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U N IT E D STA TES D E P A R T M E N T OF LA B O R
F r a n c e s P e r k in s , S e c r e ta r y
B U R E A U O F L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S
Isad or L u b in , C o m m is sio n e r
KALAMAZOO PUGL1G LIB
OCT 3 1 1935
M o n th ly ._____
L a b o r R e v ie w
Hugh S. Hanna, Editor
V o lu m e 41, N u m b e r 4
O c to b e r 1935
U N IT E D S T A T E S
G O V E R N M E N T P R I N T I N G O F F IC E
W A S H I N G T O N : 1935
F o r s a le b y t h e S u p e r in t e n d e n t o f D o c u m e n t s "
"
**
"
P r ic e 30 c e n t s a c o p y
S u b s c r ip tio n p r ic e p e r y e a r : U n i t e d S t a te s , C a n a d a , M e x ic o $3.50; o t h e r c o u n t r ie s , $ 4.75
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Published under authority of Public Resolution No. 57, approved
May 11, 1922 (42 Stat. 541), as amended by section 307, Public
Act 212, 72d Congress, approved June 30,1932. This publication
approved by the Director, Bureau of the Budget.
n
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C o n te n ts
Special articles:
Salaries and working conditions in police departments, 1934_______
Extent and characteristics of company unions: Preliminary report__
Wages and hours of labor in the drilling and production branch of the
petroleum industry___________________________________________
Man-hours of employment in 35 manufacturing industries in 1933, by
Arthur F. Beal_______________________________________________
Social security:
Railroad Employees’ Retirement Act of 1935_____________________
Old-age pensions in California, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and New
York in 1935________________________________________________
Old-age pension law of the District of Columbia------------------------- __
District of Columbia Unemployment Compensation A ct___________
„.,1 Family allowances for municipal employees in Santiago, Chile______
, ifj Employees’ retirement systems in Great Britain___________________
a i Liberalization of British Health Insurance Act____________________
Amendment of Swedish invalidity and old-age insurance law----------Em ploym ent conditions:
Restriction upon closing of industrial establishments in Czechoslo
vakia_______________________________________________________
Repatriation of foreign workers in France________________________
“ Labor book’’ system introduced in Germany____________________
Age distribution of unemployed in Great Britain, May 1935________
N ational R ecovery program:
Work of Petroleum Labor Policy Board__________________________
Cabinet committee’s recommendations for cotton-textile industry___
N ational income:
National income in 1934______________________________________ __
Industrial relations:
Employee elections conducted by Petroleum Labor Policy Board, by
David A. Moscovitz_______________________________
Employee elections conducted by National Labor Relations Board,
up to June 16, 1935, by George Shaw Wheeler__________________
Collective-bargaining practices in France______________
P rod u ctivity o f labor and in d u stry :
Changes in employment and productivity in the cement industry____
Productivity of coal-mine labor in Japan__________________________
H ousing conditions:
Status of federally aided low-cost housing, as of August 1, 1935____
Municipal lodging houses in Leeds, England______________________
H ealth and industrial hygiene:
Lighting conditions in Connecticut clothing factories---------------------Prevalence of anthraco-silicosis in Pennsylvania___________________
Employers required to furnish free medical supplies in El Salvador __
Industrial accidents:
Occupational fatalities in 1934----------------------------------------------------Occupational injuries to women in the United States, 1930 and 1931 —
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
h i
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IV
CONTENTS
Labor law s :
Bituminous Coal Conservation Act of 1935________________________
W orkm en’s compensation:
Murder of employee on duty held to be a compensable accident____
Injury to employee operating sorghum mill on farm held to be noncompensable_________________________________________________
Cooperation:
Cooperative credit movement in 1934____________________________
Production of butter and meats by consumers’ cooperatives________
Wisconsin act providing for the teaching of cooperation____________
Industrial disputes:
Strikes and lockouts in August 1935_____________________________
Analysis of strikes and lockouts in June 1935_____________________
Conciliation work of the Department of Labor in August 1935_____
Labor agreem ents :
Legalized schedules of wages and hours in Ontario building trades-Labor turn-over:
Labor turn-over in manufacturing establishments, July 1935_______
Wages and hours o f labor:
Average annual earnings in construction, “ service” industries, trade,
and transportation and public utilities in Ohio, 1929 to 1933_____
Wage-rate changes in American industries_________________________
Establishment of 8-hour working day in the Dominican Republic__
Germany— Hours and earnings in various industries in March 1934
and April 1935_______________________________________________
Netherlands— Wages and cost of production in State coal mines in
1934-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Em ploym ent offices:
Operations of United States Employment Service, August1935_____
Analysis of Employment Service activities during June 1935_______
T ren d o f em ploym ent and pay rolls:
Summary of employment reports for August 1935_________________
Employment and pay rolls, July 1935— Revised figures:
Industrial employment:
Manufacturing industries_______________________________
Trade, public utility, mining, and service industries, and
private building construction_____________
Class I railroads_______________________________________
Trend of employment, by States_______________________
Industrial employment and pay rolls in principalcities_____
Public employment:
Executive, legislative, military, and judicial services of the
Federal Government_________________________________
Construction projects financed by Public Works Adminis
tration______________________________________________
Emergency-work program_____ _________________________
Emergency conservation work__________________________
State-road projects_____________________________________
Reconstruction Finance Corporation constructionprojects-Construction projects financed from regular governmental
appropriations_______________________________________
Unemployment in foreign countries__________________________
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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CONTENTS
V
Building operations:
Page
Summary of building construction reports for August 1935-------------- 1094
Building operations in July 1935: Revised figures:
Building construction in principal cities---------------------------------1097
Construction from public funds______________________________ 1103
Review of construction in the first half of 1935_____________________
1108
Construction from public funds, first half of 1935___________________ 1120
R etail prices:
Food prices in August 1935__ :----------------------------------------------------- 1127
Retail prices of food in the United States and in certain foreign
countries____________________________________________________
1134
Wholesale prices:
Wholesale prices in August 1935 (with summary data for first half of
September)---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1138
Cost o f liv in g :
Shanghai family budget inquiry, 1929-30-------------------------------------- 1142
Publications relating to labor:
Official—United States__________________________________________ 1148
Official— Foreign countries___________________________________ —
1153
Unofficial______________________________________________________ 1155
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T h is Issu e in B r ie f
Company unions existed in 593, or 4 percent, of the 14,725 establish
ments which reported to the Bureau of Labor Statistics in a survey con
ducted in April 1935. In 97 of these establishments regular trade
unions were also functioning. Of a total of 1,935,556 workers em
ployed in the 14,725 establishments covered, 385,954 workers, or
approximately 20 percent, were employed in establishments which
had company unions only, and 144,434, or 7.5 percent, in establish
ments dealing with both company unions and trade unions. Almost
15 percent of the company unions covered in the study were estab
lished during the war period, and 64 percent were established during
the period of the N. R. A. Page 865.
Average annual earnings of police-department employees ranged from
$1,293 to $3,107 in 1934, according to a survey recently completed by
the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The annual salary of patrolmen—the
occupational group which comprised approximately three-fourths of
the employees covered—averaged $2,175. The average number of
hours on duty per day for police-department employees during the
year was between 8 and 9 in most of the important cities. Page 857.
Weekly earnings of employees in the drilling and production branch
of the petroleum industry averaged $28.22 in August 1934, and the wage
rates then existing in the industry represented, in general, substantial
increases over those in force prior to code adoption. Average full
time hours of labor, on the other hand, decreased during this period.
Page 877.
Wage earners in 35 manufacturing industries worked an average of
165.1 hours per month during 1933. The average ranged from 140.9
in the machine-tools industry to 220.8 in the beet-sugar refining
industry. Data for individual industries, for earnings as well as
hours of labor, are given in a study based upon unpublished data of
the 1933 census. Page 904.
High silicosis and tuberculosis rates were found among a group of
anthracite miners examined in different sections of the anthracite field
in Pennsylvania in a study of anthraco-silicosis made by the United
States Public Health Service. Physical examinations of 2,711 active
workers showed that 616, or 22.7 percent, had anthraco-silicosis,
106 being in the more advanced stages of the disease. Tuberculosis
as a complication was found in 124 cases. The disease developed most
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
vxi
VIII
THIS ISSUE IN BRIEF
rapidly in workers exposed to high concentrations of the dust, about
13 percent of the rock workers having stage 1 anthraco-silicosis when
the working period was less than 15 years, while 9 out of 10 of these
workers who had been employed more than 25 years had the disease.
Page 979.
Allotments for 22 Federal and 7 limited-dividend housing projects
were reported as having been made by the Housing Division of the
Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works as of August 1,
1935, in connection with the program for low-rent housing. Construc
tion had been started on 5 of the Federal housing projects, and 5 of
the limited-dividend projects were either partly or wholly finished
when the report was made. Page 968.
Tests of lighting conditions in Connecticut clothing factories, made by
the Women’s Bureau of the Department of Labor, showed that
facilities for both daylight and artificial light are inadequate in most
cases to meet the minimum requirements of the American Standards
Association lighting code, particularly as applied to sewing on dark
materials. Page 972.
National income increased by 11 percent, or 5 billion dollars, between
1933 and 1934, according to estimates made by the Division of
Economic Research of the United States Bureau of Foreign and
Domestic Commerce. The total income in 1934 was 49.4 billion
dollars as compared with 44.4 billion in 1933 and 48 billion in 1932.
In 1934 all types of income payments increased except interest, and
all of 12 industry groups studied reflected the gain with the exception
of the electric light and power and gas group. The index of labor
income in 1934, including wages and salaries, was 64.8 based on the
total for 1929, as compared with 57 in 1933 and 60 in 1932. Page 947.
Shortly after the passage of the Ontario Industrial Standards Act,
making collective agreements enforceable as law, the building trades of
the Toronto area secured legalized schedules establishing hourly wage
rates of 50 and 60 cents for unskilled labor and 75 cents to $1 for
journeymen. A 5-day, 40-hour week, 8 legal holidays in addition to
Saturdays and Sundays, and definite provisions for increased rates for
overtime work were also established for skilled workers. Page 1008.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M onthly Labor R ev iew
U
V ol. 41, N o. 4
n it e d
S tates B u r e a u
W A SH ING TO N
4-
‘P u b l i s h e d b y th e
of
L a b o r S t a t ist ic s
October 1935
S a la rie s a n d W o rk in g C o n d itio n s in P o lice
D e p a rtm e n ts , 1934 1
AN OUTSTANDING feature of the post-war era is the increase
\ . in jobs in the service industries, professions, and public work.
In the field of public service, a most spectacular gain has been regis
tered in the personnel for law enforcement. The number of police
men (excluding detectives, marshals and constables, probation and
truant officers, and sheriffs) in the United States increased from
82,120 in 1920 to 131,687 in 1930.2 Thus, while the population of the
country increased only about 16 percent, the number of police officers
increased more than 60 percent. No doubt since 1930, due to mount
ing State and municipal deficits, the police force of the country has
been reduced to some extent, but there is little evidence of drastic
retrenchment. This is especially true of the larger cities. In fact,
in New York City the number of police-department employees in
1934 was actually greater than in 1929.
Because of the growing importance of law administration as a
gainful occupation, the Bureau of Labor Statistics in recent years has
made occasional surveys of the salaries of police-department em
ployees in the principal cities. The present article summarizes the
results of the fifth general survey and covers conditions prevailing in
1934.3
The survey for 1934 was much more comprehensive than the
preceding studies of this series, all cities with a population of 25,000
or over being canvassed. Reports were received from 377 cities and
the number of employees covered totaled 88,985. Moreover, in
addition to the details concerning salaries, information was also col
lected regarding supplementary payments, hours on duty, and hazards
of the service. Only a summary of the outstanding results of the
survey is contained in the present article, but detailed information
by cities can be obtained by addressing the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
jL
1 Prepared under the direction of J. Perlman, Chief of the Division of Wages, Hours, and Working
Conditions, by Q. H. Loudenslager and H. O. Rogers, of the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
2 U . S. Bureau of the Census, Fifteenth Census of the United States: 1930, Occupation Statistics,
United States Summary, p. 16.
3 For results of previous studies,see M onthly Labor Review, October 1919 (p. 147), October 1924
(pp. 68-77), January 1930 (pp. 118-138), and M ay 1933 (pp. 1116-1150).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
857
858
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Annual Salaries
N ot many years ago the salaries of police officers in almost all cities
in the country were generally regarded as inadequate, considering the
nature of the work and the type of personnel required. In recent
years, however, due to the urgent need for a higher type of personnel,
salaries have been raised appreciably. Today the salaries of patrol
men average considerably above $2,000 annually in nearly all the
important cities of the country. On the other hand, in the smaller
cities with a population of between 25,000 and 50,000 the average
salary of patrolmen in 1934 was $1,702 and in one case a salary of
only $600 was reported.
Superintendents and chiefs of police, of course, receive the highest
salaries. For all cities covered the annual earnings of superin
tendents or chiefs in 1934 averaged $3,107. Other police-department
employees with high annual incomes were inspectors. For this
group the average was $3,027. Salaries of assistant or deputy chiefs
averaged $2,991, captains of police averaged $2,806, and the average
salaries of lieutenants of police was $2,729.
The lowest average earnings of police-department employees in
1934 were those of matrons, $1,293. In addition to matrons, other
employees with low earnings were telephone operators, the clerical
workers (stenographers, typists, and bookkeepers), identification
clerks, and secretaries. The average salaries for employees in these
occupations ranged from $1,505 to $1,902 in 1934. The salaries of the
66,545 patrolmen included in the survey averaged $2,175 during the
year. The average annual salary of sergeants was $2,393.
As in other occupations, the salaries of police-department employees
depend in large measure upon the size and location of the city in
which they are employed. The relationship between earnings and
size of city is illustrated by table 1 which classifies the salaries of
police-department employees by size of cities. From this table it
will be seen that for virtually all ranks (or occupations) annual earn
ings decrease with the size of the cities. In cities with a population of
1.000. 000 or over, 14 occupational groups received less than $3,000
and only 4 groups received less than $2,000; in cities of 500,000 and
under 1,000,000, 20 occupational groups received less than $3,000 and
7 groups less than $2,000. This contraction of average annual incomes
of each class continued with the decrease in size of city, until in cities
with a population of from 25,000 to 50,000 none of the occupational
groups had an annual wage in excess of $3,000 and 20 groups received
less than $2,000.
The highest annual income in all cities was received by the chief or
superintendent of police. The average salaries of employees of this
rank ranged from a high of $7,563 in cities with a population of
1.000. 000 or over to a low of $2,521 in cities of from 25,000 to 50,000.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
859
SALARIES IN POLICE DEPARTMENTS, 1934
The lowest annual wage in all sizes of cities, with the exception of
those of 1,000,000 or over, was reported for matrons. The annual
salaries for employees in this group ranged from $1,721 in cities of
1,000,000 or over to somewhat less than $1,000 in cities of 25,000 and
less than 50,000.
The occupational groups which were consistently in the higher income
brackets were chiefs of police, inspectors, captains of police, assistant
or deputy chiefs, lieutenants of police, and chiefs of detectives. Those
falling within the low-earnings brackets include matrons, telephone
operators, clerical help, identification clerks, and policewomen. It is
interesting to note that secretaries who received incomes of $3,380 in
cities of 500,000 and under 1,000,000, averaged only $1,602 in cities
of 50,000 and under 100,000.
Although for all cities the salaries of patrolmen averaged $2,175
in 1934, the average in cities of 1,000,000 or more amounted to $2,509.
The average for patrolmen declined as the size of the cities decreased
and in cities of 25,000 and under 50,000 the average was only $1,702.
In only one group of cities did the salaries of policewomen approxi
mate those of patrolmen. Their average annual wages in all cities was
$2,113, and in cities of over 1,000,000 they received $2,481. In all
other classifications but one the annual wage for policewomen was
under $2,000. The lowest average for this group was $1,418 in cities
of 25,000 and under 50,000.
Table 1.—Average Annual Salaries of Police-Department Employees in 1934,
by Size of Cities
All cities
Cities of 1,000,000
or more
Cities of 500,000
and under
1,000,000
Rank or occupation
Number Average Number Average Num ber Average
of em annual
of em annual
of em annual
ployees salary ployees salary ployees salary
reliefs or snperintend p.d Is of police
__ _
Assistan t nr deputy chiefs _ _ _ _ _ _
_ __
nhiefs of detectives
______ _________ Inspectors
______ _ _______________ _
Captains of detectives
_ _________________
Captains of police
_ _ ------ -- ----- -------Lieutenants of detectives _____ _________
jyi^.pilp.-fjflnts of police
____________ Sergeants of detectives
_____ ________
Sergeants of police
____
___ _ —
Detectives
_ _______ -- - — Patrolmen
____ _______ - ________ -- Policewomen
- __________________ Matrons
_______ _______ _ _____
Identification chiefs
--------------- ------------Identification clerks
_______ _________
Fingerprint operators
__ _ _ _ _ _______
Superintendents of telephone or radio. ______ Electricians or linemen
_____ _______ _
Telephone operators
___ _ _____________
Machinists or mechanics
__________ ___ - Secretaries .
_ ________________ — —
Assistant secretaries
____________________
Chief clerks
_______ _ __ --------Clerical (stenographers, typists, bookkeepers,
0t(* )
___________ ___________
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
377
133
98
342
114
967
472
2,122
792
5,057
3,734
66, 545
484
381
88
125
115
75
237
503
393
155
14
79
$3,107
2,991
2, 558
3,027
2,591
2,806
2,603
2,729
2,192
2,393
2,256
2,175
2,113
1,293
2,136
1,637
1,832
2,041
2,249
1 1, 505
1,968
1,902
2,284
1,991
5
15
5
83
15
226
187
712
90
1,945
1,065
30,158
244
42
1
2
7
3
71
93
112
11
2
3
$7, 563
5, 707
5, 273
4,370
3,611
3,849
2,973
3,441
2,688
2,851
3,005
2,509
2,481
1,721
3,859
2, 700
1,946
4,680
2,872
1,608
2,331
3,286
2,400
2,803
8
6
5
93
3
112
48
432
165
798
361
9,255
56
86
4
6
5
4
59
137
80
7
10
5
$5, 788
4,255
3,877
2,718
2,931
3,132
2, 664
2,433
2,391
2,337
2,152
2,045
1,829
1,333
2, 754
1,938
2,525
2,535
1,962
1,431
1,882
3,380
2, 265
2,876
1,226
1,673
482
1,840
228
1,687
860
Table 1.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Average Annual Salaries of Police-Department Employees in 1934,
by Size of Cities— Continued
Cities of
Cities of
Cities of
250,000 and
100,000 and
50,000 and
under 500,000 under 250,000 under 100,000
Rank or occupation
Chiefs or superintendents of police_______
Assistant or deputy chiefs_______________
Chiefs of detectives_____________________
Inspectors______________________________
Captains of detectives___________________
Captains of police_______________________
Lieutenants of detectives.______ _________
Lieutenants of police____________________
Sergeants of detectives__________________
Sergeants of police______________________
Detectives_____________________________
Patrolmen_____________________________
Policewomen___________________________
Matrons___________________ ___________
Identification chiefs_____________________
Identification clerks_____________________
Fingerprint operators___________________
Superintendents of telephone or radio_____
Electricians or linem en_____ ____________
Telephone operators__________ _________
Machinists or mechanics________________
Secretaries__________ ____ ______________
Assistant secretaries_____________________
Chief clerks_____________________________
Clerical (stenographers, typists, book
keepers, etc.)__________________________
Cities of
25,000 and
under 50,000
Num- Aver- Num- Aver- Num- Aver- Num- Averber
age
ber
age
ber
age
ber
age
of em- an- of em- an- of em- an- of em- anploy- nual ploy- nual ploy- nual ploy- nual
ees
salary
ees
salary
ees
salary
ees
salary
23 $4, 598
18 3,693
12 3, 300
59 3,144
26 2,630
136 2,835
88 2, 387
321 2, 633
159 2, 067
643 2,195
846 2,146
8, 899 1,989
63 2,011
74 1,422
15 2, 588
61 1,576
15 1,867
13 2,307
40 2,193
94 11, 649
68 1,785
18 2,391
2 2, 263
10 2, 605
277
1,598
57 $3,653
23 3,019
23 2,586
28 2,448
29 2, 449
198 2, 440
71 2,181
232 2,318
210 2, 040
663 2,049
619 1,872
7, 766 1,829
58 1,604
90 1,191
29 2, 003
30 1,619
19 2,098
23 1,927
28 2,005
73 1,333
60 1,735
30 1,825
0
18 2, 095
114
1,430
102 $3, 082
27 2,409
28 2, 099
50 2,168
22 2,243
143 2,264
37 2,345
243 2,174
98 2,109
490 2,010
525 1,792
5,818 1,775
35 1,583
51 1,106
24 2, 042
19 1,661
38 1,803
22 1,764
28 1,789
69 1,541
45 2,056
54 1,602
0
20 1,684
81
1,522
182
44
25
29
19
152
41
182
70
518
318
4, 649
28
38
15
7
31
10
11
37
28
35
o
23
$2, 521
1,949
1,884
1,973
2,220
1,973
2,268
2,081
1,945
1,806
1,676
1,702
1,418
973
1,814
1,617
1,552
1,581
1,757
1,460
1,561
1,449
44
1, 162
1,613
1 For all men in this group except a very few for whom data were not reported.
The study indicates that although the average annual salary re
ceived by patrolmen in all cities was $2,175, this average was exceeded
in 4 of the 5 cities with a population of 1,000,000 or over. The highest
average earnings received in cities of this size was $2,733 in New
York. Patrolmen in Detroit averaged $2,504; in Los Angeles, $2,389;
and in Philadelphia, $2,190. The lowest salaries in cities of this class
were paid in Chicago where patrolmen averaged $2,119 in 1934.
The highest salary paid to the head of a police department in 1934
in cities of 1,000,000 or over was $8,575, received by the chief of
police in Chicago. Ranking next with respect to earnings in the
cities of 1,000,000 or over was the inspector of police in New York
City with an annual salary of $8,240. The highest yearly income in
cities of 500,000 and under 1,000,000 was received by the chief of police
in Boston ($7,000) and the lowest in cities of this size was reported
by Baltimore ($4,625). It is interesting to note that Jersey City,
with a population of 319,900, was paying its chief of police $9,000
annually, the highest salary recorded for all cities covered.
In contrast with the established practice in many European cities,
supplementary allowances for police officers are not common in this
country. Supplements to salaries were reported, however, by a few
of the cities covered. In cities which did provide supplementary
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
SALARIES IN POLICE DEPARTMENTS, 1934
861
allowances, the type and kind differed greatly. In Philadelphia, for
example, the police officers are allowed $50 a year for uniforms. Aside
from Philadelphia, only seven of the cities canvassed granted supple
mentary cash allowances. In some places the city contributed toward
the cost of uniform and equipment. A few cities gave the members
nearly a complete complement of equipment and others supplied
part of the equipment. The additional items furnished varied greatly
and included such equipment as pistols, badges, whistles, night sticks,
belts, stripes, hats, street guides, ammunition, gold braid, handcuffs,
puttees, uniforms, and overcoats. A few cities provided meals and
sleeping quarters for certain classes of employees.
Working Time
C onforming with the general post-war movement in industry and
commerce towards a shorter working day, the personnel of police
departments have been successful in having the number of hours on
duty considerably shortened. The current survey indicates that for
all cities canvassed the average number of hours on duty per day was
between 8 and 9. The average for superintendents or chiefs of police,
however, was 9.4 hours per day. On the other hand, assistant
secretaries and clerical workers averaged 7.9 hours a day. The aver
age working day for patrolmen was 8.1 hours.
In cities of 1,000,000 population or over, the average working day
for all occupational groups except two was exactly 8 hours. The
two exceptions were chief clerks who averaged 7.3 hours and clerical
workers with an average of 7.9 hours. For the most part, hours on
duty per day tended to increase as the size of city declined. In cities
with a population of from 25,000 to 50,000, for example, the working
time for employees in virtually all occupational groups was substan
tially higher than in the larger cities (table 2). With two excep
tions—captains of detectives and matrons in cities of 50,000 and under
100.000 population—the number of hours on duty per day averaged
less than 10. Patrolmen in cities except those of 25,000 and under
100.000 worked an average of 8.2 hours or less per day. In a few of
the smaller cities, police chiefs reported 24 hours of duty per day.
This meant, of course, that they were always subject to call, not that
the actual working time was 24 hours a day.
For all cities the highest average number of hours and days worked
per week was reported for the police chiefs (or superintendents).
Employees in this group averaged 6.6 days and 61.9 hours per week.
Assistant secretaries and clerical workers, in showing an average of
6, worked the least number of days per week; assistant secretaries
also had the low of 47-7 for average weekly hours,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
862
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
As the size of city declined, a marked increase was shown in the
working time. As against an average of 6.1 days and 49.1 hours
weekly for patrolmen in cities of 1,000,000 or over, in cities of 25,000
and under 50,000 the working time averaged 6.5 days (55.5 hours)
per week. Chiefs or superintendents of police in cities of 1,000,000 or
over averaged 48 hours weekly; in cities of 25,000 and under 50,000
they marked 65.8 hours per week.
In cities of 1,000,000 or over the general practice was a 6-day week
of 48 working hours. The only occupations which had more hours
or a longer week were sergeants of police, detectives, patrolmen,
matrons, fingerprint operators, and telephone operators. Those
having fewer hours included the clerical workers, machinists, and
mechanics. In only one instance was the average number of days
per week worked greater than 6.3 and no occupation had more than
54.9 hours per week.
Table 2.
Average Number of Hours on Duty Per Day of Police-Department
Employees in 1934, by Size of Cities
All cities
Cities of 1,000,000
or more
Cities of 500,000
and under
1,000,000
Rank or occupation
Average
Average
Average
Number hours
on Number hours on N umber hours on
of em
per of em duty per of em duty per
ployees duty
ployees
ployees
day
day
day
Chiefs or superintendents of police__________
Assistants or deputy chiefs_______________
Chiefs of detectives__________________
Inspectors____ ________________________ '
Captains of detectives______________________
Captains of police___________________ Y . Y . Y . I
Lieutenants of detectives___________________
Lieutenants of police___________ __________ "
Sergeants of detectives_________________
Sergeants of police_____________________
D e te ctiv es..________________________
Patrolmen__________________________
Policewomen________________________ Y .Y .Y .I
Matrons_____ _____________________
Identification chiefs___________III” ” ” ” ” ” !
Identification clerks______________
Fingerprint operators________________ II III“
Superintendents of telephone or radio________
Electricians or linemen_____________________
Telephone operators_______________________
Machinists or mechanics_________________
Secretaries______ _______ ___________________
Assistant secretaries_________________
Chief clerks__________
III” ” ” "
Clerical (stenographers, typists, bookeepers,
etc.)__ _____ _____________
377
133
98
342
114
967
472
2,122
792
5,057
3,734
66,545
484
381
88
125
115
75
237
503
393
155
14
79
1 9.4
1 8.6
1 8.7
1 8.2
i 8.8
1 8.4
18.3
1 8.1
1 8.2
1 8.1
1 8.4
>8.1
• 8.0
1 8.6
1 8.4
8.0
1 8.5
18.6
1 8.0
8.0
8.1
18.1
7.9
8.1
1,226
1 7.9
5
15
5
83
15
226
187
712
90
1,945
1,065
30,158
244
42
1
2
7
3
71
93
112
11
2
3
482
1 For all men in this group except a very few for whom data were not reported
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 8.0
* 8.0
1 8.0
1 8.0
1 8.0
1 8.0
1 8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
1 8.0
8.0
8.0
1 8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
7.3
8
6
5
93
3
112
48
432
165
798
361
9,255
56
86
4
6
5
4
59
137
80
7
10
5
1 8. 0
8.0
■8. 0
1 8.0
8. 0
» 8.0
9. 0
8. 0
8.3
8. 0
8. 5
8. 0
8. 0
8.8
8.0
8. 0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
7.9
228
8.0
863
SALARIES IN POLICE DEPARTMENTS, 1934
Table 2.— Average Number of Hours on Duty Per Day of Police-Department
Employees in 1934, by Size of Cities— Continued
Cities of
25,000 and
under 50,000
Cities of
Cities of
Cities of
50,000 and
100,000 and
250,000 and
under 500,000 under 250,000 under 100,000
Rank or occupation
AverAverAverAverNum- age Num- age Num- age Num- age
ber of hours ber of hours ber of hours ber of hours
on
ememon
on
ememon
ploy- duty ploy- duty ploy- duty ploy- duty
per
ees
per
ees
per
per
ees
ees
day
day
day
day
23
Chiefs or superintendents of police------------18
Assistants or deputy chiefs.-..........— .........—
12
Chiefs of detectives------------------------ --------59
Inspectors-......................................- ------ -------26
Captains of detectives-----------------------------136
Captains of police_______________________
88
Lieutenants of detectives.......................... .......
321
Lieutenants of police_____________________
159
Sergeants of detectives-----------------—
643
Sergeants of police___________ _______ ____
846
D etectives------- -------------------- ------ ---------Patrolmen.------ --------------------— 8,899
63
Policewomen------ ----------—
74
Matrons-----------------------------------------------15
Identification chiefs______________________
61
Identification clerks---------------- ---------------15
Fingerprint operators-----------------------------13
Superintende nts of telephone or radio-------40
Electricians or linem en---------------------------94
Telephone Operators--------------------------- —
68
Machinists or mechanics--------------- ---------18
Secretaries--------------------------------------------2
Assistant secretaries------------ ------ ------------10
Chief clerks_________________ r--------------Clerical (stenographers, typists, book
277
keepers, etc.)________________ - - - .........--•
i
1 8.4
18.1
8.2
'8 .1
8.2
1 8.2
8.5
1 8.2
8.1
1 8.2
1 8.2
1 8.1
8.0
8.1
1 8.4
8.0
1 8.4
1 8.4
1 8.0
8.0
8.1
8.0
7.3
8.2
57
23
23
28
29
198
71
232
210
663
619
7,766
58
90
29
30
19
23
28
73
60
30
0
18
1 8.4
I 8.0
1 8.3
8.0
8.6
8.2
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
1 8.6
8.0
7.9
I 8.2
8.0
8.1
8.0
8.0
8.0
7.7
8.1
1 8.0
8.0
114
7.9
7.8
102
1 9.5
1 8.4
27
1
8.5
28
8.6
50
10.2
22
143
8.6
1 8.4
37
8.4
243
98
1 8.6
8.2
490
525
1 8.7
1 8.2
5,818
1 8.0
35
51 1 10.7
24
8.6
7.9
19
8.5
38
22
9.3
8.2
28
8.0
69
8.3
45
54
8.2
o
8.2
20
182
44
25
29
19
152
41
182
70
518
318
4,649
28
38
15
7
31
10
11
37
28
35
0
23
1 9.9
1 9.5
19 8
8.7
9.0
9.1
1 9. 1
1 8. 3
1 8.8
1 8.6
1 9.0
8.6
1 8.0
1 7.7
8.9
8.0
I 8.9
1 9.4
8.5
8.1
8.7
8.2
8.0
44
1 8.0
81
8.2
[
For all men in this group except a very few for whom data were not reported.
Vacations With Pay
N early all cities reported a policy of granting annual vacations
with pay. For all cities the longest average annual leave was 16.7
days, given to lieutenants of police; and the shortest 10.6 days, given
to patrolmen. The annual vacations of superintendents or chiefs of
police in cities of 1,000,000 or over ranged from 30 days in New York
to 14 days in Philadelphia; of the cities of 500,000 and under 1,000,000,
Baltimore allowed 30 days and Buffalo gave 12 days. In cities oJ
more than 1,000,000 the vacations of patrolmen ranged from 14 days
in Philadelphia to 20 days in Detroit.
Hazards of the Service
D urin g the year ended June 30, 1934, a total ol 5,661 police-depart
ment employees were injured in the 370 cities which supplied informa
tion on this point. (See table 3.) This means that for each 100
police-department employees on the pay rolls of the reporting cities
during the year, 7 were injured.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
861
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Of the 5,661 disabling injuries reported for the year, 95 were fatal.
Nearly a third of the fatal accidents were accounted for by the 5 cities
(Los Angeles, Chicago, Detroit, New York, and Philadelphia) with
a population of 1,000,000 orjover.
Table 3.— Number of Police-Department Employees in 370 Cities With Popu
lation of 25,000 or Over Injured During Year Ended June 30, 1934 1
Size of city
Total
number of
employees
Number of employees injured
Total
Fatal
Nonfatal
All cities,______ ____________ _
87, 905
5, 661
95
5, 566
Cities
Cities
Cities
Cities
Cities
Cities
36, 831
12,927
12,209
10,828
8,288
6,882
2,485
1,038
793
598
406
341
29
8
21
12
18
7
2, 450
l' 030
772
586
388
334
of 1,000,000 or more. __ .
of 500,000 and under 1,000,000__________ . ..
of 250,000 and under 500,000__ . . .
of 100,000 and under 250,000______ _ .
of 50,000 and under 100,000... _ __ . . .
of 25,000 and under 50,000... ...................
i Including 1 city which reported for year ending Dec. 1, 1933, and 1 for year ending Mar. 31, 1934.
The greatest number of fatalities in proportion to the number of
employees—1 out of approximately 472—was reported by the group
of cities with a population of 50,000 and under 100,000. Cities with
a population of 500,000 and under 1,000,000 had the lowest ratio of
fatalities to number employed, 1 out of approximately 1,616. The
ratio of total injured to number of employees indicated that cities of
500,000 and under 1,000,000 had the highest proportion, 1 to 12; the
lowest proportion of 1 to 21 was reported by the cities with a popula
tion of 50,000 and under 100,000. The ratio of fatalities for all cities
was 1 to 927 and the ratio of total injured was 1 to 15.
Chicago, with 14 fatal injuries, accounted for the largest number of
fatalities. The other fatalities reported by cities with a population
of over 1,000,000 were accounted for by New York (9), Philadelphia
(4), and Los Angeles (2). Detroit had no fatalities and only a com
paratively small number (86) injured.
Although employees in most of the smaller cities escaped with few
fatalities, in many cities a relatively large number were injured.
Among the smaller cities, Grand Kapids, Omaha, Chattanooga,
Poughkeepsie, Dayton, Charlotte, N. C., and Quincy, Mass., reported
relatively large numbers of disabling injuries. In New York City,
aside from the 9 police-department employees killed during the year,
1,082 nonfatal accidents occurred.
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E x t e n t a n d C h a ra c te ris tic s o f C o m p a n y U n io n s :
P r e lim in a r y R e p o r t °
OMPANY unions existed in 593 or 4 percent of the 14,725 es
tablishments which reported to the Bureau of Labor Statistics
in a survey conducted in April 1935. In 97 of these establishments
regular trade unions were also functioning. Of a total of 1,935,556
workers employed in the 14,725 establishments covered, 385,954
workers or approximately 20 percent were employed in establishments
which had company unions only, and 144,434 or 7.5 percent in es
tablishments dealing with both company unions and trade unions.
Hereafter in this article, unless specifically noted, the data relate
to ah the 593 establishments having company unions, irrespective
of other types of dealing which they may have.
The term “ company union” is used generically in this study to
describe that type of organization called variously “ employee repre
sentation plan”, “ industrial association”, “ industrial democracy”,
“ company union”, etc. The Bureau adopted the term “ company
union”, since this seemed to be the one most commonly used in
public discussion and in Government legislation.1
Membership in company unions does not always indicate formal
application by choice of the individual members. In 35 percent of the
establishments covered, employment automatically included mem
bership in the association. The company-union membership in
cluded 93.6 percent of all the workers in establishments having only
this type of employee representation and 81.1 percent of the em
ployees in establishments dealing with both company unions and trade
unions. For many employees in the latter type of establishment
there is a dual membership in the company union and some trade
union.
Almost 15 percent of the company unions covered in the study
were established during the war period; and 64 percent were estab
lished during the period of the N. II. A. Reports of trade-union
membership show that these two periods were also times of rapid
growth in union membership.
Thirty percent of the establishments with company unions, em
ploying 50 percent of the workers in the 593 plants, reported that
they had discussed general wage changes, types of wage payment,
• Prepared by Division of Industrial Relations, Florence Peterson, chief.
i The term “ company union” is used in the Bankruptcy Acts of 1933 and 1934; National Industrial Re
covery Act of 1933, and Bituminous Coal Conservation Act of 1935. It also appears in the index of Decisions
of the National Labor Relations Board, vol. II, pp. 530-531.
17272—35----- 2
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
865
866
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
and hours of employment with representatives of the company
unions in the period since January 1, 1933. About 13 percent of
the establishments, employing 12 percent of the workers, reported
that they had not discussed any of these mâjor matters.
Ten company unions were reported as possessing simultaneously
the attributes of dues, regular membership meetings, written agree
ments, contacts with other workers’ organizations, and the right to
demand arbitration of differences whereby the management relin
quishes its absolute veto power.2 The total number of workers in
these establishments was 6,515, or 1.2 percent of all workers in the
establishments with company unions. On the other hand, 76 of the
company unions, or 12.8 percent of the total, exhibited none of these
features; the plants in which they were found employed 17.6 percent
of the total number of workers in establishments with company unions.
Method and Scope of Study
T h i s s t u d y w a s p u r su e d a lo n g tw o lin e s:
Questionnaires were mailed to approximately 43,000 establish
ments reporting monthly employment statistics to the Bureau, and
14,725 usable replies were received. These replies present a quantita
tive picture of the extent of the various methods of employer-employee
dealings, as well as of certain major characteristics of that form of
group dealing referred to as company unionism. Data based on this
part of the study were supplied by employers,3 and were necessarily
limited to matters which could be readily tabulated with a minimum
of interpretation. In general the sample is adequate for manufac
turing, mining, and public-utility industries. In addition a portion
of the service and trade groups are covered. The building industry,
because of its peculiar nature, was not covered. Railroads and tele
phone and telegraphs will be treated separately in the final report.
An inadequate number of replies for tabulation was received for car
building, canning, turpentine and rosin, and crude petroleum pro
duction.
In addition, members of the Bureau’s staff visited 126 firms, inter
viewing employers, personnel directors, officers and members of the
company unions, trade-union members, and local citizens who were
interested in and had some knowledge of the situation. No com
pany union was studied by field investigators without first obtaining
the company’s permission to make the study. Copies of minutes of
meetings, constitutions, agreements, and other pertinent literature
were obtained. Information obtained in the field study will be treated
in detail in a bulletin to be issued shortly.
1 This is a preliminary figure. Further correspondence is necessary in several cases since different es
tablishments apparently dealing through the same organization gave contradictory replies, particularly
regarding arbitration and written agreements.
3 Except that in 121 cases in which establishments were included in both questionnaire and field studies,
a check on the replies was possible.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
867
EXTENT AND CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPANY UNIONS
Age of Company Unions
the largest number of company unions are relatively young.
Most of them were organized during the N. R. A. period of 1933 to
1935 (table 1). During these years 377 company unions, or 63.5
percent of the total number studied, were established. These in
cluded 306,134 or 57.7 percent of the total workers employed in the
establishments covered that had company unions.
Only 3 of the 593 company unions were reported to have been
established prior to 1900. The period from 1900 to 1914 showed but
a slight increase in the formation of company unions. During this
period 8 unions or 1.3 percent of the total, in establishments employing
6,033 or 1.1 percent of the workers, were started. The succeeding
period, 1915-19, during which the World War occurred, accounted
for the formation of 87 or 14.7 percent of the company unions covered,
in establishments employing 129,866 or 24.5 percent of the workers.
The next three periods shown in table 1 witnessed a material decline
in the formation of company unions. Between 1920 and 1922, 31
company unions or 5.2 percent of the total number, with 5.6 percent
of the workers, were formed; during the 1923 to 1929 period 35 or
5.9 percent were formed, with 33,484 or 6.3 percent of the workers;
during the first depression years, 1930 through 1932, only 29 or 4.9
percent of the total were formed, with 10,453 or 2.0 percent of the
workers employed in the plants surveyed.
By
far
Table 1.— Distribution of Company Unions by Period of Formation
Company unions only
Period
Establish
ments
Num Per
ber cent
Before 1900_______
1900-14___________
1915-19___________
1920-22___________
1923-29_______
1930-32___________
1933-35___________
Indefinite information____________
No information___
Total..............
i3
7
68
26
29
26
318
28
12
Workers
N um
ber
0.6
1,295
1.4
5,260
13.7 103, 948
5.2 24, 571
5.9 17, 785
5.2
9, 431
64.0 211, 244
1.6
2.4
6, 499
5, 921
Company unions and trade
unions
Establish
ments
Total with company
unions
Establish
ments
Workers
Per Num
cent ber
Per
cent
N um
ber
Pe> N um Per
cent ber cent
0.3
1.4
26.9
6.4
4.6
2.5
54.7
1
19
5
6
3
59
1.0
19.6
5.2
6.2
3.1
60.8
773
25,918
5, 306
15, 699
1,022
94,890
0.5
17.9
3.7
10.9
.7
65.7
i3
8
87
31
35
29
377
1.7
1.5
31
3
1.0
3.1
650
176
.4
.2
49
15
«497 100.0 385,954 100.0
97 100.0 144,434 100.0
Workers
N um
ber
0. 5
1,295
1.3
6,033
14. 7 129, 866
5.2 29,877
5.9 33,484
4.9 10, 453
63.5 306,134
1.5
2.5
Per
cent
0.2
1. 1
24.5
5.6
6.3
2.0
57.7
7,149
6,097
1.4
1. 2
«594 100.0 530,388
100.0
1 These 3 differ from the later forms of company unions: 2 are in plants of shoe manufacturers dealing
through the Joint Board of Arbitration in Philadelphia, an employer-employee body which, following
a lockout in Philadelphia in 1887, succeeded a similar arrangement with the Knights of Labor. The third
is an incorporated union whose membership is limited to the workers of a particular county.
2 2 reported “ several years ago” ; 1, “ 2 or 3 years ago” ; 1, “ years ago” ; 1, “ prior to N . R. A .” ; 1, “ before
1929” ; 1 indicated that it had been reorganized in M ay 1934 but did not report the date of the original
organization; 1 was a lumber company which reported dealing through the Loyal Legion of Loggers and
Lumbermen, but did not indicate when this method of procedure was initiated.
3 This establishment reported dealing through the Loyal Legion of Loggers and Lumbermen, but did not
indicate when this method of procedure was initiated.
4 See footnotes 2 and 3.
5 1 public utility company reported having 8 company unions which had been organized at various times
between 1924 and 1932; this establishment appears in both the 1923-29 and 1930-32 classifications. The
number of workers is divided between the two classifications.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
868
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Membership in Company Unions
C ompany unions are generally open to all the workers in the shop
or factory, and in many cases they include office workers as well.4
In 13 cases, however, the company union was either limited to a
single section or department of the plant or certain sections or de
partments were definitely excluded.5
Taking the company-union group as a whole, 53.6 percent of the
establishments covered, with 54.1 percent of the workers, had plans
in which membership was optional; and 35.3 percent of the establish
ments, employing 39.3 percent of the workers, had plans in which
membership was automatic, either immediately upon employment
or after having worked in the establishment for a certain length of
time (table 2). For the remainder no information was available.
Table 2.— Membership Provisions of Company Unions, in All Establishments
with Company Unions
Establishments with
company unions
Type of union
Workers involved
Number
In company unions
providing Mem
Total
providing for—
for—
ber
ship
provi
To
Automatic
Optional
tal Auto Op sion
membership membership
not
matic tional re- Num- Permem
port
ber
cent
ber bered
N um Per N um Per
ship ship
ber
cent
ber
cent
Establishments with—
Company unions only
Company unions and
trade unions ______
496
196
243
97
13
75
Total_____________
593
209
318
Member
ship pro
vision not
reported
Num Per
ber cent
57 385, 954 100.0 185,211 48.0 171, 404 44.4 29, 339
9 144, 434 100. 0
7.6
23,128 16.0 115, 537 80.0 5,769
4.0
66 530, 388 100.0 208, 339 39.3 286,941 54.1 35,108
6.6
Of the 496 establishments with company unions only, 196 or 39.5
percent reported that employees became members of the plan auto
matically. These establishments included 48.0 percent of the work
ers. A considerably larger number of plants reported functioning
under optional membership, but the number of workers covered by
this group of establishments was less than the total under automatic
membership.6 This would suggest that the larger plants in this
group tend somewhat toward automatic rather than optional mem
bership.
4 One company union which was limited to office workers only is excluded from consideration here, since
this study does not include office workers.
5 “ Molders o n ly ”, “ polishers and buffers on ly ” ; “ foundry” ; “ one department only ” (3 cases) ; “ outside
sales force” ; “ all save sales and office” ; “ bus operators” ; “ managers, butchers, and executives”; “ operating
department employees on ly ” ; “ machine division o n ly ”; “ male workers on ly.”
6 The remaining establishments for which membership provision was not reported involved 11.5 percent
of the establishments and 7.6 percent of the workers.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
869
EXTENT AND CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPANY UNIONS
In establishments having both a company union and a trade union,
the percentage of plans with optional membership was considerably
greater. Thirteen plants, with 16.0 percent of the workers, had plans
involving automatic membership. In these 13 plants, therefore,
trade-union members would also automatically become members of
the company union.
Dues and Benefit Provisions of Company Unions
O f t h e total of 593 company unions studied 411, covering 411,053
workers, reported that they had no provision for dues or any other
means of raising funds from the membership, while 27, with 14,258
workers, did not reply to the question, ‘‘Do members pay dues?”
Some provision for payment by the members was made in 155 plants,
covering 105,077 or 19.8 percent of the workers (table 3). Of these
155 establishments 140 had optional membership; 127 of these re
ported company-union membership extending to 71.2 percent of their
employees (table 4).
Sixty-nine percent of the establishments charging dues charged
less than 40 cents a month (table 3); these establishments employed
80.2 percent of all the workers. Only 7 plants, employing 5.3 percent
of the workers, reported dues of more than 80 cents a month. Two
plans relied on assessments only, while 10 others had various provisions
for raising funds.
Table 3.— Monthly Dues of Company Unions
Company union only
Company union and
trade union
Workers
Workers
Workers
Monthly dues
Total with company
unions
Establishments
N um
ber
Estab
lish
Per ments
cent
31,118
25, 578
11, 079
761
1,435
392
1,889
1,414
42.2
34.7
15.1
1.0
2.0
.5
2.6
1.9
14
14
1
2
Amount not stated------- ---------
31
48
19
3
2
2
i 10
8
1
199
.6
T otal__________________
123
73, 666
100.0
32
31,411
100.0
No dues charged-------------------No reply as to dues -------------
360
13
306, 776
5, 512
51
14
104, 277
8,746
Grand total. ----------------
496
385.954
97
144,434
593
530, 388
Estab
lish
ments
Under 20 cen ts.-- -- ------- -21-40 cents---------------------------41-80 cents__________________
81-100 cents___________ ____
N um
ber
Per
cent
15,122
12, 473
236
3, 381
48.1
39.7
.8
10.8
N um
ber
Per
cent
46,240
38,051
11,315
4,142
1,435
392
1,889
1,613
44.0
36.2
10.8
3.9
1.4
.4
1.8
1.5
155
105, 077
100.0
411
27
411,053
14, 258
45
62
20
5
2
2
i 10
9
1 In 9 of these, dues varied with wages. One establishment reported that 1 cent per hour had been added
to the base rate of all factory workers and then paid over to the employees' association.
Dues provisions were found almost exclusively in company unions
in which membership was optional. However, in 13 establishments,
employing 11,315 workers, dues were required even though member
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
870
MONTHLY LABOE EEVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
ship was automatic; in 11 of these, the worker received for his dues
the right of participation in certain insurance and loan benefits, but
in the other 2 establishments, both small, no benefits were provided.
In 90 plans with optional membership and dues provisions, pay
ment of the dues entitled the member to benefit features (table 4).
These plants covered 62,767 workers. Fifty plans, covering 30,603
workers, provided no health, loan, or life-insurance benefits. Table 4
indicates that the reported proportion of the employees who were
members of optional company-union plans was smaller where no
benefits were provided than where right to benefits accompanied
membership. This difference, however, was accounted for by the
group of establishments dealing through both a trade union and a
company union. In such establishments the company unions
providing benefit features had an average membership of 87.7 percent
of the employees; where no such features were provided, the average
membership was only 43.3 percent.
Table 4.— Benefit Provisions and Reported Membership in Company Unions
Having Optional Membership and Charging Dues
Company unions with optional membership
and dues
Company unions for which
membership was reported
W orkers
Provision for benefits
Estab- Work
lishers
ments
Estab
lish
ments Total
Members of
company union
N um Percent
ber
of total
Company unions with benefits___________ ______ ____
Establishments with company unions onlv_______
Establishments with company’ unions and trade
unions______ ___ ________ __________ ____
Company unions without benefits___________________
Establishments with company unions o n ly ... . . .
Establishments with company unions and trade
unions________ __________________________ ___
All company u n io n s________ ____________________
Establishments with company unions only_______
Establishments with company unions and trade
unions___ _____________ ____ _________________
90
66
62, 767
43,268
86
64
48,179
36,762
37,224
27, 212
77.3
74.0
24
50
42
19, 499
30,603
18, 690
22
41
34
11,417
26, 786
15, 523
10, 012
16,117
11,238
87.7
60. 2
72.4
8
140
108
11,913
93,370
61,958
7
127
98
11,263
74, 965
52, 285
4,879
53, 341
38,450
43.3
71.2
73.5
32
31,412
29
22, 680
14,891
65.7
General Membership Meetings
O f the 593 company unions covered by the Bureau’s question
naire, 86 had no provision for general membership meetings, either by
plant or department (table 5). In 97 cases there was no answer to
the question, “ How frequently are general membership meetings
held?” These two groups combined included 50.3 percent of the
total number of workers in the establishments with company unions.
An additional 14.3 percent of the workers were in the 135 establish
ments that reported general membership meetings held on call only.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
EXTENT AND CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPANY UNIONS
871
The 275 company unions reporting provision for regular meetings
embrace 35.4 percent of the employees. On the whole these estab
lishments were smaller than those whose plans made no provision for
a regular meeting time or for which no data were made available.
Monthly or annual intervals between meetings were most common,
monthly meetings being provided for by 158 company unions with
19.8 percent of the workers and annual meetings by 52 company unions
with 9.0 percent of the workers. Quarterly meetings were reported for
14 company unions in relatively small establishments. In 10 establish
ments, with a total of 10,323 workers, the members of the company
union met weekly.
Comparison of frequency of meetings as between establishments
with company unions only and those with company unions and trade
unions shows some differences. In the group having both types of
collective dealing, 49 of 97 establishments had no reported provision
for regular meetings of the company union. These 49 establishments
included nearly three-fourths of the workers employed in the 97
plants. It should be noted, however, that in 40 of the 48 establish
ments reporting regular meetings and dealing also with trade
unions, meetings were held at least monthly. These 40 establish
ments employed about 90 percent of the workers in this group.
Among the 227 establishments with regular meetings but with com
pany-union dealings alone, quarterly or less frequent meetings are
held in 78 establishments with about two-fifths of the workers in such
establishments.
Table 5.— Frequency of Company-Union General Membership Meetings
Company unions only
Frequency of meetings
Provision for regular meeting____
W eekly___________________
Semimonthly______________
M onth ly.. ------- -------------Quarterly. ................................
Semiannually _____________
A nnually____________ ____
No provision for regular meeting _.
On c a ll... _________________
No provision________ ______
Not reported________________ .
Total
________ ________
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Company unions and
trade unions
Total with company
unions
W orkers
Workers
Workers
Estab
Estab
Estab
lish
lish
lish
ments Number Per ments Number Per ments Number Per
cent
cent
cent
2.4
60.1
9. 1
51.0
13.5
275
10
21
158
14
20
52
221
135
86
97
35.4
188, 225
1.9
10,323
1.8
9, 802
105, 204
19.8
.9
4,609
2.0
10,418
47, 869
9.0
50.1
265, 738
76,016
14.3
189, 722 . 35.8
76, 425
14.5
144, 434 100.0
593
530,388
227
9
10
130
12
20
46
192
117
75
77
150,121
9,716
4,981
76, 289
4,284
10,418
44, 433
178,959
62,853
116,106
56, 874
38.9
2.5
1.3
19.8
1. 1
2.7
11.5
46.4
16.3
30. 1
14.7
48
1
11
28
2
38,104
607
4,821
28,915
325
26.4
.4
3.4
20.0
.2
6
29
18
11
20
3,436
86, 779
13,163
73, 616
19. 551
496
385,954 100.0
97
100.0
872
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Matters Discussed with Company Unions
A n analysis of the matters reported discussed between manage
ment and company unions is presented in table 6. Of the 593
establishments, all but 42 reported the subjects which had been dis
cussed in conference with representatives of the company unions
during the period since January 1, 1933. Ten leading subjects were
listed for checking in the Bureau’s questionnaire and only 12 com
panies reported discussion of other matters.
The number of establishments (and the number of employees)
in which these matters were discussed is shown in table 6. It must be
borne in mind that the frequency with which such subjects are dis
cussed is influenced by the trend of business activity. A study made
in the declining phase of a business cycle might reveal a different
order of importance. Furthermore, the questionnaire related only
to subject matter and shed no light on methods of presentation. The
field study revealed that in some instances such discussions involved
actual negotiation, but in many instances little more than an announce
ment of company policy was involved.
Based upon the percentage of all establishments which have com
pany unions, the subjects ranked as follows:
1. Individual grievances and complaints.
2. Health and safety.
3. General wage increase or decrease.
4. Wage rates for specific occupations.
5. Changes in weekly or daily hours.
6. General rules and regulations.
7. Methods of sharing or rotating work.
8. Discharge of an employee or employees.
9. Rules of seniority.
10. Type of wage payment.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table 6.— Matters Reported Discussed Since Jan. 1, 1933, by Establishments With Company Unions
[Numbers in parentheses indicate order of frequency by number of establishments]
Individual grievances and complaints-------------Health and safety_____
___________________
General wage increases or decreases-----------------Wage rates for specific occupations------------------Changes in weekly or daily hours----------- -------General rules and regulations_________________
Methods of sharing or rotating work -------------Discharge of an employee or employees----- -----Rules of seniority_______________ - ...................
Type of wage payment (piecework, bonus, e tc .)..
Other..............................................................................
3 principal matters R -.................................... ...........
None of 3 principal matters 1------------- -----------
Establishments
Establishments
Workers
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
378
332
318
303
303
286
284
234
214
219
8
76.2 (1)
66.9 (2)
64.1 (3)
61.1 (4)
61.1 (5)
57.7 (6)
57.3 (7)
47.2 (8)
43.1 (10)
44.1 (9)
1.6 (11)
343, 749
314,449
284,176
313,660
282,918
283. 056
288,403
284,996
267,378
258,663
8, 372
89.1
81.5
73.6
81.3
73.3
73.3
74.7
73.8
69.3
67.0
2.2
78
55
66
74
54
48
34
54
39
25
4
80.4 (1)
56.7 (4)
68.0 (3)
76.3 (2)
55.7 (6)
49.5 (7)
35.1 (9)
55.7 (5)
40.2 (8)
25.8 (10)
4.1 (11)
125,883
108,145
87,298
113,235
85, 250
91,754
79,043
92,558
81,224
64,178
26,140
87.2
74.9
60.4
78.4
59.0
63.5
54.7
64.1
56.2
44.4
18.1
456
387
384
377
357
334
318
288
253
244
12
76.9
65.3
64.7
63.6
60.2
56.3
53.6
48. 6
42.7
41.1
2.0
32.1
14.5
203,689
32,324
52.8
8.4
19
7
19.6
7.2
56,873
31,578
39.4
21.9
178
79
30.0
13.3
159
72
496
l General wage changes, type of wage payment, changes in hours.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Establishments
Workers
385,954
97
144,434
593
Percent
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
Workers
Number
Percent
469,632
422,594
371,474
426,895
368,168
374,810
367,446
377,554
348, 602
322,841
34,512
88.5
79.7
70.0
80.5
69.4
70.7
69.3
71. 2
65. 7
60.9
260,562
63,902
49.1
12.0
530,388
6. 5
EXTENT AND CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPANY UNIONS
Matter negotiated
Total company unions
Company unions and trade unions
Company unions only
00
00
874
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
When a comparison is made of the relative prevalence and ranking
of the matters discussed with their employees by establishments
dealing with company unions only and by establishments dealing
with both company and trade unions, marked differences in emphasis
are revealed. Thus, while individual grievances and complaints ranked
first for both groups, the percentage of establishments with only
company unions in which such matters were discussed with their
employees was 76.2 percent. In establishments with both company
unions and trade unions, 80.4 percent reported that individual griev
ances were handled. Likewise, while health and safety ranked second
with the group having company union dealings alone (66.9 percent
of such establishments), it ranked fourth with the group with mixed
dealings (56.7 percent). General wage increases and decreases ranked
third with both categories, but was reported as discussed in a some
what larger proportion in the establishments with dual dealings.
Wage rates for specific occupations was fourth in order of prevalence
for company unions alone and second for establishments dealing with
trade unions also. The matter of sharing or rotating work ranked
seventh with 57.3 percent of the establishments dealing with com
pany unions alone and ninth with 35.1 percent of the establishments
dealing also with trade unions. The discharge of employees was
subject of conference with company unions in 47.2 percent of the
establishments dealing with company unions alone and with 55.7
percent of the establishments also dealing with trade unions. Types
of wage payment were discussed with company unions in a larger
proportion of establishments dealing with company unions alone than
of those dealing also with trade unions—44.1 percent and 25.8 percent,
respectively.
Since general wage changes, type of wage payment, and changes in
hours of employment are fundamental matters involved in employeremployee dealing, it was deemed desirable to ascertain the frequency
with which employers discussed all three matters or failed to
discuss any one of them with company unions. Thirty percent of
all the establishments with company unions, employing 49.1 percent
of the workers covered, reported that they conferred with company
unions on these three important matters. On the other hand, 13.3
percent of all the establishments, employing 12.0 percent of the
workers, did not discuss any of the three subjects. In general these
matters were more frequently discussed with company unions in
establishments dealing with company unions alone than they were in
establishments dealing also with trade unions.
Company'Union Agreements
O f t h e 593 establishments dealing in part or whole with their
workers through company unions, 77 or 13 percent had written agree
ments. These 77 establishments employed 52,994 workers or 10
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
EXTENT AND CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPANY UNIONS
875
percent of the total number of workers employed by the 593 estab
lishments. Copies of the written agreements were submitted by 36
of the 77 establishments. Nineteen of these agreements followed
closely along trade-union agreement lipes. They contained provi
sions almost identical with those generally found in union agreements
in regard to wage scales, hours, working conditions, arbitration clauses,
and special industrial problems. Of these 19 company-union agree
ments, 4 were identical with the agreements that these same estab
lishments had with trade unions. Three of these were entered into
with American Federation of Labor unions and one with a local of
the Industrial Workers of the World.
Of the 36 companies which submitted agreements, 9 had agree
ments limited to the affirmation of the N. R. A. codes under which
the particular establishment operated. Eight contained declarations
of mutual good will and an enumeration of how the workers can
organize for conference with the employer—matters ordinarily incor
porated in the company-union constitution. No mention was made
in these agreements of wages, hours, and working conditions.
Outside Contacts of Company Unions
B e t w e e n one-fourth and one-fifth of all the company unions were
reported as having contacts with company unions in other plants of
the same company (table 7). The proportion of workers covered by
these cases was, however, markedly larger than this figure. The
contacts ranged through all degrees of formality and regularity. One
large company with more than 15 company unions in as many estab
lishments, and employing more than 38,000 workers, stated that—
Each works council is a self-governed unit, and although the council plan pro
vides for general councils comprised of representatives of the various works
councils, there has been no recent need for such joint meetings of representatives
of the councils, nor has there been any occasion where a meeting of our represen
tatives with those of another company would have been necessary or of particular
advantage to either group.
Another company reported that the bylaws provided for meetings
of representatives of the different plants when necessary, but no such
meetings have been held to date. On the other hand, a number of
companies reported that formal contacts between the company unions
in their different establishments were consistently maintained. In a
few cases the establishments so connected were widely separated geo
graphically. Annual joint meetings of employee representatives
were the general rule in such cases.
Contacts with company unions in other companies were relatively
much less frequent than contacts within the same company. This
is the more striking because the number of possible contacts within
the same company was restricted by the fact that many of the com
panies had only one establishment. The total of company unions
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
876
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
with external contacts includes 15 companies dealing through the
Loyal Legion of Loggers and Lumbermen, which is here classed as a
company union. Four companies were connected with the American
Guild of the Printing Industry in Baltimore and one with a federation
of printing shops in Boston. Two others handled their labor rela
tions through the Joint Board of Arbitration in the shoe industry in
Philadelphia. These 22 company unions are the only ones with
clearly defined contacts with other company unions in companies not
financially affiliated with the establishments in question. In addi
tion, 6 establishments reported that their employees had some loose
contact with employees and organizations in other companies through
correspondence or plant visitation, but these cases are not included
here.
Table 7.— Contacts of Company Unions with Company Unions Outside of Own
Establishment
Total
Type of union
Establish
ments
E stab
lish Workers
ments
Num Per
ber cent
Establishments with—
Company unions only___
Company unions and
trade unions_____ ____
Total_______
Contact with other cornpany unions in same
company
______
496
385,954
i 101
97
144,434
30
593
530, 388
i 131
Workers
N um
ber
C o n t a c t w i t h company
unions in other com
panies
Establish
ments
Workers
Per N um Per
cent ber cent
N um
ber
Per
cent
20.4 1116, 619
30.2
41
8.3
34,002
8.8
30.9
43,897
30.4
9
9.3
11,350
7.9
22.1 ' 160, 516
30.3
50
8.4
45, 352
8.6
1 In addition, one company with 19 company unions in as many establishments, embracing a total of
21,880 workers, reported for all these company unions that “ in some instances, employee representatives of
1 plant have contact with those of another” , but it was impossible to determine from the reply to which of
the estaolishments the statement had reference. The entire chain is, therefore, excluded from the eroup
reporting contacts.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
W ages a n d H o u r s o f L a b o r in th e D r illin g a n d
P r o d u c tio n B ra n c h o f t h e P e tr o le u m I n d u s t r y 1
N AUGUST 1934 drilling and production employees had average
weekly earnings amounting to $28.22. From 1929 to 1933 aver
age wage rates per hour declined in the majority of occupations, and
in general the full-time weekly hours also declined. After the adop
tion of the petroleum code, however, in August 1933, average rates
per hour for workers paid on a time basis and average full-time hours
per week moved in opposite directions. Decreases in average full
time hours per week from May 1933 to July 1934 were general. Aver
age rates of wages per hour, on the other hand, increased substantially,
Changes in average time rates of pay and average full-time hours
per week during five periods since 1929 and average hourly earnings,
average weekly hours of labor, and average weekly earnings in August
1934 are presented in this article. It is the third of a series covering
the results of a survey of wages and hours of labor in the petroleum
industry, made by the Bureau of Labor Statistics for the Petroleum
Administration.2
The firms which supplied figures covering rates of pay and full
time hours per week employed 69,883 3 workers in July 1934 in the
18 States covered by this survey. It is estimated that this number
of employees embraced at least 50 percent of all those working in
drilling and production at that time. The five pay-roll periods for
which the above information was secured were May 1929, May and
November 1933, and May and July 1934. The reasons for selecting
the above dates were adequately discussed in the article dealing with
wages and hours of pipe-line employees, as were also the methods fol
lowed in obtaining the average hourly rates and average full-time
hours for leading occupations. For drilling and production, averages
for 19 important occupations4 were derived.
I
i Prepared by E. K. Frazier, under the direction of J. Perlman, chief of Division of Wages, Hours, and
Working Conditions.
2 The first of these articles, giving the general findings for all of the three branches of the industry—
drilling and production, pipe lines, and refining—appeared in the M onthly Labor for July 1935 (p. 13);
and the second, dealing in detail with the pipe-line branch, in the September issue (p. 559).
2 Arkansas, 1,182; California, 14,171; Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, and Wyoming, 2,270; Illinois,
Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio, 1,470; Kansas, 3,409; Kentucky and West Virginia, 1,562; Louisiana, 4,987;
New York and Pennsylvania, 2,819; Oklahoma, 16,690; and Texas, 21,323.
* 57,455 workers were employed in these occupations in the States where there was a sufficient number
to present occupational averages. The remaining 12,428 were either in other occupations which had too
few reported to present representative State or regional averages or not enough in any one of the 19 specific
occupations to justify showing such averages.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
877
878
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
The frequency distributions and averages of hourly earnings (as
contrasted with hourly rates), of hours worked per week (as con
trasted with nominal full-time hours), and of weekly earnings are
based on records of 38,372 employees in 514 plants located in the 18
States 5 for which the oil administrator set up production quotas.
The reports for each worker included total hours worked and total
earnings for the selected pay-roll period,6 and total hours worked for
1 week within the pay-roll period.
As the number of female workers engaged in drilling and production
is small,7 no separate figures are presented by sex. In the study of
earnings, as contrasted with rates, the employees have been classified
into 14 specific occupations and 6 occupational groups.
The Bureau made similar surveys covering wages and hours in this
industry branch in 1920 and 1929. It is therefore possible to make
some comparisons between the 1934 data and those for these years.
The 1920 survey was quite extensive, including 35,255 employees
engaged in operations in 16 States, and may be compared directly
with the results shown for 1934. However, as the 1929 survey cov
ered only four States,8it was necessary to make a special tabulation of
the 1934 data to include only the States covered in 1929 before
making direct comparisons.
Changes in Average Wage Rates Per Hour and Average Full-Time Hours Per
Week
A verage wage rates per hour for workers paid on a time basis and
average full-time hours per week moved in opposite directions after
the adoption of the oil code. Wage rates increased considerably in
each occupation and region included in table 1 with the exception of
air and gas lift engineers in California, whose average wage rates per
hour in July 1934 were about 9 percent lower than they had been in
May 1933 but even so were only 1 percent below the level of 1929.
Full-time hours declined in all occupations except those of air and gas
lift engineers, drilling derrickmen, machinists, and pumpers in Cali
fornia. For these particular groups average full-time hours per week
were the same as, or slightly higher than, in May 1933.
Between May 1929 and May 1933 average wage rates per hour
declined in all occupations in each State except those of air and gas
lift engineers and machinists in California, drilling derrickmen, rotary
drillers, rotary drillers’ helpers, drilling firemen, firemen other than
drilling, gagers, repair mechanics, and pumpers in Texas, clean-out
drillers’ helpers in Kentucky and West Virginia, laborers and pumpers
in Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, and Wyoming, pumpers and
s See footnote 3, p. 877 for a list of the States covered,
6 Most of the pay-roll periods covered were in August 1934.
7 Only 234 female workers were reported.
8 California, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
WAGES IN PETROLEUM DRILLING AND PRODUCTION
879
roustabouts in Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Ohio, and truck drivers
in Louisiana. The reduction in wage rates ranged from 0.2 percent
for roustabouts in Texas to 34.4 percent for clean-out drillers’ helpers
in Oklahoma, as during this period of depression firms readjusted not
only the actual working time of their operations but also the full
time hours per week of the individuals in the various occupations.
The range of increase in average wage rates was from 0.8 percent for
repair mechanics in Texas to 28.3 percent for drilling derrickmen in
the same State. Almost half of the 15 instances of wage-rate in
creases between May 1929 and May 1933 were for employees in
Texas. This was due in some measure to the bringing in of the East
Texas field.
Between May and November 1933 all occupations, except air and
gas lift engineers in California, had a marked increase in average wage
rates per hour. These gains varied from 3.4 percent for drilling
derrickmen and rotary drillers’ helpers in California to 75.9 percent
for clean-out drillers’ helpers in Oklahoma. As this range is very
wide, a clearer idea may be gained by stating that out of the 97 gains
reported in table 1 during the above period, 5 were under 5 percent,
9 were 5 and under 10 percent, 9 were 10 and under 20 percent, 24
were 20 and under 30 percent, 19 were 30 and under 40 percent, 17
were 40 and under 50 percent, and 14 were 50 percent or over. These
increases in average wage rates in the great majority of the cases are
to be attributed to the code, which not only increased minimum rates
but also limited the maximum hours per week, thus resulting in higher
hourly rates for employees working on a daily, weekly, or monthly
basis.
Due to further adjustments in wage rates after November 1933,
many of which resulted from the Oil Administrator’s order of May 21,
1934, providing for “ an equitable adjustment of the differentials
between the rates for skilled jobs and the minimum rates established
for common labor” in the code, most of the occupations in the various
States had a higher average wage rate in July 1934 than they had in
November 1933. It should be noted, however, that 7 occupations in
California had slightly lower average wage rates in July 1934 than
they had in November 1933.
When the July 1934 wage rates are compared with those in effect
in May 1929, it will be seen that the losses suffered during the depres
sion have been more than overcome in every occupation in each State
with the exception of some in California, Kansas, Oklahoma, and
Texas. In Kansas cable drillers and tool dressers were receiving
wage rates in July 1934 that were slightly below those being paid in
1929. This was also true for rig builders in Oklahoma and Texas.
In California a majority of the occupations were receiving a slightly
lower average wage rate per hour in July 1934 than in May 1929.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
880
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
The lowest actual average wage rate paid in 1934 was 47.8 cents for
unskilled laborers in Kentucky and West Virginia. This rate is 12.5
percent over that paid in 1929 and almost 26 percent over the rate
paid in May 1933. The highest average wage rate paid in July 1934
was $1,369 for the skilled job of rotary driller in Louisiana which
exceeded that for California by only one-tenth of a cent and those for
the other two great producing States—Oklahoma and Texas—by
about 1 and 8 cents, respectively. The rate in Louisiana represented
an advance of 46.4 percent over the 1929 rate and slightly over 52
percent above what was paid during May 1933.
Full-time hours per week followed the same general downward
trend as wage rates between May 1929 and May 1933. There were
declines in all occupations in all States with the exception of air and
gas lift engineers in New York and Pennsylvania; cable drillers;
laborers and tool dressers in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio;
laborers and roustabouts in Kansas; laborers and rotary drillers’
helpers in Louisiana; and clean-out drillers’ helpers and truck drivers
in Oklahoma. For most occupations and regions full-time hours
were decreased by amounts ranging from 0.2 percent for clean-out
drillers in Kentucky and West Virginia and laborers in New York
and Pennsylvania to 44.3 percent for tool dressers in Colorado, Mon
tana, New Mexico, and Wyoming. Of the 88 reductions in full-time
hours reported between May 1929 and May 1933, there were 13
under 5 percent, 16 of 5 and under 10 percent, 35 of 10 and under 20
percent, 20 of 20 and under 30 percent, and 4 of 30 percent or over.
The reductions between these two periods were made largely to meet
the changing industrial conditions prevailing during the latter part of
1932 and the early part of 1933. Upon the adoption of the oil code
in August 1933, full-time hours were further reduced to bring them
more or less into line with those specified by the code, i. e., an aver
age maximum of 40 per week for clerical employees and 36 for all
employees other than clerical.9 The reductions between May and
November 1933 were quite large in most cases, as 28 of them were
20 and under 30 percent, 23 were 30 and under 40 percent, and 21
were 40 percent or over, while only 13 were less than 10 percent. Be
tween November 1933 and May 1934, on the other hand, there were
47 instances of an increase in full-time hours. These advances in
most cases were comparatively small, as 26 of them were less than 2
percent, 12 were 2 and under 4 percent, and 9 were 4 percent or
over. There were 38 reductions during the same period, of which 22
were less*than 2 percent, 9 were 2 and under 4 percent, and 7 were 4
percent or over. There were 13 cases which showed no change.
8 Executives, supervisors and their immediate staffs and pumpers on “ stripper” wells and employees on
isolated properties were excepted.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
WAGES IN PETROLEUM DRILLING AND PRODUCTION
881
Between May and July 1934 there was little change in the full-time
hours per week. The hours of drilling derrickmen and of firemen
other than drilling in Oklahoma declined 7.6 and increased 5.3 per
cent, respectively. Gagers’ hours in Louisiana increased 7 percent.
Laborers’ hours in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio declined by
6.5 percent—about the same rate as the decrease in the hours of
roustabouts in these States. The hours of repair mechanics and
tool dressers in California decreased approximately 6 percent. The
hours of pumpers in Kentucky and West Virginia were reduced by
7.5 percent, while in Texas the hours of repair mechanics increased
6 percent and tool dressers’ hours declined by 10.2 percent.
In July 1934 no occupation in any State had full-time hours equal
ing 85 percent of the full-time hours of 1929. In almost three-fourths
of the cases shown in table 1 full-time hours averaged less than 70
percent of the 1929 figure. In spite of these great reductions in full
time hours between 1929 and 1934, however, the average full-time
hours per week in certain occupations in many States exceeded 36.
The higher hours were generally found in drilling operations which,
at best, are irregular; because of this irregularity over a period of
time the actual working time would not necessarily equal the aver
age maximum hours permitted by the code even in these occupations.
Table 1.— Changes in Average Wage Rates Per Hour and Average Full-Time
Hours Per Week in 19 Occupations for Five Selected Periods
Occupation, State or region, and period
Air and gas lift engineers:
California:
M ay 1929-.............- ______
M ay 1933_______________
November 1933__________
M ay 1934_____ _____ ___ .
July 1934_______________
Kentucky and West Virginia:
M ay 1929_________ J_____
M ay 1933_______________
November 1933__________
M ay 1934----------------------July 1934_______________
N ew York and Pennsylvania:
M ay 1929-..........................M ay 1933----------------------November 1933--------------M ay 1934_______________
July 1934_______________
Oklahoma:
M ay 1929.— ------- ---------M ay 1933_______________
November 1933-.................
M ay 1934........................ —
July 1934...............................
1No change.
17272—35----- 3
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Average full-time
Average rate per
hours per week
hour
N um
ber of
em
Per Index
Per Index
ployees Amount cent of num N um cent of num
ber change bers
change bers
445
437
432
422
443
$0.895
.973
.882
.887
.885
+ 8 .7
- 9 .4
+ .6
-.2
100.0
108.7
98. 5
99.1
98.9
49.0
34.4
33.9
35.9
35.9
-2 9 .8
-1 .5
+ 5 .9
(0
100.0
70.2
69.2
73.3
73.3
11
67
122
124
117
.597
.487
.611
.661
.674
-1 8 .4
+25.5
+ 8 .2
+ 2 .0
100.0
81.6
102.3
110.7
112.9
49.8
48.0
39.7
39.4
39.7
- 3 .6
- 7 .3
-.8
+ .8
100.0
96.4
79.7
79. 1
79.7
168
57
77
82
74
. 627
.474
.655
.684
.697
-2 4 .4
+38.2
+ 4 .4
+ 1 .9
100.0
75.6
104.5
109.1
111. 2
49.0
51.8
39.4
39. 4
39.5
+ 5 .7
-2 3 .9
(0
+ .3
100.0
105.7
80.4
80.4
80.6
376
192
230
261
271
. 574
.572
.748
.804
.811
-.4
+30.8
+ 7 .5
+ .9
100.0
99.6
130.3
140.1
141.3
62.8
49.9
36.3
36.4
36.4
-2 0 .5
-2 7 .3
+ .3
(0
100.0
79.5
57.8
58.0
58.0
882
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Table 1.— Changes in Average Wage Rates Per Hour and Average Full-Time
Hours Per Week in 19 Occupations for Five Selected Periods— Continued
Occupation, State or region, and period
Derrickmen, drilling:
California:
M ay 1929__________________________
M ay 1933__________________________
November 1933_____________________
M ay 1934— ______________________
July 1934___________________________
Louisiana:
M ay 1929__________________________
M ay 1933______ ______ _____________
November 1933--___________________
M ay 1934______________ _________
July 1934------------------------ _ .............
Oklahoma:
M ay 1929__________________________
M ay 1933__________________________
November 1933_______ ________ ___
M ay 1934__________________________
July 1934___________________________
Texas:
M ay 1929_________ ___ ____ _____ _
M ay 1933__________________________
November 1933----------- -------------------M ay 1934_________ ___ ___________
July 1934___________________________
Drillers, cable:
Colorado, Montana, N ew Mexico, and
Wyoming:
M ay 1929___________________ _______
M ay 1933__________________________
November 1933___________ ________ _
M ay 1934 _____ ______ __________ . .
July 1934___________________________
Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio:
M ay 1929__________________________
M ay 1933__________________________
November 1933_____ _______________
M ay 1934__________________________
July 1934___________________________
Kansas:
M ay 1929__________________________
M ay 1933____________________ ______
November 1933_____________________
M ay 1934__________________________
July 1934--------------------- ----------------N ew York and Pennsylvania:
M ay 1929___ _ ___________
___
M ay 1933__________________________
November 1933___. . . ___________ . . .
M ay 1934____________ _____________
July 1934___________________________
Oklahoma:
M ay 1929________ ____ _____________
M ay 1933__________________________
November 1933_____________________
M ay 1934__________________________
July 1934___________________________
Texas:
M ay 1929...______ _________________
M ay 1933________________ ____ _____
November 1933____________________
M ay 1934___________ ____ ___________
July 1934___________________________
Drillers, clean-out:
Kentucky and W est Virginia_____ _____
M ay 1929_______________ ___ _______
M ay 1933__________________________
November 1933___________ ____ _____
M ay 1934__________________________
July 1934___________________________
1 No change.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Average rate per
Average full-time
hour
hours per week
N um
ber of
em
Per Index
ployees A m ount Per Index
um cent
cent of num Nber
of num
change bers
change bers
100.0
94.9
98.2
96.8
97.9
40. 1
35.2
34.9
35.8
35.2
-2 8 .3
- .9
+ 2 .6
- 1 .7
100.0
71.7
71.1
72.9
71.7
. 530
.509
.795
.787
.809
100.0
- 4 .0 , 96.0
+56.2 150.0
- 1 . 0 148.5
+ 2 .8 152.6
68. 2
64.7
37.5
37.5
37.9
- 6 .5
-4 2 .0
0)
+ 1.1
100.0
93.5
54.2
54.2
54.8
142
35
180
157
162
.634
.493
.725
.775
.810
-2 2 .2
+47.1
+ 6 .9
+ 4 .5
100.0
77.8
114.4
122.2
127.8
83. 4
68.7
48.2
49.8
46.0
-1 7 .6
-2 9 .8
+ 3 .3
-7 .6
100.0
82.4
57.8
59.8
55.2
491
363
639
718
757
. 487
.625
.807
.856
.848
+28.3
+29.1
+ 6 .7
- .9
100 0
128.3
165.7
175. 8
174.1
56. 6
52.2
36.8
36.9
36.6
- 7 .8
-2 9 . 5
+ .3
- .8
100 0
92.2
65.0
65.2
64.7
45
25
51
55
62
.949
.819
.973
1.099
1.081
-1 3 .7
+18.8
+12.9
-1 .6
100.0
86.3
102.5
115.8
113.9
83. 0
49.4
45.1
45.3
44.3
-4 0 .5
- 8 .7
+ .4
-2 .2
100.0
59.5
54.3
54.6
53.4
81
24
113
98
96
.731
.634
.908
.943
.971
-1 3 .3
+43.2
+ 3 .9
+ 3 .0
100.0
86.7
124.2
129.0
132.8
69. 6
70.5
45.6
46.0
45.5
+ 1 .3
-3 5 .3
+ .9
- 1 .1
100 0
101.3
65.5
66.1
65.4
80
39
60
72
63
.980
.784
.969
.995
.978
-2 0 .0
+23.6
+ 2 .7
- 1 .7
100. 0
80.0
98.9
101.5
99.8
82. 6
73.4
43.6
45.9
45.6
-1 1 .1
-4 0 .6
+ 5 .3
-.7
100 0
88.9
52. 8
55.6
55. 2
151
34
124
150
152
.691
.520
.769
.880
.887
-2 4 .7
+47.9
+14.4
+ .3
100.0
75.3
111.3
127.4
126.9
71 9
64.6
42.0
41.9
42.0
-1 0 .2
-3 5 .0
—.2
+ .2
100 0
89.8
58.4
58.3
58.4
260
61
144
155
169
1.030
.846
. 955
1.013
1.073
-1 7 .9
+ 12.9
+ 6 .0
+ 5 .9
100.0
82.1
92.7
98.3
104.2
77. 5
63.1
45.3
44.3
44.6
-1 8 .6
-2 8 .2
- 2 .2
+ .7
100 0
8l! 4
58.5
57.2
57.5
188
85
150
249
266
.890
.845
1.111
1.120
1.225
- 5 .1
+31.5
+ .8
+ 9 .4
100.0
94.9
124.8
125.8
137.6
80 8
74.3
43.7
42.2
41.9
-8 .0
-4 1 .2
-3 .4
-.7
100 0
02! 0
54.1
52.2
51.9
87
29
42
58
50
.733
.542
.730
.762
.763
-2 6 .1
+34.7
+ 4 .4
+ .1
100 0
73.9
99.6
104.0
104.1
48 1
48.0
40.0
39.9
39.8
-.2
-1 6 .7
-.3
-. 3
99.8
83.2
83.0
82.7
1,776
281
433
546
587
$0. 983
.933
.965
.952
.962
157
66
156
370
303
- 5 .1
+ 3 .4
-1 .3
+ 1.1
WAGES IN PETROLEUM DRILLING AND PRODUCTION
883
Table 1.— Changes in Average Wage Rates Per Hour and Average Full-Time
Hours Per Week in 19 Occupations for Five Selected Periods— Continued
Occupation, State or region, and period
Drillers, clean-out—Continued.
Oklahoma:
M ay 1929
___
M ay 1933.._____ ____________________
November 1933_____________________
M ay 1934__________________________
July 1934___________________________
Texas:
___
M ay 1929
.
M ay 1933__________________________
November 1933_____________________
M ay 1934__________________________
July 1934___________________________
Dnllers, clean-out, helpers:
Kentucky and West Virginia:
M ay 1929
M ay 1933__________________________
November 1933.---------- ------ ------M ay 1934 . --------------------------July 1934___________ _______________
Oklahoma:
M ay 1933__________________________
November 1933____________ _ --------M ay 1934___________ ______________
July 1934____________ ______________
Texas:
M ay 1929-. ..............................................
M ay 1933__________________________
November 1933_____________________
M ay 1934__________________________
July 1934__________________________
Drillers, rotary:
California:
M ay 1933 ________ . . . ______ . . .
November 1933_______ ____________
M ay 1934________ ________________
July 1934_____ _____________________
Louisiana:
M ay 1933__________________________
November 1 9 3 3 .._____. . .
M ay 1934_______________________ . . .
July 1934___________________________
Oklahoma:
M ay 1933__________________________
November 1933____________ _______
M ay 1934__________________________
July 1934__________ ____ ___________
Texas:
M ay 1933__________________________
November 1933.. ___ ______ _ . . . .
M ay 1934______ . . . ______ ____ . . .
July 1934___________________________
Drillers, rotary, helpers:
California:
M ay 1929
.
_______________
M ay 1933______ ____ _______________
November 1933 _____________ . . . . . .
M ay 1934_________________________
July 1934___________________________
Louisiana:
M ay 1933__________________________
November 1933_____________________
M ay 1934---------- ----------- ------------July 1934_______________________ — .
i N o change.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Average full-time
Average rate per
hours per week
hour
N um
ber of
em
Per Index
Per Index
ployees A m ount cent of num N um cent of num
ber change bers
change bers
325
167
240
352
337
$0.787
.540
.912
.952
.997
-3 1 .4
+68.9
+ 4 .4
+ 4 .7
100.0
68.6
115.9
121.0
126.7
72.3
70.6
40.4
37.8
38.5
-2 .4
-4 2 .8
- 6 .4
+ 1 .9
100.0
97.6
55.9
52.3
53.3
136
64
78
102
105
.740
.658
.996
1.022
1.105
-1 1 .1
+51.4
+ 2 .6
+ 8 .1
100.0
88.9
134.6
138.1
149.3
74.8
64.3
37.7
37.1
37.8
-1 4 .0
-4 1 .4
-1 .6
+ 1 .9
100.0
86.0
50.4
49. 6
50.5
153
34
56
61
68
. 444
.462
.584
.616
.623
+ 4 .1
+26.4
+ 5 .5
+ 1.1
100.0
104.1
131.5
138.7
140.3
49. 2
47.6
40.4
41.1
40.2
- 3 .3
-1 5 .1
+ 1 .7
-2 .2
100.0
96.7
82.1
83.5
81.7
359
98
208
283
295
.619
.406
.714
.758
.804
-3 4 .4
+75.9
+ 6 .2
+6.1
100.0
65.6
115.3
122.5
129.9
73.3
75.0
42.7
38.9
38.5
+ 2.3
-4 3 .1
- 8 .9
- 1 .0
100.0
102.3
58.3
53.1
52.5
124
60
106
124
92
.541
.440
.723
.725
.769
-1 8 .7
+64.3
+ .3
+6.1
100.0
81.3
133.6
134.0
142.1
77. 2
70.3
41.4
41.9
40.6
- 8 .9
-4 1 .1
+ 1 .2
- 3 .1
100.0
91.1
53.6
54.3
52.6
1, 865
385
532
652
715
1.421
1.283
1.364
1.368
1.368
- 9 .7
+ 6 .3
+ .3
(>)
100.0
90.3
96.0
96.3
96.3
48.9
35.7
34.8
35.3
35.0
-2 7 .0
- 2 .5
+ 1.4
-.8
100.0
73.0
71.2
72.2
71.6
161
90
232
325
322
.935
.899
1.316
1.338
1.369
-3 .9
+46.4
+ 1 .7
+ 2 .3
100.0
96.1
140.7
143.1
146.4
70.5
66.5
37.4
39.3
38.7
- 5 .7
-4 3 .8
+ 5.1
-1 .5
100.0
94.3
53.0
55.7
54.9
232
59
196
237
199
1.167
.936
1.170
1.235
1.285
-1 9 .8
+25.0
+ 5 .6
+ 4 .0
100.0
80.2
100.3
105.8
110.1
78.3
60.7
44.9
43.6
42.6
-2 2 .5
-2 6 .0
-2 .9
- 2 .3
100.0
77.5
57.3
55.7
54.4
433
425
814
969
999
.972
1.044
1.312
1.339
1.357
+ 7 .4
+25.7
+2.1
+ 1 .3
100.0
107.4
135.0
137.8
139.6
68. 5
54.9
39.6
39.9
40.4
-1 9 .9
-2 7 .9
"K 8
+ 1.3
100.0
80.1
57.8
58.2
59.0
4,849
'887
1,385
1, 779
1,956
.902
.831
.859
.862
.877
- 7 .9
+ 3 .4
+ .3
+ 1 .7
100.0
92.1
95.2
95.6
97.2
49.3
37.0
37.5
35.3
35.3
-2 4 .9
+ 1 .4
-5 .9
(')
100.0
75.1
76.1
71.6
71.6
276
171
425
663
682
.494
.456
.710
.749
.776
- 7 .7
+55.7
+ 5 .5
+ 3 .6
100.0
92.3
143.7
151.6
157.1
65.6
72.7
39.3
41.8
42.5
+10.8
-4 5 .9
+ 6 .3
+ 1.7
100.0
110.8
59.9
63.7
64.8
884
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Table 1.— Changes in Average Wage Rates Per Hour and Average Full-Time
Hours Per Week in 19 Occupations for Five Selected Periods— Continued
Occupation, State or region, and period
Drillers, rotary, helpers—Continued.
Oklahoma:
M ay 1929_______ _
M ay 1933________
November 1933_____ ______ _____
M ay 1934_____________
July 1934____ ______
Texas:
M ay 1929___
M ay 1933________
November 1933___
M ay 1934_______
July 1934_________
Firemen, drilling:
California:
M ay 1929_________
M ay 1933________
November 1933- __
M ay 1934___ _____
July 1934___________
Louisiana:
M ay 1929___
M ay 1933__________
November 1933_____ . . .
M ay 1934_______________
July 1934________________
Texas:
M ay 1929 .............
M ay 1933___
November 1933
M ay 1934_________
July 1934_______
Firemen, other than drilling:
California:
M ay 1929________
M ay 1933_________
November 1933M ay 1934__________
July 1934__________
Oklahoma:
M ay 1929________
M ay 1933______________
November 1933 ___ . .
M ay 1934__________
July 1934________ Texas:
M ay 1929 ___________
M ay 1933________
November 1933____
M ay 1934____________
July 1934________________
Gagers:
California:
M ay 1929____________
M ay 1933.........................
November 1933______ .
M ay 1934___________________
July 1934_____________________
Louisiana:
M ay 1929______________
M ay 1933_________ ____ _________
November 1933__________ _ .
M ay 1934_____________________
July 1934__________________ .
Texas:
M ay 1929___________________
M ay 1933__________________________
November 1933_____________________
M ay 1934_____________________
July 1934.....................................................
i No change.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
N um
ber of
em
ployees
Average rate per
hour
Average full-time
hours per week
Per Index
Per Index
um cent
A m ount cent of num Nber
of num
change bers
change bers
608
163
553
765
600
$0.615
.544
.672
.749
.789
-1 1 .5
+23.5
+11.5
+ 5.3
100 0
88.5
109.3
121.8
128.3
76 9
57.6
42.5
44.2
44. 2
-2 4 .1
-2 6 .2
+ 4 .0
(>)
100 0
75.9
56.0
58.2
58.2
1,139
1, 240
2,486
2,823
2,851
. 520
.525
.717
.760
.784
+ 1 .0
+36.6
+ 6.0
+3. 2
100 0
101.1
137.9
146. 2
150.8
66 8
56.9
40.6
40.6
41.7
-1 4 .8
-2 8 .6
(')
+ 2 .7
100 0
85.2
60.8
60.8
62. 4
513
83
122
156
194
. . 765
.701
.753
.732
.721
- 8 .4
+ 7.4
- 2 .8
-1 . 5
100 0
91.6
98.4
95.7
94.2
49 8
37.5
34.4
35.9
35.1
-24. 7
- 8 .3
+ 4 .4
-2 . 2
100 0
75. 3
69.1
72.1
70. 5
163
127
332
263
337
.486
.450
.691
.766
.772
- 7 .4
+53.6
+10.9
+ .8
100 0
92.6
142.2
157.6
158.8
78 1
62.7
36.6
37.5
37.1
-1 9 .7
-4 1 .6
+ 2 .5
- 1 .1
100 0
80.3
46.9
48.0
47. 5
198
277
497
586
610
. 509
.620
.757
.866
.818
+21.8
+22.1
+14. 4
-5 . 5
100 0
121.8
148.7
170.1
160.7
72 4
53.8
36.8
37.0
36.8
-25. 7
-3 1 .6
+ .5
- .5
100 0
74.3
50.8
51.1
50.8
403
163
192
266
233
. 784
.749
.790
.777
.787
- 4 .5
+ 5.5
- 1 .6
+ 1.3
100 0
95.5
100.8
99.1
100.4
49 7
35.9
34.2
34.9
34.8
-2 7 .8
- 4 .7
+ 2 .0
-.3
68.8
70.2
70.0
102
53
81
160
143
.523
.442
.672
.739
.775
-1 5 .5
+52.0
+10.0
+ 4.9
100 0
84.5
128.5
141.3
148.2
72 0
64.1
39.7
37.7
39.7
-1 1 .0
-3 8 .1
- 5 .0
+ 5 .3
100 0
89.0
55.1
52.4
55.1
141
64
98
103
119
. 517
.533
.729
.777
.784
+ 3 .1
+36.8
+ 6 .6
+ .9
100 0
103.1
141.0
150. 3
151.6
66 3
49.5
37.1
36.5
36.4
-2 5 .3
-2 5 .1
- 1 .6
-.3
100 0
74! 7
56.0
55.1
54.9
123
125
149
143
177
. 856
.843
.910
.908
.904
-1 .5
+ 7 .9
-.2
-.4
100 0
98.5
106.3
106.1
105.6
48 1
39.4
37.3
37.4
37.2
-1 8 .1
- 5 .3
+ .3
-.5
100 0
8L9
77.5
77.8
77.3
25
34
57
60
62
.632
.519
.698
.765
.756
-1 7 .9
+34.5
+ 9 .6
-1 .2
100. 0
82.1
110.4
121.0
119.6
61 8
56.0
36.7
36.9
39.5
- 9 .4
-3 4 .5
+ .5
+ 7 .0
100 0
90.6
59.4
59.7
63.9
101
219
283
332
378
520
.598
.749
.800
.820
+15.0
+25.3
+ 6 .8
+ 2 .5
100 0
115.0
144.0
153.8
157.7
42.9
37.6
37.6
36.8
-3 8 .4
-1 2 .4
(0
- 2 .1
100 0
6L6
54.0
54.0
52.9
100 0
7 2 .2
885
WAGES IN PETROLEUM DRILLING AND PRODUCTION
Table 1.— Changes in Average Wage Rates Per Hour and Average Full-Time
Hours Per Week in 19 Occupations for Five Selected Periods— Continued
Occupation, State or region, and period
Laborers:
Arkansas:
_________________
M ay 1929
M ay 1933----------------------- ---------------November 1933-........ - ...............................
M ay 1934------- --------------------------------July 1934___________________________
California:
M ay 1933__________________________
November 1933----------------- --------------M ay 1934__________________________
July 1934___________________________
Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, and
Wyoming:
M ay 1933---- ----------------------------------November 1933_____________________
M ay 1934__________________________
July 1934___________________________
Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio:
M ay 1933__________________________
November 1933------------ -- ---------M ay 1934-------- - ----------------- .
July 1934___________________________
Kansas:
M ay 1933__________________________
November 1933 --------------------- --------M ay 1934__________________________
July 1934___________________________
Kentucky and West Virginia:
M ay 1929 ________________________
M ay 1933__________________________
November 1933__________ _________
M ay 1934------------------- -----------------July 1934______________________ ____
Louisiana:
M ay 1929__________________________
M ay 1933------------------ --------------------November 1933............................ ..............
M ay 1934___________________ _______
July 1934___________________________
N ew York and Pennsylvania:
M ay 1933__________________________
November 1933-................... ............. .......
M ay 1934— ------------------------- ----------July 1934----------------------------------------Oklahoma:
M ay 1933-................................. ..................
November 1933----------------------- ------M ay 1934__________________________
July 1934.------ -------------------------------Texas:
M ay 1933___ ______________________
November 1933________ _____ _______
M ay 1934__________________________
July 1934___________________________
Machinists:
California:
M ay 1929 _________________________
M ay 1933__________________________
November 1933-------------------------------M ay 1934__________________________
July 1934-------------------------- ----------
i No change.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Average full-time
Average rate per
hours per week
hour
N um
ber of
em
Per Index
Per Index
ployees A m ount cent of num N um cent of num
ber change bers
change bers
76
32
33
80
78
$0.433
.375
.632
.611
.647
-1 3 .4
+68.5
- 3 .3
+ 5 .9
100.0
86.6
146.0
141.1
149.4
64.2
53.1
35.6
36.0
36.0
—17.3
-3 3 .0
+ 1.1
(>)
100.0
82.7
55.5
56.1
56.1
1 118
264
467
355
. 640
.533
.597
.581
.598
-1 6 .7
+12.0
- 2 .7
+ 2 .9
100.0
83.3
93.3
90.8
93.4
48.7
42.7
35.4
36.5
36.4
-1 2 .3
-1 7 .1
+ 3 .1
-.3
100. 0
87.7
72. 7
74. 9
74. 7
31
46
134
145
146
.430
.449
.508
.565
.557
+ 4 .4
+13.1
+11.2
- 1 .4
100,0
104.4
118.1
131.4
129.5
59.8
48.3
36.1
37.5
36.2
-1 9 .2
-2 5 .3
+ 3.9
-3 .5
80.8
60.4
62.7
60. 5
46
30
72
72
82
.377
.350
.492
.547
.517
-7 .2
+40.6
+11.2
- 5 .5
100.0
92.8
130.5
145.1
137.1
57.5
57.7
40.5
40.2
37.6
+• 3
-2 9 .8
- .7
- 6 .5
100.0
100.3
70.4
69.9
65.4
216
146
326
167
186
.445
.389
.495
.501
.511
-1 2 .6
+27.2
+ 1 .2
+ 2 .0
100. 0
87.4
111.2
112.6
114.8
59. 3
62.1
35.0
36.1
36.2
+ 4 .7
-4 3 .6
+ 3.1
+ .3
100.0
104.7
59.0
60.9
61.0
329
81
254
184
171
.425
.380
.466
.480
.478
-1 0 .5
+22.6
+ 3 .0
-.4
100.0
89.4
109.6
112.9
112.5
48.2
48.0
39.4
39.4
39.3
- .4
-1 7 .9
(0
-.3
100.0
99.6
81.7
81.7
81.5
210
181
372
328
413
.424
.371
.518
.536
.543
-1 2 .5
+39.6
+ 3 .5
+ 1 .3
100.0
87.5
122.2
126.4
128.1
60.9
62.3
36.9
36.5
36.3
+ 2 .3
-4 0 .8
- 1 .1
-.5
100.0
102.3
60.6
59.9
59.6
298
7
277
180
257
.502
.376
.551
.536
.570
-2 5 .1
+46.5
-2 .7
+ 6 .3
100.0
74.9
109.8
106.8
113.5
49.0
48.9
37.7
38.3
37.8
-.2
-2 2 .9
+ 1 .6
- 1 .3
100.0
99.8
76.9
78.2
77.1
1,733
559
1,100
1,173
1,180
.448
.390
.525
.539
.551
-1 2 .9
+34.6
+ 2 .7
+ 2 .2
100.0
87.1
117.2
120.3
123.0
63.3
60.3
36.2
36.6
36.8
- 4 .7
-4 0 .0
+ 1.1
+ .5
100.0
95.3
57.2
57.8
58.1
842
470
1,302
1,292
1,458
.464
.436
.564
.579
.596
- 6 .0
+29.4
+ 2 .7
+ 2 .9
100.0
94.0
121.6
124.8
128.4
60.9
56.7
37.1
36.8
36.6
-6 .9
-3 4 .6
-.8
-.5
100.0
93.1
60.9
60.4
60.1
322
114
132
149
147
.888
.951
.987
1.008
1.005
+ 7 .1
+ 3 .8
+ 2 .1
-.3
100.0
107.1
111.1
113.5
113.2
49.2
34.8
36.1
36.0
36.0
-2 9 .3
+ 3 .7
- .3
100.0
70.7
73.4
73.2
73.2
'294
100.0
(>)
886
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Table 1.— Changes in Average Wage Rates Per Hour and Average Full-Time
Hours Per Week in 19 Occupations for Five Selected Periods— Continued
Occupation, State or region, and period
M achinists—Continued.
N ew York and Pennsylvania:
M ay 1929___________ ______________
M ay 1933__________________________
November 1933_____ . . ________ . .
M ay 1934.._ _________________ _____
July 1934___________________________
Oklahoma:
M av 1929____________ ..
M ay 1933__________________________
November 1933_____________________
M ay 1934________________ ______ _
July 1934___________________________
Texas:
M ay 1929_____________________
.
M ay 1933________ . ...................
November 1933_____________________
M ay 1934___ _______________
July 1934__________________
Mechanics, repair:
California:
M ay 1929________________ _____
M ay 1933________ ____ _______ _
November 1933________ _______
M ay 1934______________ ______
July 1934__________________________
Oklahoma:
M ay 1929_____________ ____________
M ay 1933_____________________
November 1933____________
M ay 1934__________________ .
July 1934____ __________________
M ay 1929______________ .
M ay 1933_______________
November 1933______ .
M ay 1934____
___ _ .
July 1934___________________
Pumpers:
Arkansas:
M ay 1929____________
M ay 1933_______________
November 1933____. . .
M ay 1934______ _______ _____
July 1934________________
California:
M ay 19^9__________ _ .
M ay 1933______________
November 1933.. _____
M ay 1934____________ .
July 1934__________ . . .
Colorado, Montana, N ew Mexico, and
Wyoming:
M ay 1929__________ . _
M ay 1933_________________
November 1933__________ . . . .
M ay 1934_______ . . . _______
July 1934__________________
Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Ohio:
M ay 1929____ .
M ay 1933_____________________
November 1933______ . .
M ay 1934____________
July 1934______________
Kansas:
M ay 1929________
M ay 1933___________________
November 1933.......... .
M ay 1934___________________
July 1934___________________________|
i No change.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Average rate per
Average full-time
hour
hours per week
N um
ber of
em
Per Index
Per Index
ployees Amouni
um cent
cent of num Nber
of num
change bers
change bers
31
29
40
52
45
$n 642
.611
.781
.769
.780
- 5 .0
+27.8
-1 . 5
+ 1 .4
95.0
121.5
119.6
121.3
36.3
36.2
36.3
- 2 .9
-2 2 .8
-.3
+ .3
100. 0
97.1
75.0
74.8
75.0
66
75
91
102
97
.756
.897
.940
.969
-5 .3
+18.7
+ 4 .8
+ 3.1
94.7
112.4
117. 8
121.4
64 4
48! 7
36.3
36.3
36.3
-1 0 .5
-2 5 .5
(0
(0
100. 0
”89.5
66.7
66.7
66.7
Q0Q
.770 -1 5 .3
.931 +20.9
.956
+ 2 .7
.927 -1 3 .0
84.7
102.4
105. 2
102.0
-1 1 .2
—27:9
(0
(>)
100.0
88.8
64. 1
64.1
64. 1
-2 3 .0
- 4 .9
+ 8 .2
- 5 .8
100 0
77.0
73.2
79.3
74. 7
- 8 .6
-3 2 .0
+ .5
+ .3
100 0
91.4
62.2
62.5
62.7
40
42
56
59
83
48 4
47.0
66 9
49'9
36.0
36.0
36.0
48 9
559
369
395
453
446
.858
.903
.883
1.106
-4 .7
+ 5 .2
- 2 .2
+25. 3
95.3
100.3
98.1
122.9
277
204
231
243
229
626
! 583
.748
.787
.810
- 8 .2
+28.3
+ 5 .2
+ 2 .9
91.8
117.8
123.9
127.6
150
135
183
169
176
.642
.805
.827
.847
+ .8
+25.4
+ 2 .7
+ 2.4
100.8
126.4
129.8
133.0
36.6
35.2
37.3
55.0
-1 0 .6
-3 3 .5
-3 .8
+ 6 .0
100 0
89! 4
59.5
57.2
60.7
399
224
405
408
409
.449
.704
.731
.740
- 7 .8
+56.8
+ 3 .8
+ 1 .2
92.2
144.6
150.1
152.0
64.7
36.0
36.1
36.2
-1 5 .4
-4 4 .4
+ .3
+ .3
100 0
84.6
47.1
47.2
47.3
2, 529
2,102
2, 255
2, 267
2, 284
.747
.789
.800
.797
- 5 .9
+ 5 .6
+ 1 .4
-.4
inn n
94.1
99.4
100.8
100.4
35 .1
37.2
35.2
35.2
-2 5 .0
+ 6 .0
- 5 .4
(i)
100 0
75.0
79.5
75.2
75. 2
250
438
514
526
548
46Q
.496
.676
.683
.716
+ 5.8
+36.3
+ 1 .0
+ 4 .8
105.8
144.1
145.6
152. 7
7.8 Q
58. 1 -2 1 .4
38.5 -3 3 .7
39.0
+ 1 .3
40.3
+ 3.3
100 0
78! 6
52.1
52.8
54.5
830
630
883
744
718
426
.457
.599
.600
.590
+ 4.8
+31.1
+ .2
- 1 .7
ion n
104! 8
137.4
137.6
135.3
56! 8
39.7
39.6
39.5
567
701
961
1,040
1,069
.402
.357
.627
.659
.676
-1 1 .2
+75.6
+5.1
+ 2 .6
100 0
88.8
156.0
163.9
168.2
70.1
37.7
37.3
37.3
37.1
35.3
38.2
36.0
60 9
54.1
36.8
37.0
37.1
61 6
794
46 8
64 6
-1 2 .1
-3 0 .1
- .3
- .3
87.9
61.5
61.3
61.1
- 5 .9
-4 6 .2
- 1 .1
(0
100 0
94.1
50.6
50.1
50.1
74 6
WAGES IN PETROLEUM DRILLING AND PRODUCTION
887
Table 1.— Changes in Average Wage Rates Per Hour and Average Full-Time
Hours Per Week in 19 Occupations for Five Selected Periods— Continued
Occupation, State or region, and period
Pumpers—Continued.
Kentucky and West Virginia:
M ay 1929__________ _____ ___ _______
M ay 1933___
November 1933______ _ _ _ ___
M ay 1934______ _________ _ _ __
July 1934________
_____________
Louisiana:
M ay 1929 _____
_ _ _ _ _____
M ay 1933_____ ____ ________________
November 1933-- . . _______ _______
M ay 1934____ ___ . ........... ..............
July 1934-- - _____________________
N ew York and Pennsylvania:
M ay 1929
M ay 1933 __________________________
November 1933 - __ ________________
M ay 1934 _____ - _____ ____________
July 1934..
........ ... ................. ...........
Oklahoma:
__________________
M ay 1929
M ay 1933__________________________
November 1933 _____ _ __ _______ M ay 1934 __________________________
July 1934__ ____ - - __________ ___
Texas:
M ay 1929
- ___________
M ay 1933______ ____________________
November 1933
M ay 1934— . . . _______________
July 1934___________________________
Rig builders:
California:
__- _____
M ay 1929
M ay 1933
___ . _____________
November 1933_____________________
M ay 1934
...
- . . .
_________
July 1934 __________________ - __
Kentucky and West Virginia:
M ay 1929
.
.
-- . _______
M ay 1933__________________________
November 1933 . . .
- ................. .
M ay 1934......................................................
_________________
July 1934 ___
Oklahoma:
M ay 1929
_ _ _ - _ ____
____________________
M ay 1933. .
November 1933 ____________ - -.
M ay 1934 . . ...........
............... ........
July 1934___________________________
Texas:
M ay 1929
______
M ay 1933____
___________________
November 1933_____________________
M ay 1934_____________ ____ _________
July 1934___________________________
Roustabouts:
Arkansas:
M ay 1929
__________
M ay 1933. _____ ___ ______________
November 1933___ . ______________
M ay 1934 _______ _____ ____ _ . . .
July 1934 _________________________
California:
M ay 1929.
_____________________
M ay 1933__________________________
November 1933_____________________
M ay 1934.___________ ____ _ _
July 1934 ________________________
! No change.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Average full-time
Average rate per
hours per week
hour
N um
ber of
em
Per Index
Per Index
ployees A m ount cent of num N um cent of num
ber change bers
change bers
461
394
407
416
416
$0. 542
.429
.578
.606
.604
-2 0 .8
+34.7
+ 4 .8
-.3
100.0
79.2
106.6
111.8
111.4
50.1
48.7
39.9
39.9
36.9
- 2 .8
-1 8 .1
0)
- 7 .5
100.0
97.2
79.6
79.6
73.7
583
488
673
775
741
.546
.538
.688
.698
.745
- 1 .5
+27.9
+ 1 .5
+ 6 .7
100.0
98.5
126.0
127.8
136.4
65.4
55.6
37.4
37.1
37.1
-1 5 .0
-3 2 .7
-.8
0)
100.0
85.0
57.2
56.7
56.7
820
780
992
1,031
1,025
.556
.454
.640
.663
.665
-1 9 .8
+41.0
+ 3 .6
+ .3
100.0
80.2
113.1
117.1
117.5
51.8
49.3
36.7
35.7
36.1
- 4 .8
-2 5 .6
- 2 .7
+ 1.1
100.0
95.2
70.8
68.9
69.7
3,223
3,212
4,342
4,652
L 807
.451
.421
.652
.696
.727
- 6 .7
+54.9
+ 6 .7
+ 4 .5
100.0
93.3
144.6
154.3
161.2
68.2
63.6
37.1
37.1
36.8
- 6 .7
-4 1 .7
(')
-.8
100.0
93.3
54.4
54.4
54.0
2,710
3,277
4,282
4,600
4,783
.461
.474
. 671
.724
.755
+ 2 .8
+41.6
+ 7 .9
+ 4 .3
100.0
102.8
145.6
152.0
163.8
76.1
62.4
37.9
37.2
36.9
-1 8 .0
-3 9 .3
- 1 .8
-.8
100.0
82.0
49.8
48.9
48.5
177
98
104
153
152
1.165
1.005
1.040
1.040
1.041
-1 3 .7
+ 3 .5
0)
+ .1
100.0
86.3
89.3
89.3
89.4
47.9
36.6
36.0
36.0
36.0
-2 3 .6
- 1 .6
(0
(0
100.0
76.4
75.2
75.2
75.2
30
20
28
48
48
.615
.489
.607
.620
.624
-2 0 .5
+24.1
+ 2 .1
+ .6
100.0
79.5
98.7
100.8
101.5
48.2
47.9
39.9
40.3
40.1
-.6
-1 6 .7
+ 1 .0
-.5
. 100.0
99.4
82.8
83.6
83.2
169
44
90
69
75
1.170
.859
1.020
.927
.975
-2 6 .6
+18.7
- 9 .1
+ 5 .2
100.0
73.4
87.2
79.2
83.3
62.0
59.6
35.3
36.4
36.4
- 3 .9
-4 0 .8
+ 3 .1
(0
100.0
96.1
56.9
58.7
58.7
53
163
270
261
296
1.195
.926
1.012
1. 091
1.105
-2 2 .5
+10.9
+ 7 .8
+ 1 .3
100.0
77.5
84.7
91.3
92.5
64.2
50.0
37.0
39.0
39.9
-2 2 .1
-2 6 .0
+ 5 .4
+ 2 .3
100.0
77.9
57.6
60.7
62.1
509
303
414
411
407
.504
.444
.655
.690
.694
-1 1 .9
+47.5
+ 5 .3
+ .6
100.0
88.1
130.0
136.9
137.7
64.3
58.1
35.8
36.0
36.0
- 9 .6
-3 8 .4
+ .6
(0
100.0
90.4
55.7
56.0
56.0
3,005
1,333
1,523
1,718
756
.715
.689
.726
.715
.709
- 3 .6
+ 5 .4
-1 .5
-.8
100.0
96.4
101.5
100.0
99.2
47.0
36.8
35.5
36.2
35.9
-2 1 .7
- 3 .5
+ 2 .0
-.8
100.0
78.3
75.5
77.0
76.4
888
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Table 1.— Changes in Average Wage Rates Per Hour and Average Full-Time
Hours Per Week in 19 Occupations for Five Selected Periods— Continued
Occupation, State or region, and period
R ousta bouts—C ontinued.
Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, and
Wyoming:
M ay 1929___________________ ______
M ay 1933__________________________
November 1933_________ _______ ____
M ay 1934_______________ ____ ______
July 1934
_____________________
Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio:
M ay 1929__________________________
M ay 1933___________________ _______
November 1933_____________________
M ay 1934__________________________
July 1934__________ ____ __________
Kansas:
M ay 1929______________________
M ay 1933__________________ ________
November 1933____________ . . . . ..
M ay 1934_____________________
July 1934___________________________
Kentucky and West Virginia:
M ay 1929_______________________ . .
M ay 1933__________________________
November 1933___ ___________ _
M ay 1934 ______________ __________
July 1934________________ _____
Louisiana:
M ay 1929____ __________ . . .
M ay 1933__________________________
November 1933_________________ . . .
M ay 1 9 3 4 ..______ _________ _
July 1934___________________________
New York and Pennsylvania:
M ay 1929__________________________
M ay 1933__________ ______ __________
November 1 9 3 3 ..__________________
M ay 1934_____________ __ ________
July 1934___________________________
Oklahoma:
M ay 1929___ ______ _________
M ay 1933__________________________
November 1933______ _____ _________
M ay 1934___ __________________ . .
July 1934____ _______ __________
...
Texas:
M ay 1929____ ____ _
M ay 1933... ..........
November 1933_____________
M ay 1934___
_____
July 1934____________
Stillmen and dehydrators:
California:
M ay 1929______________________
M ay 1933__________________________
November 1933......................................
M ay 1934__________________________
July 1934_____ ____ _________________
Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, and
Wyoming:
M ay 1929_____________________ _____
M ay 1933_____ _______________ _____
November 1933______ _____ ________
M ay 1934__________________________
July 1934___________________________
Louisiana:
M ay 1929____________ ____ __________
M ay 1933__________________________
November 1933_____________________
M ay 1934__________ _____ ___________
July 1934 _______ ______ _____ ______
1No change.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Average rate per
Average full-time
hour
hours per week
N um
ber of
em
ployees A m ount Per Index N um Per Index
cent of num
cent of num
ber
change bers
change bers
300
327
360
538
493
$0. 505
.482
.612
.618
.650
- 4 .6
+27.0
+ 1.0
+ 5 .2
425
261
117
269
300
.437
.452
.601
.641
.617
+ 3 .4
+33.0
+ 6 .7
-3 .7
737
677
1,035
1,125
1,132
. 462
.406
.574
.623
.633
- 1 2 .1
+41.4
+ 8.5
+ 1.6
87.9
124.2
134.8
137.0
368
324
385
402
416
. 443
.388
. 518
. 542
.541
-1 2 .4
+33. 5
+ 4.6
87.6
116.9
122. 3
698
473
828
987
986
.535
.521
.675
.699
.707
685
412
637
876
800
. 559
.449
.598
.622
.625
5,414
2,976
4,055
4, 293
4,430
. 500
.444
.610
.663
.658
3,307
2,773
3,535
4,169
4,104
508
.507
.647
.673
.689
258
243
270
251
269
100. 0
95.4
1 2 1 .2
122.4
128.7
100. 0
103.4
137.5
146.7
141.2
100 0
-.2
100.0
122.1
100 0
- 2.6
+29.6
+ 3.6
+ 1 .1
97.4
126.2
130.7
132.1
100 0
-1 9 .7
+33.2
+ 4 .0
+ .5
- 1 1 .2
+37.4
+ 8 .7
80.3
107.0
111.3
1 1 1 .8
100 0
88.8
122.0
100 0
62 1
48.5
37.0
35.6
36.3
-2 1 .9
-2 3 .7
- 3 .8
+ 2.0
62.4
53.5
41.9
40.3
37.9
-1 4 .3
-2 1 .7
- 3 .8
- 6.0
61 2
62.5
36.7
36.6
36.5
+ 2. 1
-4 1 .3
-.3
-. 3
62 3
50.1
39.8
39.9
39. 7
- 4 .2
- 20.6
+ .3
-. 5
7 8 .1
59.6
57.3
58.5
100 0
85.7
67.1
64.6
60.7
100 0
102 ! 1
60.0
59.8
59. 6
100 0
61 6
52.4
36.9
36.6
36.8
-1 4 .8
-2 9 .6
61 6
48.8
37.1
36.6
36.6
- 5 .4
-2 4 .0
- 1 .3
(')
95+
76. 1
76.3
75. 9
100 0
-.8
+ .5
85.'2
60.0
59.5
59.8
100 0
68 7
94.6
71.9
70.9
70.9
100 0
132.6
131.6
54.8
36.7
36.3
35.9
- 6.6
-3 3 .0
- 1 .1
- 1 .1
93.4
62.5
61.8
61.2
+27.6
+ 4 .0
+ 2 .4
99.8
127.4
132.5
135.6
53.1
36.3
37.2
36. 6
-1 4 .5
-3 1 .6
+ 2 .5
—1.6
85.5
58.5
59.9
58.9
.835
.779
.875
.873
.873
100 0
- 6 .7
+12.3
-.2
0)
93.3
104.8
104.6
104.6
4Q 3
40! 5
35.8
36.5
35.6
-1 7 .8
-1 1 .6
+ 2 .0
- 2 .5
22
52
59
63
82
.668
.573
.757
.765
.816
-1 4 .2
+32.1
+ 1.1
+ 6 .7
100.0
85.8
113.3
114.5
122.2
60 0
52.5
36.0
36.0
34.7
-1 2 .5
-3 1 .4
(0
- 3 .6
100 0
8L5
60.0
60.0
57.8
46
26
35
36
39
.638
.587
.849
.859
.863
- 8 .0
+44.6
+ 1 .2
+ .5
100.0
92.0
133.1
134.6
135.3
69 6
53.3
36.2
36.2
36.2
-1 0 .6
-3 2 .6
0)
(')
100 0
89! 4
60.7
60.7
60.7
-.8
-.2
100 0
82! 2
72.'6
74.0
72.2
WAGES IN PETROLEUM DRILLING AND PRODUCTION
889
Table 1.— Changes in Average Wage Rates Per Hour and Average Full-Time
Hours Per Week in 19 Occupations for Five Selected Periods— Continued
Occupation, State or region, and period
Stillmen and dehydrators—Continued.
