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: Work arrangements
| Contingent work
Injuries at work
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MONTHLY LABOR
REVIEW____________________
Volume 121, Number 11
Novem ber 1998
Articles
Workers in alternative employment arrangements: a second look
3
Four alternative employment arrangements in 1997
were little different from 2 years earlier
Sharon R. Cohany
Contingent work: results from the second survey
22
The incidence of contingent work has declined, but continues
to be more common among women, youth, students, and part-time workers
Steven Hippie
Occupational injury and illnessrates, 1992-96: why they fell
36
Legislative reforms and increased awareness of workplace hazards by unions,
employees, and the insurance industry contributed to the declining rates
Hugh Conway and Jens Svenson
Reports
Household incomes in the Czechand Slovak marketeconomy
59
Thesia I. Garner and Katherine Terrell
Departments
Labor month in review
International report
Précis
Book reviews
Current labor statistics
2
59
63
64
67
Editor-in-Chief: Deborah P. Klein • Executive Editor: Richard M. Devens, Jr. • Managing Editor: Anna Huffman Hill • Editors: Brian I.
Baker, Leslie Brown Joyner, Lawrence H. Leith, Mary K. Rieg • Book Reviews: Roger A. Comer, Ernestine Patterson Leary • Design and
Layout: Catherine D. Bowman, Edith W. Peters, Catherine A. Stewart • Contributors: Iris Diaz, Daniel Elmore, Michael Wald
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Labor Month in Review
The Novem ber
Review
Pricing pollution
control
The two leading articles for this month
highlight the results of a new round of
the Current Population Survey supple
ment on alternative work arrangements
and contingent workers. Sharon R.
Cohany examines the new data on alter
native work arrangements—indepen
dent contracting, on-call work, working
through a temporary help agency, and
working for a contract firm. One inter
esting finding is that there had been vir
tually no change between February 1995
and February 1997 in the proportion of
total employment accounted for by any
of these arrangements. Similarly, the
characteristics of workers in these ar
rangements were little changed, thus
confirming the earlier survey’s finding
that workers differed significantly be
tween these arrangements as well as
within them.
In contrast, Steven Hippie’s report on
the incidence of contingent work and
the characteristics of contingent work
ers finds that the incidence of contin
gent work—jobs that are structured to
be short term or temporary—declined
significantly between 1995 and 1997.
On the other hand, the characteristics
of contingent workers remained broadly
the same in the two years: Contingent
work continues to be more common
among women, young persons, stu
dents, part-time workers, and work
ers in the construction and services
industries.
Hugh Conway and Jens Svenson
throw some light on the decline in occu
pational injury and illness rates after the
1990-91 recession. Understanding this
decline is especially important because
of the expectation that economic expan
sion would be expected to bring a pat
tern of increased injuries and illnesses.
The issue is rounded out by an Inter
national Report from Thesia I. Gamer
and Katherine Terrell on the on-going
transition of the Czech and Slovak Re
publics from central-command to marketbased economies.
As part of an effort to explain more pre
cisely how the Consumer Price Index
(CPI) fits into a cost-of-living framework
confined to market goods and services,
the Bureau of Labor Statistics has re
viewed its treatment of mandated anti
pollution measures. After careful review,
the BLS has decided that it will no longer
treat modifications to goods and ser
vices that are made solely to meet air
quality standards as quality improve
ments in the CPI. Price increases associ
ated with such modifications will be
treated as increases in the index. This
decision should not be construed as a
judgment that the reduction of air pollu
tion from automobiles is without value.
Effective with the data for January 1999,
however, the CPI will no longer make
quality adjustments for changes in ve
hicle or motor fuel characteristics aris
ing from air-pollution mandates.
Historically within the CPI, quality
adjustments for anti-pollution measures
have been made to the new car (or new
vehicle) component since 1969 (automo
bile model year 1970), with their esti
mated dollar effect published annually.
Since 1988, these data have also been
utilized to make quality adjustments in
the used car component. In addition,
beginning in late 1994, quality adjust
ments were made for the introduction of
reformulated gasoline, which was re
quired in selected areas for compliance
with the Clean Air Act Amendment of
1990.
The new policy will have its most sig
nificant effect on the motor fuel and new
and used motor vehicle components of
the index. In the vehicle indexes, the
policy will apply to all vehicle models
introduced on or after January 1, 1999.
Since most of the 1999 model-year ve
hicles will be introduced before that
date, the old practice will be used for the
1998-to-1999 model-year changeover in
most cases.
For more information see, “The Treat
ment of Mandated Pollution Control
2
Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
November 1998
Measures in the CPI” in CPI Detailed
Report, September 1998, or at h ttp ://
www.bls.gov/cpitreathtm.
New d ata on jobs
and pay in large
counties
Of the 290 counties with total employ
ment levels of 75,000 or more, Clark
County, Nevada, had the largest percent
increase in employment (9.1 percent)
during 1996. Clark County is part of the
Las Vegas metropolitan area. Overall, 132
of the large counties had rates of em
ployment growth in 1996 above the na
tional average of 2.1 percent. Placer
County, California, had the second larg
est percent increase (8.6 percent).
In 1996, average annual pay was
higher than the national average of
$28,945 in 115 of the Nation’s largest
counties. New York County, New York,
had the highest level of average annual
pay at $55,312, a figure nearly twice as
high as the national average and more
than 20 percent higher than the second
place county (Fairfield County, Con
necticut). Boulder County, Colorado, led
growth in average annual pay with an
increase of 8.9 percent. New York County
was second at 7.7 percent.
Among the large counties, 27 actu
ally experienced employment declines.
In the District of Columbia, employment
declined 2.7 percent, the largest re
ported. Average annual pay declined in
just three of the large counties during
1996.
For more information, see news re
lease USDL 98-443, Employment and Av
erage Annual Pay for Large Counties,
1996.
□
C om m unications regarding the
Monthly Labor Review may be sent
to the Editor-in-Chief at the addresses
on the inside front cover, or faxed to
(202)606-5899.
News releases discussed in this is
sue are available at http://stats.bls.
govAiewsrels.htm.
Workers in Alternative Employment
Workers in alternative employment
arrangements: a second look
Both the proportion and characteristics o f workers
in four alternative employment arrangements
in February 1997 were little different from 2 years
earlier; the groups continue to be highly diverse
Sharon R. Cohany
Sharon R. Cohany is an
economist in the Office
of Employment and
Unemployment
Statistics, Bureau of
Labor Statistics.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
n February 1997, information on workers in
four alternative employment arrangements
was obtained from the Current Population
Survey (CPS). This marked the second time such
information was collected through the CPS; the
first was 2 years earlier. In general, the propor
tion of total employment accounted for by each
arrangement, as well as the characteristics of the
workers, was little changed since the previous
survey in February 1995.1
The second survey confirmed that the charac
teristics of workers differed significantly between
the arrangements as well as within them. People
employed in two of these arrangements, temporary
help agency workers and contract company work
ers, are employees of one company and carry out
assignments for another. Workers who are on call
do not have an established schedule for reporting
to work. And workers in the largest group, inde
pendent contractors, are not employees in the tra
ditional sense, but rather work for themselves.
About 12.6 million people, or 1 in 10 workers,
were classified into one of these four alternative
employment arrangements in February 1997, the
same proportion as in the February 1995 survey.
The proportions accounted for by each arrange
ment are shown in exhibit 1 and table 1. By far
the largest arrangement was independent contrac
tors, with 8.5 million, followed by on-call work
ers (2 million), temporary help agency workers
(1.3 million), and contract company employees
(800,000). The number of workers in all of these
arrangements combined increased by 3 percent
(400,000 people) over the 2-year period, about
I
the same rate of growth as employment overall.
The rest of this article covers the demographic
and job characteristics, earnings, and benefits of
workers in each of the alternative arrangements in
turn. Comparisons often are made with workers in
traditional arrangements, defined here as those who
do not fall into any of the alternative-arrange
ment categories. A companion article in this
issue by Steven Hippie gives detailed expla
nations of the four categories (see appendix,
pages 34-35) and presents a profile of con
tingent workers from the same CPS supplement.
It should be noted that the classification of
workers in alternative arrangements was made
independently of their contingent status—that is,
whether their job was temporary. Workers in
alternative arrangements could be contingent as
well, but were not automatically so. In fact, most
workers in alternative arrangements had per
manent jobs and hence were not contingent.
Likewise, most contingent workers had regular
ly scheduled jobs for which they were hired
directly and thus were not in an alternative
arrangement.
While some researchers have considered parttime work to be an alternative arrangement, the
classification of workers in alternative arrange
ments in this study was made irrespective of
their part-time status. Part-time work is defined
in the CPS solely on the basis of a person’s usual
weekly hours (less than 35 at all jobs combined).
Part-time workers were classified in an alterna
tive arrangement only if they met the criteria for
that arrangement. Most part-time workers did
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
3
Workers in Alternative Employment
IS S S U
Workers in alternative arrangem ents as a percent of total em ploym ent, February 1995 a n d 1997
Type of alternative arrangement
Percent of total
employed,
February 1995
Percent of total
employed,
February 1997
6.7
6.7
1.6
1.6
1.0
1.0
.5
.6
Independent contractors
Workers identified as independent contractors, independent consultants,
or freelance workers, whether they were self-employed or wage and salary
workers................................................................................................................................
On-call workers
Workers called to work only as needed, although they can be
scheduled to work for several days or weeks in a ro w .................................................
Temporary help agency workers
Workers paid by a temporary help agency, whether or not their
job actually was temporary..............................................................................................
Workers provided by contract firms
Workers employed by a company that provides them or their services
to others under contract and who are usually assigned to only one customer
and usually work at the customer’s worksite..................................................................
not, in fact, fall into an alternative arrangement, and, con
versely, a majority of workers in alternative arrangements
worked full time.
Independent contractors
In February 1997, 8.5 million people were identified as in
dependent contractors, independent consultants, or freelance
workers. Referred to as independent contracting for short,
this category was by far the largest of the alternative arrange
ments, accounting for 6.7 percent of all workers and twothirds of workers in alternative arrangements. Both propor
tions were essentially unchanged between 1995 and 1997,
as were the major characteristics of the group. The rate of
growth of these workers over the 2-year period, 1.8 percent,
was somewhat slower than that of traditional workers (2.8
percent).
Independent contractors did not have to be identified as
self-employed in the basic c p s questionnaire, but, in fact, most
(88 percent) were. On the flip side, of all the self-employed,
about one-half were identified as independent contractors,
rather than other types of self-employed individuals, such as
restaurant or shop owners.2
Characteristics. Independent contractors differed from tra
ditional workers in significant ways. For instance, two-thirds
of independent contractors were men, compared with slightly
more than one-half of traditional workers. Because running
one’s own business often requires significant human and fi
nancial capital, it is not surprising that independent contrac
4
Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
November 1998
tors were older and had more schooling than the average
worker.3 Nearly 4 out of 5 independent contractors were at
least 35 years old, compared with 3 out of 5 traditional work
ers. Also, 34 percent of independent contractors between the
ages of 25 and 64 had a college degree, almost 5 percentage
points higher than the proportion of traditional workers. (See
tables 2 and 3.)
Other traits of independent contractors were at least partly
a reflection of their older age profile. Nearly 70 percent of
independent contractors were married, compared with 59
percent of traditional workers. About 54 percent of women in
the arrangement combined independent contracting with rais
ing children, roughly the same percentage as that for tradi
tional workers, although the mothers working as independent
contractors were more likely than other mothers to have
preschoolers. (See table 4.) Mothers maintaining families on
their own (with no husband present) made up a very small
part of the group.4
Part-time status. About 26 percent of independent contrac
tors worked part time (less than 35 hours) in a typical week,
compared with 18 percent of traditional workers. (See table
5.) This difference reflects a much greater tendency for inde
pendent contractors— especially women— in the central
working ages (25 to 64) to work part time. Adult men who
worked part time as independent contractors were more likely
to prefer to work full time than were their traditional counter
parts (42 and 31 percent, respectively).
The distribution of hours worked by independent contrac
tors illustrates the diversity that can be found within a given
4
arrangement. While part-time work was relatively common,
some independent contractors worked very long hours. This
is reflected in the average workweek for full-time workers
in that arrangement, 46.3 hours, about 4 hours longer than
the workweek of traditional workers. Nearly 30 percent of
independent contractors worked 49 hours or more in a typi
cal week, compared with only 17 percent of traditional work
ers. Women who worked full time as independent contrac
tors put in almost as many hours as men.
Occupation and industry. The occupational and industry
distributions of independent contractors were also unlike
those of traditional workers, with the former group more
likely than the latter to hold managerial, sales, or precision
production jobs and less likely to work in technical, ad
ministrative support, or operator, fabricator, and laborer
positions. The most common occupations for male independent
contractors were managers, construction craftworkers,
proprietors, writers and artists, and real estate and insurance
Table 1. Incidence of alternative and traditional work arrangements, by selected characteristics, February 1997
________
[Percent distribution]
Workers with alternative arrangements
Characteristic
Total
em ployed
(thousands)
Independent
contractors
On-call
workers
Temporary
help
ag en c y
workers
Workers
provided
by contract
firms
Workers
with
traditional
arrangements
A ge and sex
Total, 16 years and o ld e r.............................
16 to 19 y e a rs ....................................................
20 to 24 y e a rs ....................................................
25 to 34 y e a rs ....................................................
35 to 44 y e a rs ....................................................
45 to 54 y e a rs ....................................................
55 to 64 y e a rs ....................................................
65 years and o ld e r............................................
126,742
6,031
11,958
31,647
35,282
26,146
12,032
3,646
6.7
1.1
1.7
4.9
7.5
8.6
9.7
16.3
1.6
3.2
2.0
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.6
3.5
1.0
1.3
1.8
1.2
.8
.8
.7
1.0
0.6
.3
.6
.9
.7
.4
.5
.6
90.1
94.1
93.9
91.6
89.6
89.1
87.4
78.7
Men, 16 years and o ld e r..............................
16 to 19 y e a rs ....................................................
20 to 24 y e a rs ....................................................
25 to 34 y e a rs ....................................................
35 to 44 y e a rs ....................................................
45 to 54 y e a rs ....................................................
55 to 64 y e a rs ....................................................
65 years and o ld e r............................................
67,931
3,068
6,269
17,185
18,965
13,775
6,558
2,111
8.3
.8
2.0
5.6
9.2
10.9
12.8
20.5
1.4
3.5
2.0
1.4
1.3
1.0
1.2
2.5
.9
1.2
2.0
1.1
.5
.6
.4
1.1
.8
.3
1.0
1.1
.9
.5
.6
.3
88.6
94.2
92.8
90.8
88.1
87.0
84.9
75.7
Women, 16 years and o ld e r........................
16 to 19 y e a rs ....................................................
20 to 24 y e a rs ....................................................
25 to 34 y e a rs ....................................................
35 to 44 y e a rs ....................................................
45 to 54 y e a rs ....................................................
55 to 64 y e a rs ....................................................
65 years and o ld e r............................................
58,811
2,963
5,689
14,462
16,317
12,371
5,474
1,535
4.8
1.4
1.4
4.1
5.4
6.0
6.1
10.6
1.7
2.9
1.9
1.5
1.6
1.2
2.1
5.1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.1
1.1
.9
.4
.2
.1
.6
.5
.3
.4
1.0
91.9
94.1
95.1
92.5
91.4
91.4
90.3
82.8
107,899
13,465
12,026
7.1
3.3
5.1
1.7
1.2
2.2
.9
2.1
1.3
.6
.8
.4
89.7
92.7
90.9
102,813
23,929
6.1
9.3
.9
4.4
1.0
1.1
.7
.6
91.4
84.6
10,135
34,261
29,420
31,292
6.5
6.7
6.9
8.3
1.9
1.2
1.6
1.2
1.1
.9
1.2
.7
.5
.8
.6
.7
90.0
90.4
89.8
89.1
Race and Hispanic origin
W hite...................................................................
B la c k ...................................................................
Hispanic origin....................................................
Full- and part-tim e status
Full-time w orkers................................................
Part-time w orkers..............................................
Educational attainment
(ages 25 to 64)
Less than a high school d ip lo m a .....................
High school graduate, no college.....................
Less than a bachelor’s d e gree.........................
College graduate................................................
N ote : Workers with traditional arrangements are those who do not fall into
any of the “alternative arrangements” categories. Details may not sum to
total employed because a small number of workers are both “on call” and
“provided by contract firms” and total employed includes day laborers, an
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
alternative arrangement not shown separately. Details for the above race
and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the “other
races” group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white
and black population groups.
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
5
Workers in Alternative Employment
Table 2.
Employed persons with alternative and traditional work arrangements, by selected characteristics, February 1997
[Percent distribution]
Workers with alternative arrangements
Characteristic
Independent
contractors
On-call
workers
Temporary
help
ag ency
workers
Workers
provided by
contract
firms
Workers
with
traditional
arrangements
A ge and sex
Total, 16 years and older
(thousands).........................
P erce nt..................................
16 to 19 y e a rs ...........................
20 to 24 y e a rs ...........................
25 to 34 y e a rs ...........................
35 to 44 y e a rs ...........................
45 to 54 y e a rs ...........................
55 to 64 y e a rs ...........................
65 years and o ld e r...................
8,456
100.0
.8
2.4
18.3
31.1
26.5
13.9
7.0
1,996
100.0
9.7
11.9
22.4
25.4
14.4
9.7
6.5
1,300
100.0
6.1
16.5
30.3
21.5
16.2
6.7
2.8
809
100.0
2.0
8.2
34.2
31.1
14.2
7.7
2.7
114,199
100.0
5.0
9.8
25.4
27.7
20.4
9.2
2.5
Men, 16 years and o ld e r.....
16 to 19 y e a rs ...........................
20 to 24 y e a rs ...........................
25 to 34 y e a rs ...........................
35 to 44 y e a rs ...........................
45 to 54 years.......................... .
55 to 64 y e a rs ...........................
65 years and o ld e r....................
66.6
.3
1.5
11.4
20.7
17.7
9.9
5.1
49.0
5.3
6.4
11.8
12.1
6.9
3.9
2.6
44.7
2.8
9.6
15.2
6.9
6.2
2.2
1.8
69.8
1.1
7.7
24.0
22.0
9.1
5.1
.9
52.7
2.5
5.1
13.7
14.6
10.5
4.9
1.4
Women, 16 years and o ld e r.
16 to 19 y e a rs ...........................
20 to 24 y e a rs ...........................
25 to 34 y e a rs ...........................
35 to 44 y e a rs ...........................
45 to 54 y e a rs ...........................
55 to 64 y e a rs ...........................
65 years and o ld e r...................
33.4
.5
.9
7.0
10.4
8.8
4.0
1.9
51.0
4.3
5.5
10.6
13.4
7.5
5.8
3.9
55.3
3.2
6.9
15.2
14.5
10.0
4.5
1.1
30.2
.7
.5
10.3
9.1
5.1
2.6
1.9
47.3
2.4
4.7
11.7
13.1
9.9
4.3
1.1
90.7
5.3
7.3
89.3
7.8
13.3
75.1
21.3
12.3
81.6
12.9
6.3
84.8
10.9
9.6
Race and Hispanic origin
W hite..........................................
B la c k ..........................................
Hispanic o rig in ..........................
N ote : Workers with traditional arrangements are those who do not fall into any of the “alternative arrangements” categories. Details for the above race and
Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the “other races” group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black
population groups. Details for other characteristics may not sum to totals because of rounding.
salespersons. For women, the most frequently occurring
occupations were managers, writers and artists, real estate and
insurance salespersons, door-to-door sales, and child care
providers. Compared with traditional workers, independent
contractors were more frequently employed in the agriculture,
construction, and services industries. (See tables 6 and 7.)
tor because they liked being their own boss. Among women, the
most common reasons given were the flexibility of scheduling
and the ability to meet family obligations that the arrangement
afforded. Even among those who said they would prefer a tradi
tional job, a majority gave a personal, rather than an economic,
reason for remaining in the arrangement.
Preference and reasonfor arrangement. One of the most strik
ing characteristics of independent contractors has to do with
job satisfaction. Compared with workers in the other alternative
arrangements, independent contractors were quite content with
their employment arrangement, with 84 percent of the group
preferring that arrangement to a traditional job. (See table 8.)
Further, about three-fourths of independent contractors gave a
personal reason for being in the arrangement. (See table 9.)
Among men, most said they worked as an independent contrac-
Tenure and contingency. As in February 1995, only a small
fraction of independent contractors reported that they were
contingent workers—3.5 percent in February 1997. (See table
10.) This remained the lowest proportion by far of the alter
native arrangements. In effect, the vast majority of independ
ent contractors believed that they could continue in the ar
rangement for as long as they wished.
Independent contractors had been in the arrangement for a
relatively long time—7.7 years (median), considerably longer
6
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
November 1998
than traditional workers had been with their current employer
(4.8 years). More than 40 percent of independent contractors
had at least 10 years of tenure in the arrangement, and 18
percent had 20 years or more. These percentages were con
siderably higher than those for traditional workers, in part a
reflection of the older ages of independent contractors. (See
table 11.) Men in the independent contracting arrangement
had a lengthier average tenure than women (9.2 years and 5.6
years, respectively), but both exceeded the tenure for their
counterparts in traditional jobs.
The lengthy tenure of independent contractors is consist
ent with the high level of job satisfaction and the low level of
contingency they report. If corporate employees are being
forced out of “regular” jobs and into working for themselves
on a large scale, as some have asserted, there is scant evi
dence in these data.
Paid employees. Most independent contractors worked
alone; only 25 percent had employees. Of these, nearly threefourths had fewer than six employees. Men were twice as
likely as women to have at least one employee, but even
among the men, the proportion was only 30 percent. The selfemployed who were not independent contractors were much
more likely to have paid employees than were the independ
ent contractors. This is because many of the former were op
erating businesses, such as restaurants and shops, that typi
cally require workers in addition to the owner.
Table 3.
About 23 percent of independent contractors who reported
that they were self-employed had incorporated their busi
nesses, compared with 34 percent of the other self-employed.
Supporting the idea that the more substantial businesses are
incorporated, independent contractors who had incorporated
their businesses were more than three times as likely to retain
a paid staff as those whose businesses were unincorporated
(59 percent, compared with 18 percent).
Earnings and benefits. Earnings of independent contractors
who usually worked full time were higher (by 15 percent, on
average) than those of workers in traditional arrangements.
This differential reflects several factors, including the older
age profile (and therefore experience levels) of independent
contractors and their predominance in the higher paying
occupational categories. The picture was very different by
gender, however, as earnings of men in the independent
contracting arrangement exceeded those of their counterparts
in traditional arrangements, while earnings of female in
dependent contractors were less than those of their traditional
counterparts. (See table 12.)
Among independent contractors, m en’s earnings ($621)
were more than 50 percent higher than women’s ($409).
Among traditional workers, the difference was 28 percent.
The relatively large gender gap reflects in part the m en’s
longer tenure as independent contractors. For both men
and women in the arrangement, earnings peaked in the
Employed persons with alternative and traditional work arrangements, by educational attainment and sex,
February 1997
[Percent distribution]
Workers with alternative arrangements
Educational attainment and sex
Independent
contractors
On-call
workers
Temporary
help
ag ency
workers
Workers
provided by
contract
firms
Workers
with
traditional
arrangeménts
Total, 25 to 64 years (thousands)................
Percent...........................................................
Less than a high school diplom a.........................
High school graduate, no college........................
Less than a bachelor’s d e g re e ............................
College graduate...................................................
7,590
100.0
8.7
30.3
26.8
34.1
1,437
100.0
13.4
28.7
32.0
25.9
970
100.0
11.1
30.7
36.3
21.9
705
100.0
7.1
36.9
23.3
32.7
94,424
100.0
9.7
32.8
28.0
29.5
Men, 25 to 64 years old (thousands)..........
Percent...........................................................
Less than a high school diplom a.........................
High school graduate, no college........................
Less than a bachelor's d e g re e ............................
College graduate...................................................
5,047
100.0
9.9
31.3
25.2
33.5
692
100.0
18.6
33.4
30.3
17.6
397
100.0
13.9
27.5
35.1
23.5
486
100.0
6.4
35.6
24.9
33.1
49,873
100.0
11.3
31.9
26.4
30.4
Women, 25 to 64 years old (thousands)....
Percent...........................................................
Less than a high school diplom a.........................
High school graduate, no college........................
Less than a bachelor’s d e g re e ............................
College graduate...................................................
2,543
100.0
6.2
28.4
30.0
35.3
745
100.0
8.6
24.3
33.6
33.6
573
100.0
9.2
33.0
37.2
20.6
219
100.0
9.1
39.5
20.0
31.4
44,551
100.0
7.9
33.8
29.8
28.5
N ote : Workers with traditional arrangements are those who do not fall into any of the “alternative arrangements” categories. Details may not sum to totals due
to rounding.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
7
Workers in Alternative Employment
Table 4.
Employed women in alternative and traditional work arrangements, by marital status and presence and age of
children, February 1997
[Percent distribution]
Workers with alternative arrangements
Total
em ployed
Characteristic
Independent
contractors
On-call
workers
Temporary
help
ag en c y
workers
Workers
provided
by contract
firms
Workers
with
traditional
arrangements
All marital statuses
Employed women, total (thousands)........................
Spouses/reference persons, to t a l..........................
Percent................................................................
With children under 18 yea rs..............................
With children under 6 y e a rs .............................
With children 6 to 17 y e a rs ..............................
With no children under 18 yea rs.........................
58,811
39,771
100.0
56.3
22.7
33.6
43.7
2,824
2,180
100.0
53.6
25.6
28.0
46.4
1,017
687
100.0
61.0
26.6
34.2
39.2
719
431
100.0
48.0
21.8
26.2
52.0
244
159
100.0
66.0
32.7
33.3
34.0
54,019
36,324
100.0
56.4
22.4
34.0
43.6
32,543
32,082
100.0
53.7
22.6
31.0
46.3
1,896
1,881
100.0
51.5
26.0
25.4
48.5
556
552
100.0
62.3
29.0
33.3
37.7
319
309
100.0
40.1
16.8
23.3
59.9
140
136
100.0
61.0
31.6
29.4
38.2
29,639
29,211
100.0
53.7
22.3
31.4
46.3
26,268
7,689
100.0
67.3
23.0
44.3
32.7
928
299
100.0
67.2
23.1
44.1
32.8
461
135
100.0
54.8
17.0
37.8
45.2
400
122
100.0
68.0
34.4
33.6
32.0
104
23
100.0
(’)
(1)
(1)
(1)
24,380
7,113
100.0
67.5
22.9
44.6
32.5
Married, spouse present
Employed, total (thousands)......................................
Spouses/reference persons, to t a l..........................
Percent................................................................
With children under 18 yea rs..............................
With children under 6 y e a rs .............................
With children 6 to 17 y e a rs ..............................
With no children under 18 yea rs.........................
All other marital statuses
Employed, total (thousands)......................................
Spouses/reference persons, to t a l..........................
Percent................................................................
With children under 18 yea rs..............................
With children under 6 y e a rs .............................
With children 6 to 17 y e a rs ..............................
With no children under 18 years.........................
'Percentage not shown where base is less than 75,000.
N ote : Workers with traditional arrangements are those who do not fall into any of the “alternative arrangements” categories. Details may not sum to totals due
to rounding. Estimates by presence and age of children are only for women who are either the spouse of the reference person or the reference person herself—
that is, the person in whose name the home is owned or rented.
45- to 54-year-old age category, the same as for traditional
workers.
Nearly three-fourths of independent contractors had health
insurance coverage. Men obtained it most often by purchasing
it on their own (36 percent), followed by obtaining it through
their spouse or other family member (19 percent). Women ob
tained health insurance most often through a spouse or other
family member (38 percent), followed by purchasing it on their
own (25 percent). Women were more likely than men to have
health insurance coverage. (See table 13.)
Pension coverage was less common than health insurance
coverage. About 37 percent of independent contractors re
ported some type of pension coverage, often a tax-deferred
savings account, such as an individual retirement account or
a Keogh plan. Men and women were about equally likely to
have pension coverage, but blacks and Hispanics were far
less likely than whites to have coverage. In contrast, among
traditional workers, men were somewhat more likely than
women, and whites and blacks were considerably more likely
8
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
November 1998
than Hispanics, to have coverage.
In sum, independent contracting was made up dispro
portionately of middle-aged workers who had relatively high
levels of education and experience and, typically, were well
com pensated. These w orkers reported a w idespread
preference for working on their own, and very few were con
tingent—that is, they viewed their employment arrangement
as permanent.
On-call workers
Some workers report to the job only when specifically asked
to do so, although they can be scheduled to work several days
or weeks in a row. In the February supplements, these indi
viduals are referred to as on-call workers. Workers who often
are on call are substitute teachers, construction workers,
nurses, and truckdrivers. (People with regularly scheduled
work that might include periods of being on call at unusual
hours, such as medical residents or computer technicians,
ers. Youths in the on-call arrangement were somewhat
more likely to be attending school than were their coun
terparts in traditional arrangements.
On-call workers had somewhat less education, on aver
age, than other workers had. (See table 3.) Of those aged 25
to 64, nearly 1 in 7 had dropped out of high school, compared
with 1 in 10 among traditional workers, and just about 26
percent of on-call workers had a college degree, compared
with nearly 30 percent for workers in traditional arrange
ments. Among men in the on-call category, 19 percent were
high school dropouts, and only 18 percent were college gradu
ates. Women who worked on call, on the other hand, actually
were more likely to have been to college than their counter
parts in traditional jobs. This sharp difference between men
and women in the arrangement is echoed in other ways, as is
were not included in this category.)
In February 1997, there were 2 million on-call workers,
and they accounted for 1.6 percent of all employment. Both
figures were about the same as 2 years earlier.
Characteristics. The demographic characteristics of oncall workers were similar to those of traditional workers, al
though on-call workers were somewhat more likely to be
women and youths. (See table 2.) Slightly more than onehalf (51 percent) of on-call workers were women, compared
with about 47 percent of traditional workers. A somewhat
larger proportion of the women who worked on call had chil
dren, 61 percent, versus 56 percent for traditional workers.
(See table 4.) Nearly 22 percent of those on call were under
the age of 25, compared with 15 percent of traditional work
Table 5.
Employed persons with alternative and traditional work arrangements, by full- and part-time status, reason for parttime work, sex, and age, February 1997
[Percent distribution]
Workers with alternative arrangements
Characteristic
Total
em ployed
Independent
contractors
On-call
workers
Temporary
help
ag en c y
workers
Workers
provided
by contract
firms
Workers
with
traditional
arrangements
Total
Employed, total (thousands)...............................
P ercent..................................................................
Full-time w orkers......................................................
Part-time w orke rs.....................................................
126,742
100.0
81.1
18.9
8,456
100.0
73.6
26.4
1,996
100.0
47.4
52.6
1,300
100.0
80.3
19.7
809
100.0
82.8
17.2
114,199
100.0
82.3
17.7
At work part time for economic reasons................
At work part time for noneconomic reasons..........
3.5
15.0
6.3
20.4
15.2
36.5
9.1
13.3
3.7
12.6
3.0
14.2
Employed, total (thousands)...............................
P ercent..................................................................
Full-time w orkers......................................................
Part-time w orke rs.....................................................
64,863
100.0
91.7
8.3
5,608
100.0
84.8
15.2
872
100.0
71.6
28.4
544
100.0
86.6
13.4
555
100.0
92.1
7.9
57,289
100.0
92.7
7.3
At work part time for economic reasons................
At work part time for noneconomic reasons..........
3.1
5.9
7.4
10.4
19.5
14.3
6.1
8.5
1.6
6.3
2.4
5.3
Employed, total (thousands)...............................
P ercent..................................................................
Full-time w orkers......................................................
Part-time w orke rs.....................................................
55,848
100.0
74.8
25.2
2,783
100.0
52.0
48.0
931
100.0
32.5
67.5
677
100.0
77.5
22.5
238
100.0
64.3
35.7
51,231
100.0
76.8
23.2
At work part time for economic reasons................
At work part time for noneconomic reasons..........
3.7
20.1
3.8
39.6
12.4
50.2
10.6
15.4
7.1
27.3
3.4
18.5
Employed, total (thousands)...............................
P ercent..................................................................
Full-time w orkers......................................................
Part-time w orke rs.....................................................
6,031
100.0
26.4
73.6
66
100.0
79
100.0
60.8
39.2
16
100.0
(')
(1)
193
100.0
10.4
89.6
C)
5,678
100.0
26.4
73.6
At work part time for economic reasons................
At work part time for noneconomic reasons..........
6.0
65.9
(1)
(')
9.3
69.9
16.5
29.1
(')
(1)
5.6
66.4
Men, 20 years and older
Women, 20 years and older
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
1 Percentage not shown where base is less than 75,000.
Workers with traditional arrangements are those who do not fall into
any of the “alternative arrangements” categories. Details may not sum to totals
due to rounding, and total employed includes day laborers, an alternative ar
rangement not shown separately. Part time is defined as working 1 to 34 hours
per week; full time is 35 hours or more. The classification of full- and part-time
N ote :
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
( 1)
workers is based on the number of hours usually worked. The sum of the two
at-work-part time categories does not equal the part-time worker estimate,
because the latter includes those not at work during the reference week. Also,
persons at work part time for an economic reason can work either full or part
time on a usual basis; persons at work part time for a noneconomic reason are
limited to those who usually work part time.
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
9
Workers in Alternative Employment
Table 6.
Employed persons with alternative and traditional work arrangements, by occupation and sex, February 1997
[Percent distribution]
Workers with alternative arrangements
O ccupation and sex
Independent
contractors
On-call
workers
Temporary
help
ag ency
workers
Workers
provided
by contract
firms
Workers
with
traditional
arrangements
Total, 16 years and older (thousands).................
P ercent....................................................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial...............
Professional spe cia lty.................................................
Technicians and related s up port...............................
Sales occupations.......................................................
Administrative support, including clerica l.................
Service occupations....................................................
Precision production, craft, and re p a ir......................
Operators, fabricators, and la bo rers.........................
Farming, forestry, and fishing.....................................
8,456
100.0
20.7
17.9
.8
17.9
3.9
9.1
17.9
6.8
5.1
1,996
100.0
2.7
21.2
4.1
6.7
8.6
20.4
14.7
18.8
2.8
1,300
100.0
6.9
6.6
5.8
1.7
34.1
9.1
5.1
29.1
1.6
809
100.0
8.0
19.8
7.2
2.8
5.2
27.7
19.8
9.3
.2
114,199
100.0
14.1
15.3
3.4
11.7
15.3
13.5
10.3
14.3
2.2
Men, 16 years and older (thousands)..................
P ercent....................................................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial...............
Professional spe cia lty.................................................
Technicians and related su p p o rt...............................
Sales occupations.......................................................
Administrative support, including clerica l.................
Service occupations....................................................
Precision production, craft, and re p a ir......................
Operators, fabricators, and la bo rers.........................
Farming, forestry, and fishing.....................................
5,633
100.0
23.1
15.6
.8
16.1
1.0
2.4
25.6
8.8
6.7
979
100.0
3.2
9.7
3.4
2.8
4.0
11.7
29.1
31.7
4.5
581
100.0
4.6
9.5
8.1
1.5
13.9
7.9
10.3
41.1
2.9
565
100.0
8.117.9
6.9
2.7
3.5
23.5
26.5
10.4
.4
60,180
100.0
14.4
13.4
3.2
10.8
6.3
10.5
17.8
20.4
3.3
Women, 16 years and older (thousands)............
P ercent....................................................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial...............
Professional spe cia lty.................................................
Technicians and related sup port...............................
Sales occupations.......................................................
Administrative support, including c lerica l.................
Service occupations....................................................
Precision production, craft, and re p a ir......................
Operators, fabricators, and la bo rers.........................
Farming, forestry, and fishing.....................................
2,824
100.0
15.9
22.5
.8
21.5
9.6
22.4
2.5
2.8
1.9
1,017
100.0
2.3
32.3
4.7
10.5
13.0
28.8
.8
6.5
1.2
719
100.0
8.8
4.3
3.9
1.7
50.3
9.9
1.0
19.5
.6
244
100.0
7.8
24.2
7.8
2.9
9.0
37.7
4.1
6.6
54,019
100.0
13.8
17.5
3.6
12.7
25.3
16.8
1.8
7.6
.9
N ote : Workers with traditional arrangements are those who do not fall into any of the “alternative arrangements” categories. Details may not sum to totals due
to rounding. Dash indicates less than 0.05 percent.
discussed below.
Few on-call workers, either men or women, were repre
sented by a union—just 1.9 percent, compared with 15.6 per
cent of workers in traditional jobs.
Part-time status and hours. On-call workers had the shortest
workweek of any alternative arrangement. At 26.7 hours, their
average week was almost 12 hours less than that of workers in
traditional arrangements. More than half (53 percent) of on-call
workers worked part time in a typical week, compared with
only 18 percent of traditional workers. The incidence of parttime work for adult women who were on call (about 68 percent)
was much higher than that of adult men in the arrangement (28
percent). (See table 5.)
Most on-call employees who worked part time had a
10
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
November 1998
preference for their shorter week, but a substantial minority
did not: nearly 30 percent were part time for an economic
reason and would have preferred a full-time job, compared
with 18 percent of traditional workers. There were also clear
distinctions by gender: only about 20 percent of the women
who worked on call worked part time for an economic
reason, but 58 percent of the men did so, compared with 16
percent of women and 32 percent of men in a traditional
arrangement.
Occupation. On-call workers were found in a number of
occupations and were more likely to be in professional, serv
ice, precision production, and operator, fabricator, and la
borer positions than were traditional workers. (See table
6.) One in 8 on-call workers (1 in 5 of the women) was a
teacher (presumably a substitute), and 1 in 8 workers in
the on-call category (1 in 4 of the men) was a carpenter,
electrician, painter, or other construction craftworker. A
sizable number of on-call workers were in a medical care
field, including registered nurses, nursing aides, and
health technicians.
There was very little overlap in the jobs done by men and
women in this arrangement. The men who worked on call
were likely to be construction craftworkers, motor vehicle
operators (especially truckdrivers), and cleaners, helpers, and
construction laborers, while the women were most often
working as substitute teachers, clerical workers, food prepa
ration workers, nurses, and retail salesclerks.
Preference and reason.
Table 7.
One-half of on-call workers would
have preferred a traditional job. (See table 8.) This figure rep
resents a decline from that registered 2 years earlier, when
about 57 percent had such a preference, suggesting that more
on-call workers were in the arrangement voluntarily in the
more recent survey.
About equal numbers of on-call workers gave economic
and personal reasons for working in the arrangement. (See
table 9.) A majority of the men gave an economic reason;
a majority of the women gave a personal one. The most
often-cited economic reason was that the current job was
the only one the individual could find. The most common
personal reason was the flexibility of the schedule. Of
those who gave an economic reason for working on call,
nearly one-fourth were actively looking for another type
of work, compared with only 5 percent of those who gave
Employed persons with alternative and traditional work arrangements, by industry and sex, February 1997
[Percent distribution]
Workers with alternative arrangements
Industry and sex
Independent
contractors
On-call
workers
Temporary
help
ag en c y
workers
Workers
provided
by
contract
firms
Workers
with
traditional
arrangements
Total, 16 years and older (thousands)....................................
Percent......................................................................................
A gricultu re.....................................................................................
M inin g.............................................................................................
C onstruction..................................................................................
Manufacturing................................................................................
Transportation and public u tilitie s ...............................................
Wholesale and retail tra d e ...........................................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate............................................
S ervices..........................................................................................
Public adm inistration....................................................................
8,456
100.0
5.7
.2
20.7
4.7
5.1
13.6
8.4
41.4
.2
1,996
100.0
3.4
.4
14.5
5.3
8.7
14.4
1.6
47.8
4.0
1,300
100.0
.7
2.5
31.8
6.1
8.4
8.5
42.0
-
809
100.0
.3
2.2
5.0
20.3
13.7
8.3
7.9
28.2
14.0
114,199
100.0
2.1
.5
4.9
17.5
7.1
21.1
6.4
35.5
4.8
Men, 16 years and older (thousands)....................................
Percent......................................................................................
A gricultu re.....................................................................................
M inin g.............................................................................................
C onstruction..................................................................................
Manufacturing................................................................................
Transportation and public u tilitie s ...............................................
Wholesale and retail tra d e ...........................................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate............................................
S ervices..........................................................................................
Public adm inistration....................................................................
5,633
100.0
7.1
.3
29.4
5.1
6.4
11.9
8.1
31.6
.1
979
100.0
5.5
.7
29.1
6.4
13.6
11.7
1.4
26.2
5.3
581
100.0
3.5
38.2
9.2
11.0
6.8
31.3
-
565
100.0
.4
2.5
7.3
22.4
16.1
7.5
6.7
22.6
14.7
60,180
100.0
3.0
.8
8.4
22.9
9.6
21.1
4.8
24.4
5.1
Women, 16 years and older (thousands)..............................
Percent......................................................................................
A gricultu re.....................................................................................
M inin g.............................................................................................
C onstruction..................................................................................
Manufacturing.................................................................................
Transportation and public u tilitie s ...............................................
Wholesale and retail tra d e ...........................................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate............................................
Services..........................................................................................
Public adm inistration....................................................................
2,824
100.0
3.0
3.4
4.1
2.4
17.0
9.1
60.8
.3
1,017
100.0
1.4
.1
.5
4.2
3.9
16.8
1.7
68.4
2.9
719
100.0
1.3
1.6
26.6
3.5
6.3
9.8
50.9
—
244
100.0
1.7
15.7
8.5
10.2
10.6
40.9
12.3
54,019
100.0
1.1
.2
1.1
11.5
4.3
21.2
8.2
47.8
4.5
N ote : Workers with traditional arrangements are those who do not fall into any of the “alternative arrangements” categories. Details may not sum to totals due
to rounding. For temporary help agency workers and workers provided by contract firms, the industry classification is that of the place to which they were
assigned. Dash indicates less than 0.05 percent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
11
Workers in Alternative Employment
Employed persons with alternative work arrangements, by sex and preference for arrangement, February 1997
[(Percent distribution]
Preference and sex
Independent
contractors
On-call workers
Temporary help
ag en c y workers
Total, 16 years and older (thousands).........................
P erce nt............................................................................
Prefer traditional arrangem ent.............................................
Prefer alternative arrangem ent............................................
It depends...............................................................................
Not available..........................................................................
8,456
100.0
9.3
83.6
4.6
2.5
1,996
100.0
50.1
40.0
6.4
3.5
1,300
100.0
59.2
33.5
4.8
2.5
Men, 16 years and older (thousands)..........................
P erce nt............................................................................
Prefer traditional arrangem ent.............................................
Prefer alternative arrangem ent............................................
It depends...............................................................................
Not available..........................................................................
5,633
100.0
9.4
83.9
4.4
2.2
979
100.0
52.5
35.5
8.1
3.9
581
100.0
62.4
31.4
4.5
1.7
Women, 16 years and older (thousands).....................
P erce nt............................................................................
Prefer traditional arrangem ent.............................................
Prefer alternative arrangem ent............................................
It depends...............................................................................
Not available..........................................................................
2,824
100.0
9.0
83.0
5.0
2.9
1,017
100.0
47.7
44.3
4.8
3.1
719
100.0
56.7
35.1
5.0
3.2
N ote : Details may not sum to totals because of rounding. Information on preferred arrangement was not collected for workers employed by contract
companies.
a personal reason.
Tenure and contingency. On-call workers had been in the
arrangement an average of 2.1 years. (See table 11.) Full
time workers had been in the arrangement twice as long as
part-time workers (2.9 years versus 1.4 years).
About 27 percent of on-call workers were contingent
under the broadest measure (estimate 3 in table 10); that
is, they believed that their current assignment could not
continue for as long as they wished it to. Among workers
in traditional arrangements, less than 4 percent were con
tingent. Two years ago, the proportion of on-call workers
who were contingent was considerably higher— about 35
percent.
Compensation. On-call workers who worked full time (at
least 35 hours per week) earned $432 a week, or 85 percent
of the median for traditional workers. (See table 12.) There
was a particularly large gender gap for workers in this ar
rangement: among full-time workers, women earned just 56
percent of what men earned. By contrast, the earnings of
women who worked in traditional jobs were 78 percent of
those of men in the same category.
Two-thirds of on-call workers had health insurance, and
20 percent received it through their current employer
(compared with 83 percent and 61 percent, respectively,
for traditional workers). (See table 14.) Women who
worked on call were more likely to have coverage from
12
Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
November 1998
any source, but men were more likely to have it from their
employer. Many of the women were covered through an
other family member. Only 31 percent of on-call workers
reported that they were eligible for health insurance cov
erage from their employer, less than half the proportion
for traditional workers (73 percent).
About one-fourth of on-call workers were eligible for
an em ployer-provided pension, and 19 percent were
actually included in such a plan. These proportions were
considerably lower than those for traditional workers (57
percent and 50 percent, respectively). Men in the on-call
arrangement were somewhat more likely than the women
to have a pension, as well as to be eligible for one through
their employer.
In sum, employment in the on-call arrangement was es
sentially flat between 1995 and 1997, and large differences
by gender remained. There was some evidence that workers
were more likely to prefer the arrangement to a traditional
job and were less likely to be contingent in February 1997
compared with 2 years earlier.
Temporary help agency workers
The February supplements have collected information on two
types of employment arrangements in which workers are
employed by one company while performing work for an
other. The larger of the two is temporary help agencies, which
place (as well as screen, evaluate, and sometimes train) work-
ers with client organizations, often (but not necessarily) on a
short-term basis.5 Workers in this arrangement indicated that
they were paid by a temporary help agency, whether or not
their employment was temporary. (Thus, the category likely
includes the permanent staffs of the agencies, a relatively
small number.)
In February 1997, 1.3 million people were employees of
temporary help agencies, accounting for 1 percent of all work
ers.6 The number of workers in this arrangement increased
by 10 percent from February 1995, considerably faster than
the growth in traditional employment (2.8 percent). As with
the other alternative arrangements, most characteristics of
these workers changed little between the survey dates, al
though there is some evidence of an increase in the number
who preferred the arrangement to a traditional job and a de
cline in the number who were contingent.
Characteristics. Confirming the results of the 1995 survey,
workers employed by temporary help agencies in February
1997 were more likely than other workers to be young, fe
male, black, or Hispanic. (See table 2.) Nearly one-fourth of
temps were under the age of 25, compared with 15 percent of
traditional workers. Relatively few of the young workers in
this arrangement were going to school; just 16 percent were
attending high school or college, compared with 43 percent
of young people working in a traditional job. About 55 per
cent of temps were women, compared with 47 percent of tra
ditional workers. Nearly one-half of the women who temped
were raising children; this was a smaller proportion than that
for traditional workers, who tend to be older. (See table 4.)
The proportion of temps who were black (21 percent) was
nearly double that for other workers, and the share that was
Hispanic also exceeded the proportion of Hispanics in the
Employed persons with alternative w<ark arrangements, by sex and reason for arrangement, February 1997
[Percent distribution]
Reason and sex
Independent
contractors
On-call
workers
Temporary help
ag en c y workers
Total (in thousands)........................................................
P ercent.............................................................................
Economic reason...................................................................
Only type of work 1could fin d ............................................
Hope job leads to permanent em ploym ent......................
Other economic reason......................................................
Personal reason.....................................................................
Flexibility of schedule.........................................................
Family or personal obligations...........................................
In school or training............................................................
Other personal re a s o n .......................................................
Reason not available............................................................
8,456
100.0
9.4
2.7
.7
6.0
76.0
23.6
3.9
.6
48.0
14.6
1,996
100.0
40.7
27.1
5.3
8.3
39.4
22.4
6.0
6.4
4.6
19.9
1,300
100.0
59.6
34.6
17.7
7.2
29.3
16.1
2.4
4.5
6.4
11.1
Men (in thousands).........................................................
P ercent.............................................................................
Economic reason...................................................................
Only type of work 1could fin d ............................................
Hope job leads to permanent em ploym ent......................
Other economic reason......................................................
Personal reason.....................................................................
Flexibility of schedule.........................................................
Family or personal obligations...........................................
In school or training............................................................
Other personal re a s o n .......................................................
Reason not available............................................................
5,633
100.0
10.2
2.7
.6
6.9
74.7
18.0
1.4
.4
55.1
15.1
979
100.0
50.1
33.1
5.0
12.0
27.6
15.9
1.6
5.1
4.9
22.4
581
100.0
65.2
41.0
15.7
8.4
22.2
10.7
.9
4.3
6.4
12.7
Women (in tho usan ds)...................................................
P ercent.............................................................................
Economic reason...................................................................
Only type of work 1could fin d ............................................
Hope job leads to permanent em ploym ent......................
Other economic reason......................................................
Personal reason.....................................................................
Flexibility of schedule.........................................................
Family or personal obligations...........................................
In school or training............................................................
Other personal re a s o n .......................................................
Reason not available............................................................
2,824
100.0
7.8
2.8
.8
4.1
78.5
34.6
9.1
1.0
33.8
13.7
1,017
100.0
31.7
21.2
5.6
4.8
50.7
28.5
10.1
7.6
4.4
17.7
719
100.0
55.0
29.4
19.3
6.3
35.1
20.4
3.6
4.7
6.4
9.9
N ote : Details may not sum to totals because of rounding. Information on reason for alternative arrangement was not collected for workers employed by
contract companies.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
13
Workers in Alternative Employment
Table 10.
Employed persons with alternative and traditional work arrangements, by sex and contingent and noncontingent
employment, February 1997
Percent distribution
Arrangem ent and sex
Total
(thousands)
Contingent workers'
Noncontingent
workers
Estimate
1
Estimate
2
Estimate
3
8,456
1,996
1,300
809
114,199
(2)
13.9
27.7
5.3
1.5
3.5
14.2
42.5
12.0
1.6
3.5
26.7
56.8
16.7
3.4
96.5
73.3
43.2
83.3
96.6
5,633
979
581
565
60,180
O
17.2
28.7
6.7
1.3
2.5
17.9
41.8
12.6
1.4
2.5
30.6
56.5
17.0
3.1
97.5
69.3
43.5
83.0
96.9
2,824
1,017
719
244
54,019
(2)
10.6
26.8
2.0
1.7
5.5
10.6
43.1
10.6
1.8
5.5
22.8
57.2
15.9
3.7
94.5
77.2
42.8
84.1
96.3
Total
With alternative arrangements:
Independent contractors.............................................
On-call w o rk e rs............................................................
Temporary help agency w orke rs................................
Workers provided by contract firm s ............................
With traditional arrangements........................................
Men
With alternative arrangements:
Independent contractors.............................................
On-call w o rk e rs............................................................
Temporary help agency w orke rs................................
Workers provided by contract firm s ............................
With traditional arrangements........................................
Women
With alternative arrangements:
Independent c ontractors.............................................
On-call w o rk e rs ............................................................
Temporary help agency w o rk e rs................................
Workers provided by contract firm s ............................
With traditional arrangements........................................
'For a definition of estimates 1,2, and 3, see the appendix to Steven Hippie's
article, pp. 34-35, this issue.
2Not applicable.
general workforce. (See table 2.) In contrast to the situation
among whites and blacks, more Hispanic men than Hispanic
women worked in this arrangement.
A somewhat higher proportion of temps than traditional
workers aged 25 to 64 had dropped out of high school. A
majority of temps had at least 1 year of college, but fewer
had a college degree, compared with traditional workers (22
percent and 30 percent, respectively). (See table 3.)
Part-time status. Perhaps surprisingly, given the epi
sodic nature of their work, the great majority (80 percent)
of temps worked a full-time week of at least 35 hours.
(See table 5.) Men in this arrangement averaged 39 hours
per week on the job, and women averaged 34 hours, al
most as much as traditional workers (41 and 35 hours,
respectively). Of those temps who worked part time, a
very large share— 41 percent— would have preferred a
full-time job, compared with only 18 percent of workers
in traditional jobs. Male and female temps had a similar
incidence of involuntary part-time work.
Occupation and industry.
14
Temporary help agency employees
Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
November 1998
N ote : Noncontingent workers are those who do not fall into any estimate of
“contingent” workers. Workers with traditional arrangements are those who do
not fall into any of the “alternative arrangements” categories. I ndependent con
tractors, as well as the self-employed, are excluded from estimate 1.
worked predominantly in clerical and machine operator occupa
tions, although there were substantial differences by gender. Of
the women in the arrangement, one-half held clerical jobs, 20
percent were in machine operator, fabricator, and laborer posi
tions, and 13 percent worked as managers and professionals.
Among the men, 41 percent worked as operators, fabricators, or
laborers, while clerical jobs and managerial and professional jobs
accounted for 14 percent apiece. (See table 6.)
Manufacturing companies and, to a lesser extent, service
industry firms, were heavy users of temporary help workers,
relative to their share of total employment, while retail
establishments and government agencies were relatively
infrequent users. Manufacturing and services combined
accounted for three-fourths of the temporaries’ assignments.
(See table 7; data on the industries temps were assigned to
were not available for about 13 percent of persons in the
arrangement—r-hence, the preceding conclusions characterize
just those who responded to the survey question about
industry of assignment.)
Preference and reason. Just 1 in 3 temporary help agency
workers preferred their arrangement to a traditional job.
Women had a slightly higher preference for the arrangement
than did men; still, nearly 60 percent of all temps said that
they would prefer a traditional job. (The remainder did not
express a clear preference.) (See table 8.)
Even so, the February 1997 survey found a higher propor
tion of workers who were in the arrangement voluntarily
compared with the figure 2 years earlier. Those who pre
ferred the arrangement rose by about 7 percentage points.
When asked about the main reason they were working in
the arrangement, a majority of temps provided an economic
reason, the most common being that that was the only type of
work they could find. The second most common economic
reason was the hope that the assignment with the temporary
agency would lead to permanent employment. The most of
ten-cited personal reason was the flexibility of the schedule.
Percentagewise, more men than women gave an economic
reason for working in this arrangement; even so, more than
one-half of all female temps gave an economic reason. (See
table 9.) One-third of temps who said they would prefer a
traditional job were actively looking for one.
Table 11. Employed persons with alternative and traditional work arrangements, by tenure in the arrangement and sex,
February 1997
[Percent distribution]
Workers with alternative arrangements
Tenure and sex
Total, 16 years and older (thousands)
P ercent......................................................................
Total reporting specific tenure........................................
1 year or le s s ............................................................
Less than 6 m o n th s........................... ..................
6 to 12 m onths......................................................
More than 1 y e a r......................................................
Less than 4 y e a rs .................................................
4 to 9 y e a rs ...........................................................
10 to 19 y e a rs .......................................................
20 years or m ore...................................................
Specific tenure not available..........................................
Independent
contractors
On-call
workers
8,456
100.0
97.6
14.5
5.4
9.1
83.2
15.8
25.4
24.2
17.8
2.4
1,996
100.0
96.2
44.8
25.3
19.5
51.4
21.5
17.3
9.2
3.4
3.8
Temporary
help
ag en c y
workers
Workers
provided
by contract
firms
4.6
809
100.0
97.4
40.5
19.2
21.4
56.9
27.2
18.7
9.4
1.6
2.6
1,300
100.0
95.4
71.0
42.6
28.3
24.5
15.9
7.0
1.6
-
Workers
with
traditional
arrangements
114,199
100.0
96.1
24.7
10.2
14.5
71.4
19.0
24.3
17.9
10.2
3.9
Median tenure (in years).................................................
7.7
2.1
.5
2.1
4.8
Men, 16 years and older (thousands).....................
P ercent......................................................................
Total reporting specific tenure........................................
1 year or le s s .............................................................
Less than 6 m o n th s.............................................
6 to 12 m onths......................................................
More than 1 y e a r......................................................
Less than 4 y e a rs .................................................
4 to 9 y e a rs ...........................................................
10 to 19 y e a rs .......................................................
20 years or m ore...................................................
Specific tenure not available..........................................
5,633
100.0
97.6
11.9
3.9
8.0
85.7
14.3
24.4
25.0
21.9
2.4
979
100.0
95.7
41.3
20.6
20.7
54.4
20.0
16.3
12.2
5.9
4.2
581
100.0
94.5
67.7
42.8
24.9
27.0
19.1
7.2
.7
5.3
565
100.0
97.0
40.2
19.5
20.7
56.8
25.8
19.6
9.0
2.3
3.0
60,180
100.0
95.8
23.3
9.8
13.5
72.5
18.2
23.6
18.2
12.5
4.2
Median tenure (in years).................................................
9.2
2.4
.5
2.0
5.2
Women, 16 years and older (thousands)..............
P ercent......................................................................
Total reporting specific tenure........................................
1 year or le s s ............................................................
Less than 6 m o n th s.............................................
6 to 12 m onths......................................................
More than 1 y e a r......................................................
Less than 4 y e a rs ................................................
4 to 9 y e a rs ..........................................................
10 to 19 y e a rs .......................................................
20 years or m ore...................................................
Specific tenure not available..........................................
2,824
100.0
97.7
19.7
8.3
11.3
78.1
18.8
27.2
22.6
9.6
2.3
1,017
100.0
96.7
48.3
29.9
18.4
48.4
22.9
18.2
6.3
1.0
3.4
719
100.0
96.0
73.6
42.3
31.3
22.4
13.2
7.0
2.1
4.0
244
100.0
98.4
41.2
18.5
22.6
57.2
30.5
16.5
10.3
1.6
54,019
100.0
96.5
26.3
10.7
15.6
70.2
19.9
25.1
17.6
7.6
3.5
Median tenure (in years).................................................
5.6
1.8
.5
2.2
4.4
-
-
N ote : Workers with traditional arrangements are those who do not fall into any of the “alternative arrangements” categories. Details may not sum to totals due
to rounding. For workers with traditional arrangements, estimates reflect tenure with the current employer. Median tenure was calculated only for those who
reported a specific tenure. Dash indicates less than 0.05 percent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
15
Workers in Alternative Employment
Table 12.
Median weekly earnings of full-time workers with alternative and traditional work arrangements, by selected
characteristics, February 1997
Temporary
help ag ency
workers
Workers
provided by
contract firms
Workers with
traditional
arrangements
$329
$619
( 1)
( 1)
478
590
481
588
670
590
500
$432
243
328
457
440
501
408
456
231
286
364
373
343
351
681
679
686
734
$510
237
328
550
486
579
613
575
458
Men, 16 years and o ld e r................
16 to 19 ye a rs......................................
20 to 24 ye a rs......................................
25 years and o ld e r..............................
25 to 34 y e a rs ..................................
35 to 44 y e a rs ..................................
45 to 54 y e a rs ..................................
55 to 64 y e a rs ..................................
65 years and o ld e r..........................
621
( 1)
Women, 16 years and o ld e r...........
16 to 19 ye a rs......................................
20 to 24 ye a rs......................................
25 years and o ld e r..............................
25 to 34 y e a rs ..................................
35 to 44 y e a rs .................................
45 to 54 y e a rs ..................................
55 to 64 y e a rs .................................
65 years and o ld e r..........................
Independent
contractors
On-call
workers
Total, 16 years and o lde r................
16 to 19 ye a rs......................................
20 to 24 ye a rs......................................
25 years and o ld e r..............................
25 to 34 y e a rs ..................................
35 to 44 y e a rs .................................
45 to 54 y e a rs ..................................
55 to 64 y e a rs .................................
65 years and o ld e r..........................
$587
Characteristic
A ge and sex
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
(’ )
508
385
685
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
523
624
513
618
739
622
731
328
524
576
521
636
312
406
403
405
727
783
702
( 1)
( ')
( 1)
( 1)
( ')
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
409
286
305
439
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
414
378
434
508
397
298
287
253
450
234
252
323
323
308
338
( 1)
( 1)
439
396
( 1)
( ')
( 1)
(’)
n
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
603
399
438
455
378
321
324
332
281
675
394
398
512
581
523
752
289
423
498
558
521
265
310
306
433
497
578
252
343
613
523
630
717
679
669
450
217
309
479
425
506
515
440
361
Race and Hispanic origin
W h ite ....................................................
B lack.....................................................
Hispanic o rig in .....................................
( ')
524
428
357
Educational attainment
Less than a high school dip lo m a .......
High school graduate, no c o lle g e ......
Some college, no degree....................
Associate's d e g re e .............................
College gradua te.................................
( 1)
491
522
( 1)
910
302
427
494
519
769
1Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
N ote : Workers with traditional arrangements are those who do not fall into any of the “alternative arrangement” categories.
Tenure and contingency. The February 1997 survey con
firmed that people employed by temporary help agencies can
be assigned to one client for a relatively long time. While
about 35 percent of temps had been in their current assign
ment for less than 3 months, nearly one-quarter had been in
their assignment for more than a year. The median current
tenure in the assignment was about 5 months.
Tenure in the employment arrangement was somewhat
higher than tenure in the assignment. About 37 percent had
been in the arrangement for at least 1 year, and 23 percent
had been in the arrangement for 2 or more years; the median
tenure was 6 months. (See table 11.)
About 57 percent of temporary help agency workers were
16
Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
November 1998
contingent under table 10’s estimate 3, which, for temps, is
based on their attachment to the current assignment. While
this contingency rate continued to be the highest of any of the
alternative arrangements studied, it was down by 10 percent
age points from the rate obtained in the 1995 survey.
Although their assignments typically were short lived,
many temps believed that they could remain in the arrange
ment indefinitely. Under estimate 1, in which temporary help
agency workers were counted as contingent if they believed
they could not remain in the arrangement for as long as they
wished, only 28 percent were contingent.
Special characteristics.
Nearly all temps reported being
assigned to just one place in the reference week. Eighty per
cent were registered with just one temporary help agency. Less
than 2 percent were represented by a union or an employee
association.
Compensation. Temporary help agency workers had the
lowest earnings of workers in the four alternative arrange
ments studied. At $329 per week for full-time workers, their
median earnings were about two-thirds of the earnings of tra
ditional workers ($510). (See table 12.) The low earnings of
temporary help agency workers are, in part, a reflection of the
fact that the clerical and machine operator jobs they typically
hold pay lower-than-average wages.
Women in the arrangement earned about 79 percent of what
men earned, a gender gap comparable to that of other work
ers. Younger temps and those with less schooling generally
had earnings closer to those of their counterparts in traditional
arrangements, while older and college-educated workers who
temped experienced a more substantial earnings deficit. The
earnings of black and white temps were about the same, un
like the situation of traditional workers.
Temporary agencies did not commonly provide health
insurance and pension benefits to their workers. (See table
14.) In fact, the rates of coverage for these workers were the
lowest of the arrangements studied. For instance, 26 percent
of temporary help agency workers were eligible for their
Table 13.
employer’s health insurance coverage, compared with nearly
75 percent of traditional workers, and only 7 percent of temps
obtained health insurance through their employer, compared
with 61 percent of traditional workers. Just 46 percent of temps
had health insurance from any source, compared with 83
percent of traditional workers. Women were more likely than
men to have coverage at all, often through a family member.
Pension coverage was even lower than health insurance
coverage: about 1 temp in 10 was eligible for his or her
employer’s pension plan, and about 4 percent of all temps
actually participated in such a plan. For traditional workers,
the proportions were 57 and 50 percent, respectively.
In sum, most temporary help agency workers were em
ployed as clerical workers and machine operators. Most temps
worked full time, and one-quarter had been on their current
assignment for more than a year. Pay and benefits were at
relatively low levels. Still, one-third of temps preferred their
arrangement to a traditional job, and there was evidence that
this proportion rose between 1995 and 1997 and that the pro
portion who were contingent fell.
Contract company workers
The smallest of the four alternative arrangements was contract
company employment, with about 800,000 workers. These
individuals worked for a company that provides employees or
Percent of independent contractors with health insurance and pension coverage, by selected characteristics,
February 1997
With health insurance coverage
Characteristic
Number
(thousands)
Total
(percent)
Through
Through
current
spouse or
em ployer other family
at main job
m em ber
With pension coverage
Purchased
on own
Other
sources
Total
(percent)
IRA or
Keogh
A ge and sex
Total, 16 years and o lde r.........................
16 to 24 y e a rs..............................................
25 years and o ld e r.......................................
25 to 34 y e a rs ..........................................
35 to 44 y e a rs ..........................................
45 to 54 y e a rs ..........................................
55 years and o ld e r...................................
8,456
272
8,185
1,549
2,631
2,237
1,768
72.7
55.9
73.2
64.7
70.9
74.0
83.1
2.5
5.9
2.4
1.8
3.1
2.2
2.1
25.5
29.8
25.3
26.1
30.7
25.4
16.6
32.3
10.7
33.0
28.5
31.2
36.6
35.0
11.5
7.7
11.6
7.1
5.4
9.3
27.9
37.4
6.6
38.4
18.9
37.8
43.6
50.0
35.1
4.0
36.2
17.2
34.6
41.8
47.9
M en................................................................
W o m e n .........................................................
5,633
2,824
70.6
76.8
2.6
2.5
19.0
38.3
36.1
24.7
12.4
9.8
38.1
36.0
35.9
33.6
7,667
448
614
74.1
52.2
45.4
2.5
3.8
2.8
25.9
20.5
14.3
33.0
19.6
19.1
11.8
8.3
8.1
39.1
15.2
13.2
36.8
12.5
11.6
5,980
2,378
72.0
74.2
2.9
1.6
21.7
35.2
37.9
17.8
8.8
18.6
38.9
33.4
36.4
31.5
Race and Hispanic origin
W h ite .............................................................
B lack.............................................................
Hispanic o rig in .............................................
Full- and part-time status
Full-time w o rk e rs .........................................
Part-time w o rk e rs ........................................
N ote : Details for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum
to totals because data for the “other races” group are not presented and
Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Details
for full- and part-time workers will not sum to totals because the usual status
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on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobhold
ers. Details for sources of health insurance coverage will not sum to totals
because information on a specific source was not always available.
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
17
Workers in Alternative Employment
Table 14.
Percent of persons in alternative and traditional work arrangements with health insurance and pension
coverage, by selected characteristics, February 1997
With health insurance coverage
Number
(thousands)
Characteristic
Total
(percent)
Through
current
em ployer
at main job
Through
other job
or union
Eligible for
em ployerprovided
health
insurance
With pension Eligible for
coverage,
em ployertotal
provided
(percent)
pension
O n-call workers
Age and sex:
Total, 16 years and o lde r........................................
16 to 24 yea rs.......................................................
25 years and o ld e r...............................................
25 to 34 y e a rs ....................................................
35 to 44 y e a rs ....................................................
45 to 54 y e a rs ....................................................
55 years and o ld e r............................................
1,996
430
1,567
448
508
288
322
67.3
70.7
66.4
58.3
64.8
68.4
78.9
19.6
11.4
21.8
23.7
23.8
21.9
16.1
4.4
1.4
5.2
4.5
4.7
5.2
7.5
31.0
19.1
34.2
38.6
38.2
32.3
23.6
19.2
4.9
23.2
19.9
26.8
22.6
22.7
24.5
7.2
29.3
28.6
32.1
26.7
28.3
M e n ...........................................................................
W om en.....................................................................
979
1,017
60.3
74.1
29.3
10.2
8.0
1.0
38.2
24.0
23.1
15.5
28.3
20.8
1,783
156
265
68.1
61.5
37.7
19.4
20.5
17.7
4.8
1.3
3.0
30.7
28.8
26.0
19.5
19.9
8.7
24.7
21.2
14.3
896
1,079
62.5
70.9
34.6
7.5
7.9
1.4
48.2
17.2
30.2
10.5
37.6
13.8
Total, 16 years and o lde r........................................
16 to 24 yea rs.......................................................
25 years and o ld e r................................................
25 to 34 y e a rs ....................................................
35 to 44 y e a rs ....................................................
45 to 54 y e a rs ....................................................
55 years and o ld e r............................................
1,300
293
1,007
394
279
211
124
46.4
39.6
48.5
35.5
47.0
54.0
83.1
7.0
4.4
7.7
6.6
9.0
10.9
3.2
1.9
1.7
1.9
.5
1.1
3.3
5.6
26.0
19.8
27.9
27.2
32.3
28.9
18.5
3.7
2.0
4.2
3.3
4.3
5.2
3.2
10.5
6.8
11.5
9.6
10.4
18.5
8.9
M e n ..........................................................................
W om en.....................................................................
581
719
37.9
53.3
8.1
6.1
2.2
1.7
27.9
24.5
3.4
3.8
11.2
9.9
976
277
160
49.8
32.1
28.1
7.9
4.0
3.8
1.4
1.8
(')
27.7
13.0
26.9
4.9
(1)
1.9
12.0
2.9
9.4
1,023
275
42.2
61.5
8.6
.7
1.3
4.0
29.9
10.9
4.7
(1)
11.8
4.7
Total, 16 years and o lde r........................................
16 to 24 yea rs.......................................................
25 years and o ld e r................................................
25 to 34 y e a rs ....................................................
35 to 44 y e a rs ....................................................
45 to 54 y e a rs ....................................................
55 years and o ld e r............................................
809
82
728
277
252
115
84
81.7
74.4
82.4
85.9
75.0
87.0
86.9
50.2
43.9
50.8
59.2
46.8
55.7
29.8
3.3
(')
3.7
3.2
3.2
6.1
3.6
68.7
57.3
70.1
73.3
69.0
71.3
61.9
35.6
28.0
36.4
34.3
35.3
43.5
38.1
45.9
43.9
46.0
43.7
46.4
51.3
45.2
M e n ...........................................................................
W om en.....................................................................
565
244
81.2
83.2
57.0
34.8
4.2
1.2
72.0
61.1
42.7
19.3
52.0
32.0
660
104
51
82.7
69.2
(2)
49.1
42.3
(2)
4.1
(')
(2)
67.1
67.3
(2)
36.5
31.7
(2)
47.6
41.3
(2)
81.8
81.1
58.6
12.8
3.6
2.0
75.6
37.8
39.8
16.2
50.7
23.6
Race and Hispanic origin:
W h ite ..........................................................................
B la c k ...........................................................................
Hispanic o rig in ..........................................................
Full- and part-time status:
Full-time w o rk e rs ......................................................
Part-time w orkers......................................................
Temporary help ag en c y workers
Age and sex:
Race and Hispanic origin:
W h ite ..........................................................................
B la c k ...........................................................................
Hispanic o rig in ..........................................................
Full- and part-time status:
Full-time w o rk e rs ......................................................
Part-time w orkers......................................................
Workers provided by contract firms
Age and sex:
Race and Hispanic origin:
White .........................................................................
B la ck...........................................................................
Hispanic o rig in ..........................................................
Full- and part-time status:
Full-time w o rk e rs ......................................................
Part-time w orkers......................................................
18
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
November 1998
659
148
Table 14.
Continued—Percent of persons in alternative and traditional work arrangements with health insurance and pension
With health insurance coverage
Characteristic
Number
(thousands)
Total
(percent)
Through
current
em ployer
a t main job
Through
other job
or union
Eligible for
em ployerprovided
health
insurance
With pension Eligible for
co verage, em ployerprovided
total
pension
(percent)
Workers with traditional arrangements
A g e a n d sex:
Total, 16 years and o ld e r.......................................
16 to 24 y e a rs ......................................... .........
25 years and o ld e r................................. ..........
25 to 34 ye a rs................................................
35 to 44 ye a rs................................................
45 to 54 y e a rs...............................................
55 years and o ld e r........................................
107,689
16,716
90,973
27,965
29,789
21,596
11,623
83.0
67.7
85.8
80.7
86.5
89.0
90.3
60.9
29.9
66.6
63.8
68.0
70.9
62.0
.8
.2
.9
.6
.7
.8
2.0
73.4
44.8
78.7
77.3
80.0
82.0
72.9
49.7
14.4
56.1
47.6
58.9
64.2
54.5
56.9
27.1
62.4
56.9
64.6
68.3
58.7
M e n ...........................................................................
W om en.......................................................... ..........
56,167
51,522
82.2
83.8
66.1
55.2
1.2
.3
75.9
70.7
51.8
47.3
58.4
55.2
90,818
12,263
10,654
84.1
77.0
61.8
60.8
62.3
48.4
.8
.6
.6
73.6
73.4
60.4
50.0
49.8
31.2
57.1
57.6
38.3
87,685
19,757
84.8
75.0
70.7
17.6
.8
.8
82.7
32.5
57.1
16.6
64.5
23.0
Race and Hispanic origin:
W h ite ..........................................................................
B la c k ...........................................................................
Hispanic o rig in ..........................................................
Full- and part-time status:
Full-time w o rk e rs ......................................................
Part-time w orkers......................................................
'Less than 0.05 percent.
2Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
N ote : Workers with traditional arrangements are those who do not fall
into any of the “alternative arrangement” categories. Data exclude the
incorporated self-employed. Details for the above race and Hispanic-origin
their services to other organizations under contract, and they
usually worked for one customer at a time at the customer’s
work site. This arrangement grew by 24 percent from 1995 to
1997, much faster than the growth of traditional employment
(2.8 percent). Even so, contract company workers accounted
for just 0.6 percent of all workers in February 1997.7
Contract company workers differed from other workers in
several respects: they were disproportionately male (70 per
cent), relatively few were young or old, and about two-thirds
were 25 to 44 years old. Also, two-thirds of the women had at
least one child, reflecting the preponderance of workers of
childbearing age. (See tables 2 and 4.)
Part-time status. At 16 percent, the proportion of contract
company employees who worked part time was essentially
the same as that of traditional workers. (See table 5.) There
was a large difference by gender in part-time work, as 36 per
cent of women who were contract company workers, but only
8 percent of men, worked part time. As with traditional work
ers, roughly 80 percent of the part-timers in the arrangement
voluntarily worked a shorter week.
Occupation and industry. The occupational distribution of
contract company workers was quite unlike that of traditional
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groups will not sum to totals because data for the “other races” group are not
presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population
groups. Details for full- and part-time workers will not sum to totals because
the usual status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of
multiple jobholders.
workers: contract company workers were more likely to hold
professional, technical, service, and precision production jobs,
while comparatively few held managerial, sales, and clerical
positions. Fully one-half of the men were in service and preci
sion production positions, compared with just 28 percent of men
in traditional arrangements. More than 60 percent of the women
were in professional and service occupations, compared with
just 34 percent of women in traditional jobs. Government agen
cies, manufacturing firms, and transportation and utility com
panies were large users of contract company workers relative to
their share of total employment. (See tables 6 and 7.)
The contract company employment arrangement had the
highest rate of union representation of the four alternative ar
rangements, but, at 5 percent, was still just a fraction of the
rate among traditional jobholders (about 16 percent).
Tenure and contingency. Many contract company workers had
been in the arrangement a relatively short time. About 40 per
cent had been contract company workers for 1 year or less, and
only 30 percent had 4 or more years of tenure. (See table 11.)
About 17 percent of contract company workers were con
tingent under the broadest measure and believed that they
could not remain on their current assignment indefinitely. By
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
19
Workers in Alternative Employment
contrast, the contingency rate for traditional workers was 3.4
percent. (See table 10.) It is perhaps surprising that more than
80 percent of contract company employees believed that they
could remain on their current assignment indefinitely, given
the relatively short tenure of many of the workers in their
current assignment.
(Information on reasons for being in the arrangement and
on the preferred arrangement was not collected for contract com
pany workers, due to the difficulty of devising questions whose
wording would capture the desired information for this group.)
Compensation. Median weekly earnings for contract company
workers employed full time ($619) were higher than earnings
for workers in any other arrangement, including a traditional
one ($510). (See table 12.) There was a large gender gap in earn
ings among workers in the arrangement, with women earning
64 percent of men’s earnings ($439 versus $685).
With respect to health insurance, the overall rate of cover
age for employees of contract companies (82 percent) was
about the same as that for workers in traditional arrangements.
Almost 70 percent of contract company workers were eligible
for employer-provided health insurance, and one-half received
it from their employer, the highest such rates of any alterna
tive arrangement. (See table 14.)
Nearly half of the workers in the arrangement were eligible
for their employer’s pension plan, and 36 percent actually
participated in the plan. While these proportions were lower
than those for traditional workers, they were by far the highest
among the alternative arrangements.
In sum, contract company workers are a small, but wellcompensated, group in which men under the age of 45 are
disproportionately represented.
to generalize
about workers in nontraditional types of employment arrange
ments and to conclude that their existence is evidence of short
comings in the U.S. labor market.8 The results of the two sur
veys on alternative arrangements that have been conducted as
part of the CPS, however, suggest the dangers in trying to stereo
type the jobs that workers in such arrangements hold.
Of the four alternative arrangements examined in this ar
ticle, independent contracting dwarfs all the others in size and
is of particular note for several other reasons as well: in gen
eral, workers in this arrangement preferred it to a traditional
arrangement, viewed their jobs as permanent, tended to work
full time—many putting in quite long workweeks— and, on
average, were quite highly paid.
In contrast, other arrangements appear to offer less security,
lower pay, or fewer hours than many workers might prefer. But,
perhaps most important, each of the arrangements includes many
workers who responded that they preferred the arrangement, felt
secure in their jobs, and received competitive pay. Thus, it seems
fair to say that there is as much diversity in the characteristics of
jobs and workers within each type of employment arrangement,
whether traditional or otherwise, as there is between different
types of arrangements.
□
A NUMBER OF OBSERVERS HAVE BEEN TEMPTED
Footnotes
1 Data from the February 1997 supplement to the Current Popula
tion Survey ( cps ) were initially published as news release usdl 97-422,
“Contingent and alternative em ployment arrangements, February
1997,” issued Dec. 2, 1997. The c p s , conducted for the Bureau of
Labor Statistics by the Bureau of the Census, is a monthly survey of
some 50,000 households that is the primary source of information on
the labor force. All employed persons, except unpaid family workers,
were eligible for inclusion in the February supplement. The current
article updates two that appeared in the October 1996 M onthly L abor
R e v ie w . “Workers in alternative em ploym ent arrangements,” by
Sharon R. Cohany, pp. 31-45; and “Earnings and benefits of workers
in alternative work arrangements,” by Steven Hippie and Jay Stewart,
pp. 4 6 -5 4 .
2 It may be tempting to classify independent contractors who were
identified as wage and salary workers in the main questionnaire as workers
who otherwise would have been employees of their client company or as
individuals who were “converted” to independent contractors to avoid
legal requirements. However, the basic cps questionnaire does not permit
this distinction. Two individuals who are in exactly the same work ar
rangement may answer the question from the main questionnaire, “Were
you employed by government, by a private company, a nonprofit organi
zation, or were you self-employed?” differently, depending on their inter
pretation of the words “employed” and “self-employed.” It was not pos
sible with the cps supplement to collect information on the legal aspects
of employment arrangements.
3 See two articles by John E. Bregger in the M o n th ly L a b o r
R eview . “Self-employment in the United States, 1948-62,” January
20
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
November 1998
1963, pp. 37-43; and “Measuring self-em ploym ent in the United
States,” January/February 1996, pp. 3-9. See also Theresa J. Devine,
“Characteristics of self-employed women in the United States,” Monthly
L abor R eview , March 1994, pp. 20-34.
4
For a study of firms’ family-oriented policies toward independent
contractors (as well as toward temporary agency workers and direct-hire
temporaries), see Kathleen Christensen, “Countervailing Human Re
source Trends in Family-Sensitive Firms,” in Kathleen Barker and
Kathleen Christensen, eds., Contingent Work: A m erican E m ploym ent
R elations in Transition (Ithaca, n y , Cornell University Press, 1998).
The temporary help industry has been the subject of numerous
studies, including Anne E. Polivka, “Are Temporary Help Agency Work
ers Substitutes for Direct Hire Temps? Searching for an Alternative
Explanation of Growth in the Temporary Help Industry,” paper pre
sented at the Society of Labor Economists Conference, Chicago, May
3-5, 1996; Lonnie Golden and Eileen Applebaum, “What was Driving
the 1982-88 Boom in Temporary Employment?” A m erican Jou rn al
o f Econom ics and Sociology, October 1992, pp. 473-93; Karylee Laird
and Nicolas Williams, “Empoyment Growth in the Temporary Help
Supply Industry ‘‘Journal o f E conom ic P ersp ectives, spring 1997, pp.
117-36. For a history of the temporary help industry, see Martha I.
Finney and Deborah A. Dasch, A H eritage o f Service: The H istory o f
Tem porary H elp in A m erica (Alexandria, v a , National Association of
Temporary Services, 1991). For views of the industry primarily from
the temporary workers’ perspective, see Kevin D. Henson, Just a Temp
(Philadelphia, Temple University Press, 1996); Jackie Krasas Rogers,
“Just a Temp: Experience and Structure of Alienation in Temporary
7 Recent research on contract companies includes Katharine G.
Abraham and Susan K. Taylor, “Firms’ Use of Outside Contractors:
Theory and Evidence,” Journal o f L abor Econom ics, July 1996, pp.
394-424; and two pieces by Susan N. Houseman: Temporary, P art6
Since 1982, data on the temporary help industry have been available tim e, a n d C o n tr a c t E m p lo ym en t: A R e p o rt on th e W. E. U pjoh n
In stitu te’s E m ployer Survey on F lexible Staffing A rrangem ents (U.S.
from the Bureau of Labor Statistics through the Current Employment
Department of Labor, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Policy,
Statistics ( ces) survey, which collects information on employment, hours,
1996) ; and “Labor Standards in Alternative Work Arrangements,” P ro
and earnings from employers in nonagricultural industries. Estimates of
Clerical Employment,” Work and Occupations, May 1995, pp. 137-66;
and Maureen Marietta, Just a Temp: Expectations and Experiences o f
Women C lerical Temporary Workers, report prepared for the U.S. De
partment of Labor, Women’s Bureau, November 1991.
employment in the temporary help industry, as measured by the ces , are
considerably higher than cps-derived estimates, reflecting substantial
differences between the two surveys. For instance, the ces category
“Help supply services” (sic 7363) includes some contract and employee
leasing companies, in addition to temporary help agencies. In the ces ,
multiple jobholders are counted on each payroll; in the c p s , they are
counted on their main job only. Also, in the ces, individuals on multiple
temporary help agency payrolls are counted on each payroll on which
they appeared during the reference week. In the cps , they are counted
only once. For additional information on these differences, see Cohany,
“Alternative employment arrangements,” pp. 39-40; and Anne E.
Polivka, “Contingent and alternative work arrangements, defined,”
M onthly L abor R eview , October 1996, p. 9, footnote 12.
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ceedin gs o f the 50th Annual M eeting o f the In du strial R elation s R e
search Association, vol. 2 (Chicago, Industrial Relations Research Asso
ciation, 1998), pp. 1135-42.
8 See, for instance, Ame L. Kalleberg, Edith Rassell, Naomi Cassirer,
Barbara F. Reskin, Ken Hudson, David Webster, Eileen Appelbaum, and
Roberta M. Spalter-Roth, N o n sta n d a rd W ork, S u b sta n d a rd
Jobs: F lexible Work A rrangem ents in the U.S. (Washington, dc , Eco
nomic Policy Institute and Women’s Research and Education Institute,
1997) ; and the series of articles in the Mar. 29, 1993, issue of Time
magazine under the general title, “Society: A Nation o f PartTimers”: Lance Morrow, “The Temping of America,” pp. 40-41;
Janice Castro, “Disposable Workers,” pp. 43-44; and Robert Reich,
“Nobody Is Safe,” pp. 46-47.
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
21
■il
C o n tin g en t Work
Contingent work: results
from the second survey
Although the incidence o f contingent work declined between
1995 and 1997, it continues to be more common among women,
youth, students, part-time workers, and in the construction
and services industries; still, contingent workers are found
in both high- and low-skilled occupations
Steven Hippie
Steven Hippie is an
economist in the
Division of Labor
Force Statistics,
Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
22
oth the number and proportion of workers
with contingent jobs—that is, jobs that are
structured to be short term or temporary—
fell between 1995 and 1997. In the early 1990s,
the Bureau of Labor Statistics developed a survey
to estimate the number of contingent workers, con
ducting its first survey on the topic in February
1995. When the results of that first survey were
published, three alternative measures of contingent
work were introduced.1 Under the broadest of the
three definitions, there were 5.6 million contin
gent workers in 1997, and the contingency rate,
which represents the proportion of the employed
population holding contingent jobs, was 4.4 percent.2
By comparison, in 1995, 6.0 million workers held
contingent jobs, or 4.9 percent of total employment.
The decline in the number and proportion of work
ers with temporary jobs coincided with a period of
low unemployment and strong job growth.3
This article examines data on contingent work
arrangements from the second special supplement
to the Current Population Survey (CPS) on the
topic, conducted in February 1997.4In the supple
ments, contingent workers are defined as individu
als who do not perceive themselves as having an
explicit or implicit contract for ongoing employ
ment. The analysis presented here focuses on the
most broadly defined group of contingent work
ers (estimate 3), using noncontingent workers—
those who are not classified as contingent even
under the broadest definition—as a point of com
parison.5
Past analyses have shown that the characteris
tics of contingent and noncontingent workers dif
fer markedly. Contingent work arrangements are
more common among certain demographic groups,
for example, and in certain occupations and in
B
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November 1998
dustries. The two groups differ by other character
istics as well, including employee tenure and work
schedules. Disentangling the impact of these dif
ferences on such things as earnings or health insur
ance coverage can be very complex. The purpose
of this article is to provide an overview of the char
acteristics of contingent workers in 1997.
Demographics
The number of contingent workers and the contin
gency rate declined over the period between the two
surveys for most of the major demographic groups.
(See tables 1 and 2.) Among the age groups, young
workers continued to be the most likely to work in
contingent jobs—in 1997, the contingency rate for
teens (16 to 19 years) was 11.5 percent, and the rate
for 20- to 24-year-olds was 8.4 percent. In addi
tion, both surveys showed that young contingent
workers were more likely to be students than were
their noncontingent counterparts. As the tabula
tion below shows, among 16- to 24-year-olds, 64
percent of contingent workers were enrolled in
school in 1997, compared with 40 percent of
noncontingent workers.
C o n tin g e n t
w o rk e rs
( e stim a te 3 )
N o n co n tin g e n t
w o rk ers
T otal, 16 to 2 4 years
t h o u s a n d s ) ......................
:rcen t.....................................
E n r o lle d .............................
H ig h s c h o o l ..................
C o l l e g e ...........................
F u ll t i m e ...................
Part t i m e ...................
1 ,6 9 0
1 0 0 .0
6 3 .7
19.5
4 4 .3
3 8 .6
5 .6
1 6 ,2 9 9
1 0 0 .0
4 0 .0
1 6 .0
2 4 .0
1 7 .2
6 .8
N o t e n r o ll e d ....................
3 6 .3
6 0 .0
i
The large proportion of younger contingent
Table 1.
Employed contingent and noncontingent workers by age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and educational attainment,
February 1995 and February 1997
[Percent distribution]
Contingent workers'
Characteristic
Estimate 1
1995
1997
2,739
100.0
2,385
100.0
Noncontingent
workers2
Estimate 3
Estimate 2
1997
1995
1997
1997
1995
3,422
100.0
3,096
100.0
6,034
100.0
5,574
100.0
117,174
100.0
121,168
100.0
1995
A ge and sex
Total, 16 years and older (thousands)........
P ercent.........................................................
16 to 19 years...................................................
20 to 24 years...................................................
25 to 34 years...................................................
35 to 44 years...................................................
45 to 54 years...................................................
55 to 64 years...................................................
65 years and o lde r...........................................
16.6
25.0
26.0
18.5
8.2
3.8
1.8
19.2
23.9
23.7
17.5
8.3
5.3
2.1
15.2
22.2
27.5
19.8
9.5
3.7
2.1
16.0
21.0
24.4
20.6
10.8
5.4
1.9
10.7
19.8
26.3
21.0
12.6
5.9
3.7
12.4
17.9
24.8
20.9
13.6
7.3
3.1
4.3
9.6
26.1
28.0
19.8
9.4
2.8
4.4
9.0
25.0
28.2
21.0
9.6
2.9
M e n ................................................................
49.3
49.5
49.4
48.4
49.6
49.3
54.0
53.8
16 to 19 years...................................................
20 to 24 years..................................................
25 to 34 years..................................................
35 to 44 years.................................................
45 to 54 years...................................................
55 to 64 years...................................................
65 years and o lde r...........................................
7.2
12.0
12.9
10.0
3.3
2.6
1.2
9.5
11.6
11.4
8.2
4.1
3.5
1.3
6.8
10.7
13.6
10.3
4.2
2.4
1.3
7.7
9.8
11.6
9.6
5.0
3.4
1.2
4.8
9.7
13.8
10.2
5.7
3.6
1.9
6.2
8.5
12.3
10.2
6.2
3.8
2.0
2.2
5.2
14.3
15.1
10.5
5.1
1.7
2.2
4.8
13.6
15.2
11.1
5.2
1.6
W om e n.........................................................
50.7
50.5
50.6
51.6
50.4
50.7
46.0
46.2
16 to 19 years...................................................
20 to 24 years...................................................
25 to 34 years...................................................
35 to 44 yea rs...................................................
45 to 54 yea rs...................................................
55 to 64 yea rs...................................................
65 years and o lde r...........................................
9.5
13.0
13.1
8.5
4.9
1.2
.6
9.8
12.3
12.2
9.3
4.3
1.8
.8
8.4
11.5
13.9
9.5
5.3
1.3
.8
8.2
11.1
12.8
11.0
5.7
2.0
.7
5.9
10.1
12.5
10.8
6.9
2.3
1.8
6.2
9.4
12.5
10.6
7.4
3.5
1.1
2.1
4.4
11.8
12.9
9.3
4.3
1.2
2.2
4.3
11.4
13.0
9.6
4.4
1.2
80.0
13.9
13.6
79.5
13.3
12.2
80.1
13.6
12.9
80.6
13.0
12.8
80.9
13.3
11.3
81.9
11.1
12.4
85.6
10.5
8.3
85.3
10.6
9.4
1,547
100.0
14.0
27.9
22.8
8.4
27.0
9.4
1,308
100.0
10.0
27.9
21.9
10.7
29.4
10.5
2,070
100.0
13.6
27.5
23.3
8.0
27.7
10.0
1,893
100.0
11.0
28.5
20.2
10.1
30.1
9.3
3,968
100.0
12.0
27.3
19.6
7.9
33.2
14.9
3,710
100.0
10.4
26.8
18.8
8.2
35.8
14.7
97,633
100.0
9.6
32.4
19.9
9.1
28.9
9.9
101,397
100.0
9.6
32.8
18.9
9.1
29.5
10.0
Race and Hispanic origin
W h ite .................................................................
B la c k .................................................................
Hispanic origin..................................................
Educational attainment
Total, 25 to 64 years (thousands)...............
P ercent.........................................................
Less than a high school d iplo m a...................
High school graduates, no c o lle g e ................
Some college, no d e g re e ...............................
Associate d e g re e ............................................
College graduates...........................................
Advanced degree........................................
1 Contingent workers are defined as individuals who do not perceive them
selves as having an explicit or implicit contract with their employers for ongoing
employment. Estimate 1 above is calculated using the narrowest definition of
contingent work; estimate 3 uses the broadest definition. For the specific criteria
used for each definition, see the appendix, pp. 34-35.
2 Noncontingent workers are those who do not meet the criteria for any of
workers enrolled in school suggests that the lack of a long
term commitment associated with temporary work is com
patible with school attendance. For example, a job struc
tured to last only until the end of the school year might be
mutually satisfactory for both employer and employee. In
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the three definitions of contingent work.
note: Data for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to
totals because data for the “other races” group are not presented and Hispanics
are included in both the white and black population groups. Detail for other
characteristics may not sum to totals due to rounding.
terestingly, much of the high rate of contingency among
employed 20- to 24-year-old college students results from
their employment in jobs that almost by definition are con
tingent. Thirteen percent of this group work in education
(that is, at their schools), a higher percentage than any other
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
23
Contingent Work
industry except eating and drinking places.
Women continued to be somewhat more likely than men to
hold contingent jobs, although the rates for both groups fell
over the 1995-97 period. Employment among women tends
to be concentrated in many of the occupations and industries
in which contingent work arrangements are most common.
Women also have a greater tendency to work part time, and
part-time workers are more likely to be contingent than full
time workers.
Similar to women, blacks and Hispanics in 1997 continued to
have higher contingency rates than whites, although the rates for
each of the three groups declined between the two surveys. The
rates for whites (4.2 percent in 1997) and Hispanics (5.7 percent
in 1997) fell slightly over the period, while the rate for blacks fell
sharply, from 6.1 percent in 1995 to 4.6 percent in 1997.
Industry and occupation
Industry. As in the prior survey, the likelihood of holding a
contingent job was greatest for workers in the construction and
services industries. In 1997, contingency rates for construction
and services were 7.2 percent and 6.7 percent, respectively.6(See
table 3.) Specific industries within services that had relatively
high rates of contingency included personnel supply services (44.4
percent), private household services (15.7 percent), educational
services (11.4 percent), entertainment and recreation services (6.8
percent), and social services (6.2 percent).
Major industry groups with below-average contingency
rates (less than 3.0 percent) included manufacturing; trans
portation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; and
finance, insurance, and real estate.
Occupation. As in 1995, contingent workers in the 1997
survey were found in both low- and high-skilled occupations.
For example, contingency rates were highest for those in pro
fessional specialty (6.0 percent), administrative support (6.0
percent), and farming occupations (5.9 percent). The fact that
the probability of holding a contingent job was relatively high
among occupations with such varying skill levels tends to re
fute the stereotype that contingent workers are primarily lowskilled.
Within the professional specialty category, the contingency
rate was especially high for postsecondary teachers— 28.4 per
cent. The rate for elementary and secondary school teachers,
Table 2. Contingency rates by age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and educational attainment, February 1995 and February
1997
[Percent]
Contingency rates'
Characteristic
Estimate 2
Estimate 1
Estimate 3
1995
1997
1995
1997
Total, 16 years and o ld e r.................
16 to 19 yea rs........................................
20 to 24 years........................................
25 to 34 yea rs........................................
35 to 44 yea rs........................................
45 to 54 years........................................
55 to 64 years........................................
65 years and o lde r.................................
2.2
8.1
5.5
2.2
1.5
.9
.9
1.4
1.9
7.6
4.8
1.8
1.2
.8
1.1
1.3
2.8
9.2
6.1
2.9
2.0
1.4
1.1
2.1
2.4
8.2
5.4
2.4
1.8
1.3
1.4
1.6
4.9
11.4
9.6
4.9
3.7
3.2
3.1
6.3
4.4
11.5
8.4
4.4
3.3
2.9
3.4
4.8
M e n ........................................................
W om en...................................................
2.0
2.4
1.7
2.0
2.5
3.0
2.2
2.7
4.5
5.3
4.0
4.8
2.1
2.9
3.6
1.8
2.4
2.4
2.6
3.5
4.2
2.3
3.0
3.3
4.6
6.1
6.5
4.2
4.6
5.7
1.5
2.2
1.3
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.3
1.1
1.4
1.5
1.2
1.3
2.0
2.9
1.7
2.4
1.8
1.9
2.0
1.8
2.1
1.6
1.9
2.0
1.8
1.6
3.9
4.8
3.3
3.8
3.4
4.5
5.8
3.5
3.8
2.9
3.5
3.2
4.3
5.1
1995
1997
A ge and sex
Race and Hispanic origin
W h ite ......................................................
B la c k ......................................................
Hispanic origin.......................................
Educational attainment
Total, 25 to 64 y e a rs .........................
Less than a high school dip lo m a .........
High school graduates, no c o lle g e ......
Some college, no d e g re e .....................
Associate d e g re e ..................................
College graduates.................................
Advanced d e g re e ...............................
1 Contingency rates are calculated by dividing the number of contingent workers in a specified worker group by the total number of employed persons in the
same worker group. Estimate 1 above is calculated using the narrowest definition of contingent work; estimate 3 uses the broadest definition. For the specific
criteria used for each definition, see the appendix, pp. 34-35.
24
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T a b le 3.
Contingency rates by occupation and industry, February 1995 and February 1997
[Percent]
Contingency rates'
O ccupation and industry
Estimate 2
Estimate 1
Estimate 3
1995
1997
1995
1997
1995
1997
2.2
1.7
8
2.6
2.1
1.3
1.2
3.1
3.0
2.3
2.7
2.2
1.9
1.4
.7
2.0
2.1
1.8
1.1
3.0
2.3
1.8
2.2
2.0
2.8
2.1
1.1
3.1
2.5
1.9
1.6
3.4
4.1
2.9
3.1
3.2
2.4
1.7
1.0
2.4
2.6
2.7
1.5
3.5
3.2
2.3
3.0
3.0
4.9
4.8
2.7
6.8
4.4
4.2
2.6
5.8
5.8
4.6
5.4
5.6
4.4
4.2
2.2
6.0
4.3
4.7
2.1
6.0
5.0
4.1
4.4
5.9
2.2
2.4
1.0
4.5
1.3
1.2
.7
1.6
.7
3.4
1.2
1.9
1.6
1.1
3.7
.9
.7
.8
1.5
1.1
2.8
1.2
2.8
3.3
1.0
5.7
1.6
1.3
1.0
2.0
.8
4.3
1.2
2.4
2.6
1.8
4.7
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.7
1.3
3.7
1.2
4.9
5.0
2.6
8.4
3.1
2.9
2.3
3.0
2.0
7.5
3.6
4.4
5.2
4.0
7.2
2.1
2.6
2.1
2.6
2.1
6.7
4.2
Occupation
Total, 16 years and o lde r...............................................
Managerial and professional specialty.............................
Executive, administrative, and m anagerial...................
Professional spe cia lty....................................................
Technical, sales, and administrative s u p p o rt..................
Technicians and related s u p p o rt...................................
Sales occupations.........................................................
Administrative support, including cle rica l.....................
Service occupations..........................................................
Precision, production, craft, and re p a ir............................
Operators, fabricators, and labo rers................................
Farming, forestry, and fis h in g ...........................................
Industry
Total, 16 years and o lde r................................................
A griculture...........................................................................
M ining..................................................................................
Construction.......................................................................
Manufacturing.....................................................................
Transportation and public u tilitie s .....................................
Wholesale tra d e .................................................................
Retail tra d e .........................................................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate..................................
S erv ic e s ..............................................................................
Public adm inistration.........................................................
1 Contingency rates are calculated by dividing the number of contingent workers in a specified worker group by the total number of employed persons in the
same worker group. Estimate 1 above is calculated using the narrowest definition of contingent work; estimate 3 uses the broadest definition. For the specific
criteria used for each definition, see the appendix, pp. 34-35.
by contrast, although still above average, was just 6.2 per
cent. The high rate among college and university instructors
most likely reflects the increasingly common practice within
these institutions of employing untenured faculty, most of
whom work under short-term contracts.7 It also may help ex
plain the relatively high contingency rate (5.1 percent) among
workers with advanced degrees—more than three-fifths of these
workers were in professional specialty occupations, which have
above-average rates of contingency. Many workers with advanced
degrees are employed by colleges and universities.
Other professional specialty occupations with relatively
high contingency rates include biological and life scientists
(19.8 percent), musicians and composers (12.6 percent),
physicians (9.9 percent), and actors and directors (9.9
percent). Occupations within the administrative support
category having high contingency rates include library
clerks (23.9 percent), file clerks (16.1 percent), general
office clerks (14.4 percent), data entry keyers (14.4
percent), teachers’ aides (11.8 percent), and interviewers
(9.9 percent).
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Contingent work and mothers
Some researchers have expressed concern about the negative
impact that contingent work has on families.8 Table 4 shows
contingency rates for women by marital status and presence
of children. Interestingly, both married and unmarried women
with children under the age of 18 had below-average contin
gency rates— 3.9 percent each, compared with 4.4 percent for
all workers. This is related, in part, to the fact that most women
with children under 18 are beyond the very young age groups
in which contingent work is most common. When limited to
women with children under 6 years, the contingency rate was
4.6 percent, slightly higher than the rate for all workers.
Hours of work
Much like in the first survey, the 1997 data show that parttime workers—those usually working fewer than 35 hours per
week—were more likely than full-time workers to hold con
tingent jobs. About 10 percent of part-timers were classified
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
25
Contingent Work
as contingent workers in 1997, compared with just 3 percent
of those who usually work full time. Viewed another way,
among those holding contingent jobs in 1997,43 percent usu
ally worked fewer than 35 hours per week; among noncon
tingent workers, by contrast, only 18 percent usually worked
part time. (See table 5.)
As shown in the following tabulation, contingency rates
were higher for part-time workers in each of the major industry groups.
F u ll-tim e
w o rk ers
T o t a l...........................................
A g r ic u ltu r e ..................................
M in in g ...........................................
C o n s tr u c tio n ...............................
M a n u fa c tu r in g ...........................
T ransp ortation and
p u b lic u t i l i t i e s ......................
W h o le sa le tr a d e ........................
R eta il t r a d e ..................................
F in a n c e ,in su r a n c e
and real e s t a t e ......................
S e r v i c e s ........................................
P u b lic a d m in istr a tio n .............
P a r t-tim e
w ork ers
3.1
4.3
2.5
6 .9
1.9
9 .9
8.3
9.8
6 .7
2.1
1.4
1.5
7 .3
8 .8
4 .5
1.8
4.3
3 .2
4 .4
1 4 .4
18.1
Data not available where base employment is less than 75,000.
Moreover, the rates for part-time workers were higher than
the overall average of 4.4 percent in all but one industry—
finance, insurance, and real estate. Among full-time workers,
by contrast, the contingency rate was above average in just
one industry, construction, in which the rate was 6.9 percent.
This suggests that, while contingency may be closely related
to certain types of work (construction and college teaching,
for example), it also is an attribute of part-time jobs, regard
less of the industry.
Among part-time workers, contingent and noncontingent
workers were about equally likely to prefer working part
time— that is, they worked part time voluntarily and not for
economic reasons; four-fifths of workers in each group pre
ferred working part time. Of those who did work part time for
economic reasons, the vast majority (91 percent) held jobs
that were not structured to be temporary. Contingent workers
also tend to work slightly fewer hours per week than their
noncontingent counterparts. Among persons who usually
worked full time, average weekly hours were 40.2 for contin
gent workers, compared with 42.6 for noncontingent work
ers. For those who usually worked part time, contingent work
ers averaged 17.3 hours per week, compared with 20.7 hours
per week for noncontingent workers.
Multiple jobholding
Contingent workers were more likely than noncontingent
workers to hold more than one job. (For multiple jobholding
respondents in the survey, the questions about contingency
26
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
November 1998
refer to their main job, that is, the job at which they worked
the most hours during the reference week.) The multiple
jobholding rate—the proportion of workers with more than one
job—was 8.9 percent for contingent workers, compared with 6.7
percent for noncontingent workers. (See table 5.) One possible
explanation for the higher multiple jobholding rate among con
tingent workers is that these workers are much more likely to
work part time, and part-time workers are more likely than
full-time workers to hold two or more jobs. Also, because
they both work fewer hours and earn less, regardless of their
work schedules, contingent workers probably are more likely
to require an additional job to supplement their income.
Preferences and reasons
Workers holding contingent jobs were asked if they preferred
such employment to noncontingent work, as well as the rea
son they were employed in a contingent job. Nearly threefifths of contingent workers said they would rather hold a
noncontingent job.9(See table 6.) Young contingent workers
(aged 16 to 24) were much more likely than their older coun
terparts to be satisfied with their current arrangement—nearly
half of the younger workers were happy with their contingent
jobs, compared with about a third of those aged 25 and older.
As discussed earlier, the majority of younger contingent work-
[Percent]
| Contingency rates for women by marital status
and presence and age of children, February 1997
Contingency rates'
C h a ra c te ris tic
Estimate 1
Estimate 2
Estimate 3
1.3
1.5
1.9
1.3
1.0
2.0
2.3
3.3
1.6
1.6
3.7
3.9
4.6
3.5
3.4
1.2
1.3
1.6
1.1
0.9
1.9
2.1
3.1
1.4
1.6
3.7
3.9
4.5
3.5
3.5
1.8
2.2
3.0
1.9
1.0
2.5
2.9
4.2
2.1
1.7
3.6
3.9
4.9
3.4
3.1
Total
Wives and women who maintain
fam ilies............................................
With children under 18 y e a rs .....
With children under 6 y e a rs .....
With children 6 to 17 years........
With no children under 18 years .
Married, spouse present
W iv e s ................................................
With children under 18 y e a rs .....
With children under 6 y e a rs .....
With children 6 to 17 years........
With no children under 18 years .
Other marital status
Women who maintain fam ilies........
With children under 18 y e a rs .....
With children under 6 years....
With children 6 to 17 ye a rs.....
With no children under 18 years .
1 Contingency rates are calculated by dividing the number of contingent
workers in a specified worker group by the total number of employed persons
in the same worker group. Estimate 1 above is calculated using the narrow
est definition of contingent work; estimate 3 uses the broadest definition. For
the specific criteria used for each definition, see the appendix, pp. 34-35.
Table 5. Employed contingent and noncontingent workers by full- and part-time status, reason for part-time work,
usual hours at work on primary job, and multiple job holding, February 1997____________________ ____
Contingent workers'
Noncontingent
workers2
Characteristic
Estimate 1
Estimate 2
Estimate 3
2,385
100.0
53.5
46.6
9.9
36.9
3,096
100.0
54.8
45.2
10.0
34.8
5,574
100.0
57.5
42.5
7.6
33.9
121,168
100.0
82.2
17.8
3.3
14.1
28.6
39.4
16.7
29.0
39.3
16.9
30.2
40.2
17.3
38.6
42.6
20.7
202
100.0
49.5
37.1
11.9
2.2
8.4
243
100.0
51.0
36.6
10.7
2.2
7.8
497
100.0
49.3
35.4
13.7
2.4
8.9
8,077
100.0
55.9
21.4
19.8
1.0
6.7
Full- or part-tim e status3
Total employed, 16 years and older (thousands)....................................
Percent...................................................................................................
Full-time w o rk e rs ................................................................................
Part-time w o rk e rs ...............................................................................
At work part time for economic reasons.......................................
At work part time for noneconomic reasons................................
Hours of work
Average hours, total at w o rk .........................................................................
Average hours, usually work full tim e ..........................................................
Average hours, usually work part tim e .........................................................
Multiple jobholding
Total, 16 years and older (thousands)..........................................................
Percent4 .......................................................................................................
Primary job full time, secondary job part tim e .....................................
Primary and secondary job both part tim e ..........................................
Hours vary on primary or secondary jo b s ...........................................
Proportion of full-time workers who combined part-time jo b s ................
Multiple jobholding rate6.............................................................................
1Contingent workers are defined as individuals who do not perceive them
selves as having an explicit or implicit contract with their employers for ongoing
employment. Estimate 1 above is calculated using the narrowest definition of
contingent work; estimate 3 uses the broadest definition. For the specific crite
ria used for each definition, see the appendix, pp. 34-35.
2 Noncontingent workers are those who do not meet the criteria for any of
the three definitions of contingent work.
3 Part-time is defined as 1 to 34 hours per week; full time is 35 hours or
more. The classification of full- and part-time workers is based on the number
of hours usually worked. The sum of the at-work part time categories would not
equal the estimate for part-time workers as the latter includes those who had a
ers (64 percent) are enrolled in school, and students often
prefer alternative work arrangements to accommodate their
schedules.
Nearly half of contingent workers gave personal reasons
for accepting their contingent jobs, although among those who
said they would rather have a noncontingent job, only 30 per
cent cited personal reasons. (See table 7.) Also, 46 percent
of those who preferred noncontingent employment gave an
economic reason for being in their current arrangement, com
pared with 6 percent of those who preferred contingent
work.10
Contingent workers in 1997 were more likely to give a
personal reason for holding a contingent job than were their
counterparts in 1995. The proportion reporting a personal
reason for holding a contingent job was 49 percent in 1997,
compared with 44 percent in 1995. The increase between the
two surveys suggests that contingent work was more of a vol
untary choice in the most recent survey, coinciding with a
stronger overall labor market.
About a fifth of contingent workers reported attending
school or training as the reason for being in their current ar
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job but were not at work in the reference week. Persons who are at work part
time for an economic or noneconomic reason are limited to those who usually
work part time.
4 A small number of individuals who worked full time on both their primary
and secondary jobs or worked part time on their primary jobs and full time on
their secondary jobs are not shown separately.
5Multiple jobholding rates are calculated by dividing the number of multiple
jobholders in a specified worker group by total employment for the same worker
group.
N ote :
Some of the detail above may not sum to totals due to rounding.
rangement. Other reasons suggest contingent work enabled
some to participate in the labor market despite their involve
ment in activities that otherwise may have precluded them
from employment. Specifically, 15 percent of contingent work
ers gave either flexibility of schedule or family obligations as
a reason for being in a contingent arrangement. The primary
economic reason given was that it was the only type of work
they could find; 18 percent of contingent workers gave such a
reason.
Compensation
Earnings. As in the prior survey, contingent workers in 1997
earned less per week than noncontingent workers. Median earn
ings were $266 per week for contingent workers, compared with
$444 per week for their noncontingent counterparts. The dis
parity reflects the many differences between the two groups
in terms of work schedules, demographics, occupational and
industry concentration, and employer tenure. As mentioned
previously, for example, contingent workers are more likely
to hold part-time jobs than are noncontingent workers.
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
27
Contingent Work
Still, even among those who worked full time, median
weekly earnings were just $417, or roughly 80 percent of the
median for full-time noncontingent workers. Similarly, earn
ings for part-time contingent workers were $111 per week, or
76 percent of what those who held permanent jobs earned.
The ratios were roughly similar for all of the major worker
groups— men, women, whites, blacks, and Hispanics. (See
table 8.)
As mentioned earlier, contingent workers are employed in
both high- and low-skilled occupations. As a result, their earn
ings varied considerably by occupation. Among occupations
that had above-average contingency rates, full-time contin
gent workers holding professional specialty jobs had the high
est weekly earnings ($677), followed by administrative sup1 P r e fe r e n c e s o f e m p lo y e d c o n t in g e n t w o r k e r s fo r
c o n t in g e n t a n d n o n c o n t in g e n t a r r a n g e m e n ts b y
s e x a n d a g e , F e b r u a r y 1997
[Percent distribution}
C o n tin g e n t w orkers1
C haracteristic
Estimate 1
Estimate 2
|
E m p lo y e d c o n t in g e n t w o r k e r s b y r e a s o n fo r
c o n t in g e n c y a n d p r e fe r e n c e fo r n o n c o n t in g e n t
w o r k , F e b ru a ry 1997
[Percent distribution]
C o n tin g e n t w orkers1
Reason
Estimate 1 Estimate 2
Estimate 3
Total
Total, 16 years and older
(thousands)....................................
Percent..............................................
Economic reasons............................
Only type of work could fin d .........
Hope job leads to permanent
employment...............................
Other economic reason ...............
Personal re a so n s.............................
Flexibility of schedule and only
wanted to work a short period
of tim e ........................................
Family or personal obligations
and child-care problem s...........
In school or tra in in g .....................
Money is b e tte r............................
Other personal re ason................
Reason not available........................
2,385
100.0
38.2
23.2
2,663
100.0
39.6
24.8
5,140
100.0
30.5
18.2
8.1
7.0
48.7
8.0
6.8
47.3
6.7
5.6
48.5
11.2
12.6
11.7
2.9
21.6
1.7
11.2
13.1
2.8
19.7
1.5
10.7
13.1
3.2
19.2
1.4
13.0
20.9
1,436
100.0
57.9
36.1
1,755
100.0
55.2
35.6
3,096
100.0
45.8
28.3
12.3
9.5
28.3
11.1
8.5
26.6
10.1
7.5
29.6
6.3
6.5
6.1
2.5
10.0
1.8
7.9
13.6
2.5
8.8
1.5
7.3
18.2
2.2
10.6
1.3
9.3
24.6
Estimate 3
Prefer n o n co n tin g e n t e m p lo y m e n t
Total
Employed (thousands)................
