
Chemicals and allied
products—Con.
Total: Products of
petroleum and coal
Fertilizers
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Rubber products
Products of petroleum and coal
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
C e n ts
C e n ts
$14.71
14. 89
35.8
34.8
41. 2 $32. 62
42 9 32.46
36.5
36.6
1947: J u ly ................
August______
September___
October______
November___
December........
37.04
37.17
38.85
36.85
35.53
36.56
41.8
40.9
41.8
40.5
39.2
40.7
88.6
90.8
93.0
90.9
90.7
89.7
60.57
60.62
61.84
60.94
62. 54
63.21
40.5
40.6
41.0
40.5
41.2
40.8
1948: January_____
February____
March..............
April________
M ay________
June________
July_________
37.23
34.96
36. 25
36.49
37. 40
39. 34
40.82
41.5
39.7
41.6
41.5
41.4
41.2
42.1
89.7
88.1
87.1
88.0
90.4
95.4
97.0
64.47
64.58
64.62
64. 45
67.16
67.18
69.30
40.7
40.8
40.6
40.3
41.2
40.7
40.8
Coke and by
products
Petroleum refining
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
97.4
97.0
89.4 $34.97
88.7 34.46
36.1
35.7
149.5
149.4
150.9
150. 5
151.8
155.1
64.12
63.12
64. 75
63. 51
65.86
66.32
40.7
40.3
40.7
39.9
41.0
40.3
157.0 $51.34
156.7 54.15
159.1 53.08
159.3 53.83
160.7 54.06
164.7 54.37
158.6
158.1
159.3
160.0
163.1
165.0
170.0
67.54
67.64
67.77
68. 50
71.14
70.92
73.68
39.8
40.0
40.1
40.2
40.9
40.3
40.4
169.9 *56. 70
168.9 *57.06
169.2 56. 74
170.4 53.54
174.0 57.01
176. 2 57.84
182.7 57.15
37.8
39.8
38.6
39.9
39.8
39.7
Rubber boots and
shoes
35 0
37 7
95 7 $22 80
97 5 2fi 76
37 6
41.9
36.9
39.0
75.4
77.9
44.5
44.6
44.7
45.2
45.4
45.5
126.0
128.2
128.7
130.2
130.6
133.1
55.74
55.92
57. 76
57.62
57.99
59.47
38.6
38.7
39.9
40.1
39.9
40.9
144.5
144.5
144.7
143.8
145.4
145.4
58.35
58. 67
59.51
58.84
60.66
61.09
62. 59
44.4
44.1
44.3
44.0
44.9
44.7
45.1
131.4
133.2
134.2
133.8
135.2
136.7
139.3
57.33
54.70
53. 24
53.39
55.45
57.14
58.31
39.7
38.5
37.8
37.8
39.0
39.7
39.7
144.4
142.1
140.8
141.2
142.4
143.9
147.0
*40.4 *140. 4
*40.9 *139.5
40.3 140.8
38.4 139. 5
40.2 141.9
40.3 143.7
39.8 144.2
Miscellaneous industries
V1
-p
_ _i
T iU D D G r gOOClS
,,
Total: Miscellaneous
industries
69 7 $23.34
63.9 24.97
38.9
39.4
Instruments (professional and seientifie), and fire-control equipment
Pianos, organs, and
parts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
$27.84
30.38
136.4 $56.09
136.3 57.17
138.1 57. 56
135.0 58.88
135.9 58. 74
137.1 60.60
Rubber products—Continued
Rubber tires and
inner tubes
Total: Rubber prod
ucts
Roofing materials
60. 5 $24.48
63.9 25.35
39.2
39.3
62.4
64.5 $35.33
45.7
77.3
1947: July_________
August______
September___
October______
November___
December........
62.06
62.15
64.75
63.78
64.86
65.74
37.9
37.8
38.9
38.7
38.9
39.5
164.0
164.0
166.1
164.7
166.1
165.8
48.46
47.23
49.92
51.28
49.26
54.72
40.5
39.9
41.8
42.4
40.6
44.5
118.7
118.3
119.4
121.1
121.3
123.1
48.22
49.17
50.40
51.03
51.27
52.93
39.1
39.7
40.9
41.4
41.0
41.8
123.2
123.7
123.4
123.2
125.2
126.1
46.37
46.32
47.91
48.74
49.14
50.21
39.4
39.3
40.2
40.6
40.7
41.2
117.8
117.7
119.1
120.0
120.7
121.9
53.55
54.27
55.00
55.67
56.06
57.99
40.1
39.9
39.8
39.9
40.0
40.8
135.0 $51.57
135.3 50.88
136.1 53. 81
137.5 52.64
136.9 54.24
139.1 56.25
40.8
40.7
41.9
40.8
41.6
42.9
126.9
125.9
129.5
130.1
131.8
132.6
1948: January_____
February....... .
M a r c h ...........
A p r il...............
M ay________
June________
July_________
62.72
58.22
55.54
56. 54
61.15
63. 96
66. 30
38.2
36.0
34.8
35.3
37.4
38.8
39.3
164.6
161.3
159.9
160.3
163. 6
165.1
168.4
51.08
50.65
51.42
50.59
50. 61
50. 69
52.12
42.1
41.7
42.2
41.7
41.7
41.7
42.3
121.4
121.4
121.9
121.4
121.4
121.5
123.1
51.79
51.33
50.60
50.16
50.34
51.15
51.14
41.1 126.0
40.8 125.8
40.4 125.1
39.9 125.6
40.0 126.0
40.2 127.2
39.4 1129.1
49.60
50.11
49.84
49.60
50.19
50. 90
49. 93
40.4
40.8
40.6
40.4
40.3
40.4
39.4
122.7
123.0
122.9
122.8
124.4
126.1
126.8
59.59
57.20
57.54
58.16
58.35
57. 73
56. 68
41.2
40.0
40.1
40.5
40.2
39.7
39.7
141.9
138.8
140.7
141.3
143.0
143. 4
144.8
40.4
40.0
40.3
40.8
40.8
40.9
40.6
131.1
130.5
128.8
128.6
128.6
128.0
128.2
52.52
51.88
51.82
52.34
52.36
52.11
51.89
N O N M A N U F A C T U R IN G
Mining
Metal
Coal
Bituminous »
Anthracite
92.3 $23.88
92.5 26.00
27.1
29.7
27.7
27.0
1947: J u ly ...............
August ............
September___
October______
November___
December........
58.10
68. 51
67.37
71.40
63.43
67.42
37.0
38.5
38.2
40.0
36.2
38.4
157.5
178.0
176.5
178.4
175.4
175.6
54.87
70.23
71.19
71.91
71.77
75.22
31.8
39.1
39.1
39.9
38.5
41.2
1948: January_____
February____
March_______
A pril...............
M ay............. .
June............ .
July....... ...........
68.79
65. 78
71.59
55.05
69.89
68.91
54. 87
39.0
36.2
40.3
32.1
39.4
39.4
31.5
176.4
181.7
177.6
170.8
177.4
174.9
174.0
75.78
70. 54
74.84
49.53
74.08
73. 87
67. 64
40.9
38.7
40.6
27.0
40.3
39.9
34.2
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
88.6 $28.93
88.5 30.63
40.9
41.0
174.0
178.7
181.9
179.8
185.1
182.6
54.04
56.09
57.01
57.39
57.55
58.11
41.2
41.4
41.6
42.3
41.7
42.7
184.7
182.6
184.2
182.1
184.1
185.0
194.1
58.23
58.79
57. 90
57. 84
59. 26
58.78
57.93
42.5
42.9
42.4
42.1
42.8
42.4
40.7
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
1939: Average............ $25. 67
1941: January_____ 25.13
Lead and zinc
Copper
Iron
Total: Metal
73.8 $28.08
75.0 30.93
41.9
41.8
67.9 $26.39
74.9 28.61
70.8 $26.36
74.7 29.26
35.7
39.0
131.1
135. 4
137.0
135.6
138.0
136.0
52.86
54.09
54.12
55.11
54.83
54.26
39.2
40.0
39.6
40.7
39.9
40.3
134.8
135.2
136.8
135.5
137.6
134.6
57.79
60.01
61.57
60. 78
60. 49
62.39
44.7
43.8
44.2
44.8
44.0
45.5
129.4
136.9
139.3
135.7
137.5
137.0
137.1
137.0
136.6
137.3
138.4
138.6
142.5
54.99
56. 40
56.04
55.48
57.91
57.41
55. 41
40.5
41.4
41.3
40.7
42.1
41.5
40.3
135.6
136.1
135.7
136.4
137.7
138.3
137.6
62. 21
62.84
61.25
61.04
61.73
61.33
63. 85
45.2
45.8
44.7
44.6
45.0
44.5
43.6
137.7
137.3
137.1
136.9
137.3
137.8
147.0
38.7
38.2
68.3
74.9
52.81
54. 75
56.67
57.48
58.58
60. 83
40.5
39.8
41.0
41.5
41.4
43.3
130.4
137.6
138.3
138.6
141.6
140.6
59.88
59.16
59. 04
59.58
60. 27
60.36
53.11
42.0
41.9
41.6
41.7
41.8
41.7
35.3
142.5
141 2
141.5
143.0
144.2
144. 6
150.0
450
O: EARNINGS AND HOURS
MONTHLY LABOR
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries 1—Con.
NONMANUFACTURING—Continued
Mining—Continued
Quarrying and
nonmetallic
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
w kly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Public utilities
Crude petroleum and
natural gas production
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
C e n ts
Street railways
and busses 4
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn
ings
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
C e n ts
i eiegrapii °
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly,
ings
ings hours
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
1939: Average............ $2 1 . 61
1941: January........... 22 . 06
39.2
38.2
1947: July ..............
A ugust..........
September___
O cto b er_____
November___
December____
51.26
52.99
53. 45
54.44
53. 05
52 39
45.2
46.1
46.1
46.4
44.6
44.4
112.9
114.6
115.6
116.9
117.8
117.6
60. 01
59. 54
61.37
60 51
62. 94
60.90
40.6
40.1
40.3
40.0
40.9
39.5
148.1
148.6
151.0
149. 4
155.4
154.3
57. 65
58.00
58. 57
58.69
58. 27
60.11
46.3
46.6
46.1
45.7
45. 4
46.8
123.1
124.1
126 5
126.5
127.6
128.8
46. 51
46. 92
48.02
48. 77
49. 44
47.83
38.4
38.7
39.1
39.3
39.5
39.0
121.5
123.0
124.1
125.4
122.9
$54.88
55.01
54. 95
54.92
65.10
55.14
44.8
44.8
44.5
44.8
44.0
43.9
1948: January_____
February____
March ........ .
April
May ______
June.......... .......
July_________
50. 92
50. 39
51.04
52 83
54. 73
55.24
55. 36
42.7
42.1
42.9
43.7
44.4
44.7
44.1
118.7
119.9
119.0
64.53
65. 77
63. 44
63. 96
65. 88
64. 53
66. 82
39.9
40.4
39.7
40.0
40.2
39 5
39.9
162.7
163.8
160. 5
159. 9
164.6
164.0
168.0
60.73
62. 15
61.36
60. 10
60. 32
61.21
62. 01
46.3
47. 7
47.3
46.6
46.8
46.8
46.6
129 9
129. 5
129. 5
129.3
130.2
131.5
133.4
48.20
47. 82
47.31
47. 56
48. 82
48. 67
49. 34
38.9
38.7
38.7
124.1
123.8
122.3
55.81
56.26
56. 19
39.4
39. 5
39.9
124.0
123. 2
123.9
62.12
81.63
63.10
55.0 $34.09
57.6 33.99
120.6
122.6
122.5
125.1
38.3
37.7
87.3 $33.13
88.5 33.63
45.9
45.3
Electric light
and power
71.4 $31.94
73.1 32. 52
39.1
39.7
82.2
82. 4
1 2 1 .1
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$34.38
35.49
39.6
39.4
86.9
90.3
122.6
122.8
123.4
122.7
125.3
125.7
56.99
57. 97
58. 29
58.44
60.33
59.01
42.1
42.4
42.0
42.1
42.4
42.2
137 4
137 8
139 0
139. 2
142 8
141.4
44.4
44. 5
44.4
125.7
126. 5
126.7
59. 87
59. 60
58.27
45.0
45.1
45.8
138.1
136.7
137.9
59. 83
60. 36
61.40
42.4
42.2
41.6
41.8
41.7
41.7
41.8
142. 6
142 8
140. 8
142 7
144.4
145.6
147.6
Trade
Retail
Wholesale
Total: Retail
C e n ts
C e n ts
1939: A verage____ $29. 85
1941: January_____ 30. 59
41.7
40.6
1947- J u ly ____ ____
A u g u s t._____
September___
October ____
November___
December____
52. 22
52.05
53. 65
53. 68
54.70
54.97
41.1
41.1
41.2
41 3
41. 4
41.6
125. 7
125.8
128.1
128 9
131.4
130.0
37. 99
38.14
37 06
36. 74
37.14
37. 51
41.1
41.0
40.0
40.0
39.5
39 7
100.3
100.3
101 . 2
101.3
102. 5
1948: J anu ary_____
February____
March_______
A p r il..............
M a y ________
June.......... .......
July_________
54. 36
55. 87
55. 17
55. 84
56. 61
56.00
56. 54
41.0
41. 1
40.9
41.0
41.2
41.1
41.2
130.9
134.3
133. 4
134.6
136.3
135.3
136.9
37 62
38. 33
38. 89
39 27
39.84
40. 52
41.19
39.8
40.0
39.8
39.8
39.9
40.3
40.8
See footnotes at end of tabie.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Food
71.5 $21.17
75.6 21.53
43.0
42.9
General merchandise
C e n ts
53.6 $23. 37
54.9 23. 78
43.9
43.6
101.6
45.07
45. 37
44. 15
44.08
44.92
44.74
41.6
42. 1
40 1
40.2
39. 6
39 9
106.2
104.3
105. 1
105.8
108.6
107.9
104.4
105.0
104.4
105. 5
106.4
107.0
107.7
45.46
46. 33
46. ¡4
46. 66
47.08
48. 52
49. 44
39.9
39.7
39 5
39 2
39.6
40.6
41.0
110.8
111.9
112.3
115.0
114.8
115.9
116.2
C e n ts
52.5 $17. 80
53.7 18.22
Furniture and housefurnishings
Apparel
C e n ts
38.8
38.8
45.4 $21. 23
46.6 21.89
38.8
39.0
32.59
32. 50
31.85
31.59
31.15
31.87
37.6
37.2
36.3
36.1
35.5
36.0
85.5
85.9
85.4
85.6
85.3
37. 82
36.74
37.02
37.20
37. 40
38.18
37.3
37.1
36.9
36.8
36.5
37.2
102.3
102.7
102.4
32. 09
32. 09
32.28
33.17
34.04
35.04
35. 67
35.9
35.7
35.3
35.3
35.2
35.8
36.5
88.9
88.3
87.8
89.5
90.7
91.5
91.5
37. 68
37. 94
37.50
38. 23
38. 54
39.33
39. 48
36.9
37.3
36.2
36.6
36.5
36.9
37.2
102.5
103.0
104. 0
104 9
104.5
86.0
C e n ts
54.3 $28.62
56.0 27.96
44.5
43.9
66 0
66,6
99.8
99 4
49. 51
49.41
50.23
51.43
52.13
53. 79
43.0
42.6
42.6
42. 4
42.5
43.2
119 9
119 4
121 5
124 3
125. 5
128.8
50.62
53.05
51.30
50. 24
50.96
50. 86
51.27
42.3
43.9
43. 7
43 5
43. 4
43.4
43.3
125 4
125 3
124 2
126 1
128. 1
128. 1
128.4
10 1 . 1
100.7
100.2
451
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries1—Con.
N O N M A N U F A C T U R IN G —Continued
Retail—Continued
Year and month
Lumber and build
ing materials
Automotive
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Brokerage
Power laundries
Cleaning and dyeing
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly. w kly. wAvg.
kly.
earn earn earn earn hours
ings
ings
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
C e n ts
57.1 $26. 22
60.6 26. 16
42.7
41.7
47.6
46.8
1947: J u ly ________________ 50 59
A ugust_____________ 51. 50
September.................... 51. 55
October____ ____ ___ 52. 37
November_____ ____ 52. 62
D ecem ber............. .
52. 71
45.4
45. 5
45. 3
45.7
45.3
45.5
114.6
115.2
115. 9
116.5
117.4
116.8
46. 46
48. 49
48. 24
48. 70
47.65
49.03
42.6
43.0
42. 3
42. 9
42. 1
42.7
1948: January....... ................ .