Oklahoma:
M ay 1929_________________
M ay 1933______ ____ ____ __________
November 1933___________ _________
M ay 1934____________________ ______
July 1934___________ _______________
Texas:
M ay 1929___________________ _ .
M ay 1933................. __...............................
November 1933____________ ______
M ay 1934___________________ .
July 1934..______ __________________
Tool dressers:
California:
M ay 1929_________________ . . . ____
M ay 1933____ ____ _____________ _
November 1933_____________________
M ay 1934_______ ______ ____________
July 1934____________ _____________
Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, and
Wyoming:
M ay 1929---------------------------------------M ay 1933..______ __________________
November 1933_____________________
M ay 1934_______________
______
July 1934____ ______ ________________
Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio:
M ay 1929______________ ___________
M ay 1933_______ ___________________
November 1933___________ ________
M ay 1934__________ _______ _________
July 1934___________________________
Kansas:
M ay 1929_____ ____ _____ __________
M ay 1933__________________________
November 1933_____________________
M ay 1934—______ __________________
July 1934___________________________
New York and Pennsylvania:
M ay 1929______ _________ _______
M ay 1933__________________________
November 1933______________ . . . . . .
M ay 1934__________________ ______
July 1934_________________ ____ ____
Oklahoma:
M ay 1929__________________________
M ay 1933____ _____________________
November 1933_________ ____ ___ . . .
M ay 1934____________ ______ _______
July 1934...............................................
Texas:
M ay 1929__________________________
M ay 1933________ __________________
November 1933_____________________
M ay 1934__________________________
July 1934__________________________
Truck drivers:
Arkansas:
M ay 1929__________________________
M ay 1933__________________________
November 1933________________ ___
M ay 1934_____________________ ____
July 1934_________ ____ _____ _______
California:
M ay 1929__________________________
M ay 1933......................................................
November 1933_____________________
M ay 1934__________________________
July 1934.____ _____________________
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Average rate per
Average full-time
hour
hours per week
N um
ber of
em
Per Index N um Per Index
ployees A m ount cent
of num ber
cent of num
change bers
change bers
424
344
461
459
478
$0 Ft45
.503
.710
.733
.752
- 7 .7
+41.2
+ 3 .2
+ 2 .6
100 0
92! 3
130.3
134.5
138.0
6.1 8
54! 9
36.6
36.9
36.7
-1 3 .9
-3 3 .3
+ .8
-.5
100 0
86! 1
57.4
57.8
57.5
182
94
185
195
200
.521
.493
.727
.763
.772
- 7 .2
+47.5
+ 5 .0
+ 1 .2
100 0
92! 8
136.9
143.7
145.4
70 0
62.0
36.2
35.7
36.4
-1 1 .4
-4 1 .6
- 1 .4
+ 2 .0
100 0
88! 6
51.7
51.0
52.0
278
155
152
187
220
. 999
.918
.984
.978
.932
100 0
91.9
98.5
97.9
93.3
50 0
- 8 .1
+ 7 .2
-.6
- 4 .7
34.8
34.6
35 .1
33.1
-3 0 .4
-.6
+ 1.4
- 5 .7
100.0
69.6
69.2
70.2
66.2
49
29
53
71
61
.740
.713
.748
.855
.885
- 3 .6
+ 4 .9
+14.3
+ 3 .5
100 0
96.4
101.1
115.5
119.6
83.0
46.2
45.8
43.8
45.0
-4 4 .3
-.9
- 4 .4
+ 2 .7
100. 0
55.7
55.2
52.8
54.2
84
28
115
103
100
. 622
.547
.779
.827
.838
-1 2 .1
+42.4
+ 6 .2
+1.3
100 0
87.9
125.2
133.0
134.7
68 3
70.9
45.8
46.0
45.8
+ 3 .8
-3 5 .4
+ .4
- .4
100 0
103.8
67.1
67.3
67.1
78
53
83
109
100
889
.647
.787
.818
.813
-2 7 .2
+21.6
+ 3 .9
-.6
100 0
72.8
88.5
92.0
91.5
83 6
72.5
41.1
42.7
41.4
-1 3 .3
-4 3 .3
+ 3.9
- 3 .0
100 0
86.7
49.2
51.1
49.5
183
45
137
161
178
. 589
.427
.620
.765
.764
-2 7 .5
+45.2
+23.4
-. 1
100 0
72.5
105.3
129.9
129.7
70 0
60.0
42.5
42.2
42.1
-1 4 .3
-2 9 .2
- .7
-.2
100 0
85.7
60.7
60.3
60. 1
424
77
245
207
251
. 790
.661
.742
.820
.869
-1 6 .3
+12.3
+10.5
+ 6 .0
100 0
83.7
93.9
103.8
110.0
77.8
63.2
45.0
43.9
44.3
-1 8 .8
-2 8 .8
-2 .4
+ .9
100 0
81.2
57.8
56.4
56.9
369
90
187
316
306
. 664
.636
.855
.867
.947
- 4 .2
+34.4
+1. 4
+ 9 .2
100 0
95.8
128.8
130.6
142.6
77.4
62.1
41.9
46.0
41.3
—19.5
-3 3 .2
+ 9 .8
-1 0 .2
100 0
81.0
54.1
59.4
53.4
51
27
25
24
27
. 499
.413
.658
.717
.770
-1 7 .2
+59.2
+ 9 .0
+7.4
100. 0
82.8
131.9
143.7
154.3
36.0
35.9
35.8
-7 .5
-3 9 .6
-.3
-.3
100. 0
92.5
55.9
55.7
55.6
795
263
278
319
354
.845
.769
.823
.819
.823
- 9 .0
+ 7 .0
-.5
100.0
91.0
97.4
96.9
97.4
48.4
39.8
35.1
35.7
35.8
-1 7 .8
-1 1 .8
+ 1.7
+ .3
100.0
82.2
72.5
73.8
74.0
+.5
64 4
59.6
890
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Table 1.— Changes in Average Wage Rates Per Hour and Average Full-Time
Hours Per Week in 19 Occupations for Five Selected Periods— Continued
Occupation, State or region, and period
Truck drivers—Continued.
Colorado, Montana, N ew Mexico, and
Wyoming:
M ay 1929..................................................
M ay 1933........................ ........................
November 1933......................................
M ay 1934........... ............ ............................
July 1934.....................................................
Kansas:
M ay 1929__________________
M ay 1933.......................................
November 1933...... .....................................
M ay 1934_________________
July 1934___________________ _____
Louisiana:
M ay 1929____________ _____________
M ay 1933...........................................
November 1933...... ........................... .........
M ay 1934...______________
July 1934................................ .
N ew York and Pennsylvania:
M ay 1929............. ......................
M ay 1933_______ ...............................
November 1933...............................
M ay 1934______ __________________
July 1934......................... ....... ............
Oklahoma:
M ay 1929____ ____________
M ay 1933_______ _______________ .
November 1933...... ......................
M ay 1934............. .........................
July 1934___________________________
Texas:
M ay 1929.................... ...........
M ay 1933...... ...............................
November 1933...... .................... ..............
M ay 1934............. ................................
July 1934.......... ............... .........................
Average rate per
Average full-time
hour
hours per week
N um
ber of
em
Index
Per Index
ployees A m ount Per
cent of num N um cent of num
ber change
change bers
bers
70
65
73
86
86
.$0 593
.565
.688
.708
.736
inn n
95! 3
116.0
119.4
124.1
49.5
38.7
38.7
38.7
—21.8
-2 1 .8
(i)
(')
78. 2
61.1
61.1
61.1
138
1Î8
161
173
182
„fill
.434
.669
.670
.687
-1 5 .1
+54.1
+ 2 .5
100 0
84.9
130.9
131.1
134.4
58.6
36.9
37.0
37.0
—7.1
-3 7 .0
+ .3
(>)
92.9
58.5
58.6
58.6
89
81
110
135
137
.502
.523
.689
.742
.745
+ 4 .2
+31.7
+ 7 .7
+ .4
100 0
10L 2
137.3
147.8
148.4
49! 5
37.7
3 7 .1
37.3
-1 9 .8
-2 3 .8
—1.6
+ .5
80.2
61.1
60.1
60 />
84
86
104
112
110
. 612
.501
.712
.735
.744
-1 8 .1
+42.1
+ 3 .2
+ 1 .2
100 0
8l! 9
116.3
120.1
121.6
48.5
36.5
36.8
36.7
- 5 .1
-2 4 .7
+ .8
-.3
94.9
71.4
72.0
71.8
994
541
029
657
677
. 548
.483
-1 1 .9
100 0
88! 1
68.3
+13.8
113. 8
! 726
.740
+5! 1
+ 1 .9
132.5
135.0
37.2
37.4
- 2 .6
+ .5
62.0
62.3
589
548
711
794
808
. 727
.604
.754
.779
.806
-1 6 .9
+24.8
+ 3 .3
+ 3 .5
100 0
83! 1
103.7
107.2
110.9
63.8
39.5
36.7
36.4
-1 4 .7
-2 6 .6
- 7 .1
-.8
85. 3
62. 6
58.2
57.7
-4 .7
+21.8
+ 2 .9
+ 4 .0
61 7
1No change.
Average Hourly Earnings
T h e 38,372 employees covered by the survey, in establishments
engaged in drilling and the production of petroleum, earned an aver
age of 77.9 cents per hour in 1934. In the pipe-line branch of the
industry the hourly earnings during the same period averaged 77.4
cents. When compared with the average hourly earnings for other
nonmanufacturing industries, the average for drilling and production
employees ranks high, as the average hourly earnings 10 in anthracite
mining in August 1934 were 83.0 cents; in bituminous coal mining,
71.8 cents; in metalliferous mining, 5 5 .7 cents; in the telephone and
telegraph industry, 71.9 cents; and in the electric light and power
and manufactured-gas industry, 77.2 cents.
The extent to which average hourly earnings varied among the
workers covered is shown in the frequency distribution in table 2.
10 Computed by the Bureau’s Employment D ivision from monthly employment reports.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
WAGES IN PETROLEUM DRILLING AND PRODUCTION
891
Only 1.3 percent of the total number of employees earned less than
42.5 cents per hour; and 5.4 percent received 42.5 and under 52.5
cents per hour, the range which includes the minima for common
labor set in the code.11 Those earning 52.5 and under 72.5 cents per
hour included 26.7 percent or slightly more than one-fourth of the total.
Almost one-half (46.9 percent) earned an average of 72.5 and under
87.5 cents. Nearly one-fifth (19.7 percent) earned 87.5 cents or over
per hour, and of these almost half received $1 or over per hour.
Table 2 .— Number and Percent of Drilling and Production Employees Receiving
Classified Average Hourly Earnings, 1934
Average hourly earnings
Under 42 fi eents
___________________
5 end under 47.fi eents
_ _____________________
5 end under fi2.fi eents
_ _____________________
5 end under fi7 fi eents
_ ___________________
5 end nnder 6 2 fi eents
___________________
fi and under 67.fi eents _ ________________ - _________
5 end nnder 72 fi eents
____________________
5 end under 77 fi eents
________________________________
5 end under 8 2 fi eents
_ _____________________
5 end nnder 8 7 fi eents
_ __ _______________
5 and under 92.fi eents
_______________________
5 eents and under $1
_ _ ______________________________
____________________________
$1 and under $1.10
$1 10 end over
__________________ ______
42
47
52
57
62
67
72
77
82
87
92
Number of
employees
Simple per
centage
496
351
1 ,7 4 1
997
2 ,0 3 0
2 ,9 6 0
4 ,2 5 6
8 ,8 2 1
5 ,1 4 6
3 ,9 8 7
2 ,0 4 2
1 ,8 3 4
1 .3
.9
4 .5
2 .6
5 .3
7 .7
11. 1
23. 1
1 3 .4
1 0 .4
5 .3
4 .8
1,355
2,356
3.5
6. 1
Cumulative
percentage
1 .3
2 .2
6 .7
9 .3
1 4 .6
2 2 .3
3 3 .4
5 6 .5
6 9 .9
8 0 .3
8 5 .6
9 0 .4
93.9
100.0
Among the 14 specific occupations covered in this part of the sur
vey, roustabouts and laborers received on the average the least, 66.4
cents per hour, and rotary drillers the most, $1.321.12 Cable drillers
earned an average of $1,017 12 per hour, and clean-out drillers 94.6
cents. Rig builders received an average of $1,003 per hour, while
tool dressers’ earnings amounted to 85.8 cents per hour. The hourly
earnings of pumpers were 71 cents, or approximately 7 cents less than
the average for the industry branch as a whole. Truck drivers
received on the average 74.3 cents per hour. The average hourly
earnings of the remaining occupations ranged from 78.7 to 81.2 cents
per hour.13
A distribution of employees by average earnings per hour for eight
of the leading occupations—cable drillers, rotary drillers, rotary
drillers’ helpers, pumpers, rig builders, roustabouts and laborers,
tool dressers, and truck drivers—is shown in table 3, which permits
11 Code rates for common labor ranged from 45 to 52 cents per hour according to geographical division,
but did not apply to “ substandard” workers.
12 Code rates for rotary tool drillers and cable tool drillers were $1.25 and $1 per hour, respectively, and
for rotary tool helpers and cable tool helpers 75 and 87.5 cents per hour, respectively. In certain approved
cases a 15-percent reduction could be permitted in areas not exceeding 2,500 feet in depth and a 25-percent
reduction in areas not exceeding 1,000 feet in depth.
is The actual average earnings per hour for these occupations were 79.0 cents for clean-out drillers’ helpers,
79.5 cents for air and gas lift engineers, 79.9 cents for casing pullers, 81.2 cents for rotary drillers helpers,
81.1 cents for gagers, and 78.7 cents for stillmen and dehydrators.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
892
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
of a more detailed comparison than can be secured from general
occupational averages.
Employees earning less than 42.5 cents per hour were concentrated
in four occupations, namely rotary drillers’ helpers, pumpers, roust
abouts and laborers, and truck drivers, but in none of these occupa
tions did they form more than a very small proportion of the total.
In the group receiving 42.5 and under 52.5 cents per hour were found
0.2 percent of the rotary drillers’ helpers, 5.1 percent of the pumpers,
2.3 percent of the rig builders, 14.6 percent of the roustabouts and
laborers, 0.1 percent of the tool dressers, and 4.9 percent of the truck
drivers. The percentage for roustabouts and laborers indicates that
only a small proportion even of the unskilled workers were paid the
minimum rates set by the code. There were no employees receiving
less than 52.5 cents per hour among the cable drillers and rotary
drillers.
The majority of all employees in these occupations, with the excep
tion of cable drillers, rotary drillers, rig builders, and roustabouts and
laborers, earned 72.5 cents and under $1 per hour. These percent
ages in the various occupations were 38.8 for cable drillers, 1.8 for
rotary drillers, 91.5 for rotary drillers’ helpers, 58.2 for pumpers, 31.9
for rig builders, 35.5 for roustabouts and laborers, 78.3 for tool
dressers, and 66.8 for truck drivers.
Very few employees other than cable drillers, rotary drillers, and
rig builders made $1 or over per hour. In the case of cable drillers,
over one-half or 59 percent earned $1 or over per hour, and 34.8
percent earned $1 and under $1.10 per hour. Nearly 90 percent of
the rotary drillers earned between $1.20 and $1.50 per hour, the largest
group, 38.8 percent, earning between $1.30 and $1.40 per hour.
Forty-five percent of all rig builders earned between $1 and $1.30 per
hour, with 18.9 percent earning between $1.20 and $1.30 per hour.
The average hourly earnings among the remaining groups were 86
cents for skilled construction, maintenance, and power employees,
74.3 cents for semiskilled construction, maintenance, and power em
ployees, 82.5 cents for supervisory field employees, 95.3 cents for
supervisory office employees, 81.2 cents for nonsupervisory office
employees, and 69,2 cents for miscellaneous labor.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
893
WAGES IN PETROLEUM DRILLING AND PRODUCTION
Table
3 .—
Distribution of Employees in 8 Important Occupations in Oil Drilling
and Production by Average Hourly Earnings, 1934
Drillers, cable
Average hourly earnings
Drillers, rotary
Drillers, rotary,
helpers
Pumpers
Cumu Simple Cumu
Simple Cumu Simple
Simple Cumu
lative percent lative percent lative percent lative
percent percent
percent age percent
percent
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
0.2
72.5 and under 77.5 cents---------------77.5 and under 82.5 cents--------------82.5 and under 87.5 cen ts.. ---------87.5 and under 92.5 cents. . . ------92.5 cents and under $1---------$1 and under $1.10--------- --------------$1.10 and under $1.20----------- -------$1.20 and under $1.30--------------------$1.30 and under $1.40__ . . . --------$1.40 and under $1.50______________
$1.50 and o v er.-------- --------------------
2.0
4.2
1.4
12.8
8.4
12.0
34.8
7.9
8.1
6.4
1.6
.2
0.2
.2
2.2
6.4
7.8
20.6
29.0
41.0
75.8
83.7
91.8
98.2
99.8
100.0
Rig builders
Average hourly earnings
47.5 and under 52.5 cents______ . . .
52.5 and under 57.5 cents. ---- . . .
57.5 and under 62.5 cents-------- -----62.5 and under 67.5 c en ts... _ . .
67.5 and under 72.5 cents------ ------72.5 and under 77.5 cents------ -----77.5 and under 82.5 cen ts... ---------82.5 and under 87.5 cents. . --------87.5 and under 92.5 cents -------------92.5 cents and under $1-----------------$1 and under $1.10________
$1.10 and under $1.20.......... - .... $1.20 and under $1.30---- -- ---------$1.40 and under $1.50---------------------
0.2
.2
.4
.1
.9
2.1
3.0
29.7
38.8
19.7
4.9
0.2
.4
.8
.9
1.8
3.9
6.9
36.6
75.4
95.1
100.0
Roustabouts
and laborers
(9
(9
0.2
.?
.5
1.6
2.4
36.9
17.4
18.9
11.0
7.3
3.0
.3
.1
(9
.1
(9
(9
(9
0.2
.5
1.0
2.6
5.0
41.9
59.3
78. 2
89. 2
96. 5
99.5
99.8
99. 9
99.9
100.0
100.0
Tool dressers
2.8
1.5
3.6
2.0
7.1
8.6
15.0
27.5
19. 0
9. 7
.9
1.1
.7
.2
.1
.1
(9
.l
2.8
4.3
7.9
9.9
17.0
25.6
40.6
68.1
87. 1
96.8
y/. «
98. 8
99. 5
99. 7
99.8
99. 9
99. 9
100.0
Truck drivers
Cumu Simple Cumu Simple Cumu
Simple
Simple Cumu
lative percent lative percent lative percent lative
percent percent
percent
age percent
age percent
age
age
age
age
age
age
0. 6
1.7
1.5
2.9
3.7
4.6
4.4
.4
1.9
1.5
23. 7
12.4
13.7
18.9
6. 0
.4
1. 7
0.6
2.3
3.8
6.7
10.4
15.0
19.4
19.8
21.7
23.2
46.9
59.3
73.0
91.9
97. 9
98.3
100. 0
1.3
1.3
13.3
5.8
9.9
15.4
17.5
25.5
5.5
3.8
.6
.1
(>)
(0
(0
1.3
2.6
15.9
21.7
31.6
47.0
64. 5
90.0
95.5
99.3
99.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.1
.4
2.6
4.0
1.3
20.0
7.9
11.3
25.6
13.5
11.3
1.9
.1
0.1
.5
3.1
7.1
8.4
28. 4
36. 3
47.6
73.2
86.7
98.0
99.9
100.0
0.6
.9
4.0
1. 8
6. 7
10.1
9. 3
24. 7
17. 0
15. 7
6.2
3.2
.3
.2
.1
.1
.1
0.6
1.5
5.5
7.3
13.0
23.1
32. 4
57.1
/4. 1
89. 8
96. 0
99. 2
99. 5
99. 7
99. 8
99. 9
99.9
100. 0
> Less than Ho of 1 percent.
Average hourly earnings were lowest in the States east of the
Mississippi River. This area is commonly known as “ stripper”
territory. The average earnings per hour for employees in these
States were as follows: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio, 66.5
cents; Kentucky and West Virginia, 56.5 cents; and New York and
Pennsylvania, 68.5 cents. The highest average hourly earnings other
than those of workers in what has been termed the “ Other Texas”
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
894
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
region 14 (96.2 cents), practically all of whom were doing rig building
and rotary drilling work, were 85.6 cents for employees in California.
The average earnings per hour for other important producing States
or regions were 78.5 cents for Louisiana, 75.2 cents for Oklahoma, 81.6
cents for east Texas, and 84.6 cents for Gulf Coast Texas. The aver
age earnings per hour for the remaining regions were: Arkansas,
70.8 cents; Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, and Wyoming, 77.5
cents; Kansas, 70.4 cents; central Texas, 77.1 cents; north Texas,
72.1 cents; Panhandle Texas, 74.3 cents; southwest Texas, 78.5 cents;
and west Texas, 81.4 cents.
The average hourly earnings for specific occupations and occupa
tional groups by States or regions are shown in table 4. It may be
seen from this table that the average earnings of pumpers, an occupa
tion found in all States and regions except one, ranged from a low of
53.7 cents per hour for Kentucky and West Virginia to a high of 79.1
cents in California. The earnings per hour of this occupation in the
other eastern States were 58.0 cents for Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,
and Ohio, and 67.2 cents for New York and Pennsylvania. The
latter average is slightly higher than the earnings for this occupation
in Kansas and central Texas and not far below the average of 70.5
cents for pumpers in Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, and Wyoming,
69.9 cents for Oklahoma, 69.3 cents for north Texas, and 68.3 cents
for Panhandle Texas. The averages for the other States or regions
were 73.2 cents for Arkansas, 72.6 cents for Louisiana, 76.9 cents for
east .Texas, 78.3 cents for Gulf Coast Texas, 74.9 cents for southwest
Texas, and 74.1 cents for west Texas.
Roustabouts and laborers earned an average of 49.3 cents per hour
in Kentucky and West Virginia as compared to 55.7 cents for Illinois,
Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio. These averages are influenced by the
wage provisions of the code, which set the minimum common-labor
rate at 45 cents in Kentucky and West Virginia and 52 cents in
Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio. The highest hourly earnings
for this occupation were found in Louisiana and Gulf Coast Texas,
where they were 74.1 cents and 73.6 cents respectively.
14 L e >employees working in various parts of the State who could not be allocated to any one district.
The districts in Texas as used in this report, with the exception of “ Other Texas,” are those used in the
Bureau of Mines reports.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
WAGES IN PETROLEUM DRILLING AND PRODUCTION
895
Table 4 .— Average Hourly Earnings by Occupations and by Regions, 1934
Colo
Illi
rado,
Mon nois,
In
Arkan Cali tana,
New diana,
sas fornia Mexico, Mich
igan,
and
and
Wyo Ohio
ming
Occupation or occupational group
All occupations....... ................................. $0.708 $0.856
.847
(9
Air and gas lift engineers____ _______
.803
(9
________________
Casing pullers
(9
Driller« ephlfi
_ ________ — - (9
(2)
(9
Drillers cl^ri-out ..
__________
(!)
(9
Drillers clean-out, helpers _ ________
1.329
«
______ - -- -Driller« rotary
.885
.669
Drillers rotary helpers ___________
.912
(2)
.791
Pumpers ______________ ________ .732
1.
040
(2)
Rig builders
___________ _____
.689
Roustabouts and laborers
_________ .669
.860
(9
Stillmen and dehydrators _________
.958
(9
Tool dre««*rs
_____ ___ - -- ------.807
Truck drivers
___- ------------------ .623
Construction, maintenance, and power
.892
(9
employées skilled
. . . ___ __ ___________
Construction, maintenance, and power
.768
(9
pmployee« sp.misk'illp.d ___________
OLipcI VioUI j cmpiujccoj
—----------oUpol VloUI j cmpiujoooj --------------------i'l UIloUpCl VlOUl J CUipiUJDOTj v m w . ------------- -Miscellaneous labor---------------------------Occupation or occupational group
.735
(9
(9
(9
.973
1.025
.838
.722
$0. 775
Kan
sas
$0. 665 $0. 704
.820
(9
1.040
(9
(9
1.259
.778
(9
.705
0)
.672
.676
.897
.712
(9
(9
.971
(9
(9
(2)
(9
(2)
.580
(2)
.557
(9
.852
.597
(9
(9
1.018
(9
(9
1.280
.750
(9
. 666
(9
.606
New
Ken
York
tucky
and Louisi and
Penn
ana
West
syl
Vir
vania
ginia
$0.565 $0. 785
.644
(9
(9
. 736
. 645
(2)
(2)
0)
.873
.662
. 537
(9
.493
.675
(9
(9
00
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
1. 326
.770
(9
.726
(9
.741
.794
(9
.691
$0.685
.660
(9
.861
.861
(9
(9
(9
(9
.672
(9
.626
(9
.746
.722
.857
(9
(9
(9
.902
.850
.788
(9
.774
(9
. 664
(9
.685
. 809
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
.646
.696
(9
(9
(9
(9
. 823
(9
(9
.668
(9
. 688
(9
.887
.671
. 650
Pan South West Other
East Gulf North
Okla Cen
tral Texas Coast Texas handle west Texas Texas
homa Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
$0.814
All occu pation s.................................... $0. 752 $0. 771 $0.816 $0.846 $0. 721 $0. 743 $0. 785
.764
.812
(9
(9
(9
.800
(9
(9
Air and gas lift engineers_________
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
r isin g pullers
________________
1.209
1.082
.993
(9
1.040
(9
(9
(9
___ - ________
Drillers cable
.990
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
Drillers clean-out________________ 1.005
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
.820
(9
(9
Drillers clean-ou t, hplpp.rs ______
1. 243
(9
(0
Drillers rntary _________________ 1. 280 1.383 1.347 1.353 1. 259
.792
.751
.
753
.740
.794
.812
.811
.784
Drillers rotary, h e lp e r s__________
(9
.822
(9
.708
(9
(9
(9
(9
Dagers
________________
.741
.749
.683
. 693
.783
.769
.668
.699
Pumpers
____________ —
(9
.872
(9
1.272
(9
(9
.986
(9
Rig builders
_______________
.686
.666
. 650
.639
.736
.690
.614
Roustabouts arid laborers _________ .676
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
.770
(9
(9
Stillmen and dehydrators _ ______
.965
. 905
.825
(9
(9
.881
(9
(9
Tool dressers
_______________
.801
.685
.721
.729
.788
.825
.801
.731
Truck drivers
- _________ —
Construction, maintenance, and
.856
.824
.690
(9
.887
.857
.955
.854
power employees, skilled________
Construction, " maintenance, and
.757
.731
(9
(9
.718
.747
(9
(9
power employees, semiskilled-----.796
.877
.741
.748
.899
.861
.825
.757
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
.893
.760
(9
(9
.769
(9
.759
.866
Nonsupervisory employees, office—
.777
.617
.574
.690
(9
.612
(9
Miscellaneous labor---------- ------ ----- .697
i N ot a sufficient number reported to present averages.
$0.962
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
.750
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
2 None reported.
During the period 1920 to 1934 the average earnings per hour of all
employees in this industry branch increased 13.4 percent, rising from
68.7 cents to 77.9 cents. In the four States 15 included in the 1929
survey, average hourly earnings rose from 64.7 16 to 80.2 cents, an
increase of 24 percent.
A distribution of all employees, by average earnmgs per hour for the
years 1920 and 1934, is shown in table 5. The class intervals in this
table are those used in the 1920 study and are broader than those
u California, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas.
.
,
, .
■« This figure includes certain allowances for payments in kind, such as use of company houses, board,etc.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
896
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
shown in earlier tables for 1934 alone. When the 1934 figures are
compared with those for 1920 they show that there was little change
during the 15-year period in the percentage of employees earning
less than 40 cents per hour. However, if the amount is raised to
include those earning under 50 cents per hour it can be seen that the
percentage decreased by slightly over 60 percent between 1920 and
1934. While this shift may have taken place between 1920 and 1929,
it is more likely that it occurred later as a result of the minimum rates
established by the code, as all of the larger producing States other
than California are located in geographical regions which had code
minimum wage rates of 48 cents. Fifty-eight percent of all em
ployees in 1920 earned 50 and under 70 cents per hour, while in 1934
slightly over that proportion earned 70 and under 90 cents per hour.
There was very little change between the two periods in the propor
tion of workers earning $1 or over per hour, the percentages being
11.9 in 1920 and 9.7 in 1934.
Table 5.
Distribution of Employees in Oil Drilling and Production According
to Average Hourly Earnings in 1920 and 1934
1920
1934
Average hourly earnings
Simple
Cumulative
Simple
Cumulative
percentage percentage percentage percentage
Under 30 cen ts,..........
30 and under 35 cents.
35 and under 40 cents.
40 and under 45 cents.
45 and under 50 cents.
50 and under 60 cents.
60 and under 70 cents.
70 and under 80 cents.
80 and under 90 cents.
90 cents and under $1$1 and under $1.25___
$1.25 and under $1.50.
$1 50 and over_______
0.1
.1
1.3
5.2
4.0
26.9
31.1
11.6
6.1
1.7
7.3
4.1
.5
0.1
.2
1.5
6.7
10.7
37.6
68.7
80.3
86.4
88.1
95.4
99.5
100.0
0.2
.3
.5
.7
2.5
7.0
14.0
37.5
20.9
6.7
5.4
3.9
.4
0.2
.5
1.0
1.7
4.2
11. 2
25.2
62. 7
83.6
90.3
95. 7
99.6
100.0
Average Weekly Hours
I n t h e pay-roll period in August 1934 for which reports were
received the average weekly hours of all employees in this industry
branch were 36.2. Table 6 shows the distribution of these workers
according to the hours worked during the pay-roll period covered.
In examining this table the labor provisions of the code should be
kept in mind. As applied to drilling and production employees, the
code stated: “ The maximum hours for clerical workers shah not
exceed 48 hours in any 1 week nor more than 80 hours in any 2 weeks.”
It also declared: “ Employees on drilling operations other than clerical
employees may work not more than 8 hours in any 1 day nor more
than 48 hours in any 1 week, nor more than an average of 36 hours
per week for any 26 consecutive calendar weeks; provided that such
employees may work more than 8 hours in any 1 day, but not more
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
WAGES IN PETROLEUM DRILLING AND PRODUCTION
897
than 16 hours in any 2 days, if the conditions are such that relief is
impracticable.” It further stated: “All other employees * * *
except executives, supervisors and their immediate staffs, and pumpers
on ‘stripper’ wells and employees on isolated properties, shall work
not more than 40 hours in any 1 week, nor more than 72 hours in
any 2 weeks nor more than 16 hours in any 2 days.” 17
Table 6 shows that 13.3 percent of all employees worked a week of
less than 32 hours. It may also be seen that almost one-third, or
30.5 percent, worked a week of 36 and under 40 hours. The greater
part of the latter group worked the 36-hour week which was common
in many of the larger firms. Likewise, a large proportion of the 18.9
percent included in the group working 32 and under 36 hours had a
32-hour week, and a considerable part of the 24.6 percent in the 40 and
under 44-hour group had a 40-hour week. This is explained by the
practice in some firms of operating their plants on the basis of 32
hours 1 week and 40 hours the next, instead of a straight 36-hour week.
Almost 13 percent of all the employees worked a week of 44 hours
or over. This class of workers was composed mostly of members of
drilling crews, pumpers, roustabouts, and field supervisory employees.
The 14 occupations covered in the table may be classified into
3 general groups on the basis of the average hours worked per week.
The first group embraces those below 34 hours, the second those above
35 and below 37 hours, and the third those 37 hours and above.
In the first group were found rig builders (30.4 hours), clean-out
drillers’ helpers (33.6 hours), and roustabouts and laborers (33.8 hours).
These low averages are explained by the fluctuations in the amount of
work available for these employees. The second group consisted of
casing pullers (35.1 hours), stillmen and dehydrators (35.9 hours),
truck drivers (36.1 hours), air and gas lift engineers and pumpers
(36.5 hours), and rotary drillers’ helpers (36.6 hours). The third
group consisted mainly of occupations in drilling operation—clean-out
drillers (37.2 hours), gagers (37.8 hours), rotary drillers and tool
dressers (38.2 hours), and cable drillers (39.3 hours). The drilling
crews, being permitted to work up to 48 hours a week under the code,
naturally had the highest average.
T able 6.-—Distribution of Drilling and Production Employees According to
Weekly Hours, 1934
Weekly hours
Under 16 hours__________________ _________________
16 and under 32 hours_______ ____ ________________ .
32 and under 36 hours__________ ____________________
36 and under 40 hours______ _____ __________________
40 and under 44 hours________ ____________ ________
44 hours and over___________________ _____________
Number of
employees
1,510
3i 592
7,241
11,683
9,457
4,889
Simple
percentage
3.9
9.4
18. 9
30.5
24.6
12.7
Cumulative
percentage
3.9
13. 3
32.2
62.7
87. 3
100.0
17 Executives and supervisors receiving less than $35 per week were later included under this provision
but, on the other hand, “ substandard workers” were exempted.
17272—35----- 4
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
898
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
The distribution of employees by average weekly hours for the
eight leading occupations are shown in table 7. With the exception
of pumpers and rig builders, there was considerable uniformity in the
distribution among the various occupations. As would be expected,
in view of the prevalence of the straight 36-hour week and the con
tinuity of pumping operations, a large proportion (49.4 percent) of the
pumpers worked a week of 36 and under 40 hours. Among the rig
builders, 22.5 percent worked a week of 16 and under 32 hours, this
percentage reflecting the intermittent character of this type of work.
The average hours worked per week by the remaining occupational
groups were 36.1 for skilled construction, maintenance, and power
employees; 34.5 for semiskilled construction, maintenance, and
power employees; 41.7 for field supervisory employees; 39.6 for office
supervisory employees; 38.6 for nonsupervisory office workers; and
37 for miscellaneous labor.
The greater number of hours ior supervisory field and supervisory
and nonsupervisory office employees reflects the higher minimum
hours permitted this class of employees under the code.
Table 7.— Distribution of Drilling and Production Employees in 8 Important
Occupations by Weekly Hours, 1934
Drillers, cable
Weekly hours
Under 16 hours----------------16 and under 32 hours-------32 and under 36 hours_____
36 and under 40 hours_____
40 and under 44 hours_____
44 hours and over..................
Under 16 hours......................
16 and under 32 hours_____
32 and under 36 hours...........
36 and under 40 hours_____
40 and under 44 hours_____
44 hours and o v e r .................
Drillers, rotary,
helpers
Pumpers
Simple Cumu
Simple Cumu
Simple Cumu
Simple Cumu
lative percent
lative percent
lative percent
lative
percent percent
percent
percent
percent
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
4.7
11.2
8.9
13.1
24.1
38.0
4.7
15.9
24.8
37.9
62.0
100.0
Rig builders
Weekly hours
Drillers, rotary
3.5
11.1
18.6
13.7
27.6
25.5
3.5
14.6
33.2
46.9
74.5
100.0
Roustabouts and
laborers
6.7
13.3
16.5
13.8
27.0
22.7
6.7
20.0
36.5
50.3
77.3
100.0
Tool dressers
1.2
6.2
17.5
49.4
18.4
7.3
1.2
7.4
24.9
74.3
92.7
100.0
Truck drivers
Simple Cumu
Simple Cumu
Simple Cumu
Simple Cumu
lative
lative percent
lative percent
lative percent
percent percent
percent
percent
percent
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
17.8
22.5
12.4
12.9
20.7
13.7
17.8
40.3
52.7
65.6
86.3
100.0
6.3
11.7
19.9
34.3
21.9
5.9
6.3
18.0
37.9
72.2
94.1
100.0
4.1
14.3
11.7
12.5
24.1
33.3
4.1
18.4
30.1
42.6
66.7
100.0
3.2
9.0
23.1
28.0
24.5
12.2
3.2
12.2
35.3
63.3
87.8
100.0
While there was a tendency for the States in the “ stripper” terri
tory to have the highest average weekly hours, there was not a great
amount of variation among the several States and regions. The
averages were as follows: Arkansas, 36.4 hours; California, 35.4
hours; Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, and Wyoming, 38.9 hours;
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WAGES IN PETROLEUM DRILLING AND PRODUCTION
899
Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio, 38.4 hours; Kansas, 36.3 hours;
Kentucky and West Virginia, 36.9 hours; Louisiana, 36.2 hours; New
York and Pennsylvania, 36.9 hours; Oklahoma, 35.6 hours; central
Texas, 37.5 hours; east Texas, 36.0 hours; Gulf Coast Texas, 36.3
hours; north Texas, 36.4 hours; Panhandle Texas, 38.7 hours;
southwest Texas, 36.8 hours; west Texas, 36.1 hours, and “ Other
Texas”, 35.2 hours.
As among the several occupations, the highest average weekly hours
were 50.1 for supervisory field employees in Kansas and the lowest
were 22.5 for rig builders in Oklahoma. The averages by occupations
and occupational groups for each of the States and regions covered are
presented in table 8.
The average weekly hours of all employees in this branch of the
petroleum industry are not available for 1920, as the Bureau did not
attempt in that survey to secure the hours worked in 1 week from
plants that paid at less frequent intervals.18 In 1929, however, the
Bureau secured actual hours worked in 1 week from all plants covered.
The average shown in that year was 58.0 hours and may be compared
with 36.0 hours for the same States in 1934—a decline of 37.9 percent.19
Table 8.
Average Weekly Hours of Drilling and Production Employees by
Occupations and Regions, 1934
Occupation or occupational group
Colo
Illi
rado,
nois,
Ken
Mon Indi
tucky
tana,
Arkan Cali
ana,
and
New
sas
fornia
ichi Kansas West
Mexico, Mgan,
Vir
and
and
ginia
W yo
Ohio
ming
Loui
siana
New
York
and
Penn
syl
vania
All occupations_________ _____
36.4
35.4
38.9
38.4
36.3
36.9
36.2
36.9
Air and gas lift engineers__________
Casing pullers____________________
Drillers, cable - .......................
Drillers, cle a n -o u t__ ____________
Drillers, clean-out, helpers_______
Drillers, r o ta r y ...................................
Drillers, rotary, helpers___________
Gagers.. _____ ____ ______________
Pumpers _____________
Rig builders_____________________
Roustabouts and laborers._________
Stillmen and dehydrators_________
Tool dressers_____________ . . .
Truck drivers________________
Construction, maintenance, and
power employees, skilled________
Construction, maintenance, and
power employees, semiskilled____
Supervisory employees, field______
Supervisory employees, office______
Nonsupervisory employees, office . . .
Miscellaneous labor__________
0)
<9
35.8
35.1
36.1
(9
(9
40.3
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
38.4
(9
37.1
(9
(9
(9
40.7
(9
(9
38.7
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
40.0
(9
(9
(9
(9
33.9
(9
36.6
(9
32.9
(9
(9
37.8
(9
(9
48.2
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
35.1
34.5
37.3
35.2
34.2
35.1
34.9
36.3
36.0
(9
42.3
(9
(9
48.8
44.5
(9
39.7
(9
33.7
44.5
43.3
38.9
35.6
38.1
35.4
36.6
40.0
38.8
35.6
35.3
40.0
(9
(9
(9
i N o t sufficient number reported to present averages.
40.2
32.9
(9
(9
45.3
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
39.7
37.0
38.3
39.3
(9
(9
(9
37.4
(9
40.4
35.8
(9
(9
(9
(9
40.3
(9
(9
(9
(9
36.2
(9
32.4
(9
(9
(9
50.1
(9
40.3
39.6
33.7
40.0
38.0
36.2
(9
36.2
(9
33.7
36.9
(9
34.6
37.0
35.5
43.9
(9
39.5
36.7
(9
36.5
39.7
(9
(9
(9
(9
36.8
(9
36.3
(9
36.5
36.8
37.5
(9
43.9
(9
39.0
(9
2 N one reported.
18 For plants that bad pay-roll periods of more than 1 week the Bureau secured from such plants only the
hours worked and earnings made by each individual for the pay-roll period covered, regardless of whether
it was 10 days, 2 weeks, one-half month, or 1 month,
i“ See March 1930 issue of M onthly Labor Review for the 1929 average weekly hours by State or region.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
900
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Table 8.—Average Weekly Hours of Drilling and Production Employees by
Occupations and Regions, 1934— Continued
Occupation or occupational group
All occupations-----------------------------Air and gas lift engineers_____ _____
Casing pullers.— ---------------- . . . Drillers, cable . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - Drillers, clean-out
------- —
Drillers, clean-out, helpers ______
Drillers, rotary— ----------------Drillers, rotary, helpers..
Gagers____________________________
Pumpers----------------------------Rig builder. — — --------- Roustabouts and laborers_____ . . . .
Stillmen and dehydrators---------- —
Tool dressers---------- -- ---------- - - Truck drivers------ ----------- - - Construction, maintenance, and
power employees, skilled-------------Construction, maintenance, and
power employees, semiskilled-------Supervisory employees, f i e l d . . . -----Supervisory employees, office----------Nonsupervisory employees, office----Miscellaneous labor. --------------- . . .
Gulf North Pan South West Other
Okla Cen
East Coast
handle west Texas Texas
tral Texas
homa Texas
Texas Texas Texas Texas
35.6
35.2
0)
39.1
36.3
34.0
42.3
39.0
0)
36.3
22.5
32.6
34.8
37.0
34.9
37.5
36.0
36.3
0)
(9
(2)
(9
(9
(9
(9
(2)
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
36.4
38.7
36.8
36.1
35.2
36.8
36.8
43.5
43.8
35.4
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
46.9
(9
35.9
(9
33.5
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
41. 1
(9
(9
30.8
(0
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
40.4
38.4
(9
(9
(9
(9
37.1
(9
35.4
(9
39.5
0)
35.7
37.3
36.5
41.0
35.4
24.2
34.2
38.0
35.7
35.5
36.7
34.5
34.5
35.4
37.1
36.9
37.7
36.0
35.1
35.7
35.1
39.9
36.8
43.5
34.2
43.3
(9
39.9
(9
39.5
(9
33.8
40.6
(9
41.5
(9
35.2
43.1
(9
45.4
(9
(9
(9
36.3
36.3
35.8
37.1
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
41.1
38.1
(9
(9
41.5
38.4
(9
37.1
(9
32.3
(9
(9
(9
44.0
44.9
42.0
39.3
39.9
43.3
38.9
(9
(9
33.4
(9
(9
35. 1
36.4
(9
(9
36.3
(9
(9
(9
35.6
35.2
36.6
34.2
31.5
41.8
(9
39. 0
36.3
1 N ot a sufficient number reported to present averages.
2 None reported.
Average Weekly Earnings
E m ployees during the period covered by this survey earned an
average of $28.22 per week. This figure compares with $27.44 for
pipe-line employees during the same period. The distribution of
these employees by weekly earnings can be found in table 9. The
earnings shown are what the employees made during the week cov
ered and include part-time as well as full-time workers.
An examination of this table shows that 8.1 percent of all em
ployees earned under $16 during the week. The number earning
$16 and under $24 constituted 19.8 percent, making a total of 27.9
percent receiving less than $24 per week. The largest single group,
or 26.9 percent, earned $24 and under $28. Almost 30 percent
earned $28 and under $36 per week, while those earning $36 and
over amounted to nearly 16 percent. In the latter group are to be
found most of the cable and rotary drillers, as well as a goodly num
ber of rotary drillers’ helpers, rig builders, and tool dressers. As
the code shortened the hours per week in many instances, average
weekly earnings do not reflect fully the increases which took place
in average hourly earnings.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
WAGES IN PETROLEUM DRILLING AND PRODUCTION
901
Table 9 .-—Distribution of Drilling and Production Employees According to
Weekly Earnings, 1934
Number of
employees
Weekly earnings
Under $8_________________ - __ ___ - - ____________
$8 and under $16__ ________ - _______ ____________
$16 and under $20___ - ................ .....
- - __
$20 and under $24_____ _ ______ _ _ _ _ ___ _
__
$24 and under $28_____ ___ ____ __________
_______
$28 and under $32__________________________________
$32 and under $36__________ ___ ___ ______________
$36 and under $40- __________ ____________________
$40 and under $48. _______ ___ __________ ____ - - _
$48 and over______ _____ . __________________ ___
Simple
percentage
1,222
1,895
2,253
5,327
10,354
7,137
4,098
2,216
2,155
1,715
Cumulative
percentage
3.2
8.1
14.0
27.9
54.8
73.4
84.1
89.9
95.5
100.0
3.2
4.9
5.9
13.9
26.9
18.6
10. 7
5.8
5. 6
4.5
Table 10, which shows the distribution of employees in 8 im
portant occupations according to their weekly earnings, ends with
the class of $72 and over, while table 9 extends to only $48 and
over. The extra classes were added in order to show in greater
detail the weekly earnings of cable and rotary drillers; of the em
ployees in these two occupations 37.4 and 61.6 percent, respectively,
earned $48 or over per week.
When the several other occupations are considered, it will be seen
that slightly over one-half of all roustabouts and laborers earned
less than $24 per week and that 83.2 percent of all pumpers earned
$20 and under $32 per week.
The greatest percentage in any occupation earning under $16
per week was 21.2 for rig builders, a skilled group with considerable
numbers employed for short hours. The smallest percentage earn
ing under $16 was 3.4 percent for rotary drillers.
Table 10 .— Distribution of Drilling and Production Employees in 8 Important
Occupations by Weekly Earnings, 1934
Drillers, cable
Weekly earnings
Drillers, rotary,
helpers
Pumpers
Simple Cumu
Simple Cumu
Simple Cumu
Simple Cumu
lative
lative
lative percent
lative
percent percent
percent percent
percent percent
percent
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
Under $8_____ ____ _____
$8 and under $16________ .
$16 and under $20_________
$20 and under $24_________
$24 and under $28........ ...........
$28 and under $32_________
$32 and under $36____ _____
$36 and under $40...................
$40 and under $48_________
$48 and under $56_______ _
$56 and under $64_________
$64 and under $72_________
$72 and over____________
i Less than Ho of 1 percent,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Drillers, rotary
1.1
4.7
2.9
2.3
6.4
5.4
14.2
7.5
18.1
26.1
10.0
.5
.8
1.1
5.8
8.7
11.0
17.4
22.8
37.0
44.5
62.6
88.7
98.7
99.2
100.0
0.6
2.8
1.2
2.5
1.1
2.3
3.6
2.5
21.8
24.5
20.1
12.0
5.0
0.6
3.4
4.6
7.1
8.2
10.5
14.1
16.6
38.4
62.9
83.0
95.0
100.0
5.5
6.2
4.7
4.5
12.5
23.4
16.0
13.5
11.8
1.6
.3
(')
0)
5.5
11.7
16.4
20.9
33.4
56.8
72.8
86.3
98.1
99.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
1.1
2.7
4.5
18.7
44.7
19.8
7.0
.9
.5
.1
(>)
0)
(■)
1.1
3.8
8.3
27.0
71.7
91.5
98.5
99.4
99.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
902
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Table 10 .— Distribution of Drilling and Production Employees in 8 Important
Occupations by Weekly Earnings, 1934— Continued
Rig builders
W eekly earnings
Under $8 ------ -------------$8 and under $16--------------$16 and under $20_____ . . .
$20 and under $24_________
$24 and under $28
_ ---$28 and under $32_________
$32 and under $36________
$36 and under $ 4 0 ________
$40 and under $48_________
$48 and under $56_ . ______
$56 and under $ 6 4 ________
$fi4 and under $72
$72 and over
Roustabouts and
laborers
Tool dressers
Truck drivers
Simple Cumula Simple Cumula Simple Cumula Simple Cumula
percent tive per percent tive per percent tive per percent tive per
centage
centage
age
centage
age
centage
age
age
7.1
14.1
5.0
8.7
8.9
9.1
10.8
9.5
15.4
6.0
1.7
3. 3
.4
7.1
21.2
26.2
34.9
43.8
52.9
63.7
73.2
88.6
94.6
96.3
99. 6
100.0
6.0
8.4
12.0
24.3
33.2
11.8
3.0
.7
.5
.1
0
)
6.0
14.4
26.4
50.7
83.9
95.7
98.7
99.4
99.9
100.0
100.0
3.0
6.7
2.4
7.0
8.6
21.0
11.1
11.3
17.9
10.0
1.0
( ‘)
)
0
3.0
9.7
12.1
19.1
27.7
48.7
59.8
71.1
89.0
99.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
2.6
4.6
5.1
15.5
31.2
20.7
13.3
4.0
2.3
.6
.1
0
0
)
)
2.6
7.2
12.3
27.8
59.0
79. 7
93.0
97.0
99.3
99.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
1 Less than ¡dg of 1 percent.
The average weekly earnings for each of the 8 important occupations
were $39.95 for cable drillers, $50.44 for rotary drillers, $29.70 for
rotary drillers’ helpers, $25.89 for pumpers, $30.49 for rig builders,
$22.45 for roustabouts and laborers, $32.79 for tool dressers, and
$26.81 for truck drivers. Among the remaining occupations and
occupational groups, the average weekly earnings were $29 for air
and gas lift engineers, $28 for casing pullers, $35.19 for clean-out
drillers, $26.53 for clean-out drillers’ helpers, $30.70 for gagers,
$28.24 for stillmen and dehydrators, $31.05 for skilled and $25.66
for semiskilled construction, maintenance, and power employees,
$34.39 for supervisory field employees, $37.72 for supervisory office
employees, $31.31 for nonsupervisory office employees, and $25.61
for miscellaneous labor.
No data are available as to average weekly earnings for 1920.
The 1929 average for the four States covered in that survey was
$36.47, which may be compared with the 1934 average of $28.82 in the
same States. This is a reduction of $7.65, or 21 percent.20
Average weekly earnings amounted to only $20.88 in the region
comprising Kentucky and West Virginia. In the other eastern
areas they were $25.52 for Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio
and $25.24 for New York and Pennsylvania. In all other States and
regions average weekly earnings varied from $25.56 for Kansas to
$33.83 for “ Other Texas.” This latter average cannot be accepted
as really representative of conditions, as most of the workers in this
area were on rig building and drilling operations. Hence, the better
comparison would be with $30.31 and $30.12, respectively, for
California, and the region made up of Colorado, Montana, New
Mexico, and Wyoming.
w See pp. 898-899 for changes in weekly hours.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
903
WAGES IN PETROLEUM DRILLING AND PRODUCTION
Table 11 shows the average weekly earnings by occupations and
occupational groups for the various States and regions.
Table 11 .—Average Weekly Earnings of Drilling and Production Employees
by Occupations and Regions, 1934
Colo
rado,
Mon Illinois,
Indiana,
Arkan Cali tana,
Michi Kan
New
sas
gan,
fornia Mexico,
sas
and
and
Ohio
W yo
ming
Occupation or occupational group
All occupations____________________ $25. 76 $30. 31
Air and gas lift engineers____________
Casing pullers................... ............. ........
Drillers, cable.............................. ............
Drillers, clean-out........ ...........................
Drillers, clean-out, helpers....... .............
Drillers, rotary........................................
Drillers, rotary, helpers.........................
Gagers.......... ........... ............. .................
Pumpers........ ......... ...............................
Rig builders............................................
Roustabouts and laborers......................
Stillmen and dehydrators................. .....
Tool dressers______________________
Truck drivers...........................................
Construction, maintenance, and power
employees, skilled..............................
Construction, maintenance, and power
employees, semiskilled____________
Supervisory employees, field.................
Supervisory employees, office.......... .....
Nonsupervisory employees, office_____
Miscellaneous labor....... ................... .
Occupation or occupational group
0)
0)
(9
0)
0)
(9
22.68
(9
26.75
(9
22.00
0)
(0
23. 55
0)
0)
35.48
(>)
0)
(0
$30.12
30.32
28.19
(')
(2)
29.61
46.66
30. 55
34.06
27.88
35.60
24.20
30.02
34. 73
29. 08
61.39
34.63
31.78
32.64
27.21
35.62
40.98
32.50
25.70
27.83
35.54
$25. 52 $25. 56
(9
(9
39.12
(9
(9
(2)
(9
(9
22. 29
(9
20.68
(9
0)
(0
(9
43.99
0)
(9
28.00
(')
22.66
30. 05
38.79
27.65
(9
(9
(9
Ken
New
tucky
York
and Louisi and
West
ana
Penn
Vir
syl
ginia
vania
$20.88 $28.43
(9
(9
41.41
(9
(9
49.06
29.47
(9
(9
19.61
(9
24.10
34. 24
19.64
35.29
23.67
(9
(9
35. 07
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
33. 27
(9
26.06
27.59
24.94
(9
(9
29. 23
23.84
(9
(9
(9
20.11
(9
16.63
27.02
(9
(9
(9
(9
27. 02
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
50.47
27.89
(9
(9
26. 29
24.09
29.31
(9
23.92
$25.24
26. 37
(9
31.43
34.15
(9
(9
(9
(9
24.69
(9
22.72
(9
27.21
26. 57
33.42
31.84
24.33
35.54
(9
29. 31
(9
25.34
(9
(9
32. 53
25. 22
Gulf North Pan South
Okla Central East Coast
west West- Other
homa Texas Texas Texas
Texas handle
Texas Texas Texas Texas
All occupations......................... .............. $26.80 $28. 92 $29.40 $30.71 $26. 22 $28.72 $28.91 $29.37 $33.83
Air and gas lift engineers..-------------Casing pullers-------- ------ ---------------Drillers, c a b le ........... .......... ..............
Drillers, clean-out.. . . . . . . ________
Drillers, clean-out, helpers__________
Drillers, rotary____________________
Drillers, rotary, helpers________ . . .
Gagers____________________________
Pumpers_______ _______ ____ ______
Rig builders_______________________
Roustabouts and laborers................... .
Stillmen and dehydrators__________
Tool dressers................................. ...........
Truck drivers............................... ...........
Construction, maintenance, and
power employees, skilled_________
Construction, maintenance, and
power employees, semiskilled_____
Supervisory employees, field.............
Supervisory employees, office....... .......
Nonsupervisory employees, office___
Miscellaneous labor................... ............
28.11
(9
40.67
36. 42
27.87
54.18
30. 59
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
25.40
22.16
22.01
26.75
32.54
25.49
26. 37
28.36
29.25
30.45
30. 02
34.10
30.11
25. 51
32. 75
(9
32.94
(9
29.99
(9
24.30
35.01
(9
31.42
25.30
(9
(9
21. 94
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
31.59
23.28
1 N ot a sufficient number reported to present average.
2 None reported.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
50.27
29.64
29.02
27. 24
30. 75
23.62
(9
49.48
30.08
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
51.39
28.34
29.19
28.72
30.10
25.40
(9
(9
29.88
28.09
43.30
47. 39
35.05
(9
(9
(9
50.91
28.44
(9
(9
20.63
(9
25. 70
(9
(9
(9
(9
25. 39
(9
22.97
(9
33. 79
31.10
26.28
38. 05
28.31
35.40
30.34
29.97
(9
37. 33
(9
25.71
31.95
(9
33.97
(9
(9
31.56
26. 53
(9
(9
25.25
24.59
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
53.85
29.23
(9
(9
22.22
(9
(9
26.33
24.92
(9
(9
31.78
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
37.13
(9
26.63
(9
22.99
(9
43.07
33.97
29. 30
29.26
23.86
33.24
(9
34.85
28.18
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
30.84
(9
(9
33.83
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
M a n - H o u r s o f E m p lo y m e n t in 35 M a n u f a c tu r in g
I n d u s tr ie s in 1933
By
A rthur
F.
B eal,
of the
B u r e a u o p L a b o r S t a t is t ic s
AGE earners in 35 manufacturing industries worked an aver
age of 165.1 hours per month during 1933. This was shown
by an analysis recently made by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of
reports to the Bureau of the Census by 7,365 manufacturing estab
lishments employing 1,638,306 wage earners. The average monthly
hours worked per wage earner ranged from 140.9 in the machinetools industry to 220.8 in the beet-sugar refining industry.
The year 1933, from the standpoint of hours of labor, had three
important phases: (1) Restriction of industrial activity during the
banking crisis of February and March; (2) a rapid rise of industrial
activity during the spring and early summer months, which culmi
nated in the peak of July and August; and (3) introduction of the
President’s Reemployment Agreement and the industrial codes under
the auspices of the National Recovery Administration resulting in
extensive reductions in the customary or full-time hours of labor.
These general developments are reflected in the month-by-month
man-hour data.
Scope of Study
W
T h is study is based upon data secured by the Bureau of the Census,
at the request of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, in the 1933 census
of manufactures. Of the many industries canvassed by the census
through special questionnaires, 38 were requested to furnish man
hours for each month.1
Of the industries originally selected, it proved impossible to use
the man-hour reports for three dairy-product industries—butter,
cheese, and condensed and evaporated milk.2 The remaining 35
industries, which are covered by these tabulations, employed about
one-fourth of all the wage earners in manufacture as reported by the
census of manufactures.
The census data on man-hours for 1933 are more extensive than
any formerly available. Heretofore the most extensive sources of
information on man-hours have generally related to a single pay-roll
■These 38 industries, except machine tools and machine-tool accessories, were selected because the detail
products were believed to be sufficiently uniform to make possible the computation of a weighted index
of production which, together w ith the man-hours, would permit further productivity studies. Machine
tools and machine-tool accessories were included because similar man-hour data had previously been col
lected for these in the censuses of 1929 and 1931.
1 So many of the reports showed full-time hours rather than the hours actually worked that it was impos
sible to obtain an adequate sample of the industry.
904
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MAN-HOURS IN MANUFACTURING IN 1933
905
period, which for a large proportion of the establishments covers a
week in each month; and in only a few industries had so large a pro
portion of the industry been covered as in these census returns.3
The census data cover man-hours throughout each of the 12 months
of 1933 for 83.2 percent of the workers in these 35 industries. Fur
thermore in the census returns man-hour information is accompanied
by other data, such as wages, value of products, value added by
manufacture and physical units of product, which usually are not
available for identical firms reporting man-hour data.
On some of the reports submitted by manufacturers, man-hour
data were either lacking or defective.4 All such reports were nec
essarily rejected from this study,5 which therefore represents only
a large sample for each industry. The industries covered are listed
in table 1, and the percentage of coverage of employees reported
by the census 6 is given for each in column 3 of the table. For only
two relatively small industries—rayon yarns and cane-sugar refining,
with 34 and 19 establishments, respectively'—was man-hour infor
mation secured for all wage earners, but for every industry except
manufactured ice the coverage was in excess of 50 percent. Satis
factory replies were received from plants representing 83.2 percent
of all the wage earners employed in these 35 industries. The cover
age for some of the large industries was as follows: Motor vehicles,
99.4 percent; steel works and rolling mills, 98.5 percent; petroleum
refining, 97.2 percent; motor-vehicle bodies and parts, 88.4 percent;
meat packing, 88.1 percent; and cotton goods, 78.8 percent.
For some of the industries, especially those with many establish
ments, a much larger percentage of wage earners than of establish
ments was covered by the sample. This was partly due to the fact
that many of the smaller plants were not supplied with the regular
questionnaire, but with a general “ short-form” schedule which did
not carry the man-hour inquiry.
3 Since 1932 in connection with its trend of employment data, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has been
collecting man-hour information for 90 manufacturing industries. In January 1933, the Bureau secured
man-hour information on 1,399,653 wage earners, or 32.9 percent of the total number employed by the 90
industries; by December 1933, the sample had been improved to include 41.6 percent of the total number
in th e 90 industries; and by December 1934, the coverage for the 90 industries was 60.4 percent.
In evaluating the census data, therefore, it may be noted that with reference to a list of 35 industries the
coverage of the census man-hour sample in 1933, 83.2 percent, was unusually comprehensive, though by
December 1934 the Bureau of Labor Statistics had a 70-percent coverage of this list of 35 industries.
4 Dividing the number of man-hours reported for a given month by the number of wage earners for that
month, the results obtained for defective schedules were: (a) Grossly excessive, including instances show
ing several hundred hours per wage earner during the latter months of the year while under the restrictions
of the N . R. A. codes; or (6) reported on the basis of exactly 40 hours per week, i. e., full-time hours, for
months while under N . R. A. codes. Such schedules obviously did not portray the number of hours
actually worked.
» The reports were satisfactory for the ordinary purposes for which the census of manufactures is taken.
Because only the man-hour figures were defective, these reports were excluded from only the man-hour
tabulations.
« The census itself does not cover establishments with less than $5,000 value of products, and to that
extent, especially for certain industries such as baking and ice making, does not provide complete cover
age; any such omissions, however, are in all cases a small percentage of the total.
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906
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW — OCTOBER 1935
Data for Individual Industries
T a b l e 1 g iv e s fo r e a c h o f th e 35 in d u s tr ie s s u m m a r y fig u r e s a s to
th e n u m b e r o f e s t a b lis h m e n t s c o v e r e d in t h is m a n - h o u r ta b u la tio n ;
n u m b e r o f w a g e e a r n e r s in c lu d e d , a n d th e p e r c e n t o f th e e n tir e
in d u s t r y ; a g g r e g a te n u m b e r o f m a n -h o u r s w o r k e d a n d a v e r a g e h o u r s
p e r w a g e e a r n e r p e r m o n t h ; a n d a g g r e g a te s in d o lla r s, to g e t h e r w ith
r a te s p e r m a n -h o u r , fo r w a g e s , v a lu e o f p r o d u c ts , c o s t o f m a t e r ia ls ,7
a n d v a lu e a d d e d b y m a n u f a c tu r e .8
T h e 35 in d u s tr ie s c o v e r e d fa ll m o r e or le s s n a t u r a lly in t o 5 g e n e r a l
c la s s e s or g r o u p s o f p r o d u c ts . T h o u g h th e in d iv id u a l in d u s tr ie s a re
s u f fic ie n tly d is t in c t iv e to r e n d e r g r o u p t o t a ls o f d o u b t f u l s ig n ific a n c e ,
a n d t h o u g h in c e r ta in r e s p e c t s c la s s if ic a tio n is q u it e a r b itr a r y , n e v e r
th e le s s , t h e s e g r o u p in g s a re r e fe r r e d to o c c a s io n a lly fo r c o n v e n ie n c e ,
w ith th e p r im a r y p u r p o s e o f in d ic a t in g s im ila r it y o r d is s im ila r ity
b e tw e e n th e m o r e or le s s r e la t e d s e v e r a l in d u s tr ie s . T h e g r o u p in g s
a re a s fo llo w s: (1 ) F o o d p r o d u c ts (in c lu d in g ic e ) , 8 in d u s tr ie s ; (2 )
to b a c c o , 3 in d u s tr ie s ; (3 ) te x t ile s , 12 in d u s tr ie s ; (4 ) c h e m ic a ls , 6
q u it e d iv e r s e in d u s tr ie s — le a t h e r ta n n in g , p e tr o le u m r e fin in g , r a y o n
y a r n , a n d so a p , a n d a ls o p a p e r a n d p u l p ; a n d (5 ) m e t a ls a n d m a c h in e r y ,
6 in d u s tr ie s (in c lu d in g m o t o r v e h ic le s a n d m o t o r -v e h ic le b o d ie s a n d
p a r ts ).
7 The item “ cost of materials” includes not only the materials used in manufacture, but also fuel, electric
energy purchased, containers for products, and processing taxes, and, for the tobacco industries, all internal
revenue stamp taxes.
8 The value added by manufacture is obtained by subtracting the cost of materials from the value of
products, and represents the amount available to cover wages, salaries, depreciation of machinery, interest
on investment, taxes, other than excise taxes, other overhead expenses, and profit.
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Table 1.— Total Man-Hours Worked, Wages Paid, and Value Produced in Each of 35 Selected Manufacturing Industries in 1933
Wage earners 1
(1)
Per
Number cent of
indus
try
(3)
(2)
Value of products
Wages paid
Cost of materials,
fuel,
processing
and excise taxes,
etc.
Value added by
manufacture
Number
Aver
age per
wage
earner
per
month
Total
Aver
age per
man
hour
Total
Aver
age per
man
hour
Total
Aver
age per
man
hour
Total
Aver
age per
man
hour
Ratio
of
wages
to
value
added
by
manu
facture
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
P er
cent
35 selected industries____________ 7,365 1, 638,306
83.2 3,245,323,067
$1.10
39.2
234,838,186
104,578,612
55,539, 278
50,928,207
43, 503,162
26,013,213
39,168, 050
6,256,537
1.03
2.68
2.18
2.13
1.90
2.07
3. 96
3.85
41.4
16.6
22.0
20.4
20.7
20.5
12.9
17.1
165.1 $1,401,969,592 $0. 432 $10,763,693,242
$3. 32 $7,186,029,171
$2. 22 $3,577,664,071
5. 76 1, 078,983,975
12. 20
371,916, 786
281,535,947
13.26
2,63
11,973,976
66,362,821
4.81
91, 348,092
9. 34
44,485, 347
8. 46
14. 93
18, 014,076
4. 73
9. 52
11.08
.50
2.91
7. 27
4. 50
11.08
F ood in d u s tr ie s (8)
99, 671
17,158
11,495
9,243
8,627
5,916
5,130
724
88.1
73.9
100.0
43.3
80.6
67.3
72.1
85.4
228,275, 079
39,061,776
25,423,516
23,879,399
22,857,190
12,558,877
9,888, 242
1, 625, 244
190.9
189.7
184.3
215.3
220.8
176.9
160.6
187.1
97,271,084
17, 324,110
12,237,321
10,409,789
9,023,151
5,335,964
5,045,764
1, 068,360
.426
.444
.481
.436
.395
.425
.510
.657
1,313,822,161
476,495,398
337,075, 225
62,902,183
109,865,983
117, 361,305
83,653,397
24,270, 613
158
19
35,875
22,296
65.8
98.9
66,147,457
37,885,746
153.7
141.6
19,802, 596
13,671,710
.299
.361
104, 203,819
635,837,301
1. 57
16.78
56,416,709
502, 070,945
.85
13.25
47,787,110
133,766,356
.72
3. 53
41.4
10.2
26
8,445
82.6
15,113,597
149.1
6,078,974
.402
122, 709,022
8.12
78, 501,008
5.19
44, 208,014
2. 93
13.8
659
268
141
298, 949
71, 065
67, 689
78.8
60.3
86.0
624,210,303
142, 670, 700
137,938, 354
174.0
167.3
169.8
174,451,551
53,099, 695
55,058, 066
.279
.372
.399
690,650,255
164,627,497
261,605,025
1.11
1.16
1.90
367,879,454
70,953, 569
153, 576,113
.59
.50
1.12
322,770,801
93, 673,928
108,028,912
.52
.66
.78
54.0
56.7
51.0
95,884,997
10, 740,824
13,024,706
36,461, 776
165.7
164.6
168.7
157.7
35, 367,652
3, 393,150
4,078, 216
10,125,963
.369
.316
.313
.278
160,681, 637
18, 334,933
6,568,192
19,910,882
1. 68
1.71
.51
.55
97,450,483
11, 378,629
588, 205
3, 574, 398
1.02
1.06
.05
. 10
63, 231.154
6,956, 304
5,979,987
16,336, 484
.66
.65
.46
.45
55. 9
48.8
68.2
62.0
Meat packing__________________
372
Flour milling______________ ____
531
Sugar refining, cane_____________
19
Ice, manufactured___________ . . 1,181
Sugar, beet__ ________
___ __
66
263
Feeds, prepared______ ________ _
70
Cereal preparations........................
M alt_______ ______ ____________
27
Tobacco in d u s tr ie s (3)
C igars.. ______________________
Cigarettes_____________________
Snuff, and chewing and smoking
tobacco. ____________________
T e x tile in d u s tr ie s {12)
Cotton g o o d s... _______________
Hosiery________________ ____ _
Worsted goods______ ____ ______
Silk and rayon goods:
Regular weaving____________
Regular throwing. _______
Commission weaving_______
Commission throwing_______
1Average for year.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
229
34
63
106
48, 234 |
5,437
6, 434
19, 262
1
MAN-HOURS IN MANUFACTURING IN 1933
Industry
N um
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Man-hours worked
CC
O
*<I
Table 1.— Total Man-Hours Worked, Wages Paid, and Value Produced in Each of 35 Selected Manufacturing Industries in 1933— Con.
W age earners 1
(1)
Value of products
Cost of materials,
fuel,
processing
and excise taxes,
etc.
Value added by
manufacture
Number
Aver
age per
wage
earner
per
month
Total
Aver
age per
man
hour
Total
Aver
age per
man
hour
Total
Aver
age per
man
hour
Total
Aver
age per
man
hour
Ratio
of
wages
to
value
added
by
manu
facture
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
$122, 625,660
66, 289, 068
66,848, 308
43,090,350
26, 410,199
24, 293,823
27, 684, 525
7, 090, 569
$1.52
1.34
1.83
1. 55
1.42
2.61
3.19
2. 96
$66, 308,643
32, 684,774
28,172,440
22,263,503
11, 873, 034
10,497, 659
19, 093, 319
4, 273, Oil
$0. 82
.66
.77
.80
.64
1.13
2.20
1.78
$56, 317,017
33, 604, 294
38,675,868
20,826,847
14,537,165
13,796,164
8, 591,206
2,817, 558
$0. 70
.68
1.06
.75
.78
1.48
.99
1.18
56.5
47.1
43.8
47.8
48.4
32.9
41.9
31.5
Per
of
Number cent
indus
try
(2)
Wages paid
T e x tile in d u s tr ie s —Continued
Woolen goods____ ____ _________
Knit underwear__ . ___________
Carpets and rugs, wool_________
Knit outerwear. _______________
Cotton small wares. _ . . . ______
Felt goods, wool, hair, or j u t e ___
Knit cloth. __________________
Wool sh o d d y ... _____________ _
P er
cent
218
113
41
163
80
41
60
29
38,943
25, 057
19,972
14. 009
9,128
4, 530
4, 501
1,094
80.2
69.8
93.8
52.1
69.0
89.7
50.3
71.6
80,544, 206
49, 556, 698
36,454, 579
27,785, 891
18,633, 330
9, 304, 707
8, 690,335
2,397, 232
172.4
164.8
152.1
165.3
170.1
171. 2
160.9
182.7
445
273
34
211
157
70
73, 328
67,097
44, 306
32,483
17, 647
12,871
84.1
97.2
100.0
73.5
87.9
90.0
154, 234,854
135,831, 413
91,771,817
67,927,185
36,911,536
26,415,542
175.3
168.7
172.6
174.3
174.3
171.0
68, 639, 985
87, 363,622
38,612, 632
31, 894, 601
15, 913,193
12, 724,442
.445
.643
.421
.470
.431
.482
484, 916, 086
1, 342,224, 095
156, 931, 519
172, 695,466
119,863,061
186, 278,432
3.14
276,821,784
9.88 1, 040, 889,169
1.71
44,031,316
2. 54
103, 009,958
3. 25
74, 013, 601
7.05
86, 404, 336
1.79
7. 66
.48
1.51
2.01
3.27
208, 094, 302
301,334,926
112,900, 203
69, 685, 508
45,849, 460
99,874,096
1.35
2. 22
1.23
1.03
1.24
3. 78
33.0
29.0
34.2
45.8
34.7
12.7
361
219
113
62
126
317
272,562
128,821
97,285
11,389
11, 333
10, 300
98.5
88.4
99.4
94.1
89.1
80.7
491,956,182
233,951,265
169,234,005
22, 561, 971
19,167, 914
18,344, 622
150.4
151.4
145.0
165.1
140.9
148.4
255,290,161
131, 266,472
103, 225, 025
11,004, 234
11,205,619
11,387,359
.519
. 561
.610
.488
.585
.621
1,132, 015, 560
696,685, 379
1,095,284, 834
209, 355, 908
36,144, 712
36, 390,860
2. 30
2.-98
6. 47
9. 28
1.89
1.98
1.39
1. 74
4. 53
8. 01
.47
.48
445,861, 747
289,827,118
328,040,188
28, 718,182
27,115,939
27, 631, 988
.91
1.24
1.94
1. 27
1.42
1. 50
57.3
45.3
31.5
38.3
41.3
41.2
$31, 836,788 $0. 395
15,816,907
.319
16,924, 703
. 464
9, 956, 341
.358
7, 038, 263
.378
4, 542, 430
.488
3,596, 066
.414
887, 633
.370
C hem ical in d u s tr ie s (6)
P a p er ___ _______ __________
Petroleum refining___________ __
Rayon yarns___
______ ___
Leather ta n n in g ... ____________
P u lp ... _______________________
Soap__________________________
M e ta l a n d m a c h in e ry (6)
Steel works and rolling m ills ____
Motor-vehicle bodies and p a r ts...
Motor vehicles_________________
Blast furnaces__________________
Machine tools__________________
Machine-tool accessories___ _
.
1 Average for year.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
686,153,813
406,858, 261
767,244, 646
180, 637, 726
9, 028, 773
8,758,872
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Industry
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments
Man-hours worked
CD
MAN-HOURS IN MANUFACTURING IN 1933
909
The industries are arranged in table 1 according to these general
groupings. Within each group, they are listed according to the
number of wage earners covered by the tabulation, which happens
also to be identical with a listing according to the total number of
man-hours tabulated.9
In this report, only a summary is given for each industry. In de
tailed tabulations, which are being published by the Bureau of the
Census, the reports for each industry have been tabulated according
to (1) the State in which the plant is located; (2) the size of the
plant, as measured by the average number of wage earners employed
during the year; and (3) the population of the city in or near which the
plant was located. The second and third classifications were divided
into seven groups each, in compliance with the procedure agreed upon
by the Census Bureau in collaboration with the National Recovery
Administration.
Of the 35 industries listed in table 1, the industry which showed the
largest average number of hours worked per wage earner per month
in 1933 was beet sugar (220.8), while the industry with the smallest
number was machine tools (140.9). The food-product industries, in
general, showed the highest figures for the number of hours worked.
In fact, the only 2 industries in the entire list which showed hours
worked per wage earner in excess of 200 per month—beet sugar and
manufactured ice—are in the food-products group. Also, 6 of the 8
food industries reported average hours in excess of 184 per month,
whereas all except 1 of the 6 metal and machinery industries tabu
lated reported fewer than 152 hours per month.
The three tobacco industries also reported few hours per wage earner
per month. Cigarettes, with only 141.6, is the second lowest in the
entire list of 35, while the highest of the tobacco group—cigars—re
ported 153.7 hours per month.
The number of hours reported by the textile and miscellaneous
chemical industries approximate the average for all manufacturing
industries. Average hours per month per wage earner ranged from
152.1 for carpets and rugs, the only textile industry of the list under
160 hours, to 182.7 for wool shoddy. In 10 of the 12 textile industries
the average hours lie between 160 and 174 hours. The 6 industries
designated as “ chemicals” also showed a small range, from 168.7
hours for petroleum refining to 175.3 hours for paper.
Three columns of table 1 are of particular interest—average wages
per man-hour, average value added by manufacture per man-hour,
and the ratio of wages to value added. In these three respects, the
# The silk and rayon goods industry is treated as having 4 distinct sections. Some establishments do
throwing only while others do weaving only. Either of these types may operate on the commission basis
w ithout owning the materials or on the “ regular” basis, owning the materials. As is shown by this and
other tables, these 4 branches of the industry diifer from one another as regards wages, man-hours per
worker, etc.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
textile industries are perhaps the most outstanding, showing very low
hourly wages, very low value added by manufacture per man-hour,
and a very high ratio of wages to value added. The average wage for
cotton goods, the largest industry shown in the table, was 27.9 cents
per man-hour, being only 0.1 cent higher than the lowest (27.8 cents
in commission silk throwing) in the entire list. Of the textiles only
3 small industries showed an average hourly wage in excess of 40 cents.
Each of the 5 textile industries with more than 30,000 wage earners
had an average wage of less than 40 cents per hour for the year 1933, a
value added of less than 79 cents per hour, and a ratio of wages to
value added in excess of 50 percent. The ratio of wages to value added
by manufacture was particularly high for these larger textile indus
tries, for among the entire list of 35 industries only one other, steel
works and rolling mills, reported wages as more than 50 percent of the
value added. The only industries of the 35 listed paying an average
wage of less than 30 cents per man-hour in 1933 are cotton goods and
commission silk throwing, already mentioned, and cigars, the largest
industry in the tobacco group.
When the industries within each group in table 1 are considered,
departures from the general norm of the group are revealed. For
example, the value added by manufacture per man-hour for meat
packing was little more than half that for the other food-product
industries. That industry also paid as wages a sum equal to 41.4 per
cent of the value added, whereas the second highest ratio shown in the
food-product group was only 22.0 percent.
Another sharp contrast is afforded by the tobacco industries. In
the production of cigars, the value added by manufacture was 72
cents per man-hour, and 41.4 percent of this was paid out as wages,
while in the cigarette industry the value added amounted to $3.53
per man-hour and 10.2 percent of this was paid as wages.10
One of the most significant approaches to these relationships is
that of ranking the several industries according to average hourly
earnings. Table 2 shows the industries listed, in descending order,
according to the average wage per hour. The industries paying the
highest average hourly wages are petroleum refining, the metal and
machinery industries, and a few small food-specialty industries.
These high-wage industries in general show high value added per hour.
In contrast the low-wage industries for the most part have a low
value added per man-hour and a high ratio of wages to value added.
10 The stamp tax had already been deducted as a portion of the cost of materials; see footnote 7, p. 906.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
911
MAN-HOURS IN MANUFACTURING IN 1933
Table ¡2.— Rank of 35 Selected Manufacturing Industries by Average Wage per
Man-Hour, 1933
[Each of the four branches of the silk-and-rayon-goods industry is ranked separately in this table; see table 1]
Rank
Industry
Ratio of
Value
Number Number Average
wages to
wage
added
of estab of wage
man per man
value
lish
earners 1 perhour
hour
added
ments
P e rc e n t
35 selected industries 2------------------------------
7,365 1,638,306
$0.432
$1.10
39.2
27
273
317
113
724
67,097
10,300
97,285
.657
.643
.621
.610
3.85
2. 22
1.50
1.94
17.1
29.0
41.2
31.5
126
219
361
70
11,333
128,821
272,562
5,130
.585
.561
.519
.510
1.42
1.24
.91
3.96
41.3
45.3
57.3
12.9
41
62
70
19
211
41
445
531
1,181
157
372
263
34
60
26
4, 530
11. 389
12,871
11,495
32,483
19,972
73, 328
17,158
9,243
17, 647
99, 671
5,916
44,306
4, 501
8,445
.488
.488
.482
.481
.470
.464
.445
.444
.436
.431
.426
.425
.421
.414
.402
1.48
1.27
3.78
2.18
1.03
1. 06
1.35
2.68
2.13
1. 24
1.03
2. 07
1.23
.99
2.93
32.9
38.3
12.7
22.0
45.8
43.8
33.0
16.6
20.4
34.7
41.4
20.5
34.2
41.9
13.8
141
66
218
80
268
29
229
19
163
113
34
63
67, 689
8,627
38,943
9,128
71,065
1,094
48,234
22, 296
14,009
25, 057
5,437
6,434
.399
.395
.395
.378
.372
.370
.369
.361
.358
.319
.316
.313
.78
1.90
.70
.78
.66
1.18
.66
3.53
.75
.68
.65
.46
51.0
20.7
56.5
48.4
56.7
31.5
55.9
10.2
47.8
47.1
48.8
68.2
158
659
106
35,875
298,949
19, 262
.299
.279
.278
.72
.52
.45
41.4
54.0
62.0
A v era g e h o u r ly w ag e o f 60 ce n ts or over
1
2
3
4
M alt.......... ................ ........................- ............ .......
Petroleum refining_______________________
Machine-tool accessories------- ------ ------------Motor vehicles---------------------------------------A v era g e h o u r ly w age o f u n d e r 60 b u t over 50 ce n ts
5
6
7
8
Machine tools---- ------ ------ --------- ------------Motor-vehicle bodies and parts____________
Steel works____________________________ Cereal preparations______________________
A v era g e h o u r ly w age o f u n d e r 50 b u t over Jfl cen ts
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Felt goods...................... ............................ ...........
Blast furnaces—--------- -----------------------------Soap____________________________________
Sugar refining, cane------- -------------------------Leather tanning------- ---------------------------Carpets and rugs, wool_____________ ____ —
Paper...................................................... ................
Flour m illing_____________ ____ __________
Ice, manufactured----------------------------------Pulp__________ - - --------------------- ------Meat packing.
- . _______ _____ _ ___
Feeds, prepared................... ............ — --------Rayon yarns_____________ ____ __________
Knit cloth---------------------- ---------------------Snuff, and chewing and smoking tobacco___
A v erage h o u r ly w age o f u n d e r Jfl b u t over 30 ce n ts
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Worsted goods---------------------------------------Sugar, beet____ . . ------------------------------Woolen goods___________________ ________
Cotton small wares_________________ _____
Hosiery________ ______ _____ ______ ______
Wool shoddy______________________ ______
Silk and rayon goods: Regular weaving____
Cigarettes_________________________ _____
Knit outerwear____________________ _____
Knit underwear___________ . __ - ----------Silk and rayon goods: Regular throwing----Silk and rayon goods: Commission weaving.
36
37
38
Cigars______ _____ __________ ____ - ..........
Cotton goods____________________ ______
Silk and rayon goods: Commission throwing.
A v e ra g e h o u r ly w age o f u n d e r SO cen ts
1 Average for year.
2 In the case of silk and rayon goods, 4 subdivisions of the industry are shown.
The figures shown in tables 1 and 2 are intimately related to the
problem of wage increases. The item “ value added by manufac
ture ” must, of course, cover a number of expenses in addition to wages.
These other expenses vary greatly from industry to industry, especially
between industries in different groups, such as cotton goods and
cigarettes. Likewise there are large differences between plants in
respect to the size of the margin remaining after wages and raw mate
rial costs have been met. Nevertheless, the comparisons between
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
912
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
industries of the average amount of this margin per man-hour are
suggestive in connection with the problems of wage changes. In
those cases in which labor costs are relatively small, the opportunity
to effect economies in other expenses, or to absorb the added cost in the
profit margin, are greater, in general, than in those cases in which
labor costs are relatively large. In the latter cases, rising hourly
earnings create a more intense pressure to reduce labor costs through
attempts to increase the physical output per worker or to offset the
increase through raising selling prices.
Man-Hours Worked in 1933, by Months
A n approxim ate measure of the total volume of production in each
of the various industries is given by the total number of man-hours
worked in each industry during each month of a year. Such totals
are given in table 3 for each of the 35 selected industries. These
figures reveal quite plainly the industrial peak which occurred during
June, July, and August of 1933. The extent of this increase in em
ployment over that for the earlier months of the year varied greatly
among the several industries. It was quite pronounced, 40 percent
or more, for some, notably the malt, ice, cigar, woolen, cotton, knitunderwear, knit-cloth, paper, pulp, iron and steel, and motor-vehicle
industries. The extent of the rise was relatively small in meat pack
ing, flour milling, prepared feeds, cigarettes, snuff and chewing and
smoking tobacco, silk and rayon goods, hosiery, knit outerwear,
rayon yarns, and petroleum refining. The machine-tool and machinetool-accessory industries showed little or no pick-up prior to June but a
well sustained rise from then to the end of the year. The iron and
steel industries also maintained much of their summer volume of
employment until the end of the year.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table 3.— Aggregate Man-Hours Worked Each Month of 1933 1
17272—35-
Industry
January
February
March
April
M ay
June
July
August
September
October
November December
Total
35 selected industries_____ 236,074,196 226, 577, 599 219,756, 904 231,877,670 278,140,121 318, 971,614 323, 019,136 320,525,466 291,923,872 281, 730,657 264,970,630 251,755,202 3,245,323,067
Tobacco in d u s tr ie s (3)
Cigars---------------------------Cigarettes ______ _______
Snuff and chewing and
smoking tobacco_______
4,332,437
3,470,528
4, 980,001
2,923,896
4,841,894
2,914,798
4,579,165
2,863,672
5,694,483
3,612,621
6,319,637
3,486,924
6,127,625
3,070,443
6, 331,144
3, 498, 792
6,165,374
3,156,907
6,287,330
3, 278,170
6,021,421
2,925,440
4,466,946
2, 683, 555
66,147, 457
37,885, 746
1,327,112
1,193,160
1,246, 600
1,238, 242
1,406,506
1,371,926
1,246,400
1,345,458
1,212, 899
1, 315,497
1,119, 579
1, 090,218
15,113, 597
T e x tile in d u s tr ie s {1%)
Cotton goods------------------ 46, 605,164 45,317,087 49,007,191 47, 335, 729 56,379,997 65,998,238 61,693,445 56,857,263 52,869,267 52,024,102 49,731,156 40,391,664 624,210,303
11,426,170 11,603,155 12, 354,575 12,128,972 13, 205,093 14,097,269 11,642,617 10,930,332 11,993,595 12,138,014 11,485,946 9,664,962 142,670,700
Hoisery------------- -------Worsted goods---------------- 10, 792, 369 10, 684,919 8,105, 063 7, 562, 766 11,677,287 15,470,035 15,056,388 14,161, 528 12, 356,151 11,357,286 10, 782,562 9,932,000 137,938, 354
Silk and rayon goods:
Regular weaving-------- 8, 468, 599 7,914, 593 6,891,998 7,140,710 8,270,692 9, 251,607 9,197,398 9,108,929 8,198,005 7,372,258 7,340,795 6,729,413 95,884,997
992,213
948,856
778,908
595,530 10, 740,824
732, 708
993, 293 1,136,940 1,142,033 1,092,058
804,559
726, 388
Regular throwing— 797, 338
944, 392 1, 042,884 13, 024, 706
841,970
635, 083
Commission weaving-. 1,152,355 1,186,435 1,113,992 1,122,915 1,277, 302 1,311,564 1, 228,475 1,167, 339
Commission throwing. 3,407, 031 3,074,063 2,491, 254 2,871, 788 3,233,977 3,513, 932 3, 690,376 3,400,182 2,879,483 2,975, 516 2,687, 307 2,236,867 36,461,776
5, 666,458 6,241, 326 4, 504,208 4,987,194 6, 619,589 9,216,818 9,688,975 9,066,474 7,332,867 6,130,679 5,576,760 5, 512,858 80, 544,206
Woolen goods...................
3, 608,704 3,710,055 3,911, 544 4,107, 573 4, 243,826 4,976,997 5,134, 094 4,301,502 4, 292,479 4,100,828 3,872,144 3, 296, 952 49, 556, 698
Knit underwear_________
Carpets and rugs, wool___ 2,132,814 2,126,191 2,174,502 2,203,930 2,811,588 3,695, 530 3,633, 521 3, 788,459 3,785, 533 3, 777,357 3,398, 525 2,926,629 36,454,579
2,225,021 1,995,309 1,921,130 2,154,802 2, 578,668 2,811,941 2,687,675 2,637,623 2, 655, 221 2, 356,423 1,981,162 1, 780,916 27, 785,891
Knit outerwear__________
1, 361, 718 1, 382,811 1, 380, 755 1, 407,079 1, 558,090 1,786,744 1,892,611 1,806, 409 1, 733, 838 1, 597,875 1,439,903 1,285,497 18, 633, 330
Cotton small wares______
Felt goods, wool, hair, or
718,066
9, 304, 707
819,488
768,211
898, 083
818,083
955,811
981, 682 1, 007,801
524, 288
617, 534
615,418
580,242
jute___ _____ __________
784, 569
613,467
536,480
8, 690,335
918, 444
852,663
893,911
640,075
759,976
986,431
614, 243
538, 781
551,295
Knit cloth_______________
234,090
210,
414
1
209,277
2, 397, 232
177,523
301,125
258,956
102,
092
129,297
230,427
273,
328
143,444
127, 259
Wool shoddy____________
• For the number of reporting establishments in each industry, see table 1, pp. 907-908.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MAN-HOURS IN MANUFACTURING IN 1933
Food in d u s tr ie s (8)
Meat packing...... ............ . . 17,037,496 17,758,664 16,426,047 17,292,273 19,518,470 19,724,123 19,867,257 20,883, 671 20, 316,918 19,677,954 20, 700,534 19,071,672 228,275,079
Flour milling____________ 3,189,819 2,991,510 3,361,528 3,453,462 3,448,570 3,482,593 3,497,432 3,138,960 3,085, 378 3,183,714 3, 205, 740 3,023,070 39,061,776
1, 712,848 1,785,483 2,376,816 2,129,070 2,639,462 2,335,482 2, 308,780 2,562,007 1,982, 327 1,979,312 1,995,459 1,616,470 25,423,516
Sugar refining, cane--------1,382,975 1,325,388 1,492,255 1,727,076 2,154,753 2,658,614 2,899,054 2,825,327 2, 539,932 1,979,154 1, 502,085 1,392,786 23,879,399
Ice, manufactured_______
737,374
893,090 1,452,550 1,867,648 5, 341,240 5,411,057 4,080,956 22,857,190
543,681
670,151
486,652
397,616
Sugar, beet---- ---------------975,175
995,019 12,558,877
912,000 1,050,822 1,057,298 1,141,523 1,144,569 1,121,659 1,088, 704 1,015,973 1,024, 755 1,036,009
Feeds, prepared------970,546
841, 749
802,971
725,025
9,888,242
964,868
914,007
860,812
812,396
838,869
822,066
776,185
723,479
Cereal preparations-------805,815
1,625,244
159, 335
164,220
162,740
156,070
145,981
161,493
165, 731
111,808
148,989
89,933
77, 549
81,395
M alt____________ _____ -
Industry
January
Peburary
March
April
M ay
June
July
August
September
October
914
Table 3.— Aggregate Man-Hours Worked Each Month of 1933— Continued
November December
Total
C hem ic al in d u s tr ie s (6 )
M e t a l a n d m a c h in e ry (fi)
Steel works and rolling
mills___________ .
26,138,027 25, 085, 594 24,392, 492 28, 723,164 38, 703, 437 48,699,604 56,991,169 59,295,947 50,067, 239 48,696,880 41,516,474 43, 646,155
491,956,182
Motor-vehicle bodies and
parts________________
18,923,870 17,337,354 12,671, 339 18,082, 572 21, 240,602 24,333,570 24,433,008 24,118,840 20,723, 906 16,375,082 15, 372,871 20, 338, 251 288, 951, 255
Motor vehicles........ .......... 14,351,737 11, 215, 925 8,982, 392 13,105, 303 16,139, 590 18, 209,971 17,249, 377 17,226, 364 15,108, 368 12,818,373 11,870,889
12Ì 955, 716 169, 234, 005
Blast furnaces___________ 1,160, 301 1,109,881 1,166, 446 1,134,538 1,464, 745 2, 029,475 2,638,120 2,814, 730 2,495,914 2, 397, 607
2, 057, 267 2, 092,947 22, 561,971
Machine tools____ _____
1,344,909 1,149,257
969, 751
843,166 1,052,487 1,376,353 1,568, 031 1,835,599 1,944,907 2,198,953 2, 394,830 2,489; 671 19, 167, 914
Machine-tool accessories... 1, 224, 419
989, 529
888,391
846,144 1,014,310 1, 284, 267 1, 527, 563 1, 725, 015 1,892, 392 1,905,313 2,486| 218 2, 561, 061 18, 344, 622
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Paper._____ _________
10, 686, 201 10, 708,885 11, 503, 546 11,396,129 12,825, 658 14,115,075 14,964, 798 15,439,274
13,627, 536 12,611,267 11, 923, 721 154, 284 854
Petroleum refining_______ 10,992,251 10,089, 345 11, 365,407 11, 368,671 11, 598, 308 11,493,835 11, 700,840 12,120,324 14,432,764
10, 968, 562 11, 523,962
278| 604 11, 331,304 185, 88l’ 418
Rayon yarns____________
7, 497, 745 6,911,596 6,978, 081 6,147,970 7, 338,306 7, 791,899 8,467,469 8,484,435 8, 329,493 8, 208, 527 11,
7, 887’ 145 7, 729,151 91, 771,817
Leather tanning_________
5,006,852 5,046,003 4,997,397 4,609,395 5, 600,778 6,426,591 6, 752, 557 6, 575, 650 5,813,227 5,856,153
5,691,652 67,927,185
P u lp________________
2, 636, 441 2, 527, 945 2, 732,648 2,709, 395 2,961,159 3,307,595 3,379, 766 3,568,935 3,451,207 3,386,745 5,550,930
3,244,955
004, 745 36, 911,536
Soap__________ .
1,900,007 2,041,790 2,154, 620 1,998, 335 2,268, 456 2,334,343 2, 282, 352 2,584,375 2,346,266 2,435,163 2,244,054 3;
1,825,781 26,415, 542
MAN-HOURS IN MANUFACTURING IN 1933
915
It must be emphasized that man-hours per month are not always
comparable with production figures. Thus, in the automobile indus
try there is a relatively larger volume of employment than of output
of finished cars in the fall months, due to tooling operations.
These monthly data on man-hours introduce a most significant
refinement of our knowledge of the volume of employment and, by
inference, of production. The number of wage earners employed is
relatively a crude measure. Marked differences exist between varia
tions in the number of wage earners and in the number of man-hours
worked. For example, it has been customary for the Bureau of the
Census to indicate variation in employment in an industry, whether
purely seasonal or otherwise, by the percentage relationship which the
minimum number of wage earners for any month bears to the maxi
mum. The figures in table 4 represent differences between the
months of maximum and minimum employment and man-hours
worked as percentages of the maximum. Employment and man
hours in the 7,365 establishments shown in the earlier tables are shown
for each of the 35 industries. The figures in column 1 based on
number of wage earners and in column 2 on man-hours show these
percentage differences for the first 7 months of 1933. Columns 3
and 4 similarly refer to differences between maximum and minimum
months for the year as a whole.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
916
MONTHLY LAB Oil REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Table 4.-—Maximum Variation in Employment and in Man-Hours Worked in
35 Selected Industries, January to July, and the year, 1933
Maximum variation
during January to
July, inclusive
Industry
Maximum variation
during entire year
Based on
wage
earners
Based on
man
hours
Based on
wage
earners
Based on
man
hours
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
P e rc e n t
P e rc e n t
P e rc e n t
P e rc e n t
______
25.1
32.0
29.4
32.0
Food in d u s tr ie s (8 )
M eat packing__ ________________________ _______ ___
Flour milling_______ _____ ________________________
Sugar refining, cane__________ _____________________
Ice, manufactured__________________ _____________
Sugar, beet_______________________________________
Feeds, prepared__________________ _ „__ _ _______
Cereal preparations_____________ _________ _____ __
M alt_________________________________ ____ _______
12.5
7.8
11.5
45.7
51. 1
9.8
9.7
49.8
17.3
14. 5
35.1
54.3
59. 2
20.3
20.8
52.0
26.9
15.9
19.6
48.7
89.8
15.2
17.8
59.3
21.3
14.5
38.8
54.3
92.7
20.3
25.0
53.2
14.6
10.0
7.6
31.4
20.7
15.2
21.0
14.5
7.6
31. 6
25.7
22.5
28.0
6.6
43.4
31.3
18.9
51. 1
29.5
13.6
43.8
38.8
31.4
51.1
28.9
35.1
21.4
34.5
48.6
21.4
33.0
29.0
26.5
24.7
38.4
52.0
25.5
36.4
15.1
32. 5
53. 5
29.7
42.5
31.7
28.1
46.6
45.4
66.1
31.5
39.8
22. 7
36.6
51.4
21.4
41.5
33.5
30.6
33.6
44.2
50.3
27.3
47.9
51 6
43 5
53.5
35.8
43.9
36.7
32.1
48.0
45.6
66.1
13.2
3.8
20.3
23.8
9.8
8.8
28.6
13.8
27.4
31.7
25.2
18.6
23.6
16.6
27.6
28.1
23.9
20.7
30 8
16.8
27.5
31.7
29 2
29.4
34.5
28.5
27.5
39.1
25.5
27.2
57.2
48.1
50.7
57.9
46.2
44.6
39.6
33.4
29.9
45.9
52. 1
57.3
58.9
48.1
50. 7
60.6
66.1
67.0
35 selected industries____________ ______ -
Tobacco in d u s tr ie s (3)
Cigars____________ ______________________________
Cigarettes_____________ __________________________
Snuff, chewing and smoking tobacco______ __________
T e x tile in d u s tr ie s (12)
Cotton goods________________________________ __ _
Hosiery____________ __ ________ _ ______________
Worsted goods_____ . ____________ ______________
Silk and rayon goods:
Regular weaving.......... ............ ...........
_ _ ___
Regular throwing____________________ ________
Commission weaving____________ ______ ____ _ .
Commission throwing__________ _ __ ________ _
Woolen goods___ _____ ______________________ _____
Knit underwear_____________________ ____________
Carpets and rugs, wool___________ ______________.
Knit outerwear__........................... _ __________ __ __
Cotton small wares______________ ________________
Felt goods, wool, hair, or iute_________ __________ _
Knit cloth..................... ............ _ __________________
Wool shoddy._________________________ _____ _____
C hem ic a l in d u s tr ie s (6)
Paper____________________ ______________________
Petroleum refining..................................... _ ______ __
Rayon yarns________ _____________________________
Leather tanning_____________ ______________ ______
Pulp______ ____________ __________ ______ _____
Soap_______________ ______________________________
M e t a l a n d m a c h in e ry in d u s tr ie s (6 )
Steel works and rolling mills________________________
Motor-vehicle bodies and parts_____________________
Motor vehicles____ ______ ___ _____ ________________
Blast furnaces_____________________________________
Machine tools____ _______________ _______ _____ ___
Machine-tool accessories..___________ ____________ _
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MAN-HOURS IN MANUFACTURING IN 1933
917
In every industry, except silk and rayon goods, there was greater
variation in the volume of employment (man-hours) than in the num
ber of wage earners employed. For example, in meat packing 12.5
percent fewer workers were employed in the month of minimum than
in the month of maximum employment between January and July,
but 17.3 percent fewer man-hours were worked. The differences in
the extent of these variations as between industries (for example, 12.5
percent difference in number of wage earners for meat packing and
7.8 percent for flour milling), will be discussed later. At this point it
need merely be pointed out that there are marked contrasts between
industries as regards fluctuations in employment and in man-hours.
For example, in the woolen-goods industry during the first 7 months
of 1933 there was relatively little difference between the ratio of the
minimum number of man-hours to the maximum number and the
ratio for wage earners. In each case the minimum was about half
of the maximum. In automobiles, on the other hand, while the
minimum number of man-hours in any month was only half the
maximum for the first 7 months of 1933, employment in the minimum
month was only 27.5 percent under the maximum.
These differences throw light on the employment policies of in
dustries prior to the N. R. A. and on the relationship of employment,
man-hours, and production in various stages of the business cycle.
The forces affecting the various industries are too numerous to
warrant generalization in the space here available. There were 15
industries in which, for the first 7 months of 1933, man-hours in the
minimum month (usually March or April) were more than 40 percent
below the hours in the maximum month (in most cases July). The
number of wage earners fluctuated more or less in proportion to man
hours in 7 cases—malt, woolen goods, worsted goods, knit goods,
carpets, ice, and beet sugar. In 7 cases—blast furnaces, steel
works and rolling mills, motor vehicles, motor-vehicle bodies and
parts, felt goods, etc., machine tools, and machine-tool accessories—
the increases in man-hours were effected more largely by lengthening
the number of hours of work per worker.
For the year 1933 as a whole it is impossible to use the figures for
the number employed as indicative of volume of production or volume
of employment, because of the influence of the President’s Reemploy
ment Agreement and the industrial codes. The percentage differ
ences for the year in number employed and in man-hours as between
minimum and maximum months are presented in columns 3 and 4
of table 4. For 9 of the 35 industries the months of minimum and
maximum man-hours are the same whether we consider the year as a
whole or the first 7 months (columns 2 and 4). These industries are
flour milling, ice manufacture, feeds, worsted goods, woolen goods,
wool shoddy, leather, motor vehicles, and motor-vehicle bodies and
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
918
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
parts. In none of these cases, however, does the variation from the
month of maximum employment for the first 7 months and for the
year as a whole correspond. In some cases'—for example, flour mill
ing, feeds, and leather'—the difference is large.
Table 5 gives the average number of man-hours worked per wage
earner each month of the year, and also a weighted average11 for
the entire year. These monthly averages reflect: (1) The industrial
restriction that took place during February and March; (2) the ex
pansion occurring during the summer; and (3) the work sharing that
took place in certain industries during the later months of the year
under the influence of the President’s Reemployment Agreement and
the industrial codes. The figures for the later months of the year are
also affected somewhat by industrial contraction from the summer
peak. Work sharing is particularly conspicuous m such industries as
meat packing and petroleum refining which, as indicated by table 3,
suffered no serious contraction in aggregate number of man-hours.12
The figures in table 5 for the cotton-goods industry illustrate very
well the influence of the industrial codes. The code for that industry
went into effect on July 17. The month of July, therefore, as far as
this industry is concerned, represents neither the precode era nor
the code era, but about half of each. The average number of hours
worked per wage earner that month (182) is about midway between
that for June (212) and that for August (164). The figure for the
cotton-goods industry for December (127), however, is especially
low in comparison with the previous months, reflecting not only the
seasonal decline and the effect of the holidays, but also the results
of an administrative order, approved on December 2, curtailing for
the remainder of the month the rate of operations by an amount
equal to 25 percent of capacity.
11 The monthly man-hour averages were obtained by dividing the aggregate number of man-hours for
each month (table 3) by the number of wage earners employed in that month. The weighted average for
the year for each industry was obtained by dividing the total man-hours for the 12 months by the sum of
the wage earners reported for each of the 12 months; this average is the same as that in column 5 of table 1.
12 Relatives expressing the aggregate number of man-hours (table 3), and of man-hours per wage earner
(table 5), for these two industries during the last 6 months of the year, with July as the base, are as follows:
1933
July_____
August___
September
O ctober...
November.
December.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Meat packing
Petroleum refining
Indexes of Indexes of
total man man-hours
per wage
hours
earner
Indexes of Indexes of
total man man-hours
per wage
hours
earner
100
105
102
99
104
96
100
94
86
84
93
86
100
104
94
98
96
97
100
97
84
86
84
84
919
MAN-HOURS IN MANUFACTURING IN 1933
Table 5.—Average Monthly Man-Hours per Wage Earner Employed in Specified
Month, 1933
Industry
35 selected industries.. . ..........
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Aver
age
for
year1
165
159
165
169
187
195
182
171
155
151
148
140
165.1
191
199
167
215
201
177
170
192
202
189
167
204
163
168
150
182
191
212
223
217
205
194
168
209
200
211
196
221
204
191
162
192
215
211
230
232
211
197
171
202
208
210
202
236
212
192
166
206
202
203
210
245
221
187
174
208
190
183
214
225
223
176
173
180
173
167
159
213
227
159
149
171
169
170
156
195
231
161
153
177
188
170
171
176
234
166
154
172
174
164
133
181
209
161
137
178
190.9
189.7
184.3
215.3
220.8
176.9
160.6
187.1
Cigars. ___________________ 134
C igarettes..________________ 154
Snuff, and chewing and smoking tobacco_______________ 151
143
136
147
143
147
141
167
166
176
159
168
141
164
152
159
134
160
138
152
123
121
111
153.7
141.6
138
147
152
167
163
153
162
143
153
133
126
149.1
187
171
174
182
172
177
200
184
174
191
179
165
207
191
186
212
195
211
182
172
186
164
148
174
156
159
157
152
157
142
151
152
148
127
131
146
174.0
167.3
169.8
178
177
192
176
178
165
131
166
175
142
162
168
172
163
184
167
178
167
131
166
171
154
148
177
179
174
190
170
179
175
148
176
181
167
170
163
176
165
190
178
177
179
139
177
180
163
171
180
182
187
199
185
187
180
167
180
185
197
182
208
187
202
199
188
213
189
192
185
198
204
188
225
170
178
165
165
198
185
166
174
183
200
187
231
162
158
161
147
175
156
165
160
165
181
155
181
156
151
136
139
153
156
158
162
163
162
158
169
151
145
128
143
144
148
150
148
155
158
144
157
148
147
146
132
147
147
143
146
150
161
138
151
134
131
137
117
141
134
129
145
146
154
130
166
165.7
164.6
168.7
157.7
172.4
164.8
152.1
165.3
170.1
171.2
160.9
182.7
166
176
189
178
169
163
165
163
176
172
161
173
177
182
186
176
176
184
174
180
167
175
172
170
191
183
188
189
183
189
201
180
188
198
198
185
202
182
184
196
197
178
191
176
168
180
195
184
172
152
164
159
172
160
164
156
162
162
166
165
156
152
156
156
160
164
148
153
156
157
148
139
175.3
168.7
172.6
174.3
174.3
171.0
123
116
122
133
165
183
186
180
151
147
133
140
150.4
151
154
143
140
143
157
122
133
117
126
123
116
146
115
126
168
153
141
107
123
182
177
167
125
137
189
180
189
148
154
170
162
201
149
161
156
157
191
150
153
139
137
169
146
147
126
129
163
152
151
120
120
148
152
165
135
126
156
152
159
151.4
145.0
165.1
140. 9
148. 4
F ood in d u s tr ie s (8 )
Meat packing.............................
Flour m illing_______________
Sugar refining, cane ______
Ice, manufactured__________
Sugar, beet_______ _______
Feeds, prepared........................
Cereal preparations_________
M alt______________________
Tobacco in d u s tr ie s (S)
T e x tile in d u s tr ie s (12)
Cotton goods..................... .........
Hosiery _______________ . . .
Worsted goods______________
Silk and rayon goods:
Regular weaving________
Regular throwing_______
Commission weaving____
Commission throwing___
Woolen g o o d s ...........................
Knit underwear____________
Carpets and rugs, wool______
Knit outerwear_____________
Cotton small wares_________
Felt goods, wool, hair, or jute.
Knit cloth_____ _____ ______
Wool shoddy_______ ______ _
C h e m ic a l in d u s tr ie s (6)
Paper__________________ . .
Petroleum refining....................
Rayon yarns_______________
Leather tanning____________
Pulp____ ________ _______ _
Soap.............................................
M e t a l a n d m a c h in e ry (6 )
Steel works and rolling m ills..
Motor-vehicle bodies and
parts............ .............................
Motor vehicles______ _______
Blast furnaces................... .........
Machine tools______________
Machine-tool accessories_____
1 Weighted.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
920
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Let us now consider further the significance of the figures in table 5.
Some men were employed for a larger number of hours than the
average given in that table, whereas others worked fewer hours.
The average for each month in each industry does, however, give a
general picture of the opportunity for work in that month. A man
who has been employed in each of the 12 months for this average
time will not have enjoyed full time, but his shortage of time is not
due to seasonal swings. In the manufacture of cigars, the average
number of hours worked by each man employed during January was
only 134 hours, which was much less than the customary full time.
This was, however, the average effective time, and the sum of the
12 monthly averages would be the average effective working time
during the year. Such a total is shown for each of the 35 industries
in table 6 (column 2). It varied from a maximum of 2,560 hours in
the manufacture of ice to a minimum of 1,653 hours in the manu
facture of machine tools; for cigars, it was 1,838. A total obtained
in this manner for any specific industry generally agrees quite closely
(but not for all industries, especially those with large seasonal varia
tions) with the weighted average number of man-hours per year,
arrived at by dividing the aggregate man-hours for the year by the
average number of wage earners. For cigars, the sum of the 12
monthly averages was 1,838 hours, whereas the weighted average
for the year was 1,844 hours.13 For totals for the several industries
computed by either of these methods, differences between industries
reflect variations in the length of the working week.
These figures showing the work opportunity of a man employed
12 months give an indication of the average amount of work-time
available for all persons in an industry at one time or another during
the year. It also allows of a measure of the irregularity of the de
mands of the industries on the labor market. If the largest number
of workers employed in any month had shared equally the aggregate
number of man-hours utilized by the industries during the year, the
resulting number of man-hours per year per man would have been
those shown in column 3 of table 6. The ice industry, as previously
shown, offered 2,560 hours on the average to those individuals able
to secure 12 months’ employment, but only 1,904 hours 14would have
been available had the maximum number of workers been held
throughout the year. In other words, each man who worked the
average amount of time throughout the year would have had his
annual working hours reduced by 656 hours if the total quantity of
work had been equally distributed among the maximum number of
workers, or (as shown in column 4 of table 6), he would have received
only 74 percent as much work as he did obtain.
13 Computed by dividing 66,147,457 man-hours (table 3) by 35,875 wage earners (table 1).
14 Computed by dividing the total man-hours, 23,879,399 (table 3), by 12,539, the number of employees
for August, the month showing the maximum employment.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
921
MAN-HOURS IN MANUFACTURING IN 1933
Table 6.— Reduction in Hours per Wage Earner by Distributing Available Work
Among Maximum Number Employed
Industry
N um
ber of
estab
lish
ments
(1)
35 selected industries_______ ____ - .
Average hours per wage
earner, based on figures
for entire year
Average hours per wage
earner based on figures for
7 months (January to
July) converted to annual
equivalent
Average
hours based
on wage
earners in
maximum
month
12/7 times
average
hours based
on wage
earners in
maximum
month
Sum
of 12
monthly aver
ages
(2)
Re
12/7
duc
tion
times
sum
per
of 7
wage
earner month
(col. 2 ly aver
Per
Per minus
ages
N um cent
Num cent col. 3)
of
12(of
ber
ber month
col.
sum
6)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
Re
duc
tion
per
wage
earner
(col. 6
minus
col. 7)
(9)
2,095 1,773
85
322
2,229
2,342
2,265
1,973
1,493
2,114
1,860
1,803
92
95
95
73
61
94
93
76
186
118
126
718
936
125
130
582
163
104
1,855 1,731
1, 783 1,697
93
95
124
86
96
69
1,836 1,761
96
75
2,111 1,800
2, Oil 1,850
2,040 1,692
88
92
83
311
161
348
2,333 1,881
2,167 2,078
2,182 1,677
81
96
77
452
89
505
1,995
1,978
2,027
1,907
2,070
1,981
1,819
1,985
2,052
2,043
1,933
2,176
1,709
1,553
1,717
1,574
1,554
1,786
1,452
1, 689
1,698
1,674
1,491
1,674
86
79
85
80
75
90
80
85
83
82
77
77
286
425
310
333
516
195
367
296
354
369
442
502
2,133
2,136
2,261
2,107
2,246
2,126
1,841
2,098
2,182
2,103
2, 071
2,318
1,812
1,690
1,927
1,704
1,642
1,834
1,469
1,821
1,783
1,779
1,606
1,718
85
79
85
81
73
86
80
87
82
85
78
74
321
446
334
403
604
292
372
277
399
324
465
600
445
273
34
211
157
70
2,107
2,035
2,084
2,098
2,097
2,054
1,835
1,827
1,807
1,858
1,813
1, 796
87
90
87
89
86
87
272
208
277
240
284
258
2,187
2,136
2,191
2,201
2,153
2,129
1,999
2,091
1,901
1,910
2,023
2,007
91
98
87
87
94
94
188
45
290
291
130
122
361
219
113
62
126
317
1,779
1,816
1, 733
1,947
1,653
1,745
1,480
1,518
1,534
1,527
1,170
1,136
83
299
84 • 298
199
89
420
78
71
483
609
65
1,762
1,954
1,824
1,920
1,545
1,663
1,392
1,637
1,594
1,399
1,353
1,407
79
84
87
73
88
85
370
31 /
230
521
192
256
1,987 1,725
87
262
1,943
2,073
1,998
1,904
988
1,968
1,715
1,697
84
91
90
74
39
92
89
75
360
216
230
656
1,553
161
212
572
158
19
1,838 1,675
1,698 1,594
91
94
26
1,788 1,719
659
268
141
229
34
63
106
218
113
41
163
80
41
60
29
7,365
Food in d u s tr ie s (8 )
Meat packing______________ ____ . .
372
Flour milling. ___________________
531
Sugar refining, cane_______________
19
Ice, manufactured________________ 1,181
Sugar, beet______________________
66
Feeds, prepared... _________
.
263
Cereal preparations___________ ___
70
27
M alt____________________________
T obacco in d u s tr ie s (3)
Cigars______________ ___________
Cigarettes________________________
Snuff, and chewing and smoking
tobacco________________________
2, 303
2,289
2, 228
2, 560
2, 541
2,129
1,927
2,269
2,415
2, 460
2,391
2, 691
2,429
2,239
1,990
2,385
T e x tile in d u s tr ie s (13)
Cotton goods____ ________________
liosiery__________________________
Worsted goods___________________
Silk and rayon goods:
Regular weaving______ - -----Regular throwing_____________
Commission w eaving.. ---------Commission throwing—- ------ -Woolen goods------------------------------Knit underwear__________________
Carpets and rugs, wool— - . . . . . .