P ercent.........................................
Prefer noncontingent arrangem ent.
Prefer contingent arrangem ent.......
It d e p e n d s ........................................
Preference not available.................
2,385
100.0
60.2
34.1
4.9
.9
3,096
100.0
56.7
35.8
5.2
2.3
5,574
100.0
55.5
36.1
5.8
2.5
679
100.0
69.8
24.2
4.9
1.2
954
100.0
63.8
28.5
5.1
2.6
1,926
100.0
60.9
29.3
6.7
3.1
677
100.0
70.2
25.4
4.0
.4
999
100.0
59.7
31.9
5.2
3.2
1,958
100.0
58.5
33.4
5.2
2.9
Men, 25 years a n d o ld e r
Employed (thousands)................
P ercent.........................................
Prefer noncontingent arrangem ent.
Prefer contingent arrangem ent......
It d e p e n d s........................................
Preference not available.................
Total, 16 years and older
(thousands).....................................
P ercent..........................................
Economic reasons............................
Only type of work could fin d .........
Hope job leads to permanent
em ploym ent................................
Other economic re a s o n ...............
Personal re a so n s.............................
Flexibility of schedule and only
wanted to work a short period
of tim e ..........................................
Family or personal obligations
and child-care problem s...........
In school or tra in in g ......................
Money is b e tte r.............................
Other personal re a so n .................
Reason not available........................
W om en, 25 years a n d o ld e r
Employed (thousands)................
P ercent.........................................
Prefer noncontingent arrangem ent.
Prefer contingent arrangem ent.......
It d e p e n d s ........................................
Preference not available.................
Both sexes, 16 to 24 years
Employed (thousands)................
P ercent.........................................
Prefer noncontingent arrangem ent.
Prefer contingent arrangem ent......
It d e p e n d s........................................
Preference not available.................
1,029
100.0
47.3
46.4
5.4
1.0
1,143
100.0
48.1
45.4
5.3
1.2
1,690
100.0
46.0
47.1
5.4
1.5
1Contingent workers are defined as individuals who do not perceive them
selves as having an explicit or implicit contract with their employers for ongo
ing employment. Estimate 1 above is calculated using the narrowest definition
of contingent work; estimate 3 uses the broadest definition. For the specific
criteria used for each definition, see the appendix, pp. 34-35.
note:
28
Some of the detail above may not sum to totals due to rounding.
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November 1998
1Contingent workers are defined as individuals who do not perceive them
selves as having an explicit or implicit contract with their employers for ongo
ing employment. Estimate 1 above is calculated using the narrowest definition of contingent work; estimate 3 uses the broadest definition. For the specific criteria used for each definition, see the appendix, pp. 34-35.
port, including clerical ($342); service occupations ($258);
and farming, forestry, and fishing ($233). (See table 9.)
Health insurance. As in the first survey, contingent work
ers in 1997 were much less likely than noncontingent workers
to have employer-provided health insurance coverage—
slightly more than a third of those holding contingent jobs
were offered health insurance coverage by their employer, in
contrast to nearly three-fourths of those in noncontingent
jobs.11 (See table 10.) As with other measures discussed ear
lier, the low coverage rates can be partially explained by the
make-up of the contingent workforce—its age, work sched-
ules, industry and occupational concentrations.
Although workers with contingent jobs were less likely than
those with noncontingent jobs to obtain health insurance from
their employers, a relatively large share (about two-thirds)
had coverage from some source. Contingent workers received
coverage from a variety of sources, but access through an
other family member was the most prevalent source.
Relatively high proportions of both teenage contingent
workers and those aged 65 years and older had health insur
ance from some source—nearly the same coverage rates as
their noncontingent counterparts. Teenagers often are cov
ered under their parents’ plans, and persons in the older age
T a b le 8.
Median weekly earnings of full- and part-time time
contingent and noncontingent wage and salary
workers by selected characteristics, February 1997
Median w eekly earnings
Full-time workers’
Characteristic
Part-time workers2
C on
C on
tingent Noncon tingent Noncon
(Esti
tingent
tingent4
(Esti
m a te s )
m ate 3)3
A ge and sex
Total, 16 years and o ld e r.............
$417
$510
$111
$146
16 to 19 years..............................
20 to 24 yea rs..............................
25 years and o lde r.......................
25 to 34 yea rs...........................
35 to 44 yea rs...........................
45 to 54 years...........................
55 to 64 years...........................
65 years and o ld e r...................
246
300
475
421
518
490
502
(5)
238
329
549
486
578
612
572
447
67
90
170
186
166
191
151
121
97
131
175
184
188
199
171
123
Men, 16 years and o ld e r..............
Women, 16 years and older.........
486
353
578
449
111
110
129
153
426
377
278
523
426
359
110
107
101
145
150
141
Race and Hispanic origin
W h ite ..............................................
B la c k ..............................................
Hispanic origin..............................
Educational attainment
Less than a high school
diplom a......................................
High school graduates,
no co lle g e ..................................
Some college, no degree.............
Associate d e g re e .........................
College graduates........................
235
304
74
101
382
399
498
592
427
494
519
772
134
93
148
203
154
142
222
249
1 Full-time workers are those who usually work 35 hours per week or
more.
2 Part-time workers are those who usually work 1 to 34 hours per week.
3Contingent workers are defined as individuals who do not perceive them
selves as having an explicit or implicit contract with their employers for ongo
ing employment. Estimate 3 above is calculated using the broadest definition.
For the specific criteria used for each definition, see the appendix, pp. 34-35.
4 Noncontingent workers are those who do not meet the criteria for any of
the three definitions of contingent work.
5 Data not shown where base employment is less than 75,000.
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T a b le 9.
Median weekly earnings of full- and part-time time
contingent and noncontingent wage and salary
workers by occupation and industry, February 1997
M edian w eekly earnings
Full-time workers' Part-time workers2
Occupation and industry
C on
C on
Non
tingent
tingent
con
(Esti
(Esti
tingent4
m ated )
m ate 3)3
Noncon
tingent
Occupation
Managerial and professional
specialty......................................
Executive, administrative,
and m anagerial..................
Professional specialty..............
Technical, sales,
and administrative sup port........
Technicians and related
sup port...................................
Sales occupations...................
Administrative support,
including c le ric a l................
Service occupations......................
Private household.....................
Other services..........................
Precision, production, craft,
and re pair...................................
Operators, fabricators,
and laborers...............................
Farming, forestry, and fish in g .......
$627
$755
$165
$256
557
677
733
783
126
169
234
266
357
459
107
145
529
325
578
486
154
97
300
125
342
258
241
263
419
312
212
314
107
73
57
78
160
126
91
129
630
534
203
221
323
233
410
310
115
87
134
115
234
(5)
668
391
408
314
614
(5)
273
322
666
508
529
575
490
635
513
351
78
(6)
212
174
152
199
140
(5)
90
117
430
259
156
168
146
196
140
124
515
397
267
401
473
462
545
513
224
516
554
619
119
112
67
114
111
114
165
161
87
164
176
181
Industry
A griculture.....................................
M inin g............................................
C onstruction.................................
Manufacturing...............................
Durable g o o d s...........................
Nondurable go ods.....................
Transportation and public utilities .
Wholesale tra d e ............................
Retail tra d e ....................................
Finance, insurance,
and real estate.........................
S ervices.........................................
Private household.....................
Other services...........................
Professional se rvice s...............
Public administration.....................
1Full-time workers are those who usually work 35 hours per week or more.
2 Part-time workers are those who usually work 1 to 34 hours per week.
3Contingent workers are defined as individuals who do not perceive them
selves as having an explicit or implicit contract with their employers for ongo
ing employment. Estimate 3 above is calculated using the broardest definition.
For the specific criteria used for each definition, see the appendix, pp.34-35.
4 Noncontingent workers are those who do not meet the criteria for any of
the three definitions of contingent work.
5 Data not shown where base employment is less than 75,000.
group have almost universal coverage under medicare. Among
workers in the 25- to 54-year age group, however, the differ
ences in coverage rates were substantial—less than two-thirds
of those with contingent arrangements had health insurance
from some source, compared with more than 8 in 10 of those
whose jobs were noncontingent.
Women with contingent jobs were less likely than their
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
29
Contingent Work
T a b le 10.
Employed contingent and noncontingent wage and salary workers with health insurance coverage by
selected characteristics, February 1997
Contingent workers (estimate 3)'
Percent with health
insurance coverage
Characteristic
Total (in
thousands)
Total
Through
current
em ployer
a t main
job
Through
other job
or union
Noncontingent workers2
Percent with health
insurance coverage
Percent
eligible for
em ployerprovided
health
insurance
Total (in
thousands
Total
Through
current
em ployer
a t main
job
Percent
eligible for
em ployerThrough
provided
other job
health
or union
insurance
A ge and sex
Total, 16 years and o lde r......
16 to 19 years.............................
20 to 24 years.............................
25 years and o lde r......................
25 to 34 y e a rs.........................
35 to 44 y e a rs.........................
45 to 54 y e a rs.........................
55 to 64 y e a rs.........................
65 years and o ld e r.................
5,140
664
945
3,531
1,251
1,041
683
393
163
67.1
70.6
65.1
66.9
59.6
63.2
72.5
81.2
90.2
22.4
5.6
11.5
28.5
30.0
28.6
29.3
28.5
13.5
3.5
(3)
1.0
4.9
3.4
4.8
7.3
6.4
4.3
35.3
12.3
26.6
42.0
43.2
40.8
45.8
39.2
31.3
106,697
5,272
10,653
90,773
27,845
29,790
21,539
9,349
2,249
83.0
71.7
65.2
85.7
80.7
86.4
88.8
89.8
91.7
61.2
9.4
41.8
66.5
63.7
67.9
70.9
67.9
35.4
0.7
(3)
.3
.8
.6
.7
.8
1.9
2.5
73.8
22.6
57.7
78.7
77.4
80.0
81.8
78.3
48.9
M e n .............................................
W om en........................................
2,547
2,593
62.6
71.5
24.8
20.1
6.1
1.0
37.1
33.6
55,754
50,944
82.2
83.8
66.7
55.3
1.1
.3
76.5
70.9
4,177
585
610
69.4
49.7
39.0
22.4
13.7
13.9
4.1
.3
3.0
35.0
25.6
27.5
90,098
12,218
10,534
84.0
77.0
62.1
61.1
62.6
48.9
.7
.6
.6
73.9
73.7
60.8
2,890
2,230
62.0
73.4
31.7
10.4
5.5
1.1
45.3
22.4
87,378
19,067
84.8
74.7
70.8
17.5
.7
.8
82.9
32.4
495
36.6
14.7
2.2
22.2
10,882
61.6
45.4
.8
57.1
1,116
783
308
1,381
55.5
64.2
59.4
79.6
18.9
20.2
21.8
41.6
7.0
5.4
7.1
2.0
30.2
35.6
37.0
56.2
34,508
18,901
8,989
26,998
79.8
84.9
89.0
93.5
58.9
65.7
67.8
77.1
1.0
.7
.8
.5
72.7
78.5
83.0
87.3
Race and Hispanic origin
W h ite ...........................................
B la c k ...........................................
Hispanic origin............................
Full- and part-tim e status
Full-time w orke rs........................
Part-time w o rk e rs .......................
Educational attainment4
Less than a high school
diplom a....................................
High school graduates,
no c o lle g e ..............................
Some college, no degree...........
Associate d e g re e .......................
College graduates......................
1Contingent workers are defined as individuals who do not perceive them
selves as having an explicit or implicit contract with their employers for ongoing
employment. Estimate 3 above is calculated using the broadest definition. For
the specific criteria used for each definition, see the appendix, pp. 34-35.
2 Noncontingent workers are those who do not meet the criteria for any of
the three definitions of contingent work.
3 Less than 0.05 percent.
male counterparts to have health insurance from their employer
or an employment-related source, but they were more likely
than men to have coverage from all sources. (Many women
are covered under their spouses’ plans.) Among the race and
ethnic groups, white contingent workers had much higher cov
erage rates than either blacks or Hispanics, regardless of the
source considered. Nearly 70 percent of whites were insured,
compared with 50 percent of blacks and 39 percent of His
panics. White workers also were considerably more likely than
30
Monthly Labor Review
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November 1998
Excludes workers aged 16 to 24 enrolled in school.
N ote : Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to
totals because data for the “other races” group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Detail for other
characteristics may not sum to totals due to rounding.
blacks or Hispanics to have employer-provided insurance.
In terms of occupation and industry, contingent workers in
every major group were less likely than their noncontingent
counterparts to have health insurance from any source; they
also were less likely to be eligible for, and to receive, em
ployer-provided insurance. However, the likelihood of receiv
ing employer-provided coverage or of being eligible for cov
erage also varies by occupation and industry. For example,
m anagers and professionals in both contingen t and
noncontingent work arrangements had higher employer-pro
vided coverage and eligibility rates than their counterparts in
other occupations. In fact, coverage and eligibility rates for
managers and professionals in contingent jobs actually ex
ceeded those of some workers holding noncontingent jobs in
other occupations—namely, workers in service and farming
occupations. (See table 11.)
By industry, public administration workers in contingent
or noncontingent arrangements had higher employer-provided
coverage and eligibility rates than their counterparts in other
industries. And, as with occupations, coverage and eligibil
ity rates for contingent workers in some industries were higher
Table 11.
than those of some noncontingent workers. Specifically, con
tingent workers in public administration and in durable-goods
manufacturing had higher rates than did noncontingent work
ers in agriculture.
Pensions. As in the prior survey, the 1997 data show that
contingent workers were much less likely than those with
noncontingent arrangements to participate in employer-spon
sored pension plans.12(See table 12.) Only 16 percent of con
tingent workers participated in such plans, in contrast to half
of noncontingent workers. Moreover, contingent workers were
much less likely than noncontingent workers to be eligible
Employed contingent and noncontingent wage and salary workers with health insurance coverage
by occupation and industry, February 1997
Contingent workers (estimate 3)'
Noncontingent workers2
Percent with health
insurance coverage
O ccupation and industry
Percent with health
Percent
Percent
insurance coverage
eligible for
Total
em ployerThrough
em ployer(in
Through provided
current
Through provided
thousands)
health
other job
Total em ployer other job
health
or union insurance
at main
or union insurance
job
Total
(in
thousands)
Total
1,497
80.7
40.9
1.5
54.2
30,610
92.5
75.6
0.3
86.4
372
1,125
77.7
81.7
39.5
41.4
1.1
1.6
53.8
54.4
14,415
16,195
91.2
93.7
75.2
76.0
.4
.3
86.3
86.6
1,523
184
256
71.0
70.7
66.0
13.9
28.3
10.2
1.9
1.1
1.2
30.5
56.0
25.0
32,451
3,851
11,916
85.5
90.5
79.9
58.1
70.3
47.5
.5
.5
.6
73.4
83.8
63.3
1,082
736
99
636
72.4
61.4
40.4
64.8
12.2
9.1
(3)
10.5
2.2
.8
(3)
.9
27.5
19.6
3.0
22.2
16,684
14,759
533
14,226
88.4
68.5
46.0
69.3
62.8
37.5
4.5
38.8
.4
.6
(3)
.6
78.2
50.8
6.4
52.5
508
729
147
62.2
46.0
37.4
25.8
16.0
9.5
20.7 2.7
(3)
33.1
28.4
12.2
11,230
16,206
1,443
79.5
77.9
54.4
65.4
61.5
34.0
2.4
1.0
.1
75.6
73.5
41.2
126
25
515
436
245
188
193
78
487
160
2,887
124
2,763
1,834
234
44.4
(4)
55.5
57.3
62.0
52.7
78.2
62.8
58.5
71.3
70.8
42.7
72.0
79.3
85.0
12.7
(4)
20.0
32.8
35.5
29.8
28.5
29.5
7.6
27.5
21.9
(3)
22.8
30.0
40.2
(3)
(4)
20.6
.7
1.2
(3)
9.8
(3)
.8
(3)
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.5
.4
18.3
(4)
28.7
45.2
49.8
39.4
46.1
35.9
22.6
34.4
35.7
2.4
37.2
42.0
55.1
1,350
575
5,222
19,576
11,809
7,697
7,958
4,182
18,060
6,902
37,537
606
36,931
26,814
5,336
57.0
90.1
70.0
87.9
89.3
86.0
88.4
85.5
70.6
90.0
84.3
44.1
85.0
89.3
96.4
33.6
85.4
48.3
78.1
80.4
74.7
76.0
68.1
35.2
67.5
58.8
4.5
59.7
64.3
86.2
.1
(3)
4.7
.3
.3
.3
.7
.9
.8
.5
.5
(3)
.5
.4
.5
41.5
90.8
60.2
88.1
90.1
85.4
85.3
80.1
51.7
81.6
72.4
7.3
73.4
77.9
93.9
Through
current
employer
a t main
job
Occupation
Managerial and professional specialty....
Executive, administrative,
and m anagerial...................................
Professional specialty..........................
Technical, sales, and administrative
support............................................ ..
Technians and related support..............
Sales occupations..................................
Administrative support,
including c le ric a l.................................
Service occupations.................................
Private household...................................
Other s ervice s........................................
Precision production, craft,
and re p a ir.............................................
Operators, fabricators, and laborers.......
Farming, forestry, and fis h in g .................
Industry
A griculture.................................................
M ining........................................................
Construction..............................................
Manufacturing...........................................
Durable g o o d s ........................................
Nondurable g o o d s ..................................
Transportation and public u tilitie s ...........
Wholesale tra d e .......................................
Retail tra d e ................................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate........
S ervices....................................................
Private household................................
Other s e rv ic e s......................................
Professional and related se rv ic e s....
Public adm inistration...............................
1
Contingent workers are defined as individuals who do not perceive them
selves as having an explicit or implicit contract with their employers for ongoing
the
employment. Estimate 3 above is calculated using the broardest definition. For
the specific criteria used for each definition, see the appendix, pp. 34-35.
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2 Noncontingent workers are those who do not meet the criteria for any of
three definitions of contingent work.
3 Less than 0.05 percent.
4 Data not shown where base employment is less than 75,000.
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
31
Table 12 Employed contingent and noncontingent wage and salary workers with pension coverage by selected
characteristics, February 1997
Noncontingent workers2
Contingent workers (estimate 3 )’
Characteristic
Percent with
pension
coverage
Percent eligible
for em ployerprovided
pension
106,697
5,272
10,653
90,773
27,845
29,790
21,539
9,349
2,249
50.0
4.4
20.6
56.1
47.9
58.9
63.9
59.7
31.5
57.2
14.7
34.7
62.3
57.0
64.6
68.1
63.4
38.0
24.1
22.2
55,754
50,944
52.3
47.5
58.8
55.4
17.1
9.1
8.5
24.2
15.4
16.4
90,098
12,218
10,534
50.3
50.0
31.5
57.4
57.8
38.4
2,890
2,230
23.6
6.0
32.4
10.9
87,378
19,067
57.2
17.2
64.6
23.6
495
1,116
783
308
1,381
8.3
15.1
16.6
21.8
29.4
13.9
20.8
26.3
28.9
38.9
10,882
34,508
18,901
8,989
26,998
27.0
46.5
53.0
58.5
69.0
33.2
54.2
60.5
67.1
75.0
Percent eligible
for em ployerprovided
pension
Total
(in thousands)
Percent with
pension
coverage
Total, 16 years and older............
16 to 19 years....................................
20 to 24 years....................................
25 years and o lde r............................
25 to 34 y e a rs ...............................
35 to 44 y e a rs ...............................
45 to 54 y e a rs ...............................
55 to 64 y e a rs ...............................
65 years and o ld e r........................
5,140
664
945
3,531
1,251
1,041
683
393
163
15.9
.6
3.1
22.2
13.7
23.9
32.4
29.0
19.0
23.1
5.6
11.1
29.6
24.0
29.9
38.9
34.1
21.5
M e n ....................................................
W om en...............................................
2,547
2,593
16.5
15.3
4,177
585
610
Total
(in thousands)
A g e and sex
Race and Hispanic origin
W h ite ....................................................
B la c k ....................................................
Hispanic origin.....................................
Full- and part-tim e status
Full-time w orke rs.................................
Part-time w orke rs...............................
Educational attainm ent3
Less than a high school d ip lo m a .......
High school graduates, no college ....
Some college, no d e g re e ..................
Associate d e g re e ...............................
College graduates..............................
1Contingent workers are defined as individuals who do not perceive them
selves as having an explicit or implicit contract with their employers for ongoing
employment. Estimate 3 above is calculated using the broadest definition. For
the specific criteria used for each definition, see the appendix, pp. 34-35.
for pensions from their employers— slightly less than onefourth of those with contingent jobs were offered employerprovided pensions, compared with nearly three-fifths of
noncontingent workers.
Contingent workers under the age of 25—who make up nearly
a third of all contingent workers—were much less likely than
those aged 25 to 54 to participate in pension plans or to be em
ployed in industries that have a higher probability of offering
pensions. Among workers in each age group, those with contin
gent jobs were less likely than those holding noncontingent jobs
to have, or to be eligible for, employer-provided pensions. Fi
nally, as with health insurance coverage, contingent workers had
lower rates of pension coverage and eligibility than noncontingent
workers in virtually every occupation and industry group. (See
table 13.)
32
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November 1998
2 Noncontingent workers are those who do not meet the criteria for any of
the ^hree definitions of contingent work.
3 Excludes workers age 16 to 24 enrolled in school.
As the ec o n o m y e x pa n d ed and the labor market strengthened
between 1995 and 1997, both the number of contingent workers
and the proportion of total employment made up of such work
ers declined. The overall characteristics of these workers, how
ever, changed little over the period. In both surveys, for ex
ample, contingent workers were more likely to be women, under
the age of 25, enrolled in school, and to be employed part time.
Workers in construction and services continued to have the
greatest likelihood of holding a contingent job. However, as
in the first survey, contingent workers were likely to be found
in both high- and low-skilled occupations. Workers in profes
sional specialty occupations and in administive support, in
cluding clerical, for example, were about equally likely to
work in contingent jobs.
Although most contingent workers would have preferred a
Contingent Work
Table 13. Employed contingent and noncontingent wage and salary workers with pension coverage by occupation
and industry, February 1997
______________________
Contingent workers (estimate 3)'
Occupation and Industry
Total
(in thousands)
Percent with
pension
coverage
1,497
372
1,125
1,523
184
256
1,082
736
99
636
508
729
147
28.2
33.9
26.3
11.0
15.2
3.9
12.0
6.1
3.0
6.6
21.3
9.7
2.7
126
25
515
436
245
188
193
78
487
160
2,887
124
2,763
1,834
234
2.4
(3)
14.6
22.0
23.7
20.2
28.5
7.7
4.1
26.9
14.8
2.4
15.3
20.3
39.3
Percent
eligible for
em ployerprovided
pension
Noncontingent workers2
Total
(in thousands)
Percent with
pension
coverage
Percent
eligible for
em ployerprovided
pension
36.6
42.2
34.8
19.4
22.8
13.7
20.2
11.8
3.0
13.2
26.8
14.5
10.2
30,610
14,415
16,195
32,451
3,851
11,916
16,684
14,759
533
14,226
11,230
16,206
1,443
66.8
63.2
70.0
48.5
59.3
36.0
54.9
28.6
1.3
29.6
49.5
44.3
15.7
72.7
69.5
75.5
57.2
68.6
44.7
63.5
35.3
1.5
36.6
55.2
52.6
20.6
11.1
(3)
21.2
32.6
33.1
31.9
34.7
19.2
11.7
35.0
20.9
2.4
21.8
26.4
52.6
1,350
575
5,222
19,576
11,809
7,697
7,958
4,182
18,060
6,902
37,537
606
36,931
26,814
5,336
12.6
66.4
31.6
62.0
64.2
58.9
65.2
51.5
23.7
57.8
49.7
2.1
50.5
58.7
89.1
17.8
71.8
37.2
69.9
71.8
67.2
71.2
57.6
32.5
66.6
56.9
3.0
57.8
65.6
91.1
Occupation
Managerial and professional specialty..........................
Executive, administrative, and m anagerial................
Professional specialty...................................................
Technical, sales, and administrative su p p o rt...............
Technicians and related support................. ................
Sales occupations........................................................
Administrative support, including clerical...................
Service occupations.......................................................
Private household.........................................................
Other service s...............................................................
Precision production, craft, and re p a ir..........................
Operators, fabricators, and laborers.............................
Farming, forestry, and fis h in g ........................................
Industry
A griculture.......................................................................
Mining...............................................................................
C onstruction....................................................................
Manufacturing..................................................................
Durable g o o d s ...............................................................
Nondurable g o o d s........................................................
Transportation and public utilitie s .................................
Wholesale tra d e ..............................................................
Retail tra d e ......................................................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate..............................
S erv ic e s ..........................................................................
Private household.........................................................
Other service s...............................................................
Professional and related services.............................
Public adm inistration......................................................
2 Noncontingent workers are those who do not meet the criteria for any of
1
Contingent workers are defined as individuals who do not perceive them
the three definitions of contingent work.
selves as having an explicit or implicit contract with their employers for ongoing
3 Data not shown where base employment is less than 75,000.
employment. Estimate 3 above is calculated using the broadest definition. For
the specific criteria used for each definition, see the appendix, pp.34-35.
noncontingent job, many were satisfied with their current arrange
ment. Specifically, younger workers were about as likely to pre
fer contingent arrangements as noncontingent ones, probably
because a large number were enrolled in school and thus were
less concerned with establishing longstanding relationships with
their employers. Compared with the first survey, contingent work
ers in 1997 were more likely to have cited personal, rather than
economic, reasons for being in contingent arrangements, imply-
ing that workers were more likely to have chosen contingent work
in the most recent survey.
Finally, contingent workers earned less and were less likely
than noncontingent workers to have been included in employerprovided health insurance or pension plans. When comparing
the wages and benefits of contingent and noncontingent work
ers, however, there was considerable variation by age, educa
tional attainment, occupation, and industry.
□
Footnotes____________________________
1 For an explanation of the three measures, as well as other relevant
concepts and definitions, see the appendix, pp. 34-35. For more on the
definitions, as well as analysis of die results of the 1995 survey, see the
articles in the special issue of the Monthly Labor Review on contingent
workers and alternative work arrangements, October 1996.
2 Contingency rates are calculated by dividing the number o f contin
gent workers in a specified worker group by total employment for the same
worker group.
3For instance, the unemployment rate was 5.4 percent in February 1995
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and 5.3 percent in February 1997, both low by historical standards. Em
ployment growth, as measured by the Current Employment Statistics ( ces )
survey, a monthly sample survey of about 390,000 nonfarm business es
tablishments, averaged 206,000 per month between the two survey dates.
4
The Current Population Survey ( cps ) is a nationwide sample survey
of about 50,000 households, conducted monthly by the Bureau of the Cen
sus for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The cps collects information about
the demographic characteristics and employment status of the noninstitutional working-age population (16 years and older). Special supplements
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
33
Contingent Work
to the cps occasionally are added to the survey questionnaire to obtain
information on various topics of interest. The first cps supplement on con
tingent work and alternative work arrangements was conducted in Febru
ary 1995. This article examines data from the 1997 supplement, compar
ing the results with those obtained in 1995.
5 The two narrower estimates of contingency (estimates 1 and 2) re
quire a 1-year tenure restriction on workers’ current and expected tenure
with their employers. The broadest definition of contingency (estimate 3)
removes this tenure restriction and basically includes all workers who say
that their jobs are temporary. Although the median tenure for contingent
workers under the broadest definition (0.7 year) was much less than that for
noncontingent workers (5 years), 45 percent of these contingent workers had
been with their employers for 1 year or more.
6 Although contingent workers were employed in all industries, they were
disproportionately concentrated in services and construction. In both the 1995
and 1997 surveys, more than half of all contingent workers were employed
in the services industry, and an additional 10 percent were employed in the
construction industry. As the contingency rates show, however, the vast ma
jority (93 percent) of workers in these two industries were not contingent.
7 For an in-depth discussion of the prevalence of contingent work in
post-secondary education, see Kathleen Barker, “Contingent Work in Higher
Education,” in Kathleen Barker and Kathleen Christensen, eds., Contingent
Work: American Employment Relations in Transition (Cornell University
Press, 1998).
8 See Kathleen Christensen, “Countervailing Human Resource Trends in
Appendix:
Concepts and definitions
T h e su p p lem en t to the February 199 7 C urrent P o p u lation S u rvey
o b ta in ed in fo rm a tio n o n w ork ers in co n tin g e n t jo b s, or jo b s that
w ere e x p e c te d to la st o n ly for a lim ite d p eriod . A d d itio n a l in fo r
m a tio n w a s c o lle c te d o n e m p lo y e e s w ork in g under altern ative e m
p lo y m e n t a rran gem ents— n am ely, w ork in g as in d ep en d en t con trac
tors or b e in g “o n c a ll,” as w e ll as w ork in g through tem p orary h elp
a g e n c ie s or con tra ct firm s. (A c o m p a n io n article in this issu e by
S h aron R . C o h a n y p resen ts a p r o file o f w ork ers in altern ative e m
p lo y m e n t a rran gem en ts.) A ll e m p lo y ed p erson s e x c e p t un paid fa m
ily w ork ers w ere in clu d ed in the su p p lem en t. F or p erso n s h o ld in g
m ore than o n e jo b , th e q u estio n s referred to the ch aracteristics o f
their m a in jo b — the jo b in w h ic h th ey w o rk ed the m o st hou rs. A
sim ila r su rv ey w a s c o n d u cted in F ebruary 199 5 .
The contingent workforce
C o n tin g en t w ork ers w e re d e fin e d as th o se w h o d o n o t h a v e an e x
p lic it or im p lic it contract for lon g-term e m p lo y m en t. S everal p ie ce s
o f in fo rm a tio n w ere c o lle c te d in the su p p lem en t from w h ic h the
e x is te n c e o f a c o n tin g e n t e m p lo y m en t arran gem ent c o u ld b e d is
cerned: w h eth er the jo b w a s tem p orary or n ot e x p e cte d to c o n
tin u e, h o w lo n g the w ork er e x p e c te d to be ab le to h o ld the jo b , and
h o w lo n g th e w ork er had h eld the jo b . F or w ork ers w h o had a jo b
w ith an in term ediary, su ch as a tem p orary h elp a g e n c y or a contract
co m p a n y , in fo rm a tio n w a s c o lle c te d ab ou t their e m p lo y m en t at the
p la c e th ey w ere a ssig n ed to w ork b y the in term ed iary as w e ll as
th eir e m p lo y m en t w ith the in term ed iary itse lf.
T h e k ey factor used to determ ine if a job fit the conceptual d efin i
tion o f contingent w ork w as w hether the jo b w as temporary or not
exp ected to continue. T he first tw o qu estion s in the supplem ent were:
1. S o m e p e o p le are in tem p orary jo b s that last o n ly for a lim ite d
tim e or u n til the c o m p letio n o f a project. Is yo u r jo b tem porary?
2 . P ro v id ed the e c o n o m y d o e s n ot c h a n g e and you r jo b p erfor
m a n ce is ad eq u ate, ca n y o u c o n tin u e to w ork for you r current e m
p lo y e r as lo n g as y o u w ish ?
34
Family-Sensitive Firms,” in Barker and Christensen, Contingent Work.
9 It should be noted that under estimate 1, the proportion of workers aged
25 years and older who were dissatisfied with their arrangement was much
higher than under estimate 3.
10 In the survey, information concerning preferences for a contingent or
noncontingent job was collected separately from the reasons for holding a
contingent job. Thus, a contingent worker could prefer noncontingent work
but still provide a personal reason for holding a contingent job.
11 In the survey, respondents were asked, “Do you have health insurance
from any source?” If die response was “yes,” they were then asked if their
insurance was provided by their employer. Those who did not receive health
insurance from their employer were asked for the source of their health in
surance; in addition, they were asked if they were eligible for employerprovided health insurance. Respondents who said “no” to the initial ques
tion were asked, “Does (employer’s name) offer a health insurance plan to
any of its employees?” If the answer to that question was “yes,” the respon
dent was then asked, “Are you included in this plan?” If die response was
“no,” the respondent was asked, “Why not?” The answer to this question
was used to determine whether or not the respondent was eligible to receive
insurance from his or her employer.
12 In the survey, respondents were asked, “Does (employer’s name) offer
a pension or retirement plan to any of its employees?” If they answered “yes,”
they were then asked, “Are you included in this plan?” If the response was
“no,” respondents were then asked “Why not?” The response to this last
question was used to determine eligibility for those not in the plan.
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R esp o n d en ts w h o a n sw ered “y e s ” to the first q u estio n , or “n o ”
to the se c o n d , w ere th en ask ed a series o f q u estio n s to d istin g u ish
p erson s w h o w ere in tem p orary jo b s from th o se w h o , for p erso n a l
reason s, w ere tem p orarily h o ld in g jo b s that offered the op p ortu n ity
o f o n g o in g e m p lo y m en t. F or e x a m p le, stu dents h o ld in g part-tim e
jo b s in fa st-fo o d restaurants w h ile in sc h o o l m ig h t v ie w th o se jo b s
as tem p orary i f th ey in ten d to le a v e th em at the en d o f the sc h o o l
year. T h e jo b s th e m se lv e s, h o w ev er, w o u ld b e fille d b y other w o rk
ers o n c e the stu dents le a v e . Job s w ere d e fin e d as b ein g sh ort term
or tem p orary i f the p erson w a s w o rk in g o n ly u n til the c o m p letio n
o f a sp e c ific p roject, tem p orarily rep la cin g anoth er w orker, b ein g
h ired for a fix e d period , fillin g a se a so n a l jo b that is a v a ila b le o n ly
du rin g certain tim es o f the year, or i f oth er b u sin e ss c o n d itio n s d ic
tated that the jo b w a s sh ort term .
W orkers a lso w ere ask ed h o w lo n g th ey e x p e cte d to stay in their
current jo b and h o w lo n g th ey had b een w ith their current e m p loyer.
T h e ration ale for a sk in g h o w lo n g an in d iv id u a l e x p e cts to rem ain
in h is or her current jo b w a s that b e in g ab le to h o ld a jo b fo r a year
or m ore c o u ld b e taken as e v id e n c e o f at lea st an im p lic it contract
for o n g o in g em p lo y m en t. In oth er w ord s, the e m p lo y e r ’s n eed for
the w o r k e r ’s se r v ic e s is n o t lik e ly to evap orate tom orrow . B y the
sam e tok en , the in form ation on h o w lo n g a w ork er h as b een w ith
the e m p lo y er sh o w s w h eth er a jo b has b een o n g o in g . H a v in g re
m ain ed w ith an em p lo y er for m ore than a year m a y b e taken as
e v id e n c e that, at lea st in the past, there w a s an e x p lic it or im p lic it
contract for c o n tin u in g em p lo y m en t.
To assess the im pact o f altering som e o f the d efin in g factors on the
estim ated size o f the contingent w orkforce, the fo llo w in g three m ea
sures o f contingent em p loym en t w ere developed:
E stim a te 1. T h e narrow est d efin ition , estim ate 1 d efin es co n tin
gen t w orkers as w a g e and salary w orkers w h o in d icated that th ey
e x p ected to w ork in their current jo b for 1 year or le s s and w h o had
w ork ed for their current em p lo y er for 1 year or less. S e lf-em p lo y e d
w orkers, both incorporated and unincorporated, and indep en dent c o n
tractors are e x clu d ed from the co u n t o f co n tin gen t w orkers under
estim a te 1; the rationale w a s that p eo p le w h o w ork for th em selv es,
b y d efin ition , have o n g o in g em p loym en t arrangem ents, although they
m ay fa ce fin a n cia l risks. In dividuals w h o w ork ed for tem porary h elp
a g e n c ie s or contract co m p a n ies are co n sid ered co n tin gen t under e s
tim ate 1 o n ly i f th ey e x p e ct their e m p lo y m en t arrangem ent w ith the
tem porary h elp or contract co m p an y to last for 1 year or le s s, and
th ey had w o rk ed for that co m p an y for 1 year or less.
Estimate 2.
T h is m easu re ex p a n d s the d e fin itio n s o f co n tin g en t
w ork ers b y in clu d in g the s e lf-e m p lo y e d (in corp orated and u n in cor
porated) and in d ep en d en t con tractors w h o e x p e c t to b e, and had
b een , in su ch e m p lo y m en t arran gem ents for 1 year or le s s. (T h e
q u estio n s a sk ed o f the se lf-e m p lo y e d are d ifferen t from th o se ask ed
o f w a g e and salary w ork ers.) In add ition , tem p orary h elp and c o n
tract co m p a n y w ork ers are c la s s ifie d as c o n tin g e n t under estim a te 2
i f th ey had w o rk ed and e x p e c te d to w ork for the cu stom ers to w h o m
th e y w ere a ss ig n e d fo r 1 y ea r or le s s. For e x a m p le, a “tem p ” se c r e
tary w h o is se n t to a d ifferen t c u sto m er e a ch w e e k but has w ork ed
fo r th e sa m e tem p orary h elp firm for m ore than 1 year and e x p e cts
to b e a b le to c o n tin u e w ith that firm in d efin itely is co n tin g e n t under
estim a te 2 , bu t n o t under estim a te 1. In contrast, a “tem p ” w h o is
a ss ig n e d to a s in g le c lie n t for m ore than a year and e x p e cts to be
a b le to sta y w ith that c lie n t for m ore than a year is n o t co u n ted as
co n tin g e n t under eith er estim a te.
Estimate 3.
T h e third d efin ition expand s the con cep t o f con tin gen cy
b y r em o v in g the 1-year requirem ent on ex p ected duration o f the job
and o n tenure in the current jo b (for w a g e and salary w orkers). T hu s,
the estim a te e ffe c tiv e ly in clu d es all the w a g e and salary w orkers w h o
d o n o t e x p e ct their em p lo y m en t to last, e x ce p t for th ose w h o , for
p erson al rea so n s, e x p e ct to lea v e jo b s that th ey w o u ld o th erw ise be
ab le to k eep . T hu s, a w orker w h o had h eld a jo b for 5 years co u ld be
co n sid ered c o n tin g en t i f h e or sh e n o w v ie w e d the jo b as tem porary.
T h e se co n d itio n s o n e x p ected and current tenure are n ot relaxed for
the se lf-e m p lo y e d and in d ep en d en t contractors, b eca u se th ey w ere
a sk ed a d ifferen t set o f q u estion s from w a g e and salary w orkers.
unincorporated) in the basic cps w ere ask ed , “A re y o u se lf-em p lo y e d
as an in d ep en d en t contractor, in d ep en d en t c o n su lta n t, fr ee la n ce
w orker, or so m e th in g e ls e (su ch as a sh op or restaurant o w n er )? ” in
order to d istin g u ish th o se w h o co n sid e r th e m se lv e s to b e in d ep en
d en t con tractors, co n su lta n ts, or freela n ce w ork ers from th o se w h o
w ere b u sin ess operators su ch as sh op o w n ers or restaurateurs. T h o se
id e n tifie d as w a g e and salary w ork ers in the b a sic c ps w ere a sk ed ,
“L ast w e ek , w ere y o u w o rk in g as an in d ep en d en t contractor, an
in d ep en d en t co n su ltan t, or a freela n ce w orker? T hat is, so m e o n e
w h o ob tain s cu sto m ers o n their o w n to p ro v id e a p rodu ct or ser
v ic e .” (A b o u t 88 p ercen t o f in d ep en d en t con tractors w ere id e n ti
fie d as se lf-e m p lo y e d in the m ain q u estion n aire, w h ile 12 p ercen t
w e re id e n tifie d as w a g e and salary w orkers; c o n v e rsely , abou t h a lf
o f the se lf-e m p lo y e d w ere id e n tifie d as in d ep en d en t con tractors.)
On-call workers. T h e se are p erson s w h o are c a lle d in to w o rk o n ly
w h en th ey are n eed ed . T h is ca teg o ry in c lu d e s w ork ers w h o a n
sw ered affirm a tiv ely to the q u estio n , “ S o m e p e o p le are in a p o o l o f
w ork ers w h o are o n l y c a lle d to w ork as n e e d e d , a lth ou gh th ey ca n
b e sc h e d u le d to w ork for sev era l d a y s or w e e k s in a row — fo r e x
a m p le, su b stitu te teach ers and con stru ctio n w ork ers su p p lied b y a
u n ion hirin g h all. T h e se w ork ers so m e tim e s are referred to as o n c a l l w orkers. W ere y o u an o n -c a l l w ork er last w e e k ? ” P erso n s
w ith regu larly sc h e d u le d w ork that m ig h t in clu d e p eriod s o f b e in g
o n c a ll to perform w ork at un u su al h ou rs, su ch as m e d ica l r esi
d en ts, w ere n o t in clu d ed in th is category.
Temporary help agency workers. T h ese are w orkers w h o w ere paid
b y a temporary help agency. To the exten t that perm anent sta ff o f tem
porary help agen cies indicate that they are paid b y their agen cies, the
estim ate o f the num ber o f w orkers w h o se em p loym en t w as m ediated
by temporary help agencies is overstated. This category includes workers
w h o said that their job w as temporary and answ ered “y e s ” to the q u es
tion, “A re you paid b y a temporary h elp agen cy?” A lso inclu ded are
w orkers w h o said their jo b w as not temporary and answ ered affirm a
tively to the question, “E ven though yo u told m e your job w a s not
temporary, are you paid b y a temporary help agen cy?”
Alternative employment arrangements
T o p r o v id e e s tim a te s o f th e n u m b er o f w o r k e rs in a lter n a tiv e
e m p lo y m e n t a r ra n g em e n ts, th e F eb ru ary 1 9 9 7 c p s su p p le m e n t
in c lu d e d q u e s tio n s a b o u t w h eth er in d iv id u a l w o r k e rs w e r e p a id
b y a tem p o ra ry h e lp a g e n c y or a co n tr a ct c o m p a n y , or w h eth er
th e y w e r e “ o n c a ll ” or in d e p e n d e n t c o n tr a cto r s. T h e d e fin itio n s
o f e a c h c a te g o r y , a s w e ll a s th e m a in q u e s tio n s u s e d to id e n tify
w o r k e r s in e a c h c a te g o r y , f o llo w .
Independent contractors.
W orkers w h o w ere id e n tifie d as in d e
p e n d e n t c o n tr a cto r s, c o n su lta n ts, an d fr e e la n c e w o rk ers in the
su p p lem en t— reg a rd less o f w h eth er th ey w ere id e n tifie d as w a g e
and salary w ork ers or s e lf-e m p lo y e d in the resp o n ses to b a sic CPS
lab or fo r ce status q u estio n s— all are c la s sifie d as in d ep en d en t c o n
tractors. W orkers id e n tifie d as se lf-e m p lo y e d (in corp orated and
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Workers provided by contractfirms. T h e se are in d iv id u a ls id en ti
fie d as w ork in g for a con tract c o m p a n y and w h o u su a lly w ork for
o n ly o n e cu stom er, u su a lly at the c u sto m e r ’s w ork site. T h e la st tw o
req u irem en ts w ere im p o se d to fo c u s o n w ork ers w h o s e e m p lo y
m en t appeared to b e v ery c lo s e ly tied to the firm fo r w h ic h th ey
w ere p erform in g the w ork , rather than o n all w ork ers e m p lo y e d b y
firm s that p ro v id e se r v ic e s to oth er firm s. T h is c a teg o ry in clu d ed
w ork ers w h o a n sw ered “y e s ” to the q u estio n , “S o m e c o m p a n ie s
p ro vid e e m p lo y e e s or their se r v ic es to oth ers u n der contract. A fe w
e x a m p les o f se r v ic es that can b e con tracted o u t in clu d e secu rity,
la n d sca p in g , or com p u ter p rogram m in g. D id y o u w ork fo r a c o m
pan y that contracts o u t y o u or you r se r v ic es last w e ek ? ” T h e se w o rk
ers a lso had to resp on d n e g a tiv e ly to the q u estio n , “A re y o u u su a lly
a ssig n ed to m ore than o n e custom er?” T h ey a lso had to an sw er “y e s ”
to the q u estio n , “D o y o u u su a lly w ork at the c u sto m e r ’s w o r k site ? ”
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
35
Occupational Injury and Illness Raffi
Occupational injury and illness
rates, 1992-96: why they fell
A decline in occupational injury and illness rates
in the early to mid-1990s is attributable
to legislative reforms motivated by increases
in workers' compensation payments and a growing
awareness o f workplace hazards by unions,
employers, and the insurance industry
Hugh Conway
and
Jens Svenson
Hugh Conway is the
Department of Labor
Chair, Industrial
College of the Armed
Forces, National
Defense University,
Washington, dc . Jens
Svenson is a senior
economist in the
Office of Regulatory
Analysis, Occupational
Safety and Health
Administration,
Department of Labor.
36
etween 1992 and 1996, the rate of re
ported occupational injuries and illnesses
per 100 full-time workers declined from
8.9 to 7.4. Following passage of the Occupational
Safety and Health Act in the early 1970s, the rate
had declined from 11.0 in 1973 to 7.6 in 1983.
Thereafter, the rate increased for the most part,
reaching 8.9 in 1992. Then, beginning in 1993
and every year following, it fell. (See table 1.)
Because the occupational injury and illness rate
is such an important measure of employee well
being, the causes of the latter decline are of con
siderable interest. This article identifies the fac
tors that have contributed to the rate decline and
assesses their im portance regarding future
changes in the rate. Of particular interest is
whether the decline will continue, flatten, or re
verse itself and conform to a cyclical pattern.
The recent decrease is especially dramatic in
light of the expected pattern of increased injuries
and illnesses during economic expansions. The
temporary drop in the rates in the early 1980s has
been attributed to the concurrent effects of the
recession. For example, Peter Dorman concludes
that
B
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there is clearly a “c y c lic a l” com p on en t to safety:
it rises during period s o f e co n o m ic hardship,
and fa lls during period s o f grow th. T h is m ay b e
du e eith er to the sp eed u p in the p ace o f w ork
w h en orders p ile up (this is im p lic it in O k u n ’s
law , accord in g to w h ich flu ctu ation s in output
e x c e e d flu ctu ation s in em p lo y m en t), or to the
November 1998
in flu x o f n ew , in ex p erien ced w orkers w h en hir
in g e x p a n d s.1
In addition, the “records inspection” policy of
the Occupational Safety and Health Administra
tion ( o s h a ) from 1982 to 1986 (forgoing further
investigation if an employer’s records indicated
safe workplace conditions) has been suspected of
having been an incentive to underreport viola
tions during that period; the policy was subse
quently changed in the face of high-profile, largepenalty cases for recordkeeping violations.
The disaggregation of data by State reveals
significant differences among States in the degree
of the recent decline. Notably, the data indicate
that the reductions in the national statistics can
not be attributed primarily to reductions in States
with above-average rates. In fact, no significant
correlation was found between the injury and ill
ness rates in 1994 and the reductions achieved
from 1994 to 1996. (See chart 1.)
Table 2 shows total and lost-workday injury
and illness incidence rates by industry sector for
1992,1994, and 1996, with the percent change in
rates for 1992-96 and 1994-96. Viewed in this
detail, the data reveal that on a national basis,
many industry sectors have achieved reductions
in injury and illness rates of 20 percent to 30 per
cent or more in recent years.
Several explanations have been given for the
decline: the well-known shift in employment out
of traditionally highly hazardous manufacturing
in d u s tr y j o b s a n d in to r e l a t iv e l y l e s s h a z a r d o u s s e r v ic e i n d u s
tr y e m p lo y m e n t ; a n in c r e a s e in u n d e r r e p o r tin g o f w o r k p la c e
in j u r ie s a n d i ll n e s s e s ; a g r o w i n g e m p h a s is o n c o s t c o n t r o l
a m o n g e m p l o y e r s a n d in s u r e r s in r e s p o n s e to r is in g w o r k e r
c o m p e n s a tio n c o s ts ; in c r e a s e d e ffo r ts o n th e p art o f e m
p l o y e r s a n d u n io n s to id e n t i f y a n d e lim in a t e w o r k p la c e h a z
a rd s; a n d m o r e e f f e c t i v e
o sh a
e n f o r c e m e n t a n d c o n s u lt a t io n
a c t iv it ie s .
The analysis that follows identifies recent reforms in work
ers’ compensation programs at the State level and industry
initiatives in implementing workplace safety and health pro
grams as being primarily responsible for the rate reduction.
The various reforms and initiatives were triggered by sharp
increases in workers’ compensation costs over the previous
decade. Efforts to identify the nature of these costs and to
reduce them resulted in many diverse approaches and changes,
including an increased emphasis on risk reduction.
Employment shift from high-hazard industries
One possible explanation for the decline in occupational in
jury and illness rates is that there has been a decline in em
ployment in traditionally high-hazard industries, accompanied
by growth in low-hazard industries. For example, in the highhazard manufacturing industry, a long-term decline in employ
ment continued into the 1990s. Manufacturing employment
declined by more than 600,000 between 1990 and 1996 (from
T a b le 1. K j H : u p a t io n a l in ju r y a n d illn e s s ra te s p e r 100 fu lltim i e w o rk e rs , 1 9 7 3 -9 6
Year
Total
Lost-w orkday rate
1973 ..................
1974 ..................
1975 ..................
11.0
10.4
9.1
3.4
3.5
3.3
..................
..................
..................
..................
...................
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
8.7
3.5
3.8
4.1
4.3
4.0
1981 ...................
1 9 8 2 ..................
1983 ...................
1984 ..................
1 9 8 5 ..................
8.3
7.7
7.6
8.0
7.9
3.8
3.5
3.4
3.7
3.6
1986 ..................
1987 ..................
1988 ..................
1989 ..................
1 9 9 0 ..................
7.9
8.3
8.6
8.6
8.8
3.6
3.8
4.0
4.0
4.1
1991 ..................
1992 ...................
1993 ..................
1994 ..................
1 9 9 5 ..................
1996 ..................
8.4
8.9
8.5
8.4
8.1
7.4
3.9
3.9
3.8
3.8
3.6
3.4
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
19,076,000 to 18,457,000). (The reference year 1990 was se
lected rather than 1992 in order to avoid the business cycle
effect of the 1992 recession.) In contrast, employment in the
relatively low-hazard service industries continued to show
strong long-term growth, increasing from 27,934,000 in 1990
to 34,377,000 in 1996.
But the employment shift explanation for the decline ap
pears problematic, for a number of reasons. First, when atten
tion is focused on disaggregated industry employment details,
it becomes clear that not all high-hazard industries in fact ex
perienced a decline in employment during the period in ques
tion. In high-hazard construction, for instance, employment
increased by 280,000 (from 5,120,000 to 5,400,000) between
1990 and 1996. Indeed, in a 1992 annual report, the Bureau
of Labor Statistics identified and compiled a list of 36 de
tailed (that is, at the four-digit sic level) manufacturing indus
tries with the highest rates of nonfatal occupational injuries
and illnesses.2 Data from this list were matched against em
ployment data on 20 of these high-incidence industries from
the b l s State Current Employment Statistics program. (No
employment data on the remaining 16 industries were found
in the program.) The results of analyses carried out on these
20 industries are presented in table 3.
Employment in the 20 high-hazard industries increased
from 1,813,200 to 2,009,500 over the period 1990-96. (Em
ployment in these industries dipped to 1,805,900 during the
1992 recession.) Thus, the supposition that there has been an
employment shift out of traditionally high-hazard industry
sectors is not supported by these data. Further, while declines
in occupational injury and illness rates were found in 18 of
the 20 industries listed (the greatest reductions were in pri
mary aluminum, -32.0 percent, and meatpacking plants, -31.8
percent), there were no concomitant declines in employment
that might help to explain the reduction in the injury and ill
ness rates found in manufacturing in recent years. The second
reason the employment shift explanation fails is that the as
sumption that the decline in injury and illness rates is related
to employment growth in low-hazard service industry occu
pations also appears suspect. Employment growth in many
service sector jobs has led to an increase in attention on them
and to a better appreciation of the hazards inherent in the jobs
being created. At the three-digit level of industry detail, 10
service industry sectors had injury and illness rates equal to
(job training and related services) or exceeding (hotels and
motels, miscellaneous equipment rental and leasing, miscel
laneous repair shops, commercial sports, miscellaneous
amusement and recreational services, nursing and personal
care facilities, hospitals, home health care services, and resi
dential care) the total private-industry average rate of 7.4
percent.3
As an alternative explanation of why high-hazard indus
tries are reducing their injury and illness rates, it has been
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
37
Occupational Injury and Illness Rates
Chart 1. Occupational injury and illness rates, 1994, versus percent reduction, 1994-96,38 States and Puerto Rico
Percent
reduction,
Percent
reduction,
1994-96
1994-96
suggested that automating high-hazard jobs may play a role.
After automation of these jobs, the jobs that remain are inher
ently less dangerous, it is said, and thus the rates decline. To
test this hypothesis, the share of production worker employ
ment as a percent of total industry employment was analyzed
using available b l s data. If the share were found to be declin
ing, a case could be made for an employment shift out of highhazard occupations and into clerical or supervisory jobs. The
data, however, did not support the hypothesis: the production
worker share of employment had increased in the majority of
high-hazard industries between 1990 and 1996 (on average,
from 78.6 percent to 80.5 percent).
In sum, the explanation that the recent decline in occupa
tional injury and illness rates has been caused by an employ
ment shift out o f high-hazard industries and into low-hazard
industries is not supported by the data.
grading recordkeeping to a collateral duty of a clerical or sup
port staff person.
• Poor communications between different departments within
the company, with the record keeper kept uninformed of inju
ries and illnesses, even when employees have reported them
to their supervisors.
• Management bonuses and opportunities for promotion tied
negatively to injury and illness rates.
• Employee group awards or bonuses if no injuries are re
ported by anyone in the group.
• Employees denied overtime or promotion opportunities for
reporting an injury or for staying away from work.
• Subjection of employees who report injuries or illnesses to
overly aggressive and personal accident investigations, includ
ing investigations of employees’ personal lifestyles (for ex
ample, drug testing).
Underreporting of injuries and illnesses
These disincentives to report occupational injuries and ill
nesses are difficult to address because they often reflect psy
chological factors and attitudes among people in the organi
zation. Anything in the work environment that makes an
employee uncomfortable with reporting an injury or illness to
the company, or that makes the company unwilling or reluc
tant to record cases of injury or illness, could be seen as a
disincentive. The result is that company injuries and illnesses
will be chronically underreported.
Companies, often unintentionally, perpetuate a variety of poli
cies and management practices that may lead to poor record
keeping. Among such practices and policies identified to date
are the following:4
• Sheer neglect for the records, no training for the recordkeeper, no emphasis on maintaining records properly, down
38
Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
November 1998
Table 2.
SIC
code
15
16
17
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
Total and lost-workday injury and illness rates, by industry, 1992, 1994, 1996, and percent change, 1992-96 and
1994-96
Industry
Lost-workday injury and Illness rate
Total injury and Illness rate
Average
em ploy
ment, 1996
(thousands)
1992
1994
1996
7.4
Percent change
Percent change
1992
1992-96
1994-96
-16.9
-11.9
1994
1996
1992-96 1994-96
3.9
3.8
3.4
-12.8
-10.5
Private s ector........................
98,772.9
8.9
8.4
Agriculture, forestry,
fishing...........................................
1,717.4
11.6
10.0
8.7
-25.0
-13.0
5.4
4.7
3.9
-27.8
-17.0
M inin g............................................
578.3
7.3
6.3
5.4
-26.0
-14.3
4.1
3.9
3.2
-22.0
-17.9
Construction...................................
General building contractors..
Heavy construction,
except bu ild ing......................
Special trade contractors.......
5,359.7
1,256.1
13.1
12.2
11.8
10.9
9.9
9.0
-24.4
-26.2
-16.1
-17.4
5.8
5.4
5.5
5.1
4.5
4.0
-22.4
-25.9
-18.2
-21.6
770.7
3,332.9
12.1
13.8
10.2
12.5
9.0
10.4
-25.6
-24.6
-11.8
-16.8
5.4
6.1
5.0
5.8
4.3
4.8
-20.4
-21.3
-14.0
-17.2
M anufacturing...............................
Durable goods manufacturing ...
Nondurable goods
m anufacturing..........................
Food and kindred products ....
Tobacco p ro d u c ts ..................
Textile mill p ro d u cts...............
Apparel and other textile
products.................................
Lumber and wood products ...
Furniture and fixtures.............
Paper and allied products......
Printing and publishing..........
Chemicals and allied
products................................
Petroleum and coal products .
18,460.5
10,774.4
12.5
13.4
12.2
13.5
10.6
11.6
-15.2
-13.4
-13.1
-14.1
5.4
5.5
5.5
5.7
4.9
5.1
-9 .3
-7 .3
-10.9
-10.5
7,686.0
1,690.0
40.6
627.6
11.3
18.8
6.0
9.9
10.5
17.1
5.3
8.7
9.2
15.0
6.7
7.8
-18.6
-20.2
11.7
-21.2
-12.4
-12.3
26.4
-10.3
5.3
9.5
2.4
4.2
5.1
9.2
2.4
4.0
4.6
8.0
2.8
3.6
-13.2
-15.8
16.7
-14.3
-9 .8
-13.0
16.7
-10.0
866.1
777.9
503.6
681.9
1,533.1
9.5
16.3
14.8
11.0
7.3
8.9
15.7
15.0
9.6
6.7
7.4
14.2
12.2
7.9
6.0
-22.1
-12.9
-17.6
-28.2
-17.8
-16.9
-9 .6
-18.7
-17.7
-10.4
4.0
7.6
6.6
5.0
3.2
3.9
7.7
7.0
4.5
3.0
3.3
6.8
5.4
3.8
2.8
-17.5
-10.5
-18.2
-24.0
-12.5
-15.4
-11.7
-22.9
-15.6
-6.7
1,029.8
141.3
6.0
5.9
5.7
4.7
4.8
4.6
-20.0
-22.0
-15.8
-2.1
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.3
2.4
2.5
-14.3
-10.7
-14.3
8.7
979.9
14.5
14.0
12.3
-15.2
-12.1
6.8
6.7
6.3
-7 .4
-6 .0
95.7
12.1
12.0
10.7
-11.6
-10.8
5.4
5.3
4.5
-16.7
-15.1
544.1
709.6
1,447.1
13.6
17.5
16.8
13.2
16.8
16.4
12.4
15.0
14.4
-8 .8
-14.3
-14.3
-6.1
-10.7
-12.2
6.1
7.1
6.6
6.5
7.2
6.7
6.0
6.8
6.2
-1 .6
-4 .2
-6.1
-7 .7
-5 .6
-7 .5
2,108.4
11.1
11.6
9.9
-10.8
-14.7
4.2
4.4
4.0
-4 .8
-9.1
1,655.4
1,785.2
8.4
18.7
8.3
19.6
6.8
16.3
-19.0
-T2.8
-18.1
-16.8
3.6
7.1
3.6
7.8
3.1
7.0
-13.9
-1 .4
-13.9
-10.3
853.3
5.9
5.9
5.1
-13.6
-13.6
2.7
2.7
2.3
-14.8
-14.8
389.9
10.7
9.9
9.5
-11.2
-4 .0
5.0
4.5
4.4
-12.0
-2 .2
Transportation and u tilitie s ...........
Railroad transportation..........
Local and interurban
passenger tra n s it.................
Trucking and warehousing....
U.S. Postal S e rvice ................
Water transportation..............
Transportation by a ir ..............
Pipelines, except natural
g a s .........................................
Transportation s e rv ic e s.........
Communications.....................
Electric, gas, and sanitary
s ervice s.................................
5,989.0
9.1
6.6
9.3
5.1
8.7
3.5
-4 .4
-47.0
-6 .5
-31.4
5.1
5.1
5.5
3.8
5.1
-2 .7
.0
-47.1
-7 .3
-28.9
11.0
13.4
9.6
14.8
-6 .4
-22.4
-14.8
29.7
7.3
-29.7
3.2
34.6
5.9
7.9
5.1
9.2
5.4
5.9
-8 .5
-25.3
5.5
7.6
5.1
8.0
5.2
11.8
-5 .5
55.3
5.9
-35.9
2.0
47.5
Wholesale and retail tra d e ...........
Wholesale tra d e .......................
Durable goods wholesale
tra d e ......................................
Nondurable goods
wholesale tra de.....................
Retail tra d e ...............................
Rubber and miscellaneous
plastics products..................
Leather and leather
products.................................
Stone, clay, and glass
products.................................
Primary metal industries........
Fabricated metal products....
Industrial machinery
and equipm ent......................
Electronic and other
electrical equipm ent.............
Transportation equipm ent......
Instruments and related
products................................
Miscellaneous manufacturing
industries..............................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
-
416.3
1,622.7
176.5
1,119.2
11.5
13.8
9.5
13.3
10.3
10.4
9.8
17.9
14.5
414.7
1,345.2
3.1
3.9
3.4
2.4
4.2
3.3
2.0
3.5
3.5
-35.5
-10.3
2.9
-16.7
-16.7
6.1
1.6
2.2
1.8
1.4
2.2
1.7
.8
1.6
1.9
-50.0
-27.3
5.6
-42.9
-27.3
11.8
878.9
7.6
7.3
6.9
-9 .2
-5.5
3.6
3.5
3.6
.0
2.9
28,027.1
6,471.7
8.4
7.6
7.9
7.7
6.8
6.6
-19.0
-13.2
-13.9
-14.3
3.5
3.6
3.4
3.8
2.9
3.4
-17.1
-5 .6
-14.7
-10.5
3,802.9
6.8
7.0
6.2
-8 .8
-11.4
3.0
3.2
3.0
.0
-6 .3
2,668.8
21,555.3
8.6
8.7
8.7
7.3
6.9
-15.1
-20.7
-16.1
4.6
3.4
4.6
4.0
2.8
-13.0
-17.6
-13.0
-
-
-
-
-
Monthly Labor Review
-
-
November 1998
39
Occupational Injury and Illness Rates
In 1987, the Bureau of Labor Statistics conducted a pilot
project to test the feasibility of a case-by-case comparison of
o sh a employer injury and illness records with medical records,
workers’ compensation reports, and other related workplace
records. The project involved visits by o s h a compliance of
ficers to 200 randomly selected manufacturing establishments
with more than 10 employees. Half of the establishments were
in Massachusetts and half in Missouri. While this pilot project
was not designed to provide statistical results for the Nation,
the 200 sites that were visited did afford records of about 4,000
Table 2.
Continued—Total and lost-workday injury and illness rates, by industry, 1992, 1994, 1996, and percent change,
1992-96 and 1994-96
oncode
A vera ge
em ploy
ment, 1996
(thousands)
Industry
52
Building materials and
garden sup p lie s..................
General merchandise stores.
Food stores............................
Auto dealers and service
statio ns................................
Apparel and accessory
stores....................................
Furniture and homefurnishings stores ...............
Eating and drinking places ...
Miscellaneous retail tra d e ....
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
Finance, insurance, and
real e s ta te ...................................
Depository institutions.........
Nondepository institutions...
Security and commodity
brokers...............................
Insurance carriers...............
Insurance agents, brokers,
and s e rv ic e s ......................
Real e s ta te ..........................
Holding and other investment
o ffic e s .................................
60
61
62
63
64
65
67
70
72
73
75
76
78
79
Lost-w orkday injury a n d Illness rate
Percent change
1992
1994
1996
1992-96
1994-96
Percent change
1992
1994
1996
1992-96
1994-96
883.9
2,679.0
3,425.6
11.1
10.4
11.9
10.3
10.8
10.5
9.6
9.7
9.4
-13.5
-6 .7
-21.0
-6 .8
-10.2
-10.5
5.0
4.8
4.8
4.9
5.4
4.4
4.5
4.8
3.9
-10.0
0.0
-18.8
-8 .2
-11.1
-11.4
2,261.0
8.0
7.4
6.8
-15.0
-8.1
2.9
2.8
2.5
-13.8
-10.7
1,113.3
4.3
4.1
3.7
-14.0
-9 .8
1.6
1.6
1.5
-6 .3
-6 .3
967.8
7,516.7
2,708.0
5.8
9.1
5.0
5.7
7.7
4.5
4.7
6.2
4.1
-19.0
-31.9
-18.0
-17.5
-19.5
-8 .9
2.6
3.1
2.1
2.8
2.6
2.0
2.2
1.9
1.9
-15.4
-38.7
-9 .5
-21.4
-26.9
-5 .0
6,746.2
2,014.9
512.2
2.9
2.1
1.0
2.7
2.1
1.5
2.4
1.8
1.1
-17.2
-14.3
10.0
-11.1
-14.3
-26.7
1.2
.8
.4
1.1
.8
.6
.9
.6
.4
-25.0
-25.0
.0
-18.2
-25.0
-33.3
551.5
1,376.9
.7
-
.7
2.6
.6
2.1
-14.3
-
-14.3
-19.2
.3
_
.3
.9
.2
.7
-33.3
_
-33.3
-22.2
707.0
1,372.0
1.4
6.8
1.4
5.7
1.4
5.4
.0
-20.6
.0
-5.3
.5
3.1
.5
2.7
.4
2.4
-20.0
-22.6
-20.0
-11.1
211.7
2.7
1.9
2.8
3.7
47.4
1.3
.8
1.3
.0
62.5
31,894.7
7.1
6.5
6.0
-15.5
-7.7
3.0
2.8
2.6
-13.3
-7.1
1,699.0
1,181.5
7,336.3
11.2
5.1
5.4
10.1
4.1
4.9
9.0
3.8
3.9
-19.6
-25.5
-27.8
-10.9
-7.3
-20.4
4.9
2.3
2.6
4.7
1.9
2.4
4.5
1.8
1.7
-8 .2
-21.7
-34.6
-4.3
-5 .3
-29.2
1,081.0
374.2
-
7.8
8.7
-
6.9
7.7
3.0
5.9
6.3
-
-24.4
-27.6
-
-14.5
-18.2
3.3
3.9
_
2.9
3.6
1.0
2.5
3.0
-24.2
-23.1
_
-13.8
-16.7
_
1,524.8
10.1
9.0
9.5
-5 .9
5.6
4.4
3.8
4.4
.0
15.8
Health services......................
Legal se rv ic e s .......................
Educational s e rv ic e s............
Social s e rvice s......................
Museums, botanical gardens,
and z o o s ..............................
Membership organizations....
Engineering and management
s ervice s...............................
Private households...............
Services, not elsewhere
classified..............................
9,439.2
930.3
1,472.8
2,347.3
10.2
1.2
5.6
8.0
9.4
1.1
4.2
7.5
9.1
1.1
3.4
7.2
-10.8
-8 .3
-39.3
-10.0
-3 .2
.0
-19.0
-4 .0
4.1
.5
1.6
3.4
3.9
.4
1.5
3.4
3.7
.4
1.3
3.1
-9 .8
-20.0
-18.8
-8 .8
-5.1
.0
-13.3
-8 .8
7.8
7.1
3.5
-
-
3.2
_
2.9
_
1.3
_
_
-20.0
-27.3
-
-
86
87
88
89
975.4
2,865.5
-
-
-
Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
November 1998
-
-
2.4
_
2.6
_
2.0
_
-16.7
_
-23.1
_
1.0
_
1.1
_
.8
_
2.7
-
-
-
-
1.0
-
-
Dash indicates data not available or (for percent change) calculation could not be made.
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
S ource :
40
Total injury a n d Illness rate
Services........................................
Hotels and other lodging
p la ce s...................................
Personal s ervice s.................
Business se rv ic e s................
Auto repair, services,
and parking..........................
Miscellaneous repair services
Motion pictu res......................
Amusement and recreation
s ervice s...............................
80
81
82
83
84
N ote :
injury and illness cases reported in 1986.
The pilot survey uncovered evidence of both underreport
ing and overreporting. While virtually all overreporting in
volved cases with no lost work time, underreported cases were
split between those with and without lost work time.5 The
project found that total injuries and illnesses were under
recorded by about 10 percent. (Two establishments were re
sponsible for most of the undercount.) Lost-workday injury
and illness cases were underrecorded by about 25 percent in
the establishments visited.6
_
_
Total injury and illness rates, 1992 and 1996, and total employment and production workers in high-hazard
industries, 1990 and 1996
________________ __________________________________ _____________
Table 3.
1996
1990
Total injury
and illness rate
SIC
co de
Industry
1992
Percent
change,
1992-96
1996
Total
em ploym ent
(thousands)
Production
workers
(percent of
total
employm ent)
Total
em ploym ent
(thousands)
Production
workers
(percent of
total
employment)
Total.................................................
'26.8
'21.3
-17.8
1813.2
78.6
2009.5
80.5
2011
3731
3711
3321
3465
Meatpacking plants....................................
Ship building and repairing.......................
Motor vehicles and car bo dies.................
Gray and ductile iron foundries................
Automotive stam pings..............................
44.4
37.8
32.3
31.6
29.2
30.3
27.4
26.1
25.8
23.2
-31.8
-27.5
-19.2
-18.4
-20.5
139.5
129.5
310.8
81.8
99.7
84.4
72.8
72.3
81.3
83.2
138.3
98.2
354.3
80.3
118.3
83.6
73.1
76.8
82.8
83.8
3715
3325
2015
2451
3633
Truck tra ile rs ..............................................
Steel foundries, n.e.c.2 ..............................
Poultry slaughtering and processing........
Mobile ho m es............................................
Household laundry equipm ent.................
25.0
24.4
23.2
23.0
22.6
19.4
26.4
17.8
26.2
16.7
-22.4
8.2
-23.3
13.9
-26.1
27.4
28.0
194.1
43.4
21.0
78.1
77.9
90.2
80.6
79.5
31.6
25.8
233.1
64.4
15.9
79.7
81.4
89.1
83.9
81.8
3713
3462
2013
3792
3322
Truck and bus bodies................................
Iron and steel forgings..............................
Sausages and other prepared m e a ts .....
Travel trailers and cam pers.......................
Malleable iron foundries............................
22.3
21.1
21.0
20.5
20.3
21.0
19.4
16.3
19.7
16.7
-5 .8
-6.1
-22.4
-3 .9
-17.7
41.2
31.9
84.6
18.0
8.7
77.9
76.5
74.6
77.2
74.7
38.3
30.6
93.2
22.2
4.1
80.4
76.5
77.7
84.2
78.0
3365
3334
3441
3317
3714
Aluminum foundries............................. .....
Primary alum inum .....................................
Fabricated structural m e ta l.......................
Steel pipes and tu b e s ...............................
Motor vehicle Darts and accessories.......
20.1
20.0
19.5
19.2
19.2
17.1
13.6
16.7
13.9
16.9
-14.9
-32.0
-14.4
-27.6
-12.0
23.7
25.5
77.0
24.7
402.7
78.9
76.1
71.7
74.5
78.9
24.9
22.5
76.5
27.1
509.9
82.3
79.6
73.5
75.3
80.2
'Weighted average.
2n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified.
S ources:
acteristics, 1992, Bulletin 2455 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 1995), p. 5;
Employment and Earnings, March 1991, table B-2; March 1997, table B-12.
Occupational Injuries and Illnesses: Counts, Rates, and Char- ____________________________________________________________________
In 1996, as part of a major o s h a data collection initiative,
about 80,000 establishments were asked to submit informa
tion on injuries and illnesses reported that year, together with
the number of workers employed and the hours they worked.
A follow-on data-quality audit program was designed to check
the accuracy of the data submitted to the Agency, as well as
overall injury and illness recordkeeping practices. This audit,
directed by the Office of Management and Budget, was de
signed with the following aims in mind:
with more than 60 employees and excluded establishments in
the construction industry, o s h a compliance officers were part
of each site visit team. The completion of more than 250 au
dits in 1998 produced results that were markedly similar to
the 1987 pilot test results. While underreporting of record
able cases remained a persistent problem, there was no appar
ent increase in the size of the problem over the 10-year period
between the studies.7Preliminary results of the audit included
the following:
• Comparing the information submitted to o s h a with the em
ployers ’ 1996 o s h a form 200, “Log and Summary of Injuries
and Illnesses,” and with the employers’ records of employ
ment and hours worked.
• Identifying recordable injury and illness cases and deter
mining whether the establishment recorded them properly,
underrecorded them, or overrecorded them.
• Interviewing the establishment’s recordkeeper about the
o s h a recordkeeping requirements and the establishment’s
recordkeeping practices.
• Total injury and illness cases were underreported by 11 per
cent (10 percent in 1986).
• Lost-workday cases were underreported by 22 to 23 per
cent (25 percent in 1986).
In 1997, o s h a contracted with Eastern Research Group,
Inc., of Lexington, Massachusetts, to conduct the follow-on
pilot study of data collection quality and verification of em
ployer injury and illness records. The eventual study design
encompassed a statistical sample of more than 250 establish
ments nationwide. The sample frame included establishments
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In addition, no data were identified that would support the
hypothesis of a sudden and dramatic increase in under
reporting in the period studied. Decreases in rates were ob
served across many industries and States, but the degree of
the reductions varied widely. Also, the greatest reductions
were not concentrated in States or industries with higher ini
tial rates.
Consequently, the findings o f the audit and the character
istics o f the injury and illness data suggest that the recent
decline in occupational injury and illness rates is not due to
an increase in underreporting.
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
41
Occupational Injury and Illness Rates
Workers’ compensation reforms
Market forces fo r change. By 1992, social welfare expend
itures on workers’ compensation claims had reached $45.7
billion, more than twice the $22.3 billion spent in 1985.
Within the insurance industry and among a growing number
of employers, concern with rising premium rates was increas
ing. Workers’ compensation premium levels among States
were being compared. States with high premium levels be
lieved that they were losing jobs as industry moved out of
State.8Action took the form of changes in State workers’ com
pensation legislation, including increased penalties for fraudu
lent claims, limitations on benefits paid, medical and case
management initiatives, improved efficiency in the structure
and administration of the insurance market, the introduction
of large-deductible insurance options for employers, and re
quirements or incentives for the implementation of safety and
health programs.
The level of workers’ compensation costs reached in the
early 1990s spurred cost control efforts and created profit
able business opportunities for reducing costs; the discovery
and scope of such opportunities fundamentally altered ap
proaches to safety and health. Previously, safety and health
issues were often relegated to a minor management concern;
the extent of effort devoted to safety and health protection
could be measured by the limited resources devoted to that
function. Injury rates, and especially medical and other costs
resulting from an injury, were considered largely uncontrol
lable. Significantly elevated insurance costs increased both
the urgency and profitability of cost reduction efforts. In turn,
the pursuit of such efforts resulted in new realizations regard
ing the nature of the costs involved and new opportunities for
improvements. Workplace accidents are gradually evolving
from a budget item to a commitment to change the way work
is carried out.
While many reforms in State workers’ compensation law
have focused on program cost reduction first and accident
prevention second, changes in perspective and attitude ap
pear to have led to a greater commitment to reduce risk, as
opposed to viewing safety as a cost add-on. Reforms have
affected hazard assessment, training, claims management, re
habilitation and retum-to-work programs, safety incentives
for employees, and entrepreneurial opportunities by special
ist consultants. In the next section, reforms that focus on haz
ard reduction (workplace safety and health programs and
medical cost deductibles) are presented first, followed by re
forms designed to reduce the number of claims filed (pro
grams designed to detect and more effectively prosecute
insurance fraud) and then reforms aimed at cost reduction (re
tum-to-work and program administration reforms).
State workers’ compensation legislative reforms
1.
42
Workplace safety and health programs.
Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
At a minimum,
November 1998
typical components of workplace safety and health programs
would include hazard identification and control and safety
and health training. Recent reforms in many State workers’
compensation programs have made such programs manda
tory, either for all employers or for targeted employers with
high injury and illness rates. Voluntary programs have also
been encouraged through statutory language. These workers’
compensation legislative reforms have supplemented compa
rable programs mandated under State occupational safety and
health authority. (Generally, the two kinds of programs do not
overlap; that is, mandatory safety and health programs are not
usually found simultaneously under a State’s occupational
safety and health program and its workers’ compensation pro
gram. Exceptions are California, Minnesota, and North Caro
lina.) In addition, many employers in States that have not in
troduced such programs through legislation are voluntarily
adopting and implementing safety and health programs in an
effort to reduce workplace hazards and the related costs of
accidents.
The unique influence and effect of these programs in re
ducing occupational injury and illness rates is the subject of
debate. According to the Insurance Industry Institute,
w h ile it is d ifficu lt to separate the im pact o f safety m easures
from other factors that co u ld ca u se cla im s to d e c lin e , results
for T exas and O regon, tw o [S]tates in the vanguard o f the
accid en t preven tion m ovem en t, su g g est that reform s h a v e had
a sign ifican t im pact. A c cid en t rate per 100 private sector em
p lo y e e s dropped 11.4 p ercent in three years in T exas, from
8 .0 in 199 0 to 7.1 in 1993. In O regon the recordable accid en t
rate per 100 e m p lo y ee s in the private sector has fa llen from
11.1 in 1988 to 8.7 in 19 9 4 , a red uction o f 2 1 .6 percent.9
Significantly, mandatory legislation to implement safety
and health programs affects less than 1 percent of employers
in Texas. (In Oregon, an estimated 20 percent to 25 percent of
all business establishments and 80 percent of employees are
affected by mandatory State occupational safety and health
program requirements.) The recorded change in occupational
injury and illness rates in Texas appears broadly based and
not limited only to firms affected by legislation.
Between 1990 and 1996, the incidence of lost-workday
cases nationwide declined 20 percent, from 4.1 to 3.4 cases
per 100 full-time workers.10Table 4 presents occupational in
jury and illness rate changes derived from b l s data for 38
States and Puerto Rico and from data on insurance lost-time
claims provided to o sh a by the National Council on Compen
sation Insurance and covering 36 States and the District of
Columbia. The correlation between changes in the Council’s
State data on lost-time claims counts and changes in the b l s
State data on lost-workday injury and illness rates for 199496 was statistically significant at the 0.05 level, with a Pearson
correlation coefficient of 0.458. The two data sets permitted a
statistical construction of injury and illness rates for seven
States and the District of Columbia.11 However, no data are
available for five States: North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania,
West Virginia, and Wyoming. Also shown in table 4 are data
from the National Council on Compensation Insurance on the
“frequency per constant worker,” a standardized measure of
risk used in the insurance industry.
In table 4, the State data are banked to show States with
mandatory safety and health programs and those without statu
tory requirements. Table 5 presents the mean and median in
jury and illness rates for 1996 and recent rate declines among
four categories of State occupational safety and health pro
grams: statutory under workers’ compensation, statutory un
der the State Occupational Safety and Health Administration
or under some other State statute, voluntary under workers’
compensation, and no comprehensive safety and health pro
gram requirements.
All States experienced declines in injury and illness rates,
and no statistically significant differences were found among
the four groups of States. Nevertheless, the observed varia
tions in 1996 rate levels and relative rate declines among the
four invite commentary. Given the higher average rates among
States with mandatory programs, these States may have opted
for that approach because of their more serious accident
records. Post-1996 legislative changes in workers’ compen
sation laws in New York, endorsing mandatory safety and
health programs for employers with poor safety records, indi
cate that this approach retains its appeal.12
But it takes time for safety and health programs to have an
effect. Four States with voluntary programs implemented prior
to 1992—Alabama, Colorado, Oklahoma, and Oregon (Okla
homa and Oregon also have mandatory programs affecting
some employers)— continued to have total injury and illness
rates above the national average in 1996. Relatively greater
rate declines in States with voluntary occupational safety and
health programs may be explained by those States’ experi
mentation with more inventive, site-specific safety and health
program reforms. Firms in States with such voluntary pro
grams appear to be responding to market forces, especially
cost containment of workers’ compensation.
2. Medical care costs. Medical care cost reforms have
been introduced that strongly encourage employers to assign
a higher priority to safety. About one-quarter of the States
allow a rate credit or discount (schedule rating) for high-qual
ity safety programs. In some States, safety committees are
required in workplaces with poor claims histories.
In a majority of States, optional medical deductibles are
now included in workers’ compensation insurance policies.
Legislative changes in recent years have raised allowable de
ductible limits. The perception has grown that deductibles
encourage greater safety consciousness among employers who
must pay the deductible amount.13According to the Insurance
Industry Institute, many States now allow insurers to use
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
State-set fee schedules, to review treatment plans, and to “per
mit or mandate the use of managed care, an approach used by
health care insurers but until recently not always encouraged,
and sometimes prohibited, under workers’ compensation
laws.”14
Lower medical costs through managed care and reductions
in medical care expenses have been documented in several
States, including New Jersey,15 New York, and Florida. Un
der the new Florida law, approved managed care plans must
show evidence that they utilize case management techniques
and have procedures for aggressive medical care coordina
tion that encourage a prompt return to work.16
3. Insurance fraud. Since 1992, more than half the States
have passed laws that make it easier to detect and prosecute
insurance fraud. Past perpetrators have included medical care
providers, workers who filed claims for non-work-related in
juries, and employers who submitted false figures for thenpayroll and misrepresented the tasks workers were perform
ing in order to reduce their workers’ compensation premium.
In 1995, there were 100 convictions for workers’ compensa
tion fraud in California. In New York, reforms to reduce fraud
included creating a new workers’ compensation inspector
general with broad investigative powers and making work
ers’ compensation fraud a felony punishable by jail time.
4. Return to work. Several States passed retum-to-work
reforms to promote injured workers’ reentry into the work
force, thus reducing the time required for them to receive lostincome benefits. Laws in this category target both employees
(for refusing appropriate work) and employers (for refusing
to take injured workers back). Surveys of employers suggest
that early retum-to-work programs are among the most effec
tive cost-containment initiatives.
One company, r t w , Inc., specializes in managing retumto-work programs for other companies through job modifica
tion and accommodation. Since its start in 1992, this com
pany has produced a 45-percent average annual return on
equity and was among the 15 best performing small compa
nies listed in Forbes. Special attention to managing claims
and getting people back to work has saved employers an av
erage of 50 percent on workers’ compensation insurance.17
The increasing adoption of retum-to-work programs and
other types of case management techniques are reflected in
b l s occupational injury and illness statistics. The proportion
of lost-workday injuries and illnesses that involved days away
from work dropped from 76.9 percent in 1992 to 64.7 percent
in 1996. (The lost-workday rate also includes those on re
stricted duty or reassignment following a workplace accident
with no time spent away from work.) Reductions in the rates
of injuries and illnesses involving days away from work have
been more dramatic than reductions in total injury and illness
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
43
Occupational Injury and Illness Rates
Table 4.
Injury and illness rates, 1994-96, and workers’ compensation claims, 1992, 1994, and 1996, by jurisdiction and safety
and health program requirement category
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Jurisdiction
Nonfarm
em ploym ent
(thousands)
o s h a Inspections
(Federal and State)
FY1992
FY1996
Percent
change
Inspections
per 10,000
employees,
FY1996
1994 injury and
illness rate
Total
Lostworkday
rate
1996 injury and
illness rate
Total
Lostworkday
rate
Percent change,
1994-96
Total
Lostworkday
rate
With mandatory
safety and health
programs under
workers' compensation
Arkansas1.......................
California2 .......................
Connecticut3 ..................
Louisiana4.......................
Maine5 ............................
1,089.0
12,888.3
1,592.5
1,824.2
541.0
798
15,480
1,605
1,044
660
567
10,689
1,066
735
389
-28.9
-30.9
-33.6
-29.6
-41.1
5.2
8.3
6.7
4.0
7.2
9.4
8.1
8.5
6.2
10.5
4.3
4.0
4.1
2.9
5.6
8.2
6.6
7.4
5.9
9.4
3.5
3.4
3.6
2.8
4.8
-12.8
-18.5
-12.9
—4.8
-10.5
-18.6
-15.0
-12.2
-3 .4
-14.3
Minnesota6 .....................
Montana7 ........................
Nebraska8.......................
New Hampshire9............
North Carolina10.............
2,441.6
360.8
839.2
565.9
3,599.5
3,248
391
295
425
2,156
2,345
351
141
302
4,313
-27.8
-10.2
-52.2
-28.9
100.0
9.6
9.7
1.7
5.3
12.0
8.7
9.0
10.2
3.8
3.2
4.3
8.4
8.9
9.7
3.7
3.3
3.8
-3 .4
-1.1
-4 .9
-2 .6
3.1
-11.6
7.8
3.5
6.7
3.0
-14.1
-14.3
Oklahoma11 ....................
Pennsylvania12...............
Tennessee13....................
Texas14............................
Utah15.............................
West Virginia16...............
1,368.6
5.345.0
2.542.1
8,319.0
965.3
700.7
1,102
3,197
2,795
5,698
705
546
744
2,508
2,711
2,981
1,184
481
-32.5
-21.6
-3 .0
-47.7
67.9
-11.9
5.4
4.7
10.7
3.6
12.3
6.9
8.8
4.1
7.8
4.1
-11.4
.0
9.4
7.1
9.5
4.3
3.5
3.8
8.0
6.3
8.9
-
3.8
3.1
3.3
-14.9
-11.3
-6 .3
-11.6
-11.4
-13.2
262.9
6,237.6
529.2
4,369.8
859.3
1,491.7
2,434.9
1,215
2,433
1,802
12,036
2,160
6,241
8,452
408
1,399
910
7,914
1,262
5,693
7,705
-66.4
-42.5
-49.5
-34.2
-41.6
-8 .8
-8 .8
15.5
2.2
17.2
18.1
14.7
38.2
31.6
8.8
8.0
8.7
11.5
9.3
8.7
10.3
4.3
3.3
4.9
5.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
8.5
6.9
6.8
10.6
8.4
7.8
10.3
4.1
3.2
3.6
4.9
3.4
3.8
3.9
-3 .4
-13.8
-21.8
-7 .8
-9 .7
-10.3
.0
—4.7
-3 .0
-26.5
-5 .8
-19.0
-9 .5
-7.1
A labam a.........................
Colorado.........................
Kansas ...........................
Massachusetts..............
Missouri..........................
1,831.0
1,913.2
1,242.4
3,064.7
2,579.5
1,342
1,263
518
2,223
1,854
548
1,023
197
1,582
515
-59.2
-19.0
-62.0
-28.8
-72.2
3.0
5.3
1.6
5.2
2.0
9.2
4.1
8.9
4.0
-3 .3
-2 .4
New M exico....................
North D akota.................
O h io ...............................
Rhode Is la n d .................
South C a ro lin a ..............
696.4
310.3
5,316.5
444.2
1,678.6
553
299
3,430
461
2,800
688
169
1,952
208
1,815
24.4
-43.5
-43.1
-54.9
-35.2
9.9
5.4
3.7
4.7
10.8
1,926.3
379.3
3,546.4
497.7
5,694.9
2,547
160
1,761
491
3,017
1,342
183
779
221
1,764
-47.3
14.4
-55.8
-55.0
-41.5
7.0
4.8
2.2
4.4
3.1
-
-
-
-
-
With mandatory
safety and health
programs under State
o s h a or other State
statute17
Alaska18..........................
Florida19..........................
Hawaii20..........................
Michigan21......................
Nevada22.........................
Oregon23.........................
Washington24.................
With voluntary
safety and health
programs under
workers’ compensation25
-
-
-
_
_
_
9.8
7.2
10.2
4.2
3.5
4.1
8.9
6.1
8.6
4.0
3.1
3.6
-9 .2
-15.3
-15.7
-4 .8
-11.4
-12.2
7.9
3.4
7.3
3.2
-7 .6
-5 .9
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
8.5
6.9
4.1
2.9
7.1
5.9
3.6
2.5
-16.5
-14.5
-12.2
-13.8
8.3
6.9
8.6
3.6
3.4
3.8
7.7
5.6
6.1
3.3
2.5
2.7
-7 .2
-18.8
-29.1
-8 .3
-26.5
-28.9
Without comprehensive
safety and health
program requirements
A rizona...........................
D elaware........................
G eo rgia..........................
Id a h o ..............................
Illinois.............................
44
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
November 1998
_
_
_
_
_
_
Table 4.
Continued—Injury and illness rates, 1994-96, and workers’ compensation claims, 1992,1994, and 1996, by
jurisdiction and safety and health program requirement category
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Inspections
(Federal and State)
o sh a
Jurisdiction
Nonfarm
em ploym ent
(thousands)
FY1992
FY1996
Inspections
per 10,000
employees,
Percent
FY1996
change
Percent change,
1994-96
1996 Injury and
illness rate
1994 injury and
illness rate
Total
Lostworkday
rate
Total
Lostworkday
rate
Total
Ind iana...........................
Iowa.................................
Kentucky.........................
M a ryland........................
Mississippi......................
2,826.9
1,383.6
1,679.6
2,215.7
1,094.8
4,762
948
1,503
2,222
742
3,208
648
1,400
1,795
469
-32.6
-31.6
-6.9
-19.2
-36.8
11.3
4.7
8.3
8.1
4.3
11.3
10.8
10.6
6.8
-
4.9
4.8
5.0
3.4
-
9.7
9.8
8.7
5.4
4.2
4.4
4.1
2.6
-14.2
-9 .3
-17.9
-20.6
New J e rs e y ....................
New Y o rk ........................
South D a k o ta ................
Verm ont..........................
V irginia...........................
3,660.8
7,952.0
350.2
276.2
3,159.3
3,180
9,730
175
646
2,579
1,397
5,641
87
529
2,222
-56.1
-42.0
-50.3
-18.1
-13.8
3.8
7.1
2.5
19.2
7.0
6.9
5.5
7.3
3.2
2.8
3.3
5.8
4.9
6.3
2.6
2.4
2.8
-15.9
-10.9
-13.7
W isconsin.......................
W yom ing........................
Puerto R ic o ....................
District of C olum bia.......
2,620.8
222.7
619.7
1,935
744
1,450
328
829
359
1,604
261
-57.2
-51.7
10.6
-20.4
3.2
16.1
4.2
11.5
4.7
-
5.1
3.9
10.4
4.4
4.6
3.5
-
“
-9 .6
-6 .4
—
Lostworkday
rate
-14.3
-8 .3
-18.0
-23.5
—
-18.8
-14.3
-15.2
-9 .8
-10.3
—
National Council on Compensation Insurance
Lost-time
claims
(number)
Frequency
per
constant
worker
Lost-time
claims
(number)
Percent
change, 1992-96
iw o
1994
1992
Frequency
per
constant
worker
Lost-time
claims
(number)
Frequency
per
constant
worker
Lost-time
claims
Frequency
per
constant
worker
Percent
change, 1994-96
Lost-time
claims
Frequency
per
constant
worker
With mandatory safety
and health programs
under workers’
compensation
Arkansas1.....................
California2 .....................
Connecticut3 ................
Louisiana4.....................
Maine5 ..........................
11,584
67.3
7,922
61.4
6,171
47.6
—46.7
-29.3
-22.1
-22.5
22,464
6,440
9,581
48.8
42.9
35.5
16,315
5,631
7,688
44.2
30.8
32.8
14,291
5,738
6,523
36.8
29.7
33.4
-36.4
-10.9
-31.9
-24.6
-30.8
-5 .9
-12.4
1.9
-15.2
-16.7
-3 .6
1.8
Minnesota6 ..................
Montana7 ......................
Nebraska8.....................
New Hampshire9..........
North Carolina10...........
1,024
8,949
7,963
25,027
27.3
61.6
47.9
40.8
1,454
7,571
6,110
14,403
28.5
60.3
40.0
42.1
1,882
6,405
5,200
11,712
23.8
51.1
36.3
33.4
83.8
-28.4
-34.7
-53.2
-12.8
-17.0
-24.2
-18.1
29.4
-15.4
-14.9
-18.7
-16.5
-15.3
-9 .3
-20.7
9,751
43.8
7,705
42.3
7,879
39.8
-19.2
-9.1
2.3
-5.9
23,818
41.2
16,496
39.1
11,157
30.7
-53.2
-25.5
-32.4
-2 1.5
5,064
63.3
3,848
49.2
3,953
43.4
-21.9
-31.4
2.7
-11.8
5,793
20,759
16,373
38,155
35.4
26.1
71.1
38.6
5,381
9,973
14,527
31,596
29.5
21.7
58.0
36.4
4,141
11,465
6,552
26,737
24.7
21.4
38.7
31.5
-28.5
-44.8
-6 0.0
-29.9
-30.2
-18.0
—45.6
-18.4
-23.0
15.0
-54.9
-15.4
-16.3
-1 .4
-33.3
-13.5
27,473
59.1
28,000
53.7
24,841
45.2
-9 .6
-23.5
-11.3
-15.8
Oklahoma11..................
Pennsylvania12.............
Tennessee13..................
Texas14..........................
Utah15...........................
West Virginia16.............
With mandatory safety
and health programs
under State osha or
other State statute 17
Alaska18........................
Florida19........................
Hawaii20........................
Michigan21....................
Nevada22.......................
Oregon23.......................
Washington24...............
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
45
Occupational Injury and Illness Rates
Table 4.
Continued—Injury and illness rates, 1994-96, and workers’ compensation claims, 1992, 1994, and 1996, by
jurisdiction and safety and health program requirement category
National Council on Compensation Insurance
1992
Percent
change, 1994-96
Percent
change, 1992-96
1996
1994
Jurisdiction
Lost-time
claims
Frequency
per
constant
worker
Lost-time
claims
Frequency
per
constant
worker
43.1
33.8
54.8
40.4
23.3
34.3
52.6
-71.2
-23.4
-39.4
-62.5
-30.5
-11.0
-29.6
-10.8
-24.7
-14.9
-34.7
-23.6
9.6
-19.7
-37.1
-15.4
-18.4
-43.9
16.7
29.1
-7 .4
10.5
-10.8
-15.3
-30.7
7.4
14.7
-20.1
9,331
_
11,470
6,904
47,163
24.7
_
33.3
28.9
28.5
-12.6
_
-23.1
_
-53.2
-16.2
-28.6
-26.3
-21.3
-19.9
-16.1
_
-15.9
-20.5
-17.7
-20.1
_
-21.1
-21.3
-15.7
-23.9
-28.3
-60.7
-28.2
-50.3
-18.1
-17.3
-35.3
-19.8
-23.7
-14.0
-14.2
-45.3
-10.0
-11.8
-12.3
-16.0
-37.2
-20.4
-21.3
Lost-time
claims
(number)
Frequency
per
constant
worker
Lost-time
claims
(number)
Frequency
per
constant
worker
14,809
22,506
4,006
41,472
6,432
4,816
12,576
48.3
44.9
64.4
61.9
30.5
31.3
65.5
6,773
20,378
10,405
27,728
3,829
3,319
9,561
39.0
37.9
64.7
58.3
21.7
29.9
65.8
4,261
17,234
8,491
15,546
4,468
4,285
8,857
Lost-time
claims
(number)
Frequency
per
constant
worker
With voluntary safety
and health programs
under workers'
compensation“5
A labam a.......................
Colorado.......................
Kansas .........................
M assachusetts............
M issouri........................
New M exico.................
North D akota...............
Ohio .............................
Rhode Is la n d ...............
South C a ro lin a ............
-
Without comprehen
sive safety and health
program requirements
A rizona.........................
Delaw are......................
G e o rg ia ........................
Id a h o ............................
Illinois...........................
10,681
_
32.1
_
11,118
_
24,525
8,234
66,086
45.2
36.7
35.6
13,633
8,684
57,283
30.9
42.2
36.7
33.8
In d ia n a .........................
Iowa..............................
Kentucky.......................
M a ryland......................
Mississippi....................
29,112
20,668
14,000
17,964
8,823
49.7
61.4
66.3
57.0
60.0
25,755
17,272
10,070
14,343
4,974
46.4
60.5
68.3
57.4
58.2
22,161
14,819
5,504
12,902
4,385
40.7
50.8
42.9
45.7
45.8
New J e rs e y .................
New Y o rk ......................
South D a k o ta ..............
Verm ont........................
V irginia.........................
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
—
3,827
4,503
20,116
49.0
55.1
44.2
3,204
3,865
15,805
50.2
58.2
42.9
2,778
3,199
12,321
40.2
45.4
31.7
-27.4
-29.0
-38.8
-18.0
-17.6
-28.3
-13.3
-17.2
-22.0
-19.9
-22.0
-26.1
65,386
57.4
56,550
47.4
47,615
41.9
-27.2
-27.0
-15.8
-11.6
2,810
33.1
2,254
34.5
1,689
28.1
-39.9
-15.1
-25.1
-18.6
W isconsin.....................
W yom ing......................
Puerto R ic o .................
District of C olum bia....
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
Dash indicates data not available.
’ Employers with above-average injury and illness rate.
E m ployers with above-average injury and illness rate; programs also imple
mented by State osha.
3Employers with above-average injury and illness rate.
4Employers with more than 15 employees; 15 percent of establishments, more
than 75 percent of employees.
E m ployers with injury and illness rate at least twice the average.
Em ployers with more than 25 employees; programs also implemented without
size limitation through State osha.
Em ployers with more than 5 employees; 35 percent of establishments, 85
percent of employees.
8AII employers.
9Employers with more than 10 employees; 20 percent of establishments, 80
percent of employees.
’“Employers with injury and illness rates 1.5 times the average; programs also
implemented through State osha.
’ ’ Employers with injury and illness rates 1.25 times the average; voluntary pro
gram coexists.
12Self-insured employers; voluntary program coexists.
’“ Employers with above-average injury and illness rate.
N ote :
46
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
November 1998
_
_
_
_
__
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
14Employers with “extrahazardous” workplaces; affects less than 1 percent of
establishments.
’“ Employers with above-average injury and illness rate.
’“ Employers with above-average injury and illness rate.
^Excluding California, Minnesota, and North Carolina, which have manda
tory programs under workers’ compensation.
’“All employers.
’“ Employers with more than 10 employees and employers with high rates; 20
percent of establishments, 80 percent of employees (limited State enforcement).
20AII employers.
“’ Construction industry only.
““ Employers with more than 10 employees; 25 percent of establishments, 85
percent of employees.
““ Employers with more than 10 employees and employers with high rates; 20
percent of establishments, 80 percent of employees.
“4AII employers.
““Excludes Oklahoma and Pennsylvania, which also have mandatory programs
under workers' compensation, and Oregon, which also has a mandatory pro
gram under a State osha.
rates. Between 1994 and 1996, the national days-away-fromwork rate dropped by more than 21 percent, to 2.2, the lowest
rate ever recorded. Table 6 presents the rates and the degrees
of reduction for 38 States and Puerto Rico.
duction), Kansas (11.5 percent), Massachusetts (12.2 per
cent), Minnesota (24 percent), Michigan (15.7 percent), North
Carolina (15.3 percent), and Illinois (13 percent).
In Oregon, following the implementation of a 1990 law
promoting workplace safety programs, tightening compensa
tion requirements, and revamping disputed settlement proce
dures, the State has experienced a rate reduction each year
since 1991. In Mississippi, an antifraud emphasis, an in
creased attention to workplace safety, and reforms affecting
the assigned risk pool led to rate declines that were expected
to save $25.5 million during 1996-97. And in California, it
was estimated that legislative changes in the State’s workers’
compensation program which took place in 1993 would re
sult in a premium savings of almost $2 billion by 1995. De
regulation affecting the rates charged by the State’s more than
300 insurers was also credited with contributing to savings.
Finally, the Insurance Industry Institute, again citing data
from the National Council on Compensation Insurance, re
ported that claim costs between 1980 and 1990 increased 11
percent each year, on average, compared with an average an
nual increase of less than 2 percent for the 1991-95 period.
The Institute identified successful employer efforts to prevent
accidents as a reason for the decline.21
The broad decline in occupational injury and illness rates
between 1992 and 1996 was a phenomenon that affected vir
tually all States for which data exist. Among 37 jurisdictions
(36 States and the District of Columbia) for which the Na
tional Council on Compensation Insurance maintains data, 36
recorded reductions in the number of lost-work-time claims
filed between 1992 and 1996 (the lone exception was Mon-
5. Program administration. In many States, reforms have
addressed the amount of time and resources used to resolve
disputes over benefits. Mechanisms to facilitate settlement,
such as mandatory arbitration or mediation, are now being
encouraged. They result in cost savings by getting the injured
worker back to the workplace faster and reducing attorneys’
fees.
Improvements in the administration of workers’ compen
sation systems have been recorded in Hawaii with the cre
ation of a special unit in the State labor department to im
prove the administration of claims filed.18 In New York,
legislative reform mandates the reduction of excessive paper
work in the claims process.
The introduction of cost-reducing incentives and reforms
(competition and accountability, for example) has affected the
administration of the insurance market. In Hawaii, a nonprofit
insurance corporation to cover small businesses facing high
premiums has been established. Administrative improvements
have reduced the size of the residual market. In Massachu
setts, following legislative reforms, the assigned risk pool for
workers’ compensation insurance, as a percentage of total
market premiums, dropped from 66 percent in 1992 to 20
percent in 1996.19 In 1995, Virginia’s assigned risk market
represented 24.3 percent of the total market. By 1996, the
share had fallen to 15.7 percent, a 35-percent reduction; the
number of employers in the assigned
1 Mean and median injury and illness rates, 1996, and percent change in
risk market decreased by 9 percent.20
rates, by State safety and health program requirement category, 1994-96
Effects o f reforms. Relying on data
from the National Council on Com
pensation Insurance, the Insurance In
dustry Institute has documented the
fact that States which passed compre
hensive workers’ reforms have expe
rienced significant reductions in their
premium rates in recent years. For ex
ample, employers in Montana experi
enced a rate drop of 14.6 percent in
1996, following legislative changes
enacted in 1993 and 1995 that targeted
fraud, workplace safety, and managed
health care. In a number of States, af
ter a period of chronically high and es
calating rates in the 1980s, a succes
sion of rate cuts followed workers’
compensation reforms in the 1990s.
Continuing declines were experienced
in 1996 in Maine (a 10.9-percent re
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Safety and health program
requirement category
M ean percent
M ean injury
change in injury M edian injury M edian percent
and illness rate,
and illness rate, and illness rate, change in injury
weighted by
and illness rate,
weighted by
1996
employment,
1994-96
employment,
1996
1994-96
States with mandatory safety
and health programs under
workers' compensation..............
7.0
-13.2
8.0
-11.3
States with mandatory safety
and health programs under
State osha1....................................
8.6
-9 .6
8.4
-9 .7
States with voluntary safety
and health programs under
workers' compensation2.............
7.5
-12.3
7.3
-14.5
States without comprehensive
safety and health program
requirem ents..............................
6.8
-14.9
6.2
-14.0
’ Excluding California, Minnesota, and North Carolina, which are included in the first category .
E xcluding Oklahoma and Pennsylvania, which are included in the first category, and Oregon, which is
included in the second.
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
47
Occupational Injury and Illness Rates
tana); and 33 jurisdictions posted reductions in the value of
claims paid. (See table 7.) All 39 jurisdictions (38 States plus
Puerto Rico) for which the Bureau of Labor Statistics has
publishable data had declines in either total rates, lost-work
day rates, or both between 1994 and 1996. The impact of
mandatory, as opposed to voluntary, State occupational safety
and health program requirements was not significantly corre
lated with the rate declines. (See table 5.) Occupational safety
and health programs were being implemented by establish
ments in all States for a variety of motives, not the least of
which was cost containment.
During the period 1992-96, the average value of lost-worktime claims rose in 34 of the 37 jurisdictions for which the
National Council on Compensation Insurance has data. (See
table 7.) (In three States—Maine, New Mexico, and Rhode
Island—the average value of claims paid declined.) This sta
tistic reflects the impact of higher deductible amounts for
medical costs under workers’ compensation programs, which
have resulted in a sharp drop in the number of minor lost-time
claims recorded by insurance companies. Eliminating many
minor cost claims has greatly reduced the number of claims in
the National Council’s reporting system, while simultaneously
increasing the average cost of those claims which remain. The
deductible amount, however, does not absolve an employer
from recording an incident on o s h a reports collected by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics. Increases in deductibles have con
tributed to a rise in the rate of lost-workday cases involving
restricted work activity only. The rate for such restricted work
day cases rose from 0.7 case per 100 workers in 1990 to 1.1
cases in 1996.22
Accordingly, the various reform initiatives brought about
by State workers’ compensation legislation, including the
implementation o f safety and health programs and reforms
having to with medical care costs, insurance fraud, and ad
ministrative procedures, are seen as causalfactors in explain
ing the decline in the occupational injury and illness rate in
the 1990s. Accident cost containment is held to be the pri
mary motive behind a nationwide industry adoption o f safety
and health programs (mandatory and voluntary, as well as
statutory and nonstatutory) that contributed to injury and ill
ness rate reductions during this period.
Industry recognition of hazards
In addition to legislative and administrative changes in State
workers’ compensation programs, industry interest in greater
risk management, reduction in the number of accidents, and
prevention of injuries in the workplace increased during the
period under review. According to research carried out by
the insurance industry, there was an upsurge of interest in proc
ess redesign, safety training, the enforcement of safety rules,
and improved housekeeping: “Taking Massachusetts as an ex-
48
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
November 1998
Rates of injuries and illnesses involving days
away from work in 38 States and Puerto Rico,
1994 and 1996
Jurisdiction
1994
1996
Percent
change
United S ta te s.......
2.8
2.2
-21.4
A labam a..................
A la s k a ......................
A rizona.....................
Arkansas .................
C alifornia.................
3.0
3.8
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.5
3.6
2.0
2.1
2.1
-16.7
-5 .3
-28.6
-22.2
-22.2
C onnecticut.............
D elaware.................
F lorida......................
G eo rgia....................
H aw a ii......................
2.9
2.3
2.5
2.5
4.6
2.5
1.9
2.0
1.7
3.3
-13.8
-17.4
-20.0
-32.0
-28.3
Ind iana.....................
Iowa..........................
Kansas .....................
Kentucky..................
Louisiana.................
3.4
3.1
2.7
3.7
2.2
2.6
2.4
2.2
2.4
2.1
-23.5
-22.6
-18.5
-35.1
-4 .5
M a in e .......................
M aryland.................
Massachusetts........
Michigan..................
Minnesota................
3.3
2.8
2.5
3.0
2.4
2.5
2.1
2.3
2.4
2.2
-24.2
-25.0
-8 .0
-20.0
-8 .3
Missouri....................
M ontana..................
Nebraska.................
Nevada .....................
New J e rs e y .............
2.8
2.8
3.0
3.3
2.9
2.1
2.7
2.4
2.3
2.1
-25.0
-3 .6
-20.0
-30.3
-27.6
New M exico.............
New Y o rk .................
North C arolina.........
Oklahom a................
Oregon .....................
2.7
2.6
2.4
3.3
3.0
2.3
2.2
1.9
3.0
2.6
-14.8
-15.4
-20.8
-9.1
-13.3
Puerto R ic o .............
Rhode Islan d...........
South C a ro lin a ........
Tennessee ...............
Texas ........................
3.9
3.1
2.1
3.0
2.4
3.5
2.7
1.6
2.4
2.0
-10.3
-12.9
-23.8
-20.0
-16.7
U ta h .........................
V irginia.....................
W ashington.............
W isconsin................
2.7
2.5
3.5
3.7
2.2
1.9
3.1
3.0
-18.5
-24.0
-11.4
-18.9
S ource :
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
ample, the Boston-based Workers Compensation Research
Institute estimates that in that [S]tate about half of the cost
reductions stemmed from legislative and administrative im
provements, and as much as 30 percent was due to the actions
of employers and insurers, independent of reform meas
ures.”23Within the insurance industry, Chubb Insurance Com
pany published a guide for developing and maintaining a
safety program for businesses.24
During the 1990s, Internet accessibility and advertising
have facilitated the promotion of workplace safety and health
programs. The National Council on Compensation Insurance,
Inc., has taken a leadership role in this campaign. Headquar
tered in Boca Raton, Florida, the Council is the Nation’s larg
est corporation providing information about workers’ com-
pensation and health care. The company provides database
products, software, publications, and consultation services to
State funding agencies, self-insureds, independent bureaus,
agents, regulatory authorities, legislatures, and more than 700
other insurance companies. Industry outreach and educational
campaigns typically feature the financial benefits to be gained
by reducing work-related accidents and injuries.
The National Council’s message has received dramatically
increased attention through Internet advertising. A recent
search using the Internet search engine “Webcrawler” and the
keywords “ o s h a inspections” produced a listing of almost
5,000 sites, a large proportion of which were consulting firms
offering employers their services to conduct onsite safety in
spections designed to identify and eliminate workplace haz
ards. Apparently, the advance in information technology in
the 1990s has facilitated the promotion of safety and health
reform in U.S. workplaces and has contributed to the decline
in injury and illness rates.
The results of a survey conducted in June 1995 by the In
surance Research Council, Inc., in cooperation with the Na
tional Federation of Independent Business Education Foun
dation, provides documentation showing that there has been
an increase in awareness of the problem of workplace injuries
and illnesses among medium-sized and small businesses.25
This survey of about 3,200 owners of such businesses found
that 45 percent of the firms that were sampled considered
workplace safety a significant problem or one of the most
serious problems facing management. Most business owners
sampled (73 percent) believed that their employees had a
strong or somewhat strong commitment to workplace safety.
The sampled firms averaged more than five different ac
tions taken to increase workplace safety in the 5 years preced-
1 Number and value of workers’ compensation claims paid in 36 States and the District of Columbia, 1992, 1994, and
1996
[Value in millions of dolls rsl
19*92
1996
1994
Jurisdiction
Percent change,
1992-96
Percent change,
1994-96
Average value of
claims paid
Number
Value
Number
Value
Number
Value
Number
Value
Number
Value
1992
1994
1996
A labam a......................
A la s k a .........................
A rizona........................
A rkansas.....................
Colorado......................
14,809
5,793
10,681
11,584
22,506
$241.2
111.8
189.8
142.5
494.1
6,773
5,381
11,118
7,922
20,378
$128.9
103.1
192.8
97.3
505.0
4,261
4,141
9,331
6,171
17,234
$99.9
97.1
190.5
84.9
491.7
-71.2
-28.5
-12.6
-46.7
-23.4
-58.6
-13.2
.4
-40.5
-.5
-37.1
-23.0
-16.1
-22.1
-15.4
-22.5
-5 .8
-1 .2
-12.8
-2 .6
$16,288
19,299
17,769
12,305
21,954
$19,034
19,157
17,339
12,287
24,782
$23,434
23,444
20,418
13,754
28,531
C onnecticut................
District of Columbia ....
F lo rida.........................
G eo rgia.......................
H a w a ii.........................
22,464
2,810
20,759
24,525
16,373
350.1
64.5
670.5
511.6
305.8
16,315
2,254
9,973
13,633
14,527
300.4
57.5
396.4
315.1
246.1
14,291
1,689
11,465
11,470
6,552
234.3
43.8
487.8
271.1
127.0
-36.4
-39.9
-44.8
-53.2
-60.0
-33.1
-32.0
-27.3
-47.0
-58.5
-12.4
-25.1
15.0
-15.9
-54.9
-22.0
-23.8
23.1
-14.0
-48.4
15,586
22,945
32,300
20,861
18,675
18,409
25,512
39,746
23,112
16,940
16,397
25,960
42,544
23,635
19,388
Id a h o ...........................
Illin o is..........................
In d ia n a ........................
Iow a.............................
Kansas ........................
8,234
66,086
29,112
20,668
14,006
113.6
1,095.4
314.4
191.6
169.8
8,684
57,283
25,755
17,272
10,405
125.2
983.9
308.8
180.9
147.5
6,904
47,163
22,161
14,819
8,491
119.3
902.3
289.6
178.6
135.2
-16.2
-28.6
-23.9
-28.3
-39.4
5.0
-17.6
-7 .9
-6 .8
-20.4
-20.5
-17.7
-14.0
-14.2
-18.4
- 4 .7
-8 .3
-6 .2
-1 .3
-8 .4
13,795
16,576
10,800
9,269
¡2,125
14,415
17,176
11,990
10,473
14,178
17,275
19,132
13,066
12,050
15,918
Kentucky......................
Louisiana.....................