February___________
March______________
April______________
M ay________________
June__________ _____
July________________
44.4
45.0
44.6
45.5
45.5
45.5
45.1
117.9
118.6
120 . 2
48.19
49.56
49. 24
49.64
50.32
51.08
51.31
41.8
42.1
42. 5
42.6
42.8
43.2
42.8
12 1.6
122.0
12 2 .1
123.7
61.9 $36. 63 $36. 32 $15. 25
63.4 38. 25 37.52 15.65
110.5
112 .2
113. 5
113.6
113.9
114.3
115.4
117. 4
117.0
117.5
119.3
120.2
121.6
46.6
45.9
62.11
58. 42
59. 32
61. 38
64. 51
62. 85
52.60
52. 55
51.47
51. 96
53. 98
53. 92
29.36
29.50
29.86
30. 45
30 54
30.89
44.9
45.0
44.1
44.0
44.4
44.1
62. 35
63. 37
62 60
65. 76
71.15
69.35
55. 09
56.63
55. 51
54.94
56. 22
54.90
55.22
30. 55
31. 19
30. 96
31.59
31.70
31.90
31.95
43.9
44.6
44.0
44.2
44.2
44.1
44.1
68.12
1 These figures are based on reports from cooperating establishments cover
ing both full- and part time employees who worked or received pay during
the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. As not ail reporting
firms supply man-hour data, the average weekly hours and average hourly
earnings for individual industries are based on a slightly smaller sample
than are average weekly earnings.
For manufacturing, mining, power laundries, and cleaning and dyeing
industries, the data relate to production and related workers only. For the
remaining industries, unless otherwise noted, the data relate to all nonsupervisory employees and working supervisors. The size of the reporting
sample, methods of computation, and additional tallies on “real” and “net
spendable” weekly earnings are contained in the Bureau’s monthly mimeo
graphed release, “Hours and Warnings—Industry Report,” which is avail
able upon request. Data for 1939 and January 1941, for some industries, are
not strictly comparable with the periods currently presented. All series, by
month, are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Such
requests should specify the series desired. Data for the two current months
are subject to revision without notation. Revised data for earlier months are
identified by an asterisk.
2 New series beginning with month and year shown below; not comparable
with data shown for earlier periods:
K n i t t e d c lo th . September 1947; comparable August data are 101.2 cents.
J u t e g o o d s, e x c e p t f e lts — September 1947; comparable August data
are 89.1 cents.
U n d e r w e a r a n d n e c k w e a r , m e n ’s . —August 1947; comparable July data
are $32.42, 35.1 hours, and 92.3 cents.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Insur H o tels 8 (year-round)
ance
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
1939: Average____________ $27 07
1941: January.......................... 28. 26
51.66
53. 03
52. 98
54.53
54. 49
54. 65
55.03
Service
Finance 7
Trade—Continued
32.4 $17.69
33.8 18.37
42.7
42. 9
41.7 $19. 96
42.9 19.92
41.8
41.9
49.0
48.8
65.2
68.7
69.3
32. 95
32.79
33. 44
32. 97
32. 86
33.88
42.6
42. 2
42.4
42. 3
41.7
42.6
76.9
77.1
78.6
78.7
78.6
79. 7
37.34
35.86
37.67
37.70
37. 23
37. 70
42.1
40.8
41.9
41.5
40.9
41.5
89 9
89. 2
91. 1
91. 9
92. 5
92. 1
69.5
69.5
69. 5
70.0
70.7
71.2
71.5
33.99
33. 54
33. 74
34.29
34.22
34.36
34.55
42.3
41. 9
42 0
42.2
41.8
41.8
42.2
80.7
80.2
80. 5
81.0
81.7
82.3
82.0
37.64
36. 55
37.96
39.18
39.13
40.14
39.02
41. 4
40. 5
41.5
42.1
42.0
42.4
41.7
92. 4
92 3
92 4
93.3
93.6
94.7
94.2
66.0
67.2
68. 4
* April 1948 data reflect work stoppages.
* Data include private and municipal street-railway companies and affil
iated, subsidiary, or successor trolley-bus and motor-bus companies.
8 Prior to April 1945 the averages of hours and earnings related to all em
ployees except executives; beginning with April 1945 these averages reflect
mainly the hours and earnings of employees subject to the Fair Labor Stand
ards Act. At the same time the reporting sample was expanded to include
a greater number of employees of “long lines.” The April 1945 data are
$40.72, 42.9 hours, and 95.2 cents on the old basis, and $37.50, 40.6 hours, and
92.6 cents on the new basis.
8 Data relate to all land-line employees except those compensated on a
commission basis. Excludes general and divisional headquarters personnel,
trainees in school, and messengers.
7 Data on average weekly hours and average hourly earnings are not avail
able.
8 Money payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips, not included.
•Revised,
452
G: EARNINGS AND HOURS
MONTHLY LABOR
T able C-2: Estimated Average Hourly Earnings, Gross and Exclusive of Overtime, of Production
Workers in Manufacturing Industries 1
[In cents]
All manufacturing
Year and month
Gross
Exclud
ing over
time
Durable goods
Gross
Nondurable goods
Exclud
ing over
time
Exclud
ing over
time
Gross
January 1941_____
January 1945...........
July 1945..................
June 1946..................
68.3
104.6
103.3
108.4
66.4
97.0
96.9
105.3
74.9
114.4
112.7
116.5
72.2
105.3
105.2
113.4
61.0
89.1
90.2
100.3
60.1
84.0
85.4
97.2
1941: Average........ ..
1942: Average_____
1943: Average_____
1944: Average..........
1945: A v e r a g e .___
1946: Average_____
1947: Average_____
72.9
85.3
96.1
101.9
102.3
108.4
70.2
80.5
89.4
94.7
s 96.3
104.9
118.2
80.8
94.7
105.9
111.7
77.0
64.0
72.3
80.3
62.5
69.8
76.3
81.4
>85.8
97.8
110.9
12 2 .1
1 1 1 .1
115.6
129.2
88.1
97.6
102.9
« 104.2
86.1
90.4
1 12 .2
10 1.2
125.0
114.5
1 Overtime is defined as work in excess of 40 hours a week and paid for at
time and one-half. The method of estimating average hourly earnings exclusive of overtime makes no allowance for special rates of pay for work done on
holidays.
All manufacturing
Durable goods
Nondurable goods
Year and month
Gross
1947: July________
August—........
Septem ber...
October_____
November__
December___
123.0
123.6
124.9
125.8
126.8
127.8
1948: January____
February___
March.............
April....... .......
M ay...............
June 8______
July 3.__........
128.5
128.7
128.9
129.2
130.1
131.5
133.2
Exclud
ing over
time
119.5
Gross
Exclud
ing over
time
Gross
Exclud
ing over
time
122.8
130.5
131.2
133.1
133.7
134.6
135.4
127.0
127.5
128.9
129.2
130.2
129.9
115.0
115.8
116.5
117.5
118.5
119.6
111.6
112.4
112.7
113.7
114.7
115.2
124.3
124.7
124.8
125.3
126.2
127.5
129.4
135.5
135.2
135.2
135.7
136.6
138.3
140.6
130.8
130.9
130.6
131.4
132.4
134.0
136.7
121.0
122.0
122.0
117.3
118.1
118.3
118.4
119.4
120.4
120 .1
120.9
12 1.6
122.7
121.7
123.0
124.2
125.2
121.6
3 Eleven-month average only; August 1945 excluded because of VJ-day
holiday period.
8 Preliminary.
T able C-3: Average Earnings and Hours on Private Construction Projects, by Type of Firm 1
Building construction
All types, private
construction projects
Special building trades
Total building
General contractors
All trades >
Year and month
Plumbing and heat
ing
Painting and deco
rating
Aver Aver Aver Aver
Aver Aver Aver Aver
Aver Aver
Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age hourly
age
age hourly
age
age hourly
wkly. wkly.
age hourly
wkly. wkly.
age hourly
wkly. wkly.
hourly wkly.
wkly.
wkly.
earn
earn earn
earn earn
earn earn wkly. earn earn wkly. earn earn wkly. earn
hours
hours
hours
ings 1 hours ings ings 8 hours ings
ings 8
ings
ings 8
ings ings 8
ings ings 8 hours ings
1940: Average____
1941: January____
(*)
1947: July...............
A ugust.........
Septem ber..
October........
N ovem ber..
D ecem ber...
$63. 26
64.36
65.09
66.03
64.02
66.47
1948: January........
February___
March ____
April......... ..
M ay_______
June « ...
July 3______
65.73
66.17
66.73
67.25
67.90
70.57
71.02
ffl
(0
(*)
(<)
$31. 70
32.18
33.1 $0. 958 «$30. 56
.986 « 30.10
32.6
« 33.3 «$0.918 $33.11
«32.7
« .946 33.42
32.7 $1 . 012 $32.87
32.6 1.025 34.16
34.6 $0.949 $33.05
35.8
.955 31.49
32.5
29.7
$1.016
1.062
38.4 $1. 648
38.6 1.668
38.3 1.697
38.5 1. 716
36.9 1.736
38.0 1. 748
63.60
64. 71
65. 36
66.36
64. 55
67.31
38.0
38.2
37.9
38.1
36.6
37.9
1.676
1.694
1. 723
1.743
1.765
1. 774
60.08
61.33
61.16
62.25
60. 55
62.86
37.6
38.0
37.2
37.4
35.8
37.1
1. 596
1. 614
1.646
1.665
1.690
1.695
67. 99
69.01
70.61
71. 32
69.36
72.64
38.4
38.5
38.9
38.9
37.5
38.9
1.772
1.794
1.816
1.833
1.851
1.865
68.63
69.60
71.19
71.98
71.90
76. 61
38.7
38.9
39.1
39.2
38.4
40.6
1. 774
1.791
1.819
1.836
1.872
1.887
63. 52
66.32
66.13
67.29
63. 56
65.33
36.9
37.4
37.4
37.6
35.0
36.0
1.722
1.774
1. 767
1.792
1.818
1.812
37.3
37.0
37.4
37.5
37.5
38.5
38.1
66.28
66.31
66.89
67.31
68.13
70.49
70.84
37.2
36.7
37.1
37.0
37.1
37.9
37.5
1.781
1.806
1.805
1.818
1.835
1.858
1.889
62.05
62.70
63. 28
63. 62
64. 74
67.00
67.23
36.4
36.3
36.7
36.5
36.5
37.4
36.7
1.707
1.727
1. 724
1.745
1.772
1.789
1.830
71.43
70.99
71.47
72.08
72. 67
75.14
75.59
38.2
37.3
37.5
37.7
37.9
38.6
38.5
1.868
75. 79
74.17
74. 01
74. 64
75. 55
79.03
79.13
40.7
39.1
39.0
38.9
39.1
40.0
39.2
1.862
1.895
1.897
1.919
1.933
1.976
2.017
65.79
65. 03
66.80
68. 29
69. 76
70. 27
70.63
35.7
34.7
35.7
36.3
36.6
36.4
36.8
1.840
1.872
1.870
1.880
1.906
1.930
1.922
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0)
1.762
1.788
1. 786
1.795
1.812
1.835
1.866
1.899
1.905
1. 909
1.916
1.948
1.965
Ta b l e
453
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
EVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
C-3: Average Earnings and Hours on Private Construction Projects, by Type of Firm 1— Con.
Building
construction—Continued
Special building trades—Continued
Plastering and
lathing
Masonry
Electrical work
Year and month
Excavation and
foundation
Roofing and sheet
metal
Carpentry
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. A vg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
w kly. wkly.
hourly wkly. wkly. hourly wkly. w kly. hourly w kly. w kly. hourly wkly. w kly. hourly wkly. w kly. hourly
earn hours earn earn hours earn earn hours earn earn hours earn earn hours earn earn hours earn
ings ings 8
ings
ings ings 8
ings ings 8
ings ings 8
ings *
ings ings 8
1940: Average........... $41.18
1941: January........... 43.18
2.0 12
2.052
2. 064
2.061
2.051
2.075
2.066
60.33
63.12
64. 27
63. 51
60.08
63.33
38.1
39.1
39.8
38.8
36.7
37.8
1.583
1.616
1.613
1.638
1.636
1.676
56. 54
55. 38
55. 86
58.33
59.89
63.15
64.18
34.5
33.7
34.4
35.3
35.9
36.8
37.0
1.638
1.643
1.622
1.652
1.669
1.717
1.736
63.79
64.37
61.57
63.40
65.72
68.45
66. 57
37.7
37.3
36.4
37.9
39.3
40.4
38.8
1.690
1.725
1.689
1.672
1.671
1.695
1.715
2.100
1. 645
1. 670
1.684
1. 710
1.733
1. 718
75.84
74. 81
75.10
76. 61
79.22
83.54
82.42
36.7
35.9
36.0
36.6
37.1
38.2
37.1
2.069
2.087
2.087
2.094
2.137
2.185
2 . 220
63.94
61.60
62.93
68.41
69.55
70.64
69.83
36.5
35.2
35.4
38.0
38.8
39.4
39.2
1.750
1.752
1.778
1.799
1.795
1.794
1.780
1.862
1.881
1. 883
1.885
1.923
1.967
1.962
40.6
40.0
40.6
39.7
39.7
39.8
40.2
1.629
1.669
1.626
1.631
1.634
37.7
39.5
39.0
38.9
38.4
37.8
33.0
31.6
32.6
34.3
34.8
36.2
38.0
81.62
82.10
83. 75
81.76
81.44
82.60
83.04
66.68
1 . 602
61. 97
65. 99
65. 75
66. 55
66. 50
64.94
61.51
59.50
61.38
64.61
66. 91
71.21
74.48
1948: January_____
February____
March_______
April________
M ay____ ____
June ® .______
July A ..............
2.000
63.26
65.89
37.2
37.4
37.9
38.4
35.4
37.1
1.950
1.992
1.995
2.019
2.075
67.19
65.39
66. 69
1. 946
1.960
1. 985
2.006
1.995
59.58
60. 86
63. 27
62. 48
57.76
60.64
37.5
38.0
38.1
37.4
35.3
36.5
1.697
1. 727
1.752
1. 781
1. 817
1. 836
39.7
39.3
40.3
40.8
39.9
40.6
$0.859
.820
73.14
75. 61
76.05
75.60
73. 27
76.63
37.3
38.2
38.1
37.7
36.0
36.3
77.17
76. 96
79. 92
81.87
79. 64
81.20
30.9
29.1
33.0 $0. 947 $28.07
31.2
.974 27.60
29.8 $0. 988 $36. 60
25.3 1.0 12 35.36
1947: July....... ...........
A ugust............
September___
October_____
November___
December____
31.8 $0. 883 $26. 53
.910 23.86
30.3
28.5 $1 . 286 $31. 23
27.5. 1. 287 30.40
34.5 $1.196 $29. 47
36.5 1.184 25. 66
Nonbuilding construction
Highway and street
Total nonbuilding
Other
Heavy construction
Year and month
1940: Average..............................
1941: January............... ..............
Avg.
wkly.
earnings 8
Avg.
wkly.
hours
0)
0)
(*)
(4)
Avg.
Avg.
w kly.
hourly
earnings earnings 3
(0
(4)
Avg.
Avg.
w kly.
hourly
earnings earnings 8
Avg.
w kly.
hours
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
Avg.
w kly.
hours
(4)
(4)
Avg.
Avg.
wkly.
hourly
earnings earnings 3
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hourly
earnings
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
1947: July....... .............................
A ugust_______________
September................... .
O ctober..........................
N ovem ber. __________
December_____________
$61.76
62.82
63.85
64. 53
61.67
62.83
40.3
40.2
40.2
40.3
38.2
38.4
$1,533
1. 562
1.587
1.602
1.615
1.638
$58.18
58.57
59.68
60.66
57.55
60.21
40.6
40.1
39.9
40.2
37.7
38.4
$1. 434
1. 459
1.495
1. 510
1.528
1.570
$64.09
65.53
66.84
67.11
64.03
65.24
40.1
40.2
40.1
40.0
38.1
38.4
$1.597
1.632
1.666
1.676
1.680
1.697
$58.49
58.92
58. 26
60.08
58. 50
58.35
40.5
40.5
40.9
41.1
38.9
38.2
$1,445
1.454
1.425
1.461
1.502
1. 528
1948: January.............................
February......... .................
March... .............................
April___ ____________
M ay__________________
June 6_________________
July i _________________
63.28
65.42
65.85
66.92
66. 72
70.93
71.80
37.8
38.5
38.9
39.6
39.1
40.9
40.6
1.676
1.700
1.692
1.691
1.706
1.735
1.770
61.25
60.96
60.71
61.63
63.09
67.53
70.40
37.9
37.4
37.7
38.5
38.8
40.8
42.2
1.618
1. 629
1.609
1.601
1.627
1.656
1.669
65. 57
68. 78
68.79
69. 53
69.30
74.06
73.25
37.6
38.6
39.3
39.9
39.4
41.5
40.0
1.745
1.781
1.750
1.743
1.760
1.785
1.830
58.14
61 24
62.89
65. 08
63. 86
66.61
69.53
38.1
39.0
38.9
39.8
38.8
39.5
40.5
1.524
1.570
1.615
1.637
1.647
1.685
1.717
1 Covers all contract construction firms reporting to the Bureau during the
months shown (over 1 1 , 000), but not necessarily identical establishments.
The data include all employees of these construction firms working at the
site of privately financed projects (skilled, semiskilled, unskilled, superin
tendents, time clerks, etc.). Employees of these firms engaged on publicly
financed projects and off-site work are excluded.
1 Includes types not shown separately.
805996-
4 8 ------------7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
* Hourly earnings, when multiplied by weekly hours of work, may not
exactly equal weekly earnings because of rounding.