Knit outerwear . . ------------------ —
Cotton small wares. ____ — . . . Felt goods, wool, hair, or ju te--------Knit cloth ______________________
Wool shoddy-------------------------C h em ic a l in d u s tr ie s (6 )
Paper_________________ _________
Petroleum refining. --------------------Rayon yarns. - ------------------------Leather tanning-------- ------------------Pulp____________________________
Soap____________________________
M e t a l a n d m a c h in e ry in d u s tr ie s (6)
Steel works and rolling m ills---------Motor-vehicle bodies and parts-----Motor vehicles___________________
Blast furnaces_____ _____________
Machine tools_____ ____ ____ - .........
Machine-tool accessories......... ............
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
922
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
In the beet-sugar industry, the number of working hours per man
in 1933 would have been reduced by considerably more than half;
that is, from 2,541 to 988. This is due to the fact that the industry
is very seasonal; the number of wage earners ranged from a minimum
of 2,369 in March to 23,136 in November. While these figures refer
only to the sample covered, they are probably representative of the
entire industry.
The greatest stability of working hours was shown by two tobacco
industries—snuff and chewing and smoking tobacco, and cigarettes.
In interpreting the data for these 35 industries, it is well to keep
in mind that most of them are makers of consumers’ goods, and even
during the worst of the depression have enjoyed a good volume of
business compared with that for capital-goods industries.
These statements with regard to equal distribution of the available
work are applicable to the entire year 1933, but certain events of
the year influence that showing. For example, the introduction of
the industrial codes and the President’s Reemployment Agreement
at about the time of the summer industrial peak caused a number of
industries to show increased monthly employment for sometime after
the aggregate monthly man-hours had begun to decline. It is worth
while, therefore, to ascertain the results of an equal distribution of
the total work of the first 7 months of the year (January to July, in
clusive) among the maximum number of workers employed during
that period. The figures for the 7 months have been reduced to an
annual basis through multiplication by twelve-sevenths, and the re
sults (shown in columns 6 to 9 of table 6) are similar to those for the
whole year (columns 2 to 5).
The differences between the figures for the entire year and those
for only 7 months may be summarized somewhat as follows: The
figures for the 7 months are, in general, larger than the corresponding
ones for the entire year in the cases of those industries, such as the
textiles, which experienced large increases in activity; but the reverse
is generally true in the cases of those industries, such as food products
and petroleum refining, which operated fairly free from a large seasonal
increase.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
SOCIAL SECURITY
R a ilr o a d E m p lo y e e s ’ R e t i r e m e n t A c t o f 1935
URING the closing days of the first session of the Seventyfourth Congress, a new retirement act for the benefit of rail
road employees (Public Act No. 399) was passed and was approved
August 29, 1935. This act takes the place of a law 1 enacted at the
Seventy-third session of the Congress, and which was declared un
constitutional by the United States Supreme Court.2 In addition
to the act creating a retirement system, a companion law (Public
Act No. 400) was passed providing for the raising of revenues to pay
the necessary pensions. The retirement act covers employees of
any express, sleeping-car, or railroad company subject to the Inter
state Commerce Act. The administration of the law is placed in a
board of 3 members representing the employees, the railroad com
panies, and the public. The act becomes effective March 1, 1936,
and provides a maximum of $120 a month to employees 65 years of
age, or who have completed 30 years’ service. While retirement is
compulsory at this age, the railroad company and the employee may
agree to extend the retirement age for yearly periods but not beyond
70 years of age.
The amount of the annuity that a retired railroad employee may
receive under the law is based upon his period of service. It is
determined by multiplying the first $50 of the monthly compensation
by 2 percent, the next $100 by 1% percent, and all in excess of $150
up to $300 by 1 percent. The total then is multiplied by the number
of years of service, not to exceed 30.
The fund to be created for the payment of the pensions provides for
the levying of an excise tax of 3% percent on the pay rolls of employers
and an equal amount on the employees.
D
1 See M onthly Labor Review, August 1934 (pp. 363-367).
2 Idem, June 1935 (pp. 1511-1522).
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924
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
O ld-'A ge P e n s io n s in C a lifo rn ia , M a s s a c h u s e tts , N e w
J e r s e y , a n d N e w Y o r k i n 1935
ORE than $13,500,000 was spent for old-age allowances during
the first 6 months of 1935 in the four States, California, Mas
sachusetts, New Jersey, and New York. These allowances were
being paid to over 111,000 needy aged at the end of June in an aver
age amount of $20.50 per person per month. The importance of
these States in the pension field is indicated by the fact that in 1934
they accounted for 44 percent of the pensioners and more than 75
percent of the pension disbursements made in the 25 States in
which pension systems were then in effect. They are also the States
in which systems of practically State-wide effect have been in opera
tion for the longest period of time.1
The number of pensioners and amount of disbursements in each of
these four States during January-June 1934, are shown in table 1.
M
Table 1.— Operations Under Old-Age Pension Acts, First Half of 1935, by States
Disbursements, first half of 1935
State
California _ ______.
Massachusetts____ _____ ________________ _ ______
N ew Jersey__ ______________________ _____ _________
N ew York_________ _____________ _____ __________
T o t a l __ . . .
__ __________________ ___ _
Total, excluding Massachusetts,2 first half of:
1935________ _____ ____ ____ _______ _____
1934__________________ _______________
Number of
pensioners,
June 30, 1935
Total
Average per
pensioner,
per month
21,310
22,661
13,229
54,079
$2,472,116
i 3, 300,000
1,151,701
6, 758,290
$20. 08
24.31
15.29
21.30
111,279
13,682,107
20. 50
88,618
78,096
10,382,107
9,119,089
20.13
19.87
1Estimated on basis of average allowance.
2Data are not available for the first half of 1934.
Pension payments were begun in California on January 1, 1930, in
New York on January 1, 1931, in Massachusetts on July 1, 1931, and
in New Jersey on January 2, 1932. Although the California system
has now been in operation 5% years, the pension roll has not yet
reached its peak. The monthly reports show that the number of
pensioners is still increasing at the rate of 300 per month. The same
is true in New Jersey and New York. In Massachusetts the pension
list increased at the rate of about 400 per month from March to June
1935.
The operations by months, in California, New Jersey, and New
York, the three States for which monthly reports are received by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics, are shown in table 2.
1No report is available for Delaware, whose State-wide system has been in effect since 1931.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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SOCIAL SECURITY
Table
Operations Under Old-Age Pension Acts, by Months, January to
June 1935, and by States
M onth
January______________
February_____________
March_____ ___ _____
April. _______________
M ay_________________
June__________________
New York
New Jersey2
California
Aver Pen
Aver Pen
Pen
sioners, Disburse age sioners, Disburse age sioners,
pen end of
ments
pen end of
end of ments i
sion month
month
sion 1 month
19,805
20,076
20,345
20,605
20,983
21,310
$396,473 $20.02
402,213 20.04
408,638 20.08
414,177 20.10
421,546 20.08
429,069 20.14
T otal........................... 20, 521 2,472,116
20.08
11,750
12,053
12,426
12,749
13,094
13, 229
$177,297 $15.08
183,830 15. 25
190,812 15.35
195,026 15.29
200,663 15.32
204,073 15.42
12,550 1,151, 701
15.29
Aver
Disburse age
pen
ments
sion
51,964 $1,103,400 $21. 23
52,128 1,109,115 21.28
52,434 1,115,500 21.27
53,039 1,128,785 21. 28
53,600 1,146,383 21.39
54,079 1,155,107 21.36
52,874
6, 758. 290
21.30
1 Computed on basis of monthly reports of State aid (approximately one-half).
2 Data cover 20 counties; the remaining county had not yet put the system into force.
O ld -A g e P e n s io n L a w o f D is tr ic t o f C o lu m b ia
ITH the enactment of Public Act No. 319, the District of
Columbia became the thirty-eighth jurisdiction providing
assistance to the aged needy, 35 States and 2 Territories already having
such laws.1 As the District law was passed subsequent to the Federal
Social Security Act, its provisions were made to conform to that act.
Under the law assistance may be granted to a citizen of the United
States who is 65 years of age or more, who has had 5 years’ residence
or more in the District of Columbia within the 9 years immediately
preceding the application for assistance, and 1 year’s continuous resi
dence immediately preceding application. He is disqualified for bene
fits (1) if he is, at the time of making application, an inmate of a prison,
workhouse, insane asylum, or any other correctional institution; (2) if
he is a habitual tramp or beggar; (3) if he has relatives able to support
him and legally responsible for his support; (4) if he has made a
voluntary transfer of his property in order to qualify for assistance.
The Board of Commissioners of the District of Columbia is to
administer the act or designate an agency to do so. The amount of
assistance is to be determined with regard to the conditions in each
case, and the Board is empowered to pay reasonable funeral expenses
on the death of a beneficiary.
All cases in which relief is granted shall be reviewed every 6 months,
and assistance may be withdrawn or the amount varied if changed
circumstances warrant it. If an application for relief or modification
of relief is denied, an appeal may be made for hearing and review.
Upon the death of a recipient of old-age assistance, or the last
survivor of a recipient married couple, the total amount of assistance
with simple interest at 3 percent shall be a preferred claim against
the estate of the person assisted.
W
i Subsequent to the preparation of this article two laws have been adopted, that of Alabama on Sept.
14, and of Oklahoma on Sept. 24,1935.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Sufficient sums to carry out the provisions of the act are to be pro
vided by the Congress, and the Board of Commissioners shall cooper
ate with the Federal Social Security Board, accepting the sums
apportioned by it.
D is tr ic t o f C o lu m b ia U n e m p lo y m e n t C o m p e n sa tio n A c t
N AUGUST 28, 1935, the President signed the unemployment
compensation law for the District of Columbia (Public,
No. 386). Including the laws of Alabama and Massachusetts
(which have not been published in the Monthly Labor Review) 10
States have laws upon this subject.1 A summary of the principal
provisions of the law of the District of Columbia follows:
Coverage.— Employees of every employer employing 1 or more persons under
any contract of hire, including employees of the District of Columbia and of
common carriers in interstate commerce, providing the greater part of the work
is performed in the District of Columbia. The act excludes domestic service
in private homes, casual labor not in the course of employer’s trade or business,
minors employed by parents, persons employed by child or spouse, employees
of the United States Government or any instrumentality thereof, employees
assisting in the legislative duties of a Senator, Representative, Delegate or Resi
dent Commissioner, persons employed by the District as school officers, teachers,
policemen, and firemen, and services by individuals subject to the Civil Service
Retirement Act of May 22, 1920, as amended.
Contributions.— Payable by every employer subject to the act, beginning with
January 1936, equal to the following percentages of total wages payable: 1 per
cent for 1936; 2 percent for 1937; 3 percent for the years 1938, 1939, and 1940.
Beginning with 1941 and thereafter the Board shall segregate employers into
classes on the basis of the hazard of unemployment attached to the respective
classes and determine the rate of contribution for each class, which rate shall
not be less than 1y2 percent nor more than 4 percent. However, any employer’s
rate of contribution shall be 3 percent unless there shall have been 3 calendar
years throughout which benefits were payable to persons in his employ who
became unemployed and eligible for compensation. The estimated total contri
butions payable by all employers during any such calendar year shall not be less
than 3 percent of the estimated wages on which such contributions are payable.
Benefits.— Payable weekly to every eligible individual commencing with the
week beginning January 2, 1938. For total unemployment, an amount, com
puted to the nearest half-dollar, equal to 40 percent of weekly wages, plus 10 per
cent of weekly wage for a dependent spouse, and an additional 5 percent for each
dependent relative. This sum shall not exceed $15 per week or 65 percent of
weekly wage, whichever is less. For partial unemployment, an amount which
when added to the total remuneration received for service during the week, will
be $2 more than the benefit to which he would be entitled if totally unemployed.
Duration of benefits.—-For unemployment occurring within any period of 52
weeks, benefits shall be paid to every eligible unemployed person in the ratio of
one-third of a week’s benefit to each credit week which occurred within 104 weeks
ending with the week in which he was last employed, until a total equal to 16
1 For the unemployment compensation laws of 7 States, see the following issues of the M onthly Labor
Review: New York, Utah, Washington, and Wisconsin, M ay 1935 (p. 1195); New Hampshire, July
1935 (p. 38); California (and reference to North Carolina), August 1935 (p. 335).
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927
times a week’s benefit has been paid. After this the ratio shall be one-twentieth
of a week’s benefit to each credit week which occurred within 260 weeks, ending
with the week in which he was last employed.
Credit week.— Defined as a week in which the individual performed some em
ployment against which no benefits have been charged and in respect to which no
benefits were paid. All payments of benefits shall be charged against the earliest
credit week, or part thereof, available. Any week of employment occurring
within the usual school vacation shall not be counted as a credit week.
Eligibility.—An unemployed person shall be eligible to receive benefits for any
week if (1) he has filed a claim in the form, at the time and office designated, (2) he
has been employed in at least 13 weeks within the 52 weeks ending with the week
in which he was last employed, (3) he is physically able to work, (4) he is available
for work, has registered and inquired for work with the frequency prescribed,
(5) he has been totally unemployed and otherwise eligible for a waiting period of
3 weeks prior to the week for which he claims benefits, and (6) total or partial
unemployment is not due to a labor dispute still in active progress in the estab
lishment where he is partially employed or was last employed.
An employee discharged for misconduct is ineligible for benefits for the week in
which discharged, and for such additional weeks immediately following (not less
than 1 nor more than 6) as the Board may decide. An employee who voluntarily
leaves work without good cause, or fails to apply for new work when notified, or
to accept such work when offered to him, is ineligible for benefits for the week of
such failure and for the 3 weeks immediately following.
District unemployment fund.—The fund consists of all contributions received or
collected and all benefits shall be paid from it. The Board controls the fund
and makes an annual report to the Congress. In addition to its contributions
to the fund as an employer, the District of Columbia shall, for the calendar year
1936, contribute $100,000; for 1937, $125,000; and for 1938, $175,000. All
money received in the fund other than that from the Unemployment Trust Fund
shall be paid to the Secretary of the Treasury to the credit of the Unemployment
Trust Fund to be held in trust for the District under the terms of section 904
of the Social Security Act. The Board shall requisition from the Unemployment
Trust Fund the money necessary to pay benefits for each week. The requisitioned
amount shall be deposited as a part of the District Unemployment Fund as a
special deposit and used solely to pay benefits.
Administration.— The District Unemployment Compensation Board is estab
lished, composed of the Commissioners of the District as members ex officio, and
1 representative of employees and 1 of employers to be appointed by the Com
missioners. The Board may enter into reciprocal agreements with the authorities
of States having unemployment compensation laws. An executive officer
appointed and employed by the Board will act as secretary of the Board and
administer the act.
Claims.— Claims shall be decided as soon as possible. Upon determining the
amount of benefits and the week payment begins, the employee and his most
recent employer shall be notified.
If either party appeals to the Board within 10 days, benefit payments shall be
withheld until the appeal is finally decided. Appeals from the decision of the
Board may be made to the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia and then
to the United States Court of Appeals for the District.
Effective date.— Contributions begin January 1, 1936. Benefit payments begin
January 2, 1938.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
928
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
F a m ily A llo w a n c e s fo r M u n ic ip a l E m p lo y ee s in
S a n tia g o , C h ile 1
N ADDITION to fixed salaries or weekly wages, municipal em
ployees in Santiago, Chile, are granted monthly allowances (paid
quarterly) for dependent children. For single children under 18
years of age with no other income the employee receives 30 pesos 2
per month for the first child, 40 pesos for the second child, 50 pesos
for the third, 60 pesos for the fourth, and 70 pesos for the fifth and
subsequent children. Grants are given only for children who are
physically and mentally unable to earn their living or who are pur
suing their studies regularly.
Family allowances for children under 16 years of age are also pay
able to municipal laborers who have been employed for 1 year or
longer. The amounts of the allowances and some of the regulations
differ from those for the higher-class employees. Grants for depend
ent children of laborers are subject to a deduction of 10 percent, which
will be deposited in the Chilean Bank of Pensions and Savings for
municipal laborers.
The bank receives the 10-percent deductions from family allowances
under specified conditions, which constitute a system of family sav
ings. The savings bear interest of not less than 3 percent annually.
When a child completes Ins sixteenth year he receives the savings in
the form of assistance for his industrial, commercial, or professional
training. The children’s savings are subject to withdrawal upon the
father’s death or upon his retirement or resignation as a municipal
worker, but only in case he has been employed at least 2 years in the
city’s service. Funds not withdrawn within 2 years of the time dur
ing which they may be withdrawn revert to the general fund for such
purpose. Funds deposited by reason of deductions made from family
allowances will be invested in State or municipal bonds or in firstclass mortgage notes or in real estate.
I
E m p lo y e e s’ R e t i r e m e n t S y ste m s in G r e a t B r ita in
A LTHOUGH the basic provision for the retirement of older workj l ers in Great Britain is found in the State system of contributory
and noncontributory pensions, private pension systems have con
tinued to develop since the war with a marked increase in the
number of new schemes during the depression. An account of this
development is given in an article in the July 1935 issue of the
International Labor Keview.
jL
1 Data are from report of Edward A. Dow, American consul general, at Santiago, Feb. 5, 1935.
2 Average exchange rate of peso in January 1935 was 5.06 cents.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
929
SOCIAL SECURITY
Public System
T h e State system of old-age pensions consists of a contributory
scheme, based on employment, which covers all workers insured
under the Widows’, Orphans’, and Old-Age Contributory Pensions
Acts, 1925-29, and a noncontributory system covering all persons
not included in the contributory scheme. The first system provides
a pension of 10s. a week for insured persons at the age of 65 who
have made the required contributions and a similar pension for the
wives of pensioners upon reaching the age of 65. The noncontribu
tory system provides a pension of 10s. a week at the age of 70, subject,
however, to a means and nationality test.
The number of persons who were in receipt of old-age pensions
under these two systems according to the census of 1931 and the
proportion they formed of the total population over 65 in that year
are shown in the following table.
Number of Persons in Great Britain Aged 65 and Over and Number and Percent
Receiving Old-Age Pensions in 1931
Sex and age group
Persons receiv
Total popula
ing old-age
of pop
pensions (con Percent
tion aged 65
ulation in
tributory and
and over
specified age
noncontribu
(census of
group
1931)
tory), Mar. 31,
1931
Men:
65 to 69 years___________________________________
70 years and over_______________________________
646,085
778,720
415,833
588,151
64.4
75.5
N um ber
T otal___________________________________ ____
1,424,805
1,003,984
70.4
Women:
65 to 69 years___________________________________
70 years and over._________ ____________________
773,393
1,118, 255
249,161
844,001
32.2
75.5
T o ta l................. ........................... ................... ..............
1,891, 648
1,093,162
57.8
Both sexes:
65 to 69 years___________________________________
70 years and over__________ ______ ______________
1,419,478
1,896,975
664,994
1,432,152
46.8
75.5
T otal________ ___ _______ ___ _____ ___________
3,316,453
2,097,146
63.2
The table shows that less than half of the persons between the ages
of 65 and 70 and approximately three-quarters of those over 70 were
in receipt of pensions in 1931.
It is pointed out by the writer that although the social value of
the present system cannot be questioned it falls short of being entirely
satisfactory in several respects. Thus, it does not provide retire
ment pensions in the strict sense of the word, since a contributory
old-age pensioner may receive a pension while continuing to work
and a noncontributing pensioner may earn up to £52 10s. a year
without affecting his right to a full pension. As a result many
17272—35----- 6
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
930
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
pensioners continue to work, often at reduced wages, so that the
pension acts as a concealed subsidy to wages and to a certain extent
discourages retirement. A further point to be noted is that in most
cases the pension scale is probably too low for retirement unless other
resources are available. In the census year 1931 persons in Great
Britain over the age of 65 who were actually working in gainful em
ployment numbered 693,624 and on March 31, 1934, 214,845 old-age
pensioners were receiving supplementary poor relief.
Private Pension Systems
No general study which would show the actual number of pri
vate pension systems has been made, but it is estimated that there
were between 2,500 and 3,000 at the end of 1934. The writer secured
information concerning somewhat more than a hundred schemes, in
addition to securing general information from individuals familiar
with the movement. The tendency in the systems established in
recent years has been toward contributory systems, with increasing
attention to actuarial soundness. This has resulted in the employ
ment of the services of insurance companies in the establishment and
management of the systems. Four or five years ago there were only
a few pension systems operated through insurance companies, but it
is estimated that there are now over a thousand in existence. An
important recent development is the establishment of pension schemes
by two joint industrial (Whitley) councils for all the manual workers
in their respective industries. These schemes are contributory, but
allow the employees of one firm to take employment with any other
contributing firm within the industry without loss of pension rights.
Examination of the provisions of the various schemes shows that
administrative and clerical staffs are most frequently covered but
that it is quite common for firms to provide separate systems for
salaried employees and wage earners and in a few cases both classes
of workers are included in one system. Male employees are more
frequently provided for than female workers. In the case of con
tributory schemes new employees are usually required to join upon
employment, although it may for a time be optional with the older
employees. In noncontributory schemes the pension is usually based
on the salary or wage grade and the length of service of the employee,
while under the contributory systems it is usually related to the
amount and number of contributions and in some instances to the
age at entry into the scheme. In the systems covering salaried
workers, contributions and benefits generally vary according to the
salary and in cases in which they are fixed as a percentage of salary
the contributions range between 1% and 5 percent. For wage earners
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SOCIAL SECURITY
931
the contribution is more often fixed at a flat rate, the amount of the
pension depending upon the number of contributions. For the latter
class of workers benefits range from small pensions of 2s. or 3s.
per week to those of £2 or more per week. The usual age of retire
ment is 65, with a few plans providing for retirement at 60, while in
some instances an earlier retirement age is allowed for women than
for men. In the more recent schemes operated by insurance com
panies a group life-insurance policy is taken out providing for a lump
sum payment on the death of the employee.
The number of persons covered by the various schemes is not known
but it is believed not to exceed 500,000, a number representing only a
small fraction of the total number of persons employed in private
enterprises in Great Britain. The number of persons actually in
receipt of pensions is also believed to be small, as the majority of the
schemes have been established recently.
In summing up the study, the author points out that well-planned
and well-administered pension schemes give a degree of security to
the workers and tend to improve the relations between capital and
labor. They do, on the other hand, have a tendency to reduce the
mobility of labor. Also, the individual firm is not a satisfactory
economic unit for the basis of a pension scheme and in case of industrial
mergers the existence of such schemes raises serious difficulties, such as
occurred in connection with the railway employees’ pensions after the
1921 amalgamations. It seems clear, the author states, “ that if
employees’ pension schemes are to be relied upon to supplement the
State system of old-age pensions as part of a comprehensive industrial
retirement policy, the Government will have to be prepared to give
financial assistance to a large number of schemes, and possibly to
introduce some measure of compulsion in the case of firms refusing
either to establish schemes of their own or to join with others.” This
possibility, it is said, raises other questions, particularly the question
as to whether the extension of the existing State provisions for elderly
workers would not be the most satisfactory solution of the problem
of retirement.
L ib e ra lis a tio n o f B r itis h H e a lth I n s u ra n c e A c t
HE provisions of the British health insurance and compulsory
contributory pension system 1 affecting insured workers out of
employment were considerably liberalized by the revised National
Health Insurance and Contributory Pensions Act passed in 1935,
which is summarized in the August 1935 issue of the Ministry of
Labor Gazette.
T
i See M onthly Labor Review, October 1934 (p. 823).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Under the law as enacted and interpreted prior to 1935, an insured
worker continued in insurance for a period of about 21 months after
he ceased to be insurably employed. During this “ free insurance
period”, as it is called, the full right to medical and maternity benefit
was retained, but the right to cash benefit for sickness and disability
was restricted, the amount of cash payment being reduced in propor
tion to the extent of his arrears. At the expiration of this free
insurance period he lost all rights and privileges under the system
if he continued to be unemployed. All administrative extensions of
the free insurance period which have been granted because of con
tinued unemployment were to have expired on December 31, 1935.
The act of 1935, however, retains the free insurance period, aver
aging 21 months, and adds a new provision which protects indefi
nitely certain features of the insurance scheme for any worker who
had been continuously insured for 10 years previous to the time he
became unemployed, regardless of the duration of his unemployment.
He will retain his pension rights, his right to medical and maternity
benefit, and to any additional treatment benefit to which, as a member
of an approved society, he would be entitled. He will not be entitled,
under free insurance, to sick or disability benefits, which are cash
payments. His right to these may be restored by 26 weeks of insur
able employment and 26 contributions over a period of not more than
4 consecutive half-years.
Under the law as it previously stood, arrears of contributions due
to unemployment were excused to the extent of half the amount due,
leaving the insured worker or his approved society responsible for
refunding the other half, in order to remain in full insurance. The
new law, by excusing in full all arrears due to genuine unemployment,
assures full benefit during the free insurance period to those who are
out of work 21 months or less, and to casual and part-time workers
who cannot, by reason of unemployment, meet the requirement of
remaining in insurance throughout the contribution year. This
provision restores the terms of the insurance system as it operated
before 1928, when wide-spread unemployment made it necessary to
relieve the drain on the funds.
A m e n d m e n t o f S w e d is h I n v a lid ity a n d O ld -A g e
In s u ra n c e L a w
ACT amending the Swedish law of June 30, 1913, which
established a system of compulsory insurance against old age
and invalidity, was passed by the Riksdag June 6, 1935, and becomes
effective January 1, 1937.1
1 International Labor Office. Industrial and Labor Information (Geneva), July 29, 1935. (For a
detailed account of the provisions of the earlier act see Bureau of Labor Statistics Bui. No. 561, p. 337.)
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SOCIAL SECURITY
933
Under the earlier law all Swedish citizens between the ages of 16
and 66, with the exception of civil servants having pension rights,
were required to pay the prescribed contribution. The new law
requires the payment of contributions by persons between the ages
of 18 and 65 and revokes the exemption of civil servants who have
acquired pension rights under the special systems. However,
although the compulsory contribution ceases at age 65, because of
financial reasons the pensionable age will continue to be 67 as at
present.
Pensions consist of a contributory fraction (the contributory
pension) calculated on the basis of the number of contributions paid
and a noncontributory fraction (the pension bonus) payable out of
public funds. Under the former law the basic annual pension was
calculated on the number of contributions paid, ranging from 70
percent for men entering the system at ages 16 to 19 years to 15
percent for those entering at 55 to 66 years. The basic pension for
women was 20 percent less for each age group. The new law abolishes
the discrimination between men and women in the calculation of the
pension and establishes a basic annual pension of 70 crowns“ plus
10 percent of the aggregate amount of contributions paid. This is to
the advantage of insured persons, particularly those who on reaching
the pensionable age have paid only a small number of contributions
or whose contributions have been based on a small income. However,
if at the time the pension becomes payable contributions have been
paid for fewer than 7 years, the basic pension is reduced 10 crowns
for each year short of 7.
The pension bonus which is paid from public funds is not payable
even at reaching the pensionable age under the law now in force, unless
the insured person is permanently unfit for work; under the new law
the pension will be payable at age 67 regardless of the insured person’s
physical condition. At present the payments from public funds to
persons whose annual income falls below a certain sum 425 kronor
for men and 400 kronor for women—amount to 225 kronor for men
and 210 kronor for women, minus six-tenths of the amount by which
the annual income exceeds 50 kronor. The new law fixes the rate
of the supplementary pension at 250 kronor for insured persons of
both sexes subject to the deduction of seven-tenths of the amount by
which the annual income of the insured person exceeds 100 kronor.
The minimum contribution paid under the law now in force is 3
kronor per year, plus an additional contribution, based on the taxable
income during the preceding year, varying from 2 kronor for incomes
between 600 and 800 kronor to 30 kronor for incomes of 10,000 kronor
and over. The minimum contribution under the new act is 6 kronor
and the additional contribution for the different income classes
2 Krona at par=26.80 cents; exchange rate varies.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW-— OCTOBER 1935
reaches a maximum of 20 kronor for incomes of 10,000 kronor and over.
At present the State pays three-quarters of the pension bonus and
the local and departmental authorities pay the remainder, but under
the new law the local authorities will pay one-eighth of the pensions,
the departmental authorities one-sixth of the pensions granted prior
to January 1, 1937, and the remaining expenditure will be borne by
the State.
The existing scheme by which contributions are paid into a special
fund—the Pension Insurance Fund—is maintained under the new law
but while the law of 1913 provided that the competent authorities
were responsible only for establishing rules for the management and
investment of the fund the new law authorizes the Crown and Parlia
ment to establish rules governing the increase of the fund and to fix
the maximum amount of such increase.
The payment of old-age pensions is at present limited to Swedish
citizens, but the new law authorizes the Crown to conclude agree
ments with other States providing for the payment of pensions to
nationals of States providing for reciprocal treatment.
Estimates of the expense of the new scheme place the cost to the
public authorities at 93,000,000 kronor in 1937, as compared with
70,000,000 kronor in 1933, at 109,000,000 kronor in 1940, and 139,000,000 kronor in 1950. The increased expenditures, however, will
not be due entirely to the increase in the amount of the pensions
but will be the result in some part of the increase in the number of
persons attaining the age at which pension rights are acquired.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS
R e s tr i c tio n U p o n C losing o f I n d u s tr ia l E s ta b lis h m e n ts
i n C h ec h o slo v ak ia
DECREE restricting the closing of factories and shops and the
wholesale discharges of workers became effective in Czechoslo
vakia on June 30, 1935.1 The decree applies to employers who intend
to shut down their plants for a period of 14 days or more or to discharge
a number of workers at one time. Written notice of 14 days must be
given to the respective district office and trade supervising office,
giving the reasons for the contemplated action; such notice is obliga
tory when 15 percent of all workers in establishments employing up to
700 employees are to be discharged, or 10 percent in establishments
with more than 700 workers.
No further steps can be taken by the employer toward carrying out
his plan for 15 days. During that time the district office is to arrange
for a conference between the employer and the workers’ organizations
in order to attempt to arrive at an agreement which would make
either the closing of the plant or the discharge of the workers unneces
sary. If no agreement can be arrived at and the factory owner re
ceives no adverse decision from the district office within 15 days, he
may consider his contemplated action as officially approved.
When a factory owner intends to resume operations within 3
months’ time, intervention on the part of the district office is limited
to an attempt to induce the parties concerned to arrive at an agree
ment. If the factory is to be closed for more than 3 months, the
owner must give written notice to the Ministry of Social Welfare and
the respective ministry under whose jurisdiction the establishment
operates, giving the reasons for his contemplated action. After both
ministries have investigated the matter, the competent ministry is
to make a final decision. If no decision is received within 6 weeks
from the date of filing of the announcement with the ministries, the
owner of the establishment may consider his contemplated action as
officially approved. In the interval, however, he is not allowed to
effect any discharges unless he pays full wages to the discharged
employees for the entire period during which his case is under
consideration.
1 Data are from report of Orme Wilson, American consul general at Prague, July 19, 1935.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
When a factory owner fails to make the prescribed written an
nouncement, the competent official bureau will investigate his case
on its own account. The competent ministry may also, upon approval
by the Ministry of Social Welfare, instruct the district office to investi
gate any factory where, during the calendar year, the number of
workers has decreased by 40 percent, in order to determine whether
any further dismissals in excess of 6 percent of all workers during a
4-week period are justified. If the district office decides against the
factory owner, he must pay full wages to workers for 14 days (3 weeks
if the plant was shut down), but in no case for a longer period than
that during which operations were actually discontinued.
When a factory is*to be discontinued, the district office must be
notified and the owner must give adequate notice to all employees,
such notice to commence on the day on which the official decision was
made, or, in the absence of such a decision, on the first day after 3
weeks from the date on which the owner’s written notice reached the
respective ministries. Workers must be given 2 weeks’ notice after
service of 5 years or less and 1 week’s notice for every additional
period of 5 years’ service, the entire term of notice not to exceed 6
weeks in any case. For salaried employees the term of notice is 2
months for service up to 15 years, 3 months for service of 15 to 20
years, and 5 months after 20 years’ service.
The new decree does not apply to temporary employees if they and
the district office were notified by the employer at the time of em
ployment that the employment would not exceed 4 weeks. Such
employees are covered, however, if the employer reports such
temporary employment more than three times during any year.
If a new factory is about to be started, or an established factory
reopened after being idle for at least 15 months, the competent
ministry, on approval of the Ministry of Social Welfare, may exempt
such enterprise from the provisions of the decree upon petition by
the employer. Such petitions must be filed both with the competent
ministry and the Ministry of Social Welfare. If the employer
receives no reply within 6 weeks after he has filed his petition, he
may consider it as a favorable decision.
No rights given to workers by the new decree may be curtailed or
canceled by agreement made between employees and employers.
R e p a tr i a tio n o f F o re ig n W o rk e rs in F r a n c e 1
O ASSIST in eliminating surplus foreign workers from the French
labor market the Ministry of Labor of France has adopted the
policy of furnishing free transportation for foreign workers whose
requests for work permits have been refused.
T
1 Data are from report by Robert D . Murphy, American consul at Paris, July 9, 1935.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS
937
Every foreign worker in France is required to have in his possession
a valid working permit issued by the Labor Ministry. Such permit
is granted for a specific period and its renewal depends upon the
circumstances in the individual case. Many foreign workers whose
applications for working cards have been rejected remain in France
because of financial inability to leave. Some employers have been
“ willing to wink at the labor regulations”, and foreign workers
without permits will often take employment at wages lower than
those acceptable to natives or to aliens with working cards.
It is planned to transport to the French border, at the expense of the
French State, unemployed foreign workers who are nationals of
countries such as Luxemburg, Belgium, Germany, Italy, Spain,
Portugal, and Russia. The aliens to be transported will be required
to have in their possession certificates from their respective consular
officers stating that these workers are in possession of adequate
means to get from the French border to their places of origin. The
Ministry of Labor of France will also provide similar jobless workmen
who are nationals of certain central and Eastern European countries
(Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Rumania, and Yugoslavia) with
free transportation to the borders of their respective countries.
“ L a b o r B o o k ” S y s te m I n tr o d u c e d in G e rm a n y 1
NDER a system established in Germany in the early part of
1935, all workers are required, as a condition of employment,
to be in possession of a “ labor book” { A r b e its b u c h ), which is, in
essence, a book of identification.
The system was established by a law of February 26, 1935, supple
mented by administrative orders issued in May. The Alinister of
Labor is made responsible for the execution of the law, but the duty
of issuing the labor books is placed upon the State Employment and
Unemployment Insurance Office. Actual issuance began on June
1, 1935.
The labor book contains a rather complete personal description of
its possessor, such as date and place of birth, citizenship, family
relations, and residence address; description of training, when and
where, in what concern and school, training in other occupations,
knowledge of agriculture, special knowledge, such as driving a power
vehicle or a tractor for plowing; description of past employment
lasting the longest time, by whom employed, where, in what occupai Data are from the following sources: Germany, Reichsgesetzblatt for Mar. 1 and M ay 17, 1935; Reichsarbeitsblatt for M ay 25, 1935: Announcement by Minister of Labor, pt. I, pp. 154 to 156; Order by the
president of the Employment and Unemployment Insurance Office, pt. I, p. 157; Das Arbeitsbuch, by Dr.
A. Wende, Counselor of the Ministry of Labor, pt. II, pp. 132 to 134; and Soziale Praxis for M ay 30, 1935:
Das Arbeitsbuch, by Dr. Fr. Syrup, president of Employment and Unemployment Insurance Office, cols.
626-631.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
tion, and on what dates; description of the present or current occupa
tion, such as title and address of the employing concern, department
of the concern, or occupation, date of beginning of employment,
nature of occupation as exact as possible, date of ending of the employ
ment, and signature of the employer.
All local employment service offices are to keep a complete card
index of all labor books issued in their districts. Each book that is
issued has a corresponding index card in the file of the issuing office,
each card containing a brief summary of all contents of the book.
This system enables the authorities to keep a complete and strict
check on the movements and the earning opportunities of all wage
earners and salaried employees in the country.
The regulations specify the classes of workers to which the labor
books are to be issued and make it clear that eventually all workers,
including apprentices and volunteer workers, will be required to have
a labor book in order to obtain employment or hold their present jobs.
Civil officials (B e a m te ), soldiers, prisoners, public wards, and other
persons who, according to the labor laws in effect, appear not to be
wage earners or salaried employees are exempted, as are also persons
having a monthly income over 1,000 marks, workers residing abroad,
home workers, and children not having completed the compulsory
term in the public schools.
The importance of the plan is emphasized by the president of the
Employment and Unemployment Insurance Office. He points out
that the system will permit the compilation of statistics on a nation
wide scale and enable the Government authorities better to distribute
labor, to ascertain the branches of industries that show remediable
weaknesses, and to control changes of occupation, migration from
country to city, and the ratio of employment regarding sex and age.
The indexes can also be utilized by the vocational guidance offices
for the benefit of boys and girls leaving school, in order to direct them
to occupations in which their work is needed. In addition, the
authorities claim, the index will enable them to ascertain many other
facts which are of great importance for the population, social, and
economic policies of Germany.
Upon entering employment the worker must turn over his labor
book to the employer who will keep it during the period of employ
ment. When a worker or employee leaves his position, the book must
be returned to him by the employer. No worker subject to the act
of February 26, 1935, may be employed who is not in possession of a
labor book.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS
%
939
A ge D is tr ib u tio n o f U n e m p lo y e d in G r e a t B r ita in ,
M a y 1935
TATISTICS showing the age distribution of persons 18 years of
age and over, registered for work at the British public employ
ment offices have been compiled from the records of the employment
exchanges. This analysis is published in the Ministry of Labor
Gazette of July 1935.
The data refer to conditions on May 13, 1935, when 1,938,636 per
sons 18 years of age and over were on the registers. Of these,
1,544,915 were registered as wholly unemployed, 305,363 were working
part time or were temporarily laid off, and 88,358 were normally
casual workers. Table 1 gives the age distribution of the men and
women in each of these groups.
S
Table 1.-—Age Distribution of Unemployed Persons in Great Britain, May 13,
1935, by Sex and Degree of Unemployment
W holly unemployed
Temporarily
unemployed
Seeking casual
employment
Sex and age group
Number
M e n ........... ................................... .......
18-20 years of age_____________
21-24 years of age...................... -.
25-34 years of age_____________
35-44 years of age_____________
45-54 years of age_____________
55-59 years of age_____________
60-64 years of age_______ _____
65 years of age and over______
W omen______ T_________________
18-20 years of age_____________
21-24 years of age------- -----------25-34 years of age_____________
35-44 years of age___ ____ ____
45-54 years of age-------- ---------55-59 years of age______
___
60-64 years of age_____________
65 years of age and over______
1,334,052
75,430
178,631
341,022
254,119
241, 776
130,392
109,004
3,678
210,863
31,122
42,972
57,202
35, 585
26, 738
10,210
6,856
178
Percent
of total
100.0
5.7
13.4
25.5
19.0
18.1
9.8
8.2
.3
100.0
14.8
20.4
27.1
16.9
12.7
4.8
3.2
.1
Number
Percent
of total
Number
Percent
of total
218,463
16,048
31,615
62,403
46,402
37,162
15,825
9,008
100.0
7.3
14.5
28.6
21.3
17.0
7.2
4.1
86,606
1,590
7,410
21, 258
18,564
19,963
10, 720
7,101
100.0
1.8
8.6
24.5
21.4
23.1
12.4
8.2
86,900
12, 231
19,013
26, 507
15,897
8,996
2,905
1,351
100.0
14.1
21.9
30.5
18.3
10.3
3.3
1.6
1,752
97
174
422
422
411
138
88
100.0
5.5
9.9
24.1
24.1
23.5
7.9
5.0
As the table shows, the proportion of women in the lower age groups
is much greater than that of men. This, according to the Gazette, is
mainly due to the effects of marriage and other causes in reducing the
number of older women who are seeking work. Further analysis of
the data showed that of the total number of unemployed women on
the registers, 61 percent were single or widowed and 39 percent were
married. A high percentage of the married women seeking employ
ment, however, was found in the older group, 61 percent being between
25 and 45 years of age. Detailed analysis of the age and marital
status of women registered for work at the exchanges is given in
table 2.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
940
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Table 2.—Age and Marital Status of Unemployed Women in Great Britain,
May 13, 1935
Single women and
widows
Married women
Age group
Number
Total w o m e n ____________________________________
18-20 years of age.
____- - ___ - _____ _____
21-24 years of a g e.. - ____ ___________
____
25-34 years of a g e.............
.... - _____
35_44 years of age
- __- _____ ________ ___ ____
45-54 years of age
____ _ _______ ____ ____ _____
55-59 years of age. _________ ___ _ __________
60-64 years of age _____ . . - __ _______ - - 65 years of age and over _____ _____________ ___
Percent of
total
182,627
100.0
40,389
43,426
40,622
24,399
19,819
8,197
5,635
140
22.1
23.8
22.2
13.4
10.8
4.5
3.1
.1
Number
.
Percent of
total
116,888
100.0
3,061
18,733
43,509
27,505
16,326
5,056
2,660
38
2.6
16.0
37.2
23.6
14.0
4.3
2.3
.0
An analysis of the figures by geographical distribution showed little
variation with regard to the men except in the Midlands, where only
39 percent were under 35, as compared to 44.9 percent for Great
Britain as a whole, and in Scotland, where over 50 percent of the
unemployed men were under 35. In the country as a whole, 35.2
percent of the unemployed women were between the ages of 18 and
25, and 63.3 percent were under 35. The percentage of younger
women in the 18-25 year age group, was much higher (58.2 percent) in
Wales and Monmouth than for the country as a whole and lower
(28.0 percent) in the Northwestern administrative division. In the
London area 64.4 percent of the women and 45.7 percent of the men
were under 35 years of age.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
NATIONAL RECOVERY PROGRAM
W o rk o f P e tr o le u m L a b o r P o lic y B o a rd
AGES and pay rolls increased and compliance with the terms
established by agreement was fairly satisfactory in the
period of code operation for the petroleum industry under the National
Industrial Recovery Act, according to a recently published survey on
the work of the Petroleum Policy Board.1 Up to the time the United
States Supreme Court rendered its adverse decision in the S c h e c h te r
case, holding the code-making powers in the Recovery Act unconstitu
tional, the Petroleum Labor Policy Board had acted on 2,862 out of
3,945 complaints filed alleging violations of the wages and hours
provisions of the petroleum code; of those handled 1,458 were adjusted
and in 922 no violation was found. Complaints under section 7 (a)
numbered 77, of which 7 were withdrawn. No evidence of coercion
was found in 22 cases, 35 were settled, and 13 remained unadjusted
when the Board’s work was brought to a close.
The work of the Board was varied in nature and included action
upon complaints of alleged violations of code wages and hours pro
visions and section 7 (a), interpretation of code provisions, research,
handling requests for exemptions from labor provisions, measurement
of the effects of the code on labor, and compliance and litigation cases.
In outlining its activities the Board stated that this was done in order
to guide administrative procedure in the event that Congress enacted
legislation to carry out the purposes of the Recovery Act and also to
clarify its labor policy.
W
Membership and Duties
As originally set up, the Petroleum Labor Policy Board was
bipartisan. However, because of the refusal of the representative
chosen for labor to serve, a reorganization was effected on December
19, 1933, establishing an impartial board of three members. Based
on oral instructions from the Administrator the Board formulated its
duties and functions to include: (1) Advising the Administrator in
determining policies affecting labor and in interpreting and applying
code labor provisions; (2) acting on compliance cases and recommend1 U. S. Department of the Interior. Petroleum Labor Policy Board.
Administrator, Aug. 17, 1935. (Mimeographed.)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Report to the Petroleum
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
ing appropriate enforcement measures; (3) investigating labor dis
putes and acting in mediation, conciliation, and arbitration cases
(the latter only upon joint request of parties to a dispute); (4) handling
cases arising under section 7 (a) dealing with collective bargaining,
holding elections for employee representation, and related work; and
(5 ) carrying out research in order to advise on labor policies and the
effects of the code on employment, wages, and purchasing power.
Activities of the Board
W a g e s a n d h o u r s c o m p la in t s .—From the date the Board was or
ganized in January 1934 to the end of May 1935 the number of com
plaints alleging violation of the code wages and hours provisions
totaled 3,945. By May 17, 1935, 2,862 of these cases had been closed.
Adjustments were made in 1,458 cases; 922 showed no violations;
and in 482 compliance had not been secured. The 1,083 cases that
were pending were closed by notifying the respective complainants
that, in view of the action of the Supreme Court, the Board had no
further jurisdiction.
On the basis of experience it was decided that the best procedure
would be to send complaints as to hours and wages to the planning and
coordinating committee for adjustment in the first instance. Sec
tion 7 (a) cases were reserved for personal attention and action of the
Board. Cases that could not be adjusted in this way next went to the
Division of Investigations to be prepared for action of the Attorney
General. Section 7 (a) cases were prepared for the Attorney General
by the Board’s staff or were referred to the Division of Investigations
in the first instance when it was deemed desirable. On the basis of
reports received it was decided whether cases should be sent to the
Department of Justice at once or held in an attempt to obtain
adjustment.
S e c tio n 7 (a ) c a s e s .—Of the 77 cases brought under section 7 (a) in
which employees charged discrimination or coercion against union
men or that company unions were forced upon the employees, 7 were
withdrawn, 22 showed no evidence of such coercion, 35 were settled,
and 13 remained unadjusted. A total of 6,613 men were involved.
Formal hearings were held in 23 cases and there were 22 formal de
cisions. One decision had been formulated but was not issued before
the work was brought to a close.
The Board acted in 20 strikes involving 9,278 men and 15 threatened
strikes involving 17,862 men. Of the 14 strike settlements effected,
8 resulted in written agreements. There were 5 cases in which settle
ment was not secured. Of the 15 strikes averted, written agreements
were obtained in the settlement of 7.
The Board acted as arbitrator in 12 cases involving 4,680 men.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
NATIONAL RECOVERY PROGRAM
943
In the 15 contracts entered into for the purpose of settling disputes
arising between employers and employees the Board was named as
final arbitrator or mediator. The agreements were all established for
1-year periods and cover about 14,000 workers.
Disputes over choice of representatives for collective bargaining
numbered 64. The Board held 33 elections to determine such repre
sentatives; in 17 cases the choice was made by checking the petitioners’
names against the company pay roll, and in 12 cases no election was
necessary as the employers recognized the workers’ choice.2
Discrimination and intimidation cases were most difficult to settle,
as it was not always possible to determine the cause of a lay-off or
discharge. Because of the importance of securing the opinion of a
mediator, and not only that of an investigator, it came to be the
policy of the Board to handle such cases directly rather than refer
them to the Division of Investigations.
I n t e r p r e t a ti o n s .—About half of the Board’s time was devoted to
such problems as code interpretation, modification, exception, and
amendment. Among the major questions was that of determining
differentials between wage rates of various skill classes, the code
having provided for maintenance of differentials as of July 1, 1929,
for certain occupations. The clause as written was modified by
Executive order and there were subsequent administrative orders on
differentials requiring current and retroactive payments. The major
companies complied with the requirements but there was a recalcitrant
group. On the whole the orders resulted in raising the wage rates of
skilled workers.
The definition of stripper wells was left to individual regional com
mittees by code amendment, and it is the belief of the Board that this
was a mistake that might have been avoided had the Petroleum
Administration been functioning when the matter was settled.
It was necessary in the course of the life of the code to make dis
tinctions between employees and independent retailers so that owning
or leasing companies would be responsible for maintaining labor pro
visions. There were complications involved in maintaining code
provisions where industries overlapped and operated either under
different labor provisions or entirely without codes. It was con
cluded that related industries should be subject to the same standards.
E x e m p t i o n s .—Upon request of the Petroleum Administrator the
Board considered 28 petitions requesting exemption from one or more
code provisions. In 20 cases the exemptions sought were approved
but in 4 approval was denied, and the remaining 4 had not been acted
on when the work was discontinued. In all, 14 petitions for reducing
minimum wages of drillers were considered. It was possible to grant
some ameliorative action in 11 of these. The Board held formal
2 For an account of elections held under the auspices of the Board, see p. 951 of this issue.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
hearings on 6 major subjects involving interpretations and changes
in the code. These included: (1) The determination of differentials
in pay rates for skilled labor; (2) definition of “ employee”, including
determination of the legal position of lessees of stations; (3) applica
tion of code to stripper wells and definition of the term; (4) exemption
of filling stations from code terms in towns of 2,500 population or less;
(5) minimum-wage rates for rig builders in several States; and (6)
proposals of organized workers for changes in code labor provisions.
L i t i g a t i o n .—Of the 357 cases arising under the petroleum code that
were handled by the Department of Justice, 50 percent involved
violations of the marketing provisions. When the Schechter decision
was handed down 45 actions had been instituted in the Federal courts
of which 8 had been closed and 32 were pending.
P o st-c o d e a c tiv itie s .—The Board has undertaken a survey of the
petroleum industry since removal of the code work. A field study
of employment, pay rolls, hours of labor, and weekly earnings is
contemplated. It is expected to collect new data and analyze that
already available in the studies of the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
C a b in e t C o m m itte e ’s R e c o m m e n d a tio n s f o r C o tto n T e x tile I n d u s t r y
ONTROL of excess capacity, retirement of obsolescent machinery, and the maintenance of code labor provisions are among
the recommendations offered by the Cabinet committee appointed
by the President on April 26, 1935, to investigate conditions in the
cotton-textile industry.1 The committee submitted its recommenda
tions and a report on conditions and problems in the industry, cover
ing such questions as international trade, Government purchases of
cotton, the cotton-loan policy, processing tax, and merchandising
and marketing. Specific suggestions were made for better control
of the industry. The formation of a continuing committee, made up
of representatives of Government, employers, employees, and other
affected groups, was recommended, to formulate in more concrete
terms the recommendations made and to study and report on long
time problems in the cotton-textile industry, including its interrela
tion with other phases of national and international economy. The
Cabinet committee consisted of the Secretaries of Commerce, State,
Agriculture, and Labor. A fact-finding subcommittee was appointed
consisting of a representative of each of the respective secretaries
and of the United States Tariff Commission. Those parts of the
1
United States Senate Doc. No. 126 (74th Cong., 1st sess.): Cotton textile industry—message of the
President of the United States transmitting a report on the conditions and problems of the cotton textile
industry, made by the Cabinet committee appointed by him. Washington, 1935.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
NATIONAL RECOVERY PROGRAM
945
factual report and of the recommendations having a direct labor
interest are summarized below.
A number of measures were suggested, designed to lessen the
adverse effects of the excess capacity and obsolescence of machinery
that are serious problems in the cotton-textile industry. Such legis
lative or administrative action as may be necessary should be taken,
the committee stated, to limit the hours of machine operation, to
establish a leasing system for retiring surplus equipment and to pur
chase and retire the most obsolete units after a probationary period
under the leasing system. The withdrawal of equipment at the ex
pense of the industry itself should be subject to adequate regulation
in the public interest, always observing the objectives of eliminating
inefficient units and caring for displaced workers.
If the capacity of mills is measured on a single-shift basis (which
understates the position, owing to the existing practice in the South
of operating two shifts) production could be increased by about twothirds. Because of the presence of extra equipment there is a con
stant tendency to build up stocks of goods, with the result of almost
chronic depressions.
Obsolescence is stated to include not only machinery but the mills
themselves and to some extent the methods of buying raw materials
and selling finished goods. It is pointed out that obsolescence in
staple-goods industries may be more important from the point of view
of intercompany competition on narrow margins than from the point
of view of high cost to consumers. With cotton mills drifting south
ward, obsolescence thus becomes more serious for New England
owners than for others.
To preserve the labor standards of the code established under the
National Industrial Recovery Act, the Government is urged to sup
plement the voluntary efforts of those in the industry by such meas
ures as may be feasible. Therefore, further study is recommended of
such questions as regional wage differentials. Under the code hourly
rates of 32% cents in the North and 30 cents in the South were estab
lished; these rates were a compromise, since the North asked that
there be no differential and the South that it be made larger. The
effect is stated to have been to increase wages in the South relatively
more than in the North. However, code provisions raised hourly
wages in all branches of the industry and resulted in increased employ
ment but with little increase in total annual income per worker except
where continuous employment could be furnished. After the Supreme
Court decision on the N. I. R. A. it was not possible (in August 1935)
to measure in actual figures the extent of observance of code terms,
but it was understood that the industry was making a successful
effort to continue the code standards on a voluntary basis.
17272—35-----7
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
946
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Study of the statistics for the industry showed that the number of
wage earners employed declined from an annual average of 468,000
in 1927 to 330,000 in 1931, but increased by 50,000 in 1933. Average
employment in the first half of 1935 was 408,000. New England
showed a great loss in cotton-textile workers, from 195,000 in 1923
to 90,000 in 1933; in this period the average number of employees in
the South increased from 220,000 to 257,000. Wages which averaged
$14 to $16 a week in pre-depression years declined to $11 in 1932.
In the first 6 months of 1935 the weekly wage was about $13. Annual
earnings were $700 to $800 in 1929 and $570 in 1933, compared with
general averages for all manufacturing ranging from as high as $1,200
to $1,300 a year to as low as about $870.
Restrictive legislation is cited as being important in maintaining
high standards by controlling the employment of adult and child
labor in the cotton-textile industry. For example, the Massachu
setts law that restricts hours of labor to 48 per week for women dur
ing specified daytime hours is commended, as well as the 14-year
minimum age requirement for the employment of minors in most of
the cotton-manufacturing States.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
NATIONAL INCOME
N a tio n a l In c o m e in 1934
"X TATIONAL income increased by 5 billion dollars, or 11 percent,
L > between 1933 and 1934, according to estimates published re
cently by the Division of Economic Research, Bureau of Foreign and
Domestic Commerce, United States Department of Commerce.1 In
1933 income payments in the form of wages, salaries, and other labor
income, interest, dividends, entrepreneurial withdrawals, and net
rents and royalties to individuals for economic services rendered
totaled 44.4 billion dollars and in the year following, 49.4 billion
dollars. The 1934 total was higher than in 1932 (48 billion dollars)
but 37 percent below 1929 (78.6 billion dollars).
All types of income rose in 1934 except “ other labor income’' and
interest payments. The highest proportionate gain occurred in the
types of income payment that declined most during the depression.
The estimate for 1934 includes work-relief payments, such as pay
rolls and maintenance received by members of the Civilian Conserva
tion Corps, the pay rolls on Civil Works Administration and Federal
Emergency Relief Administration work projects, and administrative
pay rolls of State, county, and other local public-relief administrative
agencies. If the income from relief were excluded the rise in national
income would be only 4.2 billion dollars, or 10 percent in excess of the
1933 level. Disbursements for pay rolls on P. W. A. projects are
shown in the estimates for the construction industry if carried on
under contract and appear under the proper industrial classification
if carried on by a particular industry. The pay rolls for P. W. A.
projects aggregated 302 million dollars in 1934 as compared with 33
million dollars in 1933. Public and private funds disbursed for direct
relief are excluded from the estimates as not being income payments
for economic services rendered.
The study of income in 1934 was in continuation of previous studies
carried on by the Department of Commerce in cooperation with the
National Bureau of Economic Research.2 In the study here reviewed
1 Reprint from Survey of Current Business, August 1935: National Income Increased by Five Billion
Dollars in 1934, by Robert R. Nathan.
2 See M onthly Labor Review, March 1934 (p. 584), National Income, 1929-32; and M onthly Labor Review,
April 1935 (p. 921), National Income in 1933 and 1934.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
947
948
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
some revision of the 1933 figures previously published is made. It is
stated that both the 1933 and 1934 estimates are preliminary and
that the property-income estimates in particular are subject to revision
when the statistics of corporate income-tax returns become available.
Table 1 shows national income paid out, by types of payment, for
the years 1929 to 1934, inclusive, in dollar value and with index
numbers based on income paid out in 1929.
Table 1.— National Income Paid Out, by Types of Payment
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
Type of payment
Amount (in millions of dollars)
Total income paid out____________________________
78, 576
72,973
61,433
47, 964
44,431
49,440
Labor in c o m e .------- ------------ ----------- ---------------Salaries (selected industries) 1__________ ______
Wages (selected industries) 1_________ ________
Salaries and wages (all other industries)________
W ork-relief w a g es 2 .
_______ ______
Other labor income___________________________
Property incom e 3________________________________
D ividends______________________ -- ------------Interest--- ------------------------------------------- -----N et rents and royalties----------------------------------------Entrepreneurial withdrawals______________________
51,088
5,664
17,197
27, 291
46, 844
5, 551
14, 251
26,052
39,444
4, 606
10 , 608
23,148
30, 643
3,387
7,017
19,141
936
11,632
5,963
5,104
3,432
12,424
990
11,719
5, 794
5,310
2,763
11, 647
1,082
10, 076
4,312
5,228
1,847
10 , 066
1,098
8,189
2,749
5,048
1,153
7,979
29,121
2, 997
7,189
17, 325
637
973
6,995
2,042
4,569
950
7,365
33,109
3,196
8,944
18, 675
1, 394
900
7,143
2,307
4, 509
1, 085
8,103
Index numbers (1929= 100.0)
Total income paid out__________ _________ _____
100.0
92.9
78.2
61.0
56.5
62.9
Labor income____________________________________
Salaries (selected industries) 1________________
Wages (selected industries) 1------- -------------------Salaries and wages (all other industries)------------Other labor income______________ --- ----------Property incom e 3________________________________
D iv id en d s.______________________ ____ _______
Interest___________ ______ ________ ___________
N et rents and royalties_______________ ____ _______
Entrepreneurial withdrawals______________________
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
91.7
98.0
82.9
95.5
105.8
100.7
97.2
104.0
80.5
93.7
77.2
81.3
61.7
84.8
115.6
60.0
59.8
40.8
70.1
117.3
70.4
46.1
98.9
33.6
64.2
57.0
52.9
41.8
63.5
104. 0
60.1
34.2
89.5
27.7
59. 3
64.8
56.4
52.0
68.4
96.2
61.4
38. 7
88.3
31.6
65.2
86.6
72.3
102.4
53.8
81.0
1 Includes mining, manufacturing, construction, steam railroads, Pullman, railway express, and water
transportation.
2 Includes pay rolls and maintenance of Civilian Conservation Corps enrollees and pay rolls of C ivil
Works Administration and Federal Emergency Belief Administration work projects plus administrative
pay rolls outside of Washington.
3 Includes net balance of international flow of property incomes.
Income paid out as used in table 1 is defined as the compensation
paid to or received by individuals for their productive services,
whether labor, management, or the furnishing of capital. The esti
mate is limited in general to services entering into “ the market
place of our economy. ” Services of housewives and other members
of the family in the home are excluded as are also services of durable
goods owned and possessed for personal use such as dwellings, furni
ture, and automobiles. Earnings from odd jobs, changes in the value
of assets, and direct relief are also omitted as being unproductive,
impossible to estimate accurately, etc. The report states that the
increase in odd jobs during the depression may result in overstating
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
NATIONAL INCOME
949
the decline in income paid out. Another item tending to reduce the
income total is the probable expansion of services in the home
which were formerly bought in the market.
It should also be pointed out that, because of the price changes
that took place, real income did not vary to the extent indicated in
dollar value. Income paid out declined 43 percent between 1929
and 1933 and the Bureau of Labor Statistics indexes of cost of living
and wholesale prices declined 23 and 31 percent, respectively. The
original report states that although price indexes “ are not sufficiently
representative to warrant their use in deflating the income figures in
order to determine the drop in real income, ” the greater decline in
income payments as compared with prices does indicate a marked
decline in real income during the depression.
According to the estimates in table 1 the tendency was for all
classes of income to decline annually from 1929 through 1933 and to
rise in 1934. Labor income in 1933 was 43 percent lower than in 1929;
the increase between 1933 and 1934 was 14 percent. Property income
decreased 40 percent between 1929 and 1933 and only increased 2
percent in 1934 as compared with the previous year. If the change in
labor income, exclusive of work-relief payments, is considered, the
rise between 1933 and 1934 is 11 percent. In the industries for
which wages and salaries could be separated there was an increase
in wage payment of 24 percent in 1934 over 1933 as compared with
a 7-percent increase in salaries during this same year.
The report states that net rents and royalties declined sharply
during the depression because of the severe reduction in gross rental
income and also because items such as taxes, insurance, interest, and
depreciation were rigidly fixed. Evidence available points to a reduc
tion in rents and royalties between 1929 and 1933 of nearly threefourths of the total and a 14-percent increase between 1933 and 1934
Labor income bore practically the same relation to total income
in each of the years 1929 to 1934. In the earliest year the percentage
of total income paid to labor was 65.0; it dropped to 63.9 in 1932
and stood at 67.0 in 1934. Thus, even if work-relief income (2.8
percent of the total in 1934) is excluded from the labor income, this
classification maintained approximately the same share of national
income as in 1929.
Income payments are shown by 12 industrial groups in table 2
and index numbers are given with 1929 used as a base.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
950
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Table 2.— National Income Paid Out, by Industrial Divisions
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
Industry
Amount (in millions of dollars)
All industries- ____________________________
Agriculture_________________________
M ining. ____________________________ _ ___
Electric light and power and gas- ----------------Manufacturing______________ ________ ___
Construction ______
_ _ ____________
Transportation____ _ ------ ---------------------Communication__ ------ . __________
Trade ___________________ _____ ____ - -.
Finance______ - ___ ________ .
- _ - Government_________________________ ____
Excluding work-relief payments--------------Work-relief payments C. ______ _ ____
Service_______ ____________________ .. ____
Miscellaneous.. ___________________________
$78, 576
$72,973
$31,433
$17,964
$14,431
$19,440
6,157
2,080
1,304
18, 014
3, 257
6, 592
913
11,385
8,415
6, 809
6, 809
5,495
1,733
1,475
15, 942
2, 939
6, 129
946
10,839
7, 540
7,048
7,048
4,271
1,206
1,408
12,363
1,939
5,169
894
9, 555
6,296
7,193
7,193
3,192
813
1, 275
8, 544
948
4,083
801
7, 538
4, 925
7,153
7,153
8, 459
5,191
7,979
4,908
6,939
4, 170
5,442
3, 250
2, 993
772
1,164
8, 273
781
3, 747
727
6, 620
3, 998
7, 377
6, 740
637
4, 884
3,095
3,299
1,008
1,143
10 , 000
869
3, 993
749
7,177
4,130
8,404
7, 010
1,394
5,412
3, 256
Index numbers (1929=100.0)
All industries_______________________ _____
100.0
92.9
78.2
61.0
56.5
62.9
____
Agriculture-_ __________________ _
M inin g.. _________________________________
Electric light and power and gas___ _____ . . Manufacturing_____ . . . ---------- ---------- . .
Construction_______________________________
Transportation. _______________ _________
Communication.
________________________
Trade_____________________________________
Finance____________________________________
G overn m en t...................................... .. . . . . . .
Excluding work-relief payments__________
Work-relief payments >— . . . . . . .
Service______ ____ __________ . . . _________
Miscellaneous______________________________
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100.0
89.2
83.3
113.1
88.5
90. 2
93. 0
103.fi
95.2
89.6
103. 5
103.5
69.4
58.0
108.0
60.5
78.4
97.9
83.9
74.8
105.6
105.6
51.8
39.1
97.8
47.4
29.1
61.9
87.7
58.5
105.1
105. 1
48.6
37.1
89.3
45.9
24.0
56.8
79.6
58.1
47.5
103.3
93.0
53.6
48.5
87.7
55.5
26.7
60.6
82.0
63.0
49.1
123.4
103. 0
100.0
100.0
94.3
94. 5
82.0
80.3
64.3
62.6
57.7
59.6
64.0
62.7
68.6
66.2
1 Includes pay rolls and maintenance of Civilian Conservation Corps enrollees and pay rolls of Civil
Works Administration and Federal Emergency Relief Administration work projects plus administrative
pay rolls outside of Washington.
In the industries where the decline in income paid out was in
excess of 50 percent between 1929 and 1933 the increases in the
following year were generally the greatest. For example the increase
between 1933 and 1934 was 31 percent in mining, 21 percent in manu
facturing, and 11 percent in the construction industry. Income
payments by governmental agencies (excluding work relief) were 3
percent above the 1929 level in 1934. This is attributed to the in
crease in number of employees, restoration of full pay schedules,
and the continued increase in interest charges on an expanding
Government debt.
Income paid out in agriculture was 10 percent greater in 1934 than
in 1933 but it is stated that there is evidence that income produced
increased to a much greater extent. Higher prices for agricultural
products and the Federal Government disbursements under the
Agricultural Adjustment Act, which form a part of the gross-income
estimates, contributed to the gain in this industry. The report
states that there is evidence that the large business losses in agri
culture that were characteristic in 1932 have been eliminated and
that business savings were enjoyed in 1934.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
E m p lo y e e E le c tio n s C o n d u c te d b y P e tr o le u m
P o lic y B o a rd
By D
a v id
Labor
A. Moscovrrz, C h i e f C o u n s e l , P e t r o l e u m L a b o r P o l ic y B o a r d 1
HE Petroleum Labor Policy Board was established on October
10, 1933, without formal order, by the Secretary of the Interior
who was also Administrator of the Code of Fair Competition for the
Petroleum Industry, for the purpose of aiding him in the enforcement
and supervision of the labor provisions of the code.2 The Board was
authorized to act in all matters arising under section 7 (a) of the Na
tional Industrial Recovery Act, as embodied in section 7, article II
of the petroleum code. It immediately formulated and adopted rules
of procedure to be followed in election cases. These rules provided
for elections by secret ballot or the checking of the names of petition
ing employees against company pay rolls.
The aforementioned principle was first enunciated officially by the
Board in the M a g n o l ia P e tr o le u m C o. c a se .5 In this case the Board
decided that where there was a dispute as to who properly repre
sented the employees for the purpose of collective bargaining, an
election should be held under the supervision of the Board to deter
mine by secret ballot the free choice of the employees. The company
appealed to the Administrator on the ground that it was willing to
bargain collectively with the International Association of Oil Field,
Gas Well, and Refinery Workers of America which had filed the com
plaint, and, therefore, an election was not necessary. The Adminis
trator ruled that an election was not the only method of ascertaining
the choice of representatives by employees, and authorized the Board
to check petitions of employees against pay rolls and to certify the
choice of the majority of the employees by this method.
This decision laid the groundwork for the peaceful settlement,
within the industry, of the subsequent cases submitted to the Board
involving questions of the employees’ rights of self-organization for
the purpose of collective bargaining. The foregoing procedure was
1 Duncan Campbell, statistician, Petroleum Labor Policy Board, prepared the statistical data contained
n this article.
2 For a general account of the work of the Board, see p. 943 of this issue.
3 Decided Feb. 6,1934.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
951
952
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
finally incorporated in an administrative order 4 which authorized the
Board to conduct elections by secret ballot (including primary
elections when deemed advisable) in order to determine by what per
son, persons, or organization the employees desired to be represented,
and further provided that: “ After each such election, the Board shall
certify the results to all concerned and the person, persons or organi
zation certified as the choice of the majority of those voting shall be
accepted as the representative or representatives of said employees
for the purpose of collective bargaining without thereby denying to
any individual employee or group of employees the right to present
grievances, to confer with their employer or otherwise to associate
themselves or act for mutual aid or protection.”
The Board dealt with 62 disputes involving the sole question of
representation. In 34 of these cases elections were held with the
cooperation of the companies and the men, and in 16 cases the choice
of the employees was determined by checking the petitioners’ names
against the company pay roll. The Board certified the results in each
instance to the interested parties. These 50 cases involved 11,834
men. In addition, 12 cases involving 5,464 men came before the
Board in which the designated representatives of the employees were
recognized by the companies without the necessity of an election.
Table 1 summarizes the total number of representation disputes
settled (1) without the necessity of a certification (i. e., upon receipt
by the company of the employees’ petition as transmitted to it by the
Board), (2) by pay-roll checks, or (3) by elections.
Table 1.— Method of Settlement of Representation Disputes in Petroleum
Industry, Mar. 1, 1934, to Feb. 28, 1935
M ethod of settlement
N um Men in
ber of volved
cases
All disputes____________ __________ _____
62
17, 298
W ithout certification 1...................................
Certifications based on—
Pay-roll checks..................... .............. .........
Elections.............................. .........................
12
5,464
16
34
5,796
6,038
1 Cases in which employees’ choice was recognized by company without certification but only after inter
vention by Petroleum Labor Policy Board.
Table 2 gives an analysis of certifications issued on the basis of
pay-roll checks.
4 Order No. 97365 of the Petroleum Administrator, approved and promulgated Mar. 8, 1935.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
953
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
Table 2 .— Analysis of Certifications Issued by Petroleum Labor Policy Board
Based On Pay-Roll Checks, Mar. 1, 1934, to Feb. 28, 1935
Company
Date of
pay-roll
check,
1934
All pay-roll checks...... . ........................................
Magnolia Petroleum Co., Fort Worth, T e x ..
Magnolia Petroleum Co., Beaumont, Tex__
Col-Tex Refining Co., Colorado, T e x . . ..........
Yount Lee Oil Co., Spindle Top, Tex...........
Empire Oil & Refining Co., East Chicago,
Ind............................... .....................................
Standard Oil Co. of Indiana, Denver, C o lo ..
Phillips Petroleum Co., Denver, C o lo ..........
Texas Co., Denver, Colo........................... .........
Empire Oil & Refining Co., Okmulgee, Okla.
Empire Oil & Refining Co., Ponca City, Okla.
Louisiana Oil & Refining Co., Shreveport, La.
Indian Territory Illuminating Oil Co., Semi
nole and Osage, Okla_____________ ______
Nation al Refining Co., Coffeyville. Kans___
Yount Lee Oil Co., High Island, T ex _______
Merrick Bristow Oil Co., Big Spring, T e x ...
Continental Oil Co., Wink, Tex___________
Employees
Employees
Name not
signing
not signing
identified
N um
petition
petition
ber of
em
ploy
Per
Per
Per
ees in N um cent
N um cent N um cent
unit
ber
of
ber
of
ber
of
total
total
total
122
5,796
3, 750
65
Mar.
Apr.
Apr.
Apr.
7
2
11
15
117
2,299
106
176
83
1,234
85
90
70
54
94
51
118
Apr.
M ay
M ay
M ay
M ay
M ay
M ay
19
1
3
7
11
18
26
327
83
69
47
97
60
59
1
1
82
79
55
1
2
284
384
316
50
41
31
71
224
213
2
1
June
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
16
4
24
30
2
1,265
286
249
912
192
190
72
67
76
12
6
12
6
100
100
86
66
2
1,924
33
5
34
947
30
41
21
86
49
11
32
28
15
15
58
171
353
94
59
6
3
39
41
32
17
20
45
28
33
24
It should be pointed out that all certifications issued on the basis
of a check of employees’ signatures against company pay rolls were
on behalf of affiliates of the American Federation of Labor. All
except four of these were issued to the International Association of
Oil Field, Gas Well, and Refinery Workers of America. The three
Denver certifications were issued to the Gasoline Filling Station
Employees’ Union, and the National Refining Co. certification,
Coffeyville, Kans., was issued to a joint representation group of
various American Federation of Labor organizations.
An analysis of certifications issued on the basis of elections, show
ing the distribution of votes for the various types of representation,
s given in table 3.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
954
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Table 3.— Analysis of Certifications Issued by Petroleum Labor Policy Board
Based on Elections, Mar. 1, 1934, to Feb. 28, 1935
Valid votes cast
Date of
election,
1934
Company
Total
votes
cast
For trade
union
Total
For emindi
ployee-rep- For
vidual
For others
resenta- bargaining
tion plan
N um Per N um Per N um Per N um Per
ber cent ber cent ber cent ber cent
All elections---------
-------
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6, 038 5, 787 3,470
---
Texas Co., Lockport, 111__ ___
Texas Co.i West’Tulsa, Okla__
Texas Co., Casper, W yo______
White Eagle Refining Co., Casper, W yo_________ _________
Continental Oil Co., Baltimore,
M d________________________
Latonia Refining Corporation,
Latonia, K y ___________ - . .
Latonia Refining Corporation,
Latonia, Ky. (office)_____Continental Oil Co.:
Glenrock, W yo______Parkerton, W yo__________
Stanolind Oil & Gas Co., Midwest, W yo_________________
Continental Oil Co., Columbine, W yo_________________
Ohio Oil Co., Columbine, W yo.
Paso-Tex Pipe Line Co., El
Paso, T ex------ -------------------White Eagle Refining Co., Augusta, Kans_______ _______
WLute Eagle Refining Co., Augusta, Kans. (office)--........ .....
Lion Oil Refining Co., El Dorado, Ark__________________
Crown
Central
Petroleum
Corporation, Pasadena, T ex ..
Republic Oil Refining Co.,
Texas City, Tex____________
Marathon Oil Co., Iraan, T e x ..
Continental Oil Co., McCamey,
Tex_________ - _____ ________
Group No. 1 Oil Corporation,
Texon-Rita, T ex .. _________
Reagan County Purchasing
Corporation, Texon-Rita, Tex.
G. W? James, El Dorado, Ark .
Lion Oil Refining Co., El Dorado, A rk ... _______ _____
Barnsdall Oil Co.:
Avant, Okla________ ____
Osage, Okla_________ ____
Flatrock, Okla_______ . . .
Wiser Oil Co., Alluwe, Okla.:
Gasoline plant____ . .
Drilling department. _ ___
Production and machinery
departments................. . .
Schermerhorn Oil Co., Big
Spring, Tex________________
Continental Oil Co., Big Spring,
Tex________________________
American Petroleum Co., Houston, T ex___________________
Shell Oil Co., Los Angeles, Calif.
Apr. 27
M ay 17
July 5
___(io___
60 1,951
34
254
4
6
55
26
13
431
266
91
425
266
90
344
196
83
81
74
92
26
43
7
16
28
51
8
114
2
8
1
2
58
55
55
27
49
6
65
64
16
25
9
14
2
3
37
July 10
157
157
61
39
93
59
2
1
1
1
___do___
14
14
13
93
1
7
July 14
___do___
80
31
80
31
54
26
67
84
26
4
33
13
July 17
597
597
290
49
307
51
July 19
July 20
42
30
42
30
9
18
21
60
33
12
79
40
2
4
1
6
12
8
59
2
J uly
1
3
Aug. 14
54
52
30
56
17
31
5
9
Aug. 22
278
276
200
72
67
25
9
3
_ do___
18
18
1
6
10
55
6
33
Aug. 27
93
93
57
61
34
37
2
2
Sept. 8
162
159
150
94
3
2
6
4
__do___
Sept. 26
82
154
81
154
77
83
94
54
2
2
3
59
3
38
Sept. 27
15
15
15
100
Sept. 30
28
28
26
93
2
7
. ..d o ___
-__do__
14
7
14
7
14
7
100
100
34
18
2
1
1
1
17
1
194
194
Oct. 19
_do___
_ do.......
15
4
5
15
4
5
Oct. 24
- do___
10
10
6
...d o ___
Oct. 27
do___
Oct.
.
158
81
15
4
4
80
1
100
100
20
80
83
1
6
8
5
10
48
48
32
67
5
10
11
23
12
12
12
100
27
26
20
77
6
23
116
Oct. 21
137
137
Dec. 12 2,816 2,582 1,455
85
57
12
960
9
37
9
108
6
4
10
955
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
Table 4 summarizes the number and percent of certifications by
the Board, by type of organization to which issued.
Table 4.— Number and Percent of Certifications by Petroleum Labor Policy
Board, by Type of Organization, Mar. 1, 1934, to Feb. 28, 1935
Certifications issued
Organization
Percent of
total
Number
Total certifications.—_____________________________________ _____ _________
50
100
American Federation of Labor affiliates____________________________________
International Association of Oil Field, Gas Well and Refinery Workers of
Am erica.---------- -------------------- ------------- ------------ - ..................- ------ ------Filling Station Employees’ Union_______________ ______________________
Joint Representation of Oil Workers’ Union and/or various A. F. of L. craft
organizations------------------------ ------ --------------------------------------------------Employee-representation plans____________________________________________
Other organizations______________________________________________________
40
80
35
3
70
2
9
4
18
1
2
6
It is interesting to note that the analysis discloses only 9 certifica
tions out of 50 in which the employees chose employee-representation
plans in preference to American Federation of Labor affiliates, the total
number of votes being 1,951 for the former and 7,220 for the latter.
In answer to the early contention of the companies that they had a
right under the law to bargain collectively with representatives of the
minority group for terms and conditions of employment covering the
same class of employees for which a majority had chosen other repre
sentation, the Board held that a majority of any craft or class of
employees shall have the right to determine who shall be the repre
sentative of that class or craft for collective bargaining. Although
developing this principle, the Board recognized the rights of individuals
or groups to represent themselves or be represented by counsel or
other representatives in cases of grievances or other matters not
affecting the collective bargain for the whole class or craft of employees.
In accordance with this principle the Board whenever necessary
determined the appropriate unit for the purpose of collective bargain
ing, conducting investigations and hearings when the facts and cir
cumstances of the case warranted. Certifications have, therefore,
been on the basis of that unit which best served to effectuate the pur
poses of the National Industrial Recovery Act and the petroleum
code. The result has been certifications ranging from separate units
within the same plant to certifications on a company State-wide basis.
The question of the homogeneity of a unit for the purpose of collective
bargaining was held to be one to be determined in the light of the
facts and circumstances of each particular case.
Although the Board at this time has no complete record of the
number of agreements actually entered into subsequent to certifica
tion of the duly authorized representatives for collective bargaining,
its files indicate that all but a small percentage were followed by
agreements, both written and verbal. It should be noted that in each
case consent to the holding of an election or the checking of names
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW-— OCTOBER 1935
against pay rolls was given by the company involved and that in only
four cases did the employers proceed to disregard the certifications
by attempting to impose upon their employees the type of bargaining
organization preferred by them.
E m p lo y e e E le c tio n s C o n d u c te d b y N a tio n a l
R e la tio n s B o a rd , u p to J u n e 16, 1935
L abor
B y G e o r g e S h a w W h e e l e r , N a t io n a l L a b o r R e l a t io n s B oa rd
NDER authority granted it by Congress (Public Res. No. 44,
73d Cong.) the National Labor Relations Board and the 17
regional boards conducted 154 elections from July 1, 1934, to June 16,
1935, to determine employee representatives. An analysis of the
first 103 elections (up to Jan. 9, 1935) was given in the Monthly
Labor Review for May 1935. The present article gives similar data
for the grand total of 154 elections covering the whole of the period
referred to. Text comment on the tables is omitted, as it would be
almost identical with that in the earlier article.
Altogether 56,814 employees were eligible to vote in these 154
elections and 45,287 valid votes were cast. Of the 45,287 votes,
26,478 or 58.5 percent were for trade unions and 15,060 or 33.2 per
cent were for company unions or employee-representation plans.
The results of the elections, by districts, are summarized in table 1.
U
Table 1.—Employees, Votes Cast, and Number and Percent of Valid Votes
Received, by Type of Organization, July 10, 1934, to June 16, 1935
Valid votes cast—
Board conducting election
Number of
empioyees eli
gible to
vote
For trade union
For company
union
Other 1
Total
N um Percent N um Percent N um Percent
of total
of total
ber
ber
ber
of total
All elections_________ ______ - ......... 56,814
45,287
26,478
58.5
15,060
33.2
3,749
8.3
National Labor Relations Board___ 4,713
Regional labor boards.....................
52,101
First district...................................
2,658
3,264
Second district_______________
Third district................................- 2,940
2,540
Fourth district............... ..............
F ifth d istrict
898
1,500
Sixth district_________________
S e v e n th d is tric t
1, 276
4 ,807
Eighth district_______ _____
N inth district................................ 1,446
Tenth district. _ ---- ------ -------- 7, 355
5,383
Eleventh district_____________
397
Twelfth district______________
T h ir te e n th d is tric t
376
3, 556
41,731
2,217
2,019
2,258
1,982
51.1
59.1
42.6
50.0
70.0
53.8
10.4
67.0
95.2
42.7
72.2
67.3
58.4
65.9
65.6
1,681
13, 379
939
339
627
726
776
344
47.3
32.1
42.3
16.8
27.8
36.6
89.6
27.0
4.8
41.5
3.1
26.1
38.8
25.2
34.4
56
3,693
333
671
49
190
15.0
33.2
1,274
454
4,187
1,278
6, 617
3,512
258
299
1,819
24,659
945
1,009
1,582
1,066
90
853
432
1,787
923
4,456
2, 052
170
196
6,901
737
6,872
3, 776
511
4,811
54.7
69.3
70.0
2,541
36.8
2,031
29.6
866
F o u rte e n th d istric t
Fifteenth district...........................
S ix te e n th d is tric t
7, 610
1,090
Seventeenth district...... ...............
8, 561
22
1,739
40
1,725
1,362
65
103
1.6
8.8
2 .2
9.6
77
6.0
661
315
436
98
23
15.8
24.6
584
226
30
8.5
30.7
.4
6.6
2.8
8.9
i Votes for individuals with no affiliation indicated and votes cast against trade-union representation
with no alternative indicated. Also includes 300 votes cast for the losing unions in the 9 elections involving
jurisdictional disputes between rival trade unions. Other votes do not include votes cast which were not
counted, e. g., contested or blank ballots.
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INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
Table 2 gives the same information as table 1, in terms of units.
Table 2.— Elections Held, Units Involved, and Number and Percent of Units
Won, by Type of Organization, July 10, 1934, to June 16, 1935
Board conducting election
All elections_____________________
National Labor Relations Board---Regional labor boards:
First district_________________
Second d istr ic t_______________
T h ir d d is tric t
N um Total
ber of units
in
elec
tions volved
N um
ber
Per
cent of
total
N um
ber
Per
cent of
total
N um
ber
Per
cent of
total
73
12.6
3
9
17.6
36.0
579
337
58.2
169
29.2
6
4
66. 7
2
33.3
13
25
3
17
25
3
58.8
52.0
4
3
23.5
13
3
10
1
8
2
11
1
12
6
12
6
54.5
3
27.3
83.3
2
1
1
18. 2
100.0
10
6
8.3
1
8.3
4
33.3
3
139
41
8.3
33.3
3.8
11.9
1
11.5
40.3
33.3
1
1
1
1
50.0
8
11.6
8.7
40.0
1
4.3
6
6
Fourth d istr ic t______________
h
3
18
9
3
3
26
345
3
2
2
16
4
23
69
15
23
"Minf-h d is tric t
Tenth district
____________
Eleventh district_____________
S ix te e n th d is tric t
S e v e n te e n th d is tric t
Other units
3
Sixth district_________________
^0Y0-pth district.
Eighth district_______________
Fifteenth district_____________
Units won bycompany union
154
F ifth district,
T w e lfth district,
T h ir te e n th d is tric t
F o u rte e n th d is tric t
Units won by
trade union
10
100.0
100.0
58.3
7
66.6
2
22
165
84.6
47.8
2
1
50.0
55
9
79.7
60.0
95.7,
66.6
22
12.0
The results of elections, classified by size of establishment, are
shown in table 3.
Table 3.— Number and Percent of Units and of Votes Won by Trade Unions,
Classified by Size of Establishment, July 10, 1934, to June 16, 1935
U nits involved
Units won by
unions
Number of employees in establishment
N um
ber
N um
ber
Per
cent
Valid votes cast
N um
ber of
em
Votes for union
ployees
eligi N um
ble to
ber
vote
Per
N um
ber
cent
All establishments— .............................. ...........
579
337
58.2
56,814
45,287
26,478
58.5
1 to 250 employees-----------------------------------251 to 500 employees................. .......................
501 to 1,000 employees____________________
Over 1,000 employees........ ............ ...................-
507
23
36
13
285
16
27
9
56.2
69.6
75.0
69.2
15,635
7,951
14, 714
18, 514
11, 687
6,024
12,742
14,834
7,034
3,989
7,527
7,928
60.2
66. 2
59.1
53.4
The number of employees eligible to vote, the number of units
involved, and the results of elections in terms of number and percent
of units and votes won by unions affiliated and not affiliated with
the American Federation of Labor are shown in table 4.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Table 4.— Number and Percent of Units and of Votes Won By Unions, Classified
by Affiliation of Unions, July 10, 1934, to June 16, 1935
Units involved
Valid votes cast
N um
ber of
em
ployees
eligible N um
ber
to vote
Units won by
union
Union
N um
ber
N um
ber
Per
cent
Votes for union
N um
ber
Per
cent
All elections_____________ _________ _____
579
337
58.2
56,814
45, 287
26,478
58.5
Unions affiliated with American Federation
of Labor_______________________________
International u n io n s___________ _____
Federal labor unions___ ______________
Independent unions____________________ _
534
495
39
45
302
270
32
35
56.6
54.5
82.1
77.8
52,186
38,405
13,781
4,628
41,683
30,889
10,794
3,604
23,961
17,161
6,800
' 2,517
57.4
55.6
63.0
69.8
The elections are classified in table 5 according to whether the
employer had recognized the elected representatives, whether the
employer had bargained with such representatives, whether a written
agreement had resulted, and whether the election had resulted in a
harmonious solution of the representation problem.
Table 5.—Subsequent Results, by Units, of Elections During Period July 10,
1934, to June 16, 1935
[According to latest reports available, Mar. 9, 1935, and June 1 1 , 1935]
Number of units
Board
Total
num
ber of Recognition Bargaining
by
with
units
company
company
in
volved
Written
agreement
Harmoni
ous
relations
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Re
sult
not
re
port
ed
203
295
205
225
259
278
211
24
All elections______________________
579
306
National Labor Relations Board___
Regional labor boards. ___________
First district__________________
Second district______ . . . ___ . .
Third district______ __________
Fourth district____________ . .
Fifth district____ __________ ..
Sixth district______ _________
Seventh district________ _____
Eighth district________________
Ninth district___ . . . __________
Tenth district.. ______________
Eleventh district1____ _ _____
Twelfth d istr ic t... ___________
Thirteenth district____________
Fourteenth district.. . . . . . . . . .
Fifteenth district______________
Sixteenth district_____________
Seven teeth district____________
All districts except eleventh_______
6
573
17
25
3
11
1
12
6
12
3
26
345
3
2
6
300
10
9
2
8
1
4
6
9
2
19
167
1
1
69
15
23
228
30
15
16
133
203
13
1
1
8
1
3
137
1
6
289
9
9
2
7
1
3
6
8
1
18
167
205
11
1
1
8
i
1
3
137
1
1
34
4
66
29
15
13
122
225
5
6
3
2
6
1
12
167
259
13
3
6
h
9
2
9
2
6
7
I
14
167
7
6
3
7
137
3
1
35
6
68
4
13
5
58
278
9
1
210
1
6
1
56
2
14
122
26
15
12
111
24
5
2
2
2
4
137
3
4
2
37
8
7
73
i
24
1 The reports in the trucking, garage, and auto shop cases answered “ Yes” , “ Y es”, “ Stipulation” , “ Y es”
t? questions (1) D id the company recognize? (2) Did the company bargain with? (3) D id the company
sign a written agreement? (4) D id harmonious relations result? but it was not clear whether this applied
to the 136 units won by employee representatives. The total results are therefore shown without the figures
for the eleventh district as well as a total including them.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
959
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
The subsequent results of elections in units won by unions are
classified according to affiliation of union in table 6.
Table 6.— Subséquent Results of Elections in Units Won by Trade Unions, by
Affiliation of Union, July 10, 1934, to June 16, 1935
Company
recognized
elected
repre
N um
sentatives
ber of
units
won
by
Per
union N um cent of
ber of units
units won
Union
___ _____
All unions _ _____
U nions affiliated with the American
Federation of Labor--------------- -International unions (all districts)--------------- ------ ----------International unions (excluding
eleventh district)-----------------Federal unions................................
Independent unions_______________
Total units in which reports were
Company
bargained
with elected
representa
tives
W ritten
agreements
resulted
Harmonious
relations re
sulted
Per N um Per
N um Per N um cent
of
of ber of
of cent o f
ber of cent
units ber
units
units
units units
won units won
won
75.1
337
275
81.6
267
78.6
212
62.9
253
302
258
85.4
250
82.8
203
67.2
237
78.5
270
238
88.1
235
87.0
196
72.6
223
82.6
107
32
35
20
75
70.1
62.5
48.6
72
15
17
67.3
46.9
48.6
33
7
9
30.8
18.7
25.7
60
14
16
56.1
43.7
45.7
579
509
17
500
484
489
C o lle c tiv e -B a rg a in in g P ra c tic e s i n F ra n c e
HE movement to regulate employment relations by collective
agreements has made less progress in France than in many other
countries. The French National Economic Council was asked recently
for an opinion as to the desirability of extending the system of col
lective agreements and the means by which this may be done. The
Council carried out an extensive inquiry concerning collective agree
ments in France in an effort to determine the underlying causes of the
relatively slow progress of this form of labor procedure.
The findings of the study were embodied in a report adopted by
the Council at a session held November 30, 1934; this report is sum
marized in the May 1935 issue of the International Labor Review.1
The report contains a survey of existing law and practice in regard to
collective agreements in France, based upon agreements between
employers’ and workers’ organizations and upon official regulations
growing out of agreements between parties.
T
Extent of Collective Agreements
T h e report of the French National Economic Council shows that
on October 15, 1933, 448,900 (or 7.5 percent) of the wage earners in
i International Labor Office. International Labor Review (Geneva), M ay 1935, p. 700: Collective Agree
ments in France.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
industry and commerce were covered by collective agreements, as
follows:
Number and Percent of Wage Earners Covered by Collective Agreements in
France, by Industry
Wage earners covered
Industry group
All industry group...........................................
Food:
Industry......................... .............................
Commerce___________________ ______
Building..................... ................... ...............
Building materials, quarries, pottery, glass.
Leather and skins_____ ____ _______ _____
Textiles_____ ______ ________ ______ _____
Clothing, fabrics_______________________
Chemical industries................................. .......
Extractive industries________ _____ _____
M etals_________ ____________ ____ _____
Wood, furniture_________ _______________
Luxury and precision industries...... .............
Paper and p r in tin g ...................... ....... ...........
Inland navigation____________ ____ _____
Maritime transport, docks.______ _______
Banking and credit, insurance................. .
Travel and hotel industries................. ...........
Total num Total num
ber of es ber of wage
Percent of
tablishtotal nuinments 1
Number 2 ber in industry
group
970,159
6,004,946
87,451
203, 701
128, 580
7,029
31,400
33,180
118, 583
7,071
388
103,440
33,158
18,144
11,141
4,587
12,133
11,085
57,088
344,220 }
339,309
631,807
263,459
186,239
833,829
478,715
267,986
368,824
1,337,971
271,033
42,258
214,038
8,625
69,934
189,135
157,564
448,900
7.5
102,000
14.5
3.5
.08
22, 350
200
12,100
16, 500
15,000
500
188,000
18,000
500
0
6.0
2.0
3.0
.2
51.0
1.4
.2
30,000
14.0
50,000
64.0
0
0
750
.5
1 Data from the 1926 census published by the Statistique Générale de la France. The figures do not
include all wage earners, but cover the majority of wage earners employed in industrial and commer
cial undertakings.
2 Based on data compiled by the General Confederation of French Production.
As indicated in the table, collective agreements were found to be
significant in a few industries, such as bakeries, coal mines, maritime
transport and docks, and printing industries, but practically non
existent in textile industries, food (other than bakeries), metal work
ing, and various branches of commerce.
The majority of agreements now in force are local, covering at
most one town or even one establishment. Aside from the standard
“ charter-parties” peculiar to deep-sea fishing, no national collective
agreements and only a few regional or departmental agreements are
in force at present. The best known is the agreement in the coal
field of the Nord and Pas-de-Calais Departments and the Anzin
district. Two regional agreements have been signed in the building
trades, one in the north of France and one in the west. The agree
ments in force in the printing trades usually now cover a whole
department.
The number of agreements actually concluded and signed has de
clined steadily, according to figures compiled by the Ministry of
Labor. These figures, which relate only to new contracts and not
to renewals, for each year from 1919 to 1933, are as follows:
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961
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
1919_______
1920_______
1921_______
1922_______
1923_______
______ 557
______ 345
______ 159
______ 196
______ 144
1924_______
1925_______
1926_______
1927_______
1928_______
______ 177
______ 126
______ 238
______ 58
______ 99
1929_______
1930_______
1931_______
1932_______
1933_______
______ 112
______ 72
______
17
______ 23
______ 20
These official figures are supported by reports submitted to the
National Economic Council covering individual industries. “ In
most industries”, the report states, “ a great many agreements were
concluded in 1919, but a few years later they were no longer in force
and they have now completely disappeared.”
Conditions Covered in Agreements
F e w complete agreements regulate all conditions of employment.
The only ones of this sort are in the printing trades and in bakeries.
Most collective agreements deal only with some particular aspect of
the employment relation, usually only wages. Wage agreements fix
the new rate of wages, sometimes only setting the method of calcu
lating the rate, which may vary with an economic index. Aside
from wages, hours of labor have most frequently been the subject of
collective bargaining, but at present there are fewer such agreements,
owing to the fact that hours have been regulated by legislation.
Other working conditions are seldom the subject of special agree
ments, but are simply dealt with as secondary issues in agreements
relating to wages and hours.
Legal Status of Collective Agreements
A l th o u g h collective agreements were mentioned as far back as
the Millerand Decrees of 1899 as providing a basis for the administra
tive regulation of working conditions, such agreements were of very
little importance up to 1914. During the war, however, the prac
tice spread widely and was encouraged and supervised by the State.
Collective agreements have been promoted by legislation in two
ways: (1) They were given a statutory basis by the act of March
25, 1919, which defined conditions of validity, scope, effect, and the
various legislative texts providing for the organization of concilia
tion and arbitration procedures. (2) An increasing part has been
assigned to collective agreements in the legislative and administra
tive regulation of working conditions. In regard to the statutory
basis of collective agreements, the report concludes:
Consideration of the statutory basis of collective agreements shows that the
legislation enacted in 1919 did not go far enough. Both parties are virtually
free to evade the consequences of the agreements they have concluded. Further,
such agreements have no real force as regards third parties. Finally and above
all, no adequate attempt was made to promote the conclusion of such agreements.
17272—35----- 8
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
962
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
The act of December 27, 1892, made provision for a voluntary
procedure, on a local basis, for conciliation and arbitration, but this
has not produced satisfactory results, due to insufficient authority of
the local magistrate, lack of any permanent conciliation and arbitra
tion machinery and of any compulsory measures or penalty for
noncompliance.
Lack of Bargaining Machinery
E m p l o y e r s ’ o r g a n iz a tio n s .—The main and sometimes the only pur
pose of employers’ organizations in France is to study economic,
social, and fiscal problems which affect all members of the group and
represent the interest of these members in their dealings with public
authorities. As a rule, employers’ associations have neither manag
ing nor organizing functions, and have no authority over their mem
bers. Usually the constitutions of such organizations prohibit the
making of any agreement laying obligations upon the members.
Agreements made are signed either by individual employers or by
trade associations authorized by decision of a general meeting of
members (not binding upon dissenting members).
Except in special cases, a federation of employers’ associations has
no authority over the trade bodies it represents for such action as
collective bargaining with employee organizations. One federation
alone—the National Federation of Building and Public Works Con
tractors—has some means of supervising collective agreements. This
organization has a coordinating function, but only to the extent that
the regional groups and trade associations are obligated to consult
the central body before entering an agreement which affects the indus
try as a whole.
Thus the existing organizations of employers’ associations and above all the
spirit in which their activities are pursued are as unfavorable as possible to the
conclusion of collective agreements. The organization would have to be radically
changed before there could be any development in this field.
W o r k e r s ’ o r g a n iz a tio n s .—-As a rule, trade unions are grouped
departmentally or regionally in intertrade organizations and nation
ally into federations for separate trades or industries. The majority
of unions are affiliated to one of three confederations—the General
Confederation of Labor which seeks by legislative reform to improve
the conditions of the workers, the French Confederation of Christian
Workers, and the General Confederation of United Labor which is
more or less directly connected with the Communist Party.
Only a small proportion of wage earners in France are members of
trade unions. According to the report under review, probably not
more than 10 or 12 percent of the workers are organized, and this
estimate includes civil servants. The number of trade unions at
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
963
present is about 6,000. There is no exact information as to their
membership. The General Confederation of Labor has about
900,000 members, the strongest groups of which are maritime trans
port workers, dockers, miners, printers, and workers in the leather
and skin industries. The French Confederation of Christian Workers
claims 154,950 members, more than one-fourth of whom are salaried
employees. It is not possible to ascertain the membership of the
General Confederation of United Labor.
The real authority of workers’ organizations does not depend exclu
sively or even mainly upon the size of membership, however, since
central bodies exercise a genuine authority over local unions. The
national industrial federations direct the functions of their affiliated
unions, except in purely local questions. These national federations
therefore have power to make collective agreements binding on the
local unions, and these federations are the bodies normally responsible
for making such agreements.
However, all workers’ organizations have not taken the same atti
tude in regard to agreements, although most of them now favor col
lective bargaining. The General Confederation of Labor prior to
1914 maintained a neutral position and was somewhat suspicious of
agreements, but is now anxious that they become more general.
The French Confederation of Christian Workers is in favor of col
lective agreements but seldom unites with the General Confederation
of Labor to negotiate agreements jointly.
The report points out that “ the observance of contractual engage
ments is not so deeply rooted in French as it is in English custom.
On the contrary, quite a number of recent enactments * * *
tend to weaken the binding force of contracts still further. If col
lective agreements are to become more general * * * nothing
short of a code of ethics in regard to such agreements will have to be
brought into being.”
Estimate of Value of Collective Agreements
O p in io n s differ as to just what effect collective agreements have
had in France on industrial relations. In most branches of commerce
and industry, employers’ organizations consider that collective agree
ments have had a disturbing influence on industrial relations. Work
ers’ organizations reply that they have not really been given a fair
trial. Employers and employees agree that collective agreements
have proved beneficial in those industries in which agreements have
played an important part and have been continuously applied on a
large scale over a period of time.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
964
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW-— OCTOBER 1935
Official Decrees Based on Agreements
“ T he specifically French form of collective agreement”, according
to the report, “is the official regulation of working conditions on a
basis of agreement between the parties.” These regulations play an
important part in French labor law.
By June 15, 1934, 150 Public Administrative Regulations had been
issued, fixing the method of application of the act of April 23, 1919,
concerning the 8-hour day. Rules concerning special points, either
in application of the Public Administrative Regulations or in excep
tion to them, were laid down in 133 decrees or orders. All were
issued on a basis either of collective agreements or an agreement
reached in a mixed committee. These 283 regulations covered 520,000
industrial establishments employing 4,800,000 wage earners, and
120,000 commercial and transport companies employing 1,200,000
wage earners.
The Prefectoral Orders issued in application of the act of Decem
ber 29, 1923, in regard to the weekly rest period do not have so wide
a scope, yet many such orders have been issued. From 1929 to 1932,
387 Prefectoral Orders were issued. Seventeen of these were revoked,
leaving 370 in force on January 1, 1933.
These examples show that collective agreements really play a greater
part in France than might appear, and indicate, in the opinion of
the Council, that such agreements can be applied on a large scale in
the distinctively French form of administrative regulations based on
agreements between parties.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
PRODUCTIVITY OF LABOR AND
INDUSTRY
C h an g e s in
E m p lo y m e n t a n d P r o d u c ti v ity
C em en t In d u s try
in
th e
MPLOYMENT in the cement industry increased in 1933 as
compared with 1932, in spite of the fact that production fell to
the lowest point in 25 years. The increase in number of employees
resulted from the introduction of the 6-hour shift and 36-hour work
ing week. This change was accompanied by a sharp drop in man
hours worked. Productivity per hour was maintained at almost the
same level between 1931 and 1933, there having been a very marked
increase between 1930 and 1931. These and other statistics relative
to the cement industry have recently been made available by the
Division of Mineral Resources and Economics, United States Bureau
of Mines.1 While the material in the article reviewed applies only
to the period 1928-33, the authors state that the trend toward in
creased employment in the industry continued in 1934, as shown in
the indexes of employment compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
The following table shows the salient statistics of the cement in
dustry for the period 1928 to 1933.
E
Employment, Total Production, and Average Output per Man, in the Cement
Industry, 1928 to 1933
Production
Employment
Time employed
Year
1928........ ................
1929 ...... .............._
1930..........- .............
1931.........................
1932.___________
1933........................
Aver
age
Aver
num
age
ber of num
men
ber
of
days
31,295
29,274
27,775
22,036
17,440
19, 536
324
319
308
279
231
196
Man-hours
Total
man
shifts
10,137,187
9,345,890
8,562,897
6,146,564
4,020,861
3,835, 657
Average
per day
9.5
9.5
9.2
8.8
8.4
7.3
Finished
Portland
cement
(barrels)
Total
96,541,428
88,528, 269
78,771,352
53,833, 283
33,799, 409
28,048,172
157,121,800
152,116,204
140,771,728
111,501,887
67,449,096
56,463,620
Average
per man
(barrels)
Per
shift
Per
hour
15. 50
16.28
16.44
18.14
16.77
14.72
1.63
1.72
1.79
2.07
2.00
2.01
Per
cent
of in
dustry
repre
sent
ed 1
89.1
89.1
87.3
88.9
87.9
89.0
i Calculated for each year by dividing the quantity of finished cement produced at the mills included in
the study by the total production.
i Pit and Quarry (Chicago), August 1935, p. 24: Trends in Employment and Productivity of Labor in
Cement Industry, by H. H. Hughes, E. T. Shuey, and W. W. Adams.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
965
966
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
The figures in the table cover 129 plants, representing 87 to 89
percent of the industry on the basis of production. In 1928, the year
of peak production, the man-shifts of employment for 31,295 men
aggregated 10,137,187 and the man-hours 96,541,428 the working day
was 9.5 hours, the days worked 324, and the output per man per shift
15.50 barrels and per hour 1.63 barrels. At the end of 5 years, in
1933, employment had fallen 38 percent, man-shifts 62 percent,
man-hours 71 percent, and the average length of shift 23 percent,
but output per man per shift had declined only 5 percent while the
hourly output per man increased 23 percent. Man-hours of em
ployment decreased at a somewhat greater rate than production
between 1928 and 1933, owing to the increase in labor productivity.
In the report here reviewed the increased productivity is attributed
to improved technique and increased efficiency of operation. Out
put per man per hour reached the maximum in 1931 when the aver
age was 2.07 barrels; it was only slightly lower in 1932 (2.00 barrels)
and 1933 (2.01 barrels).
The separate statistics for quarry, crusher, mill, and miscellaneous
employees show differences in the changes in productivity. Mill
employees, who outnumber the quarry and crusher employees by
4 to 1 in the average plant, maintained practically the same average
output per man per shift between 1928 (18.82 barrels) and 1933
(18.19 barrels) in spite of a decrease in the average daily hours from
9.5 to 7.3. Hourly output per man for mill employees increased
from 1.98 to 2.50 barrels in this period. Quarry and crusher em
ployees handling quarry rock and overburden showed a decrease in
output per man per shift from 30.59 short tons in 1928 to 25.70 in
1933, a reduction in hours per day from 9.6 to 7.4, and an increase
in output per man per hour from 3.20 short tons in the earlier year
to 3.47 in 1933.
It is stated by the authors of the report that there was a definite
trend toward shorter hours between 1928 and 1933. In 1933 over
half the labor force worked less than 8 hours and 93 percent less
than 9 hours; in 1928 no employee worked less than 8 hours a day
and 39 percent of the total worked 10 hours or longer. A tendency
has existed throughout the period studied for employees on short
shifts to produce at a higher rate than long-shift employees. Thus,
the 1933 returns show that “ the group of employees, 35 percent of
the total, who worked fewer than 7 hours daily produced 2.25 barrels
of cement per man-hour; 23 percent, who worked 7 to 8 hours, pro
duced 2.06 barrels per man-hour; and 35 percent, who worked 8 to 9
hours, produced only 1.89 barrels per man-hour.” As it is not known
whether the more efficient plants are those where hours are shortest,
the report indicates that further study would be necessary to account
fully for existing differences in productivity.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
967
PRODUCTIVITY OF LABOR AND INDUSTRY
P r o d u c ti v ity o f C o al-M in e L a b o r in Jap a n
A N INVESTIGATION of the productivity of Japanese coal-mine
labor, as reported by the United States Department of Com
merce,1 disclosed that from 1926 to 1932 per-capita output had in
creased as a result of the use of modern equipment and that the low
output in past years had been due mainly to antiquated equipment.
In 1926 the Mining Bureau of the Japanese Department of Com
merce and Industry reported 235,044 persons (both surface and under
ground workers) engaged in the coal-mining industry. Their percapita output in that year was 133.7 metric tons. In 1932 the
output per annum was 203.3 metric tons—an increase of 52 percent.
Labor Productivity in Japanese Coal-Mining Industry 1
Metric tons of coal
Number of—
Year
W orkers
1926___________________________________
1927__________________________________
1928__________________________________
1929__________________________________
1930__________________________________
1932__________________________________
235, 044
239,167
237,890
228,761
204, 526
137,976
Working
days
57,433,472
57,991,079
60,115,244
53, 619,857
49, 404, 302
34,964,637
Total
output
(in thou
sands)
31,426
35,530
33,860
34,257
31,376
28,053
Annual
Daily
output
output
per worker per worker
133.7
148.5
142.3
149.7
153.4
203.3
0.547
.612
.563
.638
.635
.802
i Figures for 1926-30 from Statistics, 1931, Department of Commerce and Industry, published in N o
vember 1932. Figures for 1932 taken from Mining Bureau’s Tendency of the Mining Industry in Japan,
1932, published in March 1933.
The above tabulation includes all workers in the coal industry.
Data on number of days worked by miners alone were not available
for 1926 and 1927. The annual output per miner for the 5 subsequent
years was as follows:
M e tr ic to n s
1928.
1929.
1930
1931
1932
1 U. S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic.
Bulletin No. 821: Fuel and Power in Japan. Washington, 1935.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
485
500
507
558
618
Commerce Trade Information
HOUSING CONDITIONS
S ta tu s o f F e d e ra lly A id e d L o w -C o s t H o u sin g , as o f
A u g u s t 1, 1935
HE Housing Division of the Federal Emergency Administration
of Public Works published summary statistics on the status of
its program of low-rent housing as of August 1, 1935,1 showing that
sums had been allotted for 22 Federal and 7 limited-dividend housing
projects. Of the Federal housing projects construction had been
started on 5, demolition begun on 1, sites acquired or being assembled
for 7, condemnation proceedings filed or authorized on 3, title acquired
on 2, bids received for 3, and the status of 1 was unspecified. Five of
the 7 limited-dividend projects were either partly or wholly finished
or occupied on August 1 and the remaining 2 were expected to be
ready for tenancy in the first half of September.
The statement of the Public Works Administration is shown in
tabular form.
T
Status of Federally Aided Low-Rent Housing Projects on August 1, 1935
Federal projects
Type of buildings
Location and name
of project
Status
Multiple
Atlanta, Ga.:
Techwood__________ 3-story dormitory;
3-story apartments.
U niversity_________ 2- and 3-story
flats.1
Atlantic City, N . J .:
Site A.
Boston, Mass.: Old Harbor Village.
Size of
nroiect
Single family
2-story
row
houses.
604
24.8
Row hou ses...
675
19.0
2-story flats 1_____ ____ do__
270
8.0
3-story walk-up
apartments.2
2-story
row
houses.
960
19.6
Brooklyn, N . Y.: W il 4-story walk-up
liamsburg.
apartments.
Chicago, 111.:
South Park Gardens. 3-story apartments. 2-story
row
houses.
Blackhawk Park____ ........ do___________ ____do........... .
Jane Addams House. ------ do___________ ------ do...............
Cincinnati, Ohio: Basin 3- and 4-story
housing.
apartments.
1,628
21.0
1 Release No. P. W. 39147.
968
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Cost
Living Acre
units age
C onstruction $2,875, 000
30 percent
complete.
C onstruction
2, 500, 000
7 percent
complete.
Site acquired.. 1,300,000
C ondem nation proceed
ings filed.
D e m o lit i o n
begun.
5, 500,000
12,783,000
1,701
57.0
Site acquired—
2,267
300
1, 278
80.0
6.3
24.0
(3)
14,300,000
Site acquired— 1, 335,000
Site being as
7,000,000
sembled.
9, 200,000
969
HOUSING CONDITIONS
Status of Federally Aided Low-Rent Housing Projects on August 1, 1935—Con.
Federal projects—Continued
Type of buildings
Size of
project
Location and name
of project
Status
M ultiple
Cleveland, Ohio:
Cedar Central
Outhwaite_________
Single family
3-story apartments.
2-
and 3-story
apartments, and
flats.
A p artm en ts
Wftst Sid«
Detroit, Mich.: East Side. 3-story apartments
and flats.
Indianapolis, Ind.: Com- 2- and 3-story
m u nity housing ------apartments.
M iami, Fla.: Sixty-second Street.
Milwaukee, Wis.: Park- 3-story apartmentslawn.
M in n eap olis, M inn.: 2- and 3-story
apartments.
Summer Field.
Montgomery, Ala.:
B ell Street_________
Row houses.-.
654
18.0
635
21.0
____do________
600
2-story
row 1,032
houses.
------ do............... 1,044
1-story
row
255
houses.
2-story
row
458
houses.
Row houses.-_ 1,100
Construction $3, 279,000
begun.
Bids received. 3,084,000
22.0 ___ do________
34.0 Title acquired.
3,000,000
5, 500,000
42.0
C onstruction
3,025,000
begun.
Site acquired— 1, 000,000
42.0
T itle acquired-
2, 230,000
42.0
C ondem nation author
ized.
6,000,000
Bids received.
22.1
1- and 2-story
row houses.
___do____ ___
100
13.8
158
____do_______
Nashville, T enn________
D o________________ 2-story flats............ ------ do_______
Washington, D . C.: War ____do........- ............ Row houses.-College.
276
550
508
Construtcion
begun.
18.0 Site acquired—
22.2 ........ do----------18.1 C o n d e m n a tion proceed
ings filed.
Thurman Street- __
Cost
Living Acre
units age
7.0
244,000
459, 000
1, 100,000
1, 500,000
3,000,000
Limited-dividend projects
Altavista, Va.: Altavista
Housing Corporation.
Bronx, N . Y.: Hillside
Housing Corporation.
Euclid, Ohio:
Euclid
Housing Corporation.
Small single50
family houses.
A p a r t m e n t s— ....... ..............
1,416
highest 6 stories.
I n d i v i d u a l ...........
and double
houses.
Philadelphia, Pa.: Carl
M ackley Houses.
Queens, N . Y.: Boule
vard Gardens.
3-story apartments.
284
Apartments—
highest 6 stories.
960
Raleigh, N . C.: Boylan
Housing Corporation.
Apartments.
St. Louis, Mo.: Neigh
borhood Gardens.
.do.
54
252
Complete d
Aug. 15,1934.
First 3 units
occupied.
22 houses oc
cupied; 11
under con
struction.
Compl e ted
June 27,1935.
4 units occu
pied; 6 units
ready Nov.
1, 1935.
Ready for occu pancy
Sept. 1 to
15, 1935.
Ready for occupancy
Sept.
15,
1935.
$84, 000
5, 060, 000
500, 000
1,039, 000
3,450,000
198, 600
640,000
1 Individual entrances.
2 Probable type.
2 No data.
Expenditures for the projects listed will amount to over $100,000,000 when work is completed but it is not shown what percentage of
the total was secured from the Federal Government. The total sum
made available to the Public Works Administration for low-rent
housing was $283,000,000. In all 17,053 living units will be furnished
by the 22 Federal projects and 3,016 such units by the 6 limited
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
970
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
dividend housing groups for which data were given. The total cost of
the Federal building projects is to be $90,214,000 and that of the
limited-dividend projects $10,971,600. The plans call for apartment
houses in 18 of the 22 Federal projects and for houses in 19. In 15
projects both apartments and individual dwellings are specified.
Among the limited-dividend projects individual houses are less con
spicuous, there being 5 apartment-house projects and only 2 for
houses. The 29 developments for which allotments have been made
are located as follows:
Total developments_____________
29
Alabama_______________________
District of Columbia____________
Florida________________________
Georgia________________________
Illinois_______
Indiana________________________
Massachusetts__________________
Michigan______________________
2
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
Minnesota_____________________
Missouri_______________________
New Jersey____________________
New York_____________________
North Carolina_________________
Ohio__________________________
Pennsylvania___________________
Tennessee_____
__
. _ __
Virginia__ ________
. __ _____
Wisconsin_____________________
1
1
1
3
1
5
1
2
1
1
M u n ic ip a l L odging H o u se s in L eeds, E n g la n d 1
N THE course of the slum-clearance operations in Leeds, England,
several lodging houses will be demolished and a number of munic
ipal lodging houses erected. These will be of two types, one to accom
modate persons who will be permanent residents and the other for
transients who merely stay a night or so.
Plans for the first of these municipal hostels have recently been
completed. It will be of fire-resisting construction, with steel frame
work and built of brick. It is designed to accommodate 504 men and
women, with separate bedroom accommodation for each lodger.
The building will be set back 40 feet from the roadway, and will
have four floors, in addition to the ground floor and basement. The
4 floors will contain 308 rooms for men, and 196 for women, in separate
wings.
Each floor of the men’s wing will contain 77 bedrooms, the majority
measuring 7 feet 6 inches by 7 feet 3 inches. There will, however, be
12 rooms measuring 7 feet 6 inches by 13 feet 6 inches, for permanent
lodgers. In addition, each floor will have three linen closets. This
wing will also include a large room with 300 lockers, 42 lavatory
basins, 6 bathrooms, and a room fitted with electric drier where the
men may wash and dry their own clothing. Other facilities will
include storage, shoe-repair, and shoe-cleaning rooms. The women’s
wing will provide similar accommodations on a smaller scale. Each
I
Data are from report by Ernest E. Evans, American consul at Bradford, Aug. 8, 1935.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
HOUSING CONDITIONS
971
floor will contain 49 rooms and there will be 10 rooms for permanent
residents.
Each section of the building will contain two large common rooms
to be used for recreational purposes, a writing room, and a large dining
room with a canteen common to both dining rooms. When required,
a hall to seat over 500 persons can be created within a few minutes by
connecting the large common rooms.
The basement will contain a kitchen and scullery, and space for
storage of wet and dry food. The kitchen equipment will include
preparation tables, hot plates, steamers, roasting oven, gas ranges,
and gas rings.
Provision is to be made for a large boiler house, fuel store, engineers’
workshop, gas-fed heating and hot-water services. A large laundry
is to be provided, fitted with electrically driven equipment. The
laundry will include a linen-storage space and fumigating chamber,
and clean-and-dirty-linen lifts to serve each of the upper floors.
No figures are available concerning the cost of the scheme, but it is
expected that these hostels will be self-supporting.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
HEALTH AND INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
L ig h tin g C o n d itio n s in C o n n e c tic u t C lo th in g F a c to rie s
N CONNECTION with a survey 1 of the sewing trades in Con
necticut, made by the Women’s Bureau of the United States
Department of Labor, a special study of lighting conditions was
made to determine the effects of good and poor light on the health
and efficiency of women in the clothing industry.