M a in e ..........................
M aryland.....................
Michigan......................
14,000
6,440
9,581
17,964
38,155
206.4
181.1
149.2
290.0
701.1
10,070
5,631
7,688
14,343
31,596
165.0
174.1
106.5
264.2
640.2
5,504
5,738
6,523
12,902
26,737
101.4
146.9
91.3
253.5
630.6
-60.7
-10.9
-31.9
-28.2
-29.9
-50.9
-18.9
-38.8
-12.6
-10.1
-45.3
1.9
-15.2
-10.0
-15.4
-38.5
-15.6
-14.3
-4 .0
-1 .5
14,741
28,116
15,575
16,141
18,376
16,384
30,911
13,847
18,419
20,263
18,421
25,601
13,994
19,648
23,587
Mississippi...................
Missouri.......................
M ontana......................
Nebraska.....................
New Hampshire..........
8,823
41,472
1,024
8,949
7,963
127.8
468.2
22.0
125.5
125.6
4,974
27,728
1,454
7,571
6,110
84.9
368.6
31.9
115.1
117.2
4,385
15,546
1,882
6,405
5,200
83.1
262.5
55.3
111.2
105.7
-50.3
-62.5
83.8
-28.4
-34.7
-35.0
-43.9
151.4
-11.4
-15.9
-11.8
-43.9
29.4
-15.4
-14.9
-2.1
-28.8
73.2
-3 .4
-9.8
14,488
11,289
21,469
14,019
15,779
17,076
13,292
21,948
15,200
19,179
18,953
16,886
29,366
17,363
20,329
New M exico................
North C arolina............
O klahom a....................
O re gon ........................
Rhode Is la n d ..............
6,432
25,027
9,751
27,473
4,816
105.6
458.2
180.6
447.6
84.1
3,829
14,403
7,705
28,000
3,319
66.5
286.9
153.0
473.2
54.2
4,468
11,712
7,879
24,841
4,285
59.5
266.2
220.8
434.3
59.9
-30.5
-53.2
-19.2
-9 .6
-11.0
-43.6
-41.9
22.3
-3 .0
-28.7
16.7
-18.7
2.3
-11.3
29.1
-10.4
-7 .2
44.3
-8 .2
10.6
16,425
18,310
18,521
16,293
17,456
17,365
19,922
19,858
16,902
16,331
13,328
22,725
28,023
17,484
13,986
South C a ro lin a ...........
South D a k o ta .............
Tennessee ..................
U ta h ............................
Verm ont.......................
V irginia........................
W isconsin....................
12,576
3,827
23,818
5,064
4,503
20,116
65,386
172.8
55.6
411.9
59.1
72.4
429.6
576.8
9,561
3,204
16,496
3,848
3,865
15,805
56,550
141.6
53.1
317.2
44.7
63.8
367.1
576.2
8,857
2,778
11,157
3,953
3,199
12,321
47,615
139.9
54.4
225.2
57.0
56.1
339.9
560.3
-29.6
-27.4
-53.2
-21.9
-29.0
-38.8
-27.2
-19.0
-2.1
-45.3
-3.5
-22.5
-20.9
-2 .9
-7 .4
-13.3
-32.4
2.7
-17.2
-22.0
-15.8
-1 .2
2.4
-29.0
27.7
-12.1
-7 .4
-2 .7
13,742
14,524
17,295
11,668
16,075
21,354
8,821
14,808
16,588
19,228
11,605
16,514
23,227
10,189
15,800
19,597
20,181
14,431
17,529
27,586
11,768
S ource :
National Council on Compensation Insurance.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
49
Occupational Injury and Illness Rates
ing the survey. The six most common actions, each under
taken by a majority of the firms, were as follows:
•
•
•
•
•
•
provided personal safety equipment
provided safety-related training
installed safety controls or other devices on equipment
conducted an indepth inspection for hazards
adopted written safety rules
purchased safer equipment.
The business owners identified providing safety-related
training, providing protective equipment, and having a safety
committee (one of the less common actions adopted) as the
most effective actions taken to increase workplace safety.
According to respondents of the survey, the cost of work
ers’ compensation insurance and the “right thing to do” were
the two most important motivations for taking action to in
crease safety. Also important were long-term profitability,
complying with Federal and State safety regulations, having
had too many accidents, and employee morale. Anomalously,
the survey found that a large proportion of small-business
owners were not aware of the impact of workers’ compensa
tion experience ratings on their insurance costs. Had they
been, the survey might have documented an even stronger
embrace of safety reforms and programmatic initiatives.
Hazard identification and reform efforts have been high
on the agendas of several industrial and building trades
unions. The most active unions seeking reform include the
United Automobile Workers; Steelworkers; Oil, Chemical,
and Atomic Workers; Service Workers; State, County and
Municipal Workers; Textile and Amalgamated Clothing
Workers; Rubber Workers; United Food and Commercial
Workers; United Paper Workers International; International
Association of Machinists; Teamsters; Office and Professional
Employees International; and Building Trades Unions, espe
cially the Laborers International, International Brotherhood
of Electrical Workers, International Union of Operating En
gineers, Sheet Metal Workers International Association, and
International Brotherhood of Painters and Allied Trades.
Unions have pursued their objective of safer workplaces
through lobbying efforts in Washington, d c , or at the bargain
ing table. In a recent survey of major collective bargaining
agreements, clauses requiring local-level labor-management
safety and health committees were found in 29.4 percent of
all contracts reviewed, a figure that was up from 26.5 percent
20 years earlier.26
Results of hazard assessments conducted as part of a com
prehensive safety and health program, together with comple
mentary activities of unions and insurance companies, have
drawn attention to hazards that historically have not been the
focus of traditional safety standards, o sh a standards such as
those addressing machine guarding, electrical safety, fire pre-
50
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
November 1998
vention, equipment design, and flammable and pressurized
materials continue to be important in the prevention of inju
ries. However, partly due to the general acceptance and wide
spread adoption of these standards, a growing proportion of
injuries and illnesses currently occurring, such as those asso
ciated with lifting, repetitive stress, trips and slips, and vio
lence, are not specifically addressed by the standards. Sitespecific comprehensive safety and health programs, together
with further information and compliance assistance support
activities, may be better suited to developing solutions to some
types of hazards.
A growing awareness o f workplace hazards among all af
fected parties, including unions, employers, and the insur
ance industry, apparently has translated into a will to take
corrective action to address and reduce hazards. The effort
to promote that awareness was facilitated by emerging
Internet information technology. Combined with the will to
change and a greater accessibility to expert guidance and
recommendations fo r appropriate corrective workplace
changes, this awareness has contributed to the recent reduc
tion in workplace injury and illness rates.
o sh a
measures to increase compliance
The level of o sh a field inspection activity has changed sig
nificantly over the past 10 years. While the number of com
pliance officers has remained relatively constant during the
period, the number of inspections of establishments has de
clined, and compliance assistance services have increased.
The shift in emphasis from inspections to compliance assist
ance began in the mid-1990s as a result of “reinvention” ini
tiatives and congressional language attached to o s h a ’s appro
priations. (See tables 8 and 9.)
Federal osha enforcement. In 1995, o s h a conducted 29,113
Federal inspections, compared with 42,377 in 1994, a 31-percent drop. The decline came about primarily from a change in
focus in the construction sector that resulted in 9,703 fewer
inspections. In part, the change was in response to critical
congressional oversight and review.27During this period, con
sultation funds for States rose again to more than 10 percent
| Compliance assistance, fiscal years 1994-98
[Funding in thousands of dollars]
Fiscal
year
1994 ............
1 9 9 5 ............
1996 ............
1997 ............
1998 ............
Federal
funding
$12,992
13,410
34,822
37,351
43,927
Authorized
staff
93
91
266
285
285
State
funding
$30,982
31,564
32,479
34,477
35,373
Total
$43,974
44,974
67,301
71,828
79,300
I
inspections and authorized compliance
officers, fiscal years 1988-97
o sh a
Federal
inspections
State plan 18(b)
inspections
Fiscal year
Total
Construction
Officers
authorized
Total
Construction
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
............
............
............
............
............
58,549
54,679
45,511
42,113
42,431
31,051
28,837
24,279
22,336
22,563
1,245
1,277
1,268
1,290
1,264
57,601
57,481
75,652
82,484
71,786
28,357
26,240
35,391
36,200
30,308
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
............
............
............
............
............
39,536
42,377
29,113
24,024
34,264
20,298
22,704
13,001
11,399
18,280
1,220
1,226
1,234
1,169
1,235
62,199
60,600
60,573
57,199
56,623
24,585
24,464
23,926
23,279
22,582
o f the o s h a annual budget, regaining their pre-1989 percent
age share. (See table 10.)
In addition to the increasing contribution to funding for
State consultation programs, Federal money for compliance
assistance to States reached $35.4 million in fiscal year 1998,
up from $31.0 million budgeted in fiscal year 1994. Direct
Federal funding for compliance assistance increased substan
tially after fiscal year 1994 in response to the Presidential
directive to “reward results, not red tape.” In o s h a ’s case, that
directive was implemented via programs such as the Volun
tary Protection Program, focused inspections, waived penal
ties for “quick fix” violations, and reductions in penalties for
“good faith” employer efforts. The programs represented an
Agency effort to extend worker protection beyond the mini
mum required by o sh a standards. Employers were given a
choice of partnership or traditional enforcement and were en
couraged to implement comprehensive safety and health
programs.
Three categories of Voluntary Protection Program were
designed, to (1) recognize the outstanding achievement of
those who had successfully incorporated comprehensive
safety and health programs into total management systems,
(2) motivate others to achieve excellent safety and health re
sults in the same way, and (3) establish a relationship among
employers, employees, and o sh a based on cooperation rather
than coercion. In 1995, more than 200 sites participated in
Federal and State Voluntary Protection Programs.
Participating sites do not have a schedule of inspections.
Instead, highly qualified volunteers from the safety and health
field conduct site inspections for o s h a . (Any employee com
plaints, serious accidents, or significant chemical releases that
occur are handled according to routine enforcement proce
dures.) o s h a data indicate that firms which participate in the
Voluntary Protection Program experience lost-workday rates
that are generally 60 percent to 80 percent below industry
averages.28
Beginning in 1994, o sh a began to experiment with a num
ber of other reforms that affected compliance and inspection
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
activity in the field. That year, under a focused-inspections
program, o s h a encouraged employers in the construction in
dustry to implement comprehensive safety and health pro
grams. Where o sh a compliance officers found an effective
program on-site, the Agency conducted an abbreviated inspec
tion limited to the top four hazards that kill workers in the
construction industry: falls from heights, electrocution, crush
ing (suffered, for example, during a cave-in of a trench), and
being struck by material or equipment. Conversely, where a
safety and health program did not exist or was ineffective,
o s h a conducted a complete site inspection. The “choose your
o s h a inspection” strategy received a positive reaction from
construction industry employers and labor unions.
o s h a expanded its focused-inspections program in 1995 to
target industry hazards outside of construction. Industries
were chosen on the basis of their accident and illness rates
and other historical data, o sh a worked with the targeted in
dustries both to identify the most serious hazards in those in
dustries, in order to focus attention upon them during inspec
tions, and to encourage the industries to adopt effective safety
and health programs. Effective programs were identified by
reductions in accident rates.
Also in 1994-95, as part of its “reinvention” effort, o s h a
began to recognize employers who demonstrated a high level
of effective self-enforcement of safety and health require
ments. For these employers, o sh a offered penalty reductions
of up to 100 percent for violations. While the Agency’s tradi
tional policies already allowed reductions in penalties, the new
program explicitly related such reductions to effective safety
and health program reforms.
If o sh a determined, during the course of a workplace in
spection, that an employer had implemented a superior safety
and health program, it granted substantial reductions in the
penalties that would otherwise be assessed for any violations
found. Penalties were eliminated entirely for violations that
did not involve significant safety or health threats to workers,
I
budget and State consultation funding,
fiscal y<ears 1988-98
o sh a
[In thousands of dollars'1
Fiscal
year
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
Budget
Consultation
Percent of
budget
accounted for
by consultation
.........................
.........................
.........................
.........................
.........................
$235,474
247,746
267,147
285,190
296,540
$23,995
24,181
24,891
25,354
26,597
10.2
9.8
9.3
8.9
9.0
1993 .........................
1994 .........................
1 9 9 5 .........................
1996 .........................
1997 .........................
1998 .........................
288,251
296,428
311,660
303,810
324,955
336,480
28,541
30,982
31,564
32,479
34,477
35,373
9.9
10.5
10.1
10.7
10.6
10.5
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
51
Occupational Injury and Illness Rates
Changes in injury and illness rates, 1994-96, lost-time claims, 1992-96, and inspections, 1992-96 and 1994-96, by
State, ranked by 1996 total injury and illness rate
Table 11.
N ational
C o u n cil on
C om pensation
Insurance
Bureau o f Labor Statistics
N onfarm
e m p lo y m e n t
(thousands)
State
Percent
ch a n g e ,
1994-96
1996
injury a n d
illness rate
Total
Lostw o rk d a y
rate
Total
Lostw o rkd a y
rate
Percent
c h a n g e in losttim e claim s,
1992-96
_
Inspections
p e r 10,000
em ployee s,
FY1996
Federal a n d State osha inspections
Percent c h a n g e
FY1992
FY1994
FY1996
1992-96
1994-96
New Y o rk ............
M aryland............
Delaw are............
New J e rs e y ........
South Carolina ...
7,952.0
2,215.7
379.3
3,660.8
1,678.6
4.9
5.4
5.6
5.8
5.9
2.4
2.6
2.5
2.6
2.5
-10.9
-20.6
-18.8
-15.9
-14.5
-14.3
-23.5
-26.5
-18.8
-13.8
-10.0
-7 .4
9,730
2,222
160
3,180
2,800
7,970
1,960
122
2,594
2,265
5,641
1,795
183
1,397
1,815
-42.0
-19.2
14.4
-56.1
-35.2
-29.2
-8 .4
50.0
-46.1
-19.9
7.1
8.1
4.8
3.8
10.8
Louisiana............
G e o rg ia ..............
Massachusetts ...
Texas ..................
V irginia...............
1,824.2
3,546.4
3,064.7
8,319.0
3,159.3
5.9
6.1
6.1
6.3
6.3
2.8
2.7
3.1
3.1
2.8
-4 .8
-29.1
-15.3
-11.3
-13.7
-3 .4
-28.9
-11.4
-11.4
-15.2
1.9
-15.9
-22.0
1,044
1,761
2,223
5,698
2,579
955
1,726
2,198
6,144
3,324
735
779
1,582
2,981
2,222
-29.6
-55.8
-28.8
-47.7
-13.8
-23.0
-54.9
-28.0
-51.5
-33.2
4.0
2.2
5.2
3.6
7.0
C alifornia............
North C arolina....
H a w a ii................
F lo rida................
Rhode Is la n d ......
12,888.3
3,599.5
529.2
6,237.6
444.2
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
7.1
3.4
3.0
3.6
3.2
3.6
-18.5
-14.1
-21.8
-13.8
-16.5
-15.0
-14.3
-26.5
-3 .0
-12.2
_
-18.7
-54.9
15.0
29.1
15,480
2,156
1,802
2,433
461
12,645
3,795
755
2,681
467
10,689
4,313
910
1,399
208
-30.9
100.0
-49.5
-42.5
-54.9
-15.5
13.6
20.5
—47.8
-55.5
8.3
12.0
17.2
2.2
4.7
New M exico........
C onnecticut........
A rizona...............
O klahom a...........
Oregon ...............
696.4
1,592.5
1,926.3
1,368.6
1,491.7
7.3
7.4
7.7
7.8
7.8
3.2
3.6
3.3
4.1
3.8
-7 .6
-12.9
-7 .2
-11.4
-10.3
-5 .9
-12.2
-8 .3
.0
-9 .5
16.7
-12.4
-16.1
2.3
-11.3
553
1,605
2,547
1,102
6,241
833
1,380
2,436
953
5,562
688
1,066
1,342
744
5,693
24.4
-33.6
—47.3
-32.5
-8 .8
-17.4
-22.8
—44.9
-21.9
2.4
9.9
6.7
7.0
5.4
38.2
Tennessee ..........
A rkansas............
Minnesota...........
Nevada ...............
A la s k a ................
2,542.1
1,089.0
2,441.6
859.3
262.9
8.0
8.2
8.4
8.4
8.5
3.8
3.5
3.7
3.4
4.1
-14.9
-12.8
-3 .4
-9 .7
-3 .4
-11.6
-18.6
-2 .6
-19.0
—4.7
-32.4
-22.1
-23.0
2,795
798
-3,248
2,160
1,215
2,832
846
2,902
1,505
714
2,711
567
2,345
1,262
408
-3 .0
-28.9
-27.8
-41.6
-66.4
—4.3
-33.0
-19.2
-16.1
-42.9
10.7
5.2
9.6
14.7
15.5
Missouri..............
Kentucky.............
M ontana.............
U ta h ....................
Kansas ...............
2,579.5
1,679.6
360.8
965.3
1,242.4
8.6
8.7
8.9
8.9
8.9
3.6
4.1
3.3
3.3
4.0
-15.7
-17.9
-1.1
-6 .3
-9 .2
-12.2
-18.0
3.1
-13.2
-4 .8
-43.9
-45.3
29.4
2.7
-18.4
1,854
1,503
391
705
518
1,667
1,382
405
1,140
892
515
1,400
351
1,184
197
-72.2
-6 .9
-10.2
67.9
-62.0
-69.1
1.3
-13.3
3.9
-77.9
2.0
8.3
9.7
12.3
1.6
A labam a.............
M a in e .................
Nebraska............
Ind iana ...............
Iowa.....................
1,831.0
541.0
839.2
2,826.9
1,383.6
8.9
9.4
9.7
9.7
9.8
4.0
4.8
3.8
4.2
4.4
-3 .3
-10.5
-4 .9
-14.2
-9 .3
-2 .4
-14.3
-11.6
-14.3
-8 .3
-37.1
-15.2
-15.4
-14.0
-14.2
1,342
660
295
4,762
948
1,207
583
357
3,442
785
548
389
141
3,208
648
-59.2
-41.1
-52.2
-32.6
-31.6
-54.6
-33.3
-60.5
-6 .8
-17.5
3.0
7.2
1.7
11.3
4.7
W ashington........
W isconsin...........
Michigan.............
New Hampshire..
South D a k o ta .....
2,434.9
2,620.8
4,369.8
565.9
350.2
10.3
10.4
10.6
-
3.9
4.6
4.9
-
.0
-9 .6
-7 .8
-
-7.1
-9 .8
-5 .8
-
_
-15.8
-15.4
-14.9
-13.3
8,452
1,935
12,036
425
175
5,790
2,006
8,408
426
120
7,705
829
7,914
302
87
-8.8
-57.2
-34.2
-28.9
-50.3
33.1
-58.7
-5 .9
-29.1
-27.5
31.6
3.2
18.1
5.3
2.5
Mississippi..........
Pennsylvania......
Illin o is.................
Colorado.............
Vermont..............
1,094.8
5,345.0
5,694.9
1,913.2
276.2
_
-
_
-
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-11.8
-17.7
-15.4
-17.2
742
3,197
3,017
1,263
646
872
3,542
2,974
956
765
469
2,508
1,764
1,023
529
-36.8
-21.6
-41.5
-19.0
-18.1
-46.2
-29.2
—40.7
7.0
-30.8
4.3
4.7
3.1
5.3
19.2
Ida ho..................
W yom ing............
North D akota......
O h io ....................
West V irg in ia ......
497.7
222.7
310.3
5,316.5
700.7
_
-
_
-
_
-
_
-
-20.5
-
491
744
299
3,430
546
415
386
245
3,369
784
221
359
169
1,952
481
-55.0
-51.7
-43.5
-43.1
-11.9
-46.7
-7 .0
-31.0
-42.1
-38.6
4.4
16.1
5.4
3.7
6.9
N ote :
-
-
-
.
Dash indicates data not available or (for percent change) calculation could not be made.
S ource :
52
-
Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Council on Compensation Insurance, and Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
November 1998
and citations were not issued for any such violations that were
corrected during the course of the inspection. For employers
who had less effective programs in place, but who were mak
ing good-faith efforts to comply with o sh a regulations, the
Agency introduced a sliding scale of incentives.
Recognized elements of an effective safety and health pro
gram included a commitment to the program by management,
meaningful employee involvement in the development and
implementation of the program, training for workers and su
pervisors, diligent efforts to identify potential hazards in the
workplace, and effective measures to prevent or control such
hazards. The program had to be effective in practice and not
just on paper. As evidence of the program’s effectiveness, o sh a
expected to find that the workplace had a verifiable low in
jury and illness rate, that the workplace had not been cited in
the past 3 years for the gravest types of violations (willful,
repeat, failure-to-abate, and high-gravity, serious violations),
that there was documentation of an ongoing program to iden
tify hazards, and that those hazards which were identified were
corrected in a timely fashion.
The decline in the number of Federal field inspections re
flected a major refocusing of o s h a ’s efforts to reduce work
place accidents. The extent to which the decline in injury and
illness rates was influenced by this change in direction is dif
ficult to quantify. As noted above, the audit of 1996 o sh a
safety and health records found no increase in the extent of
underreporting of accidents and illnesses over the 1986 level.
If a significant increase in underreporting had been found, the
decline in the number of inspections could have been viewed
as a contributing factor to poor recordkeeping, and the rate
decline might have been dismissed as illusory.
In sum, the increase in o s h a consultation and compliance
assistance services during the period the occupational injury
and illness rates declined, in combination with the focused
inspections, indicates that the compliance assistance approach
has been effective. But the unique influence of voluntary
workplace safety and health programs on reducing injury and
illness rates is very difficult to measure, given the concurrent
activity in worker compensation reform. Nevertheless, a case
can be made that the compliance assistance approach and the
more selective compliance inspection approach introduced by
o s h a during the 1994-96 period did contribute positively to
the reduction in accident rates.
State
osh a
enforcement.
Inspection activity among the 23
State o s h a agencies during the 1994-96 period was similar to
the Federal pattern, declining from 71,786 inspections in fis
cal year 1992 to 57,199 in fiscal year 1996. Following the
Federal o sh a example, States cut back substantially on con
struction inspections, which fell from 30,308 in fiscal year
1992 to 23,279 in fiscal year 1996. Table 11 shows the num
ber of inspections by State, ranked by the 1996 total injury
and illness rate.
Between fiscal years 1992 and 1996, the number of safety
and health inspections declined in all States except Delaware
(where the number increased from 160 inspections in 1992 to
183 in 1996), North Carolina (from 2,156 to 4,313), New
Mexico (from 553 to 688), and Utah (from 705 to 1,184).
Inspections in Puerto Rico also increased, from 1,450 in 1992
to 1,604 in 1996. By the latter year, the number of inspections
in Puerto Rico exceeded the cumulative number of inspec
tions conducted that same year in eight States: South Dakota
(87), Nebraska (141), North Dakota (169), Delaware (183),
Kansas (197), Rhode Island (208), Idaho (221), and New
Hampshire (302). In 1996, only two States had inspection
rates that exceeded 30 per 10,000 employees: Oregon (38.2)
and Washington (31.6). No other State reached a rate of 20.
(See table 11.)
The redirection in effort from compliance inspections with
traditional regulatory enforcement to compliance assistance
and consultation was clearly reflected in the general decline
in the number of State inspections over the period 1992-96.
The decline was not accompanied by an increase in occupa
tional injury and illness rates. Instead, rates declined largely
in response to legislative changes in State workers’ compen
sation programs and the implementation of workplace safety
and health programs, which the redirection of Federal and
State o s h a efforts helped to promote.
o s h a reform efforts during this period (made, in part, in
response to criticisms from the Congress and encouragement
from the White House) affected the Agency’s inspection strat
egy and resulted in a renewed emphasis on outreach,
partnering, and working cooperatively with employers to ad
dress workplace hazards. The change in approach comple
mented market influences affecting industry, namely, esca
lating costs fo r workers’ compensation programs and the
dawning realization that corrective action was needed to re
duce workplace accidents. The o s h a reforms reinforced and
supported industry initiatives and contributed to the decline
in occupational injury and illness rates.
□
Footnotes____________________________
A cknow ledgm ent:
We acknowledge with gratitude the support and com
ments provided by William Weber and Janice Devine, Office of Safety,
Health, and Working Conditions, Bureau of Labor Statistics; Joe DuBois,
Jim Maddux, and Dave Schmidt, Office of Statistics, Occupational Safety
and Health Administration ( o s h a ) ; Ned Comm, Beth Abrams, and Scott
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Blumenfeld, National Council on Compensation Insurance, Inc.; Elizabeth
Grossman, Directorate of Safety Standards, o s h a ; Frank Frodyma, Director
ate of Policy, o s h a ; Ron Sissel, Reinvention Office, o s h a ; and Fred Siskind,
Policy Office, U.S. Department of Labor. The analyses and opinions pre
sented in this article are those of the authors.
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
53
Occupational Injury and Illness Rates
1 Peter Dorman, Markets and M ortality (Cambridge, U.K., Cambridge
University Press, 1996), p. 15.
2 Occupational Injuries and Illnesses: Counts, Rates, and Characteris
tics, 1992, Bulletin 2455 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 1995).
3 Compare Joseph R. Meisenheimer II, “The services industry in the
‘good’ versus ‘bad’ jobs debate,” Monthly Labor Review, February 1998,
pp. 22-47.
4 Memorandum from Jim Maddux, Office of Statistics, Occupational
Safety and Health Administration, Apr. 1, 1998.
5 William M. Eisenberg and Helen McDonald, “Evaluating workplace
injury and illness records; testing a procedure,” Monthly Labor Review, April
1988, pp. 58-60; see especially p. 59.
6N orwood Plans bls Action to Improve Occupational Safety and Health
Data, News Release usdl-87-444 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, Oct. 16,1987).
7Interview with David Schmidt, Office of Statistics, Occupational Safety
and Health Administration, May 28, 1998.
8 Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, “Workers’ Compensation Reform:
The Bottom Line Is Jobs,” on the Internet at http://www.state.pa.us/
PA_Exec/Governor/wcleg3.html (visited Aug. 15, 1996).
9 Insurance Industry Institute, “Workers Compensation,” May 1998; an
updated version is on the Internet at http://www.iii.org/mediaAssues/
workers.html.
10 Lost-Worktime Injuries and Illnesses: Characteristics and Resulting
Time Away from Work, 1996, News Release usd l 98-157 (Bureau of Labor
Statistics, Apr. 23, 1998).
11 Results of this analysis may be obtained from the authors.
12 State Insurance Fund, New York, Mar. 17,1998. Workers’ compensa
tion rates were reduced an average of 26.2 percent from 1996 to 1997 as a
result of legislative reforms passed in 1996. Changes included requirements
for employers with poor safety records (an experience rating above 1.2) to
adopt safety programs or face tough new sanctions, the creation of a new
Workers’ Compensation Inspector General with broad investigative pow
ers, making workers’ compensation fraud a felony punishable by time in
jail, expanded use of managed care to treat workplace injuries, and the re
duction of excessive paperwork in the claims process.
13 Insurance Industry Institute, “Workers Compensation.”
14 Ibid.
15 News release, Office of Governor, Trenton, New Jersey, Oct. 16,1997.
Workers’ compensation insurance premiums will be reduced for the third
consecutive year; beginning January 1998, rates will be reduced by an aver
age of 9.3 percent. Contributing factors to the reductions that were cited in
the news release were stepped-up workplace safety efforts by employers to
A ppendix:
reduce the number and severity of work-related injuries and a decline in the
cost of providing medical services by insurers through the use of quality
managed care. The 9.3-percent reduction for 1998 follows reductions of
11.2 percent in 1997 and 3.6 percent in 1996.
16 Announcement by National Council on Compensation Insurance, Inc.,
Feb. 19, 1997.
17 Nina Munk, “Can’t lift boxes? Then sweep the floors,” Forbes, Nov.
4, 1996, on the Internet at http//www.forbes.com/forbes/110496/
5811167a.htm.
18Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Honolulu, Hawaii, Oct. 3,1997. Workers’ com
pensation rates were reduced by 10.5 percent beginning Nov. 1, 1997; this
figure follows a reduction of 27 percent last year. Legislative reforms since
1995 credited with the reductions are the formation of a nonprofit insurance
corporation to cover small businesses facing high premiums, the creation of
the aformentioned special unit in the State labor department, and the cre
ation of incentives for employers who set up prevention programs.
19 Massachusetts Department of Industrial Accidents, Feb. 13, 1998.
Workers’ compensation legislative reforms were enacted in 1991, and costs
are expected to drop even further as the reforms continue to work. Rates
charged to employers for workers’ compensation insurance will decrease by
21.1 percent in 1998, the fourth year in a row with a reduction and the
largest reduction yet. The number of claims filed has been reduced from
more than 40,000 to 22,000.
20 National Council on Compensation Insurance, Inc., July 1, 1997, an
nouncement of changes in Virginia workers’ compensation.
21 Insurance Industry Institute, “Workers Compensation.”
22 Workplace Injuries and Illnesses in 1996, News Release u s d l 97-453
(Bureau of Labor Statistics, Dec. 17, 1997), p. 3.
23 Insurance Industry Institute, “Workers Compensation.”
24 “Small Business Best Practices for Workplace Safety,” in The Rewards
o f Managing Risk: A Guide fo r Entrepreneurs and M anagers (Warren, nj,
Chubb Group, 1997), also on the Internet at http://www.chubb.
com.businesses/entguide.html.
25 Insurance Research Council, in cooperation with the National Federa
tion of Independent Business Education Foundation, M otivating Safety in
the Workplace, survey carried out June 1995; available from the Insurance
Research Council, Inc., 211 S. Wheaton Ave., Suite 410, Wheaton, il 60187.
26 George R. Gray, Donald W. Myers, and Phyllis S. Myers, “Collective
bargaining agreements: safety and health provisions,” Monthly Labor Re
view, May 1998, pp. 13-35.
27 o s h a Potential to Reform Regulatory Enforcement Efforts, g a o / t - h e h s 96-42 (General Accounting Office, Oct. 17, 1995).
2%o s h a Inspections, revised edition, o s h a 2098 (Occupational Safety and
Health Administration, 1996), p. 14.
Data analysis_______________
In add ition to rely in g on data from the b l s annual p u b lication O c c u
p a tio n a l In ju ries a n d Illn e sse s: C ou n ts, R a tes, a n d C h a r a c te ristic s,
the a n a ly sis in this article w as b ased o n p rev io u sly u n p u b lish ed data
from the fo llo w in g sources:
for 3 6 States and the D istrict o f C olu m b ia, 1 9 9 2 -9 6 .
• o s h a , Integrated M an agem en t In form ation S y stem Internet file ,
total estab lish m en t in sp ectio n s, by State, for fisc a l years 1 9 9 2 and
19 9 6 .
• B ureau o f Labor S tatistics, occu p ation al injury and illn e ss rates,
b y industry, for 3 8 States and Puerto R ic o , 1 9 9 4 -9 6 .
• O ffic e o f S ta tistics, U .S . O ccu p ation al S a fety and H ealth A d m in
istration, fou r-d ig it lev e l o f industrial detail, occu p ation al injury and
illn e ss rates, 1 9 8 9 -9 6 .
• O ffic e o f S ta tistics, o s h a , prelim inary results from the Eastern
R esea rch Group/osHA c o m p lia n ce audits o f 199 6 record ed injury
and illn e ss c a se s in 2 5 0 estab lish m en ts.
• N a tio n a l C o u n cil o n C o m p en sation In su ran ce, lost-tim e claim
cou n ts, a verage c o st per cla im , and freq u en cy per con stan t worker,
S ta te-lev el data w ere r ev iew ed to d eterm ine the im portance o f
industry rate ch a n ges on data at that lev e l. Chart A - l com p ares the
relation sh ip s b etw een lost-w ork d ay injury and illn e ss rates in m anu
facturing and con stru ction w ith the all-ind ustry rate, b y State, for
1996. In general, the m atch w a s c lo ser for m anu factu ring than for
construction. A com p arison o f the percent red u ction s in the m anu
facturing and con stru ction rates b etw een 1 9 9 4 and 19 9 6 r ev ea ls that
neither industry d iv isio n c o n sisten tly fo llo w ed State all-industry rate
ch an ges, although the ch a n ges w ere sim ilar in sc o p e and d irection
for the industry d iv isio n s. (S e e chart A -2 .)
54
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November 1998
bls
Chart A - l .
Lost-workday injury and illness rates, all industries versus manufacturing and construction, 1996,
38 States and Puerto Rico
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
All Industries
Construction
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Construction
All Industries
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
55
Occupational Injury and Illness Rates
Chart A-2.
Percent reduction in lost-workday injury and illness rates, all industries versus manufacturing and
construction, 1994-96, 38 States and Puerto Rico
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
All industries
Construction
Construction
All industries
56
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
November 1998
Chart A-3.
Lost-workday injury and illness rates, all industries, 1994, and percent reduction, 1994-96,38 States
and Puerto Rico
Percent
reduction,
1994-96
Percent
reduction,
1994-96
10
10
Montana
o
Louisiana
Oklahoma
Minnesota °
Florida
o
o
o
o
Michigan
o o
o
o
o Wisconsin
o
o
---------------- -------Û-
-10
o
New Jersey
-20
o
-20
Hawaii
Delaware o
3.0
o
Georgia
J______________L
2.5
o Maine
o Kentucky
o
Maryland o
-30
-1 0
3.5
o
-30
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
Lost-workday injury and illness rate, all industries, 1994
C hart A-4.
Percent change in lost-time claims rate and in frequency per constant worker, 1992-96,36 States
and District of Columbia
Frequency per
constant worker
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Frequency per
constant worker
Lost-time claims rate (percent change)
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
57
Occupational injury and Illness Rates
Chart A-5.
Percent change in BLS lost-workday rate and in National Council on Compensation Insurance
lost-time claims rate, 1994-96, 29 States
Lost-time
claims rate
(percent change)
Lost-time
claims rate
(percent change)
Lost-workday rate (percent change)
A n in terestin g fin d in g w a s the a b sen ce o f a relation sh ip b etw een
the 1 9 9 4 - 9 6 State rate d e c lin e s and the le v e l o f S ta te s’ 1 9 9 4 lostw ork d ay injury and illn e ss rates. T h e presum p tion that States w ith
h igh er rates w ere lik ely to ex p erien ce greater rate red u ction s than
States w ith lo w e r rates w a s n ot borne ou t b y the analysis: rate red uc
tio n s o f 10 percen t to 2 0 p ercen t w ere as lik e ly to h a v e b een r eg is
tered in a State w ith a lo w injury and illn e ss rate as in a State w ith a
h ig h rate. (S e e chart A -3 .)
In com p arin g the internal c o n siste n c y b etw een lost-tim e cla im s
co u n t data and data on the freq u en cy per con stan t w orker, both data
sets from the N ation al C ou n cil o n C om p en sation Insurance (se e chart
A -4 ), the relation sh ip w a s gen erally seen to be c o n sisten t and re
flec ted the sharp drop in N ation al C ou n cil c la im s after 1992. A c o m
parison o f b l s lost-w ork d ay injury and illn ess rate ch an ges from 1994
to 1 9 9 6 tracked reason ab ly w e ll w ith the percen t ch a n g e in the lo st
tim e cla im s from the C o u n cil o v er the sam e years. (S e e chart A -5 .)
G iv e n the large d e c lin e in th o se cla im s and the in crease in popular
ity o f h ig h er m ed ica l d ed u ctib les, a c lo s e fit b etw een the tw o rate
ch a n g es w a s n o t e x p ected . T h e relation sh ip w a s fou n d to be statisti
c a lly sig n ifica n t at the 0 .0 5 le v e l w ith a P earson correlation c o e ffi
c ie n t o f 0 .4 5 8 .
T h e sig n ifica n t red uction in the num ber o f lost-tim e c la im s re
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November 1998
flec ted in the N ation al C ou n cil State data, togeth er w ith the in crease
in the average v a lu e o f c la im s paid (se e table 7 ), m ade it appear that
m inor lost-w ork d ay injuries and illn e ss e s w ere d ecreasin g and that
the rem ain in g c a se s w ere m ore seriou s and o f lon g er duration and
h igh er cost, b l s data for 199 2 and 19 9 6 , h o w ever, did n o t support
this inference. M ed ian days aw ay from w ork decreased b etw een those
years, from 6 to 5 , for occu p ation al injuries and illn e ss e s in v o lv in g
days a w a y from w o r k .1 T h e proportion o f c a ses o f short duration
(under 3 d ays) increased from 2 8 .6 p ercent to 2 9 .8 percent; the re
verse w as fou n d (a decrease from 26.1 p ercent to 2 4 .7 percent) for
c a ses in v o lv in g 21 days or m ore aw ay from w ork. A pparently, the
b l s data ind icate that n ot o n ly is the in cid en ce o f lo st-w ork d a y inju
ries and illn e ss e s d eclin in g , but the severity o f the rem ain in g c a se s is
a lso d eclin in g . T h is statistic sh ou ld b e c lo s e ly m on itored in su b se
qu en t b l s annual reports.
Footnote to the appendix
1 Lost-Worktime Injuries and Illnesses: Characteristics and Resulting
Time Away from Work, 1996, News Release u s d l 98-157 (Bureau of Labor
Statistics, Apr. 23, 1998), table 10.
International Report
Household incomes
in the Czech and
Slovak m arket
econom ies
Thesia I. Gamer
and Katherine Terrell
nder the Soviet-based system,
countries in Central and Eastern
Europe were among those with the most
equal distributions of income in the
world. A greater income inequality was
therefore an expected outcome of a tran
sition to a market economy. After 5-7
years of observations on the transition,
two models of the process have emerged
within the former Soviet bloc: one in
Russia and other newly independent
states, and another in the Central and
East European countries. Russia and the
newly independent states have suffered
profound and continuous declines in
gross domestic product as the centrally
planned system disintegrated, govern
ment tax revenues plummeted, and weak
social safety nets were instituted. In con
trast, the Central and East European
economies experienced only a brief pe
riod of economic decline, followed by
growth within a newly introduced mar
ket system. Moreover, some govern
ments, including the Czech and Slovak
Republics, established relatively strong
social safety nets.1
Data from the Family Budget Sur
veys2 of the Czech and Slovak Repub
lics show that inequality, based on adult
equivalent household income,3 did not
change appreciably in the Slovak Re
public from 1989, when the two repub
lics operated as one country (before the
“Velvet Revolution”) to 1993, the first
U
Thesia I. Gamer is an economist in the Office of
Prices and Living Conditions, Bureau of Labor
Statistics. Katherine Terrell is associate profes
sor of international business and business eco
nomics, University of Michigan Business School
and the W iliam Davison Institute, Ann Arbor,
Michigan.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
year the country separated into two Re
publics (the year of the “Velvet Di
vorce”), 4 years into the transition to a
market economy. Also, income inequal
ity in the Czech Republic did not rise to
any great extent after the transition. In
come inequality in the Czech and Slo
vak Republics continues to be among
the lowest in the world. These countries
have created market economies with
relatively little increase in income in
equality, primarily due to institutional
changes in the countries. Jiri Vecemik,
using 1988 and 1992 Microcensus sur
vey data, reports a similar trend in in
come inequality for the two republics.4
This report briefly reviews the in
come policies which may have influ
enced the distribution of income in the
Czech and Slovak Republics during the
early years of the transition, and pre
sents some results from a recent study.
The focus here is on wage policies, so
cial insurance, the social assistance sys
tem, and income taxes. Other factors
likely to have affected income distribu
tions include changes in macroeco
nomic conditions (briefly discussed
here), and asset redistribution (not con
sidered here, but discussed in the full
article).5
Wage policies
In both republics, wage controls were
first put into effect in 1991, and then
were used intermittently in the ensuing
years, with several changes in design.
In 1993, the coverage and scope
changed: wage controls lim ited an
enterprise’s wage bill growth to equal
that of the product of the firm’s total
number of employees at the beginning
of the year and the economywide aver
age wage. The effects of wage controls
were not clear because fines were not
imposed until the enterprise exceeded
the wage bill growth norm by 5 percent.
Because policy changed often and en
forcement was weak, it is unlikely that
wage controls had a significant effect on
wage growth or wage dispersion.
In 1991, a single minimum wage was
established for the two republics. In Oc
tober 1993, the Slovak government
raised its minimum wage to 47 percent
of the average economy wide net wage,
a level higher than that in the Czech Re
public. (See table 1.) The minimum
wage increase in the Slovak Republic
may have mitigated the increase of wage
inequality brought about by market
forces there, relative to the Czech Re
public where the minimum wage was not
increased.
Social insurance
Social insurance is primarily composed
of unemployment compensation and
pensions. Both factors were likely to
have mitigated the widening of income
distribution in the two republics. Unem
ployment compensation did not exist in
1989 when there officially was no un
employment,6 but it played a role in
1993 by replacing part of lost income
for 6 months. The eligibility criteria, en
titlement, and replacement rates were
the same for the two countries in 1993.
However, the level of benefits rose for
some unemployed persons in the Slovak
Republic when the minimum wage was
raised. In addition, in both countries,
unemployment benefits were not taxed.
However, because the benefits were also
not indexed for inflation, their value
eroded over a spell of unemployment.
Unemployment compensation is likely
to have played a bigger role in income
inequality in the Slovak Republic than
in the Czech Republic.
Unlike unemployment compensation,
government-designed pensions did ex
ist in 1989. In both 1989 and 1993, men
could retire with full pensions at age 60.
For women, the retirement age was be
tween 53 and 57, depending on the num
ber of children they raised. In 1989, in
dividuals could draw a pension and work
for pay simultaneously and could easily
retire early with a full pension. These
options were no longer available for
Czechs beginning in 1993, when a com-
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
59
International Report
prehensive law on pensions was passed.
The law introduced a “work or retire”
system and limited early retirement to a
maximum of 3 years before the legal re
tirement age. The Slovak Republic did
not have such a law in 1993. Because
pensions were indexed for inflation in
both republics, the average pension
maintained its value over the 1989-93
period. Disability pensions were some
what lower than old-age pensions in each
republic, and widows’ pensions were
only about one-quarter of the average net
wage. The changes in the pension sys
tem were likely to be countervailing: in
dexation would likely reduce inequality,
but an increase in the number of persons
becoming pensioners would likely in
crease inequality.
Social assistance system
Unlike unemployment compensation, a
social assistance system did exist in
1989. Several legal changes were made
in the system during the 1991-93 period,
resulting in a complex web of legal
norms and a variety of benefits. One im
portant thrust of the changes was an in
crease in the number of means-tested
benefits in 1993. Generally, transfers in
1993 were considered means-tested so
cial assistance and nonmeans-tested so
cial aid available primarily to families
with children (family benefits).
In 1991, the right was established for
everyone to receive “assistance essential
for ensuring the basic living conditions.”
Minimum living standards were set for
various types of households and served
as a basis for means testing. The mini
mum living standard for each household
was the sum of a personal minimum
(based on whether one was an adult or a
child) and a household minimum (a func
tion of the number of individuals living
in a household). Households could re
ceive a cash benefit equal to the differ
ence in their income and the minimum
living standards. Prior to October 1993,
the two republics had the same minimum
living standards; afterward, the standard
60
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in the Slovak Republic rose, a result of
the increase in the minimum wage.
The levels of social safety nets can
be assessed by comparing the average
levels of social assistance, pension, and
unemployment benefits with the mini
mum wage and the average economy
wide net wage in 1993.7 (See table 1.)
Until October of 1993, the relative lev
els of the safety net were marginally
lower in the Slovak Republic than in the
Czech Republic. In the first half of 1993,
the average person living alone could re
ceive 36 percent of the average net wage
as social assistance in the Slovak Repub
lic, versus 41 percent in the Czech Re
public. Unemployment benefits were 29
percent of the average net wage in the
Slovak Republic and 33 in the Czech
Table 1.
Republic.8The level of social assistance
for large families was higher: an aver
age family of four in the Slovak Repub
lic could receive benefits equal to 109132 percent of the average net wage; a
comparable family in the Czech Repub
lic could receive 129 percent of the av
erage net wage. For low-wage workers
in either country, this could be a substan
tial benefit.
Before 1994, households with chil
dren in the Slovak Republic could re
ceive a package of family benefits, re
gardless of their level of income; a simi
lar package was available before 1996
in the Czech Republic. Social support
benefits were not taxable, but there was
implicit taxation in that these benefits
were included as part of total income of
Average monthly net wage and social transfers in the Slovak and Czech
Republics, 1993
Slovak Republic
Czech Republic
January to September October to December January to December
Characteristic
Monthly
average
(Slovak
crowns)
Gross wage
(economywide)1 ....................
Net wage
(economywide)2 ....................
Percent of
net wage
Monthly
average
(Slovak
crowns)
Percent of
net wage
Monthly
average
(Czech
crowns)
Percent of
net wage
5,264
—
5,264
—
5,459
—
4,669
100.0
4,669
100.0
4,788
100.0
2,200
47.1
2,450
52.5
2,200
46.0
Social transfers
Minimum w a g e .......................
Unemployment benefits:
Average3 .............................
Maximum4 ...........................
Minimum living
standards for:
One-member household....
Two-member household5 ...
Four-member household6 ..
1,360
3,300
29.1
70.7
1,360
3,675
29.1
78.7
1,585
3,300
33.1
68.9
1,700
2,900
5,100
36.4
62.1
109.2
1,980
3,510
6,180
42.4
75.2
132.4
1,960
3,500
6,170
40.9
73.1
128.9
Average monthly pension:7
O ld-age...............................
D isability.............................
W idow ..................................
2,367
2,247
1,255
50.7
48.1
26.9
2,367
2,247
1,255
50.7
48.1
26.9
2,799
2,639
1,192
58.5
55.1
24.9
1Excludes small firms with fewer than 25 employees.
2Based on calculations (using data from the 1993 Family Budget Survey) of the ratio of average house
hold after-tax income to before-tax income (0.886 in the Slovak Republic and 0.877 in the Czech Republic).
C alcula ted as: (total amount of benefits paid out in the year/12) /(average number of persons unem
ployed and receiving benefits in a month).
“ Maximum for the unemployed who were not taking a retraining course.
5Household consisting of two adults.
6Household consisting of two adults and two children aged 6 to 9 years and 10 to 15 years.
7Average monthly level of pensions for the year.
November 1998
a household when applying for social
assistance. The most important of these
benefits are described below.
• Child allowances were provided from
birth to the end of the child’s education.
In 1995, the amount of the benefit was a
function of the age of the child, ranging
from 6 percent (for a child younger than
age 6 ) to 9 percent of the 1993 average
gross wage (for a child older than age
15).
• Parental allowances provided pay
ments to a parent personally caring full
time for a child up to age 3 (or up to age
7, if the child was handicapped). This
benefit was only provided to a nonworking parent, except in cases when
the net income earned by the parent was
less than or equal to the personal mini
mum living standard. In 1994, the maxi
mum benefit was approximately 26 per
cent of the average economy wide wage.
• M aternity leave benefits provided
women 28 weeks of paid leave from
work. This benefit was a function of the
woman’s previous wage, with a maxi
mum level. The replacement ratio was
reduced from 90 percent in 1991 to 69
percent in 1994, but the maximum level
rose from 1.03 to 1.8 times the minimum
wage.
• Maternity and Pregnancy Compensa
tion Benefits were provided to women
who had to move to a lower paying job
due to pregnancy or child-care prob
lems.
Taxes
Changes in the tax system were intro
duced throughout the 1989-93 period.
However, in 1993, anew comprehensive
tax law introduced two im portant
changes in income taxes for both coun
tries. (Policies concerning taxes which
apply to goods and services also
changed during this period, but are not
discussed in this report.) The new tax
system included:
• A more progressive income tax, with
rates beginning at 15 percent (for yearly
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taxable incomes up to 60,000 crowns in
both republics), rising to a maximum of
47 percent. Taxable income included
wages and salaries, self-employment in
come, rental income, interest income,
and dividends. A taxpayer allowance of
20,400 crowns per year could be de
ducted and there were exemptions for a
spouse and children. Social insurance
contributions also became deductible.
• A new payroll-based social insurance
tax paid partly by employees and partly
by employers. The employee-plus-em
ployer combined rates were 27.2 for
pensions, 4.8 for sickness benefits, and
4.0 for unemployment insurance.
The new system explicitly separated
the tax for social benefits from the new
income tax (in 1989, the tax for social
benefits had been part of the wage tax).
In their 1995 study, “Tax and Benefit
Reform in the Czech and Slovak Repub
lics,” C. Heady and S. Smith conclude,
“The new income tax plus the payroll
taxes paid by employees is more pro
gressive than the old wage tax but [the
new income tax] provides smaller child
tax allowances. The increased progressivity is a rational response to an
expected increase in the degree of pre
tax income inequality, and the reduction
in child tax allowances represents a re
duction in a level of state support for
children that had been very generous by
western standards.”9
Income inequality
How did income inequality in 1989,
when the two republics were one coun
try and operated primarily as a com
mand economy, compare to inequality
in 1993, when the two republics were
separated and had functioned for 4 years
under more market-oriented forces? In
answering this question, it is helpful to
review the macroeconomic condition in
relation to income policies. In 1993,
market forces may have contributed to
the divergence of inequality in the two
countries by creating more unemploy
ment in the Slovak Republic and more
private sector employment in the Czech
Republic. The two governments’ wage
policies may have had an equalizing ef
fect by not allowing wages to rise more
rapidly, and by creating a minimum
wage floor. The increase in the minimum
wage in the Slovak Republic in 1993
could have improved incomes there
relative to incomes in the Czech Repub
lic. The higher minimum wage also im
plied a higher social safety net in the
Slovak Republic, as it raised the mini
mum living standard and social assis
tance associated with it. Changes in so
cial insurance are likely to have damp
ened the rate of growth of inequality in
the two countries by protecting the in
come of pensioners and the unem
ployed, especially in the Slovak Repub
lic where the incidence of unemploy
ment was higher. Finally, revisions to the
tax law may have contributed more to
lowering after-tax income inequality in
1993, compared with the income in
equality in 1989.
The Gini coefficient was used to mea
sure after-tax income inequality in the
two republics. As noted earlier, adultequivalent household income with per
son-weighting was used for the analy
sis. The Family Budget Survey income
data are used to show that inequality
rose in the two countries by small
amounts over the 1989-93 period. In ac
counting for the small overall increases
in inequality over time, decomposition
analysis was used to identify two
countervailing effects which were likely
to have primarily contributed to this re
sult. In particular, the creation of labor
markets and self-employment contrib
uted considerably to increases in the
Gini coefficients over time. However,
government policies, specifically the tax
and transfer systems, reduced the in
come inequality generated by the intro
duction of the market system.
It is interesting to note that although
the overall change in inequality was
nearly identical in the two republics, the
magnitude of principal offsetting forces
was greater in the Czech Republic.
These principal forces affected prima-
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
61
International Report
rily taxes and transfers, and earnings.
The relative impact of taxes and trans
fers differed in the two republics. By
1993, in the Czech Republic, changes
in the transfer component contributed
more to the reduction in the growth of
inequality than changes in the tax com
ponent. The reverse was true in the Slo
vak Republic, where changes in the tax
component were more important. The
protection of pensioners’ incomes was
particularly effective, especially in the
Czech Republic. However, the introduc
tion of a “minimum living standard” also
seems to have mitigated any increase in
inequality by augmenting the incomes of
the poor. Earnings, in contrast to taxes
and transfers, contributed to increases in
inequality. Earnings contributed the
most to increasing after-tax income in
equality in the Czech Republic, relative
to the Slovak Republic, over the 1989—
93 period.
□
Footnotes
1This report is based on highlights from Thesia
I. Gamer and Katherine Terrell, “A Gini Decom
position Analysis of Inequality in the Czech and
Slovak Republics During the Transition,” Eco
nomics o f Transition, Vol. 6(1), pp. 23-46.
2 The 1989 and 1993 Family Budget Survey
data were collected monthly using diaries. The
Family Budget Survey sample design did not ac
count for all households in die countries. A quota
62 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
design was used with the following social groups
sampled, as defined by the work status of the head
of the household: workers, employees, the selfemployed (in 1993, but not 1989), persons work
ing in agriculture, and pensioner-headed house
holds in which there are no economically active
members. A household in which the head was
employed at the time of sample selection, but then
became unemployed for more than 6 months in a
calendar year, resulted in the household being
dropped from the sample. Not included at the time
of the initial sample selection (as defined in June
or so of the preceding year) were the following:
households in which the head was a pensioner
but in which there were other economically ac
tive members, and households headed by unem
ployed persons. The latter group also included
households headed by students and other non
working persons not receiving a pension or wage.
In addition to social group, other selection crite
ria include the net income per capita for house
hold members, the number of dependent children
in economically active households, and the num
ber of members in the pensioner households.
Using weights based on data from the 1988
Microcensus and 1989 Family Budget Survey,
households in the Family Budget Survey repre
sented about 95 percent of all households in the
Czech Republic and 94 percent in the Slovak
Republic in 1989 weights (the weights were cre
ated by T. I. Gamer and M. Fratantoni, in “Creat
ing Weights for the Czech and Slovak Family
Budget Surveys Using Microcensus Data,” un
published data, Washington, D.C., Bureau of La
bor Statistics, 1997). Using the 1992 Microcensus
data, about 95 percent of Czech households were
represented by the 1993 Family Budget Survey
sample, compared with only 87 percent of Slo
vak households. Weights were created using re
gion, social group, and household size. If there
were shifts in the population from 1992 to 1993
as defined by these variables, the inequality re
sults could differ. However, based on results from
other studies, inequality was increasing in the
Czech Republic more than in Slovakia during this
November 1998
period, but the increase was only marginal in
both.
3 Adult-equivalent household income is com
puted as total household income divided by the
number of equivalent adults in the household. We
used the scale adjustment factors proposed by the
Organization for Economic Cooperation and De
velopment ( o e c d ) to determine the number of
equivalent adults in each household. (See The
o e c d List o f Social Indicators, Paris, o e c d , 1982).
The o e c d scale factors assign a weight of 1 for
the first adult, 0.7 for each additional adult, and
0.5 for each child. Because the focus of the re
search is the economic well-being of individuals,
adult-equivalent income values were allocated to
each person in the household. This weighting re
sulted in the individual distribution, rather than
the household distribution, of incomes.
4Jiri Vecemik, M arkets and People: The Czech
Reform Experience in a Com parative P erspec
tive (Aldershot, England, Avebury, Ashgate Pub
lishing, Inc., 1996).
5 See Gamer and Terrell “A Gini Decomposi
tion Analysis of Inequality.”
6 For more on the low unemployment rate in
the Czech Republic, see Robert J. Gitter and
Markus Scheuer, “Low unemployment in the
Czech Republic: “miracle” or “mirage,” Monthly
Labor Review, August 1998, pp. 31-37.
7 Because the minimum living standard and
unemployment benefits did not exist in 1989, we
could not carry out this comparison for 1989.
8 In practice, the person would receive his or
her unemployment benefit (from the district la
bor office) and then receive the difference be
tween the minimum living standard and the un
employment benefit as a social assistance benefit
(from the social assistance office).
9C. Heady and S. Smith, “Tax and Benefit Re
form in the Czech and Slovak Republics,” Centre
for Economic Policy Research Discussion Paper
Series No. 1151, March 1995.
Précis
H üü
Careers
and displacement
symposium
u n tary tu r n o v e r in c r e a se d .
s w it c h in g in d u str y o n r e e m p lo y m e n t: A t
R o b e r t W . F a ir lie a n d L o r i G . K le t z e r
th e m e a n , a 1 - p e r c e n t a g e p o in t d e c li n e
f u r th e r r e f i n e th e r e s e a r c h t h e y h a v e
in e m p l o y m e n t sh a r e in c r e a s e s th e p r o b
d o n e in th e p a s t o n d if f e r e n c e s in th e d i s
a b ilit y o f s w it c h in g in d u s tr y b y a p p r o x i
p la c e m e n t a n d r e e e m p lo y m e n t e x p e r i
m a t e ly 3 p e r c e n t . T h is i s im p o r ta n t b e
T h e O c to b e r 1 9 9 8 is s u e o f I n d u s tr ia l R e
e n c e s o f b la c k a n d w h it e w o r k e r s . ( S e e ,
c a u s e w o r k e r s w h o s w itc h in d u s tr ie s
l a t i o n s c a r r ie d a f i v e - a r t ic l e M i n i s y m
f o r e x a m p l e , t h e ir a r t ic le s in th e J u ly
t y p i c a ll y e n d u r e la r g e r e a r n in g s l o s s e s
p o s iu m o n C a r e e r s a n d D i s p la c e m e n t .
1 9 9 1 a n d S e p t e m b e r 1 9 9 6 is s u e s o f th is
th a n t h o s e a b le to f in d a n e w j o b in th e ir
D a v e E . M a r c o tte e x a m in e d th e p o s s i b l e
R e v ie w .) T h e y f in d th a t d u r in g th e
o ld in d u str y . A c c o r d in g to S t o c k , “W o r k
im p a c t o f m o r e s h o r t-te r m c o n t r a c t in g ,
1 9 8 0 ’s , b la c k m e n w e r e a l m o s t 3 0 p e r
e r s w h o s w it c h e d in d u str ie s o n r e e m p lo y
l e s s s t a b le e m p l o y m e n t r e l a t io n s h ip s ,
c e n t m o r e l i k e l y to b e d i s p l a c e d th a n
m e n t e x p e r ie n c e d a p p r o x im a t e ly 1 6 p e r
a n d m o r e c o m m o n in v o lu n ta r y j o b s e p a
w e r e w h ite m e n a n d w e r e 3 0 p e r c e n t l e s s
c e n t la r g e r e a r n in g s d e c li n e s th a n t h o s e
r a tio n s o n w a g e - t e n u r e p r o f ile s . H e f in d s
l i k e l y to b e r e e m p l o y e d .
w h o r e m a in e d in th e s a m e d e t a ile d in
th a t th e s e n i o r it y - w a g e p r e m iu m m a y b e
th e y a ls o d e c o m p o s e d s o m e o f th e b r o a d
b e c o m i n g l e s s im p o r ta n t. T h is i m p l ie s
in d iv id u a l a n d la b o r m a r k e t c h a r a c te r
T h e f in a l p i e c e in th e s y m p o s i u m is
th a t th e r e i s l e s s w i l l i n g n e s s o n th e p a rt
i s t i c s th a t c o u l d in f l u e n c e t h e s e d if f e r
an e v e n t stu d y b y S te v e n E . A b ra h a m
o f f ir m s a n d w o r k e r s to m a k e th e j o i n t
e n c e s . T h e y f in d th a t s l i g h t l y l e s s th a n
o n th e im p a c t o f M o n t a n a ’s a d o p t io n o f
i n v e s t m e n t in t r a in in g n e c e s s a r y t o s u s
o n e - f i f t h o f th e d i s p l a c e m e n t rate g a p
a w r o n g f u l d is c h a r g e sta tu te . A lt h o u g h
t a in m o r e s i z a b l e p r e m ia f o r t e n u r e .
c a n b e e x p l a in e d b y r a c ia l d i f f e r e n c e s
m o s t c a lls fo r su c h sta tu tes c o m e fr o m th e
T h u s , M a r c o tte a s s e r t s , “ [ W ] a g e g r o w th
in w o r k e r o r j o b c h a r a c t e r is t ic s . F a ir lie
e m p lo y e e s id e , th e fa c t th at M o n ta n a ’s j u
o v e r a c a r e e r w i l l d e p e n d l e s s o n th e s e
a n d K le t z e r a l s o c o n c lu d e th a t a la r g e
d ic ia r y h a d b e g u n to w e a k e n th e S t a t e ’s
a r ra n g em e n ts b e tw e e n w o r k e rs an d
p art o f th e g a p in r e e m p l o y m e n t is n o t
statu to ry a t-w ill e m p lo y m e n t d o c tr in e in
f ir m s a n d m o r e o n w o r k e r s ’ o w n e f f o r t s
e x p l a in e d b y r a c ia l d i f f e r e n c e s in j o b o r
th e m i d - 1 9 7 0 ’s le d a c o a lit io n o f b u s in e s s
to c o n t i n u a l l y d e v e l o p m a r k e ta b le p r o
o th e r p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r is t ic s . T h e y d o
in te r e sts to lo b b y f o r th e w r o n g f u l d i s
d u c t iv e a b i l i t i e s . ”
s u g g e s t th a t d i f f e r e n c e s in e d u c a t io n a l
c h a r g e la w . A b r a h a m ’s s t u d y o f th e i m
p a c t o f s p e c i f i c e v e n t s in th e l a w ’s e n
In th is stu d y ,
d u str y . . . . ”
J a m e s M o n k s a n d S t e v e n D . P iz e r a n a
a tta in m e n t a n d o c c u p a t i o n are th e m o s t
ly z e th e tu r n o v e r is s u e th at M a r c o tte c ite d
im p o r t a n t i d e n t i f i a b l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ,
a c t m e n t o n th e p r ic e o f s t o c k in f ir m s
a s u n d e r ly in g s o m e o f th e u n w illin g n e s s
w h il e a n y d i f f e r e n c e in in d u s tr y o f e m
w it h p r im a r y l o c a t i o n s in M o n ta n a
o f w o r k e r s to e n te r r e la tio n s h ip s th at re
p l o y m e n t is n o t a s i g n i f i c a n t fa c to r .
s h o w e d th a t t h o s e f i r m s a c c u m u l a t e d
T h e y fin d that b e
W e n d y A . S t o c k d o c u m e n t s th e f a c t
t w e e n 1 9 7 1 a n d 1 9 9 0 , th ere h a d b e e n an
th a t d is p l a c e m e n t f r o m a n in d u s tr y w ith
th e S ta te S e n a t e J u d ic ia r y C o m m i t t e e
in c re a se in th e p ro b a b ility that a y o u n g m a n
a s m a lle r s h a r e o f lo c a l e m p l o y m e n t is
r e c o m m e n d e d p a s s a g e o f th e b i l l it h a d
w o u ld c h a n g e j o b s . M o n k s an d P iz e r a ls o
a s s o c i a t e d w it h a h ig h e r p r o b a b ilit y o f
r e c e i v e d fr o m th e H o u s e .
w a r d l o n g se n io r ity .
p o s it i v e a b n o r m a l r e tu r n s f r o m th e tim e
□
fo u n d th a t th e in c r e a se in tu r n o v e r w a s
r e fle c te d in b o th its v o lu n ta r y a n d in v o l
T h is d e p a r tm e n t b r ie f ly s u m m a r iz e s
r ep o rts, w o r k in g p a p e r s, e tc . p e r m o n th
u n ta ry c o m p o n e n ts . T h e s e f in d in g s r a ised
t h o s e i t e m s w e f in d to b e at l e a s t in
o n th is p a g e .
th e a u th o rs’ c o n c e r n that m o r e freq u en t jo b
te r e stin g , i f n o t e s s e n t ia l, o u t o f th e tre
c h a n g e s w o u ld , a lo n g th e lin e s la id o u t in
m e n d o u s a m o u n t o f in f o r m a t io n th a t
o n th is c o lu m n .
M a r c o t t e ’s a r tic le , l e s s e n i n c e n t iv e s fo r
p a s s e s a c r o s s o u r e d i t o r s ’ d e s k s . T h is
w h a t y o u h a v e f o u n d m o s t in t e r e s t in g
fir m s a n d w o r k e r s to m a k e jo in t in v e s t
m o n t h , a ll f i v e i t e m s c a m e f r o m a
a n d w h a t e s s e n t i a l r e a d in g w e m a y
m e n t s th a t w o u l d b e n e f i t t h e m b o t h .
s i n g l e p u b lic a t io n , th e O c t o b e r 1 9 9 8
h a v e m is s e d . W r ite to: E x e c u t iv e E d i
M o n k s a n d P iz e r a ls o n o te th a t a m o n g
issu e o f I n d u s tr ia l R e la tio n s .
tor, M o n th l y L a b o r R e v i e w , 2 M a s s a
w h ite w o r k e rs, m o s t o f the in c re a se in turn
u s u a l p r a c t ic e , h o w e v e r , i s t o p r é c is
ch u setts A v e n u e ,
o v e r w a s in v o lu n ta r y , w h ile a m o n g n o n
th ree o r f o u r a r tic le s , n e w s le t t e r it e m s ,
2 0 2 1 2 o r e - m a i l m l r @ b l s .g o v .
O ur
W e are in t e r e s t e d in y o u r f e e d b a c k
P le a s e le t u s k n o w
N.E., W a s h in g to n , DC
w h ite w o r k e r s , b o th v o lu n ta r y a n d in v o l
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
63
Book Reviews
W hen‘boom ers’ retire
D a i l e y a n a ly z e s a g r e a t d e a l o f r e
a n d lo b b y is t s to c o m p r e h e n d b e tte r th e
se a r c h s t u d ie s a n d d a ta , p u b lis h e d a n d
in tr ic a te a s p e c t s o f w o m e n ’s r e tir e m e n t.
W h e n B a b y B o o m W o m e n R e tir e . B y
u n p u b lis h e d , f r o m g o v e r n m e n t a n d p r i
It a l s o p r e s e n t s a n i m p l ic i t c h a lle n g e fo r
CT, P r a e g e r
v a t e s o u r c e s . It i s r e m a r k a b le h o w th e
s t a t is t ic a l a g e n c ie s to c o l l e c t e m p lo y e r -
a u th o r c o m b i n e s s u c h a w i d e v a r ie t y o f
p r o v id e d r e tir e m e n t d a ta b y a g e g r o u p ,
s t u d ie s e it h e r t o s u p p o r t h e r a r g u m e n ts
g e n d e r , a n d e m p l o y e e s ’ u t i l iz a t io n . A l
W o m en R e tir e b y
o r to p r e s e n t c o n t r a s t in g v i e w s a b o u t a
th o u g h its m o s t im p o r ta n t l e s s o n s p e r
N a n c y D a i l e y is a n in -d e p th stu d y o f th e
p a r tic u la r i s s u e . C o m b in in g a ll th e s e r e
ta in to a b r o a d e r a u d ie n c e , o n l y s c h o l
i s s u e s th a t a f f e c t th e r e tir e m e n t o f f e m a le
s o u r c e s d o e s n o t c o m e w i t h o u t r is k s .
ars a n d e x p e r t s in th e r e t ir e m e n t f i e l d
b a b y -b o o m e r s . B a b y - b o o m w o m e n m a k e
S o m e t i m e s it i s n o t c le a r i f th e a u th o r
w i l l b e c o m p e ll e d to r e a d th is b o o k .
u p s lig h t ly m o r e th a n h a l f o f a g e n e r a tio n
h e r s e l f is t a lk in g o r i f s h e i s p r e s e n t in g
N a n c y D a ile y . W e s tp o r t,
P u b lis h e r s , 1 9 9 8 , 1 5 0 p p . $ 5 5 .
W hen B a b y B o o m
o f 7 6 .5 m illio n b o m b e t w e e n 1 9 4 6 a n d
s o m e b o d y e l s e ’s p o in t o f v i e w . N e v e r
— Iris S . D i a z
1 9 6 4 d u r in g a p e r io d o f h i g h f e r t ilit y in
t h e l e s s , th e ta s k o f c o m b i n i n g t h e s e r e
Office of Compensation
and Working Conditions
Bureau of Labor Statistics
th e U n i t e d S t a t e s . T h e f i r s t b o o m e r s
s e a r c h s t u d ie s a n d d a ta in a s i n g l e d o c u
w i l l a p p r o a c h r e t ir e m e n t a g e ( 6 5 y e a r s
m e n t i s o n e o f t h e b o o k ’s b i g g e s t
o ld ) b y 2 0 1 0 ; h o w e v e r , e v id e n c e s u g
c o n tr ib u tio n s to th e r e tir e m e n t litera tu re.
g e s t s th a t m o s t w o r k e r s w i l l r e tir e a s
T h e b o o k i s r ic h in f ig u r e s a n d t a b le s
s o o n a s it i s f i n a n c i a ll y f e a s i b l e , r e g a r d
b u t t o o c o n d e n s e d : th e a m o u n t o f d a ta
le s s o f age.
s o m e t im e s f e e l s o v e r w h e l m i n g , a n d it is
T h e m a in p o in t o f th e b o o k i s th a t th e
r e t ir e m e n t o f b a b y - b o o m w o m e n w i l l
In defense of Keynes
e a s y to m i s s a d e t a il o r o v e r l o o k a ta b le
a n d r e a c h th e w r o n g c o n c lu s i o n s .
G r e a t E x p e r i m e n t s in A m e r i c a n E c o
n o t r e p l i c a t e t h e e x p e r i e n c e o f t h e ir
B a b y -b o o m w o m e n h a v e narrow ed
m o t h e r s o r m a le c o u n te r p a r ts . A s s u c h ,
th e e x is t in g g a p s b e t w e e n m a le s a n d f e
R eagan.
By
m o r e s t u d ie s s h o u ld b e c o n d u c t e d d e
m a le s in e d u c a t io n a l a tta in m e n t a n d j o b
W e stp o r t,
CT,
p a r tin g f r o m tr a d itio n a l m o d e l s , w h ic h
e a r n in g s . S t i l l, t h e s e a c h i e v e m e n t s w i l l
2 3 3 p p . $ 5 9 .9 5 .
a re b u ilt o n m e n ’s w o r k in g e x p e r i e n c e
n o t n e c e s s a r i l y t r a n s la te in t o p e n s io n
n o m ic P o l i c y : F r o m K e n n e d y to
T hom as
K a r ie r .
P ra e g er P u b lish e r s,
a n d w h e r e w o m e n ’s r e tir e m e n t d e p e n d s
in c o m e . A c c o r d i n g to D a i l e y , p e n s io n
F r o m th e t im e o f th e G r e a t D e p r e s s i o n
o n m e n ’s i n c o m e . D a i l e y s u g g e s t s th a t
r e c e ip t s are h i g h ly c o r r e la te d to p r e -r e
th r o u g h th e
s t u d i e s a b o u t th e r e t ir e m e n t o f b a b y -
t ir e m e n t i n c o m e l e v e l s , th e s i z e o f th e
K e y n e s d o m in a t e d m u c h o f A m e r i c a ’s
b o o m w o m e n s h o u ld c o n s id e r m a r ita l
p r im a r y e m p l o y e r (p a r tic u la r ly d u e to
m a in s tr e a m e c o n o m ic s . K e y n e s ia n e c o
s ta tu s , e d u c a t io n , o c c u p a t io n , a n d h o m e
th e e x is t e n c e o f p e n s io n a n d r e tir e m e n t
n o m i c s a d v o c a t e d f i s c a l p o l i c y a s th e
o w n e r s h ip in a d d itio n t o th e u s u a l p r e
p la n s ) , a n d e d u c a t io n a l a tta in m e n t. A s
m o s t e f fe c t iv e to o l fo r m a n a g in g n a
d ic t o r s , s u c h a s a g e a n d in c o m e .
p o r tr a y e d in th e b o o k , a f e m a l e b a b y -
t i o n a l e c o n o m i e s . B e g i n n i n g in t h e
1 9 6 0 s, John M aynard
T h e b o o k d is c u s s e s w h o are th e
b o o m e r m o s t lik e ly w ill r e c e iv e a p e n
19 8 0 s , o p p o s i n g t h e o r ie s p r o m o t e d b y
b a b y - b o o m e r s , th e sta tu s o f w o m e n in
s io n u p o n r e tir e m e n t i f sh e m a k e s
c o n s e r v a tiv e p o lit ic ia n s a n d e c o n o m is t s ,
th e r e tir e m e n t lite r a tu r e , th e a g in g p o p u
$ 4 0 ,0 0 0 or m o r e p er year, w o r k s fo r a
s u c h a s M ilt o n F r ie d m a n , c a m e t o d o m i
l a t io n o f th e U n it e d S t a t e s , th e n a tu re o f
la r g e c o m p a n y , a n d h a s a m a s t e r ’s d e
n a te n a t io n a l e c o n o m i c p o l i c y . T h e s e
w o r k , a n d th e r e tir e m e n t in c o m e o f
g r e e . In a d d itio n , w o m e n w h o are m a r
t h e o r ie s sh a r e d a b e l i e f in a s m a lle r , l e s s
w o m e n . T h e a u th o r f o c u s e s o n s i x r e
r ie d a n d o w n a h o u s e are in a b e tte r p o
in t e r v e n in g g o v e r n m e n t.
s e a r c h q u e s t io n s b u t d o e s n o t s a t i s f a c
s i t i o n t o f a c e t h e ir r e t i r e m e n t y e a r s .
T h o m a s K a r ie r ’s b o o k a n a l y z e s th e
t o r ily a n s w e r a ll o f t h e m . A l s o , a s th e
D a i l e y c la i m s th a t l e s s th a n 2 0 p e r c e n t
K e y n e s ia n e c o n o m i c s o f th e K e n n e d y
a u th o r a d m it s , s o m e o f th e t o p ic s d i s
o f b a b y - b o o m w o m e n s h o u ld f e e l c o m
A d m in is t r a t io n a n d la te r “ p o s t - K e y n e s
c u s s e d r a is e a d d itio n a l q u e s t io n s . E x
f o r t a b le a b o u t t h e ir r e t ir e m e n t . D e f i
i a n ” p o l i c i e s a n d t h e ir r e s u lt s . H e b e
a m p le s a re th e S o c i a l S e c u r it y d i s c u s
n it e ly , c o n s id e r a b le w o r k r e m a in s to b e
g i n s w it h a b r i e f d i s c u s s i o n o f c l a s s i c a l
s i o n , th e d e s c r ip t io n o f b a b y - b o o m e r s
d o n e in te r m s o f p o l i c y , r e s e a r c h , a n d
K e y n e s i a n e c o n o m i c s a s it w a s p r a c
b y r a c e , a n d th e r e c u r r in g s t a t e m e n t th a t
e d u c a t io n a l a w a r e n e s s o f th e i s s u e s th a t
t i c e d f r o m F r a n k lin R o o s e v e l t th r o u g h
f e m a l e b a b y - b o o m e r s w i l l b e th e fir s t
a f f e c t f e m a le b a b y - b o o m e r s a n d th e ir f i
th e K e n n e d y A d m in is t r a t io n . In d o i n g
g e n e r a t io n o f w o m e n to r e a p r e tir e m e n t
n a n c ia l fu tu r e .
b e n e f i t s a s w o r k e r s ra th e r th a n s p o u s e s .
A s m e n t io n e d b e f o r e , th is b o o k c o m
s o , h e s e t s th e s t y le f o r th e b o o k : d e f in e
th e th e o r y a n d e x p l a in its o r ig in s , d i s
P r o b a b ly s o m e o f t h e s e t o p i c s c o u l d
b i n e s in o n e s o u r c e a ll th e im p o r ta n t i s
c u s s th e im p le m e n t a t i o n p r o c e s s , a n d
h a v e b e e n e x p a n d e d , b u t th is is n o t c r iti
s u e s o f b a b y - b o o m w o m e n ’s r etire m en t;
f i n a l ly e v a lu a t e th e r e s u lt s . W h e n r e
c a l to th e b o o k ’s t h e s is .
t h u s , it is a g o o d t o o l f o r p o lic y m a k e r s
v i e w i n g th e K e n n e d y y e a r s , th e a u th o r
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November 1998
f i n d s th a t th e K e n n e d y A d m in is t r a t io n
to m in im iz e th e r o le o f g o v e r n m e n t in
sic k e r . Y o u a s k y o u r h m o to a u th o r iz e
d id a n a d m ir a b le , a lt h o u g h i m p e r f e c t ,
t e r v e n t io n in c u r r e n c y m a r k e ts . O n c e
a c o n s u lt a t io n w ith a n o u t s id e s p e c i a l
j o b in m a n a g in g th e n a t io n a l e c o n o m y .
m o r e , K a r ie r p o in ts o u t th e s h o r t c o m
is t , b u t t h e y r e f u s e . T h e n , a fte r m o n t h s ,
M o s t o f th e b o o k f o c u s e s o n th r e e
i n g s o f th e p o l i c y a n d th e e c o n o m i c
t h e y r e le n t a n d y o u ta k e h e r in , o n l y to
s p e c i f i c e c o n o m i c “ e x p e r i m e n t s ” : th e
p r o b le m s c r e a te d b y th is p o lic y . In th e
f in d o u t th a t s h e h a s t e r m in a l c a n c e r . A
F e d e r a l R e s e r v e ’s m o n e t a r is t p o l i c y in
f in a l c h a p te r s , K a r ie r r e v i e w s th e t h e o
y e a r la te r s h e is d e a d a n d y o u a re l e f t
th e e a r ly 1 9 8 0 s , s u p p ly - s id e e c o n o m i c s
r ie s in lig h t o f th e ir c o n s e q u e n c e s a n d
w o n d e r in g : C o u ld s h e h a v e b e e n s a v e d
a s d e f i n e d d u r in g th e R e a g a n A d m in is
g i v e s h is v i e w s o n th e r e a s o n s fo r th e ir
i f th e y h a d a llo w e d th e c o n s u lta tio n
tr a tio n , a n d th e g o v e r n m e n t ’s n o n - in t e r
fa ilu r e .
e a r lie r ?
v e n t i o n a p p r o a c h to f lu c t u a t io n s in f o r
B o t h th e title a n d th e b o o k ’s p r e fa c e
S t o r ie s s u c h a s t h is are b e i n g p r e
a ls o
im p ly a n o b j e c t i v e r e v i e w o f e c o n o m ic
s e n t e d to u s a lm o s t d a ily . A s a r e s u lt, w e
o c c u r r e d d u r in g th e R e a g a n A d m in is tr a
e x p e r im e n ts c o n d u c te d as A m e r ic a n
f in d o u r s e l v e s w o r r y in g a b o u t m a n a g e d
t io n . H e fir s t d i s c u s s e s m o n e t a r is m , a
e c o n o m ic p o lic y . R a th e r th a n b e i n g o b
ca re: w h a t is it; h o w d o e s it w o r k ; a n d
th e o r y th a t p r e d ic t s th a t p o lic y m a k e r s
j e c t i v e , th e a u th o r h a s p r o v id e d r e a d e r s
m o s t im p o r ta n t o f a ll, is it g o o d f o r u s ?
c a n c o n tr o l in fla tio n , a n d in s o m e e c o n o
w it h a d e f e n s e o f c u r r e n tly o u t - o f - f a v o r
It i s to a n s w e r t h e s e a n d o th e r q u e s t io n s
m i s t s ’ v i e w , a n a t i o n ’s e n tir e e c o n o m y ,
K e y n e s ia n e c o n o m ic th e o r y . A lt h o u g h
th a t A r n o ld B ir e n b a u m w r o t e h i s b o o k .
by
o f th e
n o t e x p l i c i t l y s t a t e d in th e b o o k , th e
E a c h o f its te n c h a p te r s e x a m in e s
c o u n t r y ’s m o n e y su p p ly . W h i l e e c o n o
c h a p t e r s d e m o n s t r a t e th e t r iu m p h o f
m a n a g e d c a r e fr o m a d if f e r e n t p e r s p e c
m is t s s u c h a s M il t o n F r ie d m a n h a d a d
K e y n e s ia n t h o u g h t a n d th e s u b s e q u e n t
t iv e . T h e fir s t th r e e d i s c u s s h o w m a n
v o c a te d su c h a v ie w p o in t fo r se v e r a l
f a ilu r e o f t h o s e e c o n o m ic p o l i c i e s p u r
a g e d c a r e w o r k s in d i f f e r e n t s e t t i n g s .
d e c a d e s , it w a s n ’t u n til th e 1 9 8 0 s th a t
s u e d b y c o n s e r v a tiv e fr e e -m a r k e t e c o n o
O n e o f th e b e s t p a rts o f th e b o o k is c h a p
th e t h e o r y b e c a m e p o p u la r ly a c c e p t e d
m is t s .
ter th r e e, w h e r e h e e x a m in e s th e in c r e a s
e ig n
currency
v a lu e s
c o n tr o llin g
th e
w h ic h
g r o w th
a n d a d a p te d b y th e F e d e r a l R e s e r v e a s
p o lic y .
B e g in n in g
M ilto n
w ith b a c k g r o u n d o n
F r i e d m a n ’s
r a t io n a le
B e c a u s e th is b o o k c o n t a in s a p a r tic u
in g u s e o f HMOs fo r m e d i c a i d p a t ie n t s ,
la r p o i n t o f v i e w , r e a d e r s w h o s h a r e
th e a p p r o a c h e s d iffe r e n t S ta te s h a v e
K a r ie r ’s b e l i e f in K e y n e s ia n e c o n o m ic s
ta k e n to i m p le m e n t s u c h p r o g r a m s , a n d
fo r
w i l l d o u b t le s s p r a is e th e b o o k a s a u s e
th e f a c to r s th a t h a v e le a d to a b e n e f i c i a l
m o n e t a r i s m , K a r ie r g i v e s t h e r e a d e r
fu l d i s c u s s i o n o f m o d e m A m e r ic a n e c o
e x p e r ie n c e f o r a ll in v o l v e d .
s o m e b a c k g r o u n d o n M ilt o n F r ie d m a n ’s
n o m i c p o l i c i e s . T h o s e w h o a g r e e w ith
C h a p te r fo u r d e a ls w ith w h a t is p e r
r e a s o n in g f o r m o n e t a r is m , f o l l o w e d b y
th e th e o r ie s o f e c o n o m is t s su c h a s
h a p s th e c e n tr a l q u e s t io n in th e m a n a g e d
a d i s c u s s i o n o f th e p o l i t ic a l c lim a t e in
M ilt o n F r ie d m a n w i l l m o s t l ik e l y r eg a r d
c a r e d e b a te : D o h m o s d e liv e r a n i n f e
w h ic h th e t h e o r y w a s a d a p te d b y th e
th e b o o k a s a tr e a tis e o n th e s u p e r io r ity
r io r q u a lit y o f m e d i c i n e ? F o r th e g e n
F e d e r a l R e s e r v e u n d e r th e le a d e r s h ip o f
o f K e y n e s ia n e c o n o m i c s a n d a r eb u tta l
e r a l p u b lic , B ir e n b a u m f in d s th a t th e r e
c h a ir m a n P a u l V o lc k e r . A f t e r o u t lin in g
o f c o n s e r v a t iv e e c o n o m ic th e o r y . I f a p
is lit t le d if f e r e n c e in th e q u a lit y o f c a r e
th e im p le m e n t a t io n p r o b le m s , h e i d e n
p r o a c h e d a s o n e e c o n o m i s t ’s o p in io n o f
p r o v id e d b y h m o s , c o m p a r e d to in d e m
t i f ie s th e f l a w s in m o n e t a r is m a n d d i s
m o d e m e v e n t s , th e b o o k o f f e r s an in te r
n it y p la n s , a lth o u g h h e f i n d s th e d a ta in
c u s s e s it s fa ilu r e a s a n e c o n o m i c p o lic y .
e s t i n g , i f lim i t e d , p e r s p e c t iv e o n h o w
s u f f i c i e n t to d r a w c o n c l u s i o n s a b o u t
T h e s e c o n d p o l i c y d i s c u s s e d in th e
e c o n o m ic t h e o r ie s are s h a p e d b y th e rea l
s u b g r o u p s s u c h a s c h ild r e n w it h s p e c ia l
w o r ld .
n eed s.
b o o k i s s u p p ly - s id e e c o n o m i c s . I d e n ti
f y i n g th e p o l i c y ’s p r im a ry a d v o c a t e s , th e
— M ic h a e l W a ld
L a te r c h a p t e r s e x a m in e h o w h m o s
a u th o r r e v i e w s s u p p ly - s id e t h e o r y a n d
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Atlanta region
a ss u r e q u a lity a n d c u s t o m e r s a t is f a c t io n ,
th e e c o n o m ic c o n d it io n s e x is t in g d u r in g
th e e a r ly 1 9 8 0 s , a l o n g w it h a d i s c u s s i o n
o f th e ta x a n d b u d g e t p o l i c i e s th a t a p
p e a r e d d u r in g th e e a r ly R e a g a n A d m in
is la tio n . T h e s e s e c tio n s c o m e a c r o s s
How good is it?
v e r y e f f e c t i v e l y a s th e a u th o r l a y s o u t in
is tr a tio n . F in a lly , h e p o in t s o u t th e d i f
f e r e n c e s th a t a r o s e a m o n g s u p p o r te r s o f
s u p p ly - s id e e c o n o m ic s .
T h e th ir d e c o n o m i c p o l i c y d i s c u s s e d
in th e b o o k is th e R e a g a n A d m in i
a n d th e e f f o r t s to p r o t e c t c o n s u m e r s
fr o m p e r c e iv e d d e f i c i e n c i e s th r o u g h l e g
c le a r d e t a il th e b r o a d arra y o f s u r v e y
M a n a g e d C a r e : M a d e in A m e r i c a . B y
in s t r u m e n t s , s ta n d a r d s o f q u a lity , a n d
A r n o l d B i r e n b a u m . W e s t p o r t , CT,
a c tu a l a n d p r o p o s e d l e g i s l a t i o n th a t are
P r a e g e r P u b lis h e r s , 1 9 9 7 , 1 9 3 p p .
b e i n g u s e d in a tte m p ts t o fu r th e r th e s e
$ 3 9 .9 5 .
en d s.
s t r a t io n ’s s u p p o r t f o r a f r e e f l o a t o f n a
B ir e n b a u m m a k e s a n in tr ig u in g p o in t
t io n a l c u r r e n c ie s . K a r ie r d i s c u s s e s th e
Y o u r w i f e c o m p l a i n s o f c r a m p s th a t
a b o u t th e p o t e n t ia l c o s t s o f th e s a v i n g s
R e a g a n A d m in is t r a t io n ’s d e te r m in a tio n
k e e p r e tu r n in g . D a y a fte r d a y s h e g e t s
th a t h m o s c la i m to d e liv e r . W h i l e h e
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
65
Book Reviews
p r o v id e th e ir p a r tic ip a n ts w ith d i s
a c k n o w l e d g e s th a t m a n a g e d c a r e c a n
p o s s i b l e in te r p r e ta tio n o f w h a t th e a u
l e g it im a t e ly r e d u c e e x p e n s e s b y c u r ta il
th o r j u s t s a id , a n d t h e n a s s u m e th a t th a t
c o u n t e d m e m b e r s h ip s to h e a lt h c lu b s
in g u n w a r ra n ted te s ts a n d p r o c e d u r e s , h e
w a s w h a t h e w a s t r y in g to sa y .
b e c a u s e t h e y “ d o n ’t l o o k
p o in ts o u t th a t th e d e e p d is c o u n t s th a t
HMOs
S e c o n d , w h i l e B i r e n b a u m ’s c o m
g o o d in
s p a n d e x .”
h a v e n e g o tia te d w ith h o s p ita ls
m a n d o f th e f a c t s i s u n q u e s t io n a b le , h is
T h ir d , B ir e n b a u m i s b e tte r at r a is in g
m a y b e c u t t in g in t o th e ir r e s e r v e fu n d
r e a s o n in g c a n b e s h a k y o r e v e n f la t o u t
q u e s t io n s a n d e c h o in g p u b lic fe a r th a n
th a t t h e y h a v e tr a d itio n a lly s p e n t o n c a r
b iz a r r e . A g o o d e x a m p l e o f th e fo r m e r
h e is at p r o v id in g r a tio n a l a n s w e r s . E v e n
hmo
c o m e s in c h a p te r n in e w h e r e h e fir s t a s
h i s a n a l y s i s o f th e d a m a g e th a t
r e g u la t io n s m a y b e d e n y i n g d o c t o r s th e
se r ts th a t th e e x tr e m e c o m p e titio n
m ig h t c a u s e b y a tte m p tin g to c u t w a s t e
in g f o r th e u n in s u r e d . S im ila r ly ,
hmos is m a k in g it a b u y e r ’s m a r
hmos
( c it e d a b o v e ) is m o s t l y c o n j e c t u r e .
o p p o r t u n it y t o tr a in m e d i c a l s t u d e n t s
am ong
a n d h in d e r in g m e d i c a l r e s e a r c h . T h u s ,
k e t f o r c o r p o r a t io n s . T h e n o n th e n e x t
M a n a g e d c a r e i s h e r e to sta y , a n d s o
B ir e n b a u m w a r n s u s to c a r e f u lly e x a m
p a g e h e d e s c r ib e s th e s it u a t io n a s o n e in
c ie t y i s u n d e r s ta n d a b ly c o n f u s e d o v e r
hmos o f f e r o n l y s l i g h t l y lo w e r
w h e t h e r n o t th a t i s a g o o d th in g . U n f o r
in e e x a c t l y w h a t i s b e i n g c u t in th e w a r
w h ic h
HMOs.
p r ic e s th a n tr a d itio n a l in d e m n it y p la n s .
tu n a te ly , w h il e B ir e n b a u m ’s k n o w l e d g e
N e v e r t h e l e s s , th e b o o k h a s th r e e r e
F in a lly , t w o p a g e s fu r th e r o n f in d h im
h e lp s fin d s o m e e n lig h t e n m e n t , h i s b o o k
c u r r in g f l a w s . F ir s t, its o r g a n iz a t io n is
b a c k to s u g g e s t in g th a t th e r e is f ie r c e
m a y r a is e a lm o s t a s m a n y q u e s t io n s a s
f r e q u e n t l y m u d d le d . W h i l e n o s i n g l e
c o m p e t it io n , to th e p o in t o f th r e a te n in g
it a n s w e r s .
e x a m p l e is e g r e g io u s , t h e y are c o m m o n
th e p r o f it a b ilit y o f
e n o u g h in s o m e p a r ts o f th e b o o k t o b o g
th e la tter , c o n s id e r h i s c h a r g e in c h a p te r
th e r e a d e r d o w n in c o n f u s io n . A l l t o o
f o u r th a t th e c h r o n ic a lly ill are d is c o u r
o f t e n th e r e a d e r h a s to s e a r c h f o r s o m e
a g e d f r o m p a r t ic ip a t in g in
a g a in s t “ w a s t e ” b e i n g w a g e d b y
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hmos. F o r a c a s e o f
hmos th a t
— D a n ie l E lm o r e
Office of Compensation
and Working Conditions
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Current Labor Statistics
I
Notes on labor statistics .................
68
.i »
Comparative indicators
1. L abor m arket in d ic a to r s..................................................................
2 . A n n u al and quarterly p ercent ch a n ges in
co m p en sa tio n , p rices, and p r o d u c tiv ity ..............................
3 . A ltern ative m easu res o f w a g e s and
co m p en sa tio n c h a n g e s ...............................................................
78
Labor compensation and collective
bargaining data—continued
2 6 . Participants in b en efits plan s, sm all firm s
and g o v e r n m e n t............................................................................
2 7 . W ork stop p ages in v o lv in g 1 ,0 0 0 w orkers or m o r e .............
98
99
79
79
Price data
2 8 . C on su m er P rice Index: U .S . city average, b y expenditure
Labor force data
4. E m p lo y m en t status o f the pop ulation,
sea so n a lly a d j u s t e d .....................................................................
5 . S e lec ted e m p lo y m en t indicators,
sea so n a lly a d j u s t e d .....................................................................
6 . S e lec ted u n em p lo y m en t indicators,
sea so n a lly a d j u s t e d .....................................................................
7 . D u ration o f u n em p loym en t,
se a so n a lly a d j u s t e d .....................................................................
8. U n em p lo y e d p erson s b y reason for u n em p loym en t,
se a so n a lly a d j u s t e d .....................................................................
9 . U n em p lo y m e n t rates b y se x and age,
sea so n a lly a d j u s t e d .....................................................................
10. U n em p lo y m e n t rates by States,
se a so n a lly a d j u s t e d .....................................................................
11. E m p lo y m en t o f w orkers b y States,
se a so n a lly a d j u s t e d .....................................................................
12. E m p lo y m en t o f w orkers b y industry,
se a so n a lly a d j u s t e d .....................................................................
13. A vera g e w e e k ly hours b y industry,
se a so n a lly a d j u s t e d .....................................................................
14. A v era g e hou rly earn in gs b y industry,
se a so n a lly a d j u s t e d .....................................................................
15. A verage hou rly earn in gs b y in d u str y ........................................
16. A vera g e w e e k ly earn in gs b y in d u str y .......................................
17. D iffu sio n in d ex e s o f em p lo y m en t ch an ge,
se a so n a lly a d j u s t e d .....................................................................
18. A n n u al data: E m p loym en t status o f the p o p u la tio n ...........
19. A n n u al data: E m p loym en t le v e ls b y in d u stry .......................
2 0 . A n n u al data: A verage hours
and earn in gs le v e ls b y in d u str y ..............................................
category and co m m o d ity and serv ice g r o u p s ......................1 0 0
2 9 . C on su m er P rice Index: U .S . city average and
80
lo ca l data, all i t e m s ...................................................................... 103
30 . A n nu al data: C on su m er P rice In d ex, all item s
81
and m ajor g r o u p s ............................................................................1 0 4
31 . Producer P rice In d exes b y stage o f p r o c e s s in g ....................... 105
82
32 . Producer P rice In d exes for the n et output o f m ajor
industry g r o u p s ................................................................................106
82
33 . A n nu al data: P roducer P rice In d exes
b y stage o f p r o c e s s in g ...................................................................106
83
34 . U .S . exp ort price in d ex es b y Standard International
Trade C la s s ific a tio n .......................................................................107
83
3 5 . U .S . im port price in d ex es by Standard International
Trade C la s s ific a tio n .......................................................................108
84
84
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38 . U .S .in tem a tio n a l p rice in d ex es for selected
ca tegories o f s e r v ic e s .................................................................. 110
85
87
87
88
89
90
90
91
91
Labor compensation and collective
bargaining data
2 1 . E m p lo y m en t C o st In dex, com p en sation ,
b y o ccu p a tio n and industry g r o u p ........................................
2 2 . E m p lo y m en t C o st In dex, w a g e s and salaries,
b y o ccu p a tio n and industry g r o u p ........................................
2 3 . E m p lo y m en t C o st In dex, b en efits, private industry
w orkers, b y o ccu p ation and industry g r o u p ......................
2 4 . E m p lo y m en t C o st In d ex, private nonfarm w orkers,
b y bargaining status, region , and area s i z e .......................
2 5 . P articipants in b en efit plan s, m ed iu m and large f i r m s .....
36 . U .S . export p rice in d ex es b y en d -u se c a te g o r y ....................... 109
3 7 . U .S . im port price in d ex es b y en d -u se c a t e g o r y .................... 110
92
94
Productivity data
3 9 . In d exes o f productivity, hou rly com p en sation ,
and unit c o sts, data sea so n a lly a d ju ste d ..............................
4 0 . A n nu al in d ex es o f m ultifactor p r o d u c tiv ity ...........................
4 1 . A n nu al in d ex es o f productivity, hou rly co m p en sation ,
unit c o sts, and p r ic e s ...................................................................
4 2 . A n nu al in d ex es o f output per hour for selected
in d u str ie s..........................................................................................
I ll
112
113
114
International comparisons data
4 3 . U n em p lo y m en t rates in n in e countries,
data sea so n a lly a d ju ste d ............................................................. 116
4 4 . A n nu al data: E m p loym en t status o f the civ ilia n
w o rk in g-age pop ulation, 10 c o u n t r ie s ................................ 117
45 . A nnual in d ex es o f prod u ctivity and related m easures,
12 c o u n tr ie s ..................................................................................... 118
Injury and illness data
95
46 . A n nu al data: O ccu p ation al injury and illn e ss
in cid en ce r a te s................................................................................ 119
96
97
47 . Fatal occu p ation al injuries b y ev en t or
exp osu re, 1 9 9 2 - 9 5 ....................................................................... 121
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
67
Notes on Current Labor Statistics
T h is se c tio n o f the R e v ie w presents the prin
cip a l statistical series c o lle c te d and c a lc u
la te d b y th e B u rea u o f L ab or S ta tistic s:
series o n lab or force; em p loym en t; u n em
p lo y m en t; lab or co m p en sa tio n ; con su m er,
producer, and international prices; produ c
tivity; international com p arison s; and injury
and illn e ss statistics. In the n o tes that fo llo w ,
the data in ea ch group o f tab les are b riefly
d escrib ed ; k e y d efin itio n s are given ; notes
o n the data are se t forth; and sou rces o f addi
tion al in form ation are cited .
G e n e r a l notes
T h e fo llo w in g n o tes ap p ly to several tables
in this section :
Seasonal adjustment. C ertain m on th ly
and quarterly data are adjusted to elim in ate
the e ffe c t o n the data o f su ch factors as c li
m atic co n d itio n s, industry produ ction sch ed
u le s, o p en in g and c lo s in g o f sc h o o ls, h o li
d a y b u y in g p erio d s, and v a cation practices,
w h ic h m ig h t preven t short-term evalu ation
o f the sta tistica l series. T a b les con ta in in g
data that h a v e b een a djusted are id en tified as
“sea so n a lly adjusted.” (A ll other data are not
sea so n a lly adjusted.) S eason al e ffe c ts are e s
tim a ted o n th e b a s is o f p a s t e x p e r ie n c e .
W h en n e w se a so n a l factors are co m p u ted
e a ch year, r ev isio n s m ay a ffec t sea so n a lly
adjusted data for sev eral p reced in g years.
S e a so n a lly adjusted data appear in tables
1 - 1 4 , 1 6 - 1 7 , 3 9 , and 4 3 . S e a s o n a lly ad
ju sted labor fo rce data in tab les 1 and 4 - 9
w ere r ev ise d in the February 1998 issu e o f
the R e v ie w . S e a so n a lly adju sted e sta b lish
m en t su rv ey data sh o w n in tab les 1, 1 2 - 1 4
and 1 6 - 1 7 w ere r ev ised in the July 1998 R e
v ie w an d r e fle c t th e e x p e r ie n c e th ro u g h
M arch 1 9 9 8 . A b rief exp lan ation o f the sea
so n a l a d ju stm en t m e th o d o lo g y app ears in
“N o te s o n the data.”
R e v isio n s in the p rodu ctivity data in table
45 are u su a lly introduced in the Sep tem b er
issu e. S e a so n a lly adjusted in d ex es and per
c e n t c h a n g e s fr o m m o n th -to -m o n th an d
quarter-to-quarter are p u b lish ed for num er
o u s C on su m er and Producer P rice In d ex se
ries. H o w ev er, sea so n a lly adjusted in d ex es
are n o t p u b lish ed for the U .S . average A llItem s c p i . O n ly sea so n a lly adjusted p ercent
ch a n g es are a v a ila b le for this series.
Adjustments for price changes. S o m e
data— su ch as the “real” earn in gs sh o w n in
table 14— are adjusted to elim in ate the e f
fe c t o f ch a n g es in price. T h ese adjustm ents
are m ad e b y d iv id in g current-dollar v a lu es
b y the C on su m er P rice In d ex or the appro
priate co m p o n en t o f the in d ex, then m u lti
p ly in g b y 100. F or ex a m p le, g iv e n a current
hou rly w a g e rate o f $3 and a current price
68
Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
in d ex num ber o f 150, w h ere 198 2 = 100, the
hou rly rate exp ressed in 198 2 dollars is $2
($ 3 /1 5 0 x 100 = $ 2 ). T h e $ 2 (or any other
r esu ltin g v a lu e s) are d e sc r ib ed as “r e a l,”
“con stan t,” or “ 1 9 8 2 ” dollars.
Sources of inform ation
D ata that su p p lem en t the tab les in this s e c
tion are p u b lish ed b y the Bureau in a variety
o f so u rces. D e fin itio n s o f e a ch series and
n otes on the data are con tain ed in later s e c
tion s o f th ese N o te s d escrib in g ea ch set o f
data. For detailed d escrip tion s o f each data
series, se e b ls H a n d b o o k o f M e th o d s, B u l
letin 2 4 9 0 . U sers a lso m ay w ish to co n su lt
M a jo r P r o g ra m s o f th e B u rea u o f L a b o r S ta
tis tic s, R ep ort 9 1 9 . N e w s relea ses p rovid e
the latest statistical inform ation pu b lish ed by
the Bureau; the m ajor recurring releases are
p u b lish ed accord in g to the sch ed u le appear
in g o n the b ack c o v er o f this issu e.
M ore inform ation about labor force, em
p lo y m en t, and u n em p lo y m en t data and the
h o u seh o ld and estab lish m en t su rveys under
ly in g the data are ava ila b le in the B u reau ’s
m on th ly p u blication, E m p lo y m en t a n d E a rn
in gs. H istorical un adju sted and se a so n a lly
adjusted data from the h o u seh o ld su rvey are
a vailab le o n the Internet:
h ttp ://sta ts.b ls.g o v /cp sh o m e.h tm
H istorically com parable u nadjusted and sea
so n a lly adjusted data from the estab lish m en t
su rvey a lso are a vailab le on the Internet:
h ttp ://sta ts.b ls.g o v /cesh o m e.h tm
A d d ition al in form ation o n labor force data
for su b -S tates are p rovid ed in the b l s annual
report, G e o g ra p h ic P ro file o f E m p lo y m en t
a n d U n em ploym en t.
F or a c o m p r eh en siv e d isc u s sio n o f the
E m p lo y m en t C o st In dex, see E m p lo y m en t
C o s t In d ex e s a n d L e v e ls, 1 9 7 5 - 9 5 , BLS B u l
letin 2 4 6 6 . T h e m o st recen t data from the
E m p lo y e e B e n e fits S u rvey appear in the f o l
lo w in g Bureau o f L abor S tatistics bulletins:
E m p lo y e e B e n e fits in M e d iu m a n d L a r g e
F irm s; E m p lo y e e B e n e fits in S m a ll P r iv a te
E s ta b lis h m e n ts; and E m p lo y e e B e n e fits in
S ta te a n d L o c a l G o v ern m e n ts.
M ore d etailed data o n c o n su m er and pro
d u cer p rices are p u b lish ed in the m on th ly
p e r io d ic a ls, T he CPI D e t a il e d R e p o r t and
P r o d u c e r P r ic e In d ex es. F or an o v e r v ie w o f
the 1998 rev isio n o f the cpi , se e the D e c e m
ber 199 6 issu e o f the M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w .
A d d ition al data on international p rices ap
pear in m o n th ly n e w s releases.
For a listin g o f availab le industry produc
tivity in d exes and their com p on en ts, se e P r o
d u c tiv ity M e a su re s f o r S e le c te d In d u stries,
b l s B u lletin 2 4 9 1 .
F or a d d itio n a l in fo rm a tio n o n intern a
November 1998
tion al co m p arison s data, se e In te rn a tio n a l
C o m p a riso n s o f U n em p lo ym en t, BLS B u lle
tin 1979.
D eta iled data on the occu p ation a l injury
and illn e ss series are p u b lish ed in O c c u p a
tio n a l In ju rie s a n d I lln e sse s in th e U n ite d
S ta tes, b y In d u stry, a b l s annual b u lletin .
F in a lly , the M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w car
ries an alytical articles on annual and lo n g er
term d ev elo p m en ts in labor force, e m p lo y
m ent, and u n em p loym en t; e m p lo y e e c o m
p en sation and c o lle c tiv e bargaining; prices;
productivity; international com p arison s; and
injury and illn e ss data.
Symbols
n .e .c . =
n .e .s. =
p =
r
=
n ot elsew h e re c la ssifie d ,
n ot elsew h e re sp ecified .
prelim inary. T o in crease the tim e
lin ess o f so m e series, prelim inary
figu res are issu ed b ased o n repre
sen tative but in co m p lete returns,
r ev ise d . G en era lly , th is r e v isio n
r e fle c ts th e a v a ila b ility o f la ter
data, but a lso m ay r eflect other ad
ju stm en ts.
Comparative Indicators
(T ab les 1 - 3 )
C o m p a ra tiv e in d ica to rs ta b les p r o v id e an
o v e rv iew and com p arison o f m ajor b l s sta
tistica l series. C o n seq u en tly, alth ou gh m an y
o f the in clu d ed series are availab le m o n th ly ,
all m easu res in th ese com p arative tables are
presen ted quarterly and ann ually.
Labor market indicators in clu d e e m
p lo y m en t m easu res from tw o m ajor su rv ey s
and in form ation on rates o f ch a n g e in c o m
p en sation p rovid ed b y the E m p lo y m en t C o st
In d ex (ECl) program . T h e labor fo rce partici
pation rate, the e m p lo y m en t-to -p o p u la tio n
ratio, and u n em p lo y m en t rates for m ajor d e
m o g r a p h ic g r o u p s b a s e d o n th e C u rren t
P op u la tio n (“h o u se h o ld ”) S u rv ey are pre
sen ted , w h ile m easures o f e m p lo y m en t and
average w e ek ly hours b y m ajor industry s e c
tor are g iv en u sin g nonfarm p ayroll data. T he
E m p loym en t C o st In d ex (co m p en sa tio n ), b y
m ajor sector and b y bargaining status, is c h o
sen from a variety o f b l s com p en sa tio n and
w a g e m easu res b e ca u se it p rovid es a c o m
p reh en siv e m easu re o f em p lo y er c o sts for
hiring labor, n ot ju st o u tlays for w a g e s, and
it is n o t a f f e c t e d b y e m p lo y m e n t s h ifts
am on g o ccu p ation s and ind ustries.
Data on changes in compensation, prices,
and productivity are presented in ta b le 2 .
M e a s u r e s o f r a tes o f c h a n g e o f c o m p e n s a
tio n an d w a g e s fr o m th e E m p lo y m e n t C o s t
In d e x p ro g ra m are p r o v id e d fo r a ll c i v i l
ia n n o n fa r m w o r k e r s ( e x c l u d in g F ed era l
a n d h o u s e h o ld w o r k e rs) an d fo r a ll p riv a te
n o n fa rm w o r k e rs. M e a s u r e s o f c h a n g e s in
c o n s u m e r p r ic e s fo r a ll urban c o n su m er s;
p r o d u c e r p r ic e s b y s ta g e o f p r o c e s s in g ;
o v e r a ll p r ic e s b y sta g e o f p r o c e s s in g ; and
o v e r a ll e x p o r t an d im p o rt p r ic e in d e x e s are
g iv e n . M e a s u r e s o f p r o d u c tiv ity (o u tp u t
p er h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ) are p r o v id e d fo r
m a jo r se c to r s .
Alternative measures of wage and com
pensation rates of change, w h ich reflect the
o v era ll trend in labor c o sts, are su m m arized
in table 3. D iffer e n c es in co n cep ts and sco p e,
related to the sp e c ific pu rp oses o f the series,
contrib ute to the variation in c h a n ges am on g
the in d iv id u a l m easures.
Notes on the data
D e fin itio n s o f e a ch series and n otes on the
data are co n ta in ed in later sectio n s o f th ese
n o tes d escrib in g ea ch set o f data.
Employment and
Unemployment Data
ced in g 4 w eek s. Persons w h o did not look for
w ork b ecau se th ey w ere on la y o ff are also
counted am ong the u n em p loyed. The unem
ployment rate represents the num ber un em
p loyed as a percent o f the civilian labor force.
T h e civilian labor force c o n sists o f all
e m p lo y e d or u n e m p lo y e d p e r so n s in the
c iv ilia n n on institutional pop ulation. P erson s
not in the labor force are those n ot c la ssifie d
as e m p lo y e d or u n e m p lo y e d . T h is grou p
in c lu d e s d isc o u r a g e d w o rk ers, d e fin e d as
p erson s w h o w an t and are availab le for a job
and w h o h ave lo o k e d for w ork so m etim e in
the the past 12 m onth s (or sin ce the en d o f
their last jo b i f th ey h eld o n e w ith in the past
12 m on th s), but are n ot currently lo o k in g ,
b e c a u s e th e y b e l ie v e th e r e are n o j o b s
availab le or there are n on e for w h ich they
w o u ld q u a lify . T h e civilian noninstitutional population co m p rises all p erson s 16
years o f ag e and old er w h o are n ot inm ates
o f p en al or m ental in stitu tion s, sanitarium s,
or h o m es for the aged , infirm , or n eed y. T he
civilian labor force participation rate is the
p rop ortion o f th e c iv ilia n n o n in stitu tion al
p o p u la tio n that is in the lab or fo rce. T h e
employment-population ratio is em p lo y
m e n t a s a p e r ce n t o f th e c iv ilia n n o n in
stitutional pop ulation.
Notes on the data
(T a b les 1; 4 - 2 0 )
Household survey data
Description of the series
E m p l o y m e n t d a t a in th is se c tio n are o b
tained from the Current P op u lation S u rvey,
a program o f personal in terview s con d u cted
m o n th ly b y the B ureau o f the C en su s for the
B ureau o f Labor S ta tistics. T h e sam p le c o n
sists o f abou t 5 0 ,0 0 0 h o u seh o ld s se lec ted to
rep resent the U .S . p op u lation 16 years o f age
and older. H o u seh o ld s are in terview ed on a
rotatin g b a sis, so that th ree-fou rth s o f the
sa m p le is the sa m e for an y 2 c o n se c u tiv e
m onth s.
Definitions
Employed persons in clu d e (1 ) all th ose w h o
w o rk ed for p ay any tim e du rin g the w e ek
w h ic h in clu d es the 12th d ay o f the m onth or
w h o w o rk ed u n paid for 15 hours or m ore in
a fa m ily -o p era ted enterp rise and (2 ) th ose
w h o w e r e te m p o r a r ily a b s e n t fr o m th eir
regu lar jo b s b e ca u se o f illn e ss, vacation , in
dustrial d isp u te, or sim ilar reason s. A p erson
w o rk in g at m ore than o n e jo b is cou n ted o n ly
in th e jo b at w h ic h h e or sh e w o rk ed the
greatest n u m ber o f hours.
Unemployed persons are th o se w h o did
n o t w o rk during the su rvey w e ek , but w ere
a v a ila b le for w ork e x ce p t for tem porary ill
n e ss and had lo o k e d for jo b s w ith in the pre
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
F rom tim e to tim e, and e s p e c ia lly after a
d ecen n ia l c en su s, ad ju stm en ts are m ad e in
th e C urrent P o p u la tio n S u rv e y fig u r es to
c o r r e c t fo r e s tim a tin g errors d u rin g th e
in tercen sal years. T h e se ad ju stm en ts a ffec t
the com p arab ility o f h isto rica l data. A d e
scrip tion o f th e se ad ju stm en ts and their e f
fe c t on the v ariou s data series appears in the
E x p la n a to r y N o t e s o f E m p lo y m e n t a n d
E a rn in g s.
L abor fo rce data in tab les 1 and 4 - 9 are
se a so n a lly ad ju sted . S in c e January 1 9 8 0 ,
n ation al labor fo rce data h a v e b een se a so n
a lly adju sted w ith a proced ure c a lle d X - l l
a r im a w h ic h w a s d e v e lo p e d at S ta tistic s
C an ada as an e x te n sio n o f the standard X 11 m eth od p r e v io u sly u sed b y b l s . A d e
ta iled d escrip tio n o f the proced u re appears
in th e X - l l a r i m a S e a s o n a l A d ju s tm e n t
M e th o d , b y E ste la B e e D a g u m (S ta tistics
C an ada, C a ta lo g u e N o . 1 2 -5 6 4 E , January
1 9 8 3 ).
A t th e en d o f ea ch calen d ar year, h isto ri
ca l se a so n a lly ad ju sted data u su a lly are re
v is e d , and p r o je cte d se a so n a l ad ju stm en t
fa c to r s are c a lc u la te d fo r u s e d u rin g the
Jan u ary-Ju n e p eriod . B e c a u se o f the red e
sig n o f the su rv ey , se a so n a lly adju sted data
b ack to 1 9 9 4 u su a lly are r ev ised . In July,
n e w sea so n a l ad ju stm en t factors, w h ic h in
corp orate th e e x p e rien ce through Jun e, are
p rod u ced for the J u ly -D e c e m b e r period , but
n o r ev isio n s are m ad e in the h istorical data.