4 N ot available prior to February 1946.
8 Includes general contracting as well as general building maintenance, and
other special building data.
8 Revised.
* Preliminary.
454
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
MONTHLY LABOR
D: Prices and Cost of Living
T able D - l: Consumers’ Price Index 1 for Moderate-Income Families in Large Cities, by Group of
Commodities
[1935-39-100]
Fuel, electricity, and ice
Year and month
All items
Food
Apparel
Rent
Total
1913: Average........................................................
1914: July...............................................................
Gas and
electricity
Other fuels
and ice
Housefurnishings
Miscel
laneous
70.7
71.7
79.9
81.7
69.3
69.8
92.2
92.2
61.9
62.3
(s)
(’)
(»)
«
59.1
60.8
50.9
52.0
December....................................................
June............ ...................................... ...........
Average___ ________ _______________
Average................... ...................................
118.0
149.4
122.5
97.6
149.6
185.0
132.5
86.5
147.9
209.7
115.3
90.8
97.1
119.1
141.4
116.9
90.4
104.8
112.5
103.4
(*)
(»)
(J)
(J)
(!)
(J)
(J)
(»)
1 2 1 .2
169.7
111.7
85.4
83.1
100. 7
104.6
101.7
1939: Average.......................................... ............
August 15__________ _______________
1940: Average___________________________
1941: A verage___________ _______________
Januarv 1 . . . _________________ _____
December 15_______________________
99.4
98.6
100.2
100.5
100.3
101.7
106.3
114.8
104.3
104.3
104.6
106.2
105.0
108.2
99.0
97.5
99.7
110.5
95.2
93.5
90.6
105.5
97.6
113.1
A verage..___________ ______________
Average___________________________
Average___________________________
Average________ ___________________
August 1 5 ................................ .................
116.5
123.6
125.5
128.4
129.3
123.9
138.0
136.1
139.1
140.9
124.2
129.7
138.8
145.9
146.4
1946: Average......................................... ..............
June 1 5 _____________________ ______
November 15.._____ ________ ________
139.3
133.3
152.2
159.6
145.6
187.7
1947: Average......................................................
July 15____________ _____ __________
August 15__________________________
September 15_____________ _________
October 1 5 _____________ ___ _______
November 15_______________________
December 15___________ ______ _____
159.2
158.4
160.3
163.8
163.8
164.9
167.0
1948: January 15..................................................
February 15...................... .........................
March 15___ _______ _______________
April 15........................................................
M ay 15_______ ___________ ______ _
June 15___ ________________________
July 15____________________________
August 15________ _________ _____
168.8
167. 5
166.9
169.3
170. 5
171.7
173.7
174.5
1918:
1920:
1929:
1932:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
105.2
100.8
99.3
96.3
101.3
10 1.6
100.5
107.3
104.1
98.9
99.0
98.0
97.1
97.5
96.7
108.5
108.0
108.2
108.3
(3)
105.4
107.7
109.8
110.3
111.4
96.7
96.1
95.8
95.0
95.2
113.9
119.0
123.4
125.1
127.2
12 2 .2
125.6
136.4
145. 8
146.0
110.9
115.8
121.3
124.1
124.5
160.2
157.2
171.0
108.6
108.5
(3)
112.4
110.5
114.8
92.4
92.1
91.8
132.0
128.4
137.2
159.2
156.1
171.0
128.8
127.9
132.5
193.8
193.1
196.5
203.5
201 . 6
202.7
206.9
185.8
184.7
185.9
187.6
189.0
190.2
191.2
1 1 1 .2
110 .0
1 1 1 .2
1 2 1 .1
113.6
114.9
115.2
115.4
119.5
123.8
124.6
125.2
126.9
127.8
92.0
91.7
92.0
92.1
92.2
92.5
92.6
149.5
146.6
154.8
156.3
157.4
160.5
162.0
184.4
184.3
184.2
187.5
187.8
188.9
191.4
139.9
139.5
139.8
140.8
141.8
143.0
144.4
209.7
204.7
202.3
207.9
210.9
214.1
216.8
216.6
192.1
195.1
196.3
196.4
197.5
196.9
197.1
199.7
115.9
116.0
116.3
116.3
116.7
117.0
117.3
117.7
129.5
130.0
130.3
130.7
131.8
132.6
134.8
136.8
93.1
93.2
93.8
93.9
94.1
94.2
94.4
94.5
165.0
165.9
166.0
166.7
168. 6
170.1
174.2
178.1
192.3
193.0
194.9
194.7
193.6
194.8
195. 9
196.3
146.4
146.4
146.2
147.8
147.5
147. 5
150.8
152.4
i The “consumers’ price index for moderate-income families in large cities,”
formerly known as the “cost of living Index” measures average changes in
retail prices of selected goods, rents, and services weighted by quantities
bought In 1934-36 by families of wage earners aDd moderate-income workers
in large cities whose incomes averaged $1,524 in 1934-36.
Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin 699, Changes in Cost of Living in Large
Cities in the United States, 1913-41, contains a detailed description of methods
used in constructing this index. Additional information on the consumers’
price index is given in a compilation of reports published by the Office of
Economic Stabilization, Eeport of the President’s Committee on the Cost
of Living.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
10 1.2
102.2
100.8
107.4
104.0
111.3
100.6
100.2
116.8
100. 7
100.4
10 1.1
104.0
101.8
107.7
Mimeographed tables are available upon request showing indexes for each
of the cities regularly surveyed by the Bureau and for each of the major
groups of living essentials. Indexes for all large cities combined are available
since 1913. The beginning date for series of indexes for individual cities varies
from city to city but indexes are available for most of the 34 cities since World
War I.
s Data not available.
3 Rents not surveyed this month.
455
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
T able D -2: Consumers’ Price Index for Moderate-Income Families, by City,1 for Selected Periods
[1935-39=100]
City
Aug. 15, July 15, June 15, M ay 15, Apr. 15, Mar. 15, Feb. 15, Jan. 15, Dec. 15, N ov. 15, Oct. 15, Sept. 15, Aug. 15, June 15, Aug. 18,
1946
1947
1947
1939
1947
1947
1947
1948
1948
1948
1948
1948
1948
1948
1948
Average---------------------------
174.5
173.7
171.7
170.5
169.3
166.9
167.5
168.8
167.0
164.9
163.8
163.8
160.3
133.3
98.6
Atlanta, Ga______________
Baltimore, M d____________
Birmingham, A la -.-........ .
Boston, M ass_____________
Buffalo, N . Y ........... ..............
Chicago, 111_______________
Cincinnati, Ohio__________
Cleveland, Ohio__________
Denver, Colo.............. .............
Detroit, M ich_____________
Houston, Tex................. .........
176.2
(2)
179.3
168.7
(2)
178.8
175.7
179.3
(2)
176.1
175.2
(2)
(2)
177.0
168.6
173.1
178.6
175.9
(2)
172.5
175.9
173.7
176.1
174.7
166.1
(2)
176.2
173.5
f2)
(2)
174.5
172.5
170.8
(!)
173.7
164.1
(«)
174.9
172.3
173.7
(!)
173.2
171.5
(>)
(2)
172.7
163.6
167.2
172.1
170.8
(!)
168.5
171.8
171.4
(!)
170.9
172.0
160.8
(*)
169.0
169.3
(2)
m 2
(!)
172.8
161.3
(2)
168.8
170.1
171.6
(2)
169.0
170.4
(2)
(2)
174.4
163.1
167.4
171.5
171.2
(>)
167.0
170.6
170.8
'(*) ' '
171.3
173.8
160.4
(2)
170.1
170.3
(2)
(2)
169.0
169.3
167.5
(2)
171.6
158.3
(2)
168.3
167.1
166.9
(>)
166.6
165.8
(2)
(2)
169.7
157.5
162.6
167.3
167.1
(2)
160.4
166.7
163.4
(«)
167.8
169.1
158.6
(2)
168.3
166.3
(2)
(2)
164.2
162.1
162.2
(2)
166.6
154.5
(2)
162.7
162.2
163.0
(2)
162.8
159.7
133.8
135.6
136.5
127.9
132.6
130.9
132.2
135.7
131.7
136.4
130.5
98.0
98.7
98.5
97.1
98.5
98.7
97.3
Indianapolis, Ind.......... .........
Jacksonville, Fla__________
Kansas City, M o ......... .........
Los Angeles, Calif_________
Manchester, N . H ________
Memphis, T enn_________
Milwaukee. W is__________
Minneapolis, M inn...... .........
M obile, Ala.............................
N ew Orleans, L a__________
New York, N . Y __________
(2)
(2)
(2)
171.0
(2)
(2)
174.5
(2)
(2)
179.8
173.3
176.5
(2)
166.3
170.3
178.1
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
172.6
0)
178.3
(2)
168.8
(2)
174.7
(2)
171.4
173.5
(2)
169.1
(*)
172.5
0)
163.3
169.3
172.0
(2)
(2)
(2)
(s)
(8)
167.0
(2)
172.8
(>)
169.1
(s)
(!)
171.1
(!)
(2)
176.5
167.5
167.7
169.9
(2)
164.3
(»)
(2)
(!)
168.1
(!)
(2)
166.9
(2)
f2)
177.1
166.4
172.3
(2)
162.4
167.6
172.5
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(*)
167.1
(2)
173.9
(!)
166.0
(2)
173.5
(2)
166.2
170.3
(2)
164.9
(*)
TO
(2)
164.1
(2)
(2)
164.0
(2)
(2)
173.2
163.3
167.8
(»)
157.9
161.3
166.1
<*)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(!)
161.7
(•)
168.5
(2)
161.6
(2)
169.0
(2)
162.1
164.3
(!)
161.9
(’)
TO
(2)
157.8
(2)
TO
159.0
(2)
(2)
168.5
158.6
131.9
138.4
129.4
136.1
134.7
134.5
131.2
129.4
132.9
138.0
135.8
98.0
98. 6
98.6
100.5
97.8
97.8
97.0
99.7
98.6
99.7
99.0
Norfolk, Va___ ____ ______
Philadelphia, P a__________
Pittsburgh, P a____ _______
Portland, M aine__________
Portland, Oreg____________
Richmond, Va____________
St. Louis, M o_____________
San Francisco, Calif_______
Savannah, Ga____________
Scranton, P a______________
Seattle, W ash_____________
Washington, D . C ________
176.2
174.8
178.3
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
174.7
176.2
(2)
172.9
177.8
(2)
180.3
168.9
(2)
(2)
180.2
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
172.1
175.7
167.4
(2)
C)
172.1
174.2
(3)
O)
(2)
(2)
171.9
170.4
173.5
(2)
(*)
(J)
(!)
(2)
(*)
170.2
174.3
166.7
(>)
169.3
171.9
(2)
175.8
163.4
(*)
(2)
177.6
(2)
(!)
(s)
(2)
165.5
170.1
162.7
(*)
(2)
167.8
171.4
(*)
(2)
(2)
(2)
170.1
166.6
170.1
(2)
(»)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
166.5
170.7
163.2
(2)
168.4
172.3
(2)
174.4
165.1
(2)
(2)
175.6
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
166.3
170.2
162.0
(*)
(2)
167.9
168.9
(2)
(2)
(2)
168.2
164.2
168.1
(2)
2)
(!)
(2)
(2)
(2)
165.2
166.2
161.7
(«)
162.2
167.8
(2)
166.5
161.7
(2)
(2)
171.5
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
163.2
168.2
159.2
<9
(2)
165.4
165.7
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
163.6
159.5
164.9
(2)
(2)
(2)
«
(2)
(2)
162.8
161.8
159.1
135.2
132.5
134.7
128.7
140.3
128.2
131.2
137.8
140.6
132.2
137.0
133.8
97.8
97.8
98.4
97.1
169.2
0)
m
168.7
170.0
m
167.4
(s)
172.4
m
1 The indexes are based on time-to-time changes in the cost of goods and
services purchased by moderate-income families in large cities. They do not
indicate whether it costs more to live in one city than in another.
s Through June 1947, consumers1 price indexes were computed monthly for
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(2)
100.0
98.6
98.6
100.7
10 0 .1
98.0
98.1
99.3
99.3
96.0
100.3
98.6
21 cities and in March, June, September, and December for 13 additional
cities; beginning July 1947 indexes were computed monthly for 10 cities and
once every 3 months for 24 additional cities according to a staggered schedule.
456
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
M ONTHLY LABOR
T able D-3: Consumers’ Price Index for Moderate-Income Families, by City and Group of
Commodities 1
[1935-39=100]
Fuel, electricity, and ice
Food
Apparel
Rent
Total
City
Gas and elec
tricity
Other fuels and
ice
Housefurnishings
Miscellaneous
Aug. 15 July 15 Aug. 15 July 15 Aug. 15 July 15 Aug. 15 July 15 Aug. 15 July 15 Aug. 15 July 15 Aug. 15 July 15
Aug. 15 July 15
1948
1948
1948
1948
1948
1948
1948
1948
1948
1948
1948
1948
1948
1948
1948
1948
Average...................
216.6
216.8
199.7
Atlanta, Ga__........
Baltimore, M d___
Birmingham, A la.
Boston, M ass____
Buffalo, N . Y ........
Chicago, 111______
Cincinnati, O hio..
Cleveland, O hio...
Denver, Colo_____
Detroit, M ich____
Houston, Tex____
215.7
228. 9
219.3
208.8
213.0
223.6
218.1
229.0
213.1
212.4
227.7
218.0
206.7
0)
207.0
190.7
C1)
210 .2
210 .1
212.9
224.7
220.4
226.2
217.0
213.2
223.8
222.1
Indianapolis, Ind_.
Jacksonville, F la ..
Kansas City, M o ..
Los Angeles, Calif.
Manchester, N . H .
Memphis, T enn__
Milwaukee, W is ...
Minneapolis, Minn.
Mobile, Ala______
N ew Orleans, L a...
N ew York, N . Y ...
217.1
220. 7
205.4
212.7
217.8
227.1
218.8
209.2
222. 7
228.5
216.9
204.4
213.1
218.4
229.8
218.3
208.2
222.5
233.2
217.9
Norfolk, V a______
Philadelphia, P a ...
Pittsburgh, Pa___
Portland, M aine...
Portland, Oreg___
Richmond, V a___
St. Louis, M o____
S an F r a n c is c o ,
Calif___________
Savannah, Ga____
Scranton, P a_____
Seattle, W ash____
Washington, D . C..
220.5
212. 5
220. 9
209.8
234.1
211. 7
225. 8
216.9
210.9
222.3
209.7
233.7
209.4
224.2
224.3
223. 3
217.3
221. 9
214. 9
223.2
228.3
218.2
223.4
215.1
212.6
222.8
200.6
197.5
196.3
(0
197.8
210.9
(0
0
0)
194.8
0
0
200.8
0)
0)
209.1
200.3
196.3
194.2
229.1
0
0)
t1)
(0
0
0)
205.2
195.5
219.8
197.1
(0
0
205.4
188.5
197.2
197.8
193.2
0
196.1
194.3
208.2
191.1
0)
186.4
195.7
191.4
0)
(0
(0
0)
0)
196.8
0
193.3
224.2
C1)
194.8
198.2
(0
0
194.0
0
0)
(0
117.7
120.0
0
138.7
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
124.3
0
0
1 2 1 .1
0
0
0
123.9
0
0
116.7
0
0
1 1 2 .1
0
115.2
119.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108.1
122 .2
103.5
117.3
0
0
0
0
121.3
0
0
0
122.6
125.3
0
128.5
0
122 .2
0
111.4
0
0
0
0
0
107.1
0
0
118.5
0
123.2
113.0
0
0
117.0
0
0
0
136.8
134.8
94.5
94.4
178.1
174.2
196.3
195.9
152.4
150.8
148.2
148.1
135.6
152.3
139. 1
131.0
141.1
143.6
111.9
149.7
98.4
147.2
144.3
135.6
149.4
139.1
130.1
141.1
142.6
109.3
147.3
98.4
76.9
77.0
213.8
169.3
177.3
173.6
177.4
180.6
185.0
179.9
160.5
197.4
146.1
211.7
163.0
177.3
169.3
177.4
178.5
185.0
178.0
155.1
193.4
146.1
200.6
(!)
192.3
186.9
(i)
180.4
189.6
184.0
(i)
207.6
199.3
(i)
155.1
(*)
149.3
143.8
0)
0)
154.0
147.3
127.6
94.0
155. 7
134.9
145.2
139.5
129.4
113.0
132.9
152.1
147.3
127.0
94.3
152.8
128.1
141.9
138.1
127.8
113.0
131.0
66.7
89.3
94.6
77.0
104.5
75.8
84.0
75.1
100.5
66.4
89.3
94.6
77.0
104.5
75.8
84.0
75.1
100.5
193.6
188.1
183.2
116.4
186.2
166.9
173.2
180.8
164.7
153.2
182.5
190.7
188.1
182.4
118.0
181.9
156.4
167.6
178.5
162.0
153.2
177.7
0)
(i)
(i)
187.0
(i)
(i)
196.4
0)
(!)