The Women’s Bureau took as its standard by which to measure
adequate and inadequate lighting facilities, the code approved by the
American Standards Association. This gives different levels of
illumination to correspond to the variations actually existing in the
specified processes. For sewing light goods, for example, illumination
of from 15 to 10 foot-candles 2 and for sewing dark goods, from 100
to 25 foot-candles is considered desirable, depending on the degree of
fineness and other conditions. A foot-candle meter, a simple instru
ment by which illumination is read directly from a scale without
computing, was used to measure the amount of light.
Lighting conditions and equipment in 32 clothing factories employ
ing slightly more than 2,600 women, were studied and measured,
involving 935 candle meter readings, at the working point of 459
positions. In order to get the maximum advantage of natural
daylight, readings were made between 10 a. m. and 3p.m . Wherever
possible, two readings were taken for each position, the first by day
light only, and the second with artificial light added. The study was
made in the month of January.
An important factor in determining the degree of adequacy of the
lighting equipment in sewing rooms is the color of the material being
worked upon. Practically three-fifths of the women were working on
dark materials when the tests were made. Higher intensity is neces
sary for dark materials, and the lighting code recommends a minimum
requirement of 25 foot-candles for work of that type. In the Bureau’s
study, 91.8 percent of the readings taken under natural light on
bright days fell below this level, and on cloudy days all fell below it.
I
1 U. S. Women’s Bureau Bui. No. 109: The Employment of Women in the Sewing Trades of Connecti
cut, part IV, Lighting in Clothing Factories (p. 41). Washington, 1935.
a A foot-candle is the unit of measurement used to specify lighting requirements. The light rays from a
bare 25-watt tungsten filament lamp, falling perpendicularly on the surface of a newspaper held 5 feet away,
represent approximately 1 foot-candle of illumination.
972
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
HEALTH AND INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
973
With artificial light added, 54.5 percent of the readings taken on
bright days and 75.7 percent of those taken on cloudy days, still fell
below the 25 foot-candles regarded as the minimum necessary for
acceptable lighting.
Under certain conditions, the recommended intensity for sewing
on dark materials is 100 foot-candles. This standard was met in
only one instance in the course of the survey.
Five factories where women were working on light-colored materials
were visited on sunny days, and 6 on cloudy days. Nearly half
(49.3 percent) of the readings taken on the sunny days with natural
light failed to reach the recommended level of 10 foot-candles, and
the addition of artificial light left 17.6 percent of the readings still
below the minimum standard. On cloudy days the record was even
less favorable. Natural light produced less than 10 foot-candles of
illumination in 80.5 percent of the readings, and natural light with
the aid of artificial light failed to realize the recommended level in
29.1 percent of the measurements. With the electric lights on, the
higher recommended intensity of 15 foot-candles was recorded in
66.2 percent of the readings on bright days, and in 41.9 percent of
those made on overcast and cloudy days.
The Bureau points out, moreover, that the readings were taken at
a time when, almost without exception, machine operators and hand
workers had the benefit of a maximum of the available daylight.
At other times, as in the early morning or late afternoon when the
workers had to depend upon artificial light only, the intensity of
illumination would obviously be much less than that shown in the
readings, which combined artificial light and daylight.
Lighting Equipment
Types and installations of lighting equipment showed a lack of
thought and system in almost every factory. In some rooms there
was no uniformity in the type of light furnished, even for persons
doing the same kind of work; at the same worktable some lights hung
high and others low; some had shades, others were unshaded; some
work positions had too much light, while others were dimly lighted.
A type of light in common use was the drop light in a deep bowl or a tin reflec
tor, close fitting, and with the lamp often extending below. Frequently the
reflector was of tin painted green on the outside, and usually the lamps were hung
over the workbenches so that each served 2, 3, or 4 operators. * * *
Annoying or really harmful glare was noted in many plants. In a number of
cases the workers had put up their own crude substitutes for shades. * * *
A factory with 48 machine operators had the machine positions lighted by
12 lamps of 100 and 150 watts, only 2 feet above the tables, all unshaded and 5
of them unfrosted. In another factory girls stated that they often sewed in the
dark rather than endure the glare of the light. * * *
Shadows on the work, not so noticeable to the casual observer as glare, are a
very important consideration for the worker. In a number of factories, girls
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
complained of "shadows from the lights.” One assistant forelady, indicating
a certain position, said, ‘11 used to work at that machine. A shadow was on the
presser foot and needle all the time.” A different situation is described in the
following: "Lights are placed regularly, one to each two operators, purposely to
avoid shadows. Only a few slight shadows were observed in this plant.”
P re v a le n c e o f A n th ra c o -S ilic o s is in P e n n s y lv a n ia
HE actual physical condition and the occupational and medical
histories of 2,711 men employed in the anthracite fields of
Pennsylvania form the basis of a study recently made to determine the
prevalence, among mine workers, of antliraco-silicosis (miner’s
asthma), an occupational disease produced by mine dust.
The study was made by the United States Public Health Service, in
cooperation with the coal operators, the United Mine Workers of
America, and representatives of Pennsylvania State departments,
particularly the department of labor and industry.1 The mine
operators contributed by enabling the field staff to study the various
phases of occupational environment in the mines selected. The
union assumed the responsibility of getting the men to report for
physical examination and assisted in securing detailed occupational
histories. The personnel of the Public Health Service carried out
the study, which lasted about 4 months. Three mines were selected
for the survey, 1 in each of the 3 districts into which the anthracite
field is divided by geological formation and methods of mining.
The men selected for study were divided into occupational groups
on the basis of the extent of their exposure to free silica in the dust.
Of the number examined, 361 who were exposed to less than 5,000,000
particles of dust per cubic foot of air formed a control group, as that
dust content was the specified minimum used for statistical analysis.
For the purpose of the study, a large number of atmospheric dust
samples were taken, which showed that, with the exception of rock
working operations, chamber and pitch mining, and chute loading were
the dustiest occupations in the mining of anthracite. In connection
with chute loading it was found that motormen, because of their
presence during the loading process, were exposed to a heavy con
centration of dust. The dustiest occupations on the surface were
found in connection with a dry breaker where slate pickers and certain
other workers were exposed to a very high dust concentration, while
on the other hand workers in wet breakers were exposed to relatively
low concentrations. For all the workers, it was found that 39 per
cent were exposed to more than 200,000,000 particles of dust per cubic
foot, 62 percent to more than 50,000,000 particles, and 38 percent to
T
i Pennsylvania. Department of Labor and Industry. Anthraco-Silicosis (Miner’s Asthma). A pre
liminary report of a study made in the anthracite region of Pennsylvania by the United States Public
Health Service. Harrisburg, 1934.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
HEALTH AND INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
975
less than 26,000,000 particles per cubic foot. These conditions are
considered fairly representative of conditions which have obtained for
a number of years in the anthracite coal mines, as, with the exception
of very recent improvements in mechanical loading and the use of wet
methods of cleaning coal, working conditions are said to be about the
same as those obtaining 20 or 30 years ago.
PhysicabExamination Findings
T h e physical examination of the miners indicated that 616, or 22.7
percent, of the 2,711 active workers had anthraco-silicosis, and that
106 of these were in the more advanced stages. The workers diag
nosed as having the disease reported attacks of pleurisy, pneumonia,
and severe colds more often than the group used as controls while
among a group of 135 anthracite workers who were totally disabled
such illnesses occurred from 2 to 5 times as often as among the active
workers who had anthraco-silicosis.
The principal symptom of anthraco-silicosis among the men ex
amined was shortness of breath, frequently associated with productive
cough, while in the more advanced cases there was found weakness,
chest pain, gastric disturbances, and hemoptysis (spitting of blood),
although fever and night sweats were seldom found. Other symptoms
present among the affected workers were various lung changes such as
prolonged expiration, change in the contour of the chest, decreased
chest expansion, change in breath sounds, etc., and clubbing of the
fingers. In cases in which infection complicated the condition and in
those workers who were markedly or completely disabled there was
frequently found loss of weight and strength, and cyanosis, persistent
râles were invariably found, and there was often impairment of the
heart. In the group diagnosed as having anthraco-silicosis, at least
four of the symptoms listed were present in each person in addition
to other positive evidence disclosed by the history and the X-ray
examination.
Tuberculosis as a complication of anthraco-silicosis was found
among 124, or 4.6 percent, of the workers examined, the percentage of
those affected with tuberculosis increasing among the men suffering
from more advanced stages of anthraco-silicosis.
Length of Exposure to Dust
I n all the occupations except rock workers, less than 2 percent
of the men developed silicosis, regardless of the amount of dust
in the air, when the period of employment did not exceed 15
years. After employment from 15 to 24 years the prevalence of
silicosis was much greater, about 14 percent of the men exposed
to dust containing less than 5 percent free silica, having anthracosilicosis when the dust concentration was 100,000,000 to 199,000,000
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
particles per cubic foot, 29 percent when the dust concentration was
200.000. 000 to 299,000,000 particles, and 58 percent when the dust
count was in excess of 300,000,000 particles. The rates were much
higher when the period of employment exceeded 25 years, about onefourth of the men in the nonmining occupations underground (rock
workers excepted) showing evidence of anthraco-silicosis. Among
rock workers the disease developed more rapidly, about 13 percent
having stage 1 anthraco-silicosis when the working period was less
than 15 years, while 9 out of 10 rock workers who had been employed
more than 25 years had the disease. The dust to which these workers
were exposed contained about 35 percent free silica. Nearly all the
regular miners and mine laborers who had worked where the dust
count exceeded 300,000,000 particles had anthraco-silicosis after
employment for more than 25 years. Both the miners and mine
laborers who had worked continuously at the coal face generally
fared worse than those who had shifted occasionally from mining to
other inside jobs.
There was little difference in the age distribution of the different
groups with the exception of the rock workers who had the highest
proportion of men at the younger ages. In spite of this favorable fac
tor, however, a larger proportion of these workers had anthracosilicosis than was found in any other group.
Safe Limits of Dust Exposure
I n o r d e r to determine the safe limits of dust exposure, the groups
working in atmospheres containing less than 100,000,000 particles of
dust were subdivided so as to determine as far as possible the quantity
of dust which could be tolerated with no adverse effect upon health.
The number exposed to relatively small quantities of dust containing
less than 5 percent free silica was too small to afford reliable informa
tion, but it appeared from the data available that an atmosphere
containing less than 50,000,000 particles would result in a negligible
number of cases when the silica content was less than 5 percent. The
safe limit in the gangways when the dust contains about 13 percent
free silica was tentatively set at 10,000,000 to 15,000,000 particles,
while among rock workers who were exposed to about 35 percent free
silica in the dust the safe limit appeared to be from 5,000,000 to
10.000. 000 particles.
Measures for the Control of Dust
A l th o u g h different methods of dust control are in use in some of
the mines, the report lists certain preventive measures which have
been found to be effective in different industries regardless of whether
they are being followed to some extent in the anthracite coal-mining
industry. It is important to control dust at its point of origin, and,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
HEALTH AND INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
977
to effect this, thorough wetting by water is a general method in use.
Wet methods may be used in almost all coal-mining and processing
methods and will result in a decided improvement in working condi
tions. Local exhaust ventilation has also been successfully employed
in rock drilling in open excavations and it is possible that it can be
used in drilling operations in anthracite mines. If this type of dustremoval device is adopted, however, wet methods will still be neces
sary in coal- and rock-loading operations.
Adequate ventilation throughout the mines would eliminate much
of the dust, and, while satisfactory standards of air velocity in these
mines have not yet been established, an air movement of at least 50
feet per minute is regarded as desirable from the standpoint of elim
inating “ dead-ends.”
Mechanical methods of loading coal have been found to contribute
substantially to the solution of the dust problem, a dust count of
less than 30,000,000 particles per cubic foot of air having been found
in the mechanical loading operations in one mine.
Since a large amount of dust is produced by blasting operations,
especially in dry mines, the firing of shots should be done only at the
end of the shift.
The sand used in haulage ways to prevent slipping of the trans
port motors has been found to be an important source of silica dust,
and thorough wetting of the roadbed would reduce this hazard.
The spread of respiratory infection by workers having active pul
monary tuberculosis may be checked by not permitting workers so
affected to work underground or in dusty occupations above ground.
In order to detect cases of tuberculosis of the lungs and anthracosilicosis which have progressed far enough to endanger future work
ing capacity, physical examinations including X-rays of the chest
should be given all applicants for work and to all anthracite mining
employees annually. Periodic examinations afford a check on the
degree of success of the preventive measures, and the records obtained
may be put on a comparable basis if the procedure followed is stand
ardized, preferably under the supervision of a permanent medical
board composed of physicians competent in the diagnosis of anthracosilicosis and other diseases of the respiratory system. The methods
of medical control which have been found practical and effective in
other countries having a similar problem, such as South Africa,
Australia, and Ontario, Canada, are recommended as worthy of
serious consideration, as well as the methods recommended by the
special industrial disease commission in Massachusetts in 1934.2 In
the South African gold mines the area and the number of employees
2See M onthly Labor Review, M ay 1934 (p. 1086).
17272—35----- 9
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
978
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
closely parallel the situation in the Pennsylvania anthracite fields.
In the South African area periodic examinations of both white and
native miners are carried out under the Miners’ Phthisis Medical
Bureau and examinations are made at intervals of workers suspended
from employment or receiving compensation because of their respir
atory condition. A medical board of appeal, established in 1925,
passes upon cases when there is dissatisfaction with the decision of
the medical bureau.
It is evident that no single measure is applicable to all dusty opera
tions and processes, and all means of prevention, therefore, must be
practiced to insure success in the solution of the problem.
E m p lo y e rs R e q u ir e d to F u r n is h F re e M ed ical S u p p lies
i n E l S a lv a d o r 1
HE furnishing of free first-aid supplies is required of all employ
ers of more than 10 workers in El Salvador, by a decree of July
22, 1935.2 Such supplies are to be paid for by the employer, and any
employer who does not, within 2 months after the publication of the
act, meet its requirements will incur a fine of 20 colones 3 per month
until he complies. The fine is to be collected officially by the mayor
of the municipality and donated to the hospital within his jurisdic
tion or, in case there is none, to the nearest hospital.
The decree lists the supplies which are to be furnished and specifies
that all employees, whether employed in factory or fields, are to
receive the benefits of the law. Supplies which are thus used must
be replaced by the employer at his own expense within 8 days.
Failure to make the replacement is subject to the same fine as failure
to provide the original supply.
The Ministry of Welfare and Health is authorized to make the
regulations needed to carry out the present law.
T
1 D a ta are from re p o rt b y Jo se p h E . M a le a d y , A m erican vice co n su l a t S an S alv a d o r, J u ly 29, 1935.
* E l S alv ad o r, D iario O ficial, J u ly 26, 1935.
* C olon a t p a r= 5 0 cen ts.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS
O c c u p a tio n a l F a ta litie s i n 1934
ATAL accidental injuries arising out of or in the course of employ
ment increased during 1934 according to a report1 issued by the
Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. This increase in fatalities followed
the improvement in the employment situation which took place in
1934. The estimates of such fatalities place the number at not less
than 16,000, which is approximately 1,500 more than occurred in
1933, or an estimated increase of 10.3 percent.
The death rate from occupational accidents among adult white
male industrial policyholders of the company increased at an even
greater rate, 11.3 percent. This rise in the death rate among insured
persons is the first upturn in the trend of death rates for occupational
accidents during the entire period of the depression. From the rela
tively high figure of 35.9 deaths per 100,000 policyholders in 1929 the
death rate dropped to 21.2 deaths per 100,000 in 1933, a reduction of
40.9 percent.
The following table shows the death rates per 100,000 adult male
policyholders for each year from 1929 to 1934, by cause of injury.
F
Death Rates From Occupational Accidents Among Industrial Policyholders of
Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., 1929 to 1934
D e a th rates p e r 100,000 w h ite m ale
policyholders, ag ed 15 a n d over
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
P e r
ce n t of
ch a n g e ,
1933 to
1934
1934
A ll o cc u p atio n a l ac cid en ts....................................
35 9
31.0
27.2
22 9
21.2
23.6
+ 1 1 .3
A ccid en tal b u rn s (conflagration e x c e p te d )___
A ccid en tal a b so rp tio n of irre sp irab le g a s e s ...
A ccid en tal d ro w n in g ____ ________ ____ _____
T ra u m a tis m by fall............................... ................. .
T r a u m a tis m in m ines a n d q u a rrie s __________
T ra u m a tis m by m a ch in es___________________
S tea m -railro ad ac cid en ts____________ _______ _
S tree t-railw a y a c c id e n ts ____________________
A u to m o b ile accidents » . . . ____ ______ ______
E le c tric ity (lig h tn in g ex c ep ted )_____________
M iscellan eo u s______________________________
1. 1
.5
1.7
5.1
4.7
4.5
4.9
.3
3.8
2.4
6.9
1.7
.3
1.5
5.4
3.5
3.5
2.6
.4
3.8
1.9
6.4
1.0
.4
1.3
4.8
3.0
3.0
1.9
.5
4.6
1.5
5.2
1.0
.4
1.0
3.9
2.7
2.4
1.6
.3
3.6
.9
5.1
1.3
.4
.7
3.1
2.8
2.2
1.8
.2
3.7
.5
4.5
.9
.5
1.0
3.7
2. 1
2.6
2.0
.4
4.5
.8
5.1
- 3 0 .8
+ 2 5 .0
+ 4 2 .9
+ 1 9 .4
- 2 5 .0
+ 18.2
+ 1 1 .1
+ 100.0
+ 2 1 .6
+ 6 0 .0
+ 1 3 .3
Cause of injury
• E x clu sive of d e a th s in collisions betw een a u to m o b iles a n d ra ilro a d tra in s or engines, a n d b etw e en
au to m o b iles an d s tre e t cars.
1 M e tro p o lita n Life In s u ra n c e Co.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
S ta tis tic a l B u lle tin , J u ly 1935.
979
980
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
The table shows that, with the exception of accidental burns and
injuries in mines and quarries, the death rate for the principal causes
of injury was higher in 1934 than 1933.
A rise of 21.6 percent in occupational automobile accidents in 1934
as compared with 1933 is regarded as particularly disturbing. These
accidents do not include collisions between automobiles and railroad
trains or engines nor collisions between street cars and automobiles.
The death rate of 4.5 per 100,000 for occupational automobile fatalities
has been exceeded only once in the company’s experience covering a
24-year period. The highest rate for this type of accidents—4.6 per
100,000—was recorded in 1931, and in 1933 and 1934 these accidents
led all others as a cause of death.
Street-railway accidents showed the greatest increase from 1933 to
1934, although these accidents involve relatively few deaths. Among
the more important causes of occupational deaths, traumatism by falls
rose 19.4 percent in 1934, by machines 18.2 percent, and by railroad
accidents 11.1 percent.
O c c u p a tio n a l I n ju r ie s to W o m en in t h e U n ite d S ta te s,
1930 a n d 1931
HE accident experience of 16 States, which supplied figures
classified by sex to the United States Women’s Bureau, shows
for each State a substantial decrease from 1930 to 1931 in the total
number of accidents.1 The decrease, however, is proportionately
smaller for injuries to women than for injuries to men.
The basic cause of the general decline is attributed to the decrease
in exposure to industrial hazards resulting from unemployment, but
it is pointed out that additional information leads to the conclusion
that a measure of progress in safety work is partly responsible. The
lesser decline for women’s injuries is considered the result of propor
tionately less unemployment in the woman-employing industries than
in such large man-employing industries as construction, iron and steel,
or mining.
According to the study, a much larger proportion of women than
of men suffered from infections following minor injuries. Available
data showed that injuries to fingers, hands, and arms were most
frequent among women, due largely to employment of women as
machine operators, while injuries to other parts of the body were
more common in men’s accidents.
The study points out that in each State the women under 21 years
of age were injured more often than the women in any other age
group, while women over 45 years of age suffered comparatively few
T
1 U.S. Women’s Bureau Bui. No. 129: Industrial Injuries to Women in 1930 and 1931 Compared with
Injuries to Men. Washington, 1935.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS
981
injuries. A large proportion of the accidents to the young women
were caused by machinery. The most frequent source of injury to
women over 21 was “ falls.”
Manufacturing outranked other industries in the number of injuries
both to women and to men in all but one State, and generally was
responsible for a larger proportion of women’s accidents than of
men’s. Clerical, professional, and personal service was also an
important group in number of women’s injuries.
Attention is called to the fact that the injured woman received much
less in compensation than the injured man, because of her lower
wages. The great majority of the injured women earned less than
$20 a week, while only a small percent of the men earned so little.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
LABOR LAWS
B itu m in o u s C oal C o n s e r v a tio n A c t o f 1935
HE first session of the Seventy-fourth Congress passed an act to
stabilize the soft-coal-mining industry, to promote its interstate
commerce, and to protect the right of mine workers to organize and
bargain collectively (Public Act No. 402).
T
Coal Commission
T he act establishes in the Department of the Interior a Bituminous
Coal Commission of five members (serving for 4 years), appointed by
the President and authorized to formulate a bituminous-coal code as a
working agreement for the producers accepting its terms.
It is provided that the code shall include the following terms and con
ditions: An organization of 23 district boards of coal producers is to
be created, each board to consist of not less than 3 nor more than 17
members. Of the members, one is to be chosen by the organization
of employees representing a preponderant number of employees in the
industry in the district in question, and the others are to be producers
or their representatives. The respective boards are charged with
administering the code.
A board may, of its own motion or when directed by the Commis
sion, establish minimum prices and “ make such classification of coals
and price variations as to mines and consuming market areas as it may
deem necessary and proper. In order to sustain the stabilization of
wages, working conditions, and maximum hours of labor, said prices
shall be established so as to yield a return per net ton for each district
in a minimum price area * * * equal as nearly as may be to the
weighted average of the total costs, per net ton * * * of the
tonnage of such minimum price area.” Thereafter, upon satisfactory
proof by any district board of a change in excess of 2 cents per net ton
in the weighted average of the total costs in the price area, the Com
mission is empowered to increase or decrease the minimum prices
accordingly. The act authorizes the district boards, under rules
established by the Commission, to coordinate the minimum prices in
common consuming areas upon a fair competitive basis. The
Commission is to make rules regulating the procedure for the estab
lishment of minimum prices, and may approve, disapprove, or modify
982
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LABOR LAWS
983
the minimum prices established by the district boards; its action shall
be binding upon all code members within the district. The Com
mission is also authorized to fix maximum prices to protect coal con
sumers against unreasonably high prices.
The act permits the voluntary organization by producers of an
agency for the marketing of coal. Such agencies must be representa
tive of at least one-third of the tonnage of any producing field and
must function under the supervision of the district boards and the
Commission.
Additional duties of the Commission are to investigate the following:
(1) The economic operation of mines, with a view to the conserva
tion of the national coal resources.
(2) The safe operation of mines, for the purpose of minimizing the
working hazards.
(3) The rehabilitation of mine workers displaced from employment,
and the relief of mine workers partially employed. Its findings in
these matters are to be transmitted to the proper Government agency
for relief, rehabilitation, and subsistence homesteads.
(4) The possibility of lowering distributing costs, for the benefit of
consumers.
The Commission is also directed to investigate the necessity for the
control of production of bituminous coal and the methods of such
control, including “ allotment of output to districts and producers
within such districts ” and to report its conclusions and recommenda
tions to the Secretary of the Interior for transmission by him to
Congress not later than January 6, 1936.
Labor Provisions
T h e fo llo w in g p r o v is io n s r e la t in g t o la b o r r e la t io n s m u s t
in c o r p o r a t e d in t o th e c o d e a n d b e a c c e p te d b y e v e r y m e m b e r :
be
(а) Employees shall have the right to organize and bargain collectively
through representatives of their own choosing, and shall be free from inter
ference, restraint, or coercion of employers, or their agents, in the designation of
such representatives or in self-organization or in other concerted activities for
the purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection; and no
employee and no one seeking employment shall be required as a condition of
employment to join any company union.
(б) Employees shall have the right of peaceable assemblage for the discussion
of the principles of collective bargaining, shall be entitled to select their own
checkweighman to inspect the weighing or measuring of coal, and shall not be
required as a condition of employment to live in company houses or to trade at the
store of the employer.
There is also established a Bituminous Coal Labor Board of three
members, appointed by the President and assigned to the Depart
ment of Labor. This Board is to consist of one representative of the
producers, one representative of the organized employees, and a
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984
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
chairman who must be an impartial person with no financial interest
in the industry or connection with any organization of the employees.
These members serve for terms of 4 years each. The Board is em
powered to adjudicate disputes relating to labor relations, and “ to
determine whether or not an organization of employees has been
promoted, or is controlled or dominated by an employer in its organi
zation, management, policy, or election of representatives.” To
determine the “ freely chosen representatives of the employees”, the
Board may conduct elections. It may offer its services as mediator
between a producer and its employees when a dispute “ is not de
termined by the tribunal set up in a bona fide collective contract.”
Maximum hours agreed upon between the producers of more than
two-thirds of the annual national tonnage and representatives of
more than one-half of the mine workers are binding upon all code
members. Likewise, collective wage agreements concluded in any
district between the producers of more than two-thirds of the annual
tonnage production and representatives of the majority of the mine
workers in the district shall apply to all code members operating in
the district.
Other Provisions
T h e a c t e n u m e r a te s c e r ta in p r a c tic e s s u c h a s d e c e p t iv e a d v e r tis in g ,
fe e s p lit t in g , a n d th e g iv in g o f s e c r e t r e b a te s , a n d p r o h ib its th e s e as
v io la t io n s o f th e c o d e .
An excise tax of 15 percent of the sale price at the mine is imposed
upon the sale or other disposal of all bituminous coal produced in the
United States. Any coal producer who complies with the provisions
of the code is entitled to a rebate of 90 percent of the amount of the
tax. After hearing and notice, the Commission may revoke the
code membership of any producer upon proof of his failure to comply
with the duties imposed by the code and the act. Provision is made
for court review of all orders, rules and regulations of the Commission
and the Labor Board.
The office of consumers’ counsel of the National Bituminous Coal
Commission is created in the Department of the Interior, which shall
“ appear in the interest of the consuming public in any proceeding
before the Commission” , and conduct independent investigations of
matters relating to the bituminous-coal industry.
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WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION
M u r d e r o f E m p lo y ee o n D u t y H e ld to be a C o m p en sab le
A c c id e n t
f INTERESTING case involving the question of when murder
is an accident ‘‘arising out of employment” under the workmen’s compensation act was recently decided by the Supreme Court
of Colorado. It was held by the court that a murder is an accident
“ arising out of employment” when such accident was incurred
because of the employment (L o n d o n G u a ra n te e & A c c id e n t C o ., L t d .,
et a l. v. M c C o y et a l., 45 Pac. (2d) 900).
McCoy was a sales agent of the Liberty Trucks & Parts Co., and in
connection with his duties it was necessary for him to get in touch
with a man named Mitchell. He went to the home of Decino,
Mitchell’s father-in-law, to get Mitchell’s telephone number. While
there, using the telephone, he was stabbed to death by Decino, a
paroled inmate of the State insane asylum, who apparently suffered
a sudden return of his insane delusions.
The court held that McCoy’s death resulted from an accident
“ arising out of his employment.” The decision was based primarily
on a former case decided by the same court { A e tn a L i j e I n s . C o. v.
I n d u s t r i a l C o m m is s io n , 81 Colo. 233, 254 Pac. 995), from which the
following was quoted:
When one in the course of his employment is reasonably required to be at a
particular place at a particular time and there meets with an accident, although
one which any other person then and there present would have met with irre
spective of his employment, that accident is one “ arising out o f” the employ
ment of the person so injured.
The court, in its opinion, then said:
McCoy was “ reasonably required to be at a particular place at a particular
tim e”, i. e., the Decino place, at the time he phoned. He there met with this
accident, doubtless “ one which any other person then and there present would
have met with irrespective of his employment.” Yet such an accident “ is one
*arising out o f’ his employment”, thus bringing it clearly within the A e tn a L if e
case, su p r a .
In holding that the death of McCoy was compensable under the
workmen’s compensation act, the court compared McCoy’s death by
violence with death of one walking under a falling timber or upon a
spot where a lightning bolt fell, and intimated that there would be no
difference in the result, and that in either case the death would be
compensable.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
985
986
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
I n j u r y to E m p lo y e e O p e ra tin g S o rg h u m M ill o n F a rm
H e ld to be N o n c o m p e n sa b le
T HAS recently been held by the Supreme Court of Iowa that a
farm laborer operating a sorghum mill on his employer’s farm is
engaged in “ agricultural pursuits or operations immediately con
nected therewith”, and that an injury sustained while operating the
mill is not compensable under the Iowa Workmen’s Compensation
Act ( T a v e r n e r v. A n d e r s o n , 261 NW. 610).
Anderson, a farmer operating his own farm in Page County, Iowa,
employed Taverner at a wage of $1 a day and board and lodging.
His duties were to operate the sorghum mill and do general farm
work. While operating this mill, his hand was caught in the rollers
and he permanently lost the use of his right hand. He filed a claim
for compensation under the workmen’s compensation act, to which
the employer made answer that all of the work done by Taverner was
general farm work, and for that reason the workmen’s compensation
act did not apply.
The applicable section of the Workmen’s Compensation Act of
Iowa (Code, 1931, sec. 1361) reads as follows:
I
S ection 1361. T o w h o m n o t 'a p p lic a b le .— This chapter shall not apply to:
1. Any household or domestic servant.
2. Persons whose employment is of a casual nature.
3.
Persons engaged in agriculture, insofar as injuries shall be incurred by
employees while engaged in agricultural pursuits or any operations immediately
connected therewith, whether on or off the premises of the employer.
The decision of the Industrial Commission denying an award was
upheld by the district court of Page County, and Taverner appealed to
the Iowa Supreme Court.
The question in this case was whether Taverner was “ engaged in
agricultural pursuits or operations immediately connected therewith”
while operating the sorghum mill. The supreme court said in this
connection:
Sorghum making would seem, clearly, to be classified as a farm pursuit, but,
if not, how can it fail to classify as an “ operation immediately connected there
w ith” ? The legislature saw fit to exempt the farmer from the burdens of the
workmen’s compensation act. Sugarcane is a farm crop. It necessarily
follows that the crop has to be harvested; that is, cut and removed from the land
from which it has gained sustenance. Subsequent to that it would have to be fed
to livestock on the farm or the juice taken therefrom and made into sorghum.
* * * T h e claimant assisted in the cutting of the cane, hauling it to th e
m ach in e, an d while engaged in pressing the stalks he was unfortunately injured.
The court accordingly held that Taverner was engaged in an agri
cultural pursuit and did not come under the compensation law.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
COOPERATION
C o o p e ra tiv e C r e d it M o v e m e n t in 1934
HE number of societies in the cooperative credit movement and
their membership continued to increase in 1934. The Bureau of
Labor Statistics was unable to make a general survey of all credit
societies such as was made for 1933.1 A number of States require
the credit unions to make annual reports to some State office, and from
these the Bureau obtained combined reports covering all of the credit
unions in the State.2 As the points upon which reports are required
vary from State to State, complete information is not available for
all societies. Some data were, however, obtained for 24 States, in
which, at the end of 1933, nearly 80 percent of all the credit unions in
the United States were found.
Membership data were reported for 20 States. In these States
more than 425,000 persons were members of credit unions at the end
of 1934. Massachusetts, always preeminent among the credit-union
States, still led by a wide margin as regards membership, with 109,434
members, or nearly twice the membership of that of its nearest com
petitor, Illinois. It also was uncontested leader in point of capital,
resources, and loans.
In 24 States for which reported were received the combined share
capital amounted to $20,285,497, reserves and guaranty fund to
$2,618,587, and total assets to $40,212,112.
The reports covered 2,028 societies. Of these, 1,513 had served
195,126 borrowers. The total loans made during the year in 12 States
by 1,269 societies aggregated $29,580,684. Assuming that the aver
age amount of loans granted per society—$23,310—is representative of
the societies in the 12 States for which data are not available, the total
loans in all 24 States during 1934 was probably about $40,000,000.
Dividends paid on share capital for the year by 1,096 societies
amounted to more than $500,000.
Credit unions are cooperative societies which make loans to their
members only. They are designed to furnish a source of credit for
small borrowers who generally have no banking connections. “ Char-
T
i
F o r a re p o rt of th e findings of th e 1933 s u rv e y , as reg ard s th e cre d it societies, see M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w ,
S e p te m b e r 1934 (p. 551).
* T h e B u rea u also w ishes to express its ap p rec iatio n of th e cooperation of th e N e w Y o rk S ta te C re d it
U n io n L eague a n d of M r. C . R . O rch ard , d ire c to r of th e C re d it U n io n Section of th e F e d e ra l F a r m C re d it
A d m in istra tio n .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
988
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
acter loans”, i. e., loans made without any security except the per
sonal note of the borrower, may generally be made in amounts up
to $50. As a large proportion of the loans of credit unions are loans
of this type, it is essential that the membership be drawn from a
fairly stable group with some common interest, and such a require
ment is often imposed by the State credit-union acts. Employment
in a common establishment or membership in a labor, church, or
fraternal organization fulfills the requirement of such a “ common
bond.”
Loan funds are provided by the members themselves who subscribe
for one or more shares (generally $5 or $10 each) in the organization.
Regardless of the amount of share holdings, however, each member
has but one vote. Additional funds may be obtained in some States,
where the law allows such practice, from the receipt of savings de
posits from the members. A few State laws even allow the accept
ance of such deposits from nonmembers.
The membership and financial resources of the credit societies for
which reports were received are shown in table 1. It is evident from
this table that in certain States credit unions have had outstanding
development. Thus the 4 States of Illinois, Massachusetts, New
1 ork, and Wisconsin together account for 46 percent of the total
number of societies, 60 percent of the membership, and 61 percent
of the total resources of all the 2,028 societies in the 24 States covered.
T a b le 1 .— M e m b e rs h ip a n d R e so u rc es o f C re d it U n io n s, 1934, b y S ta te s
Number
of credit
unions
reported
for
State
California_______ _ _ .
Florida1________ .
Georgia___________
Illinois____________ .
In d ia n a ___ _ . . . .
Iowa
Kansas .....................
Louisiana. . _ _
Maryland . . .
Massachusetts_____ _ . .
M ichigan... ____ . _
Minnesota .
M issouri.. . _
M ontana_______ . . .
.
Nebraska____ . . . .
New Hampshire L_.
New J e r se y _______ .
New York. ______
Rhode Island_______ _
Tennessee_________
U tah______ ____ .
Virginia____________
West Virginia 1_______ _
Wisconsin___ . . . .
T otal_________
Share
capital
Reserves
and guar
anty fund
Total
resources
55
9
62
192
109
132
34
17
17
304
51
171
* 138
4
113
7
35
140
13
69
10
30
12
3 304
14,818
1,399
9, 726
55, 539
(2)
16, 681
6,928
(2)
4,295
109,434
9, 688
30, 281
29, 955
300
11,987
(2)
9,160
55,117
10,118
(2)
1,471
10,435
2,619
37,146
$905, 610
120,983
559, 757
2, 603, 745
786, 060
551, 825
237, 265
183, 792
131, 512
7,107, 920
652, 997
1,175,140
1,426, 862
10, 259
344,815
100, 087
338,822
5, 522, 615
571,999
611,933
86,044
492, 613
141, 020
1, 621,822
$46, 733
8, 772
61,343
142, 961
60, 674
28, 571
5,361
14, 512
17, 583
937, 820
25, 754
64, 308
67, 394
323
15, 764
25, 872
17, 938
746, 613
85,468
42,442
3, 528
121,091
11,151
66, 611
$1,192,025
143,147
939,851
2, 875, 951
932, 520
625, 786
257,487
221, 736
155, 430
12, 575, 661
836,868
1, 776, 588
1, 604, 219
10, 988
1, 027,069
1, 840, 507
379, 255
7, 289,804
2 , 007, 542
725, 960
103,057
726, 416
174, 090
1, 790,155
2,028
427,097
26, 285,497
2, 618, 587
40, 212,112
_
1 Data are for fiscal year ending June 30, 1934.
2 No data.
2 As of Mar. 26. 1935.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Member
ship
989
COOPERATION
Reserves and guaranty funds have been built up by the societies,
amounting to $2,618,587, or 6.5 percent of their combined resources.
Data are at hand showing the savings deposits for 9 States, totaling
$4,324,867 at the end of 1934, as follows:
Indiana______
Iowa________
Maryland____
Massachusetts
M innesota.__
Tennessee____
$30,
13,
1,
3, 751,
477,
17,
631
481
446
232
322
575
Utah____________________
Virginia_________________
West Virginia____________
$2, 942
28, 363
1, 875
Total_____________ 4, 324, 867
More than $29,000,000 was granted in loans by the societies of 12
States, of which 40 percent was lent by the credit unions of Massa
chusetts alone. More than 195,000 loans were made during the year
in the 17 States for which reports were received on this point. For
these loans the most general rate charged is 1 percent per month,
calculated on the balance still due.3 From the net earnings, a certain
proportion must be placed in a fund which is maintained to cover
any losses from bad debts. The remainder is utilized to pay dividends
on all fully paid shares outstanding at the end of the year; such divi
dends paid at the end of the 1934 operating period by the societies in
12 States totaled $501,648.
The 1934 operations of the credit societies, by States, are shown in
table 2.
T a b le 2 .— L o a n s of C re d it U n io n s D u rin g 1934, a n d D iv id e n d s P a id , b y
S ta te s
Loans
Dividends
Number
of credit
unions
reported
for
Number
of bor
rowers
during
year
Made
during
1934
_ _
____
_
_ _ _ _
__- ______ ____
___
____ _
_ _
_
____
- __ _ _____
___
*
ATa.<ssa.p.hnsetts
Michigan
ATinnesota
_
ATissonri _ _ _ _ _
ATontana
Nebraska
___
__ _ — New Hampshire 3
__ _ ______
New Jersey
_______________
N ew Vnrk
_ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _
Rhode Tsland
__ _ _ _ ______
Tennessee
___ __ _ _ __ __
TTtah
_______ — — - Virginia
____- - -- ------ -West Virginia
_
_
__Wisconsin--------------------------------
55
9
62
192
109
132
34
17
17
304
51
171
138
4
113
7
35
140
13
69
10
30
12
«304
i 8,195
816
(2)
28, 907
(2)
10,174
3,334
(2)
i 2, 080
i 55,417
4,995
14, 695
(2)
107
(2)
(2)
5,384
i 31,140
i 3, 491
(2)
1,364
4 7,093
i 1,888
16,046
(2)
(2)
(2)
$3,907,116
(2)
(2)
374,848
(2)
187,641
11, 754,139
835,199
2,166, 770
(2)
11,672
(2)
191,652
436,815
6 7, 771, 156
576,877
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
1,366,799
$970,640
94, 333
704, 415
2, 260,200
585,383
490, 785
203, 329
202, 769
108, 388
8, 752, 279
635,252
1,341,722
1,327,211
9,767
390,139
1,238,696
192, 674
4,851,615
1,596, 556
635, 787
87,806
610,660
158,366
584,809
(2)
$7,855
(2)
103,714
12,069
(2)
6, 876
(2)
4, 532
272,388
3,626
(2)
(2)
5 538
(2)
(2)
10,298
(2)
(2)
(2)
2,002
13, 455
(2)
64, 295
4 4.0
4 1. 5
(2)
2. 5-7. 0
(2)
4 3.4
5. 0
3. ô
(2)
(2)
8.0
(2)
(2)
3.0-8.0
4 4. 7
7 3.7
(2)
4 2.3
4 2. 7
(2)
4. 0-10. 0
T otal------------------------------
2,028
195,126
29,580, 684
28,033, 581
501,648
1. 5-10. 0
State
California
Florida 3
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Tinnisiana
2
data
s Data are for fiscal year ending June 30, 1934.
4 Average rate.
Outstand
ing at end
of year
Rate
(percent)
®167 SOC16116S.
7 Rate paid on 1933 business,
8 As of Mar- 26- 1935‘
3 T h is is a re q u iie m e n t of th e c re d it-u n io n a c t in a n u m b e r of S tates,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Amount
(2)
4 7.0
(2)
990
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Comparative data for the 4 years 1929, 1932, 1933, and 1934 are
shown in table 3. The number of societies, total membership, and
reserves have increased steadily from year to year. A decided set-back
was shown in 1932 as compared with 1929 in average membership,
average share capital per member, and total and average amount of
loans granted. Although the average share capital per member con
tinued to fall in 1933 and 1934, some recovery was made in average
membership and total and average loans per society.
The data for 1929 and 1933 were obtained as part of a general
survey of the cooperative movement in which every known society
(except farmers’ marketing organizations) was circularized. The
information for 1932 and 1934 was obtained from State officials and
covered only those States whose credit union act requires an annual
report to a State office.
Table 3 . — Comparative Development of Credit Unions, 1929 to 1934
Item
Number of societies reported for____
Membership:
Total.....................................
Average per society........ _......................
Share capital:
Amount............ . ................
Average per member...... ..........
Reserves and guaranty fund..............
Loans duiing year:
Total _______________________
Average per society................................
Average per loan......... ..................................
Loans outstanding at end of year.......................
1929
838
264,908
320
$24,065, 407
92
2,079, 450
24,548, 353
58,310
350
30,811,582
1932
1933
1,472
1934
1,772
2,028
00», t\AR
two
ORO
216
91 *
zio
$99
70
2,110,815
16, 475
156
24, 826,291
AK"7 O Æ 1
234
40/, ool
$26,285,497
,
29,580, 684
23,310
177
28,033,581
62
2,372,711
9Q 9
4O
K 7/
ZO,
Z 117/ t
9
9 fill
ZZ,
Oil
138
26,391,683
2,618,587
P r o d u c tio n o f B u t t e r a n d M e a ts b y C o n s u m e rs ’
C o o p e ra tiv e s
OOPERATIVE production by consumers has been extremely
limited in the United States. The little done in the manufac
turing field has been carried on by the wholesale societies. Thus,
several of the wholesales dealing in petroleum products have their
own oil compounding plants, one society operates a feed mill, and
another its own bakery.
The first attempt at cooperative production by local consumers’
societies in the knowledge of the Bureau of Labor Statistics was
made in 1933, when a group of such societies in the Mesaba Range
district of Minnesota formed the Mesaba Range Cooperative Fed
eration. This society is operating a creamery and a sausage factory
for its 15 owner societies.
The report of this society, as of December 31, 1934, showed paid-in
share capital amounting to $2,691, and total assets of $13,985. Its
C
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
COOPERATION
991
sales of butter and smoked meats during 1934 amounted to $11,908.
A net loss of $274 was sustained on the year’s operations.
The society employed 5 workers during the year, and the amount
paid to them in wages was $1,671. Working hours were 8 per day,
6 days a week.
W isco n sin A c t P r o v id in g f o r t h e T e a c h in g o f
C o o p e ra tio n
HE Wisconsin Legislature early in August 1935 passed an amendment to the statutes, requiring the giving of courses in agricul
tural and consumers’ cooperation throughout the public-school
system of Wisconsin, from the State university downward. Hereafter
no certificates are to be granted for the teaching of courses in eco
nomics, the social studies, or agriculture unless the applicant’s course
of training has included the subject of cooperation.
The text of the act is as follows:
1. Subsection (1) of section 40.22 of the statutes is amended to read:
(40.22) (1) Reading, writing, spelling, English grammar and composition, ge
ography, arithmetic, elements of agriculture and cooperative marketing, history
and civil government of the United States and of Wisconsin, citizenship and
such other branches as the board may determine shall be taught in every common
school. All instruction shall be in the English language, except that the board
may cause any foreign language to be taught to such pupils as desire it, not to
exceed 1 hour each day.
S e c t io n
S ec . 2. F our new su b section s are added to sectio n 40.22 of th e sta tu te s to
read:
(40.22) (11) Cooperation.— Every high school and vocational school shall pre
scribe adequate and essential instruction in cooperative marketing and consumers’
cooperatives.
(12) Teacher training.— The governing boards of the university State teachers’
colleges and county normal schools shall provide in their respective institutions
adequate and essential instruction in cooperative marketing and consumers’
cooperatives.
(13) Text material.— The State superintendent of public instruction and the
dean of the college of agriculture at the State university shall cooperate in the
preparation of outlines to be used by teachers in the courses offered under sub
sections (11) and (12) and they shall have power to request the assistance of any
teacher or professor in any of the schools of the State in the preparation of such
outlines. They may also make a recommended list of material now in pamphlets
or books for guidance to teachers of these courses.
(14) Teachers’ certificates.— In granting certificates for the teaching of the
courses in economics, the social studies and agriculture, adequate instruction
in cooperative marketing and consumers’ cooperatives shall be required.
S ec . 3. This act shall take effect September 1, 1935.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES
S tr ik e s a n d L o c k o u ts in A u g u s t 1935
RELIMINARY reports indicate a substantial increase in the
number of strikes and lockouts in August 1935 as compared with
July. Information based on news items from daily newspapers, labor
papers, trade journals, and reports from all Government labor boards
indicates that 185 strikes and lockouts began in August, as compared
with 148 in July 1935 and 157 in August 1934.
An analysis of these August disputes, based on verified information,
will appear in the December Labor Review.
The following table shows figures on the number of strikes and
lockouts, the number of workers involved, and the number of man-days
of idleness for each month, from January 1934 to August 1935.
These figures exclude all strikes and lockouts which lasted less than
1 day and all those in which less than 6 workers were involved.
P
Strikes and Lockouts, January 1934 to August 1935
Number of strikes and lockouts
Month
Workers involved
in strikes and
lockouts
Beginning
Man-days
idle
In prog
In
effect
Ended
during
ress dur
at end
in
In prog month
ing
of
Begin
Prior to
In
month
dur
month nin g in ress
month month month
ing
month month
1934
January_________
February_______
March__________
April___________
M ay____________
June____________
July____________
A ugust_________
September______
October_________
November______
December_______
30
43
52
70
102
109
130
98
106
85
89
97
91
92
164
211
224
156
128
157
127
175
114
101
121
135
216
281
326
265
258
255
233
260
203
198
78
83
146
179
217
135
160
149
148
171
106
120
43
52
70
102
109
130
98
106
85
89
97
78
41, 628
85, 727
94,117
158,887
165,815
41, 263
151,432
63,447
413, 383
75,688
36,102
26,119
80, 880
110,910
127, 742
199, 580
249, 693
106, 852
219,037
122,144
486, 798
102, 971
98, 201
73,481
668, 301
939, 580
1,424,833
2,517, 749
2, 226,069
1, 676,265
2,020,172
1,735, 672
4,029,155
852, 787
841, 570
376, 297
1935
J a n u a ry ............ .
February.
____
March__________
April___________
M ay____________
June____________
July 1-----------------August i_________
78
77
98
113
129
128
123
139
136
145
169
163
157
155
148
185
214
222
267
276
286
283
271
324
137
124
154
147
158
160
132
166
77
98
113
129
128
123
139
158
84,450
61,929
52,123
65, 509
101,930
39,862
65,000
58, 000
94,457
97,332
95,885
120,349
152,124
122, 599
130.000
124.000
776,485
845,639
954,249
1,197,469
1, 725,388
1,341,6(8
1,244,0(0
1,026,0C0
Preliminary.
992
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES
993
A n a ly s is o f S tr ik e s a n d L o c k o u ts in J u n e 1935
ORE than one-third (57) of the 155 strikes and lockouts which
began in June were in the textile industries. Of these textile
strikes and lockouts 30 were called in protest against wage decreases,
often coupled with lengthening hours.
The industries manufacturing food and kindred products experi
enced 12 new strikes and lockouts in June, but none of the remaining
industrial groups experienced as many as 10.
The following tables analyze the strikes and lockouts beginning, in
progress, and ending in June 1935, showing classifications by indus
tries, States, number of workers involved, major issues involved, dura
tion, methods of negotiating settlements, and results of settlements.
These tables give an essentially complete picture of strikes and lock
outs in June, although they cannot be considered as absolutely final.
Occasionally, information is received after this report goes to press
which might slightly alter the figures in the tables.
The Bureau attempts to get complete information on all strikes and
lockouts in the United States in which as many as 6 workers are
involved and which last 1 day or more. In getting leads on these
disputes, information is obtained on strikes and lockouts from 437
daily newspapers, 82 labor papers, 88 trade journals, and 14 other
journals. Information is also obtained from the United States
Conciliation Service and Government labor boards. Questionnaires
are sent to the parties directly involved in the dispute to get detailed
and first-hand information. The figures compiled on strikes and
lockouts, therefore, are based on definite reports and verified informa
tion.
The month of June saw the beginning of many small strikes and
lockouts—small as measured by the number of workers involved and
by the length of time they lasted. The average number of workers
involved in the strikes and lockouts which began in June was 257 as
compared with an average of 649 for May and 402 for April.
Table 1 gives a detailed classification by industry of the 155
strikes and lockouts which began in June, and the 283 which were in
progress during June, together with industry figures on number of
workers involved and man-days of idleness during the month.
M
17272—35----- 10
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
994
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Table 1.— Strikes and Lockouts in June 1935, by Industry
Beginning in
June
In progress dur
ing J une
Industry
Work
Work
Number ers in N um ber ers in
volved
volved
All in d u strie s.....................................................................
Iro n a n d steel a n d th e ir products, n o t in clu d in g
m a c h in e ry .................._................. . ........................... .
Blast lurnaces, steel works, and rolling mills............
Cast-iron pipe___________ ________ -........... .........
Cutlery (not including silver and plated cutlery)
and edge tools--......................................................
Plumbers’ supplies and fixtures......... -......................
Steam and hot-water heating apparatus and steam
fittings_______ ____________________________
Ot her.............................................................................
M achinery, n o t In clu d in g tr a n s p o rta tio n eq u ip
m e n t ________________________________________
Agricultural implements___ ______ ______ _____
Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies____
Foundry and machine-shop products......................
Radios and phonographs______________________
O th e r________________ _____________________
T ra n sp o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t................................. .........
Automobiles, bodies, and parts............. .....................
Shipbuilding........................... ............. ......................
N on ferro u s m etals a n d th eir p ro d u cts__________
Aluminum manufactures..........................................
Brass, bronze, and copper products.......................... .
Smelting and refining—copper, lead, and zinc......... .
Stamped and enameled ware______ ____________ _
Other. . .......... .............................................
Lumber and allied products....... ................
Furniture....................................... ..............
Millwork and p lan in g ................................
Sawmills____________________________
Other.......................................... ..................
Stone, d ay, and glass products_________
Brick, tile, and terra cotta_____________
Marble, granite, slate, and other products.
Other. ______________ _____________
Textiles and their products...........................
Fabrics;
C o tto n goods_____ _________
D y ein g an d finishing textiles.
l l a ts , fur-felt________________
K n it g oods...................................
Silk an d ray o n g oods_______
W oolen a n d w orsted g o o d s ...
O th e r________ ______________
W e arin g a p p a re l:
C lo th in g , m e n ’s . . .....................
C lo th in g , w om en’s__________
M e n ’s fu rn ish in g s__________
M illin e ry .................... .................
S h irts a n d c o l la r s .....................
O t h e r ..........................................
L e a t h e r a n d its m a n u f a c t u r e s . . .
B oots au d sh o es.................................
L e a th e r ............................. ...................
O th er le ath er goods.......................
F o o d a n d k i n d r e d p r o d u c t s ............
B a k in g ____ ____________________
B e v e r a g e s ...................................... ..
C an n in g an d p r e s e r v in g ...............
F lo u r an d grain m ills___________
S lau g h terin g a n d m e a t p a c k in g ..
O th e r__________________________
T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s ......... ..........
C igars .
_______ _____________
P a p e r a n d p r i n t i n g .......... ...................
P a p e r and p u lp _________________
P rin tin g and publishing:
Book aud jo b _______________
N ew sp a p ers an d periodicals..
O th e r .....................................................
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ___
R ayon and allied p ro d u c ts ______
R u b b e r p r o d u c t s ______ . . . . . . ____
O th e r r u b b e r goods...........................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
155
Man-days
idle dur
ing June
39,862
283
122,599
1,311,668
3
301
r
......... i<55
9
1
1
1,154
75
165
6,667
225
1.485
2
139
2
1
139
6
823
1
3
55
1,014
550
3,464
12
1,786
669
2,396
54
767
900
4,813
925
3,888
73,021
7.485
42, 200
458
4,878
18, 000
86,071
5
316
3
2
292
54
1
1
59
69
5
1
3
677
135
490
2
5
2
2
1
5
4
1
7
1
3
1
1
1
1,688
120
8, 311
77, 760
18,811
1, 620
1,570
4,670
10,880
104
186,828
34.420
5,951
443,213
3. 244
19,955
18, 345
1, 050
560
272,218
52
1,741
992
659
18
9
4
3
1
93
711
539
175
3
7
5
57
16,385
82
135
490
467
544
52
38,722
4,849
1, 156
32, 075
642
3,311
3,099
175
70
21,829
7
2
3,942
760
6
13
5
3
1,473
1,788
3,238
877
11
4
1
7
18
6
3
8,643
968
378
1, 583
3,305
3, 563
877
106,070
3.836
7.560
18,911
46, 595
22,882
10,643
4
2
1
2
9
3
9
5
1
3
12
7
958
129
39
1,643
1,403
135
1,196
810
429
257
3,032
1,991
1
2
2
75
493
473
2
12
6
9
1
4
9
3
11
7
1
3
19
10
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
8
1
1,088
962
39
1,825
1,403
135
1,971
1,288
429
257
3,089
2,480
34
134
75
493
473
215
215
624
98
5,500
16, 777
702
23,055
8,892
795
14,653
12,314
858
1,481
34,729
22,416
580
536
225
9,080
1, 892
4 300
4,300
12,367
2,450
1
1
7
35
319
349
279
212
35
50
50
319
349
5,580
4,267
70
S
2
2
4
1
1
1
1
2
1
7
4
2
2
1
1
1
1
1,000
1,000
3. 321
3,321
995
IN D U STR IA L D ISPU T E S
T able 1 .— Strikes and L ock ou ts in June 1935, b y In d u stry— C on tin u ed
Beginning in
June
Industry
MisccIIanpous m a n u f a c tu rin g .......................... ........
Electric light, power, and manufactured g a s .........
Furriers and fur factories............................................
O th e r_____________________________________
E xtraction o f m in erals_________________________
Coal m ining..................................... ..........................
Metalliferous m in in g ................................................
Quarrying and nonnietallic mining_____ _______
T ra n sp o rta tio n a n d c o m m u n ic a tio n ___ _______
Water transportation................................................
Motor transportation_____ ___________________
Air transportation_______ _______ _____________
T ra d e ................... ............ .................... ........... .................
Wholesale....................................................... .............
R etail.................................................................... .....
D om estic an d personal service__________________
Hotels, restaurants, and boarding houses____ ____
Personal service, barbers, beauty parlors_________
Laundries...................................................................
Dyeing, cleaning, and pressing_________________
Professional service_____________ . . . . . ___________
Recreation anil amusement............................. ...........
Semiprn'pssional. attendants, and helpers.................
B uilding a n d c o n s tru c tio n _____________________
Buildings, exclusive of R. W. A..................................
All other construction (bridges, docks, etc., and
P W A buildings)................................................
A griculture, etc.................................................................
Agriculture___________________ _______ ______ _
Other ______________________________________
Relief w o rk _________________ __________________
O th er n o n m a n u f a c tu rin g in d u strie s...................... .
In progress dur
ing June
Work
Work
Num ber ers in Num ber ers in
volved
volved
7
3
2
2
7
6
1
1,556
974
132
450
4,926
4,776
150
6
3
3
4,154
583
3,571
8
3
5
5
3
1
905
731
174
1,574
57
1,500
12
5
2
5
13
10
2
1
18
7
10
1
17
5
12
14
2,722
1,794
132
796
17,760
14. 045
3, 150
565
6,907
1,845
4,993
69
1,896
874
25,133
15,213
1,770
8. 150
120,350
51,090
61,350
7.910
51,303
24,417
25,131
1.725
30,439
1,022
20, 437
52,003
2, 584
36, 000
13,385
34
1,120
707
1
1
2
1
1
16
7
2,543
236
1,500
790
17
230
150
80
1.S47
793
5
1
1
413
25
25
9
3
2
1,054
113
105
3
1
91
213
5
1,831
213
8
4
1
1
1
17
150
150
9
4
1
1
Man-days
Idle dur
ing June
8
10, 002
2,100
300
1,800
15,011
6,172
8,839
825
585
240
9,891
639
Of the 155 strikes and lockouts which began in June, more than
half were in 5 States. Pennsylvania, with 32, experienced more new
disputes than any other State. New Jersey and New York each
experienced 15 new strikes and lockouts during the month; Ohio had
14 and Massachusetts 12.
As shown in table 2, there were 9 strikes or lockouts in progress
during June which extended into two or more States. The largest of
these were (1) the strike of 2,500 clay workers in Ohio and western
Pennsylvania, which began in April and was settled June 9; (2) the
general lumber strike in the Pacific Northwest, which began in May
and was still in progress at the end of June; (3) the strike of 3,000
zinc and lead miners and smeltermen in Oklahoma, Missouri, and
Kansas, which began in May and gradually came to a close in the latter
part of June, the men going back to work in some cases and vacancies
being filled with new employees in others; and (4) the strike of 3,000
employees of the Uxbridge Worsted Co., Inc., in Connecticut, Mas
sachusetts, and Rhode Island, which began June 24 and was still in
progress at the end of the month.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
996
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Table
2 .— Strikes
and Lockouts in June 1935, by States
B e g in n in g in Ju n e
S ta te
W o rk ers
in v o lv ed
N u m b er
I n progress du rin g Ju n e
W ork ers
in volved
N u m b er
M a n -d a y s
idle during
Ju n e
A ll S ta te s ___________________________________
155
39,862
283
122, 599
1, 341, 668
A laharna
____ - - __________ Arizona,
_ _______ _________ —
A rkansas
___ ______ ___________ (California
_ _ ___________
-- C o n n e c tic u t
- - - _____________
D is tric t of (Columbia,
__
___ ______
(Georgia,
- ______
- ___________________ Id ah o
_ _
Illin o is
___ _____ _________ ________
Indiana,
_ _
_ _
_ __ —
—
Towa
- - --------------N p ntiioky
_ _ _ _ ____ ________
TiOiiisiana
____ - ------------ -------M a in e
_
- __ __
1VTa ^ a eh n s etts
___ _____ ______
M ich ig an
_ _
M innesota,
_ __ - ___________ __
M issou ri
_ ______ __ _______________
6
1
1
4
3
1
2,829
150
89
1,292
588
3 ,500
1
9
2
3
2
1
1
12
1
1
4
11
1,126
1,390
579
464
213
175
3,053
25
40
221
15
15
2
1
1,680
3,032
1,439
3,784
452
151
7,333
526
736
573
175
105
U
1
1
7
5
1
4
1
21
6
3
2
1
1
16
6
1
8
1
1
27
38
4
1
3
2
65
618
3, 448
3,295
150
89
1, 795
1,795
3, 500
930
11
3, 484
2,051
579
464
213
175
6, 968
1,017
40
1,055
60
325
7,238
6,293
1,479
13,164
452
151
17,716
619
1,576
1,115
805
105
623
630
618
42, 019
26,741
1,350
623
28, 700
11, 116
3, 500
3, 210
11
41,852
22, 620
3, 716
3, 970
639
1,050
128,352
10, 269
720
18, 388
1,380
6, 500
103, 433
70, 981
5,175
125, 588
8, 588
509
83, 350
11, 241
18, 272
13, 055
13, 275
945
3, 491
8, 560
7, 898
552, 600
N ew H am p sh ire
__ ___
N ew Je r s e y
____ ____ ____________
N ew V o rk
_
__ - - ----------------N orth (Carolina
_____ __ _ _____ ________
Ohio
________ _________________
Oklahom a,
_ _ . - _________ - - -Oregon
___ ____ ______________ - - Pennsylvania,
_______________ U hod e Islan d
_ _ _ _ _
______
S ou th (Carolina,
_ _ _____ ______ ______
T e n n essee
_ __ _____ - Texas
__ __ __ __
------------ V irg in ia
- - -- -____
W e st Virginia,
_____ __
W iseonsin
_
In te rs ta te
__ ____ __
_____ --------— —
3
14
1
3
32
4
1
5
25
1
3
48
6
2
7
5
1
4
2
3
9
None of the strikes and lockouts beginning in June involved as
many as 5,000 workers. Nearly 90 percent of them involved less
than 500 workers each.
The strikes and lockouts, in each industrial group, which began in
June are classified in table 3 by number of workers involved. Some
of the larger strikes beginning in the month were (1) the 1-day strike
of 3,500 taxicab drivers in Washington, D. C., on June 10; (2) the
strike of the Uxbridge Worsted Co. employees referred to above;
and (3) the strike of 1,750 bakery workers in Cleveland, Ohio, which
began on June 22 and was still in effect at the end of the month.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
997
INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES
Table 3.— Strikes and Lockouts Beginning in June 1935, Classified by Number
of Workers Involved
Number of strikes and lockouts in which the
number of workers involved was—
Industrial group
All industries. . . ________
_ ___________ . .
T otal
155
100
20
500 1,000 5.000
6 and and
and and and
and 10,000
under under under
under
under under and
20
100
500 1,000 5,000 10.000 over
20
58
59
8
2
1
3
1
3
1
1
21
2
4
1
2
3
3
23
6
4
3
1
3
2
2
1
1
2
2
3
4
2
5
1
1
1
1
4
1
2
10
M a n u fa c tu r in g
Iron and steel and their products, not including
m achinery... . ______
._ . . . _________
Machinery, not including transportation equip
m ent_______________________________________
Transportation equipment_____ _____. . . . . . .
Nonferrous metals and their products___________
Lumber and allied products________
________
Stone, clay, and glass products... _ . . _____ _
Textiles and their products__ _
_
. . .
Leather and its m anufactures____ ____
____
Food and kindred products____ . . . . .
...
Paper and printing___ _
_______ _ _ _ __ . . .
Rubber products..
___ . . . _____. . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous manufactures_____________ __ ._
3
5
1
5
7
4
57
9
12
2
2
7
1
1
5
1
3
1
1
2
5
i
N o n m a n u fa c tu r in g
Extraction of m inerals..
.
. ______ .
Transportation and communication___ ________
Trade__ . . _______ .
... .
Domestic and personal service_______
_ . ...
Professional service..
Building and construction.._ . . . . . . . . . ______
Agriculture, etc____
. . _______ . . . .
___
Relief work
Other nonmanufacturing industries
_________
7
6
8
5
1
9
1
3
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
There was a noticeable increase in the number of strikes and lock
outs over the issues of wages and hours. These were the major
issues in 50.3 percent of the strikes and lockouts which began in
June, as compared with 43.8 percent in May and 40.8 percent in
April.
For the first time since the beginning of the N. R. A. there were
more strikes in protest against wage decreases than for wage in
creases. Of the 155 strikes and lockouts which began in June,
protests of workers against wage decreases caused 18, or 11.6 per
cent. Only 8.5 percent of the disputes in May and 7 percent of those
in April were over this issue. Decreasing wages and at the same
time increasing hours caused 21, or 13.6 percent, of the strikes and
lockouts in June, as compared with 2 percent in May and 0.6 per
cent in April. Fifteen of the 18 strikes and lockouts over the “ wage
decrease” issue were in the textile industries, as were also 15 of the
21 cases in which the major issues were a wage decrease and an hour
increase.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
998
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
The 155 strikes and lockouts beginning in June are classified in
table 4 according to the major issues involved.
Table 4.— Major Issues Involved in Strikes and Lockouts Beginning in June 1935
Strikes and lockouts
Major issues
Number
Percent of
total
Workers involved
Number
Percent of
total
All issues.............................. ...........................- ......................
155
100.0
39,862
100.0
W ages an d h o u r s ...............................................................
Wage increase........ .................. - .............. .......................
Wage decrease...... ............ - ........................... ..................
Wage increase, hour decrease...................................
Wage decrease, hour increase........................................
Wages and other causes............ ..................................
Hour increase..... ..............................................................
Hour decrease..................................................................
Hours and other causes...................................................
O r g a n iz a tio n .__________ _______ _________________
Recognition------ ---------------------- ------------ ---------Recognition and w a g e s.................................................
Recognition, wages, and hours------- ------ ------------Recognition and other causes-------------- --------------Closed s h o p ......................................................................
Violation of agreement....................................................
Discrimination___________ ________ ____________
M is re ll an eo u s .............. ............................ .................. ............
Sym pathy.........................................................................
Jurisdiction................... .................................... .............
Other................ ..............................................................—
78
20
18
3
21
9
5
1
1
59
4
50.3
13.0
11.6
1.9
13.6
5.8
3.2
.6
.6
38.1
2.6
14,953
3,819
2,574
315
2,842
4,997
246
23
137
12,872
1, 125
37.5
9.6
6.5
.8
7.1
12.5
.6
.1
.3
32.3
7
9
4.5
6.8
2.6
7.7
1.9
13.0
11.6
.6
1.9
9.1
1,120
1,203
1,002
5,776
186
2. 460
12,637
1, 445
209
10,383
4
12
3
20
18
1
3
14
2.8
2.8
3.0
2.5
14.5
.5
6.2
30.2
3.6
.5
26.1
The duration of the strikes and lockouts, in each industrial group,
which ended in June, is indicated in table 5.
Approximately half of the 160 strikes and lockouts which ended
in June lasted less than one-half month. Eleven disputes which
had been in progress for 3 months or more were terminated during
the month. The most important of these were (1) the strike of
275 truck drivers in Pittsburgh, Pa., which began in December
1934, (2) the strike of more than 6,300 coal miners in Pennsylvania
which began in February, and (3) the strike of 900 seamen, employed
on oil tankers along the Pacific coast, which began on March 9.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
999
INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES
Table 5.— Duration of Strikes and Lockouts Ending in June 1935
Number of strikes and lockouts with duration of—
Industrial group
All industries..... ..................................................
Total
1 week
Less
and
than 1 less
week than H
month
160
51
5
1
H
and 2 and
3
month 1less
less months
and less than
2
than
3
or
than 1
month months months more
30
31
1
3
1
8
1
3
1
3
1
7
3
3
21
16
1
1
2
2
3
1
1
1
2
1
11
Manufacturing
Iron and steel and their products, not including
machinery................. .......................................
Machinery, not including transportation equipm ent..............................................................
Transportation equipment...... ................ ..........
Nonferrous metals and their products........ ......
Lumber and allied products.___ __________
Stone, clay and glass products...........................
Textiles and their products.................................
Leather and its manufactures..... ........... ..........
Food and kindred products..... ............. ............
Paper and p r i n t i n g . _________ __________
Miscellaneous manufactures...............................
8
3
4
8
4
40
9
13
1
4
1
2
1
19
4
5
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
3
2
1
Nonmanufacturing
Extraction of minerals....... .................................
Transportation and communication..................
Trade .................................... .............................
Domestic and personal service................. .........
Professional service.......................... .................
Building and construction..................................
Agriculture, etc_____________________ _____
Belief work_______ ______ _________ _____
Other nonmanufacturing industries..... .............
11
13
12
4
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
6
3
9
1
7
1
1
3
3
3
1
1
4
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
Of the 160 strikes and lockouts which ended in June, all but 37
were terminated, as indicated in table 6, by some kind of formal
settlement. Settlements for 6.4 percent of the workers were obtained
by direct negotiations with their employers. Negotiations for 34.6
percent of the workers were carried on directly by their union repre
sentatives, while 24.9 percent of the workers were assisted by Govern
ment conciliators and labor boards. In most of these cases, Govern
ment agents negotiated through union representatives and employers.
In the 37 cases which were terminated without formal settlements,
the employees simply went back to work and gave up their struggle
without a formal settlement, the employers hired new workers to
fill the vacancies of the strikers, or the employers discontinued opera
tions in the particular locality, either going out of business or moving
operations to another city.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1000
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Table 6.— Methods of Negotiating Toward Settlement of Strikes and Lockouts
Ending in June 1935
Strikes and lockouts
Negotiations toward settlements carried on by—
Number
Percent of
total
Workers involved
Number
Percent of
total
100.0
. - - ------- ------------ -- --- -
160
100.0
57,139
Employers and workers directly------ — . - - - - Employers and representatives of organized workers
directly — - ------ ----------------------------------Government conciliators or labor boards - .
Private conciliators or arbitrators - . ------- ---- Terminated without formal settlement _ . ---- --
20
12.5
3,647
6.4
52
49
2
37
32.5
30.6
1.3
23.1
19, 761
14, 233
130
19, 368
34.6
24.9
.2
33.9
T otal____ _ ________
Settlements favorable to the workers were obtained in 68 of the
160 strikes and lockouts which ended in June; settlements unfavorable
to the workers were obtained in 58, and compromise settlements in 28.
As indicated in table 7, the 68 strikes and lockouts which were
settled favorably to the workers were small, on the average, involving
only 22.8 percent of the total number of workers. Generally speak
ing, the workers won a large number of small strikes, lost a significant
number of medium-sized strikes, and obtained compromise settle
ments on the largest strikes.
Table 7.— Results of Strikes and Lockouts Ending in June 1935
Strikes and lockouts
Results
Number
Percent of
total
Workers involved
Number
Percent of
total
T otal_____________________________________________
160
100.0
57,139
100.0
Favorable to workers. ------- ------- -------------Unfavorable to workers. .
-------------------------------Compromise______________________________________
Jurisdiction or rival unions------------------- ----Undetermined- .
- ---N ot reported__________________
_______
_____
68
58
28
3
2
1
42.4
36.3
17.5
1.9
1.3
.6
13, 007
19,317
16, 786
6, 414
1,585
30
22. 8
33. 7
29.4
11. 2
2.8
.1
A more detailed analysis of the results of the 160 strikes and lock
outs which ended in June 1935, showing the relation of results to the
major issues involved, is shown in table 8.
Of the 64 wage and hour disputes which ended during the month,
the workers won 29, lost 21, and obtained compromise settlements
in 14. Of the 75 disputes over organization matters, they won 31,
lost 31, and compromised 12. In one case the results were not
reported.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1001
INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES
Table 8.— Results of Strikes and Lockouts Ending in June 1935, in Relation to
Major Issues Involved
Number of strikes and lockouts, the results of
which were—
Total
Major issue
Favor
able to
workers
Unfav
orable to
workers
Com
pro
mises
All issues-------------------------- - ............ ...........
160
68
58
28
anil h o u rs
AVage increase
Wage decrease
Wage increase hour decrease
AVage decrease hour incrense
AVages end other causes
Hour increase
Hour decrease
Hour4' and otber causes
if rga n i/af, inn
R ecogn i t ion
Recognition and wages
Recognition wages and hours
Recognition and other causes
Closed shop
Violation of agreement
Discrimination
M iscellan eo u s
Sympathy
Different unions competing for control
Turi sd i ct ion
Other
61
20
14
3
14
7
4
1
1
75
12
19
8
1
9
6
20
21
29
7
6
2
8
2
2
1
1
31
2
11
2
21
9
6
1
4
1
11
4
2
12
1
5
3
4
3
9
8
2
31
9
3
3
1
4
1
10
6
2
6
4
2
C o n c ilia tio n
By
5
1
2
13
Juris
diction
or rival
union
settle
ments
3
Un
N ot
deter re
mined ported
2
1
2
4
2
1
1
2
2
1
3
2
1
1
2
1
W o rk o f th e D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r in
A u g u s t 1935
H
ugh
L . K e i .w i n , D ir e c t o r o f C o n c il ia t io n
HE Secretary of Labor, through the Conciliation Service, exer
cised her good offices in connection with 115 disputes during
August 1935. These disputes affected a known total of 53,928 em
ployees. The table following shows the name and location of the
establishment or industry in which the dispute occurred, the nature
of the dispute (whether strike or lockout, or controversy not having
reached the strike or lockout stage), the craft or trade concerned,
the cause of the dispute, its present status, the terms of settlement,
the date of beginning and ending, and the number of workers directly
and indirectly involved.
T
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Duration
Company or industry and
location
Nature of
controversy
Craftsmen" concerned
Cause of dispute
1002
Labor Disputes Handled by Conciliation Service During'the Month of August 1935
Workers
involved
Present status and terms of
settlement
Malleable Steel Range Co., Controversy. Stove workers____
South Bend. Ind.
Greyhound Bus Co., Pitts- Threatened Bus drivers______
burgh, Pa.
strike.
Merit Casket Co., Chicago, 111.. Strike_____ Casket workers___
Highway construction, Bloom
ington. 111.
Tin Plate Litho Co., Brooklyn,
N. Y.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
8 men discharged____ _____
....... do..........
Machinists_____
Wage cut, lengthened hours, and
refusal to allow organization.
Renewal of agreement and col
lective bargaining.
Asked 10 percent increase, 8hour day, and union recogni
tion.
Organization difficulties.............
___ do..........
Hosiery workers.
Objection to foreman.
Smith-Roland Chemical Co., ....... do_____ Chemical workers..
Granite City. 111.
Mersman Bros. Corporation, ....... do.......... Furniture workers.
Celina, Ohio.
Iowa Manufacturing Co., Cedar
Rapids, Iowa.
Industrial Hosiery Mills, Inc.,
Reading, Pa.
Canners. Hoopeston, 111.............
Woodward Lumber Co., Cot
tage Orove, Oreg.
J. H. Chambers & Son, Inc.,
Cottage Grove, Oreg.
Bohemia Lumber Co., Cottage
Grove, Oreg.
El Paso Electric Co., El Paso,
Tex.
I. Stephanson Lumber Co.,
Wells. Mich.
Dam construction, Fort Peck,
Mont.
Post office building, New York
City.
University Building, Pullman,
Wash.
Carpenters, State of California..
Asked collective bargaining.
Controversy. Canning workers...........
Strike.......... Sawmill and timber
Collective bargaining refused__
Wage increase and union recog
workers.
nition.
Controversy. Lumber workers______ ----- do.................... ............. ............
....... do_____
Timber and sawmill
.d o.
workers.
Power industry work Renewal of agreement; intimi
ers.
dation alleged.
Strike_____ Lumber workers______ Wage increase and working con
ditions.
Controversy. Dam w orkers...
Wage scale of district not being
paid.
Strike_____ Building trades.
Nonunion workers employed__
....... do..........
Adjusted. Collective bargaining
granted.
Pending_______________________
1935
Aug. 2
Aug.
2
Adjusted. Foreman discharged; Feb. 21
all workers returned.
Adjusted. Satisfactory agreement. Aug. 3
Pending_______________________ ..d o ___
.d o.
Aug.
.do.
— do___
Adjusted.
Compromise agree
ment.
Ad jiisted. Increase of 2Vi cents
per hour; better conditions.
Pending_______________________
.d o.
104
(')
1
Unable to adjust. Conference re Aug. 2
fused. Factory closed.
Adjusted. New agreement with Aug. 1
increase of 2 cents per hour.
Pending.... ........................................... July 21
Adjusted. Settled satisfactorily... Aug.
1935
Aug. 8
Aug.
7
Aug. 24
280
48
500
Sept. 2
Aug.
64
1
150
Aug. 11
100
26
190
1
125
81
Aug.
5
Aug. 15
146
Aug.
2
Aug. 16
300
15
Aug.
1
6,000
600
Aug.
6
60
....... do........... Plumbers and steam-
Transportation and expenses of
.d o.
—do.......
fltters.
nonresidents.
,
Threatened Carpenters....................... Wages and working conditions.. Adjusted. Agreed to arbitrate —do.......
strike.
differences.
Controversy- Road laborers........
Wage rates....................................... Unclassified. Referred to State Aug. 7
agencies.
Strike....... . Metal-cap makers.
Asked wage increase; collective Pending............................................... July 21
bargaining.
50
Aug. 24
4,000
Aug. 11
(*)
100
362
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Beginning Ending Direct Indi
rectly
ly
Longshoremen, Panama City,
Fla.
Threatened
strike.
American Sheep Lined Coat Strike....... Co., Inc., Elizabeth, N. J.
do
United Sheep Lined Coat Co.,
Newark, N. J.
Vincennes Packing Corporation, Controversy.
Vincennes. Ind.
Smith Cabinet Co., Salem, Ind— StriVft
Longshoremen.............. Working conditions.
Leather-coat m akers.. .
___do_______________
Proposed wage cuts; bargaining
refused.
___ do.......................... —.................
Adjusted. Action postponed until
expiration of contracts at other
ports.
Unable to adjust. Plant moved
from city.
Unclassified. Settled by parties
to controversy.
Pending________________________
Packing and canning (*)..................................
workers.
Furniture workers____ Discharges for union affiliation.. Unable to adjust. Bargaining re
fused.
Threatened Cereal workers_______ Wages and hours_______ ____ — Adjusted. Allowed 50, 57, and 60
cents per hour in agreement
strike.
covering all terms.
Goldman’s
Jewelry
Store, Strike........... Jewelry workers............ Asked increase of $2.50 per week Adjusted. Closed shop allowed
and probable increase.
and closed shop.
Kansas City, Mo.
Coca Cola Co., Tuscaloosa, Ala.. Threatened Bottling workers........... Working conditions___________ Pending__________ ____ _____ ___
July 15
Aug.
7
125
July 10
Aug.
6
200
Apr. 10 — do___
200
Aug.
6
(>)
Aug.
8
Aug. 13
400
1
Aug. 17
540
Apr. 16
Aug. 12
7
Aug.
6
2
Aug. 22
2,500
Aug. 20
28
5
Aug. 16
55
12
July
Aug.
Controversy. Ice and ice-cream mak- Discharge of 2 workers for union
activity.
ers.
Tool makers_________ Longer hours which reduced pay
Rice Growers Cooperative Association, Stuttgart, Ark.
Walker Motor Co., Newport,
Ky.
Controversy. Rice-mill workers......... Alleged discharges for union
1 N o t yet reported.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
percent.
activity.
Strike........... Machinists-................... Wages and closed shop— ............ Adjusted. Increased from 6 to 9
Aug.
7
50
(>)
Aug. 16
10
Aug. 15
2, 500
Aug. 29
740
1
cents per hour for 5 workers.
Reinstatement of strikers.
Unable
to adjust. Mediation re July 26
Objection
to
proposed
company
Controversy- Boot and shoe workers..
fused.
union.
Adjusted.
Negotiations for wage Aug. 1
Proposed
wage
cuts.......................
Operators.......................
Threatened
settlement continued.
strike.
Controversy. Die m ak ers.................. Discrimination for union affilia Unclassified. Regional board will Aug. 6
take up situation.
tion.
....... do-------- Metal workers............... Lay-off of senior employees____ ___ do..................................................... __ do____
Aug. 20
27
400
— do___
11
200
Aug. 13
Aug. 21
20
60
Adjusted. Allowed 40-hour week —.d o ___
and pay for overtime.
Auto-trailer makers___ Discharges for union activity----- Pending..... .................... — ................ Aug. 3
Aug. 29
25
July 15
Aug. 29
Strike........... Garment workers_____ Asked for back pay alleged to be
do
Threatened
strike.
Controversy
Optical workers______
Iron and
workers.
electrical
Unable to a d ju st............ .................
due.
Union recognition......................... .
Jurisdiction----------------------------
Unable to adjust............................... .
239
211
12
1003
Godman Shoe Co., Lancaster,
Ohio, and Columbus, Ohio.
Motion-picture theaters, New
York City.
Precision Die Cast Co., Fayetteville, N. Y.
Roll way Bearing Co., Syracuse,
N. Y.
Lipson Dress Factory, Oglesby,
111.
Uhleman Optical Co., Detroit,
Mich.
Freuhauf Trailer Co., Detroit,
Mich.
E. B. Craney Radio Tower,
Butte, Mont.
12
ton; may return to work if busi
ness warrants.
Adjusted. Company agreed to Aug. 8
rehire both workers.
Adjusted.
Returned; 45-hour Aug. 9
week which permitted greater
earnings.
Pending________________________
INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES
Stefflns Ice & Ice Cream Co.,
Arkansas City, Kans.
Eastern Tool & Mfg. Co.,
Bloomfield, N. J.
i
9
strike.
Pielet Scrap Iron & Metal Co., Controversy. Scrap-metal handlers—. D ispute relative to back pay___ Adjusted. Allowed back pay____ July 22
Chicago, 111.
__ Tiff miners__________ Wages and working conditions.. Adjusted. Increase of $1.50 per Aug. 5
National Lead Co., Potosi, M o .. Strike
100
Workers
involved
Duration
Company or industry and
location
N atuie of
controversy
Craftsmen concerned
Cause of dispute
1004
Labor Disputes Handled by Conciliation Service During the Month of August 1935— Continued
Present status and terms of
settlement
Krenn & Dato, contractors on Strike _ __ Road b u ild ers_____ . Asked employment of union Adjusted. All returned .
road project, Chicago, 111.
men only.
_ ...
M eat packers, San Diego, Calif. Threatened Packing-house workers. Working conditions............... ....... P en d in g ___ . . . .
strike.
Japanese growers, San Diego, ____do_____ Mexican field laborers.. Asked signed agreement_______ Adjusted. Signed agreement, pro
Calif.
viding arbitration board for 1
year.
Farley & Loetscher Manufac S t r ik e .____ M ill workers_________ Alleged discrimination._ _ _
Adjusted. Majority of workers re
turing Co., Dubuque, Iowa.
turned without discrimination.
Carr, Ryder & Adams Co., D u __ __do_____ ____d o . . ____ _
Wages and union recognition... Adjusted. Agreed on memoran
buque, Iowa.
dum of terms.
Mother Lode Mines, Jackson, __ __do_____ Gold miners
Wages, hours, and recognition... Pending____ _. ................. .......
Calif.
Jewelry workers, Philadelphia, Controversy. Jewelry w o r k e rs..___ Wages and working conditions. . __do____________ _________
Pa.
__do_____________ _________ ___do__
Jester Gardens, Philadelphia, Strike______ W aiters.................... ...
Pa.
Wage cut of 30 percent_____ . . . Adjusted. Wages restored with 10
W ide Awake Shirt Co., Read ____do_____ Shirt makers.. ______
ing, Pa.
percent increase, and recognition.
Ashland Shirt Co., Ashland, P a. ____do_____ Shirt workers ____ ___ Wage cuts___ _______________ Adjusted. Accepted wage cut and
returned to work.
W. P. Brown Sons Lumber Co., ____do_____ Lumber workers______ Wages, hours, and closed sh o p ... Adjusted. Accepted cut of 6 cents
Helena, Ala.
per hour. Recognition.
Adjusted. Agreed on 8 o’clock
Independent food stores, Butte, Controversy. Clerks ...... .................._ Hours of labor . . . . . . .
closing hour; closed Sundays and
Mont.
holidays.
Colorado M illing & Elevator ____do_____ Elevator operators____ Discharges for union activity___ Adjusted. Part reinstated. NaCo., Denver, Colo.
tional Labor Relations Board
may complete settlement.
Sawyer Watch Strap Co., Strike . . . Watch-strap makers___ Asked $15 per week and union P e n d in g ...................... ... ............. _.
Jersey City, N . J.
recognition.
Pfizer Chemical Co., New York Controversy. Chemical workers.. . . Discrimination and discharges Adjusted. Agreed to bargain coland Brooklyn, N . Y.
for union activity.
lectively when Wagner bill be
came effective.
Wheeland Studios, Inc., New Threatened Photograph finishers.._ Discharges for union activity___ Adjusted. Reemployed all but
York City.
strike.
one; negotiations continued.
Rayovac Co., Madison, W is___ Controversy- (i)___________________ Making of agreement . . . . .
_____ _ _
Pending
Drivers______________ Wages and working conditions.. Adjusted. All returned, with
Michigan-Indiana Transporta Strike
tion Co., Flint, Mich., to
closed-shop agreement.
FRASER
Indianapolis, Ind.
Digitized for
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1935
Aug. 13
1935
Aug. 15
Aug. 12
. ..d o ___
Aug.
5
_do__
Aug.
100
400
(>)
Aug. 15
3,000
2, 000
Aug. 16
650
50
Aug. 23
450
50
2
650
Aug.
6
200
Aug.
9
Aug.
6
Aug. 24
200
Aug.
7
Aug.
28
9
200
1
Aug. 15
Aug. 21
225
12
Aug. 14
Aug. 22
12
Aug. 12
Aug. 25
800
1
Aug. 15
500
__-do___
Aug. 14
90
Sept. 4
(■)
10
June 14
June
Aug. 17
Aug. 11
38
360
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1933
Beginning Ending Direct Indi
rectly
ly
Faultless Pants Co., Buffalo, ____do...........
N . Y.
Breen Stone & Marble Co., Kasota, M inn.
Pants makers________
Controversy. Stone workers________
Hardwick Stove Co., Cleveland, ........ do_____ Foundry workers_____
Ohio.
General Cable Co., Rome, N . Y . ____d o ........... Cable makers________
Jamestown Veneer & Plywood
Co., Jamestown, N . Y.
Jamestown M etal Products Co.,
Jamestown, N . Y.
‘ N ot yet reported.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
83
20
Unclassified.
Reinstated those __.do_
discharged; settled before com
missioner arrived.
Discharges for union activity----- Unable to adjust_______________ _ Aug, 20
Aug. 26
57
100
Aug. 22
10
Aug. 15
Aug. 28
850
Adjusted. Satisfactory adjust
ment.
Sym pathy with Uhleman Opti Adjusted. Returned when Uhle Aug. 17 _-.do.......
man Co. workers returned.
cal Co. workers.
7
Company refused to enter con Pending........... ................ ...................
tractual relations with workers.
A ug. 23
Aug.
17
Adjusted.
Satisfactory
agreement.
Wage cuts and longer hours------
Longer hours required_________
Working conditions___________
Pending--------- --------- ----------------
July 25
Adjusted. W ill follow code, as Aug. h Aug. 21
previous to termination of N a
tional Recovery Administration.
Aug. 13 Aug. 20
Strike_____ Veneer and plywood Wages and discharges; asked 40- Adjusted. Recognition, and 8hour day allowed.
hour
week
and
union
recogni
workers.
tion.
------ do_____ M etal workers________ Asked 10 percent increase; dis Adjusted. Secured better under M ay 26 Sept. 10
standing , expect final settlement
charges followed.
of differences.
Controversy. Greenhouse workers— Wage cuts------------------------------ Unable to adjust------------------------ Aug. 10 Aug. 23
Strike_____ Engineers and laborers. Working conditions___________ Pending_______________________ Aug. 13
Controversy- Furniture and fixture ___ do_________ 1_____________ Unclassified. Remained at work Aug. 1 Aug. 17
pending arrival of union officials.
makers.
Strike_____ Street-car workers____ Asked union recognition and Adjusted. Recognition; perma Aug. 17 Aug. 30
nent arbitration agency estab
reinstatement of discharged
lished.
workers.
____do_____ M etal trades_________ Wage cuts, longer hours, and Pending_______________________
reduced force.
____do_____ Dress workers------------ Wage cuts and longer hours------ ____do__________________________ Aug. 19
Working conditions___________ ____do__________________________ Aug. 20
Ink makers__________
____do_____
Nursery workers______ Low wages, long hours, and
union recognition refused.
M achinists___________ Asked increase, union recogni
tion, and collective bargaining.
Tile roofers and interior Jurisdiction of tile settin g ......... .
tile setters.
Smelter workers______ Union recognition refused by
company.
Threatened
strike.
------ do_____
Strike_____
Adjusted. Increase of 2 cents per
hour and formation of perma
nent employees’ adjustment
committee.
360
25
94
6
26
12
135
(0
63
17
206
(i)
250
(0
80
Pending------ ----------------------------...
Aug. 28
10
Aug. 21
Sept. 2
450
Adjusted. Jurisdiction settled___ ...d o
10
(»)
Aug. 25
Unable to adjust________________
240
(>)
Making agreement---------- --------
____do_____
15
4, 500
90
50
1005
Griswold Greenhouse, Ashta
bula, Ohio.
Sewer construction, Peoria, 111..
American Furniture & Fixture
Co., Richmond, Va.
Northern Indiana Railway,
Inc., and South Bend Motor
Bus Co., South Bend, Ind.
Roland & Harvey, Inc., Phila
delphia, Pa.
Shamokin Dress Co., Shamokin,
Pa.
Johnson Ink Co., Philadelphia,
Pa.
Andora Nurseries, Philadelphia,
Pa.
Philadelphia & Reading Coal &
Iron Co., Pottsville, Pa.
U. S. Court House, St. Louis,
Mo.
American Smelting and Refin
ing Co., Selby, Calif.
Aug. 30
Adjusted. Wages adjusted, 36hour week, and closed shop.
INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES
Wolverine Optical Co., Detroit, Strike........... Optical workers______
Mich.
Liggett & Meyers Tobacco Co., Controversy- Tobacco workers_____
Durham, N . C.
Crystal Pure Candy Co., Chi Strike_____ Candy makers_______
cago, 111.
Southern Cooperative Stove Controversy. Stove mounters---------Shops, Rome, Ga.
U. S. Pipe Co., North Birming ------ do_____ Pipe workers---- --------ham, Ala.
Aug. 13
Wages cut 5 to 20 percent; hours
increased from 36 to 40 per
week.
Wages and discharges_________
Workers
Involved
Duration
Company or Industry and
location
Nature of
controversy
Craftsmen concerned
Cause of dispute
1006
Labor Disputes Handled by Conciliation Service"During the'Month of August 1935— Continued
Present status and terms of
settlement
W est Virginia Pulp & Paper
Co., Cass, W. Va.
Garment workers, Philadelphia,
Pa.
James Vernor Co. Brewery,
Detroit, Mich.
Daniels & Kisher Stores Co.,
Denver, Colo.
Denver Tramway Co., Denver,
Colo.
N ovelty
Advertising
Co.,
Coshocton, Ohio.
Edward E. Cox Printer, Inc.,
Hartford City, Ind.
Buchshaum Co., Chicago, 111...
Bude Motor Co., Cedar Kapids,
Iowa
Mexican field workers, southern
California.
Webber Sbocase Co. and 75
other firms, Los Angeles,
Calif.
Jewelry workers, Buffalo, N . Y_
Rodgers Theaters, Carbondale,
111.
Baekman’s Pretzel Bakery,
Reading, Pa.
Holly Sugar Co., Tracy, C alif...
Hercules Clothing Co., Columbus, Ohio.
Ohio M atch Co., Wadsworth,
Ohio.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Controversy. Carpenters
Union members discharged
1935
Adjusted. Satisfactory agreement. Aug. 19
1935
Sept. 5
Threatened
strike.
Proposed wage cuts and longer
hours.
Adjusted. U n io n a g r e e m e n t
signed, fixing wages and hours.
Aug. 25
Embroidery workers,
tuckers, and hemmers.
Strike........... Soft-drink workers____
Asked closed-shop contract.......... Pending___ _____ _
Controversy. Fur workers....................
Discharges for union affiliation.. Unable to adjust.
__
Aug. 17
Aug. 19
Aug. 20
296
350
23
........ do............ Tramway workers......... ------ do................................................. ____ do_________________________
Strike............ Printers............................
Discharged foreman___________
Controversy ........ do_______ _______ _ Refused union recognition and
collective bargaining.
Strike........... Employees................... .. Wages____ _____ ______ _______
Threatened M achinists___________ Collective bargaining refused___
strike.
------ do......... . Fruit and vegetable Wages________ _______ ________
workers.
Strike______ Cabinetmakers
Violation of arbitration agree
ment.
........ do............ Jewelry workers______
Controversy. Motion-picture opera
tors.
Threatened
Bakers_______________
strike.
Controversy. Sugar workers.................
Wages and conditions_________
Asked union recognition_______
Pending
____do_________________________
3
777
Aug. 23
125
20
Aug. 22
(0
____do_________________________
____do_______ _________________
100
49
____do______ ______ ____________
Aug. 15
Aug.
7
Aug. 29
Sept. 6
Garment workers_____
Controversy
Match makers________ Wrorking conditions....................... Adjusted. Increased employment Aug. 13
from 4 to 5 days per week.
Other questions satisfactorily
adjusted.
1
700
<»)
80
0)
Aug. 21
Strike_____
1
24
27
5,000
Adjusted. Majority received 85 June 5
cents per hour. Installation
work $1, and overtime $1.10 per
hour. 650 returned to work.
Pending_____ _______________ _ Aug. 26
Adjusted. Satisfactory settlement- Aug. 24
Asked restoration of 10 percent ____ do____ _______ _____
cut and other privileges.
Discharged 5 workers for union Pending____ ________ ______ ____
affiliation.
Wage cut and longer hours_____ ____do_________________________
277
1
Sept. 2
Aug. 15
700
Aug. 28
700
300
30
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IE W — OCTOBER 19 3 5
Beginning Ending Direct Indi
rectly
ly
Maddox Table Co., Jamestown,
N. Y.
Strike.
Miller Motor Co., Pittsburgh,
Pa.
Santa Cruz Packing Corpora
tion, Oakland, Calif.
F. J Boutel Co.. Flint, M ich ..
Dairy drivers, Tulsa, Okla____
Threatened Auto mechanics___
strike.
Lockout___ Warehouse workers
Elkhorn Piney Coal Mining
Co., Powellton, W. Va.
Strike_____
Threatened
strike.
Strike_____
Table makers____
Truck drivers
Drivers_____
Timber workers..
Flour City Ornamental Iron ....... do...........
Co., Minneapolis and St.
Paul, M inn.
Samuel Finklestein Co., Nor ....... do_____
folk, Va.
8. & K. Pants Co., Lynchburg, .......do...........
Va.
Truck drivers on Highway No. ....... do..........
2, Escanaba, Mich.
Elite Jewelry Products Cor ....... do_____
poration. New York City.
Shell Oil Corporation, Missouri, Controversy
Kansas, and Oklahoma.
LewisBros. Co., Newark, N. J — Strike...........
Ironworkers____
Curtis Bay Towing Co., Balti
more, M d.
Bargemen.
Total.
do.
Adjusted. Recognition and seniority rights. Memorandum of
terms adopted.
Management refused to meet Adjusted. Agreed to meet workworkers.
ers for negotiations.
Working conditions___________ Pending
__________________
Aug. 20
Aug. 30
Aug. 26
Sept. 3
40
18
10
(i)
Aug. 27
____do________________________ Adjusted. Satisfactory settlement. Aug. 22
Wages, hours, and closed shop Pending________________________ Aug. 28
asked in new agreement.
Hours lengthened from 7 to 8 Adjusted.
Accepted company’s Aug. 26
per day, without extra pay.
terms owing to business conditions.
W o rk in g con d ition s
P e n d in g
_ __
Aug. 29
250
Aug. 29
35
14
Sept. 2
23
(')
........ do____ _____________ _____ ____do____ _____________________ __do____
Asked minimum of 50 cents per Adjusted. Allowed 50 cents per Aug. 16 Aug. 23
hour; objection to efficiency
hom, minimum; and dismissed
expert.
efficiency expert. All returned.
Discharges for union affiliation.. P e n d in g
Aug. 23
(i)
45
315
Employees_____
Working conditions___________ ____ do__________________________ Aug. 30
(')
Pants makers___
Wage dispute_________________ Ad juried. Increase of 15 percent __do____ Sept. 6
ami union recognition.
W o rk in g con d ition s
Adjusted. Satisfactory settlement. __ do____ Sept. 5
300
Wages, hours, and union recog- P n n d in g
Aug. 21
nition.
Asked memorandum of term s... ____do__________________________ Aug. 22
(i)
Drivers________
Jewelry workers..
Pipe-line workers.
Candy workers__
Hours increased from 40 to 49
per week without increase in
pay
Asked 15 cents per hour increase
and union recognition.
Adjusted.
week.
6
INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES
A. B. Stone Co., Battle Creek, Controversy Employees...........
►Mich.
Cigarmakers, Philadelphia, Pa. .......do.......... Cigarmakers____
Dick Brothers Foundry, Read Strike_____ Foundry workers.
ing, Pa.
Hours of labor____ ___________
150
190
Reestablished 40-hour
July 18
Aug. 28
Adjusted. Satisfactory s ig n e d
agreement.
July 15
Aug.
1
150
20
3,000
43,868 10,060
1Not yet reported.
1007
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
LABOR AGREEMENTS
L egalised S ch e d u les o f W ages a n d H o u r s in O n ta r io
B u ild in g T ra d e s
INCE the passage of the Industrial Standards Act (25 Geo. V,
1935) of the Province of Ontario,1 which makes collective agree
ments between employers and workers enforceable as law, most of
the building trades in the Toronto area have secured binding sched
ules of wages and hours. The new schedules went into effect during
June and July 1935, but do not apply to work begun or contracted
for before the effective dates.
The 5-day, 40-hour week is adopted for all skilled workers, a 45-hour
week for plasterers’ laborers, and a 48-hour week for common laborers.
Working hours for the skilled craftsmen are from 8 a. m. to 5 p. m.,
with 1 hour for lunch where only one shift is worked. If work cannot
be done during the day, it may be done “ as a night shift of not more
than 8 hours, at straight time.” Where more than one shift is regu
larly used, 8 hours’ pay shall be paid for 7 hours’ work, but this
applies only where the overtime shifts equal at least 66% percent of
the regular shift. No employee may work on more than 1 shift in
24 hours unless overtime rates are paid.
The overtime provisions are not uniform, except with respect to
work on holidays and Sundays, which must be paid for at double
the regular rate in all cases. The specified holidays in addition to
Sundays are: New Year’s Day, Good Friday, Victoria Day, Domin
ion Day, Civic Holiday, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christ
mas Day. Time and a half for overtime is the general rule. The
electricians’ agreement, however, calls for double pay for any over
time work not of an emergency nature. That of the sheet-metal
workers calls for time and a half up to 10 p. m. and double time there
after; emergency work on Saturdays must be paid for at regular rates
during the morning, time and a half until 5 p. m., and double time
thereafter. Where emergencies require that work be done on Satur
days, the rate for carpenters, lathers, and bricklayers is straight time
S
1 See M onthly Labor Review, August 1935 (p. 405).
1008
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1009
LABOR AGREEM ENTS
for morning work, and time and one-half thereafter; for electricians,
straight time for morning work and double time thereafter.
A provision applying to bricklayers and masons, lathers, plasterers,
and carpenters is that “ in the event of any building exceeding 8
stories in height the eighth floor shall be known as the starting point
at the starting time, and the employee shall proceed promptly to his
work from this point, on the employer’s time.”
The minimum hourly rates as fixed in the schedules, which are
enforceable throughout the Toronto zone under the terms of the act,
are as follows:
Skilled trades:
Bricklayers and masons______________________
Carpenters and joiners_______________________
Electricians (journeyman)___________________
M in im u m
h o u r ly rate
_ $0. 90
_ . 80
f
_
.
_
. 90
. 70
2. 80
3.70
.90
.
_
.
.90
. 60
.75
_
_
_
.50
.50
. 60
Lathers____________________________________
Painters, spray_____________________________
Painters, decorators, glaziers, and paperhangers.
Plasterers__________________________________
Plumbers, steamfitters, and gasfitters:
Journeymen____________________________
5th-year junior mechanics_______________
Sheet-metal workers_________________________
Laborers:
Common laborers___________________________
Painters’ laborers___________________________
Plasterers’ laborers__ _______________________
1. 00
.
Apprentice regulations are not included in the agreements, but a
clause is inserted stating that the Ontario apprenticeship act shall
govern. The legalized agreements are to remain in effect for about
a year from the date of their promulgation, most of them terminating
on July 10, 1935. Under the terms of the act, the minimum wage
board is the enforcing authority and penalties may be assessed against
both employers and workers for infractions.
2To Sept. 1, 1935; 85 cents thereafter.
3To Sept. 1, 1935; 75 cents thereafter.
17272-35----- 11
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
LABOR TURN-OVER
L a b o r T u r n - O v e r i n M a n u f a c tu r in g E s ta b lis h m e n ts ,
J u l y 1935
HE higher accession rate and lower total separation rate in
manufacturing industries shown by the Bureau’s labor turn-over
report for the month of July as compared with June indicate more
stabilized employment conditions.
The turn-over rates shown represent the number of changes per
100 employees on the pay rolls during the month. The data were
compiled from reports received by the Bureau of Labor Statistics
from more than 5,000 representative manufacturing establishments
in 144 industries. Approximately 1,875,000 workers were employed
by the firms reporting to the Bureau in July.
In addition to information for manufacturing as a whole, rates are
presented for 12 separate manufacturing industries. Reports were
received from representative plants in these 12 industries employing
at least 25 percent of the workers in each industry, according to the
1933 Census of Manufactures.
T
Trend by Months
T he accession rate for July was higher than for the same month
of the previous year and for any of the preceding 4 months. Settle
ment of labor troubles in a number of sawmills in the States of Oregon
and Washington had some influence on this rate. The quit rate was
slightly higher than for June or for the month of July 1934. The
lay-off rate was not only lower than for the same month of the preceding
year but the lowest since March 1935.
The monthly trend of labor turn-over for manufacturing as a whole
is shown in table 1 for 1934 and for the first 7 months of 1935.
T ab le 1.— M o n th ly L abor T urn-O ver R a te s P er 100 E m p lo y ees in R ep resen ta
tiv e F actories in 144 In d u stries
Class of rate and year
Jan Feb
uary ruary March April M ay June July
Quit rate:
1935_____
0.76 0.73
0.75
1934
................ .90
.93
.85
Discharge rate:
1935
...............
.17
.18
.18
1934
...............
.21
.19
.18
Lay-off rate:
1935
............... 2.10 1.88
2.32
1934
............... 2.35 1.85
2.08
Total separation rate:
3.24
1935
............... 3.04 2.79
3.22
1934
......................
......................
2.89
3.43
Accession rate:
3.79
1935 ............................. 6.33 4.23
6.33
1934............................... 5. 81 6. 71
1010
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Au
gust
N o D e
Sep
tem Octo
cem
ber vem
ber
ber
ber
0.93
1.11
1.21
1.01
0.83
.94
0.90
.70
0.75
1.55
0.73
0.62
0.58
.20
.23
.17
.22
.20
.18
.20
.19
.19
.16
.19
.15
.15
2.60
2.04
3.00
3.65
3.46
3.48
2.57
2.96
3.56
3.41
4.38
3.78
2.72
3.73
3.38
4.38
4 88
4.49
4.60
3.67
3.85
4.50
5.12
5.30
4.55
3.45
3.63
5.18
3.01
4.19
3.18
3.58
4.17
3.71
3.24
3.61
4.09
4.32
6.14
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
LABOR TU R N -O Y ER
1011
1012
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Analysis by Industries
T he quit, discharge, lay-off, and accession rates for the 12 industries
for which the Bureau’s sample covers a sufficiently large number of
firms to justify the publishing of separate industry figures are given
by industries in table 2.
In the 12 industries for which separate figures are shown the sawmill
industry had the highest accession rate and the automotive industry
the lowest. The highest quit rate occurred in cotton manufacturing
and the lowest in petroleum refining. The sawmill industry showed
the highest, and iron and steel the lowest, discharge rate. The largest
percentage of lay-offs was registered in the brick industry, the lowest
in the iron and steel industry.
T ab le 2 .— M o n th ly T urn-O ver R a tes Per 100 E m p lo y ees in Specified Industries
July
1935
June
1935
July
1934
July
1935
June
1935
July
1934
July
1935
June
1935
July
1934
Class of rates
Automobiles
Quit rate________________
Discharge rate___________
Lay-off rate______________
Total separation rate______
Accession rate— ...................
0.72
.21
5.02
5. 95
2.46
0.92
.21
9.47
10.60
1. 95
0.98
.29
6.38
7.65
2.93
Cigars and cigarettes
Quit rate..................................
Discharge rate.....................
Lay-off rate_________ ____
Total separation rate_____
Accession rate____________
1.58
.30
.99
2.87
2.65
1.51
.18
.51
2.20
3.47
(>)
(!)
(0
(0
0)
0.61
.24
1.69
2.54
6.47
0.53
.17
2.64
3.34
4.55
0.89
.23
1.10
2.22 .
5.17
' R a te s n o t av a ilab le.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0.43
.15
1.76
2.34
3.62
0.51
.13
1. 27
1.91
3. 52
.15
2.36
3.10
6.15
0.86
.30
.95
2.11
4.37
Cotton manufacturing
1.87
.27
3.88
6.02
4.68
0.49
.37
3.08
3.94
6.37
0.73
.08
.78
1.59
2.64
Petroleum refining
Quit rate________________
Discharge rate___________
Lay-off rate______________
Total separation rate.........
Accession rate____________
0.59
0.97
.25
6.44
7.66
3.46
0.88
.32
1.89
3.09
3.67
Iron and steel
Furniture
Quit rate________________
Discharge rate.......................
Lay-off rate....................... .
Total separation rate_____
Accession rate....................
Brick
Boots and shoes
(>)
0)
(0
(>)
0)
0.86
.15
1.59
2.59
1.10
3.43
.30
3.53
7.26
8.19
0.55
.15
5.98
6.68
7.91
2.64
.08
8. 22
10.94
6.26
Foundries and machine
shops
0.77
.19
3.11
4.07
3.65
0.86
.39
3.55
4.80
3.47
0.52
.20
2.80
3.52
3. 58
M en’s clothing
0.56
.11
3.74
4.41
1.12
0.95
.10
1.51
2.56
4.47
0.74
.07
3.73
4.54
4.12
1.07
.09
2.15
3. 31
2.57
Slaughtering and meat
packing
Sawmills
1.68
.44
3.61
5.73
17.55
0.47
.13
7.30
7.90
8.03
1.52
.33
5.61
7.46
6.38
0.72
.28
5. 55
6.55
6.37
0.58
.20
4.90
5.68
5.66
1.33
.40
4.20
5.93
15.41
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
A v e ra g e A n n u a l E a rn in g s in C o n s tr u c tio n , ‘4S e rv ic e
In d u s trie s , T r a d e , a n d T r a n s p o r ta tio n a n d P u b lic
U tilitie s in O h io , 1929 to 1933 1
T
HE annual wage and salary payments to persons employed in
construction in Ohio averaged $1,676 in 1929, $1,026 in 1932,
and $861 in 1933; in the “ service” industries $1,384 in 1929, $1,074
in 1932, and $1,001 in 1933; in wholesale and retail trade $1,237 in
1929, $1,014 in 1932, and $920 in 1933; and in transportation and
public utilities $1,429 in 1929, $1,241 in 1932, and $1,189 in 1933.
In each of these general industry groups the average annual payment
in 1933 was less than in 1932. The averages given above are for the
three general occupation groups, “ wage earners” ; “ bookkeepers,
stenographers, and office clerks” ; and “ salespeople (not traveling)”,
combined.
The average number of persons reported employed was higher in
1933 than in 1932 in trade and transportation and public utilities, and
lower in construction and the “ service” industries. Total wage and
salary payments in 1933 were less than in 1932 in each of the four
general industry groups.
This article covers, by industries or activities, the four general
industry groups—construction; “ service” industries; trade, whole
sale and retail; and transportation and public utilities.
Summaries for these general industry groups were published in the
Monthly Labor Review for April 1935.
Source and Scope of Study
A verage wage and salary payments in this study, and in earlier
studies published in the Monthly Labor Review beginning in January
1934, have been computed from reports furnished by Ohio employers.
The reports were made annually as required by law, immediately
after the close of each calendar year, to the Division of Labor Sta
tistics, Department of Industrial Relations of Ohio. The employers’
1 B y Fred C. Croxton, Columbus, Ohio, and Frank C. Croxton, Whiting, Ind. A series of articles on
average annual wage and salary payments in Ohio was published in the M onthly Labor Review beginning
in January 1934. That series covered the years 1916 to 1932 for all industries except construction and all
industries combined, which were for 1918 to 1932. A new series on average annual wage and salary payments
which began in the M onthly Labor Review for April 1935, covers the years 1929 to 1933.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1013
1014
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
reports show, among other items, the number of persons employed
on the 15th of each month and the total wage and salary payments
during the year. Employers were not requested to furnish, in connec
tion with such annual reports, information concerning number or
proportion of employees working full time, part time, and overtime;
nor were they requested to furnish information relative to the extent
to which they had “ spread ” work or shortened hours during slack
periods or provided overtime during busy periods. It is not possible
to determine from data available the amount of part-time and over
time work during the period covered by this study and measure, even
approximately, the effect of such conditions upon average annual
wage and salary payments.
Reports were requested, in each of the years covered by this study,
of all employers of three or more persons. Some reports were received
each year from employers of fewer than three, and all such returns are
included in the compilation. The number of establishments report
ing varied from year to year, but the returns were from identical
establishments throughout the 12 months of each year. Reports were
not requested concerning employment by governmental units and in
interstate transportation. A discussion of the completeness of the
reports received and compiled by the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics
will be found in the Monthly Labor Review for January 1934 (pp. 144,
145).
In supplying data concerning total wage and salary payments,
employers were requested to report total wage and salary payments
in dollars, including bonuses and premiums, and value of board and
lodging furnished. Employers were instructed not to include salaries
of officials.
The average number of persons employed was computed by divid
ing the sum of the numbers reported employed on the 15th of each
month by 12. The average annual wage and salary payment was
computed by dividing the total wage and salary payment for the year
by the average number of persons employed. These averages should
not be taken as exact measures but as approximate figures. It should
be emphasized that average annual wage and salary payments as here
computed do not show full-time earnings, as data concerning parttime and overtime work are not available. Full-time earnings may
be either greater or less than the computed average. The changes from
year to year, also, do not afford any measure of changes in wage or
salary scales or rates of pay.
In preparing annual reports for the Ohio Division of Labor Sta
tistics, employers were instructed to classify employees as follows:
W a g e e a r n e r s .— Include mechanics of all kinds, factory employees, shop foremen,
laborers, laundry employees, cleaners, and caretakers in buildings, employees of
alteration departments and delivery departments in stores, cash girls, check boys,
farm hands, etc.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1015
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
B o o k k e e p e r s , s te n o g r a p h e r s , a n d office c le r k s . — Include bookkeepers, typists,
stenographers, copyists, timekeepers, draftmen, filing clerks, sales-office employees,
cashiers, etc.
S a l e s p e o p le (n o t tr a v e lin g ) .— Include the selling force in stores and other estab
lishments. Do not include traveling salespeople.
S u p e r in te n d e n ts a n d m a n a g e r s . —Include all superintendents and managers but
not shop foremen. Shop foremen should be included under wage earners. Do not
include salaries of officials.
Construction
T h e average number of persons reported employed in construc
tion each year from 1929 to 1933 is shown in table 1. The number
decreased each year following 1929. The average number of wage
earners reported employed in 1933 was 17.5 percent less than in 1932,
and 72.7 percent less than in 1929.
T ab le 1.— A v era g e N u m b er R ep orted E m p loyed in C on stru ction in O hio, 1929
to 1933, b y General O ccupation G roups
Average number of—
Estab
lish
ments
Year
1929........................ ...............................................................
1930_________________ ______ ____ _______________
1931........................................................... .............................
1932.................................................................... ....................
1933........................................................................................
Wage
earners
10,183
9,672
8,272
6. 456
5 , 586
Book
keepers,
stenog
raphers,
and office
clerks
72, 670
63,625
41,066
24,094
19,871
4,844
5,323
3,630
2,691
2,220
Sales
people
(not
travel
ing)
Total
1,117
660
904
734
603
78,631
69,607
45,601
27,519
22,693
Total wage and salary payments in construction each year from
1929 to 1933 are shown in table 2. Data for superintendents and
managers are shown in this table but not elsewhere. Total wage and
salary payments to each of the three occupation groups (omitting
superintendents and managers) decreased each year after 1929. The
total payments to wage earners in 1933 were $7,343,456, or 31
percent, less than in 1932, and $105,099,431, or 86.6 percent, less than
in 1929.
T ab le 2 .— T o ta l W age and Salary P a y m en ts in C on stru ction in O hio, 1929 to
1933, b y G eneral O ccupation G roups
Year
Wage
earners
1929____________________ $121,413,067
1930____________________ 98,314, 644
1931................ ....................... 54,519, 506
1932____________________
23,657,092
1933....................................... 16,313,636
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Bookkeep
ers, stenog Salespeople
(not
raphers,
and office traveling)
clerks
$8,160,166
9,367,262
5,833, 638
3,636,039
2,633,765
Subtotal
$2,196,454 $131,769,687
1,449,083 109,130,989
61, 667,081
1,313,937
28, 243,750
950,619
601,359
19,548,760
Superin
tendents
and
managers
Grand total
$7,823,916
7,992,681
5,695, 227
3, 270, 559
1,937.409
$139. 593,603
117,123, 670
67,362,308
31,514,309
21,486,169
1016
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IE W — OCTOBER 1935
Table 3 shows the average annual wage and salary payment in
construction each year from 1929 to 1933. The average annual
payment to wage earners decreased each year following 1929. The
average payment to each of the other two occupation groups decreased
each year following 1930. The average annual payment to wage
earners in 1933 was $161, or 16.4 percent, less than in 1932, and $847,
or 50.8 percent, less than in 1929.
T able 3 .— A verage A nnual W age and Salary P a y m e n ts in C on stru ction in Ohio,
1929 to 1933, b y G eneral O ccupation G roups
Wage
earners
Year
1929______ _____________ ____ ___________ __________
1930___________________________ ___________________
1931........................................ .....................................................
1932________________ _____________ ________________
1933.......... ............ - ................................................................
Book
keepers,
stenog
raphers,
and office
clerks
Salespeople
(not
traveling)
$1,685
1,760
1,607
1,351
1,186
$1,668
1,545
1,328
982
821
$1,966
2,196
1,453
1,295
997
All em
ployees
$1, 676
1,568
1,352
1,026
861
Table 4 shows, for construction, indexes of average number of wage
earners employed and total and average annual wage and salary
payments to wage earners for each year from 1929 to 1933. The base
used is the year 1926.
In 1933, only 26.6 percent as many wage earners were employed as
in 1926, total wage and salary payments were only 13.5 percent tis
much, and the average wage and salary payment was 51 percent of
the 1926 payment.
T able 4 .— In d exes o f N u m b er o f W age Earners E m p lo y ed and W age and Salary
P a y m en ts to W age E arners in C on stru ction in O hio, 1929 to 1933
[1926 = 100.0]
Year
1929_________ ____ _________________ _______________
1930___________________________ ____ ______________
1931______________________________________ ______
1932______________________ ______ ______ ____ _______
1933......................................................................................