Revisions to household data
D ata b e g in n in g in 1998 are n ot strictly
com parable w ith data for 1997 and earlier
years b eca u se o f the introduction o f n e w
c o m p o site estim ation p roced ures and up
dated pop u lation con trols. A d d itio n a l in
form ation on th ese r ev isio n s appears in
the February 1998 issu e o f E m p lo y m en t
a n d E a rn in g s.
F o r a d d it i o n a l in f o r m a t io n o n n a
tio n a l h o u se h o ld su rv ey data, co n ta ct the
D iv is io n o f L ab or F o rce S ta tistics: (2 0 2 )
6 0 6 -6 3 7 8 .
Establishment survey data
Description of the series
E m p l o y m e n t , h o u r s , a n d e a r n in g s d a t a
in th is se c tio n are c o m p ile d from p a y ro ll
record s reported m o n th ly on a volu n tary b a
sis to the B ureau o f L abor S ta tistics and its
c o o p e r a tin g S ta te a g e n c ie s b y a b o u t
3 9 0 ,0 0 0 esta b lish m en ts rep resen tin g a ll in
d u stries e x c e p t agricu ltu re. In d u stries are
c la s sifie d in accord an ce w ith the 19 8 7 S ta n
d a r d I n d u s tr ia l C la s s ific a tio n (SIC) M a n u a l.
In m o st in d u stries, th e sa m p lin g p ro b a b ili
ties are b a sed on th e s iz e o f the e sta b lish
m ent; m o st large esta b lish m en ts are there
fore in the sa m p le. (A n e sta b lish m en t is n ot
n e c essa rily a firm ; it m ay b e a branch plant,
fo r e x a m p le , or w a r e h o u s e .) S e l f - e m
p lo y e d p e r so n s an d o th e r s n o t o n a r e g u
lar c iv ilia n p a y r o ll are o u ts id e th e s c o p e
o f th e su r v e y b e c a u s e th e y are e x c lu d e d
fr o m e sta b lis h m e n t r e c o r d s. T h is la r g e ly
a c c o u n ts fo r th e d iffe r e n c e in e m p lo y m e n t
fig u r e s b e tw e e n th e h o u s e h o ld an d e s ta b
lis h m e n t su r v e y s.
Definitions
A n establishment is an eco n o m ic unit w h ich
p rod u ces g o o d s or se r v ic es (su ch as a fa c
tory or store) at a sin g le lo ca tio n and is e n
g a g ed in o n e typ e o f e c o n o m ic activ ity .
Em ployed persons are a ll p e r s o n s
w h o r e c e iv e d p a y ( in c lu d in g h o lid a y and
s ic k p a y ) fo r a n y part o f th e p a y r o ll p e
r io d in c lu d in g th e 12th d a y o f th e m o n th .
P e r so n s h o ld in g m o r e th an o n e j o b (a b o u t
5 p e r c e n t o f a ll p e r so n s in th e la b o r fo r c e )
are c o u n te d in e a c h e s ta b lis h m e n t w h ic h
r ep o rts th em .
Production workers in m anufacturing in
c lu d e w o r k in g su p erv iso rs and n o n su p ervisory w orkers c lo s e ly associated w ith pro
duction operations. T h ose w orkers m entioned
in tables 1 1 -1 6 inclu de production workers
in m anufacturing and m ining; con stru ction
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
69
Current Labor Statistics
w orkers in construction; and nonsupervisory
w orkers in the fo llo w in g industries: transpor
tation and public utilities; w h olesale and re
tail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate;
and services. T h ese groups account for about
four-fifths o f the total em p loym en t on private
nonagricultural payrolls.
Earnings are the p aym en ts p rod u ction
or n o n su p erv iso ry w ork ers r e c e iv e during
th e su rv ey p erio d , in c lu d in g prem iu m p ay
fo r o v e rtim e or la te-sh ift w ork bu t ex clu d
in g irr eg u la r b o n u s e s an d o th e r s p e c ia l
p a y m e n t s . R eal earnings are e a r n in g s
adjusted to r eflec t the e ffe c ts o f c h a n g e s in
co n su m er p rices. T h e d eflator for th is series
is d eriv ed fro m the C o n su m er P rice In d ex
f o r U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l
W ork ers (CPi-W).
Hours r e p r e se n t th e a v e r a g e w e e k ly
hours o f produ ction or n on su pervisory w ork
ers for w h ic h p ay w a s rec eiv e d , and are d if
fe re n t fro m standard or sc h e d u le d hou rs.
Overtime hours rep resen t th e p ortion o f
avera g e w e e k ly hours w h ic h w a s in e x c e ss
o f regular hours and for w h ich o v ertim e pre
m iu m s w ere paid.
T he Diffusion Index represents the per
cen t o f industries in w h ich em p loym en t w as
rising ov er the indicated period, plus on e-h alf
o f the industries with unchanged em ploym ent;
5 0 percent indicates an equal balance betw een
industries w ith increasing and decreasing em
ploym ent. In lin e w ith Bureau practice, data
for the 1-, 3 -, and 6-m onth spans are season
ally adjusted, w h ile th ose for the 12-m onth
span are unadjusted. D ata are centered w ithin
the span. T able 17 provides an in d ex on pri
vate nonfarm em p loym en t based on 3 5 6 in
dustries, and a m anufacturing in d ex based on
139 industries. T h ese in d exes are usefu l for
m easuring the dispersion o f eco n o m ic gains
or lo sse s and are a lso eco n o m ic indicators.
Notes on the data
E sta b lish m en t su rv ey data are ann ually ad
ju sted to co m p reh en siv e cou n ts o f em p lo y
m en t (c a lled “benchm arks”). T h e latest ad
ju stm en t, w h ic h incorp orated M arch 1997
benchm arks, w a s m ade w ith the release o f
M a y 199 8 data, p u b lish ed in the July 1998
is s u e o f th e R e v ie w . C o in c id e n t w ith the
benchm ark adjustm ent, h istorical sea so n a lly
adjusted data w ere r ev ised to r eflect updated
sea so n a l factors and refin em en t in the sea
so n a l a d ju stm en t p ro ced u res. U n a d ju sted
data from A p ril 19 9 7 forw ard and sea so n a lly
adjusted data from January 1 9 9 4 forw ard are
su b ject to r ev isio n in future benchm arks.
R ev isio n s in State data (table 11) occurred
w ith the publication o f January 1998 data.
B e g in n in g in June 199 6 , the b l s u ses the
X -1 2 a r im a m e th o d o lo g y to sea so n a lly ad
ju st esta b lish m en t su rvey data. T h is p roce
dure, d e v e lo p ed b y the B ureau o f the C en
su s, con tro ls for the e ffe c t o f varyin g su rvey
70
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
intervals (a lso kn ow n as the 4- versu s 5 -w eek
e ffe c t), th ereb y p r o v id in g im p ro v ed m e a
surem ent o f over-th e-m on th ch an ges and u n
derlyin g e co n o m ic trends. R e v isio n s o f data,
u su ally for the m o st recen t 5 -year period , are
m ade o n c e a year co in cid en t w ith the b en ch
m ark rev isio n s.
In the estab lish m en t su rvey, estim ates for
the m o st recen t 2 m on th s are b ased o n in
c o m p lete returns and are p u b lish ed as pre
lim inary in the tab les (1 2 —17 in the R e view ).
W h en all returns h a v e b een receiv ed , the e s
tim ates are r ev ised and p u b lish ed as “fin a l”
(prior to any ben ch m ark r e v isio n s) in the
third m onth o f their appearance. T hu s, D e
cem b er data are p u b lish ed as prelim inary in
January and February and as fin al in M arch.
F or the sa m e rea so n s, quarterly e sta b lish
m en t data (table 1) are prelim inary for the
first 2 m onth s o f p u b lication and fin al in the
third m onth . T h u s, fourth-quarter data are
pu b lish ed as p relim inary in January and F eb
ruary and as fin al in M arch.
A com prehensive d iscussion o f the differ
en ces b etw een hou seh old and establishm ent
data o n e m p lo y m en t app ears in G loria P.
G reen, “C om p aring e m p lo y m en t estim ates
from h ou sehold and payroll surveys,” M on th ly
L a b o r R eview , D ecem b er 1969, pp. 9 -2 0 .
F o r a d d it io n a l in f o r m a t io n on estab
lish m en t su rvey data, con tact the D iv isio n
o f M on th ly Industry E m p loym en t Statistics:
(2 0 2 ) 6 0 6 - 6 5 5 5 .
Unemployment data by
State
Description of the series
D ata presented in this sectio n are obtained
from the L o ca l A rea U n em p lo y m en t S tatis
tics (LAUS) program , w h ich is con d u cted in
coop eration w ith State e m p lo y m en t security
a g e n c ie s.
M o n th ly e stim a te s o f the la b or fo r c e ,
em p lo y m en t, and u n em p lo y m en t for States
and su b -S tate areas are a k e y ind icator o f lo
cal e co n o m ic co n d ition s, and form the b asis
for determ in in g the e lig ib ility o f an area for
b en efits under Fed eral eco n o m ic assistan ce
program s su ch as the Job T raining Partner
ship A ct. S ea son ally adjusted u n em p loym en t
rates are p resen ted in tab le 10. In sofar as
p o ssib le , the co n cep ts and d efin itio n s under
ly in g th ese data are th o se u sed in the national
estim ates ob tain ed from the c p s .
Notes on the data
Data refer to State o f resid en ce. M onthly data
for all States and the D istrict o f C olum b ia are
d e r iv e d u s in g s ta n d a r d iz e d p r o c e d u r e s
established b y b l s . O nce a year, estim ates are
revised to n e w pop ulation controls, usually
w ith p u b lication o f January estim ates, and
benchm arked to annual average cps levels.
November 1998
F o r a d d it io n a l info r m at io n o n data in
this series, ca ll (2 0 2 ) 6 0 6 - 6 3 9 2 (table 10) or
(2 0 2 ) 6 0 6 - 6 5 5 9 (table 11),
Compensation and
Wage Data
(T ab les 1 -3 ; 2 1 - 2 7 )
C o m p e n s a t io n a n d w a g e d a t a are g a th
ered b y the B ureau from b u sin ess esta b lish
m en ts, State and lo ca l g o vern m en ts, labor
u n ion s, c o lle c tiv e b argaining agreem en ts o n
file w ith the B ureau, and secon d ary sou rces.
Employment Cost Index
Description of the series
T h e Employment Cost Index (ECi) is a quar
terly m easu re o f the rate o f ch a n g e in c o m
p e n s a tio n p er h ou r w o r k e d an d in c lu d e s
w a g e s, salaries, and em p lo y er c o sts o f e m
p l o y e e b e n e f it s . It u s e s a f i x e d m a r k e t
b ask et o f labor— sim ilar in c o n c ep t to the
C on su m er P rice In d e x ’s fix e d m arket basket
o f g o o d s and serv ices— to m easure ch a n g e
ov er tim e in em p lo y er c o sts o f e m p lo y in g
labor.
Statistical series on total co m p en sa tio n
costs, on w a g es and salaries, and on benefit
costs are available for private nonfarm w ork
ers exclu d in g proprietors, the self-em p lo y ed ,
and h ou seh old workers. T he total com p en sa
tion costs and w ages and salaries series are
also available for State and local governm ent
w o r k e r s a n d fo r th e c i v i l i a n n o n fa r m
eco n o m y , w h ich con sists o f private industry
and State and local govern m en t w orkers c o m
bined. Federal w orkers are exclud ed .
T h e E m p loym en t C ost In d ex p robab ility
sam p le c o n sists o f about 4 ,4 0 0 private n o n
farm estab lish m en ts p rovid in g about 2 3 ,0 0 0
occu p a tio n a l o b servation s and 1 ,0 0 0 State
and lo ca l govern m en t estab lish m en ts p rovid
in g 6 ,0 0 0 occu p ation al o b servation s selected
to represent total e m p lo y m en t in ea ch s e c
tor. O n average, ea ch reporting unit p rovid es
w a g e and com p en sation in form ation o n fiv e
w e ll- s p e c if ie d o c cu p a tio n s. D a ta are c o l
lected each quarter for the p ay p eriod in clu d
in g the 12th d ay o f M arch, June, Septem ber,
and D ecem b er.
B e g in n in g w ith Jun e 1 9 8 6 data, fix e d
e m p lo y m en t w e ig h ts from the 1 9 8 0 C en su s
o f P o p u la tio n are u s e d e a c h q u a rter to
c a lc u la te the c iv ilia n and p rivate in d e x e s
and the in d ex for State and lo c a l g o v e rn
m en ts. (P rior to June 1 9 8 6 , the e m p lo y m en t
w e ig h ts are from the 1 9 7 0 C en su s o f P o p u
la tio n .) T h e se fix e d w e ig h ts, a lso u sed to
d er iv e all o f the in d u stry and o c cu p a tio n
series in d ex e s, en su re that c h a n g e s in th ese
in d ex e s r eflec t o n ly c h a n g e s in co m p e n sa -
tio n , n o t e m p lo y m e n t sh ifts am o n g in d u s
tries or o c cu p a tio n s w ith d ifferen t le v e ls o f
w a g e s and co m p e n sa tio n . F or the bargain
in g sta tu s, r e g io n , and m e tr o p o lita n /n o n m etro p o lita n area series, h o w ev e r, e m p lo y
m en t data b y ind ustry and o ccu p a tio n are
n o t a v a ila b le fro m the cen su s. In stead, the
1 9 8 0 e m p lo y m en t w e ig h ts are rea llo ca ted
w ith in th ese series e a ch quarter b ased on the
current sa m p le. T h erefore, th ese in d ex e s are
n o t strictly co m p a ra b le to th o se for the a g
g rega te, ind ustry, and o ccu p a tio n series.
Definitions
Total compensation c o sts in clu d e w a g e s,
sa laries, and the e m p lo y e r ’s c o sts for e m
p lo y e e b en efits.
Wages and salaries c o n sist o f earnings
b efo re p ayroll d ed u ction s, in clu d in g produ c
tio n b o n u ses, in c en tiv e earn in gs, c o m m is
sio n s, and c o st-o f-liv in g adjustm ents.
Benefits in clu d e the c o st to em p lo y ers
fo r p a id le a v e , su p p lem en ta l p a y (in c lu d
in g nonproduction bon u ses), insurance, retire
m ent and sav in g s plans, and leg a lly required
b en efits (su ch as S o c ia l S ecurity, w ork ers’
com pensation, and un em p loym ent insurance).
E xclu d ed from w a g es and salaries and em
p lo y e e benefits are su ch item s as paym ent-in
kind, free room and board, and tips.
Notes on the data
T h e E m p lo y m en t C o st In dex for ch a n ges in
w a g e s and sa laries in the private non farm
e c o n o m y w a s p u b lish ed b eg in n in g in 1975.
C h a n g es in total co m p en sation c o st— w a g e s
and sa laries and b e n e fits com b in ed — w ere
p u b lish ed b eg in n in g in 1980. T h e series o f
ch a n g es in w a g e s and salaries and for total
co m p en sa tio n in the State and lo ca l g o v ern
m e n t s e c to r an d in th e c iv ilia n n o n fa rm
e c o n o m y ( e x c lu d in g F ed era l e m p lo y e e s )
w ere p u b lish ed b eg in n in g in 1981. H istori
ca l in d ex es (June 1 9 8 1 = 1 0 0 ) are a vailab le on
the Internet:
h ttp ://sta ts.b ls.gov/ecth om e.h tm
F o r a d d it i o n a l in f o r m a t io n o n th e
E m p lo y m e n t C o st In d ex, co n ta ct the O ffic e
o f C o m p en sa tio n L e v e ls and Trends: (2 0 2 )
6 0 6 -6 1 9 9 .
Employee Benefits Survey
Description of the series
Employee benefits data are o b tain ed from
th e E m p lo y e e B e n e fits S u rv ey , an annual
su rv ey o f the in c id en ce and p ro v isio n s o f
s e le c te d b e n e fits p r o v id e d b y e m p lo y e r s.
T h e su rv ey c o lle c ts data from a sa m p le o f
a p p r o x im a te ly 6 ,0 0 0 p r iv a te s e c to r an d
S tate and lo c a l g o v ern m en t esta b lish m en ts.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T he data are presented as a percentage o f em
p lo y ees w h o participate in a certain benefit,
or as an average b en efit p rovision (for e x
am ple, the average num ber o f paid holidays
provided to em p loyees per year). Selected data
from the survey are presented in table 25 for
m edium and large private establishm ents and
in table 26 for sm all private establishm ents and
State and local governm ent.
T h e su rv e y c o v e r s p aid le a v e b e n e fits
su ch as lu n ch and rest p erio d s, h o lid a y s and
v a c a tio n s, and p erson al, fun eral, jury du ty,
m ilitary, parental, and sic k lea v e; sic k n e ss
and accid en t, lon g -term d isa b ility , and life
insurance; m e d ica l, d en tal, and v is io n care
plans; d e fin e d b e n e fit and d e fin e d con trib u
tion plans; flex ib le b en efits plans; reim burse
m en t accou n ts; and u n paid parental lea v e .
A l s o , d a ta are ta b u la te d o n th e i n c i
d e n c e o f s e v e r a l o th e r b e n e f it s , su c h as
sev era n ce p a y , ch ild -ca re a ssista n ce, w e ll
n e s s p ro g ra m s, and e m p lo y e e a s s is ta n c e
program s.
Definitions
Employer-provided benefits are b en efits
that are fin an ced eith er w h o lly or partly b y
the em p loyer. T h ey m ay b e sp on sored b y a
u n ion or other third party, as lo n g as there is
so m e em p lo y er fin an cin g. H o w ev er, so m e
b en efits that are fu lly paid for by the e m
p lo y e e a lso are in clu d ed . For ex a m p le, lo n g
term care insurance and postretirem en t life
insu ran ce paid en tirely b y the e m p lo y ee are
in clu d ed b eca u se the guarantee o f insurabil
ity and availab ility at group prem iu m rates
are co n sid ered a b en efit.
Participants are workers w h o are covered
b y a b en efit, w h eth er or n ot th ey u se that
benefit. If the benefit plan is financed w h olly
b y e m p lo y e r s and req u ires e m p lo y e e s to
com p lete a m in im u m len gth o f service for
e li g i b i li t y , th e w o r k e r s are c o n s id e r e d
participants whether or n ot th ey h ave m et the
r e q u ir e m e n t. I f w o r k e r s are r eq u ire d to
contribute tow ards the c o st o f a plan, they
are con sid ered participants o n ly i f th ey e le c t
th e p la n and a g ree to m a k e th e req u ired
contrib utions.
Defined benefit pension plans u se pre
determ ined form ulas to calculate a retirement
benefit, and obligate the em p loyer to provide
those benefits. B en efits are generally based on
salary, years o f service, or both.
Defined contribution plans g en era lly
sp e c ify the le v e l o f e m p lo y er and e m p lo y e e
con trib u tion s to a p lan , but n o t th e form u la
for d eterm in in g ev en tu a l b e n e fits. Instead,
in d ivid u al acco u n ts are se t up for p artici
pan ts, and b e n e fits are b a sed on am ou n ts
cred ited to th ese a ccou n ts.
Tax-deferred savings plans are a type o f
d e fin e d co n trib u tio n p la n that a llo w par
ticipants to contribute a portion o f their sal
ary to an em ployer-sp onsored plan and defer
in com e taxes until withdrawal.
Flexible benefit plans a llo w em p lo y ees
to c h o o se am ong several benefits, su ch as life
insurance, m edical care, and vacation days,
and am on g several le v e ls o f care w ith in a
giv en benefit.
Notes on the data
S u rveys o f em p lo y ees in m edium and large
establishm ents condu cted over the 1 9 7 9 -8 6
period included establishm ents that em p lo y ed
at least 5 0 ,1 0 0 , or 2 5 0 workers, d epend ing on
the ind ustry (m o st se r v ic e in d u stries w ere
e x c lu d e d ). T h e su rv ey c o n d u cte d in 1 9 8 7
covered on ly State and local governm ents with
5 0 or m ore em p loyees. T he surveys condu cted
in 1988 and 1989 included m edium and large
establishm ents w ith 100 w orkers or m ore in
private industries. A ll surveys condu cted over
the 1 9 7 9 -8 9 period exclu d ed establishm ents
in A lask a and H aw aii, as w e ll as part-tim e
em p loyees.
B egin n in g in 1990, surveys o f State and
local governm ents and sm all establishm ents
are condu cted in even -num b ered years and
surveys o f m edium and large establishm ents
are con d u cted in odd-num bered years. T he
sm all establishm ent survey includes all private
nonfarm establishm ents w ith few er than 100
workers, w h ile the State and local governm ent
survey inclu des all governm ents, regardless o f
the n u m ber o f w ork ers. A ll three su rv ey s
in c lu d e f u ll- and p a rt-tim e w o r k e rs, and
workers in all 5 0 States and the D istrict o f
C olum bia.
F o r a d d it io n a l in f o r m a t io n o n th e
E m p lo y e e B e n e fits S u rv ey , co n ta ct the O f
f ic e o f C o m p en sa tio n L e v e ls an d T ren d s
(2 0 2 ) 6 0 6 - 6 2 2 2 or the Internet:
h ttp ://sta ts.b ls.g o v /eb sh o m e.h tm
Work stoppages
Description of the series
D ata on w ork stop p ages m easu re the n u m
ber and duration o f m ajor strikes or lo ck o u ts
(in v o lv in g 1,0 0 0 w orkers or m ore) occurring
during the m onth (or year), the num ber o f
w orkers in v o lv ed , and the am oun t o f tim e
lo st b ecau se o f stop page. T h ese data are p re
sen ted in table 27 .
D a ta are la r g e ly fr o m n e w s p a p e r a c
co u n ts and c o v e r o n ly esta b lish m en ts d i
rectly in v o lv e d in a stop p age. T h e y d o n o t
m easu re the in d irect or secon d ary e ffe c t o f
sto p p a g e s o n oth er e sta b lish m e n ts w h o s e
e m p lo y e e s are id le o w in g to m aterial sh ort
a g e s or lack o f se r v ic e.
Definitions
Number of stoppages:
T h e n u m b er o f
strik es and lo c k o u ts in v o lv in g 1 ,0 0 0 w o r k -
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
71
Current Labor Statistics
ers or m o re and la stin g a f u ll s h ift or lon ger.
W orkers involved: T h e n u m b e r o f
w orkers directly in v o lv ed in the stop p age.
Number of days idle: T h e a g g reg a te
num ber o f w orkd ays lost by w orkers in v o lv ed
in the stop p ages.
Days of idleness as a percent of esti-mated
working time: A ggregate w orkdays lost as
a percent o f the aggregate num ber o f standard
w o rk d a y s in the p eriod m u ltip lie d b y total
em p lo y m en t in the period.
Notes on the data
T h is series is n ot com parable w ith the on e
term inated in 1981 that co v ered strikes in
v o lv in g six w orkers or m ore.
F o r a d d it io n a l in f o r m a t io n o n w ork
sto p p a g es data, co n ta ct the O ffic e o f C o m
p e n sa tio n L e v e ls and Trends: (2 0 2 ) 6 0 6 6 2 8 2 , or the Internet:
h ttp ://stats.bls.gO v//lm rh om e.h tm
Price Data
Notes on the data
(T a b les 2; 2 8 - 3 8 )
P r ic e d a t a are g a th e r e d b y th e B u r e a u
o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s fr o m r e ta il an d p r i
m a ry m a rk ets in th e U n ite d S ta te s. P rice
in d e x e s are g iv e n in r e la tio n to a b a s e p e
r io d — 1 9 8 2 = 1 0 0 fo r m a n y P ro d u cer P rice
I n d e x e s , 1 9 8 2 - 8 4 = 1 0 0 fo r m a n y C o n
s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x e s ( u n le s s o t h e r w is e
n o te d ), an d 1 9 9 0 = 1 0 0 fo r In ter n a tio n a l
P r ic e In d e x e s .
Consumer Price Indexes
Description of the series
T h e Consumer Price Index (CPi) is a m e a
sure o f the a v era g e ch a n g e in the p rices p aid
b y urban c o n su m ers for a fix e d m arket b a s
k et o f g o o d s and se r v ic es. T h e cpi is c a lc u
lated m o n th ly for tw o p op u lation groups, on e
c o n sistin g o n ly o f urban h o u se h o ld s w h o se
prim ary so u rce o f in c o m e is d erived from
the e m p lo y m e n t o f w a g e earners and c le ri
ca l w o rk ers, and th e other c o n sistin g o f all
urban h o u se h o ld s . T h e w a g e earn er in d ex
(CPi-w) is a co n tin u a tio n o f the h istoric in
d e x that w a s introduced w e ll o v er a h a lf-c en
tury a g o fo r u se in w a g e n e g o tia tio n s. A s
n e w u s e s w ere d e v e lo p e d for the cpi in re
c e n t yea rs, the n e e d for a broader and m ore
rep resen ta tiv e in d ex b e c a m e apparent. T h e
all-urban c o n su m er in d ex (CPi-U), introduced
in 1 9 7 8 , is r ep resen ta tiv e o f th e 1 9 9 3 - 9 5
b u y in g h ab its o f abou t 8 7 p ercen t o f the n on in stitu tio n a l p o p u la tio n o f the U n ited States
at that tim e, co m p a red w ith 3 2 p ercen t rep
resen ted in the c p i -w . In ad d ition to w a g e
earners and c le ric a l w ork ers, the c pi -u c o v
ers p r o fe ssio n a l, m a n agerial, and tech n ica l
w o r k e r s , th e s e l f - e m p l o y e d , s h o r t-te r m
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
w ork ers, the u n em p lo y e d , retirees, and o th
ers n ot in the lab or fo rce.
T he cpi is b ased on p rices o f fo o d , c lo th
in g, sh elter, fu el, drugs, transportation fares,
d o cto rs’ and d en tists’ fe e s, and other g o o d s
and se r v ic es that p e o p le b u y for d ay-to-d ay
liv in g . T h e q u an tity an d q u a lity o f th ese
ite m s are k e p t e s s e n tia lly u n ch a n g e d b e
tw e e n m ajor r e v is io n s so that o n ly p rice
ch a n g es w ill b e m easured . A ll taxes directly
associated w ith the purchase and u se o f item s
are in clu d ed in the in d ex.
D ata c o lle c te d from m ore than 2 3 ,0 0 0 re
tail estab lish m en ts and 5 ,8 0 0 h o u sin g units
in 8 7 urban areas across the country are u sed
to d e v e lo p the “U .S . c ity a v erage.” Separate
estim ates for 14 m ajor urban cen ters are pre
sen ted in table 2 9 . T h e areas listed are as in
d icated in foo tn o te 1 to the table. T h e area
in d ex e s m easu re o n ly the average ch a n g e in
prices for each area sin ce the b ase period , and
d o n o t in d ica te d iffe re n c es in the le v e l o f
p rices a m on g c ities.
In January 1 9 8 3 , the B u reau ch a n g e d the
w a y in w h ic h h o m e o w n e r s h ip c o s t s are
m eau red for the c pi -u . A rental e q u iv a len ce
m eth od rep la ced the asset-p rice approach to
h o m e o w n e r s h ip c o s t s fo r th at s e r ie s . In
January 1 9 8 5 , the sa m e ch a n g e w a s m ad e
in th e c p i -w . T h e cen tra l p u rp o se o f the
ch a n g e w a s to separate sh elter c o sts from
the in v estm en t co m p o n e n t o f h o m e -o w n er sh ip so that the in d ex w o u ld r eflec t o n ly the
c o s t o f sh elter se r v ic e s p rov id ed b y ow n ero c cu p ied h o m e s. A n up d ated c pi -u and c pi w w e re in trod u ced w ith r elea se o f the Janu
ary 19 8 7 data.
F o r a d d it i o n a l in f o r m a t io n o n c o n
su m er p r ic e s, c o n ta c t th e D iv is io n o f C o n
su m e r P r ic e s a n d P r ic e I n d e x e s : ( 2 0 2 )
6 0 6 -7 0 0 0 .
Producer Price Indexes
Description of the series
Producer Price Indexes (PPi) m easu re a v
erage ch a n g es in p rices r e c e iv e d b y d o m e s
tic p rodu cers o f c o m m o d itie s in all sta g es
o f p r o c essin g . T h e sa m p le u sed for c a lc u
la t in g t h e s e i n d e x e s c u r r e n tly c o n t a in s
abou t 3 ,2 0 0 c o m m o d itie s and ab ou t 8 0 ,0 0 0
qu otation s per m on th , se le c te d to rep resent
th e m o v e m e n t o f p rices o f all c o m m o d itie s
p rod u ced in the m anu factu ring; agriculture,
forestry, and fish in g ; m in in g; and g a s and
e le ctr icity and p u b lic u tilitie s secto rs. T h e
sta g e -o f-p r o c e s s in g structure o f ppi o rg a
n iz e s produ cts b y c la s s o f b u yer and d eg ree
o f fab rication (that is, fin ish ed g o o d s, inter
m ed iate g o o d s , and cru de m aterials). T h e
tradition al co m m o d ity structure o f ppi or
g a n iz es p rod u cts b y sim ila rity o f en d u se or
November 1998
m a ter ia l c o m p o s it io n . T h e in d u str y an d
prod u ct structure o f ppi o r g a n ize s data in
a c c o r d a n c e w ith th e S tan d ard In d u stria l
C la ssific a tio n (SIC) and the p rodu ct c o d e e x
ten sio n o f the s i c d e v e lo p e d b y the U .S . B u
reau o f the C en su s.
T o th e e x te n t p o s s ib le , p r ic e s u s e d in
c a lc u la tin g P ro d u c er P r ic e In d e x e s a p p ly
to th e fir s t s ig n ific a n t c o m m e r c ia l tra n s
a c tio n in th e U n ite d S ta te s fr o m th e p r o
d u c tio n or cen tra l m a r k e tin g p o in t. P rice
d ata are g e n e r a lly c o lle c t e d m o n th ly , p r i
m a r ily b y m a il q u e s tio n n a ir e . M o s t p r ic e s
are o b tain ed d irectly from p ro d u cin g c o m
p a n ies on a volu n tary and c o n fid e n tia l b a
sis. P rices g e n e r a lly are r ep o rted fo r th e
T u e sd a y o f th e w e e k c o n ta in in g th e 13th
d a y o f th e m o n th .
S in ce January 1992, price ch an ges for the
v a rio u s c o m m o d itie s h a v e b e e n a v era g ed
to g e th e r w ith im p lic it q u a n tity w e ig h t s
representing their im portance in the total net
sellin g value o f all com m od ities as o f 1987.
T h e detailed data are aggregated to obtain
in d ex es for sta g e -o f-p r o ce ssin g gro u p in g s,
com m od ity groupings, durability-of-product
groupings, and a num ber o f sp ecial com p o site
groups. A ll P roducer P rice In d ex data are
su b ject to r e v isio n 4 m on th s after o rig in a l
p u b lica tio n .
F o r a d d it i o n a l in f o r m a t io n o n p r o
d u ce r p r ic e s, c o n ta c t th e D iv is io n o f In
d u str ia l P r ic e s an d P r ic e In d e x e s : ( 2 0 2 )
6 0 6 -7 7 0 5 .
International Price Indexes
Description of the series
T h e International Price Program produ ces
m o n th ly and qu arterly e x p o r t and im p ort
price in d ex es for n on m ilitary g o o d s traded
b etw een the U n ited States and the rest o f the
w orld . T h e e x p o rt p rice in d ex p r o v id e s a
m easure o f price ch an ge for all products so ld
b y U .S . resid en ts to foreig n bu yers. (“R e si
d en ts” is d efin ed as in the nation al in co m e
a c c o u n ts; it in c lu d e s c o r p o r a tio n s , b u s i
n e sses, and ind ivid u als, but d o e s n o t require
the organ ization s to b e U .S . o w n ed nor the
in d iv id u a ls to h a v e U .S . c itiz e n s h ip .) T h e
im port p rice in d ex p r o v id es a m ea su re o f
price ch an ge for g o o d s pu rchased from other
cou n tries b y U .S . resid en ts.
T h e product u n iverse for b oth the im port
and exp ort in d ex es in clu d es raw m aterials,
agricultural products, sem ifin ish ed m anu fac
tures, and fin ish ed m anu factu res, in clu d in g
both capital and co n su m er g o o d s. P rice data
for th e se item s are c o lle c te d p rim arily b y
m ail q u estion naire. In nearly all c a se s, the
data are c o lle c te d directly from the exporter
or im porter, although in a fe w c a se s, p rices
are obtained from other sou rces.
T o the exten t possib le, the data gathered
refer to prices at d ie U .S . border for exports
and at either the foreign border or the U .S .
border for im ports. For nearly all products, the
prices refer to transactions com p leted during
the first w e ek o f the m onth. Survey respon
dents are ask ed to indicate all discoun ts, al
lo w a n c e s, and rebates ap p licab le to the re
ported prices, so that the price used in the cal
culation o f the ind ex es is the actual price for
w h ich the product w as bought or sold.
In add ition to gen eral in d ex e s o f prices
for U .S . exports and im ports, in d ex es are also
p u b lish ed for d eta iled product ca tegories o f
ex p o rts and im ports. T h e se ca teg o r ie s are
d efin ed acco rd in g to the fiv e -d ig it lev e l o f
deta il for the B ureau o f E co n o m ic A n a ly sis
E n d -u se C la ssifica tio n (SiTC), and the four
d ig it l e v e l o f d e ta il fo r th e H a r m o n iz e d
S y stem . A g g reg a te im port in d ex e s b y c o u n
try or r eg io n o f o rigin are a lso availab le.
b l s p u b lish es in d ex es for selected c a teg o
ries o f in tern ation ally traded serv ices, c a lc u
lated on an in ternational b asis and on a bala n ce-o f-p a y m e n ts b asis.
Notes on the data
T h e e x p o r t an d im p o rt p r ice in d e x e s are
w e ig h te d in d e x e s o f th e L a sp e y r e s ty p e.
P rice rela tiv es are a ssig n ed equal im portance
w ith in ea ch h arm on ized group and are then
a g gregated to the high er lev e l. T h e v a lu es a s
sig n e d to e a ch w e ig h t category are b ased on
trade v a lu e fig u res c o m p ile d b y the Bureau
o f the C en su s. T h e trade w eig h ts currently
u sed to co m p u te both in d ex e s relate to 1990.
B eca u se a price ind ex depends on the sam e
item s b ein g priced from period to period, it is
n e c e s s a r y to r e c o g n iz e w h e n a p r o d u ct’s
sp ec ific a tio n s or term s o f transaction h ave
b een m od ified . For this reason, the B ureau’s
questionnaire requests detailed descriptions o f
the p h y sica l and functional characteristics o f
the products b ein g priced, as w e ll as inform a
tion o n the num ber o f units bou ght or sold,
d isco u n ts, credit term s, pack agin g, cla ss o f
bu yer or seller, and so forth. W h en there are
ch a n g es in either the sp ecification s or terms
o f transaction o f a product, the dollar valu e o f
ea ch ch a n g e is d eleted from the total price
ch an ge to obtain the “pure” change. O n ce this
v a lu e is determ ined, a lin k in g procedure is
em p lo y ed w h ich a llo w s for the continued re
pricing o f the item .
F or the exp ort p rice in d ex es, the preferred
p ricin g is f.a .s. (free a lo n g sid e sh ip ) U .S . port
o f e x p o r ta tio n . W h e n firm s rep ort ex p o rt
p rices f.o .b . (free o n board), p rodu ction poin t
info rm a tio n is c o lle c te d w h ic h en a b les the
B ureau to calcu late a sh ip m en t c o st to the port
o f exportation . A n attem pt is m ade to c o lle c t
tw o p rices for im ports. T h e first is the im port
p rice f.o .b . at the fo reig n port o f exportation ,
w h ic h is c o n sisten t w ith the b a sis for valu a
tion o f im ports in the n ational accou n ts. T he
seco n d is the im port p rice c .i.f.(c o s ts, insur-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
an ce, and freight) at the U .S . port o f im porta
tion, w h ich a lso in clu d es the other c o sts a s
sociated w ith bringing the product to the U .S .
border. It d o e s n ot, h o w ev e r, in clu d e duty
charges. For a g iv e n product, o n ly o n e price
b a sis series is u sed in the con stru ction o f an
in d ex.
F o r a d d it io n a l in f o r m a t io n on inter
n ational p rices, con tact the D iv isio n o f In
ternational Prices: (2 0 2 ) 6 0 6 - 7 1 5 5 .
Productivity Data
(T ab les 2; 3 9 - 4 2 )
Business sector and major
sectors
Description of the series
T h e p rod u ctivity m easures relate real output
to real input. A s su ch , they en com p ass a fam
ily o f m easures w h ich in clu d e sin g le-factor
input m easu res, su ch as output per unit o f
labor input (output per hour) or output per
unit o f capital input, as w e ll as m easures o f
m ultifactor prod u ctivity (output per unit o f
co m b in ed labor and capital inp uts). T h e B u
reau in d ex e s sh o w the ch an ge in output rela
tiv e to ch a n g es in the variou s inp uts. T he
m easu res co v er the b u sin ess, nonfarm b u si
n e ss, m anufacturing, and n on fm an cial cor
porate sectors.
C orresp on d in g in d ex e s o f h ou rly c o m
p en sa tio n , u n it lab or c o s ts , u n it n on lab or
p aym en ts, and p rices are a lso provided.
Definitions
Output per hour o f all persons (la b o r
p r o d u c tiv ity ) is th e q u a n tity o f g o o d s and
s e r v ic e s p r o d u ce d p er h o u r o f la b o r in p u t.
Output per unit of capital services (c a p i
tal p r o d u c tiv ity ) is th e q u a n tity o f g o o d s
an d s e r v ic e s p r o d u ce d p er u n it o f c a p ita l
s e r v ic e s in p u t. Multifactor productivity
is th e q u a n tity o f g o o d s an d s e r v ic e s p r o
d u ce d p er c o m b in e d u n it o f lab or and c a p i
tal in p u ts.
Compensation per hour is total co m p en
sation d iv id ed b y hou rs at w ork. T otal c o m
p en sa tio n eq u a ls the w a g e s and salaries o f
e m p lo y ee s p lu s e m p lo y er s’ contributions for
so c ia l in su ran ce and private b e n e fit p lan s,
p lu s an estim a te o f th ese p aym en ts for the
s e lf-e m p lo y e d (e x c e p t for n o n fm a n cia l cor
p o ra tio n s in w h ic h th ere are n o s e lf - e m
p lo y e d ). Real compensation per hour is
c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r d e f la t e d b y th e
c h a n g e in the C on su m er P rice In d ex for A ll
U rban C on su m ers.
Unit labor costs are the labor c o m p e n
sa tio n c o sts e x p e n d e d in the prod u ction o f
a u n it o f outp ut and are d erived b y d iv id in g
c o m p e n sa tio n b y ou tp u t. Unit nonlabor
payments in c lu d e p r o fits , d e p r e c ia tio n ,
in terest, and in d irect ta x es per u n it o f o u t
put. T h ey are com p u ted b y subtracting c o m
p en sa tio n o f all p erson s from current-dollar
v a lu e o f outp ut and d iv id in g b y output.
Unit nonlabor costs c o n ta in a ll th e
co m p o n en ts o f u n it n on lab or p a y m en ts e x
c ep t u n it p rofits.
Unit profits in c lu d e corp orate p ro fits
w ith in v en to ry v a lu a tio n and ca p ita l c o n
su m ption adjustm ents per unit o f output.
Hours of all persons are the total hours
at w ork o f p ayroll w orkers, se lf-em p lo y e d
p erson s, and unpaid fa m ily w orkers.
Labor inputs are hou rs o f all p erso n s ad
ju sted for the e ffe c ts o f c h a n g e s in th e e d u
ca tio n and e x p e rien ce o f the lab or fo rce.
Capital services are the flo w o f serv ices
from the capital stock u sed in p rodu ction. It
is d e v e lo p ed from m easu res o f the n et sto ck
o f p h y sica l a ssets— eq u ip m en t, structures,
land, and in v en to ries— w e ig h te d b y rental
p rices for ea ch typ e o f asset.
Combined units of labor and capital
inputs are derived by com b in in g ch an ges in
labor and capital input w ith w eigh ts w h ich
rep resent e a ch c o m p o n e n t’s share o f total
output. T he in d exes for capital services, labor
in p u ts, and c o m b in e d u n its o f la b o r and
capital are based on changin g w eigh ts w h ich
are averages o f the shares in the current and
preceding year (the T om q u ist index-num ber
form ula).
Notes on the data
B usiness sector output is an annually-w eighted
ind ex constructed by exclud in g from real gross
d om estic product ( g d p ) the fo llo w in g outputs:
general govern m en t, non profit in stitu tion s,
paid em p loyees o f private hou seh old s, and the
rental v a lu e o f o w n er-o ccu p ied d w ellin g s.
N onfarm b u siness also exclu d es farm ing. Pri
vate b u sin ess and private nonfarm b u sin ess
further exclu d e governm ent enterprises. T he
m easures are supplied b y the U .S . Departm ent
o f C om m erce’s Bureau o f E con om ic A n a ly
s is . A n n u a l e s t im a te s o f m a n u fa c tu r in g
sectoral output are produced b y the Bureau o f
Labor Statistics. Quarterly m anufacturing out
put ind exes from the Federal R eserve Board
are adjusted to these annual output m easures
b y the b l s . C om p en sation data are d ev elo p ed
from data o f the Bureau o f E con om ic A n a ly
sis and the Bureau o f Labor Statistics. H ours
data are d evelop ed from data o f the Bureau o f
Labor Statistics.
T h e p r o d u c tiv ity an d a s s o c ia te d c o s t
m easu res in tab les 3 9 - 4 2 d escrib e the rela
tion sh ip b etw een output in real term s and the
labor and capital inputs in v o lv ed in its pro
d u ction. T h ey sh o w the c h a n ges from period
to period in the am oun t o f g o o d s and ser
v ic e s produ ced per unit o f input.
A lthou gh these m easures relate output to
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
73
Current Labor Statistics
hours and capital services, they do not m ea
sure the contributions o f labor, capital, or any
other sp ec ific factor o f production. Rather,
they reflect the join t effect o f m any influences,
inclu ding changes in tech nology; shifts in the
com p o sitio n o f the labor force; capital in vest
ment; lev e l o f output; changes in the utiliza
tion o f capacity, energy, material, and research
and developm ent; the organization o f produc
tion; m anagerial skill; and characteristics and
efforts o f the w ork force.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION On th is
prod u ctiv ity series, con tact the D iv isio n o f
P rod u ctivity R esearch: (2 0 2 ) 6 0 6 - 5 6 0 6 .
Industry productivity measures
Description of the series
T h e b l s i n d u s t r y p r o d u c t i v i t y d a ta
su p p lem en t the m easu res for the b u sin e ss
e c o n o m y an d m a jo r se c to r s w ith an n u al
m ea su res o f labor p rod u ctivity for selected
ind ustries at the three- and fou r-d igit le v e ls
o f th e S tan d a rd In d u stria l C la s s ific a tio n
s y s te m . T h e in d u stry m e a su r e s d iffe r in
m e th o d o lo g y a n d d ata so u r c e s fro m the
p ro d u ctiv ity m ea su res for the m ajor secto rs
b eca u se the industry m easures are d evelop ed
in d ep en d en tly o f the N ational In co m e and
P rod u ct A c co u n ts fram ew ork u sed for the
m ajor secto r m ea su res.
Definitions
Output per employee hour is derived by d i
vid in g an in d ex o f industry output by an in
d ex o f aggregate hours o f all em p lo y ees. O ut
put in d ex es are based on quantifiable units o f
products or services, or both, com b in ed w ith
v a lu e -sh a r e w e ig h ts . W h e n e v e r p o s s ib le ,
p h ysical quantities are used as the unit o f m ea
surem ent for output. I f quantity data are not
available for a g iv en industry, data on the constant-dollar v a lu e o f production are used.
T he labor input series con sist o f the hours
o f all em p lo y ees (production and nonproduc
tion workers), the hours o f all persons (paid
em p lo y ees, partners, proprietors, and unpaid
fam ily workers), or the num ber o f em ployees,
depending upon the industry.
Notes on the data
T h e ind ustry m ea su res are c o m p ile d from
data produ ced b y the B ureau o f L abor S ta
tistics, the D epartm en ts o f C om m erce, Inte
rior, and A gricu ltu re, the F ed eral R eserv e
B oard , regu la to ry a g e n c ie s, trade a ss o c ia
tio n s, and other so u rces.
F o r m o s t in d u str ie s, th e p r o d u c tiv ity
in d e x e s refer to the outp ut p er hour o f all
e m p lo y e e s. F or so m e transportation in d u s
tries, o n ly in d e x e s o f outp ut per e m p lo y e e
are prepared . F or so m e trade and se r v ic e
74 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
in d u str ies, in d e x e s o f ou tp u t per h ou r o f
all p erso n s (in c lu d in g s e lf-e m p lo y e d ) are
con stru cted .
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION On this Se
ries, con tact the D iv isio n o f Industry P roduc
tiv ity Studies: (2 0 2 ) 6 0 6 - 5 6 1 8 .
International Comparisons
(T ab les 4 3 - 4 5 )
Labor force and
unemployment
Description of the series
T ab les 43 and 4 4 present com p arative m ea s
ures o f the labor force, em p loym en t, and un
e m p lo y m e n t — a p p r o x im a tin g U .S . c o n
cep ts— for the U n ited States, C anada, A u s
tralia, Japan, and several European countries.
T he u n em p loym en t statistics (and, to a lesser
exten t, e m p lo y m en t statistics) p u b lish ed by
other industrial co u n tries are n ot, in m o st
c a s e s , co m p arab le to U .S . u n em p lo y m e n t
statistics. T herefore, the B ureau adjusts the
figu res for se lec ted cou n tries, w h ere n e c e s
sary, for all k n ow n m ajor d efin ition al d iffer
e n ces. A lth o u g h p recise com p arab ility m ay
n ot be ach iev ed , th ese adjusted figu res pro
v id e a better b asis for international com p ari
so n s than the figu res regu larly p u b lish ed by
each country.
Definitions
F or the princip al U .S . d efin itio n s o f the la
bor force, employment, and unemploy
ment, se e the N o te s sectio n on E m p loym en t
and U n em p lo y m en t Data: H o u seh o ld su rvey
data.
Notes on the data
T h e adjusted statistics h a v e b een adapted to
the ag e at w h ich co m p u lsory sc h o o lin g ends
in each country, rather than to the U .S . stan
dard o f 16 years o f ag e and older. T herefore,
the adjusted statistics relate to the p op u la
tion aged 16 and older in France, S w ed en ,
and the U n ited K in gd om ; 15 and old er in
C anada, A u stralia, Japan, G erm any, Italy
from 1993 onw ard, and the N etherlands; and
14 and o ld er in Italy prior to 1993. T h e in sti
tu tion al p o p u la tio n is in c lu d e d in the d e
n om in ator o f the labor fo rce p articipation
rates and em p loym en t-p op u lation ratios for
Japan and G erm any; it is ex clu d ed for the
U n ited States and the other countries.
In the U .S . labor fo rce su rvey, persons
on la y o ff w h o are aw aitin g recall to their job s
are c la s sifie d as u n em p lo y ed . E uropean and
Japan ese la y o ff p ractices are quite d ifferent
November 1998
in nature from th o se in the U n ited States;
therefore, strict app lication o f the U .S . d e fi
n ition has n ot b een m ade on this point. For
further inform ation , se e M o n th ly L a b o r R e
v ie w , D ecem b er 1981, pp. 8 - 1 1 .
T h e figu res for on e or m ore recen t years
for F rance, G erm any, Italy, the N etherlan ds,
and the U n ited K in gd om are calcu la ted u s
in g adjustm ent factors b ased on labor force
su rveys for earlier years and are co n sid ered
prelim inary. T h e recen t-y ea r m ea su res for
th ese countries, therefore, are su b ject to re
v isio n w h en ever data from m ore current la
bor force su rveys b e c o m e availab le.
T here are breaks in the data series for the
U n ited States (1 9 9 0 , 19 9 4 ), F rance (1 9 9 2 ),
Italy (1 9 9 1 , 1993), the N eth erlan d s (1 9 8 8 ),
and S w ed en (1 9 8 7 ).
For the U n ited States, the break in series
reflects a m ajor red esign o f the labor fo rce
su rvey q u estion naire and c o lle c tio n m eth o d
o lo g y introduced in January 1994 . R e v ise d
pop u lation estim ates based on the 1 9 9 0 c e n
su s, adjusted for the estim ated undercount,
a lso w ere incorporated. In 1996, p rev io u sly
p u b lish ed data for the 1 9 9 0 -9 3 p eriod w ere
r e v is e d to r e fle c t th e 1 9 9 0 c e n s u s -b a s e d
p o p u la tio n c o n tr o ls , a d ju sted fo r th e u n
dercount. T herefore, data for 1 9 9 4 onw ard
are n o t d irectly co m p arab le w ith data for
1993 and earlier years b eca u se o f the red e
sign , and data for 199 0 onw ard are n ot d i
rectly com p arab le w ith data for 1 9 8 9 and
earlier years b eca u se o f the introduction o f
the 1 9 9 0 cen su s-b a sed pop u lation con trols,
adjusted for the undercount. S e e the N o te s
sectio n on E m p loym en t and U n em p lo y m en t
D ata o f this R e v ie w .
For France, the 199 2 break reflects the
substitu tion o f standardized E uropean U n io n
Statistical O ffice ( e u r o st a t ) u n em p loym en t
sta tistics for the u n em p lo y m e n t data e s ti
m ated accord in g to the International L abor
O ffic e ( ilo ) d efin ition and p u b lish ed in the
O rgan ization for E co n o m ic C oop eration and
D e v elo p m en t ( o e c d ) annual yearb o o k and
quarterly update. T h is ch an ge w a s m ade b e
cau se the e u r o st a t data are m ore u p -to-date
than the o e c d figu res. A lso , sin c e 1 9 9 2 , the
e u r o s t a t d efin itio n s are c lo ser to the U .S .
d efin ition s than they w ere in prior years. T he
im pact o f this rev isio n w as to lo w e r the u n
e m p lo y m en t rate b y 0.1 p ercen tage p o in t in
199 2 and 199 3 , by 0 .4 p ercen tage p oin t in
19 9 4 , and 0 .6 p ercen tage p oin t in 1 9 9 5 .
For Italy, the 1991 break r eflects a rev i
sio n in the m eth od o f w eig h tin g sam p le data.
T h e im p act w a s to in crease the u n em p lo y
m en t rate b y ap p roxim ately 0 .3 p ercen tage
poin t, from 6 .6 to 6 .9 p ercent in 1 9 9 1 .
In O ctob er 1992, the su rvey m eth o d o l
o g y w a s r ev ised and the d efin itio n o f u n em
p lo y m en t w a s ch an ged to in clu d e o n ly th ose
w h o w ere a c tiv e ly lo o k in g for a jo b w ith in
the 3 0 days p reced in g the su rvey and w h o
w e r e a v a ila b le fo r w ork . In ad d itio n , the
lo w e r a g e lim it for the labor fo rce w as raised
from 14 to 15 years. (Prior to th ese ch an ges,
b l s ad ju sted I ta ly ’s p u b lish e d u n e m p lo y
m en t rate d o w n w ard b y ex clu d in g from the
u n e m p lo y e d th o s e p e r so n s w h o h ad n ot
a c tiv e ly so u g h t w o rk in the past 3 0 d ays.)
T h e break in the series also reflects the in
corp oration o f the 1991 p op u lation cen su s
results. T h e im pact o f th ese ch a n g es w as to
raise Ita ly ’s adjusted u n em p lo y m en t rate by
ap p ro x im a tely 1.2 p ercen tage poin ts, from
8 .3 to 9 .5 p ercen t in fourth-q uarter 19 9 2 .
T h e se c h a n g es d id n ot a ffec t e m p lo y m en t
sig n ifica n tly , e x c e p t in 199 3 . E stim ates by
the Italian S tatistical O ffic e ind icate that em
p lo y m e n t d e c lin e d b y ab ou t 3 p ercen t in
1 9 9 3 , rather than the nearly 4 p ercent in d i
ca ted b y the data sh o w n in table 4 4 . T h is d if
feren ce is attributable m ain ly to the in corp o
ration o f the 1991 p op u lation benchm arks in
the 1993 data. D ata for earlier years have not
b een adjusted to incorporate the 1991 c en
su s results.
For the N eth erlan d s, a n e w su rvey q u es
tio n n a ire w a s in tro d u ced in 1 9 9 2 that a l
lo w e d for a c lo ser a p p lication o f ilo g u id e
lin es. e u r o s t a t has rev ised the D u tch series
back to 1988 b a sed on the 1992 ch an ges. T he
19 8 8 r ev ised u n em p lo y m en t rate is 7 .6 per
cent; the p rev io u s estim ate for the sam e year
w a s 9 .3 percent.
T here h a v e b een tw o breaks in series in
the S w ed ish labor fo rce su rvey, in 19 8 7 and
1 9 9 3 . A d ju stm en ts h a ve b een m ad e for the
19 9 3 break b a ck to 198 7 . In 1 9 8 7 , a n e w
q u estion n aire w a s introduced. Q u estion s re
garding current a v a ila b ility w ere added and
th e p erio d o f a c tiv e w o r k s e e k in g w a s re
d u c e d fr o m 6 0 d a y s to 4 w e e k s . T h e s e
ch a n g es lo w ered S w e d e n ’s 1987 u n em p lo y
m en t rate b y 0 .4 p ercen tage p oin t, from 2.3
to 1.9 percent. In 1 9 9 3 , the m easurem ent p e
riod for the labor fo rce su rvey w a s ch an ged
to rep resent a ll 5 2 w e ek s o f the year rather
than o n e w e e k ea ch m onth and a n e w adjust
m en t for p o p u lation totals w a s introduced.
T h e im p act w a s to raise the u n em p loym en t
rate b y a p p roxim ately 0 .5 p ercen tage point,
from 7 .6 to 8.1 percent. S ta tistics S w ed en
r ev ised its labor fo rce su rvey data for 1 9 8 7 9 2 to take into acco u n t the break in 1993.
T h e adju stm ent raised the S w ed ish u n em
p lo y m e n t rate b y 0 .2 p e r ce n ta g e p o in t in
1 9 8 7 and gradually rose to 0.5 percentage
p o in t in 1992.
B e g in n in g w ith 1 98 7 , b l s has adjusted
the S w ed ish data to c la s sify stu dents w h o
a lso so u g h t w ork as u n em p lo y ed . T h e im
p act o f this ch a n g e w a s to in crease the ad
ju sted u n em p lo y m en t rate b y 0.1 percentage
p o in t in 19 8 7 and b y 1.8 p ercen tage poin ts
in 1 9 9 4 , w h en u n em p lo y m en t w a s higher.
B y 1 9 9 4 , the adju sted u n em p lo y m e n t rate
had risen from 7 .8 to 9 .6 percent du e to the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
adjustm ent to in clu d e students.
T h e n e t e f f e c t o f th e 1 9 8 7 an d 1 9 9 3
ch a n g es and the b l s adjustm ent for students
seek in g w ork lo w ered S w e d e n ’s 1987 un
em p lo y m en t rate from 2.3 to 2 .2 percent.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION On this se
ries, con tact the D iv isio n o f F oreign Labor
Statistics: (2 0 2 ) 6 0 6 - 5 6 5 4 .
Manufacturing productivity
and labor costs
Description of the series
T ab le 45 p resen ts com p arative in d ex e s o f
m anufacturing labor produ ctivity (output per
hour), output, total hours, co m p en sation per
hou r, and u n it lab or c o s ts for the U n ite d
S tates, C anada, Japan, and n in e E uropean
countries. T h ese m easures are trend com pari
son s— that is, series that m easure ch a n g es
o v er tim e— rather than le v e l com p arison s.
T here are greater tech n ical p roblem s in co m
paring the le v e ls o f m an u factu rin g output
am on g countries.
b l s constructs the com p arative in d exes
from three b asic aggregate m easures— o u t
put, total labor hours, and total c o m p en sa
tion. T h e hours and c o m p en sation m easures
refer to all e m p lo y ed p erson s (w a g e and sal
ary earners p lu s se lf-em p lo y e d p erson s and
unpaid fa m ily w orkers) in the U n ited States,
Canada, Japan, F rance, G erm any, N orw ay,
and S w ed en , and to all e m p lo y ee s (w a g e and
salary earners) in the other countries.
Definitions
Output, in general, refers to v a lu e added in
m anufacturing from the national accou nts o f
ea ch country. H ow ev er, the output series
for Japan prior to 19 7 0 is an in d ex o f in d u s
trial produ ction, and the n ational accou nts
m easures for the U n ited K in gd om are e sse n
tia lly id en tical to their in d ex es o f industrial
production. W h ile m eth ods o f deriving na
tional accounts m easures differ from country
to country, b l s has review ed these m ethods
and determ ined that the series are su fficien tly
com parable for m easuring com parative trends
in p rodu ctivity and unit labor co sts.
T he 1 9 7 7 -9 4 output data for the U nited
States are the gross product originating (value
added) m easures prepared by the Bureau o f
E con om ic A n alysis o f the U .S . Departm ent
o f C om m erce. C om parable m anufacturing
output data currently are not availab le prior
to 1977. T h e 1 9 9 4 -9 5 p ercent ch a n ges in
m anufacturing output are based on the trend
sh ow n by the industrial production index pub
lish ed b y the U .S . Federal R eserve Board for
the m anufacturing sector.
U .S . g ross product origin atin g is a chaintyp e an n u al-w eigh ted series. (F or m ore in
form ation on the U .S . m easure, se e R obert
E. Y uskavage, “Im p roved E stim ates o f G ross
P rod uct b y Industry, 1 9 5 9 - 9 4 ,” S u rv e y o f
C u rren t B u sin ess, A u gu st 1996, pp. 1 3 3 -5 5 .)
T h e Jap an ese v a lu e ad d ed se r ie s is b a sed
up on o n e set o f fix ed p rice w eig h ts for the
years 19 7 0 through 19 9 6 . O utput series for
th e oth er fo r e ig n e c o n o m ie s a lso e m p lo y
fix e d price w eig h ts, but the w e ig h ts are up
dated p erio d ica lly (for ex a m p le, ev ery 5 or
10 years).
T o preserve the com p arab ility o f the U .S .
m easures w ith th ose for other e co n o m ies, b ls
u ses g ross product origin atin g in m an u fac
turing for the U n ited States for th ese c o m
parative m easu res. T he g ross produ ct o rig i
nating series d iffers from the m anufacturing
output series that b l s p u b lish es in its n e w s
relea ses on quarterly m easu res o f U .S . pro
d u ctivity and c o sts (and that u n d erlies the
m easu res that appear in tab les 3 9 and 41 in
this section ). T h e quarterly m easu res are o n
a “sectoral output” b asis, rather than a v alu eadded b asis. S ectoral output is g ross output
le s s intrasector transactions.
Total labor hours refers to hours w orked
in all countries. T h e m easures are d ev elo p ed
from statistics o f m anufacturing em p lo y m en t
and average hours. T he series u sed for France
(from 197 0 forw ard), N o rw a y , and S w ed en
are o fficia l series p u b lish ed w ith the national
accou n ts. W here o fficia l total hours series
are n ot availab le, the m easures are d ev elo p ed
b y b l s u sin g em p lo y m en t figu res p u b lish ed
w ith the national accou n ts, or other c o m p re
h e n siv e em p lo y m en t series, and estim a tes o f
annual hours w orked. For G erm any, b l s u ses
estim ates o f average hours w orked d ev elo p ed
b y a research institute co n n ected to the M in
istry o f L abor for u se w ith the n ational a c
cou n ts em p lo y m en t figu res. F or the other
cou n tries, b l s constructs its o w n estim a tes
o f average hours.
D enm ark has n ot p u b lish ed estim a tes o f
average hours for 1 9 9 4 -9 6 ; therefore, the b l s
m easure o f labor input for D enm ark en d s in
1993.
Total compensation (labor cost) includes
all paym ents in cash or in-kind m ade directly
to em p loyees plus em p loyer expenditures for
legally required insurance program s and c o n
tractual and private benefit plans. T he m ea
sures are from the national accounts o f each
country, excep t those for B elgiu m , w h ich are
d evelop ed by b l s u sin g statistics on em p lo y
m ent, average hours, and hourly com p en sa
tion. For France and S w ed en , com pensation
is increased to account for other significan t
ta x es o n p ayroll or em p lo y m en t. F or the
U n ited K in gd om , com p en sation is red uced
betw een 1967 and 1991 to account for em p lo y
m ent-related su bsid ies. S elf-em p lo y ed w ork
ers are included in the all-em ployed-persons
m easures b y assum ing that their hourly c o m
pensation is equal to the average for w a g e and
salary e m p lo y ee s.
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
75
Current Labor Statistics
Notes on the data
In general, the m easures relate to total m anu
facturing as d efin ed b y the International Stan
dard Industrial C la ssifica tio n . H o w ev er, the
m easu res for F rance (for all years) and Italy
(b eg in n in g 1 9 7 0 ) refer to m in in g and m anu
factu rin g le s s en ergy-related products, and
the m ea su res for D enm ark in clu d e m in in g
and e x clu d e m anu factu ring handicrafts from
1 9 6 0 to 1 9 6 6 .
T h e m ea su res fo r recen t years m a y b e
b a sed o n current indicators o f m anufactur
in g output (su ch as industrial p rodu ction in
d e x e s ) , e m p lo y m e n t, a v e ra g e h o u rs, and
hou rly co m p en sa tio n until n ational accou n ts
and other sta tistics u sed for the lon g-term
m ea su res b e c o m e a v ailab le.
F o r a d d it io n a l info r m a t io n on this se
ries, co n ta ct the D iv isio n o f F oreign Labor
Statistics: (2 0 2 ) 6 0 6 - 5 6 5 4 .
Occupational Injury
and Illness Data
(T ab le 4 6 - 4 7 )
Survey of Occupational
Injuries and Illnesses
Notes on the data
Description of the series
T he Survey o f O ccupational Injuries and Ill
n esses collects data from em ployers about their
w orkers’ job-related nonfatal injuries and ill
nesses. T he inform ation that em ployers pro
v id e is based on records that they m aintain un
der the O ccupational Safety and H ealth A ct o f
1970. Self-em p lo y ed individuals, farms with
few er than 11 em p lo y ees, em ployers regulated
by other Federal safety and health law s, and
Federal, State, and local governm ent agencies
are exclu d ed from the survey.
T h e su rv ey is a F ed eral-S tate c o o p era
tiv e program w ith an in d ep en d en t sam p le
s e le c t e d fo r e a c h p a r tic ip a tin g S ta te . A
stratified random sa m p le w ith a N e y m a n a l
lo ca tio n is se le c te d to rep resen t all private
in d u stries in the State. T h e su rv ey is strati
fie d b y Standard In du strial C la ss ific a tio n
and s iz e o f e m p lo y m en t.
Definitions
U n d er the O ccu p ation al S a fety and H ealth
A ct, em p lo y ers m aintain records o f non fatal
w ork -related injuries and illn e ss e s that in
v o lv e o n e or m ore o f the fo llo w in g : lo ss o f
co n sc io u sn ess, restriction o f w ork or m otion,
transfer to another jo b , or m ed ica l treatm ent
other than first aid.
76
Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Occupational injury is any injury such as
a cut, fracture, sprain, or amputation that re
sults from a work-related even t or a single, in
stantaneous exposure in the work environm ent.
Occupational illness is an abnorm al c o n
d ition or disorder, other than on e resultin g
from an occu pational injury, cau sed b y e x p o
sure to factors associated w ith em ploym en t.
It in clu d es acute and chronic illn esses or d is
ea se w h ich m ay b e cau sed b y inhalation, ab
sorption, in gestion , or direct contact.
Lost workday injuries and illnesses are
c a se s that in v o lv e days a w ay from w ork, or
days o f restricted w ork a ctivity, or both.
Lost workdays in clu d e the num ber o f
w orkdays (co n secu tive or not) on w h ich the
em p lo y ee w as either a w ay from w ork or at
w ork in so m e restricted capacity, or both, b e
cau se o f an occu pational injury or illn ess, b ls
m easures o f the num ber and in cid en ce rate o f
lost w orkdays w ere d iscontin ued b eginn in g
w ith the 1993 survey. T he num ber o f days
aw ay from w ork or days o f restricted work
activity d oes n ot inclu de the d ay o f injury or
on set o f illn ess or any days on w h ich the em
p lo y e e w ou ld not have w orked, su ch as a F ed
eral holiday, ev en though able to work.
Incidence rates are c o m p u te d as th e
n u m ber o f injuries and /or illn e ss e s or lo st
w ork days per 100 fu ll-tim e w orkers.
T h e d efin itio n s o f occu p ation al injuries and
illn e sses are from R e c o r d k e e p in g G u id e lin es
f o r O c cu p a tio n a l In ju ries a n d Illn e sse s (U .S .
D epartm en t o f Labor, Bureau o f L abor S ta
tistics, S ep tem b er 1 986).
Estim ates are m ade for industries and em
ploym ent size classes for total recordable cases,
lo st w orkd ay ca se s, days a w ay from w ork
cases, and nonfatal cases w ithout lost work
days. T h ese data also are sh ow n separately for
injuries. Illness data are available for seven cat
egories: occupational skin d iseases or disor
ders, dust diseases o f the lungs, respiratory con
ditions due to toxic agents, poison ing (system ic
effects o f toxic agents), disorders due to ph ysi
cal agents (other than toxic m aterials), disor
ders associated w ith repeated trauma, and all
other occupational illnesses.
T he survey continues to m easure the num
ber o f n e w work-related illn ess cases w h ich
are recogn ized , diagn osed , and reported dur
in g the year. S o m e conditions, for exam ple,
long-term latent illn esses caused b y exposu re
to carcin ogen s, often are d ifficu lt to relate to
the w orkp lace and are not adequately recog
n ized and reported. T h ese long-term latent ill
n esses are b elieved to be understated in the
su rvey’s illn ess m easure. In contrast, the over
w h elm in g m ajority o f the reported n e w ill
n esses are those w h ich are easier to directly
relate to w orkp lace activity (for exam p le, c o n
tact derm atitis and carpal tunnel syndrom e).
November 1998
M o st o f the estim ates are in the form o f
in cid en ce rates, d efin ed as the num ber o f in
juries and illn esses per 100 equivalen t fu ll
tim e workers. For this purpose, 2 0 0 ,0 0 0 em
p lo y e e hours represent 100 em p lo y ee years
(2 ,0 0 0 hours per em p lo y ee). Full detail o n the
availab le m easures is presented in the annual
bulletin, O c cu p a tio n a l In ju ries a n d Illn esses:
C oun ts, R a tes, a n d C h a ra cteristics.
C om parable data for m ore than 4 0 States
and territories are availab le from the b l s O f
fic e o f S a fety, H ealth and W ork in g C o n d i
tion s. M an y o f th ese States p u b lish data on
State and lo ca l govern m en t e m p lo y e e s in ad
d ition to private in d u stiy data.
M in in g and railroad data are furnish ed to
b l s b y the M in e S a fety and H ealth A d m in is
tration and the F ederal R ailroad A d m in istra
tion. D ata from th ese organ ization s are in
c lu d ed in b oth the n ation al and State data
p u b lish ed ann ually.
W ith the 199 2 su rvey, b l s b egan p u b lish
in g d etails on seriou s, n on fatal in cid en ts re
su ltin g in d ays aw ay from w ork. In clu d ed are
so m e m ajor characteristics o f the injured and
ill w orkers, su ch as occu p ation , ag e, gender,
race, and len gth o f serv ice, as w e ll as the cir
cu m stan ces o f their injuries and illn e sses (na
ture o f the d isa b lin g co n d itio n , part o f b o d y
affected , e v en t and exp osu re, and the sou rce
d irectly p rodu cin g the con d ition ). In general,
th ese data are availab le n atio n w id e for d e
tailed industries and for in d ivid u al States at
m ore aggregated industry le v e ls.
F o r a d d it io n a l in f o r m a t io n o n o c c u
p ation al injuries and illn e ss e s , co n ta ct the
O ffic e o f O ccu p ation al S a fety , H ealth and
W ork in g C on d ition s at (2 0 2 ) 6 0 6 - 6 1 8 0 , or
a c ce ss the Internet at:
h ttp ://w w w .b ls.g o v /o sh h o m e .h tm
Census of Fatal
Occupational Injuries
T h e C en su s o f Fatal O ccu p ation al Injuries
c o m p ile s a co m p lete roster o f fatal jo b -re
lated injuries, in clu d in g d etailed data about
th e fa ta lly in ju red w o r k e rs an d th e fa ta l
e v e n t s . T h e p r o g ra m c o ll e c t s a n d c r o s s
c h e c k s fa ta lity in fo rm a tio n from m u ltip le
so u rces, in clu d in g death certifica tes, State
and Federal w ork ers’ com p en sa tio n reports,
O ccu p ation al S a fety and H ealth A d m in istra
tion and M in e S a fety and H ealth A d m in is
tration record s, m e d ica l ex a m in er and au
to p sy reports, m ed ia accou n ts, State m otor
v e h ic le fatality record s, and fo llo w -u p q u es
tionnaires to em p loyers.
In a d d itio n to p riv a te w a g e and salary
w o rk ers, th e s e lf-e m p lo y e d , fa m ily m e m
b ers, and F ed era l, S ta te, an d lo c a l g o v e r n
m en t w o rk ers are c o v e r e d b y th e program .
In stitu tio n a lize d p erso n s, su ch as p riso n in
m a tes, are e x c lu d e d . T o b e in c lu d e d in the
fa t a lit y c e n s u s , th e d e c e d e n t m u s t h a v e
b e e n e m p lo y e d (th a t is w o r k in g fo r p ay,
c o m p e n sa tio n , or p ro fit) at th e tim e o f the
e v e n t, e n g a g e d in a le g a l w o rk a c tiv ity , or
p r e se n t at th e site o f th e in c id e n t as a re
q u irem en t o f h is or h er jo b .
Definition
A fatal work injury is any in ten tion al or un
in ten tion al w o u n d or d am age to the b o d y re
su ltin g in death from acute exp osu re to e n
erg y , su ch as h eat or electricity or k in etic e n
erg y fro m a crash , or from the a b sen ce o f
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
su ch essen tials as heat or o x y g en caused by a
sp ecific even t or incident or series o f even ts
w ithin a sin gle w orkday or shift. Fatalities that
occur during a p erson ’s com m u te to or from
w ork are e xclu d ed from the cen sus, as w e ll as
w ork-related illn esses, w h ich can be difficu lt
to identify du e to lon g laten cy periods.
Notes on the data
T w e n ty -e ig h t data e le m en ts are c o lle c te d ,
co d ed , and tabulated in the fatality program ,
in clu d in g in form ation abou t the fatally in
jured w orker, the fatal in cid en t, and the m a-
ch in ery or eq u ip m en t in v o lv e d . S u m m ary
w orker d em ograp h ic data and e v en t charac
teristics are in clu d ed in a nation al n e w s re
lea se that is availab le about 8 m on th s after
the end o f the referen ce year. T h e C en su s o f
Fatal O ccu p ation al Injuries w as initiated in
1 9 9 2 as a jo in t F ed eral-S tate effo rt. M o st
States issu e sum m ary inform ation at the tim e
o f the n ational n e w s release.
F o r a d d it io n a l info r m at io n on the Cen
sus o f Fatal O ccupational Injuries contact the
b l s O ffice o f Safety, Health, and W orking C on
ditions at (202) 6 0 6 -6 1 7 5 , or the Internet a t
h ttp ://w w w .b ls.g o v /o sh h o m e.h tm
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
77
Current Labor Statistics:
Comparative Indicators
1. Labor market indicators
Selected indicators
1996
1997
1997
1996
IV
1
1998
II
III
IV
II
1
III
E m p lo y m e n t data
E m p l o y m e n t s t a t u s o f t h e c iv ilia n n o n i n s t l t u t i o n a l i z e d
p o p u la tio n (h o u s e h o ld s u rv e y ):1
L a b o r f o r c e p a r t i c i p a t i o n r a t e ..................................................................................
6 6 .8
6 7 .1
6 7 .0
6 7 .1
6 7 .1
6 7 .1
6 7 .1
6 7 .3
6 7 .0
6 7 .0
E m p l o y m e n t - p o p u l a t i o n r a t i o ...................................................................................
6 3 .2
6 3 .8
6 3 .4
6 3 .6
6 3 .8
6 3 .8
6 4 .0
6 4 .1
6 4 .1
6 3 .9
U n e m p l o y m e n t r a t e .........................................................................................................
5 .4
4 .9
5 .3
5 .3
4 .9
4 .9
4 .7
4 .7
4 .4
4 .6
M e n ...........................................................................................................................................
5 .4
4 .9
5 .2
5 .2
4 .8
4 .8
4 .7
4 .5
4 .2
4 .5
1 6 t o 2 4 y e a r s ...............................................................................................................
1 2 .6
1 1 .8
1 2 .3
1 2 .3
1 1 .5
1 1 .8
1 1 .6
1 1 .4
1 0 .5
1 1 .6
2 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r ......................................................................................................
4 .1
3 .6
3 .9
3 .9
3 .6
3 .5
3 .4
3 .3
3 .1
3 .2
W o m e n ..................................................................................................................................
5 .4
5 .0
5 .5
5 .4
5 .1
5 .0
4 .7
4 .9
4 .6
4 .6
1 1 .3
1 0 .7
1 1 .4
1 1 .5
1 0 .9
1 0 .5
1 0 .1
1 0 .1
9 .5
9 .9
4 .3
3 .9
4 .3
4 .2
3 .9
3 .9
3 .6
3 .8
3 .6
3 .5
E m p l o y m e n t , n o n f a r m ( p a y r o ll d a t a ) , in t h o u s a n d s : 1
T o t a l ..............................................................................................................................................
1 1 9 ,6 0 8
1 2 2 ,6 9 0
1 2 0 ,6 5 5
1 2 1 ,4 6 1
1 2 2 ,3 1 7
1 2 2 ,9 9 5
1 2 3 ,9 3 4
1 2 4 ,7 9 5
1 2 5 ,5 1 6
1 2 6 ,1 3 6
P r i v a t e s e c t o r ....................................................................................................................
1 0 0 ,1 8 9
1 0 3 ,1 2 0
1 0 1 ,2 2 3
1 0 2 ,0 0 1
1 0 2 ,7 9 7
1 0 3 ,3 9 2
1 0 4 ,2 7 1
1 0 5 ,0 8 4
1 0 5 ,7 1 4
1 0 6 ,2 3 9
G o o d s - p r o d u c i n g ........................................................................................................
2 4 ,4 9 3
2 4 ,9 3 4
2 4 ,6 4 8
2 4 ,7 8 7
2 4 ,8 8 1
2 4 ,9 6 3
2 5 ,1 0 8
2 5 ,2 9 6
2 5 ,3 1 5
2 5 ,2 0 6
1 8 ,4 9 5
1 8 ,6 5 7
1 8 ,5 2 6
1 8 ,5 7 9
1 8 ,6 2 5
1 8 ,6 7 2
1 8 ,7 5 6
1 8 ,8 2 5
1 8 ,8 0 4
1 8 ,6 5 7
9 5 ,1 1 5
9 7 ,7 5 6
9 6 ,0 0 8
9 6 ,6 7 4
9 7 ,4 3 6
9 8 ,0 3 2
9 8 ,8 2 6
9 9 ,5 0 0
1 0 0 ,2 0 1
1 0 0 ,9 3 3
S e r v i c e - p r o d u c i n g ......................................................................................................
A v e ra g e h o u rs:
P r i v a t e s e c t o r ....................................................................................................................
3 4 .4
3 4 .6
3 4 .5
3 4 .6
3 4 .6
3 4 .6
3 4 .7
3 4 .7
3 4 .6
3 4 .5
M a n u f a c t u r i n g ................................................................................................................
4 1 .6
4 2 .0
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 2 .0
4 1 .9
4 2 .1
4 2 .0
4 1 .7
4 1 .7
O v e r t i m e ........................................................................................................................
4 .5
4 .8
4 .5
4 .8
4 .8
4 .8
4 .9
4 .8
4 .6
4 .6
E m p lo ym en t C o st Index2
P e r c e n t c h a n g e in t h e E C I , c o m p e n s a t i o n :
A ll w o r k e r s ( e x c l u d i n g f a r m , h o u s e h o l d a n d F e d e r a l w o r k e r s ) ......
2 .9
3 .3
.5
.8
.6
1 .0
.8
.8
.8
1 .2
P r i v a t e i n d u s t r y w o r k e r s ...........................................................................................
3 .1
3 .4
.6
.8
.8
.8
.9
.9
.9
1.1
G o o d s - p r o d u c i n g 3 ...................................................................................................
2 .8
2 .4
.6
.4
1 .0
.7
.4
.7
.8
.7
S e r v i c e - p r o d u c i n g 3 ................................................................................................
3 .2
3 .9
.5
1.1
.7
1 .0
1.1
1 .0
.8
1 .3
S t a t e a n d l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o r k e r s ..............................................................
2 .6
2 .3
.6
.4
.1
1 .3
.5
.6
.3
1 .5
W o r k e r s b y b a r g a i n i n g s t a t u s ( p r iv a t e i n d u s tr y ) :
U n i o n ............................................................................................................................................
2 .4
2 .1
.5
.2
.6
1.1
.2
.4
1 .0
1 .1
N o n u n i o n ...................................................................................................................................
3 .1
3 .8
.5
1.1
.8
.8
1 .0
1 .0
.8
1 .1
1 Q u a rte rly d a ta s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d .
2 A n n u a l c h a n g e s a r e D e c e m b e r - to - D e c e m b e r c h a n g e s . Q u a rte rly c h a n g e s a r e c a lc u la te d u s in g th e la s t m o n th o f e a c h q u a r te r .
3 G o o d s - p r o d u c i n g i n d u s t r i e s i n c l u d e m i n in g , c o n s t r u c t i o n , a n d m a n u f a c t u r i n g . S e r v i c e - p r o d u c i n g i n d u s t r i e s i n c l u d e a ll o t h e r p r i v a t e s e c t o r I n d u s t r i e s .
78 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
November 1998
2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, and productivity
Selected measures
1996
1996
1997
1997
IV
I
II
1998
III
IV
I
II
III
C o m p en satio n d a ta 1’2
E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x — c o m p e n s a tio n (w a g e s ,
s a la r ie s , b e n e fits ):
C iv i l i a n n o n f a r m ..................................................................................................
2 .9
3 .3
0 .5
0 .8
0 .6
1 .0
0 .8
0 .8
0 .8
1 .2
P r i v a t e n o n f a r m .............................................................................................
3 .1
3 .4
.6
.8
.8
.8
.9
.9
.9
1 .1
E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x — w a g e s a n d s a la r ie s :
C iv i l i a n n o n f a r m ................................................................................................
3 .3
3 .8
.6
.9
.7
1 .2
.9
.9
.7
1 .3
P r i v a t e n o n f a r m .............................................................................................
3 .4
3 .9
.6
1 .0
.9
1 .0
1 .0
1.1
.9
1 .3
3 .3
1 .7
.5
.9
.2
.6
.1
.6
.5
.4
P ric e d a ta 1
C o n s u m e r P r i c e I n d e x (A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s ) : All I t e m s ......
P ro d u c e r P ric e In d e x :
F i n i s h e d g o o d s ......................................................................................................
2 .8
- 1 .2
.7
- .5
- .4
.2
- .5
- .8
.5
F i n i s h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s ........................................................................
3 .6
- 1 .4
.6
- .6
- .2
.4
- .8
- 1 .0
.8
.0
C a p i t a l e q u i p m e n t ..........................................................................................
.4
- .6
1 .0
.1
- .5
- .7
.5
.0
- .5
- .5
- .1
I n t e r m e d i a t e m a t e r i a l s , s u p p l i e s , a n d c o m p o n e n t s ..................
.7
- .8
- .6
- .3
.1
.2
- .8
- 1 .4
.2
.1
C r u d e m a t e r i a l s ......................................................................................................
1 4 .7
-1 1 .3
7 .7
-1 1 .5
- .4
1 .3
- .6
- 8 .8
- 1 .8
- 4 .8
4 .1
.1
2 .4
2 .6
3 .1
P ro d u c tiv ity d a ta 3
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s :
B u s i n e s s s e c t o r ......................................................................................................
2 .7
1 .7
1 .5
1 .0
2 .0
3 .7
.9
N o n f a r m b u s i n e s s s e c t o r ................................................................................
2 .4
1 4
1 .2
5
“L ß
3 fi
J9
N o n f i n a n c l a l c o r o o r a t i o n s 4 ...........................................................................
2 .8
2 .6
2 .1
1 .5
2 .5
5 .6
1 A n n u a l c h a n g e s a r e D e c e m b e r-to -D e c e m b e r c h a n g e s .
a r e c a lc u la te d u s in g t h e la s t m o n th o f e a c h q u a r te r .
Q u a rte rly c h a n g e s
1 .0
t e r l y p e r c e n t c h a n g e s r e f l e c t a n n u a l r a t e s o f c h a n g e in q u a r t e r l y i n d e x e s . T h e d a t a
C o m p e n s a tio n a n d p ric e
a r e s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d .
d a ta a r e n o t s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d , a n d th e p ric e d a ta a r e n o t c o m p o u n d e d .
4 O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll e m p l o y e e s .
2 E x c lu d e s F e d e r a l a n d p riv a te h o u s e h o ld w o rk e rs .
NOTE: Dash indicates data not available.
3 A n n u a l ra te s of c h a n g e a r e c o m p u te d b y c o m p a rin g a n n u a l a v e r a g e s . Q u a r
3.
Alternative measures of wage and compensation changes
Quarterly average
Components
1997
II
III
Four quarters ending—
1998-
IV
I
II
1997
III
II
III
1998
IV
I
II
III
A v e r a g e h o u rly c o m p e n s a tio n :1
All p e r s o n s , b u s i n e s s s e c t o r ....................................................................................
2 .6
4 .1
5 .3
4 .9
4 .1
3 .8
3 .5
3 .5
4 .0
4 .2
4 .6
4 .5
All p e r s o n s , n o n f a r m b u s i n e s s s e c t o r ..............................................................
2 .6
3 .9
4 .9
4 .6
4 .0
4 .0
3 .4
3 .5
3 .9
4 .0
4 .4
4 .4
C iv i l i a n n o n f a r m 2 ................................................................................................................
P r i v a t e n o n f a r m ...............................................................................................................
E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x — c o m p e n s a tio n :
.6
1 .0
.8
.8
.8
1 .2
2 .8
3 .0
3 .3
3 .3
3 .5
3 .7
.8
.8
.9
.9
.9
1 .1
2 .9
3 .2
3 .4
3 .5
3 .5
3 .8
U n i o n ....................................................................................................................................
.6
1.1
.2
.4
1 .0
1.1
1 .6
2 .4
2 .1
2 .3
2 .7
2 .7
N o n u n i o n ...........................................................................................................................
.8
.8
1 .0
1 .0
.8
1.1
3 .2
3 .2
3 .8
3 .7
3 .8
4 .0
S t a t e a n d l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s ...............................................................................
1
1 .3
.5
.6
.3
1 .5
2 .4
2 .4
2 .3
2 .5
2 .7
3 .0
E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x — w a g e s a n d s a la r ie s :
C iv i l i a n n o n f a r m 2 ................................................................................................................
.7
1 .2
.9
.9
.7
1 .3
3 .2
3 .5
3 .8
3 .7
3 .8
4 .0
P r i v a t e n o n f a r m ...............................................................................................................
.9
1 .0
1 .0
1.1
.9
1 .3
3 .3
3 .6
3 .9
4 .0
4 .0
4 .3
U n i o n ....................................................................................................................................
.7
1.1
.5
.5
.8
1 .3
2 .2
2 .8
2 .8
2 .9
3 .0
3 .2
N o n u n i o n ..........................................................................................................................
.9
1 .0
1.1
1.1
.9
1 .3
3 .5
3 .7
4 .2
4 .2
4 .1
4 .4
S t a t e a n d l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s ................................................................................
.1
1 .6
.6
.5
.2
1 .6
2 .7
2 .7
2 .7
2 .8
3 .0
3 .0
1 S e a s o n a l l y a d j u s t e d . " Q u a r t e r l y a v e r a g e " is p e r c e n t c h a n g e fr o m a q u a r t e r a g o , a t a n a n n u a l r a t e .
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Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
79
Current Labor Statistics:
4.
Labor Force Data
Employment status of the population, by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Employment status
1998
1997
Annual average
1996
1997
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
p o p u l a t i o n 1....................................
2 0 0 ,5 9 1
2 0 3 ,1 3 3
2 0 3 ,5 7 0
2 0 3 ,7 6 7
2 0 3 ,9 4 1
2 0 4 ,0 9 8
2 0 4 ,2 3 8
2 0 4 ,4 0 0
2 0 4 ,5 4 7
2 0 4 ,7 3 1
2 0 4 ,8 9 9
2 0 5 ,0 8 5
2 0 5 ,2 7 0
2 0 5 ,4 9 7
2 0 5 ,6 9 9
C iv ilia n l a b o r f o r c e ..................
1 3 3 ,9 4 3
1 3 6 ,2 9 7
1 3 6 ,4 3 9
1 3 6 ,4 0 6
1 3 6 ,8 6 4
1 3 7 ,1 6 9
1 3 7 ,4 9 3
1 3 7 ,5 5 7
1 3 7 ,5 2 3
1 3 7 ,2 4 2
1 3 7 ,3 6 4
1 3 7 ,4 4 7
1 3 7 ,2 9 6
1 3 7 ,4 1 5
1 3 8 ,0 7 5
P a r t i c i p a t i o n r a t e ............
6 6 .8
6 7 .1
6 7 .0
6 6 .9
6 7 .1
6 7 .2
6 7 .3
6 7 .3
6 7 .2
6 7 .0
6 7 .0
6 7 .0
6 6 .9
6 6 .9
6 7 .1
E m p l o y e d .................................
1 2 6 ,7 0 8
1 2 9 ,5 5 8
1 2 9 ,7 6 1
1 2 9 ,9 1 0
1 3 0 ,5 7 5
1 3 0 ,7 7 7
1 3 1 ,0 8 3
1 3 1 ,1 6 3
1 3 0 ,9 9 4
1 3 1 ,3 8 3
1 3 1 ,4 5 3
1 3 1 ,2 0 9
1 3 1 ,0 6 7
1 3 1 ,1 6 8
1 3 1 ,7 6 5
TOTAL
C iv ilia n n o n i n s t i t u t i o n a l
E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u l a t i o n r a ti o 2..................
6 3 .2
6 3 .8
6 3 .7
6 3 .8
6 4 .0
6 4 .1
6 4 .2
6 4 .2
6 4 .0
6 4 .2
6 4 .2
6 4 .0
6 3 .9
6 3 .8
6 4 .1
U n e m p l o y e d ...........................
7 ,2 3 6
6 ,7 3 9
6 ,6 7 8
6 ,4 9 6
6 ,2 8 9
6 ,3 9 2
6 ,4 0 9
6 ,3 9 3
6 ,5 2 9
5 ,8 5 9
5 ,9 1 0
6 ,2 3 7
6 ,2 3 0
6 ,2 4 7
6 ,3 1 0
U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te ....
5 .4
4 .9
4 .9
4 .8
4 .6
4 .7
4 .7
4 .6
4 .7
4 .3
4 .3
4 .5
4 .5
4 .5
4 .6
N o t in t h e l a b o r f o r c e ..........
6 6 ,6 4 7
6 6 ,8 3 7
6 7 ,1 3 1
6 7 ,3 6 1
6 7 ,0 7 7
6 6 ,9 2 9
6 6 ,7 4 5
6 6 ,8 4 4
6 7 ,0 2 4
6 7 ,4 8 9
6 7 ,5 3 5
6 7 ,6 3 9
6 7 ,9 7 3
6 8 ,0 6 4
6 7 ,6 2 4
M en, 2 0 y e a rs an d over
C iv i l i a n n o n i n s t i t u t i o n a l
p o p u l a t i o n 1....................................
8 8 ,6 0 6
8 9 ,8 7 9
9 0 ,0 6 8
9 0 ,1 4 0
9 0 ,2 5 1
9 0 ,3 3 9
9 0 ,3 9 1
9 0 ,4 7 6
9 0 ,5 0 2
9 0 ,5 8 0
9 0 ,6 2 2
9 0 ,7 0 0
9 0 ,8 0 2
9 0 ,8 8 9
9 1 ,0 0 3
C iv ilia n l a b o r f o r c e ..................
6 8 ,0 4 4
6 9 ,1 6 6
6 9 ,1 3 6
6 9 ,1 9 3
6 9 ,5 0 0
6 9 ,5 6 1
6 9 ,6 5 2
6 9 ,6 0 1
6 9 ,4 5 1
6 9 ,6 9 7
6 9 ,6 2 4
6 9 ,5 4 5
6 9 ,7 9 0
6 9 ,4 9 0
6 9 ,8 2 9
P a r t i c i p a t i o n r a t e ............
7 6 .8
7 7 .0
7 6 .8
7 6 .8
7 7 .0
7 7 .0
7 7 .1
7 6 .9
7 6 .7
7 6 .9
7 6 .8
7 6 .7
7 6 .9
7 6 .5
7 6 .7
E m p l o y e d .................................
6 4 ,8 9 7
6 6 ,2 8 4
6 6 ,2 9 8
6 6 ,3 3 7
6 6 ,8 2 4
6 6 ,6 7 6
6 7 ,0 0 8
6 6 ,9 9 0
6 6 ,7 5 3
6 7 ,3 0 1
6 7 ,1 9 0
6 6 ,9 5 0
6 7 ,0 4 0
6 6 ,9 0 1
6 7 ,1 8 5
E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u l a t i o n r a ti o 2..................
7 3 .2
7 3 .7
7 3 .6
7 3 .6
7 4 .0
7 3 .8
7 4 .1
7 4 .0
7 3 .8
7 4 .3
7 4 .1
7 3 .8
7 3 .8
7 3 .6
7 3 .8
A g r i c u l t u r e ...........................
2 ,3 5 6
2 ,3 5 6
2 ,3 8 3
2 ,2 9 8
2 ,3 2 3
2 ,3 1 4
2 ,2 8 2
2 ,2 6 4
2 ,1 6 8
2 ,4 2 0
2 ,3 2 4
2 ,3 3 3
2 ,3 9 4
2 ,4 4 3
2 ,4 2 4
N o n a g ric u ltu ra l
6 2 ,5 4 1
6 3 ,9 2 7
6 3 ,9 1 5
6 4 ,0 3 9
6 4 ,5 0 1
6 4 ,3 6 2
6 4 ,7 2 6
6 4 ,7 2 6
6 4 ,5 8 5
6 4 ,8 8 1
6 4 ,8 6 6
6 4 ,6 1 7
6 4 ,6 4 6
6 4 ,4 5 7
6 4 ,7 6 1
U n e m p l o y e d ...........................
3 ,1 4 6
2 ,8 8 2
2 ,8 3 8
2 ,8 5 6
2 ,6 7 6
2 ,8 8 5
2 ,6 4 4
2 ,6 1 1
2 ,6 9 9
2 ,3 9 6
2 ,4 3 4
2 ,5 9 5
2 ,7 5 0
2 ,5 8 9
2 ,6 4 5
U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te ...
4 .6
4 .2
4 .1
4 .1
3 .9
4 .1
3 .8
3 .8
3 .9
3 .4
3 .5
3 .7
3 .9
3 .7
3 .8
p o p u l a t i o n 1....................................
9 7 ,0 5 0
9 7 ,8 8 9
9 8 ,0 8 2
9 8 ,1 4 4
9 8 ,2 1 2
9 8 ,3 0 0
9 8 ,4 2 0
9 8 ,4 7 1
9 8 ,5 3 4
9 8 ,5 8 3
9 8 ,6 6 8
9 8 ,7 3 5
9 8 ,7 7 8
9 8 ,9 0 1
9 8 ,9 9 4
C iv ilia n l a b o r f o r c e ..................
5 8 ,0 9 4
5 9 ,1 9 8
5 9 ,4 3 2
5 9 ,3 3 8
5 9 ,3 4 8
5 9 ,6 2 4
5 9 ,6 5 2
5 9 ,7 2 1
5 9 ,7 7 1
5 9 ,4 8 6
5 9 ,5 7 3
5 9 ,5 9 9
5 9 ,3 5 9
5 9 ,7 1 2
5 9 ,8 0 4
W om en, 20 ye a rs and over
C iv ilia n n o n i n s t i t u t i o n a l
P a r t i c i p a t i o n r a t e ............
5 9 .9
6 0 .5
6 0 .6
6 0 .5
6 0 .4
6 0 .7
6 0 .6
6 0 .6
6 0 .7
6 0 .3
6 0 .4
6 0 .4
6 0 .1
6 0 .4
6 0 .4
E m p l o y e d .................................
5 5 ,3 1 1
5 6 ,6 1 3
5 6 ,8 8 3
5 6 ,9 1 9
5 6 ,9 5 3
5 7 ,2 5 5
5 7 ,0 4 0
5 7 ,1 4 6
5 7 ,1 8 6
5 7 ,0 7 5
5 7 ,2 5 3
5 7 ,1 7 2
5 7 ,0 0 0
5 7 ,2 8 6
5 7 ,4 3 5
5 7 .0
5 7 .8
5 8 .0
5 8 .0
5 8 .0
5 8 .2
5 8 .0
5 8 .0
5 8 .0
5 7 .9
5 8 .0
5 7 .9
5 7 .7
5 7 .9
5 8 .0
827
798
826
814
833
845
811
801
717
705
755
747
793
819
773
E m p lo y m e n t-p o p -
A g r i c u l t u r e ...........................
N o n a g ric u ltu ra l
5 4 ,4 8 4
5 5 ,8 1 5
5 6 ,0 5 7
5 6 ,1 0 5
5 6 ,1 2 0
5 6 ,4 1 0
5 6 ,2 2 9
5 6 ,3 4 5
5 6 ,4 7 0
5 6 ,3 7 0
5 6 ,4 9 9
5 6 ,4 2 4
5 6 ,2 0 7
5 6 ,4 6 8
5 6 ,6 6 3
U n e m p l o y e d ...........................
2 ,7 8 3
2 ,5 8 5
2 ,5 4 9
2 ,4 1 9
2 ,3 9 5
2 ,3 6 9
2 ,6 1 2
2 ,5 7 5
2 ,5 8 5
2 ,4 1 1
2 ,3 2 0
2 ,4 2 7
2 ,3 5 9
2 ,4 2 6
2 ,3 6 8
U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te ...
4 .8
4 .4
4 .3
4 .1
4 .0
4 .0
4 .4
4 .3
4 .3
4 .1
3 .9
4 .1
4 .0
4 .1
4 .0
Both s ex es, 16 to 19 yea rs
C iv ilia n n o n i n s t i t u t i o n a l
1 4 ,9 3 4
1 5 ,3 6 5
1 5 ,4 2 0
1 5 ,4 8 3
1 5 ,4 7 8
1 5 ,4 5 9
1 5 ,4 2 7
1 5 ,4 5 3
1 5 ,5 1 1
1 5 ,5 6 9
1 5 ,6 0 9
1 5 ,6 5 1
1 5 ,6 9 0
1 5 ,6 8 9
1 5 ,7 0 2
C iv i l i a n l a b o r f o r c e ..................
7 ,8 0 6
7 ,9 3 2
7 ,8 7 1
7 ,8 7 5
8 ,0 1 6
7 ,9 8 4
8 ,1 8 9
8 ,2 3 5
8 ,3 0 0
8 ,0 5 9
8 ,1 6 6
8 ,3 0 2
8 ,1 4 7
8 ,2 1 3
8 ,4 4 2
P a r t i c i p a t i o n r a t e ............
5 2 .3
5 1 .6
5 1 .0
5 0 .9
5 1 .8
5 1 .6
5 3 .1
5 3 .3
5 3 .5
5 1 .8
5 2 .3
5 3 .0
5 1 .9
5 2 .4
5 3 .8
6 ,7 9 8
6 ,8 4 6
7 ,0 3 5
7 ,0 2 8
7 ,0 5 5
7 ,0 0 7
7 ,0 1 0
7 ,0 8 8
7 ,0 2 7
6 ,9 8 1
7 ,1 4 5
4 5 .5
6 ,5 0 0
6 ,6 6 1
6 ,5 8 0
6 ,6 5 4
u l a t i o n r a ti o 2..................
4 3 .5
4 3 .4
4 2 .7
4 3 .0
4 3 .9
4 4 .3
4 5 .6
4 5 .5
4 5 .5
4 5 .0
4 4 .9
4 5 .3
4 4 .8
4 4 .5
A g r i c u l t u r e ...........................
261
244
213
215
228
226
227
270
247
225
256
262
254
267
322
i n d u s t r i e s ........................
6 ,2 3 9
6 ,4 1 7
6 ,3 6 7
6 ,4 3 9
6 ,5 7 0
6 ,6 2 0
6 ,8 0 9
6 ,7 5 8
6 ,8 0 8
6 ,7 8 2
6 ,7 5 4
6 ,8 2 6
6 ,7 7 3
6 ,7 1 5
6 ,8 2 3
U n e m p l o y e d ..........................
1 ,3 0 6
1 ,2 7 1
1 ,2 9 1
1 ,2 2 1
1 ,2 1 8
1 ,1 3 8
1 ,1 5 4
1 ,2 0 7
1 ,2 4 5
1 ,0 5 2
1 ,1 5 6
1 ,2 1 5
1 ,1 2 0
1 ,2 3 2
1 ,2 9 7
U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te ...
1 6 .7
1 6 .0
1 6 .4
1 5 .5
1 5 .2
1 4 .3
1 4 .1
1 4 .7
1 5 .0
1 3 .1
1 4 .2
1 4 .6
1 3 .8
1 5 .0
1 5 .4
p o p u l a t i o n 1 ....................................
1 6 8 ,3 1 7
1 6 9 ,9 9 3
1 7 0 ,2 9 0
1 7 0 ,4 2 7
1 7 0 ,5 4 5
1 7 0 ,6 4 9
1 7 0 ,8 1 0
1 7 0 ,9 1 7
1 7 1 ,0 1 6
1 7 1 ,1 4 1
1 7 1 ,2 5 7
1 7 1 ,3 8 7
1 7 1 ,5 1 3
1 7 1 ,6 5 5
1 7 1 ,8 0 4
C iv ilia n l a b o r f o r c e ..................
1 1 3 ,1 0 8
1 1 4 ,6 9 3
1 1 4 ,7 5 8
1 1 4 ,7 8 4
1 1 5 ,0 7 3
1 1 5 ,2 6 3
1 1 5 ,2 5 3
1 1 5 ,3 9 2
1 1 5 ,2 9 7
1 1 5 ,0 5 7
1 1 5 ,3 0 9
1 1 5 ,1 3 7
1 1 4 ,9 7 5
1 1 5 ,2 7 5
1 1 5 ,7 7 6
E m p l o y e d .................................
E m p lo y m e n t-p o p -
N o n a g ric u ltu ra l
W hite
C iv ilia n n o n i n s t i t u t i o n a l
P a r t i c i p a t i o n r a t e ............
6 7 .2
6 7 .5
6 7 .4
6 7 .4
6 7 .5
6 7 .5
6 7 .5
6 7 .5
6 7 .4
6 7 .2
6 7 .3
6 7 .2
6 7 .0
6 7 .2
6 7 .4
E m p l o y e d .................................
1 0 7 ,8 0 8
1 0 9 ,8 5 6
1 0 9 ,9 0 4
1 1 0 ,0 6 3
1 1 0 ,6 0 4
1 1 0 ,7 2 9
1 1 0 ,6 8 9
1 1 0 ,8 4 2
1 1 0 ,6 0 5
1 1 0 ,8 5 9
1 1 1 ,0 2 5
1 1 0 ,5 3 5
1 1 0 ,6 3 0
1 1 0 ,7 0 8
1 1 1 ,2 3 3
E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u l a t i o n r a ti o 2..................
6 4 .1
6 4 .6
6 4 .5
6 4 .6
6 4 .9
6 4 .9
6 4 .8
6 4 .9
6 4 .7
6 4 .8
6 4 .8
6 4 .5
6 4 .5
6 4 .5
6 4 .7
U n e m p l o y e d ..........................
5 ,3 0 0
4 ,8 3 6
4 ,8 5 4
4 ,7 2 1
4 ,4 6 9
4 ,5 3 4
4 ,5 5 5
4 ,5 5 0
4 ,6 9 2
4 ,1 9 8
4 ,2 8 4
4 ,6 0 2
4 ,3 4 6
4 ,5 6 7
4 ,5 4 3
U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te ...
4 .7
4 .2
4 .2
4 .1
3 .9
3 .9
4 .0
3 .9
4 .1
3 .6
3 .7
4 .0
3 .8
4 .0
3 .9
p o p u l a t i o n 1....................................
2 3 ,6 0 4
2 4 ,0 0 3
2 4 ,0 8 1
2 4 ,1 1 7
2 4 ,1 4 9
2 4 ,1 8 0
2 4 ,1 9 6
2 4 ,2 2 9
2 4 ,2 5 7
2 4 ,2 8 9
2 4 ,3 1 7
2 4 ,3 4 9
2 4 ,3 8 1
2 4 ,4 1 8
2 4 ,4 5 8
C iv ilia n l a b o r f o r c e ..................
1 5 ,1 3 4
1 5 ,5 2 9
1 5 ,6 9 1
1 5 ,5 5 5
1 5 ,6 3 8
1 5 ,7 0 9
1 5 ,7 8 8
1 5 ,8 8 5
1 5 ,9 7 1
1 5 ,9 0 7
1 5 ,7 5 6
1 6 ,0 1 3
1 6 ,0 5 9
1 5 ,9 0 7
1 5 ,9 8 2
P a r t i c i p a t i o n r a t e ............
6 4 .1
6 4 .7
6 5 .2
6 4 .5
6 4 .8
6 5 .0
6 5 .3
6 5 .6
6 5 .8
6 5 .5
6 4 .8
6 5 .8
6 5 .9
6 5 .1
6 5 .3
E m p l o y e d .................................
1 3 ,5 4 2
1 3 ,9 6 9
1 4 ,1 8 0
1 4 ,0 6 7
1 4 ,1 2 8
1 4 ,1 4 9
1 4 ,3 1 6
1 4 ,3 4 9
1 4 ,4 9 8
1 4 ,4 9 9
1 4 ,3 4 4
1 4 ,7 0 0
1 4 ,5 0 8
1 4 ,4 7 6
1 4 ,5 1 0
Black
C iv ilia n n o n i n s t i t u t i o n a l
E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u l a t i o n r a ti o 2..................
U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te ...
5 7 .4
5 8 .2
2 8 .9
5 8 .3
5 8 .5
5 8 .5
5 9 .2
5 9 .2
5 9 .8
5 9 .7
5 9 .0
6 0 .4
5 9 .5
5 9 .3
5 9 .3
1 ,5 9 2
1 ,5 6 0
1 ,5 1 1
1 ,4 8 8
1 ,5 1 0
1 ,5 6 0
1 ,4 7 2
1 ,5 3 5
1 ,4 7 3
1 ,4 0 8
1 ,4 1 2
1 ,3 1 3
1 ,5 5 1
1 ,4 3 1
1 ,4 7 2
1 0 .5
1 0 .0
9 .6
9 .6
9 .7
9 .9
9 .3
9 .7
9 .2
8 .9
9 .0
8 .2
9 .7
9 .0
9 .2
S e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .
80
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
November 1998
4. Continued—Employment status of the population, by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Employment status
1998
1997
Annual average
1996
1997
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
H ispa nic origin
C iv ilia n n o n i n s t i t u t i o n a l
p o p u l a t i o n 1....................................
1 9 ,2 1 3
2 0 ,3 2 1
2 0 ,4 6 4
2 0 ,5 1 9
2 0 ,5 7 5
2 0 ,6 2 9
2 0 ,7 4 1
2 0 ,7 9 8
2 0 ,8 5 1
2 0 ,9 1 5
2 0 ,9 7 5
2 1 ,0 3 6
2 1 ,0 9 7
2 1 ,1 5 9
2 1 ,2 2 4
C iv i l i a n l a b o r f o r c e ..................
1 2 ,7 7 4
1 3 ,7 9 6
1 3 ,8 6 1
1 3 ,8 9 6
1 3 ,8 8 0
1 3 ,9 7 3
1 3 ,9 5 4
1 4 ,1 4 9
1 4 ,2 9 8
1 4 ,3 6 9
1 4 ,4 5 8
1 4 ,4 2 0
1 4 ,2 4 0
1 4 ,2 7 7
1 4 ,4 8 4
P a r t i c i p a t i o n r a t e ............
6 6 .5
6 7 .9
6 7 .7
6 7 .7
6 7 .5
6 7 .7
6 7 .3
6 8 .0
6 8 .6
6 8 .7
6 8 .9
6 8 .5
6 7 .5
6 7 .5
6 8 .2
E m p l o y e d .................................
1 1 ,6 4 2
1 2 ,7 2 6
1 2 ,8 0 7
1 2 ,8 0 6
1 2 ,9 2 1
1 2 ,9 2 1
1 2 ,9 8 8
1 3 ,1 8 1
1 3 ,3 0 5
1 3 ,4 3 4
1 3 ,4 8 0
1 3 ,3 2 8
1 3 ,2 1 9
1 3 ,2 0 3
1 3 ,4 1 3
E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u l a t i o n r a ti o 2..................
6 0 .6
6 2 .6
6 2 .6
6 2 .4
6 2 .8
6 2 .6
6 2 .6
6 3 .4
6 3 .8
6 4 .2
6 4 .3
6 3 .4
6 2 .7
6 2 .4
6 3 .2
U n e m p l o y e d ...........................
1 ,1 3 2
1 ,0 6 9
1 ,0 5 4
1 ,0 9 0
959
1 ,0 5 2
966
968
993
935
978
1 ,0 9 2
1 ,0 2 2
1 ,0 7 4
1 ,0 7 1
U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te ...
8 .9
7 .7
7 .6
7 .8
6 .9
7 .5
6 .9
6 .8
6 .9
6 .5
6 .8
7 .6
7 .2
7 .5
7 .4
1 T h e p o p u la tio n f ig u re s a r e n o t s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d .
d a t a fo r t h e " o t h e r r a c e s " g r o u p s a r e n o t p r e s e n t e d a n d H i s p a n i c s a r e i n c l u d e d in b o t h t h e
2 C iv i l i a n e m p l o y m e n t a s a p e r c e n t o f t h e c iv ilia n n o n in s ti t u t i o n a l p o p u l a t i o n .
w h ite a n d b la c k p o p u la tio n g r o u p s .
N O T E : D e ta il f o r t h e a b o v e r a c e a n d H is p a n i c - o r i g i n g r o u p s w ill n o t s u m t o t o t a l s b e c a u s e
5.
Selected employment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
Selected categories
Annual average
1997
1998
1996
1997
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
E m p l o y e d , 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r ..
1 3 1 ,7 6 5
C haracteristic
1 2 6 ,7 0 8
1 2 9 ,5 5 8
1 2 9 ,7 6 1
1 2 9 ,9 1 0
1 3 0 ,5 7 5
1 3 0 ,7 7 7
1 3 1 ,0 8 3
1 3 1 ,1 6 3
1 3 0 ,9 9 4
1 3 1 ,3 8 3
1 3 1 ,4 5 3
1 3 1 ,2 0 9
1 3 1 ,0 6 7
1 3 1 ,1 6 8
M e n .......................................................
6 8 ,2 0 7
6 9 ,6 8 5
6 9 ,6 5 6
6 9 ,7 8 5
7 0 ,3 5 2
7 0 ,1 9 5
7 0 ,5 1 8
7 0 ,4 5 9
7 0 ,2 9 7
7 0 ,8 3 1
7 0 ,6 8 5
7 0 ,5 7 0
7 0 ,6 0 5
7 0 ,4 4 1
7 0 ,7 5 1
W o m e n ................................................
5 8 ,5 0 1
5 9 ,8 7 3
6 0 ,1 0 5
6 0 ,1 2 5
6 0 ,2 2 3
6 0 ,5 8 2
6 0 ,5 6 5
6 0 ,7 0 4
6 0 ,6 9 7
6 0 ,5 5 3
6 0 ,7 6 8
6 0 ,6 4 0
6 0 ,4 6 2
6 0 ,7 2 7
6 1 ,0 1 4
M a rrie d m e n , s p o u s e
p r e s e n t .............................................
4 2 ,4 1 7
4 2 ,6 4 2
4 2 ,6 4 8
4 2 ,7 7 1
4 2 ,9 6 7
4 2 ,9 5 2
4 2 ,9 7 7
4 2 ,9 1 5
4 2 ,7 7 9
4 2 ,8 6 5
4 2 ,4 7 1
4 2 ,5 3 9
4 2 ,8 3 7
4 2 ,8 8 3
4 3 ,2 5 5
M a rrie d w o m e n , s p o u s e
p r e s e n t .............................................
3 2 ,4 0 6
3 2 ,7 5 5
3 2 ,8 4 6
3 2 ,9 7 8
3 2 ,8 4 0
3 2 ,9 7 5
3 2 ,7 9 3
3 2 ,8 2 1
3 2 ,8 7 2
3 2 ,9 7 3
3 2 ,8 0 5
3 2 ,8 0 5
3 2 ,6 5 8
3 2 ,5 9 7
3 2 ,8 7 0
W o m e n w h o m a in ta in
f a m i l i e s ............................................
7 ,3 6 3
7 ,7 7 5
7 ,8 7 6
7 ,8 6 5
7 ,7 2 6
7 ,8 2 2
7 ,7 8 4
7 ,8 8 4
7 ,7 7 6
7 ,8 1 3
7 ,8 4 8
7 ,9 2 2
7 ,8 4 6
7 ,9 3 2
8 ,0 0 2
C lass of w orker
A g r ic u lt u r e :
W a g e a n d s a l a r y w o r k e r s .......
1 ,8 6 9
1 ,8 9 0
1 ,8 8 9
1 ,8 1 5
1 ,8 5 5
1 ,8 4 4
1 ,9 4 9
1 ,9 2 8
1 ,8 6 6
1 ,9 8 7
1 ,8 7 1
1 ,8 4 1
2 ,0 1 8
2 ,1 6 5
2 ,2 1 3
S e l f - e m p l o y e d w o r k e r s ...........
1 ,5 1 8
1 ,4 5 7
1 ,4 9 5
1 ,4 7 5
1 ,4 9 3
1 ,4 9 6
1 ,3 4 8
1 ,3 2 4
1 ,2 4 2
1 ,3 2 4
1 ,3 9 5
1 ,4 7 0
1 ,3 8 3
1 ,3 4 5
1 ,2 8 0
U n p a i d f a m i l y w o r k e r s ............
56
51
44
55
49
54
44
41
32
28
51
48
30
28
43
W a g e a n d s a l a r y w o r k e r s .......
1 1 4 ,1 7 1
1 1 6 ,9 8 3
1 1 7 ,3 0 3
1 1 7 ,6 3 5
1 1 8 ,0 8 3
1 1 8 ,4 0 3
1 1 8 ,5 2 9
1 1 8 ,9 6 1
1 1 9 ,1 3 1
1 1 8 ,7 7 4
1 1 9 ,0 1 3
1 1 8 ,6 5 4
1 1 8 ,5 4 3
1 1 8 ,6 7 6
1 1 8 ,9 7 8
G o v e r n m e n t ....................................