192.7
186.7
147.8
142.6
138.8
150.7
127.8
142.3
138.3
147.8
136.1
137.2
145.0
127.2
142.3
137.1
97.8
103.0
103.4
108.5
94.9
95.6
94.1
97.8
103.0
103.4
100.4
95.7
95.6
94.1
187.1
173.1
199.7
171.3
168.1
170.8
177.4
187.1
161.4
195.5
166.8
165.8
170.8
175.2
195.3
202.7
203.7
83.1
153.3
144.5
124.2
136.9
83.1
151.4
138.3
123.1
132.0
72.7
91.2
91.8
91.5
98.6
72.7
91.2
91.8
91.5
94.4
126.9
189.4
176.7
151.4
162.5
126. 9
186.3
166.7
149. 5
157.0
a ntTOui appaituHuukeiumibHiiigs, ana miscellaneous goods and services
are obtained m onthly in 10 cities and once every 3 months in 24 additional
cities according to a staggered schedule.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
121.8
1 2 1 .2
79.6
112.3
96.0
83.5
95.1
105.6
69.2
86.7
81.8
96.0
83.5
95.1
105.6
69.2
86.7
81.8
86.6
100.2
86.6
100.2
79.6
1 1 2 .1
0
(i)
(i)
0
191. 7
186.4
202. 3
181.5
191.5
(l)
217. 3
205. 5
199.1
187.8
(X)
183. 5
185. 9
200. 0
0
0
0
(l)
(O
184.1
(l)
198.9
203.0
0)
186.4
208 4
0
(0
0
(!)
202.3
(l)
0)
184.5
197. 2
20 1.1
0
0
(0
152.7
153.0
152.2
0)
166.1
152.6
0)
0
(0
151.7
(0
0)
148.7
0)
«
144.7
157.7
150.2
149.7
146.5
143.8
142.9
152.8
150.9
152.2
0)
149.0
163.9
151.1
158.2
0)
150.1
150.2
144.8
0)
0
(>)
(0
(0
155.3
0
148.2
145.0
0)
0)
0)
(0
0)
(0
(>)
153.4
0
0)
0)
141.1
154.7
152.1
153.9
141.7
0
0
>Rents are surveyed every 3 months in 34 large cities according to a
staggered schedule.
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
T
able
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
457
D -4: Indexes of Retail Prices of Foods,1 by Group, for Selected Periods
[1935-39=100]
Y ear and m on th
Cere M eats,
als
p oul
A ll
and
foods bakery try,
and
T otal
prod
fish
ucts
1923:
1926:
1929:
1932:
1939:
M eats
Beef
and
veal
F ruits and vegetables
C h ick
Fish
ens
Pork
Lam b
D airy
prod
ucts
E ggs
B e v e r F a ts
and
ages
oils
D ried
Sugar
and
s w e e ts
T otal
Fresh
Can
ned
136.1
141.7
143.8
82.3
91.0
90.7
93.8
169.5
210.8
169.0
103.5
94.5
92.4
96.5
173.6
226. 2
173.5
105.9
95.1
92.8
97.3
124.8
122 9
124.3
91.1
92.3
91.6
92.4
175.4
152 4
171.0
91 2
93.3
90.3
100.6
131. 5
170 4
164J5
112 6
95.5
94.9
92.6
126 2
145 0
127 2
71 1
87.7
84.5
82.2
175 4
120 0
114 3
SQ fi
100.6
95.6
96.8
A verage............. 124.0
A verage______ 137.4
A verage............. 132.5
A verage______
86.5
95.2
A verage______
A u g u st.............. 93.5
1940: A verage............
98.6
105.5
115.7
107.6
82.6
94.5
93.4
96.8
101.2
117.8
127.1
79.3
96.6
95.7
95.8
96.6
95.4
94.4
101.1
99.6
102.8
88.9
88.0
81.1
99.5
98.8
99.7
93.8
94.6
94.8
101.0
99.6
110.6
129.4
127.4
131.0
84.9
95.9
93.1
101.4
1941: A verage-...........
D ecem b er____
A verage______
A verage______
A verage______
A verage______
A u gu st..............
105.5
113.1
123.9
138.0
136.1
139.1
140.9
97.9
102.5
105.1
107.6
108.4
109.0
109.1
107.5
111.1
126.0
133.8
129.9
131.2
131.8
106.5
109.7
122.5
124.2
117.9
118.0
118.1
110.8
114.4
123.6
124.7
118.7
118.4
118.5
100.1
103.2
120.4
119.9
112.2
112.6
112.6
106.6
108.1
124.1
136.9
134.5
136.0
136.4
102.1
100.5
122.6
146.1
151.0
154.4
157.3
124.5
138.9
163.0
206.5
207.6
217.1
217.8
112.0
120.5
125.4
134.6
133.6
133.9
133.4
112.2
138.1
136.5
161.9
153.9
164.4
171.4
103.2
110.5
130.8
168.8
168.2
177.1
183.5
104.2
111.0
132.8
178.0
177.2
188.2
196.2
97.9
106.3
121.6
130.6
129.5
130.2
130.3
106.7
118.3
136.3
158.9
164.5
168.2
168.6
101.5
114.1
122.1
124.8
124.3
124.7
124.7
94.0
108.5
119.6
126.1
123.3
124.0
124.0
106.4
114.4
126.5
127.1
126.5
126.5
126.6
1946: A verage............ 159.6
J u n e____ ____ 145.6
N o v em b er___ 187.7
125.0
122.1
140.6
161.3
134.0
203.6
150.8
120.4
197.9
150.5
121.2
191.0
148.2
114.3
207.1
163.9
139.0
205.4
174.0
162.8
188.9
236.2
219.7
265.0
165.1
147.8
198.5
168.8
147.1
201.6
182.4
183.5
184.5
190.7
196.7
182.3
140.8
127.5
167.7
190.4
172.5
251.6
139.6
125.4
167.8
152.1
126.4
244.4
143.9
136.2
170.5
1947: A verage-...........
A ugu st—...........
Sep tem b er___
October______
N ovem b er____
D ecem b er____
193.8
196.5
203.5
201.6
202.7
206.9
155.4
155.7
157.8
160.3
167.9
170.5
217.1
228.4
240.6
235.5
227.0
227.3
214.7
229.8
241.9
234.9
223.6
223.2
213.6
230.5
239.7
233.6
226.3
227.6
215.9
229.3
245.9
240.9
219.7
218.2
220.1
232.1
244.0
226.2
227.1
221.5
183.2
180.5
191.4
189.5
184.6
190.7
271.4
262.4
275.7
286.5
302.4
302.3
186.2
183.8
195.2
190.1
198.4
204.9
200.8
212.3
235.9
232.7
224.7
236.1
199.4
199.8
198.2
196.6
199.6
205.3
201.5
202.1
202.4
201.1
205.0
212.1
166.2
165.7
157.3
155.2
156.5
157.3
263.5
263.4
261.2
255.6
251.7
255.4
186.8
181.7
187.0
190.8
194.7
198.5
197.5
178.5
176.6
190.0
196.4
208.2
180.0
179.8
181.8
181.8
183.2
183.7
1948: J a n u a r y ...........
F ebruary_____
M arch ...............
A p ril-.................
M a y ...................
J u n e_________
J u ly --------------A u gu st_______
209.7
204.7
202.3
207.9
210.9
214.1
216.8
216.6
172.7
171.8
171.0
171.0
171.1
171.2
171.0
170.8
237.5
224.8
224.7
233.8
244.2
255.1
261.8
267.0
233.4
218.0
218.2
229.5
242.0
255.2
263.0
269.3
239.7
228.2
228.5
241.2
255.8
273.9
280.9
286.2
225.9
202.2
204.3
212.3
219.1
223.5
233.8
246.1
231.5
223.4
216.8
232.6
253.5
271.2
275.0
266.6
200.0
196.4
194.7
198.4
202.1
207.6
209.3
207.8
310.9
315.0
313.6
307.2
305.0
299.3
301.6
304.4
205.7
204.4
201.1
205.8
204.8
205.9
209.0
211.0
213.6
189.2
186.3
184.7
184.9
194.2
204.3
220.2
208.3
213.0
206.9
217.4
218.0
214.9
213.4
199.6
215.7
222.0
214.2
228.4
229.4
225.2
223.2
204.8
158.0
157.7
157.7
156.4
156.4
157.4
157. 7
157.8
256.8
256.0
253.9
252.1
250.0
248.0
248.0
249.2
201.9
204.0
204.4
204.4
204.6
205.1
205.2
205.3
209.3
194.2
191.7
191.4
196.6
200.5
200.8
197.8
183.4
176.8
174.4
173.6
173.0
170.6
170.9
172.3
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1 T h e B ureau of Labor S tatistics retail food prices are obtained m on th ly
during th e first three d ays of th e w eek containing th e fifteenth of th e m onth,
through volu n tary reports from chain and independent retail food dealers.
Articles included are selected to represent food sales to m oderate-incom e
fam ilies.
T h e indexes, based on th e retail prices of 50 foods, are com puted b y th e
fixed-base-weighted-aggregate m eth od , using w eigh ts representing (1) rela
tiv e im portance of chain and independent store safes, in com puting c ity aver
age prices; (2) food purchases b y fam ilies of w age earners and moderate-
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
incom e workers, in com p u tin g city indexes; and (3) population w eigh ts, in
com bining city aggregates in order to derive average prices and indexes for all
cities com bined.
Indexes of retail food prices in 56 large cities com bined, b y com m od ity
groups, for th e years 1923 through 1945 (1935-39=100), m a y b e found in Bulletin
N o . 899, “ R etail Prices of Food—1944 and 1945,” B ureau of Labor Statistics,
U . S. D ep artm en t of Labor, tab le 2, p. 4. M im eographed tab les of th e sam e
data, b y m on ths, January 1935 to date, are available upon request.
458
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
MONTHLY LABOR
T able D-5: Indexes of Retail Prices of Foods, by City
[1936-39=100]
Aug.
1948
July
1948
June
1948
M ay
1948
Apr.
1948
Mar.
1948
Feb.
1948
Jan.
1948
United States..........................
216.6
Atlanta, Ga_...........................
Baltimore, M d........................
Birmingham, A la ..................
Boston, M a s s ........................
Bridgeport, Conn...................
215.7
228.9
219.3
208.8
214.6
216.8
214.1
210.9
207.9
202.3
204.7
212.4
227.7
218.0
210.2
214.4
209.9
225.3
212.7
204.1
210.3
207.9
221.6
209.6
199.2
207.5
204.7
217.8
207.5
198.2
201.4
201.1
212.3
207.2
192.2
195.6
205.6
214.5
211.1
195.0
197.5
Buffalo, N . Y ..........................
Butte, M ont............................
Cedar Rapids, Iowa 1______
Charleston, S.’ O.....................
Chicago, 111...............................
213.0
215.1
222.2
208.0
223.6
212.9
216.6
224.4
211.4
224.7
211.6
214.7
224.3
208.1
221.3
207.9
207.4
219.7
206.7
218.4
200.2
201.3
217.0
204.8
212.2
196.6
200.5
208.2
199.1
204.3
Cincinnati, Ohio.....................
Cleveland, Ohio......................
Columbus, Ohio....................
Dallas, T ex__________ ____
Denver, Colo...........................
218.1
229.0
202.2
215.2
213.1
220.4
226.2
201.9
213.3
217.0
216.3
223.7
199.2
210.8
216.5
213. 5
218.0
195.3
210.5
213.3
210.1
213.0
193.1
206.7
208.5
Detroit, M ich______ ____ _
Fall River, Mass....................
Houston, T e x .........................
Indianapolis, Ind....................
Jackson, Miss.1.......................
210.1
213.5
223.8
217.1
220.6
213.2
214.1
222.1
212.6
220.8
211.3
211.3
220.0
211.5
216.7
208.0
207.2
218.1
208.0
218.0
Jacksonville, Fla........... .........
Kansas City, M o.......... .........
Knoxville, Term.1. . . ........ .
Little Rock, Ark__________
Los Angeles, Calif..................
220.7
205.4
244.6
212.4
212.7
222.8
204.4
241.7
213.4
213.1
222.9
204.4
238.4
210.0
212.1
Louisville, K y .........................
Manchester, N . H .................
Memphis, T enn......................
Milwaukee, W is...... ..............
Minneapolis, M inn................
207.4
217.8
227.1
218.8
209.2
206.8
218.4
229.8
218.3
208.2
Mobile, A la.............................
Newark, N . J...........................
N ew Haven, Conn.................
New Orleans, L a ...................
N ew York, N . Y ....................
222.7
212.6
205.6
228.5
216.9
Norfolk, Va___________ .
Omaha, Nebr.........................
Peoria, 111................................
Philadelphia, P a ............. .
Pittsburgh, Pa........................
Dec.
1947
N ov.
1947
Oct.
1947
209.7
206.9
202.7
211.9
220.2
218.0
200.3
204.5
211.1
217.8
217.0
195.7
199.0
206.9
211.8
212.7
192.4
196.5
196.7
202.1
208.9
200.2
204.8
202.1
204.8
214.6
206.6
213.2
200.3
195.8
213.0
203.1
210.5
206.1
209.3
190.8
203.0
202.3
209.0
212.5
192.6
205.7
203.4
213.0
217.6
196.7
210.3
208.6
203.9
201.2
219.3
205.7
218.3
197.7
197.2
216.0
203.8
214.6
199.4
198.4
218.1
204.2
221.3
217.3
202.2
236.2
209.2
212.6
214.7
197.9
233.9
206.4
213.9
208.1
193.0
230.0
203.8
208.9
203.8
213.0
226.7
215.3
206.2
201.6
208.9
223.2
213.7
206.0
198.2
204.9
222.2
210.9
203.0
222.5
212.8
208.3
233.2
217.9
219.8
209.9
205.4
227.3
213.9
217.0
204.7
201.2
223.0
210.0
220.5
211.1
230.8
212.5
220.9
216.9
208.6
224.9
210.9
222.3
214.4
210.1
227.3
209.4
219.6
Portland, M a in e..............
Portland, Oreg________
Providence, R. I. .................
Richmond, Va...............
Rochester, N . Y ................
209.8
234.1
227.2
211.7
209.7
209.7
233.7
224.9
209.4
211.2
St. Louis, M o.................
St. Paul, M in n ...................
Salt Lake City, U tah___
San Francisco, Calif............
Savan nah,G a_...............
225.3
204.5
216.0
224.3
223.3
Scranton, Pa____
Seattle, Wash_____
Springfield, 111.................
Washington, D . O ..
Wichita, K ans1___
Winston-Salem, N . C.1
217.3
221.9
227.0
214.9
224.7
215.8
1 June 1940=100.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Sept.
1947
Aug.