Wage earners
(average
number)
97.4
85.3
55.0
32.3
26.6
Wage and salary payment
Total
101.0
81.8
45.4
19.7
13.5
Average
103.5
95.9
82.4
61.0
51.0
Employment and Wage and Salary Payments, by Industries
T he four tables which follow present data for wage earners by
industries. Table 5 shows for each industry the number of estab
lishments reporting.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1017
W AGES AND HO URS OF LABOR
T able 5 .— N um ber o f E stab lish m en ts R ep ortin g in C onstruction in Ohio, 1929
to 1933, b y In dustries
Year
________ ______ _____
1929
1930 ______________________
1931
_____ ________
1932 _____ _____ ___________
1933
_____
_ _ _ ______
.
1Q9Q
1930
1931
1932
1933
Brick,
stone,
and
cement
work
Erecting
Electrical or install
contract ing ma
ing
chinery
1,005
897
795
600
484
456
433
402
317
279
239
245
180
152
145
Plumb
ing and
steam
fitting
Sand
and
gravel
excavat
ing
Sheetmetal
work
and
roofing
842
821
742
618
531
155
158
146
136
123
515
505
473
382
330
General Oil, gas,
contract and water Painting
ing, in drilling and dec
orating
or pro
cluding
wrecking ducing
3,538
3,139
2,566
1,825
1,680
739
751
670
639
584
Plaster
ing, in
cluding
lathing
and
stucco
work
990
329
284
254
169
134
1,002
860
645
598
Street,
Ventilat Construc
road,
tion not
and sewer ing and otherwise
contract heating classified
ing
1,161
1,203
973
770
530
141
148
157
169
137
73
86
54
34
31
Table 6 shows the average number of wage earners reported em
ployed in each industry. The average number employed decreased
each year following 1929 in 11 of the 13 industries (considering the
group “ not otherwise classified,, as an industry).
T able 6 .— A verage N um ber of W age Earners R eported E m p lo y ed in C onstru ction
in O hio, 1929 to 1933, b y In d u stries
Year
1929.
1930.
1931.
1932.
1933.
1929.
1930.
1931.
1932.
1933.
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Brick,
stone,
and
cement
work
Electri
cal con
tracting
gas,
Erecting General Oil,
and
contract water;
or in
ing, in
stalling
drilling
machin cluding
pro
wrecking or
ery
ducing
Painting
and
deco
rating
3,415
2,834
1,895
1,061
987
3.080
3,670
2,372
1,267
983
983
916
742
467
366
28,796
22,695
13,866
6,516
6,029
3.646
3,139
2,349
2,295
2,269
Plumb Sand and
gravel
ing and
excavat
steam
ing
fitting
Sheetmetal
work
and
roofing
Street,
road,
and
sewer
contract
ing
Venti
lating
and
heating
5,935
4,837
3, 380
1,678
1,052
4,828
4,270
2,885
1,680
1,376
1,499
1,430
1,066
863
782
3,041
2,651
1,771
1,159
1,056
14,184
14,001
8,509
5,921
4,119
1,180
1,078
909
556
413
Plaster
ing, in
cluding
lathing
and
stucco
work
1,629
1, 462
972
420
234
Con
struc
tion,
not other
wise
classified
457
642
353
212
204
—
1018
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Table 7 shows the average annual wage and salary payment to
wage earners in each of the construction industries for each year from
1929 to 1933. The average annual payment decreased each year
following 1929 in 9 of the industries. There was an increase in
average in 1933 over 1932 in 2 industries.
T ab le 7 .— A verage A nnual W age and Salary P a y m e n ts to W age E arners in C on
stru ction in Ohio, 1929 to 1933, b y In d u stries
1929.
1930.
1931.
1932.
1933.
Brick,
stone,
and
cement
work
Electri
cal con
tracting
$1,571
1,499
1,306
936
760
(>)
$1, 739
1,700
1,333
1,295
Plumb
ing and
steam
fitting
1929.
1930.
1931.
1932.
1933.
$1,861
1,796
1,520
1,067
961
Sand and
gravel
excavat
ing
$1,425
1,339
1,106
905
746
Erecting General Oil, gas,
and
or in
contract water;
stalling
ing, in
drilling
machin cluding
ery
wrecking or pro
ducing
$1,941
2,065
1,910
1.509
1,663
Sheetmetal
work,
and
roofing
$1,657
1,559
1,448
942
821
$1,727
1,625
1,375
1,008
786
Street,
road,
and
sewer
contract
ing
$1,343
1,258
1.0 10
836
700
Painting
and
deco
rating
$1,242
1,252
1,068
917
$1,825
1,732
1,518
668
911
1 ,1 1 1
Plaster
ing, in
cluding
lathing
and
stucco
work
$1,895
1,931
1,633
1,134
928
Con
Venti
struc
lating
tion,
and
not other
heating
wise
classified
$2,057
1,804
1,567
1,026
1,096
$1,402
1,501
1,320
828
747
1 Omitted due to probable error in reporting or tabulating.
Table 8 shows for each industry, except the group “ not otherwise
classified ”, indexes of average number of wage earners employed and
total and average annual wage and salary payments to wage earners.
The base used is the year 1926.
In 10 of the 12 industries for which indexes are shown, the indexes
in 1933 were lower than in 1932 in each of the three items covered—
average number employed, total wage and salary payments, and
average annual wage and salary payments. In the other 2 industries,
the 1933 index of average annual wage and salary payments was higher
than in 1932. Brick, stone, and cement work, general contracting,
and plastering, lathing, and stucco work show the greatest decline
since 1926 (the base year).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1019
W AGES AND H O URS OF LABOR
T ab le 8 .— In d exes o f N u m b er E m p loyed and W age and Salary P a y m e n ts to
W age E arners in C onstruction in O hio, 1929 to 1933, b y In d u stries
[1926=100.0]
Brick, stone, and cement
work
Year
1929 ____________
1930_____________
1931____________
1932_____________
1933 ........ ................
87.0
70.9
49.5
24.6
15.4
93.2
89.0
77.5
55.5
45.1
81.1
63.1
38.4
13.7
7.0
100.5
79.2
48.4
22.7
21.0
96.4
71.5
36.9
12.7
9.2
95.9
90.2
76.3
56.0
43.6
Postering, including lath
ing and stucco work
1929_____________
1930_____________
1931 ____________
1932_________ ___
1933_____________
102.8
92.3
61.4
26.5
14.8
92.3
84.4
47.5
14.2
6.5
89.7
91.4
77.3
53.7
43.9
Sheet-metal work and
roofing
1929________ ____
1930_____________
1931_____________
1932_____________
1933
________
Erecting or installing
machinery
and salary Wage Wage and salary Wage Wage and salary
Wage Wage
payments
payments
payments
earners
earners
earners
(average
(average
(average
number)
number)
number) Total Average
Total Average
Total Average
General contracting,
including wrecking
1929 ____________
1930_____________
1931...........................
1932_______ _____
1933_____________
Electrical contracting
104.1
90.7
60.6
39.7
36.1
107.5
88.2
54.7
23.3
18.5
103.3
97.1
90.3
58.7
51.2
124.2
148.0
95.7
51. r
39.7
(')
134.2
84.8
35.5
26.8
(>)
90.7
88.6
69.5
67.5
Oil, gas, and water,
drilling or producing
80.5
69.3
51.9
50.7
50.1
81.2
70.5
45.0
37.7
27.2
100.8
101.6
86.7
74.4
54.2
Plumbing and steam
fitting
101.3
89.6
60.6
35. 3
28.9
100.9
86.1
49.2
20.1
14.8
99.5
96.0
81.3
57.1
51.4
Street, road, and sewer
contracting
85.2
84.1
51.1
35.6
24.8
101.2
93.6
45.7
26.3
15.3
163.6
152.4
123.5
77.7
60.9
93.0
98.9
91.5
72.3
79.6
Painting and decorating
111.8
92.8
62.0
34.7
32.3
111.8
88.0
51.6
21.1
100.0
94.9
83.1
60.8
49.9
16.1
Sand and gravel ex
cavating
103.2
98. 5
73.4
59. 4
53.9
106.2
95.3
58.7
38.9
29.0
103.0
96.7
79.9
65.4
53.9
Ventilating and heating
118.7
123.4
89.3
73.9
61.9
95.1
58.2
43.2
111.2
152.0
150.7
112.9
56.2
48.5
112.8
127.1
101.9
74.6
29.9
23.7
103.0
90.3
78.5
51.4
54.9
• Omitted due to probable error in reporting or tabulating.
“ Service” Industries
I n t h e “ service” industries there are a number of industries or
activities seldom included in statistical studies. The reporting lists
in some of the activities necessarily have been developed slowly, and
therefore, the increases in employment and in total wage and salary
payments are accounted for in part by more nearly complete coverage
from year to year. This should be borne in mind in using figures for
those two items for comparative purposes. The average number of
persons reported employed in the “ service” industries has decreased
each year since 1930, and the average number of wage earners and
salespeople (not traveling) has decreased each year since 1929. The
average number of wage earners reported employed in 1933 was 9.1
percent less than in 1932 and 17.5 percent less than in 1929. Tb©
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1020
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW—-OCTOBER 1935
average number of bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks
employed in 1933 was greater than in 1932.
Table 9 shows the average number of persons reported employed
in the “ service” industries each year from 1929 to 1933.
T able 9 .— A verage N u m b er R ep orted E m p lo y ed in “ S e r v ic e ” In d u stries in Ohio,
1929 to 1933, b y G eneral O ccupation Groups
Average number of—
Establish
ments
Year
1929__________________
1930________________________
1931_________________
1932_______________________
1933_____ ____ ____________
9,335
10, 241
10,452
10,357
10, 215
Wage
earners
100,805
99,427
97,184
91, 523
83,190
Bookkeep
Sales
ers, stenog
people
raphers,
(not
and office
traveling)
clerks
44,374
51,162
48, 590
7,930
4 423
A QAfi
44 503
3,614
49
Total
153,109
150,122
138,405
131,308
Table 10 shows total wage and salary payments in the “ service”
industries each year from 1929 to 1933. Data for superintendents
and managers are included in this table but not elsewhere. Total
wage and salary payments to all occupation groups combined and
also to wage earners and salespeople, decreased each year since 1929.
The total payments to wage earners in 1933 were $19,692,784, or
22.9 percent, less than in 1932 and $52,694,314, or 44.3 percent, less
than in 1929. Total payments to bookkeepers, stenographers, and
office clerks were greater in 1933 than in 1932.
T able 10.— T otal W age and Salary P a y m en ts in “ S e r v ic e ” In d u stries in Ohio,
1929 to 1933, b y G eneral O ccupation G roups
Year
1929..................................
1930__________ _____
1931..................... ...........
1932 ........ ....................
1933______________
Wage
earners
Bookkeep
Sales- ers, stenog
people
raphers,
(not
and office traveling)
clerks
Subtotal
Superin
tendents
and
managers
$118,959, 260 $76,873,897 $16,074,147 $211,907, 304 $26,384, 039
111, 692,103 83, 742, 536
6,998, 762 202,433,401 27,932,230
103,607,067 75,869,112
6,060,877 185,537,056 24,510,860
85,957, 730 58,630,191
4,093,525 148,681,446 19, 735,297
66, 264.946 61, 225, 599
3,895,052 131,385,597 16,860,884
Grand total
$238, 291,343
230,365, 631
210,047,916
168,416, 743
148,246,481
Average annual wage and salary payments in the “ service” indus
tries are shown in table 11 for each year from 1929 to 1933. The
average annual wage and salary payment to the three occupation
groups combined and also to wage earners decreased each year since
1929. The average annual payment to wage earners in 1933 was
$142, or 15.1 percent, less than in 1932, and $383, or 32.5 percent, less
than in 1929. Average annual payments to the clerical and sales
groups were higher in 1933 than in 1932.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1021
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
T ab le 1 1 .— A verage A nnual W age and Salary P a y m e n ts in “ S ervice” In d u stries
in O hio, 1929 to 1933, b y G eneral O ccupation G roups
Wage
earners
Year
1990
iQsn
1Q31
1932
1933
___________ ____ - ..........................
_______ ___________ _____________
____________________ ____ ---___________________ _________
_____________________ ____ ____
Bookkeep
Salespeople
ers, ste
nographers, (not travel
ing)
and office
clerks
$1,732
1,637
1,561
1,365
1,376
$1,180
1,123
1,066
939
797
$2,027
1,582
1,394
1,045
1,078
All em
ployees
$1,384
1,306
1,236
1,074
1,001
Table 12 shows, for the “ service” industries, indexes of average
annual wage and salary payments to wage earners, clerical employees,
and all occupation groups combined for each year, 1929 to 1933. The
base used is the year 1926. Indexes of average number of persons
employed and total wage and salary payments have been omitted for
reasons already stated.
T able 1 2.— In d exes o f A verage A nnual W age and Salary P a y m e n ts in S ervice
In d u stries in O hio, 1929 to 1933, b y G eneral O ccupation G roups
[1926=100]
Average wage and salary payments to—
Year
Wage earners
1920
1939
1 Q31
1932
1933
.......... .......................... .........................
_______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
102.3
97.4
92.5
81.4
69.1
Bookkeepers,
stenographers, All employees
and office clerks
106.6
100.5
95.2
82.7
77.1
114.6
108.3
103.2
90.3
91.0
—
Employment and Wage and Salary Payments, by Industries or Activities
T h e five tables which follow present data by industries or activities.
In this study certain industries or activities, for which comparatively
few employees were reported in Ohio, were combined under “ Service,
other.” Those so combined are: Homes for aged and children ; lab
oratories; mausoleums and cemeteries; photographers, professional,
radio broadcasting; recreation camps for boys and girls; shoe repair
ing; undertakers; and service, not otherwise classified.
In the tables relating to bookkeepers, stenographers, and office
clerks, all industries and activities listed above and also all included
in the wage earners’ tables, except 7, are combined under “ Service,
other.”
.
Table 13 shows the number of establishments reporting m each
industry or activity each year from 1929 to 1933.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1022
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
T ab le 13.— N u m b er o f E sta b lish m en ts R ep ortin g in “ S e r v ic e ” In d u stries in
O hio, 1929 to 1933, b y Industries or A ctiv itie s
Year
Adver
tising
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933.
Banks
908
920
821
787
755
Barbers Bowl
ing
and
hair
alleys
and
dressers parks
108
119
142
168
155
Clubs
(ath
Church
letic,
coun
try,
and
yacht)
78
113
138
160
194
225
267
268
273
217
311
265
231
210
200
Office
Schools Servants
buildings,
in pri Social
Offices including Restau and
agen
rants
col
vate
window
cies
leges
homes
cleaning
1929
1930
1931.
1932.
1933.
1,826
2,145
2,301
2, 501
2,486
502
575
612
653
733
1,207
1,365
1,336
1,159
1,101
130
126
132
132
123
228
310
403
458
501
Ga
rages,
includ
ing
autobody
repair
ing
Laun
dries,
dry
Hos
pitals
Hotels
189
217
192
191
190
406
390
383
356
332
1,921
1,947
1,820
1,618
1,474
clean
ers,
and
reno
vators
526
537
555
534
517
Thea YMCA
and Service,
ters YWCA
other
133
139
138
148
152
291
274
278
279
271
366
419
563
608
639
The average number of wage earners and of bookkeepers, stenog
raphers, and office clerks is shown in table 14. The average number
of wage earners reported employed in 1933 was less than in 1932 in
15 of the 19 industries or activities (considering “ other ” as an indus
try or activity), and greater in 4. The average number of book
keepers, stenographers, and office clerks reported employed in 1933
was less than in 1932 in 6 of the 8 industries or activities shown, and
greater in 2.
TaJ5* U ^
Ve Taf L ^ U^ beX R e P °rted E m p lo y ed in “ S e r v ic e ” In d u stries in
O hio, 1929 to 1933, b y G eneral O ccupation G roups and b y In d u stries or
A ctiv itie s
Wage earners
Year
1929.........................
1930___________
1931.........................
1932....................
1933.......................
Adver
tising
Banks
949
1,060
1,005
926
855
2,093
2,069
1,891
1,794
1,515
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Clubs
Barbers Bowling
(coun
and
alleys Church try, ath
hair
and
es
letic,
dressers parks
golf, and
yacht)
749
910
1,013
1,129
601
3,858
1,624
1,077
1,182
1.390
3,028
3,088
3,099
2,714
2,431
Garages,
includ
ing auto
body
repair
ing
Hospi
tals and
sanita
riums
14,447
12,933
10,920
8,976
8,488
9,989
10.073
10,008
9,406
8,833
Hotels
12,597
12,289
11,441
9,808
8,635
1023
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
Table 14.—Average Number Reported Employed in “Service” Industries in
Ohio, 1929 to 1933, by General Occupation Groups and by Industries or
Activities— Continued
Wage earners—Continued
Laun
dries,
dry
cleaners, Offices
and ren
ovators
1929
............
1930
............
1931
............
1932
............
1933..........................
14.487
14,571
13,428
11,915
10,855
4,728
2,502
3,281
1 5,972
2,400
Wage
earners—
Contd.
Service,
other
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
............
............
............
............
............
2,663
2,969
4,304
4 ,5S3
4,589
Office
Servants
build
Y M CA
Schools in pri
Social
ings, in Restau
and
and
agencies Theaters YWCA
vate
rants
cluding
colleges homes
window
cleaning
5,981
6,304
6. 549
6, 768
7,269
13.731
14. 438
13. 496
11,404
11,062
4,539
4,767
4.877
4,915
4,616
1,050
1,520
1,739
1,844
1,921
1,473
1,703
1,937
2,396
1,789
4,217
3,605
3,775
3,028
2,933
947
874
1,024
904
888
Bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks
Garages,
includ
ing
auto
Banks
body
repair
ing
14,149
14,283
12.249
11,161
8,930
2,794
3,054
2,521
2,017
1,760
Hospi
tals and
sanita
riums
907
907
918
882
850
Hotels
1,408
1,279
1,188
1,068
999
Laun
dries,
dry
cleaners, Offices
and ren
ovators
1,021
1,083
955
892
828
20,495
26. 536
26. 194
i 22.445
27,068
Schools Service,
and
other
colleges
637
678
678
610
646
2,964
3.345
3.889
3.890
3,422
i Increase in number of wage earners and decrease in number of bookkeepers, stenographers, and office
clerks possibly due in part to change in classification of some employees in certain types of offices.
Table 15 shows average annual wage and salary payments to wage
earners and bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks. The
average annual payment to wage earners was less in 1933 than in 1932
in each of the 19 industries or activities. In 8 the average decreased
each year since 1929 and in 9 others it decreased each year since 1930.
The average annual wage and salary payment to bookkeepers, stenog
raphers, and office clerks was higher in 1933 than in 1932 in 1 of the 8
ndustries or activities shown. In 4 the average decreased each year
since 1929 and in 3 others it decreased each year since 1930.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.
1024
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
T^ lenî5* iAoonr! 6ei S Uÿ ^ a g e and Salary Payments in “ Service” Industries
m Ohio, 1929 to 1933, by General Occupation Groups and by Industries or
Activities
Wage earners
Year
Adver
tising
Banks
$1,306
1,192
1,050
844
751
$1,008
1,054
942
924
698
1929.
1930.
1931.
1932.
1933.
Clubs
(coun Garages
Barbers Bowling
alleys
Church
try,
golf, includ
and hair
auto
and
es
athletic, ing
dressers
body re
parks
and
pairing
yacht)
$1,336
1,135
1,059
877
770
$1,045
977
856
807
627
$928
874
1,024
• 948
905
$1,067
1,114
1,025
822
710
Hospi
tals and
sanita
riums
$1,532
1,502
1,280
1,014
894
$904
909
869
810
758
Hotels
$818
858
779
684
587
Wage earners—Continued
Laun
dries,
dry
cleaners,
and ren
ovators
1929
1930
1931.
1932
1933.
$1,066
1,016
934
773
684
Office
build
Servants
Y M CA
ings,
in Restau Schools in pri
Social
Offices cluding
and col
and
rants
vate
agencies Theaters
leges
YW
CA
window
homes
cleaning
$2,404
1,742
1,708
1,659
1,168
Wage
earn
ers-Con.
1929
1930
1931
1932.
1933.
$1,104
1,119
1,071
936
829
$876
842
920
665
598
$1,655
1,773
1,745
1,573
1,338
$1,114
1,107
1,051
893
831
$1,026
1,087
1,073
967
786
$1,605
1,630
1,593
1,345
1,164
$938
827
792
738
564
Bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks
Service,
other
Banks
$1,277
1,382
1,167
1,040
959
$1,586
1,570
1,495
1,453
1,395
Garages Hospi
includ
ing auto tals and
body re sanita
riums
pairing
$1,694
1,388
1,248
1,075
963
$1,147
1,182
1,172
952
837
Hotels
Laun
dries,
dry
cleaners,
and ren
ovators
Offices
$1,175
1,162
1,082
989
881
$1,153
1,195
1,086
937
812
$2, C13
1,802
1,726
1,442
1,498
Schools
and col Service,
other
leges
$1,505
1,379
1,359
1,310
1,236
$1, 223
1,336
1,256
1,117
1,009
Table 16 shows for each of 6 industries or activities indexes of
average number of persons employed and total and average annual
wage and salary payments. In 4, indexes are shown for wage earners
and bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks, and in 2 for wage
earners only.
Considering wage earners, indexes of each of the 3 items—average
number employed, total wage and salary payments, and average
annual wage and salary payments—were lower in 1933 than in 1932
in each of the 6 industries or activities shown. For the clerical group,
also, the indexes of each of the 3 items were lower in 1933 than in
1932 in each of the 4 industries or activities shown.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1025
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
Table 16.— Indexes of Number Employed and Wage and Salary Payments in
Certain “ Service” Industries in Ohio, 1929 to 1933, by General Occupation
Groups and by Industries or Activities
[1926-100.0]
Banks
Bookkeepers, stenographers,
and office clerks ’
Wage earners
Number
Wage and salary
payments
Total
1929.
1930.
1931.
1932.
1933.
127.2
125.7
114.9
109.0
92.0
113.8
117.7
96.1
89.4
57.1
Number
(average)
Average
89.5
93.6
83.7
82.1
62.0
Wage and salary
payments
Total
113.4
114.5
98.2
89.5
71.6
117.7
117.6
96.1
85.1
65.3
Average
103.8
102.7
97.8
95.1
91.3
Garages, including’auto-body repairing
1929.
1930.
1931.
1932.
1933.
113.5
101.6
85.8
70.5
66.7
118.1
103.7
74.6
48.6
40.5
104.1
102.0
87.0
68.9
60.7
93.2
101.9
84.1
67.3
58.7
110.7
99.1
73.6
50.7
39.6
118.7
97.3
87.5
75.3
67.5
114.4
106.2
105.1
97.8
89.4
79.7
Hotels
1929.
1930.
1931.
1932.
1933.
108.5
105.8
98.5
84.5
74.4
105.5
107.9
91.3
68.7
51.9
97.3
102.0
92.6
81.3
69.8
107.6
97.8
90.8
81.7
76.4
102.8
88.9
73.0
60.9
Laundries, dry cleaners, and renovators
1929.
1930.
1931.
1932.
1933.
124.4
125.2
115.3
102.3
93.2
126.3
121.0
102.5
75.3
60.7
101.5
96.8
89.0
73.6
65.1
Restaurants: Wage earners
1929.
1930.
1931.
1932.
1933.
125.0
131.4
122.8
103.8
100.7
135.8
137.2
140.1
85.6
74.6
108.6
104.3
114.0
82.4
741
123.6
131.1
115.6
108.0
100.2
128.2
140.9
113.0
91.1
73.2
103.7
107.5
97.7
84.3
73.0
Theaters: Wage earners
102.1
87.3
91.4
73.3
71.0
104.7
90.8
93.0
63.0
52.8
102.5
104.1
101.7
85.9
74.3
Table 17 shows for each of 12 industries or activities (not included
in table 16) indexes of average annual wage and salary payments to
wage earners. In 3 of the 12 industries indexes are also shown of
average annual payments to bookkeepers, stenographers, and office
clerks. In each of the 12 industries or activities the index for wage
earners was lower in 1933 than in 1932. In 1 of the 3 industries or
activities for which indexes are shown for the clerical group, the index
was higher in 1933 than in 1932.
17272-35------12
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1026
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Table 17.— Indexes of Average Annual Wage and Salary Payments in Certain
“Service” Industries in Ohio, 1929 to 1933, by General Occupation Groups
[1926=100.01
Wage earners
Clubs
(country, Hospitals
Barbers Bowling
and hair alleys and Churches golf, ath and sani
letic, and tariums
parks
dressers
yacht)
Year
Adver
tising
1929
................... ................................
................... ........................................
1930
193Ì ................... ..........................................
1932..............- ................ - ...................................
1Q33
_____
_____ _____
106.4
90.4
84.3
69.8
61.3
65.2
59.5
52.4
42.2
37.5
95.4
89.2
78.2
73.7
57.3
108.5
102.2
119.8
110.9
105.8
100.7
105.1
96.7
77.5
67.0
106.9
107.4
102.7
95.7
89.6
Wage earners—Continued
Office
buildings, Schools
including
and
window colleges
cleaning
Offices
1Q9Q
1930
1931
1932
icm
................................ ...........................
.................................. .........................
_______________ ________________
_____
_
.......... ..............
108.9
78.9
77.4
75.2
52.9
102.0
103.4
99.0
86.5
76.6
Servants
Social
in private agencies
homes
102.0
109.3
107.6
97.0
82.5
112.3
111.6
105.9
90.0
83.8
94.0
99.6
98.4
88.6
72.0
YM CA
and
YWCA
107.9
95.2
91.1
84.9
64.9
Bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks
Hospitals
and sani
tariums
1Q9Q
1930
1931
1Q39
1933
________
108.3
111.6
110.7
89.9
79.0
Offices
123.5
110.6
105.9
88.5
91.9
Schools
and
colleges
119.3
109.3
107.7
103.8
97.9
Trade, Wholesale and Retail
T h e average number of persons reported employed in wholesale
and retail trade is shown in table 18. The average number of persons
employed, in the three occupation groups combined, in wholesale and
retail trade decreased in each of the 3 years following 1929 and in
creased in 1933. The increase from 1932 to 1933 was in the average
number of salespeople. A decrease is shown in each of the other two
occupation groups. The average number of persons employed in the
three occupation groups combined in 1933 was 1.4 percent greater
than in 1932 and 16.6 percent less than in 1929.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1027
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
Table 18.—Average Number Reported Employed in Wholesale and Retail
Trade in Ohio, 1929 to 1933, by General Occupation Groups
Average number of—
Estab
lish
ments
Year
1929..................................... .........................................
1930.,......................................................................
1931...............................................................
1932..........................................................
1933...............................................................................
9,524
10,022
10, 111
9,716
9,647
Wage
earners
Book
keepers,
Sales
stenogra people
phers,
(not trav
and office eling)
clerks
56,971
57,845
55,482
49,087
48,049
24,973
24,482
22,267
19,545
18,671
67,280
59,959
59,555
54.106
57,766
Total
149,224
142,286
137,304
122,738
124,485
Table 19 shows total wage and salary payments in wholesale and
retail trade each year from 1929 to 1933. Data for superintendents
and managers are included in this table but not elsewhere. Total
payments to wage earners and to salespeople decreased each year
following 1929, and total payments to the clerical group and to super
intendents and managers decreased each year following 1930. Total
payments to wage earners, bookkeepers, stenographers, and office
clerks, and salespeople (not traveling), combined, in 1933, were
$10,022,115, or 8.1 percent, less than in 1932 and $70,114,948, or 38.0
percent, less than in 1929.
Table 19.— Total Wage and Salary Payments in Wholesale and Retail Trade in
Ohio, 1929 to 1933, by General Occupation Groups
Bookkeep
ers, ste Salespeople
nographers, (not travel
and office
ing)
clerks
Superin
tendents
and man
agers
Grand total
1929______________ _____ $72,980,211 $33,268,959 $78,338,716 $184,587, 886 $28, 532,443
1930___________________
72,844,362 34,396,203 67,848,122 175,088,687 32,256,244
1931___________ ____ _____ 67,505, 063 28,548,605 64,051,911 160,105,579 26,096,282
1932________ _____ _____
52,243,081 21,934,553 50, 317,419 124,495,053 20,821,876
1933..............- ......................
46,592,394 19,069,688 48,810,856 114,472,938 17,092,965
$213,120,329
207,344,931
186,201,861
145,316,929
131,565,903
Year
Wage
earners
Subtotal
Table 20 shows average annual wage and salary payments in whole
sale and retail trade each year from 1929 to 1933. The average
annual payment to wage earners and to salespeople decreased each
year following 1929 and the average annual payment to the clerical
group decreased each year following 1930. For the three occupation
groups combined, the average annual payment in 1933 was $94, or
9.3 percent, less than in 193-2, and $317, or 25.6 percent, less than in
1929.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1028
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Table 20.— Average Annual Wage and Salary Payments in Wholesale and
Retail Trade in Ohio, 1929 to 1933, by General Occupation Groups
Bookkeep
ers, ste S ilespeople
Wage earn nographers,
(not travel
ers
and office
ing)
clerks
Year
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
$1, 332
1,405
1,282
1,122
1, 021
$1,281
1,259
1, 217
1,064
970
_______ __________________________________
_____________________________________
__________________________________________
________________________________________
____________________________ ____ _________
All em
ployees
$1,237
1,231
1,166
1,014
920
$1,164
1,132
1,076
930
845
Table 21 shows for wholesale and retail trade, indexes of average
number of persons employed and total and average annual wage
and salary payments for each year from 1929 to 1933. The base
used is the year 1926. For wage earners and for the clerical group
the indexes in 1933 were lower than in 1932 for each of the three items
covered—average number employed, total payments, and average
annual payments. For salespeople and for the three occupation
groups combined the index of average number employed was higher
in 1933 than in 1932.
Table 21.— Indexes of Number Employed and Wage and Salary Payments in
Wholesale and Retail Trade in Ohio, 1929 to 1933, by General Occupation
Groups
[1926= 100.0]
Bookkeepers, stenographers,
and office clerks
Wage earners
Year
Number
(average)
Wage and salary
payments
Total
1929 ____________________________ ____
1930___
___________________
1931............................................. .............- .........
1932__________ _____________ __________
1933 _
____________ ___________
100.8
102.3
98.1
86.8
85.0
100.8
100.7
93.3
72.2
64.4
100.0
98.4
95.1
83.1
75.8
126.5
112.7
112.0
101.7
108.6
123.4
106.9
100.9
79.3
76.9
97.5
94.8
90.1
77.9
70.8
Wage and salary
payments
Total
Average
Salespeople (not traveling)
1929
_____________________
1930 _________________________________
1931
______ ________________
1932
______________________
1933
____________ _____
Number
(average)
108.3
106.2
96.6
84.8
81.0
Average
106.5
110.1
91.4
70.2
61.1
98.3
103.7
94.6
82.8
75.4
All employees
112.4
107.2
103.4
92.4
93.7
110.5
104.8
95.8
74.5
68. 5
98.3
97.9
92.7
80.6
73.1
Employment and Wage and Salary Payments, by Trade Groups
T h e f iv e tables which follow present data by trade groups. Table
22 shows the number of establishments reporting in each trade group
each year from 1929 to 1933.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1029
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
Table 22.— Number of Establishments Reporting in Wholesale and Retail Trade
in Ohio, 1929 to 1933, by Trade Groups
deliv
Stores, whole Yards—lumber, Retail
-m ilk , ice,
sale and retail coal, and scrap ery
and water
Year
8,061
8,494
8, 553
8,155
8,103
1929_________ ______________ ____ __________________
1930_________ ____ ______________________ _________
1931_______________________________________________
1932_______ ____ __________________________________
1933-................. .................. ............................... .........................
137
139
164
171
166
1,326
1,389
1,394
1,390
1,378
Table 23 shows for each trade group the average number of persons
reported employed in each of the three occupation groups. The aver
age number of persons employed in the three occupation groups com
bined, in each trade group, increased from 1932 to 1933. In wholesale
and retail stores the average number of salespeople increased and the
average number of wage earners and clerical employees decreased in
1933 as compared with 1932.
Table 23.— Average Number Reported Employed in Wholesale and Retail
Trade in Ohio, 1929 to 1933, by Trade Groups
Yards—lumber, coal, and scrap
Stores, wholesale and retail
Year
1929.......................... .
1930-........................ .
1931-...........................
1932______________
1933..............................
Wage
earners
46,395
49,204
46,498
41,000
39,542
Book
keepers,
Sales
stenog
people
raphers, (not trav
and office eling)
clerks
22,835
22, 289
20,254
17, 791
17,001
66,777
59,617
59,134
53,722
57,395
Total
136,007
131,109
125,886
112,513
113,938
Wage
earners
8,597
6,578
6,445
5,943
6,302
Book
keepers,
Sales
stenog
people
raphers, (not trav
and office eling)
clerks
1,920
1,963
1,709
1,513
1,416
444
307
392
359
337
Total
10,961
8,848
8, 547
7,814
8,055
Retail delivery—milk, ice, and water
1929..............................
1930—
1931__
1932. .
1933 ..
1,979
2,064
2, 538
2,145
2,204
218
230
304
241
254
59
34
29
24
1 34
2,256
2,328
2,871
2,411
2,492
1 Carried in tabulations of the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics under “ Trade, not otherwise classified” .
Table 24 shows fluctuation of employment from month to month in
wholesale and retail stores during the years 1929 to 1933. The maxi
mum employment during the 5 years for the three occupation groups
combined was in December 1929, and the minimum employment in
March 1933. The number employed in December 1933 was 9.9 per
cent above the number in December 1932 and was 2.1 percent below
the number in December 1931,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1030
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IE W — OCTOBER 1 9 3 5
T ab le 2 4 .— F lu c tu a tio n o f E m p lo y m en t in W holesale and R e ta il Stores in O hio,
1929 to 1933
[Data are for the 3 occupation groups—wage earners; bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks; and.
salespeople, not traveling—combined and for both sexes]
M onth
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
January_______________________ _____ __________
February_____ _______ ______________ ___________
March_____________________ _______________ ____
A pril______ ____________________________________
M ay____________ _________________ _____________
J u n e __________________________________________
J u ly ___________________________________________
A ugust-_______ ________________________________
September- ____________________________ _______
October_______________ ______ _______________
N ovem ber.____ ________________________________
December____ ____________ ____ ____________ ___
127.086
126.924
130, 600
133,459
134, 301
135, 394
133, 704
134,043
137, 306
141,216
142. 200
155,850
128,964
128. 319
130. 423
134,612
132,525
131,807
127, 635
125,614
128.074
129.922
131.944
143,472
122.882
121.888
124,293
127, 708
127,259
126.670
123.341
122, 774
125,949
125. 650
125.631
136,590
112,103
110.806
112.615
113.675
114,587
112.695
109.005
107,077
109. 923
113, 147
112.826
121,694
103.916
103. 502
101 631
112.423
109,038
111,651
111,027
114.161
119. 984
123.024
123.187
133,718
M aximum................. .........................................................
M inim um ......................... ..................... .............................
155,850
126,924
143,472
125, 614
136,590
121,888
121,694
107,077
133,718
101,631
Variation from maximum 1—
N um ber____________________ _______________
Percent................... ......................................................
28, 926
18.6
17,858
12.4
14,702
10.8
14,617
12.0
32,087
24.0
i Eliminating from consideration the month of December, with the large number of extra employees
taken on in retail stores to handle the holiday trade, the percent of variation from the maximum for the 11
months of each year from 1929 to 1933 was 10.7, 6.7,4.6, 6.6, and 17.5, respectively.
Average annual wage and salary payments in each of the trade
groups are shown in table 25. In wholesale and retail stores, average
annual wage and salary payments to wage earners decreased each
year following 1929 (except for an increase of $1 in 1931), the average
payment to the clerical group decreased each year following 1930,
and the average payment to salespeople (not traveling) decreased
each year following 1929. Considering the three occupation groups
combined, the average annual payment in 1933 was $93, or 9.2 per
cent, less than in 1932, and $297, or 24.4 percent, less than in 1929.
T able 2 5 .— A verage A nnual W age and Salary P a y m en ts in W holesale and
R eta il Trade in Ohio, 1929 to 1933, b y Trade and G eneral O ccupation Groups
Yards—lumber, coal, and scrap
Stores—wholesale and retail
Year
Wage
earners
1929______________
1930______________
1931______________
1932______________
1933____ _________
$1,258
1,216
1,217
1,077
986
Book
keepers,
stenog
raphers,
and office
clerks
$1,310
1,392
1,274
1,115
1,017
Sales
people
(not
travel
ing)
$1,155
1,124
1,068
925
841
All em
ployees
Wage
earners
$1,215
1,204
1,156
1,011
918
$1,274
1,418
1,053
852
766
Retail delivery—milk, ice, and water
1929
1930 ...........................
1Q31
1032
1933 . . .
1,860
l ’ 782
1,628
1,410
1,254
0)
0)
(')
0)
0)
(l)
(l)
0)
(0
0)
i Not computed, owing to small number involved.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,831
1,752
1,612
1,400
1,249
Book
keepers,
stenog
raphers,
and office
clerks
$1,576
1,552
1,343
1,183
1,046
Sales
people
(not
travel
ing)
0)
(0
(>)
0)
(*)
All em
ployees
$1,376
1,484
1,160
950
842
1031
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
Table 26 shows, for each trade group, indexes of average number of
persons employed and total and average annual wage and salary
payments. The base used is the year 1926. In wholesale and retail
stores the indexes for wage earners and for the clerical group were
lower in 1933 than in 1932 for each of the three items—average
number employed, total payments, and average annual payments.
For salespeople the 1933 index of employment was above and the
indexes of total and average annual payments were below those of 1932.
Table 26.— Indexes of Number Employed and Wage and Salary Payments in
Wholesale and Retail Trade in Ohio, 1929 to 1933, by Trade and General
Occupation Groups
[1926=100.0]
Stores—wholesale and retail
Bookkeepers, stenog
raphers and office
clerks
Wage earners
Salespeople (not
traveling)
Year
N um
ber
(aver
age)
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
Wage and salary
Wage and salary
Wage and salary
N um
payments
N um
payments
payments
ber
ber
(aver
(aver
age)
age)
Total Aver
Total Aver
Total Aver
age
age
age
............................. 101.7
101.2
99.5
96.2
............................. 107.9
103.8
...................... ......................
101.9 . ....................
98.1
96.3
89.9
85.2
.............................
76.6
67.6
78.0
.............................
86.7
109.2
106.6
96.9
85.1
81.3
Stores—wholesale and
retail—Continued
All employees
............................
............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
94.6
76.4
73.8
67.5
69.5
95.5
83.1
62.8
47.0
43.0
101.0
108.9
85.1
69.7
61.8
127.0
113.3
112.4
102.1
109.1
124.0
107:8
101.5
79.9
77.6
97.6
95.0
90.3
78.2
71.1
B o o k k e e p e rs, ste n o g
raphers, and office
clerks
Wage earners
Yards—lumber, coal,
and scrap—Continued
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
98.3
104.4
95.6
83.6
76.3
Yards—lumber, coal, and scrap
93.6
111.9
1929........................................... 114.2
98.0
71.6
106.9
110.1
97.1
1930
............................
70.2
93.2
105.7 ......................
1931
...................... ......................
......................
98.5
64.7
94.4
1932
.............................
77.0
81.5
68.6
70.8
74.0
...................... ......
1933
95.6
All employees
107.3
111.3
92.6
71.2
62.0
94.1
80.1
58.3
43.5
41.4
100.6
111.9
83.1
67.2
60.5
97.9
100.1
87.1
77.1
72.2
97.4
98.1
73.9
57.6
47.7
99.6
98.0
84.8
74.7
66.1
Retail delivery—milk, ice, and water
All employees
Wage earners
114.4
119.3
146.7
124.0
127.4
120.7
120.6
135.5
99.1
90.6
105.5
101.1
92.3
80.0
71.1
109.4
112.8
139.2
116 9
120.8
116.4
114.9
130.5
95.2
87.7
106.5
101.9
93.7
81.4
72.6-
1032
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
T ran sp ortation and Public U tilitie s
I n considering data for this general industry group it should
constantly be borne in mind that the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics
does not request reports from establishments engaged in interstate
transportation nor does the division request reports of activities
conducted by governmental units.
Table 27 shows the average number of persons reported employed
in transportation and public utilities, as far as this general industry
group is covered by the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics. The
average number of persons reported employed, in the three occupation
groups combined, in transportation and public utilities in 1933 was
1.3 percent greater than in 1932 and 25.9 percent less than in 1929.
The highest average during the 5 years, 1929 to 1933, was reported for
1930.
Table 27.— Average Number Reported Employed in Transportation and Public
Utilities in Ohio, 1929 to 1933, by General Occupation Groups
Average number of—
Estab
lishments
Year
1929_________ ___________ ____ __________________
1930_____________________________________ ______
1931____ _______________ ______ ____ __________ 1932_____ ______________________________________
1933_____ ___________ ____ _____________________
1,674
1.741
1,776
1.742
1,692
Wage
earners
Book
keepers,
stenog
raphers,
and
office
clerks
66,862
68,358
54,303
47, 021
48, 222
14, 297
14,969
13,231
12,279
11,838
Sales
people
(not
travel
ing)
Total
978
1,123
847
803
841
82,137
84,450
68,382
60,103
60,901
Total wage and salary payments in transportation and public
utilities are shown in table 28 for each year from 1929 to 1933. Data
for superintendents and managers are included in this table but not
elsewhere. Total payments to each of the occupation groups except
salespeople, decreased each year following 1930. Total payments to
the three occupation groups combined (omitting superintendents and
managers) in 1933 were $2,176,388, or 2.9 percent less than in 1932,
and $44,944,029, or 38.3 percent less than in 1929. Total payments
in 1930 exceeded the total for 1929.
Table 28.— Total Wage and Salary Payments in Transportation and Public
Utilities in Ohio, 1929 to 1933, by General Occupation Groups
Year
1929 ................. ...............
1930_____ _______________
1931..................... .............. .......
1932................... .......................
1933...........................................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Wage
earners
Book
keepers,
stenog
raphers,
and office
clerks
$93, 988, 809 $21.225,289
95, 848,928 21,871, 675
72,945, 697 19,571,037
56,357,180 16,740,302
55,429,975 15,423,637
Sales
people
(not
traveling)
Subtotal
$2,151,021 $117,365,119
2,241,252 119,961,855
1,616,839
94,133,573
74,597,478
1,499,996
1,567,478
72,421,090
Superin
tendents
and
managers
Grand
total
$7,158,501
7,746,909
7,187,687
6,085,413
5,623,952
$124,523,620
127,708,764
101,321,260
80,682,891
78,045,042
1033
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
Average annual wage and salary payments in transportation and
public utilities are shown for each year from 1929 to 1933, in table 29.
Considering the three occupation groups combined, the average
annual payment decreased each year since 1929. The average annual
payment in 1933 was $52, or 4.2 percent, less than in 1932, and $240,
or 16.8 percent, less than in 1929.
Table 29.— Average Annual Wage and Salary Payments in Transportation and
Public Utilities in Ohio, 1929 to 1933, by General Occupation Groups
Year
1929..............................................................................................
1930............................................................................................1931..............................................................................................
1932..............................................................................................
1933..............................................................................................
Wage
earners
Bookkeep
ers, stenog Salespeople All employ
(not
raphers,
ees
and office traveling)
clerks
$2,199
1,997
1,909
1,868
1,864
$1,485
1,461
1,479
1,363
1,303
$1,406
1,402
1,343
1,199
1,149
$1,429
1,420
1.377
1,241
1,189
Table 30 shows for transportation and public utilities, indexes of
average number of wage earners employed and total and average
annual wage and salary payments to wage earners, each year from 1929
to 1933. The base used is the year 1926. The indexes of employ
ment and of total payments declined each year since 1930, and of
average annual payments each year since 1929.
Table 30.— Indexes of Number of Wage Earners Employed and Wage and Salary
Payments to Wage Earners in Transportation and Public Utilities in Ohio,
Year
1929................................................. ............................................
1930-.-..........................................................................................
1931...............................................................................................
1932...............................................................................................
1933...............................................................................................
Wage earners
(average
number)
98.8
101.0
80.2
69.5
71.3
Wage and salary payments
Total
100.3
102.3
77.9
60.1
59.2
Average
101.5
101.2
97.0
86.6
83.0
Employment and Wage and Salary Payments, by Industries
T h e fo u r tables which follow present data by industries. In this
study certain industries, in which (because reports are not requested
by the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics from establishments engaged
in interstate transportation and from activities conducted by Govern
ment units) comparatively few employees were reported in Ohio, were
combined under “ Transportation and public utilities, other.” The
industries so combined are: Airports; air transportation; gas, illumi
nating and heating; steam railroads; stockyards; waterworks; and
transportation and public utilities, not otherwise classified.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1034
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IE W — OCTOBER 1 9 3 5
Table 31 shows the number of establishments reporting in each
industry each year from 1929 to 1933.
T ab le 3 1 .— N u m b er o f E sta b lish m en ts R ep ortin g in T ran sp ortation and P u b lic
U tilitie s in Ohio, 1929 to 1933, b y In d u stries
Year
Tele
graph
and tele
Pipe
Taxicab
lines
phone,
bus includ
(petro and
service ing
mes
leum)
senger
service
Drayage
and stor Electric
Electric Natural
age, in
light
rail
cluding
and
gas
roads
livery
power
stables
1929______ _____ _
1930_____________
1931_____________
1932______ _____ _
1933____________ _
842
898
949
912
890
112
114
121
119
115
38
45
33
26
25
35
41
41
39
40
11
11
12
12
13
155
153
150
128
120
373
367
357
379
371
Trans
porta
tion by
water,
includ
ing
steve
doring
Trans
porta
tion and
public
utilities,
other
32
34
32
33
31
76
78
81
94
87
Table 32 shows the average number of wage earners and of book
keepers, stenographers, and office clerks reported employed in each
industry. The average number of wage earners employed in 1933
was greater than in 1932 in 6 of the 9 industries (considering the
group “ other” as an industry) and the average number of bookkeepers
stenographers, and office clerks was greater in 4 industries.
T ab le 3 2 .— A verage N u m b er R ep orted E m p lo y ed in T ran sp ortation and P u b lic
U tilitie s in O hio, 1929 to 1933, b y In d u stries
Drayage and stor
age,
including
livery stables
1929.
1930.
1931.
1932.
1933.
1929.
1930.
1931.
1932.
1933.
Electric light
and power
Wage
earners
Bookkeepers,
stenographers,
and office
clerks
Wage
earners
9,192
8,851
8,117
7,395
7,703
1,948
2,084
1,875
1,733
1,723
11,645
10,487
9,810
8,500
8,185
Bookkeepers,
stenogWage
raphers, earners
and office
clerks
3,764
3,772
3,599
3,550
3,527
Natural gas
Pipe lines
(petroleum)
6,729
6,545
4,432
3,972
4,029
1,479
1,181
1,028
746
786
1,455
1,541
1,571
1,375
1,371
23,180
21,869
18,739
15,802
13,022
5,447
5,270
4,727
4,258
3,627
1,454
1,297
1,020
750
973
» 9,069
12,964
6,705
5,538
9,246
Bookkeepers,
stenographers,
and office
clerks
1 982
1,160
789
603
776
Taxicab and bus
service
110
110
105
100
92
Telegraph and tele Transportation by
phone, including
water, including
messenger serv
stevedoring
ice
1929.
1930.
1931.
1932.
1933.
Electric railroads
142
140
140
115
120
2,913
3,999
3,595
3,236
3,252
266
709
254
341
389
Transportation and
public utilities,
other
1,201
1,165
858
1,082
1,028
184
183
170
205
216
i In accord with tabulations of Ohio Division of Labor Statistics but possibly some error in reporting
or tabulating. In 1928, the average number of wage earners was 14,355 and of bookkeepers, stenographers,
and office clerks, 1,329.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1035
W AG ES AND H O URS OF LABOR
The average annual wage and salary payments to wage earners and
to bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks are shown in table
33. The average annual payment to wage earners in 1933 was less
than in 1932 in 8 of the 9 industries.
T a b le 3 3 .— A verage A nnual W age and S alary P a y m en ts in T ran sp ortation and
P u b lic U tilitie s in O hio, 1929 to 1933, b y Industries
Drayage and stor
a g e , including
livery stables
Wage
earners
Book
keepers,
stenog
raphers,
and office
clerks
$1,487
1,506
1,365
1,190
1,075
$1,648
1,681
1, 608
1,392
1,290
Year
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
_______________________
________________________
______ ______ __________
_________ ____ _______________
___________________________
Natural gas
1929
_______________________ ____
1930 ______________ __________________
1931
___________________________
1932 _______________________________
1933
_____________________________
$1,338
1,307
1,358
1,159
1,131
$1.709
1,443
1,384
1,429
1,374
T e le g r a p h a n d
t e l e p h o n e , in
cluding messen
ger service
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
_________ _______ ____________
______ _____________________ ................................................ - .........
__________________________ ____
........................... ................. - ...........-
$1,195
1,206
1,194
1,114
1,080
$1,391
1,442
1,520
1,368
1,285
Electric light
and power
Electric railroads
Wage
earners
Book
keepers,
stenog
raphers,
and office
clerks
Wage
earners
Book
keepers,
stenog
raphers,
and office
clerks
$1,589
1,580
1,538
1,413
1,363
$1,466
1,427
1,449
1,355
1,302
$1,589
1,600
1, 498
1,344
1,237
$1,296
0)
1,126
1,050
1,297
Pipe lines
(petroleum)
$1,256
1,501
1,518
1,595
1,506
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
T r a n s p o r t a tio n
by water, in
cluding stevedor
ing
$1,931
1,855
1,627
1,256
1,241
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
Taxicab and bus
service
$1, 364
1,072
1,067
760
690
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
Transportation and
p u b l i c utilities,
other
$1,710
1,551
1,500
1,213
1,265
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
1 Omitted, due to probable error in reporting or tabulating.
2 N ot computed, owing to small number involved.
Table 34 shows for wage earners in each industry (omitting the
group “ other”) indexes of average number employed and total and
average annual payments. The base used is the year 1926. The
indexes of employment in 1933 were higher than in 1932 in 6 of the 8
industries. The indexes both of total and average annual payments
in 1933 were lower than in 1932 in 6 industries.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1036
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Table 34.— Indexes of Number Employed and Wage and Salary Payments to
Wage Earners, in Transportation and Public Utilities in Ohio, 1929 to 1933,
by Industries
[1926=100.0]
Drayage and storage, in
cluding livery stables
Year
Wage
earners
(aver
age
num
ber)
1929_____________
1930_____________
1931_____________
1932.........................
1933........ ..................
111.2
107.1
98.2
89.5
93.2
Wage and salary
payments
Total
Average
Wage
earners
(aver
age
num
ber)
99.8
101.1
91.6
79.9
72.1
108.9
98.1
91.7
79.5
76.5
111.0
108.2
90.0
71.4
67.3
Natural gas
1929_____________
1930_____________
1931........................
1932 .........................
1933........ ..................
119.0
115.7
78.4
70.2
71.2
134.7
128.0
90.0
68.9
68.2
110.4
104.2
89.3
75.3
62.0
118.1
112.4
95.4
75.0
59.9
Wage and salary
payments
Total
112.9
101.1
92.0
73.3
68.1
113.2
110.6
114.9
98.1
95.7
107.0
108.0
106.9
99.7
96.7
137.6
109.9
95.6
69.4
73.1
126.3
120.4
106.1
80.9
80.5
Electric railroads
Average
Wage
earners
(aver
age
num
ber)
103.7
103.1
100.3
92.2
88.9
0)
80.5
41.6
34.4
57.4
Pipe lines (petroleum)
Telegraph and telephone,
including messenger service
1929_____________
1930_____________
1931_____________
1932_____________
1933_____________
Electric light and power
91.7
109.6
110.9
116.5
110.0
Wage and salary
payments
Total
0)
81.1
39.3
29.1
44.7
Average
100.0
100.8
94.3
84.6
77.9
Taxicab and bus service
114.5
157.2
141.3
127.2
127.8
109.8
118.5
106.0
67.9
62.0
95.9
75.4
75.0
53.4
48.5
Transportation by water,
including stevedoring
108.8
97.0
76.3
56.1
72.8
113.1
97.0
66.9
38.0
48.6
104.0
100.0
87. 7
67. 7
66.9
1Omitted due to probable error in reporting or tabulating employment or total wage and salary paym ents.
W a g e -R a te C h an g e s in A m e ric a n In d u s tr ie s
M anufacturing Industries
NFORMATION concerning general wage-rate changes occurring in
reporting manufacturing establishments between June 15 and July
15, 1935, is given in table 1. This table covers 23,502 establish
ments employing 3,738,194 workers in July.
Increases in rates of pay were reported by 95 establishments in 26
industries. The average increase was 7.5 percent and the number of
employees affected was 15,174. Two engine-turbine-tractor estab
lishments reported increases averaging 5.9 percent and affecting 4,704
workers, 21 sawmills reported that they gave raises averaging 11 per
cent to 4,394 employees, and 1 agricultural implement factory re
ported a 6-percent increase given to 1,107 employees. Other indus
tries which reported wage-rate increases affecting over 500 employees
were: Foundries and machine shops (710), electric railroad repair
shops (638), newspapers (597), electrical machinery (539), and stoves
(532).
Decreases were reported by 24 establishments in 11 industries.
These decreases averaged 13.2 percent and affected 1,700 workers.
I
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1037
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
Table 1.— Wage-Rate Changes in Manufacturing Industries During Month
Ending July 15, 1935
Industry
Estab
lish
ments
report
ing
Total
number
of em
ployees
All manufacturing industries__ 23,501 3,738,194
100.0
Percentage of total—.............. 100.0
Iron and steel and their prod
ucts, not including machinery:
Blast furnaces, steel works,
and rolling m ills. - ..............
Bolts, nuts, washers, and
rivets—. ....................... .........
Cast-iron pipe........ ........... . .
Cutlery (not including silver
and plated cutlery) and
edge tools..............................
Forgings, iron and steel____
Hardware...................... ...........
Plumbers’ supplies................
Steam and hot-water heat
ing apparatus and steam
fittings_____ ______ _____
Stoves...... .................................
Structural and ornamental
metal w o r k ........................
Tin cans and other tinware.
Tools (not including edge
tools, machine tools, files,
and saws)..............................
Wirework________________
Machinery, not including trans
portation equipment:
Agricultural implements___
Cash registers, adding ma
chines, and calculating
machines..............................
Electrical machinery, ap
paratus, and supplies____
Engines, turbines, tractors,
and water wheels_______
Foundry and machine-shop
products................................
Machine tools. . .....................
Radios and phonographs___
Textile machinery and parts
Typewriters and parts..........
Transportation equipment:
Aircraft— ................................
Autom obiles..........................
Cars, electric and steam
railroad________________
Locomotives......... .............
Shipbuilding............................
Railroad repair shops:
Electric railroad...................
Steam railroad—.....................
Nonferrous metals and thenproducts:
Aluminum manufactures__
Brass, bronze, and copper
products..............................
Clocks and watches and
time-recording devices___
Jewelry__________ ________
Lighting equipment..........
Silverware and plated ware.
Smelting and refining—cop
per, lead, and zinc..............
Stamped and enameled
ware...... ........................... .
Lumber and allied products:
Furniture.................................
Lumber:
Millwork..................... . . .
S a w m ills..___________
Turpentine and rosin............
1 Less than Ho of 1 percent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Number of employees
having—
Number of establish
ments reporting—
No
Wage- Wage- No wage- Wage- Wagerate
rate
rate
wagerate
rate
in
de
in
de
rate
changes creases creases changes creases creases
23, 382
99.5
95
.4
24 3, 721,320
99.5
.1
15,174
.4
291, 295
292
292
291,295
47
50
8,242
9,720
98
72
106
78
8,315
6,158
28,379
16,088
98
72
105
77
1
1
8,315
6, 158
28, 264
16,074
115
14
73
209
16,755
26,507
72
207
1
2
16,735
25,975
20
532
263
19,198
18,505
262
1
19,193
18,505
5
102
7,079
10,178
102
84
76
30,579
75
86
8, 242
9,720
86
7,079
10| 178
84
1
29,472
1,107
15,706
25
15, 706
25
391
126,543
388
3
126,004
539
82
42,631
80
2
37,927
4,704
1,610
157
54
138
13
144,330
24,793
33,874
15,908
10,556
1,605
157
54
138
13
5
143,620
24,793
33,874
15,908
10,556
710
27
342
8,769
337,837
27
342
8,769
337,837
56
9,953
3,682
33,896
56
105
105
9,953
3,682
33,896
359
533
18,580
82,544
354
533
11
1, 700
(0
11
5
17,942
82,544
33
6,905
33
6,905
249
41, 546
249
41,546
26
191
69
43
11, 736
8,766
5,035
8,355
26
191
69
43
11,736
8,766
5,035
8,355
638
37
17,831
37
17,831
183
21,869
183
21,869
664
58,987
562
2
58, 940
47
500
543
43
22,559
82,754
3,277
492
520
43
8
21
22,392
78,291
3,277
167
4,394
2
69
1038
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
T ab le 1 .— W age-R ate C hanges in M an u factu rin g In d u stries D u rin g M on th
E n d in g Ju ly 15, 1935— C ontinued
Industry
Stone, clay, and glass products:
Brick, tile, and terra cotta..
Cement.....................................
Glass____________________
Marble, granite, slate, and
other products.....................
P ottery.................................
Textiles and their products:
Fabrics:
Carpets and r u g s ..........
Cotton goods____ _____
Cotton small wares........
Dyeing and finishing
textiles_____________
Hats, fur-felt.....................
Knit goods. .....................
Silk and rayon goods___
Woolen and worsted
goods..............................
Wearing apparel:
Clothing, men’s...............
Clothing, women’s..........
Corsets and allied gar
ments..............................
M en’s furnishings_____
M illin e r y ........... ............
Shirts and collars............
Leather and its manufactures:
Boots and shoes___________
Leather....................................
Food and kindred products:
Baking............ ........................
Beverages________________
Butter........................................
Canning and preserving___
Confectionery..........................
Flour..........................................
Ice cream.................................
S la u g h t e r in g and meat
packing________________
Sugar, beet...............................
Sugar refining, cane...... .........
Tobacco manufactures:
C h e w i n g a n d smoking
tobacco and snuff_______
Cigars and cigarettes______
Paper and printing:
Boxes, paper............................
Paper and pulp.......................
Printing and publishing:
Book and j o b .................
Newspapers and peri
odicals............................
Chemicals and allied products,
and petroleum refining:
Other than petroleum refin
ing:
Chemicals.........................
Cottonseed—oil, cake,
and meal........................
Druggists’ preparations.
Explosives.......................
Fertilizers.................. .......
Paints and varnishes__
Rayon and allied prod
u c t s .. .............................
Soap...................................
Petroleum refining.................
Rubber products:
Rubber boots and shoes.......
Rubber goods, other than
boots, shoes, tires, and
inner tubes...........................
Rubber tires and inner
tubes......................................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Number of establish
ments reporting—
Number of employees
having—
Establishments
report
ing
Total
number
of em
ployees
532
133
156
24,382
20,148
50,691
532
133
156
24,382
20,148
50, 691
220
114
4,898
16,069
220
114
4,898
16,069
32
690
113
20,555
253,122
9,442
32
689
113
170
52
634
255
38,295
7,152
131,677
49,076
169
52
633
255
1
3
No
Wage- Wage- No wage- Wage- Wagewagerate
rate
rate
rate
rate
rate
in
de
in
de
changes creases creases changes creases creases
1
20,555
253^ 046
9,442
38,290
7,152
131, 583
49 ,076
5
1
141,159
265
141, 424
485
1,138
838
94,746
36,938
1,138
838
39
95
124
173
6,911
8,317
5,501
28,066
39
94
124
172
374
173
121,183
34,419
371
171
1,040
488
274
734
296
319
310
65,152
29,357
4,138
81,562
29,135
13,096
11,735
1,036
484
274
729
294
313
310
3
1
284
67
15
88,300
4,103
9,939
284
61
15
6
37
206
7,906
45,780
37
206
705
394
33,591
102,492
705
393
1
1,402
60,551
1,390
7
615
51,854
606
148
33,226
147
101
61
27
316
570
2,786
6,962
2,993
8,617
21,602
101
61
27
316
570
28
91
179
46,942
14,854
65,328
28
91
178
12
16,518
12
179
26,376
179
26,376
40
54,067
40
54,067
76
94
94,746
36| 938
l
6,911
8,266
5 ,501
27,937
3
1
120,606
34| 183
1
1
4
4
2
1
6
51
129
76
64,957
29,333
4,138
8lj 320
28,937
12,929
11,735
109
42
88,300
3,838
9’ 939
265
577
160
195
24
133
156
167
7,906
45| 780
33,591
102,127
5
365
60,374
89
9
51,257
597
1
33,087
139
2,786
6,962
2,993
8! 617
21,602
1
46,942
14,854
65,317
16,518
11
88
1039
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
Trade, Public Utility, Mining, and Service Industries
In table 2 are presented wage-rate changes between June 15 and
July 15, reported by cooperating establishments in 16 nonmanu
facturing industries.
Increases in rates, averaging 2.9 percent and affecting 4,622
workers, were reported by 7 electric-railroad and motor-bus estab
lishments, while 39 electric light and power establishments reported
increases which averaged 5.5 percent and affected 3,052 employees.
Twenty-nine wholesale trade establishments showed increases in
rates which averaged 8.1 percent and affected 319 employees, and
69 retail trade stores indicated that 212 employees received increases
averaging 8.7 percent. Other increases as well as decreases reported
were negligible.
Table 2.— Wage-Rate Changes in Nonmanufacturing Industries During Month
Ending July 15, 1935
Industrial group
Estab
lish
Total
ments number
of em
re
port ployees
ing
160
Anthracite mining........................
Percentage of total....................
100.0
Bituminous coal mining______
1,298
Percentage of total................... . . 100.0
202
Metalliferous mining....................
Percentage of total................... . 100.0
Quarrying and nonmetallic
978
mining..................................... .
Percentage of total................... .
380
Crude petroleum producing----Percentage of total--------------Telephone and telegraph........... . 9,359
Percentage of total................... .
Electric light and power and
2,691
manufactured gas_________
100.0
Percentage of total................... .
Electric-railroad and motor-bus
472
operation and maintenance.
Percentage of total----------15,086
Wholesale trade........................
100.0
Percentage of total...............
49,853
Retail trade...............................
Percentage of total...............
2,279
Hotels.........................................
Percentage of total.............—
1,231
Laundries................................—
100.0
Percentage of total...............
682
Dyeing and cleaning...............
Percentage of total—............
2,635
Banks........................................
Percentage of total...............
349
Brokerage........................... .......
Percentage of total...............
1,094
Insurance................................ —
Percentage of total...............
100.0
100.0
100.0
68,683
100.0
211,598
100.0
22,158
100.0
31,268
100.0
33,255
100.0
261,502
100.0
246,332
100.0
129,122
100.0
100.0
739,300
100.0 100.0
135,080
100.0 100.0
70,610
100.0
16,832
100.0 100.0
99,197
100.0 100.0
10,392
100.0 1000
70,339
100.0 100.0
100.0
i Less than Mo of 1 percent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
268,869
Number of establish
ments reporting—
Number of employees
having—
No
Wage- Wage- No wage- Wage- Wagewage- rate
rate in rate de
rate
in rate de
rate creases
creases changes creases creases
changes
68,683
160
100.0
1,298
100.0
202
100.0
100.0
211,598
100.0
22,158
100.0
977
99.9
379
99.7
9,359
100.0
31,261
100.0
33,236
99.9
261, 502
100.0
2,652
98.6
465
98.5
15,053
99.8
49,777
99.8
2,277
99.9
1,230
99.9
680
99.7
2,631
99.8
349
100.0
1,091
99.7
(0
39
1.4
243,280
98.8
3,052
7
1.5
29
.2
69
124,500
96.4
268,512
99.9
739.047
4,622
3.6
319
(>)
1 (')
w i (')
,1
1
.1
.1
4
.2
100.0
135,061
1.2
.1
212
100.0
100.0
(010
0)10
,i
86
.1
100.0
(•)
70,600
16,786
99.7
99,111
99.9
10,392
100.0
70,327
12
(')
0) 15
(•)
1040
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
E s ta b lis h m e n t o f E ig h t- H o u r W o rk in g D a y in th e
D o m in ic a n R e p u b lic 1
MAXIMUM working day of 8 hours and a working week of 48
hours were decreed for commercial and industrial establishments
in the Dominican Kepublic by a law of June 21, 1935.2 Exception is
made of inspectors, managers, persons holding positions of responsibil
ity, persons engaged in agricultural or rural work or in small establish
ments in rural zones, and domestic servants. In case of accident or of
urgent need the working day may be increased to 10 hours, but the
working week must not exceed 58 hours, and the overtime must be
compensated at the worker’s option by a shorter working day in the
following days, or pay for overtime at the same rate as for regular time.
Except under conditions allowed by this law, on legal holidays the
working day shall not exceed 4 hours, preferably in the morning. In
case of continuous operations in which employees finishing their 8-hour
shift are required to instruct those who replace them, 1 hour per day
extra is allowed. In such cases the employees shall be entitled to an
extra day of paid vacation per month, which shall be cumulative.
After 6 days of work every worker shall be entitled to an uninter
rupted rest of 24 hours. Such rest must be granted on Sunday except
upon written agreement to the contrary for reasons of general interest
or because of the nature of the work; in these cases 1 rest of 24 hours or
2 rests of 12 hours each may be substituted on a day other than Sun
day. Employers are required to post notices showing the time of
beginning and quitting work and of the daily rest periods. Such rest
periods shall not be less than 1% hours after 4 hours’ work or 2 hours
after 5 hours’ work; women employees with small children must be
given two additional rests of one-half hour each, to enable them to
nurse their babies. A record must be kept for each employee showing
interruptions of work and their causes and hours lost, prolongations of
work and the amount of remuneration due.
Employment of women in industrial work between 10 o’clock at
night and 5 o’clock in the morning is prohibited. In enterprises which
employ women, sufficient seats must be provided so that they may sit
during rest periods. In employments where workers must remain in
the establishments during mealtime, the management must provide a
sufficient number of tables and chairs.
The employment of children of 14 years or less is strictly prohibited
in industrial establishments and in maritime work. Employment of
children is permitted in commercial enterprises provided such children
fulfill their school duties, but no person of 18 years or less shall be
employed in retail sale of intoxicating beverages.
1 Data are from reports by James E. Brown, Jr., secretary of the American Legation at Santo Domingo,
June 21 and July 17,1935.
2Dominican Republic, Gaceta Oficial, June 29,1935, pp. 7-10.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1041
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
Violations of this law are to be punished by a fine of 5 to 30 pesos
gold 3 or imprisonment of 5 to 30 days, or both. Repetitions of the
offense are punishable by double penalty.
Exceptions authorized by this law must be reported in writing to
the State Departments of Agriculture and Labor in the month
following the dates on which they occur.
H o u r s a n d E a rn in g s in V a rio u s I n d u s tr ie s i n G e rm a n y
in M a rc h 1934 a n d A p r il 1935 4
AVERAGE weekly hours ranging from 38.54 to 44.92 and average
X V . net earnings of from 22.24 to 28.97 marks per week were dis
closed by an official study of conditions in the woodworking and furni
ture and musical-instrument industries in March 1934. Hours of labor
were nearly 2 percent longer than those worked in March 1931,
but net weekly earnings had decreased 11.1 percent during the same
time. Table 1 shows the hours of labor and the actual earnings in
these industries.
Table 1.— Hours and Earnings in the Woodworking and Furniture and
Musical-Instrument Industries in Germany, March 1934
[Mark (100 pfennigs) at par=23.8 cents; average exchange rate in March 1934=39.66 cents]
N um Hours
per
ber of
workers week
Industry and class of workers
Earn
ings
per
hour
Deductions
from wages per
hour for—
Taxes
Social
insur
ance
P fe n
n ig s
N et
earnings per
week
Employ
ers’ con
tribu
tions to
social in
surance
per hour
P fe n n ig s
P fe n
n ig s
M arks
26,622
44.12
74.8
3.9
7.0
27.42
5.7
20,150
__13,997
__
_ __
P ip p p - ^ p p lr
______
6,153
pemiskilled workers
- _ _ _ 3, 545
Time,work
__
_ - 2,397
1,148
Piecework
________ .
2,927
Unskilled workers, timework------------------
44.01
44.55
42.79
44. 38
44.11
44.92
44.58
78.8
79.2
78.0
65.0
64.7
65.7
59.4
4.3
4.4
4.1
2.7
2.6
2.8
2.4
7.4
7.5
7.2
6.1
6.0
6.2
5.6
28.68
28.97
28.03
24. 51
24.25
25.05
22.24
6.0
6.0
5.8
4.9
4.9
5.0
4.5
1,098
41.22
81.2
4.2
7.7
27.65
6.2
946
518
428
70
53
82
41.22
42.25
39.97
38.54
38.88
43.69
83.4
80.5
87.1
68.9
67.9
66.4
4.4
4.2
4.6
2.6
2.6
3.1
7.9
7.7
8.1
6.6
6.6
6.2
28.41
28.08
28.81
22.62
22.41
23. 22
6.4
6.3
6.6
5.4
5.3
5.0
P fe n
n ig s
W o o d w o rk in g a n d fu r n it u r e m a n u fa c tu re
All workers
Plrillp.il workers
Time work
_
-
__-
_
M u s ic a l- in s tr u m e n t m a n u fa c tu r e
All workers____________________________
Skilled workers
_
__
__
Timework ____
- - - __
Pi p o p work ______
__ ___
Semiskilled workers ____
- __ __
Tim pwork
____ __ _____
U n s k i l l e d workprs, timework
___ ___
Bakery Industry
In the bakery industry hours of labor in March 1934 ranged from
45.28 to 50.68, and net weekly earnings ranged from 10.53 to 38.05
marks. Details are shown in table 2.
3 Peso at par=$l in United States gold.
.
„
Data are from Germany, Statistisches Reichsamt, Wirtschaft und Statistik, nos. 12,13, and 14,1935.
a
17272-35-— 13
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1042
.
Table
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
2 .— Average
Hourly and Weekly Earnings in Confectionery, Baking, and
Pastry Trades in Germany, March 1934
[M ark (100 pfennigs) at par=23.8 cents; average exchange rate in March 1934=39.66 cents]
N um
ber of
work
ers
Class of workers, age group, and kind
of work
Deductions per
Earn
hour for—
ings
Hours
per
per
hour,
week
with
Social
supple Taxes insur
ments
ance
Skilled workers, male:
Over 23 years:
P fe n
n ig s
P fe n
n ig s
N et
earn
ings
per
week
Employ
ers’ contributions to
social in
surance
per
worker
per hour
P fe n
n ig s
M a rks
P fe n
n ig s
7.8
9.2
33.23
38.05
6.3
7.5
Timework_____
Piecework_____
2,673
282
47.16
45.28
Timework..........
Piecework_____
2,463
120
48.10
50.68
70.0
81.1
3.9
5.7
6.5
7.2
28.23
33. 66
5.3
5.9
Timework..........
Piecework_____
1,619
395
46. 20
47.17
26.5
32.9
.4
.7
2.6
3.0
10. 53
13.22
2.1
2.5
2,989
725
47.48
48. 77
37.4
45.7
1.6
2.2
3.6
4.1
14.73
18.60
2.9
3.4
14,785
5,076
47.11
47.63
45.6
54.1
1.9
2.8
4.4
4.9
17.87
21.43
3.6
4.1
Unskilled workers, male:
Over 23 years:
Female workers:
16-18 years:
18-20 years:
Timework.......... .
Piecework______
Over 20 years:
Timework_____
Piecework........ .
84.3
102.6
5.3
7.0
Printing Industry
A v e r a g e weekly hours and earnings per hour and per week in the
book and lithography branches of the printing industry in April 1935
are shown in table 3.
Table 3.—Hours and Earnings in the Printing Trades in Germany, April 1935
_______[Mark (100 pfennigs) at par=23.8 cents; average exchange rate in April 1935=40.26 cents]
Male workers
Trade, and population of
locality
Book printing.—
Localities with population
of—
Over 1,000,000
500.0001,000,000200.000-500,000—
100.000-200,000 .
50.000100,000—
25.00050,000
10.000- 25,000- —
10,000 and under.
Lithography______
Localities with population
of—
Over 1,000,000.
500.0001,000,000-..
200.000500,000.—
100.000-200,000..
50.000100,000.. .
25.00050,000—
10.000- 25,000
10,000 and under..
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Technical workers
Earnings per—
Hours
per
week
Hour
Week
Males
Hours
per
week
Females
Earnings per—
Hours
per
week
Hour
Week
P fe n
n ig s
M arks
98.3
46.25
45.9
P fe n
n ig s
M arks
46.6
119.4
55. 63
47.0
47.7
46.2
47.0
46.9
46.4
45.2
45.2
45.0
46.3
138.7
119.0
116.3
110.3
110.4
102.4
101.8
93.6
111. 9“
66.19
54.96
54.62
51.76
51.21
46.31
46.00
42.12
51. 76
47.4
46.8
45.9
47.7
47.4
46.7
45.0
46.4
47.2
110.0
92.6
90.2
79.6
78.2
73.6
70.4
65.0
77.2
52.18
43. 36
41.41
38. 02
37.06
34. 39
31.68
30.15
36.43
47.6
46.4
46.8
44.7
45.5
46.7
42.4
46.6
128.0
118.1
109.5
106.8
99.5
108.5
98.2
93.4
60. 77
54.84
51.24
47.75
45. 30
50.70
41. 66
43.57
48.4
47.4
48.0
45.3
43.3
47.2
45.6
49.2
91.3
83.3
78.4
68.5
67.8
69.3
60.3
65.1
44.25
39. 52
37.66
31.02
29.36
32.72
27.49
32.03
Earnings per—
Hour
Week
P fe n
n ig s
M arks
52.5
24.08
46.0
44.8
47.0
47.2
46.4
46.5
44.6
45.7
4575*
64.7
51.5
49.2
46.8
45.5
46.9
42.3
37.0
44.2
29.79
23.06
23.14
22.09
21.10
21.83
18.83
16. 90
20.11
47.5
45.8
46.2
45.6
46.4
44.1
41.2
46.3
48.7
49.9
44.1
42.0
42.7
42.7
35.9
39.3
23. 09
22.87
20.37
19.16
19.85
18.83
14.79
18.06
1043
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
Brewery Industry
and earnings in the brewery industry in April 1935 are
shown in table 4.
H ours
Table 4.— Hours and Earnings of Workers in the Brewery Industry in Germany,
April 1935
[Mark (100 pfennigs) at par=23.8 cents; average exchange rate in April 1935=40.26 cents]
Skilled workers, male
Population of locality
Hours
per
week
All localities..................
41.6
Localities with popu
lation of—
Over 1,000,000____
500,000-1,000.000—
200,000-500,000___
100,000-200,000___
50.000-100,000____
25,000-50,000_____
10,000-25,000_____
10,000 and less____
39.8
41.6
41.8
41.1
42.6
42.6
41.9
42.1
Unskilled workers, male
Average
N et
earn Hours earnings
per—
per
ing?
per week
Hour Week
Hour Week week
Average
earnings
per—
P fg .
M k.
117.8
107.0
107.6
106.4
101.1
98.1
100.6
93.7
46.88
44.48
44.97
43.78
43.12
41.82
42.10
39.42
M k.
104.8 43.64 37.28
39.49
37. 57
38.35
37. 57
37.10
35.99
36. 60
34.14
41.2
P fg -
M k.
Drivers (teamsters and
truck drivers)
Average
N et
earnings
earn Hours
per—
per
ings
week
week
Hour Week
M k.
90.7 37.38 32.27
39.9 100.8 40.17 34.10
41.1 92.7 38.10 32. 37
40.8 95.6 38.98 33.68
41.2 93.1 38. 37 33.44
42.6 85.9 36.63 31.91
41.4 84.6 35. 00 30.66
41.5 85.9 35.67 31.28
41.9 78.2 32. 76 28.80
N et
earn
ings
per
week
P fg .
M k.
41.6 106.8 44.39
38.58
125.5
105.7
109.6
104.0
98.8
95.6
98.4
92.7
49.90
43.04
45.42
43.85
42.30
41.64
41.70
40.15
43.59
36.72
39.49
38.31
36.92
36.25
36.56
34.99
39.8
40.7
41.4
42.1
42.8
43.5
42.4
43.3
M k.
W ages a n d C o st o f P r o d u c tio n in S ta te C o al M in e s in
N e th e r la n d s in 1934 1
NFAVORABLE conditions which confronted the Netherland
State coal mines during the past several years were intensified
during 1934. The four mines and the nitrogen plant, which occupy an
area of 1,047 hectares (2,587 acres), were operated regularly through
out the entire period. Production of coal totaled 7,789,238 metric
tons, of coke 2,062,380 tons, of briquets 358,044 tons, and of nitrogen
192,318 tons. The total production of 10,401,980 metric tons in 1934
was 557,515 tons, or 5.7 percent, more than in 1933.
The selling price per ton of coal, including gross profits of the nitro
gen plant, etc., dropped from 6.11 florins 2 in 1933 to 5.76 florins in
1934. The cost price per ton, including allowances for depreciation
and interest, also declined from 6.11 florins in 1933 to 5.87 florins in
1934. The cost and selling prices per metric ton of coal in 1934 were
4 and 6 percent lower, respectively, than the year before and, in fact,
were the lowest on record since 1918.
U
* Data are from report by Halleck L. Rose, American vice consul at Amsterdam, June 19,1935.
» Florin at par=40.2 cents; average exchange rate in 1934=67.4 cents.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1044
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
The cost price in 1934 was 77.1 percent lower and the selling price
78.2 percent lower than in 1919, the first post-war year. The cost
price included the following items:
m i,
flo r in s
m s
flo rin s
General costs___________________________________ 0. 66
Social insurance________________________________
.3 3
Miners’ family allowance____ ___________________ .1 5
Miners’ wage___________________________________ 2. 40
Mining timber and other materials_______________ .7 7
Power and other expenses_______________________ .6 5
0. 72
.3 6
.1 7
2. 52
.7 7
.6 4
Total------------------------------------------------------ 4. 98
5. 18
The total number employed on December 31 in specified years was
as follows:
1903_________________
1908_________________
1911_____________
1914_________________
1919__________________
1923_________________
1926__________________
92
955
2, 380
4, 500
12,274
14,994
19,854
1927_________________ 20, 908
1929
_____________ 22, 091
1930
_____________ 21,819
1931
_____________ 22, 291
1932
_____________ 21,358
1933
_____________ 20, 685
1934
_____________ 20, 267
Of the total number employed on December 31, 1934, 12,564 were
underground workers, 6,807 surface workers, and 1,331 salaried
employees; 17,885 were natives of the Netherlands and 2,382 were
aliens.
Wages paid during 1934 averaged 5.20 florins per shift of 8 hours
for underground and 4.08 florins for surface miners, or 4.78 florins for
both classes—a decrease of 3 percent from 1933. The 1934 wages
were the lowest since 1926. The following table shows the average
wages per shift of 8 hours paid in the years 1929 to 1934:
Average Wages per 8-hour Shift in State Coal Mines of Netherlands, 1929 to 1934
Class
1929
Average, all classes of workers.- ________________ __
Underground miners________________
Surface miners______________________________
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
-
1930
F lo r in s F lo r in s
1931
1932
1933
1934
F lo rin s
5.50
F lo r in s
5. 61
F lo rin s
5.43
F lo r in s
5.00
4.86
4.78
6.01
4.41
6.09
4. 60
5.87
4. 52
5.43
4. 20
5.26
4.15
5. 20
4.08
EMPLOYMENT OFFICES
O p e ra tio n s o f th e U n ite d S ta te s E m p lo y m e n t S e rv ic e ,
A u g u s t 1935
ORE than two and one-quarter million persons have been regis
tered by offices of the United States Employment Service in
the 3 months since registration for employment has been required of
relief employables. The registration and classification of 782,027
persons during the month of August brought the 3-month volume of
new registrations to a total of 2,264,446. In the 3 months preceding
the order requiring universal registration for employment by relief
clients, total new registrations numbered 959,740. Although the
exact number of relief clients included in the latter 3 months’ regis
tration total is not yet known, it is estimated that the major portion
of the increased number of applications received during the period
was made up of previously unregistered relief employables. Relief
clients also voluntarily had registered for employment in large num
bers prior to the issuance late in May of the order requiring employ
ment registration.
Total new applications received in August 1934, 1 year earlier,
numbered 370,705. In the 3 months June, July, and August 1934,
1,022,019 new applications were received.
Effects of continued heavy new registration are evident in further
increases in the total number of persons actively seeking work through
the Employment Service. On August 31 the records of 8,234,933
active job seekers were in Employment Service occupational files
available for work.
Nearly one-quarter of a million placements in gainful employment
were made by public employment offices in August. Verified place
ments in 243,016 jobs were reported, the openings filled representing
all types of gainful work.
Offices of the affiliated State employment services received 337,296
new applications (43.1 percent of the national total), reported an
active file of 3,056,155 applicants (37.1 percent), and made 80,159
verified placements (33.0 percent). Offices of the National Reemploy
ment Service received 444,731 new applications (56.9 percent of the
national total), reported an active file of 5,178,778 job seekers (62.9
percent), and made 162,857 verified placements (67.0 percent).
During August, 33,664 previously unregistered war veterans were
registered and classified by the Employment Service. Since July 1,
1933, 1,329,700 veterans have registered with the Service, a number
equal to approximately 30 percent of the total number of veterans
M
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1045
1046
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
living in the United States who served in the armed forces of the
United States during the Spanish-American and World Wars. From
this number of applicants, 1,278,000 veteran placements have been
made. On August 31, 512,809 veterans were actively seeking jobs
through public employment offices.
Table 1.— Operations of Offices of Combined State Employment and National
Reemployment Services, August 1935
Placements
State
New applica
tions
Total applica
tions 1
Percent
Percent
of
of
August change August change August
from
from
July
July
United States_______________
243,016
Active file
Percent
of
change August
31
from
July
Percent
of
change
from
July 31
2 -6 .5 782,027
2 -4 .8 1,444,973
2 -8 .3 8, 234,933
2+9.3
2,862
1,825
6,464
20,641
2,746
-2 .8
-2 0 .9
+13.8
+11.6
-1 3 .9
13, 215
2,205
7,320
74, 585
6,056
-3 8 .5
-6 6 .2
-3 6 .2
+24.7
-1 9 .8
29,143
4,391
16,683
98,919
10,979
-4 5 .1
-5 2 .1
-3 2 .6
+12.5
-2 5 .0
166,315
41,297
96,002
234,494
81,400
+10.3
+ 2 .3
- 4 .4
+28.6
+ 5 .0
2,952
825
2,133
6,982
2,559
-1 2 .4
-2 1 .4
+ 9.1
+73.4
-2 .4
7,015
1,455
17,447
20,995
1,651
-3 .2
-1 4 .2
- 4 .8
-4 4 .6
- 6 .6
13,294
3,213
34,618
30,510
4,951
-.7
- 9 .3
-1 8 .3
-3 2 .0
- 6 .4
60,707
14,601
142,831
281,708
32,766
+ 4 .2
+ 7.1
+20.4
+ 6 .5
+ 1 .7
Illinois___ ____ _
Indiana____. . . . . .
Iowa____________ . .
K ansas.. ______
K entucky_______
12,399
7,972
7,184
5,056
2,008
- 3 .3
+16.0
-2 1 .0
-3 4 .6
-3 .0
39, 566
16,407
4,897
8,960
34,387
+36.6
-5 9 .5
+ 2 .7
-4 .8
+73.2
85,490
25,280
17,463
16,865
55,759
+33.7
-6 3 .7
+ 5 .0
-1 6 .3
+69.0
244,281
227,143
78,353
173,136
196,874
+13.2
+ 4 .6
-.8
+ 4 .4
+36.9
Louisiana_________
M aine__________
Maryland _______
Massachusetts_____ .
M ichigan... _______
1,467
898
2,043
3,624
3,369
-2 3 .8
-4 6 .4
+ 5 .8
-1 8 .9
+13.4
3,544 -8 0 .5
4,411 +33.7
4,445
-9 .0
25,744 +120.4
43,334 +60.3
5,187
8,819
9,049
38,248
50,010
-7 6 .6
-1 4 .6
-3 2 .9
+50.4
+14.0
176,303
32,899
97,059
255,691
202,136
+ .7
+17.5
+ 4 .2
+13.8
+22.0
Minnesota________
Mississippi______
M issouri.. . ____
M ontana________ .
Nebraska______ . ____
12,870
3,005
10,733
5,143
5,889
- 8 .4
-2 7 .7
- 1 .9
+11.8
-1 8 .8
20,081 +18.3
14, 561 +12.6
24,773
- 5 .5
7,172 +122.4
3,687 +33.6
45,878
27,276
53,988
14,248
15,969
-2 .6
- 9 .6
-.2
+48.6
+46.6
124,444
141,599
265,722
38,602
64,556
+15.1
+13.2
+11.8
+18.1
- 1 .6
N evada_________ _____ . . .
N ew H am p sh ire.... .
New Jersey_______________
N ew Mexico_____. . . .
N ew Y o r k .. ____ ___ _
1,411 +36.3
900 -5 4 .7
3,199 -1 3 .6
1,740 -1 5 .1
13,775 2-19.5
1,275 +12.2
1,618 -1 6 .9
18,022 -5 3 .4
7, 207 +96.9
90,747 2+16.2
2,650
3,353
27,171
11,401
132,918
+ 9 .7
-2 9 .1
-4 7 .1
+36.4
2+6.6
5,891
28,843
290,278
49,411
873,853
- 2 .2
+ 6 .8
+ 7.4
+21.5
2+7.1
North C a ro lin a ..._____
North D akota___ . . .
Ohio__________ . .
Oklahoma_______. _ ___ .
Oregon______________ .
6,987
3,848
12,624
2,894
4,586
+26.9
- 3 .2
- 2 .4
-2 5 .0
-2 2 .4
33,839
3,380
32,306
15,078
4,321
+33.4
-2 5 .2
-1 8 .1
+ 2 .9
-4 1 .3
56,105
10, 656
81,046
42,858
8,947
+11.0
-1 1 .7
- 9 .1
-3 8 .4
-3 8 .6
170,107
35,851
306,463
157,288
91,158
+28.0
- 1 .5
+12.1
+21.5
+ 1 .7
Pennsylvania______________
Rhode Island . . . ____ .
South Carolina__ _____
South D akota. _____ .
T e n n e ss e e -______________
7,400
698
3,603
3,201
3,199
-2 9 .1
-1 .8
-1 3 .3
-9 .0
+ 7 .1
53,170
4,957
8,287
2,625
17,949
-2 4 .3
+26.2
-3 7 .5
- 1 .1
-1 .0
124,863
6,760
15, 585
8,772
22,432
+ 8 .7 1,255,056
-8 .0
52,183
-2 9 .7
158,641
-6 .4
62,833
-1 3 .3
247, 591
+ 5 .4
+10.8
Texas_____________ .
U tah__________ _ . .
Vermont....... ......... .
Virginia _________ _ .
W ashington_____ ____
9,561
3,361
747
5,447
4,567
-2 2 .4
-8 .5
-2 3 .9
+ 7 .0
+ 6 .9
16,837
3,533
790
16,985
11, 521
-4 7 .0
-6 .2
+ 2 .6
+ 6 .0
-3 .4
37,092
10,461
2,116
28,598
19,056
-3 8 .9
-1 1 .7
-2 7 .2
-2 .4
-7 .0
298,607
43,371
16,766
136,637
181,394
+ 3.8
+ 6 .0
+ 7 .6
+14.4
+ 5 .0
W est Virginia_________
W isconsin_____ ____ _____ _
W yoming____________ ______
District of Columbia____ .
2,862
8,835
2,200
1,722
-9 .0
-.3
+18.5
+ 8 .4
7,954
15,966
1,864
3,883
-1 8 .6
+40.6
-1 3 .9
-4 1 .2
20,345
44, 599
4,713
6,246
-0 .0
+15.0
+ 3 .7
-3 7 .4
130,774
108,766
11,453
50,799
+ 3 .8
+21.6
+ 6 .1
+ 2 .0
Alabama_________ ______
Arizona________
Arkansas____ _____ . . . . .
California... ___. . . . .
Colorado_______________ .
C onnecticut.. _______
Delaware. . . . _____
Florida. _ ________ .
Georgia___________ .
Idaho_____ _____ .
. .
1 Includes new applications, reregistrations, and renewals.
* Based on revised July figure.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
+ .8
+ 6 .6
1047
EMPLOYMENT OFFICES
Table 2.— Operations of Offices of State Employment Services, August 1935
Placements
State
New applica
tions
Total applica
tions 1
Per
Per
Per
cent of
cent of
cent of
change
August
change
change
August
August
from
from
from
July
July
July
Active file
Aug. 31
Per
cent 0
change
from
July 3
80,159
4 - 3 .6
337,296
4 - 3 .3
597,150
4 - 0 .7
3,056,155
4 +10.
Arizona------------------------- - C a lifo rn ia ..._______________
Colorado----- ----------------Connecticut________________
Delaware___________ ______
445
13,004
674
2,258
825
+ 1 .8
+21.0
-2 4 .7
-1 2 .3
-2 1 .4
1,077
63,991
2,083
5,048
1,455
-6 3 .2
+34.0
- 5 .8
-1 5 .7
-1 4 .2
1,510
80, 512
2,901
9,850
3, 213
-5 5 .9
+30.2
-1 5 .7
- 6 .1
- 9 .3
14,417
166,970
34,201
42,548
14, 601
+6.
+43.
+2.
+4.
+7.
Illinois_____________________
-----Indiana_________ .
Iowa____ .
-------------------Kansas (not affiliated)_______
Louisiana__________________
7,517
5,460
3,303
1,108
1,467
+ 5 .2
+ 8 .4
-2 1 .4
-3 9 .2
-2 3 .8
27,486
9,695
3,301
4,731
3,544
+41.3
-6 0 .4
- 5 .3
+35.1
-8 0 .5
50,148
15,630
9,838
7,013
5,187
+39.5
-6 3 .7
- 5 .6
+ 1.3
-7 6 .6
133,186
119,068
45,859
42, 722
176,303
+21.
+5.
-2 .
+13.
+.
M assachusetts-. -------------- Minnesota----------- ------------Missouri------------------ ---------N evada______ _______ . . . .
New Hampshire------------------
2,383
4,202
2,425
849
211
- 5 .2
-1 3 .8
+ 4 .5
+48.2
+36.1
9,804
12,825
14,443
917
831
+47.1
+ 8 .1
+17.2
+17.0
+ 3 .6
17,313
23,669
32,136
1,665
1, 543
+33.9
- 5 .3
+21.2
+10.0
-2 4 .7
101,183
55, 248
79,603
3,883
13,190
+13.
+26.
+32.
-5 .
+9.
N ew Jersey---------- ----------N ew Mexico------- ---------N ew York. . ---------- -------Ohio------------ -------------------Oklahoma____ ______ _____
2,582
851
7,992
6, 214
790
-1 0 .8
+92.5
3 -8 .2
-1 2 .7
-2 0 .0
15,438 -5 7 .1
2,493 +91.3
73,839 3 +62.4
21,873 -2 0 .8
3,777 -1 6 .4
22,148 -5 2 .1
4,562 +37.0
108,929 3 +30. 7
53,397 -1 0 .7
7,684 -3 2 .8
241,016
24,797
537,871
159,344
26,217
+7.
+ ie .
3 +9.
+11.
+25.
Oregon.-----------------------------Pennsylvania-.. _______ . . .
Vermont__________ ______
Virginia---------- -------------------
2,485
3,981
747
617
- 8 .1
-1 6 .0
0
+39.3
2,386
37,673
790
1,688
-5 3 .3
-2 0 .0
0
+67.1
4,857 -4 4 .9
93, 570 +19.7
2,116
0
3, 211 +116. 2
67,498
781,472
16,766
15,453
+2.
"F7.
0
+23.
W est Virginia______________
Wisconsin__________________
Wyoming________ _______
District of Columbia________
670
4, 779
598
1,722
+55.8
-1 4 .2
+16.3
+ 8 .4
1,635
9,688
902
3,883
-2 0 .4
+20.4
-2 2 .1
-4 1 .2
3,831
22, 725
1,746
6,246
26,648
59, 704
5,588
50, 799
+9.
+17.
+8.
+2.
All States_________ _____ ___
1 Includes new applications, reregistrations, and renewals.
2 Based on revised July figure.
3 August first month operating as S. E. S.
4 Computed from comparable reports only.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
- 3 .6
+ 4.9
-1 1 .4
-3 7 .4
1048
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Table 3.— Operations of Offices of National Reemployment Service, August 1935
Placements
State
All States______
_
New applica
tions
Total applica
tions 1
Active file
Percent
Percent
Percent
of
of
of
August change August change August change
from
from
from
July
July
July
Aug. 31
Percent
of
change
from
July 31
847, 823 4 -12.9
162, 857
4 -7 .7
444, 731
4 - 5 .9
5, 178, 778
4+8. 6
Alabama _______
Arizona____
A rkansas.-__
California_____
Colorado__ ____
2,862
1, 380
6,464
7, 637
2,072
- 2 .8
-2 6 . 2
+13.8
- 1 .5
-9 .6
13, 215
1,128
7,320
10, 594
3, 973
-3 8 .5
-6 8 .7
-3 6 .2
-1 1 .9
-2 5 . 6
29,143
2,881
16,683
18, 407
8,078
-4 5 .1
-4 9 .8
-3 2 . 6
-2 9 . 5
-2 7 .9
166, 315
26, 880
96,002
67,524
47,199
+10.3
+ .4
-4 .4
+ 2 .3
+ 6 .8
Connecticut . . . .
Florida ________
Georgia_____. . . . .
Idaho... .
Illinois___ ___
694
2,133
6,982
2,559
4, 882
-1 2 .5
+9. 1
+73.4
- 2 .4
-1 4 .1
1,967
17, 447
20,995
1. 651
12, 080
+56.2
-4 .8
-44. 6
-6 . 6
+27. 1
3, 444
34, 618
30, 510
4, 951
35,342
+19. 1
-18. 3
-3 2 .0
-6 .4
+26.3
18,159
142, 831
281, 708
32, 766
111,095
+ 3 .5
+20.4
+6. 5
+ 1.7
+ 5 .0
Indiana____ _________
Iowa___ . .
Kansas____________________
K entucky... . . . . . . . . . . . . .
M aine__________ . . . _____
2, 512
3, 881
3,948
2, 008
898
+36.7
-2 0 .7
-3 3 . 2
-3 .0
-4 6 .4
6, 712
1,596
4, 229
34, 387
4,411
-58. 1
+24.4
-2 8 .4
+73. 2
+33.7
9,650
7, 625
9,852
55, 759
8,819
-6 3 .5
+22.7
-2 5 .4
+69.0
-1 4 . 6
108, 075
32, 494
130, 414
196, 874
32, 899
+ 4 .2
+ 1.3
+ 1.7
+36.9
+17. 5
Maryland _____
Massachusetts______________
Michigan________ . . . _____
Minnesota_____
M ississippi-, _______ _____
2,043
1, 241
3,309
8, 668
3,005
+ 5 .8
-3 6 .6
+13.4
-5 . 6
-2 7 . 7
4,445
- 9 .0
15,940 +218. 0
43, 334 +60.3
7,256 +42. 1
14, 561 + 12.6
9, 049
20,935
50, 010
22, 209
27, 276
-3 2 .9
+67.4
+14.0
+ .3
-9 . 6
97, 059
154, 508
202,136
69. 196
141, 599
+4. 2
+13.8
+22.0
+ 7 .4
+ 13. 2
Missouri____ . .. . _
Montana____ .
Nebraska__________________
Nevada______ „
New Hampshire_____
8,308
5,143
5,889
562
689
-3 .6
+ 11.8
-1 8 .8
+21.6
-6 2 .4
10, 330 +25. 6
7, 172 +122. 4
3,687 +33.6
358
+ 1 .7
787 -3 1 .3
21,852
14, 248
15,969
985
1,810
-2 0 .8
+48. 6
+46.6
+ 9 .3
-3 2 .4
186, 119
38, 602
64, 556
2,008
15, 653
+ 4.9
+18.1
-1 .6
+ 6 .0
+ 5 .0
New Jersey______
New Mexico____ . . .
Now York_____
North C arolina...
North Dakota____
617 -2 3 . 6
889 -4 4 .7
5,783 2 -3 1 .2
6,987 +26.9
-3 .2
3,848
2, 584
- 3 .0
4, 714 +100. 0
16,908 -4 8 . 1
33,839 +33.4
3,380 -2 5 . 2
5,023
-1 .7
6,839 +36.0
23,989 3 -4 2 .0
58,105 +11.0
10, 656 -1 1 .7
49, 262
24, 614
335,982
170,107
35, 851
+ 6 .5
+27.5
2 +4. 1
+28.0
-1 . 5
Ohio_________
Oklahoma__________
Oregon_______ .
. . .
Pennsylvania.... _ .... _
Rhode Islan d..
___ .
6,410
2,104
2,101
3, 419
698
+10.2
-2 6 .7
-3 4 .4
-4 0 . 1
-1 .8
10, 433
11, 301
1,935
15, 497
4,957
-1 1 .8
+11. 5
-1 3 .9
-3 3 .0
+26.2
27, 649
35,174
4,090
31, 293
6,760
- 5 .7
-3 9 . 5
-2 9 . 1
-1 4 .8
-8 .0
147,119
131, 071
23, 660
473, 584
52,183
+12.5
+20.7
+. 6
+2. 5
+10. 8
South Carolina______ . . . . . . .
South Dakota_______ _ . .
Tennessee.
Texas___________ _________
Utah . . . ______ ._
Vermont_____ . ..
3, 603
3, 201
3, 199
9, 561
3,361
(3)
-1 3 .3
- 9 .0
+ 7 .1
-2 2 .4
- 8 .5
8,287
2,625
17,949
16,837
3,533
-3 7 .5
-1 . 1
-1 .0
-4 7 .0
-6 .2
15, 585
8, 772
22, 432
37, 092
10, 461
-2 9 .7
-6 .4
-1 3 .3
-3 8 .9
-1 1 . 7
158, 641
62,833
247, 591
298, 607
43. 371
(3)
+6. 5
+. 8
+6. 6
+ 3 .8
+6. 0
Virginia ____________
Washington____________ . . .
West Virginia_________
Wisconsin__________________
Wyoming___ ____ .
4,830
4,567
2, 192
4,056
1, 602
+ 3 .9
+ 6 .9
-1 9 . 3
+23.1
+ 19. 4
15, 297
11, 521
6, 319
6, 278
962
+1.9
- 3 .4
-1 8 . 1
+89. 6
-4 .4
25, 387
19, 056
16, 514
21,874
2,967
-8 .7
-7 .0
+ 0 .8
+27.8
+ 15.2
121,184
181, 394
104, 126
49, 062
5,865
+13.4
+5. 0
+2. 5
+26. 5
+4. 2
(3)
1 Includes new applications, reregistrations, and renewals.
s Based on revised July figure.
3 Operating as S. E. S. Aug. 1.
4 Computed from comparable reports only.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(3)
1049
EMPLOYMENT OFFICES
I able 4.—Veterans’ Activities of Offices of Combined State Employment and
National Reemployment Services, August 1935
Placements
New applications
Active file
August
Percent
of
change
from
July
August
Percent
of
change
from
July
Aug. 31
27,022
i - 7 .7
33, 664
i -6 .2
512,809
1 + 6 .7
297
227
492
2,771
263
-2 6 .5
-2 6 .8
-2 .0
+ 6 .0
-3 8 .3
374
106
269
6,966
263
-4 6 .5
-7 1 .0
-2 2 .0
+33.9
+ 9 .6
7,975
2,352
5,505
23,359
5,858
+ 4 .6
- 2 .4
—8. 2
+28.2
+ 2 .3
234
86
194
458
198
+ 2 .2
+17.8
+ 2 .6
+33.9
- 2 .0
351
58
426
445
88
+ 1 .7
-3 .3
-2 1 .5
-4 0 .2
-1 2 .9
4,702
843
7,768
11,222
1,453
+6. 4
—2. 9
+ 7.1
+ 3.1
-1 0 .6
1,185
1, 147
980
719
432
+ 5.1
+19.9
-1 3 .7
-2 4 .1
+ 3 .8
2,434
684
211
298
709
+16.2
-6 0 .8
+ 5.5
-2 8 .4
+16.0
21, 362
14,624
5,465
9, 660
12,876
+ 9.6
—. 1
+ 3 .3
+ 4.1
+ 13.4
204
95
248
340
506
-2 0 .3
-4 0 .3
+ .8
-1 7 .3
+30.1
172
222
212
1, 366
2, 220
-8 1 .2
+53.1
-1 3 .1
+151.1
+25.8
11,980
2,585
6, Oil
17; 756
13,833
+. 5
+ 8 .5
-j-1 8
+ 12.9
+16.3
M innesota_____
M ississippi___
M issouri____ _
M ontana_____
. _
N eb rask a ,.. . . . . . . . .
1,092
198
1,241
446
518
-1 9 .3
-3 5 .1
-1 1 .0
-1 5 .5
-1 8 .0
973
172
1,276
246
145
+54.9
-4 1 .5
-3 .5
+95.2
+21.8
8,974
6,834
15! 882
2,302
4,375
+12. 4
+ 9 fi
+8 9
+12.1
- 5 .8
N evada_________ _____
New Hampshire_____________
New Jersey____ . . . __
New M exico.. .
N ew York____
186
66
274
377
1,116
+55.0
-5 2 .9
-3 2 .3
+ 5 .6
i -2 1 .8
67
75
979
228
2,375
+26.4
-3 9 .5
. -5 8 .8
+11.8
1 +12.1
308
2,195
22^ 540
3! 196
57,322
+14.9
+3 Q
-j-fi 8
—io! 6
North Carolina______________ .
North Dakota______________ .
Ohio...................
Oklahoma____ _
Oregon___________________
582
285
1,161
374
526
+ 2 .5
- 1 .7
-2 5 .5
-3 3 .3
+ 1 .5
595
115
1,222
533
278
+15.1
-1 7 .9
-3 3 .9
+14.4
-4 6 .8
7,307
1,486
21,923
16,255
L 087
+11.4
—3 5
+ 7.3
953
76
269
400
281
1 - 9 .2
+ 5 .6
- 6 .3
- 9 .1
-1 5 .1
2,410
154
214
96
389
-1 6 .6
+27.3
-2 9 .4
.0
-4 8 .4
57,823
3,049
6,938
3,114
13,362
1+7 8
+6! 4
+ 4.5
Texas__________ . . . .
U tah_____ ____
Vermont______
Virginia.____ ____________
Washington________ ______
1,879
435
38
393
697
- 7 .3
-2 1 .6
-4 3 .3
> -1 6 .4
- .3
723
91
41
478
384
-3 7 .3
-3 2 .6
+57.7
- 2 .0
-2 7 .4
17,902
2 ; 848
560
7,228
12,945
+ 13
+ 2.4
West Virginia______ _____
W isconsin..........
_____
W yoming_______________ .
District of Columbia___________
390
1,205
210
278
-2 4 .9
+25.1
+15.4
+22.5
280
861
104
286
-3 2 .4
+222.5
- 7 .1
-3 0 .8
7,944
9; 024
927
3,970
+4 2
+17.4
+ 9.1
-.3
State
United States___________
Alabama..................... _
Arizona____ ______
Arkansas____ _
California____
Colorado_______ _ __
Connecticut_____ _____
Delaware________ _
Florida____ ___
Georgia_____________ .
Idaho_____
...
Illinois____
Indiana______
Iowa______
Kansas______ _
Kentucky________________ . .
Louisiana_________ __
M aine________
Maryland_______
.
M assachusetts_________ .
M ichigan_____
Pennsylvania_________________
__ .
Rhode Island________________
South Carolina____________ ..
South Dakota________ . . .
Tennessee--------------------------------- .
1 Based on revised July figure.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
..
Percent
of
change
from
July 31
1 -.2
+4 7
-.2
+ 2.2
+8. 5
+ 8 .0
+ 1 .2
1050
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— -OCTOBER 1935
A n a ly s is o f E m p lo y m e n t S e rv ic e A c tiv itie s D u r in g
J u n e 1935
ABULATED reports of 604,023 new applications of the total of
660,773 received in June, and of 238,583 placements of the
month’s total of 248,211, indicate that men formed 72.7 percent of the
new applicants and received 86.7 percent of placements, while women
made up 27.3 percent of the new applicants and received 13.3 percent
of the placements. More than half of all placements were in regular
jobs—those expected to continue for more than 1 month. Male
placements were classified as 57.7 percent regular and 42.3 percent
temporary, while jobs filled by women were classified as 54.2 percent
regular and 45.8 percent temporary. Employment Service registra
tions during June were abnormally high as a result of the large-scale
registration of relief employables. The June total of 660,773 new
applications compares to an average volume of 315,000 new applica
tions per month for the previous 15 months.
Detailed tabulated reports are complete for all parts of the United
States except the State of New York. Tabulated reports for this
State will be available at a later date.
Industrial Classification of New Applicants and All Persons Placed
D e t a i l e d tabulations of the industrial background of the men
who registered with public employment offices in June show that
nearly one-third had last been regularly employed in agriculture,
forestry, fishing, or extraction of minerals, 31.4 percent reporting their
last employment in this field. The tabulations upon which these
figures are based are complete for the country with the sole exception of
the State of New York for which detailed reports are not yet available.
Manufacturing industries were reported by the second largest group
of male applicants, 22.9 percent falling in this group. In order of
rank the other major industrial groups were professional and com
mercial service and distribution, 14.6 percent; building and construc
tion, 12.9 percent; public utilities and transportation, 6.8 percent;
domestic and personal service, hotels and institutions, 6.1 percent;
and Governmental service (including all types of local governmental
employment except relief work), 5.3 percent. In addition, 94,634 men
reported no classifiable work experience.
Placements among men were 69.3 percent in building and con
struction work, 9.7 percent in agriculture, forestry, fishing, and extrac
tion of minerals, 4.6 percent in manufacturing, 4.6 percent in domestic
and personal service, hotels and institutions, 4.5 percent in Govern
mental service, 3.3 percent in professional and commercial service
and distribution, and the remainder in public utilities and transporta-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
EMPLOYMENT OFFICES
1051
tion and in miscellaneous fields. The predominance of building and
construction work reflects employment on public works enterprises.
The largest group of new woman applicants registered in June, for
whom detailed reports are available, reported their work experience
in the group domestic and personal service, hotels and institutions;
55.8 percent of the woman applicants reporting this classification.
Manufacturing was reported as the background of 16.7 percent of
the woman applicants, and professional and commercial service and
distribution, of 15.1 percent. Small numbers of women reported
former employment in the industrial fields predominantly staffed by
men. Placements of women were made in domestic and personal
service, hotels and institutions, professional and commercial service
and distribution (sales), and manufacturing, in the order named.
Smaller numbers of women were also placed in the other industrial
groups.
The accompanying charts portray the main industrial groups in
which male and female applicants were formerly employed and in
which placements were made.
Age Distribution of New Applicants and Persons Placed
T he large rise in the number of new applicants during June result
ing from the wholesale registration of relief employables, was accom
panied by a decided increase in the average age of both male and
female applicants. The median age of male new applicants in June
was 33.1 years, as compared with an average of 31.6 for the 6 preced
ing months. The median age of female new applicants in June was
30, which compares with the figure of 27.3 for the 6 preceding months.
These averages indicate a higher average age among the previously
unregistered relief recipients than among persons ordinarily applying
to the employment offices. It is possible that a larger proportion of
the younger relief recipients may have filed their applications before
the issuance of the order for general registration of all employable
relief recipients.
The median age of all men placed by the public employment offices
reached a new low of 33.1 years in June. The corresponding figure
for last December was 33.9, and the average has been uniformly
dropping since that time.
No significant change has taken place in the age distribution of
the women placed during the 7 months for which tabulations have
been made public. The median for June is 27.6 years.
The median ages of persons receiving regular jobs (those expected
to last more than 1 month) are uniformly lower than those for persons
temporarily placed. This differential amounts to only about a year
for the male group, but for the female group is regularly between 5
and 7 years.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1052
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
UNITED STATES EMPLOYMENT SERVICE
INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION OF NEW APPLICANTS
AND A LL PERSONS PLACED DURING JUNE 1935
Forty seven States and District of Columbia*
MEN
A ll Placements
New A pplicants
A G R IC U L T U R E , F O R E S T R Y ,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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1053
EMPLOYMENT OFFICES
UNITED STATES EMPLOYMENT SERVICE
INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION OF NEW APPLICANTS
AND A LL PERSONS PLACED DURING JUNE 1935
Forty seven States and District of Columbia *
WOMEN
New A pplicants
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
E ach
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REGULAR
TEMPORARY
Repr esen ts
5 ,0 0 0
1054
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
UNITED STATES EMPLOYMENT SERVICE
AGE OF NEW APPLICANTS AND A L L PERSONS PLACED
DURING JUNE 1935, 47 STATES AND D. C *
MEN
New A pplicants
A ll Placements
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
YEA RS
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1055
E M PL O Y M E N T O F F IC E S
UNITED STATES EMPLOYMENT SERVICE
LENGTH OF UNEMPLOYMENT OF NEW APPLICANTS
JUNE 1935, 47 STATES AND D. C *
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https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
THAN
48
M ON THS
OF
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Each Complete Figure Represents 5 ,0 0 0
1056
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
The age group 21-29 years consistently shows the highest number
of new applicants and of persons placed, both for men and women.
During June, 25.2 percent of the new applicants and 31 percent of
the persons placed fell in this age group.
The distribution of new applicants and all placements by age groups
in June is illustrated by the chart on page 1054.
Length of Unemployment of N ew Applicants Registered During June 1935
T h e greater length of unemployment of relief employables than of
nonrelief registrants is reflected in the increased proportion of new
registrants in June reporting more than 4 years of unemployment,
and in the increase in the median length of unemployment of appli
cants with previous work experience.
During June, when registration by relief employables was heavy,
11.5 percent of all new applicants reported over 4 years of continuous
unemployment. During the 4 months, January through April, when
relief clients constituted but a minor portion of Employment Service
new applicants, only 7 percent of the job seekers reported unemploy
ment exceeding 4 years in duration. The median length of unem
ployment of male applicants with classifiable work experience, during
June was 9.3 months, while during the first 4 months of the present
year 4.7 months was the median length of continuous unemployment.
For women the corresponding record was 8.5 months in June and 4.6
for the 4-month period. In these reports, work on relief projects was
not considered as gainful employment.
The effect of heavy registrations by recent students at the conclu
sion of the school year is also marked in June. Recent students con
stituted 8.3 percent of all new applicants in June compared to 4.3
percent in May.
The chart of length of unemployment (p. 1055) shows male and
female applicants registered in June, classified by the length of
unemployment of those with work experience, and the previous status
of applicants who had no record of gainful employment.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT AND PAY
ROLLS
S u m m a ry o f E m p lo y m e n t R e p o r ts f o r A u g u s t 1935
Comparison of August 1935 with July 1935 and August 1934
SUMMARY of the reported data regarding employment in
August 1935 is presented in the following four tables. Employ
ment and pay-roll indexes, per capita weekly earnings, average hours
worked per week, and average hourly earnings, as well as percentage
changes from July 1935 and August 1934, are shown for manufacturing
and for the nonmanufacturing groups insofar as the information is
available.
The principal changes shown in these tables are briefly as follows:
Factory employment and pay rolls rose 2.8 percent and 6.6 percent,
respectively. This means that approximately 185,000 workers were
added to factory pay rolls and that weekly wage disbursements
increased by approximately $8,700,000. The gain in employment
has been exceeded in August in only 2 of the preceding 16 years
(1922 and 1933) and in pay rolls in only one instance (1933).
Of the 90 manufacturing industries surveyed, 66 showed more
employees on their rolls in August than in July and 72 reported
larger pay rolls. Among the manufacturing industries in which
pronounced gains in employment were shown from July to August
were beet sugar (63.3 percent), millinery (36.2 percent), canning and
preserving (30.5 percent), women’s clothing (28.2 percent), cotton
seed oil-cake-meal (27.6 percent), radios (15.6 percent), rubber boots
and shoes (12.9 percent), fur-felt hats (11.6 percent), and sawmills
(7.8 percent). Employment in the machine-tool industry showed a
gain of 3.3 percent, and steel works, rolling mills, and blast furnaces
increased the number of workers by 2.8 percent and their weekly
wage bill by 17.4 percent. Among the 24 industries which showed
declines in employment were cement (6.4 percent) and automobiles
(5.5 percent).
In nonmanufacturing 11 of the 17 industries surveyed reported
gains in employment and 8 showed larger pay rolls. In the aggregate,
A
1057
17272—35----- 14
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1058
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
there were approximately 30,000 fewer workers on the pay rolls of
these 17 nonmanufacturing industries and $900,000 less in weekly
wages.
Employment during August in the various services of the Federal
Government showed a gain of 13.2 percent over the preceding month.
Pay rolls which were in excess of $171,000,000 were 6.4 percent larger
than in July. A substantial part of the gain in employment may be
attributed to the Works Program for which the first monthly statistics
showed over 143,000 workers employed. Approximately 113,000
of this number were working on projects operated by the Works
Progress Administration; the remainder were employed by the
various Federal agencies receiving allotments from the Works
Progress fund.
Pronounced gains in employment of the month were registered in
construction projects financed by direct governmental appropriations
and in emergency conservation work. Increases also occurred in the
executive, military, and legislative services of the Federal Government.
The most marked decrease in employment during August was in
the emergency-work program. Small losses were shown in the judicial
service, in construction projects financed by the Reconstruction
Finance Corporation, and in construction projects financed by the
Public Works Administration.