1 8 ,2 1 7
1 8 ,1 3 1
1 8 ,1 0 9
1 8 ,0 7 5
1 8 ,1 7 0
1 8 ,2 4 8
1 8 ,4 2 1
1 8 ,3 7 8
1 8 ,0 7 2
1 8 ,2 0 2
1 8 ,0 3 4
1 8 ,4 9 7
1 8 ,3 6 4
1 8 ,2 5 7
1 8 ,4 1 5
P r i v a t e i n d u s t r i e s ........................
9 5 ,9 5 4
9 8 ,8 5 2
9 9 ,1 9 4
9 9 ,5 6 0
9 9 ,9 1 3
1 0 0 ,1 5 5
1 0 0 ,1 0 8
1 0 0 ,5 8 3
1 0 1 ,0 5 8
1 0 0 ,5 7 1
1 0 0 ,9 7 9
1 0 0 ,1 5 7
1 0 0 ,1 7 9
1 0 0 ,4 1 9
1 0 0 ,5 6 3
P r i v a t e h o u s e h o l d s ...........
928
N o n a g ric u ltu ra l in d u s tr ie s :
915
877
877
910
946
985
1 ,0 3 5
1 ,0 2 2
1 ,0 1 4
1 ,0 1 5
961
974
853
900
O t h e r ............................................
9 5 ,0 2 5
9 7 ,9 3 7
9 8 ,3 1 7
9 8 ,6 8 3
9 9 ,0 0 3
9 9 ,2 0 9
9 9 ,1 2 3
9 9 ,5 4 7
1 0 0 ,0 3 7
9 9 ,5 5 7
9 9 ,9 6 4
9 9 ,1 9 5
9 9 ,2 0 5
9 9 ,5 6 6
9 9 ,6 6 3
S e l f - e m p l o y e d w o r k e r s .........
8 ,9 7 1
9 ,0 5 6
8 ,9 4 9
8 ,9 3 0
9 ,0 0 4
8 ,8 8 6
8 ,9 6 4
8 ,7 6 1
8 ,7 8 4
9 ,0 6 9
9 ,0 2 3
8 ,9 6 9
9 ,0 9 4
8 ,9 4 7
9 ,1 5 9
U n p a i d f a m i l y w o r k e r s ...........
122
120
83
92
97
99
131
117
102
124
97
100
91
83
85
4 ,3 1 5
4 ,0 6 8
3 ,9 2 8
3 ,9 1 3
3 ,8 9 0
3 ,8 5 5
4 ,0 8 2
3 ,8 8 2
3 ,9 0 2
3 ,7 3 5
3 ,7 7 2
3 ,8 3 7
3 ,7 8 3
3 ,4 6 3
3 ,3 6 5
2 ,3 8 8
2 ,2 8 6
2 ,1 8 7
2 ,2 1 1
2 ,2 2 1
2 ,2 3 0
2 ,2 8 2
2 ,1 2 3
2 ,1 8 8
2 ,0 7 4
2 ,1 0 4
2 ,2 3 0
2 ,3 7 2
1 ,9 8 9
1 ,8 9 7
1 ,6 0 5
1 ,4 6 8
1 ,4 5 5
1 ,4 0 6
1 ,3 8 6
1 ,3 2 3
1 ,4 0 0
1 ,4 5 5
1 ,4 4 5
1 ,3 0 0
1 ,3 4 4
1 ,2 4 6
1 ,1 9 2
1 ,1 7 5
1 ,1 5 2
1 7 ,7 7 0
1 8 ,1 4 9
1 7 ,9 0 1
1 8 ,1 1 3
1 8 ,0 8 3
1 8 ,3 8 6
1 8 ,5 1 5
1 8 ,4 0 7
1 8 ,4 4 8
1 8 ,0 8 4
1 8 ,6 6 2
1 8 ,6 5 6
1 8 ,5 8 4
1 8 ,6 4 8
1 8 ,8 5 7
4 ,1 2 3
3 ,8 7 9
3 ,7 3 9
3 ,7 3 2
3 ,6 8 9
3 ,6 5 4
3 ,8 6 5
3 ,7 4 3
3 ,7 2 6
3 ,6 0 8
3 ,6 3 0
3 ,6 7 6
3 ,6 3 2
3 ,3 0 7
3 ,1 5 2
2 ,2 6 3
2 ,1 6 7
2 ,0 6 7
2 ,1 0 3
2 ,1 0 0
2 ,1 1 3
2 ,1 6 2
2 ,0 2 5
2 ,0 5 7
1 ,9 9 8
2 ,0 2 4
2 ,1 5 1
2 ,2 6 1
1 ,9 0 0
1 ,7 7 9
1 ,5 7 6
1 ,4 3 3
1 ,4 1 7
1 ,3 7 8
1 ,3 4 6
1 ,2 9 1
1 ,3 7 3
1 ,4 3 3
1 ,4 1 6
1 ,2 7 6
1 ,3 1 5
1 ,1 9 9
1 ,1 6 2
1 ,1 4 3
1 ,1 1 3
1 7 ,1 5 0
1 7 ,5 6 4
1 7 ,3 8 1
1 7 ,5 3 7
1 7 ,4 8 6
1 7 ,7 9 1
1 7 ,8 9 8
1 7 ,7 8 6
1 7 ,9 2 9
1 7 ,4 7 0
1 8 ,0 6 7
1 8 ,0 1 9
1 7 ,9 7 2
1 8 ,0 0 1
1 8 ,3 0 5
P ersons at w o rk part tim e 1
A ll i n d u s t r i e s :
P a r t tim e fo r e c o n o m ic
r e a s o n s ...........................................
S la c k w o rk o r b u s in e s s
c o n d i t i o n s ................................
C o u ld o n l y f in d p a r t - t i m e
w o r k .............................................
P a r t tim e fo r n o n e c o n o m ic
r e a s o n s .........................................
N o n a g ric u ltu ra l in d u s tr ie s :
P a r t tim e fo r e c o n o m ic
S la c k w o rk o r b u s i n e s s
c o n d i t i o n s .................................
C o u ld o n l y fin d p a r t - t i m e
w o r k .............................................
P a r t tim e fo r n o n e c o n o m ic
r e a s o n s ..........................................
1 E x c l u d e s p e r s o n s " w ith a j o b b u t n o t a t w o r k " d u r i n g t h e s u r v e y p e r io d f o r s u c h r e a s o n s a s v a c a t i o n , i l l n e s s , o r i n d u s tr i a l d i s p u t e s .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
81
Current Labor Statistics:
6.
Labor Force Data
Selected unemployment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[Unemployment rates]
1998
1997
Annual average
Selected categories
1997
1996
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Sept.
Aug.
C h a ra c te r is tic
T o t a l , a ll w o r k e r s ...........................................................
5 .4
4 .9
4 .9
4 .8
4 .6
4 .7
4 .7
4 .6
4 .7
4 .3
4 .3
4 .5
4 .5
4 .5
4 .6
B o th s e x e s , 1 6 t o 1 9 y e a r s .............................
1 6 .7
1 6 .0
1 6 .4
1 5 .5
1 5 .2
1 4 .3
1 4 .1
1 4 .7
1 5 .0
1 3 .1
1 4 .2
1 4 .6
1 3 .8
1 5 .0
1 5 .4
M e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r .....................................
4 .6
4 .2
4 .1
4 .1
3 .9
4 .1
3 .8
3 .8
3 .9
3 .4
3 .5
3 .7
3 .9
3 .7
3 .8
W o m e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r .............................
4 .8
4 .4
4 .3
4 .1
4 .0
4 .0
4 .4
4 .3
4 .3
4 .1
3 .9
4 .1
4 .0
4 .1
4 .0
W h i t e , t o t a l .................................................................
4 .7
4 .2
4 .2
4 .1
3 .9
3 .9
4 .0
3 .9
4 .1
3 .6
3 .7
4 .0
3 .8
4 .0
3 .9
B o t h s e x e s , 1 6 t o 1 9 y e a r s ......................
1 4 .2
1 3 .6
1 4 .1
1 3 .4
1 2 .3
1 1 .2
1 1 .6
1 2 .3
1 2 .8
1 1 .8
1 2 .0
1 3 .7
1 1 .1
1 3 .1
1 3 .0
M e n , 1 6 t o 1 9 y e a r s ..................................
1 5 .5
1 4 .3
1 4 .4
1 4 .3
1 2 .8
1 1 .3
1 4 .2
1 4 .7
1 4 .9
1 2 .7
1 4 .0
1 4 .7
1 3 .1
1 4 .3
1 5 .0
W o m e n , 1 6 t o 1 9 y e a r s .........................
1 2 .9
1 2 .8
1 3 .7
1 2 .3
1 1 .6
1 1 .1
8 .8
9 .8
1 0 .6
1 0 .7
9 .8
1 2 .6
8 .9
1 1 .9
1 0 .7
3 .4
M e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r .............................
4 .1
3 .6
3 .6
3 .6
3 .4
3 .6
3 .3
3 .2
3 .4
2 .9
3 .1
3 .3
3 .3
3 .3
W o m e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r ....................
4 .1
3 .7
3 .7
3 .5
3 .4
3 .4
3 .7
3 .6
3 .7
3 .4
3 .3
3 .5
3 .3
3 .5
3 .3
B l a c k , t o t a l ..................................................................
1 0 .5
1 0 .0
9 .6
9 .6
9 .7
9 .9
9 .3
9 .7
9 .2
8 .9
9 .0
8 .2
9 .7
9 .0
9 .2
3 0 .4
B o t h s e x e s , 1 6 t o 1 9 y e a r s ......................
3 3 .6
3 2 .4
3 2 .7
2 9 .5
3 3 .3
3 4 .4
3 0 .1
3 1 .5
2 9 .1
2 4 .7
2 9 .4
2 0 .2
2 8 .6
2 8 .8
M e n , 1 6 t o 1 9 y e a r s ..................................
3 6 .9
3 6 .5
3 7 .6
3 0 .1
3 5 .0
3 6 .2
3 1 .8
3 4 .7
2 7 .8
2 3 .9
3 0 .2
2 0 .4
3 0 .6
2 9 .7
3 4 .1
W o m e n , 1 6 t o 1 9 y e a r s .........................
3 0 .3
2 8 .7
2 8 .6
2 8 .8
3 1 .9
3 3 .1
2 8 .5
2 8 .4
3 0 .3
2 5 .3
2 8 .8
2 0 .1
2 6 .4
2 8 .1
2 6 .8
M e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r .............................
9 .4
8 .5
7 .9
8 .3
7 .8
8 .6
7 .9
7 .8
7 .6
7 .4
6 .7
6 .9
8 .9
7 .8
7 .2
W o m e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r ....................
8 .7
8 .8
8 .4
8 .3
8 .4
8 .1
8 .0
8 .6
8 .2
8 .2
8 .4
7 .7
7 .9
7 .6
8 .1
H i s p a n i c o r i g i n , t o t a l ........................................
8 .9
7 .7
7 .6
7 .8
6 .9
7 .5
6 .9
6 .8
6 .9
6 .5
6 .8
7 .6
7 .2
7 .5
7 .4
M a r r i e d m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t ..................
3 .0
2 .7
2 .6
2 .6
2 .4
2 .6
2 .6
2 .5
2 .5
2 .2
2 .4
2 .2
2 .3
2 .4
2 .3
M a r r i e d w o m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t ...........
3 .6
3 .1
3 .1
2 .8
2 .8
2 .8
3 .1
3 .1
3 .3
2 .8
2 .8
2 .9
2 .8
3 .2
2 .6
6 .8
6 .8
7 .6
8 .2
8 .1
7 .8
7 .8
8 .1
7 .7
7 .6
7 .6
7 .6
7 .6
7 .7
6 .9
5 .3
4 .8
4 .7
4 .7
4 .4
4 .6
4 .5
4 .5
4 .5
4 .2
4 .2
4 .4
4 .4
4 .4
4 .4
5 .8
5 .5
5 .5
5 .3
5 .4
5 .0
5 .4
5 .2
5 .7
4 .8
4 .7
5 .2
5 .3
5 .4
5 .3
N o n a g ric u ltu ra l w a g e a n d s a la r y
w o r k e r s ..............................................................................
5 .5
5 .0
5 .0
4 .8
4 .7
4 .8
4 .7
4 .7
4 .7
4 .3
4 .5
4 .7
4 .6
4 .7
4 .8
M i n in g ............................................................................
5 .1
3 .8
3 .4
4 .5
3 .3
3 .3
4 .0
2 .6
3 .7
2 .3
1 .3
3 .9
3 .7
3 .9
3 .0
1 0 .1
9 .0
8 .7
8 .7
7 .9
8 .9
7 .9
7 .8
8 .6
6 .3
8 .0
8 .0
6 .7
7 .4
9 .0
W o m e n w h o m a i n t a i n f a m i l i e s ................
P a r t - t i m e w o r k e r s ...............................................
In d u s try
M a n u f a c t u r i n g ..........................................................
4 .8
4 .2
4 .1
3 .8
3 .6
3 .8
3 .9
3 .7
3 .8
3 .9
3 .6
3 .6
4 .4
3 .9
4 .1
4 .5
3 .5
3 .3
3 .1
3 .1
3 .1
3 .4
2 .9
3 .6
3 .5
3 .0
2 .9
4 .3
3 .7
3 .8
4 .6
5 .2
5 .1
5 .3
4 .8
4 .4
4 .9
4 .5
5 .0
4 .2
4 .4
4 .6
4 .6
4 .5
4 .4
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d p u b l i c u t i li t i e s ............
4 .1
3 .5
3 .8
3 .3
3 .1
3 .3
3 .8
3 .2
3 .3
3 .1
3 .0
3 .6
3 .4
3 .7
3 .6
W h o l e s a l e a n d r e ta i l t r a d e .............................
6 .4
6 .2
6 .2
6 .1
6 .2
5 .8
5 .9
5 .8
5 .4
5 .2
5 .1
5 .7
5 .6
5 .6
5 .8
F i n a n c e , I n s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e ......
2 .7
3 .0
3 .0
2 .9
2 .4
2 .8
2 .6
2 .6
2 .6
2 .2
2 .0
2 .1
2 .0
2 .7
2 .3
S e r v i c e s ........................................................................
5 .4
4 .6
4 .6
4 .3
4 .4
4 .5
4 .3
4 .7
4 .7
4 .3
4 .8
4 .7
4 .5
4 .7
4 .4
2 .9
2 .6
2 .6
2 .4
2 .3
2 .1
2 .4
2 .3
2 .9
2 .0
2 .4
2 .0
2 .5
2 .2
2 .3
1 0 .2
9 .1
9 .0
9 .6
8 .6
9 .7
1 0 .6
8 .6
9 .7
8 .0
7 .9
8 .1
8 .2
7 .0
7 .9
L e s s t h a n a h i g h s c h o o l d i p l o m a ......................
8 .7
8 .1
8 .0
7 .7
7 .5
7 .6
7 .2
7 .0
7 .2
7 .0
6 .7
7 .2
7 .2
7 .1
6 .9
H i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t e s , n o c o l l e g e .................
4 .7
4 .3
4 .2
4 .2
3 .8
4 .1
3 .9
4 .0
4 .2
3 .9
3 .7
4 .0
4 .1
4 .0
4 .1
d e g r e e ...............................................................................
3 .7
3 .3
3 .2
2 .9
3 .1
3 .2
3 .2
3 .1
3 .3
2 .7
3 .1
2 .9
3 .0
2 .8
3 .0
C o l l e g e g r a d u a t e s .......................................................
2 .2
2 .0
2 .0
1 .9
1 .8
1 .8
1 .9
1 .9
1 .9
1 .7
1 .6
1 .7
1 .7
1 .8
1 .6
A g r ic u lt u r a l w a g e a n d s a l a r y w o r k e r s ..........
E d u c a tio n a l a tta in m e n t1
S o m e c o l l e g e , l e s s t h a n a b a c h e l o r 's
1 D a ta re fe r to p e r s o n s 2 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r.
7.
Duration of unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Weeks of
unemployment
Annual average
1997
1996
1997
1998
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
2 ,6 3 9
L e s s t h a n 5 w e e k s ......................................
2 ,6 3 3
2 ,5 3 8
2 ,4 8 4
2 ,5 5 8
2 ,4 2 3
2 ,5 3 1
2 ,4 8 8
2 ,6 2 2
2 ,8 5 8
2 ,6 3 2
2 ,6 3 4
2 ,5 1 9
2 ,6 2 5
2 ,6 7 5
5 t o 1 4 w e e k s ..................................................
2 ,2 8 7
2 ,1 3 8
2 ,1 1 5
1 ,9 1 2
2 ,0 4 8
1 ,9 2 2
1 ,9 7 1
1 ,9 0 9
1 ,9 7 9
1 ,9 0 1
1 ,9 5 4
2 ,0 8 4
1 ,9 8 3
1 ,9 6 0
1 ,9 9 9
1 5 w e e k s a n d o v e r .....................................
2 ,3 1 6
2 ,0 6 2
2 ,1 0 9
1 ,9 9 0
1 ,8 6 5
1 ,9 6 4
1 ,8 1 1
1 ,8 3 0
1 ,7 3 1
1 ,4 1 7
1 ,4 6 2
1 ,6 2 1
1 ,6 0 0
1 ,6 4 7
1 ,6 5 1
1 5 t o 2 6 w e e k s .........................................
1 ,0 5 3
995
1 ,0 3 1
919
899
936
773
855
841
584
656
852
793
820
733
2 7 w e e k s a n d o v e r ................................
1 ,2 6 2
1 ,0 6 7
1 ,0 7 8
1 ,0 7 1
966
1 ,0 2 8
1 ,0 3 8
974
891
833
806
769
807
827
918
M e a n d u r a t i o n , in w e e k s ........................
1 6 .7
1 5 .8
1 5 .9
1 6 .3
1 5 .6
1 6 .3
1 5 .6
1 5 .6
1 4 .3
1 4 .3
1 4 .6
1 3 .8
1 4 .3
1 3 .5
1 4 .3
M e d i a n d u r a t i o n , In w e e k s ....................
8 .3
8 .0
8 .1
7 .7
7 .8
7 .7
7 .4
7 .2
6 .8
6 .4
5 .9
6 .6
6 .6
6 .9
6 .6
82
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
November 1998
8.
Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Reason for
unemployment
1997
1996
1998
1997
Annual average
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
2 ,9 0 2
3 ,3 7 0
3 ,0 3 7
3 007
2 934
2 ,8 8 6
2 ,9 9 1
2 ,8 0 7
2 ,7 9 5
2 ,9 8 0
2 ,6 3 1
2 ,7 7 2
2 ,8 1 9
2 ,9 0 8
2 ,8 5 2
1 ,0 2 1
931
893
963
815
961
860
821
980
696
786
841
966
978
939
2 ,3 4 9
2 ,1 0 6
2 ,1 1 4
1 ,9 7 1
2 ,0 7 1
2 ,0 3 0
1 ,9 4 7
1 ,9 7 5
2 ,0 0 0
1 ,9 3 5
1 ,9 8 6
1 ,9 7 8
1 ,9 4 1
1 ,8 7 4
1 ,9 6 3
774
795
853
732
655
692
808
786
744
625
748
766
799
740
724
2 ,5 1 2
2 ,3 3 8
2 ,2 6 3
2 ,2 4 7
2 ,2 2 9
2 ,1 7 0
2 ,2 2 9
2 ,2 6 6
2 ,2 1 5
2 ,0 9 6
2 ,0 3 3
2 ,0 9 6
2 ,0 4 2
2 ,1 3 2
2 ,1 9 5
580
569
560
555
560
552
518
543
549
511
493
532
463
503
487
4 6 .6
4 5 .1
4 5 .0
4 5 .4
4 5 .6
4 6 .7
4 4 .1
4 3 .7
4 5 .9
4 4 .9
4 5 .8
4 5 .4
4 6 .8
4 5 .8
4 6 .0
1 4 .1
1 3 .8
1 3 .4
1 4 .9
1 2 .9
1 5 .0
1 3 .5
1 2 .8
1 5 .1
1 1 .9
1 3 .0
1 3 .5
1 5 .6
1 5 .7
1 4 .9
3 2 .5
3 1 .3
3 1 .6
3 0 .5
3 2 .7
3 1 .7
3 0 .6
3 0 .9
3 0 .8
3 3 .0
3 2 .8
3 1 .8
3 1 .3
3 0 .1
3 1 .1
P e rc e n t o f u n e m p loye d
1 0 .7
1 1 .8
1 2 .8
1 1 .3
1 0 .3
1 0 .8
1 2 .7
1 2 .3
1 1 .5
1 0 .7
1 2 .4
1 2 .3
1 2 .9
1 1 .9
1 1 .5
3 4 .7
3 4 .7
3 3 .9
3 4 .7
3 5 .2
3 3 .9
3 5 .0
3 5 .5
3 4 .1
3 5 .7
3 3 .6
3 3 .7
3 2 .9
3 4 .2
3 4 .8
8 .0
8 .4
8 .4
8 .6
8 .8
8 .6
8 .1
8 .5
8 .5
8 .7
8 .2
8 .6
7 .5
8 .1
7 .7
2 .5
2 .2
2 .2
2 .2
2 .1
2 .2
2 .0
2 .0
2 .2
1 .9
2 .0
2 .1
2 .1
2 .1
2 .1
.6
.6
.6
.5
.5
.5
.6
.6
.5
.5
.5
.6
.6
.5
.5
R e e n t r a n t s .........................................................
1 .9
1 .7
1 .7
1 .6
1 .6
1 .6
1 .6
1 .6
1 .6
1 .5
1 .5
1 .5
1 .5
1 .6
1 .6
N e w e n t r a n t s ....................................................
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.3
.4
.4
N e w e n t r a n t s ....................................................
P e rc e n t o f c ivilian
lab o r fo rce
1 I n c lu d e s p e r s o n s w h o c o m p le te d te m p o r a r y jo b s .
9.
Unemployment rates by sex and age, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[Civilian workers]
Sex and age
1997
Annual average
Dec.
Feb.
Mar.
5 .4
4 .9
4 .9
4 .8
4 .6
4 .7
4 .7
4 .6
4 .7
4 .3
4 .3
4 .5
4 .5
4 .5
4 .6
1 6 t o 2 4 y e a r s .............................................
1 2 .0
1 1 .3
1 1 .2
1 1 .1
1 0 .9
1 0 .6
1 0 .8
1 0 .8
1 0 .7
9 .5
1 0 .0
1 0 .6
1 0 .3
1 1 .1
1 1 .0
1 6 t o 1 9 y e a r s ........................................
1 6 .7
1 6 .0
1 6 .4
1 5 .5
1 5 .2
1 4 .3
1 4 .1
1 4 .7
1 5 .0
1 3 .1
1 4 .2
1 4 .6
1 3 .8
1 5 .0
1 5 .4
1 6 t o 1 7 y e a r s ...................................
1 8 .9
1 8 .2
1 9 .3
1 7 .5
1 7 .6
1 7 .7
1 7 .3
1 8 .5
1 6 .9
1 5 .2
1 5 .8
1 8 .2
1 5 .2
1 7 .1
1 7 .9
1 8 t o 1 9 y e a r s ...................................
1 5 .2
1 4 .5
1 4 .5
1 4 .1
1 3 .6
1 1 .7
1 1 .6
1 1 .3
1 3 .7
1 1 .6
1 3 .2
1 2 .3
1 2 .9
1 3 .8
1 3 .8
Sept.
Oct.
Jan.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Nov.
T o t a l , 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r ..........................
1996
1997
1998
2 0 t o 2 4 y e a r s ........................................
9 .3
8 .5
8 .2
8 .5
8 .4
8 .5
8 .9
8 .5
8 .0
7 .4
7 .6
8 .1
8 .2
8 .7
8 .3
2 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r ...................................
4 .2
3 .8
3 .7
3 .6
3 .4
3 .6
3 .5
3 .5
3 .6
3 .2
3 .3
3 .4
3 .4
3 .3
3 .4
2 5 t o 5 4 y e a r s ...................................
4 .3
3 .9
3 .8
3 .7
3 .5
3 .7
3 .6
3 .6
3 .8
3 .3
3 .4
3 .5
3 .5
3 .4
3 .5
5 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r ..........................
3 .4
3 .0
3 .1
2 .8
2 .8
2 .8
2 .7
2 .7
2 .9
2 .5
2 .4
2 .5
2 .8
2 .6
2 .7
M e n , 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r .........................
5 .4
4 .9
4 .8
4 .8
4 .5
4 .7
4 .5
4 .5
4 .6
4 .0
4 .2
4 .4
4 .6
4 .4
4 .6
1 6 t o 2 4 y e a r s .........................................
1 2 .6
1 1 .8
1 2 .0
1 2 .0
1 1 .6
1 1 .1
1 1 .2
1 1 .7
1 1 .2
9 .7
1 1 .0
1 0 .8
1 1 .4
1 1 .4
1 2 .1
1 6 t o 1 9 y e a r s .....................................
1 8 .1
1 6 .9
1 7 .2
1 6 .3
1 5 .6
1 4 .2
1 6 .4
1 7 .0
1 6 .5
1 4 .0
1 6 .0
1 5 .3
1 5 .9
1 5 .8
1 7 .7
1 6 t o 1 7 y e a r s ................................
2 0 .8
1 9 .1
1 8 .8
1 8 .2
1 8 .2
1 8 .4
1 8 .3
2 1 .0
1 8 .5
1 4 .9
1 7 .9
2 1 .0
1 7 .3
1 8 .6
2 0 .7
1 5 .7
1 8 t o 1 9 y e a r s ................................
1 6 .3
1 5 .4
1 6 .1
1 4 .8
1 4 .1
1 1 .1
1 4 .9
1 3 .1
1 5 .2
1 3 .3
1 4 .8
1 1 .8
1 4 .6
1 4 .2
2 0 t o 2 4 y e a r s .....................................
9 .5
8 .9
9 .1
9 .5
9 .3
9 .3
8 .1
8 .7
8 .1
7 .3
8 .1
8 .2
8 .7
8 .9
8 .7
2 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r ................................
4 .1
3 .6
3 .5
3 .5
3 .2
3 .5
3 .3
3 .2
3 .4
3 .0
3 .0
3 .2
3 .4
3 .2
3 .2
2 5 t o 5 4 y e a r s ................................
4 .2
3 .7
3 .6
3 .6
3 .3
3 .6
3 .4
3 .2
3 .5
3 .0
3 .1
3 .3
3 .4
3 .3
3 .2
5 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r .......................
3 .3
3 .1
3 .0
3 .0
2 .9
3 .4
3 .1
2 .9
3 .1
2 .6
2 .4
2 .5
2 .9
2 .5
3 .1
W o m e n , 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r ................
5 .4
5 .0
5 .0
4 .7
4 .7
4 .6
4 .8
4 .8
4 .9
4 .6
4 .4
4 .7
4 .4
4 .7
4 .5
1 6 t o 2 4 y e a r s ..........................................
1 1 .3
1 0 .7
1 0 .4
1 0 .1
1 0 .1
1 0 .2
1 0 .4
9 .8
1 0 .1
9 .2
9 .0
1 0 .3
9 .1
1 0 .7
9 .8
1 6 t o 1 9 y e a r s .....................................
1 5 .2
1 5 .0
1 5 .5
1 4 .7
1 4 .7
1 4 .3
1 1 .6
1 2 .3
1 3 .4
1 2 .1
1 2 .3
1 3 .9
1 1 .5
1 4 .2
1 2 .9
1 6 t o 1 7 y e a r s ................................
1 6 .9
1 7 .2
1 9 .8
1 6 .7
1 7 .0
1 7 .0
1 6 .3
1 6 .0
1 5 .2
1 5 .5
1 3 .5
1 5 .1
1 2 .9
1 5 .5
1 4 .8
1 8 t o 1 9 y e a r s ................................
1 4 .0
1 3 .6
1 2 .8
1 3 .4
1 3 .0
1 2 .4
8 .2
9 .5
1 2 .2
9 .8
1 1 .4
1 2 .7
1 1 .2
1 3 .3
1 1 .9
2 0 t o 2 4 y e a r s .....................................
9 .0
8 .1
7 .3
7 .4
7 .4
7 .6
9 .7
8 .3
7 .9
7 .5
6 .9
8 .0
7 .7
8 .6
7 .9
2 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r ................................
4 .3
3 .9
4 .0
3 .7
3 .6
3 .6
3 .7
3 .8
3 .9
3 .6
3 .5
3 .6
3 .5
3 .5
3 .5
2 5 t o 5 4 y e a r s ................................
4 .4
4 .1
4 .1
3 .8
3 .8
3 .9
3 .9
4 .1
4 .1
3 .7
3 .8
3 .8
3 .6
3 .6
3 .7
5 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r .......................
3 .5
2 .9
3 .2
2 .7
2 .6
2 .1
2 .3
2 .4
2 .6
2 .4
2 .4
2 .6
2 .6
2 .8
2 .3
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
83
Current Labor Statistics:
10.
Labor Force Data
Unemployment rates by State, seasonally adjusted
Aug.
1997
State
July
1998
Aug.
1998p
Aug.
1997
State
July
1998
Aug.
1998p
A l a b a m a .............................................................................
5 .1
3 .7
3 .7
4 .1
4 .2
A l a s k a ..................................................................................
7 .9
6 .2
5 .9
5 .4
5 .1
5 0
A r i z o n a ...............................................................................
4 .4
3 .8
4 .2
2 6
2 1
2 3
4 .1
A r k a n s a s ...........................................................................
5 .3
4 .7
4 .5
3 .9
4 .2
4 2
C a l i f o r n i a ............................................................................
6 .2
5 .7
5 .8
3 0
2 4
2 1
4 8
C o l o r a d o ............................................................................
3 .2
3 .3
3 .3
5 .0
4 9
C o n n e c t i c u t ......................................................................
4 .9
3 .5
3 .5
59
6 3
6 4
D e l a w a r e ............................................................................
3 .8
4 .1
3 .6
6 .4
5 5
5 3
D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a ..................................................
8 .0
8 .3
8 .8
3 .6
3 .3
3 6
F l o r i d a ..................................................................................
4 .7
4 .3
4 .3
2 3
2 2
2 2
G e o r g i a ...............................................................................
4 .5
4 .0
4 .1
4 5
4 7
4 3
H a w a i i ..................................................................................
6 .4
5 .8
5 .7
4 .1
4 .4
4 .2
5 .4
4 .9
4 .9
5 7
5 4
5 7
I l l i n o is ...................................................................................
4 .6
4 .5
4 .2
5 2
4 5
4 4
I n d i a n a .................................................................................
3 .6
2 .6
2 .7
5 .2
4 .4
4 8
I o w a .......................................................................................
3 .1
2 .5
2 .5
43
3 8
3 5
K a n s a s .................................................................................
3 .6
3 .7
3 .5
3 0
2 8
2 3
4 1
K e n t u c k y ............................................................................
5 .2
4 .2
4 .4
5 3
3 9
L o u i s i a n a ...........................................................................
6 .1
5 .9
6 .1
5 .4
49
5 0
M a i n e ...................................................................................
5 .3
4 .6
4 .4
3 1
3 6
3 3
2 9
M a r y l a n d ............................................................................
M i c h i g a n ............................................................................
5 .1
4 .8
4 .7
3 .9
3 .5
4 .1
3 .1
3 .0
4 .0
3 .0
3 .1
4 .0
4 .2
3 .6
4 6
4 .7
4 7
M i n n e s o t a .........................................................................
3 .2
2 .3
2 .1
6 8
6 8
6 8
M i s s i s s i p p i ........................................................................
5 .8
4 .9
5 .0
3 .7
3 4
3 2
5 .0
4 .6
4 .6
W y o m i n g ............................................................................
p « p re lim in a r y
11. Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by State, seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
State
Aug.
1997
July
1998
Aug.
1998p
State
Aug.
1997
July
1998
Aug.
1998p
A l a b a m a ..........................
1 ,8 6 9 .5
1 ,8 8 1 .5
1 ,8 8 3 .0
M i s s o u r i .........................................................
2 ,6 4 3 .2
2 ,6 6 6 .5
A l a s k a ...............................
2 6 9 .5
2 7 6 .1
2 7 4 .8
M o n t a n a .........................................................
3 6 7 .9
3 7 0 .9
3 7 1 .0
A r i z o n a .............................
1 ,9 8 3 .3
2 ,0 6 4 .2
2 ,0 7 5 .2
N e b r a s k a ........................................................
8 5 9 .3
8 8 0 .6
8 7 5 .6
A r k a n s a s .........................
1 ,1 0 6 .8
1 ,1 2 5 .7
1 ,1 2 9 .5
N e v a d a ............................................................
8 9 3 .8
9 3 1 .8
9 3 4 .3
C a l i f o r n i a .........................
1 3 ,2 2 4 .5
1 3 ,5 8 6 .2
1 3 ,6 2 3 .3
N e w H a m p s h i r e ........................................
5 7 2 .4
5 7 5 .6
5 7 1 .7
C o l o r a d o ..........................
1 ,9 8 5 .8
2 ,0 5 4 .9
2 ,0 5 3 .8
N e w J e r s e y ...................................................
3 ,7 2 4 .1
3 ,7 9 6 .4
3 ,8 0 3 .9
C o n n e c t i c u t ...................
1 ,6 1 6 .1
1 ,6 4 3 .8
1 ,6 5 2 .2
N e w M e x i c o ................................................
7 0 9 .5
7 2 0 .5
7 2 1 .1
D e l a w a r e .........................
3 9 0 .1
3 9 9 .0
4 0 1 .1
N e w Y o r k .......................................................
8 ,0 3 2 .9
8 ,1 3 8 .4
8 ,1 6 6 .7
2 ,6 7 9 .4
D is tric t o f C o lu m b ia .
6 1 4 .7
6 0 5 .0
6 1 1 .3
N o r th C a r o l i n a ...........................................
3 ,6 9 4 .9
3 ,7 2 8 .2
3 ,7 4 8 .3
F l o r i d a ...............................
6 ,4 5 8 .7
6 ,6 9 2 .9
6 ,7 0 8 .5
N o r th D a k o t a ..............................................
3 1 3 .6
3 1 9 .9
3 1 6 .6
G e o r g i a .............................
3 ,6 2 6 .1
3 ,7 2 4 .9
3 ,7 3 5 .7
O h i o ...................................................................
5 ,3 9 4 .1
5 ,4 3 1 .7
5 ,4 7 1 .4
H a w a i i ................................
5 3 3 .0
5 2 2 .6
5 2 6 .7
O k l a h o m a ......................................................
1 ,3 8 8 . 7
1 ,4 2 1 .9
1 ,4 2 7 .9
I d a h o ..................................
5 1 1 .5
5 1 9 .4
5 2 0 .8
O r e g o n .............................................................
1 ,5 2 7 .0
1 ,5 6 4 .5
1 ,5 6 8 .0
I l l i n o is ................................
5 ,7 8 3 .4
5 ,8 8 4 .7
5 ,8 7 2 .2
P e n n s y l v a n i a ..............................................
5 ,3 9 5 .4
5 ,4 6 4 .2
5 ,4 6 4 .6
I n d i a n a ...............................
2 ,8 6 2 .4
2 ,8 6 1 .6
2 ,8 7 6 .6
R h o d e I s l a n d ...............................................
4 4 9 .7
4 5 4 .6
4 5 2 .8
I o w a .....................................
1 ,4 0 4 .7
1 ,4 5 0 .6
1 ,4 4 3 .2
S o u t h C a r o l i n a ...........................................
1 ,7 9 4 .9
1 ,7 9 7 .3
1 ,7 2 5 .9
K a n s a s ..............................
1 ,2 7 4 .3
1 ,3 0 5 .4
1 ,3 0 4 .2
S o u t h D a k o t a ..............................................
3 5 5 .6
3 6 0 .0
3 5 8 .8
K e n t u c k y .........................
1 ,7 1 8 .6
1 ,7 4 7 .1
1 ,7 5 9 .5
T e n n e s s e e ....................................................
2 ,5 8 7 .3
2 ,6 2 0 .9
2 ,6 1 5 .8
L o u i s i a n a .........................
1 ,8 5 5 .1
1 ,8 8 5 .4
1 ,8 8 5 .4
T e x a s ................................................................
8 ,6 5 5 .9
8 ,8 8 8 .3
8 ,9 1 4 .3
M a i n e ..................................
5 5 5 .2
5 6 4 .1
5 6 5 .4
U t a h ...................................................................
9 9 7 .4
1 ,0 2 2 .0
1 ,0 2 4 .3
M a r y l a n d ..........................
2 ,2 5 5 .5
2 ,2 7 9 .2
2 ,2 8 8 .2
V e r m o n t .........................................................
2 7 9 .2
2 8 2 .3
2 8 4 .1
M a s s a c h u s e t t s ...........
3 ,1 2 5 .8
3 ,2 1 2 .4
3 ,2 1 0 .6
V ir g in ia ............................................................
3 ,2 3 2 .5
3 ,3 3 1 .8
3 ,3 3 5 .3
2 ,6 1 6 .4
M i c h i g a n ..........................
4 ,4 5 1 .3
4 ,4 7 4 .9
4 ,5 4 3 .3
W a s h i n g t o n ..................................................
2 ,5 2 2 .8
2 ,6 0 6 .1
M i n n e s o t a .......................
2 ,4 9 6 .0
2 ,5 5 4 .7
2 ,5 5 9 .6
W e s t V i r g i n i a ..............................................
7 0 6 .9
7 1 3 .3
7 1 7 .2
M i s s i s s i p p i .....................
1 ,1 1 1 .0
1 ,1 2 8 .9
1 ,1 2 1 .8
W i s c o n s i n ......................................................
2 ,6 6 2 .5
2 ,7 0 9 .5
2 ,7 2 4 .1
2 2 6 .7
2 2 7 .9
2 2 8 .8
W y o m i n g .......................................................
p = p re lim in a r y
N O T E : S o m e d a t a in t h i s t a b l e m a y d if f e r f r o m d a t a p u b l i s h e d e l s e w h e r e b e c a u s e o f t h e c o n t i n u a l u p d a t i n g o f t h e d a t a b a s e .
84
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
November 1998
12.
Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
Industry
TO TA L
1997
Annual average
1998
1996
1997
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.p
Sept.p
1 1 9 ,6 0 8
1 2 2 ,6 9 0
1 2 3 ,2 8 0
1 2 3 ,5 6 8
1 2 3 ,9 4 4
1 2 4 ,2 8 9
1 2 4 ,6 4 0
1 2 4 ,8 3 2
1 2 4 ,9 1 4
1 2 5 ,2 3 4
1 2 5 ,5 6 2
1 2 5 ,7 5 1
1 2 5 ,8 6 9
1 2 6 ,1 7 8
1 2 6 ,2 4 7
P R IV A T E S E C T O R .....................
1 0 0 ,1 8 9
1 0 3 ,1 2 0
1 0 3 ,6 7 3
1 0 3 ,9 2 2
1 0 4 ,2 8 2
1 0 4 ,6 0 9
1 0 4 ,9 5 4
1 0 5 ,1 1 2
1 0 5 ,1 8 6
1 0 5 ,4 7 0
1 0 5 ,7 3 4
1 0 5 ,9 3 8
1 0 6 ,0 4 3
1 0 6 ,2 6 3
1 0 6 ,3 3 1
G O O D S -P R O D U C IN G ......................
2 4 ,4 9 3
2 4 ,9 3 4
2 4 ,9 9 3
2 5 ,0 3 2
2 5 ,0 9 9
2 5 ,1 9 3
2 5 ,2 9 7
2 5 ,3 1 4
2 5 ,2 7 6
2 5 ,3 3 9
2 5 ,3 0 1
2 5 ,3 0 4
2 5 ,1 3 5
2 5 ,2 5 5
2 5 ,2 1 9
M in in g '..............................................
580
592
594
592
591
592
592
590
587
582
579
578
571
571
571
M e t a l m i n i n g ............................................
54
54
53
53
53
52
52
52
51
51
51
51
50
50
50
O il a n d g a s e x t r a c t i o n .......................
322
335
338
337
337
338
338
338
336
332
329
330
325
323
323
N o n m e ta llic m in e r a ls ,
e x c e p t f u e l s ..........................................
106
108
108
107
107
108
108
107
107
107
107
107
107
108
108
C o nstru ction.....................................
5 ,4 1 8
5 ,6 8 6
5 ,7 1 3
5 ,7 2 2
5 ,7 5 0
5 ,8 1 0
5 ,8 8 1
5 ,9 0 2
5 ,8 6 0
5 ,9 3 0
5 ,9 1 7
5 ,9 4 6
5 ,9 7 0
5 ,9 9 1
5 ,9 7 1
G e n e r a l b u i l d in g c o n t r a c t o r s ........
1 ,2 5 7
1 ,3 1 6
1 ,3 2 0
1 ,3 2 6
1 ,3 3 5
1 ,3 5 1
1 ,3 6 5
1 ,3 7 1
1 ,3 7 3
1 ,3 8 5
1 ,3 8 8
1 ,4 0 1
1 ,4 1 0
1 ,4 1 4
1 ,4 0 8
H e a v y c o n s tr u c tio n , e x c e p t
b u i l d i n g ...................................................
777
795
792
789
788
805
817
813
805
819
819
821
828
830
818
S p e c i a l t r a d e s c o n t r a c t o r s ............
3 ,3 8 4
3 ,5 7 5
3 ,6 0 1
3 ,6 0 7
3 ,6 2 7
3 ,6 5 4
3 ,6 9 9
3 ,7 1 8
3 ,6 8 2
3 ,7 2 6
3 ,7 1 0
3 ,7 2 4
3 ,7 2 3
3 ,7 4 7
3 ,7 4 5
M anufacturin g.................................
1 8 ,6 7 7
1 8 ,4 9 5
1 8 ,6 5 7
1 8 ,6 8 6
1 8 ,7 1 8
1 8 ,7 5 8
1 8 ,7 9 1
1 8 ,8 2 4
1 8 ,8 2 2
1 8 ,8 2 9
1 8 ,8 2 7
1 8 ,8 0 5
1 8 ,7 8 0
1 8 ,5 9 4
1 8 ,6 9 3
P r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s ....................
1 2 ,7 7 6
1 2 ,8 9 6
1 2 ,9 1 5
1 2 ,9 4 5
1 2 ,9 7 0
1 3 ,0 0 1
1 3 ,0 2 3
1 3 ,0 2 4
1 3 ,0 1 3
1 3 ,0 0 7
1 2 ,9 7 1
1 2 ,9 4 3
1 2 ,7 4 6
1 2 ,8 4 1
1 2 ,8 5 6
D urable go o d s...............................
1 0 ,7 8 9
1 0 ,9 8 7
1 1 ,0 3 0
1 1 ,0 6 0
1 1 ,0 9 4
1 1 ,1 1 8
1 1 ,1 5 4
1 1 ,1 5 9
1 1 ,1 6 6
1 1 ,1 7 0
1 1 ,1 5 6
1 1 ,1 4 4
1 0 ,9 8 9
1 1 ,1 0 9
1 1 ,0 8 0
7 ,5 8 0
P r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s ....................
7 ,3 8 6
7 ,5 3 9
7 ,5 7 3
7 ,5 9 8
7 ,6 2 1
7 ,6 4 4
7 ,6 6 9
7 ,6 7 6
7 ,6 6 9
7 ,6 6 6
7 ,6 4 2
7 ,6 2 6
7 ,4 6 8
7 ,5 8 4
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s ......
778
793
794
794
795
798
800
800
801
802
803
801
802
804
805
F u r n i t u r e a n d f i x t u r e s .....................
504
510
509
510
511
513
517
519
520
524
526
524
528
525
523
S to n e , c la y , a n d g la s s
p r o d u c t s ...............................................
544
552
553
554
554
555
562
561
558
561
559
562
561
564
562
P r i m a r y m e t a l i n d u s t r i e s ..............
711
711
714
714
715
716
719
718
719
718
716
717
706
715
713
F a b r i c a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s .........
1 ,4 4 9
1 ,4 7 5
1 ,4 8 0
1 ,4 8 5
1 ,4 8 8
1 ,4 9 1
1 ,4 9 6
1 ,4 9 7
1 ,4 9 7
1 ,4 9 8
1 ,4 9 5
1 ,4 9 0
1 ,4 7 7
1 ,4 9 1
1 ,4 9 0
2 ,1 1 5
2 ,1 6 3
2 ,1 7 5
2 ,1 8 5
2 ,1 9 1
2 ,1 9 6
2 ,2 0 0
2 ,2 0 2
2 ,2 0 5
2 ,2 0 1
2 ,2 0 1
2 ,2 0 2
2 ,1 9 3
2 ,1 8 9
2 ,1 8 1
362
375
379
380
379
381
381
381
381
377
376
375
375
371
369
1 ,7 0 2
1 ,7 0 7
1 ,7 1 2
1 ,7 1 9
1 ,7 2 0
1 ,7 2 2
1 ,7 2 0
1 ,7 1 6
1 ,7 1 4
1 ,7 0 1
1 ,6 9 5
1 ,6 8 8
I n d u s tria l m a c h in e r y a n d
e q u i p m e n t ..........................................
C o m p u t e r a n d o f f ic e
e q u i p m e n t .......................................
E le c tr o n ic a n d o t h e r e le c tric a l
e q u i p m e n t ..........................................
1 ,6 6 1
1 ,6 8 8
1 ,6 9 8
a c c e s s o r i e s .....................................
617
652
664
669
672
676
680
680
681
678
677
672
667
661
660
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u i p m e n t ...........
1 ,7 8 5
1 ,8 4 2
1 ,8 5 2
1 ,8 6 1
1 ,8 7 8
1 ,8 7 8
1 ,8 8 2
1 ,8 8 6
1 ,8 8 7
1 ,8 9 0
1 ,8 8 6
1 ,8 8 2
1 ,7 7 2
1 ,8 8 4
1 ,8 7 9
e q u i p m e n t .........................................
967
985
986
990
1 ,0 0 5
1 ,0 0 1
1 ,0 0 2
1 ,0 0 4
1 ,0 0 2
1 ,0 0 4
998
993
878
997
992
A ir c r a f t a n d p a r t s ...........................
458
500
510
513
516
519
521
523
525
525
524
524
526
526
524
855
863
865
866
867
869
870
866
868
867
866
864
861
857
854
E le c tr o n ic c o m p o n e n ts a n d
M o to r v e h i c l e s a n d
In s tr u m e n ts a n d r e la te d
p r o d u c t s ...............................................
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu rin g
i n d u s t r i e s .............................................
388
389
389
388
386
388
389
390
389
389
388
388
388
385
385
No ndurable goo ds......................
7 ,7 0 6
7 ,6 7 0
7 ,6 5 6
7 ,6 5 8
7 ,6 6 4
7 ,6 7 3
7 ,6 7 0
7 ,6 6 3
7 ,6 6 3
7 ,6 5 7
7 ,6 4 9
7 ,6 3 6
7 ,6 0 5
7 ,5 8 4
7 ,5 9 7
P r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s ....................
5 ,3 9 0
5 ,3 5 7
5 ,3 4 2
5 ,3 4 7
5 ,3 4 9
5 ,3 5 7
5 ,3 5 4
5 ,3 4 8
5 ,3 4 4
5 ,3 4 1
5 ,3 2 9
5 ,3 1 7
5 ,2 7 8
5 ,2 5 7
5 ,2 7 6
F o o d a n d k i n d r e d p r o d u c t s ........
1 ,6 9 2
1 ,6 9 1
1 ,6 8 8
1 ,6 8 9
1 ,6 9 6
1 ,7 0 2
1 ,7 0 2
1 ,7 0 3
1 ,7 0 4
1 ,7 0 8
1 ,7 1 0
1 ,7 0 6
1 ,6 9 6
1 ,6 9 0
1 ,7 0 5
T o b a c c o p r o d u c t s .............................
41
41
40
41
42
41
40
41
41
42
41
40
40
40
39
T e x t i l e m ill p r o d u c t s ........................
627
616
613
612
611
611
608
606
604
605
603
599
594
592
595
810
758
A p p a re l a n d o t h e r te x tile
p r o d u c t s ...............................................
868
826
817
814
787
780
776
772
759
P a p e r a n d a l l i e d p r o d u c t s ...........
684
685
685
685
686
686
688
688
688
686
685
682
680
680
P r i n ti n g a n d p u b l i s h i n g .................
1 ,5 4 0
1 ,5 5 3
1 ,5 5 6
1 ,5 5 8
1 ,5 6 0
1 ,5 6 1
1 ,5 6 4
1 ,5 6 4
1 ,5 6 4
1 ,5 6 5
1 ,5 6 6
1 ,5 7 0
1 ,5 7 1
1 ,5 6 7
1 ,5 6 4
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts
1 ,0 3 4
1 ,0 3 4
1 ,0 3 3
1 ,0 3 4
1 ,0 3 5
1 ,0 3 6
1 ,0 3 5
1 ,0 3 6
1 ,0 3 6
1 ,0 3 5
1 ,0 3 9
1 ,0 3 7
1 ,0 3 8
1 ,0 3 6
1 ,0 3 5
P e tr o le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c ts ...
142
140
139
139
138
139
136
136
136
137
136
137
135
134
135
1 ,0 0 7
808
805
796
796
680
R u b b e r a n d m isc e lla n e o u s
p l a s t i c s p r o d u c t s ............................
983
995
997
998
999
1 ,0 0 2
1 ,0 0 6
1 ,0 0 7
1 ,0 0 9
1 ,0 0 8
1 ,0 0 6
1 ,0 0 6
998
1 ,0 0 6
L e a th e r a n d l e a th e r p r o d u c ts ...
96
90
88
88
87
87
86
86
85
84
83
83
81
80
79
S E R V IC E -P R O D U C IN G ...................
9 5 ,1 1 5
9 7 ,7 5 6
9 8 ,2 8 7
9 8 ,5 3 6
9 8 ,8 4 5
9 9 ,0 9 6
9 9 ,3 4 3
9 9 ,5 1 8
9 9 ,6 3 8
9 9 ,8 9 5
1 0 0 ,2 6 1
1 0 0 ,4 4 7
1 0 0 ,7 3 4
1 0 0 ,9 2 3
1 0 1 ,0 2 8
Trans porta tion an d public
u tilities..........................................
6 ,2 5 3
6 ,3 9 5
6 ,4 3 5
6 ,4 5 3
6 ,4 5 6
6 ,4 5 1
6 ,4 7 3
6 ,4 9 4
6 ,5 0 4
6 ,5 1 3
6 ,5 3 4
6 ,5 3 8
6 ,5 5 0
6 ,5 7 2
6 ,5 7 8
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n .........................................
4 ,0 1 9
4 ,1 0 6
4 ,1 4 1
4 ,1 4 9
4 ,1 4 7
4 ,1 3 5
4 ,1 4 8
4 ,1 6 4
4 ,1 7 0
4 ,1 7 3
4 ,1 9 1
4 ,1 9 6
4 ,2 0 8
4 ,2 3 6
4 ,2 4 5
R a i l r o a d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n .................
231
227
227
227
228
230
231
231
231
231
232
232
231
233
234
p a s s e n g e r t r a n s i t ...........................
437
451
451
452
453
455
456
459
460
453
459
458
466
470
471
T r u c k i n g a n d w a r e h o u s i n g ........
1 ,6 3 7
1 ,6 6 7
1 ,6 8 0
1 ,6 8 0
1 ,6 7 8
1 ,6 7 6
1 ,6 8 4
1 ,6 8 8
1 ,6 9 0
1 ,7 0 2
1 ,7 0 3
1 ,7 0 9
1 ,7 0 9
1 ,7 1 9
1 ,7 1 9
W a t e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n .......................
174
180
180
180
180
179
177
181
183
181
185
183
188
192
191
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n b y a i r ......................
1 ,1 0 7
1 ,1 2 8
1 ,1 4 7
1 ,1 5 4
1 ,1 5 1
1 ,1 3 8
1 ,1 4 2
1 ,1 4 5
1 ,1 4 6
1 ,1 4 7
1 ,1 5 1
1 ,1 5 4
1 ,1 5 4
1 ,1 6 0
1 ,1 6 7
L o c a l a n d in te ru r b a n
P ip e lin e s , e x c e p t n a tu ra l g a s ..
15
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e r v i c e s ..............
418
439
442
442
443
443
444
446
446
445
447
446
446
448
449
u t i l i t i e s ......................................................
2 ,2 3 4
2 ,2 9 0
2 ,2 9 4
2 ,3 0 4
2 ,3 0 9
2 ,3 1 6
2 ,3 2 5
2 ,3 3 0
2 ,3 3 4
2 ,3 4 0
2 ,3 4 3
2 ,3 4 2
2 ,3 4 2
2 ,3 3 6
2 ,3 3 3
C o m m u n i c a t i o n s ................................
1 ,3 5 1
1 ,4 2 4
1 ,4 3 2
1 ,4 4 3
1 ,4 4 9
1 ,4 5 7
1 ,4 6 6
1 ,4 7 1
1 ,4 7 5
1 ,4 8 4
1 ,4 8 6
1 ,4 8 8
1 ,4 8 8
1 ,4 8 4
1 ,4 8 3
C o m m u n ic a tio n s a n d p u b lic
E le c tr ic , g a s , a n d s a n i t a r y
s e r v i c e s ...............................................
884
866
862
861
860
859
859
859
859
856
857
854
854
852
850
W h o le s a le tra d e..............................
6 ,4 8 2
6 ,6 4 8
6 ,6 7 9
6 ,6 9 7
6 ,7 1 1
6 ,7 3 1
6 ,7 5 9
6 ,7 6 9
6 ,7 8 3
6 ,7 9 8
6 ,8 1 5
6 ,8 2 1
6 ,8 2 7
6 ,8 3 4
6 ,8 4 8
Retail tra d e .......................................
2 1 ,5 9 7
2 2 ,0 1 1
2 2 ,0 7 8
2 2 ,1 0 5
2 2 ,2 0 6
2 2 ,2 4 5
2 2 ,2 8 0
2 2 ,2 8 3
2 2 ,2 5 9
2 2 ,3 3 5
2 2 ,4 2 3
2 2 ,4 4 8
2 2 ,5 4 7
2 2 ,5 3 7
2 2 ,5 7 4
894
937
939
938
944
946
954
959
966
971
972
975
977
979
979
B u ild in g m a t e r i a l s a n d g a r d e n
s u p p l i e s ..................................................
G e n e r a l m e r c h a n d i s e s t o r e s .......
2 ,7 0 2
2 ,7 1 8
2 ,7 2 6
2 ,7 3 8
2 ,7 6 1
2 ,7 7 1
2 ,7 7 1
2 ,7 5 6
2 ,7 5 9
2 ,7 8 4
2 ,7 8 8
2 ,7 8 4
2 ,7 9 0
2 ,7 8 1
2 ,7 9 3
D e p a r t m e n t s t o r e s ...........................
2 ,3 6 7
2 ,3 8 9
2 ,3 9 7
2 ,4 0 9
2 ,4 3 3
2 ,4 3 4
2 ,4 3 9
2 ,4 2 7
2 ,4 2 8
2 ,4 4 7
2 ,4 6 2
2 ,4 5 7
2 ,4 5 4
2 ,4 5 6
2 ,4 5 9
S e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d of ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
85
Current Labor Statistics:
Labor Force Data
12. Continued—Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Industry
1996
F o o d s t o r e s ..............................................
1997
Annual average
1997
Sept.
Oct.
1998
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.p
Sept.p
3 ,4 3 6
3 ,4 9 6
3 ,5 0 6
3 ,5 1 2
3 ,5 1 6
3 ,5 1 7
3 ,5 2 8
3 ,5 3 3
3 ,5 3 6
3 ,5 3 3
3 ,5 4 2
3 ,5 3 8
3 ,5 5 2
3 ,5 5 3
3 ,5 6 0
A u to m o tiv e d e a l e r s a n d
s e r v i c e s t a t i o n s ................................
2 ,2 6 7
2 ,3 1 4
2 ,3 2 1
2 ,3 2 5
2 ,3 2 8
2 ,3 2 9
2 ,3 3 1
2 ,3 3 1
2 ,3 3 3
2 ,3 3 7
2 ,3 4 5
2 ,3 5 1
2 ,3 5 5
2 ,3 5 3
2 ,3 5 5
N e w a n d u s e d c a r d e a l e r s .........
1 ,0 3 1
1 ,0 5 1
1 ,0 5 3
1 ,0 5 5
1 ,0 5 6
1 ,0 5 6
1 ,0 5 6
1 ,0 5 6
1 ,0 5 6
1 ,0 5 8
1 ,0 6 0
1 ,0 6 4
1 ,0 6 6
1 ,0 6 3
1 ,0 6 6
A p p a re l a n d a c c e s s o r y s to r e s ...
1 ,0 9 8
1 ,0 9 8
1 ,1 0 0
1 ,1 0 3
1 ,1 0 5
1 ,1 0 3
1 ,1 0 8
1 ,1 0 0
1 ,0 9 8
1 ,1 0 5
1 ,1 0 6
1 ,1 0 8
1 ,1 1 1
1 ,1 1 3
1 ,1 1 8
F u r n i tu r e a n d h o m e f u r n i s h i n g s
s t o r e s .......................................................
975
1 ,0 0 9
1 ,0 1 9
1 ,0 2 3
1 ,0 2 9
1 ,0 3 5
1 ,0 3 9
1 ,0 4 3
1 ,0 4 8
1 ,0 4 5
1 ,0 5 5
1 ,0 5 8
1 ,0 6 3
1 ,0 7 1
1 ,0 7 0
E a t i n g a n d d r i n k i n g p l a c e s ...........
7 ,5 1 7
7 ,6 3 6
7 ,6 4 1
7 ,6 3 0
7 ,6 6 6
7 ,6 8 2
7 ,6 8 5
7 ,6 9 4
7 ,6 4 5
7 ,6 8 1
7 ,7 1 4
7 ,7 2 6
7 ,7 8 1
7 ,7 6 6
7 ,7 9 3
2 ,7 0 9
2 ,8 0 4
2 ,8 2 6
2 ,8 3 6
2 ,8 5 7
2 ,8 6 2
2 ,8 6 4
2 ,8 6 7
2 ,8 7 4
2 ,8 7 9
2 ,9 0 1
2 ,9 0 8
2 ,9 1 8
2 ,9 2 1
2 ,9 0 6
M i s c e l l a n e o u s r e ta il
e s t a b l i s h m e n t s ................................
Finance, Insurance, and
real esta te ......................................
6 ,9 1 1
7 ,0 9 1
7 ,1 2 5
7 ,1 5 1
7 ,1 7 2
7 ,1 9 4
7 ,2 1 3
7 ,2 3 2
7 ,2 5 8
7 ,2 8 9
7 ,3 1 1
7 ,3 3 3
7 ,3 7 0
7 ,3 7 2
7 ,3 9 5
F i n a n c e .......................................................
3 ,3 0 3
3 ,4 1 3
3 ,4 3 4
3 ,4 5 1
3 ,4 6 3
3 ,4 7 8
3 ,4 8 5
3 ,4 9 6
3 ,5 1 2
3 ,5 2 1
3 ,5 3 6
3 ,5 4 7
3 ,5 6 5
3 ,5 7 2
3 ,5 8 0
D e p o s i t o r y i n s t i t u t i o n s ..................
2 ,0 1 9
2 ,0 2 7
2 ,0 2 7
2 ,0 3 2
2 ,0 3 5
2 ,0 4 0
2 ,0 3 7
2 ,0 3 9
2 ,0 4 1
2 ,0 4 1
2 ,0 4 4
2 ,0 4 2
2 ,0 4 2
2 ,0 4 2
2 ,0 4 1
C o m m e r c i a l b a n k s .......................
1 ,4 5 8
1 ,4 6 0
1 ,4 5 9
1 ,4 6 2
1 ,4 6 4
1 ,4 6 6
1 ,4 6 3
1 ,4 6 4
1 ,4 6 5
1 ,4 6 3
1 ,4 6 3
1 ,4 5 9
1 ,4 5 9
1 ,4 5 8
1 ,4 5 7
266
262
261
261
261
263
262
262
262
263
264
264
265
264
264
522
567
576
581
582
586
589
593
602
605
611
616
624
628
629
553
597
606
611
616
620
625
629
633
636
641
648
655
657
662
N o n d e p o s i t o r y i n s t i t u t i o n s .........
S e c u r ity a n d c o m m o d ity
b r o k e r s ...................................................
H o ld in g a n d o t h e r in v e s tm e n t
o f f i c e s .....................................................
210
222
225
227
230
232
234
235
236
239
240
241
244
245
248
I n s u r a n c e ...................................................
2 ,2 2 6
2 ,2 6 0
2 ,2 6 7
2 ,2 7 5
2 ,2 8 1
2 ,2 9 1
2 ,2 9 3
2 ,2 9 7
2 ,3 0 2
2 ,3 1 2
2 ,3 2 0
2 ,3 2 8
2 ,3 3 7
2 ,3 3 9
2 ,3 4 5
I n s u r a n c e c a r r i e r s .............................
1 ,5 1 7
1 ,5 3 5
1 ,5 4 0
1 ,5 4 6
1 ,5 5 0
1 ,5 5 8
1 ,5 5 8
1 ,5 6 0
1 ,5 6 6
1 ,5 7 4
1 ,5 7 9
1 ,5 8 6
1 ,5 9 4
1 ,5 9 5
1 ,5 9 9
In s u ra n c e a g e n ts , b ro k e rs,
a n d s e r v i c e .........................................
709
724
727
729
731
733
735
737
736
738
741
742
743
744
746
R e a l e s t a t e ................................................
1 ,3 8 2
1 ,4 1 9
1 ,4 2 4
1 ,4 2 5
1 ,4 2 8
1 ,4 2 5
1 ,4 3 5
1 ,4 3 9
1 ,4 4 4
1 ,4 5 6
1 ,4 5 5
1 ,4 5 8
1 ,4 6 8
1 ,4 6 1
1 ,4 7 0
S e rv ic e s 1.........................................
3 4 ,4 5 4
3 6 ,0 4 0
3 6 ,3 6 3
3 6 ,4 8 4
3 6 ,6 3 8
3 6 ,7 9 5
3 6 ,9 3 2
3 7 ,0 2 0
3 7 ,1 0 6
3 7 ,1 9 6
3 7 ,3 5 0
3 7 ,4 9 4
3 7 ,6 1 4
3 7 ,6 9 3
3 7 ,7 1 7
A g r ic u lt u r a l s e r v i c e s ..........................
627
679
690
692
694
694
696
696
695
706
700
706
713
718
719
H o te ls a n d o t h e r lo d g in g p l a c e s
1 ,7 1 5
1 ,7 4 4
1 ,7 4 5
1 ,7 5 4
1 ,7 5 4
1 ,7 5 4
1 ,7 6 2
1 ,7 5 6
1 ,7 5 5
1 ,7 6 7
1 ,7 6 9
1 ,7 7 3
1 ,7 8 1
1 ,7 8 5
1 ,7 7 9
P e r s o n a l s e r v i c e s ...............................
1 ,1 8 0
1 ,1 8 2
1 ,1 8 0
1 ,1 8 1
1 ,1 8 5
1 ,1 7 8
1 ,1 7 6
1 ,1 7 7
1 ,1 7 8
1 ,1 8 6
1 ,1 9 0
1 ,1 8 6
1 ,1 8 4
1 ,1 8 4
1 ,1 7 6
7 ,2 9 3
7 ,9 8 3
8 ,1 1 2
8 ,1 4 7
8 ,2 2 6
8 ,2 9 4
8 ,6 5 1
8 ,3 8 4
8 ,4 1 2
8 ,4 2 2
8 ,4 9 1
8 ,5 5 6
8 ,5 6 5
8 ,6 1 9
8 ,5 8 8
S e r v i c e s t o b u i l d i n g s .....................
907
937
947
948
947
955
960
961
966
965
975
975
980
978
982
P e r s o n n e l s u p p l y s e r v i c e s ........
2 ,6 5 4
2 ,9 6 8
3 ,0 1 3
3 ,0 3 0
3 ,0 7 4
3 ,1 1 1
3 ,1 3 9
3 ,1 5 2
3 ,1 4 9
3 ,1 4 0
3 ,1 5 6
3 ,1 8 9
3 ,1 5 1
3 ,1 7 6
3 ,1 3 9
H e lp s u p p l y s e r v i c e s ..................
2 ,3 5 2
2 ,6 4 6
2 ,6 8 6
2 ,6 9 4
2 ,7 4 1
2 ,7 8 3
2 ,8 0 4
2 ,8 2 0
2 ,8 1 9
2 ,8 0 6
2 ,8 1 8
2 ,8 5 3
2 ,8 1 5
2 ,8 4 8
2 ,8 0 4
1 ,2 2 8
1 ,4 1 1
1 ,4 4 8
1 ,4 6 2
1 ,4 7 5
1 ,4 9 3
1 ,5 0 7
1 ,5 2 2
1 ,5 3 8
1 ,5 6 1
1 ,5 7 8
1 ,6 0 1
1 ,6 2 2
1 ,6 3 4
1 ,6 4 4
1 ,0 8 0
1 ,1 2 4
1 ,1 3 1
1 ,1 3 4
1 ,1 3 8
1 ,1 4 4
1 ,1 6 6
1 ,1 6 7
C o m p u te r a n d d a ta
p r o c e s s i n g s e r v i c e s ....................
A u to r e p a ir s e r v ic e s
a n d p a r k i n g ..........................................
1 ,1 4 3
1 ,1 4 7
1 ,1 4 5
1 ,1 4 6
1 ,1 5 3
1 ,1 5 9
1 ,1 6 2
M is c e lla n e o u s re p a ir s e r v ic e s ...
372
376
378
378
379
380
381
382
382
383
385
387
385
386
388
M o tio n p i c t u r e s ......................................
525
548
556
556
557
564
563
569
565
563
567
554
564
565
567
A m u s e m e n t a n d re c re a tio n
s e r v i c e s ..................................................
1 ,4 7 6
1 ,5 7 3
1 ,5 9 3
1 ,5 9 7
1 ,6 1 0
1 ,6 2 5
1 ,6 3 3
1 ,6 4 1
1 ,6 4 7
1 ,6 6 0
1 ,6 6 2
1 ,6 7 0
1 ,6 9 4
1 ,7 0 7
1 ,7 3 0
H e a l t h s e r v i c e s ......................................
9 ,4 7 8
9 ,7 2 0
9 ,7 6 6
9 ,7 8 9
9 ,8 0 7
9 ,8 2 7
9 ,8 3 7
9 ,8 5 2
9 ,8 6 7
9 ,8 7 3
9 ,8 8 7
9 ,9 0 5
9 ,9 0 2
9 ,9 1 7
9 ,9 3 2
1 ,6 7 8
1 ,7 4 3
1 ,7 5 4
1 ,7 6 4
1 ,7 7 2
1 ,7 7 9
1 ,7 8 4
1 ,7 8 8
1 ,7 9 6
1 ,8 0 1
1 ,8 0 6
1 ,8 1 3
1 ,8 1 7
1 ,8 2 6
1 ,8 3 4
O f fic e s a n d c lin ic s o f m e d ic a l
d o c t o r s ...................................................
N u rsin g a n d p e r s o n a l c a r e
f a c i l i t i e s ................................................
1 ,7 3 0
1 ,7 5 5
1 ,7 5 7
1 ,7 5 9
1 ,7 6 0
1 ,7 6 1
1 ,7 5 9
1 ,7 6 1
1 ,7 6 1
1 ,7 6 0
1 ,7 6 2
1 ,7 6 1
1 ,7 5 6
1 ,7 5 5
1 ,7 5 8
H o s p i t a l s .................................................
3 ,8 1 2
3 ,8 6 9
3 ,8 8 5
3 ,8 9 4
3 ,9 0 1
3 ,9 0 8
3 ,9 1 6
3 ,9 2 0
3 ,9 2 5
3 ,9 3 8
3 ,9 4 5
3 ,9 5 3
3 ,9 6 0
3 ,9 6 6
3 ,9 7 5
H o m e h e a l t h c a r e s e r v i c e s ........
675
713
716
715
714
713
706
702
698
687
684
683
928
947
953
956
959
963
964
967
970
972
977
980
984
986
989
E d u c a t i o n a l s e r v i c e s ........................
2 ,0 3 0
2 ,1 1 4
2 ,1 3 6
2 ,1 4 6
2 ,1 5 5
2 ,1 6 0
2 ,1 6 9
2 ,1 7 9
2 ,1 8 9
2 ,1 9 2
2 ,1 9 5
2 ,2 0 0
2 ,2 0 5
2 ,2 0 3
2 ,2 1 0
S o c i a l s e r v i c e s ......................................
2 ,4 1 3
2 ,5 1 4
2 ,5 4 1
2 ,5 4 6
2 ,5 5 2
2 ,5 6 1
2 ,5 7 0
2 ,5 7 7
2 ,5 8 7
2 ,5 9 5
2 ,6 0 9
2 ,6 2 7
2 ,6 5 7
2 ,6 3 2
2 ,6 4 5
C h il d d a y c a r e s e r v i c e s ...............
565
570
572
572
571
572
575
574
575
577
575
581
583
585
576
R e s i d e n t i a l c a r e .................................
677
717
726
728
730
736
736
741
744
746
749
747
749
752
760
673
669
667
M u s e u m s a n d b o ta n ic a l a n d
z o o l o g i c a l g a r d e n s ........................
85
90
90
91
91
91
91
92
92
92
91
91
91
92
93
M e m b e r s h i p o r g a n i z a t i o n s ...........
2 ,2 0 1
2 ,2 4 8
2 ,2 5 0
2 ,2 5 2
2 ,2 4 7
2 ,2 5 5
2 ,2 6 0
2 ,2 6 1
2 ,2 6 3
2 ,2 6 5
2 ,2 6 6
2 ,2 7 0
2 ,2 7 2
2 ,2 7 3
2 ,2 6 8
2 ,8 4 4
3 ,0 0 5
3 ,0 4 8
3 ,0 7 0
3 ,0 8 9
3 ,1 1 1
3 ,1 3 7
3 ,1 4 8
3 ,1 6 4
3 ,1 7 8
3 ,2 1 2
3 ,2 3 4
3 ,2 5 9
3 ,2 6 4
3 ,2 7 0
836
869
876
881
885
892
897
899
904
910
913
921
925
928
924
E n g in e e rin g a n d m a n a g e m e n t
s e r v i c e s .................................................
E n g in e e rin g a n d a r c h ite c tu ra l
s e r v i c e s ................................................
M a n a g e m e n t a n d p u b lic
r e l a t i o n s ...............................................
870
944
962
970
975
988
1 ,0 0 4
1 ,0 0 7
1 ,0 1 2
1 ,0 1 1
1 ,0 2 9
1 ,0 3 7
1 ,0 5 2
1 ,0 5 4
1 ,0 6 0
G o v e rn m e n t.....................................
1 9 ,4 1 9
1 9 ,5 7 0
1 9 ,6 0 7
1 9 ,6 4 6
1 9 ,6 6 2
1 9 ,6 8 0
1 9 ,6 8 6
1 9 ,7 2 0
1 9 ,7 2 8
1 9 ,7 6 4
1 9 ,8 2 8
1 9 ,8 1 3
1 9 ,8 2 6
1 9 ,9 1 5
1 9 ,9 1 6
F e d e r a l .......................................................
2 ,7 5 7
2 ,6 9 9
2 ,6 8 4
2 ,6 9 0
2 ,6 8 9
2 ,6 8 8
2 ,6 7 0
2 ,6 7 6
2 ,6 7 1
2 ,6 7 4
2 ,6 7 1
2 ,6 7 4
2 ,6 7 2
2 ,6 8 3
2 ,6 8 2
S e r v i c e ................................................
1 ,9 0 1
1 ,8 4 2
1 ,8 2 7
1 ,8 2 9
1 ,8 2 6
1 ,8 1 9
1 ,8 2 2
1 ,8 1 9
1 ,8 1 5
1 ,8 1 4
1 ,8 1 0
1 ,8 1 3
1 ,8 1 0
1 ,8 1 6
1 ,8 1 1
S t a t e ..............................................................
4 ,6 0 6
4 ,5 9 4
4 ,6 0 4
4 ,6 0 9
4 ,6 1 3
4 ,6 1 1
4 ,6 1 3
4 ,6 1 3
4 ,6 1 9
4 ,6 2 0
4 ,6 3 7
4 ,6 3 2
4 ,6 4 5
4 ,6 5 9
4 ,6 6 1
F e d e r a l, e x c e p t P o s ta l
E d u c a t i o n ...............................................
1 ,9 1 1
1 ,9 1 2
1 ,9 2 1
1 ,9 2 2
1 ,9 2 3
1 ,9 2 4
1 ,9 2 4
1 ,9 2 4
1 ,9 2 8
1 ,9 2 5
1 ,9 3 2
1 ,9 3 3
1 ,9 3 8
1 ,9 4 7
1 ,9 4 4
O t h e r S t a t e g o v e r n m e n t ..............
2 ,6 9 5
2 ,6 8 2
2 ,6 8 3
2 ,6 8 7
2 ,6 9 0
2 ,6 8 7
2 ,6 8 9
2 ,6 8 9
2 ,6 9 1
2 ,6 9 5
2 ,7 0 5
2 ,6 9 9
2 ,7 0 7
2 ,7 1 2
2 ,7 1 7
L o c a l ..............................................................
1 2 ,0 5 6
1 2 ,2 7 6
1 2 ,3 1 9
1 2 ,3 4 7
1 2 ,3 6 0
1 2 ,3 8 1
1 2 ,4 0 3
1 2 ,4 3 1
1 2 ,4 3 8
1 2 ,4 7 0
1 2 ,5 2 0
1 2 ,5 0 7
1 2 ,5 0 9
1 2 ,5 7 3
1 2 ,5 7 3
E d u c a t i o n ...............................................
6 ,7 4 8
6 ,9 1 3
6 ,9 4 1
6 ,9 4 7
6 ,9 5 9
6 ,9 6 5
6 ,9 8 0
6 ,9 9 9
7 ,0 0 3
7 ,0 2 3
7 ,0 5 3
7 ,0 4 5
7 ,0 7 8
7 ,1 2 3
7 ,1 1 1
O t h e r lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t ...............
5 ,3 0 8
5 ,3 6 3
5 ,3 7 8
5 ,4 0 0
5 ,4 0 1
5 ,4 1 6
5 ,4 2 3
5 ,4 3 2
5 ,4 3 5
5 ,4 4 7
5 ,4 6 7
5 ,4 6 2
5 ,4 3 1
5 ,4 5 0
5 ,4 6 2
1 I n c lu d e s o th e r I n d u s tr ie s n o t s h o w n s e p a r a te ly .
p = p r e li m i n a r y .
N O T E : S e e " N o t e s o n t h e d a t a " fo r a d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e m o s t r e c e n t b e n c h m a r k r e v is i o n .
86
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
November 1998
13.
Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry, monthly
data seasonally adjusted
1996
1997
1998
1997
Annual average
Industry
Sept.
Nov.
Oct.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.p Sept.p
P R IV A T E S E C T O R ........................................
3 4 .4
3 4 .6
3 4 .6
3 4 .6
3 4 .7
3 4 .7
3 4 .8
3 4 .7
3 4 .6
3 4 .5
3 4 .7
3 4 .6
3 4 .6
3 4 .6
3 4 .4
G O O D S -P R O D U C IN G ........................................
4 1 .1
4 1 .3
4 1 .3
4 1 .3
4 1 .2
4 1 .4
4 1 .6
4 1 .4
4 1 .0
4 0 .8
4 1 .1
4 1 .0
4 1 .1
4 1 .1
4 0 .7
M IN IN G ..................................................................
4 5 .3
4 5 .4
4 5 .1
4 5 .2
4 5 .2
4 4 .9
4 5 .4
4 4 .4
4 3 .8
4 4 .1
4 4 .6
4 3 .8
4 4 .8
4 3 .8
4 2 .2
4 1 .7
M A N U F A C T U R IN G ...........................................
4 1 .6
4 2 .0
4 1 .9
4 2 .0
4 2 .1
4 2 .2
4 2 .1
4 2 .0
4 1 .8
4 1 .4
4 1 .8
4 1 .8
4 1 .7
4 1 .7
O v e r t i m e h o u r s ....................................................
4 .5
4 .8
4 .7
4 .8
4 .9
4 .9
4 .9
4 .8
4 .8
4 .5
4 .6
4 .6
4 .6
4 .6
4 .5
4 2 .3
goods....................................
4 2 .4
4 2 .8
4 2 .7
4 2 .8
4 2 .9
4 3 .0
4 2 .8
4 2 .8
4 2 .5
4 1 .9
4 2 .4
4 2 .3
4 2 .2
4 2 .3
O v e r t i m e h o u r s ...................................................
4 .8
5 .1
5 .0
5 .1
5 .2
5 .2
5 .2
5 .1
5 .0
4 .6
4 .8
4 .8
4 .8
4 .8
4 .7
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s .........................
4 0 .8
4 1 .0
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
4 1 .1
4 1 .0
4 1 .2
4 1 .1
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
4 1 .2
4 1 .4
4 0 .8
D u ra b le
F u r n i t u r e a n d f i x t u r e s ........................................
3 9 .4
4 0 .2
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
4 0 .6
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
4 0 .1
S t o n e , c l a y , a n d g l a s s p r o d u c t s ..............
4 3 .3
4 3 .2
4 3 .2
4 3 .2
4 2 .9
4 3 .6
4 3 .7
4 3 .6
4 3 .2
4 3 .3
4 3 .5
4 3 .2
4 3 .5
4 3 .6
4 3 .0
P r i m a r y m e t a l i n d u s t r i e s ................................
4 4 .2
4 4 .9
4 5 .0
4 5 .2
4 5 .2
4 5 .2
4 5 .2
4 4 .8
4 4 .6
4 3 .9
4 4 .5
4 4 .4
4 3 .6
4 4 .0
4 3 .8
B la s t f u r n a c e s a n d b a s i c s te e l
p r o d u c t s ................................................................
4 4 .5
4 4 .9
4 5 .0
4 5 .4
4 5 .3
4 5 .4
4 6 .0
4 5 .4
4 5 .3
4 4 .9
4 5 .6
4 5 .1
4 3 .8
4 4 .5
4 4 .1
F a b r i c a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s ............................
4 2 .4
4 2 .6
4 2 .5
4 2 .6
4 2 .7
4 2 .9
4 2 .7
4 2 .7
4 2 .4
4 1 .8
4 2 .6
4 2 .5
4 2 .4
4 2 .3
4 2 .3
In d u s tria l m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t....
4 3 .1
4 3 .6
4 3 .5
4 3 .6
4 3 .7
4 3 .7
4 3 .6
4 3 .4
4 3 .3
4 2 .6
4 3 .0
4 3 .2
4 3 .0
4 3 .1
4 3 .2
4 1 .2
E le c tr o n ic a n d o t h e r e le c tr ic a l
e q u i p m e n t .............................................................
4 1 .5
4 2 .0
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 2 .0
4 2 .0
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 1 .4
4 1 .1
4 1 .4
4 1 .4
4 1 .3
4 1 .6
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u i p m e n t .............................
4 4 .0
4 4 .5
4 4 .0
4 4 .3
4 4 .1
4 4 .5
4 3 .9
4 3 .8
4 3 .4
4 2 .1
4 3 .3
4 2 .7
4 2 .6
4 2 .6
4 3 .7
M o t o r v e h i c l e s a n d e q u i p m e n t ................
4 4 .9
4 5 .0
4 4 .3
4 4 .6
4 4 .5
4 4 .9
4 3 .9
4 3 .8
4 3 .5
4 2 .0
4 3 .3
4 2 .4
4 1 .7
4 2 .1
4 4 .3
4 0 .8
I n s t r u m e n t s a n d r e l a t e d p r o d u c t s ...........
4 1 .7
4 2 .0
4 2 .0
4 2 .0
4 2 .2
4 1 .9
4 1 .9
4 2 .0
4 1 .5
4 1 .3
4 1 .4
4 1 .3
4 1 .3
4 1 .4
M i s c e l l a n e o u s m a n u f a c t u r i n g ....................
3 9 .7
4 0 .4
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
4 0 .5
4 0 .6
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
4 0 .5
4 0 .1
4 0 .0
4 0 .0
4 0 .0
4 0 .1
4 0 .0
N o n d u ra b le g o o d s .........................................
4 0 .5
4 0 .9
4 0 .8
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
4 1 .1
4 0 .9
4 0 .8
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
4 0 .9
4 0 .8
4 .1
4 .4
4 .3
4 .4
4 .5
4 .4
4 .4
4 .4
4 .4
4 .2
4 .4
4 .4
4 .4
4 .3
4 .3
F o o d a n d k i n d r e d p r o d u c t s ..........................
4 1 .0
4 1 .3
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
4 1 .5
4 1 .6
4 1 .8
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 1 .3
4 1 .8
4 1 .7
4 2 .0
4 1 .6
4 1 .8
T e x t i l e m ill p r o d u c t s ...........................................
4 0 .6
4 1 .4
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 1 .7
4 1 .8
4 1 .5
4 1 .2
4 1 .0
4 1 .3
4 1 .1
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
4 0 .6
A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r t e x t i l e p r o d u c t s ..........
3 7 .0
3 7 .3
3 7 .3
3 7 .3
3 7 .2
3 7 .5
3 7 .4
3 7 .4
3 7 .2
3 7 .7
3 7 .4
3 7 .4
3 7 .4
3 7 .5
3 7 .5
P a p e r a n d a l l i e d p r o d u c t s .............................
4 3 .3
4 3 .7
4 3 .6
4 3 .7
4 4 .0
4 3 .7
4 3 .6
4 3 .4
4 3 .4
4 3 .0
4 3 .5
4 3 .6
4 3 .5
4 3 .3
4 3 .2
3 8 .2
3 8 .5
3 8 .6
3 8 .6
3 8 .8
3 8 .6
3 8 .5
3 8 .5
3 8 .4
3 8 .2
3 8 .4
3 8 .2
3 8 .4
3 8 .5
3 8 .1
4 3 .2
4 3 .2
4 3 .3
4 3 .4
4 3 .4
4 3 .2
4 3 .5
4 3 .4
4 3 .4
4 3 .1
4 3 .1
4 3 .2
4 3 .0
4 3 .3
4 3 .0
C h e m i c a l s a n d a l l i e d p r o d u c t s .................
R u b b e r a n d m isc e lla n e o u s
p l a s t i c s p r o d u c t s ...............................................
4 1 .5
4 1 .8
4 1 .7
4 2 .1
4 2 .0
4 2 .1
4 2 .0
4 1 .8
4 1 .5
4 1 .7
4 2 .1
4 2 .0
4 2 .1
4 1 .6
4 1 .3
L e a t h e r a n d l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s ......................
3 8 .1
3 8 .4
3 8 .4
3 8 .3
3 8 .2
3 8 .4
3 8 .3
3 8 .8
3 7 .9
3 7 .3
3 7 .3
3 7 .6
3 7 .0
3 8 .3
3 8 .4
3 2 .8
3 2 .9
3 2 .9
3 2 .9
3 3 .0
3 3 .0
3 2 .8
3 2 .9
3 3 .0
3 2 .9
3 2 .9
3 2 .9
3 2 .8
3 9 .0
S E R V IC E -P R O D U C IN G ....................................
32 7
3 2 .9
T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D
P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S ......................................
3 9 .6
3 9 .7
3 9 .9
3 9 .8
3 9 .9
3 9 .9
4 0 .0
3 9 .9
3 9 .8
3 9 .6
3 9 .8
3 9 .5
3 9 .6
3 9 .4
W H O L E S A L E T R A D E .....................................
38 3
3 8 .4
3 8 .4
3 8 .4
3 8 .5
3 8 .3
3 8 .5
3 8 .5
3 8 .3
3 8 .3
3 8 .5
3 8 .2
3 8 .3
3 8 .4
3 8 .2
R E T A IL T R A D E ..................................................
2 8 .8
2 8 .9
2 8 .9
2 9 .0
2 9 .0
2 8 .9
2 9 .0
2 9 .0
2 8 .9
2 9 .0
2 9 .1
2 9 .0
2 9 .1
2 9 .0
2 9 .1
p = p re lim in a r y .
14.
Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry,
seasonally adjusted
Industry
1998
1997
Annual average
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
1996
1997
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
P R IV A T E S E C T O R (in c u rre n t dollars )..
$ 1 1 .8 2
$ 1 2 .2 8
$ 1 2 .3 7
$ 1 2 .4 3
$ 1 2 .4 7
$ 1 2 .5 0
$ 1 2 .5 4
$ 1 2 .5 9
$ 1 2 .6 3
$ 1 2 .7 0
$ 1 2 .7 3
$ 1 2 .7 6
$ 1 2 .7 9
$ 1 2 .8 5
G o o d s -p ro d u c in g ..........................................
1 3 .4 7
1 3 .9 2
1 3 .9 8
1 4 .0 5
1 4 .1 0
1 4 .1 5
1 4 .1 6
1 4 .2 1
1 4 .2 5
1 4 .2 5
1 4 .2 7
1 4 .2 8
1 4 .3 1
1 4 .3 9
1 4 .3 5
1 6 .7 3
1 6 .8 8
1 7 .0 6
1 6 .8 9
Aug.p Sept.p
$ 1 2 .8 6
M i n in g .........................................................................
1 5 .6 2
1 6 .1 7
1 6 .2 4
1 6 .3 7
1 6 .4 8
1 6 .4 6
1 6 .4 7
1 6 .7 6
1 6 .8 2
1 6 .7 2
1 6 .7 7
C o n s t r u c t i o n ..........................................................
1 5 .4 7
1 6 .0 3
1 6 .1 0
1 6 .1 7
1 6 .2 4
1 6 .3 4
1 6 .2 7
1 6 .3 4
1 6 .4 0
1 6 .4 5
1 6 .4 6
1 6 .5 1
1 6 .6 4
1 6 .6 7
1 6 .5 5
M a n u f a c t u r i n g .......................................................
1 2 .7 7
1 3 .1 7
1 3 .2 2
1 3 .3 0
1 3 .3 4
1 3 .3 7
1 3 .3 8
1 3 .4 2
1 3 .4 6
1 3 .4 4
1 3 .4 7
1 3 .4 7
1 3 .4 2
1 3 .5 3
1 3 .5 5
E x c l u d i n g o v e r t i m e ......................................
1 2 .1 2
1 2 .4 5
1 2 .5 0
1 2 .5 8
1 2 .6 1
1 2 .6 3
1 2 .6 6
1 2 .6 9
1 2 .7 3
1 2 .7 6
1 2 .7 8
1 2 .7 6
1 2 .7 1
1 2 .8 2
1 2 .8 4
S e rv ic e -p ro d u c in g .......................................
1 1 .2 6
1 1 .7 3
1 1 .8 3
1 1 .8 8
1 1 .9 3
1 1 .9 5
1 2 .0 0
1 2 .0 6
1 2 .1 0
1 2 .1 9
1 2 .2 3
1 2 .2 6
1 2 .3 0
1 2 .3 5
1 2 .3 8
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d p u b l i c u t i li t i e s ..........
1 4 .4 5
1 4 .9 3
1 5 .0 1
1 5 .0 5
1 5 .1 0
1 5 .1 6
1 5 .2 1
1 5 .2 5
1 5 .2 7
1 5 .3 2
1 5 .3 1
1 5 .2 9
1 5 .3 3
1 5 .3 8
1 5 .3 7
W h o l e s a l e t r a d e .................................................
1 2 .8 7
1 3 .4 4
1 3 .5 4
1 3 .6 3
1 3 .7 2
1 3 .7 1
1 3 .7 5
1 3 .8 1
1 3 .8 4
1 3 .8 8
1 4 .0 0
1 3 .9 8
1 4 .0 7
1 4 .1 5
1 4 .1 2
7 .9 9
8 .3 4
8 .4 2
8 .4 6
8 .4 9
8 .5 1
8 .5 6
8 .5 9
8 .6 4
8 .7 0
8 .7 2
8 .7 3
8 .7 8
8 .8 2
8 .8 7
F in a n c e , in s u ra n c e , a n d re a l e s ta te ...
1 2 .8 0
1 3 .3 3
1 3 .5 3
1 3 .6 0
1 3 .6 5
1 3 .6 6
1 3 .7 2
1 3 .8 3
1 3 .8 5
1 4 .0 0
1 4 .0 3
1 4 .0 7
1 4 .1 0
1 4 .1 5
1 4 .1 1
S e r v i c e s ...................................................................
1 1 .7 9
1 2 .2 8
1 2 .3 8
1 2 .4 3
1 2 .4 8
1 2 .5 0
1 2 .5 4
1 2 .6 0
1 2 .6 5
1 2 .7 6
1 2 .8 1
1 2 .8 7
1 2 .9 0
1 2 .9 5
1 3 .0 1
7 .4 3
7 .5 5
7 .5 8
7 .6 0
7 .6 2
7 .6 3
7 .6 6
7 .6 9
7 .7 2
7 .7 4
7 .7 3
7 .7 5
7 .7 5
7 .7 8
-
P R IV A T E S E C T O R (in con s ta n t (1982)
d o lla rs )..............................................................
-
D a ta n o t a v a ila b le .
p = p r e lim in a r y .
N O T E : S e e " N o t e s o n t h e d a t a " f o r a d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e m o s t r e c e n t b e n c h m a r k r e v is i o n .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
87
Current Labor Statistics:
Labor Force Data
15. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry
Industry
Annual average
1996
P R IV A T E S E C T O R ..........................................
$
1 1 .8 2
1997
$
1997
1998
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
1 2 .2 8
$ 1 2 .4 0
$ 1 2 .4 5
$ 1 2 .5 3
$ 1 2 .5 3
$ 1 2 .6 0
$ 1 2 .6 5
$ 1 2 .6 8
$ 1 2 .6 9
$ 1 2 .7 0
Aug.p Sept.p
$ 1 2 .6 6
$ 1 2 .6 6
$ 1 2 .7 4
$ 1 2 .8 7
M IN IN G ................................................................
1 5 .6 2
1 6 .1 7
1 6 .2 6
1 6 .2 3
1 6 .4 1
1 6 .5 2
1 6 .6 5
1 6 .8 9
1 6 .8 9
1 6 .8 4
1 6 .7 3
1 6 .7 3
1 6 .8 1
1 6 .9 0
1 6 .9 1
C O N S T R U C T IO N .............................................
1 5 .4 7
1 6 .0 3
1 6 .3 0
1 6 .3 3
1 6 .2 8
1 6 .3 7
1 6 .2 5
1 6 .2 1
1 6 .2 9
1 6 .3 4
1 6 .4 2
1 6 .4 4
1 6 .6 3
1 6 .7 4
1 6 .7 5
1 3 .4 5
1 3 .5 6
1 4 .0 4
M A N U F A C T U R IN G ..........................................
1 2 .7 7
1 3 .1 7
1 3 .2 3
1 3 .2 8
1 3 .3 6
1 3 .4 7
1 3 .4 0
1 3 .4 1
1 3 .4 7
1 3 .4 6
1 3 .4 7
1 3 .4 3
1 3 .3 7
D u ra b le g o o d s ................................................
1 3 .3 3
1 3 .7 3
1 3 .8 0
1 3 .8 8
1 3 .9 5
1 4 .0 7
1 3 .9 6
1 3 .9 6
1 4 .0 2
1 3 .9 6
1 3 .9 8
1 3 .9 4
1 3 .7 7
1 3 .9 4
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s .......................
1 0 .4 4
1 0 .7 7
1 0 .8 7
1 0 .8 7
1 0 .9 1
1 0 .9 3
1 0 .9 0
1 0 .9 1
1 0 .9 5
1 0 .9 9
1 1 .0 6
1 1 .1 0
1 1 .1 8
1 1 .2 0
1 1 .2 2
F u r n i t u r e a n d f i x t u r e s ......................................
1 0 .1 5
1 0 .5 5
1 0 .7 0
1 0 .6 7
1 0 .6 9
1 0 .7 9
1 0 .7 5
1 0 .7 7
1 0 .8 0
1 0 .8 5
1 0 .7 9
1 0 .8 1
1 0 .9 0
1 0 .9 5
1 1 .0 3
S t o n e , c l a y , a n d g l a s s p r o d u c t s .............
1 2 .8 2
1 3 .1 8
1 3 .2 7
1 3 .3 2
1 3 .3 6
1 3 .3 9
1 3 .3 9
1 3 .4 5
1 3 .4 6
1 3 .6 3
1 3 .5 8
1 3 .5 8
1 3 .6 0
1 3 .6 1
1 3 .7 5
P r i m a r y m e t a l i n d u s t r i e s ...............................
1 4 .9 7
1 5 .2 2
1 5 .2 7
1 5 .3 3
1 5 .3 8
1 5 .4 2
1 5 .4 7
1 5 .4 6
1 5 .5 2
1 5 .6 6
1 5 .5 4
1 5 .5 3
1 5 .5 6
1 5 .4 4
1 5 .5 7
1 8 .4 4
B la s t f u r n a c e s a n d b a s i c s te e l
p r o d u c t s ...............................................................
1 7 .8 0
1 8 .0 3
1 8 .3 0
1 8 .2 6
1 8 .2 8
1 8 .1 5
1 8 .3 3
1 8 .3 4
1 8 .3 2
1 8 .6 6
1 8 .5 5
1 8 .5 3
1 8 .4 9
1 8 .4 1
F a b r i c a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s ..........................
1 2 .5 0
1 2 .7 9
1 2 .8 1
1 2 .8 6
1 2 .9 3
1 3 .0 3
1 2 .9 9
1 2 .9 8
1 3 .0 1
1 2 .8 9
1 3 .0 2
1 3 .0 0
1 2 .8 9
1 3 .0 8
1 3 .1 4
In d u s tria l m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t..
1 3 .5 9
1 4 .0 7
1 4 .1 9
1 4 .2 3
1 4 .3 0
1 4 .4 1
1 4 .3 4
1 4 .3 6
1 4 .3 6
1 4 .3 2
1 4 .3 6
1 4 .4 0
1 4 .4 2
1 4 .4 4
1 4 .4 7
E le c tr o n ic a n d o th e r e le c tric a l
e q u i p m e n t ............................................................
1 2 .1 8
1 2 .7 0
1 2 .8 5
1 2 .9 1
1 3 .0 0
1 3 .1 3
1 3 .0 0
1 2 .9 7
1 3 .0 6
1 3 .0 9
1 3 .0 5
1 3 .0 8
1 3 .1 5
1 3 .1 6
1 3 .2 3
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u i p m e n t ...........................
1 7 .1 9
1 7 .5 6
1 7 .5 7
1 7 .8 8
1 7 .9 4
1 8 .0 9
1 7 .7 5
1 7 .7 7
1 7 .9 2
1 7 .7 1
1 7 .6 5
1 7 .4 5
1 6 .8 8
1 7 .3 2
1 7 .4 6
M o t o r v e h i c l e s a n d e q u i p m e n t ............
1 7 .7 4
1 8 .0 6
1 8 .0 2
1 8 .4 7
1 8 .5 3
1 8 .6 6
1 8 .2 4
1 8 .3 1
1 8 .5 2
1 8 .3 5
1 8 .1 6
1 7 .8 4
1 6 .8 7
1 7 .6 1
1 7 .7 5
I n s t r u m e n t s a n d r e l a t e d p r o d u c t s .........
1 3 .1 3
1 3 .5 1
1 3 .6 2
1 3 .5 9
1 3 .6 6
1 3 .6 8
1 3 .6 4
1 3 .6 7
1 3 .7 3
1 3 .7 5
1 3 .7 5
1 3 .7 1
1 3 .7 4
1 3 .7 6
1 3 .8 8
M i s c e l l a n e o u s m a n u f a c t u r i n g ...................
1 0 .3 8
1 0 .5 9
1 0 .6 4
1 0 .6 4
1 0 .7 1
1 0 .8 0
1 0 .7 9
1 0 .7 9
1 0 .7 9
1 0 .7 6
1 0 .7 9
1 0 .8 2
1 0 .8 4
1 0 .8 3
1 0 .9 4
N o n d u ra b le g o o d s .......................................
1 1 .9 7
1 2 .3 3
1 2 .4 0
1 2 .3 9
1 2 .4 8
1 2 .5 8
1 2 .5 6
1 2 .5 7
1 2 .6 3
1 2 .7 1
1 2 .7 1
1 2 .6 9
1 2 .7 9
1 2 .7 3
1 2 .8 8
F o o d a n d k i n d r e d p r o d u c t s .........................
1 1 .2 0
1 1 .4 9
1 1 .5 1
1 1 .4 5
1 1 .6 0
1 1 .7 1
1 1 .6 7
1 1 .6 4
1 1 .7 0
1 1 .7 5
1 1 .7 8
1 1 .7 6
1 1 .8 0
1 1 .7 6
1 1 .9 5
T o b a c c o p r o d u c t s ..............................................
1 9 .3 5
1 9 .2 7
1 8 .3 2
1 8 .0 5
1 7 .8 8
1 8 .6 9
1 8 .4 9
1 8 .2 4
1 8 .5 4
1 8 .9 4
2 0 .3 5
2 0 .8 9
2 0 .6 6
1 9 .1 0
1 8 .1 5
T e x t i l e m ill p r o d u c t s ........................................
9 .6 9
1 0 .0 3
1 0 .1 0
1 0 .1 1
1 0 .1 6
1 0 .2 5
1 0 .2 6
1 0 .2 6
1 0 .2 9
1 0 .3 9
1 0 .3 7
1 0 .3 6
1 0 .3 6
1 0 .3 8
1 0 .4 2
A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r t e x t i l e p r o d u c t s ........
7 .9 6
8 .2 5
8 .3 2
8 .3 2
8 .3 2
8 .4 2
8 .4 1
8 .3 8
8 .4 3
8 .4 7
8 .4 6
8 .5 0
8 .4 8
8 .5 2
8 .5 3
P a p e r a n d a l l i e d p r o d u c t s ...........................
1 4 .6 7
1 5 .0 4
1 5 .1 7
1 5 .1 7
1 5 .2 2
1 5 .2 7
1 5 .1 8
1 5 .2 0
1 5 .2 7
1 5 .4 4
1 5 .5 0
1 5 .4 5
1 5 .6 3
1 5 .5 3
1 5 .8 9
P r i n t i n g a n d p u b l i s h i n g ..................................
1 2 .6 5
1 3 .0 5
1 3 .2 1
1 3 .1 9
1 3 .2 4
1 3 .3 0
1 3 .2 7
1 3 .3 2
1 3 .3 6
1 3 .3 2
1 3 .3 2
1 3 .3 3
1 3 .4 3
1 3 .4 6
1 3 .6 4
C h e m i c a l s a n d a l l i e d p r o d u c t s ................
1 6 .1 7
1 6 .5 8
1 6 .6 3
1 6 .6 5
1 6 .8 5
1 6 .9 2
1 6 .8 9
1 6 .9 4
1 6 .9 7
1 7 .1 5
1 7 .1 1
1 7 .0 5
1 7 .1 9
1 7 .1 4
1 7 .3 2
P e t r o l e u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s ....................
1 9 .3 2
2 0 .1 8
2 0 .2 4
2 0 .2 9
2 0 .3 9
2 0 .5 5
2 0 .6 3
2 0 .9 1
2 1 .1 6
2 0 .9 9
2 0 .8 0
2 0 .7 1
2 0 .8 1
2 0 .7 7
2 0 .8 3
p l a s t i c s p r o d u c t s ..............................................
1 1 .2 4
1 1 .5 7
1 1 .6 4
1 1 .6 3
1 1 .6 4
1 1 .7 6
1 1 .7 4
1 1 .7 7
1 1 .7 8
1 1 .8 4
1 1 .8 5
1 1 .8 1
1 1 .9 1
1 1 .8 3
1 1 .9 2
L e a t h e r a n d l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s ....................
8 .5 7
8 .9 8
9 .1 1
9 .1 6
9 .1 4
9 .2 1
9 .3 2
9 .2 9
9 .3 2
9 .2 8
9 .3 3
9 .3 5
9 .1 6
9 .2 9
9 .2 9
R u b b e r a n d m isc e lla n e o u s
T R A N S P O R T A T IO N AN D
P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S ......................................
1 4 .4 5
1 4 .9 3
1 5 .0 6
1 5 .0 9
1 5 .1 9
1 5 .1 7
1 5 .2 7
1 5 .2 9
1 5 .2 4
1 5 .2 7
1 5 .2 1
1 5 .2 2
1 5 .3 1
1 5 .3 6
1 5 .4 2
W H O L E S A L E T R A D E ....................................
1 2 .8 7
1 3 .4 4
1 3 .5 3
1 3 .5 7
1 3 .7 6
1 3 .7 2
1 3 .7 7
1 3 .8 5
1 3 .8 6
1 3 .9 0
1 3 .9 6
1 3 .8 9
1 3 .9 9
1 4 .1 2
1 4 .1 1
R E T A IL T R A D E ................................................
7 .9 9
8 .3 4
8 .4 5
8 .4 7
8 .5 1
8 .5 1
8 .6 3
8 .6 2
8 .6 7
8 .7 0
8 .7 1
8 .7 0
8 .7 1
8 .7 3
8 .9 0
F IN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E ,
A N D R E A L E S T A T E ...................................
1 2 .8 0
1 3 .3 3
1 3 .4 8
1 3 .5 6
1 3 .7 2
1 3 .6 4
1 3 .7 0
1 3 .9 5
1 3 .9 7
1 3 .9 8
1 3 .9 9
1 3 .9 3
1 3 .9 4
1 4 .1 0
1 4 .0 5
S E R V IC E S ..........................................................
1 1 .7 9
1 2 .2 8
1 2 .3 6
1 2 .4 1
1 2 .5 7
1 2 .6 1
1 2 .6 6
1 2 .7 5
1 2 .7 7
1 2 .7 7
1 2 .7 5
1 2 .7 0
1 2 .6 7
1 2 .7 5
1 2 .9 8
p = p r e lim in a r y .
N O T E : S e e " N o t e s o n t h e d a t a " f o r a d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e m o s t r e c e n t b e n c h m a r k r e v is i o n .
88
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
November 1998
16. Average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry
Industry
Annual average
1996
1997
1998
1997
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
$ 4 2 4 .8 9
$ 4 3 1 .5 2
$ 4 3 2 .0 2
$436 04
$436 04
$430 9?
$ 4 3 7 69
$437 46
$434 on
$43Q 4P
$439 30
$440 57
4 2 8 .0 0
4 3 0 .0 8
4 3 2 71
433 75
436 39
436 87
437 on
43 8 15
441 7 3
2 6 4 .0 9
2 6 4 .0 7
2 6 6 .5 3
2 6 7 .0 2
2 6 3 .5 6
267 54
267 07
2 6 4 31
266 96
266 57
2 6 7 17
Aug.p
Sept.p
PR IV A TE SE CTO R
$ 4 0 6 .6 1
C o n s t a n t ( 1 9 8 2 ) d o l l a r s .................
2 5 5 .7 3
2 6 1 .3 1
270 35
M IN IN G ..................................................
7 0 7 .5 9
7 3 4 .1 2
7 3 9 .8 3
7 3 5 .2 2
7 4 8 .3 0
7 4 6 .7 0
7 4 9 .2 5
7 4 3 .1 6
7 3 3 .0 3
7 3 0 .8 6
7 4 2 .8 1
7 3 6 .1 2
7 3 9 .6 4
7 4 3 .6 0
7 1 5 .2 9
C O N S TR U C T IO N ................................
6 0 3 .3 3
623 57
6 5 3 .6 3
6 4 9 .9 3
6 1 5 .3 8
6 3 0 .2 5
6 0 7 .7 5
6 1 4 .3 6
6 1 7 .3 9
6 2 0 .9 2
6 4 3 .6 6
6 4 2 .8 0
6 6 6 .8 6
6 7 1 .2 7
6 2 6 .4 5
3 4 0 ftQ
333 24
M AN U FA C TU R IN G
5 3 1 .2 3
5 5 3 .1 4
5 6 0 .9 5
5 6 0 .4 2
5 6 9 .1 4
5 7 9 .2 1
561 4 6
559 20
561 7 0
5 4 9 17
563 95
C o n s t a n t ( 1 9 8 2 ) d o l l a r s ..................
3 3 4 .1 1
3 4 0 .1 8
3 4 3 .3 0
3 4 2 .5 6
3 4 7 .8 9
3 5 4 .6 9
343 40
3 4 1 81
342 92
334 45
342 07
Durable goods.........................
5 6 5 .1 9
5 8 7 .6 4
5 9 4 .7 8
5 9 6 .8 4
6 0 4 .0 4
6 1 7 .6 7
5 9 4 .7 0
5 9 3 .3 0
5 9 4 .4 5
5 7 6 .5 5
5 9 4 .1 5
5 9 1 .0 6
5 7 1 .4 6
5 8 8 .2 7
5 8 6 .8 7
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s ........
4 2 5 .9 5
4 4 1 .5 7
4 5 1 .1 1
4 5 1 .1 1
4 5 1 .6 7
4 5 0 .3 2
4 3 8 .1 8
4 4 1 .8 6
4 4 6 .7 6
4 4 8 .3 9
4 5 7 .8 8
4 6 1 .7 6
4 6 0 .6 2
4 6 8 .1 6
4 5 4 .4 1
F u r n i tu r e a n d f i x t u r e s ......................
3 9 9 .9 1
4 2 4 .1 1
4 3 9 .7 7
4 3 4 .2 7
4 4 0 .4 3
4 5 4 .2 6
4 3 6 .4 5
4 3 6 .1 9
4 3 6 .3 2
4 3 0 .7 5
4 3 2 .6 8
4 4 1 .0 5
4 3 9 .2 7
4 4 8 .9 5
4 4 0 .1 0
p r o d u c t s ................................................
5 5 5 .1 1
5 6 9 .3 8
5 8 6 .5 3
5 8 4 .7 5
5 7 5 .8 2
5 8 5 .1 4
5 6 6 .4 0
5 7 2 .9 7
5 7 2 .0 5
5 8 4 .7 3
5 9 6 .1 6
5 9 4 .8 0
5 9 4 .3 2
6 0 0 .2 0
6 0 2 .3 1
P r i m a r y m e t a l i n d u s t r i e s ...............
6 6 1 .6 7
6 8 3 .3 8
6 9 1 .7 3
6 9 1 .3 8
6 9 9 .7 9
7 1 0 .8 6
7 0 2 .3 4
6 9 1 .0 6
6 9 0 .6 4
6 7 9 .6 4
6 9 1 .5 3
6 8 9 .5 3
6 7 0 .6 4
6 7 4 .7 3
6 8 1 .9 7
s t e e l p r o d u c t s .................................
7 9 2 .1 0
8 0 9 .5 5
8 2 7 .1 6
8 2 1 .7 0
8 3 1 .7 4
8 3 4 .9 0
8 4 6 .8 5
8 2 8 .9 7
8 2 8 .0 6
8 3 5 .9 7
8 4 2 .1 7
8 3 3 .8 5
8 1 1 .7 1
8 1 3 .7 2
8 1 5 .0 5
F a b r i c a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s ...........
5 3 0 .0 0
5 4 4 .8 5
5 5 0 .8 3
5 5 0 .4 1
5 5 9 .8 7
5 7 3 .3 2
5 5 3 .3 7
5 4 9 .0 5
5 4 9 .0 2
5 2 7 .2 0
5 5 3 .3 5
5 5 3 .8 0
5 3 6 .2 2
5 5 1 .9 8
5 4 7 .9 4
5 8 5 .7 3
6 1 3 .4 5
6 2 0 .1 0
6 1 7 .5 8
6 2 9 .2 0
6 4 5 .5 7
6 2 5 .2 2
6 2 4 .6 6
6 2 4 .6 6
6 0 0 .0 1
6 1 8 .9 2
6 2 2 .0 8
6 0 9 .9 7
6 1 5 .1 4
6 1 3 .5 3
e q u i p m e n t ...........................................
5 0 5 .4 7
5 3 3 .4 0
5 4 0 .9 9
5 4 0 .9 3
5 5 5 .1 0
5 6 5 .9 0
5 4 3 .4 0
5 3 9 .5 5
5 4 0 .6 8
5 2 8 .8 4
5 3 7 .6 6
5 4 1 .5 1
5 3 3 .8 9
5 4 4 .8 2
5 4 1 .1 1
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u i p m e n t ............
7 5 6 .3 6
7 8 1 .4 2
7 7 8 .3 5
7 9 5 .6 6
7 9 8 .3 3
8 2 4 .9 0
7 7 7 .4 5
7 7 3 .0 0
7 8 3 .1 0
7 3 3 .1 9
7 7 1 .3 1
7 4 8 .6 1
6 9 2 .0 8
7 3 9 .5 6
7 4 9 .0 3
7 9 6 .5 3
8 1 2 .7 0
8 0 3 .6 9
8 3 1 .1 5
8 3 0 .1 4
8 6 3 .9 6
7 9 7 .0 9
7 9 4 .6 5
8 1 3 .0 3
7 5 6 .0 2
8 0 0 .8 6
7 6 1 .7 7
6 6 8 .0 5
7 4 4 .9 0
7 6 8 .5 8
S to n e , c la y , a n d g la s s
B la s t f u r n a c e s a n d b a s i c
In d u s tria l m a c h in e r y a n d
e q u i p m e n t ..........................................
E le c tr o n ic a n d o t h e r e le c tric a l
M o to r v e h i c l e s a n d
e q u i p m e n t ........................................
In s ta lm e n ts a n d re la te d
p r o d u c t s ................................................
5 4 7 .5 2
5 6 7 .4 2
5 7 3 .4 0
5 6 9 .4 2
5 8 1 .9 2
5 8 6 .8 7
5 7 1 .5 2
5 7 5 .5 1
5 7 2 .5 4
5 5 8 .2 5
5 6 6 .5 0
5 6 6 .2 2
5 5 7 .8 4
5 6 5 .5 4
5 6 2 .1 4
M i s c e l l a n e o u s m a n u f a c t u r i n g ...
4 1 2 .0 9
4 2 7 .8 4
4 3 4 .1 1
4 3 4 .1 1
4 4 1 .2 5
4 4 7 .1 2
4 3 0 .5 2
4 3 3 .7 6
4 3 7 .0 0
4 2 3 .9 4
4 3 0 .5 2
4 3 1 .7 2
4 2 4 .9 3
4 3 2 .1 2
4 3 1 .0 4
Nondurable goods....................
4 8 4 .7 9
5 0 4 .3 0
5 1 3 .3 6
5 0 9 .2 3
5 1 7 .9 2
5 2 5 .8 4
5 1 3 .7 0
5 1 0 .3 4
5 1 4 .0 4
5 0 8 .4 0
5 1 8 .5 7
5 1 9 .0 2
5 1 9 .2 7
5 2 1 .9 3
5 2 9 .3 7
F o o d a n d k i n d r e d p r o d u c t s .........
4 5 9 .2 0
4 7 4 .5 4
4 8 6 .8 7
4 7 8 .6 1
4 8 9 .5 2
4 9 6 .5 0
4 8 3 .1 4
4 7 6 .0 8
4 7 8 .5 3
4 7 4 .7 0
4 8 8 .8 7
4 8 8 .0 4
4 9 0 .8 8
4 9 3 .9 2
5 1 0 .2 7
T o b a c c o p r o d u c t s ..............................
7 7 4 .0 0
7 4 9 .6 0
7 2 1 .8 1
7 1 4 .7 8
7 0 6 .2 6
7 4 9 .4 7
6 9 8 .9 2
6 8 2 .1 8
6 8 5 .9 8
7 0 0 .7 8
7 9 3 .6 5
8 3 3 .5 1
8 1 1 .9 4
7 5 0 .6 3
6 8 7 .8 9
T e x t i l e m ill p r o d u c t s .........................