1947
June
1946
201.6
203.5
196.5
145.6
93.5
211.1
211.5
210.7
191.8
195.6
209.4
212.8
210.9
195.3
196.8
198.9
206.9
204.8
187.9
191.3
141.0
152.4
147.7
138.0
139.1
92.5
94.7
90.7
93.5
93.2
194.8
194.2
209.1
198.9
207.8
193.3
195.0
208.7
201.4
207.1
196.5
195.7
212.0
198.0
211.0
192.4
193.8
204.4
189.8
203.1
140.2
139.7
148.2
140.8
142.8
94.6
94.1
211.6
212.3
194.4
208.2
205.6
204.2
206.1
190.1
204.4
201.0
206.9
208.7
192.0
201.6
197.2
206.7
211.0
190.0
200.3
199.0
198.3
204.3
184.9
195.5
195.8
141.4
149.3
136.4
142.4
145.3
90.4
93.6
88.1
91.7
92.7
205.1
202.6
221. 5
208.2
223.3
202.0
199.0
218.1
208.8
223.2
196.7
195.0
210.2
204.3
213.1
199.0
195.6
208.7
204.5
212.6
197.4
195.8
206.4
203.0
212.0
195.5
190.0
200.8
195.5
209.5
145.4
138.1
144.0
141.5
150. 6
90.6
95.4
97.8
90.7
212.2
192.5
239.6
206.1
210.9
216.2
199.4
244.3
211.4
212.2
216.6
197.3
243.5
211.8
211.1
211.0
194.2
235.6
200.4
206.7
214.7
193.5
236.9
200.4
201.9
209.1
193.5
235.9
201.3
204.2
205.0
183.5
225.9
195.1
195.4
150.8
134.8
165. 6
139.1
154.8
95.8
91.5
94.0
94.6
193.9
202.0
219.9
204.6
198.1
198.0
203.2
224.5
203.4
197.2
200.1
208.8
230.7
206.4
202.6
198.9
204.7
229.7
204.6
199.3
195.8
199.0
226.2
200.7
193.7
196.2
198.0
223.6
197.6
194.6
198.2
201.3
220.5
200.1
197.2
189.7
196.8
213.5
196.8
187.4
135.6
144.4
153.6
144.3
137.5
92.1
94.9
89.7
91.1
95.0
216.3
203.0
197.7
228.7
208.6
212.2
196.4
193.0
224.3
201.2
215.5
200.3
195.8
225.6
206.7
219.6
201.4
201.5
226.4
209.7
216.3
199.4
198.9
222.1
206.1
206.8
197.4
193.4
220.2
203.9
209.3
194.6
193.8
219.5
200.6
206.8
196.8
196.1
216.8
203.0
200.8
190.0
191.2
211.0
194.3
149.8
147.9
140.4
157.6
149.2
95.5
95.6
93.7
97.6
95.8
213.3
207.2
223.8
205.0
213.7
210.5
202.5
217.0
202.8
209.8
206.0
197.7
205.8
196.3
204.8
210.2
197.7
208.9
199.3
205.4
216.5
204.2
219.5
205.6
212.8
216.1
202.8
224.1
201.8
209.6
210.6
198.1
220.3
197.5
205.2
214.3
195.6
212.3
196.2
206.1
210.7
197.9
212.9
199.8
209.8
203.2
191.1
211.4
191.7
202.0
146.0
139.5
151.3
143.5
147.1
93.6
92.3
93.4
93.0
92.5
204.1
228.2
222.0
205.3
208.8
199.4
229.5
217.9
203.4
205.1
197.0
223.2
213.1
200.6
200.8
192.4
220.4
205. 5
197.6
196.7
193.5
219.2
210.5
201.3
196.9
199.6
223.0
215.0
209.1
202.1
195.2
219.0
210.5
207.6
200.1
190.7
214.2
206.1
201.0
194.9
190.9
208.7
206.5
205.1
192.3
193.6
209.9
208.2
203.8
195.5
191.0
205.0
200.6
194.3
192.2
138.4
158.4
144.9
138.4
142.5
95.9
96.1
93.7
92.2
92.3
224.2
204.7
217.1
223.2
228.3
222.0
203.7
215.8
221.6
224.6
218.2
203.5
216.8
223.4
223.3
213.6
200.5
212.9
219.5
221.4
210.9
195.3
207.3
215.3
213.6
212.8
194.0
207.9
215.4
219.6
217.2
198.6
211.3
218.9
222.9
215.2
195.9
209.7
215.7
222.2
209.9
191.2
202.6
214.4
217.5
209.4
191.0
199.4
208.8
219.2
215.9
192.1
200.7
210.4
220.3
205.0
183.4
197.6
200.4
215.1
147.4
137.3
151.7
155.5
158.5
93.8
94.3
94.6
93.8
96.7
218.2
223.4
224.9
215.1
226.7
212.9
216.1
220.3
224.4
215.4
226.4
209.5
212.2
221.4
219.3
209.7
225.3
208.4
208.9
215.5
212.6
205.1
220.3
206.0
201.8
212.5
209.1
198.9
215.9
202.7
203.2
214.7
211.4
202.0
215.1
207.9
213.1
218.4
217.9
209.5
222.4
214.5
210.0
213.4
217.3
207.4
221.6
211.3
202.8
207.6
213.2
202.0
215.1
207.1
199.1
205.4
213.6
200.9
213.8
208.4
206.6
206.0
217.1
202.9
213.8
205.8
199.5
200.3
211.0
197.1
201.8
199.0
144.0
151.6
150.1
145.5
154.4
145.3
92.1
94.5
94.1
94.1
Aug.
1939
95.1
92.3
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
T able
D-6: Average Retail Prices and Indexes of Selected Foods
Commodity
Cereals and bakery products:
Cereals:
Flour, wheat—........ ___5 pounds..
Corn flakes_______ . . . 1 1 ounces..
Corn m eal_____ - ______ pound—
Rice 1 ___ _______ ______ do____
Rolled o a ts 1 ______ ___ 20 ounces—
Bakery products:
Bread, w hite............ ............pound..
Vanilla cookies____ ........ .......do___
Meats, poultry, and fish:
Meats:
Beef:
Round steak. . _______ do___
Rib r o a s t .____ .......... —.d o___
Chuck roast___ ...... .........do___
Hamburger3 . __------------do----Veal:
C u tlets.............. ............... do___
Pork:
Chops________ ............... do___
Bacon, sliced. . _______ do___
Ham, whole___ ............... do___
Salt pork______ ............... do___
Lamb:
Leg---------------- ........ ___do___
Poultry: Roasting chickens____ do___
Fish:
* Fish (fresh, frozen) ----------- do___
Salmon, p in k '____ .16-ounce can..
Dairy products:
Butter...................... ......... ............pound—
Cheese_______ _______ - ..............do___
M ilk, fresh (delivered). .............q u a rt..
M ilk, fresh (grocery)__ ................do___
M ilk, evaporated.........1416-ounce can ..
Eggs: Eggs, fr e sh ................ ........... .d ozen ..
Fruits and vegetables:
Fresh fruits:
Apples....................... ............pound..
Bananas__________ ..............-do___
Oranges, size 200 . ---------dozen..
Fresh vegetables:
Beans, green............ ............pound..
Cabbage................... ..............-do___
Carrots______ ____ ...........b u n ch ..
Lettuce..................... ______ head-.
Onions...... ................ ...........p o u n d ..
Potatoes........ ............ ...1 5 pounds..
Spinach__________ ...........p o u n d ..
Sweetpotatoes_____ ........... .. d o ___
Canned fruits:
Peaches__________ ..N o . 2>6 can—
Pineapple________ ----------- do___
Canned vegetables:
C orn.......................... ___N o. 2 can—
Peas............................ ...... .........do___
Tomatoes.................. ............. -do___
Dried fruits: Prunes__ ---------pound..
Dried vegetables: N avy b ean s.-d o . . .
Beverages: Coffee________ ............... do___
Fats and oils:
Lard_________________ ............... do___
Hydrogenated veg. shortening L .d o ___
Salad dressing________ ..............p in t ..
Oleomargarine________ ............pound..
Sugar and sweets:
Sugar......... ........................ ----------- do___
1 July 1947=100.
2 Index not computed.
* February 1943=100.
4 N ot priced in earlier period.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
459
D: PR IC E S AND COST OF LIVING
Aver
age
price
Aug.
1948
Indexes 1935-39=100
Aug.
1948
July
1948
June
1948
M ay
1948
Apr.
1948
Mar.
1948
Feb.
1948
Jan.
1948
Dec.
1947
N ov.
1947
Oct.
1947
Sept.
1947
Aug.
1947
1 1 .1
21.6
186.9
176.8
215.5
17.1
185.7
177.1
215.2
121.5
155.4
155.2
188.4
177.2
213.7
119.6
155.0
189.4
175.7
215.7
118.6
154.8
189.6
175.8
216.4
118.4
154.8
192.4
173.3
216.6
118.1
153.5
197.3
172.8
219.9
118.4
153.4
210.9
172.9
219.9
117.3
153.6
209.6
169.3
218.1
116.9
152.6
204.8
164.3
217.5
116.8
151.1
194.0
157.9
211.9
114.0
143.4
189.2
151.7
204.5
111.5
135.6
187.0
144.9
192.4
106.8
130.9
82.1
92.7
90.7
(2)
(2)
13.9
44.3
163.1
191.7
163.1
192.1
163.5
190.3
163.5
188.8
163.2
189.2
163.1
187.9
163.1
187.7
162.3
183.7
159. 8
180.2
157.5
178.7
149.3
176.2
147.9
176.3
146.8
174.9
93.2
«
10 1 . 2
299.5
283.1
322.2
202. 5
294.4
276.6
315.5
199.3
287.6
266.7
309.6
194.7
267.3
249.9
283.4
178.6
250.7
238.2
263.3
166.3
234.0
227.0
249.6
158.0
231.4
227.9
250.6
157.3
248.4
242.3
263.1
159.7
236.4
231.7
251.5
151.5
234.2
229.9
253.5
150.3
243.8
237.0
260.1
154.4
256.4
241.7
258.9
155.8
247.6
231.8
248.5
151.3
102.7
97.4
97.1
(<)
Aug1939
C e n ts
47.9
16.7
81.5
72.3
62.6
120.6
103.5
259.6
256.1
252.5
245.6
234.9
226.8
228.0
230.0
213.1
2 11.8
217.7
222.6
212.0
1 0 1 .1
91.1
78.6
73.8
40.5
276.5
206.3
251.1
194.1
252.7
204.5
244.2
196.0
238.1
201.9
231.2
196.6
233.5
199.1
223.7
203.5
223.2
191.3
220.9
209.9
2 12 .1
185. 7
213.6
214.7
200.1
238.2
219.4
227.7
234.8
259.6
206.2
228.8
223.3
275.3
214.7
227.6
218.2
265.6
248.8
230.4
244.2
243.7
257.9
224.7
256.7
227.7
239.2
208.4
245.3
194.9
90.8
80.9
92.7
69.0
76.9
62.7
270.8
207.8
279.4
209.3
275.6
207.6
257.6
220.3
194.7
226.9
196.4
235.2
202.1
236.3
198.4
200.0
225.0
190.7
230.7
184.6
229.8
189.5
247.9
191.4
235.8
180.5
95.7
94.6
(«)
54.7
254.4
417.1
253.9
408.1
251.8
405.2
261.3
399.7
264.9
397.1
274.4
394.1
276.3
393.7
270.5
394.9
260.7
391.0
262.3
386.7
248.8
365.6
242.7
342.2
231.8
323.1
98.8
97.4
89.4
69.8
245.6
268.6
182.0
187.8
218.3
252.0
262.1
177.1
182.1
254.2
248.1
171.5
177.3
184.9
248.4
247.9
174.3
179.7
195.8
189.2
258.1
242.2
173.3
178.5
189.6
213.6
262.0
236.1
171.2
176.3
186.4
236.1
242.2
230.9
171.0
175. 2
182.3
224.7
222.4
226.2
167.5
171.8
177.2
232.7
222.1
204.3
237.4
243.7
174.6
179.5
197.1
186.3
251.7
212.8
255.4
241.5
174.3
179.0
197.2
184.7
221.0
220.2
249.8
254.6
174.0
179.3
210.9
194.2
163.0
167.2
175.3
235.9
215.6
158.8
162.4
175.2
212.3
84.0
92.3
97.1
96.3
93.9
90.7
225.1
270.7
183.3
265.3
269.3
169.2
269.2
261.7
155.1
229.1
257.8
149.2
208.2
256.3
142.9
205.6
255.3
145.1
208.6
257.4
135.9
219.2
257.9
133.5
257.8
133.4
221.8
214.3
256.9
147.9
216.1
254.6
172.2
219.7
252.3
174.1
209.8
245.9
181.0
81.6
97.3
96.9
187.7
155.1
229.1
202.3
310.1
200.7
291.0
261.7
158.4
225.2
229.5
250.5
254.3
159.9
440.9
253.6
167.4
213.1
191.2
174.8
227.8
138.0
386.2
247.0
171.5
208.3
257.2
191.5
261.3
153.5
364.8
246.9
221.5
207.2
199.9
222.9
246.3
285.6
234.4
191.4
196.4
186.7
237.2
311.3
179.9
260.7
222.5
167.5
183.9
237.1
192.9
261.3
170.8
229.3
157.4
170.0
205.7
189.1
188.9
202.7
195.5
195.8
234.8
179.4
172.4
190.2
214.8
174.4
234.9
61.7
103.2
84.9
97.6
154.1
173.3
215.4
165.3
241.8
151.6
194.5
201.7
172.2
174.2
122 .2
177.8
251.9
248.4
174.7
286.9
185.1
180.1
263.2
164.1
262.4
263.5
145.0
273.4
91.9
118.4
115.7
22 .1
21.3
15.6
76.3
11.8
16.4
51.8
19.2
5.3
9.9
202.1
194.7
212.0
12 .2
176.0
139.2
183.6
143.1
176.3
223.5
205.0
235.5
31.4
37.0
163.0
170.0
161.6
168.5
160.8
168.1
160.8
166.7
160.6
166.3
161.0
164.3
161.5
163.0
162.4
162.1
161.9
160.1
162.1
158.2
162.4
154.6
163.8
152.8
168.1
151.7
92.3
96.0
19.7
15.1
16.4
158.6
113.5
184.7
204.9
309.7
204.8
158.2
157.9
112.3
183.0
206.9
311.6
204.2
156.6
113.5
183.2
208.6
314.3
204.0
314.9
204.0
157.0
118.0
185.0
216.0
312.9
203.6
156.6
118.0
185.9
217.8
311.9
201.5
155.6
117.9
185.5
219.4
306.0
198.1
152.5
117.9
185.4
219.0
297.5
194.3
149.8
118.0
183,9
228.7
292.3
190.5
146.9
116.9
191.8
236.8
294.2
186.6
147.1
118.3
213.2
245.3
286.6
181.3
88.6
184.8
204.3
310.5
204.7
156.9
115.5
186.2
23.0
51.5
158.8
115.8
182.6
204.7
312.9
204.9
29.4
43.4
40.8
42.9
197.3
209.6
168.3
235.3
198.1
220.3
168.4
240.1
198.5
218.2
167.1
242.0
198.2
211.4
164.4
232.6
194.1
207.1
159.8
223.9
191.9
214.4
159.0
224.0
196.0
217.6
158.8
227.8
238.8
225.8
156.1
230.5
242.7
220.0
152.4
228.9
228.6
197.7
150.2
214.4
215.9
191.5
149.7
208.9
181.3
190.9
150.3
198.0
166.8
203.6
151.8
219.1
65.2
93.9
(4)
93.6
9.3
173.2
171.8
171.4
173.8
174.5
175.3
177.7
184.3
184.6
184.1
182.7
182.0
180.7
95.6
11.8
7.3
80.3
(9
20.8
202.1
112.8
2 11.2
201.0
2 1 1 .1
* 1938-39=100.
« Average price not computed.
7 Formerly published as shortening in other containers.
8 Inadequate reports.
86.8
89.8
92.5
94.7
83.0
93.3
460
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
MONTHLY LABOR
T able D-7: Indexes of Wholesale Prices,1 by Group of Commodities, for Selected Periods
[1926=1001
Tex
tile
prod
ucts
Fuel
and
light
ing
mate
rials
Metals
and
metal
prod
ucís 2
All
com
modi
ties 2
Farm
prod
ucts
Foods
Hides
and
leather
prod
ucts
Average..........
July________
November___
M a y . ............
Average_____
69.8
67.3
136.3
167.2
95.3
71.5
71.4
150.3
169.8
104.9
64.2
62.9
128.6
147.3
99.9
69.7
131.6
193.2
109.1
57.3
55.3
142.6
188.3
90.4
61.3
55.7
114.3
159.8
83.0
90.8
79.1
143.5
155.5
100.5
1932: Average..........
1939: Average_____
August............
1940: Average_____
64.8
77.1
75.0
78.6
48.2
65.3
61.0
67.7
61.0
70.4
67.2
71.3
72.9
95.6
92.7
100.8
54.9
69.7
67.8
73.8
70.3
73.1
72.6
71.7
1941: Average_____
December___
1942: Average_____
1943: Average_____
1944: A verage.........
87.3
93.6
98.8
103.1
104.0
82.4
94.7
105.9
123.3
82.7
90.5
99.6
106.6
104.9
108.3
114.8
117.7
117.5
116.7
84.8
91.8
96.9
97.4
98.4
1945: Average..........
A ugust_____
105.8
105.7
128.2
126.9
106.2
106.4
118.1
118.0
100.1
1946: Average_____
June________
November___
1 2 1 .1
112.9
139.7
148.9
140.1
169.8
130.7
112.9
165.4
1947: Average_____
August______
September__
October ___
November___
December___
152.1
153.7
157.4
158.5
159.6
163.2
181.2
181.6
186.4
189.7
187.9
196.7
1948: January_____
February____
March______
A pril.. ____
M a y _____ _
June_____ . .
July------------A ug-------------
165.7
160.9
161.4
162.8
163.9
166.2
168.6
169.4
199.2
185.3
186.0
186.7
189.1
196.0
« 195. 2
191.1
Year and month
1913:
1914:
1918:
1920:
1929:
f
122.6
68.1
Chem
Build icals Housefuring
and
nishmate allied
ing
rials
prod
goods
ucts
All
Semi- Manu com
Raw
modi
fac
mate manuties
factured except
rials
tured
prod
farm
articles ucts * prod
ucts 2
All
com
modi
ties
except
farm
prod
ucts
and
foods
56.1
56.7
99.2
143.3
94.3
88.1
68.8
164.4
95.4
80.2
77.9
178.0
173. 7
94.0
142.3
176.5
82.6
67.3
138.8
163.4
97.5
74.9
67.8
162.7
253.0
93.9
69.4
66.9
130.4
157.8
94.5
69.0
65.7
131.0
165.4
93.3
70.
65.'
129.
170.
91.
80.2
94.4
93.2
95.8
71.4
90.5
89.6
94.8
73.9
76.0
74.2
77.0
75.1
86.3
85.6
88.5
64.4
74.8
73.3
77.3
55.1
70.2
66.5
71.9
59.3
77.0
74.5
79.1
70.3
80.4
79.1
81.6
68.3
79.5
77.9
80.8
70.5
81.
80.1
83.