P r iv a te e m p lo y m e n t .—Table 1 shows employment and pay-roll
indexes and per capita weekly earnings in August 1935 for all manu
facturing industries combined, for various nonmanufacturing indus
tries, and for class I steam railroads, with percentage changes over
the month and year intervals, except in the few cases referred to in
footnotes, for which certain items cannot be computed. Table 2
shows for the same industries as in table 1, so far as data are available,
average hours worked per week and average hourly earnings, together
with percentage changes over the month and year intervals.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1059
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
T ab le 1 .— E m p lo y m en t, P a y R olls, and E arnings in A ll M an u factu rin g In d u stries
C om bined and in N on m an u factu rin g In d u stries, A u gu st 1935 (P relim in ary
F igu res)
Percentage
change from—
Industry
August
1935
July
1935
Au
gust
1934
81.7
56.6
Index
August
1935
+ 2 .8
-.7
+ 2 .8
- 2 .1
38.7 -2 1 .7 -2 1 .8
73.4 + 4 .8 - 4 .8
46.3 + 2 .5 + 8 .4
51.0
78.7
+ 2 .5
+ 3 .8
(2)
+ 9 .0
0
21.28 - 3 . 8
15. 97 +21.8
22. 32 + 4 .7
- 8 .9
- 4 .6
+14.1
+ 5 .3
+ .1
+14. 5
+ 4 .2
+ 6 .6 +11.9 $20. 85
(2)
(2)
(2)
28.3 -2 4 . 6 -2 8 .7
45. 8 +27.6 - 9 .1
33.4 + 7 .4 +23.7
- 6 .8
- 4 .8
36.3
60.7
+ 5 .6
+ 2 .6
+ 6 .8
-.8
17. 5S
27.91
-.2
+ 2 .0
28.38
- .6
+ 2 .8
+ 2 .0
29.77
- 1 .1
+ 1.9
70.5
+ .3
-.7
75.5
85.7
+ 1 .1
+ .1
81.5
71.2
- .4
- 2 .2
63.3
-.2
+ .8
28.30
+ .2
+ 3 .0
+ 3 .3
+ 1 .4
26.93
20.41
-.6
-.2
+ 3 .0
+ 1.5
+ 3 .1
17.79
—.4
+ 2 .5
- 1 .6 + 1.1
+ 3 .0
- .1
- 2 .4 + 3.9
- 5 .4 + 2 .6
-+*. 3 + 1 .3
+ 4 .6 - 2 .4
- 5 .0 + 1.5
+ 4 .4 +16.8
22.40
13.26
15. 56
17.98
31.77
35. 60
35. 76
25.06
—.3
—. 5
- 2 .1
- 2 .7
4 0
+ 1.1
-4 .8
+ .8
+ 1.5
+ 2 .0
+ 3.3
+ 1.7
—. 4
+ 1 .6
“K 4
+ 8 .7
- 0
82.8
77.7
+ .9
- 1 .8
+ .4
-.1
64.8
59.2
+ .3
- 2 .1
81.7
- 3 .4
+ .6
69.0
- 3 .8
76.6
80.7
84.2
79.4
0
0
(2)
(2)
- 1 .4
+ .5
-.3
-2 .8
+ .3
+ 3 .4
- .2
+ 3 .6
-.4
+ .9
57.2
62.0
69.2
58.2
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
4 1 .0
+ 1 .7
- 3 .9
+ 1.1
+ 7 .6
1 Preliminary source: Interstate Commerce Commission.
2 N ot available.
3 Less than Mo of 1 percent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
69.6
(2)
(1929=
100)
(1929=
100)
Coal mining:
Anthracite
___________
Bituminous
_ _______
Metalliferous mining.................
Quarrying and nonmetallic
mining _ _____________
Crude petroleum producing...
Public utilities:
Telephone and telegraph...
Electric light and power
and manufactured gas...
Electric-railroad and motor-bus operation and
m ain tenance_______ .
Trade:
Wholesale__________ —
Retail__________________
General merchandising_____________
Other "than general
merchandising_____
Hotels (cash payments only)—
Laundries
_________
Dyeing and cleaning
Ranks__ _________________
Brokerage. __ _______ - - .
Insurance. _________________
Building construction-----------
Percentage
Percentage
change from— Aver- change from—
age in
AuAu
Au
gust
July
July gust
gust
1935
1935
1935
1934
1934
(1923-25
=100)
(1923-85
=100)
All manufacturing industries
combined_________________
fllass T steam railroads 1 ___
Per capita weekly
earnings
Pay roll
Employment
1060
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Table 2. Hours and Earnings in August 1935 in All Manufacturing Industries
Combined and in Nonmanufacturing Industries (Preliminary Figures)
Average hours worked Average hourly earn
per week
ings
Percentage
Percentage
change 1
change 1
Aver
Aver
from—
from—
age in
age in
August
August
1935
July August 1935
July August
1935
1934
1935
1934
Industry
All manufacturing industries combined_________________
Class I steam railroads_____________________________
Coal mining:
Anthracite._________ ____ _________________________
Bituminous______________________________________
Metalliferous mining__________________________________
Quarrying and nonmetallie mining_____________________
Crude-petroleum producing________ ___ ____________
Public utilities:
Telephone and telegraph___________________________
Electric light and power and manufactured gas_______
Electric-railroad and motor-bus operation and main
tenance........... ............................................................. ........
Trade:
Wholesale_________________________________________
B éta il._____ _____ ________________________________
General merchandising_________________________
Other than general merchandising_______________
H otels_________ ___ _____ _____________________ _______
Laundries____________________________________________
Dyeing and cleaning___________________________________
Banks____ ____ _______________________________________
Brokerage_____________________________________________
Insurance_____________________________________________
Building construction____________________________ ____ _
C en ts
36.6
+ 4 .0
+ 7.3
56.8
- 0 .2
+ 1 .5
24.1 -1 0 .1 -1 1 .8
21.8 +19.8 - 2 .7
38.0 +4.1 + 7 .7
37.5 + 5 .3 + 9 .7
36.4
+ .6
- 1 .2
83.2
73.7
58.0
47.0
76.7
+ .8
.0
+ .3
-.6
- .4
+ 7 .6
-.8
+ 3.0
38.6
39.4
- 1 .4
-1 .6
+ 6.1
+ 2 .2
- .5
+ 1 .3
+ .5
-.3
+ 1 .8
76.0
74.9
44.8
+ .2
+ 1.1
61.9
- .2
+ 1.6
41.5
42.1
38.4
43.1
47.8
41.3
41.4
0)
(3)
(3)
31.0
+ .2
+ .5
+ .3
+ .5
.0
- 1 .2
-.7
(3)
(3)
(3)
+ .3
+ 2.1
+ 5 .3
+ 2 .2
+ 5 .7
+ 1 .7
+ 4 .4
- 2 .7
(3)
(3)
(3)
+ 9.1
64.5
51.6
48.2
52.5
2 27.5
36.3
43.1
(3)
I3)
(3)
80.8
- 1 .1
-.4
-.6
-.6
.0
-.5
- 1 .8
(3)
(3)
(3)
+ .7
+ .9
-.8
-.3
- 1 .1
.0
- .5
-1 .1
(3)
(3)
(3)
+ 2.1
1 Percentage changes over year computed from indexes.
3 The additional value of board, room, and tips cannot be computed.
3 N ot available.
P u b li c e m p lo y m e n t .—Employment created by the Federal Gov
ernment is of two general classes: (1) Employment either in the
executive, judicial, legislative, or military services, and on various
construction projects financed by the Federal Government; and (2)
employment on relief work, where the work itself and the system of
payment is of an emergency-relief character. Data for these two
types of Federal employment are shown separately in tables 3 and 4.
Table 3.—Employment and Pay Rolls in Various Services of the United States
Government, August 1935 (Preliminary Figures)
Employment
Kind of service
Total services_____
_____________
Executive service__________________
Judicial service____________________
Legislative service___ . . . ____ ______
Military service_______________ . . .
Construction projects financed by
P. W. A . . _________ ____________
Construction projects financed by
R. F. C ______ _____ ____________
Construction projects financed by di
rect governmental appropriations...
The Works Program_____________
August
1935
July
1935
1,630,183 11,440,087
Per
centage
change
Pay roll
August
1935
July
1935
+13.2 $171,659, 653 $161,314,734
Per
centage
change
+ 6.4
2 770,336
1,732
5,147
269,459
1 731,539
1,766
5,014
261,067
+ 5 .3
- 1 .9
+ 2 .7
+ 3 .2
115,789,800
470,939
1, 204,204
20,846, 275
111, 110,248
473,044
1,181,349
20,689,446
394,509
405, 332
- 2 .7
25,292,656
24,968,785
+ 1.3
9,415
9, 581
- 1 .7
1,020,208
1,001,653
+ 1.9
36,491
143,094
25,788
+41.5
2, 694,822
4,340, 749
1,890,209
+42.6
+ 4 .2
-.4
+ 1.9
+ .8
1 Revised.
2 24,174 employees of the Works Progress Administration included for which pay roll is not available.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1061
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
Table 4.— Employment and Pay Rolls on Relief Work of Various Federal
Agencies, August 1935 (Preliminary Figures)
Pay roll
Per
centage
change August 1935 July 1935
July 1935
Employment
Group
August
1935
All groups-------------------------------------
1,989,976
Emergency Work Program-------------- 1,401,394
588,582
Emergency Conservation Work-------
2,409,375
1,928,789
480,586
Per
centage
change
-1 7 .4
$63,992,155
$75,211,411
-1 4 .9
-2 7 .3
+22.5
37,823,716
26,168,439
53,136,834
22, 074, 577
-2 8 .8
+18.5
Coverage of Reports
M o n t h l y reports on employment and pay rolls are now available
for the following groups: (1) 90 manufacturing industries; (2) 17
nonmanufacturing industries, including building construction; (3)
class I steam railroads; and (4) Federal services and agencies. The
reports for the first two of these groups—manufacturing and non
manufacturing—are based on sample surveys by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics, but in practically all cases the samples are sufficiently large
to be entirely representative. The figures on class I steam railroads
are compiled by the Interstate Commerce Commission and include
all employees. The data for the various Federal services and agencies
also cover all employees on the pay rolls of such organizations.
In total, these four groups include a majority of the wage and salary
workers in the United States. Unfortunately, however, information
is not available for certain other large employment groups—notably,
agricultural work, professional service, and domestic and personal
service.
E m p lo y m e n t a n d P a y R o lls , J u ly 1935: R e v is e d F ig u re s
HIS article presents the detailed figures on volume of employ
ment, as compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics for the month
of July 1935. The tabular data are the same as those published in
the Employment and Pay Rolls (formerly Trend of Employment)
pamphlet for July except for certain minor revisions and corrections.
T
Industrial Employment
M anufacturing Industries
T a k in g the 3-year average, 1923-25, as 100, the Bureau of Labor
Statistics index of factory employment and pay rolls for July stood
at 79.5 and 65.3, respectively. Compared with the correspond
ing month of the preceding year, the employment index for July 1935
showed an increase of 1 percent and the current pay-rolls index a gain
of 7.9 percent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1062
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
The most pronounced increase in employment from June to July
in the separate industries was a seasonal rise of 67.5 percent in the
canning and preserving industry. A gain of 11.8 percent in the radio
and phonograph industry was also seasonal. A number of industries
related to building construction showed employment gains. Among
these were plumbers’ supplies (9.8 percent), sawmills (9.7 percent),
millwork (6.9 percent), brick (2.5 percent), and structural metal work
(1.7 percent). The agricultural implement industry, an indicator of
faim purchasing power, continued to take on more workers, the gain
from June to July being 5.5 percent, bringing the index for the industry
to 116.7, the highest point since May 1930. The lowest point was 26.9
in October 1932. Compared with the corresponding month of last
year, the employment index for the agricultural implement industry
showed an increase of 68.4 percent. The machine-tool industry,
which is a barometer of orders placed for power-driven, metal-cutting
machinery, also continued to take on more workers, the increase in
July being 4.6 percent. The expansion in this industry, which began
in November of last year, brought the July employment index to
89.0, the highest since March 1931.
The most pronounced decline in employment in manufacturing
industries in July (34.3 percent) was in the electric and steam carbuilding industry, and was due primarily to the completion of contracts
and lack of new orders. Locomotive plants reported a drop of 29.8
percent in number of workers. Seasonal factors were primarily
responsible for the declines in employment of 23.4 percent in millinery,
14.1 percent in fertilizers, 11.0 percent in silverware, 12.7 percent in
women’s clothing, 8.8 percent in men’s furnishings, 8.0 percent in
cutlery, and 5.5 percent in confectionery. The automobile industry
reduced the number of workers on pay rolls 6.1 percent and weekly wage
disbursements 8.3 percent. Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills reported 1 percent fewer employees and a 7.7 percent lower
weekly wage bill. The durable goods group of industries showed
losses of 0.3 percent in employment and 3.5 percent in pay rolls, and
the nondurable goods group reported gains of 0.1 percent in both
items.
The indexes of factory employment and pay rolls are computed from
reports supplied by representative establishments in 90 manufactur
ing industries, the 3-year average, 1923-25, being taken as the base or
100. In July, reports were received from 23,501 establishments
employing 3,738,194 workers whose earnings in 1 week ending nearest
July 15 were $75,228,168.
Per capita weekly earnings in all manufacturing industries combined
were $20.12 in July, a decrease of 1.6 percent in comparison with
June.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
1063
Some of the establishments that report employment and pay-roll
totals do not report man-hours. Consequently, average hours and
average hourly earnings are computed from data supplied by a smaller
number of establishments than are used in computing per capita
weekly earnings and indexes of employment and pay rolls. Man
hour data are not published for any industry for which available
information covers less than 20 percent of all employees in that
industry.
Indexes of employment and pa}7 rolls, average hours worked per
week, average hourly earnings, and per capita weekly earnings in
manufacturing industries in July are presented in table 1. Percent
age changes from June 1935 to July 1935 and from July 1934 to July
of this year are also given in this table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Employment, Pay Rolls, and Earnings in Manufacturing Industries, July 1935
Employment
Industry
D urable good s........
N o n d u ra b le g o o d s_____
Percentage
change from—
June
1935
July
1934
Index
Percentage
July
change from—
1935
(3-year
average
July
1923-25 June
1935
1934
= 100)
79.5
- 0 .1
+ 1 .0
+ 7.9
69.3
90.5
-.3
+ .1
+ 2 .8
55.6
-3 .5
+ .1
71.3
71.7
75.5
- i .'o
- 2 .3
+ 1 .4
-1 .0
- 5 .4
52.4
54.2
—5.4
- 7 .7
- 5 .6
Aver
age in
July
1935
Percentage
change from—
June
1935
July
1934
$20.12
- 1 .6
+ 6.8
+11.4
+ 5.1
21.58
18. 76
- 3 .3
+ .1
— 2. 2
+10.9
+ 9 .4
- 2 .2
+ 3 .3
19.87
19.96
18.81
15. 08
- 8 .8
-7 .3
- 6 .1
+ 6 .3
+ 1 .3
+ 12.2
+ 15.8
+47. 0
Average hours worked
per week 2
Aver
age in
July
1935
Percentage
change from—
Average hourly earnings 2
AverJuly
1935
Percentage
change from—
June
1935
July
1934
35.2
- 0 .6
+ 5.1
56.9
-0 .9
+ 1 .5
+ 8 .4
+ 5 .5
35.2
35.3
- 2 .2
+ 1.1
+ 6 .1
+ 4 .9
60.9
53.4
-.7
-.7
+ 1 .7
+ 2.6
- 4 .6
- 6 .7
- 3 .4
-3 . 6
+ 9 .5
+10.9
+ 3.1
+ 4.1
32.7
30.2
32.5
30.4
- 4 .1
- 6 .8
- 3 .6
- 3 .2
+ 8.3
+ 10.2
+5.1
+ 3.5
61.1
65.7
58.0
49. 0
-.5
-.6
+ .2
-.4
+ .9
+ .5
- 2 .4
- .4
19.71
19. 85
19.16
19. 27
—. 9
—6. 1
- 2 .3
- 3 .2
+ 7.1
+ 1.3
+22.1
+ 3.9
35.5
32. 7
35.2
35.1
- 2 .7
—4.4
-1 .1
- 2 .5
+ 3 .0
-3 . 1
+23.9
+ 6 .2
55. 1
60.7
55.1
54. 8
+ 2 .2
- 1 .8
-1 . 1
- 1 .1
+4. 1
+ 6 .0
-2 .0
-3 . 1
+ 3 .5
+27.1
+ 3 .9
+ 3.4
20.80
20.54
20.53
20.69
- 2 .8
—2. 0
+ 1.9
-. 1
+. 9
+ 11.9
+ 7 .5
+ 2 .8
35.3
36. 5
34.9
39.4
- 2 .2
-.8
+ 1.5
+ .8
-2 .0
+ 6 .3
+ 5 .0
+ 2 .5
58.8
55.9
58.9
52.3
-.8
0
+ .5
- 1 .5
+ .8
+ 3 .8
+ 2 .6
-.9
+ 12.4
+ 10.7
19. 87
20. 10
- 4 .9
+ 1.6
+ 6 .4
+ 17. 7
37.0
34 9
- 3 .9
-.9
+1. 1
+8. 1
53.8
57.5
- .9
+ 2 .3
+ 6 .9
+ 7 .7
+ 15.4
+92.6
22. 53
24.76
—. 8
+ .6
+ 6 .5
+14.2
36.5
39. 9
-.3
+ .5
+ 5 .7
+ 6 .2
60.7
62.2
-.5
+ .2
+ 1 .2
+ 7 .5
27.43
+ i.i
+ 1.0
39.7
+ .5
+ 1 .1
69.8
+ .7
-1 .5
+ 9 .8
21.64
- 2 .5
+ 2 .8
34.9
- 1.1
+ 3 .5
61.3
June
1935
July
1934
C e n ts
D u ra b le goods
Iron a n d steel a n d th eir p ro d u cts, n o t in e lu d in g m a c h in e r y .___ _______
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling m ills..
Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets__ ____ _____
Cast-iron pipe..
Cutlery (not including silver and plated cutlery) and edge tools____________
Forgings, iron and s te e l... ______ _
Hardware.......................
Plumbers’ supplies_______
Steam and hot-water heating apparatus and
steam fittings____ ______________________
Stoves___________ ____ .
Structural and ornamental metalwork______
Tin cans and other tinw are...
Tools (not including edge tools, machine
tools, files, and saws)_______ _____
Wirework______________
M achinery, n o t including transportation
equipm ent................................
Agricultural implements............
Cash registers, adding machines, and ealeulating machines..............
Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies......................... ...........
FRASER
Digitized for
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
71.2
56.9
49.5
90.3
- 8 .0
- 1 .2
- 3 .8
+ 9 .8
+10. 5
- 4 .4
+41. 1
49.4
98. 2
56.9
100.0
- 4 .0
+ 2 .3
32.3
- 6 .7
+ 1 .7
+ 4 .2
-3 .6
+ .4
42.2
97.7
+ 3 .6
+4.1
62.3
116.5
- 2 .6
- 4 .8
+5.1
55.1
85. 6
116.7
+ 1.7
+ 5 .5
+68.4
135.2
+ .9
+ 6.1
+ .3
-1 .8
85.6
T"!• O
102. 7
69.6
+ 0)
54. 1
38.5
40.3
53.5
54.7
- 1 .1 1
-.7
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
All in d u str ies___________
Index
July
1935
(3-year
average
1923-25
= 100)
Per capita weekly earnmgs 1
Pay roll
1064
Table 1.
Engines, turbines, tractors, and water wheels.
Foundry and machine-shop products---------Machine tools.________ ___________________
Radios and phonographs______________ ____
Textile machinery and parts.......................... ..
Typewriters and parts____________________
Transportation equ ip m en t_____ ___ _____
A ircraft.................................... ...............................
Automobiles__________________ __________
Cars, electric- and steam-railroad-----------------Locomotives______________ ______________
Shipbuilding------------------ --------------------------
Railroad repair shops_____________________
Electric railroad__________________________
Steam railroad......................................... ..............
Nonferrous m etals and their products____
Aluminum manufactures__________________
Brass, bronze, and copper products....................
Clocks and watches and time-recording
devices___ ____________ ________________
Jewelry____ _____ _______ _________________
Lighting equipment______________________
Silverware and plated ware_____ ___________
Smelting and refining— copper, lead, and
zinc_______________ ______ ______________
Stamped and enameled w a r e ______________
Lumber and allied products____ Furniture________________________________
Lumber:
M illwork_____________________________
Sawmills_____________ . . . .. . --------
Stone, clay, and glass products------------------Brick, tile, and terra cotta.-----------------------Cement___________________ ______________
Glass____________________________________
Marble, granite, slate, and other products----Pottery.................................................... .........—
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
101.1
73.4
89.0
185.0
63.4
97. 1
87.2
432. 6
100.6
31. 7
20.0
71.3
53.5
65.2
52.6
78.0
63.2
77.4
-1 .6
+ .9
+ 4 .6
+11.8
-.8
+ .8
- 6 .9
+4. 0
- 6 .1
-3 4 .3
-2 9 .8
+ 7 .8
- .6
-.6
-.6
- 1 .9
- 2 .1
-1 .9
+41.6
+ 5 .6
+28.8
- 9 .8
-1 1 .1
+ .3
- 1 .4
+16.1
+ 2.2
-4 3 .2
-4 3 .7
+ 3 .0
- 8 .2
- 1 .7
- 8 .8
+ 6.7
- 6 .4
+ 3 .2
72.6
56.7
75.8
112.9
51.2
79.4
74.7
343.7
85.7
28.0
8.2
59.4
48.2
58.8
47.5
59.6
51.2
57.5
-2 .7
+ .9
+ 5 .6
+11.9
-2 .0
+ 2.1
- 9 .3
+ 1 .0
- 8 .3
-3 9 .9
-3 5 . 3
+ 7 .0
- 5 .5
- .4
-5 .9
-4 .8
-9 .7
-4 . 1
+59.2
+ 11.0
+47.2
- 1 .3
-8 .7
- 6 .4
+13.2
+ 5 .8
+21.2
-4 4 .8
- 5 0 .0
+ 6 .8
- 5 .7
(3)
- 6 .1
+11.2
+ 16.9
+ 5 .7
25.83
21.78
25.59
18. 96
22.26
20. 92
25. 05
24. 30
25.39
18. 76
21. 05
24.13
25.64
26.99
25.34
19.91
18.88
21.55
- 1 .1
(3)
+ .9
+ .2
- 1 .2
+ 1.3
-2 .5
-2 .9
- 2 .3
- 8 .6
-7 .9
-. 7
-5 .0
+ .2
- 5 .3
- 2 .9
- 7 .8
- 2 .2
+ 12.0
+ 5 .2
+14.0
+ 9 .5
+ 3 .9
-6 .8
+ 14.7
-8 .7
+ 18.4
-2 . 1
-1 1 . 1
+ 3 .8
+ 2.7
+ 1.6
+ 3 .3
+ 4 .2
+24.7
+ 2 .8
38.7
36.3
41. 0
35.0
38.2
36.3
33.6
39.7
33.6
30.9
32.5
32.6
37.6
43.5
37. 1
36.0
34.7
36.7
- 1 .5
-.3
+ .7
+ 3 .2
-1 .4
+ .3
- 2 .0
- 3 .2
-2 .3
- 5 .5
-6 . 1
+ .6
- 5 .1
-.5
-5 .4
- 3 .4
- 8 .7
- 2 .4
+ 7 .3
+ 3 .2
+11.7
+ 9 .9
+ 2 .6
-8 . 1
+ 10.8
- 1 .4
+13.3
-7 .3
-1 4 .0
+ 4.1
- 4 .1
-.3
-4 .5
+ 3 .5
+34.8
+ 2 .0
66.9
59.8
62.5
54.4
61.6
57.7
74.5
62.7
75.7
60.8
64.7
73.3
67.5
61.6
68. 1
55.0
54.4
58.7
+ .5
(3)
+• 5
-3 .0
(3)
+ 1 .2
+ •1
-2 . 6
+ .1
- 3 .5
- 2 .1
-1 .2
-.3
+ .3
-.3
-.2
+ 1 .1
+ .2
+ 4 .4
+ 1.8
+ 1.7
-1 .7
+ 2 .6
+ 2.1
+ 4 .7
-1 .3
+ 3 .9
+ 3 .4
+ 2 .3
+■ 4
+ 6 .6
+ 1 .6
+ 7 .2
+ 2 .7
-5 .2
+ 1 .2
80.0
66.9
69.0
65.3
-.9
+ 2 .1
+ •1
-1 1 .0
+17.3
+ 8 .3
+ 11.8
+ 6 .5
62.5
47.8
58.9
48. 1
-7 .0
-3 .4
- 1 .4
-1 5 .7
+24.3
+ 5 .8
+ 19. 7
+ 10.3
17.65
18. 16
20.26
20.83
- 6 .2
- 5 .4
- 1 .5
- 5 .3
+ 6 .0
- 2 .3
+ 7.1
+ 3 .6
35. 7
34. 1
36.4
36.4
-7 .0
+ 1.2
(3)
- 5 .7
+ 2 .4
-1 .2
+ 4 .8
+ 3 .7
49.5
54.0
55.5
57.3
+ 1 .0
- 3 .4
-1 .8
+ .5
+ 4 .2
+ 3 .9
+ 1 .9
+ .4
80.2
89.8
51.9
69.1
-1 .9
-2 . 1
+ 6 .1
+ 3 .0
+ 16.9
-.6
+ 6.4
+ 11.5
53.0
75.2
38.3
48.4
-.3
- 4 .8
+ 5 .5
-.2
+22.7
+ 3 .2
+21.2
+23.2
21. 33
17. 42
16.45
16. 46
+ 1.8
-2 .8
-.5
- 3 .1
+ 5 .2
+ 3 .8
13.9
+10.6
37.8
34.5
37.3
36.7
+ .3
-2 .3
- 2 .1
-2 .9
-.8
+ 1.0
+ 11.6
+ 11.4
56.5
50.3
43.7
44.5
+ 1 .8
-.6
+ 1 .4
-.4
+ 5 .7
+ 4 .2
-.3
- 1 .1
44.8
33.9
98. 9
54.7
32.9
57.5
92.7
30.0
62.4
+ 6 .9
+ 9 .7
+21.1
+ .3
+ 1. 6
+ .9
+ 3 .8
- 1 .5
+ 4 .0
- 9 .4
- 2 .7
34.2
23.3
57. 5
38.9
20.2
37.9
77.0
20.4
41.5
+ 8 .4
+11.6
-4 . 1
- 4 .0
+ 4.6
- 5 .4
- 6 .1
+7.1
- 9 .9
+48.1
+ 11.5
+ 14.3
+ 7 .8
+18.8
- 3 .1
+10.8
- 5 .1
+ 8 .1
17. 63
16. 32
11. 50
18.61
15. 88
19. 70
19. 52
22. 29
17. 36
+ 1.4
+ 1.8
-4 . 1
- 2 .2
+ 2 .0
- 1 .3
- 3 .6
- 1 .5
- 3 .7
+22. 1
+ 11.6
+ 12.1
+ 6 .8
+14.3
- 1 .5
+ 6 .8
+ 5 .2
+12.1
39.1
36.8
+ .5
-1 .6
+24.4
+ 10.9
44.8
44.6
+• 7
+ 3 .5
+. 4
(3)
34.3
35.4
35.1
34.0
32.7
33.3
-.9
+ 1 .7
- 1 .1
- 2 .9
+. 6
(3)
+ 5 .0
+ 8 .6
-1 .0
+ 2 .8
+ 4 .9
+ 7 .4
55.2
45.6
56.1
58.0
69.0
53.5
-.4
+ .7
- .4
-.3
- 1 .7
-.9
+ 2 .9
+ 1 .9
+ .5
+ 3 .2
+ .7
+ 9.1
(3)
-1 .8
+ 2 .5
-4 .2
- 2 .6
+ 8 .8
- 6 .5
0
01
Cn
Employment
Industry
Per capita weekly earn
ings i
Pay roll
AverJuly
1935
Percentage
change from—
June
1935
July
1934
- 0 .6
-.5
- 2 .9
+ 1.1
+ .5
- 1 .3
+11.9
- 4 .7
-.5
-.7
- 1 .2
+ .4
+ 1 .2
-.4
- 3 .3
-1 6 .2
-4 .3
+ 4 .0
+ 6.1
-.5
-.1
- .7
+ 5 .8
—. 1
+ 3.4
- 4 .7
+ .9
+ 1 .4
+ 1.4
- 1 .8
- 3 .6
+ 7.0
+ 8 .2
+27.3
+ 8.8
+ 5.1
+ 2.1
- 6 .5
- 2 .1
+ 6 .8
+10.4
+ 3 .9
+10.1
-2 .2
+7.1
-4 .0
—4.7
+ 5 .2
+ 2 .8
- .3
+12.6
+ 6 .0
+ 2 .6
+ 5.3
+ 2 .6
+40.5
-.2
+ 2 .7
+ 2 .6
+ 5 .5
+24.0
+ 6 .4
Aver
age in
July
1935
Percentage
change from—
June
1935
July
1934
32.0
32.9
36.3
32.4
35.1
30.5
36.3
30.2
33.7
36.7
29.9
29.1
30.6
30.8
29.6
+ 0.3
-.6
- 3 .5
+ 1.6
(3)
- 3 .8
+13.4
- 4 .1
+ 1.8
- 1 .3
+ 2 .0
+ 2.5
+ 4 .8
+ 2.0
- 2 .6
+ 7 .0
+ 6 .7
+21.1
+ 9 .1
+ 5 .6
-.1
-5 .7
- 3 .8
+ 8 .3
+14.7
+ 5 .8
+ 7 .5
+ 9 .2
+ 4 .5
-1 1 .8
30.7
37.3
37.2
37.8
40.3
40.7
42.2
- 1 .0
+ 3 .9
+ 5.1
+ .5
+ 2.0
(3)
+ 6 .6
39.6
33.6
39.2
47.9
40.7
36.3
37.6
+12.8
- 5 .6
+ 3.2
+ 3 .0
+ 1.5
(3)
- 4 .1
Average hourly earn
ings >
Aver
age in
July
1935
Percentage
change from—
June
1935
July
1934
47.1
44.7
56.3
37.9
44.6
54.6
69.0
47.1
44.4
49.3
52.7
57.8
54.4
44.8
37.4
- 0 .6
-.2
(3)
-.3
-.2
+ 2 .2
-.4
-.8
- 2 .4
+ .6
- 1 .9
-2 .0
-.9
- 1 .5
-.8
+ 0 .4
+ 1 .8
+ 4 .5
+ .6
- 1 .1
+ 2 .4
- 3 .6
+ 1 .3
-.3
- 2 .8
- 4 .3
-1 .7
-1 0 .2
+ 1 .3
+ 5 .5
+ 2 .2
+ 2 .6
+ 2 .5
+ 3 .7
+ 7 .5
+ 1 .7
+ 8 .5
40.9
51.8
50.7
55.8
51.8
53.6
77.3
- 2 .9
- 1 .3
- 1 .4
-.4
-3 .4
-.6
-.6
+ 5 .4
+ 2 .9
+ 2 .6
+ 4 .7
+ .3
+ .7
- 2 .4
+60.6
-1 .5
+ 3 .8
-1 .0
-5 .5
+18.1
+ 4 .2
37.0
44.6
53.9
52.4
55.7
62.7
57.0
-5 .6
+ .7
- 1 .8
- 1 .5
-.5
- 2 .9
- .9
-4 .7
+ 2 .4
- .6
+ 3 .3
+10.3
+ 3 .2
+ 2 .5
N o n d u r a b le goods
Textiles a n d th eir p ro d u cts___________ ______
Fabrics.....................................................................
Carpets and rugs............. ...............................
Cotton goods......... ..........................................
Cotton small wares______ ______ _______
Dyeing and finishing textiles........ ..............
Hats, fur-felt.................................................. .
Knit goods...... ............ ...................................
Silk and rayon goods.....................................
Woolen and worsted goods........ ............... .
Wearing apparel____ _____________________
Clothing, men’s_____ ____ ______ ______
Clothing, women’s ____________________
Corsets and allied garments____________
M en’s furnishings................................ ...........
M illinery........ .................................................
Shirts and collars.................. ........................
L eather a n d its m a n u fa c tu r e s............... .............
Boots and sh o e s................................. .................
Leather__________________________________
Food a n d k in dred produ cts________________
Baking........................ .............. ..............................
Beverages......................................... ............. .......
B u tte r ...............................................................
Canning and preserving............................ ..........
Confectionery.............................. .........................
Flour_________________ ____ _______ ____ _
Ice cream......................... ........................... ............
Slaughtering and meat packing......... ...............
Sugar, beet.............................................................
FRASER
Sugar, refining, cane..................... .......................
Digitized for
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
87.8
87.5
82.7
82.3
79.9
101.3
81.1
103.9
68.2
94.4
84.4
88.9
94.7
85.4
91.5
42.3
99.0
87.3
85.8
93.5
104.3
111.5
178.5
78.0
138.6
68.4
74.6
87.6
80.4
47.2
85.5
- 3 .9
- 2 .1
+ 1 .8
- 3 .2
- 1 .6
- 5 .6
+ 8 .6
- 3 .9
+8.1
- 2 .4
- 4 .7
+ 2 .6
-1 2 .7
-2 .3
-8 .8
-2 3 .4
+. 6
+ 5 .2
+ 6 .4
+. 7
+ 6 .4
- 2 .4
+ 5 .0
+ 1 .0
+67.5
- 5 .5
+ 1 .0
+3. 5
- 1 .2
+ 8 .9
+ 2 .6
+ 2 .3
+. 6
+22.7
-1 0 .7
+ 4 .9
+ 1.9
+ 5.5
+ 2 .0
- 7 .1
+34.7
+ 5 .8
+ 9 .2
+ 5 .7
- 1 .6
+ 2 .2
-1 5 .6
+ 5.7
- 2 .3
- 3 .6
+ 2.2
- 5 .3
- 4 .1
- 5 .5
-1 0 .2
+14.9
+ 3 .0
- 3 .7
- 3 .5
-2 2 .3
-1 3 .4
+3.9
68.4
70.1
75.8
64.2
65.2
73.5
82.1
85.8
55.4
74.6
60.8
65.6
63.0
73.1
55.7
30.3
91.2
77.5
73.1
91.2
96.0
96.5
192.7
61.4
167.1
57.0
64.1
71.8
75.0
43.6
72. 7
- 3 .5
- 2 .6
- 1 .2
- 2 .2
- 1 .1
- 6 .8
+21.5
- 8 .4
+ 7.5
- 3 .0
- 5 .9
+ 3 .0
-1 1 .7
- 2 .6
-1 1 .8
-3 5 .8
- 3 .7
+ 9 .3
+12.9
+ 6.3
- 3 .1
+11.1
+. 9
+73.2
-1 0 .0
+ 1.9
+ 5 .0
+ .3
+ 7 .0
- 1 .2
+ 9 .4
+ 8.9
+56. 6
- 2 .9
+10.1
+ 4.1
-1 .3
-.2
-.9
+48.9
+ 9 .9
+20.4
+ 3 .4
+ 5 .3
- 1 .8
-1 9 .6
+10.9
+ .4
- 4 .1
+15.2
+ .4
- 1 .7
-.4
- 7 .8
+61.3
+ 2 .9
- 1 .4
- 1 .1
-1 7 .9
+ 7.1
+ 10.3
$15.07
14.85
20.98
12.29
15.74
16.86
24.68
14.07
14.94
18.12
15.87
17. 00
16. 72
13.95
11.94
17.18
12. 32
19.09
18. 52
21.10
20.81
21.85
32.41
20.90
14. 46
15.08
21.17
25. 70
23.09
22.14
21.65
C e n ts
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Index
Percentage
Percentage
Index
July
change from—
change from—
July
1935
1935
(3-year
(3-year
average
July average
June
July
1923-25 June
1934 1923-25
1935
1934
1935
= 100)
= 100)
Average hours worked
per week *
1066
Table 1.—Employment, Pay Rolls, and Earnings in Manufacturing Industries, July 1935— Continued
T obacco m a n u fa c tu r e s ..........................................
Chewing and smoking tobacco and snuff........
Cigars and cigarettes..............................................
Paper a n d p r in tin g ...................................................
Boxes, paper................... .........................................
Paper and pulp.......................................................
Printing and publishing:
Book and jo b ..................................................
Newspapers and periodicals..................... ..
C h em icals a n d allied p rod u cts, a n d petro
le u m r efin in g ...........................................................
Other than petroleum refining............................
Chemicals.........................................................
Cottonseed—oil, cake, and meal________
Druggists’ preparations..... ............................
Explosives.........................................................
Fertilizers....................................... ..................
Paints and varnishes___________ _______
Rayon and allied products...........................
Soap........ ...........................................................
Petroleum refining....................... ..........................
R ubber p rod u cts........................................................
Rubber boots and shoes........................................
Rubber goods, other than boots, shoes, tires,
and inner tubes..... ..............................................
Rubber tires and inner tubes.............................
5 7 .6
65.8
56.5
-.3
-1 .2
- .4
-
5 .7
4 7 .6
-9 .7
-5 .2
66.8
45. 1
+ 1.7
-.6
+ 2 .0
+ .6
14.71
-.3
+ .7
15.75
14.53
23. 88
18.14
19.69
+ 2 .0
+• 6
+ 2 .3
-1 .0
-2 .5
+ 2 .6
+ 6 .3
36.0
37.2
- 1 .5
- 2 .6
+ 4 .2
+ .2
36.8
36. 1
95.5
- .1
+ 2.2
8 1.4
-
+ .2
-.2
+ .2
+ 3 .9
73.9
85.1
-.8
-2 .6
+ 3 .2
+ 10.4
86.6
97.0
+ 1 .8
-2 .0
+ 3 .5
+ .2
75.8
85.3
+ .3
- 4 .5
+ 7 .8
+ .6
27.16
32.03
+ .4
+ 7 .6
2 3 53
+ .8
+ 8.3 121. 51
+ 5 .2
25.96
-1 0 . 1
9. 83
+ 7 .2 ^'20. 63
- 1 .4
23. 35
+ 9 .0
13. 56
+12.8
22. 78
+ 15. 1
19.38
+12.0
23. 32
+ 5 .0
27.80
+ 2 .8
+ 6 .6
-.8
- 3 .3
+ 4.1
-2 .0
-.7
- 1 .3
+ .7
1 06.8
- .4
+ 1 .4
9 5.4
+ 5 .3
-
.
2 .3
105.7
109.0
46.7
95.1
86.1
68.0
108.6
327.9
99.3
111.2
77.3
45.3
-.7
+ .8
+ 7 .9
-.7
- .4
-1 4 .1
-3 .5
+ .6
- 3 .6
-1 5 .2
41.7
-.2
-1 5 .6
18.22
+ 3 .5
117.6
70.3
- 2 .4
- 3 .5
- 3 .7
-9 .2
94.9
54.2
-2 .9
- 8 .1
+ 8 .5
-3 .0
18.11
24. 66
- .5
-
+ .5
+ 1 .8
- 2 .9
-1 4 .8
+ 1.4
- 6 .4
- 4 .2
+ 7 .3
+ 10.5
+ 1 .6
-.4
3 .1
7 .9
-
93.8
101.6
4a 3
92.3
70.0
62.0
88.9
240.2
94.4
100.5
+ •1
+ 3 .6
+ 15.0
- 1 .5
- 3 .7
-1 0 .5
- 5 .4
-. 1
- 1 .5
+ 1 .2
6 1 .3
- 5 .5
-
1.0
.
2 1 78
3 6.7
35.6
36.9
83.3
108.9
2 .4
+ 6.7
+10.4
+ 6 .0
-
2 .5
-4 .8
+ 2 .9
3 6.6
+ 4.0
+ 4 .9
+5.1
+ 5.4
-
44.4
40.1
6 8.8
- .3
-2 .4
-.4
+ 3 .4
50.4
53.1
+ .2
-
1.1
1.6
+ 3 .5
-.6
74.1
89.2
-.7
6 3 .5
(3)
+ 1 .8
+ 7 .7
56.7
65.1
24.4
54.6
68.5
40.0
58.8
51.4
61.8
81.3
+ .8
+ .9
+ .9
52.3
-.4
+ .5
+ .5
-.3
- .4
51.7
84.3
-.4
-.2
-
1 .9
1 .1
+ 1 .6
+ 6 .1
3 7 .3
+ 6.4
+ 8 .2
+ 5 .5
+ 5 .6
+ 5 .5
+ 13.6
+ 5 .5
+ 4 .2
+10.3
- .4
38.3
39.9
40.7
37.9
34.1
33.9
38.8
37.7
37.8
34.5
32.4
34.8
+ 3 .9
+ 2 .9
+ 4 .3
+ 5 .4
+ 4 .2
-2 .6
+10.3
+ 2 .3
+ 1.6
-4 .2
+ .6
+ 4.1
- 7 .5
+12.9
+ 6 .4
35.5
29.6
+ .6
-4 .2
+12.1
+ .4
+ 5 .5
+ 7 .5
1 .0
+ 1 .4
- 1 .5
(3)
+ 5 .4
-.9
-.8
+ 4 .8
+ 2 .3
-
1 .0
-1 .7
(3)
-3 .5
-.3
-1 .8
+ .3
-
1 .2
4 0.7
6 8 .5
+ .2
- .1
-
1 .2
-.5
-1 .6
+ 3 .9
+ 1 .6
+ 3 .1
+ 1 .4
+ 3 .0
+ 3 .0
+ 4 .8
+ 4 .6
+ 3 .6
+ 2 .1
-.2
+ 1 .0
+ 3 .5
+ 3 .7
+ 3 .3
+ 2 .5
+15.3
+ 6 .8
+ 4.7
+ 3 .5
+ 1 .3
+ 7 .6
Hj
5
e
o
H
hj
fO
K
1 Per capita weekly earnings are computed from figures furnished by all reporting establishments. Percentage changes over year computed from indexes. Percentage changes
over month in the groups and in “ All industries” also computed from indexes.
* Computed from available man-hour data—all reporting establishments do not furnish man-hours. Percentage changes over year computed from indexes. The average hours
and average hourly earnings in the groups and in “All industries” are weighted.
s N o change.
* Less than Ho of 1 percent.
PAY ROLLS
1067
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1068
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Indexes and Estimates of Factory Employment and Pay Rolls
I n d e x e s of employment and pay rolls for all manufacturing in
dustries combined, for the durable-goods group, and for the non
durable-goods group, by months from January 1934 to July 1935,
inclusive, are given in table 2. Estimates of employment and weekly
pay rolls for all manufacturing industries combined are also given.
The diagram on page 1069 indicates the trend of factory employ
ment and pay rolls from January 1919 to July 1935.
Table 2.— Indexes and Estimates of Employment and Pay Rolls in All Manu
facturing Industries Combined and Indexes of Employment and Pay Rolls
in the Durable- and Nondurable-Goods Groups 1
[Indexes based on 3-year average, 1923-25= 100.0]
Indexes
Year and month
Estimated
number of
wage
earners
Estimated
pay rolls
(1 week)
All manufac
turing indus
tries combined
Durable-goods
group
Nondurablegoods group
Em
ploy
ment
Em
ploy
ment
Em
ploy
ment
Pay
rolls
Pay
rolls
Pay
rolls
1934
January__________________
February________________
March___________________
April______ ________ ____
M ay_____________________
June_____________________
July_____________________
August__________________
September_______________
October__________________
November_______________
December. ______________
Average. __________
6,146,000 $109,806,000
6,514, 200 123,395,000
6, 770,100 131,852,000
6,906,100 136,962,000
6,912,600 136.575.000
6,799,900 132.040.000
6, 593,500 123,011,000
6,666,200 126, 603,000
6,351,900 118,089,000
6, 569, 500 124,138,000
6,435,000 121,085,000
6,536,100 128,593,000
73.3
77.7
80.8
82.4
82.5
81. 1
78.7
79.5
75.8
78.4
76.8
78.0
54.0
60.6
64.8
67.3
67.1
64.9
60.5
62.2
58.0
61.0
59.5
63.2
59.8
63.5
67.1
70.0
71.5
70.8
67.4
66.1
64.2
62.8
62.2
64.3
41.6
47.9
52.8
57.4
58.6
56.9
49.9
50.0
45.5
46.4
46.1
50.4
87.9
93.0
95.4
95.8
94.3
92.3
90.8
94.0
88.2
95.1
92.4
92.7
69.7
76.9
80.1
80.0
78.1
75.1
73.9
77.9
74.0
79.6
76.6
79.5
6,600,100
126,012,000
78.8
61.9
65.8
50.3
92.7
76.8
6, 595,700
6,809,000
6,906,300
6,906,100
6,795, 500
6,669, 200
6, 664,700
130, 503,000
140, 618,000
143,927,000
144,075,000
139,325,000
135,246,000
132,886,000
78.7
81.2
82.4
82.4
81.1
79.6
79.5
64.1
69.1
70.7
70.8
68.5
66.4
65.3
66.1
69.3
70.8
71.6
71.3
69.5
69.3
52.5
58.6
60.5
01.8
60.1
57.6
55.6
92.3
94.1
94.8
94.0
91.6
90.4
90.5
79.0
82.5
83.8
82.3
79.1
77.6
77.7
1935
January__________________
February________________
March___________________
April____________________
M ay_____________________
June_____________________
July...................................... .
i Comparable indexes for earlier years will be found in the December 1934 and subsequent issues of this
pamphlet, or the March 1935 and subsequent issues of the M onthly Labor Review.
Trade, Public Utility, Mining, and Service Industries, and Private
Building Construction
I ncreased employment from June to July was shown in 9 of the 17
nonmanufacturing industries surveyed while gains in pay rolls were
reported for 10. The largest gains in number of workers were in
laundries (2.6 percent), brokerage houses (1.6 percent), private build
ing construction (1.4 percent), and power and light (1.1 percent).
Among the 8 industries which showed declines were: Anthracite
mining (13 percent), bituminous-coal mining (10.1 percent), and retail
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
1069
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1070
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
trade (3.7 percent). The decline in employment in retail trade was
largely seasonal, general merchandising and wearing apparel stores
suffering the greatest losses. The reduction in number of workers in
coal mines was largely a retrenchment after the large gains of the
preceding month. In the aggregate, there were approximately 147,000
fewer workers on the pay rolls of the 17 nonmanufacturing industries
surveyed in July than in June. Weekly pay rolls were approximately
$5,000,000 less than in the month preceding.
Indexes of employment and pay rolls, per capita weekly earnings,
average hours worked per week, and average hourly earnings in July
for 13 of the trade, public utility, mining, and service industries,
together with percentage changes from June 1935 and July 1934,
are shown in table 3. Similar information, except indexes of employ
ment and pay rolls, is also presented for private building construction.
Man-hour data and indexes of employment and pay rolls are not
available for banking, brokerage, or insurance establishments, but
the table shows percentage changes in employment, pay rolls, and per
capita weekly earnings for these three industries.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T ab le 3 .— E m p lo y m en t, P a y R olls, H ours, and E arnings, Ju ly 1935
#
Employment
Coal mining:
Anthracite......... .............................................. .
Bituminous___________________________
Metalliferous mining............................ ..................
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining............ ...........
Crude-petroleum producing....................................
Public utilities:
^
Telephone and telegraph....................... Z........
Electric light and power and manufactured
g a s .................................................. : ...........
Electric-railroad and motor-bus operation
and maintenance................. ................. .......
Trade:
Wholesale...........................................................
Retail............................. ...........
General merchandising..............................
Other than general merchandising_____
Hotels (cash payments only) 3________________
Laundries—.............. ............................................. .
Dyeing and cleaning...............................................
Banks_________ _____________
Brokerage........................... ........... IlIIIIIIIIII!
Insurance...^....................................
Building construction..............................................
Index
July
1935
(aver
age
1929
= 100)
Percentage
change from—
June
1935
July
1934
-1 3 .0
-1 0 .1
- 1 .6
+ 1 .0
+ .4
- 7 .8
- 9 .1
+13.3
- 8 .5
- 5 .9
70.3
+ .1
84.7
+ 1.1
71.5
82.1
79.1
84.5
77.7
80.3
84.4
81.7
0)
«
w
(4)
49.4
70.0
45.2
50.9
76.8
Index
July
1935
(aver
age
1929
= 100)
Percentage
change from—
June
1935
July
1934
37.5
35.9
31.1
34.4
59.2
-4 3 .1
-4 4 .5
- 1 .1
+ 1 .7
+ 1.5
-1 1 .3
-2 7 .8
+23.9
- 1 .7
-1 .3
- 1 .0
75.7
+ 1.7
-.4
81.5
+ 2.1
- .4
- 2 .2
63.4
-.7
~ ( 2)
- 3 .7
- 6 .8
- 2 .7
- 1 .2
+ 2 .6
- 2 .2
+ 1 .0
+ 1 .6
+ .8
+ 1.4
-.1
+• 1
+ 1.8
-.3
-.1
-.2
+ 1.5
+ 1 .6
- 8 .8
+ 1 .5
+ 4.9
64.6
60.5
71.8
58.1
62.1
70.9
61.5
«
«
«
+ ( 2)
- 3 .0
- 6 .0
- 2 .3
- 2 .3
+ 3 .9
- 6 .4
+ .6
+ 1.4
+ 3 .0
+ 2 .7
Aver
age in
July
1935
Percentage
change from—
June
1935
July
1934
$22.11
13.31
21.91
16.57
27.88
-3 4 .6
-3 8 .4
+ .6
+ .7
+ 1.1
- 3 .8
-2 0 .5
+ 9 .4
+ 7 .5
+ 4.9
+ 4 .7
28. 56
+ 1 .7
+ .5
30.57
+ 1.1
-.6
28.18
27.31
20.40
17.96
22.29
13.36
15.98
18.46
31.57
34. 79
37. 37
24.17
+ 1 .3
+. 7
+ 3 .3
-.2
+ 1 .0
+ 4 .0
+ 4 .4
+ 1 .3
- 9 .1
-f*6. 3
+12.0
Average hours worked
per week i
Aver
age in
July
1935
Percentage
change from—
June
1935
July
1934
27.3
18.3
37.4
35.2
36.1
-3 3 .6
-3 9 .0
+ 2 .5
+ 1 .7
+. 8
-1 .2
-1 7 .3
+ 4 .9
+ 3 .5
-1 .2
+ 5.8
38.1
- 1 .0
+ .8
38.9
+ .8
- .3
+ 1 .6
44.8
-.4
-.6
+ ( 2)
+ .8
+ .7
+ .5
-1 .0
+ 1.3
-4 .3
- .3
-.2
+ 2 .3
+ 1.3
+ 1 .4
41.3
41.6
38.0
42.6
47.8
41.8
41.9
0)
m
(4)
30.8
+ .5
+ .7
-.3
+ .7
+ .6
+ 2 .2
- 2 .8
«
(4)
0)
+ 2 .0
+ 1.1
+ 4 .0
+ .9
+ 4 .4
+ 1 .1
+ 4 .8
-2 .0
(4)
(4)
(4)
+ 7 .0
+ 1 .6
+ 1 .0
+ 4 .2
+ 2 .9
- .3
+ 3 .8
+ 6.9
Average hourly earnings1
Average in
July
1935
Percentage
change from -
June
1935
July
1934
C e n ts
82.3
73.7
58.1
47.6
77.1
-0 .6
+ 1 .8
.0
-.2
-.4
-1 .2
+. 9
+ 6 .7
-1 .2
+ 3 .4
+ .8
77.1
+ 2 .4
+ 7 .8
+ 1 .7
78.7
+ .3
+ 1 .2
61.6
.0
+ 2 .0
65.7
52.1
48.8
53.0
27.4
36.6
43.9
(4)
(4)
(4)
80.3
-.2
-.2
+• 8
-.6
- 1 .4
-.8
-1 .8
(4)
(4)
(4)
-.9
+ .3
- 1 .1
-.5
-1 .2
-.7
-.3
+ .2
0)
(4)
(4)
+ 2 .9
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
Industry
Per capita weekly
earnings 1
Pay roll
1 Per capita weekly earnings are computed from figures furnished by all reporting establishments. Average hours and average hourly earnings are computed from data furnished
Dy a smaller number of establishments as some firms do not report man-hour information. Percentage changes over year computed from indexes
2Less than Mo of 1 percent.
3 The additional value of board, room, and tips cannot be computed.
4N ot available.
1071
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1072
MONTHLY LABOR REYIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Indexes of Employment and Pay Rolls in Trade, PublioUtility, Mining,
and Service Industries
I n d e x e s of employment and pay rolls in 13 trade, public utility
mining, and service industries and 2 subdivisions under retail trade
are shown by months in table 4 for the period, January 1934 to July
1935.
Table 4.— Indexes of Employment and Pay Rolls, January 1934 to July 1935
[12-month average, 1929=100.0]
Anthracite mining
Month
Employ
ment
Pay rolls
Bituminous-coal
mining
Employ
ment
Pay rolls
Metalliferous mining
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining
Em ploy
ment
Employ
ment
Pay rolls
Pay rolls
1934 1935 1934 1935 1934 1935 1934 1935 1934 1935 1934 1935 1934 1935 1934 1935
January______
February____
March__ ___
April________
M ay_________
June_________
July_________
August
September___
Ontobftr
November____
December____
64.1
63.2
67.5
58.2
63.8
57.5
53.6
49. 5
56.9
58. 5
60.7
61.6
62.9
64.4
51.4
52.6
53.5
56.8
49.4
73.2
65.8
82.4
51.7
64.0
53.3
42.3
39.7
47.0
48.3
51.2
........ 52.3
57.5
64.3
38.9
49.9
49.5
66.0
37.5
—
Crude-petroleum
producing
Month
Employ
ment
80.0
81. 1
81.6
74.3
75.3
77.9
70.0
51.3
54.6
58.9
51.4
54.4
55.1
49.7
50.4
51.4
57. 6
58.3
........ 57.0
77.2
55.9
Average. 59.6
75.8
76. 1
77.8
72.2
76.7
76.7
77.0
77.1
78.2
79.3
79.8
79.7
Pay rolls
39.6
40.3
39.8
41.7
40.8
41.0
39.9
42.7
42.3
43.3
43.2
........ 44.4
59.6
66.1
67.5
45.0
49.1
64.7
35.9
54.2
44.3
44.3
45.0
46.0
44.4
46.0
45.2
—
25.4
26.0
25.9
27.2
25.6
26.7
25.1
27.0
25.9
28.2
28.5
29.4
30.1
29.9
30.9
31.8
31.4
31.5
31.1
—
36.9
37.3
40.5
45.3
49.5
50.4
50.9
—
48.9
26.7
41.6
39.7
38.8
42.0
48.7
54.3
56.6
55.6
54.7
53.3
51.8
49.5
42.1
21.3
21.0
24.1
29.9
35.0
37.0
35.0
34.0
32.4
32.1
29.4
23.6
20.8
22. 2
24.9
28.9
32.8
33.8
34.4
—
29.6
Telephone and tele
graph
Electric light and
power and manu
factured gas
Electric-railroad and
motor-bus opera
tion and mainte
nance
Employ
ment
Employ
ment
Employ
ment
Pay rolls
Pay rolls
Pay rolls
1934 1935 1934 1935 1934 1935 1934 1935 1934 1935 1934 1935 1934 1935 1934 1935
73.2
72.4
72.8
74.0
76.7
80.0
81.6
82. 7
September____ 81.8
Ofitnhfir
79. 5
November___ 78.8
December____ 78.7
January_____
February____
March___ . . .
April________
M ay _______
June_________
July_________
Average. 77.7
74.9
74.2
74.0
74.9
76.0
76.5
76.8
53.0
50.5
52.5
53.4
56.4
56.9
60.0
61. 2
59.7
60.8
59.0
59.5
56.9
55.5
54.9
56.0
56.7
57.8
58.3
59.2
70.2
69.8
70.0
70.2
70.2
70.4
71.0
71.0
70.9
70.3
69.9
69.7
70.3
70.5
70.0
69.8
69.7
70.0
70.2
70.3
69.0
67.9
70.4
68.8
71.4
71.3
72.3
74.0
72.2
74.9
72.2
73.2
71.5
73.9
72.9
75.3
73.1
73.7
74.4
75.7
82.2
81.2
81.7
82.4
83.1
84.0
85.0
85.6
85.8
85.8
85.5
83.6
83.8
82.7
82.2
82.2
82.6
83.2
83.8
84.7
73.8
74.4
75.6
76.8
77.6
77.8
81.1
79.9
79.3
80.6
79.6
78.3
77.9
78.0
78.3
79.4
79.0
79.8
79.8
81.5
70.5
71.0
71.7
72.2
72.6
73.2
73.1
72.8
72.5
72.2
71.8
71.0
72.1
71.2
71.0
71.3
71.4
71.6
71.7
71.5
59.2
60.1
62.2
62.9
63.0
63.2
63.8
62.8
62.4
63.0
61.8
62.3
62.9
63.1
63.4
63.3
63.6
63.9
63.4
62.2
i
Comparable indexes for earlier years for all of these industries, except year-round hotels, w ill be found
in the November 1934 and subsequent issues of this pamphlet, or the February 1935 and subsequent issues
of the M onthly Labor Review. Comparable indexes for year-round hotels will be found in the June 1935
issue of this pamphlet, or the September 1935 issue of the M onthly Labor Review.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
*
1073
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
Table 4.— Indexes of Employment and Pay Rolls, January 1934 to July 1935—•
Continued
Wholesale trade
Month
Total retail trade
EÄ y’ > » "» EÏ Ï T
trade—other
Retail trade—general Retail
than general mer
merchandising
chandising
w
Pay rolls
1934 1935 1934 1935 1934 1935 1934 1935 1934 1935 1934 1935 1934 1935 1934 1935
January...........
February....... .
March..............
April................
M a y ..............
June.................
July..................
August............
September___
October.........
November.......
December.......
80.6
81.2
81.8
82.1
82.8
82.3
82.2
82.5
83.5
84.3
85. 1
85.0
84.2
84.6
84.0
83.2
82.5
82.1
82.1
60.3
61.0
62.0
63.1
62.6
62.8
63.8
62.7
63.6
64.5
64.2
64.8
63.9
64.6
65.2
64.8
64.6
64.6
64.6
79.8
79.6
81.5
82.5
82.9
82.6
79.0
77.8
81.7
82.6
83.7
91.1
79.5
79.2
80.2
83.6
82.2
82.1
79.1
Average- 82.8 ___ 63.0 ____ 82.1
59.0
58.8
59.8
61.2
61.5
61.4
60.1
58.4
60.6
61.9
61.9
59.7
59.3
60.4
62.5
62.0
62.4
60.5
86.6 87.3 71.1 73.5 78.0 77.4 56.5
85.0 86.2 68.9 72.3 78.2 77.3 56.7
66.2
90.1 88.7
91.0 94.5
92.0 91.4
90.6 90.7
83.0 84.5
81.2
91.5
94.2
99.9
128.4
71.5
74.0
74.5
73.9
69.5
66.9
74.0
77.3
80.2
99.0
60.9
92.8
75.1
Year-round hotels
Employ
ment
Month
Pay rolls
74.1
77.5
76.3
76.3
71.8
78.0
80.7
79.8
79.8
77.7
79.2
Laundries
Employ
ment
79.3
80.3
80.5
80.5
77.9
76.9
79.1
79.5
79.4
81.3
57.4
58.5
58.8
58.8
58.2
56.6
57.8
58.7
58.1
59.4
58.0
Dye ng an d des ning
Pay rolls
Employ Pay rolls
ment
1934 1935 1934 1935 1934 1935 1934 1935 1934 1935 1934 1935
January____
February.......
March______
April......... .
M a y ......... .
June_______
Ju ly ............
August...........
September__
October.........
November__
December___
76.4
78.9
80.4
81.5
81.8
81.9
80.4
80.0
80.0
80.9
80.6
80.0
80.3
81.1
80.8
81.1
81.6
81.3
80.3
57.2
60.9
62.2
62.7
62.9
62.9
61.5
60.2
61.0
62.7
62.4
62.2
62.2
63.5
63.9
63.6
63.7
63.5
62.1
61.7
61.7
62.7
64.4
66.9
68.3
68.2
______
66.6
______
65.9
64.8
63.7
—
—
....... 63.3
80.2 ----- 61.6 ....... 81.3 —
64.9
Average
78.5
78.4
79.2
80.5
82.1
84.0
84.6
83.7
82.9
81.7
80.3
79.5
79.6
79.6
79.7
80.0
81.1
82.3
84.4
63.9
64.1
64.6
65.5
66.6
68.2
70.9
—
68.1
68.1
72.4
79.9
84.3
84.9
80.5
78.6
80.0
80.3
75.8
72.4
70.3
69.6
72.5
79.9
80.9
83.6
81.7
46.8
46.3
51.7
60.8
65.1
64. 1
58.9
56.7
59.0
59.1
53.9
....... 51.1
50.4
49.8
53.5
61.9
61.7
65.7
61.5
—
....... 77.1 ....... 56.1
E m ploym ent o n Class I Railroads
A c c o r d i n g to reports of the Interstate Commerce Commission
there were 1,006,495 workers, exclusive of executives and officials,
employed in July by class I railroads—that is, roads having operating
revenues of $1,000,000 or over. This represents a gain of 0.3 per
cent over the total of 1,003,042 workers reported in June. The
total compensation in July of all employees, except executives and
officials, was $134,992,051 compared with $131,887,181 in June, a
gain of 2.4 precent.
The Commission’s preliminary index of employment for July,
taking the 3-year average, 1923-25, as 100, is 57. The final June
index is 56.8.
Table 5 shows the total number of employees by occupations on
the 15th day of June and July 1935 and total pay rolls for these
entire months. In these tabulations, data for the occupational
17272—36— 15
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1074
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
group reported as “ executives, officials, and staff assistants” are
omitted. Beginning in January 1933 the Interstate Commerce
Commission excluded reports of switching and terminal companies
from its monthly tabulations. The actual figures for the months
shown in the table, therefore, are not comparable with the totals
published for the months prior to January 1933.
Table 5.—Employment and Pay Rolls on Class I Steam Railroads, June and
July 1935
[From monthly reports of Interstate Commerce Commission. As data for only the more important occu pations are shown separately, the group totals are not the sums of the items under the respective groups]
Number of employees Total earnings (monthly)
at middle of month
Occupation
All em ployees..- ________ . _ . . . .
. . . -----------
Professional, clerical, and general___________________
Clerks _________ . . . . .
____ . ...................
Stenographers and typists______________________
Maintenance of way and structures------- ----------------Laborers, extra gang and work train.. --------------Track and roadway section laborers-------------------Maintenance of equipment and stores-------- ------------Carmen.
___ ____ _________________________
Electrical workers____________ . ______ . ------M achinists. . . .
______
. ..
... ... .
Skilled trades. . . . . . . . . . . . .
__________
Laborers (shop, engine houses, power plants, and
stores)---------------------- ----------------------------------Common laborers (shop, engine houses, power
plants, and stores)_______________ .
.
....
Transportation, other than train, engine and yard. _ .
Station agents_____________ _______ _____ ....
Telegraphers, telephoners, and towermen------------Truckers (stations, warehouses, and platforms)----Crossing and bridge flagmen and gatemen. . . . . . .
Transportation, yardmasters, switch tenders, and hos
tlers________ ____ ____ __________________________
Transportation, train and engine_____________ _____
Road conductors___
.
. . . . . ---------Road brakemen and flagmen____ ______________
Yard brakemen and yard helpers. _________ . . .
Road engineers and motormen____________ . . .
Road firemen and helpers-------- . ---------------------
June 1935
July 1935
June 1935
July 1935
1,003,042
1,006,495 $131, 887,181
$134,992,051
24,933,206
12,347,709
2,073,837
21,034, 548
2,444, 429
7,809,102
33,625,566
7, 760,852
1,323,669
5, 570,095
6,099,984
163, 274
84,877
15,336
228, 795
34,331
114,356
271, 224
56,001
8, 734
38,380
59,389
163,366
84,834
15,427
234, 632
36, 647
117, 306
270, 672
55,151
8, 609
38,505
59, 233
24,523,605
12,069,137
2,046, 817
19,976,878
2,167,872
7,335,912
32,733,916
7,577, 796
1, 289, 733
5,386,624
5, 927,110
20,472
20,565
1,708, 758
1,759,289
17, 647
123,346
23,439
14, 260
17, 391
16, 597
17, 710
123,168
23, 454
14,326
17, 047
16, 618
1,166,463
15,072, 644
3, 595,330
2,166,713
1,445,886
1,206,432
1,200, 017
15,547,880
3,713,355
2,237,715
1,477,861
1,216,704
12,193
204, 210
22, 778
46, 516
34,877
27, 590
30, 268
12, 216
202,441
22, 674
46, 556
34,569
27,350
29, 881
2, 288,385
37, 291, 753
5, 324,617
7, 203, 584
4,942,269
7,151,107
5,161, 261
2,357,201
37,493,650
5,407,093
7, 280,385
4,903,416
7,178,181
5,174,917
Trend of Employment, by States
C h a n g e s in employment and pay rolls from June to July 1935 are
shown by States in table 6 for all groups combined, except building
construction, and for all manufacturing industries combined. Data
concerning groups which have appeared in this table in previous
issues of this pamphlet are available on the Bureau’s office records.
The percentage changes shown in the table, unless otherwise noted,
are unweighted. That is, the industries included in the manufactur
ing group and in the grand total have not been weighted according
to their relative importance.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
1075
Table 6.— Comparison of Employment and Pay Rolls in Identical Establish
ments in June and July 1935, by Geographic Divisions and by States
[ Figures in italics are not compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, but are taken from reports issued
by cooperating State organizations]
Total—All groups
Manufacturing
Per
Per
Per
Per
Geographic divi N um Number cent
cent N um Number cent Amount cent
sion and State
ber of on pay
age ofAmount
age
ber
of
on
pay
age
roll
roll age
estab
roll
change (1pay
estab
roll
change of(1pay
week) change
week) change
lish
July
from July
from
lish
July
from
from
1935
ments
1935
June
1935
June ments
June July 1935 June
1935
1935
1935
1935
New E n g la n d ___ 13,905 783,247 - 0 .5 $10,508,542 -(>)
3,165 513, 767 - 0 .6 $9,966,093 - 0 .3
M a in e .._____
761
48,871
894, 676 + 1 .2
+ .5
241
38, 967
-.6
682, 369
+ .2
New Hampshire_______
675
40,357 - 2 .6
-. 1
767,679
187
32,832 - 4 .8
599, 211 - 1 .9
Vermont_____
456
15, 78C +5.4
321,470 +5. f
9,072 + 6.7
128
183,250 + 8.4
Massachusetts. ¡8,637 426,558
- .1
9 ,3 3 5 ,2 2 6
+ .5 4 ,6 3 1 ,0 8 3
+ .9
233,404
+ . 4 1,545
Rhode Island.. 1,245
82,02S -3 .3
1,640,906 -2 .4
413
61,718 - 4 .2 1,132, 580 - 3 .6
C onnecticut..- 2,131 169,658
-.2
-.2
3,548,585
-.7
651 137, 774
2, 737,600 - 1 .1
M iddle A tla n tic .. 31,02( 1, 717,152 - 1 .9 38, 804, 007 - 6 .9 4, 970 1, 034, 903
- . 2 21, 964, 862 - 1 .8
New York........ 18, 348 728, 636 -1 .3 18,494, 056 - 2 .0 ¡1 ,913 379,104
- .6
9 ,0 7 2 ,3 1 7
- 1 .1
New Jersey___ 3,707 239,637
+ .9 5,490, 662
4, 693,343
- .6
+ .2
+ .1 4 754 213,429
Pennsylvania— 8,965 748,879 - 3 .3 14,819, 289 -1 4 .5 2 ,3 0 3 443,370
- .1
8 ,1 9 9 ,2 0 2
- 3 .3
E ast N orth C entr a l___________ 19,011 1,771,010 - 2 .0 39,625,224 - 3 .3 6,721 1,292,384 - 1 .0 28,208,499 -5 .2
Ohio____ ____ 8,319 513,162 - 2 .3 11,168, 333 - 4 . 7 2,302 364, 790 - 1 .6 7,865, 043 - 4 .6
Indiana______ 2,517 179, 768 - 1 . 0 3, 566,141 - 5 .9
788 141,018
- . 1 2,782,887 - 4 .7
Illinois_______ ¡4 ,2 4 5 467,845 - 1 . 5 10,615, 424 - 1 . 0 2,051 296,475 - 1 . 3
6 ,6 0 4 ,3 1 8
-1 .0
Michigan____ 3,515 439, 717 - 4 .2 10,638, 750 - 5 .3
827 352,341
8 ,1 6 1 ,3 7 2 - 1 1 . 5
-4 .3
W iscon sin ___ «1,015 171,124 + 2 .0 3 ,6 3 6 ,5 7 6 + 2 .8
753 137, 760 8 + 8 .0
2 ,8 9 4 ,8 7 9 7 + 9 .7
West N o rth C entra l____ _______ 11,378 392, 194
2,179 184, 893 + 2.6 3, 969,580 + 2.8
+ .5 8,604,119
M innesota___ 2, 137
87,446 + 3 .5 1,951,162 + 2 .6
380
41,121 + 9 .2
879,087 + 6 .9
Iowa_________ 1,694
54, 881
- .6
394
28, 775 + 2 .2
583, 826
+ .9
+ .1 1,131, 231
Missouri____
3, 332 154,007
-.5
3, 400, 703 + 1 .0
771
74,987 + 1 .2 1,588, 585 + 3.2
North Dakota.
569
4,918
-.8
864
107,969 + 1 .4
46
19,933 + 1 .7
+ .7
South Dakota.
520
121,825 + 2 .0
5,536 + 2 .4
34
1,824 + 6.7
39, 236 + 3 .0
Nebraska____ 1, 360
30, 584 - 1 .1
- .2
657,538
156
10,104
-.5
220,125
-.3
Kansas______ 81,766
- .1
1,233,691
54,822
398
27,218
- 1 .1
638,788
- .6
- .4
S o u th A tla n tic
10,012 07Ì, 858 —2.1 11. 147,323 - 7 .1 2,655 432, 097 - 1 .3 6,599,860 - 1 .0
Delaware____
229
12,834 - l . i
273, 283 - 2 .3
78
8,629 - 1 .7
170, 240 - 4 . 1
M aryland____ 1 ,580
88,661
1 ,7 9 6 ,4 8 2
-3 .0
535
52,327 7 - 2 . 3
970,472 7 - 3 . 8
- 2 .4
District of Colum bia_____
943
33, 535 - 5 .2
794, 684 - 3 .7
38
3,468 - 2 .1
113, 701 - 4 .2
Virginia______ 2,039
86, 965
- . 1 1,565, 732
417
56, 791
- .6
989, 629 + 1 .2
West Virginia. 1,232 134,126 - 2 .4 2,315,177 -2 3 .5
239
51,487
+ .7 1,042,446 - 1 .0
North Carolina 1,262 135,251 - 1 .2 1, 774,065 - 2 .3
588 125,526 - 1 .1
1, 606,675 - 2 . 5
South Carolina
722,699 + 1 .5
663
57, 606 - 3 .1
195
50,826 - 3 .0
602,350 + 1 .7
Georgia______ 1,476
89,629 - 1 .5 1, 322,178
372
67,305 - 1 .6
874,467
Florida______ 1,188
33, 251 - 4 .8
583,023 - 3 .6
193
15, 738 - 3 .8
229,880 - 3 .9
E ast S o u th C entral ____
4, 410 238,335 - 2 .0 3, 750, 882 -7 .1
913 138,815 - 3 .0 2,069,895 - 3 .9
Kentucky____ 1,413
78, 282
-.8
1, 339,838 -1 1 .2
278
30,356 + 1 .0
545,947 - 3 .0
78, 575
Tennessee____ 1,234
-.6
1, 274,893 - 0 )
304
55,174
-. 1
843, 533 +1.1
Alabama_____ 1,201
67, 678 - 7 .3
936,939 -1 1 .6
234
45, 577 - 9 .4
588, 371 -1 1 .8
M ississippi___
13,800 + 1 .9
568
199,212 + 2 .2
97
92,044 + 3 .4
7, 708 + 3.3
West S o u th C entral .........
4, 449 107, 085 +0.4 3,491,345 + 1.2
77, 943 + 0.6 1,525,093 + 0 .9
926
20,195
- 1 .0
335,260
264
- .5
13,077
- .9
189,413
Arkansas_____ 8 653
- 2 .6
987
40, 261
723, 624 + 2 .2
19, 753
Louisiana____
207
- .8
305,237 + 2 .2
+ .1
39,951
864,983
134
10,111 + 2 .7
202,863 - 2 . 0
Oklahoma____ 1,427
+ .8
+ .6
66,678
+ .9
1 ,5 6 7 ,4 7 8
Texas________ 1,382
-\-l. 4
321
35,002
827,580
+ 1 .1
+ 2 .0
1 Less than Ho of 1 percent.
2 Includes construction, municipal, agricultural, and office employment, amusement and recreation,
professional services, and trucking and handling.
3 Includes laundering and cleaning, but does not include food, canning, and preserving.
4 Includes laundries.
5 Includes miscellaneous services and building and contracting.
6 Includes construction, but does not include hotels and restaurants, and public works.
7 Weighted percentage change.
8 Includes construction, miscellaneous services (theaters), and restaurants.
8 Includes automobile dealers and garages, and sand, gravel, and building stone.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1076
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Table 6.— Comparison of Employment and Pay Rolls in Identical Establish
ments in June and July 1935, by Geographic Divisions and by States— Con.
Manufacturing
Total—All groups
Per
Per
Per
Per
um Number cent Amount cent N um Number cent Amount cent
Geographic divi N
ber
of
on
pay
age
ber
of
on
pay
age
age
roll age
pay roll
sion and State
change of(1pay
roll
roll
change of
estab
estab
week) change
(1 week) change
lish
July
from
from
from
from
lish
July
1935
June July 1935 June
ments
1935
June July 1935 June ments
1935
1935
1935
1935
M o u n ta in ______
M o n ta n a .___
Idaho________
W yoming____
Colorado_____
N ew M exico...
Arizona..........
U tah________
Nevada______
Pacific__________
W ashington...
Oregon. _____
California____
4,261
749
466
336
1,036
364
504
563
243
5,804
2,875
1,199
■07,730
560
110,984 + 5 .0 $2,449, 094 + 2 .6
80
418, 204 + 5 .8
16,029
192,784 + 6 .2
50
9,664 +13.2
.
4
42
201,
534
7,873
+ .3
833, 209 + 1.0
184
37,986 + 3 .5
23
127,819
4
.5
6,806
+ .8
41
236,125 - 8 . 0
11,195 - 8 .1
+14.9
109
358,147
+24.6
18, 297
81,272 + 1 .5
31
3,134 + 1 .8
388,779 + 4 .8 9,427, 751 + 3.4 1,726
488
79,481 + 10.4 1, 732,688 + 8 .2
255
45, 431 + 3 .7 1,000, 163 + 2 .8
263, 867
+ S .J ,
6 ,6 9 1 9 0 0
+ 2 .3
983
37,053
4,156
4,068
1,714
14,087
1,069
2,519
8, 630
810
211, 967
38,986
26,248
+18.7
+ 2 .7
+29.8
+ 2.1
+ 10.9
- 5 .5
- 1 .1
+67.2
+ .6
+ 9.5
+24.7
+ 7 .0
$754,166
98,912
78,913
47,651
295, 186
19.693
46, 045
145, 714
22,052
4,891, 042
759,012
524, 101
+10.3
+ 6 .8
+15.5
+ 2 .7
+ 3 .6
- 9 .6
- 4 .8
+46.7
+ .2
+ 5 .9
+21.1
+ 3 .8
H 6 , 733
+ 6 .6
3 ,6 0 7 ,9 2 9
+ 3 .5
10 Includes banks, insurance, and office employment.
Industrial E m ploym ent and P ay R olls in Principal C ities
A comparison of July employment and pay-roll totals with June
totals in 13 cities of the United States having a population of 500,000
or over is made in table 7. These changes are computed from reports
received from identical establishments in each of the months con
sidered.
In addition to reports included in the several industrial groups
regularly covered in the survey of the Bureau, reports have also been
secured from establishments in other industries for inclusion in these
city totals. As information concerning employment in building con
struction is not available for all cities at this time, figures for this in
dustry ha Ye not been mcluded in these city totals.
Table 7.—Fluctuations in Employment and Pay Rolls in July 1935 as Compared
with June 1935
Cities
New York C ity________
Chicago, 111____________
Philadelphia, P a _____ _
Detroit, M ich_________
Los Angeles, Calif-------Cleveland, Ohio----------St. Louis, M o_________
Baltimore, M d_____—
Boston, M ass__________
Pittsburgh, Pa________
San Francisco, Calif____
Buffalo, N . Y _________
Milwaukee, Wis........... .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Number of
establish
ments re
porting in
both
months
June 1935
July 1935
14,183
3,531
2,724
1,497
2,383
1,788
1,721
1,324
3,794
1,377
1,501
869
675
573,144
329, 796
216, 519
306,434
121,103
121, 387
116, 262
78, 231
152,879
14S, 092
79,142
64,862
66,274
560,918
322,337
214,810
290,303
120,312
120,078
115, 714
77, 239
153,351
145, 154
81,120
62, 754
66, 739
Number on pay roll
Per
Amount of pay roll
centage
(1 week)
change
from
June
June 1935 July 1935
1935
Per
centage
change
from
June
1935
14,941,104
7,916,147
4,937,145
7, 290,565
2,977, 531
2, 768,377
2,608,012
1,654,853
3, 596, 182
2,996,885
2,123,357
1,423,149
1,548,141
- 2 .1
-1 .9
- 1 .4
- 6 .3
-. 1
- 2 .4
+ 1 .5
- 1 .7
+ 1.3
- 5 .1
+ 1.3
- 5 .1
+ 1 .0
- 2 .1
-2 .3
- .8
- 5 .3
-.7
-1 .1
-.5
- 1 .3
+• 3
-2 .0
~f-2. 6
-3 .2
+ .7
15,258,452
8,071, 739
5,008,627
7,778.090
2,979,393
2,837, 060
2,568,924
1, 683, 754
3,551, 684
3,159,529
2,096,616
1,498,895
1,533,428
1077
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
Public Employment
A l th o u g h industrial employment in July was slightly below the
June level, a small increase occurred in employment in the regular
agencies of the Federal Government. Including the executive, judi
cial, legislative, and military services, as well as construction projects
financed wholly or partially from Federal funds, the number of em
ployees on pay rolls of the United States Government totaled 1,440,087
in July. The most pronounced decline was reported in the number
of workers employed on projects financed from funds of the Recon
struction Finance Corporation. (See table 8.)
Due to a contraction in the emergency-work program, the num
ber of employees on Federal relief work also declined during the
month. In July, 1,928,789 workers were employed on the emergencywork program of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, a
decrease of 4.6 percent in comparison with the number reported in
June. On the other hand, enrollment in Civilian Conservation Camps
increased by more than 12 percent.
The principal changes in Federal employment and pay rolls during
the month interval are indicated by table 8.
Table 8.— Summary of Federal Employment and Pay Rolls, July 1935
Employment
Class
July
Federal service:
Executive_________ _____ .
i 731, 539
Judicial_________ _______ _
..
1,766
Legislative___ ______ _____
5,014
M ilitary___________________ .
261,067
Construction projects financed by
P. W. A ________________________
405,332
Construction projects financed bv
R. F. C ________________ _______
9, 581
Construction projects financed by
regular governmental appropriations_______ _________________
25, 788
Relief work:
Emergency-work program______ 1,928,789
Emergency conservation work__ 2 480,586
June
718,236
1,854
4,871
258,410
Percentage
change
Pay roll
July
+ 1 .9 $111,110,248
- 4 .7
473,044
+ 2 .9
1,181,349
+ 1 .0
20,689,446
PerJune
$109,300,324
449, 217
1,154,868
21,364,278
age
change
+ 1 .7
+ 5.3
+ 2 .3
- 3 .2
414,306
- 2 .2
24,968, 785
25,386,962
- 1 .6
11,901
-1 9 .5
1,001,653
1,191,336
-1 5 .9
26,191
- 1 .5
1,890,209
1,904,454
-. 7
2,021,060
3 427,556
- 4 .6
+12.4
53,136,834
2 22,074,577
54,260,051
« 19,766,881
- 2 .1
+11.7
1 Includes 116 employees by transfer, previously reported as separations by transfer, not actual additions
for July.
2 Includes 40,368 employees and a pay roll of $5,217,265 included in executive service.
> Includes 38,451 employees and a pay roll of $4,944,676 included in executive service.
E x ecu tive, L egislative, M ilitary, and Judicial Services o f th e
Federal G overn m en t
D u r in g July employment increased in the executive, legislative,
and military services of the Federal Government. The judicial
branch, however, showed a decline of 4.7 percent.
The information concerning employment in the executive depart
ments is collected by the Civil Service Commission from the various
departments and offices of the United States Government. The
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1078
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
figures are tabulated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data for
the legislative, judicial, and military services are collected and
tabulated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Information concerning the number of employees in the executive
departments of the Federal Government is shown in table 4. Data
for employees working in the District of Columbia are shown sepa
rately.
Table 9.—Employees in the Executive Service of the United States, July 1934,
June 1935, and July 1935
District of Columbia
Outside District of
Columbia
Entire service
Item
Perma Tempo Total
rary 1
nent
Perma Tempo Total
rary 1
nent
Number of employees:
8, 396 90,138 503,198 93,988
July 1934_____________ 81, 742
June 1935_____ _______ 92, 727 11, 250 103, 977 516,166 98,093
94, 210 10, 525 104, 735 521,185 105, 619
July 1935____________
Gain or loss:
July 1934 to July 1935 +12, 468 +2,129 +14, 597 +17, 987 + 11,631
+758 +5, 019 +7, 526
-725
June 1935 to July 1935. _ +1, 483
Percentage change:
+ 15. 25 +25. 36 +16.19 +3. 57 +12.37
July 1934 to July 1935
+ .9 7 +7.67
+ .73
+ 1 .6 - 6 . 44
June 1935 to July 1935..
Labor turn-over, July 1935:
4,189 12, 055 27, 943
1, 661
2, 528
Additions3 ___________
3,189
7, 560 20, 251
1, 462
1,727
Separations3__________
1.46
19.88
13. 43
3. 06
1.85
Turn-over rate per 100-------
Perma Tempo Total
rary 1
nent
597,186 584, 940 102, 384 687, 324
614, 259 608, 893 109, 343 718,236
626, 804 615, 395 116, 144 2731, 539
+29, 618 +30,455 +13, 760 +44, 215
+12, 545 +6, 502 +6,801 +13, 303
+4.96
+2.04
+5.21 +13.44
+1.07 +6. 22
+6. 43
-j-i. 85
39,998
27,811
4.48
14, 583
9,287
1.52
29,604
21,713
19.26
44,187
31,000
4.28
1 Not including field employees of the Post Ofllce Department and 41,642 employees hired under letters of
authorization by the Department of Agriculture with a pay roll of $1,422,437.
2 Includes 116 employees by transfer previously reported as separations by transfer, not actual additions
for July.
3 N ot including employees transferred within the Government service as such transfers should not be
regarded as labor turn-over.
There were 13,303 more employees working in the executive branch
of the Federal Government in July than in the preceding month.
During the year there was a gain of more than 44,000 workers in the
executive service of the Federal Government. During the same
period Federal employment in the District of Columbia increased 16.2
percent and employment outside the District increased 5.0 percent.
The Resettlement Administration, with 6,907 more workers in
July, accounted for over half the net gain in Federal employment
during the month. The branches showing the most pronounced
decreases for the month were the Treasury Department, the Depart
ment of the Interior, the Farm Credit Administration, and the
National Recovery Administration.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1079
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
C on stru ction Projects Financed b y Public W orks A d m in istration
D e t a il s concerning employment, pay rolls, and man-hours worked
on construction projects financed by Public Works Administration
funds in July are given in table 10, by type of project.
Table 10.—Employment and Pay Rolls on Construction Projects Financed from
Public Works Funds, July 1935
[Subject to revision]
Wage earners
Type of project
M axi
mum
number
em
ployed 1
Weekly
average
Amount of Number of Average
earnings
pay rolls man-hours
worked
per hour
Value of
material
orders
placed
Federal projects
All projects______________________ 2 272,995
264,496 $16, 563,938
27,002,929
$0. 613
$25,273,109
Building construction.
______
Forestry_______ _________
Naval vessels____________________
Public roads 3_______________
Reclamation. . . ______
. . ____
River, harbor, and flood control--.
Streets and roads________________
Water and sewerage______________
Miscellaneous.........................
13,185
391
22, 493
170, 543
23,443
23,498
5,993
382
4,568
929, 788
22, 713
2,872,857
7,386,000
2,511,129
2,093,058
327,701
27,331
393,361
1, 256, 560
32,675
3,495,471
14,306, 000
3, 677,865
2,969,125
578,906
36,061
650, 266
.740
.695
.822
.516
.683
.705
.566
.758
.605
1,994,830
21, 754
3,105, 508
12, 000,000
3,454, 837
3, 773, 297
313,997
39, 749
569,137
15,539
407
22, 790
«
24, 467
27,312
6,568
460
4,909
Non-Federal projects
All projects_______ ____ _ _______
126,158
105,383
$7, 847, 300
10,104,399
$0. 777
$13,798,978
Building construction....................
Railroad construction............... .........
Streets and roads_____________ . . .
Water and sewerage______________
Miscellaneous___________________
55,387
8,632
20,836
35,932
5,371
46, 205
7, 573
17,364
29, 775
4,466
3, 799,825
575,356
1,032,209
2,106, 701
333, 209
4, 201,469
970,592
1, 561,672
2,885,417
485,249
.904
.593
.661
.730
.687
7,182,882
68,018
1,855, 596
4,017,928
674,554
1 Maximum number employed during any 1 week of the month by each contractor and Government
agency doing force-account work.
2 Includes weekly average for public roads.
3 Estimated by the Bureau of Public Roads.
4 N ot available; average number included in total.
Compared with the previous month, moderate increases in employ ment on Federal construction projects were shown in naval-vessel
construction and in river, harbor, and flood-control work. On
non-Federal projects, the total number of wage earners employed
increased by more than 10,000 in July. Reports for the month showed
increases in the number of men employed in every type of non-Federal
project except railroad construction. Building construction, with
an increase of nearly 5,300 workers, had the most pronounced rise.
On Federal projects earnings per hour averaged 61 cents. Hourly
earnings ranged from a high of 82 cents paid on naval-vessel construc
tion to a low of 52 cents received in road building. On non-Federal
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1080
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
projects the average hourly earnings were 77 cents; the highest, 90
cents, was received by workers on building construction.
Federal construction projects are financed entirely by allotments
made by the Public Works Administration to the various agencies
and departments of the Federal Government. The work is per
formed either by commercial firms, which have been awarded con
tracts, or by day labor hired directly by the Federal agencies.
Non-Federal projects are financed by allotments made by the Pub
lic Works Administration to a State or one of its political subdivisions;
in some cases allotments are made to commercial firms. In making
allotments to the States or their political subdivisions, the Public
Works Administration makes a direct grant of not more than 30
percent of the total construction cost. The remaining 70 percent
of the cost is financed by the recipient. The Public Works Admin
istration, in some instances, provides the additional financing by
means of a loan; in other cases the loan is procured from outside
sources. Loans made by the Public Works Administration carry
interest charges and have a definite date of maturity.
Grants are not made to commercial firms. Railroads, for the most
part, have been the chief recipients of commercial allotments. Rail
road work financed by loans made by the Public Works Adminis
tration falls under three headings: First, construction work in the
form of electrification, the laying of rails and ties, repairs to buildings,
bridges, etc.; second, the building and repairing of locomotives and
passenger and freight cars in shops operated by the railroads; and,
third, locomotive and passenger- and freight-car building in commer
cial shops.
Information concerning the first type of railroad work, i. e., con
struction is shown in table 10, page 1079. Employment in car and
locomotive shops owned by the railroads and in commercial car and
locomotive shops is shown in a separate table. (See table 12, p. 1082.)
Comparisons by Geographic Divisions
E mployment , pay rolls, and man-hours worked in July 1935 on
construction projects financed by the Public Works Administration
fund is shown by geographic divisions in table 11.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1081
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
Table 11.—Employment and Pay Rolls on Construction Projects Financed from
Public Works Funds, July 1935
[Subject to revision]
Wage earners
Geographic division
Maxi
mum
number
em
ployed 1
Weekly
average
of Average
Amount of Number
earnings
pay rolls man-hours
worked
per hour
Value of
material
orders
placed
Federal projects
All division^3___________ ______
New England____. ____ _________
Middle Atlantic________________
East North Central........ . ............
West North Central____________
South Atlantic_________________
East South Central_____________
West South Central_____________
Mountain............. .................... ...........
Pacific_____ ____________________
Outside continental United States.
272,995
264,496
15, 257
32,106
34,044
44, 937
44, 607
34,377
23,854
23, 780
15,587
4,256
14, 951
31, 233
32, 997
43, 718
43,169
34,048
22,965
22,551
14,863
3,811
$16, 563,938 27,002, 929
1,198, 528
2, 221, 666
1, 946,065
1, 741,364
2,834,915
2,080, 937
851, 350
1, 968. 055
1, 493, 992
211, 587
1, 752, 637
3, 472,826
2,893,001
3,163, 012
4, 763, 306
3,889, 014
1,847, 922
2, 903,014
1, 874, 088
417, 878
$0.613
8 $25, 273,109
,684
.640
.673
.551
.595
.535
.481
.678
.797
.506
1,100, 569
1, 519,060
1,019, 622
1,129, 945
2,840, 505
1, 727,850
136, 236
1,960,493
1, 488, 774
345,503
Non-Federal projects
All divisions___________________
126,158
105,383
$7, 847, 300
10,104, 399
$0. 777
$13,798,978
New England____________ ______
Middle Atlantic....... ............ .............
East North Central_____________
West North Central____________
South Atlantic_________________
East South Central_____________
West South Central..........................
Mountain____ ____ ______ ______
Pacific.................................................
Outside continental United States.
12, 489
27, 449
18, 456
18,849
16, 761
4,340
11, 655
3,474
11, 793
892
10, 538
23, 246
15,191
15, 950
14,116
3, 608
9,307
2,744
9, 957
726
800, 888
2, 078, 556
1,146, 420
1,103, 564
958,129
207, 672
485, 754
205, 225
817, 354
43, 738
1, 066, 580
2, 306, 857
1, 410, 282
1,488, 792
1, 479, 308
333, 359
771,906
254,858
923,173
69, 284
.751
.901
.813
.741
.648
.623
.629
.805
.885
.631
1, 544,053
3,072, 394
2, 088, 294
2,656, 512
936,834
363,899
1,157, 748
507, 746
1,391, 795
79, 703
i Maximum number employed during any 1 week of the month by each contractor and Government
agency doing force-account work. Includes weekly average for public-road projects
3 Includes data for 190 wage earners which cannot be charged to any specific geographic division.
8 Includes $12,000,000 estimated value of material orders placed for pubiic-road projects which cannot be
charged to any specific geographic division.
During July there was a falling off in employment on Federal
projects in all geographic divisions except the East North Central
States. On non-Federal projects, however, all divisions except three
registered increases. Considering Federal and non-Federal projects
as a whole the geographic divisions with the greatest number of
employees were the West North Central States and the South Atlantic
States.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1082
MONTHLY LABOR REV IE W— OCTOBER 1935
Table 12 shows employment, pay rolls, and man-hours worked
during July 1935 in railway car and locomotive shops on projects
financed from the Public Works Administration fund, by geographic
divisions.
Table 12.—Employment and Pay Rolls in Railway Car and Locomotive Shops
on Work Financed from Public Works Funds, July 1935
[Subject to revision]
Wage earners
Geographic division
Total, railroad and commercial
shops_______ _____ __________
Maximum
Semi
number
monthly
employed 1 average
6,179
(9
Amount of Number of Average
pay rolls man-hours earnings
worked
per hour
$557, 547
737,719
Value of
material
orders
placed
$0. 756
(2)
Railroad shops
All divisions___________ ____ —
1,958
1, 741
$124, 262
148, 372
$0.838
$63,337
New England_________________
Middle Atlantic_______________
236
1,722
236
1,505
24,211
100, 051
32,194
116,178
.752
.861
3,219
60,118
Commercial shops
All divisions___________________
4, 221
(2)
$433, 285
589,347
$0.735
(2)
N ew England_________________
Middle Atlantic_______________
East North Central. __________
West North Central____ _______
1
3,824
311
85
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
13
410,915
16, 913
5,444
25
557,010
22,857
9,455
.520
.738
.740
.576
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
> Maximum number employed during either semimonthly period by each shop.
2 Data not available.
Compared with June, there was a decrease of about 1,800 in the
number of workers engaged in building and repairing locomotives
and passenger and freight cars.
Monthly Trend
E m p l o y m en t , pay rolls, and man-hours worked at the site of Public
Works Administration construction projects from the beginning of
the program in July 1933 to July 1935 are shown in table 13.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1083
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
Table 13.— Employment and Pay Rolls, July 1933 to July 1935, Inclusive, on
Projects Financed from Public-Works Funds
Month and year
Maximum
number
of wage
earners 1
Number of
man-hours
worked
$485,739,403
803, 595,653
267
4,719
39, S35
146,747
255,512
300,758
26,433
131,937
1,784,996
6,353,835
11,552, 547
13,091,587
35, 217
206,990
3, 296,162
12,029, 751
21, 759, 245
24, 391,546
.751
.637
.542
.528
.531
.537
202,100
1, 628,537
2 23,351,150
24,568,577
25,702,750
298,069
311,381
307, 274
382, 220
506,056
610,752
644,729
629,907
575,655
507, 886
470,467
382,594
12, 646,241
14,348,094
14,113,247
18,785,405
25,942,387
33, 808,429
34,845,461
36,480,027
32, 758,795
29,289, 216
28,791, 297
22,443,944
23,409,908
26,544,346
25, 501,446
32,937, 649
46,052, 698
59,873,309
60,736,768
61,925,300
53,427,096
46, 632,214
46,454,108
34,955,156
.540
.541
.553
.570
.563
.565
.574
.589
.613
.628
.620
.642
24,206,352
25, 269,537
3 69,766,559
3 68,526,223
3 50,468,427
3 60,797,939
3 53,377,997
3 54,192,443
3 50,878,000
3 50,234,495
54,228,457
45,683,081
304,723
272,273
281,461
333,045
394,875
414,306
405,332
18,462, 677
16,896,475
17,400,798
20,939,741
24,490,087
25,386,962
24,968,785
27, 478,022
25,144,558
26,008, 063
31,387,712
36,763,164
38,800,178
37,845,047
.672 3 30,746,857
.672
29, 264,484
27,276,566
.669
31,645,166
.667
36,893,840
.667
41,833,642
.654
39,135,424
.660
July 1933 to July 1935, inclusive 2______
1933
.T^ly
_ _
_ ____ _________
August---------- --------------------------------September__________________________
October------------ ------ -----------------------November--------- - ------------------------December----------------------------------------193 4
January________________________ ____
February----------------------------------------March___________________ _________
April___________ __________________
M a y ...------ --------------------------- --------June______________ - - . . . - . . . -----July________________________________
Aueust________ ____________________
September---------------- —
-------------October:---------- . . . . . . . . ---------. . .
------------ - November------------December --------- . . . ------------------1935
January---------------- ------------------------February___________________________
March_________________ . -------------April_______________________________
M ay________________ ________ _____
June_____________________ __________
July-------------------------------------------------
Value of
material
orders
placed
Amount of
pay rolls
Average
earnings
per hour
$0. 604 $919,878,603
1 Maximum number employed during any 1 week of the month by each contractor and Government
agency doing force-account work. Includes weekly average for public-road projects.
2 Includes orders placed for material for naval vessels prior to October 1933.
3 Includes orders placed by railroads for new equipment.
From July 1933 to July 1935, inclusive, wage earners were paid
over $485,000,000 for work at the site of Public Works Administration
projects. HourW earnings received have averaged 60 cents. During
this period orders were placed for materials amounting to over
$919,000,000.
It is estimated that approximately 3,000,000 man-months of labor
have been or will be created in fabricating the materials represented
by the total orders placed for materials since the inception of the
public-works program.
Materials for which orders were placed during July will create
about 125,000 man-months of labor. This accounts only for labor
required in the fabrication of material in the form in which it is to be
used. In the manufacture of brick, for example, only the labor em
ployed in the manufacturing process is included. No estimate is
made of the labor required in taking the clay from the pits or in trans
porting the clay and other materials used in the manufacturing
process. In fabricating steel rails, the only labor counted is that
occurring in the rolling mills. An estimate is not made for the labor
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1084
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW — OCTOBER 1935
created in mining, smelting, and transporting the ore, nor for the labor
in the blast furnaces, the open-hearth furnaces, nor the blooming
mills.
In obtaining information concerning man-months of labor created
in fabricating materials, each firm receiving a material order which
is to be financed from the public-works fund, from the United States
Government, or from State governments or their political subdivi
sions is sent a schedule. It is requested that the manufacturer fill
in this schedule estimating the number of man-hours created in the
plant in manufacturing the material specified in the contract. In the
case of materials purchased directly by contractors, the Bureau esti
mates the man-months of labor created. This estimate is made by
usiüg the experience of manufacturing plants as shown by the Census
of Manufactures, 1933.
E m ergency-W ork Program
D u r i n g the week ended July 25 there were over 1,300,000 workers
employed on the emergency-work program of the Federal Emergency
Relief Administration. Compared with the week ended June 27,
this represents a decrease in the number working of 181,428, or 12.14
percent. Pay-roll disbursements also showed a drop. The total
pay roll of more than $12,000,000 was more than 11 percent less than
in the week ended June 27.
Table 14 shows the number of employees and amounts of pay rolls
for the emergency-work program for the weeks ended June 27 and
July 25.
T ab le 14.— E m p lo y m en t and P a y R olls for W orkers on E m ergency-W ork
P rogram , W eeks E nd ed June 27 and Ju ly 25, 1935
Number of employees, week
ended—
Amount of pay roll, week
ended—
Geographic division
July 25
All divisions____ __________ .
Percentage change___________________ .
N ew England____________
M iddle Atlantic—- ______. .
East North Central_____
West North Central_______________
South Atlantic___________________
East South Central............. .............
West South Central__________ ______
M ountain_________________ _
Pacific___ ______ . . . . _.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 27
July 25
June 27
1,312,891
-1 2 .1 4
1,494,319
$12, 493, 222
-11.92
$14,183, 456
144,441
155, 982
208, 757
173,023
203,170
104, 779
135,313
52, 643
134,783
158,903
182, 419
218,881
212, 261
223, 633
144, 310
176, 725
49,476
127, 711
1,776, 698
2, 781, 291
2,043, 638
1, 327,842
1,043.108
464,307
775, 132
537, 607
1, 743, 599
1,998, 519
3,243, 787
2,134,345
1, 646,999
1,197, 114
729, 386
1,093. 276
497, 431
1, 642,599
TREND OF EM PLOYM ENT A ND PAY ROLLS
1085
E m ergency C on servation W ork
A g a i n of more than 53,000 in the month of July was reported in
the number of men employed in Civilian Conservation Camps.
Every class of employee, except educational advisers, was repre
sented in the increase.
The total pay roll for July was more than $22,000,000, which was
an increase of more than $2,300,000 over the figure for June. The
enrolled personnel received over $12,850,000 of this amount. The
enrolled men, in addition to their pay, were provided with board,
clothing, and medical services.
Table 15 gives, for June and July, the employment and pay-roll
statistics for each of the major groups of workers engaged in Emer
gency Conservation Work.
T ab le 1 5.— E m p lo y m en t and P a y R olls in E m ergen cy C onservation W ork,
June and Ju ly 1935
Number of employees
Amount of pay rolls
Group
July
All groups___________
___ _
__ __
Enrolled personnel_________________________
Reserve officers________ ____
_ _ ... _
Educational advisers 1______________________
Supervisory and technical2_________________
June
July
June
480,586
427,556
$22,074,577
$19,766,881
411,556
10,155
1.334
2 57, 541
367,430
10,005
1,413
* 48, 708
12,852,894
2,550,282
228,297
2 6,443,104
11,474,839
2,511,028
236,402
* 5,544,612
1 Included in executive service table.
2 Includes carpenters, electricians, and laborers.
2 39,034 employees and pay roll of $4,988,968 included in executive service table.
* 37,038 employees and pay roll of $4,708,274 included in executive service table.
The employment and pay-roll data for emergency conservation
workers are collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from the
War Department, the Department of Agriculture, the Treasury
Department, and the Department of the Interior. The monthly
pay of the enrolled personnel is distributed as follows: 5 percent are
paid $45; 8 percent, $36; and the remaining 87 percent, $30.
State-R oad Projects
E m p l o y m e n t on State-road projects during July increased by more
than 16 percent in the construction of new roads, and by more than
7 percent in maintenance work. The number of employees on new
projects increased by more than 5,000 and the^increase in employees
in maintenance work was more than 10,000.
Table 16 shows, by geographic divisions, the number of workers
employed in building and maintaining State roads during June and
July 1935.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1086
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
T ab le 1 6.— E m p lo y m en t on C onstru ction and M ain ten an ce o f S ta te R oads, by
G eographic D iv isio n , June and Ju ly 1935 1
New roads
Geographic division
Number of
employees
July
All divisions___________ 35,826
Percentage change______ + 16.2
New England______ ___ 8,642
Middle Atlantic_______
1,893
6,522
East North Central____
West North Central____ 3,047
South A tla n tic .--_____
7,341
East South Central_____ 2,300
West South Central2,045
1,962
M ountain_____________
Pacific------------------------- 2,074
O u t s id e c o n t in e n t a l
June
Maintenance
Amount of pay roll
July
June
Number of
employees
July
June
Amount of pay roll
July
June
30,823 $1,543, 619 $1, 222, 211 148,575 138,253 $6,688,970 $5,857,582
+ 14.2
+26.3
+ 7 .5
615,172
370,538
154,416 12,716 13,056
677,448
4.055
2,421
157, 268
171,504 27,422 31,642 1,098,817 1,235,220
882,445
6,522
385,746
305, 266 22,864 17,630 1,148,199
102,512
544,758
3,402
718,614
95,431 18, 745 14,219
7,552
141,445 29,165 29, 243 1,080,981
965,133
137,149
284,985
86,042
9,046
8,598
334,894
1,668
62,797
1,672
62,449
57, 744 14,835 12,256
681,428
471,540
74,302
5,702
401,828
98,906
7,000
1,475
459,568
442,942
2.056
143,009
5,744
474,385
159,306
6, 613
U n ite d S ta te s
169
163
14, 636
13,553
1 Excluding employment furnished by projects financed from public-works fund.
The State governments employed more men and expended more
money for pay rolls in building new roads and maintaining highways
in July than in any previous month of the current year.
R eco n stru ction Finance C orporation C on stru ction Projects
R e c o n st r u c t io n Finance Corporation construction projects during
July provided work for more than 9,500 men and resulted in pay-roll
disbursements of more than $1,000,000. Compared with the pre
vious month, however, these figures represent a decrease; the pay roll
in June was in excess of $1,190,000 and more than 11,000 wage earners
were employed.
The data concerning employment, pay rolls, and man-hours worked
on construction projects financed by the Reconstruction Finance Cor
poration during July is given in table 17 by type of project.
T able 1 7 .— E m p lo y m en t and P a y R olls on P rojects F inan ced b y th e R eco n
stru ction F in an ce C orporation, b y T y p e o f P roject, Ju ly 1935
Type of project
Number of Amount of Number of
wage earn pay rolls man-hours
ers
worked
Average
earnings
per hour
Value of
material
orders
placed
All projects___________________________
9,581
$1,001,653
1, 349,064
. $0.742
$1,495,108
B rid g e s_______ _____________________
Building construction___ _ .................
Railroad construction__________________
Reclamation.................
......
......
Water and sewerage ___________________
Miscellaneous_____________________
2,349
194
194
450
5,096
1,298
215, 801
13, 995
9,040
- 23,141
591,968
147, 708
241,239
12,964
17,084
46, 999
810, 663
220,115
.895
1.080
.529
.492
.730
.671
391,077
14, 366
287
4, 726
657, 736
426,916
The number of employees, the amounts of pay rolls, and the number
of man-hours worked on construction projects financed by the Recon
struction Finance Corporation during July are shown in table 18 by
geographic divisions.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1087
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
T ab le 18.— E m p loym en t and P a y R olls on P rojects F in an ced b y th e R econ
stru ction F in an ce C orporation, b y G eographic D iv isio n , Ju ly 1935
of
Number of Amount of Number
employees pay rolls man-hours
worked
Geographic division
All d iv is io n s .._____
-
............
Middle A tlan tic.. ______ . . . ____. _
East North Central____________________
East South Central_________
----- West South Central
M ountain____________ ___ ____ _ . . Pacific________________________________
Average
earnings
per hour
Value of
material
orders
placed
9,581
$1,001,653
1, 349,064
$0. 742
$1, 495,108
480
442
174
88
450
7,947
32,830
36,782
6,964
10,352
23,141
891, 584
40,094
34, 250
12,812
10,895
46,999
1, 204,014
.819
1.074
.544
.950
.492
.741
68,469
39,997
287
4, 726
1,381,629
During the period, March 15, 1934, to July 15, 1935, materials
were ordered, costing more than $42,000,000. Of this total, approxi
mately 50 percent was for steel-works and rolling-mill products.
From June 15 to July 15 total orders were placed amounting to nearly
$1,500,000; of this figure, structural and reinforcing steel accounted
for more than 20 percent. Other products which were important with
respect to the value of orders placed since March 15, 1934, include
foundry and machine-shop products, cement, concrete products,
copper products, lumber and timber products, explosives, and
electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies.
C on stru ction Projects Financed from R egular G overn m en tal
Appropriations
T h e number of workers employed at the site of construction
projects financed by appropriations made by Congress direct to
the executive departments and agencies of the Federal Government
was in excess of 25,000 for July. This represents a decrease of
approximately 400 in comparison with employment in June. Dis
bursements for pay rolls during the month were over $1,890,000.
Whenever a construction contract is awarded or force-account
work is started by a department or unit of the Federal Government,
the Bureau of Labor Statistics is immediately notified on forms
supplied by the Bureau, of the name and address of the contractor,
the amount of the contract, and the type of work to be performed.
Schedules are then mailed by the Bureau to the contractor or Govern
ment agency doing the work. These schedules are filled in and
returned to the Bureau and show the number of men on pay rolls,
the amounts disbursed for pay, the number of man-hours worked
on the project, and the value of the different types of materials for
which orders have been placed during the month.
The following tables present data concerning such construction
projects on which work has started since July 1, 1934. The Bureau
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1088
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
does not have statistics covering projects which were under way
previous to that date.
In table-19 information is given for the month of July 1935 con
cerning employment, pay rolls, and man-hours worked on construc
tion projects financed from direct appropriations made to the various
Federal departments and agencies and started since July 1, 1934, by
type of project.
T ab le 1 9 .— E m p lo y m en t on C on stru ction P rojects F in an ced from
G overnm ental A ppropriations, b y T y p e o f P roject, Ju ly 1935
R egular
Wage earners
M axi
mum
number
em
ployed 1
Type of project
All projects..................................
3 25, 788
Building construction________
Naval vessels........ ................ ......
Public roads 3_______________
Reclamation...... ..........................
River, harbor, and flood control.
Streets and roads..... ........... .......
Water and sewerage...............
Miscellaneous.............................
6,930
5,430
(9
362
4, 631
1,343
109
1, 206
Weekly
average
Amount
of
pay rolls
Number
of man
hours
worked
23,508 $1,890, 209 2,752,801
5,701
5,247
5,777
266
4,317
1,114
92
994
394,001
625,330
406,292
17,502
334,044
51,070
5,745
56,225
528,155
738,762
624,792
29,855
627,614
105, 251
7,692
90,680
Average
earnings
per hour
Value of
material
orders
placed
$0.687 $3,079,618
.746
.846
.650
.586
.531
.485
.747
.620
593,086
1,326, 261
660, 101
27,940
328,859
44, 578
6,858
91,935
1 Maximum number employed during any 1 week of the month by each contractor and Government
jency doing force-account work.
3 Includes weekly average for public roads.
3 Estimated by the Bureau of Public Roads.
4 Not available; average number included in total.
Statistics concerning employment, pay rolls, and man-hours
worked on construction projects financed from regular governmental
appropriations in July are given in table 20, by geographic divisions.
T ab le 2 0 .— E m p lo y m en t on C onstru ction P rojects F in an ced from R egular
G overnm ental A ppropriations, b y G eographic D iv isio n , July 1935
Wage earners
Amount
Maximum W eekly of pay
rolls
number
em ployed1 average
Geographic division
All divisions.
...
25,788
N ew E ngland ...................
M iddle Atlantic_______
East North Central.
West North Central___
South Atlantic______
East South C entral..
West South Central..
M ountain________
Pacific_______
Outside continental United States. .
¿ “ r S X r S M
Æ
2,585
3,317
2,427
2,096
5,806
997
2,395
2,968
2,834
363
t d0rl° S “ r 1
23,508 $1,890,209
2,948
2,178
1,839
5,123
869
2,175
2,855
268,692
138,237
103,098
339
31,994
43,622
127,492
of man
hours
worked
Aver
age
earn
ings
per
hour
Value of
material
orders
placed
2,752,801
$0. 687
3 $3,079,618
299,353
341,502
210,820
185, 280
712,142
78,666
253, 433
308,828
306, 208
56,569
.797
.787
.656
.556
.704
.555
.503
.656
.765
.566
441,806
519,553
98,330
149,563
809,071
72,430
143,175
34,977
148,399
2,213
th9 m0",h b5’ eaoh COMr“ t°r *“ > Government
anyspecmlgeogra’ hlc1dM^on™1™ °f °r<lerS Pkced ^ pub,ic‘roads Pr°iects which cannot be charged to
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TREND OF EM PLOYM ENT AND
PAY ROLLS
.
1089
The upward trend of employment, beginning in January 1935, on
construction projects financed from regular governmental appropria
tions was interrupted in July. With the exception of the previous
month, however, more wage earners were employed in July than in
any month of the current year. The average earnings per hour in
July—69 cents—were the highest for any month since August 1934.
The value of materials for which orders have been placed for use
on construction projects financed from direct governmental appro
priations from July 1, 1934, to July 15. 1935, amounted to over
$26,000,000.
U n e m p lo y m e n t in F o re ig n C o u n tr ie s
HE table following gives statistics of unemployment in foreign
countries, as shown in official reports for the years 1928 to 1934,
and by months beginning with July 1934 to the latest available date.
As compared with midsummer 1934, the series show a reduction
in unemployment at the same season in 1935 in a number of the major
industrial countries including Austria, Belgium, Germany, Great
Britain, and Italy. However, this downward trend has not charac
terized the movement in Czechoslovakia, France, the Netherlands,
Poland, Switzerland, and certain of the eastern European countries,
where unemployment has increased as measured by the official
statistics covering either unemployed registered or figures for par
ticular unemployed groups in the population. There is a third but
small group of countries where unemployment has remained approxi
mately stationary measured in terms of the 1-year period, as, for
example, New Zealand and Norway.
Official organs of the British Government have called attention to
the reduction in number of persons registered with employment
exchanges in Great Britain to below 2 million at the end of July 1935
for the first time in a period of some years. The reduction in unem
ployment, from 2,000,110 in June to 1,972,941 in July, occurred in a
month when there is ordinarily a recession in employment. The 1.4
percent decrease between June and July compares favorably with the
increase in 1934 when the number registered rose from 2,092,586 in
June to 2,126,260 in July, or by 1.6 percent. In Germany, throughout
the first 8 months of 1935, the registered unemployed have been
fewer in number than in the same months of 1934, no doubt reflecting
the removal of young workers from employment to make room for
older unemployed and the resumption of manufacturing in the dur
able-goods industries where there has been a marked increase in
activity in recent months. A similar decrease in unemployment has
occurred in Italy owing in part to the absorption of men into the
T
17272—35----- 16
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1090
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
military service. Growing unemployment in France and tlie Nether
lands has accompanied the deepening of the industrial depression
and monetary difficulties. In Belgium devaluation of the franc and
various economic reforms were followed by better employment
conditions.
Beyond comparisons of the figures in a single series for different
periods it is not possible to use the official unemployment statistics to
measure volume of unemployment in a single country or to compare
conditions in one country with those in another, owing to the fact
that the coverage is not always complete. For example, only insured
persons may be reported, or certain categories, such as agricultural
labor, may be excluded.
S ta tem en t o f U n em p loym en t in Foreign C ountries
Australia
Year and date (end of month)
Belgium
Austria
Compulsory insur
ance, num
ber of un
employed
in receipt
Number Percent of benefit
Unemployment-insurance societies
i raue-umumsts
unemployed
Wholly
unemployed
Partially
unemployed
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
1928________________________
1929________________________
1930________________________
1931________________________
1932................................................
1933______________ ____ _ .
1934...... ........ ..................
45, 069
47,359
84, 767
117,866
120,454
104,035
86,865
10.8
11.1
19.3
27.4
29.4
25.1
20.5
156,185
164, 509
208,389
253,368
309,969
328,844
. 287,528
5,386
8,462
23,250
79,186
161,468
168,023
182,855
0.9
1.3
3.6
10.9
19.0
17.0
19.0
22,293
18,831
50,918
121,890
175, 259
170,023
166,229
3.5
3.0
7.9
16.9
20.7
17.2
17.2
1934
July
A u g u s t_______ ______
Septem ber___ _____ ______
October
______
November
December _
........
86,652
20.4
80, 097
18.8
257, 213
248,066
243,874
249, 275
275,116
308,106
167,979
164,969
173,118
173,368
193,212
212,713
17.4
17.1
17.9
18.0
20.2
22.2
175,974
169,255
156,408
153,412
150,997
167, 562
18.2
17.5
16.2
15.9
15.7
17.5
80,548
18.6
77,090
17.8
334,337
334,658
314,923
286,748
255,646
238,133
220, 599
209,493
223,300
220; 777
206,511
181,110
159,551
146,581
23.6
23.4
21.8
19.3
17.1
15.8
158,406
157,160
148,408
127,419
114,534
104,066
16.7
16.7
15.7
13.6
12.3
11.2
1935
January . . . _____________
February. _ .
March. _________ ______ . .
A pril._ _ _ ___________ _
M a y .. ____________ ______
June
. ____ ______ _
July
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1091
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
S ta tem en t o f U n em p loym en t in F oreign C ountries— C ontinued
r
Canada
Year and date (end of
month)
Percent
of tradeunionists
unem
ployed
Danzig,
Free City
of
Czechoslovakia
Number
of unem
ployed on
live reg
ister
Trade-union insur
ance funds—un
employed in re
ceipt of benefit
Number
Percent
Number
of unem
ployed
registered
Denmark
Trade-union unem
ployment funds—
unemployed
Number
Percent
1928 _
................. ...........