3 9 3 .4 1
4 1 5 .2 4
4 2 4 .2 0
4 1 8 .5 5
4 2 5 .7 0
4 3 2 .5 5
4 2 6 .8 2
4 2 1 .6 9
4 2 3 .9 5
4 1 6 .6 4
4 2 6 .2 1
4 2 9 .9 4
4 1 8 .5 4
4 2 7 .6 6
4 2 8 .2 6
A p p a re l a n d o t h e r te x tile
p r o d u c t s ................................................
2 9 4 .5 2
3 0 7 .7 3
3 1 2 .0 0
3 1 2 .8 3
3 1 2 .8 3
3 2 0 .8 0
3 1 3 .6 9
3 1 0 .9 0
3 1 3 .6 0
3 0 9 .1 6
3 1 6 .4 0
3 2 1 .3 0
3 1 3 .7 6
3 2 0 .3 5
3 1 6 .4 6
P a p e r a n d a l l i e d p r o d u c t s ............
6 3 5 .2 1
6 5 7 .2 5
6 6 9 .0 0
6 6 4 .4 5
6 7 5 .7 7
6 8 1 .0 4
6 6 3 .3 7
6 5 3 .6 0
6 5 8 .1 4
6 5 6 .2 0
6 7 1 .1 5
6 7 2 .0 8
6 7 2 .0 9
6 6 9 .3 4
6 9 2 .8 0
P r i n ti n g a n d p u b l i s h i n g ..................
4 8 3 .2 3
5 0 2 .4 3
5 1 7 .8 3
5 1 3 .0 9
5 2 0 .3 3
5 2 1 .3 6
5 0 4 .2 6
5 0 8 .8 2
5 1 3 .0 2
5 0 3 .5 0
5 0 7 .4 9
5 0 5 .2 1
5 1 1 .6 8
5 1 8 .2 1
5 2 6 .5 0
C h e m i c a l s a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts ..
6 9 8 .5 4
7 1 6 .2 6
7 2 3 .4 1
7 2 0 .9 5
7 3 6 .3 5
7 4 4 .4 8
7 3 4 .7 2
7 3 3 .5 0
7 3 6 .5 0
7 3 5 .7 4
7 3 5 .7 3
7 3 6 .5 6
7 3 4 .0 1
7 3 7 .0 2
7 4 6 .4 9
P e tro le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c ts ....
8 4 2 .3 5
8 6 9 .7 6
8 7 6 .3 9
8 7 8 .5 6
8 8 4 .9 3
8 6 7 .2 1
9 1 8 .0 4
8 8 2 .4 0
9 1 4 .1 1
8 9 8 .3 7
8 9 2 .3 2
8 9 4 .6 7
9 3 2 .2 9
9 1 1 .8 0
9 1 6 .5 2
R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s
p l a s t i c s p r o d u c t s ..............................
4 6 6 .4 6
4 8 3 .6 3
4 8 8 .8 8
4 8 7 .3 0
4 9 4 .7 0
5 0 5 .6 8
4 9 1 .9 1
4 8 9 .6 3
4 8 8 .8 7
4 8 5 .4 4
4 9 6 .5 2
4 9 6 .0 2
4 8 9 .5 0
4 8 9 .7 6
4 9 2 .3 0
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p ro d u c ts ....
3 2 6 .5 2
3 4 4 .8 3
3 5 5 .2 9
3 5 3 .5 8
3 5 1 .8 9
3 5 7 .3 5
3 5 2 .3 0
3 5 3 .0 2
3 5 1 .3 6
3 3 8 .7 2
3 4 8 .9 4
3 5 6 .2 4
3 3 8 .0 0
3 5 7 .6 7
3 5 5 .8 1
5 9 2 .7 2
6 0 6 .9 2
6 0 0 .5 8
6 1 3 .6 8
6 0 3 .7 7
6 0 0 .1 1
6 1 0 .0 7
6 0 0 .4 6
5 9 7 .0 6
6 0 0 .8 0
6 0 2 .7 1
6 0 7 .8 1
6 1 4 .4 0
6 0 4 .4 6
TR A N S P O R TA TIO N AND
PU B LIC U T ILITIE S .........................
5 7 2 .2 2
W H O LE S A LE TR A D E .......................
4 9 2 .9 2
5 1 6 .1 0
5 1 9 .5 5
5 2 1 .0 9
5 3 2 .5 1
5 2 6 .8 5
5 2 4 .6 4
5 3 3 .2 3
5 3 2 .2 2
5 2 9 .5 9
5 3 6 .0 6
5 3 1 .9 9
5 3 5 .8 2
5 4 6 .4 4
5 3 7 .5 9
R E TAIL T R A D E ...................................
2 3 0 .1 1
2 4 1 .0 3
2 4 5 .0 5
2 4 3 .9 4
2 4 5 .0 9
2 4 8 .4 9
2 4 2 .5 0
2 4 7 .3 9
2 4 8 .8 3
2 4 9 .6 9
2 5 2 .5 9
2 5 4 .9 1
2 5 9 .5 6
2 6 1 .0 3
2 5 9 .8 8
A N D REAL E S TA T E ......................
4 5 9 .5 2
4 8 1 .2 1
4 8 2 .5 8
4 8 6 .8 0
5 0 3 .5 2
4 8 9 .6 8
4 9 4 .5 7
5 1 7 .5 5
5 1 4 .1 0
5 0 4 .6 8
5 0 5 .0 4
5 0 1 .4 8
5 0 3 .2 3
5 2 0 .2 9
5 0 4 .4 0
S E R V IC E S .............................................
3 8 2 .0 0
4 0 0 .3 3
4 0 1 .7 0
4 0 4 .5 7
4 1 2 .3 0
4 1 1 .0 9
4 1 0 .1 8
4 1 8 .2 0
4 1 7 .5 8
4 1 3 .7 5
4 1 4 .3 8
4 1 5 .2 9
4 1 6 .8 4
4 2 3 .3 0
4 1 9 .2 5
FINA NC E, IN SU R A N C E,
p = p r e li m i n a r y .
N O T E: S e e " N o t e s o n t h e d a t a " f o r a d e s c r i p t io n o f t h e m o s t r e c e n t b e n c h m a r k r e v is io n .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
89
Current Labor Statistics:
Labor Force Data
17. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted
[In percent]
Timespan and year
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
June
May
July
Sept.
Aug.
Nov
Oct.
Dec.
Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries
O v e r 1- m o n th s p a n :
1 9 9 6 ....................................................................................
5 0 .8
6 4 .6
5 9 .6
5 6 .6
6 2 .8
6 1 .0
5 7 .3
6 1 .5
5 6 .0
6 2 .5
6 2 .2
6 0 .7
1 9 9 7 ....................................................................................
5 8 .0
6 1 .4
5 9 .8
6 3 .6
6 0 .1
5 4 .6
6 1 .1
5 9 .1
6 0 .0
6 4 .3
6 2 .4
6 4 .9
1 9 9 8 ....................................................................................
6 3 .8
5 8 .7
5 9 .6
5 6 .9
5 6 .6
5 9 .0
5 5 .1
5 3 .2
4 9 .0
-
-
-
O v e r 3 -m o n th s p a n :
1 9 9 6 ....................................................................................
6 1 .9
6 2 .8
6 4 .0
6 3 .8
6 3 .5
6 4 .9
6 4 .2
6 1 .5
6 3 .9
6 4 .2
6 7 .0
6 6 .6
1 9 9 7 ....................................................................................
6 4 .9
6 3 .3
6 5 .6
6 6 .2
6 3 .9
6 1 .2
6 0 .1
6 5 .9
6 7 .4
6 8 .1
7 0 .8
7 1 .9
1 9 9 8 ....................................................................................
6 8 .4
6 7 .3
6 4 .2
6 1 .7
6 0 .4
5 8 .4
5 7 .6
5 3 .4
-
-
-
-
O v e r 6 -m o n th s p a n :
1 9 9 6 ....................................................................................
6 2 .8
6 5 .4
6 4 .7
6 5 .7
6 6 .2
6 5 .0
6 6 .4
6 6 .0
6 6 .2
6 7 .6
6 6 .9
6 6 .3
1 9 9 7 ....................................................................................
6 7 .6
6 7 .0
6 5 .3
6 4 .9
6 5 .6
6 7 .3
6 8 .0
6 7 .3
7 0 .6
7 2 .3
7 3 .3
7 2 .6
1 9 9 8 ....................................................................................
7 2 .1
7 0 .9
6 9 .4
6 3 .5
6 3 .8
5 9 .1
-
-
-
-
-
-
O v e r 1 2 -m o n th s p a n :
1 9 9 6 ....................................................................................
6 4 .5
6 6 .7
6 4 .5
6 5 .6
6 8 .5
6 7 .3
6 7 .7
6 6 .4
6 8 .0
6 9 .9
6 9 .1
6 8 .3
1 9 9 7 ....................................................................................
6 9 .8
6 7 .6
6 9 .2
7 0 .1
6 9 .8
6 9 .8
7 1 .2
7 1 .2
7 1 .1
7 3 .0
7 2 .9
7 2 .3
1 9 9 8 ...................................................................................
7 1 .2
6 9 .8
6 9 .5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries
O v e r 1-m o n th s p a n :
1 9 9 6 ...................................................................................
4 2 .8
5 4 .7
4 8 .2
4 2 .1
5 5 .4
5 0 .7
4 7 .1
5 5 .4
4 7 .8
5 2 .9
5 4 .3
5 5 .4
1 9 9 7 ...................................................................................
4 9 .3
5 4 .3
5 0 .0
5 6 .8
5 1 .4
5 2 .2
5 0 .4
4 8 .9
5 6 .5
5 7 .2
5 6 .1
6 0 .8
1 9 9 8 ...................................................................................
5 5 .8
5 1 .8
5 2 .5
4 8 .6
4 5 .0
4 7 .8
3 9 .6
4 7 .5
3 8 .8
-
-
-
O v e r 3 -m o n th s p a n :
1 9 9 6 ...................................................................................
4 3 .9
4 6 .8
4 6 .0
4 7 .5
4 6 .4
4 9 .3
5 1 .4
5 0 .0
5 3 .6
5 1 .1
5 7 .6
5 4 .7
1 9 9 7 ...................................................................................
5 4 .3
4 9 .3
5 4 .3
5 4 .0
5 5 .4
5 0 .4
4 7 .5
5 2 .2
5 7 .9
6 2 .6
6 4 .7
6 5 .5
1 9 9 8 ...................................................................................
6 0 .1
5 9 .0
5 0 .7
4 6 .4
4 3 .2
3 8 .8
3 7 .8
3 3 .1
-
-
-
-
O v e r 6 -m o n th s p a n :
1 9 9 6 ...................................................................................
4 2 .1
4 5 .3
4 6 .4
4 7 .1
4 8 .2
4 8 .6
5 1 .1
5 0 .4
5 2 .9
5 2 .9
5 3 .2
5 2 .2
1 9 9 7 ...................................................................................
5 4 .3
5 4 .3
5 1 .4
5 2 .9
5 1 .4
5 5 .0
5 6 .8
5 7 .6
6 0 .4
6 4 .4
6 7 .6
6 5 .8
1 9 9 8 ...................................................................................
6 1 .5
5 6 .8
5 2 .2
3 9 .2
4 0 .6
3 4 .5
-
-
-
-
-
-
O v e r 1 2 -m o n th s p a n :
1 9 9 6 ...................................................................................
4 3 .5
4 7 .5
4 5 .3
4 5 .3
5 0 .4
4 9 .6
5 0 .4
4 8 .6
5 1 .1
5 5 .0
5 4 .0
5 1 .8
1 9 9 7 ...................................................................................
5 7 .2
5 2 .5
5 4 .7
5 6 .5
5 7 .9
5 7 .6
5 8 .6
5 8 .6
6 0 .4
6 0 .4
5 9 .4
5 8 .3
1 9 9 8 ...................................................................................
5 0 .7
5 1 .8
5 1 .1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
d e c r e a s i n g e m p l o y m e n t . D a t a f o r t h e 2 m o s t r e c e n t m o n t h s s h o w n in e a c h
D a ta n o t a v a ila b le .
NOTE:
F i g u r e s a r e t h e p e r c e n t o f i n d u s t r i e s w ith e m p l o y m e n t i n c r e a s i n g
p lu s o n e -h a lf o f th e
s p a n a r e p r e li m i n a r y .
S e e t h e " D e f in itio n s " in t h i s s e c t i o n .
S e e " N o te s o n
t h e d a t a " f o r a d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e m o s t r e c e n t b e n c h m a r k r e v is i o n .
i n d u s t r i e s w ith u n c h a n g e d e m p l o y m e n t , w h e r e 5 0
p e r c e n t i n d i c a t e s a n e q u a l b a l a n c e b e t w e e n i n d u s t r i e s w ith i n c r e a s i n g a n d
18. Annual data: Employment status of the population
[Numbers in thousands]
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
C iv i l i a n n o n i n s t i t u t i o n a l p o p u l a t i o n ..............
Employment status
1 8 6 ,3 9 3
1 8 9 ,1 6 4
1 9 0 ,9 2 5
1 9 2 ,8 0 5
1 9 4 ,8 3 8
1 9 6 ,8 1 4
1 9 8 ,5 8 4
2 0 0 ,5 9 1
2 0 3 ,1 3 3
C i v i l i a n l a b o r f o r c e ...............................................
1 2 3 ,8 6 9
1 2 5 ,8 4 0
1 2 6 ,3 4 6
1 2 8 ,1 0 5
1 2 9 ,2 0 0
1 3 1 ,0 5 6
1 3 2 ,3 0 4
1 3 3 ,9 4 3
1 3 6 ,2 9 7
L a b o r f o r c e p a r t i c i p a t i o n r a t e ....................
6 6 .5
6 6 .5
6 6 .2
6 6 .4
6 6 .3
6 6 .6
6 6 .6
6 6 .8
6 7 .1
1 1 7 ,3 4 2
1 1 8 ,7 9 3
1 1 7 ,7 1 8
1 1 8 ,4 9 2
1 2 0 ,2 5 9
1 2 3 ,0 6 0
1 2 4 ,9 0 0
1 2 6 ,7 0 8
1 2 9 ,5 5 8
6 3 .0
6 2 .8
6 1 .7
6 1 .5
6 1 .7
6 2 .5
6 2 .9
6 3 .2
6 3 .8
3 ,1 9 9
3 223
3 269
3 247
3 115
3 409
3 ,4 4 0
3 ,4 4 3
3 ,3 9 9
N o n a g r i c u l t u r a l i n d u s t r i e s .................
1 1 4 ,1 4 2
1 1 5 ,5 7 0
1 1 4 ,4 9 9
1 1 5 ,2 4 5
1 1 7 ,1 4 4
1 1 9 ,6 5 1
1 2 1 ,4 6 0
1 2 3 ,2 6 4
1 2 6 ,1 5 9
U n e m p l o y e d ......................................................
6 ,5 2 8
7 ,0 4 7
8 ,6 2 8
9 ,6 1 3
8 ,9 4 0
7 ,9 9 6
7 ,4 0 4
7 ,2 3 6
6 ,7 3 9
5 .3
5 .6
6 8
7 5
6 9
6 1
5 6
5 4
4 9
6 2 ,5 2 3
6 3 ,3 2 4
6 4 ,5 7 8
6 4 ,7 0 0
6 5 ,6 3 8
6 5 ,7 5 8
6 6 ,2 8 0
6 6 ,6 4 7
6 6 ,8 3 7
E m p l o y e d ...........................................................
E m p l o y m e n t - p o p u l a t i o n r a t i o ..............
N o t in t h e l a b o r f o r c e ...........................................
90
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
November 1998
19. Annual data: Employment levels by industry
[In thousands]
Industry
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1 0 7 ,8 8 4
1 0 9 ,4 0 3
1 0 8 ,2 4 9
1 0 8 ,6 0 1
1 1 0 ,7 1 3
1 1 4 ,1 6 3
1 1 7 ,1 9 1
1 1 9 ,6 0 8
1 2 2 ,6 9 0
P r i v a t e s e c t o r .................................................................
9 0 ,1 0 5
9 1 ,0 9 8
8 9 ,8 4 7
8 9 ,9 5 6
9 1 ,8 7 2
9 5 ,0 3 6
9 7 ,8 8 5
1 0 0 ,1 8 9
1 0 3 ,1 2 0
G o o d s - p r o d u c i n g ....................................................
2 5 ,2 5 4
2 4 ,9 0 5
2 3 ,7 4 5
2 3 ,2 3 1
2 3 ,3 5 2
2 3 ,9 0 8
2 4 ,2 6 5
2 4 ,4 9 3
2 4 ,9 3 4
M in in g ..........................................................................
692
709
689
635
610
601
581
580
592
C o n s t r u c t i o n ...........................................................
5 ,1 7 1
5 ,1 2 0
4 ,6 5 0
4 ,4 9 2
4 ,6 6 8
4 ,9 8 6
5 ,1 6 0
5 ,4 1 8
5 ,6 8 6
M a n u f a c t u r i n g .......................................................
1 9 ,3 9 1
1 9 ,0 7 6
1 8 ,4 0 6
1 8 ,1 0 4
1 8 ,0 7 5
1 8 ,3 2 1
1 8 ,5 2 4
1 8 ,4 9 5
1 8 ,6 5 7
S e r v i c e - p r o d u c i n g ..................................................
8 2 ,6 3 0
8 4 ,4 9 7
8 4 ,5 0 4
8 5 ,3 7 0
8 7 ,3 6 1
9 0 ,2 5 6
9 2 ,9 2 5
9 5 ,1 1 5
9 7 ,7 5 6
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d p u b l i c u t i li t i e s ..........
5 ,6 1 4
5 ,7 7 7
5 ,7 5 5
5 ,7 1 8
5 ,8 1 1
5 ,9 8 4
6 ,1 3 2
6 ,2 5 3
6 ,3 9 5
W h o l e s a l e t r a d e ..................................................
6 ,1 8 7
6 ,1 7 3
6 ,0 8 1
5 ,9 9 7
5 ,9 8 1
6 ,1 6 2
6 ,3 7 8
6 ,4 8 2
6 ,6 4 8
R e t a i l t r a d e .............................................................
1 9 ,4 7 5
1 9 ,6 0 1
1 9 ,2 8 4
1 9 ,3 5 6
1 9 ,7 7 3
2 0 ,5 0 7
2 1 ,1 8 7
2 1 ,5 9 7
2 2 ,0 1 1
T o t a l e m p l o y m e n t ...........................................................
F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d re a l e s ta te ....
NOTE:
6 ,6 6 8
6 ,7 0 9
6 ,6 4 6
6 ,6 0 2
6 ,7 5 7
6 ,8 9 6
6 ,8 0 6
6 ,9 1 1
7 ,0 9 1
S e r v i c e s ....................................................................
2 6 ,9 0 7
2 7 ,9 3 4
2 8 ,3 3 6
2 9 ,0 5 2
3 0 ,1 9 7
3 1 ,5 7 9
3 3 ,1 1 7
3 4 ,4 5 4
3 6 ,0 4 0
G o v e r n m e n t ...........................................................
1 7 ,7 7 9
1 8 ,3 0 4
1 8 ,4 0 2
1 8 ,6 4 5
1 8 ,8 4 1
1 9 ,1 2 8
1 9 ,3 0 5
1 9 ,4 1 9
1 9 ,5 7 0
F e d e r a l ...................................................................
2 ,9 8 8
3 ,0 8 5
2 ,9 6 6
2 ,9 6 9
2 ,9 1 5
2 ,8 7 0
2 ,8 2 2
2 ,7 5 7
2 ,6 9 9
S t a t e ........................................................................
4 ,1 8 2
4 ,3 0 5
4 ,3 5 5
4 ,4 0 8
4 ,4 8 8
4 ,5 7 6
4 ,6 3 5
4 ,6 0 6
4 ,5 9 4
L o c a l ........................................................................
1 0 ,6 0 9
1 0 ,9 1 4
1 1 ,0 8 1
1 1 ,2 6 7
1 1 ,4 3 8
1 1 ,6 8 2
1 1 ,8 4 9
1 2 ,0 5 6
1 2 ,2 7 6
S e e " N o t e s o n t h e d a t a " f o r a d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e m o s t r e c e n t b e n c h m a r k r e v is i o n .
20. Annual data: Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm
payrolls, by industry
Industry
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
Private sector:
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A v e r a g e w e e k l y h o u r s ....................................................................
3 4 .6
3 4 .5
3 4 .3
3 4 .4
3 4 .5
3 4 .7
3 4 .5
3 4 .4
3 4 .6
A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s (in d o l l a r s ) ...................................
9 .6 6
1 0 .0 1
1 0 .3 2
1 0 .5 7
1 0 .8 3
1 1 .1 2
1 1 .4 3
1 1 .8 2
1 2 .2 8
A v e r a g e w e e k l y e a r n i n g s (in d o l l a r s ) ..................................
3 3 4 .2 4
3 4 5 .3 5
3 5 3 .9 8
3 6 3 .6 1
3 7 3 .6 4
3 8 5 .8 6
3 9 4 .3 4
4 0 6 .6 1
4 2 4 .8 9
Mining:
A v e r a g e w e e k l y h o u r s ................................................................
4 3 .0
4 4 .1
4 4 .4
4 3 .9
4 4 .3
4 4 .8
4 4 .7
4 5 .3
4 5 .4
A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s (in d o l l a r s ) ................................
1 3 .2 6
1 3 .6 8
1 4 .1 9
1 4 .5 4
1 4 .6 0
1 4 .8 8
1 5 .3 0
1 5 .6 2
1 6 .1 7
A v e r a g e w e e k l y e a r n i n g s (in d o l l a r s ) ...............................
5 7 0 .1 8
6 0 3 .2 9
6 3 0 .0 4
6 3 8 .3 1
6 4 6 .7 8
6 6 6 .6 2
6 8 3 .9 1
7 0 7 .5 9
7 3 4 .1 2
Construction:
A v e r a g e w e e k l y h o u r s ................................................................
3 7 .9
3 8 .0
3 8 .5
3 8 .9
3 8 .9
3 9 .0
3 8 .9
A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s (in d o l l a r s ) ................................
1 3 .5 4
1 3 .7 7
1 4 .0 0
1 4 .1 5
1 4 .3 8
1 4 .7 3
1 5 .0 9
1 5 .4 7
1 6 .0 3
A v e r a g e w e e k l y e a r n i n g s (in d o l l a r s ) ...............................
5 1 3 .1 7
5 2 6 .0 1
5 3 3 .4 0
5 3 7 .7 0
5 5 3 .6 3
5 7 3 .0 0
5 8 7 .0 0
6 0 3 .3 3
6 2 3 .5 7
3 8 .2
3 8 .1
Manufacturing:
A v e r a g e w e e k l y h o u r s ................................................................
4 1 .0
4 0 .8
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
4 1 .4
4 2 .0
4 1 .6
4 1 .6
4 2 .0
A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s (In d o l l a r s ) ................................
1 0 .4 8
1 0 .8 3
1 1 .1 8
1 1 .4 6
1 1 .7 4
1 2 .0 7
1 2 .3 7
1 2 .7 7
1 3 .1 7
A v e r a g e w e e k l y e a r n i n g s (in d o l l a r s ) ...............................
4 2 9 .6 8
4 4 1 .8 6
4 5 5 .0 3
4 6 9 .8 6
4 8 6 .0 4
5 0 6 .9 4
5 1 4 .5 9
5 3 1 .2 3
5 5 3 .1 4
Transportation and public utilities:
A v e r a g e w e e k l y h o u r s ................................................................
3 8 .3
3 8 .4
3 8 .1
3 8 .3
3 9 .3
3 9 .7
3 9 .4
3 9 .6
3 9 .7
A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s (in d o l l a r s ) ................................
1 2 .5 7
1 2 .9 2
1 3 .2 0
1 3 .4 3
1 3 .5 5
1 3 .7 8
1 4 .1 3
1 4 .4 5
1 4 .9 3
A v e r a g e w e e k l y e a r n i n g s (in d o l l a r s ) ...............................
4 8 1 .4 3
4 9 6 .1 3
5 0 2 .9 2
5 1 4 .3 7
5 3 2 .5 2
5 4 7 .0 7
5 5 6 .7 2
5 7 2 .2 2
5 9 2 .7 2
Wholesale trade:
A v e r a g e w e e k l y h o u r s .................................................................
3 8 .0
3 8 .1
3 8 .1
3 8 .2
3 8 .2
3 8 .4
3 8 .3
3 8 .3
3 8 .4
A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s (in d o l l a r s ) ................................
1 0 .3 9
1 0 .7 9
1 1 .1 5
1 1 .3 9
1 1 .7 4
1 2 .0 6
1 2 .4 3
1 2 .8 7
1 3 .4 4
A v e r a g e w e e k l y e a r n i n g s (in d o l l a r s ) ...............................
3 9 4 .8 2
4 1 1 .1 0
4 2 4 .8 2
4 3 5 .1 0
4 4 8 .4 7
4 6 3 .1 0
4 7 6 .0 7
4 9 2 .9 2
5 1 6 .1 0
Retail trade:
A v e r a g e w e e k l y h o u r s .................................................................
2 8 .9
2 8 .8
2 8 .6
2 8 .8
2 8 .8
2 8 .9
2 8 .8
2 8 .8
2 8 .9
A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s (in d o l l a r s ) ................................
6 .5 3
6 .7 5
6 .9 4
7 .1 2
7 .2 9
7 .4 9
7 .6 9
7 .9 9
8 .3 4
A v e r a g e w e e k l y e a r n i n g s (in d o l l a r s ) ...............................
1 8 8 .7 2
1 9 4 .4 0
1 9 8 .4 8
2 0 5 .0 6
2 0 9 .9 5
2 1 6 .4 6
2 2 1 .4 7
2 3 0 .1 1
2 4 1 .0 3
A v e r a g e w e e k l y h o u r s .................................................................
3 5 .8
3 5 .8
3 5 .7
3 5 .8
3 5 .8
3 5 .8
3 5 .9
3 5 .9
3 6 .1
A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s (in d o l l a r s ) ................................
9 .5 3
9 .9 7
1 0 .3 9
1 0 .8 2
1 1 .3 5
1 1 .8 3
1 2 .3 2
1 2 .8 0
1 3 .3 3
A v e r a g e w e e k l y e a r n i n g s (in d o l l a r s ) ...............................
3 4 1 .1 7
3 5 6 .9 3
3 7 0 .9 2
3 8 7 .3 6
4 0 6 .3 3
4 2 3 .5 1
4 4 2 .2 9
4 5 9 .5 2
4 8 1 .2 1
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Services:
A v e r a g e w e e k l y h o u r s .................................................................
3 2 .6
3 2 .5
3 2 .4
3 2 .5
3 2 .5
3 2 .5
3 2 .4
3 2 .4
3 2 .6
A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s (in d o l l a r s ) ................................
9 .3 8
9 .8 3
1 0 .2 3
1 0 .5 4
1 0 .7 8
1 1 .0 4
1 1 .3 9
1 1 .7 9
1 2 .2 8
A v e r a g e w e e k l y e a r n i n g s (in d o l l a r s ) ...............................
3 0 5 .7 9
3 1 9 .4 8
3 3 1 .4 5
3 4 2 .5 5
3 5 0 .3 5
3 5 8 .8 0
3 6 9 .0 4
3 8 2 .0 0
4 0 0 .3 3
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
91
Current Labor Statistics:
21.
Compensation & Industrial Relations
Employment Cost Index, compensation,1 by occupation and industry group
[June 1989= 100]
1998
1997
1996
Series
June
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
Percent change
12
3
months
months
ended
ended
June 1998
Civilian workers2..............................................................
1 3 0 .9
1 3 2 .0
1 3 2 .8
1 3 4 .1
1 3 5 .2
1 3 6 .3
1 3 7 .4
0 .8
3 .5
1 2 9 .2
1 3 0 .2
W h i t e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s ........................................................................................
1 3 0 .0
1 3 1 .3
1 3 1 .9
1 3 3 .1
1 3 3 .9
1 3 5 .2
1 3 6 .5
1 3 7 .7
1 3 8 .7
.7
3 .6
P r o f e s s i o n a l s p e c i a l t y a n d t e c h n i c a l ...............................................
1 3 1 .4
1 3 2 .6
1 3 3 .1
1 3 3 .7
1 3 4 .6
1 3 5 .8
1 3 6 .7
1 3 7 .5
1 3 8 .3
.6
2 .7
W o rk e rs , b y o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p :
E x e c u t i v e , a d m i n i t r a t i v e , a n d m a n a g e r i a l ....................................
1 2 9 .1
1 3 1 .1
1 3 1 .5
1 3 3 .2
1 3 4 .0
1 3 5 .3
1 3 7 .3
1 3 9 .1
1 3 9 .7
.4
4 .3
A d m i n i s t r a t i v e s u p p o r t , i n c l u d i n g c l e r i c a l ....................................
1 3 0 .8
1 3 2 .0
1 3 2 .6
1 3 3 .6
1 3 4 .6
1 3 5 .8
1 3 6 .9
1 3 8 .0
1 3 9 .3
.9
3 .5
B l u e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s ...........................................................................................
1 2 7 .7
1 2 8 .3
1 2 9 .1
1 2 9 .8
1 3 0 .9
1 3 1 .8
1 3 2 .4
1 3 3 .2
1 3 4 .3
.8
2 .6
S e r v i c e o c c u p a t i o n s .........................................................................................
1 2 8 .7
1 2 9 .7
1 3 1 .0
1 3 2 .0
1 3 2 .7
1 3 4 .6
1 3 5 .6
1 3 6 .9
1 3 2 .7
.7
3 .9
W o r k e r s , b y i n d u s tr y d iv is io n :
G o o d s - p r o d u c i n g ................................................................................................
1 2 9 .3
1 3 0 .1
1 3 0 .9
1 3 1 .5
1 3 2 .7
1 3 3 .6
1 3 4 .1
1 3 5 .1
1 3 6 .3
.9
2 .7
M a n u f a c t u r i n g ....................................................................................................
1 3 0 .4
1 3 1 .3
1 3 2 .1
1 3 2 .6
1 3 3 .8
1 3 4 .6
1 3 5 .3
1 3 6 .4
1 3 7 .2
.6
2 .5
3 .6
S e r v i c e - p r o d u c i n g .............................................................................................
1 2 9 .1
1 3 0 .2
1 3 0 .9
1 3 2 .1
1 3 2 .9
1 3 4 .2
1 3 5 .5
1 3 6 .8
1 3 7 .7
.7
S e r v i c e s ..................................................................................................................
1 3 1 .2
1 3 2 .5
1 3 3 .2
1 3 4 .1
1 3 4 .9
1 3 6 .5
1 3 7 .6
1 3 8 .3
1 3 9 .0
.5
3 .0
H e a l t h s e r v i c e s ..............................................................................................
1 3 3 .4
1 3 4 .1
1 3 4 .4
1 3 5 .2
1 3 5 .7
1 3 6 .7
1 3 7 .9
1 3 8 .0
1 3 8 .5
.4
2 .1
H o s p i t a l s ..........................................................................................................
1 3 2 .9
1 3 3 .6
1 3 3 .8
1 3 4 .2
1 3 4 .6
1 3 5 .6
1 3 6 .7
1 3 7 .1
1 3 8 .2
.8
2 .7
E d u c a t i o n a l s e r v i c e s .................................................................................
1 3 0 .8
1 3 3 .2
1 3 3 .9
1 3 4 .0
1 3 4 .2
1 3 6 .5
1 3 7 .0
1 3 7 .5
1 3 7 .7
.1
2 .6
P u b l i c a d m i n i s t r a t i o n 3 ..................................................................................
1 2 9 .6
1 3 0 .7
1 3 1 .8
1 3 3 .0
1 3 3 .0
1 3 4 .1
1 3 5 .1
1 3 6 .4
1 3 7 .4
.7
3 .3
N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g .............................................................................................
1 2 8 .8
1 2 9 .8
1 3 0 .5
1 3 1 .7
1 3 2 .5
1 3 3 .8
1 3 5 .1
1 3 6 .2
1 3 7 .3
.8
3 .6
Private industry workers................................................
1 2 9 .0
1 2 9 .8
1 3 0 .6
1 3 1 .7
1 3 2 .8
1 3 3 .9
1 3 5 .1
1 3 6 .3
1 3 7 .5
.9
3 .5
E x c l u d i n g s a l e s o c c u p a t i o n s ..............................................................
1 2 9 .2
1 3 0 .2
1 3 0 .8
1 3 1 .9
1 3 3 .0
1 3 4 .1
1 3 5 .2
1 3 6 .4
1 3 7 .5
.8
3 .4
W h i t e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s .....................................................................................
1 3 0 .0
1 3 1 .1
1 3 1 .7
1 3 3 .1
1 3 4 .1
1 3 5 .2
1 3 6 .7
1 3 8 .1
1 3 9 .4
.9
4 .0
E x c l u d i n g s a l e s o c c u p a t i o n s ...........................................................
1 3 0 .7
1 3 2 .0
1 3 2 .5
1 3 3 .7
1 3 4 .8
1 3 5 .9
1 3 7 .4
1 3 8 .8
1 3 9 .9
.8
3 .8
P r o f e s s i o n a l s p e c i a l t y a n d t e c h n i c a l o c c u p a t i o n s ............
1 3 2 .6
1 3 3 .3
1 3 3 .7
1 3 4 .6
1 3 5 .9
1 3 6 .7
1 3 7 .8
1 3 8 .8
1 4 0 .1
.9
3 .1
E x e c u tiv e , a d m in itra tiv e , a n d m a n a g e r ia l o c c u p a tio n s .
1 2 8 .8
1 3 0 .9
1 3 1 .3
1 3 3 .0
1 3 3 .9
1 3 5 .2
1 3 7 .4
1 3 9 .4
1 4 0 .0
.4
4 .6
1 2 6 .9
1 2 6 .7
1 2 8 .1
1 3 0 .1
1 3 0 .7
1 3 2 .2
1 3 3 .5
1 3 5 .3
1 3 7 .3
1 .5
5 .0
W o rk e rs , b y o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p :
A d m in is tr a tiv e s u p p o r t o c c u p a tio n s , in c lu d in g c le r ic a l..
1 3 0 .8
1 3 2 .0
1 3 2 .5
1 3 3 .7
1 3 4 .7
1 3 5 .9
1 3 7 .0
1 3 8 .2
1 3 9 .6
1 .0
3 .6
B l u e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s ........................................................................................
1 2 7 .6
1 2 8 .1
1 2 9 .0
1 2 9 .6
1 3 0 .8
1 3 1 .7
1 3 2 .3
1 3 3 .1
1 3 4 .3
.9
2 .7
P r e c i s i o n p r o d u c t i o n , c r a f t , a n d r e p a i r o c c u p a t i o n s .........
1 2 7 .7
1 2 8 .2
1 2 9 .1
1 2 9 .6
1 3 0 .9
1 3 1 .7
1 3 1 .9
1 3 2 .9
1 3 4 .4
1.1
2 .7
1 2 8 .1
1 2 8 .7
1 2 9 .5
1 3 0 .0
1 3 1 .2
1 3 2 .2
1 3 3 .0
1 3 3 .6
1 3 4 .7
.8
2 .7
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d m a t e r ia l m o v i n g o c c u p a t i o n s ..............
1 2 4 .7
1 2 4 .9
1 2 5 .2
1 2 6 .1
1 2 6 .8
1 2 8 .0
1 2 8 .9
1 2 9 .3
1 2 9 .9
.5
2 .4
H a n d le r s , e q u ip m e n t c l e a n e r s , h e lp e r s , a n d la b o r e r s ...
1 2 9 .3
1 3 0 .0
1 3 1 .3
1 3 2 .8
1 3 3 .4
1 3 4 .2
1 3 5 .8
1 3 7 .0
1 3 7 .6
.4
3 .1
1 2 6 .5
1 2 7 .4
1 2 8 .9
1 2 9 .8
1 3 0 .9
1 3 3 .1
1 3 4 .1
1 3 5 .3
1 3 6 .0
.5
3 .9
1 2 8 .6
1 2 9 .2
1 3 0 .0
1 3 1 .1
1 3 2 .1
1 3 3 .2
1 3 4 .2
1 3 5 .3
1 3 6 .6
1 .0
3 .4
1 2 9 .3
1 3 0 .1
1 3 0 .9
1 3 1 .4
1 3 2 .7
1 3 3 .6
1 3 4 .1
1 3 5 .1
1 3 6 .2
.8
2 .6
1 2 9 .0
1 2 9 .8
1 3 0 .5
1 3 1 .1
1 3 2 .3
1 3 3 .1
1 3 3 .6
1 3 4 .5
1 3 5 .6
.8
2 .5
P r o d u c t i o n a n d n o n s u p e r v i s o r y o c c u p a t i o n s 4 .......................
W o r k e r s , b y in d u s tr y d iv is io n :
N o n d u r a b l e s ....................................................................................................
1 3 1 .0
1 3 2 .2
1 3 2 .9
1 3 3 .5
1 3 4 .8
1 3 5 .6
1 3 6 .2
1 3 7 .7
1 3 8 .8
.8
3 .0
1 3 0 .2
1 3 1 .5
1 3 2 .1
1 3 2 .6
1 3 3 .8
1 3 4 .5
1 3 5 .0
1 3 6 .3
1 3 7 .4
.8
2 .7
2 .4
1 2 8 .3
1 2 8 .9
1 2 9 .6
1 3 0 .2
1 3 1 .4
1 3 2 .4
1 3 2 .8
1 3 3 .5
1 3 4 .6
.8
1 2 5 .3
1 2 5 .9
1 2 6 .4
1 2 7 .2
1 2 8 .7
1 2 9 .7
1 2 9 .7
1 3 0 .6
1 3 2 .7
1 .6
3 .1
1 3 0 .4
1 3 1 .3
1 3 2 .1
1 3 2 .6
1 3 3 .8
1 3 4 .6
1 3 5 .3
1 3 6 .4
1 3 7 .2
.6
2 .5
1 3 1 .6
1 3 2 .8
1 3 3 .6
1 3 3 .9
1 3 5 .2
1 3 5 .8
1 3 6 .7
1 3 8 .2
1 3 9 .1
.7
2 .9
1 3 0 .5
1 3 1 .8
1 3 2 .5
1 3 2 .8
1 3 3 .8
1 3 4 .5
1 3 5 .3
1 3 6 .5
1 3 7 .3
.6
2 .6
1 2 9 .5
1 3 0 .2
1 3 1 .1
1 3 1 .7
1 3 2 .8
1 3 3 .7
1 3 4 .3
1 3 5 .0
1 3 5 .9
.7
2 .3
1 3 1 .2
1 3 1 .9
1 3 2 .6
1 3 3 .0
1 3 4 .1
1 3 5 .0
1 3 5 .7
1 3 6 .5
1 3 7 .4
.7
2 .5
1 2 8 .9
1 3 0 .0
1 3 1 .0
1 3 1 .7
1 3 3 .0
1 3 3 .7
1 3 4 .5
1 3 5 .9
1 3 6 .7
.6
2 .8
1 3 2 .5
1 3 3 .8
1 3 5 .3
1 3 6 .7
1 3 7 .8
.8
4 .0
1 2 8 .6
1 2 9 .5
1 3 0 .2
1 3 1 .6
1 2 9 .2
1 3 0 .3
1 3 0 .9
1 3 2 .2
1 3 3 .3
1 3 4 .5
1 3 6 .1
1 3 7 .4
1 3 8 .5
.8
3 .9
1 3 0 .6
1 3 1 .1
1 3 2 .7
1 3 3 .7
1 3 4 .9
1 3 6 .6
1 3 8 .0
1 3 9 .3
.9
4 .2
1 2 9 .6
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ............................................................................................
G e n e r a l m e r c h a n d i s e s t o r e s ......................................................
1 3 0 .9
1 3 2 .2
1 3 2 .6
1 3 4 .0
1 3 5 .1
1 3 6 .3
1 3 8 .1
1 3 9 .5
1 4 0 .6
.8
4 .1
1 2 6 .0
1 2 6 .4
1 2 7 .3
1 2 8 .2
1 2 9 .2
1 3 0 .0
1 3 0 .9
1 3 2 .1
1 3 3 .2
.8
3 .1
1 2 6 .1
1 2 7 .1
1 2 8 .6
1 2 9 .5
1 3 0 .6
1 3 2 .7
1 3 3 .9
1 3 5 .0
1 3 5 .8
.6
4 .0
1 2 8 .4
1 2 9 .3
1 3 0 .4
1 3 1 .3
1 3 1 .7
1 3 2 .9
1 3 4 .2
1 3 5 .8
1 3 7 .1
1 .0
4 .1
1 2 7 .7
1 2 8 .2
1 2 9 .2
1 3 0 .6
1 3 0 .9
1 3 2 .1
1 3 3 .4
1 3 4 .0
1 3 4 .9
.7
3 .1
1 2 9 .1
1 3 0 .4
1 3 1 .7
1 3 2 .0
1 3 2 .5
1 3 3 .7
1 3 5 .1
1 3 7 .9
1 3 9 .7
1 .3
5 .4
1 2 7 .5
1 2 9 .1
1 3 1 .1
1 3 0 .2
1 3 0 .5
1 3 1 .8
1 3 4 .0
1 3 6 .6
1 3 9 .2
1 .9
6 .7
4 .0
1 3 1 .1
1 3 2 .0
1 3 2 .4
1 3 4 .2
1 3 4 .9
1 3 6 .0
1 3 6 .4
1 3 9 .6
1 4 0 .3
.5
1 2 6 .4
1 2 7 .5
1 2 8 .6
1 3 0 .1
1 3 1 .2
1 3 2 .4
1 3 2 .9
1 3 4 .7
1 3 5 .8
.8
3 .5
1 2 6 .4
1 2 8 .0
1 2 9 .0
1 3 0 .4
1 3 1 .9
1 3 3 .0
1 3 4 .0
1 3 5 .5
1 3 6 .3
.6
3 .3
1 2 9 .3
1 2 9 .9
1 3 0 .9
1 3 2 .9
1 3 3 .8
1 3 4 .6
1 3 5 .1
1 3 7 .7
1 3 8 .6
.7
3 .6
1 2 8 .7
1 3 0 .0
1 3 0 .9
1 3 2 .6
1 3 3 .7
1 3 4 .5
1 3 5 .4
1 3 7 .0
1 3 8 .2
.9
3 .4
1 2 4 .8
1 2 6 .2
1 2 7 .4
1 2 8 .5
1 2 9 .7
1 3 1 .1
1 3 1 .7
1 3 3 .1
1 3 4 .4
1 .0
3 .6
1 2 4 .4
1 2 7 .0
1 2 8 .4
1 2 8 .2
1 2 8 .2
1 2 9 .8
1 2 9 .4
1 3 1 .3
1 3 2 .9
1 .2
3 .7
1 2 3 .6
1 2 4 .6
1 2 6 .3
1 2 6 .4
1 2 7 .7
1 2 8 .6
1 3 0 .0
1 3 1 .2
1 3 3 .0
1 .4
4 .2
S e e f o o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .
92
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
November 1998
21. Continued— Employment Cost Index, compensation,1 by occupation and industry group
[June 1989 = 100]_______________________________________________________________________________
1996
1997
1998
Series
June
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
Percent change
3
12
months
months
ended
ended
June 1998
E x c l u d i n g s a l e s o c c u p a t i o n s ......................................................
1 2 6 .3
1 2 6 .7
1 2 6 .0
1 2 8 .6
1 2 9 .4
1 3 0 .5
1 3 4 .5
136 7
138 4
1 2
7 0
1 2 8 .5
1 2 9 .7
1 2 9 .2
1 3 1 .5
1 3 2 .4
1 3 3 .5
1 3 7 .6
1 4 0 .2
1 4 1 .3
.8
6 .7
B a n k in g , s a v in g s a n d lo a n , a n d o th e r c re d it a g e n c ie s
1 2 8 .2
1 3 0 .3
1 2 8 .0
1 3 0 .6
1 3 1 .6
1 3 3 .1
1 4 0 .6
1 4 3 .3
1 4 5 .3
1 .4
1 0 .4
I n s u r a n c e ........................................................................................................
1 2 8 .2
1 2 9 .3
1 2 9 .6
1 3 1 .9
1 3 2 .1
1 3 3 .1
1 3 4 .8
1 3 7 .4
1 3 8 .9
1.1
5 .1
S e r v i c e s ..............................................................................................................
1 3 1 .7
1 3 2 .7
1 3 3 .4
1 3 4 .6
1 3 5 .7
1 3 7 .0
1 3 8 .5
1 3 9 .3
1 4 0 .3
.7
3 .4
B u s i n e s s s e r v i c e s ...................................................................................
1 2 9 .2
1 3 0 .2
1 3 1 .8
1 3 3 .3
1 3 4 .2
1 3 6 .3
1 3 8 .6
1 3 9 .5
1 4 0 .7
.9
4 .8
H e a l t h s e r v i c e s ..........................................................................................
1 3 3 .5
1 3 4 .2
1 3 4 .5
1 3 5 .5
1 3 5 .9
1 3 7 .0
1 3 8 .1
1 3 8 .2
1 3 8 .7
.4
2 .1
H o s p i t a l s ......................................................................................................
1 3 2 .8
1 3 3 .4
1 3 3 .7
1 3 4 .0
1 3 4 .4
1 3 5 .4
1 3 6 .5
1 3 6 .7
1 3 8 .2
1.1
2 .8
E d u c a t i o n a l s e r v i c e s .............................................................................
1 3 4 .8
1 3 7 .5
1 3 8 .0
1 3 8 .5
1 3 8 .8
1 4 1 .6
1 4 2 .6
1 4 3 .4
1 4 3 .9
.3
3 .7
C o l l e g e s a n d u n i v e r s i t i e s ...............................................................
1 3 6 .2
1 3 8 .6
1 3 9 .1
1 3 9 .5
1 3 9 .9
1 4 2 .5
1 4 3 .7
1 4 4 .3
1 4 4 .8
.3
3 .5
N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g .......................................................................................
1 2 8 .2
1 2 9 .1
1 2 9 .8
1 3 1 .1
1 3 2 .1
1 3 3 .3
1 3 4 .7
1 3 6 .0
1 3 7 .2
.9
3 .9
W h i t e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s ..............................................................................
1 2 9 .5
1 3 0 .5
1 3 1 .1
1 3 2 .7
1 3 3 .6
1 3 4 .9
1 3 6 .5
1 3 7 .9
1 3 9 .2
.9
4 .2
E x c l u d i n g s a l e s o c c u p a t i o n s .....................................................
1 3 0 .8
1 3 2 .1
1 3 2 .5
1 3 4 .0
1 3 5 .1
1 3 6 .2
1 3 7 .9
1 3 9 .3
1 4 0 .5
.9
4 .0
B l u e - c o l l a r o c c u p a t i o n s .......................................................................
1 2 5 .6
1 2 5 .9
1 2 6 .7
1 2 7 .5
1 2 8 .6
1 2 9 .4
1 3 0 .1
1 3 1 .0
1 3 2 .4
1.1
3 .0
S e r v i c e o c c u p a t i o n s ..............................................................................
1 2 6 .0
1 2 7 .0
1 2 8 .6
1 2 9 .4
1 3 0 .5
1 3 2 .7
1 3 3 .8
1 3 4 .9
1 3 5 .7
.6
4 .0
S ta te an d local go v e rn m e n t w o rk e rs ..........................................
1 3 0 .2
1 3 1 .9
1 3 2 .7
1 3 3 .2
1 3 3 .3
1 3 5 .0
1 3 5 .7
1 3 6 .5
1 3 6 .9
.3
2 .7
W o rk e rs , b y o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p :
W h i t e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s .......................................................................................
1 2 9 .9
1 3 1 .8
1 3 2 .5
1 3 2 .9
1 3 3 .0
1 3 4 .8
1 3 5 .5
1 3 6 .1
1 3 6 .2
.1
2 .4
P r o f e s s i o n a l s p e c i a l t y a n d t e c h n i c a l ...............................................
1 2 9 .5
1 3 1 .6
1 3 2 .3
1 3 2 .5
1 3 2 .5
1 3 4 .6
1 3 5 .1
1 3 5 .6
1 3 5 .6
.0
2 .3
E x e c u t i v e , a d m i n i s t r a t i v e , a n d m a n a g e r i a l ................................
1 3 1 .0
1 3 2 .0
1 3 2 .9
1 3 4 .1
1 3 4 .4
1 3 5 .6
1 3 6 .4
1 3 7 .5
1 3 7 .9
.3
2 .6
A d m i n i s t r a t i v e s u p p o r t , i n c l u d i n g c l e r i c a l ....................................
1 3 0 .4
1 3 1 .8
1 3 3 .0
1 3 3 .3
133 5
135 3
136 1
136 9
137 2
2
2 ft
B l u e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s ...........................................................................................
1 2 9 .5
1 3 0 .3
1 3 1 .2
1 3 2 .1
1 3 2 .3
1 3 3 .3
1 3 4 .2
1 3 5 .0
1 3 5 .2
.1
2 .2
W o r k e r s , b y i n d u s t r y d iv i s i o n :
'
S e r v i c e s .................................................................................................................
1 3 0 .3
1 3 2 .4
1 3 3 .1
1 3 3 .2
1 3 3 .3
1 3 5 .4
1 3 6 .0
1 3 6 .5
1 3 6 .6
.1
2 .5
S e r v i c e s e x c l u d i n g s c h o o l s 5 ................................................................
1 3 0 .8
1 3 1 .9
1 3 2 .0
1 3 2 .5
1 3 2 .9
1 3 4 .4
1 3 5 .3
1 3 6 .1
1 3 2 .9
.1
2 .5
H e a l t h s e r v i c e s ..........................................................................................
1 3 3 .1
1 3 4 .0
1 3 4 .1
1 3 4 .5
1 3 4 .9
1 3 6 .0
1 3 7 .2
1 3 7 .9
1 3 8 .0
.1
2 .3
H o s p i t a l s .....................................................................................................
1 3 3 .2
1 3 4 .2
1 3 4 .3
1 3 4 .8
1 3 5 .2
1 3 6 .3
1 3 7 .6
1 3 8 .4
1 3 8 .4
.0
2 .4
E d u c a t i o n a l s e r v i c e s ..............................................................................
1 3 0 .0
1 3 2 .3
1 3 3 .0
1 3 3 .1
1 3 3 .2
1 3 5 .4
1 3 5 .9
1 3 6 .3
1 3 6 .5
.1
2 .5
S c h o o l s ........................................................................................................
1 3 0 .3
1 3 2 .6
1 3 3 .4
1 3 3 .4
1 3 3 .5
1 3 5 .7
1 3 6 .2
1 3 6 .6
1 3 6 .7
.1
2 .4
E l e m e n t a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y .......................................................
1 3 0 .5
1 3 2 .6
1 3 3 .1
1 3 3 .1
1 3 3 .3
1 3 5 .5
1 3 5 .8
1 3 6 .1
1 3 6 .2
.1
C o l l e g e s a n d u n i v e r s i t i e s ...........................................................
1 2 9 .9
1 3 2 .5
134 0
134 3
134 1
136 3
137 2
137 9
1 3 ft 1
P u b l i c a d m i n i s t r a t i o n 3 ..................................................................................
1 2 9 .6
1 3 0 .7
1 3 1 .8
1 3 3 .0
1 3 3 .0
1 3 4 .1
1 3 5 .1
1 3 6 .4
1 3 7 .4
C o s t ( c e n t s p e r h o u r w o r k e d ) m e a s u r e d in t h e E m p l o y m e n t C o s t I n d e x c o n s i s t s o f
w a g e s , s a la r ie s , a n d e m p lo y e r c o s t o f e m p lo y e e b e n e fits .
2 C o n s i s t s o f p r i v a t e i n d u s tr y w o r k e r s ( e x c l u d i n g f a r m a n d h o u s e h o l d w o r k e r s ) a n d
S t a t e a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t (e x c lu d in g F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t) w o r k e r s .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 .2
3 0
.7
3 .3
3 C o n s is ts o f le g is la tiv e , ju d ic ia l, a d m in is tr a tiv e , a n d re g u la to r y a c tiv itie s .
4 T h i s s e r i e s h a s t h e s a m e i n d u s t r y a n d o c c u p a t i o n a l c o v e r a g e a s t h e H o u r ly
E a r n i n g s i n d e x , w h i c h w a s d i s c o n t i n u e d in J a n u a r y 1 9 8 9 .
5 I n c l u d e s , f o r e x a m p l e , lib ra r y , s o c i a l , a n d h e a l t h s e r v i c e s .
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
93
Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations
22.
Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group
[June 1989 = 100]
1997
1996
1998
Series
June
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
Percent change
12
3
months
months
ended
ended
June 1998
Civilian workers1..............................................................
1 2 6 .1
1 2 7 .2
1 2 8 .0
1 2 9 .2
1 3 0 .1
1 3 1 .6
1 3 2 .8
1 3 4 .0
1 3 5 .0
0 .7
3 .8
W o r k e rs , b y o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p :
W h i t e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s ........................................................................................
1 2 7 .3
1 2 8 .6
1 2 9 .3
1 3 0 .6
1 3 1 .5
1 3 3 .0
1 3 4 .3
1 3 5 .6
1 3 6 .7
.8
4 .0
P r o f e s s i o n a l s p e c i a l t y a n d t e c h n i c a l ...............................................
1 2 8 .8
1 3 0 .2
1 3 0 .7
1 3 1 .4
1 3 2 .3
1 3 4 .0
1 3 5 .0
1 3 5 .8
1 3 6 .6
.6
3 .3
E x e c u t i v e , a d m i n i t r a t i v e , a n d m a n a g e r i a l ....................................
1 2 7 .0
1 2 9 .0
1 2 9 .4
1 3 1 .0
1 3 2 .0
1 3 3 .5
1 3 5 .6
1 3 7 .4
1 3 8 .3
.7
4 .8
A d m i n i s t r a t i v e s u p p o r t , i n c l u d i n g c l e r i c a l ....................................
1 2 7 .1
1 2 8 .4
1 2 9 .1
1 3 0 .4
1 3 1 .4
1 3 2 .7
1 3 3 .7
1 3 5 .0
1 3 6 .2
.9
3 .7
B l u e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s ...........................................................................................
1 2 3 .9
1 2 4 .5
1 2 5 .4
1 2 6 .2
1 2 7 .5
1 2 8 .4
1 2 9 .3
1 3 0 .4
1 3 1 .4
.8
3 .1
S e r v i c e o c c u p a t i o n s ........................................................................................
1 2 4 .9
1 2 6 .2
1 2 7 .6
1 2 8 .6
1 2 9 .3
1 3 1 .5
1 3 2 .6
1 3 3 .7
1 3 4 .5
.6
4 .0
W o r k e r s , b y in d u s tr y d iv is io n :
G o o d s - p r o d u c i n g ................................................................................................
1 2 5 .1
1 2 6 .1
1 2 6 .8
1 2 7 .6
1 2 8 .9
1 2 9 .9
1 3 0 .6
1 3 2 .0
1 3 3 .3
1 .0
3 .4
M a n u f a c t u r i n g ....................................................................................................
1 2 6 .5
1 2 7 .7
1 2 8 .4
1 2 9 .1
1 3 0 .3
1 3 1 .3
1 3 2 .2
1 3 3 .7
1 3 4 .6
.7
3 .3
3 .9
S e r v i c e - p r o d u c i n g .............................................................................................
1 2 6 .5
1 2 7 .7
1 2 8 .5
1 2 9 .8
1 3 0 .6
1 3 2 .2
1 3 3 .6
1 3 4 .8
1 3 5 .7
.7
S e r v i c e s .................................................................................................................
1 2 8 .9
1 3 0 .3
1 3 1 .1
1 3 2 .0
1 3 2 .9
1 3 4 .8
1 3 6 .0
1 3 6 .9
1 3 7 .6
.5
3 .5
1 3 0 .0
1 3 0 .8
1 3 1 .4
1 3 2 .4
1 3 3 .1
1 3 4 .3
1 3 5 .4
1 3 6 .2
1 3 6 .5
.2
2 .6
H o s p i t a l s ..........................................................................................................
1 2 9 .2
1 3 0 .0
1 3 0 .5
1 3 1 .0
1 3 1 .5
1 3 2 .5
1 3 3 .6
1 3 4 .2
1 3 5 .1
.7
2 .7
E d u c a t i o n a l s e r v i c e s .................................................................................
1 2 9 .1
1 3 1 .6
1 3 2 .3
1 3 2 .5
1 3 2 .6
1 3 5 .3
1 3 5 .9
1 3 6 .3
1 3 6 .5
.1
2 .9
P u b l i c a d m i n i s t r a t i o n 2 ..................................................................................
1 2 5 .3
1 2 6 .6
1 2 7 .7
1 2 8 .9
1 2 9 .0
1 3 0 .3
1 3 1 .4
1 3 2 .7
1 3 3 .2
.4
3 .3
N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g .............................................................................................
1 2 5 .9
1 2 7 .0
1 2 7 .8
1 2 9 .1
1 3 0 .0
1 3 1 .5
1 3 2 .8
1 3 4 .0
1 3 5 .1
.8
3 .9
P riv a te In d u stry w o rk e rs ................................................................
1 2 5 .6
1 2 6 .5
1 2 7 .3
1 2 8 .6
1 2 9 .7
1 3 1 .0
1 3 2 .3
1 3 3 .7
1 3 4 .9
.9
4 .0
E x c l u d i n g s a l e s o c c u p a t i o n s ..............................................................
1 2 5 .7
1 2 6 .8
1 2 7 .5
1 2 8 .6
1 2 9 .9
1 3 1 .2
1 3 2 .4
1 3 3 .7
1 3 4 .8
.8
3 .8
W h i t e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s ....................................................................................
1 2 7 .0
1 2 8 .0
1 2 8 .7
1 3 0 .2
1 3 1 .3
1 3 2 .7
1 3 4 .2
1 3 5 .7
1 3 7 .0
1 .0
4 .3
E x c l u d i n g s a l e s o c c u p a t i o n s ...........................................................
1 2 7 .6
1 2 9 .0
1 2 9 .4
1 3 0 .8
1 3 2 .0
1 3 3 .4
1 3 4 .8
1 3 6 .3
1 3 7 .5
.9
4 .2
P r o f e s s i o n a l s p e c i a l t y a n d t e c h n i c a l o c c u p a t i o n s ............
1 2 8 .8
1 2 9 .6
1 2 9 .9
1 3 1 .0
1 3 2 .4
1 3 3 .7
1 3 4 .8
1 3 5 .9
1 3 7 .1
.9
3 .5
E x e c u tiv e , a d m in itra tiv e , a n d m a n a g e r ia l o c c u p a tio n s .
1 2 6 .8
1 2 8 .9
1 2 9 .3
1 3 1 .0
1 3 2 .1
1 3 3 .6
1 3 5 .8
1 3 7 .8
1 3 8 .7
.7
5 .0
S a l e s o c c u p a t i o n s ......................................................................................
1 2 4 .4
1 2 3 .9
1 2 5 .9
1 2 7 .8
1 2 8 .3
1 2 9 .8
1 3 1 .4
1 3 3 .1
1 3 5 .2
1 .6
5 .4
3 .8
W o rk e rs , b y o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p :
A d m in is tr a tiv e s u p p o r t o c c u p a tio n s , in c lu d in g c le r ic a l..
1 2 7 .3
1 2 8 .5
1 2 9 .2
1 3 0 .6
1 3 1 .7
1 3 2 .9
1 3 3 .9
1 3 5 .3
1 3 6 .7
1 .0
B l u e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s ........................................................................................
1 2 3 .7
1 2 4 .3
1 2 5 .1
1 2 6 .0
1 2 7 .3
1 2 8 .3
1 2 9 .1
1 3 0 .2
1 3 1 .3
.8
3 .1
P r e c i s i o n p r o d u c t i o n , c r a f t , a n d r e p a i r o c c u p a t i o n s ..........
1 2 3 .7
1 2 4 .2
1 2 5 .1
1 2 5 .8
1 2 7 .4
1 2 8 .2
1 2 8 .7
1 2 9 .8
1 3 1 .2
1.1
3 .0
M a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s , a s s e m b l e r s , a n d i n s p e c t o r s ................
1 2 4 .5
1 2 5 .4
1 2 6 .4
1 2 7 .2
1 2 8 .5
1 2 9 .5
1 3 0 .6
1 3 1 .6
1 3 2 .7
.8
3 .3
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d m a t e r ia l m o v i n g o c c u p a t i o n s ..............
1 2 0 .6
1 2 1 .0
1 2 1 .1
1 2 2 .3
1 2 3 .0
1 2 4 .1
1 2 5 .1
1 2 5 .9
1 2 6 .4
.4
2 .8
H a n d le r s , e q u ip m e n t c l e a n e r s , h e lp e r s , a n d la b o r e r s ...
1 2 5 .1
1 2 5 .8
1 2 7 .1
1 2 8 .4
1 2 9 .3
1 3 0 .2
1 3 1 .8
1 3 3 .2
1 3 3 .7
.4
3 .4
1 2 3 .0
1 2 4 .1
1 2 5 .7
1 2 6 .6
1 2 7 .6
1 2 9 .9
1 3 1 .1
1 3 2 .1
1 3 3 .0
.7
4 .2
1 2 4 .9
1 2 5 .6
1 2 6 .5
1 2 7 .7
1 2 8 .8
1 3 0 .1
1 3 1 .2
1 3 2 .3
1 3 3 .6
1 .0
3 .7
P r o d u c t i o n a n d n o n s u p e r v i s o r y o c c u p a t i o n s 3 .......................
W o r k e r s , b y in d u s tr y d iv is io n :
E x c l u d i n g s a l e s o c c u p a t i o n s ......................................................
W h i t e - c o l l a r o c c u p a t i o n s ...................................................................
B l u e - c o l l a r o c c u p a t i o n s ......................................................................
M a n u f a c t u r i n g .................................................................................................
W h i t e - c o l l a r o c c u p a t i o n s ...................................................................
D u r a b l e s .............................................................................................................
S e r v i c e - p r o d u c i n g ...........................................................................................
W h i t e - c o l l a r o c c u p a t i o n s ...................................................................
B l u e - c o l l a r o c c u p a t i o n s ......................................................................
1 2 5 .1
1 2 6 .1
1 2 6 .8
1 2 7 .5
1 2 8 .9
1 2 9 .9
1 3 0 .6
1 3 2 .0
1 3 3 .2
.9
3 .3
1 2 4 .6
1 2 5 .7
1 2 6 .3
1 2 7 .0
1 2 8 .3
1 2 9 .3
1 3 0 .0
1 3 1 .3
1 3 2 .5
.9
3 .3
1 2 7 .3
1 2 8 .6
1 2 9 .1
1 3 0 .0
1 3 1 .4
1 3 2 .3
1 3 2 .9
1 3 5 .0
1 3 6 .3
1 .0
3 .7
1 2 6 .3
1 2 7 .7
1 2 8 .1
1 2 8 .9
1 3 0 .0
1 3 0 .9
1 3 1 .6
1 3 3 .3
1 3 4 .6
1 .0
3 .5
1 2 3 .7
1 2 4 .5
1 2 5 .3
1 2 6 .0
1 2 7 .3
1 2 8 .4
1 2 9 .2
1 3 0 .1
1 3 1 .3
.9
3 .1
1 1 9 .6
1 2 0 .4
1 2 0 .8
1 2 2 .0
1 2 3 .6
1 2 4 .7
1 2 4 .9
1 2 6 .0
1 2 8 .1
1 .7
3 .6
1 2 6 .5
1 2 7 .7
1 2 8 .4
1 2 9 .1
1 3 0 .3
1 3 1 .3
1 3 2 .2
1 3 3 .7
1 3 4 .6
.7
3 .3
3 .7
1 2 8 .2
1 2 9 .6
1 3 0 .1
1 3 0 .6
1 3 1 .9
1 3 2 .8
1 3 3 .6
1 3 5 .6
1 3 6 .8
.9
1 2 7 .0
1 2 8 .4
1 2 8 .9
1 2 9 .3
1 3 0 .5
1 3 1 .3
1 3 2 .2
1 3 3 .8
1 3 5 .0
1 .2
3 .4
1 2 5 .4
1 2 6 .3
1 2 7 .3
1 2 8 .0
1 2 9 .2
1 3 0 .2
1 3 1 .2
1 3 2 .3
1 3 3 .1
.6
3 .0
1 2 6 .5
1 2 7 .7
1 2 8 .4
1 2 9 .0
1 3 0 .1
1 3 1 .2
1 3 1 .9
1 3 3 .4
1 3 4 .5
.8
3 .4
1 2 6 .5
1 2 7 .6
1 2 8 .5
1 2 9 .3
1 3 0 .6
1 3 1 .4
1 3 2 .6
1 3 4 .2
1 3 4 .9
.5
3 .3
1 2 5 .8
1 2 6 .7
1 2 7 .5
1 2 9 .0
1 3 0 .1
1 3 1 .5
1 3 3 .1
1 3 4 .4
1 3 5 .6
.9
4 .2
1 2 6 .5
1 2 7 .6
1 2 8 .3
1 2 9 .7
1 3 0 .9
1 3 2 .3
1 3 3 .9
1 3 5 .2
1 3 6 .2
.7
4 .0
1 2 6 .8
1 2 7 .8
1 2 8 .5
1 3 0 .1
1 3 1 .2
1 3 2 .6
1 3 4 .3
1 3 5 .7
1 3 7 .0
1 .0
4 .4
1 2 8 .1
1 2 9 .5
1 2 9 .9
1 3 1 .5
1 3 2 .7
1 3 4 .2
1 3 5 .9
1 3 7 .3
1 3 8 .4
.8
4 .3
1 2 3 .5
1 2 3 .8
1 2 4 .8
1 2 6 .0
1 2 7 .2
1 2 7 .9
1 2 8 .9
1 3 0 .2
1 3 1 .1
.7
3 .1
1 2 2 .8
1 2 4 .0
1 2 5 .6
1 2 6 .5
1 2 7 .5
1 2 9 .8
1 3 1 .0
1 3 2 .1
1 3 3 .0
.7
4 .3
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s ..................................................
1 2 5 .0
1 2 5 .9
1 2 7 .0
1 2 8 .2
1 2 8 .8
1 3 0 .1
1 3 1 .3
1 3 2 .1
1 3 2 .8
.5
3 .1
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ............................................................................................
1 2 3 .2
1 2 3 .8
1 2 4 .7
1 2 6 .5
1 2 6 .9
1 2 8 .5
1 2 9 .5
1 3 0 .1
1 3 0 .4
.2
2 .8
P u b l i c u t i l i t i e s .............................................................................................
1 2 7 .1
1 2 8 .4
1 2 9 .8
1 3 0 .1
1 3 0 .9
1 3 2 .0
1 3 3 .5
1 3 4 .5
1 3 5 .7
.9
3 .7
1 2 6 .5
1 2 8 .2
1 3 0 .3
1 2 9 .8
1 3 0 .6
1 3 1 .8
1 3 4 .0
1 3 4 .4
1 3 5 .8
1 .0
4 .0
3 .4
W h o l e s a l e t r a d e ........................................................................................
R e t a i l t r a d e ....................................................................................................
G e n e r a l m e r c h a n d i s e s t o r e s ........................................................
1 2 7 .7
1 2 8 .5
1 2 9 .0
1 3 0 .4
1 3 1 .2
1 3 2 .2
1 3 2 .9
1 3 4 .7
1 3 5 .6
.7
1 2 4 .8
1 2 5 .8
1 2 7 .0
1 2 8 .5
1 2 9 .7
1 3 0 .9
1 3 1 .6
1 3 3 .3
1 3 4 .6
1 .0
3 .8
1 2 4 .9
1 2 6 .5
1 2 7 .7
1 2 9 .3
1 3 1 .1
1 3 2 .2
1 3 3 .2
1 3 4 .7
1 3 5 .6
.7
3 .4
1 2 8 .0
1 2 8 .5
1 2 9 .6
1 3 1 .4
1 3 2 .2
1 3 3 .0
1 3 3 .6
1 3 6 .2
1 3 7 .1
.7
3 .7
1 2 7 .6
1 2 8 .9
1 2 9 .8
1 3 1 .8
1 3 2 .8
1 3 3 .9
1 3 5 .0
1 3 6 .5
1 3 7 .8
1 .0
3 .8
1 2 3 .1
1 2 4 .4
1 2 5 .8
1 2 7 .1
1 2 8 .5
1 2 9 .9
1 3 0 .6
1 3 1 .9
1 3 3 .3
1.1
3 .7
1 2 1 .2
1 2 3 .1
1 2 4 .7
1 2 4 .8
1 2 4 .7
1 2 6 .7
1 2 7 .0
1 2 9 .0
1 3 0 .5
1 .2
4 .7
1 2 1 .7
1 2 2 .6
1 2 4 .7
1 2 5 .0
1 2 6 .2
1 2 6 .7
1 2 8 .4
1 2 9 .4
1 3 1 .5
1 .6
4 .2
S e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .
94
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
November 1998
22. Continued— Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group
[June 1989= 100]___________________________________________________________________________________
1997
1996
1998
Series
June
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
Percent change
12
3
months
months
ended
ended
June 1998
E x c l u d i n g s a l e s o c c u p a t i o n s ......................................................
B a n k in g , s a v in g s a n d lo a n , a n d o th e r c r e d it a g e n c i e s
S e r v i c e s ..............................................................................................................
1 2 1 .9
1 2 2 .2
1 2 2 .2
1 2 4 .5
1 2 5 .3
1 2 6 .4
1 3 0 .6
1 3 2 .6
1 3 4 .8
1 .7
7 .6
1 2 4 .5
1 2 6 .0
1 2 5 .3
1 2 7 .2
1 2 8 .1
1 2 9 .3
1 3 3 .6
1 3 5 .9
1 3 7 .5
1 .2
7 .3
1 2 .9
1 2 4 .2
1 2 6 .8
1 2 3 .8
1 2 5 .9
1 2 6 .8
1 2 8 .9
1 3 8 .3
1 4 0 .9
1 4 3 .2
1 .6
1 2 4 .1
1 2 5 .4
1 2 6 .0
1 2 7 .9
1 2 8 .0
1 2 8 .7
1 3 0 .2
1 3 3 .1
1 3 4 .8
1 .3
5 .3
1 2 8 .7
1 2 9 .7
1 3 0 .5
1 3 1 .8
1 3 3 .0
1 3 4 .7
1 3 6 .2
1 3 7 .2
1 3 8 .3
.8
4 .0
1 2 7 .7
1 2 8 .5
1 3 0 .1
1 3 1 .4
1 3 2 .4
1 3 4 .9
1 3 7 .3
1 3 7 .6
1 3 9 .2
1 .2
5 .1
1 3 0 .1
1 3 0 .8
1 3 1 .4
1 3 2 .5
1 3 3 .2
1 3 4 .3
1 3 5 .4
1 3 6 .2
1 3 6 .5
.2
2 .5
2 .7
H o s p i t a l s ......................................................................................................
1 2 9 .1
1 2 9 .7
1 3 0 .3
1 3 0 .7
1 3 1 .2
1 3 2 .2
1 3 3 .2
1 3 3 .6
1 3 4 .7
.8
E d u c a t i o n a l s e r v i c e s .............................................................................
1 3 0 .4
1 3 3 .3
1 3 3 .8
1 3 4 .5
1 3 4 .8
1 3 7 .8
1 3 8 .4
1 3 9 .1
1 3 9 .6
.4
3 .6
C o l l e g e s a n d u n i v e r s i t i e s ...............................................................
1 3 0 .9
1 3 3 .4
1 3 3 .8
1 3 4 .6
1 3 5 .0
1 3 7 .8
1 3 8 .7
1 3 9 .1
1 3 9 .7
.4
3 .5
N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g .......................................................................................
1 2 5 .1
1 2 5 .9
1 2 6 .8
1 2 8 .2
1 2 9 .3
1 3 0 .7
1 3 2 .1
1 3 3 .4
1 3 4 .7
1 .0
4 .2
W h i t e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s ...............................................................................
1 2 6 .6
1 2 7 .6
1 2 8 .3
1 2 9 .9
1 3 1 .0
1 3 2 .4
1 3 4 .1
1 3 5 .5
1 3 6 .8
1 .0
4 .4
4 .3
E x c l u d i n g s a l e s o c c u p a t i o n s .....................................................
1 2 7 .8
1 2 9 .2
1 2 9 .6
1 3 1 .2
1 3 2 .4
1 3 3 .8
1 3 5 .5
1 3 6 .9
1 3 8 .1
.9
B l u e - c o l l a r o c c u p a t i o n s .......................................................................
1 2 2 .0
1 2 2 .4
1 2 3 .1
1 2 4 .1
1 2 5 .5
1 2 6 .4
1 2 7 .1
1 2 8 .2
1 2 9 .5
1 .0
3 .2
4 3
3 .0
State and local government workers..............................
1 2 2 .7
1 2 3 .9
1 2 5 .5
1 2 6 .4
1 2 7 .4
1 2 9 .7
1 3 0 .9
1 3 2 .0
1 3 2 .9
7
1 2 8 .1
1 3 0 .1
1 3 0 .9
1 3 1 .4
1 3 1 .5
1 3 3 .6
1 3 4 .4
1 3 5 .1
1 3 5 .4
.2
W o rk e rs , b y o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p :
W h i t e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s ........................................................................................
1 2 8 .2
1 3 0 .3
1 3 1 .1
1 3 1 .4
1 3 1 .5
1 3 3 .7
1 3 4 .5
1 3 5 .0
1 3 5 .2
.1
2 .8
P r o f e s s i o n a l s p e c i a l t y a n d t e c h n i c a l ...............................................
1 2 8 .6
1 3 1 .1
1 3 1 .7
1 3 1 .9
1 3 2 .0
1 3 4 .4
1 3 5 .1
1 3 5 .5
1 3 5 .6
.1
2 .7
E x e c u t i v e , a d m i n i s t r a t i v e , a n d m a n a g e r i a l ................................
1 2 8 .0
1 2 9 .3
1 3 0 .2
1 3 1 .3
1 3 1 .7
1 3 3 .1
1 3 4 .1
1 3 5 .1
1 3 5 .6
.4
3 .0
A d m i n i s t r a t i v e s u p p o r t , i n c l u d i n g c l e r i c a l ....................................
1 2 6 .1
1 2 7 .7
1 2 9 .0
1 2 9 .2
1 2 9 .5
1 3 1 .4
1 3 2 .3
1 3 3 .0
1 3 3 .3
.2
2 .9
B l u e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s ...........................................................................................
1 2 7 .0
1 2 7 .9
1 2 8 .8
1 2 9 .6
1 2 9 .8
1 3 1 .2
1 3 2 .3
1 3 3 .1
1 3 3 .5
.3
2 .9
W o r k e r s , b y i n d u s t r y d iv i s i o n :
S e r v i c e s .................................................................................................................
1 2 8 .9
1 3 1 .2
1 3 1 .9
1 3 2 .1
1 3 2 .2
1 3 4 .7
135 3
135 7
135 9
1
2 8
S e r v i c e s e x c l u d i n g s c h o o l s 4 ................................................................
1 2 8 .7
1 3 0 .1
1 3 0 .5
1 3 1 .2
1 3 1 .6
1 3 3 .3
1 3 4 .4
1 3 5 .4
1 3 5 .5
.1
3 .0
2 .9
H e a l t h s e r v i c e s ..........................................................................................
1 2 9 .9
1 3 1 .1
1 3 1 .4
1 3 2 .1
1 3 2 .6
1 3 3 .9
1 3 5 .3
1 3 6 .3
1 3 6 .5
.1
H o s p i t a l s .....................................................................................................
1 2 9 .7
1 3 0 .9
1 3 1 .3
1 3 1 .9
1 3 2 .4
1 3 3 .7
1 3 5 .2
1 3 6 .3
1 3 6 .5
.1
3 .1
E d u c a t i o n a l s e r v i c e s ..............................................................................
1 2 8 .8
1 3 1 .3
1 3 2 .0
1 3 2 .1
1 3 2 .2
1 3 4 .8
1 3 5 .3
1 3 5 .7
1 3 5 .8
.1
2 .7
S c h o o l s ........................................................................................................
1 2 8 .9
1 3 1 .4
1 3 2 .2
1 3 2 .2
1 3 2 .3
1 3 4 .9
1 3 5 .5
1 3 5 .8
1 3 6 .0
.1
2 .8
E l e m e n t a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y .......................................................
1 2 9 .5
1 3 2 .0
1 3 2 .4
1 3 2 .4
1 3 2 .6
1 3 5 .3
1 3 5 .7
1 3 6 .0
1 3 6 .1
.1
2 .6
C o l l e g e s a n d u n i v e r s i t i e s ...........................................................
1 2 7 .1
1 2 9 .8
1 3 1 .2
1 3 1 .5
1 3 1 .4
1 3 3 .6
1 3 4 .6
1 3 5 .2
1 3 5 .5
.2
3 .1
P u b l i c a d m i n i s t r a t i o n 2 ..................................................................................
1 2 5 .3
1 2 6 .6
1 2 7 .7
1 2 8 .9
1 2 9 .0
1 3 0 .3
1 3 1 .4
1 3 2 .7
1 3 3 .2
.4
3 .3
1 C o n s i s t s o f p r i v a t e i n d u s tr y w o r k e r s ( e x c l u d i n g f a r m a n d h o u s e h o l d w o r k e r s ) a n d
S t a t e a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t ( e x c lu d in g F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t) w o r k e r s .
3 T h i s s e r i e s h a s t h e s a m e i n d u s tr y a n d o c c u p a t i o n a l c o v e r a g e a s t h e H o u r ly
E a r n i n g s i n d e x , w h i c h w a s d i s c o n t i n u e d in J a n u a r y 1 9 8 9 .
2 n n n c i Q t c n f l o n ic la t ix / o i u H i r i a l a H m in ic t r a t ix / a a n r i ra n iila trxrx/ a o tix / itio c
23.
4 InHnHoo i n r a v a m n i o
lih rarx/ c a /m o I or>H h o o l t h e o n / i r o e
Employment Cost Index, benefits, private industry workers by occupation and industry group
[June 1989 = 100]____________________________________________________
1996
1997
1998
Series
June
Private industry workers...............................................
1 3 7 .4
Sept.
1 3 8 .1
Dec.
1 3 8 .6
Mar.
1 3 9 .4
June
1 4 0 .1
Sept.
1 4 0 .8
Dec.
1 4 1 .8
Mar.
1 4 2 .6
June
1 4 3 .7
Percent change
3
12
months
months
ended
ended
June 1998
0 .8
2 .6
W o rk e rs , b y o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p :
W h i t e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s .......................................................................................
1 3 8 .4
1 3 9 .5
1 3 9 .7
1 4 0 .8
1 4 1 .5
1 4 2 .0
1 4 3 .4
1 4 4 .7
1 4 5 .6
.6
2 .9
B l u e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s ...........................................................................................
1 3 6 .1
1 3 6 .2
1 3 7 .0
1 3 7 .2
1 3 8 .0
1 3 8 .8
1 3 9 .0
1 3 9 .1
1 4 0 .4
.9
1 .7
W o r k e r s , b y i n d u s t r y d iv i s i o n :
G o o d s - p r o d u c i n g ................................................................................................
1 3 8 .6
1 3 8 .8
1 3 9 .7
1 3 9 .9
1 4 0 .9
1 4 1 .5
1 4 1 .5
1 4 1 .5
1 4 2 .5
.7
1.1
S e r v i c e - p r o d u c i n g .............................................................................................
1 3 6 .2
1 3 7 .2
1 3 7 .4
1 3 8 .5
1 3 9 .2
1 3 9 .8
1 4 1 .4
1 4 2 .7
1 4 3 .8
.8
3 .3
M a n u f a c t u r i n g ......................................................................................................
1 3 8 .5
1 3 8 .8
1 3 9 .8
1 3 9 .9
1 4 1 .0
1 4 1 .4
1 4 1 .7
1 4 1 .7
1 4 2 .4
.5
1 .0
N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ............................................................................................
1 3 6 .7
1 3 7 .5
1 3 7 .9
1 3 8 .9
1 3 9 .5
1 4 0 .2
1 4 1 .5
1 4 2 .7
1 4 3 .9
.8
3 .2
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
95
Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations
24. Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers by bargaining status, region, and area size
[June 1989 = 100]_____________________________________________________________________________________
1996
1997
1998
Percent change
Series
June
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
3
12
months
ended
months
ended
June 1998
COMPENSATION
Workers, by bargaining status1
U n i o n ...................................................................................................................................
1 2 9 .7
1 3 0 .1
1 3 0 .8
1 3 1 .0
1 3 1 .8
1 3 3 .2
1 3 3 .5
1 3 4 .0
1 3 5 .3
1 .0
2 .7
G o o d s - p r o d u c i n g .................................................................................................
1 2 9 .0
1 2 9 .2
1 2 9 .8
1 3 0 .0
1 3 1 .2
1 3 2 .3
1 3 2 .5
1 3 2 .7
1 3 4 .3
1 .2
2 .4
S e r v i c e - p r o d u c i n g ...............................................................................................
1 3 0 .3
1 3 1 .0
1 3 1 .7
1 3 1 .9
1 3 2 .4
1 3 4 .0
1 3 4 .5
1 3 5 .3
1 3 6 .2
.7
2 .9
M a n u f a c t u r i n g ........................................................................................................
1 2 9 .8
1 2 9 .8
1 3 0 .6
1 3 0 .8
1 3 1 .7
1 3 3 .0
1 3 3 .3
1 3 3 .6
1 3 4 .6
.7
2 .2
2 .9
N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ..............................................................................................
1 2 9 .2
1 2 9 .9
1 3 0 .4
1 3 0 .6
1 3 1 .5
1 3 2 .9
1 3 3 .2
1 3 3 .9
1 3 5 .3
1 .0
N o n u n i o n ..........................................................................................................................
1 2 8 .7
1 2 9 .7
1 3 0 .4
1 3 1 .8
1 3 2 .8
1 3 3 .9
1 3 5 .3
1 3 6 .7
1 3 7 .8
.8
3 .8
G o o d s - p r o d u c i n g .................................................................................................
1 2 9 .4
1 3 0 .4
1 3 1 .3
1 3 2 .0
1 3 3 .2
1 3 4 .0
1 3 4 .7
1 3 5 .9
1 3 6 .9
.7
2 .8
S e r v i c e - p r o d u c i n g ...............................................................................................
1 2 8 .3
1 2 9 .2
1 2 9 .9
1 3 1 .5
1 3 2 .5
1 3 3 .7
1 3 5 .3
1 3 6 .7
1 3 8 .0
1 .0
4 .2
1 3 0 .5
1 3 1 .7
1 3 2 .5
1 3 3 .1
1 3 4 .4
1 3 5 .1
1 3 5 .9
1 3 7 .2
1 3 8 .0
.6
2 .7
1 2 8 .0
1 2 8 .9
1 2 9 .6
1 3 1 .1
1 3 2 .2
1 3 3 .4
1 3 4 .9
1 3 6 .3
1 3 7 .5
.9
4 .0
Workers, by region1
N o r t h e a s t ........................................................................................................................
1 2 9 .7
1 3 0 .6
1 3 1 .1
1 3 2 .2
1 3 3 .1
1 3 4 .0
1 3 5 .0
1 3 6 .0
1 3 7 .0
.7
2 .9
S o u t h ..................................................................................................................................
1 2 7 .8
1 2 8 .8
1 2 9 .7
1 3 0 .8
1 3 1 .5
1 3 2 .5
1 3 4 .6
1 3 5 .5
1 3 6 .4
.7
3 .7
M i d w e s t ( f o r m e r l y N o r th C e n t r a l ) ................................................................
1 3 0 .7
1 3 1 .3
1 3 2 .1
1 3 3 .3
1 3 4 .7
1 3 6 .2
1 3 6 .9
1 3 8 .3
1 3 9 .6
.9
3 .6
W e s t ...................................................................................................................................
1 2 7 .3
1 2 8 .3
1 2 8 .9
1 3 0 .3
1 3 1 .4
1 3 2 .5
1 3 3 .4
1 3 5 .2
1 3 6 .6
1 .0
4 .0
1 2 9 .1
1 3 0 .0
1 3 0 .6
1 3 1 .7
1 3 2 .8
1 3 3 .9
1 3 5 .1
1 3 6 .4
1 3 7 .5
.8
3 .5
1 2 8 .0
1 2 8 .7
1 3 0 .2
1 3 1 .4
1 3 2 .4
1 3 3 .8
1 3 5 .3
1 3 5 .9
1 3 7 .1
.9
3 .5
Workers, by area size1
WAGES AND SALARIES
Workers, by bargaining status1
U n i o n ...................................................................................................................................
1 2 4 .2
1 2 4 .8
1 2 5 .4
1 2 6 .0
1 2 6 .9
1 2 8 .3
1 2 8 .9
1 2 9 .6
1 3 0 .7
.8
3 .0
G o o d s - p r o d u c i n g .................................................................................................
1 2 2 .5
1 2 3 .2
1 2 3 .6
1 2 4 .1
1 2 5 .4
1 2 6 .6
1 2 7 .1
1 2 7 .9
1 2 9 .4
1 .2
3 .2
S e r v i c e - p r o d u c i n g ...............................................................................................
1 2 6 .2
1 2 6 .8
1 2 7 .6
1 2 8 .2
1 2 8 .8
1 3 0 .4
1 3 1 .2
1 3 1 .8
1 3 2 .2
.3
2 .6
1 2 3 .9
1 2 4 .5
1 2 5 .2
1 2 5 .6
1 2 6 .5
1 2 7 .8
1 2 8 .6
1 2 9 .6
1 3 0 .4
.6
3 .1
1 2 4 .3
1 2 4 .9
1 2 5 .5
1 2 6 .1
1 2 7 .1
1 2 8 .6
1 2 9 .1
1 2 9 .6
1 3 0 .8
.9
2 .9
N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ..............................................................................................
N o n u n i o n ..........................................................................................................................
1 2 5 .9
1 2 6 .9
1 2 7 .7
1 2 9 .1
1 3 0 .3
1 3 1 .6
1 3 3 .0
1 3 4 .5
1 3 5 .7
.9
4 .1
G o o d s - p r o d u c i n g ..................................................................................................
1 2 6 .1
1 2 7 .3
1 2 8 .0
1 2 8 .9
1 3 0 .2
1 3 1 .2
1 3 2 .0
1 3 3 .6
1 3 4 .7
.8
3 .5
4 .4
S e r v i c e - p r o d u c i n g ..............................................................................................
1 2 5 .7
1 2 6 .6
1 2 7 .5
1 2 9 .1
1 3 0 .2
1 3 1 .6
1 3 3 .2
1 3 4 .6
1 3 5 .9
1 .0
1 2 7 .5
1 2 8 .8
1 2 9 .6
1 3 0 .3
1 3 1 .7
1 3 2 .6
1 3 3 .5
1 3 5 .1
1 3 6 .2
.8
3 .4
1 2 5 .2
1 2 6 .1
1 2 7 .0
1 2 8 .5
1 2 9 .7
1 3 1 .1
1 3 2 .6
1 3 4 .0
1 3 5 .3
1 .0
4 .3
Workers, by region1
N o r t h e a s t .........................................................................................................................
1 2 6 .0
1 2 7 .0
1 2 7 .7
1 2 8 .8
1 2 9 .8
1 3 0 .7
1 3 1 .6
1 3 2 .6
1 3 3 .8
.9
3 .1
S o u t h ..................................................................................................................................
1 2 5 .1
1 2 6 .0
1 2 7 .0
1 2 8 .5
1 2 9 .4
1 3 0 .6
1 3 3 .0
1 3 4 .0
1 3 4 .9
.7
4 .3
M i d w e s t ( f o r m e r l y N o r th C e n t r a l ) ................................................................
1 2 6 .2
1 2 6 .9
1 2 7 .7
1 2 9 .0
1 3 0 .4
1 3 2 .2
1 3 3 .0
1 3 4 .7
1 3 6 .0
1 .0
4 .3
W e s t ...................................................................................................................................
1 2 4 .8
1 2 5 .8
1 2 6 .5
1 2 7 .7
1 2 8 .9
1 3 0 .2
1 3 1 .2
1 3 2 .9
1 3 4 .5
1 .2
4 .3
M e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s ..................................................................................................
1 2 5 .8
1 2 6 .7
1 2 7 .4
1 2 8 .7
1 2 9 .9
1 3 1 .1
1 3 2 .3
1 3 3 .8
1 3 5 .1
1 .0
4 0
O t h e r a r e a s ..................................................................................................................
1 2 4 .2
1 2 5 .0
1 2 6 .5
1 2 7 .7
1 2 8 .8
1 3 0 .4
1 3 2 .0
1 3 2 .5
1 3 3 .4
.7
3 .6
Workers, by area size1
1 T h e i n d e x e s a r e c a l c u l a t e d d if f e r e n t l y fr o m t h o s e f o r t h e o c c u p a t i o n a n d i n d u s t r y g r o u p s . F o r a d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e i n d e x c a l c u l a t i o n , s e e t h e
T e c h n i c a l N o t e , " E s t i m a t i o n p r o c e d u r e s f o r t h e E m p l o y m e n t C o s t I n d e x ," M a y 1 9 8 2 .
96 Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
November 1998
Monthly Labor Review
25. Percent of full-time employees participating in employer-provided benefit plans, and in selected features within plans,
medium and large private establishments, selected years, 1980-93_____________________________________________
Ite m
1982
1980
1984
1986
3 1 ,0 5 9
3 2 ,4 2 8
2 0 ,3 8 3
2 0 ,2 3 8
2 7 ,9 5 3
2 0 ,1 7 2
2 0 ,4 5 1
2 8 ,5 7 4
1 7 ,2 3 1
1 6 ,1 9 0
1 9 ,5 6 7
2 1 ,0 4 3
2 1 ,0 1 3
W i t h m e d i c a l c a r e .............................................................................
2 0 ,7 1 1
2 0 ,4 1 2
W i t h life i n s u r a n c e ...........................................................................
2 0 ,4 9 8
2 0 ,2 0 1
W i t h d e f i n e d b e n e f i t p l a n ............................................................
1 7 ,9 3 6
1 7 ,6 7 6
1993
1991
2 1 ,3 0 3
2 1 ,3 5 2
S c o p e o f s u r v e y (in 0 0 0 's ) ..............................................................
1989
1988
3 1 ,1 6 3
2 8 ,7 2 8
2 9 ,8 3 4
2 5 ,8 6 5
2 3 ,5 1 9
3 0 ,4 8 2
2 9 ,2 9 3
2 6 ,1 7 5
2 0 ,4 3 0
1 8 ,3 8 6
1 6 ,0 1 5
N u m b e r o f e m p l o y e e s (in 0 0 0 's ) :
Time-off plans
P a r t i c i p a n t s w ith :
P a i d l u n c h t i m e ....................................................................................
10
9
9
10
11
10
8
9
A v e r a g e m i n u t e s p e r d a y ..........................................................
-
25
26
27
29
26
30
29
P a i d r e s t t i m e .........................................................................................
75
76
73
72
72
71
67
68
A v e r a g e m i n u t e s p e r d a y ..........................................................
-
25
26
26
26
26
28
26
P a i d f u n e r a l l e a v e ..............................................................................
-
-
-
88
85
84
80
83
A v e r a g e d a y s p e r o c c u r r e n c e ...............................................
-
-
-
3 .2
3 .2
3 .3
3 .3
3 .0
P a i d h o l i d a y s .........................................................................................
99
99
99
99
96
97
92
91
A v e r a g e d a y s p e r y e a r ................................................................
10.1
1 0 .0
9 .8
1 0 .0
9 .4
9 .2
1 0 .2
9 .4
P a i d p e r s o n a l l e a v e .........................................................................
20
24
23
25
24
22
21
21
A v e r a g e d a y s p e r y e a r ................................................................
-
3 .8
3 .6
3 .7
3 .3
3 .1
3 .3
3 .1
P a i d v a c a t i o n s .....................................................................................
100
99
99
100
98
97
96
97
P a i d s i c k l e a v e ......................................................................................
62
67
67
70
69
68
67
65
U n p a i d m a t e r n i t y l e a v e .................................................................
-
-
-
-
33
37
37
60
U n p a i d p a t e r n i t y l e a v e ...................................................................
-
-
-
-
16
18
26
53
97
97
97
95
90
92
83
82
Insurance plans
P a r t i c i p a n t s in m e d i c a l c a r e p l a n s ..........................................
P e r c e n t o f p a r t i c i p a n t s w ith c o v e r a g e fo r:
H o m e h e a l t h c a r e ...........................................................................
-
-
46
66
76
75
81
86
E x t e n d e d c a r e f a c i l i t i e s ..............................................................
58
62
62
70
79
80
80
82
8
18
28
28
30
42
P h y s i c a l e x a m ....................................................................................
P e r c e n t o f p a r tic ip a n ts w ith e m p lo y e e
c o n t r i b u t i o n r e q u i r e d fo r:
S e l f c o v e r a g e .....................................................................................
26
27
36
43
44
47
51
61
A v e r a g e m o n t h l y c o n t r i b u t i o n ............................................
-
-
$ 1 1 .9 3
$ 1 2 .8 0
$ 1 9 .2 9
$ 2 5 .3 1
$ 2 6 .6 0
$ 3 1 .5 5
F a m i l y c o v e r a g e ..............................................................................
46
51
58
63
64
66
A v e r a g e m o n t h l y c o n t n o u t i o n ............................................
-
-
$ 3 5 .9 3
$ 4 1 .4 0
$ 6 0 .0 7
$ 7 2 .1 0
$ 9 6 .9 7
$ 1 0 7 .4 2
P a r t i c i p a n t s in life i n s u r a n c e p l a n s ..........................................
96
96
96
96
92
94
94
91
76
69
76
P e r c e n t o f p a r t i c i p a n t s w ith :
A c c id e n ta l d e a th a n d d is m e m b e rm e n t
i n s u r a n c e ..............................................................................................
69
72
74
72
78
71
71
S u r v i v o r i n c o m e b e n e f i t s ............................................................
-
-
-
10
8
7
6
5
R e t i r e e p r o t e c t i o n a v a i l a b l e .....................................................
-
64
64
59
49
42
44
41
40
43
47
48
42
45
40
41
54
51
51
49
46
43
45
44
84
84
82
76
63
63
59
56
P a r t i c i p a n t s in l o n g - t e r m d i s a b i l it y
i n s u r a n c e p l a n s ..................................................................................
P a r t i c i p a n t s in s i c k n e s s a n d a c c i d e n t
i n s u r a n c e p l a n s ...................................................................................
Retirement plans
P a r t i c i p a n t s in d e f i n e d b e n e f i t p e n s i o n p l a n s ...............
P e r c e n t o f p a r t i c i p a n t s w ith :
N o r m a l r e t i r e m e n t p r i o r t o a g e 6 5 .......................................
55
58
63
64
59
62
55
52
E a r l y r e t i r e m e n t a v a i l a b l e .........................................................
98
97
97
98
98
97
98
95
-
-
47
35
26
22
7
6
53
52
54
57
55
64
56
61
B e n e f i t c o o r d i n a t e d w i t h S o c i a l S e c u r i t y ......................
45
45
56
62
62
63
54
48
P a r t i c i p a n t s in d e f i n e d c o n t r i b u t i o n p l a n s ..........................
-
-
-
60
45
48
48
49
-
-
-
33
36
41
44
43
F l e x i b l e b e n e f i t s p l a n s ...................................................................
-
-
-
2
5
9
10
12
R e i m b u r s e m e n t a c c o u n t s ............................................................
-
-
-
5
12
23
36
52
A d h o c p e n s i o n i n c r e a s e in l a s t 5 y e a r s .......................
P a r t i c i p a n t s in p l a n s w i t h t a x - d e f e r r e d s a v i n g s
a r r a n g e m e n t s .......................................................................................
Other benefits
E m p l o y e e s e l i g i b l e fo r:
NOTE:
D a s h in d ic a te s d a t a n o t a v a ila b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
97
Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations
26. Percent of full-time employees participating in employer-provided benefit plans, and in selected features within plans,
small private establishments and State and local governments, 1987,1990,1992, and 1994
Small private establishments
Item
1990
S c o p e o f s u r v e y (in 0 0 0 's ) ..............................................................
1992
3 2 ,4 6 6
State and local governments
1994
3 4 ,3 6 0
1987
3 5 ,9 1 0
1990
1 0 ,3 2 1
1992
1 2 ,9 7 2
1994
1 2 ,4 6 6
1 2 ,9 0 7
N u m b e r o f e m p l o y e e s (in 0 0 0 's ) :
W i t h m e d i c a l c a r e .............................................................................
2 2 ,4 0 2
2 4 ,3 9 6
2 3 ,5 3 6
9 ,5 9 9
1 2 ,0 6 4
1 1 ,2 1 9
1 1 ,1 9 2
W i t h life i n s u r a n c e ............................................................................
2 0 ,7 7 8
2 1 ,9 9 0
2 1 ,9 5 5
8 ,7 7 3
1 1 ,4 1 5
1 1 ,0 9 5
1 1 ,1 9 4
W i t h d e f i n e d b e n e f i t p l a n ............................................................
6 ,4 9 3
7 ,5 5 9
5 ,4 8 0
9 ,5 9 9
1 1 ,6 7 5
1 0 ,8 4 5
1 1 ,7 0 8
Time-off plans
P a r t i c i p a n t s w ith :
8
9
17
11
10
A v e r a g e m i n u t e s p e r d a y ..........................................................
37
37
-
34
36
34
-
P a i d r e s t t i m e .........................................................................................
48
49
-
58
56
53
-
A v e r a g e m i n u t e s p e r d a y ..........................................................
27
26
-
29
29
29
-
P a i d f u n e r a l l e a v e ..............................................................................
47
50
50
56
63
65
62
3 .7
A v e r a g e d a y s p e r o c c u r r e n c e ...............................................
2 .9
3 .0
3 .1
3 .7
3 .7
3 .7
P a i d h o l i d a y s .........................................................................................
84
82
82
81
74
75
73
A v e r a g e d a y s p e r y e a r 1..............................................................
P a i d p e r s o n a l l e a v e .........................................................................
9 .5
9 .2
7 .5
1 0 .9
1 3 .6
1 4 .2
1 1 .5
11
12
13
38
39
38
38
A v e r a g e d a y s p e r y e a r ................................................................
2 .8
2 .6
2 .6
2 .7
2 .9
2 .9
3 .0
P a i d v a c a t i o n s ......................................................................................
88
88
88
72
67
67
66
P a i d s i c k l e a v e ......................................................................................
47
53
50
97
95
95
94
U n p a i d l e a v e .........................................................................................
17
18
-
57
51
59
_
U n p a i d p a t e r n i t y l e a v e ...................................................................
8
7
-
30
33
44
-
U n p a i d f a m i l y l e a v e .........................................................................
47
93
'
Insurance plans
P a r t i c i p a n t s in m e d i c a l c a r e p l a n s ..........................................
69
71
66
93
"
93
90
87
P e r c e n t o f p a r t i c i p a n t s w i t h c o v e r a g e fo r:
H o m e h e a l t h c a r e ...........................................................................
79
80
-
76
82
87
84
E x t e n d e d c a r e f a c i l i t i e s ..............................................................
83
84
-
78
79
84
81
P h y s i c a l e x a m ...................................................................................
26
28
36
36
47
55
P e r c e n t o f p a r ti c ip a n t s w ith e m p l o y e e
c o n t r i b u t i o n r e q u i r e d fo r:
S e l f c o v e r a g e .....................................................................................
42
47
52
35
38
43
47
A v e r a g e m o n t h l y c o n t r i b u t i o n ............................................
$ 2 5 .1 3
$ 3 6 .5 1
$ 4 0 .9 7
$ 1 5 .7 4
$ 2 5 .5 3
$ 2 8 .9 7
$ 3 0 .2 0
F a m i ly c o v e r a g e ..............................................................................
67
73
76
71
65
72
71
A v e r a g e m o n t h l y c o n t r i b u t i o n ............................................
$ 1 0 9 .3 4
$ 1 5 0 .5 4
$ 1 5 9 .6 3
$ 7 1 .8 9
$ 1 1 7 .5 9
$ 1 3 9 .2 3
$ 1 4 9 .7 0
P a r t i c i p a n t s in life i n s u r a n c e p l a n s ..........................................
64
64
61
85
88
89
87
64
P e r c e n t o f p a r t i c i p a n t s w ith :
A c c id e n ta l d e a th a n d d is m e m b e rm e n t
i n s u r a n c e ..............................................................................................
78
76
79
67
67
74
S u r v i v o r i n c o m e b e n e f i t s ............................................................
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
R e t i r e e p r o t e c t i o n a v a i l a b l e .....................................................
19
25
20
55
45
46
46
19
23
20
31
27
28
30
6
26
26
14
21
22
21
20
22
15
93
90
87
91
N o r m a l r e t i r e m e n t p r i o r t o a g e 6 5 .......................................
54
50
-
92
89
92
92
E a r l y r e t i r e m e n t a v a i l a b l e ........................................................
95
95
-
90
88
89
87
A d h o c p e n s i o n i n c r e a s e in l a s t 5 y e a r s .......................
7
4
-
33
16
10
13
T e r m i n a l e a r n i n g s f o r m u l a .......................................................
58
54
-
100
100
100
99
B e n e f i t c o o r d i n a t e d w i t h S o c i a l S e c u r i t y ......................
49
46
-
18
8
10
49
P a r t i c i p a n t s in d e f i n e d c o n t r i b u t i o n p l a n s ..........................
31
33
34
9
9
9
9
17
24
23
28
45
45
24
P a r t i c i p a n t s in l o n g - t e r m d i s a b i l it y
i n s u r a n c e p l a n s ..................................................................................
P a r t i c i p a n t s in s i c k n e s s a n d a c c i d e n t
i n s u r a n c e p l a n s ...................................................................................
Retirement plans
P a r t i c i p a n t s in d e f i n e d b e n e f i t p e n s i o n p l a n s ...............
P e r c e n t o f p a r t i c i p a n t s w ith :
P a r t i c i p a n t s in p l a n s w i t h t a x - d e f e r r e d s a v i n g s
a r r a n g e m e n t s .......................................................................................
Other benefits
E m p l o y e e s e l i g i b l e fo r:
F l e x i b l e b e n e f i t s p l a n s ....................................................................
1
2
3
5
5
5
5
R e i m b u r s e m e n t a c c o u n t s ............................................................
8
14
19
5
31
50
64
1 M e t h o d s u s e d t o c a l c u l a t e t h e a v e r a g e n u m b e r o f p a i d h o l i d a y s w e r e r e v i s e d in 1 9 9 4 t o c o u n t p a r ti a l d a y s m o r e p r e c i s e l y . A v e r a g e h o l i d a y s f o r 1 9 9 4 a r e n o t c o m p a r a b l e w i t h
t h o s e r e p o r t e d in 1 9 9 0 a n d 1 9 9 2 .
NOTE:
98
D a s h in d ic a te s d a t a n o t a v a ila b le .
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
November 1998
27. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more
Measure
1996
1997
1998
1997
Annual totals
July
Sept.
Aug.
Nov.
Oct.
Jan.p
Dec.
Feb.p
Mar.p
Apr.p
May.p Junep
Julyp
N u m b er of sto p p a g e s :
B e g i n n i n g in p e r i o d ..........................................
37
29
3
2
6
3
1
0
1
3
1
0
4
4
1
In e f f e c t d u r i n g p e r i o d ....................................
38
38
5
3
6
5
3
2
1
3
2
0
4
6
4
W o r k e r s in v o lv e d :
B e g i n n i n g in p e r i o d (in t h o u s a n d s ) . . . .
273
339
3 0 .8
1 8 4 .5
3 0 .3
4 .4
8 .9
.0
8 .0
1 0 .8
1 .0
.0
6.1
1 6 2 .9
2 .5
In e f f e c t d u r i n g p e r i o d (in t h o u s a n d s )
275
351
4 1 .5
1 8 9 .3
3 0 .3
8 .6
11.1
2 .2
8 .0
1 0 .8
2.1
.0
6.1
1 6 5 .4
1 6 0 .1
4 ,8 8 9
4 ,4 9 7
2 4 7 .1
2 ,0 7 5 .4
1 2 8 .4
6 4 .0
4 8 .5
4 3 .8
1 6 .0
3 8 .6
2 1 .5
0 .0
7 2 .7
1 ,5 4 2 .9
2 ,0 0 7 .2
.0 2
.01
.01
.0 8
.0 0
.0 0
.0 0
.0 0
(2)
.0 0
.0 0
.0 0
.0 0
.0 5
.0 6
D a y s i d le :
P e r c e n t o f e s t i m a t e d w o r k i n a t i m e 1...
1 A g r ic u lt u r a l a n d
g o v e r n m e n t e m p l o y e e s a r e i n c l u d e d in t h e t o t a l e m p l o y e d a n d t o t a l w o r k in g ti m e ;
p riv a te h o u s e h o ld , fo re s try , a n d fis h e ry e m p lo y e e s a r e e x c lu d e d .
t h e m e a s u r e m e n t o f i d l e n e s s a s a p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e t o t a l t i m e w o r k e d i s f o u n d in " T o t a l e c o n o m y ' m e a s u r e s o f s t r i k e i d l e n e s s , "
Monthly Labor Review,
A n e x p la n a tio n of
O c to b e r 1 9 6 8 , p p . 5 4 - 5 6 .
2 L e s s th a n 0 .0 0 5 .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
99
Current Labor Statistics:
28.
Price Data
Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city average,
by expenditure category and commodity or service group
[1982-84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]__________________________
1997
Annual average
Series
1997
1996
Sept.
1998
Nov.
Oct.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
C O N S U M E R PR IC E IN D E X
FOR A L L URBA N C O N S U M E R S
A ll i t e m s ................................................................................................
1 5 6 .9
1 6 0 .5
1 6 1 .2
1 6 1 .6
1 6 1 .5
1 6 1 .3
1 6 1 .6
1 6 1 .9
1 6 2 .2
1 6 2 .5
1 6 2 .8
1 6 3 .0
1 6 3 .2
1 6 3 .4
1 6 3 .6
F o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s ..................................................................
1 5 3 .7
1 5 7 .7
1 5 8 .4
1 5 8 .7
1 5 8 .9
1 5 9 .1
1 6 0 .3
1 5 9 .8
1 6 0 .1
1 6 0 .2
1 6 0 .7
1 6 0 .6
1 6 0 .9
1 6 1 .4
1 6 1 .5
F o o d .....................................................................................................
1 5 3 .3
1 5 7 .3
1 5 7 .9
1 5 8 .2
1 5 8 .5
1 5 8 .7
1 5 9 .9
1 5 9 .4
1 5 9 .7
1 5 9 .8
1 6 0 .3
1 6 0 .1
1 6 0 .5
1 6 1 .0
1 6 1 .1
F o o d a t h o m e .............................................................................
1 5 4 .3
1 5 8 .1
1 5 8 .6
1 5 9 .0
1 5 9 .1
1 5 9 .2
1 6 1 .0
1 6 0 .0
1 6 0 .2
1 6 0 .2
1 6 0 .7
1 6 0 .5
1 6 0 .8
1 6 1 .4
1 6 1 .2
C e r e a l s a n d b a k e r y p r o d u c t s ......................................
1 7 4 .0
1 7 7 .6
1 7 8 .1
1 7 8 .4
1 7 8 .0
1 7 8 .4
1 7 9 .0
1 7 9 .7
1 7 9 .6
1 8 0 .2
1 8 0 .5
1 8 1 .6
1 8 1 .8
1 8 2 .7
1 8 1 .9
M e a t s , p o u l t r y , f i s h , a n d e g g s .....................................
1 4 4 .8
1 4 8 .5
1 4 9 .1
1 4 8 .9
1 4 9 .3
1 4 8 .4
1 4 8 .3
1 4 7 .5
1 4 7 .2
1 4 6 .3
1 4 6 .2
1 4 6 .3
1 4 6 .9
1 4 8 .2
1 4 7 .5
D a ir y a n d r e l a t e d p r o d u c t s 1..........................................
1 4 2 .1
1 4 5 .5
1 4 3 .5
1 4 5 .7
1 4 7 .0
1 4 7 .8
1 4 8 .3
1 4 7 .7
1 4 8 .4
1 4 8 .5
1 4 8 .1
1 4 8 .1
1 4 8 .2
1 5 0 .5
1 5 2 .9
F r u i ts a n d v e g e t a b l e s ........................................................
1 8 3 .9
1 8 7 .5
1 8 8 .1
1 8 8 .5
1 8 9 .5
1 9 1 .3
2 02 .1
1 9 3 .8
1 9 6 .1
1 9 7 .5
2 0 3 .9
1 9 8 .1
1 9 8 .2
1 9 5 .9
1 9 3 .5
N o n a lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s a n d b e v e r a g e
m a t e r i a l s ................................................................................
O t h e r f o o d s a t h o m e ...........................................................
1 2 8 .6
1 3 3 .4
1 3 6 .7
1 3 6 .6
1 3 4 .7
1 3 3 .1
1 3 4 .1
1 3 4 .8
1 3 4 .2
1 3 3 .9
1 3 2 .9
1 3 2 .8
1 3 2 .3
1 3 2 .0
1 3 2 .2
1 4 2 .9
1 4 7 .3
1 4 8 .9
1 4 9 .0
1 4 7 .7
1 4 7 .7
1 4 8 .7
1 4 9 .1
1 4 9 .5
1 4 9 .6
1 4 9 .3
1 5 0 .4
1 5 1 .1
1 5 2 .1
1 5 2 .2
1 4 3 .7
1 4 7 .8
1 4 8 .5
1 4 8 .2
1 4 7 .4
1 4 7 .9
1 5 0 .3
1 4 9 .6
1 5 0 .8
1 5 0 .1
1 4 9 .5
1 5 0 .5
1 4 9 .9
1 5 0 .2
1 5 0 .8
F a t s a n d o i l s ..........................................................................
1 4 0 .5
1 4 1 .7
1 4 2 .0
1 4 1 .7
1 4 0 .4
1 4 0 .3
1 4 0 .5
1 4 1 .5
1 4 2 .2
1 4 0 .7
1 4 1 .2
1 4 3 .3
1 4 7 .6
1 4 9 .7
1 5 2 .4
O t h e r f o o d s .............................................................................
1 5 6 .2
1 6 1 .2
1 6 1 .9
1 6 2 .5
1 6 1 .5
_
_
_
_
_
1 6 2 .8
1 6 3 .6
1 6 4 .2
1 6 4 .3
1 6 5 .0
1 6 4 .7
1 6 5 .6
1 6 5 .9
1 6 6 .9
1 6 6 .3
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .4
1 0 0 .4
1 0 1 .5
1 0 1 .7
1 0 1 .4
1 0 2 .5
1 0 2 .6
1 0 3 .5
1 0 3 .6
1 6 2 .1
F o o d a w a y f r o m h o m e 1.........................................................
1 5 2 .7
1 5 7 .0
1 5 7 .8
1 5 8 .2
1 5 8 .6
1 5 9 .0
1 5 9 .2
1 5 9 .6
1 5 9 .9
1 6 0 .2
1 6 0 .6
1 6 0 .7
1 6 1 .1
1 6 1 .5
O t h e r f o o d a w a y f r o m h o m e 1,2..................................
-
-
-
-
-
1 0 0 .0
100.1
1 0 0 .4
1 0 0 .3
1 0 0 .6
1 0 0 .6
1 0 1 .0
1 0 1 .6
1 0 2 .3
1 0 2 .7
A l c o h o l i c b e v e r a g e s ................................................................
1 5 8 .5
1 6 2 .8
1 6 3 .5
1 6 3 .7
1 6 3 .7
1 6 4 .0
1 6 4 .6
1 6 5 .0
1 6 5 .1
1 6 5 .2
1 6 5 .2
1 6 5 .5
1 6 5 .6
1 6 5 .7
1 6 6 .3
H o u s i n g ................................................................................................