76.2
78.4
78.5
80.8
83.0
99.4
103.3
103.8
103.8
103.8
103. 2
107.8
94.3
102.4
102.7
104.3
82.0
87.6
89.7
92.2
93.6
83.5
92.3
111.4
115.5
84.4
90.4
95.5
94.9
95.2
100.6
1 1 2 .1
89.1
94.6
98.6
113.2
86.9
90.1
92.6
92.9
94.1
100.1
100.8
88.3
93.3
97.0
98.7
99.6
89.
93.'
95.
96.
98.
99.6
84.0
84.8
104.7
104.7
117.8
117.8
95.2
95.3
104.5
104.5
94.7
94.8
116.8
116.3
95.9
95.5
10 1.8
10 1.8
100.9
100.8
99.'
99. £
137.2
122.4
172.5
116.3
109.2
131.6
90.1
87.8
94.5
115.5
132.6
129.9
145.5
101.4
96.4
118.9
1 1 1 .6
110.4
118.2
100.3
98.5
106.5
134.7
126.3
153.4
110 .8
130.2
105.7
129.1
116.1
107.3
134.7
114.9
106.7
132.9
120 .
168.7
172.3
179.2
177.7
177.9
178.4
182.4
182.8
185.6
193.1
202.5
203.4
141.7
141. 8
142.4
143.4
145.2
148.0
114.2
116.1
118.2
124.6
145.0
148.5
150.1
150.5
150.8
151.5
179.7
179.6
183.4
185.8
187.7
191.0
127.3
117.5
122.3
128.6
135.8
135.0
131.1
129.9
131.3
132.4
137.5
139.4
115.5
113.1
115.9
117.1
118.8
121.5
165.6
167.0
170.9
175.2
175.5
182.0
148.5
148.8
150.5
152.6
154.9
156.5
146.0
147.9
151.8
151.2
152.4
154.9
145.5
147.3
150.8
151.5
153.1
155.6
135.5
136.
138.
140.1
142.1
145.
179.9
172.4
173.8
176.7
177.4
181.4
188.3
189.5
200.3
192.8
185.4
186.1
188.4
187.7
189.2
188.4
148.4
148.9
149.8
150.3
150.2
149.6
« 149. 0
148.5
130.0
130.8
130.9
131.6
132.6
133.1
135.7
136.6
154.3
155. 3
155.9
157.2
157.1
«158.5
«162. 2
170.8
193.3
192.7
193.1
195.0
196.4
196.8
«199.5
138.8
134.6
136.1
136.2
134.7
135.8
134.4
132.0
141.3
141.8
142.0
142.3
142.6
«143.2
144.5
145.4
123.6
183.9
174.9
174.7
175.5
177.6
182.6
«184. 2
182.0
156.8
155.2
152.9
154.1
153.8
154.5
155.9
159.7
157.8
154.5
155.8
157.6
158.5
«159.6
«162. 5
164.5
158.2
155.3
155.7
157.3
158.2
«159. 4
«162.5
164.5
148.
147. €
147.'
148.’
149.1
« 149.
• 151. (
153.
108.7
112 .6
1 1 2 .2
1 BLS wholesale price data, for the most part, represent prices in primary
markets. They are prices charged by manufacturers or producers or are
prices prevailing on organized exchanges. The weekly index is calculated
from 1 -day-a-week prices; the m onthly index from an average of these
prices. M onthly indexes for the last 2 months are preliminary.
The indexes currently are computed by the fixed base aggregate method,
with weights representing quantities produced for sale in 1929-31. (For a
detailed description of the method of calculation see “ Revised Method of
Calculation of the Bureau of Labor Statistics Wholesale Price Index,” in
the Journal of the American Statistical Association, December 1937.)
Because of past differences in the method of computation the weekly and
m onthly indexes should not be compared directly. The weekly index is
56.7
52.9
M is.
cellaneous
com
modi
ties
101.8
110 .2
202.8
1 0 1 .1
93.1
120 .1
120.8
12 1.8
121.5
121.5
120.3
119.6
109.
105.
useful only to indicate week-to-week changes and to provide later data on
price movements. It is not revised to take account of more complete reports.
Mimeographed tables are available, upon request to the Bureau, giving
m onthly indexes for major groups of commodities since 1890 and for subgroups
and economic groups since 1913. W eekly indexes have been prepared since 1932.
2
Includes current motor vehicle prices beginning with October 1946. The
rate of production of motor vehicles in October 1946 exceeded the monthly
average rate of civilian production in 1941, and in accordance with the an
nouncement made in September 1946, the Bureau introduced current prices
for motor vehicles in the October calculations. During the war, motor
vehicles were not produced for general civilian sale and the Bureau carried
April 1942 prices forward in each computation through September 1946.
« Corrected.
T able D-8: Indexes of Wholesale Prices,1 by Group of Commodities, by Weeks
[Indexes 1926=100. N ot directly comparable with m onthly data.
Week ending
All
com
modi
ties
Farm
prod
ucts
166.7
166.8
168.9
168. 2
168.3
169.2
169.0
169.2
168.4
167.4
168.0
169.2
168.7
197.2
196.1
198.1
194.6
192.2
193.6
190.4
191.0
189.3
187.8
188.1
190.1
190.8
Foods
Hides
and
leather
prod
ucts
Tex
tile
prod
ucts
Fuel
and
light
ing
mate
rials
184.1
185.3
191.2
190.4
187.7
190.0
190.3
189.5
187.8
184.0
185.9
189. 9
187.8
18S.3
188.1
189.1
189. 5
189.6
188. 5
188.3
189.6
189.9
189.2
188.8
188.2
187.9
148.1
148.1
148.0
148.1
148.3
148.1
147.8
148.0
147.7
147. 5
147. 5
147.2
146.7
134.1
134. 7
135.8
136.5
136.8
136.9
137.3
137.3
137.4
1.37. 6
137.6
137.7
137.8
See footnote 1, table D-7]
Metals Build Chem
icals Houseand
furing
and
metal mate
nishallied
prod
ing
rials
prod
ucts
goods
ucts
M is.
eellaneous
com
modi
ties
Raw
mate
rials
All
Semicom
anu modi
manu- Mfac
facties
tured
tured
prod except
prod
farm
ucts
ucts
prod
ucts
All com
modities
except
farm
products
and
foods
1948
July 3_........ .............
July 10___________
July 17___________
July 24___________
July 31_________
Aug. 7 ---------------Aug. 14___________
Aug. 21___________
Aug. 28____ ____
Sept. 4___________
Sept. 1 1 ... ______
Sept. 18
_ ___
Sept. 25__________
1 See footnote 1 , table D-7.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
159.4
159. 4
160.9
160.9
167.3
169.2
170.9
171. 5
171.7
172.0
172.0
171. 5
171.8
197.6
197.5
197.9
198.0
200.7
201.6
202.0
202.0
202.3
203.2
203. 1
203. 2
202.9
135.5
134.5
134.5
132. 9
133.1
132.0
131.6
131.7
132.2
132.1
133.2
132. 5
133.5
145.0
145.8
145.9
145.9
146.0
146.4
146.8
146.8
146.8
146.9
147.7
147.8
147.8
12 1.1
120.3
119.4
119.2
118.6
118.2
118.3
118. 7
118.4
118.5
119.9
120.3
119.3
184.3
184.2
186.4
184.6
183.4
184.3
182.5
182.8
181.7
180.7
ISO. 9
182.0
182.4
154.0
154.0
154.7
154.5
156.9
158.8
159.7
159.3
159.0
158.7
158.6
158.6
158.3
160.9
161.1
163.4
163.1
163.5
164. 3
164.7
164.9
164.2
163.0
163.9
165. 5
164.4
159.9
160. 3
162. 4
162.3
162.9
163.8
164.2
164.3
163.8
162.8
163.4
164.6
163.8
149. 8
149.9
150.4
150.6
152.1
152.4
152.9
153.1
153.2
153.3
153. 4
153. 5
153.3
T able
461
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
D-9: Indexes of Wholesale Prices,1 by Group and Subgroup of Commodities
[1926=100]
1947
1948
1946
1939
June
Aug.
Group and subgroup
AH com m odities 3...................
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
165.7
163.2
159.6
158.5
157.4
153.7
112.9
187.9
245.5
2 11.0
186.4
230.3
224.8
150.3
181.6
208.8
215.9
152.6
140.1
151.8
137.4
137.5
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
169.4
168.6
166.2
163.9
162.8
161.4
160.9
75.0
61.0
51. 5
Farm products____________
Grains
____________
Livestock and p ou ltry..
Other farm products___
191.1
179.2
250. 0
157.8
8 195.2
190.6
250.8
161.9
196.0
209.2
239.2
165.4
189.1
213.5
219.0
163.3
186.7
217.9
204.4
166.4
186.0
218.0
209.4
162.2
220.0
210.0
159.9
199.2
256.3
232.9
162.4
196.7
252.7
226.3
162.5
157.2
189.7
241.4
224.5
153.7
Foods
______________
Dairy products.............. .
Cereal products_______
Fruits and vegetables__
Meats
____________
Other foods. _________
189. 5
185.1
154.0
140.7
273.7
146.7
188.3
182.9
154.5
151.2
263.8
148.5
181.4
181.3
155.1
147.7
241.3
148.1
177.4
176.6
156.3
147.0
233.2
144.2
176.7
181.0
158.0
148.6
226.0
144.4
173.8
179.8
158.6
145.7
217.1
144.3
172.4
184.8
160.2
144.5
206.2
146.7
179.9
183.9
170.1
140.7
222.3
155.0
178.4
183.5
170.6
135.4
214.8
160.0
177.9
175.9
172.1
135.5
217.6
159.4
177.7
167.3
166.7
130.8
230.0
157.2
179.2
170.6
158. 2
130.1
244.8
150.7
172.3
164.3
153.3
133.0
234.6
140.7
112.9
127.3
10 1 .7
136.1
192.8
194.7
207.2
199. 6
143.8
200.3
194.3
238.9
209.4
143.8
203.4
190.7
256.9
217.2
141.8
202.5
187.0
263.2
216.9
141.3
193.1
180.6
243.7
205.0
139.6
185.6
176.8
2 2 1 .1
182.8
176.5
214.5
191.1
139.1
122.4
129. 5
121. 5
110 .7
115.2
141.8
135.8
201.8
99.9
37.0
68. 2
109.2
120.3
139. 4
75.8
30.2
(3)
67.8
81. 5
65. 5
61.5
28. 5
44.3
1 1 2 .3
112.7
75.5
63. 7
72.6
96.0
104.2
75.8
86.7
51.7
185.3
110 .1
98.1
66.0
60.1
67.2
67.9
71.9
58. 5
73.7
60.3
92.7
189.2
186.3
220.3
189.2
149.9
187.7
185.8
215.2
186.9
150.9
188.4
185.6
218.0
188.2
150.9
186.1
191.7
199.3
183.6
143.3
185.4
193.8
186.2
185.9
143.8
Textile products__________
C lothing.. __________
Cotton goods. _______
Hosiery and underwear.
Rayon ______________
Silk__________________
Woolen and worsted
goods
__ ___ ___
Other textile products...
148. 5 o 149.0
146.7
146.7
205.3 » 209.3
104.9 8 104.9
40.7
41.6
46.4
46.4
149.6
145.2
213.1
105.3
40.7
46.4
150.2
145.8
217.8
105.4
40.7
46.4
150.3
145.8
219.2
105.4
40.7
46.4
149.8
144.6
218.3
105.4
40.7
46.4
148.9
144.7
214.9
105.0
40.7
46.4
148.4
143.4
214.8
104.4
40.7
46.4
148.0
137.8
213.7
103.0
40.0
73.3
145.2
137.1
209.3
101.4
37.0
73.3
143.4
136.2
204.7
37.0
71.2
142.4
135. 9
202.5
99.9
37.0
68.3
149. 4
186.6
147.5
184.5
147.5
183.1
147. 5
174.2
147.5
170.0
145.7
174.7
143.0
180.2
141.9
181.2
139.6
178.3
134.9
174.9
134.3
175.6
133.8
175.0
133.3
171.2
Fuel and lighting m aterials..
Anthracite . ________
Bituminous coal_______
Coke _______________
"Electricity __________
Gas
________
Petroleum and products.
136.6
136.2
194.5
217. 4
(3)
(»)
135.7
131.6
192.8
212.3
(3)
90.4
133.1
127.1
182.6
206.6
65.7
90.7
132.6
125.5
181.8
205.4
65.4
89.3
131.6
124.6
178.9
197.5
130.8
124.5
177.9
190.6
12 2 .1
12 2 .1
12 2 .1
121.8
12 1.8
112.0
118.2
123.4
173.7
182.2
66.3
83.6
99.9
96.5
114.2
122.5
170.3
181.9
65.2
87.0
93.7
112. 6
85.8
121.7
124.6
123.4
174.3
183.4
66.5
85.4
12 2 .1
130.0
124.2
176.8
190.6
66.4
84.5
120.7
116.1
123.1
172.6
182.0
64.9
89.1
130.9
124.6
177.9
190.6
65.7
88.7
92.2
87.8
106.1
132.8
133. 6
67.2
79.6
64.0
155.9
155.3
154.3
151.5
150.8
150.5
150.1
148.5
1 1 2 .2
93.2
128.6
130.0
144.6
161.6
145.5
138.8
127.0
128.6
140.2
160.8
143.0
136.1
125.5
127.0
139.5
160.3
142.2
136.1
122.8
120.4
124.1
139.3
159.9
142.0
136.1
12 1.6
122.8
104.5
104. 9
93.5
94.7
95.1
92.5
74. 6
79.3
191.0
148.8
187.7
148.1
185.8
146.4
121.6
120.6
Hides and leather products..
Shoes
__
_______
Hides and skins_______
Leather_______________
Other leather products..
Metals and metal products 3_
Agricultural machinery
and equipm entr_____
Farm machinery
Iron and steel...................
Motor vehicles r_______
Nonferrous m e ta ls ____
Plumbing and heating..
Building materials________
Brick and t i l e . . ______
Cement
___
Lumber______________
Paint and paint matePlumbing and heating .
Structural steel-----------Other building mate
rials________ ____ ___
188.4
189. 4
2 12 .1
186.0
148.6
170.8
157.2
132.2
134.1
149.4
8 163.9
152.1
145.3
130.5
132.1
148.9
161.7
150.0
143.2
129.8
131.3
149.4
161.6
149.8
138.7
129. 3
130.8
147.7
161.6
146.8
138.7
»199.5
157.9
0132.2
«316.8
196.8
153.3
128.8
313.2
196.4
152.8
128.2
312.9
195.0
152.5
127.5
309.2
193.1
151.6
127.4
303.8
192.7
151.1
127.2
303.8
193.3
150.9
126. 5
307.3
303.2
296.0
156.7
138.7
155.8
159.6
138.7
149.4
163.2
138.8
143.0
164.0
136.1
143.0
161.8
136.1
143.0
202.8
158. 6
133. 3
318.2
86.8
121.7
169.9
170.2
64. 5
86.0
12 1.6
11 0 .1
77. 2
84.0
97.1
7 2 .1
139.0
159.4
142. 0
136.0
138.3
156.4
141.8
129.4
290.2
183.4
145.4
119.1
286.5
179.6
144.3
116. 9
276.9
160.7
136.1
143.0
157.1
136.0
143.0
154.2
129.4
143.0
108.6
106.0
120 .1
82.1
79.3
107.3
120 .1
135.5
99. 2
106.0
129.9
1 2 1 .3
102.6
176.0
89.6
90.5
91.3
90.1
158 0
153. 2
178.8
157.8
145.3
159.6
158.7
145.3
153.3
158. 4
143.2
153.3
158.6
138.7
155.8
172.0
166.9
163.5
163.1
162.2
161.8
159.8
157.9
155.5
152.6
152.5
150.7
150.1
118.4
89.5
132.0
126.3
134.4
127.8
135.8
126.2
134.7
125.9
136.2
126.8
136.1
126.8
134.6
126.5
138. 8
125.8
135.0
124.1
135.8
124.3
128.6
12 2 .1
122.3
118.2
117.5
117. 5
96.4
98.0
74.2
83.8
153.3
114.9
105.9
180.3
153.6
115.0
104.4
193.2
153.7
113.9
103.2
212.7
153.3
115.0
103.2
205.0
153.8
115.2
103.1
212.3
154.4
114.9
103.1
211.4
154.3
115.1
154.9
114.4
101.5
215.9
151.1
112.4
226.7
137.5
111. 5
97.7
193.4
136.6
109.8
97. 2
163.3
136.6
105.7
97.3
133.1
109.4
82.7
201.5
154.4
115.7
102.4
236.7
86.6
10 2.1
77.1
65.5
73.1
40. 6
144.5 8 143.2
«148. 5 8 146. 7
»140.4 8139. 9
142.6
145.8
139.6
142.3
145.2
139.6
142.0
144.7
139.4
141.8
144.4
139.4
141.3
143.8
139.1
139.4
142.8
136.2
137.5
140.5
134.7
132.4
139.4
134.1
131.3
138.5
131.3
129.9
138.0
129.1
110.4
114.5
108. 5
85.6
90.0
81.1
121.5
121.5
12 1.8
120.8
120 .1
123.6
121.5
118.8
117.1
115.9
113.1
98.5
73.3
63.4
336.0
168.1
44.7
130.7
63.4
308.2
164.7
44.5
130.0
61.0
282.7
160.7
49.3
128.5
60.8
280.5
159.8
43.0
126.6
60.8
287.2
159.5
36.4
124.6
60.8
261.3
158.1
33.7
65.7
197.8
115.6
46.2
59.5
68.4
80.0
34.9
81.3
145.4
149. 3
141.6
M iscellaneous____________
Automobile tires and
tubes r _________ _
Cattle feed____________
Paper and pulp_______
Rubber, crude _______
Other miscellaneous-----
119.6
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
157.1
135. 5 8 134.1
137. 5 8 136.3
153.1
162.8
174. 2 0168.2
153.7
165. 9
145.3
153.2
Housefumishing goods_____
T^nmishings
Furniture 1____________
i See footnote 1, table D-7.