1929___ _____ ___________
1930____________________
1931____________________
1932____________________
1933____________________
1934____________________
4.5
5.7
11.1
16.8
22.0
22.3
18.2
38, 636
41, 630
105,442
291,332
554,059
738, 267
676,994
16, 342
23, 763
52, 047
102,179
184,555
247, 613
245,953
1.4
2.2
4.6
8.3
13.5
16.9
17.4
12,905
18, 291
24,898
33,244
31,408
20,326
50,226
42, 817
39,631
53,019
99, 508
97,417
i 81,756
18. 5
15.5
13.7
17.9
31.7
28.8
22. 2
1934
July____________________
A u g u st... - ____________
September____________ __
October________________
N ovem ber-,,
----December_______________
17.9
16.5
16.4
16.2
17.5
18.0
569,450
572,428
576,267
599,464
668,937
752,328
226, 711
233,227
230,224
217, 741
231, 314
271,110
15.8
16.3
16.1
15.5
16.4
19.0
16,852
16, 941
16, 588
18, 835
20, 395
22, 585
56,849
57,875
61, 348
68, 509
86,201
94,070
15.3
15. 5
16.4
18.3
22.6
29.7
1935
J a n u a r y _____ ______. . .
February,............... - _____
March....... - __________ __
April___________________
M ay __________ ____
June____________________
July____________________
August-- ,
.
18.1
18.2
16.7
17.0
15.9
15.4
15.1
818,005
833,194
804, 794
734,550
666,433
605,956
566, 559
556, 000
303,253
299,718
281, 982
261, 307
236, 537
212, 786
21.0
20.8
19.4
17.6
16.0
14.3
23, 032
21,077
18,611
18,410
18, 353
16,212
14,341
111,418
105,961
84, 342
70, 397
55,504
48,855
48,937
i 56,166
29.5
27. 1
22.3
18.6
14.4
12.6
12 fi
14. 5
Year and date (end of month)
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Great Britain
Number
unem
ployed re
maining
on live
register
Number
of unem
ployed
registered
Number
of unem
ployed in
receipt of
benefit
Number
of unem
ployed
registered
Number of
persons reg
istered with
employment
exchanges
1928_____________________________
1929_____ ______________________
1930__________________________ —
1931___ _________________________
1932____ ________________________
1933_____________________________
1934___ _________________________
2,629
3,181
3,054
3, 632
7,121
8,210
2,970
1,735
3,906
7,993
11, 522
17, 581
17,139
10,011
4,834
928
2,514
56,112
273,412
276,033
342,165
1,353,000
1,678,824
3,144,910
4,573, 218
5, 579,858
4,733,014
2,657, 688
1,355,000
1,281,000
2, 297,000
2,668, 000
2,757,000
2, 520, 616
1934
July___________ ____ ____________
August______________ _________
September- - - - - - - - - - - - _____
October___
____________
November- ___________ ________
December____ _________________ -
493
838
1,016
1,796
2,927
2,739
5,691
6,064
6,834
7,629
9,708
10,680
320,427
325,655
323,132
343, 795
369, 248
418,933
2,426,014
2,397, 562
2,281,800
2, 267,657
2,352,662
2, 604,700
2,126, 260
2,136,578
2,081,987
2,119, 635
2,120,785
2,085,815
1935
January___ ______
- ___ _
February_____________ _______ ___
March. _________________________
April__________________ ________
M ay„- ________________ ______
June. --------------------------------------July____________________________
A ugust.. ____
_
____ .
3,406
3,721
3,121
2, 247
1,358
856
752
868
12,479
11,280
9,780
8,369
5,804
3,948
3,122
478,844
502,668
483,866
452,007
428,126
402,661
380, 960
380,296
2,973, 544
2, 764,152
2 2,401,889
2 2,233,255
2 2,019, 293
2 1,876, 579
2 1, 754,117
2 1,706, 205
2,325,373
2,285,463
2,153,870
32,044, 460
2,044,752
2, 000,110
1,972,941
1,947,964
1 Provisional figure.
2 Includes the Saar.
3 April 15.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1092
MONTHLY LABOR R EV IE W — OCTOBER 1935
S ta tem en t o f U n em p loym en t in F oreign C ountries— C on tin u ed
Great Britain and Northern
Ireland
Hungary
Compulsory insurance
Year and date (end of
month)
Wholly unem
ployed
Number
Employ
ment ex
changes,
applica
tions for
work
Temporary
stoppages
Percent Number
Percent
Trade-unionists
unemployed
Christian
(Buda
pest)
Social
Demo
cratic
1928_______________________
1929_______________________
1930_______________________
1931_______________________
1932_______________________
1933_______________________
1934_______________________
980,326
994,091
1,467,347
2,129,359
2,272,590
2,110,090
1,801,913
8.2
8.2
11.8
16.7
17.6
16.4
13.9
309,903
268! 400
526, 604
587,494
573,805
456,678
368,906
2.6
2.2
4.3
4.6
4.5
3.5
2.9
14,715
15,173
43,592
52,305
66,235
60,595
52,157
852
951
977
1,026
1,085
996
15,322
21,339
27,635
29,772
26,716
22,291
1934
Ju ly ..............................................
August____________________
September_________________
October___ __________ ____
N ovem ber... ______________
December...................... .............
1,663,463
1,672,742
1,721,737
1,776,244
1,807,661
1, 793,047
12.9
13.0
13.4
13.7
13.9
13.8
498, 782
462,413
358,599
342,896
314,638
293,400
3.9
3.6
2.7
2.7
2.5
2.3
45,486
48,365
46, 715
52,987
53,641
53,168
935
959
911
927
1,039
1,045
21,212
20,737
20,058
19,410
19,611
20,986
1935
January___________________ 1,934,811
February__________________ 1,913,133
March_____________________ 1,819,147
April______ ______________ 1,744,814
M ay______ _ _____________ 1, 703,952
June___________________ . . 1,636,037
July----------------------------------- 1,589,590
August______ ____________ 1,605,036
14.9
14.8
14.0
13.5
13.1
12.6
12.3
12.4
360,309
358,974
323, 522
285,458
320,511
367,963
402,271
344,767
2.8
2.7
2.5
2.2
2.5
2.9
3.1
2.6
54,368
55,247
58,008
55,361
52.605
50,504
46, 069
1,046
1,006
1,014
983
955
898
851
20,953
21,059
19, 777
19,750
18,952
18,448
18,317
Irish Free
State
Year and date (end of month)
Italy
Japan
Latvia
Netherlands
Unemployment
of
Compul Number
insurance so
unem Official estimates, Number
sory in
unem
unemployed
cieties—unem
ployed
surance- registered
ployed
ployed
number
remain
wholly
unem
ing on live
unem
ployed
ployed
Number Percent register
Number Percent
1928_____ _____________ ______
1929_________________ ____ _
1930_______ ________ _________
1931__________________________
1932_________ ____ ___________
1933________________________
1934___________________ ______
22,721
20,860
22,176
25,230
4 62,817
4 72, 255
4 103, 671
324,422
300! 787
425,437
734,454
1,006, 442
1,018,955
963, 677
4 89, 736
4 98, 252
4 110,186
4 117,057
4 123,890
4 128,084
4 138, 779
4 141,626
4 137,870
4 125,847
4 124! 920
4 130, 244
4 82,371
<82,697
4 700
5 017
4 ,851
8,709
14,582
8,156
4,965
41,281
96, 751
177,557
176,429
170, 681
9.7
18.7
30.0
31.4
31.9
5.0
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.8
4.8
904
949
999
1,796
5,012
7,854
154,188
157,071
153,833
156,929
162,993
215,997
30.9
31.7
31.3
32.0
33.3
37.9
4.9
5.0
4.8
7,604
7,008
6,451
Q7Ft
3* 2fifi
1, 812
1,705
241,432
225,370
191,115
42.7
368,465
413,248
489,168
413,853
5.2
5.9
6.9
5.7
886,998
866, 570
887,345
905,114
969, 944
961, 705
372,070
367,950
365, 596
365,291
360, 104
360, 750
1,011,711
955,533
853, 189
803,054
755,349
638! 100
637,972
365,788
374,933
367, 542
1934
July________ ________________
August_______ _____________
September __________________
October______ ____________
November ________________ .
December ________ _________
1935
January___________________
February___________ ____ _
M a rch .. ______ ____ ______ _
April___ _________________
M a y .. ................................. ...........
June________ _____ _________
July ........................ ..........................
August........................................
1Provisional figure.
4 Registration area extended.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1fi.V 718
1 1fifl' 411
» 16l! 535
40.0
34.1
34! 2
1093
TREND OF EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
Statement of Unemployment in Foreign Countries— Continued
New Zea
land
Year and date (end of month)
Norway
Poland
Rumania
Number
unem
ployed
remaining
on live
register
Trade-unionists
Number
unem
(10 unions) un
employed
ployed
registered
by employ
ment ex
changes 8 Number Percent
Number
unem
ployed
remaining
on live
register
Number
unem
ployed
registered
with em
ployment
offices
21,759
19,089
19,353
27.479
8 32,705
« 35,591
35,121
125,552
129,450
226,659
299, 502
255,582
249,660
342,166
10.373
7,288
25,338
35,851
38,890
29,060
16,871
1928
1929__________ ______ __________
1930__________________ _____ _
1931............. ................
1932___________________________
1933___________________________
1934______________________ _____
2,895
5,037
41,430
51,549
53.382
47,028
14,790
16,588
15,963
19.2
15.4
16.6
22.3
30.8
33.4
30.7
1934
July________ __________________
August.................... .............. ..............
September_____________________
October_____. . _____ ___________
November_____________ ______
December---------------------------------
49,931
50,545
50,026
48,094
45,963
44, 283
12.934
12,998
13, 690
14, 631
15,771
17,792
24.7
24.6
25.6
27.1
29. 1
32.8
25,386
27, 210
31,083
34,292
38,556
40.056
294,238
289.388
289, 220
296,801
332,818
408,173
12,758
13,069
11,795
12,570
13,887
16,523
43,784
42,906
43, 654
44,672
46,551
48, 205
50,347
18,809
17,976
17, 506
17, 221
14,446
12,200
34.2
32.6
31.3
30.6
25.5
21.1
39,328
40, 637
40, 682
40, 450
33,962
28,930
501.300
516, 293
508,027
476, 250
413,882
366,949
318,412
275,661
20,669
21,704
19,379
15,140
12,003
1935
January________________________
February_________ ___ _ ____
March_____ ____________________
April---------------------------------------M ay___________________________
Ju n e.. ________________ ______
Saar Ter
ritory
Year and date (end of
month)
6,502
5,902
7,175
Yugo
slavia
Switzerland
Sweden
Trade-unionists
unemployed
Number
of unem
ployed
regis
tered
Number Percent
Unemployment funds
Wholly
unemployed
Partially
unemployed
Number
of unem
ployed
regis
tered
Number Percent Number Percent
1928. .
1929—
1930
1931 ..
1932—
1933____
1934—
1934
J u ly .. . . __
A u g u st... . . . ________
September_____ _ _____
October___ ___________
November_____ _ _____
December. ___________
1935
January_________ . . . .
February______________
M arch..'.______________
A p r il... ______________
M ay__________________
June__________________
July__________________
August__ _____________
2.1
1.8
3.4
5.9
9. 1
10.8
9.8
20,963
41’ 373
38’ 749
34,541
29,716
32, 621
42,016
64,815
89, 922
97! 316
80,216
10. 6
10.7
12.2
17. 2
22.8
23 7
18.9
31,954
32,055
32,077
32,539
33, 594
35, 636
59,002
60.153
61,088
71,417
81,406
114, 695
13.7
13.8
13.7
15.7
17.8
25.0
36,000
37,300
37,958
42,100
52,700
72,326
7.1
7.3
7.0
8.2
10.3
13.3
100,839
98,720
90. 754
82. 221
61,177
59,572
54,401
21.7
20.3
18.8
16.9
91,100
88, 600
72,981
58, 500
50, 600
45,445
17.2
16.8
13.4
10.6
9.1
8.3
6,591
9. 286
0
(7)
(?)
(7)
(7)
12.3
1.1
1.7
7.2
12.1
12.2
8.5
6.1
6,781
8,465
8,198
10, 018
14, 761
15,997
15,396
29,700
31,034
28,900
30,300
32, 522
5.2
5.5
5.7
5.5
5.7
6.0
9,551
10, 623
9,918
11,211
11,721
16,947
35,600
36,600
36,495
34,400
30,800
29,865
6.6
6.8
6.7
6.2
5.5
5.4
27,218
29.893
27,058
16, 112
12,619
10,935
1 1 .1
0
* Includes not only workers wholly unemployed but also those Intermittently employed.
8 Revised figures.
7 Included with Germany.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 1 ,2 1 5
BUILDING OPERATIONS
S u m m a ry o f B u ild in g C o n s tr u c tio n R e p o r ts fo r
A u g u s t 1935
NDICATED future expenditures for building construction, as
revealed by building permits issued in August, rose to the highest
level for any month since October 1931. Indicated expenditures for
residential buildings were more than three times as great in August
1935 as in the same month of the preceding year. There were also
substantial gains over a year ago in expenditures for new nonresidential buildings and for additions, alterations, and repairs.
Although the number and value of building permits issued at this
time of the year usually have a downward trend, August showed a
pick-up over July. The largest increase in indicated expenditures
occurred in new nonresidential buildings, brought about, for the most
part, by a gain in public construction.
The total permit valuation in August 1935 amounted to $87,770,000
as compared with $74,208,000 in July 1935 and $44,633,000 in
August 1934.
I
Comparisons, August 1935 with August 1934
T a b l e 1 presents a summary of building construction in 742
identical cities for August 1934 and August 1935.
Table 1.—Summary of Building Construction in 742 Identical Cities, August 1934
and August 1935
Number of buildings
Class of construction
August
1935
August
1934
All construction-
41, 773
33, 810
N ew residential buildings
New nonresidential buildings
Additions, alterations, and repairs
5. 684
7,167
28,922
2,040
5,983
25, 787
Percent
age
change
Estimated cost
August
1935
August
1934
+23.6 $87, 356,133 $44, 632, 824
+178. 6
+19.8
+12.2
27,433,092
36, 017, 835
23,905, 206
8.917,617
20, 282, 356
15,432, 851
Percent
age
change
+95.7
+207. 6
+77. 6
+54. 9
Permits were issued for 3,644 more new residential buildings in
August 1935 than in the corresponding month of the previous year.
Gains also were shown in the number of new nonresidential buildings
and for additions, alterations, and repairs to existing buildings.
1094
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1095
BUILDING OPERATIONS
The increase in August 1935 over August 1934 in indicated expendi
tures for new residential buildings exceeded $18,000,000. Indicated
expenditures in August 1935 for new nonresidential buildings and for
additions, alterations, and repairs to existing buildings were more
than $15,000,000 and $8,000,000 greater, respectively, than in the
corresponding month of 1934.
Table 2 gives, in summary form, the estimated cost of housekeeping
dwellings and the number of families provided for in such dwellings
for the months of August 1934 and August 1935.
Table 2.— Summary of Estimated Cost of Housekeeping Dwellings and of the
Number of Families Provided for in 742 Identical Cities, August 1934 and
August 1935
Estimated cost of housekeeping
dwellings
Kind of dwelling
August
1935
Percent
age
change
August
1934
Number of families provided
for in new dwellings
August
1935
August
1934
Percent
age
change
- $27,181,092
$8,864,482
+206. 6
7,117
2,545
+179. 6
1-family ___________________________ 22, 213, 587
1,069,630
________
. . ..
2-fam ily1
3,897,875
M ultifam ily2. _____ . .
____
7,061,672
409,870
1,392,940
+214. 6
+161.0
+179.8
5,344
414
1,359
1,926
146
473
+177. 5
+183. 6
+ 187.3
All ty p es...
---------. . -- ----------
1 Includes 1-family and 2-family dwellings with stores.
2 Includes multifamily dwellings with stores.
There were 4,572 more family-dwelling units provided in new build
ings in August 1935 than in August 1934. There were pronounced
increases in all types of family-dwelling units over this period. The
estimated cost of new housekeeping dwellings was 206.6 percent
greater in August 1935 than in the corresponding month of the
previous year.
Comparisons, August 1935 with July 1935
A s u m m a r y of building construction in 748 identical cities for July
and August 1935 is presented in table 3.
Table 3.—Summary of Building Construction in 748 Identical Cities, July and
August 1935
Estimated cost
Number of buildings
Class of construction
August
1935
July
1935
All construction.............................. ...........
41,947
40,861
New residential buildings-----------------New nonresidential buildings------------Additions, alterations, and repairs-------
5,776
7,200
28,971
5,114
6,833
28,914
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Per
centage
change
August
1935
July 1935
Per
centage
change
+ 2 .6 $87,770,177 $74,207,567
+18.3
27,343,912
24,655,850
22, 207,805
+ 1.5
+46.4
+ 7 .7
+12.9
+ 4 .6
+ .2
27,763,314
36,093,130
23,913,733
1096
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Compared with the previous month, the number of buildings for
which permits were issued in August 1935 increased slightly. Esti
mated cost of construction, however, registered a pronounced gain.
New residential buildings with an increase in number of 662 had the
largest gain for the month. The sharpest increase in indicated ex
penditures occurred in new nonresidential buildings which showed a
gain of $11,437,280, or 46.4 percent, over the figure for the preceding
month.
The estimated cost of housekeeping dwellings and the number of
families provided therein during July and August 1935 are shown in
table 4.
Table 4 . — Summary of Estimated Cost of Housekeeping Dwellings and of the
Number of Families Provided for in 748 Identical Cities, July and August
Estimated cost of housekeep
ing dwellings
Number of families provided
for in new dwellings
Kind of dwelling
August
1935
All types_____________ ___
July 1935
$27, 511,314 $26,613,187
1-family______ . . .
2-family 1___________ ____ .
Multifamily 2_____________________
22,548.384
1, 069, 630
3,893, 300
20,011,125
1, 265,116
5, 336,946
Percent August
age
1935
change
July 1935
Percent
age
change
+ 3 .4
7,207
7, 201
+ 0.1
+12.7
-1 5 .5
-2 7 .1
5,437
414
1, 356
4,772
443
1,986
+13.9
- 6 .5
-3 1 .7
• Includes 1-family and 2-family dwellings with stores.
2 Includes multifamily dwellings with stores.
A gain of 3.4 percent in the estimated cost of new housekeeping
dwellings was registered in August 1935. An increase in expenditures
was shown for 1-family dwellings while losses occurred in 2-family
and multifamily dwellings. Although the number of families pro
vided for in all types of dwellings in August remained practically
the same as in July, a gain of 13.9 percent was shown in the number
of families provided for in 1-family dwelling units. This gain,
however, was offset by losses in 2-family and multifamily dwelling
units.
Important Building Projects
P e r m it s were issued during August for the following important
building projects: In New York City—in the Borough of the Bronx,
for apartment houses to cost over $630,000; in the Borough of Brook
lyn, for apartment houses to cost over $1,500,000; in the Borough of
Manhattan, for office buildings to cost nearly $1,300,000; in Detroit,
Mich., for factory buildings to cost over $500,000; in Saginaw, Mich.,
for factory buildings to cost $360,000; in Louisville, Ky., for factory
buildings to cost over $300,000; and in Fort Worth, Tex., for school
buildings to cost over $300,000.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1097
BUILDING OPERATIONS
Contracts were awarded by the Procurement Division of the
United States Treasury Department for a post office in Atlantic City,
N. J., to cost over $400,000; for a post office in the Borough of the
Bronx, New York, to cost over $1,000,000; for the new Interior
Department Building in Washington, D. C., to cost nearly
$10,000,000; for a customhouse in Denver, Colo., to cost nearly
$700,000; and for an addition to the United States Mint in San
Francisco, Calif., to cost approximately $1,000,000.
B u ild in g O p e ra tio n s in J u ly
1935: R e v is e d F ig u re s
ETAILED figures on building construction, as compiled by
the Bureau of Labor Statistics, for the month of July 1935,
are presented in this article. The data are the same as published
in the pamphlet, except for certain minor revisions or corrections.
D
Building Construction in Principal Cities
Indicated expenditures for residential buildings in June and July
are shown in table 1. The permit valuations include, in addition to
private construction, all buildings for which contracts were awarded
For June the value of such buildings was $9,941,084; for July,
$3,740,405.
Table 1.— Summary of Building Construction in 760 Identical Cities, June and
July 1935
Number of buildings
Class of construction
July
1935
All construction.............- ----------------------- 41,120
New residential buildings..................... ....... 5,135
New nonresidential buildings................... - 6, 821
Additions, alterations, and repairs--------- 29,164
Estimated cost
June 1935
Percent
age
change
39.981
+ 2 .8 $74,522,185 $75,287,355
- 1 .0
4,871
6,543
28, 567
+ 5 .4
+ 4 .2
+ 2 .1
28,942,825
27,307,947
19,036,583
-5 3
-9 .0
+16.8
June
1935
Percent
age
change
July 1935
27,423,021
24,858, 5C8
22,240,596
The information shown in this study is based on reports received
by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from 760 identical cities having
a population of 10,000 or over. The data are collected from local
building officials on forms mailed by the Bureau, except in the States
of Illinois, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina,
and Pennsylvania, where the State departments of labor collect and
forward the information to the Federal Bureau. The cost figures are
estimates made by the prospective builders on applying for permits
to build. No land costs are included. Only building projects within
the corporate limits of the 760 cities enumerated are included.
Index numbers of indicated expenditures for each type of new
building, for additions, alterations, and repairs, and of families pro
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1098
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
In
d exes
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Jp r
__________ 1________ I
/fyy
Jaap
79
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Sa/y
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1099
B U IL D IN G OPERATIONS
Indexes
Families Provided For
(fio r tfh /y
/n c/e x
? râ g e /9 ¿ S
*JOÛ )
/ne/ex
N um bers
//u m b e r
vided for are given in table 2. The monthly trends for each class of
building construction and for families provided for during 1933, 1934,
and the first 7 months of 1935 are shown graphically by the accom
panying charts.
Table
2 .— Index
Numbers of Families Provided for and of Indicated
Expenditures for Building Construction
(M onthly average, 1929=100.0]
Indicated expenditures for—
Indicated expenditures for—
Month
1930
Fam
New
ilies
nonpro New
resi
resivided dential
for build dential
ings build
ings
Addi
tions, Total
altera con
tions, struc
tion
and
repairs
54 4
49.9
45.1
44.1
82.5
86. 7
74.6
77.4
63.3
64.8
43. 4
35.8
33.4
27.6
41.7
53.7
56.5
57.8
39.4
41.7
.Tilly
10. 6
8.2
7.9
5. 6
24.6
16.1
28.2
22.6
17.3
12.0
• 1933
June ______
July________
12.3
10.2
8.8
8.0
11.5
10.9
33.3
26.7
13.8
12.2
I n ly
1931
July________
1932
Month
Fam
ilies New
pro resi
vided dential
for build
ings
New
nonresidential
build
ings
Addi
tions,
altera
tions,
and
repairs
Total
con
struc
tion
1934
June-- ------July________
7.2
7.8
5.3
5.3
12.6
16.8
34.4
35.8
12.4
14.2
1935
January____
February___
M arch, ____
April..... .........
M ay_______
J u n e -.-..........
July-........... -
7.3
8.5
16.6
18.9
20.0
20.8
20.6
5.1
5.6
11.4
13.0
14.2
16.1
15.3
11.1
13.9
18.6
21.2
19.9
24.4
22.2
27.9
29.7
41. 6
45.5
47.2
43.6
50.9
10.9
12.5
19. 2
21.6
22.0
24.3
24.1
Comparisons With the Previous Month, by Geographic Divisions
T h e estimated cost of new residential buildings, of new nonresidential buildings, of additions, alterations, and repairs, and of total
building construction for which permits were issued during June and
July 1935 in 760 identical cities having a population of 10,000 or over,
is shown in table 3, by geographic divisions.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1100
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Table 3.— Estimated Cost of Building Construction in 760 Identical Cities,
June and July 1935
New residential buildings
(estimated cost)
N ew nonresidential buildings
(estimated cost)
Geographic division
All divisions..........
N ew England...........
M iddle Atlantic___
East North Central.
West North Central
South Atlantic..........
East South Central.
West South Central.
M ountain..................
P a c ific..-...................
Percent
age
change
July 1935
June 1935
$27,423,021
$28,942,825
1,961,148
6,858, 452
7,162. 092
1,895, 157
3,486.069
547, 230
1, 477, 378
789,800
3,245,695
2,695,235
8. 466. 689
6.664, 111
1,893,665
3,511. 144
784,429
1,456,751
576, 790
2,894,011
June 1935
- 5 .3
$24,858, 568
$27,307,947
- 9 .0
-2 7 .2
-1 9 .0
+ 7 .5
1,282,958
7,736.233
5, 145,361
2,480,828
1,647,342
754,131
968, 112
805, 746
4,037,857
1, 517.039
7,080, 403
2, 775,967
972,805
7,910,597
445.396
2,202,029
271,154
4,132,557
-1 5 .4
+ 9 .3
+85.4
+ 155.0
-7 9 .2
+69.3
-5 6 .0
+197. 2
- 2 .3
+ .1
July 1935
June 1935
-.7
-3 0 .2
+ 1. 4
+36.9
+ 12.2
Additions, alterations and
repairs (estimated cost)
Geographic division
Per
cent
age
change
Total construction (estimated
cost)
July 1935
June 1935
All divisions___ _______ . . . $22,240,596 $19,036,583
+16.8 $74,522,185 $75, 287,355
N ew England___________
M iddle A tlan tic... _______
East North Central______ _
West North Central. . . .
South Atlantic_____ _______
East South Central..
West South C entral..
M ountain__________
Pacific__________________
+ 5 .8
+19.1
+. 4
+42.2
+36.2
+60.3
-. 1
+ 4 .9
+19.3
2,197.185
7,329,639
3, 706, 770
1,589,998
2, 799,349
660, 375
948,659
475,238
2,533,383
2,077, 364
6,154,597
3,692,892
1,118,405
2,055,295
412,085
949.864
453,242
2,122, 839
Percent
age
change
July 1935
5,441,291
21,924,324
16,014,223
5.965,983
7,932,760
1,961,736
3,394, 149
2.070,784
9, 816,935
6,289,638
21,701, 689
13,132,970
3,984,875
13, 477,036
1,641,910
4, 608, 644
1,301,186
9,149,407
Per
cent
age
change
N um
ber of
cities
-1 .0
760
-1 3 .5
+ 1 .0
+21.9
+49.7
-4 1 .1
+19.5
-2 6 .4
+59.1
+ 7.3
109
163
184
68
79
30
47
21
59
The number of buildings for which permits were issued in June and
July 1935 is classified according to type of construction in table 4 by
geographic divisions.
Table 4.— Number of Buildings, Alterations and Repairs, and Total Building
__________ Construction in 760 Identical Cities, June and July 1935
N ew residential
buildings
Geographic division
July
1935
Per
June cent July
1935
age
1935
change
All divisions................ 5,135 4,871 +5. 4
New England______
409
372 + 9 .9
Middle Atlantic____
959 1,025 - 6 .4
East North C entral..
841
781 + 7 .7
West North Central—
506
497 + 1 .8
South Atlantic_____
784
749 +4. 7
East South C entral..
151 + 9 .9
166
West South C entral536
463 + 15.8
M ountain__________
123
148 - 1 6 9
Pacific_____________ • 811
685 + 18.4
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
New nonresidential Additions, alter
buildings
ations. and repairs
Total construction
Per
Per
Per
June cent July June cent July June cent
1935
age
1935 1935
age
1935 1935
age
change
change
change
6,821 6, 543 + 4 .2 29,164 28. 567 + 2.1 41,120 39,981 + 2 .8
734
786 - 6 .6 3,213 3,079 + 4 .4 4,356 4,237 + 2 .8
1, 257 1.130 +11.2 6,321 6,517 - 3 . 0 8.537 8,672 - 1 . 6
1,724 1,692 + 1.9 5.299 5,229 + 1.3 7,864 7,702 + 2 .1
766
689 + 11.2 2.224 2,456 - 9 .4 3,496 3.642 - 4 .0
585 + 5 .5 3. 663 3, 360 + 9 .0 5,064 4. 694 + 7 .9
617
170
160 + 6 .3 1,386 1,240 + 11.8 1,722 1, 551 + 11.0
345
348
- . 9 1,955 1,809 + 8.1 2,836 2, 620 + 8 .2
171
181 - 5 . 5
811
939 -1 3 .6 1. 105 1,268 -1 2 .9
1,037
972 + 6 .7 4,292 3,938 + 9 .0 6,140 5,595 + 9 .7
1101
BUILDING OPERATIONS
The estimated cost of housekeeping dwellings and the number of
families provided for by such dwellings for which permits were issued
in 760 identical cities in June and July 1935 is shown in table 5, by
geographic divisions.
Table 5.—Estimated Cost and Number of Family-Dwelling Units Provided in
760 Identical Cities, June and July 1935
2-family dwellings 1
1-family dwellings
Geographic division
Estimated cost
July 1935
Families pro
vided for
June 1935 July 1935
June
1935
Estimated cost
July 1935
June 1935
Families pro
vided for
July
1935
June
1935
$1,823,448 $1,968,635
4,258,266 4,294, 289
4,089,456 3,812,471
1,814,429 1,843,565
3,007,474 2,657,674
405,929
522,530
1, 306,148 1,233,476
510,1Q0
549,940
2,810,083 2, 591, 711
387
899
787
469
715
160
492
116
754
357
937
729
485
643
133
418
143
645
$137,700
297,186
168,000
60,228
164,195
17.700
153,720
10.700
260,487
$47,300
418,900
208,600
26,500
212,370
2,000
118,275
26,850
187,250
42
70
42
20
86
10
76
4
86
14
121
46
16
103
2
64
10
60
T otal....................... 20,141,934 19,357,690
Par nan tagfl fihanga
+ 4 .1
4,779
+ 6 .4
4,490
1,269,916
+ 1 .8
1, 248,045
436
436
N ew England ______
Middle Atlantic_______
East North Central___
West North Central___
South A tlantic............ ..
East South Central____
West South Central- . . .
M ountain____________
Pacific______ _________
Total, all kinds of housekeeping
dwellings
M ultifamily dwellings 3
Geographic division
Estimated cost
Families pro
vided for
July
1935
June
1935
Estimated cost
July 1935
June 1935
Familes pro
vided for
July
1935
June
1935
July 1935
June 1935
0
N ew England..................
Middle Atlantic.......... . $2,282,000
East North Central____ 2,483,921
15,500
West North Central___
314,400
South A tlantic..... ...........
7.000
East South Central____
9.000
West South Central___
27,000
M ountain____________
151,625
Pacific________ _______
$29,300
3,703,500
2,598,040
23,600
641,100
376.500
105,000
0
112.500
0
674
1,056
12
139
4
4
12
66
12 $1,961,148 $2,045,235
1,092 6,837,452 8,416,689
688 6,741,377 6,619,111
9 1,890,157 1,893,665
257 3,486,069 3,511,144
784,429
547,230
158
45 1,468,868 1,456,751
576, 790
0
547,800
53 3,222,195 2,891,461
429
1,643
1,885
501
940
174
572
132
906
383
2,150
1,463
510
1,003
293
527
153
758
T otal....................... 5,290,446
-3 0 .3
7,589, 540
1,976
-1 5 .0
2,314 26,702,296 28,195,275
- 5 .3
7,182
-0 .8
7,240
i Includes 1- and 2-family dwellings with stores.
3 Includes multifamily dwellings with stores.
Comparisons With Year Ago, by Geographic Divisions
T a b l e 6 compares the estimated cost of new residential buildings,
of new nonresidential buildings, of additions, alterations, and repairs,
and of total building construction in 753 identical cities having a
population of 10,000 or over in July 1935 with the cost of the same
types of building during July of the previous year.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1102
MONTHLY LAB Oil REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Table 6.— Estimated Cost of Building Construction in 753 Identical Cities,
July 1934 and July 1935
New residential buildings (estimated
cost)
N ew nonresidential buildings (esti
mated cost)
Geographic division
July 1935
All divisions___________ . $27,397, 689
New England...... ..................
Middle Atlantic__________
East North Central
West North Central. ___
South Atlantic__________
East South Central.
West South Central_____
M ountain____ ________
Pacific____ _
1,956, 648
6, 868,852
7,154, 292
1,848,025
3, 463,069
547, 230
1,477,378
836, 500
3, 245, 695
July 1935
July 1934
$8, 699,863
+214.9
$24,836,538
$20,968,384
+18.4
1,330, 751
3,390,913
963,844
453, 540
959,623
91,909
469,444
177,833
862, 006
+47.0
+102. 6
+642.3
+307.5
+260.9
+495. 4
+214. 7
+370.4
+276. 5
1, 282, 758
7,735,233
5,128,811
2,476,473
1,646,992
754,131
968,112
806,171
4,037,857
4,936, 222
6,452,879
3,741,280
1,105,328
1,110, 379
544,620
513,846
873, 545
1, 690, 285
-7 4 .0
+19.9
+ 3 7 .,
+124.1
+48.3
+38. 5
+88.4
- 7 .7
+138. 9
Additions, alterations and repairs
(estimated cost)
Total construction (estimated
cost)
Geographic division
July 1935
All divisions______
July 1934
Percent
age
July 1935
change
$22,171,151 $16,317, 544
New England_____
Middle Atlantic___
East North Central
West North Central
South A tlantic____
East South Central.
West South Central
M ountain_________
Pacific......... ............ _
2,196,985
7,329,399
3, 644, 670
1, 584, 393
2, 796, 349
660, 375
948, 659
476,938
2, 533, 383
Percent
age
change
Percentage
change
July 1934
1,822, 715
5,805,906
2,275,839
872, 381
1,977, 814
424, 322
891,884
362, 287
1,884, 396
July 1934
N um
ber of
Percent cities
age
change
+35.9 $74, 405, 378 $45,985,791
+20.5
+26.2
+60.1
+81.6
+41.4
+55.6
+ 6 .4
+31.6
+34.4
5,436, 391
21,933,484
15, 927, 773
5, 908, 891
7,906, 410
1,961, 736
3, 394,149
2,119,609
9, 816,935
8, 089, 688
15, 649, 698
6, 980,963
2,431, 249
4,047, 816
1,060, 851
1,875,174
1,413, 665
4,436, 687
+61.8
753
-3 2 .8
+40.2
+128. 2
+143.0
+95.3
+84.9
+81.0
+49.9
+121.3
109
163
179
67
78
29
47
22
59
The number of new residential buildings, of new nonresidential
buildings, of additions, alterations, and repairs, and of total building
construction for which permits were issued in 753 identical cities is
shown in table 7 for July 1934 and July 1935, by geographic divisions.
Table 7.— Number of Buildings, Alterations, and Repairs, and Total Building
Construction in 753 Identical Cities, July 1934 and July 1935
N ew residential
buildings
Geographic division
July
1935
July
1934
New nonresiden
tial buildings
Per
cent July
1935
age
change
July
1934
Additions, altera
tions, and repairs
Per
cent July
age
1935
change
July
1934
Total construction
Per
cent July
age
1935
change
July
1934
Per
cent
age
change
All divisions________ 5,124 1,808 +183.4 6,796 5, 257 +29.3 29,150 22, 984 +26.8 41,070 30,049 +36.7
New England______
M iddle Atlantic____
East North C entral..
West North Central.
South Atlantic______
East South C entral..
West South Central..
M ountain..
Pacific ______ _ . . .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
408
962
838
489
774
166
536
140
811
252 +61.9
733
727
+ .8 3, 212 2,697 +19.1 4,353 3,676
364 +164. 3 1,252 1,143 + 9 .5 6, 321 6,189 + 2.1 8,535 7, 696
202 +314.9 1,715 1,111 +54.4 5.292 3,425 +54.5 7,845 4,738
157 +211.5
755
536 +40.9 2, 214 1,431 +54.7 3, 458 2,124
249 +210.8
615
459 +34.0 3,662 3,117 +17.5 5,051 3,825
58 +186. 2
170
113 +50.4 1,386 1,186 +16.9 1,722 1,357
206 +160.2
274 +25.9 1,955 1,367 +43.0 2,836 1,847
345
45 +211.1
174
130 +33.8
816
516 +58.1 1,130
691
275 +194. 9 1,037
764 +35.7 4.292 3,056 +40.4 6,140 4,095
+18.4
+10.9
+65.6
+62.8
+32.1
+26.9
+53.5
+63.5
+49.9
1103
BUILDING OPERATIONS
Table 8 shows, by geographic divisions, the number and estimated
cost of new family-dwelling units provided in housekeeping dwellings
for which permits were issued in 753 identical cities in July 1934 and
July 1935.
Table 8.— Estimated Cost and Number of Family-Dwelling Units Provided in
753 Identical Cities, July 1934 and July 1935
2-family dwellings 1
1-family dwellings
Geographic division
July 1935
New England_________
Middle A tlantic.- -----East North Central____
West North Central___
South Atlantic________
East South Central____
West South Central___
M ountain, _______ _
Pacific_______
_____
Estimated cost
Estimated cost
July 1934
July
1935
July
1934
July
1935
July
1934
385
902
784
475
705
160
492
129
754
238
315
193
156
235
57
197
44
257
$137,700
297,186
168,000
60,228
164,195
17, 700
153,720
29,700
260,487
$60,400
228, 875
33,000
1,500
68,800
0
20, 850
4,000
47,050
42
70
42
20
86
10
76
12
86
24
57
9
2
18
0
14
2
29
6,510,764
4, 786
+182. 9
1,692
1,288,916
+177.5
464,475
444
+186. 5
155
Total, all kinds of housekeeping
dwellings
M ultifamily dwellings 2
Estimated cost
Families pro
vided for
July
1935
July 1935
July 1934
0
New England_________
Middle Atlantic_______ $2,282,000
East North Central-.- . 2,483,921
15, 500
West North Central___
314,400
South Atlantic_____ 7.000
East South Central-----9.000
West South Central___
27,000
M ountain_______ 151,625
Pacific------ -----------------
$35,000
1,580,050
17,674
0
34, 200
14.000
5,700
0
13.000
0
674
1,056
12
139
4
4
12
66
--------- 5,290,446
+211.3
1,699, 624
1,967
+172.1
Total----
July 1934
$1,818,948 $1, 210,351
4,268,666 1, 581,988
913,170
4,081,656
452,040
1,767,297
2,984,474
856, 623
77,909
522,530
442,894
1,306,148
173,833
537,800
2, 810,083
801,956
Total___________ 20,097, 602
+208. 7
Geographic division
July 1935
Families pro
vided for
July
1934
Estimated cost
July 1935
July 1934
Families pro
vided for
July
1935
July
1934
8 $1,956, 648 $1,305,751
656 6,847,852 3,390,913
963,844
14 6,733,577
453,540
0 1,843,025
959,623
15 3,463,069
91,909
547,230
3
469,444
10 1,468,868
594, 500
177,833
0
862,006
17 3,222,195
427
1,646
1,882
507
930
174
572
153
906
270
1,028
216
158
268
60
221
46
303
8,674,863
7,197
+ 180.0
2, 570
723 26,676,964
+207. 5
1 Includes 1- and 2-family dwellings with stores.
2 Includes multifamily dwellings with stores.
C o n s t r u c t io n fr o m P u b lic F u n d s
D u r in g July contracts were awarded by the Public Works
Administration for construction projects valued at approximately
$45,000,000, as compared with more than $130,000,000 during the
previous month.
The value of awards from regular governmental appropriations
totaled more than $9,000,000, approximately the same as for June.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1104
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Data concerning the value of contracts awarded and force-account
work started during the months of June and July 1935, for Federal
construction projects financed from Public Works Administration
funds, are shown in table 9, by geographic divisions.
Table 9.— Value of Contracts Awarded for Federal Construction Projects
Financed from Public Works Administration Funds 1
Building construction
River, harbor, and floodcontrol projects
Public roads 2
Geographic divisions
July 1935
June 1935
All divisions____________
$3,805, 685
$5,951,995 $10,445,214 $11,166,862
N ew England___________
Middle Atlantic_________
East North Central____
West North Central_____
South Atlantic________
East South Central_____
West South Central_____
Mountain_________ _
Pacific_______________
O u t s i d e c o n tin e n ta l
United States___ _____
0
62,345
2,444, 571
31,538
445, 760
204,535
9,183
7, 501
600, 252
2,366
403,896
2,504,564
0
2,456.301
439,627
48,923
24,342
6,171
729,498
57, 736
1,456,548
2,818, 290
1,528, 585
1,279,623
637,124
1, 672, 731
265,079
667,604
169,991
2,260,668
692,370
2,861,491
1,178,939
1,298,966
963, 221
1,073,612
0
65,805
0
0
Streets and roads
July 1935
June 1935
Naval vessels
July 1935
June 1935
$6,717,651
$68,744,675
0
25,000
5,755,810
327, 237
101,068
0
271,361
0
237,175
151,189
150,944
6,313,528
58,455,825
195,312
0
0
42,375
3,435,502
0
0
Reclamation projects
Geographic divisions
July 1935
June 1935
July 1935
June 1935
July 1935
June 1935
All divisions........................
$634, 254
$206,422
$4,348,572
$6,952,208
New England__________
Middle Atlantic________
East North Central. . .
West North Central____
South Atlantic_________
East South Central______
West South Central_____
Mountain............... .........
Pacific____ __________
O u t s i d e c o n tin e n ta l
United States...................
0
59, 560
0
0
276,919
268,807
0
0
0
0
6,977
0
0
59,853
6,253
0
0
69,459
30.000
30, 000
0
0
16.000
0
0
0
40,000
0
0
0
0
11,919,948
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
50,000
0
228,315
0
4,000, 262
69,995
0
0
0
152,500
180,000
35,000
124,986
4,950, 276
1,509,446
28,968
63,880
0
0
0
0
Water and sewerage
systems
$116,000 $11,919,948
Miseedaneous
Total
Geographic divisions
July 1935
June 1935
July 1935
June 1935
July 1935
June 1935
All divisions____ ________
$67,937
$17,660
3 $478, 932
New England.....................
Middle Atlantic_________
East North Central______
West North Central_____
South Atlantic__________
East South Central______
West South Central_____
Mountain.............................
Pacific........ ...................... .
O u t s i d e c o n tin e n ta l
United States_________
0
0
3,000
0
29, 937
0
0
35,000
0
1,477
1,700
0
0
0
3,800
0
6,683
4,000
2,108
41, 349
14,973
63, 374
52, 640
10, 592
3, 448
10,000
10, 602
16,114
72,724
14,199
163,817
14,525
10, 265
4,024
17, 940
25,632
761, 606
275,990
9,674.902
3,290,439
2.450,909
1, 991,872
921,116
5, 725,494
1, 223,103
69.464,512
17, 687,430
1, 673,884
1 , 476,899
6,004,837
6,123,822
0
0
3,846
9,623
32,814
139,308
i Preliminary, subject to revision.
3 Other than those reported by the Bureau of Public Roads.
3 Includes $266,000 not allocated by geographic divisions.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$348,863 3$26, 614,245 $105,308,633
838,750
806,232
11, 092,959
1105
B U IL D IN G O PERATIO NS
The value of contracts awarded and force-account work started
during June and July 1935 is shown in table 10 for non-Federal
construction projects to be financed from Public Works Adminis
tration funds.
Table 10.—Value of Contracts Awarded for Non-Federal Construction Projects
Financed from Public Works Administration Funds1
Building construction
Streets and roads 2
Water and sewerage
systems
Geographic division
July 1935
June 1935
July 1935
June 1935
June 1935
July 1935
All divisions................................. $8, 389,821 $14,114, 368 $2,581,268 $3,165,427
$5,504, 344
$7,092, 575
New E n glan d -....................... —
Middle Atlantic- ...................
East North Central...... ............
West North Central....... ...........
South A tla n tic ...___________
East South Central. ______
West South Central_________
M ountain....................................
Pacific___ _____ ____________
Outside Continental United
States.......................................
269, 291
4,404.067
587, 362
590, 440
158,959
285,680
679,878
266, 791
1,147,353
139, 751
6,398.932
695. 802
2. 024, 579
1,377. 143
577. 494
741. 104
629,453
1,491, 756
570,506
138,667
171, 113
173, 261
741, 970
30,152
0
0
755,599
336,975
248. 974
158,081
477,854
16,316
91,952
99, 229
0
1, 712,099
267,567
442, 737
3,055,616
131,363
80, 185
249,054
253,151
138, OSI
886,590
205,110
913,517
1,971,365
923,511
1,000
131,613
2,179,284
236,452
530, 723
0
38,354
0
23,947
0
0
Railroad construction
and repair
Total
Miscellaneous
Geographic division
July 1935
July 1935
June 1935
$1,041,098 $2, 327, 669 $1,541,904
June 1935
July 1935 June 1935
All division s.______ _________
0
$18,803,102
$26,955,372
New England_____ _________
Middle Atlantic....... ............ —
East North C entral..................
West North Central_________
South Atlantic............................
East South Central_________
West South C entral.................
M ountain................................. .
P acific.-----------------------------Outside Continental United
States........................................
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,041,098
0
0
0
0
0
98, 687
21, 469
56, 704
1,115, 799
37, 447
409,930
18, 605
470, 121
98, 907
50, 594
187, 978
114,737
432, 152
2, 271
56, 396
522, 359
175, 417
0
1, 206,051
5,006, 940
3, 870, 795
2,010,863
1,018, 561
974, 716
951, 634
874,993
2,888,449
732,430
7,749,401
2,939,985
4,899, 194
1,396, 730
857, 455
3, 541,976
1,041,322
3,734, 578
0
0
0
0
0
62,301
1 Preliminary, subject to revision.
2 Other than those reported by the Bureau of Public Roads.
Non-Federal public-works construction projects are financed by
loans and grants made by the Public Works Administration. For
the most part, these allotments are made to State governments or
political subdivisions thereof. Occasionally, however, loans are
made to private firms. Most of the loans to commercial concerns
have been made to railroad companies. In the case of allotments to
States, counties, and cities, the Federal Government grants outright
not more than 30 percent of the cost of construction. The remaining
70 percent is financed by the local agency. Sometimes the financial
arrangements include a loan by the Public Works Administration.
Loans made to both public agencies and commercial firms must be
repaid in full within the time specified in the loan contract. Interest
is charged on all loans.
17272—35----- 17
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1106
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER
1935
Contracts were awarded during July for the following important
non-Federal construction projects financed from Public Works
Administration funds: For a sewerage system and sewage-treatment
plant in the sanitary district of Chicago valued at over $1,820,000,
and for transmission-line structures, cables, and electrical equipment
for the Loup River public power and irrigation district, Platte Valley,
Nebr., to cost more than $730,000. Additional contracts valued at
more than $2,720,000 were awarded for work on the Midtown Hudson
Tunnel.
Table 11 gives the value of contracts awarded and force-account
work started during June and July 1935 on construction projects to
be financed from appropriations made by the Congress direct to the
Federal departments, which are in addition to construction financed
from P. W. A. funds.
Table 11.— Value of Contracts for Federal Construction Projects Financed from
Regular Governmental Appropriations1
Building construction
River, harbor, and
flood-control projects
Public roads
Geographic division
July 1935
June 1935
July 1935
June 1935
July 1935
June 1935
All divisions__________
$638, 709
$4.380,327
$1,320,830
$327,409
$5,291,629
$2,023, 898
New England_________
M iddle A tlan tic.. ____
East North Central____
West North Central___
South Atlantic________
East South Central____
West South Central____
M ountain_____________
Pacific________________
O u tsid e c o n tin e n ta l
United States_______
3,9C0
152, 148
18,593
65, 238
130,123
3, 150
17, 507
17,935
45,345
24,333
40, 440
10,094
0
4,189, 747
8,807
7,418
90, 239
0
0
0
0
0
440,603
0
0
796,810
83,417
0
0
27,926
0
0
0
0
262,304
37,179
55,930
357,000
97,169
340.715
77, 467
498, 616
3, 805,923
0
58,809
143. 274
236,658
67. 755
52,091
329,331
39,397
634,850
0
520,542
184,830
3,249
0
0
0
0
Streets and roads 2
N aval vessels
Reclamation projects
Geographic division
July 1935
June 1935
July 1935
June 1935
July 1935
June 1935
All divisions__________
$92,360
$78, 237
$1,142,300
$1,336,100
3 $194, 700
‘ $129,100
New England_________
M iddle A tlan tic.. ____
East North Central____
West North C en tra l...
South Atlantic________
East South Central.........
West South Central____
M ountain_____________
Pacific________________
O u tsid e c o n tin en ta l
United States_______
0
0
0
0
3,190
0
0
0
89,170
0
0
0
0
78, 237
0
0
0
0
0
46,000
0
0
42,000
0
0
0
780, 500
0
0
0
0
98,000
0
0
0
992,300
0
0
0
19,500
11,000
0
20. 000
77,800
55,400
0
0
o
9,700
7, 700
o
4,500
67,000
35,000
0
0
273,800
245,800
0
0
1 Preliminary, subject to revision.
2 Other than those reported by Bureau of Public Roads.
* Includes $11,000 not allocated by geographic division.
‘ Includes $5,200 not allocated by geographic division.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1107
B U IL D IN G O PERATIO NS
Table 11.—Value of Contracts for Federal Construction Projects Financed from
Regular Governmental Appropriations—Continued
Water and sewerage
systems
Total
Miscellaneous
Geographic division
July 1935
All divisions__________
June 1935
July 1935
June 1935
July 1935
June 1935
$15,940
0
$317,132
$399,479
3 $9,013, 660
<$8,674,550
0
10,740
0
2,700
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7,920
17, 797
59,314
118, 539
75, 700
0
1,279
9, 068
27, 515
7,881
143,863
468
1,860
200,829
198
0
1,198
40,158
67, 750
583, 685
175,076
427,953
825,622
577,466
3,843,430
893,824
1,121, 709
175,488
420,961
106, 243
63,651
4,903,844
48,402
646, 768
426, 741
1,625,179
3,024
486,145
252,073
New England_________
M iddle A tla n tic.. ____
East North Central____
West North Central___
South A tla n tic ...............
East South Central____
West South Central____
M ountain_____________
Paciflc________________
O u tsid e c o n tin e n ta l
United States................
0
s Includes $11,000 not allocated by geographic divisions.
< Includes $5,200 not allocated by geographic divisions.
In table 12 is given, by geographic divisions, the value of public
building and highway-construction awards, as reported by the various
State governments for July 1934 and June and July 1935.
Table 12.— Value of Public-Building and Highway-Construction Awards as
Reported by the State Governments, by Geographic Divisions
Value of awards for public build
ings
Value of awards for highway con
struction
Geographic division
June 1935
July 1934
July 1935
June 1935
July 1934
All divisions....................... .......
$943,297 $1,702, 557
$3,017,380
$8,902,774
$1,799,341
$14,977,152
New E n g la n d ........... ..........—
Middle A tla n tic......................
East North Central..................
West North Central-----------South Atlantic.......... ................
East South Central_________
West South Central.............—
M ountain_____ ______ _____
Paciflc..........................................
105,846
227,782
1,091,503
127,525
73,014
0
15,533
21,693
39,661
0
1,171,783
497,914
4, 150
384,809
125, 000
818, 746
10,537
4,441
180, 795
770,727
166,815
245,053
383,627
422,034
475,011
43,093
6, 215,619
29,986
18,914
283,968
135,955
242,098
89,035
234,525
219,522
545,338
352,935
1,636,431
2,976,444
430,247
389,400
743,837
758,886
109,882
6,679,090
July 1935
39,514
165,108
627,476
10,416
3,120
0
88,042
5,449
4,172
The data presented in the preceding table are in addition to con
struction projects financed wholly or partially by loans and grants
made to State governments by the Public Works Administration.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1108
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
R e v i e w o f C o n s tr u c tio n in th e F ir s t H a lf o f 1935
URING the first half of 1935 permits were issued for more
buildings than for any corresponding period since 1931. The
value of buildings for which permits were issued was also greater
than for the first 6 months of any year since 1931. This is the first
half year since 1929 in which there has been an increase over the
previous year in the number and value of buildings for which permits
were issued. Compared with the first 6 months of 1934, the increase
in the number of residential buildings amounted to 130 percent.
At the same time, the value of residential buildings shows an increase
of $48,000,000, or 155 percent. Pronounced increases also occurred
in the number and value of new nonresidential buildings, and in
additions, alterations, and repairs to existing buildings. The figures
published in this section are based on reports received by the Bureau
of Labor Statistics from 94 identical cities having a population of
100,000 or over.
A summary of the outstanding developments in building construc
tion during the first half of 1935 as compared with the corresponding
period of 1934 is given in table 13.
D
Table 13.—Summary of Building Construction in 94 Identical Cities, First
Half of 1934 and of 1935
Number of buildings
Class of construction
All construction_______________ .
N ew residential buildings________________
New nonresidential buildings____________
Additions, alterations, and repairs________
First
half
1935
First
half
1934
119, 228
91, 417
11, 887
19, 236
88, 105
Per
cent
age
change
Estimated cost
First
half
1935
First
half
1934
+30.4 $239, 172,318 $151,821,521
5,184 +129.3
15, 328 +25. 5
70,905 +24.3
78, 580.933
92,016.870
68, 574, 515
Per
cent
age
change
+57.5
30. 785, 288 + 155. 3
68,521,896 +34.3
52, 514,337 +30.6
Comparisons, by Type of Building
T h e number and cost of the different types of buildings for which
permits were issued in the 94 cities covered during the first 6 months
of 1934 and 1935 is given in table 14.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1109
B U IL D IE G O PEK ATIO NS
Table 14.— Number and Cost of New Buildings and of Alterations and Repairs
for Which Permits Were Issued in 94 Cities, First Half of 1934 and of
1935, by Kind of Building
Buildings for which permits were issued
Percentage
change
Kind of building
First half of 1935
N um
ber
Residential buildings:
1-fa 111 i 1y dwellings___________________
2-farnily dwellings___________________
1-family and 2 family dwellings with
stores__ ________ _________________
M ull ¡family dwellings_______________
M ult¡family dwellings with stores____
H otels___ I....................................................
I-.nd»dng houses
All other ___________________________
Cost
10,806 $44,031,903
2,934, 522
517
54
472
22
2
3
11
417,421
27, 521,873
2, 788, 450
92,664
8, 200
785,900
First half cf 1934
N um
ber
Cost
4,722 $19 062,838
2,034,610
307
+128.8
+68.4
+131.0
+44.2
45
97
6
1
0
6
241,395
8,865, 470
93.000
125,000
0
362, 975
+20.0
+ 386.6
+266. 7
+100.0
+72.9
+210.4
+ 199.8
-2 5 .9
+83.3
+ 116.5
30,785,288
+ 129.3
+155. 3
-1 2 .7
+25. 0
+25. 8
+ 7 .8
+38.7
+23.7
-2 4 .0
+33.3
+53.7
+ 17.8
+111.4
+ .3
-5 3 .3
+22. 1
-1 8 .8
+160. 6
+70.5
+90.5
+ 1.3
+28.0
+ 15.3
+64. 8
-8 7 .5
+71.1
+236. 5
+37.5
+ 9 .9
-7 0 .4
+ 18.2
+92.8
N um
ber
Cost
Total, residential buildings_________
11,887
78, 580. 933
5, 184
Nonresidential buildings:
Amusement buildings_______________
C tiurehes.__________________________
Factories and w orkshops____________
Public garages______________________
Private garages______________________
Service statious______ _______________
I n-'t itu' ions _______________________
Oilice tHii 1 lings_____________________
Public buildings ______ ___ _________
Public works and utilities____________
Schools and libraries_________________
She» Is........................................... ..................
Stables and barns. _________________
Stores and warehouses___ ___________
All other __________________________
138
105
366
124
11,916
946
19
56
126
86
148
2, 991
86
1,839
290
3,885, 297
1,878,942
9,097, 420
1,043, 954
2. 996. 060
2,751.627
4,315.635
1,308, 225
22, 845,646
13.847.260
14,009,629
959. 579
57. 028
11.796.562
1, 224,006
1,490, 862
158
84
1, 102, 150
4,776, 771
291
1,030,335
115
2, 340,950
8, 593
2.386,685
765
2, 618, 189
25
42 10, 436, 139
82- 13. 355, 505
73
4, 114,790
70 10, 190,065
2,983
873, 375
184
192,687
1, 506
9, 978, 558
634,835
357
19, 236
92,016. 870
15. 328
68, 521, 896
+25.5
+34.3
Total, new b u ild in g s______________
Additions, alterations, arid repairs________
31, 123 170, 597, 803
88, 105 68,574, 515
20, 512
70,905
99, 307, 184
52, 514,337
+51. 7
-j-24.3
+71.8
+30.6
Orand total_______________________
119,228 239,172,318
91,417 151,821,521
+30.4
+57.5
Total, nonresidential buildings______
During the first half of 1935, permits were issued for building
operations to cost nearly $240,000,000, an increase of nearly $90,000,000 in comparison with the corresponding period of 1934. Of
the total permit valuation, $78,500,000, or 32.9 percent, was ex
pended for residential buildings; $92,000,000, or 38.5 percent, for
new nonresidential buildings; and $68,500,000, or 28.6 percent, for
additions, alterations, and repairs to existing buildings.
Virtually all types of residential buildings shared in the increase.
A slight decrease below the previous year’s level, however, was
reported in the amount expended for hotels.
Indicated expenditures for apartment houses showed a greater
increase over the previous year than any other class of residential
building. The permit valuation of the two classes of apartment
houses for which permits were issued during the first 6 months of
1935 amounted to more than $30,000,000, compared with less than
$10,000,000 during the corresponding period of 1934.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1110
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW — OCTOBER 1935
Increases in number were registered for all types of nonresidential
buildings with the exception of amusement buildings, institutional
buildings, and stables and barns. The only types showing decreases
in estimated cost were office buildings and stables and barns. The
estimated expenditures for public works and utilities showed larger
increases than for any other type of nonresidential building. Ex
penditures for additions, alterations, and repairs advanced from
$52,500,000 in the first half of 1934 to more than $68,500,000 in 1935.
The number and percent of families provided for in each of the
different kinds of dwellings for which permits were issued in the
94 identical cities during the first half of 1934 and 1935 are shown
in table 15.
Table 15.— Number and Percent of Families Provided for in New Dwellings for
Which Permits Were Issued in 94 Identical Cities, First Half of 1934 and of
1935, by Kind of Dwelling
Number of dwell
ings for which
p e r m it s were
, issued
Kind of dwelling
Families provided for
Number
Percentage
First half First half First half First half First half First half
1935
1934
1935
1934
1935
1934
1-family dwellings_____________________
2-family dwellings____________ _________
1-family and 2-family dwellings with
stores.............. _ _ .............. ................ .........
Multifamily dwellings
______________
Multifamily dwellings with s to r e s _____
10,806
517
4, 722
307
10,806
1,034
4, 722
614
50.0
4.8
53.5
7.0
54
472
22
45
97
6
67
8, 783
922
61
3, 386
42
.3
40.6
4.3
.7
38.4
.5
T otal______ ____ ________ ________
11,871
5,177
21, 612
8,825
100.0
100.0
Permits issued for family-dwelling units during the first 6 months of
1935 were more than double those for the same period in 1934. Com
paring the first half of 1935 with the first 6 months of 1934, increases
were shown in all types of dwelling units. During the first half of
1935, half of the dwelling units were provided in single-family dwell
ings; this compares with 53}i percent during the first half of 1934.
By contrast, the percentage of families provided for in the two types
of apartment houses rose from 39 percent during the first half of 1934
to 45 percent during the first half of 1935.
Long'Time Trend in Construction, First Half of 1922-35
T h e t o t a l n u m b e r a n d e s t im a t e d
c o s t , to g e t h e r w it h t h e in d e x
n u m b e r s o f a ll b u ild in g o p e r a tio n s fo r w h ic h p e r m its w e r e is s u e d in
65 id e n t ic a l c it ie s h a v in g a p o p u la t io n o f 100,000 or o v e r , is g iv e n fo r
th e fir st h a lf o f e a c h y e a r ,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1922
to
1935,
in c lu s iv e , in t a b le
16.
1111
B U IL D IN G O PERATIO NS
Table 16. — Number and Estimated Cost of All Buildings for Which Permits
Were Issued in 65 Identical Cities, First Half of Each Year, 1922 to 1935
Buildings for
which permits
were issued
Estimated cost
Period
Period
N um Index
num
ber
ber
First half of—
1922
1923
1924
1925....... __
1925_____
1927
1928_____
Buildings for
which permits
were issued
Estimated cost
243, 479
283Ì 289
299, 709
289.014
254,504
237. 853
216,509
Amount
ton 0 SI 002. 404. 771
no 4 1. 418, 779, 382
123 1 1, 518,088,421
118 7 1.020.413,012
101 0 1. 539, 207, 242
97 7 1. 443, 232. 520
88.9 1.462,560, 722
Index
num
ber
100 0
133 5
142.9
152. 5
144 9
135. 8
137.7
N um Index
num
ber
ber
First half of—
1929........... 182, 379
146,410
1930........1931........... 130, 127
89, 477
1932....... 75,099
1933_____
1931_____
75, 281
1935............ 93, 103
Amount
Index
num
ber
74. 9 $1.479.460. 210 139.2
679,004,355 63.9
60. 1
577,931,724 54.4
53.4
222,953,519 21.0
36.7
161,278, 854 15.2
31. 1
137,977, 032 13.0
30.9
38.2
215,321,209 20.3
In the G5 cities for which a continuous record is available, the
aggregate value of the buildings for which permits were issued ex
ceeded $1,000,000,000 in the first half of each of the 8 years, 1922-29.
The high point was reached in 1926 when permit valuation for the
first 6 months was $1,620,413,012. Between 1929 and 1934, how
ever, building operations contracted sharply and in the first 6 months
of last year the value of permits issued was only $137,977,632. For
the first half of the current year the value of the buildings for which
permits were issued amounted to $215,321,209, a gain of 56 percent
in comparison with the low mark of last year. The value for the
first half of 1935 also exceeds the 1933 level by a substantial margin,
but is less than in any of the other years for which comparable
information is available.
Using 1922 as a base, or 100, the index number of building opera
tions in the first half of 1935 stands at 20.3. This compares with
13.0 in 1934, and 15.2 in 1933.
Information with respect to the number and percentage of families
provided for in each of the different kinds of dwellings for which
permits were issued in 65 identical cities in the first half of each
year, 1922-35 inclusive, is presented in table 17.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1112
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W — O C T O B E R
1935
Table 17.— Number and Percent of Families Provided for in Each Specified
Kind of Dwelling in 65 Identical Cities, First Half of Each Year, 1922 to
1935
Number of families provided for in—
Period
First half of—
1922.......... ................................
1923................................ ..........
1 9 2 4 ........... ............................
1925...........................................
1926_______ ______ _______
1927_____________________
1928...........................................
1929____________ _________
1930_____________________
1931_____________________
1932____ ______ _____ _____
1933____________ ____ ____
1934_____________________
1935_____________________
Percentage of families pro
vided for in—
1-family
dwell
ings
2-family
dwell
ings 1
M ulti
family
dwell
ings 2
All
classes
of dwell
ings
1-family
dwell
ings
2-family
dwell
ings 1
63,892
77,875
82,514
87, 783
71,818
57,899
50, 724
36, 237
20,410
20, 334
7,884
5,016
4,080
9,105
32,321
39,314
50,904
39,320
26, 727
24, 204
19, 261
12.815
6, 101
5, 268
1,732
1,056
624
952
51,006
77,826
69,619
80, 291
100, 201
95, 448
111,268
81, 205
19,930
23,870
3, 203
3, 168
3, 428
9, 560
147,249
195,015
203,037
207, 394
198, 746
177, 551
181,252
130, 257
46, 441
49,472
12,819
9,240
8. 132
19,617
43.4
39.9
40.6
42.3
36. 1
32.6
28.0
27.8
43.9
41. 1
61.5
54.3
50 2
46.4
22.0
20.2
25.1
19.0
13.4
13.6
10.6
9.8
13. 1
10.6
13.5
11.4
7.7
4.9
Multifamily
dwell
ings 2
34.6
39.9
34.3
38.7
50.4
53.8
61.2
62.3
42.9
48.2
25.0
34.3
42.2
48.7
1 Includes 1- and 2-family dwellings with stores.
2Includes multifamily dwellings with stores.
More dwelling units were provided during the first half of 1935 in
these 65 identical cities than in any similar period since 1931. The
increase over the first half of the 2 preceding years amounted to more
than 100 percent.
Table 18 compares the value of buildings in the five cities leading
in total expenditures for building operations for the first half of each
year, 1922 to 1935. inclusive.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1113
B U IL D IN G OPERATIONS
Table 18.— Cities Leading in Total Expenditures for All Classes of Buildings
During First Half of Each Year, 1922 to 1935
City and year
Expenditure
C ity and year
$339,143,976
108, 699,025
59,459,250
52,429,145
40,650,143
New York C ity_________ ______
Chicago____ ____
_____________
Philadelphia___ _________________
Detroit . _______________________
Los Angeles. — __________ ____ __
427,633,386
189,914,112
93,889,185
75,217,095
61,616,302
New York City_______ _________
Chicago____________________ _____
Los Angeles__ _________________
Philadelphia___________________ —
Washington_____________________
548,161,458
166,436,214
87,195,800
78,828,738
72,573,485
New York City_______ _ _______
Chicago______________ ________
W ashington. ________________ —
Los Angeles_________ __________
Boston__________________
_____
461.513.809
204.239.810
89.562,885
85,884, 680
83,175,457
New York City_____ _____ _______
W ashington. ________ .
____ .
Los Angeles______________________
Philadelphia_____________________
Baltimore.................... ........... ..............
510, 263, 696
183,577,891
96,204,092
70,379,825
63,161,395
San Francisco________ __________
New York C ity__________________
Los Angeles.. ______________ ____
Philadelphia_____________________
W ashington. — ________________
490,119, 588
210,210,475
78,742,327
61,683,600
58,192,977
New York City__________________
W ashington.____ _ _____________
Los Angeles______________________
Baltimore__ ____________________
Philadelphia.. . _______ ______ _
557.561,891
184,650, 200
65,175.361
63, 195,840
52,002,570
N ew York City_______ _________
Washington_________________ . . .
Los Angeles______________________
D etroit.. _______ ________________
Chicago_________________________
im
Expenditure
1929
New York C ity______ ______
Chicago_________________ __ _____
Los Angeles______________________
Philadelphia_____________________
D etroit______________ _______ ____
m s
$694,118,064
118,898,940
58, 533,385
55,855,545
54,071, 599
1930
New York C ity .— _________ - __
Chicago_________________________
Los Angeles__________________ . .
Philadelphia_____________________
Detroit- ________________ m it
202,975,234
41,953,917
39,712,901
34,569,340
30,522,416
1931
New York C ity_________ ___
Chicago_________________________
Detroit. _________________ - - .
Los Angeles_________ ______ _____
Philadelphia_________________ - 1925
234,253,030
37,651,195
24,421,984
23,096,177
17,583,794
1932
New York C ity_____________ - .
Chicago_________________________
Detroit- ____________________ - .
Philadelphia________ -. _______
Los Angeles___ _______ _ _ .
1926
52, 658,671
44,037,364
11,307,409
7,884, 358
7,521,309
1933
N ew York C ity_____ - _________
Chicago_________ _______________
D etroit.. _________________ _____
Philadelphia_________________ ___
Los Angeles___ ______ ________
1927
50, 627, 839
39,989,671
6,652,720
6,640,183
5,060,833
19Slt
New York City—-....................
Chicago__ ______________________
Detroit
___________________ _
Philadelphia_________________ - Los Angeles____________ - — .
1928
48,566,086
10,736,295
6, 764,589
4,645,562
4,554,313
1935
New York C ity_______ —
Chicago______________ _________
Detroit__________________________
Philadelphia_____________________
Los Angeles______________________
64,532,067
19,974,419
15,495,617
8, 677.871
8,025,861
Details by Cities
T
able
19 s h o w s
th e n u m b e r a n d e s tim a te d c o s t o f n e w re s id e n tia l
b u ild in g s , o f n e w n o n r e s id e n tia l b u ild in g s , o f a d d itio n s , a lte r a tio n s ,
a n d re p a irs , a n d o f to ta l c o n s tru c tio n in th e firs t 6 m o n th s o f
and
1935
fo r e a c h o f th e
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
94
1934
c itie s f o r w h ic h i n f o r m a t io n is a v a ila b le .
N ew residential buildings
City and State
First half of
1935
Cost
First half of
1934
N um
ber
Cost
33 $142,160
426, 500
26
192 4,501,644
607, 000
153
57, 350
20
16
21
48
50
4
$124,350
178, 500
129, 925
189, 000
7,100
279, 400
130. 225
146, 170
31, 000
0
78
12
18
0
1
Canton, Ohio______________ .
Chattanooga, Tenn__________
Chicago, £11____ ____________
Cincinnati, Ohio____________
Cleveland, Ohio_______ _____
29, 225
11
50.410
23
867,800
133
235 1,644.050
75 2,803,840
Columbus, Ohio_____________
Dallas, Tex_______________ .
Dayton, Ohio______ _________
Denver, Colo_______________
Des Moines, I o w a ,....................
First half of
1935
N um
ber
Cost
First half of
1934
N um
ber
Cost
Total construction
Additions, alterations, and repairs
First half of
1935
N um
ber
Cost
First half of
1934
N um
ber
Cost
First half of
1935
N um
ber
Cost
First half of
1934
N um
ber
Cost
$162, 580
87, 500
374,015
941,900
650,185
178 $121, 480
35
76,300
619, 712
168
177 2,594, 400
48,091
66
359 $240, 748
483,921
805
538,910
899
3, 504 1,865, 540
529, 910
1,892
331 $209, 738
523,893
673
941,692
885
3,226 1,862, 162
941
410, 266
636
866
1,273
3,924
1,991
$545,488
997,921
5,414,569
3,414,440
1, 237,445
525
729
1, 101
3,453
1,011
$455, 568
778,693
1,691,329
4,645,562
465,457
463, 500
68, 430
232, 918
0
4, 2i,0
163 5,719, 652
54
65,379
219
814, 441
53, 100
18
58 1,007,014
160 1,817, 894
40
98,045
179
422.681
18
19,825
42
210,606
2, 479 1,829, 699
160, 057
197
411, 251
764
289,133
315
73, 749
151
2,215 2,133,037
176
227,494
596
365,88S
301
178,814
85
65,388
2,694
282
1,009
337
209
7,828, 751
355, 661
1,371,802
373, 233
1,0.0, 763
2,453
228
793
319
128
4,414,431
393,969
1,021, 487
198, 669
280,194
3
12
70
126
28
14,600
8. 700 335,581
901,500
148,441
73
80,6S8
16
90,993
435 4.547, 147
322 1,016,915
703,610
306
75
76,315
14
125,010
368 2,541,550
231
580,620
299,550
213
45. 524
215
190, 535
1, 298
1,434 2,610,914
1,612
764, 230
911,854
1,383
182
86,190
1,032
241,899
1, 161 1,308,218
1, 323
442, 529
1,082
911, 750
299
1,337
2,007
2, 169
1, 764
155,437
332,003
8,025,861
3,455, 195
4,430, 384
177,105
260
1,058
375,649
1, 599 • 4,183,349
1,680 1,924, 649
1,303 1, 359, 741
32
169,900
333
787.050
12
68, 450
205 1,033,750
284,263
63
9
124
3
55
73
33, 700
331,710
10,000
311,900
132, 430
216
270
127
325
156
139
219
102
336
154
334
1,095
256
1, 155
271
278
877
190
1, 081
200
201,978
424, 958
213, 742
373,911
99, 330
582
1,698
395
1,685
490
1,324,824
1,628,419
370, 346
1,829,637
985,155
426
1,220
295
1,472
427
377,178
1,136,935
928, 264
957,011
474,299
Detroit, M ich_______________
Duluth, M inn______________
Elizabeth, N . J______________
El Paso, Tex________________
Erie, Pa—__________________
640 3,636,940
7,550
7
139, 100
22
14
51,811
9
28,500
184 1,096,022
13. 650
10
62. 200
7
8
26,550
7
40, 626
1,818 1,430,054
434
274, 116
67
62, 605
109
68, 676
115
56, 780
4, 398
767
179
237
258
8, 677,871
335,425
325, 780
854, 118
188,083
2, 637
510
110
161
190
3,902,004
323,881
156, 080
131,980
124, 707
Evansville, Ind_____________
Fall River. M ass____________
Flint, M ich........ — ____ _____
Fort Wayne, Ind____________
Fort Worth, T ex____________
16
3
25
24
127
563
146
1,055
527
623
317, 344
127,801
457,396
517,612
1, 368,990
382
201
994
234
356
232,477
221,061
347,474
201,986
379,140
Akron, O hio..-____________ .
Albany, N . Y _______________
Atlanta, Ga................- ................
Baltimore, M d______________
Birmingham, Ala____________
Boston, Mass.1______________
Bridgeport, Conn___________
Buffalo, N. Y _______________
Cambridge, M ass___________
Camden, N . J _______________
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
52
31
26
4
0
47, 280
8, 600
78,829
160,370
333,825
11
5
8
6
33
30. 700
14, 700
19, 132
25,355
103, 600
244
35
182
267
79
230.550
296.618
150, 406
242, 843
450,065
1, 265 2,896, 044
93
62, 720
60
120, 110
647, 560
61
63
48, 069
128
40
197
95
102
105,872
5, 560
150, 385
162, 323
855, 662
141,500
380, 267
704,522
271, 200
242,539
635 1,375, 928
36. 115
66
36
31.275
36, 754
44
68
27,301
68
72
121
48
88
31.496
90, 133
154,862
60. 471
171,320
924, 374
544, 751
151,430
553,014
250,827
2,493 2,114,887
265, 155
667
66.570
97
162
154. 747
111,514
186
419
103
833
408
394
164, 192
113, 641
228. 182
194,919
179, 503
303
124
865
180
235
170, 281
116, 228
173, 480
116, 160
104, 220
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW — OCTOBER 1935
N um
ber
New nonresidential buildings
1114
Table 19.— Number and Estimated Cost of Building Construction in 94 Identical Cities, First 6 Months of 1934 and of 1935
Gary, Ind__________________
Grand Rapids, M ich________
Hartford, Conn_____________
Houston, T ex............................ .
Indianapolis, Ind____________
13
32, 500
6
23,500
13
82.000
473 1,853, 035
49
278, 205
Jacksonville, F la____________
Jersey City, N . J______ ____
Kansas City, Kans__________
Kansas City, M o........................
Knoxville, Tenn___ _________
154
14
13
210
61
343,860
107, 300
22, 650
769, 800
151, 628
99
344, 450
1,330 5, 425, 427
131
669, 925
4
7, 500
4
16, 000
Memphis, Tenn______ ______
Miami, Fla_________________
Milwaukee, W is..........................
Minneapolis, M inn__________
Nashville, Tenn_____________
26
71, 250
325 1,114, 720
122
766, 525
195
754, 960
86
153,383
Newark, N . J .............. ................
N ew Bedford, M ass_________
N ew Haven, C on n ._________
N ew Orleans, La____________
N ew York City:
The Bronx 1__________ _
B rooklyn1__________ . . .
Manhattan 1____________
Queens 1________________
Richmond 1_____ _____ _
1 Applications filed.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
53
92
41
175
315
61
7
18
78
12
128, 750
134, 000
39, 650
304, 500
11,160
185
173,899
26
69, 330
52
45,140
83 1, 208, 500
54
765, 612
121,075
60
720 2, 571,365
34
154, 250
3
10, 500
3
13,000
179 1,811,420
2, 256 5, 756, 488
171
371,597
29
7,865
38
308,157
46,510
151,610
476,026
775,321
532,918
17,160
44,390
75
18
150,695
444 1,428,350
354,050
258
524
404
681
756
788
180,782
160, 200
658,591
264,996
397,934
43
299
607
288
1,393
75,345
136,415
380, 652
148,877
232,365
590
502
735
1,404
1,152
259, 792
335,310
1, 216,617
2,893,352
1, 209,057
75
380
631
928
1,680
120,505
210,305
568,347
2,548,082
736,265
392,456
110,300
47,175
114,900
589,189
2, 219
306
128
246
164
708,623
200,982
48,845
256,950
128, 028
1,649
303
86
130
123
705,372
188, 195
42, 730
208,888
140,816
2, 558
346
193
539
279
1,226,382
377,612
116,635
2, 235, 250
1, 045, 268
1,861
332
153
268
183
1,226, 578
432, 495
129,555
628,288
741,165
22
151
22
49
60
48
236, 500
136
952 1,867, 659
157
454, 490
32
6,240
14, 775
31
725,409
1,860
6,222 4,313, 702
334
255,475
102,670
153
178
140,454
1,045
759,789
4, 770 2, 325,565
203
379,506
151
117,770
153
126,310
2,138 2,881, 279
9,808 15, 495,617
636 1, 296,997
118,035
186
464,611
220
1,241
7,442
394
186
187
1,117,364
6,764, 589
988,246
134.510
154,085
181
178
1,131
1,900
1,385
1,367
366
608,990
555,294
987,905
741,344
248, 629
854
1,512
726
1,155
284
388,610
507, 788
726, 572
704, 533
154,332
1,512
2,427
1,839
1,913
563
1, 526,800
1,858, 270
3, 068,398
2,355,089
977,885
1,060
1,787
961
1,531
393
740,930
989, 681
1,152,337
1,822. 567
653, 750
352
239
183
355
1,143, 365
188,425
374,860
765,464
25
97
34
69
34
96,850
267,400
205, 750
259,025
46,575
355
846,560
202
188, 256
332 1,313,968
858, 785
351
111
575,873
201
289
75
255,470
214, 493
220,015
859, 018
452,843
4
3
4
41
22,000
14, 500
77,000
151, 060
239,038
72
79
16, 775
74
162, 781
47 1,815,012
51
109
49
35
225,743
92,125
197,325
400,120
374
133
202
399
616,515
92, 575
125,264
567,703
297
127
130
279
895, 622
81,800
100,535
214,284
462
212
286
502
997, 253
109, 350
354,495
2, 567,385
3,412, 227
2, 897, 705
5,440,575
4, 699, 296
1, 885, 071
73
562
76
800
146
731,750
2,930,468
15.968, 100
2,067, 899
2,233, 559
2,846
3,955
1,880
4, 051
481
1, 737,956
4, 826,830
8, 576, 188
2, 616,151
879,343
2,835
4,759
1,657
4,041
430
1,499,326
3,975, 572
6, 524,311
2, 326, 246
275,750
3,109
4,799
2,068
6,617
710
10,837, 533
17, 708,885
18, 679, 763
14, 328, 747
2, 977,139
101
101,950
723, 353
485,965
346, 877
95, 671
247, 818
1, 260, 824
209. 499
589, 367
100, 550
14,590
90,135
2,710,419
816,891
250,429
171
204,104
832
608,843
163
113,113
248
934,870
455
215,846
111,556
185
1,226 1,442, 389
978
649,144
542, 725
1,117
1,474
480,850
309
124,420
434
395, 209
375
304,354
1,069
512, 596
910
365,107
376
1, 603
571
551
465
273
1,897
1,307
1,730
1,621
315
715
652
2,053
1,350
1, 632,493
6,171, 826
943, 645
767, 205
421, 574
924, 371
5, 096,505
2, 482,904
1, 826,980
1,121, 750
204, 605
797, 569
894,711
3,622,460
1,411, 340
16
0
10
56
141, 700
0
66,450
184, 670
148
300
22
1,462
62
5, 687,350
9,984, 350
4, 663, 000
7,013,300
212, 725
91 3,914,250
146 3, 616, 000
4
356, 000
586 2,065, 550
34
81,305
53
170, 265
155
861,156
193
523, 265
60
231,440
11
75,400
28
111,695
339 1,580,300
87
467, 378
90
387, 000
31
220,300
3
13,300
55
239,100
17
87.950
396 1,660, 300
593, 791
85
14
36, 798
78
384, 783
268, 875
57
51
192,375
1
10, 000
14
48,600
191 1,851, 100
45
189, 655
61
273, 250
28
175,500
2
14, 500
33
153, 300
12
71,800
148 1, 224,105
42
207, 084
115
544
166
1,104
167
107 1,153, 630
242 4,706, 756
119
249, 190
159
243, 284
52
101, 212
622,835
67
230 1,963,206
144
868, 686
676,890
374
124
163,800
20
18,175
121
220, 086
214
428,866
653
971, 704
248
245, 771
200
147
117
40
66
233
121
280
131
30
86
187
570
256
216
308, 598
1,206
603,914
259
171,190
332
292,481
402
244,962
178
189,841
1,328 1, 552,999
1,076 1,146, 840
1, 266
763,090
1,466
737, 650
292
173,130
539
338,383
421
377,895
1,004
990,456
1,017
571, 778
2,999 6,145,326
5,467 10, 522,040
1,737 22,848,411
5,427 6,459, 695
610 2,590, 614
286
1,110
367
416
496
265
1, 650
1,144
1,458
1,633
341
553
574
1,787
1,208
342,852
1,716,979
867,953
1, 474,122
321, 517
407,974
4,554,313
1,048, 298
1,405,342
756,900
153,510
638, 644
3,086,573
2,553, 592
822, 620
1115
Norfolk, V a_____ ______ ____ _
Oakland, Calif______________
Oklahoma City, O kla............
Omaha, N ebr______ _______
Paterson, N . J___ _____ _____
Peoria, 111........ ........................
Philadelphia, Pa____________
Pittsburgh, Pa______________
Portland, Oreg______________
Providence, R. I ____________
Reading, P a ...............................
Richmond, V a..................... .......
Rochester, N . Y _____________
St. Louis, M o____________ _
St. Paul, M inn__________ . . .
28,000
29, 500
37,000
970,855
149,850
B U IL D IN G OPERATIONS
Long Beach, Calif___________
Los Angeles, C a lif__________
Louisville, K y ....... ............ .........
Lowell, Mass_______________
Lynn, M a ss,................ ............
10
6
6
196
29
New residential buildings
City and State
First half of
1935
N um
ber
Cost
N um
ber
Cost
First half of
1934
N um
ber
Salt Lake City, Utah.
San Antonio, T ex___
San Diego, Calif____
San Francisco, C alif..
Scranton, P a................
51 $218, 530
301,610
145
312 1,018, 677
294 1,249,676
4
20,900
18
59
79
75
8
$36,025
76. 618
246,910
491,325
50,100
118 $204, 666
210 2,067,817
319 1,359, 484
130 3,462, 753
48
35,070
Seattle, W ash_______
Somerville, Mass____
South Bend, Ind____
Spokane, W ash...........
Springfield, Mass___
101
2
6
113
12
339,030
12,000
24, 500
281.885
50,100
73
0
0
48
7
144, 000
0
0
90,050
13,475
381
15
91
231
63
506,300
11,705
87,975
251,115
52,504
246
19
73
164
50
Syracuse, N . Y ............
Tacoma, W ash............
Tampa, F l a .. . ............
Toledo, Ohio...............
Trenton, N . J . . . ........
20
19
25
14
2
116,300
33,150
30, 600
63,950
11,500
13
19
12
4
3
66, 200
35, 785
14, 510
32.250
13, 500
83
75
95
185
44
790,196
128, 595
71,355
738, 500
45,150
77
55
93
166
33
Tulsa, Okla________
Utica, N . Y ________
Washington, D. C___
Waterbury, Conn___
Wichita, Kans.............
Wilmington, D el____
Worcester, Mass....... .
Yonkers, N. Y ............
Youngstown, Ohio__
T otal—...............
Percentage change___
270,400
47
12,000
3
929 6,631,090
42,300
12
51
181, 350
35
40
80
12
168,850
154,710
548, 100
46,800
11,887 78.580,933
+ 129.3
+155. 3
22
142, 655
74, 100
17
345 2,354,330
12
58,700
6
11,000
45
48
45
4
255.800
232, 620
292,850
14,950
129, 474
123
30
18,865
524 8, 644, 299
59
34, 675
119
116,790
53
74
53
102
82,518
753,362
66,010
95,300
Cost
N um
ber
Cost
First half of
1934
N um
ber
Cost
First half of
1935
N um
ber
Cost
First half of
1934
630,449
334
125 1,105,245
1,959 10, 736,295
277,725
127
325,720
340
648,556
517,573
502,070
200,358
N um
ber
Cost
717 $300, 429
675, 729
4,229
392,912
905
1,497 1,298, 567
302
280, 315
306 $227,226
589
161,081
552
262, 583
1, 238 1, 540,258
144,427
219
886
4,584
1,536
1,921
354
$723, 625
3,045,186
2, 771,073
6, 010,996
336, 285
403
797
814
1,402
280
$829,918
930,458
1,040, 309
3,226,819
420,971
430,576
37,105
47,165
161,446
77, 700
1,188
135
328
574
156
483,700
151,918
130,275
226,029
149,910
1,121 1,068,191
159
93, 202
188
48,920
419
211,972
194, 578
173
1,670
152
425
918
231
1,329,030
175, 623
242, 750
758, 029
252,514
1,440
178
261
631
230
1, 642,767
130,307
96,085
463,468
285, 753
429,211
102,946
60,045
702,945
298,244
177
245
792
249
114
316,315
147,235
231,476
136, 877
108, 782
172, 440
109, 954
151, 667
206, 678
104,889
280
339
912
448
160
1, 222,811
308,980
333,431
939, 327
165,432
291
269
1,037
472
221
667,851
248, 685
226,262
941,873
416, 633
79 $566, 667
149
692, 729
530,816
183
89 1,195,236
53
226,444
118
402, 736
42
975,340
294 6, 653,951
31
129,300
82
229,195
33
68
48
78
First half of
1935
Total construction
1935
Cost
First half of
1935
Additions, alterations, and repairs
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W — O C T O B E R
N um
ber
First half of
1934
New nonresidential buildings
246, 291
61,966
70,430
64,015
292
231,717
58
45.875
1,437 4, 699,030
76
68,358
242,140
767
354
381
149
368
344,483
277, 581
300,970
183, 586
201
195
932
302
185
194
85,058
66
55,805
1,320 1, 728, 014
84
89, 725
252
85, 525
180
346
117
227
146, 465
222,987
138, 790
121, 393
462
631, 591
76, 740
91
2,890 19,974,419
145, 333
147
540, 280
937
442
495
282
482
595,851
1,185,683
915,080
325,686
258
462
210
309
5,184 30, 785, 288 19, 236 92, 016, 870 15, 328 68,521,896 88,105 68, 574,515 70,905 52,514, 337 119, 228 239,172,318 91,417 151,821,521
+57.5
+24.3
+30.4
+34.3
+30.6
+25.5
H a w a ii
Honolulu.................
Percentage change.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
313
+37.3
$488, 283
+ 11.9
228
$436, 279
199
- 5 .7
$870,958
+218.5
211
$273, 511
674
+ 8.7
$287,121
+78.9
620
$160, 520
1,186 $1, 646,362
+89.2
+12.0
1116
Table 19.— Number and Estimated Cost of Building Construction in 94 Identical Cities, First 6 Months of 1934 and of 1935— Continued
1,059
$870,310
BUILDING OPERATIONS
1117
Increases in the value of building construction were registered by
70 of the 94 cities included in the foregoing table.
Permits were issued during the first 6 months of 1935 for the follow
ing important building projects: For a parcel-post building in Boston,
Mass., to cost $2,500,000, for a public building to cost $840,000, and
for a school building to cost $685,000; for a hospital building in
Worcester, Mass., to cost over $600,000; for a school building in
Bayonne, N. J., to cost nearly $1,300,000; for factory buildings in
Camden, N. J., to cost nearly $800,000; for apartment bouses in the
Borough of Brooklyn, N. Y., to cost nearly $8,600,000; for school
buildings in the Borough of Manhattan, New York City, to cost over
$2,000,000; for police headquarters in Buffalo, to cost nearly $500,000;
for a school building in Olean, N. Y. to cost $750,000; for an amuse
ment building in Pittsburgh, Pa., to cost $450,000; for a meat-packing
plant in Chicago, 111., to cost $800,000; for an institutional building
in Toledo, Ohio, to cost $625,000; for a public utility building in
Milwaukee, Wis., to cost over $700,000; for a school building in Kansas
City, Mo., to cost nearly $600,000; for a department store in Birming
ham, Ala., to cost $545,000; for a hospital in Memphis, Tenn., to
cost over $500,000; for a pier and warehouse in Gulfport, Miss., to
cost over $970,000; for a State university building in Austin, Tex.,
to cost over $1,500,000; for a courthouse in El Paso, Tex., to cost
nearly $600,000; for a courthouse and hall of records in Oakland,
Calif., to cost over $1,500,000, and for public buildings to cost nearly
$2,400,000; for public buildings in Los Angeles, Calif., to cost over
$2,000,000; and for a junior high school in San Francisco, Calif., to
cost nearly $600,000.
Contracts were awarded by the Procurement Division of the
Treasury Department for a parcel-post building in Detroit, Mich.,
to cost $845,000; for a post office and Federal courthouse in San
Antonio, Tex., to cost over $1,800,000; and for an annex to the
Library of Congress in Washington, D. C., to cost over $6,000,000.
A contract was awarded by the Bureau of Yards and Docks of the
Navy Department for an aircraft factory building in Philadelphia,
Pa., to cost $893,000.
The Public Works Administration awarded a contract for a lowcost housing project in Cleveland, Ohio, to cost nearly $2,500,000.
The number of family-dwelling units provided in each of the 94
identical cities having a population of 100,000 or over for the first half
of 1934 and 1935 is shown in table 20.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1118
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W — O C T O B E R
1935
Table 20.— Number of Family-Dwelling Units Provided in 94 Identical Cities,
First 6 Months of 1934 and of 1935
Number of families provided for in
1-family
dwellings
2-family
dwellings 1
Multifamily
dwellings 2
All classes of
dwellings
First half of—
First half of—
First half of—
First half of—
1935
1935
1935
1935
City and State
1934
1934
1934
1934
Akron, Ohio___________________
Albany, N . Y ____________________
Atlanta, Ga______________________
Baltimore, M d____________ ______
Birmingham, Ala___________ _____
32
23
128
153
19
16
16
45
50
4
2
0
39
0
0
0
4
6
0
0
0
12
1,280
0
0
0
20
0
0
0
34
35
1,447
153
19
16
40
51
50
4
Boston, Mass.3___________________
Bridgeport, Conn______________ _
Buffalo, N . Y ____________________
Cambridge, Mass________________
Camden, N . J _____ . . . ________
45
26
21
4
0
72
10
15
0
1
14
6
10
0
0
10
4
5
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
59
38
31
4
0
82
14
20
0
1
Canton, Ohio......................................__
Chattanooga, Tenn_ _____________
Chicago, 111______ ______________
Cincinnati, Ohio_________________
Cleveland, Ohio_____________ ____
11
23
125
223
51
3
12
67
119
25
0
0
11
6
1
0
0
40
36
676
0
0
0
8
0
11
23
176
265
728
3
12
71
137
31
Columbus, O hio.-................................
Dallas, Tex________ _____________
Dayton, Ohio____________________
Denver, Colo____________________
Des Moines, Iowa................................
30
284
11
199
62
8
113
3
54
72
4
74
2
0
0
1
22
0
2
1
0
54
0
30
0
0
0
0
0
0
34
412
13
229
62
9
135
3
56
73
Detroit, M ich___________________
Duluth, M inn________________ . .
Elizabeth, N . J .......... .......................
El Paso, Tex_____________________
Erie, P a_________________________
626
7
21
12
9
180
10
6
7
7
27
0
2
4
0
6
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
653
7
23
16
9
186
10
7
8
7
Evansville, Ind__________________
Fall River, M ass.................................
Flint, M ich______________________
Fort Wayne, Ind_________________
Fort Worth, Tex___ _____ ________
16
2
25
24
113
11
5
8
6
33
0
2
0
0
28
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
16
4
25
24
141
11
5
8
6
33
Gary, Ind____________ ______ ____
Grand Rapids, M ich.......................
Hartford, "Conn__________________
Houston, Tex________ ___________
Indianapolis, Ind__________ _____ _
12
6
13
427
49
10
6
6
141
28
1
0
0
80
0
0
0
0
106
2
0
0
0
26
0
0
0
0
6
0
13
6
13
533
49
10
6
6
253
30
Jacksonville, Fla— ......................... .
Jersey City, N . J ..................................
Kansas City, Kans..............................
Kansas City, M o________________
Knoxville, T enn_.____ ___________
153
11
13
209
61
ao
3
17
78
12
2
2
0
2
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
29
0
0
0
0
48
3
0
0
155
42
13
211
61
61
53
20
78
12
Long Beach, Calif...............................
Los Angeles, C alif________________
Louisville, Ky_. _________ _______
Lowell, M ass___________ ____ ____
Lynn, M ass_____________________
94
1,197
128
4
3
52
649
33
3
3
10
202
2
0
2
15
126
2
0
0
0
176
4
0
0
0
51
0
0
0
104
1,575
134
4
5
67
826
35
3
3
Memphis, T en n___________ ____
Miami, Fla_______________ ______
Milwaukee, W is_________________
Minneapolis, M inn_______________
Nashville, T enn___________ ____ _
25
306
114
187
85
25
95
31
66
33
2
34
16
16
2
0
4
6
6
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
27
350
130
203
87
25
99
37
72
37
Newark, N . J____________________
New Bedford, M a s s .......... .............
New Haven, Conn_______________
New Orleans, La____ ____ ________
13
4
3
4
28
0
0
0
0
43
4
3
4
Footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0
10
56
41
2
0
0
0
0
0
4
10
6
0
0
0i
o 1
0
0
0
0
10
56
41
1119
BUILDING OPERATIONS
Table 30.— Number of Family-Dwelling Units Provided in 94 Identical Cities,
First 6 Months of 1934 and of 1935— Continued
Number of families provided for in—
1-family
dwellings
2-family
dwellings1
Multifamily
dw ellings2
All glasses of
dwellings
First half of—
First half of—
First half of—
First half of—
City and State
1935
1934
1934
1935
1935
1934
1935
1934
New York City:
The Bronx 3..........
Brooklyn 3.............
Manhattan 3..........
Queens 3...............
Richmond 3...........
86
193
2
1, 373
58
61
67
2
535
32
57
92
0
133
6
37
110
0
68
3
1, 531
2, 737
1, 135
855
0
1,703
812
72
82
0
1, 674
3,022
1, 137
2,361
64
1, 801
989
74
685
35
Norfolk, Va....... .........Oakland, Calif______
Oklahoma City, Okla.
Omaha, Nebr_______
Paterson, N . J . . . ........
53
150
175
60
9
14
73
56
49
1
0
3
23
0
4
0
6
0
4
0
0
9
16
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
53
162
214
60
13
14
79
56
53
1
Peoria, 111..... ................
Philadelphia, P a____
Pittsburgh, Pa______
Portland, Oreg--------Providence, U. I ____
28
336
78
89
23
12
187
43
60
25
0
4
12
0
14
4
2
2
0
6
0
0
15
4
0
0
176
12
23
0
28
340
105
93
37
16
365
57
83
31
Reading, P a.................
Richmond, Va______
Rochester, N. Y ------St. Louis, M o---------St. Paul, M inn--------
3
54
17
374
83
1
33
12
142
42
0
0
0
31
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
12
3
3
0
0
252
0
3
54
17
417
86
4
33
12
404
42
Salt Lake City, Utah.
San Antonio, T ex___
San Diego, Calif------San Francisco, C a lif..
Scranton, Pa------------
47
137
286
258
4
18
55
72
53
5
8
10
16
70
0
0
8
11
37
2
0
24
85
3
0
0
0
0
35
8
55
171
387
331
4
18
63
83
125
15
Seattle, Wash---------Somerville, M ass----South Bend, Ind____
Spokane, Wash..........
Springfield, Mass-----
100
2
6
111
10
73
0
0
46
7
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
2
0
4
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
104
2
6
117
13
73
0
0
48
7
Syracuse, N . Y -------Tacoma, Wash...........
Tampa, Fla...........—
Toledo, Ohio..............
Trenton, N. J---------
19
19
24
14
2
12
19
12
3
3
1
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
19
25
14
2
14
19
12
4
3
Tulsa, Okla________
Utica, N . Y -----------Washington, D. C ...
Waterbury, Conn—
Wichita, Kans...........
47
3
747
12
49
21
17
324
12
6
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
181
0
1
0
0
96
0
0
47
3
928
12
51
21
17
422
12
6
35
40
77
12
42
47
43
4
0
0
2
0
2
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
10
0
35
40
79
12
48
49
54
4
10, 806
4, 722
1,098
675
9,028
3, 428
20,932
8,825
4
8
0
318
Wilmington, D el___
Worcester, Mass-----Yonkers, N. Y . . . . . .
Youngstown, Ohio.—
T otal................-
H a w a ii
308
i Includes 1- and 2-family dwellings with stores.
3 Includes multifamily dwellings with stores.
3 Applications filed.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
225
2
229
—
1120
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W — O C T O B E R
1935
C o n s tr u c tio n F r o m P u b lic F u n d s , F ir s t H a lf o f 1935
T IS significant that the increased building construction activity
during the first half of the current year has been due in large meas
ure to the accelerated pace of private industry. During the first 6
months of 1935, contracts for construction projects valued at approxi
mately $455,000,000 were financed from the public-works fund.
This compares with $683,000,000 during the corresponding period of
1934. Of the contract valuation during the first half of 1935, $276,300,000 was allotted for Federal projects and $178,600,000 for
non-Federal projects.
Federal construction projects are financed entirely by allotments
made by the Public Works Administration to various departments and
agencies of the Federal Government.
Non-Federal construction projects are financed from allotments
made by the Public Works Administration to a State or political sub
division thereof, or to a commercial firm. In the case of allotments
to States and their political subdivisions, the Public Works Adminis
tration makes a direct grant of not more than 30 percent of the total
construction cost. No grants are made to commercial firms, how
ever. On all loans made by the Public Works Administration, interest
is charged and the date of maturity specified.
The value of contracts awarded for Federal construction projects
financed from Public Works Administration funds classified by
geographic divisions is shown in table 21.
I
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table 21.— Value of Contracts Awarded for Federal Construction Projects Financed from Public Works Administration Funds, First
6 Months of 1934 and of 1935
17272— 36
River, harbor, and flood-control
projects
Public roads
Building construction
---- 18
Geographic division
First half of 1935
First half of 1934
First half of 1935
$28, 241,473
$41,411.282
$99,108.417
$161,735,193
$89,858,411
$56, 576,435
6, 551,526
12, 755,493
28.236.874
20,180, 731
22,122,924
16.259.874
22. 408, 558
19,268,896
13,950, 317
0
338, 524
369,854
15,726, 248
60,673. 225
3, 567,803
0
603,823
4, 508,903
3, 627,031
443,000
3,385,354
2,847, 607
5,314,137
4, 699,077
5, 668. 626
3,041, 141
5, 666, 184
13.159, 187
12, 670.052
3,125,070
New E ngland......... ................ ............................. ...............................
Middle A tla n tic ............ - ...........- .....................................- .............East North Central.............................................................................
West North Central-------------------------- --------- -------------------South Atlantic----------- ---------------------------------------------------East South Central---------------- --------------------------- -----------West South Central-------------------------- ------------- ---------------Mountain__________________________________ - ----------------Pacific----------------- ----------------- ---------------------------- ----------Outside continental United States. ...............................................
Streets and roads 1
Geographic division
All divisions................................................................................ - .........
New England--------------- --------- ---------- -----------------------------Middle Atlantic....................................................................................
East North Central........... ............. ................ ............................. —
West North Central.............................................................................
South Atlantic...................- ..................................................................
East South Central............................... - ............................................
West South C e n tr a l................- .........................................................
M ountain.......................... - ................................................................
Pacific..................................... .............................. .............................. Outside continental United States--------------------------------------
Naval vessels
Reclamation projects
Forestry
First half of
1934
First half of
1935
First half of
1934
First half of
1935
First half of
1934
First half of
1935
First half of
1934
First half of
1935
$1, 625,502
$9,921,884
2 $12. 684. 682
$35, 544.179
$37,814,638
3 $40. 072, 520
$1,148,627
$3,450, 760
0
0
0
152,500
3,150. 000
22,065,000
147,400
9.930,172
2,369, 566
0
44,308
100,000
1, 040,900
1,248,820
2,138, 176
1,026,500
1,853,274
30,404, 522
2,019,486
186, 534
500
0
57.389
36.981
140,522
20,332
26,644
532. 221
333,768
270
95, 705
24, 249
805. 770
99,152
181,362
116.884
82,940
483,823
1,560,875
0
38,984
20,839
46.982
10,067
451,279
12,118
197,059
400,807
164,623
282, 744
43,149
285,953
130,719
863.870
2,765,262
271,676
492,837
3,093,492
1,503,121
471,805
40, 286
219,734
0
0
12,409,388
0
0
0
5,700
0
701,289
18,377.880
74,909
0
15,685,960
0
11,281
0
600,522
92, 338
1121
• Other than those reported by the Bureau of Public Roads.
J Includes $9,574 not allocated by geographic divisions,
s Includes $10,000 not allocated by geographic divisions.
2,940, 094
7,920. 564
19,056,184
13,411, 148
13,821,497
8,747.999
15, 598,896
8, 231, 553
9,380,482
0
2,970, 452
8,667, 762
2, S95, 569
1,048,163
12,337. 417
1,264, 393
2,755,073
3,966,672
2,698,847
2,806,934
4,913.941
2,9fil, 180
3,979, 598
553,458
8,922, 097
609,697
3,238,989
1,008,845
1,119,084
934, 584
BUILDING OPERATIONS
First half of 1934
All divisions_______________ __________ _____ ____________
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
First half of 1934
First half of 1935
6 M o n th s o f 1934 a n d of 1935— C o n tin u e d
Water and sewerage systems
Miscellaneous
1122
Table 21.—Value of Contracts Awarded for Federal Construction Projects Financed from Public Works Administration Funds, First
Total
Geographic division
1 Includes $9,574 not allocated by geogra; nic divisions.
4 Includes $51,283 not allocated by geographic divisions.
* Includes $61,283 not allocated by geographic divisions.
First half of 1935
First half of 1934
First half of 1935
$214,648
$2, 476, 706
$5, 696, 528
4 $20, 549, 766
2 $276,392 926
» $371, 738, 725
1,477
1,700
6,581
1,870
105,999
3,800
0
75.813
9,000
8,408
47.555
217,319
108, 203
64,806
1, 366, 779
133, 466
222, 925
254,013
60. 640
1,000
1, 345, 258
699, 249
991,270
315, 742
1,342,911
70,820
92, 623
370,012
235, 798
232,845
1, 547,490
5,499,916
5,876, 520
693,314
2,647, 580
280,893
824, 542
475, 507
1,842, 240
810,481
9, 619,064
12,193,120
39,864, 252
75.154, 991
43,911,496
31, 529,766
19,905, 434
25,058, 326
17, 245, 052
1,901,851
12,386,828
48, 776,179
44, 483, 601
28,897,933
64,914,086
22, 394,827
34. 317, 614
71, 106,112
36,906,100
7,494,162
First half of 1934
1935
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
First half of 1934
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W — O C T O B E R
All divisions____ ___ _____ __________
New England. ___ _________________
Middle Atlantic....... ..............................
East North Central_______________________
West North Central_____ _____ _________ .
South Atlantic_________ ____ ______ ____
East South Central________________ _
West South Central________________
M ountain____ _________________
Pacific____________
___ _
Outside continental United States_________________
First half of 1935
1123
BUILDING OPERATIONS
Comparing the first half of 1935 with the same period in 1934, there
were decreases in the value of awards for all types of construction
with the exception of river, harbor, and flood-control work. The
increase in this type of work amounted to more than $33,000,000.
The decreases were spread over 7 of the 9 geographic divisions.
Marked increases, however, occurred in the West North Central and
the East South Central States. Awards for river, harbor, and floodcontrol work accounted for the increase in the West North Central
area and reclamation projects in the East South Central.
The value of contracts awarded for non-Federal construction
projects financed from the Public Works Administration fund for the
first half of 1934 and 1935 is given in table 22.
Table 22.—Value of Contracts Awarded for Non-Federal Construction Projects
Financed From Public Works Administration Funds, First 6 Months of 1934
and of 1935
Water and sewerage
systems
Streets and roads 1
Building construction
Geographic division
All divisions--------- ----------N ew England,, --------------M iddle Atlantic-......................
East North Central- ---------West North Central................
South A tlantic,------- ---------East South Central------------West South Central________
Mountain_________________
Pacific____ _ _____________
Outside continental United
States--------------- -------------
First half
of 1934
First half
of 1935
First half
of 1934
First half
of 1935
First half
of 1934
First half
of 1935
$87, 296,727 $77,838,038 $19, 817, 687 $26,944,723 $51,864, 347 $39, 215,757
5, 100, 611
41,999, 051
5, 279.987
7,903. 086
5, 156,983
1, 372,881
6,039, 145
2,600, 581
11,132,061
9, 409, 170
27, 327, 230
5,536, 276
12,401, 186
12, 492,987
1,908,925
3, 488, 436
1,815,003
3, 382,331
2,999, 795
2,518,519
3, 352, 75!
3, 391, 468
781,065
379, 326
1, 674, 861
154,484
4,484, 250
5,944, 297
6,880, 668
1,212,076
1, 787, 635
3, 217, 205
192,042
438,072
1,629,418
5, 643, 310
954,131
6, 449, 325
19, 609, 244
3, 308,090
3, 434,964
1, 637,029
6, 247, 065
3,168, 701
6,869, 523
3, 382, 548
4, 418, 752
13, 732. 266
5, 775,029
5, 740, 581
2,518,881
860.215
1, 616, 779
463,241
705, 741
16,494
81,168
0
186, 275
707,465
Railroad construction
and repair
Total
Miscellaneous
Geographic division
First half
of 1935
First half
of 1934
First half
of 1935
First half
of 1934
First half
of 1935
$1, 669, 530 $178, 647, 612 $311,740,005
All divisions............................. $10,057,125 $166, 071,957
$9,611,726
2,093
5,895,994
1,857,591
1, 711.583
58, 048
522, 535
9,281
0
0
6, 639, 785
77, 520, 621
30.920,867
3, 577, 735
26. 649, 156
7,580.610
3, 542, 760
3, 212,784
6,427, 639
192,517
1, 869.940
567,884
4, 433. 270
45.985
490,935
1,187.410
698, 678
125, 107
756, 561
118, 279
143, 268
43, 880
0
6, 500
70, 647
42, 196
488,199
0
0
0
0
N ew England______________
Middle Atlantic-----------------East North Central...... ...........
West North Central,...............
South Atlantic_____________
East South Central------------West South Centrall________
Mountain_________________
Pacific____________________
Outside continental United
States............................ ..........
First half
of 1934
9, 255, 147 26, 132,361
58, 732, 829 116, 265, 550
30, 667, 457 51,544,753
20, 748,097 23, 645, 465
9, 477.045 48 099.929
4. 402, 706 12, 206, 958
15, 157,762
8, 400, 130
8,316, 180
6, 622, 444
22,610,941 16, 404, 720
973, 184
723,959
i Other than those reported by the Bureau of Public Roads.
The total value of construction awards for non-Federal projects
for the first half of 1935 decreased approximately $133,000,000 below
the level for the corresponding period of last year. The decrease was
caused by the falling off in awards for railroad construction. There
were marked increases in the value of awards for building construe
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1124
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W — -O CTO BER
1935
tion, water and sewerage construction, and miscellaneous projects. The
West South Central and the Pacific States were the only geographic
divisions showing increases over a year ago in all types of projects.
Among the large projects for which contracts were awarded during
the first half of 1935 were: For additional work on the subway
sj^stem in New York City to cost over $3,000,000; for steel work,
suspension spans, and approach viaducts on the Tri-Borough Bridge
to cost over $3,000,000; for contracts for the New York subway sys
tem to cost over $4,000,000; for a grade-crossing elimination at Port
Richmond, Staten Island, N. Y., to cost nearly $1,000,000; for
Allegheny County Home at Woodville, Pa., to cost over $2,200,000;
for sewerage contracts in the Chicago Sanitary District to cost over
$4,000,000; for sewage-treatment works, in Chicago, 111., to cost
over $3,500,000; for a city community-center building in St. Louis,
Mo., to cost $1,200,000; for a sewage-treatment plant in the District
of Columbia, to cost over $1,000,000; for a courthouse at Oakland,
Calif., to cost over $1,300,000; and for enlargement of the O ’Shnughnessy Dam for the city and county of San Francisco, to cost $3,200,000.
Table 23 gives the value of contracts awarded for construction
projects financed from regular governmental appropriations during
the first half of 1935.
Table 23.— Value of Contracts for Federal Construction Projects Financed from
Regular Governmental Appropriations, First 6 Months of 1935
First 6 months of 1935
Geographic division
All divisions______ _____ _________ .
Building con
struction
Public roads
River, harbor,
and flood-con
trol projects
$19, 525,804
$3,308,098
$24. 351. 790
490.010
2,478, 686
2,291,700
1,020,294
9,021,099
855,056
1,660,036
778. 183
753, 707
177,033
0
0
290,386
426, 302
0
72. 770
34.197
1,482, 705
1,001, 738
0
427,512
1,003.167
510.957
984. 221
5,339, 582
2,967, 549
10, 797, 475
13.354
2,281,973
23,000
New England_______________ .
. .
Middle Atlantic___ __________
East North Central_____________ ________
West North Central..............................................
South Atlantic.........................................
East South Central__________ _
West South Central-_____________
M ountain......................................
Pacific.............................. ...........
Outside continental United States..... ...........
Geographic division
Streets and
roads 1
All divisions____________________
New England......................... ............
Middle Atlantic_____ ____ _______
East North Central...... ......................
West North Central..........................
South Atlantic_______ ______ _
East South Central_____ ______ _____
West South Central______ _______
M ountain...........................................
Pacific________ __________
Outside continental United States____
i Other than those reported by the Bureau of Public Roads.
* Includes $29,200 not allocated by geographic divisions.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$511,382
6.900
139, 740
6,254
0
338,256
0
1,890
3, 775
5, 667
8.900
Naval vessels
$28.157. 994
28, 000
22,703,150
0
0
746, 550
0
0
0
3,867, 594
812,700
Reclamation
projects
* $1,647. 454
0
0
148. 568
694. 166
46, 200
0
59. 500
453, 120
216,700
0
1125
BUILDING OPERATIONS
Table 23.— Value of Contracts for Federal Construction Projects Financed from
Regular Governmental Appropriations, First 6 Months of 1935 Contd.
Water and sew Miscellaneous
erage systems
Geographic division
]y/[ifHle À tlnnt ic
West Nort h Central
Soutti Atlantic
E*ist South Central
AVest South Central
___________________
______ __ - _________
____________ - ______________
_______ - _____________
__________________
Outside Continental United States-------- ------------- ------
Total
$69, 518
s $2,363,170
* $79,935, 210
2,000
5,135
0
11,158
36,225
0
0
0
0
15,000
46,870
511,802
91,234
215,925
872. 765
38,662
24, 722
9,716
342,846
205,012
1,001,292
26,841,680
3.339.099
3, 352,066
16.400, 677
3,934,037
12. 577,820
2, 740,853
8,473, 225
1,241,645
3 Includes $3,616 not allocated by geographic divisions.
« Includes $32,816 not allocated by geographic divisions.
During the 6 months ending June 30, 1935, contracts valued at
nearly $80,000,000 were awarded for construction projects to be
financed from regular departmental appropriations. More than 90
percent of this money was to be spent for river, harbor, and floodcontrol work, naval vessels, and building construction.
The value of buildings and road work for which contracts were
awarded to be financed by State governments during the first 6
months of 1934 and 1935, by geographic divisions is shown in table
24.
Table 24.— Value of Public-Building and Highway-Construction Awards as
Reported by State Governments, First 6 Months of 1934 and of 1935
Value of awards for public Value of awards for highway
construction, first half of—
buildings, first half of—
Geographic division
1935
1934
1935
$19,888, 321
All divisions--------------- -------------------------------
$7,145,844
$27,544,104
New England
------- --------- ---------M iddle Atlantic
___________________
East North Central
_________________
West North Central
_________________
____________________
South Atlantic
East South Central
_________________
West South Central
____- - - - - _______
Mountain
- ______________________
290, 747
1,817,417
2, 706, 723
296,882
473. 749
6,444
1,028,058
37, 547
488,277
1,503, 641
8, 207, 048
3,717,898
1.014,282
3, 123.881
450, 000
3,954,577
553, 565
5,019, 212
167, 570
1,898,326
4, 663,935 >
1,932,427
1,036,712
596,011
4,862,245
325, 383
4,405, 712
1934
$27,178,837
822,960
4, 000,866
5,445,901
ly V34, 226
Ó, 629t 3Id
1,233. 512
3,249, 747
688,814
6,473,498
Road and building construction, as indicated in the preceding
table, is financed wholly from State funds, and does not include
projects financed through P. W. A. loans or grants.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1126
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W — O C T O B E R
1935
In table 25 the value of contracts awarded and force-account work
started on street-paving projects financed wholly by municipal funds,
is shown for 51 cities of the United States having a population of
150,000 or over
Table
25.
Value of Contracts Awarded and Force-Account Work Started for
Street Paving in 51 Cities, First 6 Months of 1935
Month
Total_________
January_________
February________
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Cost
$6,471,331
787,719
214, 780
Month
March_______
April______ _
M ay__________
J une________
Cost
$737, 206
2,226,138
1,171,868
1,333, 620
RETAIL PRICES
F o o d P ric e s in A u g u s t 1935 1
URING August, retail prices of food advanced, reversing the
downward movement which had continued from April through
July. The index of retail prices of 48 foods combined (1913 —100)
was 123.0 on August 27, an increase of 1.4 percent compared with
July 30, when the index stood at 121.3.
The advance was due primarily to an increase of 4.2 percent in
meat prices. Every meat item included in the index registered a
price increase. Beef prices were up by 2.1 percent. Pork prices
rose 7.7 percent. Increases of 2.5 percent and 5.6 percent were re
ported for poultry and salmon, respectively. Lamb prices increased
3.0 percent during the month. Meat prices are now higher than at
any time since November 1930 and are 26.5 percent above the level
for a year ago. They are, however, 16.6 percent lower than on August
15,1929.
An advance of 5.1 percent in the fats and oils group, due to rising
prices of lard and lard compound, accompanied this increase in meat
prices. Lard prices were 11.2 percent higher than on July 30 of this
year and 122.4 percent above those of August 29, 1933. Prices of
lard compound advanced 3.1 percent between July 30 and August 27.
A decrease of 1.0 percent during the month was shown for oleomar
garine. The group as a whole is 6.3 percent below the level of August
15, 1929.
Dairy products registered an average gain of six-tenths of 1 percent
during August. Increases of 2.0 percent for butter and 1.2 percent
for cheese were recorded. There were no changes in prices of fresh
milk, delivered, nor in evaporated milk.
Egg prices advanced 8.1 percent. Although this is a seasonal
increase, egg prices are higher than on any corresponding date since
1930.