1 5 2 .8
1 5 6 .8
1 5 7 .7
1 5 7 .7
1 5 7 .7
1 5 7 .7
1 5 8 .3
1 5 8 .8
1 5 9 .2
1 5 9 .5
1 5 9 .7
1 6 0 .6
1 6 1 .2
1 6 1 .5
1 6 1 .5
S h e l t e r ..............................................................................................
1 7 1 .0
1 7 6 .3
1 7 7 .2
1 7 7 .8
1 7 7 .7
1 7 8 .1
1 7 9 .2
1 8 0 .1
1 8 0 .8
1 8 1 .0
1 8 1 .2
1 8 1 .8
1 8 2 .6
1 8 3 .3
1 8 3 .4
R e n t o f p r i m a r y r e s i d e n c e ..............................................
2
L o d q i n q a w a y f r o m h o m e .............................................
1 6 2 .0
1 6 6 .7
1 6 7 .8
1 6 8 .2
1 6 8 .7
1 6 9 .1
1 6 9 .5
1 6 9 .9
1 7 0 .3
1 7 0 .7
1 7 1 .1
1 7 1 .7
1 7 2 .2
1 7 2 .8
1 7 3 .4
-
-
-
-
-
1 0 0 .0
1 0 5 .1
1 0 9 .3
1 1 1 .2
1 1 0 .2
1 0 8 .7
1 0 9 .6
1 1 1 .7
1 1 2 .9
1 0 9 .8
1 8 9 .2
O w n e r s ' e q u iv a le n t re n t o f p rim a r y r e s i d e n c e 3
1 7 6 .8
1 8 1 .9
1 8 3 .2
1 8 3 .6
1 8 4 .2
1 8 4 .7
1 8 5 .1
1 8 5 .5
1 8 5 .9
1 8 6 .4
1 8 6 .8
1 8 7 .4
1 8 8 .0
1 8 8 .5
T e n a n t s ' a n d h o u s e h o l d i n s u r a n c e 1,2....................
-
-
-
-
-
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .3
1 0 0 .2
1 0 0 .3
1 0 0 .4
9 9 .6
9 9 .1
9 9 .3
9 9 .2
9 9 .2
F u e l s a n d u t i l i t i e s ................................................................
1 2 7 .5
1 3 0 .8
1 3 2 .1
1 3 0 .8
1 3 1 .1
1 3 0 .0
1 2 8 .8
1 2 7 .4
1 2 7 .1
1 2 7 .0
1 2 7 .9
1 3 1 .2
1 3 1 .3
1 3 0 .6
1 3 0 .0
1 1 5 .2
1 1 7 .9
1 1 9 .7
1 1 7 .4
1 1 7 .7
1 1 5 .8
1 1 4 .5
1 1 2 .8
1 1 2 .5
1 1 2 .3
1 1 3 .2
1 1 6 .8
1 1 6 .8
1 1 5 .9
1 1 5 .2
9 9 .2
9 9 .8
9 3 .7
9 5 .3
9 6 .6
9 7 .2
9 6 .4
9 5 .2
9 4 .4
9 2 .8
9 1 .8
8 9 .5
8 7 .8
8 6 .7
8 5 .9
122.1
1 2 5 .1
1 2 8 .1
1 2 5 .1
1 2 5 .3
1 2 3 .0
1 2 1 .6
1 1 9 .7
1 1 9 .4
1 1 9 .4
1 2 0 .5
1 2 4 .7
1 2 4 .9
1 2 4 .0
1 2 3 .3
F u e l oil a n d o t h e r f u e l s ...............................................
H o u s e h o l d f u r n i s h i n g s a n d o p e r a t i o n s .................
1 2 4 .7
1 2 5 .4
1 2 5 .4
1 2 5 .4
1 2 5 .2
1 2 5 .1
1 2 5 .6
1 2 6 .1
1 2 6 .3
1 2 7 .0
1 2 6 .6
1 2 6 .7
1 2 7 .2
1 2 6 .8
1 2 6 .5
1 3 1 .7
1 3 2 .9
1 3 3 .0
1 3 4 .9
1 3 4 .7
1 3 1 .6
1 2 9 .8
1 3 1 .9
1 3 4 .9
1 3 5 .8
1 3 5 .3
1 3 2 .5
1 2 9 .6
1 3 1 .6
1 3 3 .6
1 2 7 .7
1 3 0 .1
1 3 1 .4
1 3 3 .1
1 3 3 .0
1 3 1 .2
1 2 9 .8
1 3 0 .8
1 3 3 .6
1 3 3 .4
1 3 3 .5
1 3 1 .0
1 2 9 .4
1 3 0 .6
1 3 1 .1
W o m e n 's a n d g i r l s ' a p p a r e l ...........................................
1 2 4 .7
1 2 6 .1
1 2 6 .0
1 2 8 .3
1 2 8 .8
1 2 3 .6
1 2 0 .2
1 2 4 .3
1 2 9 .9
1 3 0 .9
1 2 9 .7
1 2 5 .8
1 2 0 .6
1 2 3 .8
1 2 7 .8
I n f a n t s ' a n d t o d d l e r s ' a p p a r e l 1....................................
1 2 9 .7
1 2 9 .0
1 2 6 .7
1 2 6 .2
1 2 6 .0
1 2 5 .8
1 2 4 .8
1 2 3 .1
1 2 4 .4
1 2 6 .6
1 2 6 .9
1 2 4 .7
1 2 2 .0
1 2 4 .4
1 2 4 .9
1 2 6 .6
1 2 7 .6
1 2 7 .4
1 3 0 .6
1 2 9 .3
1 2 8 .2
1 2 7 .4
1 2 6 .6
1 2 6 .5
1 2 7 .9
1 2 8 .3
1 2 8 .2
1 2 7 .0
127 7
1 2 8 .6
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n .................................................................................
1 4 3 .0
1 4 4 .3
1 4 4 .3
1 4 4 .5
1 4 3 .9
1 4 3 .2
1 4 2 .7
1 4 2 .1
1 4 1 .4
1 4 1 .5
1 4 2 .0
1 4 1 .7
1 4 1 .8
1 4 1 .2
1 4 0 .7
P r i v a t e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ...........................................................
1 4 0 .0
1 4 1 .0
1 4 1 .0
1 4 0 .9
1 4 0 .6
1 4 0 .0
1 3 9 .3
1 3 8 .4
1 3 7 .5
1 3 7 .7
1 3 8 .4
1 3 8 .2
1 3 8 .0
1 3 7 .4
1 3 7 .0
N e w a n d u s e d m o t o r v e h i c l e s 2 ..................................
-
-
9 9 .3
9 9 .6
9 9 .9
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .2
1 0 0 .2
100.1
100.1
9 9 .9
9 9 .7
9 9 .9
9 9 .9
9 9 .8
N e w v e h i c l e s .........................................................................
1 4 3 .7
1 4 4 .3
1 4 2 .7
1 4 3 .3
1 4 4 .0
1 4 4 .1
1 4 4 .4
1 4 4 .4
1 4 4 .4
1 4 4 .3
1 4 3 .3
1 4 2 .6
1 4 2 .7
1 4 2 .8
1 4 2 .3
1 5 7 .0
1 5 1 .1
1 4 8 .2
1 4 7 .9
1 4 7 .6
1 4 7 .9
1 4 8 .1
1 4 8 .4
1 4 7 .3
1 4 8 .2
1 5 0 .0
1 5 0 .9
1 5 1 .3
1 5 1 .1
1 5 1 .9
1 0 6 .3
1 0 6 .2
1 0 9 .3
1 0 6 .7
1 0 4 .6
1 0 1 .9
9 7 .8
9 4 .1
90 9
9 1 .7
9 4 .7
94 8
93 7
91 6
90 0
G a s o l i n e (a ll t y p e s ) .........................................................
1 0 5 .9
1 0 5 .8
1 0 9 .2
1 0 6 .5
1 0 4 .1
1 0 1 .3
9 7 .2
9 3 .5
9 0 .3
9 1 .1
9 4 .2
9 4 .3
93 2
91 1
89 5
M o to r v e h i c l e p a r t s a n d e q u i p m e n t .........................
1 0 2 .2
1 0 1 .9
1 0 1 .7
1 0 1 .4
1 0 1 .6
1 0 1 .4
1 0 1 .3
1 0 1 .4
1 0 1 .2
1 0 0 .5
1 0 0 .6
1 0 1 .0
101.1
1 0 1 .2
1 0 1 .2
U s e d c a r s a n d t r u c k s 1...................................................
M o t o r v e h i c l e m a i n t e n a n c e a n d r e p a i r .................
1 5 8 .4
1 6 2 .7
1 6 3 .5
1 6 3 .9
1 6 4 .0
1 6 4 .7
1 6 5 .0
1 6 5 .5
1 6 5 .7
1 6 5 .7
1 6 5 .9
1 6 6 .5
1 6 6 .8
1 6 7 .3
1 6 8 .3
P u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n .............................................................
1 8 1 .9
1 8 6 .7
1 8 6 .0
1 9 0 .9
1 8 5 .9
1 8 4 .3
1 8 7 .1
1 9 1 .2
1 9 3 .7
193 4
190 4
188 2
192 0
192 2
190 ?
2 2 8 .2
2 3 4 .6
2 3 5 .4
2 3 5 .8
2 3 6 .4
2 3 7 .1
238 1
239 3
239 8
240 7
241 4
242 0
242 7
243 5
P43 9
2 1 0 .4
2 1 5 .3
2 1 5 .3
2 1 5 .6
2 1 5 .8
2 1 6 .8
2 1 7 .6
2 1 8 .4
2 1 8 .5
2 2 0 .2
221 5
222 1
222 2
223 1
??4 0
2 3 2 .4
2 3 9 .1
2 4 0 .0
2 4 0 .5
2 4 1 .2
241 8
242 9
2 4 4 .2
244 8
245 4
245 9
246 5
247 4
2 4 ft 2
?4 ft 4
P r o f e s s i o n a l s e r v i c e s ........................................................
2 0 8 .3
2 1 5 .4
2 1 6 .4
2 1 6 .8
2 1 7 .1
2 1 7 .5
2 1 8 .5
2 1 9 .7
2 2 0 .4
2 2 1 .1
2 2 1 .7
2 2 2 .5
2 2 2 .8
2 2 3 .3
2 2 3 .7
2 8 9 .2
H o s p i t a l a n d r e l a t e d s e r v i c e s ......................................
2 6 9 .5
2 7 8 .4
2 7 9 .4
2 8 0 .2
2 8 1 .3
2 8 2 .5
2 8 3 .5
2 8 5 .2
2 8 5 .2
2 8 5 .6
2 8 5 .6
2 8 5 .8
2 8 8 .2
2 8 9 .5
R e c r e a t i o n 2.....................................................................................
-
-
9 9 .9
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .3
1 0 0 .7
1 0 1 .0
101.1
1 0 1 .0
1 0 1 .2
101.1
1 0 1 .3
1 0 1 .3
V i d e o a n d a u d i o 1,2................................................................
-
-
9 9 .9
9 9 .9
1 0 0 .3
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .6
1 0 1 .2
1 0 1 .4
1 0 1 .4
1 0 1 .2
1 0 1 .2
101.1
1 0 1 .2
1 0 1 .4
9 9 .7
9 9 .9
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .9
9 9 .8
9 9 .9
9 9 .9
100.1
100.1
1 0 0 .0
100 .1
1 0 0 .9
9 9 .6
9 9 .9
9 9 .9
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .3
1 0 0 .4
1 0 0 .5
1 0 0 .7
1 0 0 .9
1 0 0 .8
1 0 1 .0
1 0 2 .6
1 0 4 .3
E d u c a t i o n a n d c o m m u n i c a t i o n 2.......................................
-
_
-
_
E d u c a t i o n a l b o o k s a n d s u p p l i e s ............................
2 2 6 .9
2 3 8 .4
2 4 1 .5
2 4 2 .4
2 4 2 .4
2 4 2 .8
2 4 5 .1
2 4 6 .9
2 4 7 .5
2 4 8 .8
2 4 8 .9
2 4 8 .6
2 4 9 .0
2 4 9 .1
2 5 3 .7
T u i t io n , o t h e r s c h o o l f e e s , a n d c h ild c a r e .......
2 6 7 .1
2 8 0 .4
2 8 8 .2
2 8 8 .3
2 8 8 .5
2 8 9 .2
2 8 9 .2
2 8 9 .2
2 8 9 .5
2 9 0 .0
2 9 0 .5
2 9 0 .4
2 9 1 .1
2 9 5 .8
3 0 0 .9
C o m m u n i c a t i o n 1,2..................................................................
-
-
9 9 .8
1 0 0 .0
100.1
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .6
9 9 .2
9 9 .3
9 9 .3
9 9 .4
9 9 .4
9 9 .1
9 7 .9
9 7 .9
I n f o r m a t i o n a n d i n f o r m a ti o n p r o c e s s i n g 1,2......
-
-
9 9 .8
1 0 0 .0
100.1
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .6
9 9 .1
9 9 .3
9 9 .2
9 9 .3
9 9 .3
9 9 .0
9 7 .7
9 7 .7
T e l e p h o n e s e r v i c e s 1,2................................................
-
-
-
-
-
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .9
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .4
1 0 0 .5
101.1
1 0 1 .4
1 0 1 .5
1 0 0 .4
1 0 0 .7
5 7 .2
5 0 .1
4 8 .5
4 8 .9
4 7 .6
4 7 .4
4 6 .2
4 4 .3
4 3 .4
4 2 .8
4 1 .5
4 0 .6
3 9 .1
3 7 .6
3 6 .7
I n f o r m a t i o n a n d i n f o r m a ti o n p r o c e s s i n g
o t h e r t h a n t e l e p h o n e s e r v i c e s 1,4.....................
P e r s o n a l c o m p u t e r s a n d p e r ip h e r a l
e q u i p m e n t 1,2..........................................................
-
-
-
-
-
1 0 0 .0
9 6 .9
9 1 .3
8 8 .7
8 6 .6
8 2 .7
8 0 .0
7 5 .2
7 1 .1
6 8 .5
O t h e r g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s ......................................................
2 1 5 .4
2 2 4 .8
2 2 8 .1
2 2 9 .4
2 2 9 .9
2 3 0 .1
2 3 1 .3
2 3 3 .1
2 3 2 .4
2 3 4 .7
2 3 6 .7
2 3 6 .4
2 3 7 .8
2 3 8 .0
2 4 0 .4
T o b a c c o a n d s m o k i n g p r o d u c t s ...................................
2 3 2 .8
2 4 3 .7
2 4 6 .5
2 5 0 .2
2 5 0 .7
2 5 1 .2
2 5 3 .8
2 6 1 .2
2 5 4 .1
2 6 3 .5
2 7 0 .0
2 6 6 .9
2 7 3 .2
2 7 3 .7
2 8 3 .5
P e r s o n a l c a r e 1...........................................................................
1 5 0 .1
1 5 2 .7
1 5 2 .7
1 5 3 .3
1 5 4 .3
1 5 4 .0
1 5 4 .6
1 5 5 .0
1 5 5 .5
1 5 5 .9
1 5 6 .6
1 5 6 .8
1 5 7 .0
1 5 7 .1
1 5 7 .5
P e r s o n a l c a r e p r o d u c t s 1................................................
1 4 4 .3
1 4 4 .2
1 4 3 .7
1 4 4 .5
1 4 6 .1
1 4 5 .3
1 4 6 .1
1 4 6 .7
1 4 7 .3
1 4 7 .3
1 4 9 .3
1 4 9 .2
1 4 9 .1
1 4 8 .5
1 4 9 .1
100
P e r s o n a l c a r e s e r v i c e s 1.................................................
1 5 6 .6
1 6 2 .4
1 6 2 .7
1 6 3 .4
1 6 3 .5
1 6 3 .9
1 6 4 .3
1 6 4 .3
1 6 4 .7
1 6 5 .2
1 6 5 .4
1 6 5 .3
1 6 6 .1
1 6 6 .6
1 6 7 .1
M i s c e l l a n e o u s p e r s o n a l s e r v i c e s ............................
2 1 5 .6
2 2 6 .1
2 2 8 .4
2 2 8 .9
2 2 9 .5
2 3 0 .0
2 3 0 .9
2 3 2 .1
2 3 2 .8
2 3 3 .5
2 3 4 .0
2 3 4 .7
2 3 5 .1
2 3 5 .7
2 3 6 .2
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
November 1998
28. Continued—Consumer Price Indexes for Ail Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city average,
by expenditure category and commodity or service group
[1982-84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]
Sept.
1997
1996
1998
1997
Annual average
Series
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
C o m m o d ity a n d s e r v ic e g ro u p :
1 3 9 .9
1 4 1 .8
1 4 2 .1
1 4 2 .4
1 4 2 .3
1 4 1 .7
1 4 1 .6
1 4 1 .5
1 4 1 .5
1 4 2 .0
1 4 2 .3
1 4 1 .8
1 4 1 .6
1 4 1 .7
1 4 1 .8
1 5 3 .7
1 5 7 .7
1 5 8 .4
1 5 8 .7
1 5 8 .9
1 5 9 .1
1 6 0 .3
1 5 9 .8
1 6 0 .1
1 6 0 .2
1 6 0 .7
1 6 0 .6
1 6 0 .9
1 6 1 .4
1 6 1 .5
1 3 1 .5
1 3 2 .2
1 3 2 .2
1 3 2 .5
1 3 2 .2
1 3 1 .2
1 3 0 .5
1 3 0 .5
1 3 0 .4
1 3 1 .0
1 3 1 .3
1 3 0 .6
1 3 0 .1
1 3 0 .0
1 3 0 .2
1 3 3 .0
1 3 4 .6
1 3 5 .5
1 3 5 .8
1 3 5 .3
1 3 3 .5
1 3 2 .0
1 3 2 .1
1 3 2 .1
1 3 3 .0
1 3 4 .0
1 3 3 .0
1 3 1 .8
1 3 1 .9
1 3 2 .6
1 3 1 .7
1 3 2 .9
1 3 3 .0
1 3 4 .9
1 3 4 .7
1 3 1 .6
1 2 9 .8
1 3 1 .9
1 3 4 .9
1 3 5 .8
1 3 5 .3
1 3 2 .5
1 2 9 .6
1 3 1 .6
1 3 3 .6
1 3 8 .6
1 4 0 .6
1 4 1 .9
1 4 1 .3
1 4 0 .6
1 3 9 .5
1 3 8 .1
1 3 7 .2
1 3 5 .6
1 3 6 .6
1 3 8 .4
1 3 8 .2
1 3 8 .0
1 3 7 .1
1 3 7 .1
1 2 9 .4
1 2 8 .7
1 2 7 .6
1 2 7 .8
1 2 7 .9
1 2 8 .0
1 2 8 .2
1 2 8 .2
1 2 8 .0
1 2 8 .1
1 2 7 .6
1 2 7 .4
1 2 7 .5
1 2 7 .2
1 2 6 .8
1 7 4 .1
1 7 9 .4
1 8 0 .6
1 8 1 .0
1 8 1 .0
1 8 1 .0
1 8 1 .8
1 8 2 .4
1 8 2 .9
1 8 3 .2
1 8 3 .4
1 8 4 .2
1 8 4 .9
1 8 5 .3
1 8 5 .5
1 7 8 .0
1 8 3 .4
1 8 4 .4
1 8 5 .0
1 8 5 .0
1 8 5 .3
1 8 6 .5
1 8 7 .5
1 8 8 .1
1 8 8 .4
1 8 8 .6
1 8 9 .3
1 9 0 .1
1 9 0 .8
1 9 1 .0
1 8 0 .5
1 8 5 .0
1 8 4 .7
1 8 6 .9
1 8 6 .2
1 8 6 .0
1 8 7 .1
1 8 7 .9
1 8 8 .4
1 8 8 .3
1 8 7 .8
1 8 7 .1
1 8 7 .8
1 8 7 .8
1 8 7 .3
2 0 1 .4
2 0 9 .6
2 1 2 .2
2 1 2 .7
2 1 2 .7
2 1 3 .1
2 1 3 .7
2 1 4 .4
2 1 5 .1
2 1 5 .6
2 1 6 .1
2 1 6 .6
2 1 6 .9
2 1 7 .6
2 1 9 .0
1 5 7 .5
1 6 1 .1
1 6 1 .8
1 6 2 .2
1 6 2 .1
1 6 1 .8
1 6 1 .9
1 6 2 .3
1 6 2 .6
1 6 3 .0
1 6 3 .3
1 6 3 .5
1 6 3 .6
1 6 3 .9
1 6 4 .1
1 5 2 .8
1 5 5 .9
1 5 6 .6
1 5 6 .9
1 5 6 .8
1 5 6 .4
1 5 6 .4
1 5 6 .4
1 5 6 .5
1 5 6 .9
1 5 7 .3
1 5 7 .3
1 5 7 .3
1 5 7 .4
1 5 7 .6
N o n d u ra b le s l e s s fo o d , b e v e r a g e s .
3
S p e c ia l in d e x e s:
3
1 5 2 .8
1 5 6 .3
1 5 7 .1
1 5 7 .4
1 5 7 .3
1 5 7 .0
1 5 7 .3
1 5 7 .5
1 5 7 .8
1 5 8 .1
1 5 8 .4
1 5 8 .6
1 5 8 .7
1 5 9 .0
1 5 9 .2
1 3 2 .6
1 3 3 .4
1 3 3 .5
1 3 3 .8
1 3 3 .5
1 3 2 .6
1 3 1 .9
1 3 1 .9
1 3 1 .8
1 3 2 .4
1 3 2 .7
1 3 2 .1
1 3 1 .5
1 3 1 .4
1 3 1 .6
1 3 4 .5
1 3 6 .3
1 3 7 .2
1 3 7 .4
1 3 7 .0
1 3 5 .3
1 3 3 .9
1 3 4 .1
1 3 4 .1
1 3 5 .0
1 3 5 .9
1 3 4 .9
1 3 3 .8
1 3 3 .9
1 3 4 .6
1 3 9 .5
1 4 1 .8
1 4 3 .0
1 4 2 .5
1 4 1 .9
1 4 1 .0
1 3 9 .8
1 3 8 .9
1 3 7 .5
1 3 8 .4
1 4 0 .1
1 3 9 .9
1 3 9 .7
1 3 8 .9
1 3 8 .9
1 4 3 .5
1 4 6 .4
1 4 7 .1
1 4 7 .4
1 4 7 .3
1 4 6 .5
1 4 6 .2
1 4 6 .1
1 4 6 .2
1 4 6 .7
1 4 7 .5
1 4 6 .9
1 4 6 .4
1 4 6 .8
1 4 7 .1
1 8 2 .5
1 8 8 .1
1 8 9 .5
1 8 9 .8
1 8 9 .8
1 8 9 .5
1 8 9 .9
1 9 0 .1
1 9 0 .6
1 9 0 .8
1 9 1 .1
1 9 2 .1
1 9 2 .6
1 9 2 .7
1 9 3 .0
1 6 8 .7
1 7 3 .9
1 7 5 .1
1 7 5 .5
1 7 5 .4
1 7 5 .4
1 7 6 .1
1 7 6 .6
1 7 7 .2
1 7 7 .4
1 7 7 .6
1 7 8 .4
1 7 9 .0
1 7 9 .5
1 7 9 .6
110.1
1 1 1 .5
1 1 3 .9
1 1 1 .5
1 1 0 .7
1 0 8 .4
1 0 5 .9
1 0 3 .2
1 0 1 .6
1 0 1 .9
1 0 3 .8
1 0 5 .7
1 0 5 .2
1 0 3 .8
1 0 2 .7
1 6 3 .1
1 6 7 .1
1 6 7 .6
1 6 8 .3
1 6 8 .3
1 6 8 .3
1 6 9 .0
1 6 9 .6
1 7 0 .1
1 7 0 .4
1 7 0 .5
1 7 0 .5
1 7 0 .8
1 7 1 .2
1 7 1 .6
1 6 5 .6
1 6 9 .5
1 7 0 .0
1 7 0 .8
1 7 0 .8
1 7 0 .7
1 7 1 .2
1 7 2 .1
1 7 2 .6
1 7 3 .0
1 7 3 .1
1 7 3 .0
1 7 3 .3
1 7 3 .8
1 7 4 .2
1 4 1 .3
1 4 2 .3
1 4 2 .0
1 4 2 .7
1 4 2 .8
1 4 2 .1
1 4 2 .0
1 4 2 .7
1 4 3 .1
1 4 3 .8
1 4 3 .6
1 4 2 .8
1 4 2 .4
1 4 2 .7
1 4 3 .2
1 0 5 .7
1 0 5 .7
1 0 7 .7
1 0 5 .7
1 0 3 .9
1 0 1 .6
9 7 .8
9 4 .3
9 1 .3
9 1 .8
9 4 .6
9 4 .5
9 3 .3
9 1 .3
8 9 .8
1 7 9 .4
1 8 5 .0
1 8 6 .0
1 8 6 .7
1 8 6 .7
1 8 6 .9
1 8 7 .9
1 8 8 .8
1 8 9 .4
1 8 9 .7
1 8 9 .8
1 9 0 .3
1 9 0 .9
1 9 1 .5
1 9 1 .8
1 5 4 .1
1 5 7 .6
1 5 8 .3
1 5 8 .5
1 5 8 .5
1 5 8 .2
1 5 8 .4
1 5 8 .5
1 5 8 .7
1 5 9 .1
1 5 9 .5
1 5 9 .7
1 5 9 .8
1 6 0 .0
1 6 0 .2
1 5 3 .2
1 5 7 .2
1 5 7 .8
1 5 8 .1
1 5 8 .3
1 5 8 .5
1 5 9 .6
1 5 9 .2
1 5 9 .4
1 5 9 .5
1 5 9 .9
1 5 9 .9
1 6 0 .2
1 6 0 .7
1 6 0 .8
1 5 2 .8
1 5 6 .8
1 5 7 .4
1 5 7 .7
1 5 7 .9
1 5 8 .1
1 5 9 .3
1 5 8 .8
1 5 9 .1
1 5 9 .1
1 5 9 .6
1 5 9 .5
1 5 9 .8
1 6 0 .4
1 6 0 .4
1 5 3 .5
1 5 7 .2
1 5 7 .7
1 5 8 .0
1 5 8 .1
1 5 8 .2
1 5 9 .9
1 5 8 .9
1 5 9 .2
1 5 9 .1
1 5 9 .6
1 5 9 .4
1 5 9 .7
1 6 0 .4
1 6 0 .2
1 7 3 .6
1 7 7 .3
1 7 7 .7
1 7 8 .0
1 7 7 .8
1 7 8 .1
1 7 8 .8
1 7 9 .4
1 7 9 .3
1 7 9 .9
1 8 0 .3
1 8 1 .4
1 8 1 .6
1 8 2 .5
1 8 1 .8
1 4 4 .5
1 4 8 .2
1 4 8 .7
1 4 8 .5
1 4 9 .0
1 4 8 .0
1 4 8 .0
1 4 7 .2
1 4 6 .9
1 4 6 .0
1 4 5 .8
1 4 5 .9
1 4 6 .6
1 4 7 .9
1 4 7 .1
1 4 1 .9
1 4 5 .2
1 4 3 .2
1 4 5 .5
1 4 6 .8
1 4 7 .5
1 4 7 .9
1 4 7 .4
1 4 8 .1
1 4 8 .2
1 4 7 .8
1 4 7 .7
1 4 7 .8
1 5 0 .1
1 5 2 .6
1 8 3 .1
1 8 6 .6
1 8 7 .5
1 8 7 .7
1 8 8 .4
1 9 0 .0
2 0 0 .9
1 9 2 .4
1 9 4 .8
1 9 6 .3
2 0 2 .8
1 9 7 .1
1 9 7 .3
1 9 4 .9
1 9 2 .5
1 3 0 .9
C O N S U M E R PR IC E IN D E X FO R U R BA N
W A G E E A R N E R S A N D C L E R IC A L W O R K E R S
N o n a lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s a n d b e v e r a g e
1 2 8 .1
1 3 2 .3
1 3 5 .2
1 3 5 .2
1 3 3 .3
1 3 1 .7
1 3 2 .9
1 3 3 .6
1 3 3 .1
1 3 2 .7
1 3 1 .6
1 3 1 .6
1 3 1 .2
1 3 0 .7
1 4 2 .6
1 4 6 .8
1 4 8 .2
1 4 8 .4
1 4 7 .0
1 4 7 .1
1 4 8 .1
1 4 8 .5
1 4 8 .9
1 4 8 .9
1 4 8 .7
1 4 9 .8
1 5 0 .5
1 5 1 .5
1 5 1 .7
1 4 3 .6
1 4 7 .7
1 4 8 .4
1 4 8 .0
1 4 7 .3
1 4 7 .7
1 5 0 .2
1 4 9 .5
1 5 1 .0
1 5 0 .0
1 4 9 .4
1 5 0 .5
1 4 9 .9
1 5 0 .3
1 5 0 .6
1 4 0 .3
1 4 1 .4
1 4 1 .7
1 4 1 .4
1 4 0 .2
1 4 0 .0
1 4 0 .4
1 4 1 .4
1 4 1 .9
1 4 0 .4
1 4 1 .1
1 4 3 .1
1 4 7 .3
1 4 9 .3
1 5 1 .9
1 5 6 .0
1 6 1 .1
1 6 1 .8
1 6 2 .3
1 6 1 .3
1 6 2 .7
1 6 3 .6
1 6 4 .1
1 6 4 .3
1 6 5 .0
1 6 4 .6
1 6 5 .5
1 6 5 .9
1 6 6 .8
1 6 6 .3
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .5
1 0 0 .5
1 0 1 .8
1 0 1 .7
1 0 1 .5
1 0 2 .5
1 0 2 .8
1 0 3 .5
1 0 3 .7
1 5 2 .6
1 5 7 .0
1 5 7 .8
1 5 8 .2
1 5 8 .6
1 5 9 .0
1 5 9 .3
1 5 9 .6
1 5 9 .9
1 6 0 .2
1 6 0 .6
1 6 0 .8
1 6 1 .1
1 6 1 .4
1 6 2 .0
1 0 0 .0
100.1
1 0 0 .3
1 0 0 .3
1 0 0 .6
1 0 0 .6
1 0 1 .0
1 0 1 .5
1 0 2 .2
1 0 2 .8
1 5 7 .9
1 6 2 .1
1 6 2 .6
1 6 2 .8
1 6 2 .8
1 6 3 .1
1 6 3 .6
1 6 3 .9
1 6 4 .0
1 6 4 .2
1 6 4 .1
1 6 4 .3
1 6 4 .5
1 6 4 .6
1 6 5 .1
1 4 9 .6
1 5 3 .4
1 5 4 .4
1 5 4 .4
1 5 4 .5
1 5 4 .4
1 5 4 .8
1 5 5 .1
1 5 5 .5
1 5 5 .8
1 5 6 .1
1 5 7 .0
1 5 7 .6
1 5 7 .7
1 5 7 .8
1 6 6 .2
1 7 1 .2
1 7 2 .2
1 7 2 .7
1 7 2 .8
1 7 3 .1
1 7 3 .9
1 7 4 .6
1 7 5 .2
1 7 5 .5
1 7 5 .7
1 7 6 .4
1 7 7 .0
1 7 7 .6
1 7 7 .9
1 6 1 .6
1 6 6 .3
1 6 7 .5
1 6 7 .9
1 6 8 .4
_
12
12
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
O w n e r s ' e q u i v a le n t r e n t o f p rim a r y r e s i d e n c e 3
12
1 6 1 .2
_
1 6 5 .8
_
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
_
1 6 7 .4
_
1 6 7 .9
_
1 6 9 .2
1 6 9 .6
1 7 0 .0
1 7 0 .3
1 7 0 .8
1 7 1 .3
1 7 1 .8
1 7 2 .4
1 7 3 .0
1 0 4 .8
1 0 8 .6
1 1 0 .8
1 1 0 .3
1 0 8 .6
1 1 0 .0
1 1 1 .9
1 1 2 .8
1 0 9 .8
1 7 2 .4
1 6 8 .3
1 6 8 .7
1 6 9 .1
1 6 9 .5
1 6 9 .9
1 7 0 .2
1 7 0 .8
1 7 1 .2
1 7 1 .8
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .4
1 0 0 .2
1 0 0 .5
1 0 0 .5
9 9 .7
9 9 .3
9 9 .4
9 9 .4
9 9 .4
1 2 7 .2
1 3 0 .5
1 3 1 .9
1 3 0 .6
1 3 0 .9
1 2 9 .7
1 2 8 .6
1 2 7 .1
1 2 6 .9
1 2 6 .9
1 2 7 .9
1 3 1 .3
1 3 1 .5
1 3 0 .6
1 3 0 .0
1 1 4 .7
1 1 7 .3
1 1 9 .3
1 1 6 .8
1 1 7 .3
1 1 5 .2
1 1 3 .9
1 1 2 .2
1 1 1 .9
1 1 1 .8
1 1 2 .9
1 1 6 .5
1 1 6 .6
1 1 5 .6
1 1 4 .9
9 9 .0
9 9 .6
9 3 .4
9 5 .0
9 6 .4
9 7 .0
9 6 .2
9 5 .1
9 4 .5
9 3 .1
9 2 .0
9 0 .0
8 8 .2
8 7 .0
8 6 .2
1 2 1 .6
1 2 4 .6
1 2 7 .6
1 2 4 .6
1 2 4 .9
1 2 2 .4
1 2 1 .0
1 1 9 .2
1 1 8 .9
1 1 8 .9
1 2 0 .2
1 2 4 .5
1 2 4 .6
1 2 3 .6
1 2 2 .9
1 2 3 .2
1 2 3 .9
1 2 3 .9
1 2 3 .9
1 2 3 .7
1 2 3 .6
1 2 4 .1
1 2 4 .7
1 2 5 .0
1 2 5 .6
1 2 5 .2
1 2 5 .2
1 2 5 .6
1 2 5 .2
1 2 4 .9
1 3 0 .9
1 3 2 .1
1 3 2 .1
1 3 3 .9
1 3 3 .6
1 3 0 .3
1 2 8 .7
1 3 0 .4
1 3 3 .0
1 3 4 .0
1 3 3 .7
1 3 1 .0
1 2 8 .2
1 2 9 .9
1 3 2 .0
1 2 7 .4
1 2 9 .9
1 3 1 .2
1 3 2 .4
1 3 2 .7
1 3 0 .7
1 2 9 .4
1 3 0 .1
1 3 2 .8
1 3 2 .9
1 3 3 .1
1 3 0 .7
1 2 9 .1
1 2 9 .9
1 3 0 .7
1 2 3 .6
1 2 4 .9
1 2 4 .6
1 2 6 .8
1 2 7 .0
1 2 1 .5
1 1 8 .5
1 2 2 .3
1 2 7 .3
1 2 8 .3
1 2 7 .4
1 2 3 .4
1 1 8 .6
1 2 1 .3
1 2 5 .5
1 3 0 .8
1 3 0 .1
1 2 8 .3
1 2 7 .7
1 2 7 .1
1 2 6 .5
1 2 5 .3
1 2 3 .1
1 2 4 .5
1 2 6 .9
1 2 7 .4
1 2 5 .4
1 2 2 .7
1 2 5 .0
1 2 5 .8
1 2 7 .6
1 2 8 .5
1 2 8 .3
1 3 1 .8
1 3 0 .4
1 2 9 .2
1 2 8 .4
1 2 7 .4
1 2 7 .1
1 2 8 .4
1 2 9 .0
1 2 8 .8
1 2 7 .4
1 2 8 .4
1 2 9 .3
1 4 2 .8
1 4 3 .6
1 4 3 .6
1 4 3 .6
1 4 3 .1
1 4 2 .4
1 4 1 .7
1 4 0 .9
1 4 0 .1
1 4 0 .3
1 4 1 .1
1 4 0 .9
1 4 0 .8
1 4 0 .2
1 3 9 .6
1 4 0 .7
1 4 1 .3
1 4 1 .4
1 4 1 .1
1 4 0 .8
1 4 0 .1
1 3 9 .3
1 3 8 .4
1 3 7 .4
1 3 7 .7
1 3 8 .6
1 3 8 .5
1 3 8 .2
1 3 7 .6
1 3 7 .1
9 9 .4
9 9 .7
9 9 .9
1 0 0 .0
100.1
1 0 0 .2
1 0 0 .0
100.1
100.1
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .2
1 0 0 .2
1 00 .1
1 4 4 .7
1 4 5 .5
1 4 4 .0
1 4 4 .7
1 4 5 .1
1 4 5 .3
1 4 5 .6
1 4 5 .5
1 4 5 .6
1 4 5 .5
1 4 4 .5
1 4 3 .8
1 4 3 .9
1 4 4 .0
1 4 3 .4
1 5 8 .2
1 5 2 .6
1 4 9 .7
1 4 9 .4
1 4 9 .2
1 4 9 .5
1 4 9 .7
1 4 9 .9
1 4 8 .8
1 4 9 .5
1 5 1 .3
1 5 2 .3
1 5 2 .7
1 5 2 .4
1 5 3 .2
2
U s e d c a r s a n d t r u c k s 1.................................................
1 6 7 .0
1 6 8 .8
1 0 0 .0
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
101
Current Labor Statistics:
Price Data
28. Continued—Consumer Price indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city average,
by expenditure category and commodity or service group
[1982-84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] _________________________________________
Annual average
Series
1996
1997
1997
Sept.
1998
Nov.
Oct.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
M o to r f u e l ...................................................................................
1 0 6 .3
1 0 6 .2
1 0 9 .2
1 0 6 .6
1 0 4 .4
1 0 1 .7
9 7 .6
9 4 .1
9 1 .0
9 1 .9
9 5 .0
9 5 .0
9 3 .9
9 1 .7
9 0 .1
G a s o l i n e (a ll t y p e s ) ..........................................................
1 0 5 .9
1 0 5 .8
1 0 9 .2
1 0 6 .3
1 0 4 .0
1 0 1 .2
9 7 .1
9 3 .6
9 0 .5
9 1 .3
9 4 .5
9 4 .5
9 3 .4
9 1 .2
8 9 .6
M o to r v e h i c l e p a r t s a n d e q u i p m e n t .........................
1 0 1 .3
1 0 1 .0
1 0 0 .8
1 0 0 .6
1 0 0 .7
1 0 0 .8
1 0 0 .7
1 0 0 .9
1 0 0 .7
9 9 .9
9 9 .9
1 0 0 .3
1 0 0 .5
1 0 0 .5
1 0 0 .5
M o to r v e h i c l e m a i n t e n a n c e a n d r e p a i r .................
1 5 9 .3
1 6 3 .7
1 6 4 .5
1 6 4 .9
1 6 5 .1
1 6 5 .7
1 6 6 .0
1 6 6 .5
1 6 6 .7
1 6 6 .8
1 6 7 .0
1 6 7 .6
1 6 8 .0
1 6 8 .4
1 6 9 .4
P u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n .............................................................
1 7 9 .6
1 8 4 .2
1 8 3 .5
1 8 7 .8
1 8 3 .9
1 8 2 .5
1 8 4 .7
1 8 7 .9
1 9 0 .2
1 9 0 .1
1 8 7 .4
1 8 5 .5
1 8 8 .7
1 8 8 .9
1 8 6 .5
M e d i c a l c a r e ....................................................................................
2 2 7 .6
2 3 4 .0
2 3 4 .7
2 3 5 .2
2 3 5 .8
2 3 6 .5
2 3 7 .4
2 3 8 .7
2 3 9 .1
2 3 9 .9
2 4 0 .6
2 4 1 .4
2 4 2 .1
2 4 2 .8
2 4 3 .2
M e d i c a l c a r e c o m m o d i t i e s ...............................................
2 0 7 .8
2 1 2 .6
2 1 2 .5
2 1 2 .9
2 1 3 .1
2 1 4 .1
2 1 4 .7
2 1 5 .4
2 1 5 .5
2 1 7 .0
2 1 8 .3
2 1 8 .9
2 1 9 .1
2 1 9 .9
2 2 0 .8
M e d i c a l c a r e s e r v i c e s ..........................................................
2 3 2 .1
2 3 8 .8
2 3 9 .7
2 4 0 .3
2 4 0 .8
2 4 1 .6
2 4 2 .5
2 4 4 .0
2 4 4 .5
2 4 5 .1
2 4 5 .6
2 4 6 .4
2 4 7 .2
2 4 8 .0
2 4 8 .2
P r o f e s s i o n a l s e r v i c e s ........................................................
2 0 9 .5
2 1 6 .7
2 1 7 .8
2 1 8 .1
2 1 8 .5
2 1 8 .9
2 1 9 .8
2 2 1 .0
2 2 1 .8
2 2 2 .5
2 2 3 .2
2 2 4 .1
2 2 4 .4
2 2 4 .8
2 2 5 .3
H o s p i t a l a n d r e l a t e d s e r v i c e s ......................................
2 6 6 .5
2 7 4 .7
2 7 5 .6
2 7 6 .4
2 7 7 .4
2 7 8 .7
2 7 9 .6
2 8 1 .4
2 8 1 .4
2 8 1 .7
2 8 1 .7
2 8 2 .0
2 8 4 .3
2 8 5 .6
2 8 5 .3
R e c r e a t i o n 2.....................................................................................
-
-
1 0 0 .0
100.1
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .3
1 0 0 .7
1 0 1 .0
1 0 1 .0
1 0 0 .9
1 0 1 .0
1 0 0 .9
101 .1
1 0 1 .0
V i d e o a n d a u d i o 1,2................................................................
-
-
9 9 .9
9 9 .9
1 0 0 .3
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .5
1 0 1 .2
1 0 1 .4
1 0 1 .4
101.1
101.1
1 0 1 .0
101 .1
1 0 1 .3
E d u c a t i o n a n d c o m m u n i c a t i o n 2 .......................................
-
-
9 9 .7
9 9 .9
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .8
1 0 0 .0
100.1
1 0 0 .3
1 0 0 .3
1 0 0 .2
1 0 0 .3
1 01 .1
_
_
9 9 .6
9 9 .8
9 9 .9
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .3
1 0 0 .4
1 0 0 .5
1 0 0 .7
1 0 0 .9
100 9
101.1
1 0 2 .6
1 0 4 .3
E d u c a t i o n a l b o o k s a n d s u p p l i e s ............................
2 2 8 .2
2 4 0 .4
2 4 3 .9
2 4 4 .7
2 4 4 .7
2 4 5 .2
2 4 7 .5
2 4 9 .4
2 5 0 .0
2 5 1 .2
2 5 1 .3
2 5 0 .9
2 5 1 .3
2 5 1 .3
2 5 5 .9
T u i t io n , o t h e r s c h o o l f e e s , a n d c h i l d c a r e .......
2 6 1 .0
2 7 4 .6
2 8 1 .5
2 8 2 .1
2 8 2 .3
2 8 2 .7
2 8 3 .5
2 8 3 .5
2 8 3 .9
2 8 4 .4
2 8 4 .9
2 8 4 .7
2 8 5 .3
2 8 9 .9
2 9 4 .9
C o m m u n i c a t i o n 1,2..................................................................
-
-
9 9 .8
9 9 .9
100.1
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .7
9 9 .3
9 9 .5
9 9 .5
9 9 .7
9 9 .8
9 9 .6
9 8 .4
9 8 .5
I n f o r m a t i o n a n d i n f o r m a ti o n p r o c e s s i n g 1,2....
-
-
9 9 .8
9 9 .9
100.1
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .6
9 9 .3
9 9 .5
9 9 .5
9 9 .7
9 9 .8
9 9 .5
9 8 .3
9 8 .4
-
-
-
-
-
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .9
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .4
1 0 0 .5
1 0 1 .2
1 0 1 .4
1 0 1 .5
1 0 0 .5
1 0 0 .8
5 7 .7
5 1 .1
4 9 .5
5 0 .1
4 9 .3
4 8 .9
4 7 .7
4 5 .8
4 4 .8
4 4 .1
4 2 .6
4 1 .8
4 0 .2
3 8 .9
3 8 .2
T e l e p h o n e s e r v i c e s 1 2 ................................................
I n f o r m a t i o n a n d i n f o r m a ti o n p r o c e s s i n g
o t h e r t h a n t e l e D h o n e s e r v i c e s 1,4.....................
P e r s o n a l c o m p u t e r s a n d p e r ip h e r a l
-
-
-
-
-
1 0 0 .0
9 6 .6
9 1 .1
8 8 .3
8 6 .0
8 1 .9
7 9 .5
7 4 .4
7 1 .2
6 9 .0
O t h e r g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s ......................................................
2 1 2 .2
2 2 1 .6
2 2 4 .6
2 2 6 .1
2 2 6 .7
2 2 6 .9
2 2 8 .2
2 3 0 .6
2 2 9 .3
2 3 2 .3
2 3 4 .8
2 3 4 .0
2 3 6 .0
2 3 6 .2
2 3 9 .4
T o b a c c o a n d s m o k i n g p r o d u c t s ...................................
2 3 2 .5
2 4 3 .3
2 4 6 .1
2 4 9 .9
2 5 0 .5
2 5 0 .9
2 5 3 .6
2 6 1 .1
2 5 3 .7
2 6 3 .6
2 7 0 .1
2 6 6 .8
2 7 3 .4
2 7 3 .7
2 8 3 .7
P e r s o n a l c a r e 1..........................................................................
1 5 0 .1
1 5 2 .6
1 5 2 .6
1 5 3 .3
1 5 4 .3
1 5 3 .9
1 5 4 .5
1 5 5 .0
1 5 5 .5
1 5 5 .9
1 5 6 .7
1 5 6 .8
1 5 7 .0
1 5 7 .2
1 5 7 .7
P e r s o n a l c a r e p r o d u c t s 1................................................
1 4 5 .0
1 4 5 .1
1 4 4 .7
1 4 5 .4
1 4 7 .1
1 4 6 .1
1 4 7 .0
1 4 7 .6
1 4 8 .2
1 4 8 .4
1 5 0 .5
1 5 0 .3
1 5 0 .1
1 4 9 .6
1 5 0 .1
e q u i p m e n t 1 2 ..........................................................
P e r s o n a l c a r e s e r v i c e s 1.................................................
1 5 6 .6
1 6 2 .5
1 6 3 .0
1 6 3 .5
1 6 3 .7
1 6 4 .1
1 6 4 .5
1 6 4 .5
1 6 4 .9
1 6 5 .5
1 6 5 .7
1 6 5 .6
1 6 6 .4
1 6 7 .0
1 6 7 .4
M i s c e l l a n e o u s p e r s o n a l s e r v i c e s ............................
2 1 4 .7
2 2 5 .2
2 2 7 .3
2 2 7 .7
2 2 8 .3
2 2 8 .9
2 2 9 .8
2 3 1 .1
2 3 1 .7
2 3 2 .5
2 3 3 .0
2 3 3 .6
2 3 3 .9
2 3 4 .9
2 3 6 .0
C o m m o d ity a n d s e r v ic e g ro u p :
C o m m o d i t i e s ..................................................................................
1 3 9 .9
1 4 1 .8
1 4 2 .1
1 4 2 .3
1 4 2 .1
1 4 1 .6
1 4 1 .4
1 4 1 .3
1 4 1 .1
1 4 1 .6
1 4 2 .1
1 4 1 .7
1 4 1 .5
1 4 1 .5
1 4 1 .7
F o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s .............................................................
1 5 3 .2
1 5 7 .2
1 5 7 .8
1 5 8 .1
1 5 8 .3
1 5 8 .5
1 5 9 .6
1 5 9 .2
1 5 9 .4
1 5 9 .5
1 5 9 .9
1 5 9 .9
1 6 0 .2
1 6 0 .7
1 6 0 .8
C o m m o d i t i e s l e s s f o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s ..................
1 3 1 .8
1 3 2 .4
1 3 2 .5
1 3 2 .7
1 3 2 .3
1 3 1 .3
1 3 0 .5
1 3 0 .5
1 3 0 .1
1 3 0 .9
1 3 1 .4
1 3 0 .7
1 3 0 .3
1 3 0 .0
1 3 0 .3
N o n d u r a b l e s l e s s f o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s ................
1 3 2 .8
1 3 4 .5
1 3 5 .5
1 3 5 .7
1 3 5 .1
1 3 3 .1
1 3 1 .5
1 3 1 .5
1 3 1 .2
1 3 2 .3
1 3 3 .6
1 3 2 .5
1 3 1 .4
1 3 1 .3
1 3 2 .1
A p p a r e l ....................................................................................
1 3 0 .9
1 3 2 .1
1 3 2 .1
1 3 3 .9
1 3 3 .6
1 3 0 .3
1 2 8 .7
1 3 0 .4
1 3 3 .0
1 3 4 .0
1 3 3 .7
1 3 1 .0
1 2 8 .2
1 2 9 .9
1 3 2 .0
1 3 6 .6
N o n d u r a b le s l e s s fo o d , b e v e r a g e s ,
a n d a p p a r e l .........................................................................
1 3 8 .3
1 4 0 .4
1 4 1 .9
1 4 1 .2
1 4 0 .5
1 3 9 .3
1 3 7 .6
1 3 6 .7
1 3 4 .8
1 3 6 .0
1 3 8 .2
1 3 7 .8
1 3 7 .7
1 3 6 .6
D u r a b l e s ......................................................................................
1 2 9 .2
1 2 8 .4
1 2 7 .2
1 2 7 .3
1 2 7 .3
1 2 7 .5
1 2 7 .7
1 2 7 .7
1 2 7 .5
1 2 7 .6
1 2 7 .3
1 2 7 .2
1 2 7 .3
1 2 7 .0
1 2 6 .7
S e r v i c e s ............................................................................................
1 7 4 .1
1 7 6 .5
1 7 7 .7
1 7 8 .0
1 7 8 .1
1 7 8 .2
1 7 8 .7
1 7 9 .1
1 7 9 .6
1 7 9 .9
1 8 0 .3
1 8 1 .1
1 8 1 .6
1 8 1 .9
1 8 2 .2
R e n t o f s h e l t e r 3 ........................................................................
1 5 9 .9
1 6 4 .7
1 6 5 .8
1 6 6 .2
1 6 6 .3
1 6 6 .6
1 6 7 .4
1 6 8 .1
1 6 8 .6
1 6 9 .0
1 6 9 .2
1 6 9 .8
1 7 0 .4
1 7 1 .0
1 7 1 .3
T r a n s p o r a t a t i o n s e r v i c e s ..................................................
1 7 8 .3
1 8 2 .6
1 8 2 .3
1 8 4 .2
1 8 4 .0
1 8 3 .9
1 8 4 .9
1 8 5 .3
1 8 5 .8
1 8 5 .7
1 8 5 .4
1 8 4 .9
1 8 5 .2
1 8 5 .1
1 8 4 .7
O t h e r s e r v i c e s ..........................................................................
1 9 8 .1
2 0 6 .4
2 0 9 .0
2 0 9 .4
2 0 9 .5
2 0 9 .9
2 1 0 .5
2 1 1 .2
2 1 1 .9
2 1 2 .4
2 1 3 .0
2 1 3 .4
2 1 3 .7
2 1 4 .3
2 1 5 .7
S p e c ia l in d e x e s:
All i t e m s l e s s f o o d .................................................................
1 5 4 .3
1 5 7 .6
1 5 8 .4
1 5 8 .6
1 5 8 .5
1 5 8 .1
1 5 8 .1
1 5 8 .4
1 5 8 .5
1 5 9 .0
1 5 9 .4
1 5 9 .6
1 5 9 .7
1 5 9 .8
1 6 0 .0
All i t e m s l e s s s h e l t e r ...........................................................
1 5 1 .0
1 5 4 .0
1 5 4 .6
1 5 4 .8
1 5 4 .7
1 5 4 .2
1 5 4 .2
1 5 4 .1
1 5 4 .2
1 5 4 .6
1 5 5 .1
1 5 5 .1
1 5 5 .0
1 5 5 .1
1 5 5 .3
All i t e m s l e s s m e d i c a l c a r e ............................................
1 5 0 .7
1 5 4 .0
1 5 4 .7
1 5 4 .9
1 5 4 .9
1 5 4 .5
1 5 4 .7
1 5 4 .8
1 5 4 .9
1 5 5 .3
1 5 5 .7
1 5 5 .9
1 5 6 .0
1 5 6 .1
1 5 6 .3
C o m m o d i t i e s l e s s f o o d ......................................................
1 3 2 .8
1 3 3 .6
1 3 3 .7
1 3 3 .9
1 3 3 .5
1 3 2 .5
1 3 1 .8
1 3 1 .8
1 3 1 .5
1 3 2 .2
1 3 2 .7
1 3 2 .1
1 3 1 .5
1 3 1 .4
1 3 1 .7
N o n d u r a b l e s l e s s f o o d .......................................................
1 3 4 .3
1 3 6 .2
1 3 7 .1
1 3 7 .3
1 3 6 .7
1 3 5 .0
1 3 3 .5
1 3 3 .5
1 3 3 .2
1 3 4 .2
1 3 5 .5
1 3 4 .4
1 3 3 .4
1 3 3 .3
1 3 4 .0
N o n d u r a b l e s l e s s f o o d a n d a p p a r e l .........................
1 3 9 .3
1 4 1 .6
1 4 2 .9
1 4 2 .4
1 4 1 .7
1 4 0 .7
1 3 9 .2
1 3 8 .3
1 3 6 .6
1 3 7 .8
1 3 9 .7
1 3 9 .4
1 3 9 .3
1 3 8 .3
1 3 8 .4
N o n d u r a b l e s ...............................................................................
1 4 3 .3
1 4 6 .2
1 4 7 .0
1 4 7 .2
1 4 7 .0
1 4 6 .2
1 4 5 .9
1 4 5 .6
1 4 5 .6
1 4 6 .2
1 4 7 .1
1 4 6 .5
1 4 6 .1
1 4 6 .3
1 4 6 .7
S e r v i c e s l e s s r e n t o f s h e l t e r 3........................................
1 6 2 .7
1 6 7 .6
1 6 8 .8
1 6 9 .0
1 6 9 .1
1 6 8 .8
1 6 9 .1
1 6 9 .2
1 6 9 .6
1 6 9 .8
1 7 0 .2
1 7 1 .2
1 7 1 .5
1 7 1 .5
1 7 1 .8
S e r v i c e s l e s s m e d i c a l c a r e s e r v i c e s .......................
1 6 6 .2
1 7 1 .2
1 7 2 .4
1 7 2 .7
1 7 2 .8
1 7 2 .7
1 7 3 .2
1 7 3 .6
1 7 4 .1
1 7 4 .4
1 7 4 .7
1 7 5 .5
1 7 6 .0
1 7 6 .3
1 7 6 .6
E n e r g y ............................................................................................
1 0 9 .8
111 .1
1 1 3 .5
1 1 1 .0
110.1
1 0 7 .7
1 0 5 .0
1 0 2 .4
1 0 0 .8
101.1
1 0 3 .2
1 0 5 .0
1 0 4 .5
1 0 2 .9
1 0 1 .8
A ll i t e m s l e s s e n e r g y ...........................................................
1 6 0 .4
1 6 4 .1
1 6 4 .6
1 6 5 .2
1 6 5 .3
1 6 5 .2
1 6 5 .8
1 6 6 .3
1 6 6 .7
1 6 7 .1
1 6 7 .3
1 6 7 .2
1 6 7 .4
1 6 7 .8
1 6 8 .3
All i t e m s l e s s f o o d a n d e n e r g y ..................................
1 6 2 .3
1 6 6 .0
1 6 6 .5
1 6 7 .1
1 6 7 .2
1 6 7 .1
1 6 7 .5
1 6 8 .2
1 6 8 .6
1 6 9 .1
1 6 9 .3
1 6 9 .2
1 6 9 .4
1 6 9 .8
1 7 0 .3
C o m m o d i t i e s l e s s f o o d a n d e n e r g y ....................
1 4 0 .9
1 4 1 .9
1 4 1 .5
1 4 2 .2
1 4 2 .2
1 4 1 .5
1 4 1 .5
1 4 2 .1
1 4 2 .3
1 4 3 .1
1 4 3 .1
1 4 2 .3
1 4 2 .0
1 4 2 .2
1 4 2 .8
E n e r g y c o m m o d i t i e s ...................................................
1 0 5 .9
1 0 5 .9
1 0 8 .1
1 0 5 .8
1 0 4 .0
1 0 1 .6
9 7 .7
9 4 .3
9 1 .4
9 2 .1
9 5 .0
9 4 .8
9 3 .7
9 1 .5
9 0 .0
S e r v i c e s l e s s e n e r g y .....................................................
1 7 6 .8
1 8 2 .2
1 8 3 .3
1 8 3 .9
1 8 4 .0
1 8 4 .3
1 8 5 .1
1 8 5 .8
1 8 6 .4
1 8 6 .7
1 8 6 .9
1 8 7 .3
1 8 7 .9
1 8 8 .4
1 8 8 .8
' N ot s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d .
4 In d e x es o n a D e c e m b e r 1 9 8 8 = 1 0 0 b a s e .
2 In d e x es on a D e cem b e r 1997 = 100 b a se .
~
3 In d e x es on a D e cem b e r 1982 = 100 b a se .
102
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
D a t a n o t a v a i la b l e .
Note: Index applies to a month as a whole, not to any specific date.
November 1998
29. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and available local area data: all items
[1982-84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]____________________________________________________
Area
Pricing
schedule1
M
U .S . c i t y a v e r a g e .......................................................................................
Urban Wage Earners
All Urban Consumers
1998
1997
Aug.
Sept.
1 6 0 .8
1 6 1 .2
June
May
1 6 2 .8
July
1 6 3 .0
1 6 3 .2
1998
1997
Aug.
Sept.
1 6 3 .4
1 6 3 .6
Aug.
1 5 7 .8
Sept.
1 5 8 .3
June
May
1 5 9 .5
1 5 9 .7
Aug.
July
1 5 9 .8
Sept.
1 6 0 .0
1 6 0 .2
1 6 7 .4
Region and area size2
N o r t h e a s t u r b a n ...................................................................................................
M
1 6 7 .8
1 6 8 .4
1 6 9 .4
1 6 9 .6
1 6 9 .9
1 7 0 .5
1 7 0 .6
1 6 4 .9
1 6 5 .6
1 6 6 .4
1 6 6 .5
1 6 6 .6
1 6 7 .1
S i z e A — M o r e t h a n 1 , 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 .............................................................
M
1 6 8 .4
1 6 9 .2
1 7 0 .2
1 7 0 .4
1 7 0 .7
1 7 1 .4
1 7 1 .7
1 6 4 .5
1 6 5 .4
1 6 6 .1
1 6 6 .3
1 6 6 .5
1 6 7 .1
1 6 7 .5
S i z e B /C — 5 0 , 0 0 0 t o 1 , 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 3 .......................................................
M
1 0 1 .2
1 0 1 .3
1 0 1 .8
1 0 1 .9
1 0 2 .0
1 0 2 .2
1 0 2 .2
1 0 1 .0
101.1
1 0 1 .5
1 0 1 .5
1 0 1 .5
1 0 1 .7
1 0 1 .8
4
M i d w e s t u r b a n ....................................................................................................
M
1 5 7 .2
1 5 7 .5
1 5 9 .4
1 5 9 .5
1 5 9 .8
1 5 9 .5
1 5 9 .9
1 5 3 .6
1 5 3 .9
1 5 5 .6
1 5 5 .7
1 5 5 .9
1 5 5 .6
1 5 6 .0
S i z e A — M o r e t h a n 1 , 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 .............................................................
M
1 5 8 .0
1 5 8 .3
1 6 0 .5
1 6 0 .8
1 6 1 .2
1 6 1 .0
1 6 1 .4
1 5 3 .6
1 5 3 .9
1 5 5 .9
1 5 6 .2
1 5 6 .5
1 5 6 .4
1 5 6 .7
S i z e B /C — 5 0 , 0 0 0 t o 1 ,5 0 0 . 0 0 0 3 .......................................................
M
1 0 0 .9
1 0 1 .2
1 0 2 .3
1 0 2 .2
1 0 2 .2
1 0 2 .0
1 0 2 .2
1 0 0 .8
101.1
102.1
1 0 1 .9
1 0 1 .9
1 0 1 .7
1 0 1 .9
S i z e D— N o n m e t r o p o l i t a n ( l e s s t h a n 5 0 , 0 0 0 ) ..........................
M
1 5 2 .6
1 5 3 .4
1 5 3 .4
1 5 3 .3
1 5 3 .5
1 5 3 .3
1 5 4 .0
1 5 0 .9
1 5 1 .5
1 5 1 .3
1 5 1 .3
1 5 1 .7
1 5 1 .4
1 5 2 .2
S o u t h u r b a n ...........................................................................................................
M
1 5 7 .1
1 5 7 .5
1 5 8 .8
1 5 9 .1
1 5 9 .3
1 5 9 .5
1 5 9 .5
1 5 5 .5
1 5 5 .9
1 5 6 .7
1 5 7 .1
1 5 7 .2
1 5 7 .5
1 5 7 .5
S i z e A — M o r e t h a n 1 , 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 .............................................................
M
1 5 5 .9
1 5 6 .4
1 5 7 .7
1 5 8 .4
1 5 8 .5
1 5 8 .9
1 5 8 .8
1 5 4 .0
1 5 4 .5
1 5 5 .3
1 5 5 .9
1 5 6 .1
1 5 6 .3
1 5 6 .3
S i z e B /C — 5 0 , 0 0 0 t o 1 ,5 0 0 ,0 0 0 ® .......................................................
M
1 0 1 .4
1 0 1 .5
1 0 2 .2
1 0 2 .3
1 0 2 .4
1 0 2 .5
1 0 2 .5
101.1
1 0 1 .3
1 0 1 .8
1 0 1 .8
1 0 1 .9
102 .1
102 .1
S i z e D— N o n m e t r o p o l i t a n ( l e s s t h a n 5 0 , 0 0 0 ) ..........................
M
1 5 6 .4
1 5 7 .1
1 5 9 .3
1 6 0 .0
1 6 0 .0
1 6 0 .2
1 6 0 .1
1 5 7 .0
1 5 7 .7
1 5 9 .6
1 6 0 .4
1 6 0 .4
1 6 0 .6
1 6 0 .6
W e s t u r b a n .............................................................................................................
M
1 6 1 .5
1 6 2 .1
1 6 4 .3
1 6 4 .2
1 6 4 .3
1 6 4 .8
1 6 5 .1
1 5 8 .0
1 5 8 .6
1 6 0 .3
1 6 0 .3
1 6 0 .3
1 6 0 .7
1 6 0 .9
S i z e A — M o r e t h a n 1 , 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 .............................................................
M
1 6 1 .7
1 6 2 .3
1 6 5 .0
1 6 5 .0
1 6 5 .1
1 6 5 .6
1 6 5 .9
1 5 6 .5
1 5 7 .2
1 5 9 .4
1 5 9 .3
1 5 9 .3
1 5 9 .7
1 6 0 .0
S i z e B /C — 5 0 , 0 0 0 t o 1 ,5 0 0 , 0 0 0 s .......................................................
M
1 0 1 .5
1 0 1 .8
1 0 2 .4
1 0 2 .3
1 0 2 .3
1 0 2 .5
1 0 2 .7
1 0 1 .5
1 0 1 .8
1 0 2 .2
102.1
102.1
1 0 2 .3
1 0 2 .5
S iz e c la s s e s :
M
1 4 5 .1
1 4 5 .6
1 4 7 .3
1 4 7 .5
1 4 7 .7
1 4 8 .1
1 4 8 .2
1 4 3 .9
1 4 4 .4
1 4 5 .8
1 4 6 .0
1 4 6 .2
1 4 6 .4
1 4 6 .6
M
1 0 1 .3
1 0 1 .4
1 0 2 .2
1 0 2 .2
1 0 2 .3
1 0 2 .4
1 0 2 .4
101.1
1 0 1 .3
1 0 1 .9
1 0 1 .8
1 0 1 .9
1 0 1 .9
1 0 2 .0
M
1 5 6 .8
1 5 7 .4
1 5 8 .8
1 5 9 .2
1 5 9 .3
1 5 9 .4
1 5 9 .7
1 5 6 .0
1 5 6 .6
1 5 7 .8
1 5 8 .1
1 5 8 .3
1 5 8 .3
1 5 8 .7
C h i c a g o - G a r y - K e n o s h a , I L - I N - W I .....................................................
M
1 6 2 .5
1 6 2 .1
1 6 5 .6
1 6 6 .0
1 6 6 .5
1 6 5 .4
1 6 5 .3
1 5 6 .7
1 5 6 .4
1 5 9 .9
1 6 0 .2
1 6 0 .6
1 5 9 .6
1 5 9 .6
L o s A n g e l e s - R i v e r s i d e - O r a n g e C o u n ty , C A ................................
M
1 5 9 .7
1 6 0 .5
1 6 2 .3
1 6 2 .2
1 6 2 .1
1 6 2 .6
1 6 2 .6
1 5 4 .0
1 5 4 .7
1 5 6 .2
1 5 6 .1
1 5 5 .9
1 5 6 .1
1 5 6 .1
N e w Y ork, N Y - N o rth e r n N J - L o n g Is la n d , N Y - N J - C T - P A .
M
1 7 0 .8
1 7 1 .7
1 7 3 .0
1 7 3 .1
1 7 3 .6
1 7 4 .2
1 7 4 .4
1 6 6 .7
1 6 7 .7
1 6 8 .6
1 6 8 .8
1 6 9 .1
1 6 9 .7
1 6 9 .9
B o s t o n - B r o c k t o n - N a s h u a , M A - N H - M E - C T ................................
1
-
1 6 7 .8
1 7 0 .9
-
1 7 0 .7
-
1 7 2 .1
-
1 6 6 .2
1 6 8 .9
-
1 6 8 .8
-
1 6 9 .9
C l e v e l a n d - A k r o n , O H ......................................................................................
1
-
1 5 7 .3
1 5 9 .2
-
1 5 9 .9
-
1 6 1 .5
-
1 4 9 .2
1 5 1 .2
-
1 5 2 .1
-
1 5 3 .3
A5
B /C 3........................................................................................................................
D ...............................................................................................................................
Selected local areas3
D a l l a s - F t W o r th , T X .........................................................................................
1
1 5 1 .2
-
1 5 3 .0
-
1 5 4 .2
-
1 5 4 .5
1 5 1 .1
-
1 5 2 .8
-
1 5 4 .0
-
1 5 4 .3
W a s h i n q t o n - B a l t i m o r e , D C - M D - V A - W V 7.....................................
1
-
1 0 1 .4
1 0 1 .5
-
1 0 2 .8
-
1 0 2 .9
-
1 0 1 .4
1 0 1 .3
-
1 0 2 .5
-
1 0 2 .7
A t l a n t a , G A ..............................................................................................................
2
-
-
-
1 6 2 .0
-
1 6 1 .9
-
-
-
-
1 5 9 .3
-
1 5 9 .1
-
D e t r o i t - A n n A r b o r - F l i n t , M l.......................................................................
2
1 5 6 .9
-
-
1 5 9 .4
-
1 6 0 .5
-
1 5 1 .6
-
-
1 5 4 .0
-
1 5 5 .1
-
H o u s t o n - G a l v e s t o n - B r a z o r i a , T X .........................................................
2
1 4 5 .4
-
-
1 4 6 .4
-
1 4 7 .4
-
1 4 4 .9
-
-
1 4 5 .1
-
1 4 6 .1
-
M i a m i - F t . L a u d e r d a l e , F L ............................................................................
2
-
1 5 8 .5
-
1 6 0 .2
-
1 6 0 .8
-
-
1 5 6 .1
-
1 5 7 .6
-
1 5 8 .0
-
P h i l a d e l p h i a - W i l m i n g t o n - A t l a n t i c C ity , P A - N J - D E - M D . . .
2
1 6 6 .8
1 6 8 .6
-
1 6 8 .0
-
1 6 8 .6
-
1 6 5 .9
1 6 7 .9
-
1 6 7 .4
-
1 6 7 .9
-
S a n F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d - S a n J o s e , C A ...........................................
2
1 6 1 .2
1 6 1 .6
-
1 6 5 .5
-
1 6 6 .6
-
1 5 8 .1
1 5 8 .6
-
1 6 1 .7
-
1 6 2 .7
-
S e a t t l e - T a c o m a - B r e m e r t o n , W A ..........................................................
2
-
-
-
1 6 7 .5
-
1 6 8 .5
-
-
-
-
1 6 2 .8
-
1 6 3 .8
-
1
F o o d s , f u e l s , a n d s e v e r a l o t h e r i t e m s p r i c e d e v e r y m o n t h in all a r e a s ; m o s t o t h e r g o o d s
a n d s e r v ic e s p ric e d a s in d ic a te d :
M O -K S ;
M ilw a u k e e - R a c in e ,
W l;
M in n e a p o lis -S t.
P a u l,
M N -W I;
P it t s b u r g h ,
PA;
P o rt-
l a n d - S a l e m , O R - W A ; S t L o u is , M O -I L ; S a n D ie g o , C A ; T a m p a - S t . P e t e r s b u r g - C l e a r w a t e r ,
M — E v e r y m o n th .
FL.
1—
J a n u a r y , M a rc h , M a y , J u ly , S e p te m b e r , a n d N o v e m b e r.
7
In d e x es on a N o v em b er 1996 = 100 b a se .
2—
F e b r u a r y , A p ril, J u n e , A u g u s t , O c t o b e r , a n d D e c e m b e r .
-
D a t a n o t a v a i la b l e .
2 R e g io n s d e f in e d a s t h e fo u r C e n s u s r e g io n s .
3 In d e x es on a D e cem b e r
1996 - 100 b a s e .
NOTE:
L o c a l a r e a C P I in d e x e s a r e b y p r o d u c ts o f th e n a tio n a l C P I p ro g r a m .
E a c h lo c a l
4 T h e " N o r th C e n t r a l " r e g i o n h a s b e e n r e n a m e d t h e " M id w e s t" r e g io n b y t h e C e n s u s B u r e a u .
in d e x h a s a s m a l l e r s a m p l e s i z e a n d i s , t h e r e f o r e , s u b j e c t t o s u b s t a n t i a l l y m o r e s a m p l i n g a n d
It i s c o m p o s e d o f t h e s a m e g e o g r a p h i c e n t i t i e s .
o th e r m e a s u r e m e n t e rro r.
5 In d e x es on a D e cem b e r
A s a r e s u lt , lo c a l a r e a i n d e x e s s h o w g r e a t e r v o la tility t h a n t h e
n a t i o n a l i n d e x , a l t h o u g h t h e i r lo n g - te r m t r e n d s a r e s im ila r .
1986 = 100 b a s e .
T h e re fo re , th e B u re a u o f L ab o r
S t a t i s t i c s s tr o n g l y u r g e s u s e r s t o c o n s i d e r a d o p t i n g t h e n a t i o n a l a v e r a g e C P I f o r u s e in t h e i r
6 In a d d i t i o n , t h e f o llo w in g m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s a r e p u b l i s h e d s e m i a n n u a l l y a n d a p p e a r in
ta b le s 3 4 a n d
39
of th e J a n u a r y a n d Ju iy is s u e s of th e C PI
Detailed Report:
A n c h o ra g e , AK;
e s c a la to r c la u s e s .
In d e x a p p lie s to a m o n th a s a w h o le , n o t to a n y s p e c if ic d a te .
C i n c i n n a t i - H a m l l t o n , O H - K Y - I N ; D e n v e r - B o u l d e r - G r e e l e y , C O ; H o n o lu lu , HI; K a n s a s C ity ,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
103
Current Labor Statistics:
30.
Price Data
Annual data: Consumer Price Index, U.S. city average, all items and major groups
[ 1982-84 =
100]
1989
Series
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
C o n s u m e r P r i c e I n d e x f o r A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s :
A ll I t e m s :
I n d e x ...........................................................................................................
1 2 4 .0
1 3 0 .7
1 3 6 .2
1 4 0 .3
1 4 4 .5
P e r c e n t c h a n g e ...................................................................................
4 .8
5 .4
4 .2
3 .0
3 .0
1 2 4 .9
1 3 2 .1
1 3 6 .8
1 3 8 .7
1 4 1 .6
5 .7
5 .8
3 .6
1 .4
I n d e x ............................................................................................................
1 2 3 .0
1 2 8 .5
1 3 3 .6
1 3 7 .5
1 4 1 .2
1 4 4 .8
P e r c e n t c h a n g e ...................................................................................
3 .8
4 .5
4 .0
2 .9
2 .7
2 .5
1 1 8 .6
1 2 4 .1
1 2 8 .7
1 3 1 .9
1 3 3 .7
1 3 3 .4
4 .6
3 .7
2 .5
1 .4
1 2 6 .5
1 3 0 .4
3 .1
1 4 8 .2
2.6
1 5 2 .4
2.8
1 5 6 .9
1 6 0 .5
3 .0
2 .3
1 5 3 .7
1 5 7 .7
F ood a n d b e v e ra g e s:
P e r c e n t c h a n g e ...................................................................................
2.1
1 4 4 .9
2 .3
1 4 8 .9
2.8
3 .2
2.6
H o u s in g :
1 4 8 .5
2.6
1 5 2 .8
2 .9
1 5 6 .8
2.6
A p p a re l:
I n d e x ...........................................................................................................
P e r c e n t c h a n g e ...................................................................................
2.8
1 3 2 .0
1 3 1 .7
- 1 .0
- 0 .2
.9
1 3 4 .3
1 3 9 .1
1 4 3 .0
1 4 4 .3
3 .0
3 .6
-.2
1 3 2 .9
T ra n s p o rta tio n :
I n d e x ............................................................................................................
1 1 4 .1
1 2 0 .5
1 2 3 .8
P e r c e n t c h a n g e ...................................................................................
5 .0
5 .6
2 .7
1 4 9 .3
1 6 2 .8
1 7 7 .0
1 9 0 .1
2 0 1 .4
2 2 0 .5
2 2 8 .2
7 .7
9 .0
8 .7
7 .4
5 .9
4 .8
4 .5
3 .5
1 4 7 .7
1 5 9 .0
1 7 1 .6
1 8 3 .3
1 9 2 .9
1 9 8 .5
2 0 6 .9
2 1 5 .4
2 2 4 .8
7 .8
7 .7
7 .9
5 .2
2 .9
4 .2
4 .1
4 .4
1 2 9 .0
1 3 4 .3
1 3 8 .2
1 4 2 .1
1 4 5 .6
1 4 9 .8
1 5 4 .1
1 5 7 .6
5 .2
4 .1
2 .9
2 .5
2 .9
2 .9
2 .3
2.2
2.8
0 .9
M e d ic a l c a r e :
I n d e x ...........................................................................................................
P e r c e n t c h a n g e ...................................................................................
211.0
2 3 4 .6
2.8
O th e r g o o d s a n d s e r v ic e s :
P e r c e n t c h a n g e ...................................................................................
6.8
C o n s u m e r P r ic e In d e x fo r U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s
a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s :
A ll i t e m s :
I n d e x ............................................................................................................
P e r c e n t c h a n g e ...................................................................................
104
Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
122.6
4 .8
November 1998
2.8
31.
Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing
[1982 = 100]
Grouping
1997
Annual average
1996
1997
Sept.
Oct.
1998
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
1 3 0 .6
Finished g oo ds....................................................
1 3 1 .3
1 3 1 .8
1 3 1 .8
1 3 2 .3
1 3 1 .7
1 3 1 .1
1 3 0 .3
1 3 0 .2
1 3 0 .1
1 3 0 .4
1 3 0 .6
1 3 0 .6
1 3 0 .9
1 3 0 .6
F i n i s h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s ...................................
1 2 9 .5
1 3 0 .2
1 3 0 .5
1 3 0 .7
1 3 0 .1
1 2 9 .4
1 2 8 .3
1 2 8 .2
1 2 8 .1
1 2 8 .5
1 2 8 .9
1 2 8 .9
1 2 9 .4
1 2 9 .1
1 2 9 .2
F i n i s h e d c o n s u m e r f o o d s .................................
1 3 3 .6
1 3 4 .5
1 3 4 .7
1 3 5 .1
1 3 4 .6
1 3 4 .4
1 3 3 .1
1 3 3 .6
1 3 3 .4
1 3 3 .8
1 3 3 .6
1 3 3 .6
1 3 4 .6
1 3 5 .0
1 3 5 .4
1 2 6 .3
F in s h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s
e x c l u d i n g f o o d s ....................................................
1 2 7 .6
1 2 8 .2
1 2 8 .6
1 2 8 .7
1 2 8 .0
1 2 7 .2
1 2 6 .1
1 2 5 .6
1 2 5 .6
1 2 6 .0
1 2 6 .7
1 2 6 .8
1 2 7 .0
1 2 6 .4
N o n d u r a b l e g o o d s l e s s f o o d .......................
1 2 3 .3
1 2 4 .3
1 2 5 .8
1 2 4 .6
1 2 3 .9
1 2 3 .0
1 2 1 .5
120.8
1 2 0 .9
1 2 1 .5
122.8
1 2 3 .0
1 2 3 .3
1 2 2 .7
122.8
D u r a b l e g o o d s .......................................................
1 3 4 .2
1 3 3 .7
1 3 1 .4
1 3 4 .7
1 3 4 .1
1 3 3 .4
1 3 3 .4
1 3 3 .4
1 3 3 .2
1 3 3 .0
1 3 2 .3
1 3 2 .0
1 3 2 .0
1 3 1 .3
1 3 1 .0
C a p i t a l e q u i p m e n t .................................................
1 3 8 .3
1 3 8 .2
1 3 7 .2
1 3 8 .5
1 3 8 .3
1 3 7 .9
1 3 7 .9
1 3 7 .9
1 3 7 .9
1 3 7 .7
1 3 7 .3
1 3 7 .3
1 3 7 .2
1 3 6 .7
1 3 6 .5
sup plies, and c om po nents..........................
1 2 5 .7
1 2 5 .6
1 2 6 .0
1 2 5 .5
1 2 5 .5
1 2 5 .0
1 2 4 .2
1 2 3 .8
1 2 3 .3
1 2 3 .3
1 2 3 .5
1 2 3 .4
1 2 3 .4
1 2 3 .1
1 2 3 .0
M a te r ia ls a n d c o m p o n e n ts
fo r m a n u f a c t u r i n g ......................................................
1 2 8 .6
1 2 8 .3
1 2 8 .3
1 2 8 .0
1 2 8 .2
1 2 6 .9
1 2 6 .8
1 2 6 .4
1 2 6 .1
1 2 5 .3
1 2 3 .2
1 2 3 .1
1 2 2 .4
1 2 4 .2
1 2 3 .2
1 1 9 .9
121.6
121.0
1 2 1 .7
1 2 3 .7
1 2 2 .9
122.6
1 2 3 .3
1 2 4 .6
M a te r ia ls fo r n o n d u r a b le m a n u fa c tu rin g ..
1 3 0 .5
1 2 9 .6
1 2 9 .8
1 2 9 .9
1 3 0 .0
1 3 0 .2
1 2 9 .9
1 2 9 .1
1 2 8 .6
1 2 8 .2
1 2 7 .9
1 2 7 .7
1 2 7 .2
1 2 6 .7
1 2 5 .5
M a t e r i a l s f o r d u r a b l e m a n u f a c t u r i n g ...........
1 3 1 .3
1 3 2 .8
1 3 3 .0
1 3 2 .3
1 3 2 .1
1 3 1 .4
1 3 0 .5
1 3 0 .3
1 2 9 .8
1 3 0 .0
1 2 9 .2
1 2 8 .2
1 2 7 .7
1 2 7 .8
1 2 7 .1
C o m p o n e n t s f o r m a n u f a c t u r i n g .......................
1 2 6 .9
1 2 6 .4
1 2 6 .2
1 2 6 .0
1 2 6 .0
1 2 6 .0
1 2 6 .0
1 2 6 .0
1 2 6 .0
1 2 6 .0
1 2 6 .0
1 2 5 .9
1 2 5 .9
1 2 5 .8
1 2 5 .8
1 4 3 .6
1 4 6 .5
1 4 6 .8
1 4 6 .4
1 4 6 .6
1 4 6 .4
1 4 6 .3
1 4 6 .4
1 4 6 .7
1 4 7 .0
1 4 6 .9
1 4 6 .7
1 4 7 .0
1 4 7 .3
1 4 7 .2
9 0 .0
8 9 .3
9 1 .0
8 9 .1
8 8 .3
8 3 .3
8 1 .6
7 9 .6
8 0 .1
8 1 .7
8 2 .2
8 2 .6
8 1 .7
8 2 .6
C o n t a i n e r s ........................................................................
1 4 1 .1
1 3 6 .0
1 3 5 .4
1 3 6 .4
1 3 8 .1
1 3 9 .9
1 4 1 .4
1 4 1 .9
1 4 1 .6
1 4 1 .0
1 4 1 .7
1 4 1 .5
1 4 1 .6
1 4 0 .7
1 4 0 .9
S u p p l i e s ..............................................................................
1 3 5 .9
1 3 5 .9
1 3 6 .2
1 3 5 .8
1 3 6 .1
1 3 6 .0
1 3 5 .5
1 3 5 .3
1 3 5 .5
1 3 5 .1
1 3 4 .8
1 3 4 .8
1 3 5 .0
1 3 4 .7
1 3 4 .3
Inte rm ed iate m aterials,
1 2 8 .0
1 2 7 .5
1 2 7 .3
1 2 7 .0
1 2 6 .0
1 2 5 .6
M a te r ia ls a n d c o m p o n e n ts
P r o c e s s e d f u e l s a n d l u b r i c a n t s ..........................
86.1
Crude m aterials fo r further
111.1 1 0 8 .5
112.2 110.6
1 1 2 .7
1 1 4 .7
1 0 7 .8
1 0 1 .7
100.0
1 0 0 .5
9 8 .5
9 7 .1
9 4 .6
9 2 .9
110.1
100.1
1 2 1 .5
1 1 0 .4
1 0 9 .0
1 0 5 .5
1 0 5 .1
1 0 6 .3
1 0 5 .8
1 0 6 .2
1 0 5 .6
1 0 3 .8
1 0 3 .0
1 0 0 .9
1 0 4 .5
1 0 6 .4
1 0 3 .2
1 1 0 .3
1 1 3 .4
1 0 3 .2
9 5 .4
9 3 .0
9 1 .0
9 2 .9
9 2 .9
9 0 .1
8 8 .9
8 5 .4
8 4 .1
F i n i s h e d g o o d s , e x c l u d i n g f o o d s .....................
1 3 0 .5
1 3 0 .9
1 3 0 .9
1 3 1 .3
1 3 0 .8
1 3 0 .1
1 2 9 .4
1 2 9 .0
1 2 9 .0
1 2 9 .2
1 2 9 .6
1 2 9 .6
1 2 9 .8
1 2 9 .2
1 2 9 .1
F i n i s h e d e n e r g y g o o d s ...........................................
8 3 .2
8 3 .4
8 5 .3
8 3 .2
8 1 .9
8 0 .2
7 7 .5
7 5 .9
7 4 .2
7 4 .7
7 6 .3
7 6 .7
7 6 .9
7 5 .5
7 5 .4
F i n i s h e d g o o d s l e s s e n e r g y .................................
1 3 9 .6
1 4 0 .2
1 3 9 .7
1 4 0 .9
1 4 0 .6
1 4 0 .3
1 4 0 .0
1 4 0 .3
1 4 0 .7
1 4 0 .9
1 4 0 .7
1 4 0 .6
1 4 1 .0
1 4 0 .9
1 4 1 .0
pro ce ssin g ........................................................
C r u d e n o n f o o d m a t e r i a l s .......................................
1 1 3 .8
9 9 .4
S p ecial groupings:
F i n i s h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s l e s s e n e r g y ........
1 4 0 .1
1 4 1 .0
1 4 0 .6
1 4 1 .8
1 4 1 .4
1 4 1 .2
1 4 0 .8
1 4 1 .2
1 4 1 .8
1 4 2 .0
1 4 1 .9
1 4 1 .9
1 4 2 .4
1 4 2 .5
1 4 2 .7
F i n i s h e d g o o d s l e s s f o o d a n d e n e r g y ...........
1 4 2 .0
1 4 2 .4
1 4 1 .6
1 4 3 .0
1 4 2 .8
1 4 2 .6
1 4 2 .7
1 4 2 .8
1 4 3 .5
1 4 3 .5
1 4 3 .4
1 4 3 .3
1 4 3 .4
1 4 3 .2
1 4 3 .1
F in is h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s l e s s fo o d
a n d e n e r g y .....................................................................
1 4 4 .3
1 4 5 .1
1 4 4 .4
1 4 6 .0
1 4 5 .8
1 4 5 .5
1 4 5 .7
1 4 6 .0
1 4 7 .1
1 4 7 .3
1 4 7 .3
1 4 7 .2
1 4 7 .4
1 4 7 .4
1 4 7 .4
C o n s u m e r n o n d u r a b le g o o d s l e s s fo o d
a n d e n e r g y ..................................................................
1 5 1 .4
1 5 3 .4
1 5 4 .2
1 5 4 .3
1 5 4 .4
1 5 4 .5
1 5 4 .8
1 5 5 .3
1 5 7 .5
1 5 8 .2
1 5 8 .8
1 5 8 .8
1 5 9 .2
1 5 9 .8
1 6 0 .0
I n te r m e d ia te m a te r ia ls le s s fo o d s
a n d f e e d s ........................................................................
1 2 5 .6
1 2 5 .7
1 2 6 .1
I n t e r m e d i a t e f o o d s a n d f e e d s ............................
1 2 8 .1
1 2 5 .4
1 2 6 .0
1 2 5 .6
122.6
88.8
1 2 5 .6
1 2 5 .1
1 2 4 .5
1 2 4 .1
1 2 3 .7
1 2 3 .8
1 2 3 .9
1 2 3 .9
1 2 3 .9
1 2 3 .6
1 2 3 .5
1 2 4 .3
1 2 3 .5
1 1 8 .7
1 1 8 .5
1 1 6 .9
1 1 6 .0
1 1 6 .3
1 1 5 .7
1 1 6 .1
1 1 5 .6
1 1 4 .8
88.0
I n t e r m e d i a t e e n e r g y g o o d s ...................................
8 9 .8
8 9 .0
9 0 .7
8 5 .9
8 3 .0
8 1 .4
7 9 .4
7 9 .9
8 1 .5
8 1 .9
8 2 .3
8 1 .4
8 2 .3
I n t e r m e d i a t e g o o d s l e s s e n e r g y ........................
1 3 3 .6
1 3 3 .7
1 3 3 .8
1 3 3 .5
1 3 3 .8
1 3 3 .7
1 3 3 .3
1 3 3 .2
1 3 3 .1
1 3 3 .0
1 3 2 .9
1 3 2 .6
1 3 2 .5
1 3 2 .4
1 3 2 .0
In te r m e d ia te m a te r ia ls l e s s fo o d s
a n d e n e r g y .....................................................................
1 3 4 .0
1 3 4 .2
1 3 4 .3
1 3 4 .2
1 3 4 .4
1 3 4 .3
1 3 4 .3
1 3 4 .2
1 3 4 .1
1 3 4 .1
1 3 3 .9
1 3 3 .7
1 3 3 .6
1 3 3 .5
1 3 3 .2
C r u d e e n e r g y m a t e r i a l s ...........................................
8 5 .0
8 7 .3
8 3 .2
9 2 .8
9 7 .1
8 4 .3
7 4 .9
7 1 .7
6 9 .6
7 2 .7
7 2 .7
C r u d e m a t e r i a l s l e s s e n e r g y ................................
1 3 0 .0
1 2 3 .5
122.2
1 2 1 .5
121.6
6 9 .2
120.1
1 1 7 .0
1 1 6 .8
1 1 7 .2
1 1 6 .4
1 1 6 .6
1 1 6 .0
C r u d e n o n f o o d m a t e r i a l s l e s s e n e r g y ...........
1 5 5 .8
1 5 6 .5
1 5 6 .0
1 5 5 .0
1 5 4 .3
1 5 2 .5
1 5 0 .5
1 5 0 .7
1 4 9 .2
1 4 7 .6
1 4 7 .2
1 4 6 .8
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
68.8
6 5 .3
6 4 .2
1 1 3 .8
1 1 2 .5
1 1 0 .4
1 4 3 .4
1 4 0 .3
1 3 8 .1
November 1998
105
Current Labor Statistics:
32.
Price Data
Producer Price Indexes for the net output of major industry groups
[December 1984 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]
1996
_
1997
Sept.
Oct.
1998
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
T o t a l m i n i n g i n d u s t r i e s ......................................................
8 4 .4
86.1
8 2 .9
9 0 .2
9 3 .2
8 3 .2
7 6 .4
7 3 .6
7 2 .2
7 4 .1
7 4 .2
7 1 .1
7 0 .7
68.2
6 7 .3
M e ta l m i n i n g ...........................................................................
9 2 .1
8 5 .8
8 4 .0
8 3 .2
7 8 .9
7 4 .8
7 3 .5
7 4 .2
7 4 .6
7 6 .6
7 5 .5
7 4 .0
7 3 .3
7 3 .9
7 4 .5
C o a l m i n in g ( 1 2 / 8 5 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................
9 1 .4
9 2 .2
9 1 .9
9 1 .3
9 1 .0
9 3 .2
88.2
9 0 .2
8 9 .7
9 0 .7
9 0 .2
9 1 .8
8 9 .5
8 9 .7
8 7 .8
O il a n d g a s e x t r a c t i o n ( 1 2 / 8 5 = 1 0 0 ) ...................
8 4 .8
8 7 .5
8 3 .5
9 3 .4
9 8 .0
8 4 .5
7 6 .2
7 2 .0
7 0 .2
7 2 .3
7 2 .6
6 8 .3
6 8 .3
6 4 .8
6 3 .8
1 2 7 .1
1 2 8 .8
1 2 9 .3
1 2 9 .6
1 2 9 .7
1 2 9 .9
1 3 0 .6
1 3 1 .0
1 3 1 .4
1 3 2 .2
1 3 2 .2
1 3 1 .9
1 3 2 .4
1 3 2 .8
1 3 2 .7
10
12
13
14
M in in g a n d q u a r r y i n g o f n o n m e t a l l i c
m i n e r a l s , e x c e p t f u e l s .................................................
-
1997
Annual average
Industry
SIC
T o t a l m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s ................................. .
1 2 7 .1
1 2 7 .5
1 2 7 .3
1 2 7 .6
1 2 7 .5
1 2 7 .0
1 2 6 .4
1 2 6 .1
1 2 5 .9
1 2 6 .2
1 2 6 .4
1 2 6 .2
1 2 6 .2
1 2 6 .0
1 2 6 .0
20
21
22
F o o d a n d k i n d r e d p r o d u c t s ..........................................
1 2 7 .1
1 2 7 .9
1 2 7 .9
1 2 7 .5
1 2 7 .5
1 2 7 .1
1 2 5 .8
1 2 6 .0
1 2 5 .5
1 2 5 .5
1 2 5 .9
1 2 6 .3
1 2 6 .6
1 2 7 .4
1 2 7 .2
T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s ...................................................
1 9 9 .1
210.8
2 1 9 .4
2 1 9 .4
2 1 9 .3
2 1 9 .3
2 1 9 .6
2 2 3 .7
2 2 3 .7
2 3 1 .0
2 3 7 .7
2 3 8 .0
2 3 8 .0
2 4 6 .4
2 4 7 .0
T e x t i l e m ill p r o d u c t s .........................................................
1 1 8 .2
1 1 8 .8
1 1 8 .9
1 1 9 .1
1 1 9 .0
1 1 9 .2
1 1 9 .0
1 1 9 .3
1 1 9 .2
1 1 9 .1
1 1 9 .1
1 1 9 .1
1 1 8 .8
1 1 8 .7
1 1 8 .4
23
A p p a re l a n d o th e r fin is h e d p r o d u c ts
1 2 2 .3
1 2 3 .4
1 2 3 .7
1 2 3 .4
1 2 4 .2
1 2 4 .2
1 2 4 .4
1 2 4 .3
1 2 4 .5
1 2 4 .7
1 2 4 .9
1 2 4 .7
1 2 4 .9
1 2 4 .9
1 2 5 .0
24
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts ,
e x c e p t f u r n i t u r e .................................................................
1 5 3 .5
1 5 8 .9
1 5 8 .9
1 5 7 .3
1 5 8 .2
1 5 7 .9
1 5 7 .4
1 5 8 .2
1 5 8 .2
1 5 8 .5
1 5 7 .4
1 5 5 .5
1 5 6 .6
1 5 8 .0
1 5 7 .1
25
F u r n i tu r e a n d f i x t u r e s .......................................................
1 3 6 .2
1 3 8 .2
1 3 8 .6
1 3 8 .6
1 3 8 .9
1 3 8 .9
1 3 9 .1
1 3 9 .3
1 3 9 .4
1 3 9 .4
1 3 9 .7
1 3 9 .4
1 3 9 .5
1 3 9 .6
1 3 9 .7
26
P a p e r a n d a l l i e d p r o d u c t s ............................................
1 3 8 .6
1 3 3 .5
1 3 4 .1
1 3 4 .6
1 3 5 .9
1 3 7 .3
1 3 7 .7
1 3 7 .8
1 3 7 .5
1 3 7 .0
1 3 7 .0
1 3 6 .7
1 3 7 .1
1 3 6 .2
1 3 5 .6
27
P r i n ti n g , p u b l i s h i n g , a n d a l l i e d i n d u s t r i e s .........
1 6 5 .6
1 6 9 .1
1 6 9 .2
1 7 0 .7
1 7 1 .1
1 7 1 .3
1 7 3 .2
1 7 3 .0
1 7 3 .1
1 7 4 .0
1 7 3 .9
1 7 3 .8
1 7 3 .5
1 7 3 .8
1 7 4 .2
28
C h e m i c a l s a n d a l l i e d p r o d u c t s .................................
1 4 5 .8
1 4 7 .1
1 4 7 .1
1 4 7 .3
1 4 7 .3
1 4 7 .3
1 4 7 .3
1 4 7 .1
1 4 9 .2
1 4 9 .8
1 4 9 .7
1 4 8 .9
1 4 9 .9
1 4 9 .6
1 4 9 .2
29
P e t r o l e u m r e f i n i n g a n d r e l a t e d p r o d u c t s ...........
8 7 .4
8 5 .6
8 4 .8
8 3 .6
7 9 .1
7 3 .8
7 0 .1
6 5 .6
6 7 .9
7 0 .2
6 7 .8
6 6 .3
6 3 .6
6 4 .4
30
R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic s p r o d u c ts .
1 2 3 .1
1 2 2 .7
122.6
1 2 2 .5
1 2 2 .5
1 2 2 .3
m a d e f r o m f a b r i c s a n d s i m i l a r m a t e r i a l s ........
122.8
86.1
122.8 122.8
1 2 2 .7
1 2 2 .9
122.2 122.0 121.8 121.8
31
L e a t h e r a n d l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s ......................................
1 3 4 .7
1 3 7 .1
1 3 7 .0
1 3 7 .5
1 3 7 .9
1 3 7 .4
1 3 7 .4
1 3 7 .4
1 3 7 .4
1 3 7 .1
1 3 7 .2
1 3 7 .2
1 3 7 .2
1 3 7 .4
1 3 7 .2
32
S t o n e , c l a y , g l a s s , a n d c o n c r e t e p r o d u c t s ......
1 2 5 .8
1 2 7 .4
1 2 7 .5
1 2 7 .8
1 2 7 .8
1 2 7 .7
1 2 7 .6
1 2 7 .8
1 2 7 .9
1 2 8 .7
1 2 9 .0
1 2 9 .3
1 2 9 .9
1 2 9 .9
1 3 0 .3
33
P r i m a r y m e t a l i n d u s t r i e s ................................................
1 2 3 .7
1 2 4 .7
1 2 5 .2
1 2 4 .8
1 2 4 .5
1 2 3 .9
1 2 3 .3
1 2 3 .0
1 2 2 .7
122.6 122.1
1 2 0 .7
120.1
34
F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c ts ,
121.6 121.0
e x c e p t m a c h in e ry a n d tra n s p o r ta tio n
t r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u i p m e n t ..........................................
1 2 6 .2
1 2 7 .6
1 2 8 .0
1 2 8 .1
1 2 8 .2
1 2 8 .1
1 2 8 .3
1 2 8 .4
1 2 8 .5
1 2 8 .6
1 2 8 .8
1 2 8 .9
1 2 8 .9
1 2 8 .9
1 2 8 .9
35
M a c h i n e r y , e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l .......................................
1 1 9 .2
1 1 8 .5
1 1 8 .2
1 1 8 .1
1 1 8 .0
1 1 8 .0
1 1 8 .1
1 1 8 .0
1 1 7 .9
1 1 7 .8
1 1 7 .7
1 1 7 .7
1 1 7 .5
1 1 7 .4
1 1 7 .5
36
E l e c tr i c a l a n d e l e c t r o n i c m a c h in e r y ,
1 1 3 .2
111.6 111.1
110.8 110.8 110.8 110.8 110.6
1 1 0 .7
1 1 0 .5
1 1 0 .4
1 1 0 .5
110.6
1 1 0 .3
110.2
37
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ......................................................................
1 3 4 .2
1 3 4 .1
1 3 1 .8
1 3 5 .0
1 3 4 .4
1 3 3 .7
1 3 3 .8
1 3 4 .0
1 3 3 .9
1 3 3 .8
1 3 3 .0
1 3 2 .7
1 3 2 .8
1 3 1 .9
1 3 1 .6
38
M e a s u r i n g a n d c o n t r o llin g i n s t r u m e n t s ;
1 2 5 .0
1 2 5 .6
1 2 5 .8
1 2 5 .7
1 2 5 .8
1 2 5 .8
1 2 5 .6
1 2 5 .9
1 2 6 .1
1 2 6 .3
1 2 6 .2
1 2 6 .2
1 2 6 .5
1 2 6 .5
1 2 6 .2
1 2 7 .8
1 2 9 .0
1 2 9 .2
1 2 9 .4
1 2 9 .1
1 2 9 .1
1 2 9 .6
1 2 9 .6
1 2 9 .7
1 2 9 .6
1 2 9 .7
1 2 9 .6
1 2 9 .8
1 2 9 .8
1 2 9 .9
1 1 0 .5
110.6
1 1 0 .7
1 1 0 .9
p h o t o g r a p h i c , m e d i c a l , a n d o p tic a l
g o o d s ; w a t c h e s a n d c l o c k s .....................................
39
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s tr ie s
i n d u s t r i e s ( 1 2 / 8 5 - 1 0 0 ) ...............................................
S e r v ic e in d u s tr ie s :
42
M o to r f r e i g h t t r a n s p o r t a t i o n
a n d w a r e h o u s i n g ( 0 6 / 9 3 = 1 0 0 ) ..............................
1 0 6 .3
1 0 8 .9
1 0 9 .4
1 0 9 .3
1 0 9 .0
1 0 9 .4
1 1 1 .3
1 1 1 .4
43
U .S . P o s t a l S e r v i c e ( 0 6 /8 9 = 1 0 0 ) ...........................
1 3 2 .3
1 3 2 .3
1 3 2 .3
1 3 2 .3
1 3 2 .3
1 3 2 .3
1 3 2 .3
1 3 2 .3
1 3 2 .3
1 3 2 .3
1 3 2 .3
1 3 2 .3
1 3 2 .3
1 3 2 .3
1 3 2 .3
44
W a t e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ( 1 2 / 9 2 = 1 0 0 ) ........................
1 0 3 .7
1 0 4 .2
1 0 3 .8
1 0 4 .6
1 0 4 .1
1 0 3 .3
1 0 3 .0
1 0 2 .7
1 0 2 .3
1 0 5 .3
1 0 3 .0
1 0 4 .3
1 0 8 .3
1 0 8 .7
45
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n b y a i r ( 1 2 / 9 2 = 1 0 0 ) ........................
121.1
1 2 5 .3
1 2 2 .5
1 2 3 .7
1 2 3 .4
1 2 3 .3
122.6
102.2
1 2 3 .7
1 2 3 .7
1 2 4 .3
1 2 4 .3
1 2 4 .8
1 2 4 .7
1 2 4 .2
1 2 6 .3
46
P i p e l i n e s , e x c e p t n a t u r a l q a s ( 1 2 / 9 2 = 1 0 0 ) ....
1 0 4 .6
9 8 .8
9 8 .7
9 8 .7
9 8 .7
9 8 .7
9 9 .3
9 9 .3
9 9 .3
9 9 .3
9 9 .3
9 9 .4
9 9 .2
9 9 .2
9 9 .2
33.
Annual data: Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing
[1982= 100]
Index
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
Finished goods
T o t a l ......................................................................................................................
1 1 3 .6
1 1 9 .2
1 2 1 .7
1 2 3 .2
124 7
125 5
127 9
1 3 1 .3
131 8
F o o d s ................................................................................................................
1 1 8 .7
1 2 4 .4
1 2 4 .1
1 2 3 .3
1 2 5 .7
1 2 6 .8
1 2 9 .0
1 3 3 .6
1 3 4 .5
E n e r g y ...............................................................................................................
6 5 .7
7 5 .0
7 8 .1
7 7 .8
7 8 .0
7 7 .0
7 8 .1
8 3 .2
8 3 .4
O t h e r ..................................................................................................................
122.1
1 2 6 .6
1 3 1 .1
1 3 4 .2
1 3 5 .8
1 3 7 .1
1 4 0 .0
1 4 2 .0
1 4 2 .4
Intermediate materials, supplies, and
components
112.0
1 1 4 .5
1 1 4 .4
1 1 4 .7
1162
118 5
124 9
1 2 5 .7
1 2 5 .6
F o o d s ................................................................................................................
1 1 2 .7
1 1 7 .9
1 1 5 .3
1 1 3 .9
1 1 5 .6
1 1 8 .5
1 1 9 .5
1 2 5 .3
1 2 3 .2
E n e r g y .............................................................................................................
7 6 .1
8 5 .5
8 5 .1
8 4 .3
8 4 .6
8 3 .0
8 4 .1
8 9 .8
8 9 .0
O t h e r .................................................................................................................
120.2
1 2 0 .9
1 2 1 .4
122.0
1 2 3 .8
1 2 7 .1
1 3 5 .2
1 3 4 .0
1 3 4 .2
1 0 3 .1
108 9
101 2
1 0 0 .4
1 0 2 .4
101.8
1 0 2 .7
1 1 3 .8
111.2
1 1 3 .1
1 0 5 .5
1 0 5 .1
1 0 8 .4
1 0 6 .5
1 0 5 .8
1 2 1 .5
T o t a l .....................................................................................................................
Crude materials for further processing
T o t a l ......................................................................................................................
F o o d s ................................................................................................................
111.1
112.2
E n e r g y ...............................................................................................................
7 5 .9
8 5 .9
8 0 .4
7 8 .8
7 6 .7
7 2 .1
6 9 .4
8 5 .0
8 7 .3
O t h e r ..................................................................................................................
9 5 .8
1 0 7 .3
9 7 .5
9 4 .2
9 4 .1
9 7 .0
1 0 5 .8
1 0 5 .7
1 0 3 .5
106
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
November 1998
111.8 111.8
1 1 2 .4
34.
U.S. export price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification
[1995 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]
SITC
Rev. 3
1997
Industry
Sept.
Oct.
1998
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
0
Food and live animals...............................................
9 9 .5
9 8 .5
9 7 .6
9 6 .7
9 4 .9
9 2 .5
9 2 .5
9 0 .8
9 1 .3
9 0 .9
9 2 .3
8 9 .6
8 6 .7
01
M e a t a n d m e a t p r e p a r a t i o n s ................................................................
9 5 .2
9 5 .2
9 6 .1
9 4 .6
9 1 .4
9 0 .9
9 2 .1
9 2 .2
9 3 .7
9 7 .8
9 7 .9
9 8 .4
9 6 .3
04
C e r e a l s a n d c e r e a l p r e p a r a t i o n s .....................................................
9 5 .0
9 3 .5
9 4 .9
9 4 .4
8 8 .9
9 1 .5
9 0 .4
8 6 .2
8 5 .9
8 2 .6
8 2 .3
7 4 .9
7 0 .2
05
V e g e t a b l e s , fr u it, a n d n u t s , p r e p a r e d f r e s h o r d r y ..............
9 7 .6
9 8 .2
9 3 .4
9 2 .0
9 9 .8
8 8 .6
9 1 .7
9 2 .9
9 6 .4
9 8 .4
1 0 1 .6
1 0 2 .2
9 9 .2
2
Crude materials, inedible, except fuels.......................
9 1 .6
8 8 .7
8 8 .9
8 7 .8
8 4 .7
8 5 .0
8 4 .2
8 3 .2
8 3 .0
8 2 .0
8 2 .0
7 9 .9
7 7 .8
21
H i d e s , s k i n s , a n d f u r s k i n s , r a w ..........................................................
1 00.1
1 0 1 .6
1 0 3 .6
1 0 2 .6
8 0 .9
8 3 .3
9 0 .1
8 7 .9
8 5 .9
8 4 .8
8 1 .8
8 3 .9
8 3 .5
Sept.
22
O i l s e e d s a n d o l e a g i n o u s f r u i t s ..........................................................
1 2 0 .2
1 0 8 .3
1 1 8 .2
1 1 6 .5
1 1 0 .8
1 1 3 .1
1 0 8 .4
105 4
106 7
102 6
106 6
95 3
91 8
24
C o r k a n d w o o d ................................................................................................
9 0 .9
8 8 .6
8 5 .8
8 5 .6
8 5 .8
8 5 .2
8 4 .0
8 4 .0
8 2 .6
8 2 .0
8 2 .4
8 2 .4
8 1 .8
25
P u l p a n d w a s t e p a p e r ...............................................................................
6 8 .2
6 9 .4
6 8 .3
6 6 .8
6 3 .8
6 4 .7
6 5 .0
6 4 .2
6 3 .5
6 4 .0
6 4 .5
6 4 .5
6 2 .7
26
T e x t i l e f i b e r s a n d t h e i r w a s t e ...............................................................
8 3 .9
8 3 .4
8 1 .2
8 0 .0
7 8 .2
7 8 .0
7 7 .9
7 6 .0
7 7 .4
7 9 .3
7 8 .5
7 6 .9
7 6 .3
27
C r u d e f e r t i l i z e r s a n d c r u d e m i n e r a l s ..............................................
9 7 .9
9 7 .9
9 7 .8
9 7 .4
9 7 .5
9 7 .2
9 7 .1
9 7 .1
9 7 .0
9 7 .0
9 7 .1
9 6 .9
9 6 .9
28
M e t a l l i f e r o u s o r e s a n d m e t a l s c r a p .................................................
9 4 .4
9 0 .0
8 5 .9
8 3 .9
8 2 .1
8 1 .4
7 9 .7
8 0 .3
7 9 .8
7 6 .6
7 3 .0
7 2 .6
6 9 .7
3
Mineral fuels, lubricants, and related products............
1 1 1 .8
1 1 2 .6
1 1 2 .0
1 1 2 .8
1 0 9 .4
1 0 8 .5
1 0 6 .2
1 0 4 .8
1 0 4 .7
1 0 3 .2
9 6 .3
9 4 .7
9 3 .5
32
C o a l , c o k e , a n d b r i q u e t t e s .....................................................................
1 0 1 .9
1 0 2 .2
1 0 1 .8
1 0 1 .3
1 0 1 .0
1 0 1 .0
1 0 1 .0
1 00.1
100 .1
1 00.1
9 9 .9
9 9 .5
9 9 .4
33
P e tr o le u m , p e tr o le u m p r o d u c ts , a n d r e la te d m a te r ia ls ...
1 2 1 .8
1 2 1 .3
1 20 .1
1 1 9 .0
1 1 6 .0
1 1 4 .3
1 1 0 .5
1 0 8 .7
1 0 8 .7
1 0 6 .8
9 5 .2
9 2 .9
9 0 .8
4
Animal and vegetable oils, fats, and waxes...... ..........
9 4 .9
9 7 .9
1 0 6 .8
1 0 6 .5
1 0 4 .5
1 0 1 .3
1 0 0 .8
1 0 1 .4
1 0 6 .6
1 0 7 .9
1 0 4 .4
1 0 3 .4
1 0 2 .7
5
Chemicals and related products, n.e.s........................
9 5 .5
9 5 .4
9 5 .2
9 4 .9
9 4 .9
9 4 .5
9 3 .6
9 3 .5
9 3 .1
9 2 .6
9 2 .2
9 2 .1
9 1 .8
54
M e d i c i n a l a n d p h a r m a c e u t i c a l p r o d u c t s .....................................
1 0 1 .2
1 0 0 .8
1 0 0 .9
1 0 0 .9
1 0 1 .9
1 0 1 .6
1 0 2 .3
1 0 1 .6
1 0 1 .6
1 0 1 .6
1 0 1 .6
1 0 1 .6
1 0 1 .6
55
E s s e n t i a l o i l s ; p o l i s h i n g a n d c l e a n i n g p r e p a r a t i o n s ...........
1 0 3 .7
1 0 3 .6
102 .1
1 0 1 .9
1 0 1 .3
1 0 2 .0
1 0 1 .5
1 0 1 .2
1 0 1 .4
1 0 1 .4
1 0 1 .4
1 0 1 .4
1 0 2 .7
57
P l a s t i c s in p r i m a r y f o r m s ( 1 2 / 9 2 = 1 0 0 ) ......................................
9 3 .7
9 3 .9
9 3 .6
9 3 .1
9 2 .9
9 2 .4
9 1 .7
9 0 .9
9 0 .5
8 8 .9
8 8 .8
8 7 .9
8 7 .6
58
P l a s t i c s in n o n p r i m a r y f o r m s ( 1 2 / 9 2 - 1 0 0 ) .............................
9 8 .9
9 8 .7
9 8 .5
9 8 .7
1 0 0 .3
1 0 0 .2
9 9 .7
9 9 .8
9 9 .1
9 7 .9
9 7 .2
9 7 .6
9 7 .3
59
C h e m i c a l m a t e r i a l s a n d p r o d u c t s , n . e . s .....................................
1 0 3 .6
1 0 3 .4
1 0 3 .0
1 0 1 .9
1 0 1 .9
1 0 1 .8
1 0 0 .5
1 0 1 .8
1 0 0 .4
1 0 0 .6
1 0 0 .4
1 0 0 .4
1 0 0 .0
6
Manufactured goods classified chiefly by materials....
9 8 .7
9 8 .7
9 8 .9
9 8 .5
9 8 .1
9 8 .5
9 8 .3
9 8 .3
9 8 .2
9 7 .9
9 7 .5
9 7 .3
9 6 .8
62
R u b b e r m a n u f a c t u r e s , n . e . s ................................................................
1 0 1 .9
1 0 2 .2
102 .1
102 .1
1 0 1 .8
1 0 1 .8
1 02.1
1 0 1 .9
1 0 1 .6
1 0 1 .9
1 0 2 .2
1 0 2 .7
1 0 2 .2
64
P a p e r , p a p e r b o a r d , a n d a r t i c l e s o f p a p e r , p u lp ,
a n d p a p e r b o a r d ...........................................................................................
8 5 .0
8 5 .3
8 5 .2
8 5 .1
8 4 .7
8 5 .0
8 4 .7
8 4 .6
8 4 .1
8 3 .8
8 2 .7
8 2 .2
8 1 .3
66
N o n m e t a l l i c m i n e r a l m a n u f a c t u r e s , n . e . s ..................................
1 0 6 .1
1 0 6 .1
1 0 6 .3
1 0 7 .1
1 0 6 .7
1 0 7 .3
1 0 7 .0
1 0 7 .0
1 0 6 .9
1 0 6 .7
1 0 6 .6
1 0 6 .8
1 0 6 .8
9 1 .0
8 9 .5
9 1 .3
9 1 .2
9 1 .5
9 3 .6
88.1
8 7 .4
8 6 .7
8 5 .6
68
N o n f e r r o u s m e t a l s ........................................................................................