1 See footnote 2 , table D-7.
0 158.5
66.6
128.9
130.4
146.3
161.6
146.8
138.7
Chemicals and allied prodChemicals----------------Drug and pharmaceu
tical m a ter ia ls..____
Fertilizer materials____
Mixed fertilizers_______
Oils and fats------ ---------
8 162. 2
66.1
100.0
197.4
139.5
100.8
66.2
198.4
169.0
48.1
132.2
120.3
66.2
239.6
166.8
49.6
130.0
63.5
292.4
167.3
47.1
129.8
63.5
291.1
167.4
47.6
129.7
63.4
296.9
167.5
46.7
130.2
63.4
284.2
8167.3
42.3
130.2
102.8
63.4
262.0
167.4
42.7
130.8
3 N ot available.
1 Revised.
100.8
122.0
10 1.0
Corrected.
462
E: WORK STOPPAGES
MONTHLY LABOR
E: Work Stoppages
T able E -l: Work Stoppages Resulting From Labor-Management Disputes 1
Number of stoppages
Man-days idle during month
or year
Workers involved in stoppages
M onth and year
Beginning
in month or
year
1935-39 (average)
1945...................... .
1946-...................
1947___________
1947: August___
September.
October__
November.
December1948: January 3_.
February 3.
March 3__
A p ril 3____
M a y 3____
June 3____
July 3_____
A ugust3. . .
In effect dur
ing month
2,862
4,750
4,985
3,693
336
219
219
178
119
175
583
435
393
328
236
250
300
350
400
425
475
525
525
200
225
275
275
310
335
335
1 All known work stoppages, arising out of labor-management disputes,
involving six or more workers and continuing as long as a full day or shift
are included in reports of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Figures on “work
ers involved” and “man-days idle” cover all workers made idle in establish-
Beginning
in month or
year
In effect dur
ing month
1.130.000
3.470.000
4.600.000
2.170.000
113.000
79, 200
64.300
57,200
32.300
75.000
70.000
500.000
175.000
165.000
165.000
225.000
150.000
Number
Percent of
estimated
working time
16,900,000
38,000,000
116,000, 000
34, 600,000
2 , 520,000
1.970.000
1, 780, 000
829.000
590.000
1 , 000,000
725.000
259.000
187.000
171.000
139.000
56,900
100.000
110,000
0.27
.47
1.43
.41
.35
.28
.23
.13
.08
.1
.1
6, 000,000
550.000
625.000
350.000
240.000
300.000
225.000
8, 000,000
.8
1 .1
2. 200.000
.3
.3
1, 750,000
.2
4.100.000
2 , 000,000
.6
ments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect
or secondary effects on other establishments or industries whose employees
are made idle as a result of material or service shortages.
3 Preliminary estimates.
F: Building and Construction
T able F - l: Expenditures for New Construction 1
[Value of work put in place]
Expenditures (in millions)
Type of construction
1948
Sept .3 A ug .3 July 8 June
May
1947
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
1947
1946
Total
Total
Total new construction *.................... .......... $1, 804 $1, 790 $1,715 $1,616 $1,461 $1,311 $1,166 $1,009 $1,157 $1,320 $1,432 $1,497 $1,423 $13, 977 $10,458
Private construction.._________________ 1, 344 1,351 1,318 1,235 1,12 0 1,024
940
837
948 1,097 1,141 1,129 1,086 10,893
8,253
Residential building (nonfarm)_____
685
690
680
635
585
525
475
400
500
610
630
590
540
5, 260
3', 183
Nonresidential building (nonfarm) {__
342
334
324
305
264
277
266
265
273
284
287
275
267
3,131
3,346
Industrial.............. ..........................
117
113
110
110
111
116
120
125
130
134
136
137
138
L 689
1,702
Commercial___________________
125
127
125
116
97
87
88
84
91
85
93
82
75
'835
1 ,1 1 0
Warehouses, office and loft
buildings_______ ________
36
34
29
28
25
23
22
22
24
22
19
14
14
216
309
Stores, restaurants, and ga
rages____________________
89
93
96
88
72
64
66
62
61
69
74
68
61
619
801
Other nonresidential building___
100
94
89
79
69
61
58
56
58
59
58
56
54
594
547
Religious__________________
26
23
21
18
16
14
13
12
13
13
13
13
12
118
72
E ducation al.._____________
25
24
22
19
17
16
15
15
16
17
17
17
16
164
115
Hospital and institutional__
10
10
10
10
9
9
10
9
9
9
9
8
9
107
81
Remaining types «............. ......
39
37
36
32
22
26
21
20
20
19
20
18
17
205
279
Farm construction........... ............. ........
63
82
81
62
50
37
23
14
14
15
25
50
65
450
350
Public utilities.........................................
254
245
233
233
208
198
176
158
161
199
188
214
214
2,052
1,374
Railroad.......................... ............. .
36
36
33
30
26
25
23
21
24
28
30
32
33
318
258
Telephone and telegraph........... .
65
57
55
63
60
63
54
48
45
55
59
53
54
510
305
Other public utilities......................
153
152
145
140
122
99
110
89
92
105
116
123
127
1,224
811
Public construction......... ........................... .
460
439
397
381
341
287
226
172
209
291
223
368
337
3, 084
2,205
Residential building_______________
5
5
5
5
5
6
5
6
9
8
9
8
7
369
182
Nonresidential building (other than
military or naval facilities)________
104
96
88
79
77
71
65
49
53
52
50
49
53
505
325
Industrial7_________ __________
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
25
84
Educational___________________
57
52
48
43
40
37
36
30
32
29
32
27
26
275
101
Hospital and institutional______
24
22
18
15
15
13
10
7
7
8
9
8
8
81
85
All other nonresidential.......... ......
21
20
20
19
20
19
18
11
13
12
13
16
14
124
55
M ilitary and naval facilities_____
13
13
12
11
13
13
12
11
17
19
14
23
22
204
188
H igh w ays...................... ...........................
205
200
169
167
136
98
57
41
56
119
65
159
178
1,233
772
Sewer and water___________________
41
43
41
40
39
38
33
25
27
28
32
35
32
331
194
Miscellaneous public-service enter
prises 8__________________________
10
9
10
10
11
9
9
6
8
8
10
11
12
117
87
Conservation and development...........
64
61
58
56
47
41
36
28
33
36
41
45
44
396
240
All other p u b lic 3__________________
16
14
14
13
13
11
9
9
6
9
12
14
12
116
30
-iw u ii cDLjjntuus ui me joureau oi J^aDor ¡statistics, U. o. .Department of
Labor, and the Office of Domestic Commerce, U. S. Department of Commerce. Estimated construction expenditures represent the monetary value
of the volume of work accomplished during the given period of time. These
figures should be differentiated from permit valuation data reported in the
tabulations for urban building authorized and the data on value of contract
awards reported in table F-2.
3 Preliminary.
• Revised.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4 Includes major additions and alterations.
8 Excludes nonresidential building by privately owned public utilities.
8 Includes social and recreational buildings, hotels, and miscellaneous
buildings not elsewhere classified.
7 Excludes expenditures to construct facilities used in atomic energy projects.
8 Covers primarily publicly owned electric light and power systems and
local transit facilities.
9 Covers miscellaneous construction items such as airports, monuments,
memorials, etc.
463
F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
T able F-2: Value of Contracts Awarded and Force-Account Work Started on Federally Financed
New Construction, by Type of Construction 1
Value (in thousands)
Conservation and
development
Building
Nonresidential
Period
19X6
. _______
19X9
1942
_ _ _ ______
1946
1947.......... - ................
1947 -
A ngnst ______
S e p t e m b e r ___
October
November____
December_____
1948*
__
__
_____
_______
January
F ebruary
March
A p r il
M ay
.Tim e
............
July 9
A ugust 10---------
Total
new con Air
ports *
struc
tion 3
Total
$1,533,439
1,586,604
1 , 7 7 5 , 497
1,450,252
1,294; 069
$561,394
(7)
$4,753 669,222
579', 176 6,130,389
14,859 549,656
24', 645 276, 514
Resi
den
tial
Total
Edu
ca
tional 1
Total
(8)
(«)
(a) $189,710
$63,465 $497,929 (8)
(8)
(8)
225, 423
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
231,071 438,151 (8)
(8)
217,795
(8)
(8>
(8)
549,472 5, 580,917 (8)
(8)
(8)
300,405
114,203
(8
)
(8)
(8)
435,453
(8)
(*)
(8)
51,186 225,328 $47,692 $101,831 $96,123 $5, 708 $31,159 $44,646 308,’029
121,083
89,262
111', 191
U4| 096
112', 388
1,346
1,109
4^503
'772
806
34,055
5,153
7,928
16,351
32, 973
4,347
409
586
711
104
29,708
4,744
7,342
15,640
32,869
1,304
1,155
1,198
912
913
105,737
155^ 428
145| 350
154,375 1
114,040
134' 800
137.730
113,832j
808
645
5,322
2,521
1,199
2, 003
1.578
(8)
14,136
46,632
63,193
9,867
24, 712
35; 989
9, 944
6,255
149
859
61
553
361
825
254
83
13,987
45, 772
63,132
9,311
24, 348
35,164
9,690
6,172
253
168
256
12
468
89
0
2
1 Excludes projects classified as “secret” by the military, and all construc
tion for the Atomic Energy Commission. Data for Federal-aid programs
cover amounts contributed by both the owner and the Federal Government.
3 Includes major additions and alterations.
a Excludes hangars and other buildings, which are included under “ Other
nonresidental” building construction.
« Includes educational facilities under the Federal temporary reuse educa
tional facilities program.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Ad
minTotal
istra- Other
non
tion
resi
and
Vet
gen dential
erans’ Other eral
8
Ho spital a ad
ins titu tiO E al
24,466 24,281
217
249
705
668
9,991 9,961
26,433 26,378
8,818
41,762
59,131
5,606
20, 215
15,156
6,691
4,346
8,603
41, 557
58, 920
5,049
20,045
13, 739
1,493
816
Rec
lama
tion
River,
har
bor,
and
flood
control
High
ways
All
other»
$73, 797 $115,913 $511,685 $270,650
115,612 109,811 ’à bb, 701 331, 505
150, 708 67,087 347, 988 500,149
169, 253 131,152 53ô, /84 49,548
77,095 230, 934 657,087 27, 794
185
32
37
30
55
2,518
2, 565
1,578
3,506
3,332
1,420
775
3,861
1,231
2,191
19,412
22,197
20,650
46,049
19,541
16,186
1,699
3,967
628
6, 928
3,226
20,498
16,683
45,421
12,613
65, 742
59, 827
73,720
49,220
54,349
528
976
4,390
1, 704
4,719
215
205
1,961
1,735
1,230
1, 863
1,861
9,696
1,185 ;
878
2,955
2,108
2, 515
1,833
1,804
10,223
1,814
946
41,585
57,361
21, 793
79, 782
10, 309
23, 628
41,546
15,937
4,667
1,229
6,639
56,934
4, 738
8,877
1,327
236
36,918
56,132
15,154
22, 848
5, 571
14, 751
40, 219
15, 701
47,268
49,426
51, 561
58, 247
75. 648
68,486
78, 4281
90,342
1,940
1,364
3,481
'6, 958
2,172
4,694
6, 234
1 , 2 y8
211
557
17C
1,417
5,198
3,530
• Includes post offices, armories, offices, and customs houses.
• Includes electrification projects, water supply and sewage-disposal sys
tems, forestry projects, railroad construction, and other types of projects not
elsewhere classified.
t Included in “All other.”
• Unavailable.
• Revised.
i° Preliminary.
464
F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
MONTHLY LABOR
T able F-3: Urban Building Authorized, by Principal Class of Construction and by Type oCBuilding1
Number of new dwelling units—Housekeeping only
Valuation (in thousands)
N ew residential building
Period
Privately financed
Total all
classes1
Housekeeping
Privately financed dwelling units
Total
1942.......................
1946,.................... .
1947...................... .
1-family
$2, 707,573 $598, 570 $478,658
4,743,414 2,114,833 1,830,260
5,549, 718 2,880,926 2,361,509
2-fam
ily «
$42,629
103,042
156,408
M ultifami
ly 4
NonPublicly housefinanced keepdwell
ing«
ing
units
New
nonresidential
building
Addi
tions,
altera
tions,
and
repairs
Publicly
fi
Total
1-fam
ily
$77,283 $296, 933 $22, 910 $1, 510,688 $278, 472 184,892 138,908
181, 531 355, 587 43,369 1,458,602 771,023 430,195 358,151
363,009
35,177 29,831 1,712, 672 891,112 501, 353 393, 550
2-fam Multiily * family 4
nanced
15, 747
24, 326
34,159
30,237
47, 718
73,644
95,946
98,310
5,100
1947: July............
August___
September.
October__
November.
December.
537,317
567,979
561, 536
604,165
501, 556
479,881
271,142
297,022
303,186
340,627
256,728
227, 675
221, 264
238,222
251,286
275,691
201,262
179, 806
14, 268
16.432
14, 780
18,032
15, 724
11, 951
35,610
42,368
37,120
46,904
39, 742
35,918
315
1,604
2,229
3,795
6,519
2, 992
1,809
2, 966
4,080
3,450
5,620
2,284
170,181
182,041
162,234
168, 334
166,472
177,315
93,870
84, 346
89,807
87,957
66,217
69,615
47,167
51,121
51,877
55,870
41,010
36,088
36,973
39, 233
40,834
42,825
30,284
26,596
3,053
3,521
2,992
3,536
3,316
2,443
7,141
8,367
8,051
9, 509
7,410
7,049
36
192
275
460
865
364
1948: January....
February..
March____
April...........
M ay............
J u n e 6.........
July 7-------
426,531
414,339
631,621
714,954
657,480
699, 657
647,385
198,698
202,050
321,562
411,300
349, 949
365,656
317, 716
150, 879
146,934
252, 778
317,892
291,208
301,598
263,221
11, 501
8,954
20,016
34, 372
17,895
16.432
14,462
36,318
46,162
48,768
59,036
40, 846
47, 626
40,033
6,616
9,237
597
1,960
5,393
3,350
10,969
3,224
1,441
4,082
6,166
2,729
4, 711
3,167
152,086
141,188
222,565
196,095
205,619
219, 962
219,391
65,907
60,423
82,815
99,433
93, 790
105,978
96,142
32, 523
32,166
50, 788
64,387
52,811
54,112
46,133
23,704
22,180
37, 520
45, 700
41,423
42,106
36,524
2,280
1,863
4,092
6,997
3,769
3,327
2,731
6, 539
8,123
9,176
11,690
7,619
8,679
6,878
820
1,125
85
254
733
439
1.260
1 Building for which building permits were issued and Federal contracts
awarded in all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken in
some smaller urban places that do not issue permits.
The data cover federally and non-federally financed building construction
combined. Estimates of non-Federal (private, and State and local govern
ment) urban building construction are based primarily on building-permit
reports received from places containing about 85 percent of the urban popula
tion of the country; estimates of federally financed projects are compiled from
notifications of construction contracts awarded, which are obtained from
other Federal agencies. Data from building permits are not adjusted to allow
for lapsed permits or for lag between permit issuance and the start of con
struction. Thus, the estimates do not represent construction actually started
durmg the month.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Urban, as defined by the Bureau of the Census, covers all incorporated
places of 2,500 population or more in 1940, and, by special rule, a small number
of unincorporated civil divisions.
s Covers additions, alterations, and repairs, as well as new residential and
nonresidential building.
* Includes units in 1-family and 2-family structures with stores.
4 Includes units in multifamily structures with stores.
5 Covers hotels, dormitories, tourist cabins, and other nonhousekeeping
residential buildings.
« Revised.
TPreliminary.
REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948
F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
465
T able F-4: New Nonresidential Building Authorized in All Urban Places,1 by General Type and by
Geographic Division2
Valuation (in thousands)
Geographic division and
type of new nonresi
dential building
1948
July 8
June
M ay
Apr.
1947
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
1947
1946
Total
Total
All ty p es.......................... $219,391 $219,962 $205,619 $196,095 $222,565 $141,188 $152,086 $177, 315 $166,472 $168,334 $162, 234 $182,041 $170,181 $1, 712, 674 $1, 458,602
N ew England...........
M iddle Atlantic___
East North Central.
W est North Central.
South Atlantic------East South Central.
West South Central.