The most conspicuous price decline was 6.1 percent for the fruit
and vegetable group. Prices for potatoes, the most important item
in the group, fell 10.5 percent. Onions decreased 13.3 percent. The
only price increases registered in this group were 3.8 percent for
cabbage and nine-tenths of 1 percent for oranges. Prices of other
fresh fruits, dried fruits, and canned vegetables either remained
unchanged or showed relatively small decreases.
i At the time of going to press, it had been impossible to make calculations allowing for an increase
from 2 to 3 percent in the Illinois sales tax, effective July 1, 1935. These calculations, now complete,
give rise to no significant changes in the figures here published. Revised figures for July and August
w ill appear in the next report.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1127
1128
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W — O C T O B E R
1935
Cereals and bakery products receded three-tenths of 1 percent
during the month, due to a decrease of 1.2 percent in bread prices.
This decline in bread prices was not general throughout the United
States. In 34 cities, the prices of bread remained unchanged and
advances were reported in 8 cities. The 9 cities in which bread prices
fell were of enough importance to account for the average decrease
for the country as a whole. This drop in bread prices was not offset
by gains of 2.0 percent for wheat flour, and 1.2 percent for rice.
Prices of coffee and tea decreased resulting in an average decline of
three-tenths of 1 percent for the beverage group.
In the sugar and sweets group, a small decrease for strawberry
preserves was balanced by a small increase for molasses. No changes
were recorded for sugar and corn sirup.
Table 1.—Indexes of Average Retail Cost of 48 Foods in 51 Large Cities
Combined, by Commodity Groups
August and July 1935 and August 1934
Percentage change,
Aug. 27, 1935, com
pared with—
Index (1913=100)
Article
1935
1934
1935
1934
Aug. 27 Aug. 13 July 30 July 16 July 2 Aug. 28 A ug.14 Aug. 13 July 30 Aug. 28
All foods______ ____ _______
Cereal? and bakery products.
M eats.........................................
Dairy products.................
Eggs............................................
Fruits and vegetables.............
Beverages_________________
Fats and oils................ ............
Sugar and sweets__________
123.0
150. 1
163.5
105.2
103. 1
103.4
95.6
124.4
111.8
122.3
150. 6
161.3
1C4. 6
104.3
106.2
95.6
121.3
111. 7
121.3
150.6
156. 9
104. 6
100. 0
110. 1
95.9
118.3
111.8
121.7
150.6
156.8
104. 3
97.4
117.0
95.9
117.6
111.7
121.8
150. 7
156.0
104.9
94.8
119. 8
96.2
117.2
111.8
115.3
150. 8
129.2
105. 6
95.3
118.0
97.4
83.9
109.5
111.8
149.6
121.1
103. 4
87.8
116.1
96.9
78.2
109. 7
+ 0.6
- .3
+1.4
+. 6
+3.6
-
2.6
.0
+ 2.5
+ .1
+ 1.4
-.3
+ 4 .2
+. 6
+ 8.1
-
6.1
- .3
+5.1
.0
+ 6 .7
-.5
+26.5
-.4
+13.4
-1 2 .4
-
1.8
+48. 2
+ 2.1
The important changes in retail food prices in July and August 1935
are indicated in table 1. This table gives the index numbers for the
8 major groups of food purchased by wage earners in the 51 cities
covered by the surveys of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The table
also compares current prices with the level prevailing on correspond
ing dates of August 1934.
There are now 48 foods included in the retail-food-price index.
Six commodities were added on May 21. They are cocoa, lard com
pound, salad oil, corn sirup, molasses, and strawberry preserves. At
that time three new commodity groups were introduced. These are
iats and oils, beverages, and sugar and sweets. These groups replaced
the “ miscellaneous” group. The commodities indicated by an aster
isk in table 2 are those included in the index. Prices are being col-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1129
R E T A IL P R IC E S
lected on 39 additional foods, 36 of which are to be included in a new
general index.
Table 2 shows average prices of these 87 commodities for 51 large
cities combined. This table compares average prices in August with
those for the previous month, and for August 1934.
Table 2 .—Average Retail Prices of 87 Foods in 51 Large Cities Combined
August and July 1935 and August 1934
i* Indicates commodities included in index number]
1934
1935
Article
Aug.
27
Aug.
13
July
30
July
16
July
2
Aug.
28
Aug.
14
C en ts C en ts C en ts C en ts C en ts C en ts C en ts
Cereal foods:
5.0
5.0
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
5.0
*Flotir, white, wheat............. ________ pound..
4. 5
4. 5
ö. 2
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
‘ Corn meal............................... .....................do___
6.9
6.9
7.7
7.7
7.7
7.7
7.7
__________
do___
‘ Rolled oats______________
8. 3
8.4
8.3
8.4
8. 4
8.4
8.4
‘ Corn flakes............. . ............ - ...8-oz. package..
24.3
24.3
24.
7
24.
7
24.7
24.5
24,
7
,.28-oz.
package..
‘ Wheat cereal----------- ------ 8.3
8. 2
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.4
‘ Rice........ .........- ____ ______ ________ pound..
15. 7
15.8
15.7
15.7
15.6
15.6
15.6
‘ Macaroni________________ __________ do___
10.3
10.5
10.3
10.3
Hominy grits___ _________ __24-oz. package.. 10.3
Bakery products:
8.3
8. 3
8. 4
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.2
‘ Bread, white, wheat.......... . ...... ...........pound..
8. 8
8. 9
8.9
9.0
8.9
9.0
9.0
Bread, rye________ ______ ..................... do___
8.9
9.0
8.
9
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
Bread, whole wheat______ __________ do___
22. 7
22.9
24.2
24.2
24.4
24.6
24.7
Cake, pound.......................... ........ ............d o ___
17.2
16.9
17.5
17.5
17.5
Soda crackers____________ __________ do___
Beef*.
32.9
40.6
33.8
40.3
39.7
40.6
‘ Sirloin steak___ ____ _____ __________ do___ 40.8
29.0
36.8
29.8
36.1
36.7
37.0
36.8
‘ Round steak...... ............ ....... __________ do___
22.6
23.2
30.4
30.2
30.0
29.6
‘ Rib roast________________ .....................do----- 30.1
16. 5
17.2
23.9
23.1
23.6
23.1
23.3
‘ Chuck roast......................... . __________ do___
10. 4
16.5
10.9
16.2
15.8
16.0
15.7
‘ Plate______ ____ _________ ............. .......do___
23.2
23.2
23.2
23.2
Liver------------- ---------------- __________ do----- 23.4
Lamb:
24.7
27.3
25.1
27.3
26.5
26.5
27.3
♦Leg_____________________ ............... -__do___
33.2
34.5
33.8
34.7
33.9
34.0
34.6
Rib chops____l _____ _____ __________ do___
10.3
13.2
10.5
13.0
13.3
12.7
13.0
Breast_____ _____________ __________ do___
18.2
21.5
18.6
21.2
20.7
21.3
20.7
Chuck or shoulder------------ __________ do----Pork:
35.2
25.8
32.5
37.0
38.3
39.7
39.5
‘ C h o p s ..________________ __________ do___
20.6
27.0
29.8
31.5
32.0
33. 7
33.4
Loin r o a st.._____________ __________ do___
29.8
32.1
40.5
40.8
41.8
44.3
45.8
__________
do----•Bacon, sliced____________
35.2
35.5
36.4
38.5
Bacon, strip.............. ............ __________ do----- 40. 1
39.6
45.4
41. 2
45.0
50.6
46.9
‘Ham, sliced_________ ____ _______ __do___ 52.8
25.0
23.9
28.3
29.7
28.7
33. 1
34.6
Ham, whole ___________ __________ do___
16.4
15. 6
23.4
23.1
25.6
24.0
26.3
__________
do----Ham, p ic n ic ................... .
17.2
26.9
19.5
27.0
27.4
28.8
Salt pork________________ __________ do----- 29.8
Veal:
30.5
37.2
31.6
36.9
36.8
37.7
38.0
C u tle ts............................... __________ do___
Poultry:
24.0
28.0
24.5
28.2
28.2
28.3
28.9
•Roasting chickens________ __________ do----Fish, canned:
14.1
14.0
13.2
13.1
13.3
13.3
13.3
Salmon, pink____________ _____ 16-oz. can..
21.4
21.4
21.2
21.3
21.5
21.9
22.7
‘ Salmon, red______________ ...................-do—
Dairy products:
32.1
33.6
30.2
30.3
30.7
30.7
31.3
________
pound..
•Butter__________________
23.6
24.9
24.3
24.9
25.0
25.3
25. 1
• C h e e s e .------- ------ ---------- __________ do___
11.3
11.4
11.8
11.7
11.7
11.7
11.7
•M ilk, fresh, grade A, delivered--------- quart..
6.8
7.3
6. 8
7.0
7.1
7.0
7.0
•M ilk, evaporated------------- ____14J4>-oz. can..
14. 2
14.
1
14.
2
14.
1
14.
I
14.
1
14.
1
-------------pint..
Cream ................. .................
30.3
32.9
32.7
33.6
34.5
36.0
37.3
•E ggs................... ............................ _________ dozen..
Fats and oils:
11.3
19.2
13.1
19.6
19.3
21.8
20.7
‘ Lard, p u r e ______________ ________ pound..
10. 2
11.0
16.2
16.2
16.2
16.4
16.7
‘ Lard, compound-------------- __________ do___
18. 9
19.0
22.3
22.4
22.3
22.4
22.5
•Vegetable lard su b stitu te.. __________ do___
13.4
13.4
19.4
19.3
19.3
19.2
19.
1
........
............
do___
‘ Oleomargarine___________
¿5. 5
25.5
25.5
25.5
25.5
___________ pin t..
Fruits, fresh:
6.0
7.6
5.8
6.3
5.4
5.3
4.9
Apples__________________ ................. pound..
23.5
21.5
22.9
21.9
21 7
21.3
21.6
•Bananas________________ ...................dozen..
30.5
29.8
23.6
34.5
31.7
33.0
33. 4
Lemons_________________ ........ .............do___
27.5
37.2
31.7
32.2
32.3 1 3L8
32.6
‘ Oranges................................... __________ do___
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1130
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Table 2.— Average Retail Prices of 87 Foods in 51 Large Cities Combined— Con.
August and July 1935 and August 1934
f* Indicates commodities included in index numberl
1935
1934
Article
Aug.
27
Vegetables, fresh:
C en ts
Beans, green----------pound.'8.3
•Cabbage..................................
. .. .d o . . .
2.7
bunch..
Carrots...............
4.4
Celery ...................
stalk..
9. 1
Let i uce............. ................................ ..........head .
8.4
pound..
Onions......... .....................
3.9
•Potatoes_____ __________
. .. d o ___
1. 7
Sweet potatoes............. ........
do
4. 3
Sp in ach ........................................ ............. d o ...I
7.9
Fruits, canned:
Peaches................................... .........no. V / i can..
19.8
Pears........................................................ . .. d o ___
22.9
Pineapple— ............................................ . . d o . . . . 1 22.7
Vegetables, canned:
A sparagus........... ............................ .no. 2 can..
25.9
Beans, green...... .......................................... do___
11.7
•Beans with pork....... ...................... 16-oz. can..
7.0
* 0 orn....................... ............................n o . 2 can..
12.8
•Peas...............................
do___
17.0
•Toma'oes....................................................... do
10.0
Fruits, dried:
Peaches.........................................................pound.. 16.3
do___
•Prunes...........................
11. 1
•Raisins..................
do___
9.8
Vegetables, dried:
Black-eyed peas..............................................do__
8. 1
Lima beans......................................................do__
9. 8
•N avy beans____ ____
do___
6. 1
Sugar and sweets:
•Oranuiated sugar...................................
do___
5.8
•Corn sirup........................................................ 24-oz.can..
13.7
*Molas=es............................................................ 18-oz.can..
14. 1
•Sirawberry preserves..............................pound.. 20.8
Beverages:
•Cocoa______ _________
8-oz. can.. 10.8
‘ P1ollee............................................................pound.. 25.3
•Tea .............................................................. . d o . . . . 73.6
Miscellaneous foods:
Chocolate, unsweetened..............8-oz. packnee.. 20.6
Mayonnaise...................................................... p in t. 17.0
Peanut butter____ _________
pound.. 22.3
Salt, table....................
.d o ___
4.3
Soup, tomato................................................ lO M -oz.can 8.3
..
Tomato juice.................................................13}£-cz.can 8.5
..
Aug.
13
July
30
July
16
July
2
Aug.
28
Aug.
14
C en ts
C en ts
7.9
2.6
4.4
9.0
8. 2
4. !
1.8
4. 7
8.0
C en ts
7. 3
2.6
4.5
9.3
9. 1
4.5
1.9
5 1
7.0
C en ts
7.5
2.8
4.9
10.3
9.4
5. 1
2. I
5.2
6.0
C en ts
C en ts
7.6
3.2
5.2
11.8
7.9
5.9
2. 1
5. 1
5.4
8.9
3.5
4.9
9.4
9. 1
4.4
2. 1
5.2
8.9
10.0
3.6
4.9
9.6
9.5
4.5
2.0
6. 1
8.8
19.6
22.9
22.7
19.7
23.0
22.7
19.5
23.0
22.6
19.6
23.0
22.6
18.7
21.6
22.5
18 6
21.4
22.4
25.8
11. 7
7.0
12.9
17.0
10. 1
25.7
11.8
7.0
13.0
17.4
10.3
25.7
11.8
7.0
13.0
17.6
10.4
25.5
11.9
6.9
13. 0
17.8
10.4
24.2
11. 7
6. 7
11.4
17. 0
10.4
23.8
11.6
6.6
11.3
16.8
10.4
16.2
11.2
9.9
16.4
11.3
9.9
16.3
11.2
9.8
16.3
11.3
9.9
15.5
11.7
9.7
15.3
11.7
9.7
8.2
9.9
6. 1
8.1
9.9
6. 1
8.1
9.9
6.1
8.0
9.8
6.1
7.5
9.7
5.8
7.5
9.7
5.8
5.8
13.7
14.0
20.8
5.8
13. 7
14.0
20.9
5.8
13.7
13.8
21.0
5.8
13.7
14.0
20.9
5.7
12.7
13.9
5.7
12.7
14.1
10.8
25.3
73.6
10.8
25.4
73.7
10.9 . 10.9
25.4
25.5
73.6
73.9
27.7
71.9
27.6
71.4
21.7
16.9
22.3
4.3
8.3
8.5
21. 7
16.9
22.3
4.3
8.3
8.5
21. 6
16.9
22.3
4.3
8.4
8.4
16.8
4.3
8.0
8.7
16.8
4.3
8.0
8.7
21. 7
16.9
22.2
4.4
8.2
8.4
Details by Regions and Cities
R e ta il prices of food have been collected recently from several
cities in addition to the 51 from which reports have been secured
regularly by the Bureau for many years. The present report includes
data from the following additional cities: Cedar Rapids, Iowa; El
Paso, Tex.; Knoxville, Tenn.; Oklahoma City, Okla.; Tucson, Ariz.;
Wichita, Ivans.; and Winston-Salem, N. C. Prices for these cities
are not included in the average for the United States.
The current advance in retail food prices was general throughout
the country. Price increases were recorded for 54 of the 58 reporting
cities. In 38 cities the increases amounted to 1.0 percent or more.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1131
R E T A IL P R IC E S
The greatest advance, 4.3 percent in St. Louis, was caused by rising
prices of meats and eggs and by the imposition of a 1-percent sales tax.
In Rochester, there was no change in the price level. Decreases
were recorded in three cities—Denver, two-tentlis of 1 percent; Cedar
Rapids, five-tenths of 1 percent; and Winston-Salem, 1.2 percent.
Percentages of change in food prices for all of the reporting cities
for specified dates in 1935 and 1934 are given in table 3.
Table 3.— Percentages of Change in the Average Retail Cost of 42 Foods, by Cities
Aug. 27, 1935, compared with Aug. 13 and July 30, 1935 and Aug. 28, 1934
Percentage change
Aug. 27, 1935,
compared with—
Percentage change
Aug. 27, 1935,
compared with—
Regional area and city
Regional area and city
1935
1935
1934
Aug. July
30
13
Aug.
28
Aug
13
51 cities combined------- --------- + 0 .6 + 1 .4
+ 6.7
South Atlantic:
Atlanta ____ __________ + 2 .0
Baltimore_______________ + 1.0
Charleston, S. C_________ + .6
Jacksonville_____________ + .9
Norfolk.......................... ......... + 1.0
Richmond______________ + 1.5
Savannah____ __________ + 1.0
Washington_____________ + 1-4
W inston-Salem ... ______ - . 6
East South Central:
Birmingham.____ _______ + .8
Knoxville------ - ----------- - . 7
Louisville_________ _____ + .4
M emphis_______________ + 1.5
M obile______ _________ + 1.1
West South Central:
Dallas................... .................. - . 4
.0
El Paso_________________
H ouston.__________ ____ - + .9
Little Rock________ _____
N ew Orleans____________ + 1.6
Oklahoma City__________ + .4
Mountain:
Butte______________ -- - + .6
Denver_________________ + .3
Salt Lake C ity __________ + .6
Tucson_________ _____ ____ + 1.1
Pacific:
Los A ngeles.. . ---------- -- + .9
Portland, Oreg------------------- + .5
San Francisco--------------------- + .7
+ .6
Seattle_______________ —
New England:
Rost°n
"PaII Liver
Npw Haven
Portland TVTainft
Providence
M iddle Atlantic:
Buffalo
Newark
New York
Philadelphia
Pittsburgh
Rochester_______________
Scranton
East North Central:
Pbipago
Cincinnati
rieveland
Pohini bllS
Detroit_________________
Tn*1ia na pnl is
]Vt ilwRllkftO
P Anri a
Springfield. I ll ------------------West North Central:
Oedrir Rapids
"Kan<as Pity
+■7
+ .8
+• 6
-f* 9
+10
-f 8
+ .8
+ 1.9
+ 1.2
'+. 1
+ .9
+ 1.0
+ 3
+ 1 .3
+ 4.8
+ 6 .0
+ 4.3
+5. 8
+ 3 .5
+ 5. 0
+6.1
+ .3
- .3
1
+. 1
+ .9
-. 1
.0
+ .6
+ .6
+ 1.1
+ 1. 6
+1. 7
.0
+ 1 .0
+5.5
+6.4
+ 5 .2
+4. 7
+5 5
+ 5.4
+ 4 .7
-.2
+ .3
+ .2
-.3
+. 1
+ 1.1
+. 2
+ .5
+1.1
- .5
+1.1 +7.8
+ .6 + 12.6
+ .8 + 8.0
+ .7 +8.7
+ .3 + 7.9
+ 1.8 + 10.5
+ 1.2 +8.9
+ .7 + 7 .2
+ 2 .9 +11.1
-.5
+ 1.2 + 2 .2
- .6
+. 1
+ .4 + 2 .0
St. Louis ---------- ---------------- + 2 .0 + 4 .3
St. Paul________________ + .3 + .7
Wichita_________________ + .2 + 2 .5
i N ot available.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0)
+ 4 .8
+ 5.3
+8 0
+ 8 .8
+ 6 .9
(>)
1934
July
30
Aug.
28
+ 2.7
+ 1.7
+ 1.7
+ 1.5
+ 2.6
+ 2.2
+ 1.9
+3.3
- 1 .2
+10.1
+ 8.1
-f-12. 0
+ 9.5
+ 11.1
+ 9.2
+ 9.4
+ 10.3
(9
+ 2.8
+ 1.4
+ 1.3
+ 1.8
+ 1.0
+7. 2
(>)
+ 7 .7
+ 7 .7
+6.1
~K 1
+1.7
+2.0
+ 1-6
+ 1.8
+1.3
+ 3.1
(■)
+6.1
+ 5.5
+ 9.9
(>)
+. 5
+6.1
- . 2 + 11.0
+ .8 + 10.0
+ 2.9
«
+ 1.9
+ 1.6
+ .5
+ 1 .6
+8. 0
+ 6 .2
+ 5.0
+ 6.1
1132
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W — O C T O B E R
1935
Retail Food Prices, 1929 to August 1935
A l t h o u g h the index of current food prices is 6.7 percent above that
of a year ago, it is still 23.2 percent below the level of August 15, 1929.
Compared with August 28, 1934, the current indexes of four com
modity groups show an increase and four a decrease. The most
striking increases reported for the year are 48.2 percent for the fats
and oils group and 26.5 percent for meats. The largest decline is 12.4
percent in prices of fruits and vegetables.
Index numbers of the average retail cost of food in 51 large cities
combined from 1929 to date are shown by commodity groups in table
4. The accompanying chart shows the trend in the retail cost of all
foods and of the commodity groups—cereals and bakery products,
meats, dairy products, and fruits and vegetables from January 15,
1929, to August 27, 1935, inclusive.
Table 4 . — Indexes of the Average Retail Cost of 48 Foods in 51 Large Cities
Combined, by Commodity Groups, 1929-35, Inclusive 1
[1913 = 100.0]
Year and month
1929_______ _____________________
1930__________ __________ _______
1931_____________________________
1932_____________________________
1933_____________________________
1934........... ................ ..............................
1935:
Jan. 2 . . - ................. ......................
15._____________________
29............................................
Feb. 12............................ ............
26________ _____________
Mar. 12.......... ....................... ..
26--------------------------------April 9............................................
23________ _________
May 7....................... ....................
21..........................................
June 4________________
18_____ __ _____________
July 2...... ..................................
16---------------------------30____________________
Aug. 13........................................
27...... ............ .......................
Cere
als
Dairy
All
and
foods bakery Meats prod
ucts
prod
ucts
Eggs
Fruits
and
Bev
vege erages
tables
Fats
and
oils
Sugar
and
sweets
156.7
147.1
121.3
102. 1
99.7
110.8
164.1
158.0
135 9
121.1
126. 6
147.9
188.4
175.8
147.0
116.0
102.7
117.1
148.6
136 5
114.6
96.6
94.6
102.2
142.0
1188
91.9
78.8
75.6
86.7
172.6
179 9
126. 6
106 6
116 6
121.9
151.9
131.4
114.1
103.2
93.1
96.0
132.4
124.7
101.3
75. 1
70.2
80.0
124 6
117.6
108. 9
98. 3
104.1
107.9
115.9
118.5
119.8
122.0
122.3
121.7
121.7
124.1
125.2
124.5
124.0
123.8
123.0
121.8
121.7
121.3
122.3
123.0
151.1
151.2
151.3
150.9
151.0
151. 1
151.3
151.3
151. 1
151.2
152.3
151.2
150.7
150. 7
150.6
150.6
150.6
150.1
123. 7
132.3
1379
140. 1
144.0
149.6
149.8
151.7
154.3
155.1
157.0
160.2
159.3
156.0
156.8
156.9
161 3
163.5
109.7
112.3
114.4
117.3
116 8
113.3
112.4
115.8
114.4
110.7
108.7
107.4
106. 5
104.9
104.3
104.6
104.6
105.2
110. 1
109 0
108.7
111.6
101.4
84 6
81. 1
84.0
87.2
91 6
92.7
92.7
93.3
94.8
97.4
100.0
104.3
108. 1
107.2
107.6
108 3
110.4
113.0
117.7
122.0
130.3
136.0
132 7
127.2
125.0
122.6
119.8
117.0
110.1
106.2
103.4
101.3
101.2
101.3
101 0
101 4
100.2
99.6
98.9
98.8
98.0
97.3
97 5
96.8
96.2
95.9
95.9
95.6
95.6
100.0
104.6
107.5
109 6
112.0
114.0
114.8
115.8
116.2
116.3
116.2
116.9
117.0
117.2
117.6
118.3
121.3
124.4
107.0
105.4
105. 4
105. 7
107 2
105 7
105. 8
107.1
107.1
108. 6
110 2
110. 2
110.3
111.8
111.7
111.8
111 7
111.8
1 The number of commodities was increased from 42 to 48 on M ay 21, 1935.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
R E T A IL P R IC E S
1133
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1134
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W — O C T O B E R
1935
Food Prices in Hawaii
R e t a il prices of 41 foods on the first of each month have been col
lected for Hawaii since February 1, 1 9 3 0 , and are shown separately
for Honolulu and other localities in the islands.
No commodity weightings are available for Hawaii, hence no
weighted indexes have been computed. In order to show changes in
the retail prices of 41 foods combined, unweighted indexes, based on
averages of the 11 monthly prices for 1930 as 100, have been com
puted for Honolulu and other localities. The unweighted index for
each reporting period is a simple average of the relative prices (1930=
100) of the 41 foods reported for that date.
Table 5 shows unweighted indexes for Honolulu and other localities
in Hawaii by months since February 1930.
Table 5.— Unweighted Indexes of Average Retail Prices of 41 Foods in Hawaii
Aug. 1, 1935, to Feb. 1, 1930, Inclusive
[1930 = 100]
Honolulu
Other localities
Month
1935
1934
1933
1932
1931
1930
1935
1934
1933
1932
1931
1930
81.34
83. 48
85.24
86. 91
89.31
88.70
77. 73
77. 67
79. 71
80. 49
80. 13
80.49
74.41
73.07
72. 32
72. 77
73.30
73. 69
87. 06
85. 91
86. 00
85. 11
83.09
81. 75
96.20
94. 45
93. 29
91.28
91.65
90.99
101. 13
¡00. 93
101.01
101.58
101.46
80.20
79.70
82 17
84. 16
85.31
85.23
77.93
77. 33
77. 95
78. 02
78. 05
77.87
73 76
71. 63
70. 18
69.87
71.09
72.12
86. 05
85 53
84. 54
84. 76
83. 47
81.97
95. 01
93 6.8
92.97
91 84
91. 55
91. 79
101.12
100.78
101.89
102. 31
101.97
July................ 87. 35
August........... 86. 27
September-..
October.........
N o v em b er...
December___
81.07
80.60
81. 16
81.38
81.92
81.61
74. 66
76.76
77. 10
77. 79
77. 65
77.71
77.96
76. 97
76. 00
76. 02
74. 60
74. 25
90.57 100.39
90.81 99.71
89. 89 100 07
89. 79 99. 40
89. 12 98 71
88. 32 96.88
84. 25
84. 26
77.56
78.91
79 98
80 52
80. 61
80.08
90. 92
90 73
89 07
100.99
99.90
99 89
January.........
February___
March______
April...............
M ay_______
June________
73. 12
75. 67
77. 67
76. 37
77 89
78 86
77 07
76 98
76 68
76 00
75.80
74.29
97 86
97 18
88.46
95. 83
R e ta il P ric e s o f F o o d in th e U n ite d S ta te s a n d i n C e r ta in
F o re ig n C o u n tr ie s
HE accompanying table brings together the index numbers of
retail prices of food published by certain foreign countries and
those of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, the base years
in all cases being as given in the original reports. Indexes are shown
for each year from 1926 to 1932, inclusive, and by months since Janu
ary 1933.
As shown in the table, the number of articles included in the index
numbers for the different countries differs widely. In certain
instances, also, the figures are not absolutely comparable from month
to month over the entire period, owing to slight changes in the list
of commodities and the localities included on successive dates.
T
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1135
R E T A IL P R IC E S
Index Numbers of Retail Food Prices in the United States and in Foreign
Countries
Country__________
United
States
Australia Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Canada
China
CzechoSlovakia
Ministry
of Federal of indus General Domin National Central
of Bureau
Tari 11
Direction ion Bu
Census
try,
Computing agency— Bureau
of
Statistics Labor,
Labor
of Statis reau of Commis Bureau
Statistics
Statistics and Sta Bureau and
Statistics
sion
Social
tics
tistics
Welfare
Number oflocalities.
51
30
Vienna
59
12
69
Shanghai
Prague
Commodities in
cluded__________
42 foods
46 foods
and gro
ceries
18 foods
33 foods
35 foods
46 foods
24 foods
35 foods
Base=100_________
1913
1923-27
(1000)
July 1914
1921
1926
1926
1926
July 1914
1926___ ______ ____
1927..............................
192S.............................
1929..............................
1930..............................
1931_____ _________
1932..............................
160.6
155.4
154.3
156. 7
147. 1
121.3
102.1
1027
1004
989
1047
946
830
801
116
119
119
122
118
108
110
i 170. 7
i 207. 5
i 207.4
i 218.4
i 208. 6
i 176. 4
1149.9
100.0
97.8
102.5
106.4
86.7
68.0
62.8
100.0
98. 1
98.6
101.0
98 6
77.3
64.3
100.0
106.7
92. 1
98.4
118.8
107.5
101.3
2 117.8
2 126 2
2 125.5
2 123. 1
1933
January__________
February_________
March____________
April_____________
M ay______________
June______________
July—.........................
A ugust____ _______
S ep tem b er.______
October___ _______
November________
December_________
94.8
90.9
90.5
90.4
93. 7
96.7
104.8
8 106. 9
8 107. 2
8 107. 0
8 106. 8
8 104. 7
747
742
734
746
750
759
754
767
768
764
750
769
106
103
103
103
103
106
104
104
104
104
104
104
154.4
156. 1
150.4
147.7
143.0
143.4
144.0
146.6
151.2
153.3
1,53.6
153.6
62 9
63.3
63.1
61.8
60.6
60.2
60.9
60.4
60.4
60.7
61.6
62.4
62.8
60.6
60.4
61.3
61.9
62.2
63.2
67.8
65.9
65.4
65.8
66.6
87.3
94.8
92.3
85.2
86.0
84. 1
86.3
90.0
88 0
88. 1
83.2
79.8
100.4
99.3
94.9
94.1
96.8
98.8
96.8
95.2
94.2
94.2
94.6
92.7
1934
January__________
February_________
March. __________
April-- ___
- -M ay______________
June______________
July______________
August___________
September________
October___________
November________
December_________
8 105. 2
8 108. 2
8 108.3
8 107. 4
8 108.3
8 108.8
8 110. 0
8 113.6
8 116. 6
8 115. 5
8 115. 1
8 114.5
767
771
774
791
798
777
779
789
791
805
795
794
104
102
101
101
100
102
100
100
101
101
102
100
150.3
146.8
141. 1
136. 5
132. 1
134.0
136.8
143.3
146. 1
149.4
150.0
144.0
62.9
64.0
62. 7
61.5
60.9
60.7
61.7
60.8
61.0
61.8
62. 1
62.1
67.7
69.4
72.9
71.0
68.6
67.6
68.4
69.3
68.8
69.4
69.9
69.3
78 0
80.4
75.0
74.2
74.4
75.4
90.2
102.8
106. 7
98.9
89.7
90.4
92.9
91.3
75.9
75.5
76.8
79.6
79.6
78.9
77.1
77. 1
76. 1
75.8
1935
800
January_______ ___
8 118.3
8 122.2
798
February_________
795
M a r c h .__________
8 121.7
795
April_____________
8 124.7
802
8 124.2
M ay______________
805
8 123.4
June______________
8 121.6
July
8 122.7
August___________
1 Computed average.
100
99
98
97
98
103
102
101
142.0
138.2
130.8
133.4
136.0
141.4
61.4
62.3
60.7
60.3
59.6
60.0
68.8
69.2
69.5
68.6
68.7
69.3
69.3
71.3
90.8
91.0
85.7
88.6
88.6
89.5
90.3
88.6
75. 5
76.2
76.7
76.8
78.3
82.7
83.5
83.6
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 July.
8 Average.
114.3
104.2
99.0
1136
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
In d ex N u m b ers o f R e ta il F ood P rices in th e U n ite d S ta ses and in F oreign
Countries—Continued
Country.
Estonia
Finland
Oermany Hungary
India
Commis Federal
Central
of Ministry
sion of
Computing agency~ Bureau
Social
Statistics ofAffairs
Cosi of Statistical Oflice of
Bureau Statistics
Living
Labor
Number of localities.
Tallin
Commodities
in
cluded.................
52 foods
Base=100.
1926.
1927.
1928.
1929.
1930.
1931.
1932.
1933
January____
February___
March...........
April..............
M a y ..............
June.............
July................
August..........
Septem ber...
October____
N ovem ber...
D ecem b er...
1934
January____
February___
March...........
April.............
M ay...............
June...........
July.......... .
August..........
Septem ber...
October.........
N ovem ber...
D ecem b er...
1935
January____
February___
March_____
April..............
M a y .............
June...............
July...............
August..........
1 Computed average.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1913
118
112
120
126
103
90
80
14 foods
France
Paris
72
Foods
24 foods
January- January October
July
June 1914 .June 1914 1913—
1914
Office
Budapest Bombay
12 foods
29 foods
18 foods
1913
July 1914 July 1914 Januarylune 1914
144.4
151.9
153.0
155. 7
145. 7
131 0
115.5
113.3
124.8
127.7
124. 1
105. 1
96.2
91.2
894.1
883.5
869.8
111.3
110.3
109.4
109.5
86.5
101
542
86.2
86 . 1
98
98
93
91
95
95
94
94
91
92
853.4
843.1
865.3
853.8
850.5
852.0
854.6
884.2
885.7
903.3
941.7
922.1
908.3
893.8
884.6
112.8
532
*530
’¿48'
548
544
117.6
117.2
116.5
116.4
116. 1
117.8
120.0
*525’
’¿16’
494
886. 1
875.7
887. 5
908.9
934.5
113.7
113.5
113.4
114.4
115.9
117. 1
117.8
491
120.7
119.2
119.3
119.5
119.1
119.4
119.5
118.8
119.0
120.2
120.6
122.9
Depart
Office
ment of
Industry Provin
cial
of
and Com
merce Economy
Milan
i 529
i 536
i 539
i 584
i 609
i 611
1548
867. 8
881.7
907. 1
919.9
920. 1
923.2
911.0
881.2
Italy
105
1107.8
1115.1
1150.2
1123. 5
971.2
869 0
897.3
868. 0
Ireland
85.5
84.7
84.4
79.2
77.8
77.3
73.7
72.2
74.3
74.8
76. 1
75.7
76. 1
80.2
79.6
77.2
77.9
77.9
77.7
76.0
75.7
75.8
76.9
78.2
78.0
78. 2
79.8
81.7
i
i
i
i
i
i
152
151
144
146
134
102
1 101
179
170
169
169
160
147
141
130
"Ï.26
"Ï29’
140
133
"Ï29’
’Ì34’
136
132
654.7
558.7
517.0
542.8
519.3
451.9
431.0
426.1
422.8
416.6
405 1
398.3
402.9
402. 4
391.2
401.5
405.1
400.5
408.9
421.9
407.9
406.8
404.8
341.7
383.8
383.5
376.7
377.8
381.0
386.7
390.5
386.8
389.9
389. 8
393.2
392. 6
398. 3
397 4
402.3
1137
R E T A IL P R IC E S
Index Numbers of Retail Food Prices in the United States and in Foreign
Countries— Continued
Country.
Computing agency.
Netherlands
New
Zealand
Census
Bureau
of Statis and Sta
tistics
tics
Office
N umber of localities. Amster
dam
Switzerland
United
Kingdom
Central Central Office of
of
Bureau Statisti Census Board
Social
of Sta
and Sta Welfare
cal
Office
tistics
tistics
Federal
Labor
Ministry
Poland
9
49
34
509
89 foods
25 foods
20 foods
43 foods
28 foods
14 foods
July 1914
1928
58 foods
Base= 100...................
1911-13
1926-30
i 161.3
i 163.0
i 166.4
1 162.4
> 150.2
1 135. 8
1119.2
1026
983
1004
1013
974
844
775
2 198
2 175
168
158
152
139
134
707
727
712
714
727
723
732
741
746
753
751
750
130
130
130
130
130
130
132
133
132
132
130
129
57.4
58.6
60.0
60.4
60.0
59.5
60.4
55.3
56.0
55.9
55.9
56.5
750
763
769
777
780
778
780
774
771
771
780
792
128
128
128
130
130
132
133
136
135
135
134
134
798
821
819
824
829
836
133
134
135
135
136
138
140
141
1933
January— .
February..
March........
April..........
M ay...........
June........ .
July_____
115.5
116.5
A u g u s t___
September.
October__
November.
December.
1934
Janu ary...
February..
March___
April..........
M ay_____
June_____
July_____
August___
September.
October—
November.
December.
1935
January..
February.
March__
April____
M ay.........
June.........
July........ .
A u gu st...
121.1
128.3
125.5
123.1
123.6
122.3
118.3
1Computed average.
17272—35----- 19
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
of Labor
Warsaw
15 foods
1926.
1927.
1928.
1929.
1930.
1931.
1932.
Office
31
C om m od ities in
cluded.....................
( 1000)
South
Africa
Sweden
Norway
1914
( 1000)
i
i
i
i
1178
1185
1169
1153
July 1914 June 1914 July 1914
1 158
i 152
i 154
i 150
i 140
i 131
i 125
160
158
157
156
152
141
125
931
938
950
966
976
989
980
971
987
1029
1052
1050
123
118
117
116
116
116
116
116
116
117
117
117
117
54.8
55.3
54.6
55.0
52.6
51.2
51.5
52.1
51.4
51.4
49.4
48.6
1035
1038
1038
1054
1055
1041
1032
1035
1027
1039
1028
120
48.7
48.0
47.4
47.2
48.5
49.6
52.6
51.7
1021
1023
1024
1030
1034
1039
1019
124
102.0
100.0
97.0
83.7
73.9
64.9
i 1101
1 1049
1958
119
120
123
120
123
125
1021
117
116
115
115
115
115
115
114
114
114
115
114
113
112
126
129
»July.
112
111
111
113
115
116
164
160
157
154
145
130
125
123
122
119
115
114
114
118
119
122
123
126
126
124
122
120
118
116
117
122
123
126
125
127
127
125
124
122
119
118
120
126
126
WHOLESALE PRICES
W h o lesale P ric e s i n A u g u s t 1935 (W ith S u m m a r y D a ta
f o r F ir s t H a lf o f S e p te m b e r)
Summary
URING the first 8% months of the current year, the general
trend of wholesale commodity prices has been upward. The
rise, which began in October 1934, continued with increased mo
mentum through January and February. The composite index de
clined fractionally in March and again rose sharply in April. The
level for May moved fractionally upward followed by a slight reaction
in June and July. The August average shows an increase of more
than 1 percent compared with July. The advance continued through
the middle of September.
The combined index of the 784 individual items weighted according
to their importance in the country’s markets stood at 80.5 percent for
August, and 80.8 for the week ending September 14. This represents
a net gain of approximately 5 percent over the December 1934 level
and an increase of more than 5 percent over the corresponding period
of last year.
Price changes in the farm products and foods groups largely ac
counted for the changes in the composite index during the first 8%
months. In this period the farm-products index increased 10 percent
and the index for foods rose nearly 13 percent. By contrast, the large
industrial group, “ all commodities other than farm products and pro
cessed foods”, declined slightly during the period. During the 8
months, raw materials advanced 5.5 percent; semimanufactured
commodities increased 3.1 percent; and finished products rose 4.4
percent. The nonagricultural-commodity group, which excludes
farm products, advanced 3.6 percent. Of the 10 major groups of
commodities covered, 8 showed increases for the 8-month period,
ranging from 0.4 percent for the building-materials group to 12.7
percent for the foods group. The housefurnishing-goods group and
the miscellaneous-commodities group declined 0.9 percent and 5.2
percent, respectively.
Weekly Fluctuations
D
D u r i n g the weeks ending August 3 , 10, 17, and 2 4 sharp advances
in market prices of farm products and foods were the principal factors
contributing to the rise in the composite index. During the 4 weeks,
1138
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WHOLESALE PRICES
1139
both groups advanced more than 4.5 percent. Slight reactions in
farm products, foods, chemicals and drugs, and miscellaneous com
modities resulted in the 0.4 percent decline during the week of August
31. A further fractional decline took place during the first week in
September, largely as a result of lower prices in the groups of foods,
fuel and lighting materials, and miscellaneous commodities. The
highest level reached during the current year was during the week of
September 14, when the index stood at 80.8 percent of the 1926 aver
age. Marked advances in farm products, hides and leather products,
and foods were mainly responsible for the rise.
The advance in farm products during the first 4 weeks of August
was due to higher prices for livestock and poultry. The subgroup of
grains, on the other hand, was fractionally lower, although prices of
wheat were higher. Wholesale meat prices followed the trend of
livestock. Fruits and vegetables registered a seasonal decline.
Average prices of both farm products and foods weakened during
the last week of August because of lower prices for livestock and
poultry and meats. Wholesale prices of cotton, potatoes, wool, and
lard also declined. The farm-products group reacted during the
first two weeks of September and rose to 81.2 percent of the 1926
average. Foods continued downward during the week ending Sep
tember 7, but reacted the following week.
Prices and hides and leather products and textile products moved
steadily upward during August and the first 2 weeks of September.
The index for each of these groups has reached a new high for the
year. Higher prices for hides, skins, and leather were responsible for
the increase in hides and leather products. For textile products the
advance was chiefly due to pronounced increases in the average price
of silk.
Price fluctuations in the metals and metal products, buildingmaterials, chemicals and drugs, and house-furnishing-goods groups
were within a narrow range during August and the first half of Sep
tember, although the major direction has been upward. Fuel and
lighting materials have remained steady.
Cattle-feed prices dropped more than 15 percent between the last
week of July and the first week of September. A slight upturn was
shown for the second week of September. Crude rubber prices were
lower during August.
The index for the Bureau of Labor Statistics includes 784 price
series weighted according to their relative importance in the country’s
markets and based on average prices for the year 1926 as 100.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1140
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Wholesale Price Level in August
T aking the month of August as a whole the composite index of
wholesale prices shows an increase of 1.4 percent over the July average.
Seven of the ten major commodity groups included in the general
index—farm products, foods, hides and leather products, textile prod
ucts, metals and metal products, building materials, and house
furnishing goods—advanced during the month. Decreases were
recorded for fuel and lighting materials, chemicals and drugs, and
miscellaneous commodities.
Average prices of 195 of the 784 individual price series covered
showed increases during the month. In contrast 121 price series
registered a lower average and 468 showed no change from the level
for July. The table following summarizes the changes in wholesale
prices during the month interval by commodity groups.
Table 1.—Number of Commodities Changing in Price from July to August 1935
Groups
All commodities....................... .................................
Farm products............. ................ ..................
Foods________________ _____
Hides and leather products_______ _______
Textile products. _____________ _________
Fuel and lighting materials______ _____________
Metals and metal products.......................
Building m aterials......... ....................................
Chemicals and drugs...........................................
House-furnishing goods. ________________
Miscellaneous commodities..... .............................. .
Increases
Decreases
195
121
468
32
68
17
28
4
19
22
11
11
3
27
38
3
13
11
6
13
10
5
9
21
71
9
105
74
72
45
40
No change
8
Sharp increases in average market prices of farm products and
processed foods were largely responsible for the rise in the general
index during the month. The index for the group, “ all commodities
other than farm products and processed foods”, was slightly lower
than in July and 0.5 percent below the level of a year ago. The
nonagricultural-commodity group advanced 1.0 percent during the
month and was 3.6 percent above August 1934.
The raw-materials groups, which excludes basic farm products and
other raw materials, increased 1.7 percent or to 77.1 percent of the
1926 average.
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1141
W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S
Table 2 shows index numbers for the groups and subgroups of com
modities for August 1935 in comparison with July 1935 and August
for each of the past 6 years.
T ab le 2.— In d ex N u m b ers o f W holesale P rices b y G roups and Subgroups o f
C om m od ities
[1926=100]
Groups and subgroups
August July August August August August August August
1935
1935
1934
1933
1932
1930
1929
1931
80.5
79.4
76.4
69.5
65.2
72.1
84.3
96.3
Farm products__________________________
79.3
Grains______________________________
79.3
Livestock and poultry__________ _____ 91.6
Other farm p ro d u cts________________
71.4
Foods______ A
__ . . . _______________ 84.9
Butter, cheese, and milk_________ ____
75.7
Cereal products............... ............................. 94. 6
Fruits and vegetables_________________ 60.5
M eats________________ ______________ 102.0
Other foods__________________________ 78.6
Hides and leather products................ .............. 89.6
Boots and shoes______________________ 98.3
Hides and skins________________ ____ _ 80.4
L e a th e r ..__________________________
80. 2
Other leather p ro d u cts.______________ 84. 4
Textile products..____________ _________
70.9
Clothing____ ______________________
80. 5
Cotton g o o d s................... .........................
82.5
Knit goods_________ ____ ____________
60. 2
Silk and r a y o n ______________________
31. 0
Woolen and worsted goods____________ 76.4
Other textile products . . ____________
69.1
Fuel and lighting'materials_______________ 74.1
Anthracite coal.................................. ........... 78.6
Bituminous coal____________ _______
96. 0
Coke ._ __________________ _______
88.6
(l)
Electricity.. ________________________
(i)
G as... _.
_______________________
Petroleum products__________________
52.4
Metals and metal products______________ _ 86.6
Agricultural implements______________ 93. 6
87. 1
Iron and steel..1_____________________
Motor vehicles_____________ _________ 94.7
Nonferrous m e ta ls ..___________ ______ 66.9
Plumbing and heating________ _____ _
71.1
Building materials________________ _____ _ 85.4
Brick and tile................................................ 89.0
Cement____ _____ ___________________ 94.9
Lumber___ _____________________
82.0
Paint and paint materials_____________ 78.6
Plumbing and heating__________ _____
71.1
Structural steel_____I ________________ 92.0
Other building materials________ _____ 90.1
Chemicals and drugs__ ______ _______ ____
78.6
Chem icals.. . ____ ________ _________ 84.3
Drugs and pharm aceuticals__________
73.8
Fertilizer materials...................................... 66.8
Mixed fertilizers_____________________
68.1
Housefurnishing goods............... ....................... 80.5
84.0
Furnishings_________________________
77.0
Furniture _________________________
Miscellaneous___________________________
67.3
45.0
Automobile tires and tubes___________
71.3
Cattle feed__________________________
Paper and pulp______________________ 79.7
Rubber, crude______________________
24.5
Other miscellaneous___ ________ ____
80.0
Raw materials..
. . ....................................
77.1
73.2
Semimanufactured articles__________ ____
Finished products........ . ........................ ......... 83.0
Nonagricultural commodities_________ ___
80.6
All commodities other than farm products
77.9
and foods.................................................... .
77.1
78.3
82.8
72.9
82.1
74.0
92.7
65.1
93.3
76.7
89.3
97.8
79.8
80.2
84.4
70. 2
80.7
82.0
59.9
27.9
76.4
69.1
74. 7
77.0
96. 5
88. 6
87.8
94.0
52.9
86.4
93. 6
87.0
94. 7
66. 1
68.8
85.2
89.1
94.9
81.7
79.1
68.8
92.0
89.7
78.7
84.6
74.0
65.7
68.6
80.4
84.0
76.8
67.7
45.0
78.6
79.7
25.0
80.1
75.8
72.8
82.0
79.8
69.8
86.0
56.2
73.1
73.9
77.3
91.0
65.6
69.4
68.9
83.8
97.9
57.4
71.3
86.8
70.8
79.5
86.4
59.3
24.4
78.9
69.7
74.6
79.9
96.2
85.6
92.6
99.2
51.6
86.7
92.0
86.6
94.6
68.9
75.0
85.8
91.3
93.9
81.8
79.9
75.0
92.0
90.0
75.7
79.2
72.7
64.8
73.0
81.8
84.6
78.9
70.2
44.7
104.0
82.4
31.7
81.0
71.6
72.6
79.2
77.8
57.6
64.6
45.9
62.5
64.8
65.7
84.8
71.1
51.0
62.6
91.7
96.1
91.5
82.5
81.2
74.6
74.4
93.5
69.4
34.6
78.9
77.8
65.5
79.2
83.6
77.4
88.8
99. 5
40.9
81.2
83.2
78.6
90.4
68.2
70.3
81.3
81.5
90.3
79.4
77.5
70.3
81.7
85.0
73.1
79.6
57.6
69.0
64.4
77.6
78.6
76.8
65.4
43.2
78.0
81.0
14.9
77.8
60.6
71.7
73.4
72.0
49.1
38.2
52.8
50.8
61.8
60.2
66.0
55.6
61.9
62. 1
69.7
84.4
39.3
60.0
82.3
52.7
61.0
52.6
48.5
29.5
53.4
67.4
72.1
86.0
81.3
76.7
104.4
107.0
48.9
80.1
84.9
78.7
95.3
48.5
67. 1
69.6
75.2
79.0
55.5
67.2
67.1
81.7
78.3
73.3
79.7
57.0
66.4
68.3
73.6
74.8
72.6
64.6
40.1
47.4
76.3
7.9
84.2
55.7
57.9
70.7
68.5
63.5
44.8
67.0
67.3
74.6
82.2
70.9
73.4
76.0
69.6
88.7
93.5
69.1
90.3
101. 4
65.5
75.9
64.0
59.2
43.7
67.4
74.4
66.5
92.2
83.7
81.5
98.4
103. 2
37. 5
83.9
94. 3
82.4
94.7
60. 1
83.8
77.6
82.9
75.8
66.9
78.4
83.8
81.7
83.7
76.9
80.5
61.9
74.4
78.7
84.9
81.7
88.6
68.3
46.0
50.8
80.6
11.2
86.4
64.1
68.3
76.4
73.9
84.9
80.4
84.6
86.7
87.6
97.7
79.9
88.6
93. 1
78.1
99.0
100.6
91.2
99.9
105.4
78.0
86.3
81.1
78.2
52.6
77.8
83.1
77.9
88.0
88.6
83.8
97.3
99.8
60.9
89.6
94.5
88.0
98.2
74.5
83.5
87.7
88.6
91.7
81.7
■90.0
83.5
84.3
91.8
87.9
92.6
67.4
83.3
92.7
92.9
92.0
93.9
76.1
50.1
104.8
85.4
20.3
93.2
81.8
78.7
86.2
84.1
107.5
99.3
112.8
106.8
103.5
104.1
90.3
109.5
116.0
94.7
109.5
106.1
117.2
111.5
106.2
89.8
89.3
98.2
87.9
80.1
86.8
94.2
82.2
90.0
90.5
84.6
92.8
94.4
70.3
100.5
99.0
95.1
106.6
105.5
94.3
95.2
93.3
92.0
93.5
95.8
94.3
99.6
97.3
93.6
98.4
71.1
90.5
98.2
94.3
93.3
95.5
82.8
54.5
124.7
88.9
42.6
98.7
99.2
93.5
95.2
93.9
78.0
78.3
74.1
70.1
74.2
83.6
91.4
All commodities _________ ______________
D ata not yet available.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
COST OF LIVING
S h a n g h a i F a m ily B u d g e t I n q u ir y , 1929-30
OOD expenditures of workers’ families in Shanghai, according to
the family-budget study of 1929-30 in that city, represented 57.4
percent of the total, housing 11.2 percent, clothing 7.5 percent, fuel
and light 6.4 percent, and miscellaneous expenditures 17.5 percent.1
The returns covered 305 selected workers’ families consisting of 3 to 7
persons and with family earnings of $20 to $60 a month (Chinese
currency).2 The findings of the study were analyzed by income
groups and on the basis of consumption per adult male, according to a
modified form of the Atwater scale adopted in 1919-20 by the Osaka
Municipal Bureau of Labor Research.
In table 1 the analysis of family composition of those covered by the
budgetary study is shown by income groups.
F
T ab le 1 .— A n alysis o f F a m ily C om position, b y Size o f In com e, in 305 W orkers’
F am ilies in Shanghai
Annual income group (Chinese
currency)
Number
of fami
lies
Average number of persons
per family
Total
Average
Average
number of
number
equivalent gainfully
adult
males
employed
Members Boarders per family per family
of family
All income groups.________________
305
5.09
4. 62
0.47
3.42
2.06
$200 to $300_______ __________ _____
$300 to $400________________________
$400 to $500________________________
$500 to $600...................... ..........................
$600 to $700................................................
$700 and over______________ _______
62
95
80
31
25
12
4.13
4.53
5.45
6.13
6.48
7. 25
3.95
4.17
4. 89
5.19
5.92
5.75
. 18
.36
. 56
. 94
.56
1. 50
2. 85
3. 09
3. 61
4.02
4.23
4.38
1.82
1. 93
2.19
2. 42
2.28
2.17
Of the families studied, over three-fourths had annual incomes of
less than $500. Size of family tended to increase with incomes as did
also the number of boarders, resulting in a steady increase from one
income class to the next in the average number of equivalent adult
males per family up to a maximum of 4.38 in the class, $700 and over.
The average number of gainfully employed per family reached a peak
of 2.42 persons in the $500 to $600 income class; there was a slight
recession in each of the two successive income classes. For all income
classes the average number of adult males per family was 3.42 and
the average number gainfully employed 2.06.
1 International Labor Office. International Labor Review, August 1935 (pp. 230-241): The Shanghai
fam ily budget inquiry of 1929-30.
* At time of investigation value of Chinese dollar was 58 cents, United States currency.
1142
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1143
COST OF LIVIN'G
Source of Income
I n t a b l e 2 are shown the various items of income according to
source for all families surveyed, and a percentage distribution by
income groups. The classification covers current income from earn
ings, gifts, etc., and noncurrent income from borrowings and credit.
Average net income for the 305 families covered amounted to $416.51
and with sums borrowed, etc., this average was brought to $564.53.
Thus 73.8 percent of income was current in nature and most of the
balance represented income from sources other than earnings.
Earnings of the husband represented 53.3 percent of the total
current income, followed in the order named by earnings of the
children (13.9 percent), wife (12.6 percent), and others (7.5 percent).
Total income from employment made up 87.3 percent of the current
total; of the balance the greatest proportion came from subletting
rooms (1.9 percent) and from boarders (2.7 percent), combined.
Examination of the table shows certain variations from the general
figures in the percentage distribution of sources of current income in
families in the different income groups.
T ab le 2 .— D istrib u tio n o f Y early Incom e in 305 W orkers’ F am ilies in Shanghai,
b y Source and In com e Group
All families
Item of income
Percentage distribution of income of families
with yearly income of—
A m ount Per
(Chinese cent
of
cur
total
rency)
$200$300
$300$400
$400$500
$500$600
$600$700
Gross income__________ _____ __________ $564. 53
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
416. 51
148.02
73.8
26.2
67.2
32.8
72.1
27.9
77.1
22.9
80.9
19.1
69.2
30.8
77.1
22.9
87.3
53.3
12.6
13.9
7.5
12.7
1.9
2.7
2.2
1.1
.6
4.2
92.1
60.2
21.3
7.1
3.5
7.9
.5
.8
1.4
1.5
1.8
1.9
88.7
55.5
17.4
12.9
2.9
11.3
1.7
2.1
1.3
.9
86.0
49.3
7.3
16.4
13.0
14.0
2.0
3.4
3.2
2.0
.5
2.9
78.2
54.6
3.7
13.5
6.4
21.8
1.9
4.9
8.7
.6
4.8
87.6
48.2
12.5
16.6
10.3
12.4
2.1
3.6
.6
.8
.8
4.5
85.4
56.6
4.8
14.4
9.6
14.6
3.3
2.3
3.3
.8
Other item s.................. ........................... -
363. 53
222.05
52. 50
57.80
31.18
52.98
7.90
11.41
9.12
4.43
2.74
17. 38
4.9
5.7
Total, current income_____________
416.51
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Borrowings----------- ------- ----------------Receipts from pawned articles.- ---Receipts from “ h u i” funds 1 .
-----Purchases on credit ----------------------------Loans returned____________ ___________
66.98
18. 35
51.47
10.10
1.12
45.2
12.4
34.8
6.8
.8
47.8
13.1
33.8
4.7
.6
44.8
14.8
34. 3
5.7
.4
40.1
13.7
36.3
8. 5
1. 4
54.5
12. 2
26.1
6. 4
.8
50.2
6. 5
35.4
7.1
.8
33.2
10. 6
44. 2
11. 6
.4
Total, noncurrent income--------------
148.02
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Current income____________________
Noncurrent income ------------------------
$700
and
over
C u r re n t in c o m e
Income from employment____ _____ ____
Husband__________________________
Wife______________________________
Children__________ - - ___________
Others_______________________ _____
Income from other sources--------------------Sublet rooms------------------- --------- ----Boarders____ - - -----------------------Gifts and presents---------- ------------Support from relatives and friends------
N o n c u r r e n t in c o m e
i Mutual-aid societies.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1144
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Expenditures by Item
Y e a r l y e x p e n d it u r e s b y m a jo r it e m s a re g iv e n in ta b le 3 fo r a ll
fa m ilie s b o t h in a m o u n t a n d p e r c e n ta g e d is t r ib u t io n , a n d a lso in
p e r c e n ta g e d is tr ib u t io n fo r t h e v a r io u s in c o m e g r o u p s.
Table 3.— Distribution of Yearly Expenditures in 305 Families, by Principal
Items of Expenditure and Income Groups
All families
Item of expenditure
Gross payments _____________
A m ount Per
(Chinese cent
cur
of
rency)
total
Percentage distribution of expenditure of
families with yearly income of—
$200$300
$300$400
$400$500
$500$600
$600$700
$700
and
over
$564. 43
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
454. 38
99.12
11.03
80.5
17.6
1.9
85.1
15.2
-.3
80.6
18.4
1.0
81.1
16.2
2.7
83.8
14.3
1.9
71.7
24.4
3.9
79.4
16.8
3 8
260. 64
51.13
34. 01
29. 00
79.60
57.4
11.2
7.5
6.4
17.5
60.5
11.2
6.2
7.8
14.3
59.4
11.9
6.4
6.8
15.5
60.0
10.5
7.4
6.4
15.7
54.2
11.7
8.5
5.7
19.9
52.2
11.5
8.9
5.3
22.1
46.9
10.6
10. 5
4.9
27.1
454.38
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Repayment of debts_________ _______ _
Redemption of articles paw ned..................
“ H u i” subscriptions 3__________________
Payments of bills due_________________
Lendings_____ _________
31.22
8. 36
50. 26
8.91
.37
31.5
8.4
50.7
9.0
.4
28.9
5.7
57.3
7.8
.3
25.9
10.6
53.3
9.5
.7
27.8
9.8
51.9
10.4
.1
43.1
8.3
43.4
4.6
.6
40.3
4.9
45.1
9.6
.1
31.0
9. 5
50.1
8. 6
.8
Total, savings, etc..................... ..........
99.12
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Current expenditures___________
Savings, e tc ... _____________
Cash in hand______
C u r re n t e x p e n d itu r e s
Food i ................... ...........
Housing 2________
C loth ing...____ ________
Fuel and light_______ .
Miscellaneous__ __________
Total, current expenditures......... .
S a v in g s, etc.
1 Including wine, tobacco, etc.
2 Including water, furniture and utensils, repairs.
3 Mutual-aid societies.
Among the current expenditures of all families covered by the survey
food bulked largest, representing 57.4 percent of the total; housing
made up 11.2 percent, followed by clothing, 7.5 percent, and fuel
and light, 6.4 percent. The miscellaneous item of 17.5 percent of the
total is the second largest in the distribution for current expenditures.
Subscriptions to mutual-aid societies made up 50.7 percent of the
savings classification, the next most important item being repayment
of debts, 31.5 percent. Of total gross payments current expendi
tures accounted for 80.5 percent of the total, savings 17.6, and cash
in hand 1.9 percent of the total.
Figures by income class show that expenditures for food were
proportionately higher in the lower income groups, ranging from
60.5 percent in the $200 to $300 income group to 46.9 percent in the
group with $700 and over. Housing expenditures were approximately
the same in all groups. Clothing expenditures, however, were
proportionately higher in the higher income groups.
F o o d .—Expenditures on food per family and per unit of consump
tion appear in table 4, by principal items of diet.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1145
COST OP LIVING
Table 4.— Distribution of Yearly Expenditures for Food by Principal Items, Per
Family and Per Unit of Consumption, in 305 Families
Yearly expenditure (Chinese
currency) per—
Item of food
Family
U nit of con
sumption
Percent of
total expendi
ture on food
All foods.- . . . ---------------------- ------ - ------ ----------------
$260.65
$76. 21
100.00
prp gd pprp.als
____________________
- P 1pp
________ _____________ ___
Wheat flour
_____ _____________
_______________ ______
Who ftton cake
Fresh noodle
_____ _ ________ ______
other
- _________ _________
MpGf fiqh
____________ __ __ -----Milk- miIV prndnets et.e
_____ ___________ __________ ___ _________
Milk rnilk pnwdpr
Tifrp
^
00r.q
°- - -- —~--- ~ _ __ ________________________
Lard yopetahle rids
_____________________
Mppp.fnhlps fruit
________________ - --------Beans and vegetables----------------------------------------Fruit
______ _____________
Lrinkq anti tnhappo
_______________________
Meals taken outside. home
_____ ____________ ____
Mi^ppllanpnns
_______________________ -____________ - _________
nondimp.nts
Dan dips, etc
__________________________
128.97
105. 90
3.68
5.27
2. 66
11.46
35.95
5.29
.80
3.11
1.38
45. 68
42.18
3. 50
19.10
1.28
24. 38
24.10
.28
37.71
30.96
1.08
1.54
.78
3. 35
10.51
1.55
.24
.91
.40
13. 35
12. 33
1.02
5. 58
.37
7.14
7. 05
.09
49.48
40.63
1.41
2. 02
1.02
4.40
13. 79
2.03
.31
1.19
.53
17. 53
16.18
1.35
7. 33
.49
9. 35
9.25
.10
The high proportion of expenditures for bread, cereals, etc., is the
chief characteristic of table 4. In all, these items represent 49.48
percent of the total food expenditure shown and rice alone accounted
for 40.63 percent. There were notably small expenditures for milk
and milk products (2.03 percent of the total). Expenditures for
meat and fish made up 13.79 percent of the total, and vegetables and
fruit, 17.53 percent. Drinks and tobacco formed a considerable per
centage (7.33) of the total as did condiments (9.25 percent). The
report calls attention to the fact that “ the percentage expenditure
on cereals is surprisingly insensitive to changes in income; the relative
expenditure is however slightly less in the higher income groups (it
decreases from 56 to 49 percent).” Beans and vegetables maintained
approximately the same ratio to other items throughout the income
classes, but meat, fish, and eggs increased from 13.1 percent in families
where annual income was $200 to $300 to 21.7 in families with income
of $700 and over.
H o u s i n g .—'The figures for size of dwelling show that rooms per
family averaged 1.65 in the sample studied, or 1.41 “standard”
rooms.3 Rent per room was $22.93 and per adult male, $11.06. The
expenditure for water averaged $7.66. This item is high owing to
the fact that hot or boiled water and drinking water are usually bought
from hot-water shops.
The following tabular statement shows average size of dwellings
and yearly rentals for all 305 families:
3Cubic content of about 32 cubic meters.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1146
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
Number of families_____________________________ __________________
305
Average number of rooms per family________________________________
1 . 65
Average number of “ standard” rooms per family 3___________________
1 . 41
Average number of “ adult m ales” per standard room 4________________
2 . 33
Average rent per family____________________________________________ $3 7 . 83
Average rent per room_____________________________________________ $ 2 2 . 93
Average rent per standard room______________________________________$26. 97
Average rent per “ adult m ale” _____________________________________ $ 1 1 . 06
Expenditure on—
Water------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- $7. 6 6
Furniture and utensils_________________________________________ $4 . 5 5
Repairs_______________________________________________________ $ 1. 09
Density of habitation was found highest among the poorer families.
Regardless of income, rent paid per “standard” room remained nearly
constant, but average rent per adult male increased with income
because of the greater size of dwellings inhabited by those with
more income.
C lo th in g .—Piece goods was the largest single item in expenditures
for clothing. Such purchases accounted for 54.01 percent of the
total clothing cost and included sheetings, shirtings, and other cheap
cotton goods. Ready-made clothing represented 11.38 percent of the
total. The expenditures by major items per unit of consumption
follow:
All item s__________ _____________ $10. 37
Bedding_________________________
Ready-made clothing_____________
Piece goods______________________
Unclassified_____________________
.
1.
5.
3.
21
18
60
38
With rises in income a larger proportion of ready-made clothing
was bought, the percentages ranging from 9.23 per adult male in
families with incomes of $200 to $300 to 14.81 for those with $700
and over.
Expenditures for clothing were extremely meager and in 24 families
for which an inventory of clothing was made the average value of
clothing was $116.64 for all members of a family. Articles jointly
used amounted to 16.8 percent of the total; the belongings of husband,
wife, sons, and daughters were 34.8, 21.5, 14.4, and 10.2 percent,
respectively.
M i s c e ll a n e o u s .•—The distribution of miscellaneous expenditures
per family shows that sanitary and medical expenditures (17.5 per
cent of the total of the group), social (13.2 percent), and occasional
expenses (28.4 percent) were highest. The actual amounts spent for
miscellaneous purposes are listed:
3 Cubic content of about 32 cubic meters.
4 Excluding boarders.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1147
COST OF LIVING
$79. 60
All items
. 72
13. 92
5. 32
1. 45
10. 54
2. 40
5. 37
22. 64
17. 24
Rates and contributions-------Sanitary and medical expenses
Religious worship---------------Education__________________
Social intercourse----------------Amusements----------------------Communications-----------------Occasional expenses-------------Other items 6-----------------------
The distribution by income classes shows that, regardless of income,
the chief miscellaneous expenditures fall under the same headings as
for the group as a whole. However, the absolute sums spent for a
single purpose increased considerably. To exemplify, families with
$200 to $300 spent $9.64 for sanitary and medical expenditures while
those with $700 and over expended $23.56 on this item; the percentage
relationships of these items to total miscellaneous expenditure were
20.0 and 10.9, respectively.
5
Excluding expenditures on wine and cigarettes, water, furniture, and utensils and repairs.
6 Including savings, interest on debts, and expenditures for ornaments.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
i
PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR
O fficial—U n ite d S ta te s
A r k a n s a s — Emergency
Relief Administration. Division of Research and
statistics. A study of Arkansas coal mines and miners. Little Rock 193A
Various paging, maps, charts.
A review of statistical information on the coal industry of Arkansas, with
of^employee ed t 0 ^ economic and social position of miners and the attitude
C o l o r a d o . — Bureau
of Mines. Annual report, for the year 1934. Denver, 1935.
72 pp.
Lists of operating mines, quarries, mills, and smelters, a table on production,
ana data on fatal and nonfatal accidents are given in the report.
pvpto uinn!?nt(l ?r+1 4 th?re,w®r® 2 ;2 2 Persons killed in the mines of the State for
0 9 2 iro m ’l931St i f 19?4°rked;
35 fr° m 1915 t0 1922; 1 0 fr° m 1923 to 1930> and
Emergency Relief Commission. Report, January 1933 to
December 1934. Hartford, [1935]. 142 pp., maps, charts.
G e o r g i a — Department of Industrial Relations.
Report for the fiscal years 1932
and 1933. Atlanta, 1935. 74 pp.
reP°r t.includes information on employment, wages, and industrial accidents, and a list of the manufacturers of the State. During 1932 and 1933 a
«Rni q°q« 7 ,2i 3 acP.ld®nts ,was reported; the compensation paid amounted to
oqggv
v?d medical and burial expenses to $438,754. In 1931 there were
2 d,bb7 accidents and the compensation paid amounted to $856,148.
Fatalities
showed a decline from 2i9 in 1929-30 to 244 in the years 1931-33.
I o w a — Emergency Relief Administration.
The activities of the Iowa Emergency
Relief Administration for the period January 1933 through December 1934
Des Moines, 1935. 116 pp., maps, charts.
C o n n e c t i c u t .—
Planning Board. Committee on Population and Social Trends. Seasonal
^ M i m e ^ ^ d ) ^°Wa’
to w a rd Bowen. [Des Moines?] 1935. 34 pp.
f-0r *he PurP°sJe of measuring seasonal variations in the more
important industries m the State, of discovering the periods of maximum and
minimum employment, and of estimating the number of workers affected in the
relatively prosperous year 1929.
M as® ^h1^ e t t s -— DePartment of Labor and Industries. Labor Bulletin No.
iin4c:oiime^ ates
wa9es and hours of labor in Massachusetts, 1934. Boston.
[193o:\. 71 pp.
’
7
Board of Conciliation and Arbitration. Report, together with deciBoard, for the year ending November 30, 1934. Boston
[i UoO ( J.
83 p p .
9
^
year’s activities in conciliation of grievances, and the terms of
the arbitration awards, several of which provide detailed piece price lists in shoe
manufacture.
Bivision of Statistics. Report on the census of unemployment in Massa
chusetts as of January 2, 1934. Boston, 1935. 202 pp., charts
i n o i ^ T Pr^ ™ inar>' rePorts on this census were published in the December
1934 and April 1935 issues of the Monthly Labor Review.
1148
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR
M ic h ig a n .— Emergency Welfare Relief Commission.
1149
Cost of administration in
the emergency relief program: A report on the administrative expenses of the
State emergency relief administration and the county emergency relief adminis
trations in Michigan. Lansing, 1935. 24 pp., charts.
M in n e s o t a .— Department of Labor a n d Industry. Twenty-fourth biennial
report, 1933-34. St. Paul, 1935. 269 pp., charts.
Presents the reports of the several divisions of the department—accident pre
vention, boiler and mine inspection, the deaf, employment, statistics, women
and children, and workmen’s compensation. The report of the division of
accident prevention contains an account of the occupational disease survey
conducted by the division as a Civil Works Administration project.
------ Emergency Relief Administration. Division of Safety and Compensation.
[First-aid instruction and safe practices.] St. Paul [19351]. Various paging,
illus. (Mimeographed.)
N e v a d a .— Industrial Commission. Biennial report, reviewing the administration
of the Nevada Industrial Insurance Act for the period July 1, 1932, to June 30,
1934• Carson City, 1935. 40 PPDuring 1932-33 the commission received reports of 2,715 injuries, including
33 resulting in death or permanent total disability; and during 1933-34, of 2,938
injuries including 32 resulting in death or permanent total disability. These
included 1,119 injuries in construction work at the Boulder Dam during the 2
years, of which 32 resulted in death or permanent total disability.
N e w Y o r k .— Board of Social Welfare. Sixty-eighth annual report, for the year
ending June 30, 1934. Albany, 1935. 266 pp., charts.
Contains data on care of the aged—in homes and through pensions; unemploy
ment relief; and training, placement, and allowances for the blind, etc.
------ Department of Labor. Special Bulletin No. 186: New York labor laws
enacted at the extraordinary session of 1934 and the regular session of 1935.
New York, 80 Centre Street, 1935. 151 pp.
•------ Prison Association.
The ninetieth annual report, 1934- Albany, 135 East
Fifteenth Street, 1935. 125 pp.
Includes the report of the committee on competition of products of the cottongarment industry with products of prison labor, and comments thereon by the
Prison Labor Authority.
P e n n s y l v a n ia .— Department of Labor and Industry. Bureau of Industrial
Standards. Special Bulletin No. 4\- Anthraco-silicosis (miners’ asthma).
A preliminary report of a study made in the anthracite region of Pennsylvania
by United States Public Health Service. Harrisburg, 1934. 81 pp., diagrams.
Reviewed in this issue.
W y o m in g .— Workmen’s Compensation Department. Nineteenth report, for the
twelve months ending December 31, 1934', ninth report, Coal Mine Catastrophe
Insurance Premium Fund; twelfth report, Wyoming Peace Officers’ Indemnity
Fund. Cheyenne, 1935. 145 pp.
Tabulations covering the experience of the State industrial accident fund show
that 23 fatal, 712 nonfatal disabling, and 1,536 medical-aid injuries were reported
during 1934. Awards in 2,862 cases amounted to $242,254 for death or disability,
to $3,563 for funeral expenses, and to $63,079 for medical attention. Additional
awards for investigations and witness fees brought the total awards for the year
to $314,573.
U n it e d S t a t e s .— Congress. Senate. Document No. 126 (74th Cong., 1st sess.):
Cotton textile industry; message from the President of the United States
transmitting a report on the conditions and problems of the cotton textile industry,
made by the Cabinet committee appointed by him. Washington, 1935. 154
pp., charts.
Reviewed in this issue.
---------------------Committee on Finance. Investigation of the National Recovery
Administration: Hearings (74th Cong., 1st sess.), March and April 1935, pur
suant to S. Res. 79, a resolution for an investigation of certain charges concern
ing the administration of industrial codes by the National Recovery Adminis
tration. Washington, 1935. In 6 parts and index. 3,187 pp.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1150
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
U n it e d S t a t e s — Department of Commerce.
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic
Commerce. Market Research Series No. 4- Code-sponsoring trade associations.
Washington, 1935. 105 pp. (Mimeographed.)
A list of code authorities and sponsoring trade associations in process of prep
aration when the adverse Supreme Court decision was rendered affecting the
National Recovery Administration. Published as of use to those interested in
having certain activities, formerly carried on under codes, taken over by trade
associations.
Trade Information Bulletin No. 821: Fuel and power in Japan.
Washington, 1935. 28 pp.
Data on productivity of coal mine labor in Japan, taken from this report,
are published in this issue of the Monthly Labor Review.
------ .---------------Trade Information Bulletin No 823: World chemical developments
in 1934■ Washington, 1935. 132 pp.
The bulletin contains some wage data.
------ Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Bulletin No. 612:
Consumers’, credit, and productive cooperation in 1933, by Florence E. Parker.
Washington, 1935. 80 pp.
'
Bulletin No. 615: The Massachusetts system of savings-bank life
insurance, by Edward Berman. Washington, 1935. 113 pp.
Summarized in the Monthly Labor Review for August 1935.
Serial No. R. 259: Railroad employees’ retirement law declared
unconstitutional. Washington, 1935. 12 pp. (Reprint from June 1935
Monthly Labor Review.)
—
— -Serial No. R. 260: Decision of Supreme Court on the National
Industrial Recovery Act. Washington, 1935. 18 pp. {Reprint from June
1935 Monthly Labor Review.)
Serial No. R. 262: Annual earnings of railroad employees, 1924
to 1933, by Otto S. Beyer and Edwin M. Fitch. Washington, 1935. 12 pp
{Reprint from July 1935 Monthly Labor Review.)
~ ~ ‘
Serial No. R. 263: Employment, wages, and hours of labor in the
petroleum industry, 1933-34. Washington, 1935. 25 pp. (Reprint from
July 1935 Monthly Labor Review.)
~ 7;
Serial No. R. 265: Florida Workmen’s Compensation Act.
Washington, 1935. 2 pp. {Reprint from July 1935 Monthly Labor Review.)
“
7----- T*SenaZ No. R. 266: Labor offices in the United States and in
Canada Washington, 1935. 21 pp. {Reprint from July 1935 Monthly
Labor Review.)
Serial No. R. 268: One hundred and thirty-four years of whole
sale prices, by Jesse M. Cutts. Washington, 1935. 10 pp., charts. {Reprint
from July 1935 Monthly Labor Review.)
V
' ~ Serial No. R. 269: Massachusetts system of savings-bank life
insurance, by Edward Berman. Washington, 1935. 12 pp. {Reprint from
August 1935 Monthly Labor Review.)
".
ATT- Serial No. R. 270: Experience under State old-age pension acts
m 1934, by Florence E Parker. Washington, 1935. 24 pp. {Reprint from
August 1935 Monthly Lahor Review.)
"
Serial No. R. 271 : Public old-age pension legislation in the United
States as of August 1 ,1 9 3 5 . Washington, 1935. 4 pp. {Reprint from
August 1935 Monthly Labor Review.)
Serial No. R. 272: National Labor Relations Act. Washington,
9 pp. {Reprint from August 1935 Monthly Labor Review.)
Serial No. R. 274- Revised index of wholesale prices of farm
machinery, by Jesse M. Cutts. Washington, 1935. 7 pp., charts. {Reprint
from August 1935 Monthly Labor Review.)
19o5.
i o / r i . mo , Serial No. R. 275: Index numbers of average earnings per hour,
1340 to 1934. Washington, 1935. 2 pp. {Reprint from August 1935 Monthly
Labor Review.)
y
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1151
PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR
U n it e d S t a t e s .—Department of Labor.
Division of Labor Standards. B u l l e t i n
N o . 1 : D is c u s s io n o f la b o r la w s a n d th e ir a d m i n i s t r a t i o n — 19 3 4 c o n v e n tio n
o f th e I n te r n a tio n a l A s s o c ia tio n o f G o v e r n m e n ta l L a b o r O ffic ia ls , B o s to n ,
M a ss.
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 5 .
166 pp .
______________ B u lle tin
N o . 2 : D i s c u s s io n o f i n d u s t r i a l a c c id e n ts and, d is e a s e s —
1 9 3 4 c o n v e n tio n o f th e I n t e r n a tio n a l A s s o c i a t i o n o f I n d u s t r i a l A c c id e n t B o a r d s
a n d C o m m is s io n s , B o s to n , M a s s .
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 5 .
282 pp.
A brief account of the proceedings at this conference was published m the
Monthly Labor Review for November 1934.
_________ Women’s Bureau. B u l l e t i n N o . 1 0 9 : T h e e m p lo y m e n t o f w o m e n in
th e s e w in g tr a d e s o f C o n n e c tic u t— h o u r s a n d e a r n in g s , e m p lo y m e n t f lu c tu a tio n
h o m e w o r k , b y C a r o lin e M a n n i n g a n d H a r r ie t A . B y r n e .
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 ,j o .
A5 p p . , c h a r ts .
,
. . . ..
, ,
Data on lighting conditions in clothing factories, as developed m this study,
are presented in this issue of the Monthly Labor Review.
______________ B u l l e t i n N o . 1 2 9 : I n d u s t r i a l i n j u r i e s to w o m e n i n 1 9 3 0 a n d 1 9 3 1
c o m p a r e d w ith i n j u r i e s to m e n , b y M a r g a r e t T . M e tte r t.
R a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 5 .
5 7 p p . , m a p , c h a r ts .
Reviewed in this issue.
______________ B u l l e t i n N o .
1 3 2 : W o m e n w h o w o r k i n offices— I , S t u d y o f e m
p lo y e d w o m e n ; I I , S t u d y o f w o m e n s e e k in g e m p lo y m e n t, b y H a r r ie t A . B y r n e .
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 5 .
27 p p .
____ Department of the Interior.
Bureau of Mines. I n f o r m a t i o n C ir c u la r
6 8 2 9 : B i t u m i n o u s c o a l- m in e s a f e ty - in s p e c tio n o u tlin e , b y G . W . G ro v e a n d
W G. F ene.
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 5 .
2 6 p p . ( M i m e o g r a p h e d .)
__
Outline of method used by the field engineers of the Safety Division, Bureau
of Alines, in inspecting coal mines with regard to safety practices and equipment.
_____________ I n f o r m a t i o n C ir c u la r 6 8 3 2 : M a i n t a i n i n g th e p e r m i s s i b i l i t y o f
e le c tr ic c a p l a m p s , b y D . H . Z e lle r s a n d A . B . H o o k e r .
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 5 .
Directions are 'given for keeping permissible electric lamps in such condition
as to furnish miners with maximum light and protection.
_____________ I n f o r m a tio n C ir c u la r 6 8 3 7 : B l a s tin g p r a c tic e s a n d e x p lo s iv e s
a c c id e n ts i n
U ta h c o a l m in e s , b y
D . J . P a rk er.
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 5 .
15 p p .
T h is c irc u la r ^review s p ra c tic e s in u se in U ta h coal m in e s, a n d gives d a ta on
a c c id e n ts in c id e n t to b la s tin g , w ith p re v e n tiv e su g g e stio n s.
_____________
I n f o r m a t i o n C ir c u la r 6 8 3 8 : A f e w o f th e o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r o b ta in in g
a c c id e n t- p r e v e n tio n in f o r m a tio n a v a ila b le to m in e m a n a g e m e n t a n d e m p lo y e e s
th ro u g h th e U n ite d S la te s B u r e a u o f M i n e s , b y C . A . H e r b e r t.
W a s h in g to n ,
1935.
6 p p . , c h a r ts .
( M i m e o g r a p h e d .)
.
,,,
0
Outline of an accident-prevention program based on the premise that mine
a c c id e n ts a re p re v e n ta b le .
______________I n f o r m a t i o n
C ir c u la r 6 8 4 0 : R e v ie w o f l i te r a tu r e o n e ffe c ts o f b re a th
in g d u s ts , w ith s p e c ia l re fe r e n c e to s i lic o s is , b y D . H a r r in g to n a n d S a r a i J .
D a v e n p o r t. P a r t 1 1 - A , C h a p te r 4 , P r e v e n tio n o f d u s t d is e a s e s ( s e c tio n s 1 a n d
2)
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 o .
4*1 V P'
( M im e o g r a p h e d .)
This'section of the report presents a review of the literature on prevention o
dust diseases, and also deals with the principal factors producing pulmonary
disease and methods of determination of dust in air.
_____________ I n f o r m a tio n C ir c u la r 6 8 4 5 : L i s t o f d e v ic e s f o r r e s p i r a t o r y p r o te c tio n
a p p r o v e d b y th e U . S . B u r e a u o f M i n e s , b y W . P . Y a n t .
W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 5 .
Lists^all S -w n ita in e d oxygen-breathing apparatus, gas ma;sks, hose magics,
and filter-type dust, fume, and mist-respirators, which had received official certi
fication of approval by the Bureau on March 15, 1935.
__________ ____R e p o r t
o f I n v e s tig a tio n s 3 2 6 6 : R e c e n t tr e n d s i n m a n -h o u r p r o d u c
tio n a t ir o n - o r e m in e s , b y H . W . D a v is a n d o th e rs . W a s h in g to n , 1 9 3 5 . 6 p p . ,
c h a rts .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1152
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW— OCTOBER 1935
U n it e d S t a t e s .'—Department of the Interior.
Bureau of Mines. Report of
Investigations 3273: Coke-oven accidents in the United States during the
calendar year 1933, by W. W. Adams a?id V. E. Erwin. Washington, 1935.
15 pp., chart. (Mimeographed.)
The data show a reduction in frequency rate for fatal injuries from 1932 to
1933, but an increase for nonfatal injuries. The man-hours’ exposure for 1933 was
37,213,766, with a frequency rate of 0.30 for fatalities and of 10.43 for nonfatal
injuries; for 1932 the exposure was 33,216,573 man-hours, with a frequency rate
of 0.42 for fatalities, and of 9.63 for nonfatal injuries.
----------------------Report of Investigations 3277: The National safety competition of
1934, by W. W. Adams and T. D. Lawrence. Washington, 1935. 20 pp.
(Mimeographed.)
Names the winners of the annual contest for 1934 and reviews the accident
records for the year of the participating 334 anthracite mines, bituminous-coal
mines, metal mines, nonmetallic mines, and open-cut mines and quarries, in 38
States.*
— Petroleum Labor Policy Board. Report to the Petroleum Administrator
Washington, August 17, 1935. 38 pp. (Mimeographed.)
Reviewed in this issue.
------Employees’ Compensation Commission. Eighteenth annual report, July 1
1933,
to June 30, 1934■ Washington, 1935. 41 PPCovers the administration of the three earlier Federal compensation laws—for
Federal civil employees, for longshoremen and harbor workers, and for emplovees
m certain employments in the District of Columbia— and also of the act approved
February 15, 1934, which provided compensation for traumatic injuries to employ
ees of the Civil Works Administration, subsequently applied to the personnel of
the Civilian Conservation Corps.
------ Federal Emergency Relief Administration. Unemploymem relief census,
October 1933: Report No. 3, Family composition. Washington, 1935. 115 pp.
charts.
'*
Data on family composition of emergency relief cases as of October 1933 for the
United States, by States, by urban and rural areas in each State, and for cities
with a population of 250,000 or over in 1930.
Federal Trade Commission. Report on textile industries: Part I, Investment
and profit, 26 pp.; part II, The cotton textile industry, 34 pp.; part III, The
woolen and worsted textile industry, 21 pp.; pari IV , The silk and rayon textile
industry, 37 pp.; part V, Thread, cordage, and twine industries, 14 pp.: part VI,
Tabulations showing financial and operating results for textile companies
according to rates of return on investment, rates of net profit or loss on sales and
amount of investment, 41 pp. Washington, 1934, 1935.
Statistics of labor cost are shown for the several branches of the textile industry.
There is a large amount of variation in the ratio between labor and other costs
as between textiles. Labor costs are relatively low in the cotton-textile industrv
and high in silk and rayon manufacture.
'
Library of Congress. Division of Bibliography. Federal aid to specific
activities m the United States: a selected list of recent writings, compiled by
Anne L. Baden. Washington, January 31, 1935.
pp. (Mimeographed.)
1 he references are classified under the following heads: General, agriculture
education, forest protection, housing, maternity and infant welfare, public health'
public works, vocational education, and unemployed.
National Labor Relations Board. Decisions, Vol. II, December 1 198AJunel6,1935. Washington, 1935. 556 pp.
An introductory statement shows the history of the National Labor Relations
Board and its relationship to other bodies. The main report gives individual
decisions in full.
------ National Recovery Administration. Consumers’ Division. Retail food
price differences between cities, by Henry B. Arthur. Washington, 1935
52 pp., charts.
Tariff Commission. Report No. 99, Second Series: Report to the United States
Senate on employment of nonresident fishermen in United States fisheries
If ashington, 1935. 28 pp., maps.
i
^ imated ^dad the fisheries of the United States give employment to
120,000 fishermen and that from 30 to 50 percent of these are aliens legally residing
in the United States.
&
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1153
PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR
O fficial—F o r e ig n C o u n tr ie s
A l b e r t a (C a n a d a ). — Commissioner of Labor.
1 9 3 4 -3 5 .
E d m o n to n , 1 9 3 5 .
A n n u a l r e p o r t, f o r th e f is c a l y e a r
25 pp.
Among the data in the report are classified weekly wage rates and weekly hours
of labor.
A u s t r a l ia .— Bureau of Census and Statistics. O ffic ia l y e a r b o o k o f th e C o m m o n
w e a lth o f A u s t r a l i a , 1 9 3 4 .
C a n b erra , 1 9 3 5 .
9 4 2 p p . , m a p s , c h a r ts
A brief outline of the history and government of Australia and statistical
summaries dealing with economic and social subject matter including vital and
population statistics, wages, accidents, and agricultural and industrial develop
ments.
A u s t r i a — Bundesamt für Statistik. S t a tis tis c h e s H a n d b u c h f ü r d e n B u n d e s
s ta a t Ö s te r r e ic h .
V ie n n a , 1 9 3 5 .
2 5 4 PP-
This handbook contains statistical information in regard to trade agreements,
voluntary labor service, employment and unemployment, social insurance, etc.
B e l g iu m .— Ministère de l’Intérieur. Office Central de Statistique. A n n u a i r e
s ta tis tiq u e d e la B e lg iq u e e t.d u C o n g o B e lg e , 1 9 3 5 .
B r u s s e ls , 1 9 3 5 .
[I a r io u s
p a g in g .]
.
The data given, relating for the most part to the year 1933, include statistics
on workers’ dwellings, cooperation, savings, retirement and sickness insurance
funds, strikes and lockouts, industrial accidents, and the number of employees
in various branches of industry.
B u rm a ( I n d ia ). — Chief Inspector of Factories. A n n u a l r e p o r t o n th e w o r k in g
o f th e I n d i a n F a c to r ie s A c t, 1 9 1 1 , i n B u r m a , f o r th e y e a r 1 9 3 4 •
1 9 3 5 . 31 p p .
Rangoon,
The report includes information on employment of women and children,
housing, sanitation, wages, and accidents.
------ Labor Statistics Bureau. R e p o r t o f th e w o r k in g o f th e W o r k m e n ’s C o m p e n
s a tio n A c t, 1 9 2 3 , f o r th e y e a r 1 9 3 4 .
R angoon, 1935.
20 pp.
A general discussion of cases arising and principles involved accompanied by
a statistical summary of awards made.
C a n a d a .— Department of Trade and Commerce. Bureau of Statistics. R e c e n t
e c o n o m ic te n d e n c ie s i n C a n a d a , 1 9 1 9 —1 9 3 4 O tta w a , 1 9 3 5 .
1 4 2 PP-> c h a r ts .
( I s s u e d a s a s u p p le m e n t to th e M o n t h l y (R eview o f B u s i n e s s S t a t i s t i c s , J u n e
1 9 3 5 .)
The tabulations presented in this supplement include indexes of employment,
prices, and cost of living.
C e y l o n .— Ministry for Labor, Industry, and Commerce. Committee to Revise
the “ Mines and Machinery Protection Ordinance” (No. 2 of 1896). R e p o r t:
F a c to r y le g is la tio n .
C o lo m b o , 1 9 3 5 .
14
PP-
Recommendations made by the committee relate to inspection, protection
from machinery, safety of buildings, health, child labor, maternity benefits,
working hours, and wages.
C ó r d o b a (A r g e n t in a ). — Departamento Provincial del Trabajo. L e g is la c ió n
o b re ra , p r e v is ió n s o c ia l, P r o v in c ia d e C ó r d o b a ( le y e s , d e c r e to s y r e s o lu c io n e s
e n v ig e n c ia ), a n o ta d o s y c o n c o r d a d o s p o r el D r . L u i s A . D e s p o n tin , D ir e c to r
d e l D e p a r ta m e n to P r o v in c ia l d e l T r a b a jo .
C ó r d o b a , 1934■
5 1 5 p p . , i l lu s .
A compilation of agreements between the Argentine Republic and other nations
on workmen’s compensation; national labor laws of Argentina; social legislation
and labor laws, decrees, and resolutions of the Province of Córdoba; and munici
pal ordinances on related subjects of the city of Cordoba.
C z e c h o s l o v a k ia .— Office de Statistique. A n n u a i r e s ta tis tiq u e d e la R é p u b liq u e
T c h é c o slo v a q u e .
P ra g u e, 1935.
289 pp.
( I n F r e n c h .)
A general statistical annual containing data on a wide variety of subjects,
including social insurance, employment, wages, industrial disputes, collective
agreements, prices, cost-of-living indexes, and production, in 1934 and earlier
years.
17272—35— 20
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1154
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW-— OCTOBER 1935
E s t o n ia .— Riigi Statistika Keskbüroo.
Eesti pöllumajandus, 1984. Tallinn,
1935. 1 6 7 pp., charts, maps. (In Estonian and French.)
This year book contains information relating to agriculture in Estonia in 1934,
including prices of agricultural products, wages paid to agricultural workers, and
cost of living.
G e r m a n y .— Reichskohlenrat.
Statistische Übersicht über die Kohlenwirtschaft
im Jahre 1934■ Berlin, 1985. 133 pp., charts.
Statistics, including wages, length of shift, and productivity, for the coal
industry of Germany, with sections devoted to world production, the coal indus
try of other countries, and movements of international trade in coal.
G r e a t B r it a in .— Board of Trade. Final report on the fourth census of produc
tion (1930): Part IV , The timber trades; the clay, building materials and
building trades; miscellaneous trades; mines and quarries; public utility services;
and government departments. London, 1935. 60S pp.
Department of Overseas Trade. Economic conditions in Belgium in 1984,
by N. S. Reyntiens. London, 1985. 88 pp.
The section of the report dealing with social questions contains brief reports
on unemployment, strikes, family allowances, housing, cooperation, and cost of
living. An appendix on the economic situation in the Grand Duchy of Luxem
burg gives summary figures on unemployment and cost of living.
-—-— Ministry of Health. Persons in receipt of poor relief (England and Wales).
London, 1935. 37 pp., chart.
Statistical analysis, by physical and mental condition and domicile, of the
number of men, women, and children receiving poor relief in England and Wales
on January 1 , 1935.
Ministry of Labor. Decisions given by the umpire respecting claims for
benefit [under the unemployment insurance acts, 1920 to 1933], vol. XII:
Selected decisions given during the calendar year 1933 (together with index).
London, 1984. 106 pp.
I n t e r n a t io n a l L a b o r O f f i c e .— The I. L. 0. year book, 1934-85. Geneva, 1935.
In 2 volumes. (World Peace Foundation, American agent, Boston.)
The subjects covered include employment and unemployment, wages and
hours and other working conditions, social insurance, prices, cost of living, and
collective bargaining.
------ Studies and Reports, Series I, No. 3: Children and young persons under labor
law. Geneva, 1935. 842 pp. (World Peace Foundation, American Agent,
Boston.)
This study brings together, in comparative tables, the principal provisions of
the laws of the various nations regulating the labor of children and young persons
and traces the influence of international conventions in standardizing legislation
and enforcement in this field. An introductory chapter presents a historical
review of efforts to control child labor from the beginning of the industrial revo
lution in Great Britain to the present time.
I t a l y .— Istituto Centrale di Statistica del Regno d’ltalia. Anuario statistico
Italiano, anno 1935. Rome, 1935. [Various paging.]
Statistics through 1933 or 1934 on cost of living, quantity and value of various
commodities consumed, wages, number of workers by industries, women and
minors in industry, internal migration for labor purposes, and unemployment.
The appendix presents comparable figures for various countries, showing area,
population, industries, unemployment, minimum wages, and index numbers of
cost of living.
N e w S o u t h W a l e s (A u s t r a l ia ).-—Bureau of Statistics and Economics. The
official year book of New South Wales, 1 9 3 2 - 3 3 . Sydney, 1 9 8 5 . 8 5 4 P P -,
map, charts.
Statistics are given on employment, wages, and production in agriculture,
factories, and mines. A section devoted to social conditions includes information
on unemployment relief, child welfare, and old-age pensions.
N o r w a y .— Rikstrygdeverket. Arsberetning nr. 38, 1934. Oslo, 1935. 20 pp.
Annual report on operation of the State insurance system in 1934, including
insurance against accidents and sickness, personnel of the administration, and
financial statements.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1155
PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR
N o r w a y .— Rikstrygdeverket.
1935.
Ulykkestrygden f o r in d u s tr ia r b e id e r e , 1 9 3 2 .
4 1 * , 1 1 3 p p . , c h a r ts ,
O slo ,
( i n N o r w e g ia n a n d F r e n c h .)
Annual report on operation in 1932 of the Norwegian public insurance system
covering industrial accidents.
Q u e e n s l a n d (A u s t r a l ia ).— Registrar-General’s Office. A B C o f Q u e e n s la n d
a n d A u s tr a lia n S ta tis tic s .
B r is b a n e , 1 9 3 5 .
326 pp.
Contains statistics of
building operations, factory employees and^wages, production, etc.
-------------- S t a t i s t i c s o f th e S ta te o f Q u e e n s la n d f o r th e y e a r 1 9 3 3 - 3 4 . B r i s b a n e ,
1935.
I n 9 p a r t s a n d in d e x .
A section devoted to social statistics includes data on government relief, and
building done under the housing acts. Figures on employment are shown in a
section on production.
S ia m .— Ministry of Economic Affairs. Bureau of General Statistics. S t a t i s t i c a l
y e a r book (1 9 3 1 -3 3 ).
B angkok, 1935.
5 5 6 p p ., m a p , fo ld e r .
E n g lis h e d itio n .
Statistics are furnished in regard to prices; wages in certain occupations in
Bangkok, 1914 to 1933; and salaries of government employees.
S w e d e n .— Kommerskollegium. 1 9 3 1 a r s f o r e ta g s r a k n in g .
S to c k h o lm ,
1935.
378 pp.
Report on the 1931 industrial census in Sweden, including tabulations of the
number of workers in the various establishments, by sex, age, and training.
There is a résumé in French and a French translation of the table of contents.
V ie n n a (A u s t r ia )— Kammer für Arbeiter und Angestellte. W ir t s c h a f t s s t a t is tis c h e s J a h r b u c h , 1 9 3 2 - 3 3 .
V ie n n a , 1934■
413 pp.
The year book contains information on employment, wages, cost of living,
industrial disputes, and social insurance.
U n o ffic ia l
A m e r ic a n C o u n t r y L if e A s s o c ia t io n .
N a tio n a l p la n n in g a n d r u r a l lif e : P r o
c e e d in g s o f th e S e v e n te e n th A m e r i c a n C o u n tr y L i f e C o n fe r e n c e , W a s h in g to n ,
D . C ., N o v e m b e r 1 6 - 1 9 , 1 9 3 4 • N e w Y o r k , 1 0 5 E . 2 2 d S tr e e t, 1 9 3 5 .
156 p p .
The addresses include such subjects as planning agriculture in relation to
industry, population and occupational shifts, developments in State planning.
C a l d e r o n , E n r iq
3 a e d ic ió n .
ue.
N u e v a l e y f e d e r a l d e l tr a b a jo , c o n s u s a d ic io n e s y r e f o r m a s .
M e x ic o , D . F ., T i p . L a I m p r e s o r a , 1934■
3 1 7 p p . a n d in d e x .
The Mexican Federal Labor Law of 1931 with other labor legislation, a discus
sion of some principles of labor regulation, and recent Supreme Court decisions
concerning labor.
C l a r k e , J ohn J.
S o c ia l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , in c lu d in g th e p o o r la w s .
P itm a n & S o n s, L td ., 1 9 3 5 .
852 pp.
L ondon , Isa a c
The second edition of a comprehensive reference work on the history and de
velopment of social services and social legislation in Great Britain from the early
poor laws and the beginning of specialized care of the defective, delinquent,
diseased, and needy, to the enactment and administration of the modern system
of social legislation. This legislation, in addition to providing for the care of
special classes, deals with housing, health, employment, unemployment, and
pensions for the working population in general.
D ie m e r , H u g o .
F a c to r y o r g a n iz a tio n a n d a d m i n i s t r a t i o n .
H i l l B o o k C o ., 1 9 3 5 .
41® PP-> c h a r ts , U lu s .
N ew Y ork, M cG ra w -
The fifth edition of a standard work dealing with the physical and personal
aspects of factory and office management.
E c o n o m ic
e s s a y s in h o n o r o f
U n iv e r s ity P r e s s , 1 7 3 5 .
W e s l e y C l a ir M it c h e l l .
N e w Y o r k , C o lu m b ia
5 1 9 p p . , c h a r ts .
Seventeen essays covering topics such as low-rental housing, cycles in resi
dential constructs n, ur'oan decentralization, internal migrations, collective bar
gaining, purchasing power, retail prices, production, overcapacity, and economic
planning.
E v er et t , Sa m u el.
P ress, 1935.
D e m o c r a c y f a c e s th e f u t u r e .
269 pp.
N e w Y o r k , C o lu m b ia U n i v e r s i t y
A discussion of changing socio-economic conditions.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1156
M O N T H L Y LA B O R R E V IE W — O C T O B E R
F a u q u e t , G.
L e s e c te u r c o o p é r a tif.
a tio n , \1 9 3 5 ? ].
97 pp.
B r u s s e ls ,
L es
1935
P r o p a g a tu e r s
d e la C o o p é r
Treats_ of “ the place of man in cooperative institutions” and of the role of
cooperative enterprises in general economy.
H a r v e y , R o w la n d H i l l .
S ta n f o r d
tr a it.
S a m u e l G o m p e r s , c h a m p io n o f th e t o ilin g m a s s e s .
U n iv e r s ity , C a lif ., S t a n f o r d U n iv e r s ity P r e s s , 1 9 3 5 .
3 7 6 p p ., p o r
Samuel Gompers, the author holds, “ had no life apart from the American
Federation of Labor”, hence this biography is largely a history of the develop
ment of the American labor movement as expressed through the American
Federation of Labor. The sources drawn upon are chiefly Mr. Gompers’ auto
biography and the documentary material in the files and archives of the American
Federation of Labor.
H erbert, George.
C a n l a n d s e ttle m e n t so lv e u n e m p lo y m e n tf
A l l e n & U n w in , L td ., 1 9 3 5 .
129 pp.
L o n d o n , G eo rg e
Section I of this book is an analysis of British agriculture; section II reviews
the results of legislation brought into effect since 1908 to assist farmers to obtain
and develop small farms; section III presents plans for the successful application
of a land-settlement program. The author holds that such a program would
promote the best interests of agriculture and the unemployed, and “ thus would
rural Britain be regenerated. ”
H il l , H e l e n .
F o r e ig n tr a d e a n d th e w o r k e r ’s j o b .
N e w Y o r k , W o r ld P e a c e
F o u n d a tio n , 1 9 3 5 .
40 pp.
( P o p u l a r p a m p h le ts o n w o r ld p r o b le m s , n o . 1 .)
This is the first of a series of pamphlets planned by the World Peace Foun
dation for American citizens who desire nontechnical yet reliable information
regarding current world problems which affect the United States. As indicated
by the title, the booklet outlines the importance of foreign trade to the American
wage earner.
S e e k in g a n e w w o r ld th r o u g h c o o p e r a tiv e s : A d is c u s s io n
u n it f o r y o u n g p e o p le i n th e u n ite d m o v e m e n t “ C h r i s t i a n Y o u th B u i l d i n g a
N e w W o r ld .”
N e w Y o r k , M e th o d is t B o o k C o n c e r n , 1 9 3 5 .
62 pp.
H u t c h in s o n , C a r l R .
I n g l is , W il l ia m .
G eo rg e F . J o h n s o n a n d h is i n d u s t r i a l d e m o c r a c y .
H u n tin g to n P r e s s , 1 9 3 5 .
3 0 6 p p . , il l u s .
N e w Y o rk ,
A narrative account of the relations between the Endicott Johnson shoe manu
facturing organization and its employees.
I n s t it u t e f o r S c ie n c e o f L a bo r (Kurasiki, Japan). R e p o r t N o . 2 7 : E x p e r i
m e n ta l s tu d ie s o n th e d a y a n d n ig h t in v e r s io n o f d a i l y r o u tin e , b y T o m o y o s i
Is ik a w a , M . D .
K u r a s i k i , 1934■
1 4 PV-> d ia g r a m s .
------
R e p o rt N o. 29:
I , S e x r a tio i n th e p o p u l a t i o n o f J a p a n p r o p e r ; I I , T h e
in flu e n c e o f i n d u s t r i a l i s m u p o n th e m o r t a l i t y o f y o u n g p e o p le a n d a d u lts ; b y
S in z i K a tu k i, M . D .
K u r a s ik i, 193 5 .
SO p v . , d ia g r a m s .
The author attributes the persistent increase of the death rate of young people
in Japan and the phenomenally high mortality of its girls and young women to
the growing industrialization of the country.
I n t e r n a t io n a l C o n g r e s s
\
j-
for
S c ie n t if ic M a n a g e m e n t , S i x t h , L o n d o n , J u ly
15 to 20, 1935. [A d d r e s s e s ], m a n u f a c tu r in g s e c tio n , 2 3 7 p p . , f o ld e r s , c h a r ts ,
i l l u s .; [A d d r e s s e s ], e d u c a tio n a l a n d t r a i n i n g s e c tio n , 1 2 4 P P -, c h a r ts .
London,
P . S . K in g & S o n , L td ., 1 9 3 5 .
The topics of the addresses before the manufacturing section covered budgetary
control, scientific works management, and recent developments in time and
motion study. Preliminary training, sources of recruitment, avoidance of waste
in personnel, and related subjects were discussed at the meetings of the educa
tional and training section.
I n t e r n a t io n a l F e d e r a t io n
p la n s .
of
T r a d e U n io n s .
P a r i s , 9 , A v e n u e d ’O r s a y , 1 9 3 5 .
E c o n o m ic p l a n n i n g a n d la b o r
82 pp.
P A n outline of the International Federation of Trade Unions’ demands for
economic planning, and the labor plans of Belgium, France, Great Britain,
Switzerland, Austria, and Germany.
J e n n in g s , H il d a .
B r y n m a w r , a s t u d y o f a d is tr e s s e d a r e a .
& C o ., L td ., 1 9 3 4 •
3 4 6 p p . , m a p s , c h a r ts , i l lu s .
L o n d o n , A lle n s o n
A social survey of a portion of the South Wales coal fields, a one-industry
community that has experienced years of unemployment because of the depres
sion in the mining industry. The author reviews the historical development
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR
and racial origins of the community, analyzes the physical, social, and spiritual
consequences upon it of prolonged depression, and discusses the possibilities
of its reconstruction and rehabilitation.
K im m l , A n t o n .
5 J a h r e “ J u g e n d i n N o t ” — e in W e r k s o z ia le r H ilf e .
V ie n n a ,
K u r a to r iu m der A k tio n “ J u g e n d in N o t” , 1 9 3 5 .
1 2 7 p p . , c h a r ts , U lu s.
An account of the living and social conditions of youth in Vienna and Austria
in general, and of public assistance to unemployed youth.
L o w e, B o utelle E llsw o rth .
T h e i n te r n a tio n a l p r o te c tio n o f la b o r : I n t e r n a
tio n a l la b o r o r g a n iz a tio n , h is to r y a n d la w .
N e w Y o r k , M a c m il l a n C o ., 1 9 3 5 .
5 9 4 PP-
M a c D o n a l d , L o is , a n d S t e i n , E m a n u e l .
T h e w o r k e r a n d g o v e r n m e n t.
N ew
Y o r k , A f f ilia te d S c h o o ls f o r W o r k e r s , I n c ., 3 0 2 E a s t 3 5 th S tr e e t, 1 9 3 5 .
141 P P •
M c N a l l y , C. E.
P u b l i c i l l h e a lth .
L o n d o n , V ic to r G o lla n c z , L td ., 1 9 3 5 .
224 pp.
The author discusses the evidence regarding the wide-spread malnutrition
that he believes exists in England as a result of the depression, with special
reference to the official reports which have stated that unemployment has had
scarcely perceptible effects on the national health.
N a t io n a l E d u c a t io n A s s o c ia t io n . Committee on Social-Economic Goals of
America. A d e s c r ip tiv e b ib lio g r a p h y o f s o c ia l- e c o n o m ic e d u c a tio n . ( R e p o r t
p r e s e n te d a t th e r e p r e s e n ta tiv e a s s e m b ly , D e n v e r ,
1 2 0 1 S ix te e n th S tr e e t, N W . , 1 9 3 5 . 9 3 p p .
------
J u ly
1 9 3 5 ).
W a s h in g to n ,
Department of Superintendence. S o c ia l c h a n g e a n d e d u c a tio n . W a s h in g
to n , 1 2 0 1 S ix te e n th S tr e e t, N W . , 1 9 3 5 .
3 8 3 p p . , i l l u s . { T h ir te e n th y e a r b o o k .)
T h e n a tu r e of re c e n t social tre n d s , t h e effo rts of so c ie ty to a d ju s t its e lf to
c h a n g in g c o n d itio n s, a n d t h e n e w re sp o n sib ilitie s of e d u c a tio n a re d isc u sse d in
v a rio u s sig n e d a rtic le s.
N a t io n a l I n d u s t r ia l C o n f e r e n c e B o a r d , I n c . S t u d y N o . 2 1 6 : W a n te d ,
s k i l l e d la b o r ; a n a n a l y s i s o f th e c a u s e s a n d e x te n t o f th e s k ille d la b o r s h o r ta g e
i n th e m e ta l m a n u f a c tu r in g i n d u s t r i e s a n d p r o p o s a ls f o r m e e tin g th e s it u a t i o n .
N ew Y o rk , 2 4 7 P a r k A ven u e, 1935.
37 pp.
N e w m a n , W il l ia m H .
T h e b u ild in g i n d u s t r y a n d b u s in e s s c y c le s .
C h ic a g o , 1 9 3 5 .
7 3 p p . , c h a r ts .
( C h ic a g o U n i v e r s i t y , S c h o o l o f B u s i n e s s , S t u d i e s i n B u s i n e s s
A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , v o l. V , n o . 4 -)
P a l e s t in e E co n o m ic C o r p o r a t io n .
4 0 E x c h a n g e P la c e , 1 9 3 5 .
E ig h th a n n u a l r e p o r t, 1934■
N ew
Y o rk ,
82 pp.
Contains data on Jewish immigration into Palestine, general industrial and
labor conditions in the country, building construction, the activities of the
corporation in assisting cooperative societies in Palestine, and reports regarding
some of the cooperative organizations.
P e n n s y l v a n ia , U n iv e r s it y o f . Wharton School of Finance and Commerce.
Industrial Research Department. M o n o g r a p h s , C o a l S e r ie s , N o . 1 : P r o d u c
tio n a n d d i s t r i b u ti o n c o s ts a n d s a le s r e a l iz a t i o n o f d e e p , c o m m e r c ia l m in e s i n
d i v i s i o n s I , I I , a n d I I I o f th e b itu m in o u s - c o a l i n d u s t r y , N o v e m b e r 1 9 3 3 to
J u n e 1 9 3 4 , b y W a ld o E . F is h e r .
P h ila d e lp h ia , 1 9 3 5 .
4 5 P P -, c h a r ts .
( M im e o g r a p h e d .)
Incidental to showing total costs and sales realization, this analysis brings out
the influence of large mines, thick coal, and mechanized processes in reducing
labor costs of production.
.—.— •----- ------- S p e c i a l R e p o r t A - 5 : T r e n d s i n th e P h i l a d e l p h i a la b o r m a r k e t in
1 9 3 4 , b y G la d y s L . P a lm e r .
g r a p h e d .)
P h ila d e lp h ia , 1 9 3 5 .
1 5 p p . , c h a r ts .
( M im e o
According to the data gathered in this study, it may be concluded that more
and better jobs were available to applicants at the State Employment Office in
Philadelphia in 1934 than in the 2 previous years.
R o b in s o n , L o u is N., a n d N u g e n t , R o l f . R e g u la tio n o f th e s m a ll- lo a n b u s in e s s .
N e w Y o r k , R u s s e ll S a g e F o u n d a tio n , 1 9 3 5 .
2 8 4 PP-
Gives a historical discussion of moneylending and efforts to regulate this kind
of business by law, the development of the uniform small-loan law and its effects
on moneylending, the characteristics of borrowers, expenses and profits of the
small-loan business, and a discussion of the reasons for the maximum rates of
interest set under various State laws.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW—-OCTOBER 1935
Library. B u l l e t i n N o . 1 3 1 : E m p l o y m e n t p r a c tic e s
i n s o c ia l w o r k ; a s e le c te d l i s t o f re fe r e n c e s .
N e w Y o r k , 1 8 0 E a s t 2 2 d S tr e e t,
Ju n e 1935. 6 p p.
R u s s e l l S a g e F o u n d a t io n .
S c h lo ssb er g , J o se ph .
T h e w o r k e r s a n d th e ir w o r ld : A s p e c t s o f th e w o r k e r s ’ s tr u g g le a t h o m e a n d a b r o a d .
N e w Y o r k , A . L . P . C o m m itte e , 1 9 3 5 .
2 2 4 PP-
Selected essays from the writings of the author during the 20 years he has been
general secretary of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America.
S c h n e id e r , E .
T h e o r ie d e r p r o d u k tio n .
W ie n , J u l i u s S p r i n g e r , 1 9 3 4 .
9 3 p p .,
d ia g r a m s .
S h il l m a n , B e r n a r d .
T h e la w r e la tin g to e m p lo y e r s ’ l i a b i l i t y a n d w o r k m e n ’s c o m
p e n s a tio n i n th e I r i s h F re e S ta te .
D u b lin , J o h n F a lc o n e r , 1 9 3 4 .
434 pp.
Reviews the workmen’s compensation system of the Irish Free State, showing
changes effected through recent legislation. The text of the act of 1934 and a
comparative table of similar sections in the acts of the Irish Free State, Great
Britain, and Northern Ireland are included.
S in g l e t o n , E v e l y n
E l l e n . W o r k m e n ’s c o m p e n s a tio n i n M a r y l a n d . B a l t i
m o re , 1 9 3 5 .
180 p p .
(J o h n s H o p k i n s U n i v e r s i t y S t u d i e s i n H is to r ic a l a n d
P o li t i c a l S c ie n c e , s e r ie s L I I I , n o . 2 .)
A description of the development of workmen’s-compensation legislation in
Maryland and the scope, benefits, administration, and insurance provisions of the
present law. Separate _chapters are devoted to accident prevention and the
State vocational-rehabilitation program.
Str a c h ey , R ay.
1935.
C a r e e r s a n d o p e n in g s f o r w o m e n .
271 p p .
L o n d o n , F a b e r & F a b e r, L td .,
The first section of this^ book presents a general survey of employment oppor
tunities for women, the difficulties which they have to overcome, the causes for
the generally low rates of pay accorded them, and their disadvantageous position
in regard to pensions, etc. The second section deals with prospects of employ
ment for girls entering the labor market at different ages, and for girls with excep
tional qualifications.
S w a y z e e , C l e o n O l ip h a n t .
C o n te m p t o f c o u r t i n la b o r i n j u n c ti o n c a s e s .
N ew
Y o rk , 1 985.
145 p p .
( C o lu m b ia U n i v e r s i t y S t u d i e s i n H i s t o r y , E c o n o m ic s ,
a n d P u b l i c L a w , N o . 4 0 9 .)
An analysis of more than 100 labor contempt proceedings in New York State,
made with a view to supplying the factual background upon which reform may
be based.
S y d e n s t r ic k e r , E d g a r .
H e a lth in s u r a n c e a n d th e p u b lic h e a lth .
A n a d d ress
b e fo re th e A c a d e m y o f P o li t i c a l S c ie n c e a t i t s s e m ia n n u a l m e e tin g [ A p r i l 1 9 8 5 ]
o n p r o b le m s o f s o c ia l s e c u r ity le g is la tio n i n th e U n ite d S t a te s .
N ew Y o rk ,
A c a d e m y o f P o l i t i c a l S c ie n c e , 1 9 8 5 .
20 pp:
T h o r n d ik e , E d w a rd L.
A d u l t in te r e s ts .
N ew
Y ork,
M a c m il l a n
C o .,
1935.
265 pp.
This volume is intended for workers in adult education and for persons prepar
ing to become teachers of adults.
T u b e r c u l o s is L e a g u e
o f P it t s b u r g h .
T u b e r c u lo s is a n d th e N e g r o i n P itts b u r g h :
A r e p o r t o f th e N e g r o h e a lth s u r v e y , b y E l s i e W itc h e n , d ir e c to r .
P itts b u r g h ,
1934■
1 8 0 p p . , c h a r ts , il l u s .
The survey revealed a death rate from tuberculosis among Negroes nearly six
times the rate among white persons. The importance of periodic physical ex
aminations for workers whose occupations may endanger the health of the com
munity is stressed in the report.
T w e n t ie t h C e n t u r y F u n d , I n c .
4 2 d S tr e e t, 1 9 3 5 .
A n n u a l r e p o r t, 1 9 3 4 -
N ew
Y o rk , 3 8 0 W est
4 8 p p . , c h a r ts .
The report contains brief statements regarding the special studies made during
1934, one of which dealt with the role of the Government in labor relations.
Y o u n g M e n ’s C h r is t ia n A s s o c ia t io n s . National Council. Industrial Depart
ment. T w e n ty q u e s tio n s o n th e e c o n o m ic s e c u r i t y o f th e p e o p le ; a s t u d y o u tlin e .
N e w Y o rk , 3 4 7 M a d is o n A v en u e , 1934-
48 pp.
A brief study of unemployment compensation, health insurance, and old-age
pensions.
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