M ountain_________
P a c ific __________ _
Industrial buildings 4. . .
N ew England_____
M iddle Atlantic___
East North Central.
W est North Central
South A tla n tic -----East South Central.
West South Central.
M ountain....... ...........
Pacific........ ................
Commercial buildings !.
N ew England_____
M iddle Atlantic___
East North Central.
West North Central.
South Atlantic.........
East South Central.
West South Central.
M ountain_________
Pacific____________
Community buildings °.
New England-------M iddle Atlantic___
East North Central.
West North Central.
South Atlantic____
East South Central.
West South Central.
M ountain..................
Pacific...... .............. ..
Public buildings 7_____
New England_____
M iddle Atlantic___
East North Central.
West North Central.
South Atlantic____
East South Central.
West South Central.
M ou n ta in ............
Pacific. __________
Public works and utility
buildings 8_____ _____
New England_____
M iddle Atlantic___
East North Central.
West North Central.
South Atlantic____
East South Central.
West South CentralM ountain___ ____ _
Pacific____________
All other buildings 9___
New England_____
M iddle Atlantic___
East North Central.
W est North Central.
South Atlantic____
East South Central.
West South Central.
M ountain_________
Pacific______ _____
15,339
30, 545
57,717
12,114
34, 905
6,392
25,965
7, 778
28,636
24,387
3,526
5,155
9,217
713
1,180
452
1,836
65
2,243
91,822
5,780
13,072
17,174
6,575
13,501
3,202
12,324
4,192
16,002
67,700
3,443
8,572
21,304
2,736
10,567
2, 294
9, 544
2,825
6,415
5,629
55
337
3,700
36
913
0
286
68
234
17,846
1,736
1,923
3,279
882
7,845
193
1,494
209
285
12,007
800
1,486
3,044
1,172
899
251
480
420
3,455
20,512
32,431
55, 231
13,671
24, 933
8,682
20, 319
4,429
39,754
32,832
2,365
4,938
15,602
2,039
2,159
1,465
1,023
248
2, 993
82,407
7,307
13, 508
17,903
4,647
10,361
3,232
8,120
2,761
14, 568
66,074
8,780
8,753
14,105
3,994
6,508
2,591
8,835
566
11, 942
14,736
613
2,463
1,276
754
1,449
1,029
1,467
475
5, 210
9,306
530
1,252
2,549
1,082
3,051
11
322
8
501
14,607
917
1, 517
3,797
1,155
1,405
353
552
371
4,540
10,142
50,897
37, 567
12,079
19,745
7, 798
24, 584
7, 818
34, 989
26, 233
2,360
8,375
7,997
908
1,496
691
1,316
147
2,943
84,424
3, 275
10, 550
14,660
6,022
11,923
3,375
13,455
3,275
17,889
66,775
3,457
26,082
10,354
2,528
2,887
2,931
7,999
3, 907
6,630
4,296
90
1,147
101
26
91
413
333
36
2,059
10,167
119
3,045
1,094
1,055
2,572
86
669
2
1, 525
13, 724
841
1,698
3,361
1,540
776
302
812
451
3,943
10,279
27,338
45,082
14,985
22, 840
6,176
21, 805
6,240
41,350
26,899
971
7,518
9,262
3,081
1,519
225
760
79
3,484
83, 852
3,401
11, 506
15,198
5,692
13,498
3, 891
10,441
3,747
16,478
51,410
4,255
4,373
13,954
2,665
4,761
1,243
7,359
1,299
11,501
5, 508
121
659
475
1,500
648
209
203
341
1,352
15,639
581
1,839
2,692
701
1,556
315
2,099
238
5,618
12, 787
950
1,443
3, 501
1,346
858
293
943
536
2,917
8,956
55, 770
33, 614
16, 434
25, 267
9,902
21,558
8, 724
42,340
32, 910
1,806
6,823
9,513
1,728
4, 469
1,088
2, 409
383
4,691
82,366
2,547
12, 753
10,010
8,286
9,118
3, 245
10, 917
4,998
20, 492
78,226
3,477
32,780
8, 707
3,796
9,623
1,134
6,463
2, 778
9, 468
7,055
455
488
849
124
394
3,374
496
61
814
12, 715
309
1,784
2,889
1,762
592
702
688
155
3,834
9,293
362
1,142
1,646
738
1,071
359
585
349
3,041
5,236
20, 497
26,458
16,566
14, 562
3,928
27, 433
3,826
22,682
16, 883
1,051
3,699
3,859
1, 205
1,640
330
1, 637
119
3,343
47,315
1,257
5, 411
7,891
2,586
8,170
2,027
8, 062
2,093
9,818
58, 666
1, 465
10,049
10,989
11,998
3,341
675
16, 591
608
2, 950
5,323
1, 250
666
568
77
349
417
566
259
1, 725
2,623
787
7, 570
1,757
11,007
409
3, 641
5, 577
2,289
214
684
535
30
206
1,023
113
483
7,483
75
671
2,481
459
670
325
208
575
2,019
5, 518
138
555
670
241
392
154
369
172
2,827
16,284
5,113
365
1, 649
1,035
1,125
410
814
50
5,723
5,751
109
398
647
314
450
141
600
325
2,767
112
1 Building for which permits were issued and Federal contracts awarded in
all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken in some
smaller urban places that do not issue permits. Sums of components do not
always equal totals exactly because of rounding.
2 For scope and source of urban estimates, see table F-3, footnote 1.
8 Preliminary.
* Includes factories, navy yards, army ordnance plants, bakeries, ice plants,
industrial warehouses, and other buildings at the site of these and similar
production plants.
4 Includes amusement and recreation buildings, stores and other mercantile
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
26,689
9,305
21,268
8,813
18, 547
7,152
27,121
2, 761
30,460
17,453
803
2, 250
5,477
971
1,927
466
1,641
380
3, 568
72, 617
12,431
5,412
10,188
5,171
7,445
4,172
12,036
1,484
14,278
34,404
5,944
6,307
42, 529
29, 084
19,008
21, 403
7,327
17,923
4,067
29,669
33,524
1,642
7, 053
10,137
1,781
3,851
1,489
2 , 666
181
4,724
65, 591
1,804
13,222
11,518
6,885
7,949
1,978
8,705
1,651
11,879
49,975
938
20, 629
4,336
7, 752
3,617
3,239
4,313
1,270
3,881
4,556
502
219
900
200
92
150
551
180
1, 762
16,942
1, 092
576
1 ,2 1 1
1,803
5,347
307
1,241
499
4,866
6,729
329
830
982
587
547
164
447
286
2, 557
14, 753
23,513
36, 414
12, 263
15,958
5,076
26, 079
3,828
28, 590
22, 702
2 , 601
3, 067
9,012
1,384
1, 410
981
1,456
359
2, 432
66, 927
3, 367
8,114
13, 767
5,215
7, 721
2,582
8,292
2,753
15,116
48,969
5,110
10,419
5,355
3, 760
5,151
709
13, 456
392
4,617
4,920
834
200
802
26
244
166
1, 842
0
806
13,105
2,243
518
5, 544
508
872
413
411
13
2,583
9,851
598
1,195
1,934
1,370
560
225
622
311
3,036
12,395
21,465
44,187
13, 476
19,182
6,159
15,366
5,449
30, 657
25,194
1,920
4,963
9,342
1, 671
1,714
717
1,282
257
3,328
78,647
4,203
10, 739
15,739
5,960
10, 423
3, 619
9, 968
2,950
15,046
37, 262
4, 214
2,418
9,798
4,174
5,149
1,427
2,907
1, 659
5,516
1, 767
355
3
386
86
237
55
165
99
381
12,128
741
1,205
5, 413
552
813
51
339
0
3, 014
13,338
962
2,137
3, 509
1,033
846
290
705
484
3,372
10,949
18,845
36, 338
12, 217
17, 791
6,175
19, 454
6,039
34, 424
27, 806
2, 504
4,668
9,538
2,010
1, 304
1, 557
1,516
504
4,205
82,681
4,233
7,641
14,846
6,342
11,353
2,997
11,651
3,370
20, 248
23,340
788
4,538
3, 553
1, 410
2,991
6,541
40,322
49,539
10,752
16,321
6,936
11,915
9,646
30, 071
40,407
892
7,615
21, 767
3, 078
1,315
1, 207
1,657
10, 540
28,357
39, 079
10, 799
19,831
8, 342
19,141
3,906
30,184
25, 762
1,616
6, 743
9, 764
2,137
1,818
839
200
164
1,995
72,884
3, 440
9,316
14, 647
5,624
12,358
4, 762
7,502
1, 727
13,508
38, 567
1,740
3,415
8,707
1,739
3,239
1,436
9,827
1,080
7,384
2,769
182
244
476
1,444
168
7
135
615
362
1,003
2, 676
69, 641
3,294
9,780
17,196
4,585
10,031
3,821
6,477
2,431
12,026
49, 750
1,437
20,718
3,802
1,549
3,659
974
2,218
5,212
10,181
3,398
77
324
1,332
177
306
17
314
282
569
12,889
2, 723
608
3, 541
1,036
1,434
125
740
158
2,524
11,772
701
1,380
3, 416
1, 251
702
250
739
528
2,805
7,452
147
681
2,767
282
346
550
720
1,147
812
11,395
694
1,204
2, 675
1,081
664
367
529
374
3,807
1 ,1 1 1
4,193
1,117
3,639
3, 744
0
10
871
3
35
181
555
109,831
271, 742
372,866
132,163
200, 042
73,138
193, 072
58,162
301, 658
321,847
25,952
57, 755
118, 666
19,890
20, 549
13, 573
17, 519
2,852
45, 091
686,920
32,853
90, 725
119,958
57,240
106,788
34,680
91, 548
26,855
126,273
406,890
25, 759
80,190
62, 541
34, 639
40,161
16,895
65,309
18,366
63,030
40, 699
3,418
4,712
8,171
1,696
6,285
830
4,430
2,416
8,741
103, 716
195,151
338,659
112,927
171, 247
65,583
132, 641
40,287
298,391
397,237
19,477
77,845
133, 599
29,161
34,612
14, 688
13,145
i 417
70,293
669, 574
43,164
74, 569
119,011
51,822
87,405
34,647
82,156
26,057
150,743
190,163
19, 739
21, 247
42,412
19,160
22, 570
12,954
25,963
5,367
20, 751
12,042
371
1,493
880
190
988
116
665
70
7,269
18, 263
2,922
7, 202
2, 203
98
759
1,024
616
455
2, 984
11,933
640
1,437
3,282
979
785
278
475
299
3, 758
143,827
15,086
24,968
35,972
8,738
19,046
4,154
7,648
3, 520
24, 695
112, 491
6,764
13,392
27, 556
9,961
7,213
3,005
6, 618
4,153
33,829
102, 241
15,638
10, 052
23,383
6,108
20,037
862
5,048
1,486
19,627
77,345
5, 328
9,944
19,374
6,485
5,635
2, 316
5, 664
2, 889
29, 710
686
222
buildings, commercial garages, gasoline and service stations, etc.
6 Includes churches, hospitals, and other institutional buildings, schools,
libraries, etc.
7 Includes Federal, State, county, and municipal buildings, such as post
offices, courthouses, city halls, fire and police stations, jails, prisons, arsenals,
armories, army barracks, etc.
8 Includes railroad, bus and airport buildings, roundhouses, radio stations,
gas and electric plants, public comfort stations, etc.
9 Includes private garages, sheds, stables and barns, and other buildings
not elsewhere classified.
466
F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
T able F-5: Number and Construction Cost of New Permanent Nonfarm Dwelling Units Started, bj
Urban or Rural Location, and by Source of Funds 1
Number of new dwelling units started
All units
Period
Privately financed
Rural
Total
Rural
nonfarm nonfarm Urban nonfarm
Rural
nonfarm
Total
nonfarm
752,000
45,000
434,300
96,200
403,700
479,800
185,000
48,000
271, 800
45,600
266,800
369,200
937,000
93,000
619, 511
138,692
662,473
845, 560
752,000
45,000
369,499
93, 216
395,673
476,360
185,000
48,000
250,012
45,476
266,800
369,200
138,100
39,300
42,800
56,000
81,000
24,200
25,000
31,800
57,100
15,100
17,800
24,200
137,016
38,216
42,800
56,000
79, 916
23,116
25,000
31,800
Second quarter.
April______
M ay---------June----------
217,200
67,100
72, 900
77, 200
119,100
37,600
39,300
42,200
98,100
29,500
33,600
35,000
217,000
67,100
72, 900
77,000
Third quarter - .
J u ly ............
August____
September..
261,200
81,100
86,300
93,800
142,200
44, 500
47,400
50,300
119,000
36,600
38,900
43, 500
Fourth quarter.
October----N ovember..
D ecem ber..
232,500
94,000
79, 700
58, 800
137, 500
53,200
48,000
36,300
1948: First quarter....
January---February...
March____
177,300
52, 600
49, 600
75,100
101 , 200
30, 400
28, 800
42,000
Second quarter
A pril 7____
M a y ..........
June______
291,800
98,800
97,000
98,000
Third quarter—
July 8-------
94,000
Total
nonfarm
Urban
1925
.......... - .............
1933*-...........................
1941«.............................
1 9 4 4 ...........................
1946 ...........................
1947 ...........................
937,000
93,000
706,100
141,800
670,500
849,000
1947: First quarter.. .
January___
February...
March-------
0
0
0
0
Total
Privately
financed
Publicly
financed
0 $4,475,000 $4, 475,000
285,446
0
285,446
86,589
3,108
8,027
3,440
64,801
2,984
8,027
3,440
21, 788
124
0
0
2,825,895
495,054
3, 769, 767
5,642, 798
2, 530, 765
483, 231
3, 713,776
5,617,425
57,100
15,100
17,800
24,200
1,084
1,084
1,084
1,084
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
808, 263
223, 577
244,425
340,261
800, 592
215, 006
244,425
340,261
7,67
7,67.
118, 900
37,600
39,300
42,000
98,100
29, 500
33,600
35,000
200
0
0
200
200
0
0
200
0
0
0
0
1,361,677
418,451
452, 236
490,990
1,360,477
418,451
452, 236
489, 790
1 , 20(
260,733
81,100
86,108
93,525
141, 733
44, 500
47,208
50,025
119,000
36,600
38,900
43, 500
467
467
192
275
1,774,150
539,333
589,470
645,347
1,770,475
539,333
587,742
643,400
3,67.
192
275
0
0
0
0
95,000
40, 800
31,700
22, 500
230,811
93, 540
78,835
58,436
135,811
52, 740
47,135
35, 936
95,000
40,800
31, 700
22,500
1,689
460
865
364
1,689
460
865
364
0
0
0
0
1,698,708
678,687
584,731
435, 290
1,685,881
675,197
578,324
432,360
12,82'
3, 49(
6,40'
2 ,93(
76,100
22 , 200
20, 800
99,052
29, 603
27, 774
41,675
75,944
22,173
20, 671
33,100
2,304
824
1,155
325
2,148
797
1,026
325
156
27
129
0
1, 287, 460
372, 657
363,421
551,382
1 , 268, 661
33,100
174, 996
51, 776
48,445
74, 775
365,886
354, 218
548, 557
18, 791
6, 77
9, 20.'
2,82,
163, 700
54,400
56,400
52,900
128,100
44, 400
40,600
43,100
288,913
97,518
95, 792
95,603
162.404
54,156
55,667
52, 581
126,509
43,362
40,125
43,022
2, 887
1,282
1,208
397
1,296
244
733
319
1,591
1,038
475
78
2,198,259
729, 713
737,182
731,364
2,171, 801
717,996
725,745
728,060
26,45S
11,71
11,43
3,30'
49, 700
44,300
93, 640
49,340
44,300
360
360
0
725, 900
723,032
i The estimates shown here do not include temporary units, conversions,
dormitory accommodations, trailers, or military barracks. They do include
prefabricated housing units.
These estimates are based on building-permit records, which, beginning
with 1945, have been adjusted for lapsed permits and for lag between permit
issuance and start of construction. They are based also on reports of Federal
construction contract awards and beginning in 1946, on field surveys in
nonpermit-issuing places. The data in this table refer to nonfarm dwelling
units started, and not to urban dwelling units authorized, as shown in table
F-3.
A ll of these estimates contain some error. In 1948, for example, if the
estimate of nonfarm starts is 50,000, the chances are about 19 out of 20 that
an actual enumeration would produce a figure between 47,600 and 52,400
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Urban
Estimated construction cost
(in thousands) 8
Publicly financed
0
0
295, r
11,8
55,9
25,3
1 , 20(
1,728
1,94'
2,86
In 1946 and 1947, the range of error was approximately twice as large. The
reduction was achieved by improvements in estimating and survey tech
niques.
8 Private construction costs are based on permit valuation, adjusted for
understatement of costs shown on permit applications. Public construction
costs are based on contract values or estimated construction costs for individ
ual projects.
8 Housing peak year.
* Depression, low year.
8 Recovery peak year prior to wartime limitations.
6 Last full year under wartime control.
7 Revised.
8 Preliminary.
U. S. GOVERNMENT P R IN TI NG O FF IC E
1948
@FedFRASER