9 3 .2
9 1 .9
9 3 .4
7
Machinery and transport equipment...........................
100.1
1 0 0 .0
1 00.1
9 9 .8
9 9 .6
9 9 .5
9 9 .3
9 9 .1
9 9 .2
9 8 .7
9 8 .4
9 8 .3
9 8 .2
71
P o w e r g e n e r a t i n g m a c h i n e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t .........................
1 0 6 .2
1 0 6 .2
1 0 6 .3
1 0 6 .2
1 0 6 .8
1 0 6 .7
1 0 6 .8
1 0 7 .0
1 0 7 .0
1 0 7 .1
1 0 6 .8
1 0 6 .8
1 0 7 .0
1 0 4 .5
1 0 4 .5
1 0 4 .5
1 0 4 .9
1 0 4 .6
1 0 5 .1
1 0 5 .0
1 0 4 .8
1 0 5 .1
1 0 5 .2
1 0 5 .3
1 0 5 .3
1 0 5 .5
72
M a c h i n e r y s p e c i a l i z e d f o r p a r t i c u l a r i n d u s t r i e s .....................
74
G e n e r a l in d u s tr ia l m a c h i n e s a n d p a r ts , n .e .s .,
a n d m a c h i n e p a r t s ....................................................................................
1 0 5 .2
1 0 5 .4
1 0 5 .4
1 0 5 .4
1 0 5 .6
1 0 5 .6
1 0 5 .8
1 0 5 .9
1 0 6 .2
1 0 6 .1
1 0 6 .3
1 0 6 .5
1 0 6 .4
75
C o m p u t e r e q u i p m e n t a n d o f f ic e m a c h i n e s ...............................
8 3 .7
8 3 .0
8 2 .7
8 1 .6
8 0 .8
8 0 .5
7 9 .8
7 9 .1
7 9 .0
7 6 .5
7 6 .0
7 5 .4
7 4 .7
76
T e le c o m m u n ic a tio n s a n d s o u n d re c o rd in g a n d
r e p r o d u c i n g a p p a r a t u s a n d e q u i p m e n t .....................................
9 9 .2
9 9 .5
9 9 .4
9 8 .7
9 8 .6
9 8 .3
9 8 .6
9 8 .3
9 8 .7
9 8 .7
9 8 .1
9 8 .1
9 8 .2
77
E l e c t r i c a l m a c h i n e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t ..............................................
9 5 .1
9 4 .8
9 4 .9
9 4 .4
9 4 .0
9 3 .6
9 3 .1
9 2 .7
9 2 .6
9 2 .1
9 1 .3
9 1 .2
9 1 .2
78
R o a d v e h i c l e s ..................................................................................................
1 0 1 .7
1 0 1 .8
1 0 1 .9
1 0 2 .0
1 0 2 .0
1 0 1 .9
1 0 1 .8
1 0 1 .9
1 0 1 .9
1 0 1 .9
1 0 2 .0
1 0 2 .0
1 0 2 .0
Professional, scientific, and controlling
instruments and apparatus......................................
1 0 3 .4
1 0 3 .3
1 0 3 .3
1 0 3 .5
1 0 3 .5
1 0 3 .6
1 0 3 .6
1 0 3 .6
1 0 3 .8
1 0 3 .8
1 0 3 .9
1 0 3 .8
1 0 3 .8
87
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
107
Current Labor Statistics:
35.
Price Data
U.S. import price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification
[1995 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]
SITC
Rev. 3
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
0
Food and live animals...............................................
1 0 1 .3
1 0 0 .4
9 9 .4
9 9 .6
9 9 .2
9 7 .5
9 7 .9
9 9 .4
9 7 .5
9 8 .0
9 7 .4
9 3 .9
9 5 .5
01
M e a t a n d m e a t p r e p a r a t i o n s ................................................................
1 0 3 .9
1 0 2 .7
1 0 2 .7
1 0 4 .2
1 0 1 .3
1 0 1 .3
1 0 1 .2
1 0 1 .7
1 0 1 .3
9 8 .3
9 7 .7
9 7 .8
9 7 .2
03
F is h a n d c r u s ta c e a n s , m o llu s k s , a n d o th e r
a q u a t i c i n v e r t e b r a t e s ...............................................................................
1 0 4 .5
1 0 7 .4
1 0 7 .3
1 0 5 .6
1 0 5 .4
1 0 6 .4
1 0 7 .1
1 0 7 .4
1 0 7 .2
1 0 9 .4
1 0 6 .1
1 0 3 .9
1 0 3 .7
05
V e g e t a b l e s , fr u it, a n d n u t s , p r e p a r e d f r e s h o r d r y ...............
1 0 3 .4
1 0 3 .1
1 0 3 .8
1 0 2 .5
1 0 2 .9
9 3 .8
9 5 .7
1 0 0 .8
9 9 .0
1 0 3 .5
1 1 1 .7
9 8 .1
1 0 6 .7
07
C o ffe e , te a , c o c o a , s p ic e s , a n d m a n u fa c tu re s
t h e r e o f .................................................................................................................
1 0 0 .0
9 2 .1
8 6 .2
9 2 .1
9 4 .7
9 7 .1
9 4 .0
9 2 .9
86.1
8 2 .1
7 3 .6
7 9 .4
7 7 .4
1
Beverages and tobacco.............................................
1 0 7 .8
1 0 7 .9
1 0 8 .4
1 0 8 .6
1 0 9 .0
1 0 9 .5
1 0 9 .2
1 0 9 .2
1 0 9 .3
1 0 9 .6
1 0 9 .8
1 0 9 .7
1 0 9 .7
11
B e v e r a g e s ...........................................................................................................
1 0 4 .3
1 0 4 .4
1 0 5 .1
1 0 5 .2
1 0 5 .4
1 0 5 .9
1 0 5 .8
1 0 5 .8
1 0 5 .9
1 0 6 .3
1 0 6 .5
1 0 6 .3
1 0 6 .4
2
Crude materials, inedible, except fuels.......................
9 6 .6
9 4 .8
9 4 .0
9 3 .5
9 1 .4
9 5 .1
9 1 .1
8 9 .8
8 9 .3
8 7 .7
8 7 .3
8 5 .7
8 5 .7
23
C r u d e r u b b e r ( i n c l u d i n g s y n t h e t i c a n d r e c l a i m e d ) ..............
7 4 .5
7 2 .4
7 1 .2
6 9 .1
6 2 .4
6 4 .9
6 3 .9
6 1 .3
5 7 .7
5 8 .8
5 4 .9
5 3 .8
5 3 .8
24
C o r k a n d w o o d ................................................................................................
1 2 1 .2
1 1 3 .1
1 1 4 .0
1 1 3 .1
1 0 9 .7
1 1 0 .0
1 1 0 .6
110 .1
1 0 6 .6
1 0 1 .2
1 0 5 .5
1 0 6 .6
1 0 7 .3
25
P u l p a n d w a s t e p a p e r ...............................................................................
6 8 .2
6 9 .0
6 9 .2
6 8 .7
6 8 .3
6 4 .5
6 4 .2
6 3 .7
6 2 .9
6 6.1
6 4 .6
6 2 .5
6 0 .8
28
M e t a l l i f e r o u s o r e s a n d m e t a l s c r a p .................................................
1 0 4 .5
1 0 3 .7
1 0 2 .5
1 0 2 .3
1 0 0 .3
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .4
1 0 0 .7
1 0 0 .8
9 8 .6
9 6 .0
9 4 .2
9 2 .9
29
C r u d e a n i m a l a n d v e g e t a b l e m a t e r i a l s , n . e . s .........................
1 0 3 .1
1 1 3 .2
1 0 4 .8
1 0 7 .0
1 0 8 .6
1 5 8 .2
1 1 0 .0
1 0 2 .0
1 1 6 .0
1 1 3 .1
1 1 3 .4
1 0 0 .9
1 0 5 .2
7 5 .9
3
Mineral fuels, lubricants, and related products...........
1 0 7 .0
1 1 3 .1
1 1 1 .8
1 0 3 .3
9 3 .5
8 7 .2
8 0 .3
8 0 .5
8 0 .9
7 7 .6
7 4 .3
7 3 .6
33
P e tr o le u m , p e tr o le u m p r o d u c ts , a n d r e la te d m a te r ia ls ...
1 0 5 .5
1 1 1 .5
1 0 7 .8
1 00.1
8 9 .7
8 3 .7
7 6 .1
7 6 .5
7 6 .9
7 3 .4
6 9 .5
6 9 .4
7 2 .1
34
G a s , n a t u r a l a n d m a n u f a c t u r e d ........................................................
1 2 3 .7
1 3 2 .0
1 4 9 .7
1 3 3 .4
1 2 7 .4
1 1 7 .3
1 1 4 .7
1 1 3 .1
1 1 4 .3
1 1 1 .9
1 1 2 .6
1 0 6 .8
1 0 7 .1
9 2 .0
5
Chemicals and related products, n.e.s........................
9 6 .2
9 5 .6
9 5 .2
9 5 .2
9 4 .2
9 3 .9
9 3 .5
9 3 .0
9 3 .6
9 3 .6
9 2 .9
9 2 .3
52
I n o r g a n i c c h e m i c a l s ...................................................................................
9 9 .7
9 9 .7
9 9 .0
9 7 .3
9 4 .1
9 4 .2
9 4 .8
9 5 .5
9 7 .2
9 7 .8
9 6 .1
9 4 .6
9 4 .0
9 4 .2
9 6 .3
9 6 .9
9 5 .3
9 4 .9
9 4 .9
9 4 .7
9 4 .8
9 4 .9
9 4 .6
9 4 .8
9 4 .8
9 5 .5
9 5 .4
9 4 .6
53
9 3 .9
54
M e d i c i n a l a n d p h a r m a c e u t i c a l p r o d u c t s .....................................
9 5 .7
9 6 .2
9 6 .2
9 6 .8
9 6 .4
9 5 .8
9 5 .8
9 5 .3
9 5 .0
9 4 .9
55
E s s e n t i a l o i l s ; p o l i s h i n g a n d c l e a n i n g p r e p a r a t i o n s ...........
9 6 .9
9 7 .4
9 6 .6
9 7 .5
9 6 .2
9 6 .3
9 4 .4
9 4 .1
9 4 .6
9 4 .8
9 4 .3
9 3 .4
9 3 .8
9 1 .6
9 2 .0
9 2 .4
9 6 .5
9 4 .4
9 4 .1
9 4 .1
9 4 .0
9 3 .1
9 1 .2
9 1 .6
57
P l a s t i c s in p r i m a r y f o r m s ( 1 2 / 9 2 = 1 0 0 ) ......................................
9 2 .6
9 2 .7
58
P l a s t i c s in n o n p r i m a r y f o r m s ( 1 2 / 9 2 = 1 0 0 ) .............................
8 6 .9
8 5 .9
8 2 .9
8 2 .8
8 2 .6
8 2 .6
8 1 .5
8 0 .2
8 0 .0
7 9 .1
7 7 .1
7 6 .4
7 4 .7
59
C h e m i c a l m a t e r i a l s a n d p r o d u c t s , n . e . s ......................................
1 0 3 .2
1 0 2 .8
1 0 2 .8
1 0 3 .1
1 0 2 .9
1 0 1 .4
1 0 1 .7
1 0 1 .3
1 0 1 .8
1 0 1 .4
1 0 0 .4
1 0 0 .3
1 0 0 .5
6
Manufactured goods classified chiefly by materials....
9 6 .8
9 6 .7
9 6 .6
9 6 .0
9 5 .2
9 4 .8
9 4 .7
9 4 .6
9 4 .7
9 4 .0
9 3 .2
9 3 .1
9 2 .7
62
R u b b e r m a n u f a c t u r e s , n . e . s ..................................................................
9 5 .1
9 5 .3
9 5 .4
9 5 .5
9 5 .2
9 5 .2
9 4 .7
9 4 .7
9 4 .7
9 5 .0
9 4 .7
9 4 .2
9 4 .3
64
P a p e r , p a p e r b o a r d , a n d a r t i c l e s o f p a p e r , p u lp ,
66
N o n m e t a l l i c m i n e r a l m a n u f a c t u r e s , n . e . s ..................................
8 8 .8
8 8 .9
8 9 .7
8 8 .5
8 7 .6
8 7 .5
8 7 .9
8 7 .9
8 7 .6
8 7 .5
8 7 .4
8 6 .9
8 7 .0
1 02.1
1 0 2 .2
1 0 2 .2
1 0 1 .7
1 0 1 .3
1 0 0 .7
1 0 0 .6
1 0 0 .8
1 0 0 .7
1 0 0 .6
1 0 0 .2
1 0 0 .4
1 00 .1
68
N o n f e r r o u s m e t a l s .......................................................................................
9 6 .9
9 5 .3
9 3 .4
9 2 .1
9 0 .5
9 0 .6
9 1 .2
9 1 .8
9 4 .2
9 0 .9
8 8 .0
8 7 .9
8 6 .3
69
M a n u f a c t u r e s o f m e t a l s , n . e . s ............................................................
9 8 .1
9 8 .5
9 8 .3
9 8 .5
9 7 .9
9 7 .5
9 7 .3
9 6 .9
9 6 .3
9 6 .5
9 6 .2
9 6 .2
9 6 .6
7
Machinery and transport equipment...........................
9 4 .8
9 4 .5
9 4 .3
9 4 .0
9 3 .6
9 3 .2
9 2 .9
9 2 .5
9 2 .2
9 1 .8
9 1 .4
9 1 .1
9 0 .9
72
M a c h i n e r y s p e c i a l i z e d f o r p a r t i c u l a r i n d u s t r i e s ....................
9 8 .4
9 8 .6
9 9 .0
9 9 .1
9 8 .7
9 8 .1
9 8 .1
9 7 .6
9 7 .6
9 7 .6
9 7 .3
9 7 .1
9 6 .7
74
G e n e r a l in d u s tr ia l m a c h i n e s a n d p a r ts , n .e .s .,
75
C o m p u t e r e q u i p m e n t a n d o f f ic e m a c h i n e s ...............................
76
T e le c o m m u n ic a tio n s a n d s o u n d re c o rd in g a n d
r e p r o d u c i n g a p p a r a t u s a n d e q u i p m e n t .....................................
77
9 7 .2
9 7 .4
9 7 .3
9 7 .3
9 7 .1
9 6 .5
9 6 .6
9 6 .3
9 6 .4
9 6 .7
9 6 .3
9 6 .5
9 6 .6
7 8 .2
7 7 .1
7 6 .7
7 6 .8
7 5 .5
7 4 .4
7 3 .0
7 1 .9
7 0 .9
7 0 .4
6 9 .8
6 9 .3
6 8 .7
9 2 .6
9 2 .3
9 1 .9
9 1 .7
9 1 .4
9 0 .9
9 0 .8
9 0 .7
9 0 .6
8 9 .4
8 8 .9
8 8 .8
8 8 .6
8 9 .2
8 8 .6
8 7 .7
8 6 .6
8 6 .2
8 5 .7
8 5 .5
8 5 .5
8 5 .4
8 4 .5
8 3 .8
8 3 .4
8 3 .0
78
R o a d v e h i c l e s ..................................................................................................
1 0 1 .3
1 0 1 .6
1 0 1 .6
1 0 1 .5
1 0 1 .4
1 0 1 .3
1 0 1 .5
1 0 1 .5
1 0 1 .2
1 01 .1
1 0 1 .0
1 0 0 .8
1 0 0 .7
85
F o o t w e a r ..............................................................................................................
1 0 0 .8
1 0 1 .0
1 0 1 .0
1 0 1 .2
1 0 1 .2
101 .1
1 0 0 .7
1 0 0 .6
1 0 0 .6
1 0 0 .7
1 0 0 .8
1 0 0 .9
1 0 0 .9
88
P h o to g r a p h ic a p p a r a tu s , e q u ip m e n t, a n d s u p p lie s ,
9 3 .6
9 3 .4
9 2 .6
9 3 .1
9 2 .3
9 2 .1
9 1 .8
9 1 .6
9 1 .2
9 1 .0
9 0 .9
9 0 .6
9 0 .1
a n d o p t i c a l q o o d s , n . e . s .......................................................................
108
1998
1997
Industry
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
November 1998
36.
U.S. export price indexes by end-use category
[1995 = 100]
1997
Category
Sept.
Oct.
1998
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
ALL COMMODITIES..............................................
9 9 .0
9 8 .6
9 8 .6
9 8 .2
9 7 .5
9 7 .2
9 6 .9
9 6 .5
9 6 .6
F o o d s , f e e d s , a n d b e v e r a g e s ......................................................
1 0 1 .8
9 9 .8
1 0 0 .2
9 9 .3
9 6 .9
9 5 .0
9 4 .4
9 2 .9
9 3 .8
A g r ic u lt u r a l f o o d s , f e e d s , a n d b e v e r a g e s ......................
1 0 2 .2
100.1
1 0 0 .7
1 0 0 .0
9 7 .6
9 6 .2
9 5 .3
9 3 .7
N o n a g r i c u l t u r a l (f is h , b e v e r a g e s ) f o o d p r o d u c t s . . . .
9 8 .5
9 8 .0
9 5 .7
9 4 .1
9 0 .9
8 3 .8
8 6 .2
I n d u s t r i a l s u p p l i e s a n d m a t e r i a l s ..............................................
9 5 .1
9 4 .8
9 4 .5
9 3 .7
9 2 .3
9 2 .0
9 1 .4
A g r ic u lt u r a l i n d u s t r i a l s u p p l i e s a n d m a t e r i a l s .............
9 3 .0
9 3 .1
9 4 .0
9 2 .7
8 8 .3
8 7 .1
8 8 .2
1 1 0 .9
1 1 1 .3
1 1 0 .7
1 1 0 .2
1 0 7 .1
1 0 6 .1
1 0 3 .3
F u e l s a n d l u b r i c a n t s .....................................................................
July
Aug.
Sept.
9 6 .1
9 5 .9
9 5 .4
9 4 .5
9 3 .2
9 4 .4
9 0 .9
8 8 .3
9 4 .7
9 4 .1
9 4 .7
9 0 .5
8 7 .9
8 5 .7
8 5 .6
8 4 .7
9 1 .6
9 7 .1
9 4 .6
9 1 .0
9 0 .9
9 0 .4
8 9 .3
8 8 .9
8 8 .0
8 7 .0
8 7 .5
9 0 .3
8 8 .9
8 8 .0
8 7 .0
1 0 2 .2
1 0 2 .2
1 0 0 .8
9 5 .8
9 4 .1
9 2 .8
8 6 .8
N o n a g ric u ltu ra l s u p p lie s a n d m a te r ia ls ,
e x c l u d i n g f u e l a n d b u i l d in g m a t e r i a l s ............................
9 2 .8
9 2 .4
9 2 .3
9 1 .4
9 0 .4
9 0 .3
8 9 .7
8 9 .5
8 9 .4
8 8 .7
8 7 .9
8 7 .6
S e l e c t e d b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l s ................................................
9 2 .8
9 1 .2
8 9 .3
8 9 .3
8 9 .1
8 8 .5
8 8 .0
8 7 .5
8 6 .6
8 6 .0
8 6 .3
8 6 .7
8 6 .7
C a p i t a l g o o d s ............................................................................................
9 9 .5
9 9 .3
9 9 .3
9 8 .9
9 8 .8
9 8 .8
9 8 .5
9 8 .3
9 8 .2
9 7 .7
9 7 .6
9 7 .4
9 7 .3
1 0 0 .3
E l e c t r i c a n d e l e c t r i c a l g e n e r a t i n g e q u i p m e n t ..............
1 0 1 .8
1 0 1 .9
1 0 2 .2
1 0 2 .2
1 0 1 .7
1 01.1
1 0 1 .3
1 0 0 .8
1 0 0 .8
1 0 0 .5
1 0 0 .5
1 0 0 .3
N o n e l e c t r i c a l m a c h i n e r y ..............................................................
9 6 .7
9 6 .5
9 6 .4
9 5 .9
9 5 .8
9 5 .8
9 5 .5
9 5 .2
9 5 .2
9 4 .5
9 4 .4
9 4 .2
9 4 .0
A u t o m o t i v e v e h i c l e s , p a r t s , a n d e n g i n e s .............................
1 02.1
1 0 2 .2
1 0 2 .3
1 0 2 .3
1 0 2 .3
1 0 2 .2
1 0 2 .2
1 0 2 .3
1 0 2 .3
1 0 2 .3
1 0 2 .4
1 0 2 .4
1 0 2 .4
C o n s u m e r g o o d s , e x c l u d i n g a u t o m o t i v e .............................
1 0 2 .6
1 0 2 .6
1 0 2 .6
1 0 2 .7
1 0 2 .5
1 0 2 .5
1 0 2 .5
1 0 2 .2
1 0 2 .3
1 0 1 .9
1 0 1 .9
1 0 1 .9
1 0 2 .0
N o n d u r a b l e s , m a n u f a c t u r e d .....................................................
1 0 2 .3
1 02.1
1 0 2 .0
102 .1
1 0 2 .2
1 0 2 .2
1 0 2 .3
1 02.1
1 0 2 .2
1 0 2 .0
1 02.1
1 0 1 .8
1 0 1 .9
D u r a b l e s , m a n u f a c t u r e d ..............................................................
1 0 1 .9
1 0 2 .2
1 02.1
1 0 2 .0
1 0 1 .7
1 0 1 .6
1 0 1 .3
1 01.1
1 0 1 .3
1 0 0 .7
1 0 0 .5
1 0 0 .9
1 0 0 .9
1 0 0 .2
9 8 .4
9 9 .1
9 8 .3
9 5 .6
9 4 .2
9 3 .7
9 2 .2
9 3 .1
9 3 .1
9 3 .4
8 9 .7
8 7 .4
9 8 .8
9 8 .6
9 8 .5
9 8 .1
9 7 .7
9 7 .5
9 7 .2
9 7 .0
9 6 .9
9 6 .4
9 6 .1
9 6 .0
9 5 .7
A g r ic u lt u r a l c o m m o d i t i e s ..................................................
N o n a g r i c u l t u r a l c o m m o d i t i e s ..................................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
109
Current Labor Statistics:
37.
Price Data
U.S. import price indexes by end-use category
[1995= 100]
1998
1997
Category
May
June
July
Aug.
ALL COMMODITIES..............................................
9 7 .8
9 8 .0
9 7 .6
9 6 .6
9 5 .3
9 4 .4
9 3 .6
9 3 .3
9 3 .2
9 2 .6
9 1 .8
9 1 .5
9 1 .4
F o o d s , f e e d s , a n d b e v e r a g e s ......................................................
9 9 .6
9 8 .8
9 7 .9
9 8 .1
9 7 .7
9 6 .7
9 6 .6
9 7 .4
9 6 .4
9 7 .1
9 6 .4
9 4 .1
9 5 .6
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
Sept.
A g r ic u lt u r a l f o o d s , f e e d s , a n d b e v e r a g e s ......................
9 7 .9
9 6 .3
9 5 .2
9 5 .7
9 5 .3
9 3 .6
9 3 .4
9 4 .3
9 2 .7
9 2 .8
9 2 .6
8 9 .8
9 2 .2
N o n a g r i c u l t u r a l (f is h , b e v e r a g e s ) f o o d p r o d u c t s .......
1 0 4 .1
1 0 5 .2
1 0 5 .2
1 0 4 .1
1 0 3 .9
1 0 4 .7
1 0 4 .9
1 0 5 .5
1 0 5 .8
1 0 8 .3
1 0 6 .2
1 0 5 .3
1 0 4 .5
I n d u s t r i a l s u p p l i e s a n d m a t e r i a l s ..............................................
1 01.1
1 0 2 .5
1 0 1 .8
9 8 .6
9 4 .6
9 2 .2
8 9 .9
8 9 .7
8 9 .9
8 8 .2
8 6 .4
8 6 .2
8 6.1
F u e l s a n d l u b r i c a n t s .......................................................................
1 0 7 .2
1 1 3 .2
1 1 1 .5
1 0 3 .3
9 3 .9
8 7 .9
8 1 .0
8 1 .2
8 1 .7
7 8 .5
7 5 .1
7 5 .3
7 6 .1
P e t r o l e u m a n d p e t r o l e u m p r o d u c t s ................................
1 0 5 .7
1 1 1 .6
1 0 7 .7
1 0 0 .4
9 0 .4
8 4 .5
7 6 .9
7 7 .2
7 7 .6
7 4 .2
7 0 .3
7 0 .9
7 1 .7
P a p e r a n d p a p e r b a s e s t o c k s ..................................................
8 3 .4
8 3 .7
8 4 .4
8 3 .3
8 2 .4
8 1 .3
8 1 .6
8 1 .4
8 0 .9
8 1 .7
8 1 .2
8 0 .3
7 9 .2
M a t e r i a l s a s s o c i a t e d w ith n o n d u r a b l e
s u p p l i e s a n d m a t e r i a l s ..............................................................
9 5 .4
9 4 .6
9 4 .3
9 3 .8
9 2 .7
9 2 .2
9 1 .8
9 1 .3
9 1 .3
9 1 .1
8 9 .8
8 9 .1
8 8 .7
S e l e c t e d b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l s .......................................................
1 1 1 .6
1 0 7 .6
1 0 8 .3
1 0 7 .6
1 0 5 .0
1 0 4 .7
1 0 4 .6
1 0 4 .3
1 0 2 .5
9 9 .7
1 0 2 .8
1 0 4 .2
1 0 4 .5
8 9 .0
U n f i n i s h e d m e t a l s a s s o c i a t e d w ith d u r a b l e g o o d s . .
9 8 .5
9 7 .4
9 6 .4
9 5 .5
9 4 .0
9 3 .8
9 4 .0
9 4 .1
9 5 .4
9 2 .9
9 0 .6
9 0 .2
N o n m e t a l s a s s o c i a t e d w ith d u r a b l e g o o d s ...................
9 4 .1
9 4 .2
9 4 .2
9 4 .2
9 3 .7
9 2 .6
9 2 .3
9 1 .6
9 1 .3
9 1 .5
8 9 .8
8 9 .4
8 8 .6
C a p i t a l g o o d s ............................................................................................
9 0 .5
8 9 .8
8 9 .4
8 9 .0
8 8 .2
8 7 .4
8 7 .0
8 6 .5
8 6 .2
8 5 .6
8 5 .0
8 4 .7
8 4 .3
9 2 .8
E l e c t r i c a n d e l e c t r i c a l g e n e r a t i n g e q u i p m e n t ...............
9 6 .8
9 6 .8
9 6 .6
9 6 .0
9 5 .5
9 5 .8
9 5 .5
9 5 .0
9 4 .7
9 4 .8
9 4 .1
9 4 .1
N o n e l e c t r i c a l m a c h i n e r y ..............................................................
8 8 .3
8 7 .4
8 7 .0
8 6 .5
8 5 .7
8 4 .7
8 4 .2
8 3 .7
8 3 .4
8 2 .7
8 2 .0
8 1 .7
8 1 .4
A u t o m o t i v e v e h i c l e s , p a r t s , a n d e n g i n e s ...........................
1 0 1 .2
1 0 1 .4
1 0 1 .4
1 0 1 .3
1 0 1 .3
1 0 1 .3
1 0 1 .4
1 0 1 .3
101 .1
1 0 1 .0
1 0 0 .9
1 0 0 .7
1 0 0 .6
C o n s u m e r g o o d s , e x c l u d i n g a u t o m o t i v e .............................
9 9 .2
9 9 .3
9 9 .1
9 9 .2
9 9 .0
9 9 .2
9 8 .6
9 8 .3
9 8 .3
9 8 .2
9 8 .1
9 7 .9
9 7 .8
N o n d u r a b l e s , m a n u f a c t u r e d .....................................................
1 0 0 .8
101 .1
1 0 0 .8
1 0 1 .0
1 0 1 .0
1 0 1 .0
1 0 0 .9
1 0 0 .7
1 0 0 .7
1 0 0 .9
1 0 0 .8
1 0 0 .8
1 0 0 .8
9 7 .4
9 7 .3
9 7 .1
9 7 .2
9 6 .9
9 6 .6
9 6 .3
9 5 .9
9 5 .8
9 5 .3
9 5 .1
9 4 .9
9 4 .8
N o n m a n u f a c t u r e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s ....................................
9 9 .9
1 0 1 .4
100.1
9 9 .4
9 8 .9
1 0 5 .8
9 8 .1
9 7 .5
9 9 .3
9 8 .7
9 8 .7
9 7 .1
9 7 .7
38.
U.S. international price Indexes for selected categories of services
[1990 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]
1996
Category
Sept.
1997
Dec.
Mar.
June
1998
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
Sept.
A ir f r e i g h t ( i n b o u n d ) ( 9 / 9 0 - 1 0 0 ) ..................................................
9 5 .6
9 5 .0
8 9 .5
8 9 .9
8 8 .5
8 6 .5
8 2 .9
8 3 .4
A ir f r e i g h t ( o u t b o u n d ) ( 9 / 9 2 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................
9 8 .9
9 9 .2
9 9 .8
9 9 .2
9 9 .6
9 7 .7
9 7 .2
9 6 .0
9 5 .8
A ir p a s s e n g e r f a r e s ( U .S . c a r r i e r s ) ...............................................
1 0 7 .3
1 0 1 .6
9 7 .1
112 .1
1 0 9 .2
9 9 .5
9 9 .3
1 0 7 .8
1 0 7 .3
A ir p a s s e n g e r f a r e s ( f o r e i g n c a r r i e r s ) .........................................
1 0 5 .5
1 0 0 .7
9 8 .5
1 0 6 .1
1 0 4 .6
9 9 .7
9 7 .6
1 0 2 .4
1 0 4 .2
O c e a n l i n e r f r e i g h t ( i n b o u n d ) ............................................................
9 8 .0
9 8 .4
9 7 .6
9 6 .8
9 4 .9
9 2 .9
9 3 .0
1 0 3 .2
1 0 5 .0
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8 1 .8
39.
Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs, quarterly data seasonally adjusted
[1992= 100]
_____________________________
Quarterly indexes
1995
Item
III
1996
IV
I
II
1997
III
IV
1
II
1998
III
IV
I
II
III
Business
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ........................................................
1 0 1 .0
1 0 1 .8
1 0 2 .9
1 0 3 .8
1 0 3 .8
1 0 4 .2
1 0 4 .5
1 0 5 .0
1 0 6 .0
1 0 6 .2
1 0 7 .3
1 0 7 .3
1 0 8 .1
C o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r .........................................................................
1 0 7 .2
1 0 8 .2
1 0 8 .8
1 1 0 .3
1 1 1 .4
1 1 2 .3
1 1 3 .4
1 1 4 .1
1 1 5 .3
1 1 6 .8
1 1 8 .2
1 1 9 .4
1 2 0 .5
R e a l c o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r ............................................................
9 8 .3
9 8 .6
9 8 .4
9 8 .9
9 9 .3
9 9 .3
9 9 .7
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .5
1 0 1 .3
1 0 2 .4
1 0 2 .9
1 0 3 .4
U n it l a b o r c o s t s ...........................................................................................
1 0 6 .1
1 0 6 .2
1 0 5 .7
1 0 6 .3
1 0 7 .3
1 0 7 .8
1 0 8 .5
1 0 8 .7
1 0 8 .8
1 1 0 .0
1 1 0 .2
1 1 1 .3
1 1 1 .5
U n it n o n l a b o r p a y m e n t s .......................................................................
1 0 8 .9
1 0 9 .6
1 1 1 .9
1 12.1
1 1 1 .5
1 1 1 .8
1 1 2 .4
1 1 3 .1
1 1 3 .8
1 1 2 .4
1 1 2 .2
1 1 0 .5
1 1 0 .4
I m p lic it p r i c e d e f l a t o r ..............................................................................
1 0 7 .1
1 0 7 .4
1 0 7 .9
1 0 8 .4
1 0 8 .8
1 0 9 .2
1 0 9 .9
1 1 0 .3
1 1 0 .6
1 1 0 .8
1 1 0 .9
1 1 1 .0
1 1 1 .1
Nonfarm business
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ..........................................................
1 0 1 .3
1 0 2 .0
1 0 3 .0
1 0 3 .8
1 0 3 .8
1 0 4 .1
1 0 4 .2
1 0 4 .7
1 0 5 .6
1 0 5 .9
1 0 6 .8
1 0 6 .8
1 0 7 .6
C o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r ........................................................................
1 0 7 .0
1 0 7 .9
1 0 8 .6
1 1 0 .0
1 1 1 .0
1 1 2 .0
1 1 3 .1
1 1 3 .8
1 1 4 .9
1 1 6 .3
1 1 7 .6
1 1 8 .8
1 2 0 .0
R e a l c o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r ............................................................
9 8 .2
9 8 .4
9 8 .3
9 8 .6
9 8 .9
9 8 .9
9 9 .4
9 9 .7
1 0 0 .2
1 0 0 .9
1 0 1 .9
1 0 2 .4
1 0 3 .0
1 0 5 .6
1 0 5 .8
1 0 5 .4
1 0 6 .0
1 0 7 .0
1 0 7 .5
1 0 8 .5
1 0 8 .7
1 0 8 .8
1 0 9 .9
1 1 0 .2
1 1 1 .2
1 1 1 .5
U n it n o n l a b o r p a y m e n t s ........................................................................
1 1 0 .0
1 1 0 .3
1 1 2 .3
1 1 2 .3
1 1 1 .6
1 1 2 .2
1 1 2 .8
1 1 3 .6
1 1 4 .5
1 1 3 .3
1 1 3 .2
1 1 1 .5
1 1 1 .4
I m p lic it p r i c e d e f l a t o r ................................................................................
1 0 7 .2
1 0 7 .4
1 0 7 .9
1 0 8 .2
1 0 8 .6
1 0 9 .2
1 1 0 .0
1 1 0 .4
1 1 0 .8
1 11 .1
1 1 1 .2
1 1 1 .3
1 1 1 .4
U n it l a b o r c o s t s ...................................................................................
Nonfinancial corporations
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll e m p l o y e e s ...................................................
1 0 5 .3
1 0 6 .0
1 0 6 .4
1 0 7 .2
1 0 8 .0
1 0 8 .6
1 0 9 .0
1 0 9 .7
1 1 1 .2
1 1 1 .4
1 1 2 .2
1 1 3 .0
1 1 4 .3
C o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r .........................................................................
1 0 6 .4
1 0 7 .3
1 0 7 .7
1 0 9 .0
110.1
1 1 0 .9
1 1 1 .8
1 1 2 .6
1 1 3 .7
1 1 5 .1
1 1 6 .2
1 1 7 .5
1 1 8 .7
R e a l c o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r ..............................................................
T o t a l u n i t c o s t s ................................................................................
9 7 .6
9 7 .8
9 7 .4
9 7 .7
9 8 .1
9 8 .0
9 8 .3
9 8 .6
9 9 .2
9 9 .9
1 0 0 .6
1 0 1 .2
1 0 1 .8
1 0 0 .4
1 0 0 .5
1 0 0 .6
1 0 0 .7
1 0 0 .8
1 0 0 .9
1 0 1 .2
1 0 1 .2
1 0 0 .7
1 0 1 .3
1 0 1 .4
1 0 1 .7
1 0 1 .6
1 0 3 .9
1 0 3 .8
U n it l a b o r c o s t s ..........................................................................................
1 01.1
1 01.1
1 0 1 .2
1 0 1 .7
1 0 1 .9
1 02.1
1 0 2 .6
1 0 2 .6
1 0 2 .3
1 0 3 .3
1 0 3 .5
U n it n o n l a b o r c o s t s ................................................................................
9 8 .4
9 8 .8
9 8 .7
9 7 .9
9 7 .5
9 7 .4
9 7 .3
9 7 .1
9 6 .4
9 5 .7
9 5 .4
9 5 .5
9 5 .2
U n it p r o f i t s ........................................................................................................
1 4 8 .5
1 4 9 .0
1 5 3 .7
1 5 4 .1
1 5 5 .3
1 5 5 .4
1 5 6 .6
1 5 7 .3
1 6 1 .7
1 5 5 .7
1 5 3 .5
1 5 0 .4
1 5 1 .6
U n it n o n l a b o r p a y m e n t s .........................................................................
1 1 2 .3
1 1 2 .7
1 1 3 .9
1 1 3 .5
1 1 3 .5
1 1 3 .5
1 1 3 .7
1 1 3 .8
1 1 4 .5
1 1 2 .3
1 1 1 .5
1 1 0 .7
1 1 0 .8
I m p lic it p r i c e d e f l a t o r ................................................................................
1 0 4 .8
1 0 4 .9
1 0 5 .4
1 0 5 .5
1 0 5 .7
1 0 5 .8
1 0 6 .2
1 0 6 .3
1 0 6 .3
1 0 6 .3
1 0 6 .2
1 0 6 .1
1 0 6 .1
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ..........................................................
1 1 0 .0
1 1 1 .2
1 1 2 .5
1 1 3 .9
1 1 5 .5
1 1 6 .4
1 1 7 .5
1 1 8 .8
1 2 1 .4
1 2 2 .7
1 2 3 .2
1 2 4 .4
1 2 6 .0
C o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r ........................................................................
1 0 8 .8
1 0 9 .3
1 0 9 .2
1 1 0 .3
1 1 1 .2
1 1 1 .9
1 1 3 .0
1 1 4 .0
1 1 5 .5
1 1 7 .8
1 1 9 .0
1 1 9 .7
1 2 0 .7
R e a l c o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r ..............................................................
9 9 .8
9 9 .6
9 8 .8
9 8 .9
9 9 .1
9 8 .9
9 9 .3
9 9 .9
1 0 0 .7
1 0 2 .2
1 0 3 .1
1 0 3 .2
1 0 3 .6
U n it l a b o r c o s t s .........................................................................
9 8 .8
9 8 .3
9 7 .1
9 6 .8
9 6 .3
9 6 .1
9 6 .2
9 5 .9
9 5 .2
9 6 .0
9 6 .6
9 6 .3
9 5 .8
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40.
Productivity Data
Annual indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, selected years
[1992 = 100]
1960
Item
1970
1973
1980
1989
1990
1991
1993
1994
1995
1996
Private business
P ro d u c tiv ity :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s .......................................................
5 0 .8
7 0 .1
7 5 .5
8 3 .8
9 5 .4
9 6 .1
9 6 .7
1 0 0 .2
1 0 0 .5
1 0 0 .5
1 0 2 .6
O u t p u t p e r u n i t o f c a p i t a l s e r v i c e s .............................................
1 1 9 .1
1 1 7 .8
1 2 2 .0
1 0 8 .1
1 0 3 .9
1 02.1
9 8 .6
1 0 0 .7
1 0 2 .3
1 0 1 .5
1 0 1 .3
M u l ti f a c t o r p r o d u c t i v i t y .......................................................................
7 0 .9
8 6 .6
9 4 .6
9 5 .4
9 9 .9
9 9 .5
9 8 .1
1 0 0 .2
1 0 0 .6
1 0 0 .3
1 0 1 .3
O u t p u t ..................................................................................................................
3 4 .0
5 1 .6
6 1 .3
7 2 .6
9 7 .8
9 8 .6
9 6 .9
1 0 2 .7
1 0 7 .0
1 0 9 .6
1 1 3 .4
In p u ts :
6 0 .7
6 8 .4
7 2 .6
8 0 .5
9 9 .7
1 0 0 .3
9 9 .0
1 0 2 .8
1 0 7 .2
1 0 9 .9
1 1 2 .0
C a p i t a l s e r v i c e s .......................................................................................
2 8 .6
4 3 .8
5 0 .3
6 7 .2
9 4 .1
9 6 .6
9 8 .3
1 0 2 .0
1 0 4 .6
1 0 8 .0
1 1 2 .0
C o m b i n e d u n i t s o f l a b o r a n d c a p i t a l i n p u t ...........................
4 8 .0
5 9 .6
6 4 .8
7 6 .1
9 7 .9
9 9 .1
9 8 .8
1 0 2 .6
1 0 6 .4
1 0 9 .3
1 1 2 .0
C a p i t a l p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s .........................................................
4 2 .7
5 9 .5
6 3 .9
7 7 .5
9 1 .8
9 4 .1
9 8 .1
9 9 .5
9 8 .3
9 9 .1
1 0 1 .3
Private nonfarm business
P ro d u c tiv ity :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ......................................................
O u t p u t p e r u n i t o f c a p i t a l s e r v i c e s ..............................................
5 4 .3
7 2 .2
8 0 .3
8 5 .5
9 5 .7
9 6 .2
9 6 .9
1 00.1
1 0 0 .5
1 0 0 .7
1 0 2 .6
1 2 7 .4
1 2 4 .3
1 2 8 .2
1 1 1 .3
1 0 4 .5
1 0 2 .5
9 8 .8
1 0 0 .8
1 02.1
1 0 1 .4
1 01.1
M u l ti f a c t o r p r o d u c t i v i t y .........................................................................
7 5 .0
8 9 .3
9 7 .5
9 7 .5
1 0 0 .4
9 9 .7
9 8 .3
1 0 0 .2
1 0 0 .5
1 0 0 .3
1 0 1 .2
O u t p u t ...................................................................................................................
3 3 .7
5 1 .8
6 1 .8
7 3 .1
9 8 .1
9 8 .8
9 7 .0
1 0 3 .0
1 0 7 .1
1 0 9 .9
1 1 3 .7
In p u ts :
L a b o r i n p u t ...................................................................................................
5 6 .5
6 6 .7
7 1 .2
7 9 .4
9 9 .6
1 0 0 .3
9 8 .9
1 0 3 .1
1 0 7 .3
1 1 0 .0
1 1 2 .3
C a p i t a l s e r v i c e s .........................................................................................
2 6 .5
4 1 .7
4 8 .2
6 5 .6
9 3 .9
9 6 .4
9 8 .2
1 0 2 .2
1 0 4 .9
1 0 8 .4
1 1 2 .5
C o m b i n e d u n i t s o f l a b o r a n d c a p i t a l i n p u t ............................
4 4 .9
5 8 .0
6 3 .4
7 4 .9
9 7 .8
9 9 .1
9 8 .6
1 0 2 .8
1 0 6 .6
1 0 9 .5
1 1 2 .4
C a p i t a l p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s .........................................................
4 2 .6
5 8 .1
6 2 .6
7 6 .8
9 1 .6
9 3 .9
9 8 .0
9 9 .3
9 8 .4
9 9 .3
1 0 1 .5
Manufacturing
P r o d u c tiv ity :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ......................................................
O u t p u t p e r u n i t o f c a p i t a l s e r v i c e s ..............................................
4 1 .0
5 4 .8
6 2 .2
7 0 .5
9 0 .8
9 3 .0
9 4 .9
1 0 2 .0
1 0 5 .2
1 0 9 .6
1 1 4 .7
1 2 6 .3
1 1 9 .6
1 2 9 .1
1 0 3 .1
1 0 3 .7
1 01.1
9 7 .2
1 0 1 .7
1 0 5 .3
1 0 6 .7
1 0 7 .4
M u l ti f a c t o r p r o d u c t i v i t y .........................................................................
7 1 .7
8 3 .2
9 0 .8
8 6 .9
9 9 .6
9 9 .2
9 8 .3
1 0 1 .3
1 0 4 .3
1 0 8 .3
1 11 .1
O u t p u t ..................................................................................................................
3 7 .7
5 7 .1
6 8 .7
7 5 .8
9 7 .4
9 7 .5
9 5 .4
1 0 3 .4
1 0 9 .1
1 1 4 .1
1 1 8 .8
H o u r s o f a ll p e r s o n s ..............................................................................
9 2 .0
1 0 4 .2
1 1 0 .5
1 0 7 .6
1 0 7 .2
1 0 4 .8
1 0 0 .6
1 0 1 .4
1 0 3 .7
1 0 4 .1
1 0 3 .6
C a p i t a l s e r v i c e s .........................................................................................
2 9 .8
4 7 .8
5 3 .2
7 3 .5
9 3 .9
9 6 .5
9 8 .2
1 0 1 .7
1 0 3 .7
1 0 6 .9
1 1 0 .6
In p u ts :
N O T E : P r o d u c t i v i t y a n d o u t p u t in t h i s t a b l e h a v e n o t b e e n r e v i s e d f o r c o n s i s t e n c y w ith t h e D e c e m b e r 1 9 9 1 c o m p r e h e n s i v e r e v i s i o n s t o t h e N a ti o n a l I n c o m e a n d
P ro d u c t A c c o u n ts .
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41.
Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years
[1 9 9 2 = 10 0 ]
Item
1960
1970
1973
1980
1988
1989
1990
1991
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
Business
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s .......................................................
5 1 .4
7 0 .6
7 8 .4
8 4 .2
9 4 .7
9 5 .5
9 6 .1
9 6 .7
1 00.1
1 0 0 .7
1 0 1 .0
1 0 3 .7
1 0 5 .4
C o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r .........................................................................
1 3 .7
2 3 .6
2 9 .0
5 4 .5
8 3 .6
8 5 .9
9 0 .8
9 5 .1
1 0 2 .5
1 0 4 .4
1 0 6 .8
1 1 0 .7
1 1 4 .9
m n 5
R e a l c o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r ............................................................
6 4 .7
8 5 .4
91 6
92 8
99 1
97 2
97 4
98 0
99 5
98 8
98 4
99 0
U n it l a b o r c o s t s ...........................................................................................
2 6 .6
3 3 .5
37 0
64 7
88 3
90 0
94 4
98 3
10P 4
103 7
105 8
1 o fi a
io q
U n it n o n l a b o r p a y m e n t s .......................................................................
2 4 .6
3 0 .6
3 6 .6
5 9 .6
84 1
91 3
93 5
96 6
102 7
106 8
108 8
111 8
1 1P 9
I m p lic it p r i c e d e f l a t o r ..............................................................................
2 5 .8
3 2 .4
3 6 .8
6 2 .8
8 6 .8
9 0 .4
9 4 .1
9 7 .7
1 0 2 .5
1 0 4 .8
1 0 6 .9
1 0 8 .6
1 1 0 .4
n
Nonfarm business
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ..........................................................
5 4 .8
7 2 .7
8 0 .7
8 6 .0
9 5 .3
9 5 .8
9 6 .3
9 7 .0
1 00.1
1 0 0 .6
1 0 1 .2
1 0 3 .7
1 0 5 .1
C o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r ........................................................................
1 4 .3
2 3 .8
2 9 .2
5 4 .8
8 3 .7
8 6 .0
9 0 .7
9 5 .1
1 0 2 .2
1 0 4 .2
1 0 6 .7
1 1 0 .4
1 1 4 .5
R e a l c o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r ............................................................
6 7 .8
8 6.1
9 2 .3
9 3 .4
9 9 .3
9 7 .3
9 7 .3
9 8 .0
9 9 .3
9 8 .7
9 8 .2
9 8 .7
1 00 .1
U n it l a b o r c o s t s ...........................................................................................
2 6 .1
3 2 .8
3 6 .2
6 3 .8
8 7 .8
8 9 .7
9 4 .2
9 8 .1
1 0 2 .2
1 0 3 .6
1 0 5 .4
1 0 6 .5
1 0 9 .0
U n i t n o n l a b o r p a y m e n t s ........................................................................
2 4 .0
3 0 .3
3 4 .3
5 8 .6
8 3 .8
9 0 .7
9 3 .1
9 6 .8
1 0 3 .1
1 0 7 .4
1 0 9 .9
1 12 .1
1 1 3 .6
I m p lic it p r i c e d e f l a t o r ................................................................................
2 5 .3
3 1 .9
3 5 .5
6 1 .9
8 6 .4
9 0 .0
9 3 .8
9 7 .6
1 0 2 .5
1 0 4 .9
1 0 7 .0
1 0 8 .5
1 1 0 .6
Nonfinancial corporations
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll e m p l o y e e s ..................................................
5 4 .5
6 9 .1
7 4 .5
8 0 .4
9 6 .9
9 5 .5
9 6 .1
9 7 .6
101 .1
1 0 3 .5
1 0 4 .7
1 0 7 .6
1 1 0 .4
C o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r .........................................................................
1 5 .6
2 5 .4
3 0 .8
5 6 .7
8 4 .9
8 7 .1
9 1 .5
9 5 .7
1 0 2 .0
1 0 4 .1
1 0 6 .2
1 0 9 .5
1 1 3 .4
R e a l c o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r ............................................................
7 3 .9
9 1 .7
9 7 .2
9 6 .5
1 0 0 .7
9 8 .5
9 8 .2
9 8 .5
9 9 .1
9 8 .5
9 7 .8
9 7 .9
9 9 .1
T o t a l u n i t c o s t s .............................................................................................
2 7 .8
3 6 .1
4 0 .3
7 0 .2
8 8 .2
9 2 .5
9 6 .2
9 9 .3
1 0 0 .5
1 0 0 .3
1 0 0 .8
1 0 0 .7
1 01 .1
100fi
U n it l a b o r c o s t s .........................................................................................
2 8 .6
3 6 .7
4 1 .3
70 5
87 7
91 1
95 P
98 n
100 9
U n i t n o n l a b o r c o s t s ...............................................................................
2 5 .3
3 4 .3
37 5
69 2
89 7
96 3
99 1
103 0
99 4
QQ 7
QQ 0
97 9
U n it p r o f i t s ........................................................................................................
4 7 .7
4 2 .0
5 2 .8
6 4 .4
1 0 3 .8
9 6 .0
9 4 .6
9 3 .9
1 1 3 .3
1 3 4 .5
1 4 3 .6
1 5 4 .6
1 5 7 .8
U n it n o n l a b o r p a y m e n t s ........................................................................
3 1 .5
3 6 .4
4 1 .7
6 7 .9
9 3 .6
9 6 .2
9 7 .9
1 0 0 .5
1 0 3 .2
1 0 9 .4
1 1 1 .4
1 1 3 .6
1 1 3 .6
I m p lic it p r i c e d e f l a t o r ................................................................................
2 9 .6
3 6 .6
4 1 .5
6 9 .7
8 9 .6
9 2 .8
9 6 .1
9 8 .8
1 0 1 .7
1 0 3 .4
1 0 4 .7
1 0 5 .6
1 0 6 .3
Manufacturing
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ..........................................................
4 0 .9
5 4 .7
6 2 .2
7 0 .5
9 0 .9
9 0 .9
9 3 .0
9 5 .0
1 0 2 .0
1 0 5 .2
1 0 9 .6
1 1 4 .6
1 20 .1
C o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r .........................................................................
1 4 .9
2 3 .8
2 8 .7
5 5 .8
8 4 .2
8 6 .9
9 1 .0
9 5 .8
1 0 2 .9
1 0 5 .8
1 0 8 .3
1 1 0 .7
1 1 5 .1
R e a l c o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r ..............................................................
7 0 .7
8 6 .2
9 0 .6
9 5 .0
9 9 .9
9 8 .3
9 7 .7
9 8 .7
9 9 .9
1 00.1
9 9 .7
9 9 .0
1 0 0 .6
U n it l a b o r c o s t s ............................................................................................
3 6 .5
4 3 .6
4 6 .1
7 9 .2
9 2 .6
9 5 .5
9 7 .8
1 0 0 .9
1 0 0 .9
1 0 0 .4
9 8 .8
9 6 .6
9 5 .8
U n it n o n l a b o r p a y m e n t s ........................................................................
2 6 .4
3 0 .0
3 6 .8
7 9 .2
9 0 .8
9 5 .5
9 9 .2
9 8 .6
1 0 0 .8
1 0 2 .9
1 0 6 .7
1 0 9 .2
_
I m p lic it p r i c e d e f l a t o r ................................................................................
3 0 .2
3 5 .2
4 0 .4
7 9 .2
9 1 .5
9 5 .5
9 8 .7
9 9 .4
1 0 0 .8
1 0 1 .9
1 0 3 .7
1 0 4 .4
-
-
D a ta n o t a v a ila b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
113
Current Labor Statistics:
42.
Productivity Data
Annual indexes of output per hour for selected 3-digit SIC industries
[1987= 100]
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
Industry
SIC
C o p p e r o r e s ...........................................................................................
102
1 0 9 .2
1 0 6 .6
1 0 2 .7
1 0 0 .5
1 1 5 .2
1 1 8 .1
1 2 6 .0
1995
1 1 7 .2
1996
1 1 5 .8
G o l d a n d s i l v e r o r e s .......................................................................
104
1 0 1 .5
1 1 3 .3
1 2 2 .3
1 2 7 .4
1 4 1 .6
1 5 9 .8
1 6 0 .8
1 4 4 .2
1 3 4 .8
B i t u m i n o u s c o a l a n d l i g n ite m i n i n g .....................................
122
1 1 1 .7
1 1 7 .3
1 1 8 .7
1 2 2 .4
1 3 3 .0
1 4 1 .2
1 4 8 .1
1 5 5 .9
1 7 0 .4
C r u d e p e t r o l e u m a n d n a t u r a l g a s ........................................
131
1 0 1 .0
9 8 .0
9 7 .0
9 7 .9
1 02 .1
1 0 5 .9
1 1 2 .4
1 1 9 .4
1 2 6 .5
C r u s h e d a n d b r o k e n s t o n e ........................................................
142
1 0 1 .3
9 8 .7
1 0 2 .2
9 9 .8
1 0 5 .0
1 0 3 .6
1 0 8 .7
1 0 5 .3
1 0 7 .8
M e a t p r o d u c t s .....................................................................................
201
1 00.1
9 9 .3
9 7 .1
9 9 .7
1 0 4 .6
1 0 4 .3
1 0 1 .2
1 0 2 .4
9 7 .7
D a ir y p r o d u c t s .....................................................................................
202
1 0 8 .4
1 0 7 .8
1 0 7 .3
1 0 8 .4
1 1 1 .5
1 0 9 .7
1 1 1 .9
1 1 6 .6
1 1 5 .9
P r e s e r v e d f r u it s a n d v e g e t a b l e s ..........................................
203
9 7 .0
9 7 .8
9 5 .6
9 9 .2
1 0 0 .6
1 0 6 .8
1 0 7 .6
1 0 9 .1
1 0 9 .4
G r a i n m ill p r o d u c t s ..........................................................................
204
1 0 1 .3
1 0 7 .6
1 0 5 .3
1 0 4 .9
1 0 7 .7
1 0 9 .1
1 0 8 .4
1 1 5 .3
1 0 7 .7
B a k e r y p r o d u c t s ................................................................................
205
9 6 .8
9 6 .1
9 2 .7
9 0 .6
9 3 .8
9 4 .4
9 6 .4
9 7 .3
9 5 .4
S u g a r a n d c o n f e c t i o n e r y p r o d u c t s ......................................
206
9 9 .4
1 0 1 .5
1 0 2 .8
1 0 1 .3
9 9 .1
1 0 3 .9
1 0 5 .4
1 0 7 .5
1 1 2 .7
F a t s a n d o i l s .........................................................................................
207
1 0 8 .9
1 1 6 .4
1 1 8 .1
1 20.1
1 1 4 .1
1 1 2 .6
1 1 1 .8
1 2 0 .3
111 .1
B e v e r a g e s ..............................................................................................
208
1 0 6 .0
1 1 2 .7
1 1 7 .7
1 2 0 .5
1 2 7 .6
1 2 7 .0
1 3 0 .9
1 3 4 .3
1 3 5 .7
M i s c e l l a n e o u s f o o d a n d k i n d r e d p r o d u c t s ....................
209
1 0 7 .0
9 9 .3
9 9 .3
1 0 1 .6
1 0 1 .6
1 0 5 .3
1 0 1 .0
1 0 3 .1
1 0 7 .6
2 11
1 0 1 .2
1 0 9 .0
1 1 3 .2
1 0 7 .6
1 1 1 .6
1 0 6 .5
1 2 6 .6
1 4 2 .9
1 4 7 .7
B r o a d w o v e n f a b r i c m i ll s , c o t t o n ............................................
221
9 9 .6
9 9 .8
1 0 3 .1
1 1 1 .2
1 1 0 .3
1 1 7 .8
1 22 .1
1 3 4 .0
1 3 7 .8
B r o a d w o v e n f a b r i c m i ll s , m a n m a d e ...................................
222
9 9 .2
1 0 6 .3
1 1 1 .3
1 1 6 .2
1 2 6 .2
1 3 1 .7
1 4 2 .5
1 4 5 .2
1 5 1 .1
N a r r o w f a b r i c m i l l s ...........................................................................
224
1 0 8 .4
9 2 .7
9 6 .5
9 9 .6
1 1 2 .9
1 1 1 .4
1 20 .1
1 1 8 .9
1 2 7 .5
K n ittin g m i l l s .........................................................................................
225
9 6 .3
1 0 8 .0
1 0 7 .5
1 1 4 .1
1 1 9 .5
1 2 8 .1
1 3 4 .3
1 3 8 .6
1 5 0 .8
T e x t i l e f i n i s h i n g , e x c e p t w o o l .................................................
226
9 0 .3
8 8 .7
8 3 .4
7 9 .9
7 8 .6
7 9 .3
8 1 .2
7 8 .5
7 9 .8
C a r p e t s a n d r u g s ..............................................................................
227
9 8 .6
9 7 .8
9 3 .2
8 9 .2
9 6 .1
9 7 .1
9 3 .3
9 5 .8
1 0 1 .2
Y a r n a n d t h r e a d m i l l s ...................................................................
228
1 02 .1
1 0 4 .2
1 1 0 .2
1 1 1 .4
1 1 9 .6
1 2 6 .6
1 3 0 .7
1 3 7 .4
1 4 6 .6
M i s c e l l a n e o u s t e x t i l e g o o d s .....................................................
229
1 0 1 .6
1 0 9 .1
1 0 9 .2
1 0 4 .6
1 0 6 .5
1 1 0 .4
1 1 8 .5
1 2 3 .7
1 2 5 .4
M e n 's a n d b o y s ' s u i t s a n d c o a t s ..........................................
231
1 0 5 .1
9 7 .7
9 3 .9
9 0 .2
8 9 .0
9 7 .4
9 7 .7
9 2 .5
9 6 .5
M e n 's a n d b o y s ' f u r n i s h i n g s .....................................................
232
1 00.1
1 00 .1
102 .1
1 0 8 .4
1 0 9 .1
1 0 8 .4
1 1 1 .7
1 2 3 .4
1 3 4 .0
W o m e n 's a n d m i s s e s ' o u t e r w e a r ........................................
233
1 0 1 .4
9 6 .8
1 0 4 .1
1 0 4 .3
1 0 9 .4
1 2 1 .8
1 2 7 .4
1 3 5 .5
1 4 4 .2
W o m e n 's a n d c h i l d r e n 's u n d e r g a r m e n t s ........................
234
1 0 5 .4
9 4 .6
102 .1
1 1 3 .6
1 1 7 .4
1 2 4 .5
1 3 8 .0
1 6 1 .3
1 7 1 .6
H a t s , c a p s , a n d m i ll i n e r y ............................................................
235
9 9 .0
9 6 .4
8 9 .2
9 1 .1
9 3 .6
8 7 .2
7 7 .7
8 4 .3
8 0 .9
M i s c e l l a n e o u s a p p a r e l a n d a c c e s s o r i e s ........................
238
1 0 1 .3
8 8 .4
9 0 .6
9 1 .8
9 1 .3
9 4 .0
1 0 5 .5
1 1 6 .8
1 2 1 .3
1 0 6 .3
M i s c e l l a n e o u s f a b r i c a t e d t e x t i l e p r o d u c t s ....................
239
9 6 .6
9 5 .7
9 9 .9
1 0 0 .7
1 0 7 .5
1 0 8 .5
1 0 7 .8
1 0 9 .2
L o g g i n g ....................................................................................................
241
9 3 .7
8 9 .4
8 6 .3
8 6 .0
9 6 .2
8 8 .6
8 7 .8
8 6 .0
8 6 .0
S a w m i l l s a n d p l a n i n g m i l l s .......................................................
242
1 0 0 .7
9 9 .6
9 9 .8
1 0 2 .6
1 0 8 .1
1 0 1 .9
1 0 3 .3
1 1 0 .2
1 1 4 .9
M illw o r k , p l y w o o d , a n d s t r u c t u r a l m e m b e r s .................
243
9 8 .9
9 7 .1
9 8 .0
9 8 .0
9 9 .9
9 7 .0
9 4 .5
9 2 .7
9 2 .2
W o o d c o n t a i n e r s ..............................................................................
244
1 0 3 .1
1 0 8 .8
1 1 1 .2
1 1 3 .1
1 0 9 .4
100 .1
1 0 0 .9
1 0 6 .1
1 0 6 .5
W o o d b u i l d i n g s a n d m o b i le h o m e s ...................................
245
9 7 .8
9 8 .8
1 0 3 .1
1 0 3 .0
1 0 3 .1
1 0 3 .8
9 8 .3
9 7 .0
9 7 .0
M i s c e l l a n e o u s w o o d p r o d u c t s ...............................................
249
9 5 .9
1 0 2 .4
1 0 7 .7
1 1 0 .5
1 1 4 .2
1 1 5 .3
1 1 1 .8
1 1 5 .4
1 1 4 .2
251
9 9 .4
1 0 2 .0
1 0 4 .5
1 0 7 .1
1 1 0 .5
1 1 0 .6
1 1 2 .5
1 1 6 .9
1 2 2 .2
252
9 4 .3
9 7 .5
9 5 .0
9 4 .1
1 0 2 .5
1 0 3 .2
1 0 0 .5
1 01.1
1 0 6 .8
1 2 0 .2
1 4 0 .6
1 7 3 .3
1 7 9 .9
H o u s e h o l d f u r n i t u r e .........................................................................
P u b l i c b u i l d i n g a n d r e l a t e d f u r n i t u r e .................................
253
1 0 9 .6
1 1 3 .7
1 1 9 .8
1 6 1 .0
1 5 7 .4
P a r t i t i o n s a n d f i x t u r e s ...................................................................
254
9 5 .7
9 2 .4
9 5 .6
9 3 .0
1 0 2 .7
1 0 7 .4
9 8 .9
1 0 1 .2
9 7 .3
M i s c e l l a n e o u s f u r n i t u r e a n d f i x t u r e s .................................
259
1 0 3 .6
1 0 1 .9
1 0 3 .5
1 02 .1
9 9 .5
1 0 3 .6
1 0 4 .7
1 1 0 .0
1 1 3 .6
P u l p m i l l s ................................................................................................
261
9 9 .6
1 0 7 .4
1 1 6 .7
1 2 8 .3
1 3 7 .3
1 2 2 .5
1 2 8 .9
1 3 1 .9
1 3 2 .7
P a p e r m i l l s .............................................................................................
262
1 0 3 .9
1 0 3 .6
1 0 2 .3
9 9 .2
1 0 3 .3
1 0 2 .4
1 1 0 .2
1 1 9 .0
1 1 1 .9
263
1 0 5 .5
1 0 1 .9
1 0 0 .6
1 0 1 .4
1 0 4 .4
1 0 8 .4
1 1 4 .9
1 1 9 .5
1 1 8 .7
P a p e r b o a r d c o n t a i n e r s a n d b o x e s .....................................
265
9 9 .7
1 0 1 .5
1 0 1 .3
1 0 3 .4
1 0 5 .2
1 0 7 .9
1 0 8 .4
1 0 5 .1
1 0 6 .5
M i s c e l l a n e o u s c o n v e r t e d p a p e r p r o d u c t s ....................
267
1 01.1
1 0 1 .6
1 0 1 .4
1 0 5 .4
1 0 5 .5
1 0 8 .0
1 1 0 .8
1 1 3 .4
1 1 4 .6
271
9 6 .9
9 5 .2
9 0 .6
8 5 .8
8 1 .5
7 9 .4
7 9 .9
7 9 .0
7 7 .1
P e r i o d i c a l s .............................................................................................
272
9 7 .9
9 8 .3
9 3 .9
8 9 .5
9 2 .9
8 9 .6
8 2 .4
8 8 .5
9 0 .9
1 0 0 .5
B o o k s ........................................................................................................
273
9 9 .1
9 4 .1
9 6 .6
1 0 0 .8
9 7 .7
1 0 3 .5
1 0 3 .0
1 0 1 .5
M i s c e l l a n e o u s p u b l i s h i n g ..........................................................
274
9 6 .7
8 9 .0
9 2 .2
9 5 .9
1 0 5 .8
1 0 4 .5
9 7 .5
9 4 .8
9 3 .4
C o m m e r c i a l p r i n t i n g .......................................................................
275
1 0 0 .0
1 01.1
1 0 2 .5
1 0 2 .0
1 0 8 .0
1 0 6 .9
1 0 6 .5
1 0 7 .2
1 0 8 .7
M a n i f o l d b u s i n e s s f o r m s ............................................................
276
9 8 .7
8 9 .7
9 3 .0
8 9 .1
9 4 .5
9 1 .1
8 2 .0
7 6 .9
7 4 .5
G r e e t i n g c a r d s ....................................................................................
277
1 00.1
1 0 9 .1
1 0 0 .6
9 2 .7
9 6 .7
9 1 .4
8 9 .0
9 2 .5
9 1 .8
B l a n k b o o k s a n d b o o k b i n d i n g .................................................
278
9 5 .6
9 4 .2
9 9 .4
9 6 .1
1 0 3 .6
9 8 .7
1 0 5 .4
1 0 8 .7
1 1 5 .0
P r i n t i n g t r a d e s e r v i c e s .................................................................
279
9 9 .9
9 4 .3
9 9 .3
1 0 0 .6
1 1 2 .0
1 1 5 .3
1 1 1 .0
1 1 6 .7
1 2 6 .7
I n d u s t r i a l i n o r g a n i c c h e m i c a l s ...............................................
281
1 0 5 .7
1 0 4 .2
1 0 6 .7
1 0 9 .6
1 0 9 .6
1 0 5 .4
1 0 2 .0
1 0 9 .2
1 1 0 .4
P l a s t i c s m a t e r i a l s a n d s y n t h e t i c s ........................................
282
9 8 .8
9 9 .7
1 0 0 .9
1 0 0 .0
1 0 7 .5
1 1 1 .9
1 2 5 .0
1 2 8 .7
1 2 5 .1
1 1 2 .9
D r u g s .........................................................................................................
283
1 01.1
1 0 2 .9
1 0 3 .9
1 0 4 .7
9 9 .6
1 0 0 .0
1 0 5 .5
1 0 8 .9
S o a p s , c l e a n e r s , a n d t o i l e t g o o d s ......................................
284
1 0 2 .0
1 0 0 .7
1 0 3 .8
1 0 5 .3
1 0 4 .4
1 0 8 .7
1 1 1 .2
1 1 8 .6
1 2 1 .4
P a i n t s a n d a l l i e d p r o d u c t s ........................................................
285
1 0 1 .4
1 0 3 .3
1 0 6 .3
1 0 4 .3
1 0 2 .9
1 0 8 .8
1 1 6 .7
1 1 8 .0
1 2 4 .2
I n d u s t r i a l o r g a n i c c h e m i c a l s ...................................................
286
1 0 9 .8
1 1 0 .3
1 0 1 .4
9 5 .8
9 4 .5
9 2 .2
1 0 0 .0
98 8
98 4
A g r ic u lt u r a l c h e m i c a l s ..................................................................
287
1 0 3 .8
1 0 4 .5
1 0 5 .0
9 9 .9
9 9 .9
1 0 4 .3
1 0 5 .7
1 0 9 .0
1 1 1 .4
M i s c e l l a n e o u s c h e m i c a l p r o d u c t s ......................................
289
9 5 .4
9 5 .2
9 7 .3
9 6 .1
1 0 1 .8
1 0 7 .1
1 0 5 .7
1 0 7 .8
1 1 0 .2
P e t r o l e u m r e f i n i n g ...........................................................................
291
1 0 5 .3
1 0 9 .6
1 0 9 .2
1 0 6 .6
1 1 1 .3
1 20 .1
1 2 3 .8
1 3 2 .3
1 4 2 .0
A s p h a l t p a v i n g a n d r o o f in g m a t e r i a l s ...............................
295
9 8 .3
9 5 .3
9 8 .0
9 4 .1
1 0 0 .4
1 0 8 .0
1 0 4 .9
1 1 1 .2
1 1 4 .4
299
9 8 .4
1 0 1 .9
9 4 .8
9 0 .6
1 0 1 .5
1 0 4 .2
9 6 .3
8 7 .4
8 6 .4
T i r e s a n d i n n e r t u b e s ...................................................................
301
1 0 2 .9
1 0 3 .8
1 0 3 .0
1 0 2 .4
1 0 7 .8
1 1 6 .5
1 2 4 .1
1 3 1 .1
1 3 8 .8
H o s e a n d b e l t i n g a n d g a s k e t s a n d p a c k i n g ...............
305
1 0 3 .7
9 6 .3
9 6 .1
1 0 7 .2
M i s c e l l a n e o u s p e t r o l e u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s .............
9 2 .4
9 7 .8
9 9 .7
1 0 2 .7
1 0 4 .6
F a b r i c a t e d r u b b e r p r o d u c t s , n . e . c ......................................
306
1 0 4 .3
1 0 5 .5
1 0 9 .2
1 10.1
1 1 5 .3
1 2 3 .2
1 1 9 .2
1 2 1 .6
1 2 0 .3
M i s c e l l a n e o u s p l a s t i c s p r o d u c t s , n . e . c ..........................
308
1 0 0 .5
1 0 1 .7
1 0 5 .6
1 0 8 .1
1 1 4 .1
1 1 6 .4
1 2 0 .4
1 2 0 .7
1 2 4 .9
S e e f o o tn o te s a t e n d of ta b le .
114
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
November 1998
42. Continued—Annual indexes of output per hour for selected 3-digit SIC industries
[1 9 8 7 =
100]
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
Industry
SIC
F o o t w e a r , e x c e p t r u b b e r .............................................................
314
1 0 1 .3
101 .1
1 01.1
9 4 .4
1 0 4 .2
1 0 5 .2
1 1 3 .0
1 1 7 .1
1 2 5 .8
L u g g a g e ...................................................................................................
316
9 3 .7
1 0 4 .8
1 0 6 .2
1 0 0 .3
9 0 .7
8 9 .5
9 2 .3
9 0 .5
1 0 8 .5
H a n d b a g s a n d p e r s o n a l l e a t h e r g o o d s ...........................
317
9 8 .5
9 3 .1
9 6 .5
9 8 .7
1 1 1 .2
9 7 .8
8 6 .8
8 1 .8
8 3 .9
F l a t g l a s s ................................................................................................
321
9 1 .9
9 0 .7
8 4 .5
8 3 .6
9 2 .7
9 7 .7
9 7 .6
9 9 .6
1 0 4 .2
G l a s s a n d g l a s s w a r e , p r e s s e d o r b l o w n ........................
322
1 0 0 .6
1 0 0 .2
1 0 4 .8
1 0 2 .3
1 0 8 .9
1 0 8 .7
1 1 2 .9
1 1 5 .7
1 2 1 .9
P r o d u c t s o f p u r c h a s e d g l a s s ...................................................
323
9 5 .9
9 0 .1
9 2 .6
9 7 .7
1 0 1 .5
1 0 6 .2
1 0 5 .9
1 0 6 .1
1 2 4 .5
C e m e n t , h y d r a u l i c ............................................................................
324
1 0 3 .2
1 1 0 .2
1 1 2 .4
1 0 8 .3
1 1 5 .1
1 1 9 .9
1 2 5 .6
1 2 4 .3
1 2 7 .9
S t r u c t u r a l c l a y p r o d u c t s ..............................................................
325
9 8 .8
1 0 3 .1
1 0 9 .6
1 0 9 .8
1 1 1 .5
1 0 5 .8
1 1 3 .0
1 1 1 .6
1 1 9 .5
P o t t e r y a n d r e l a t e d p r o d u c t s ...................................................
326
9 9 .6
9 7 .1
9 8 .6
9 5 .8
9 9 .5
1 0 0 .3
1 0 8 .4
1 0 9 .3
1 1 9 .4
C o n c r e t e , g y p s u m , a n d p l a s t e r p r o d u c t s ......................
327
1 0 0 .8
1 0 2 .4
1 0 2 .3
1 0 1 .2
1 0 2 .5
1 0 4 .6
1 0 1 .5
1 0 4 .5
1 0 7 .5
M i s c e l l a n e o u s n o n m e t a l l i c m i n e r a l p r o d u c t s .............
329
1 0 3 .0
9 5 .5
9 5 .4
9 4 .0
1 0 4 .3
1 0 4 .5
1 0 6 .3
1 0 7 .8
1 1 1 .3
B l a s t f u r n a c e a n d b a s i c s t e e l p r o d u c t s ...........................
331
1 1 2 .6
1 0 8 .0
1 0 9 .6
1 0 7 .8
1 1 7 .1
1 3 3 .5
1 4 2 .4
1 4 2 .7
1 5 3 .6
332
1 0 4 .0
1 0 5 .4
1 0 6 .1
1 0 4 .5
1 0 7 .2
1 12.1
1 1 3 .0
1 1 2 .7
1 1 5 .7
P r i m a r y n o n f e r r o u s m e t a l s ........................................................
333
1 0 7 .8
1 0 6 .1
1 0 2 .3
1 1 0 .9
1 0 2 .0
1 0 8 .0
1 0 5 .4
1 11 .1
1 1 1 .0
N o n f e r r o u s r o llin g a n d d r a w i n g ..............................................
335
9 5 .5
9 3 .6
9 2 .7
9 0 .9
9 5 .8
9 8 .2
1 01.1
9 9 .1
1 0 3 .9
N o n f e r r o u s f o u n d r i e s ( c a s t i n g s ) ............................................
336
1 0 2 .6
1 0 5 .1
1 0 4 .0
1 0 3 .6
1 0 3 .6
1 0 8 .5
1 12.1
1 1 7 .8
1 2 2 .6
339
1 0 6 .6
1 0 5 .0
1 1 3 .7
1 0 9 .1
1 1 4 .5
1 1 1 .3
1 3 4 .5
1 5 2 .2
1 4 9 .6
341
1 0 6 .5
1 0 8 .5
1 1 7 .6
1 2 2 .9
1 2 7 .8
1 3 2 .3
1 4 0 .9
1 4 4 .2
1 5 5 .2
C u t l e r y , h a n d t o o l s , a n d h a r d w a r e ........................................
342
9 7 .8
1 0 1 .7
9 7 .3
9 6 .8
1 00.1
1 0 4 .0
1 0 9 .2
1 1 1 .3
1 1 7 .9
P l u m b i n g a n d h e a t i n g , e x c e p t e l e c t r i c ...........................
343
1 0 3 .7
1 0 1 .5
1 0 2 .6
1 0 2 .0
9 8 .4
1 0 2 .0
1 0 9 .1
1 0 9 .2
1 1 8 .6
F a b r i c a t e d s t r u c t u r a l m e t a l p r o d u c t s .................................
344
1 0 0 .4
9 6 .9
9 8 .8
1 0 0 .0
1 0 3 .9
1 0 4 .8
1 0 7 .7
1 0 5 .8
1 0 6 .7
M i s c e l l a n e o u s p r i m a r y m e t a l p r o d u c t s ...........................
S c r e w m a c h i n e p r o d u c t s , b o l t s , e t c ...................................
345
9 8 .5
9 6 .1
9 6 .1
9 7 .9
1 0 2 .3
1 0 4 .4
1 0 7 .2
1 0 9 .7
1 1 0 .4
346
1 0 1 .5
9 9 .8
9 5 .6
9 2 .9
1 0 3 .7
1 0 8 .7
1 0 8 .5
1 0 9 .3
1 1 3 .7
1 2 7 .5
M e t a l s e r v i c e s , n . e . c .....................................................................
347
1 0 8 .3
1 0 2 .4
1 0 4 .7
9 9 .4
1 1 1 .6
1 2 0 .6
1 2 3 .0
1 2 7 .7
O r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r i e s , n . e . c ........................................
348
9 7 .7
8 9 .8
8 2 .1
8 1 .5
8 8 .6
8 4 .6
8 3 .6
8 7 .6
8 7 .4
M i s c e l l a n e o u s f a b r i c a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s ......................
349
1 0 1 .4
9 5 .9
9 7 .5
9 7 .3
1 0 0 .9
1 0 1 .8
1 0 3 .0
1 0 6 .4
1 0 8 .6
E n g i n e s a n d t u r b i n e s ....................................................................
351
1 0 6 .8
1 1 0 .7
1 0 6 .5
1 0 5 .8
1 0 3 .3
1 0 9 .2
1 2 2 .3
1 2 2 .7
1 3 6 .9
F a r m a n d g a r d e n m a c h i n e r y ...................................................
352
1 0 6 .3
1 1 0 .7
1 1 6 .5
1 1 2 .9
1 1 3 .9
1 1 8 .6
1 2 5 .0
1 3 4 .7
1 3 6 .6
C o n s t r u c t i o n a n d r e l a t e d m a c h i n e r y .................................
353
1 0 6 .5
1 0 8 .3
1 0 7 .0
9 9 .1
1 0 2 .0
1 0 8 .2
1 1 7 .7
1 22 .1
1 2 3 .8
354
1 0 1 .0
1 0 3 .5
101 .1
9 6 .4
1 0 4 .3
1 0 7 .4
1 0 9 .9
1 1 4 .8
1 1 4 .7
355
1 0 4 .6
1 0 8 .3
1 0 7 .5
1 0 8 .3
1 0 6 .0
1 1 3 .6
1 2 1 .2
1 3 2 .3
1 3 4 .7
356
1 0 6 .0
1 0 1 .6
1 0 1 .5
1 0 1 .6
1 0 1 .6
1 0 4 .8
1 0 6 .7
1 0 9 .0
1 1 0 .0
S p e c i a l i n d u s t r y m a c h i n e r y ......................................................
R e f r i g e r a ti o n a n d s e r v i c e m a c h i n e r y ...............................
358
1 02.1
1 0 6 .0
1 0 3 .6
1 0 0 .7
1 0 4 .9
1 0 8 .6
1 1 0 .7
1 1 2 .7
1 1 4 .4
I n d u s t r i a l m a c h i n e r y , n . e . c .......................................................
359
1 0 6 .5
1 0 7 .1
1 0 7 .3
1 0 9 .0
1 1 6 .9
1 1 8 .4
1 2 7 .3
1 3 8 .8
1 4 2 .1
1 4 5 .1
E l e c t r i c d i s tr i b u ti o n e q u i p m e n t ..............................................
361
1 0 5 .4
1 0 5 .0
1 0 6 .3
1 0 6 .5
1 1 9 .6
1 2 2 .2
1 3 1 .8
1 4 3 .0
E l e c t r i c a l i n d u s tr i a l a p p a r a t u s ...............................................
362
1 0 4 .5
1 0 7 .3
1 0 7 .5
1 0 6 .8
1 1 6 .8
1 3 2 .5
1 3 4 .5
1 5 0 .4
1 5 4 .1
H o u s e h o l d a p p l i a n c e s ..................................................................
363
1 0 3 .0
1 0 4 .7
1 0 5 .8
1 0 6 .5
1 1 5 .0
1 2 3 .4
1 3 1 .4
1 2 7 .3
1 2 6 .7
364
1 0 1 .9
1 0 0 .2
9 9 .9
9 7 .5
1 0 5 .7
1 0 7 .8
1 1 3 .4
1 1 3 .7
1 1 7 .4
366
1 1 0 .4
1 0 7 .0
1 2 0 .9
1 2 3 .8
1 4 5 .4
1 4 9 .0
1 6 4 .8
1 6 9 .6
1 8 9 .6
1 2 3 .0
E l e c t r i c l i g h tin g a n d w ir in g e q u i p m e n t .............................
M i s c e l l a n e o u s e l e c t r i c a l e q u i p m e n t & s u p p l i e s .......
369
1 0 2 .8
9 9 .6
9 0 .6
9 8 .6
1 0 1 .3
1 0 8 .2
1 1 0 .5
1 1 4 .1
M o t o r v e h i c l e s a n d e q u i p m e n t ...............................................
371
1 0 3 .2
1 0 3 .3
1 0 2 .4
9 6 .6
1 0 4 .2
1 0 5 .3
1 0 7 .1
1 0 4 .1
1 0 4 .1
A i r c r a f t a n d p a r t s ..............................................................................
372
1 0 0 .5
9 8 .2
9 8 .8
1 0 8 .1
1 1 2 .2
1 1 5 .1
1 0 9 .5
1 0 7 .8
1 1 2 .6
373
9 9 .4
9 7 .6
1 0 3 .7
9 6 .3
1 0 2 .7
1 0 6 .2
1 0 3 .8
9 7 .9
1 0 0 .5
374
1 1 3 .5
1 3 5 .3
1 4 1 .1
1 4 6 .9
1 4 7 .9
1 5 1 .0
1 5 2 .5
1 5 0 .0
1 4 6 .3
R a i l r o a d e q u i p m e n t .........................................................................
M o t o r c y c l e s , b i c y c l e s , a n d p a r t s ..........................................
375
9 2 .6
9 4 .6
9 3 .8
9 9 .8
1 0 8 .4
1 3 0 .9
1 2 5 .1
1 2 0 .3
1 2 3 .3
G u i d e d m i s s i l e s , s p a c e v e h i c l e s , p a r t s ..........................
376
1 0 4 .8
1 1 0 .5
1 1 5 .7
1 0 9 .8
1 0 9 .3
1 2 0 .9
1 1 7 .5
1 1 8 .7
1 2 7 .3
S e a r c h a n d n a v i g a t i o n e q u i p m e n t ......................................
381
1 0 4 .8
1 0 5 .8
1 1 2 .7
1 1 8 .9
1 22.1
1 2 9 .1
1 3 2 .1
1 4 9 .5
1 4 1 .8
M e a s u r i n g a n d c o n t r o l l i n g d e v i c e s .....................................
382
1 0 3 .1
1 0 1 .3
1 0 6 .1
1 1 2 .9
1 1 9 .9
1 2 4 .0
1 3 3 .8
1 4 6 .4
1 5 0 .4
M e d i c a l i n s t r u m e n t s a n d s u p p l i e s ......................................
384
1 0 4 .4
1 0 7 .2
1 1 6 .3
1 1 8 .4
1 2 3 .3
1 2 6 .9
1 2 6 .1
1 3 0 .9
1 4 0 .4
1 8 8 .9
O p h t h a l m i c g o o d s ............................................................................
385
1 1 2 .6
1 2 3 .3
1 2 1 .2
1 2 5 .1
1 4 4 .5
1 5 7 .8
1 6 0 .6
1 6 7 .2
P h o t o g r a p h i c e q u i p m e n t & s u p p l i e s .................................
386
1 0 5 .6
1 1 3 .0
1 0 7 .8
1 1 0 .2
1 1 6 .4
1 2 6 .9
1 3 2 .7
1 2 9 .5
1 2 9 .0
J e w e l r y , s i l v e r w a r e , a n d p l a t e d w a r e ...............................
391
1 00 .1
1 0 2 .9
9 9 .3
9 5 .8
9 6 .7
9 6 .7
9 9 .5
1 0 0 .2
1 0 3 .2
M u s i c a l i n s t r u m e n t s .......................................................................
393
1 0 1 .8
9 6 .1
9 7 .1
9 6 .9
9 6 .0
9 5 .6
8 8 .7
8 6 .9
7 8 .9
T o y s a n d s p o r t i n g g o o d s ............................................................
394
1 0 4 .8
1 0 6 .0
1 0 8 .1
1 0 9 .7
1 0 4 .9
1 1 4 .2
1 0 9 .7
1 1 3 .6
1 2 0 .0
P e n s , p e n c i l s , o f f ic e , a n d a r t s u p p l i e s .............................
395
1 0 8 .6
1 1 3 .3
1 1 8 .7
1 1 7 .3
1 1 1 .7
1 1 2 .0
1 3 0 .2
1 3 5 .4
1 4 4 .4
C o s t u m e j e w e l r y a n d n o t i o n s .................................................
396
1 0 2 .0
9 3 .8
1 0 5 .3
1 0 6 .7
1 1 0 .8
1 1 5 .8
1 2 9 .0
1 4 3 .7
1 4 2 .3
M i s c e l l a n e o u s m a n u f a c t u r e s .................................................
399
1 0 4 .5
1 0 2 .8
1 0 7 .9
1 0 9 .9
1 0 9 .6
1 0 7 .8
1 0 6 .2
1 0 8 .2
1 1 3 .5
U .S . p o s t a l s e r v i c e ..........................................................................
431
9 9 .9
9 9 .7
1 0 4 .0
1 0 3 .7
1 0 4 .5
1 0 7 .1
1 0 6 .6
1 0 6 .5
1 0 4 .7
A ir t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ..............................................................................
4 5 1 2 , 1 3 , 2 2 ( p t s .)
9 9 .5
9 5 .8
9 2 .9
9 2 .5
9 6 .9
1 0 0 .2
1 0 5 .7
1 0 8 .6
1 1 1 .0
T e l e p h o n e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s .....................................................
481
1 0 6 .2
1 1 1 .6
1 1 3 .3
1 1 9 .8
1 2 7 .7
1 3 5 .5
1 4 2 .2
1 4 8 .1
1 6 2 .2
R a d i o a n d t e l e v i s i o n b r o a d c a s t i n g .....................................
483
1 0 3 .1
1 0 6 .2
1 0 4 .9
1 0 6 .1
1 0 8 .3
1 0 6 .7
110 .1
1 0 9 .6
1 0 5 .0
C a b l e a n d o t h e r p a y T V s e r v i c e s ........................................
484
1 0 2 .0
9 9 .7
9 2 .5
8 7 .5
8 8 .3
8 5 .1
8 3 .3
8 4 .3
8 1 .1
E l e c t r i c u t i l i t i e s ...................................................................................
4 9 1 , 3 (p t.)
1 0 4 .9
1 0 7 .7
110 .1
1 1 3 .4
1 1 5 .2
1 2 0 .6
1 2 6 .8
1 3 5 .0
1 4 6 .2
G a s u t i l i t i e s ...........................................................................................
4 9 2 , 3 (p t.)
1 0 5 .5
1 0 3 .5
9 4 .8
9 4 .0
9 5 .3
1 0 7 .0
1 0 2 .2
1 0 7 .5
1 1 4 .6
L u m b e r a n d o t h e r b u i l d in g m a t e r i a l s d e a l e r s .............
521
1 0 1 .0
9 9 .1
1 0 3 .6
1 0 1 .3
1 0 5 .4
1 0 9 .1
1 1 5 .4
1 1 3 .4
1 1 5 .7
P a i n t , g l a s s , a n d w a l l p a p e r s t o r e s ....................................
523
1 0 2 .8
1 0 1 .7
1 0 6 .0
9 9 .4
1 0 6 .5
1 0 8 .4
1 1 6 .7
1 1 5 .0
1 2 0 .1
H a r d w a r e s t o r e s ................................................................................
525
1 0 8 .6
1 1 5 .2
1 1 0 .5
1 0 2 .5
1 0 7 .2
1 0 6 .6
1 1 4 .3
1 1 1 .0
1 1 9 .2
R e t a i l n u r s e r i e s , la w n a n d g a r d e n s u p p l y s t o r e s . . .
526
1 0 6 .7
1 0 3 .4
8 3 .9
8 8 .5
1 0 0 .4
1 0 2 .4
1 0 8 .1
1 0 4 .9
1 1 8 .5
D e p a r t m e n t s t o r e s ..........................................................................
531
9 9 .2
9 7 .0
9 4 .2
9 8 .2
1 0 0 .9
1 0 5 .0
1 0 7 .1
1 0 8 .5
1 1 2 .7
V a r i e t y s t o r e s .....................................................................................
533
1 0 1 .9
1 2 4 .4
1 5 1 .2
1 5 4 .2
1 6 7 .7
1 6 9 .9
1 5 9 .7
1 5 7 .3
1 7 5 .0
S e e f o o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
115
Current Labor Statistics:
International Comparisons Data
42. Continued—Annual indexes of output per hour for selected 3-digit SIC industries
[1987= 100]
Industry
SIC
M i s c e l l a n e o u s g e n e r a l m e r c h a n d i s e s t o r e s ...............
539
1 0 0 .8
1 0 9 .8
1 1 6 .4
1 2 1 .8
1 3 6 .1
1 6 0 .0
1 6 1 .7
1 6 5 .3
G r o c e r y s t o r e s ....................................................................................
541
9 8 .9
9 5 .4
9 4 .6
9 3 .7
9 3 .3
9 2 .6
9 2 .2
9 0 .9
8 9 .1
M e a t a n d f i s h ( s e a f o o d ) m a r k e t s ..........................................
542
9 9 .0
9 7 .6
9 6 .8
8 8 .4
9 5 .8
9 5 .9
9 5 .4
9 5 .8
8 6 .5
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1 6 3 .2
R e t a i l b a k e r i e s ....................................................................................
546
8 9 .8
8 3 .3
8 9 .7
9 4 .7
9 4 .0
8 5 .6
8 5 .6
8 4 .5
7 7 .4
N e w a n d u s e d c a r d e a l e r s ........................................................
551
1 0 3 .4
1 0 2 .5
1 0 6 .1
1 0 4 .1
1 0 6 .5
1 0 7 .4
1 0 8 .3
1 0 6 .5
1 0 7 .3
A u t o a n d h o m e s u p p l y s t o r e s .................................................
553
1 0 3 .2
1 0 1 .6
1 0 2 .7
9 9 .0
1 0 0 .0
9 8 .9
1 0 2 .8
1 0 6 .0
1 0 5 .6
G a s o l i n e s e r v i c e s t a t i o n s ..........................................................
554
1 0 3 .0
1 0 5 .2
1 0 2 .6
1 0 4 .3
1 0 9 .7
1 1 2 .3
1 1 4 .4
1 1 7 .1
1 1 4 .5
M e n 's a n d b o y s ' w e a r s t o r e s ...................................................
561
1 0 6 .0
1 0 9 .6
1 1 3 .7
1 1 9 .2
1 1 8 .2
1 1 7 .7
1 2 2 .6
1 2 5 .1
1 2 9 .0
W o m e n 's c l o t h i n g s t o r e s ............................................................
562
9 7 .8
9 9 .5
1 0 1 .5
1 0 3 .0
1 1 2 .2
1 1 7 .7
1 1 9 .3
1 2 8 .6
1 3 0 .6
F a m i ly c l o t h i n g s t o r e s ..................................................................
565
1 0 2 .0
1 0 4 .9
1 0 4 .5
1 0 6 .4
1 1 1 .7
1 11 .1
1 1 4 .0
1 2 3 .1
1 3 0 .9
S h o e s t o r e s ...........................................................................................
566
1 0 2 .7
1 0 7 .2
1 0 6 .1
1 0 5 .1
1 1 1 .5
1 1 0 .8
1 2 0 .4
1 2 4 .9
1 3 1 .5
M i s c e l l a n e o u s a p p a r e l a n d a c c e s s o r y s t o r e s ...........
569
9 6 .3
9 5 .2
8 8 .6
7 8 .8
8 9 .1
8 9 .0
9 2 .4
1 0 7 .9
1 1 5 .8
F u r n i t u r e a n d h o m e f u r n i s h i n g s s t o r e s .............................
571
9 8 .6
1 0 0 .9
1 0 1 .8
1 0 1 .5
1 0 8 .4
1 0 8 .7
1 1 0 .6
1 1 4 .8
1 1 8 .2
H o u s e h o l d a p p l i a n c e s t o r e s ...................................................
572
9 8 .5
1 0 3 .5
1 0 2 .8
1 0 5 .2
1 1 3 .9
1 1 4 .4
1 1 5 .4
1 2 9 .2
1 2 8 .1
1 6 7 .6
1 8 0 .0
1 8 5 .0
1 10 .1
R a d i o , t e l e v i s i o n , c o m p u t e r , a n d m u s i c s t o r e s .........
573
1 1 8 .6
1 1 4 .6
1 1 9 .6
1 2 8 .3
1 3 7 .8
1 4 8 .7
E a t i n g a n d d r i n k i n g p l a c e s .......................................................
581
102 8
102 2
104 0
103 1
102 5
103 0
D r u g a n d p r o p r i e t a r y s t o r e s .....................................................
591
101 9
102 5
103 6
104 7
103 8
104 8
L i q u o r s t o r e s .........................................................................................
592
9 8 .2
101 .1
1 0 5 .2
1 0 5 .9
1 0 8 .4
1 0 0 .3
9 8 .4
1 0 2 .6
U s e d m e r c h a n d i s e s t o r e s ..........................................................
593
1 0 5 .3
1 0 4 .9
1 0 0 .3
9 8 .6
1 1 0 .4
1 0 9 .3
1 0 9 .8
1 0 9 .0
9 6 .8
M i s c e l l a n e o u s s h o p p i n g g o o d s s t o r e s ...........................
594
1 0 0 .7
1 0 4 .2
1 0 4 .2
1 0 5 .0
1 0 2 .7
1 0 4 .8
1 0 8 .7
1 1 2 .7
1 1 7 .0
N o n s t o r e r e t a i l e r s ............................................................................
596
1 0 5 .6
1 1 0 .8
1 0 8 .8
1 0 9 .3
122 .1
1 2 2 .0
1 3 1 .9
1 2 8 .7
1 2 9 .0
F u e l d e a l e r s .........................................................................................
598
95 6
92 0
84 4
85 3
84 4
85 4
85 5
8Q 0
104 ?
R e t a i l s t o r e s , n . e . c ...........................................................................
599
1 0 5 .9
1 0 3 .1
1 1 3 .7
1 0 3 .2
1 1 1 .6
1 1 3 .1
1 1 6 .3
1 1 2 .6
1 2 6 .6
C o m m e r c i a l b a n k s ...........................................................................
602
1 0 2 .8
1 0 4 .8
1 0 7 .7
1 10 .1
1 1 1 .0
1 2 0 .2
1 2 2 .3
1 2 7 .6
1 3 1 .5
1 0 9 .5
H o t e l s a n d m o t e l s ............................................................................
701
9 7 .6
9 5 .0
9 6 .1
9 9 .1
1 0 7 .8
1 0 6 .2
1 0 9 .6
110 .1
L a u n d r y , c l e a n i n g , a n d g a r m e n t s e r v i c e s ....................
721
9 7 .2
9 9 .7
1 0 1 .8
9 9 .2
9 8 .3
9 8 .6
1 0 3 .6
1 0 5 .2
1 0 8 .2
P h o t o g r a p h i c s t u d i o s , p o r t r a i t .................................................
722
100 .1
9 4 .9
9 6 .6
9 2 .8
9 7 .7
1 0 5 .5
1 1 6 .7
1 2 8 .1
1 2 2 .2
B e a u t y s h o p s .......................................................................................
723
9 5 .1
9 9 .6
9 6 .8
9 4 .8
9 9 .6
9 5 .6
9 9 .3
1 0 2 .7
1 0 4 .6
B a r b e r s h o p s .......................................................................................
724
1 0 8 .8
1 1 1 .6
1 0 0 .2
9 4 .1
1 12.1
1 2 0 .7
1 1 7 .7
1 1 4 .4
1 2 3 .0
F u n e r a l s e r v i c e s a n d c r e m a t o r i e s ......................................
726
1 0 2 .5
9 7 .9
9 0 .9
8 9 .5
1 0 3 .2
9 8 .5
1 0 4 .0
9 9 .7
9 7 .0
A u t o m o t i v e r e p a i r s h o p s ............................................................
753
1 0 5 .7
1 0 8 .1
1 0 6 .9
9 8 .7
1 0 3 .3
1 0 3 .5
1 1 1 .7
1 1 8 .5
1 1 2 .9
M o t io n p i c t u r e t h e a t e r s ................................................................
783
1 0 7 .1
1 1 4 .3
1 1 5 .8
1 1 6 .0
1 1 0 .8
1 0 9 .3
1 0 4 .8
9 9 .3
1 0 0 .5
n .e .c . = n o t e ls e w h e r e c la s s ifie d .
N o t e : O u t p u t p e r e m p l o y e e is u s e d f o r s i c 4 5 1 2 , 1 3 , 2 2 .
43. Unemployment rates, approximating U.S. concepts, in nine countries, quarterly data
seasonally adjusted
Annual average
Country
1996
1997
1996
IV
1997
I
II
1998
III
IV
U n i t e d S t a t e s .......................................................
5 .4
4 9
5 3
5 3
4 .9
4*9
I
II
Ill
C a n a d a .....................................................................
9 .7
9 .2
9 .9
9 .6
9 .4
9 .0
8 .9
8 .6
8 .4
A u s t r a l i a ...................................................................
8 .6
8 .6
8 .6
8 .7
8 .7
8 .6
8 .3
8.1
8.1
8 .2
J a p a n .........................................................................
3 .4
3 .4
3 .3
3 .3
3 .4
3 .4
3 .5
3 .7
4 .2
4 .3
1 1 .7
8 .3
F r a n c e ........................................................................
1 2 .5
1 2 .4
1 2 .6
1 2 .4
1 2 .5
1 2 .5
1 2 .3
1 2 .0
1 1 .8
G e r m a n y ..................................................................
7 .2
-
7 .5
7 .7
7 .7
7 .8
7 .8
7 .7
7 .5
7 .4
I t a l y 1............................................................................
12.1
1 2 .3
1 2 .0
1 2 .3
1 2 .3
1 2 .2
1 2 .3
12.1
1 2 .4
1 2 .4
8 .2
8 .2
S w e d e n .....................................................................
9 .9
-
1 0 .4
1 0 .6
1 0 .4
9 .5
8 .8
8 .4
U n i t e d K i n a d o m ..................................................
8 .2
-
7 .9
7 .4
7 .2
6 .9
6 .6
6 .4
1 Q u a r t e r l y r a t e s a r e f o r t h e f ir s t m o n t h o f t h e q u a r t e r .
-
D a ta n o t a v a ila b le .
d a ta , a n d
th e re fo re
s h o u ld
be
v ie w e d
as
le ss
NOTE:
Q u a r t e r l y f i g u r e s f o r F r a n c e , G e r m a n y , a n d t h e U n i t e d K in g d o m
116
b y a p p ly in g
a n n u a l a d ju s tm e n t f a c to r s to c u r r e n t p u b lis h e d
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
p re c is e
u n e m p l o y m e n t u n d e r U .S . c o n c e p t s t h a n t h e a n n u a l f i g u r e s .
o n t h e d a t a " f o r in f o r m a ti o n o n b r e a k s in s e r i e s .
a r e c a lc u la te d
-
November 1998
a n d h i s to r i c a l d a t a , s e e
-
in d ic a to rs
of
S e e " N o te s
F o r f u r th e r q u a l i f i c a t i o n s
Comparative Labor Force Statistics, 10 Countries
(B u re a u of L a b o r S ta tis tic s , A u g u s t 1 9 9 6 ).
44.
Annual data: Employment status of the working-age population, approximating U.S. concepts, 10 countries
[Numbers in thousands]
______________________________________________________
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
U n i t e d S t a t e s ' ...........................................................................................
1 2 1 ,6 6 9
1 2 3 ,8 6 9
1 2 5 ,8 4 0
1 2 6 ,3 4 6
1 2 8 ,1 0 5
1 2 9 ,2 0 0
1 3 1 ,0 5 6
1 3 2 ,3 0 4
1 3 3 ,9 4 3
1 3 6 ,2 9 7
C a n a d a ...........................................................................................................
1 3 ,9 0 0
1 4 ,1 5 1
1 4 ,3 2 9
14 40 8
14 482
14 663
14 832
14 928
Employment status and country
C ivilian labor force
8 562
8 619
8 776
A u s t r a l i a .........................................................................................................
7 ,9 7 4
8 ,2 2 8
8 444
8 490
J a p a n ...............................................................................................................
6 0 ,8 6 0
6 1 ,9 2 0
63 050
64 280
65 040
65 470
65 780
24 660
24 760
29 860
F r a n c e .............................................................................................................
I ta ly ....................................................................................................................
2 3 ,9 8 0
2 4 ,1 7 0
24 300
2 4 ,4 9 0
24 570
28 610
28 840
29 410
29 760
30 030
29 950
2 2 ,6 6 0
2 2 ,5 3 0
22 670
22 940
22 910
22 760
N e t h e r l a n d s ................................................................................................
6 ,3 1 0
6 ,4 3 0
6 ,6 4 0
6 ,7 5 0
6 ,9 5 0
7 ,0 9 0
7 ,1 9 0
S w e d e n ..........................................................................................................
4 ,4 9 4
4 ,5 5 2
4 ,5 9 7
4 591
4 520
4 443
4 418
2 8 ,2 7 0
2 8 ,5 8 0
2 8 ,7 3 0
2 8 ,6 1 0
2 8 ,4 1 0
2 8 ,3 1 0
2 8 ,2 8 0
24 810
2 5 ,1 7 0
7 ,2 7 0
7 ,3 2 0
2 8 ,4 8 0
2 8 ,6 2 0
Participation rate2
U n i t e d S t a t e s ' ...........................................................................................
6 5 .9
6 6 .5
6 6 .5
6 6 .2
6 6 .4
6 6 .3
6 6 .6
6 6 .6
6 6 .8
6 7 .1
C a n a d a ..........................................................................................................
6 7 .2
6 7 .5
6 7 .3
6 6 .7
6 5 .9
6 5 .5
6 5 .3
6 4 .8
6 4 .9
6 4 .8
A u s t r a l i a .........................................................................................................
6 3 .3
6 4 .0
64 6
64 1
63 9
6 1 .9
62 2
62 6
63 2
F r a n c e .............................................................................................................
55 8
5 6 .2
56 1
56 0
56 0
G e r m a n y ........................................................................................................
5 5 .1
5 5 .2
5 5 .3
5 5 .4
5 5 .1
5 4 .2
5 3 .7
5 3 .2
5 2 .8
It a l y ...................................................................................................................
4 7 .4
4 7 .3
4 7 .2
4 7 .7
4 7 .5
4 8 .1
4 7 .5
4 7 .6
4 7 .7
N e t h e r l a n d s ..................................................................................................
5 4 .2
5 4 .7
5 6 .1
5 6 .5
5 7 .8
5 8 .5
5 9 .0
5 9 .3
5 9 .4
_
S w e d e n ..........................................................................................................
6 6 .9
6 7 .3
67 4
67 0
65 7
64 5
63 Q
U n i t e d K i n g d o m .......................................................................................
6 3 .5
6 4 .0
6 4 .1
6 3 .7
6 3 .1
6 2 .8
6 2 .5
6 2 .7
6 2 .7
-
4 7 .7
E m ployed
U n i t e d S t a t e s ' ............................................................................................
1 1 4 ,9 6 8
1 1 7 ,3 4 2
1 1 8 ,7 9 3
1 1 7 ,7 1 8
1 1 8 ,4 9 2
1 2 0 ,2 5 9
1 2 3 ,0 6 0
1 2 4 ,9 0 0
1 2 6 ,7 0 8
1 2 9 ,5 5 8
C a n a d a ............................................................................................................
1 2 ,8 1 9
1 3 ,0 8 6
1 3 ,1 6 5
1 2 ,9 1 6
1 2 ,8 4 2
1 3 ,0 1 5
1 3 ,2 9 2
1 3 ,5 0 6
1 3 ,6 7 6
1 3 ,9 4 1
A u s t r a l i a .........................................................................................................
7 ,3 9 8
7 ,7 2 0
7 ,8 5 9
7 ,6 7 6
7 ,6 3 7
7 ,6 8 0
7 ,9 2 1
8 ,2 3 5
8 ,3 4 4
8 ,4 2 9
J a p a n ...............................................................................................................
5 9 ,3 1 0
6 0 ,5 0 0
6 1 ,7 1 0
6 2 ,9 2 0
6 3 ,6 2 0
6 3 ,8 1 0
6 3 ,8 6 0
6 3 ,8 9 0
6 4 ,2 0 0
6 4 ,9 0 0
F r a n c e .............................................................................................................
2 1 ,5 2 0
2 1 ,8 5 0
2 2 ,1 0 0
2 2 ,1 4 0
2 2 ,0 1 0
2 1 ,7 5 0
2 1 ,7 1 0
2 1 ,8 9 0
2 1 ,9 5 0
G e r m a n y .........................................................................................................
2 6 ,8 0 0
2 7 ,2 0 0
2 7 ,9 5 0
2 8 ,4 8 0
2 8 ,6 6 0
2 8 ,2 3 0
2 7 ,9 2 0
2 7 ,7 7 0
2 7 ,4 7 0
2 2 ,0 4 0
_
2 0 ,0 5 0
I ta ly ....................................................................................................................
2 0 ,8 7 0
2 0 ,7 7 0
2 1 ,0 8 0
2 1 ,3 6 0
2 1 ,2 3 0
2 0 ,4 3 0
2 0 ,0 8 0
1 9 ,9 7 0
2 0 ,0 5 0
N e t h e r l a n d s ..................................................................................................
5 ,8 3 0
5 ,9 8 0
6 ,2 3 0
6 ,3 5 0
6 ,5 6 0
6 ,6 2 0
6 ,6 7 0
6 ,7 6 0
6 ,8 5 0
S w e d e n ..........................................................................................................
4 ,4 1 0
4 480
4 513
4 447
U n i t e d K i n g d o m ........................................................................................
2 5 ,8 5 0
2 6 ,5 1 0
2 6 ,7 4 0
2 6 ,0 9 0
2 5 ,5 3 0
2 5 ,3 4 0
2 5 ,5 5 0
2 6 ,0 0 0
2 6 ,2 8 0
_
-
Em ploym ent-population ratio3
U n i t e d S t a t e s ' ............................................................................................
6 2 .3
6 3 .0
6 2 .8
6 1 .7
6 1 .5
6 1 .7
6 2 .5
6 2 .9
6 3 .2
6 3 .8
C a n a d a ............................................................................................................
6 2 .0
6 2 .4
6 1 .9
5 9 .8
5 8 .4
5 8 .2
5 8 .5
5 8 .6
5 8 .6
5 8 .9
A u s t r a l i a .........................................................................................................
5 8 .7
6 0 .1
6 0 .1
5 7 .9
5 7 .0
5 6 .6
5 7 .7
5 9 .1
5 9 .1
5 8 .8
6 1 .7
6 1 .3
6 0 .9
6 0 .9
6 1 .0
5 1 .1
5 0 .2
4 9 .7
4 9 .0
J a p a n ................................................................................................................
6 0 .4
6 0 .8
6 1 .3
6 1 .8
6 2 .0
F r a n c e .............................................................................................................
5 0 .4
5 0 .7
50 9
50 6
50 O
G e r m a n y .........................................................................................................
5 1 .6
5 2 .0
5 2 .6
5 3 .0
5 2 .6
I ta ly .....................................................................................................................
4 3 .7
4 3 .6
4 3 .9
4 4 .5
4 4 .0
4 3 .1
4 2 .1
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
N e t h e r l a n d s ..................................................................................................
5 0 .0
5 0 .9
5 2 .6
5 3 .2
5 4 .5
5 4 .7
5 4 .7
5 5 .2
5 5 .6
S w e d e n ...........................................................................................................
6 5 .7
6 6 .2
66.1
6 4 .9
6 2 .0
5 8 .5
5 7 .6
5 8 .4
5 7 .9
_
_
U n i t e d K i n g d o m .........................................................................................
5 8 .1
5 9 .3
5 9 .6
5 8 .0
5 6 .7
5 6 .2
5 6 .5
5 7 .2
5 7 .6
-
4 1 .9
Unem ployed
U n i t e d S t a t e s ' ............................................................................................
6 ,7 0 1
6 ,5 2 8
7 ,0 4 7
8 ,6 2 8
9 ,6 1 3
8 ,9 4 0
7 ,9 9 6
7 ,4 0 4
7 ,2 3 6
6 ,7 3 9
C a n a d a ............................................................................................................
1 ,0 8 2
1 ,0 6 5
1 ,1 6 4
1 ,4 9 2
1 ,6 4 0
1 ,6 4 9
1 ,5 4 1
1 ,4 2 2
1 ,4 6 9
1 ,4 1 4
A u s t r a l i a .........................................................................................................
576
508
585
814
925
939
856
766
783
791
J a p a n ................................................................................................................
1 ,5 5 0
1 ,4 2 0
1 ,3 4 0
1 ,3 6 0
1 ,4 2 0
1 ,6 6 0
1 ,9 2 0
2 ,1 0 0
2 ,2 5 0
2 ,3 0 0
F r a n c e .............................................................................................................
2 ,4 6 0
2 ,3 2 0
2 ,2 0 0
2 ,3 5 0
2 ,5 6 0
2 ,9 1 0
3 ,0 5 0
2 ,9 2 0
3 ,1 3 0
3 ,1 3 0
G e r m a n y .........................................................................................................
1 ,8 1 0
1 ,6 4 0
1 ,4 6 0
1 ,2 8 0
1 ,3 7 0
1 ,7 2 0
1 ,9 4 0
1 ,9 4 0
2 ,1 2 0
1 ,7 9 0
1 ,7 6 0
1 ,5 9 0
1 ,5 8 0
1 ,6 8 0
2 ,3 3 0
2 ,5 6 0
2 ,7 2 0
2 ,7 6 0
N e t h e r l a n d s ..................................................................................................
480
450
410
400
390
470
520
510
470
S w e d e n ...........................................................................................................
84
72
84
144
255
415
426
404
440
U n i t e d K in g d o m .........................................................................................
2 ,4 2 0
2 ,0 7 0
1 ,9 9 0
2 ,5 2 0
2 ,8 8 0
2 ,9 7 0
2 ,7 3 0
2 ,4 8 0
2 ,3 4 0
_
2 ,8 1 0
_
_
-
Unem ploym ent rate
U n i t e d S t a t e s ' ............................................................................................
5 .5
5 .3
5 .6
6 .8
7 .5
6 .9
6.1
5 .6
5 .4
4 .9
C a n a d a ............................................................................................................
7 .8
7 .5
8.1
1 0 .4
1 1 .3
1 1.2
1 0 .4
9 .5
9 .7
9 .2
A u s t r a l i a .........................................................................................................
7 .2
6 .2
6 .9
9 .6
1 0 .8
1 0 .9
9 .7
8 .5
8 .6
J a p a n ................................................................................................................
2 .5
2 .3
2.1
2.1
2 .2
2 .5
2 .9
3 .2
3 .4
3 .4
F r a n c e .............................................................................................................
1 0 .3
9 .6
9 .1
9 .6
1 0 .4
1 1 .8
1 2 .3
1 1 .8
1 2 .5
1 2 .4
8 .6
N e t h e r l a n d s ..................................................................................................
7 .6
7 .0
6 .2
5 .9
5 .6
6 .6
7 .2
7 .0
6 .4
S w e d e n ...........................................................................................................
1 .9
1.6
1.8
3 .1
5 .6
9 .3
9 .6
9 .1
9 .9
_
_
_
U n i t e d K in g d o m .........................................................................................
8 .6
7 .2
6 .9
8 .8
10.1
1 0 .5
9 .7
8 .7
8 .2
-
G e r m a n y .........................................................................................................
6 .3
5 .7
5 .0
4 .3
4 .6
5 .7
6 .5
6 .5
7 .2
7 .9
7 .8
7 .0
6 .9
7 .3
1 0 .2
1 1 .3
1 2 .0
12.1
1 D a t a f o r 1 9 9 4 a r e n o t d ir e c tly c o m p a r a b l e w ith d a t a fo r 1 9 9 3 a n d e a r l i e r y e a r s . F o r
a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a tio n , s e e t h e b o x n o t e u n d e r " E m p lo y m e n t a n d U n e m p l o y m e n t D a ta "
In t h e n o t e s t o t h i s s e c t i o n .
2 L a b o r f o r c e a s a p e r c e n t o f t h e w o r k in g - a g e p o p u l a t i o n .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 2 .3
3 E m p l o y m e n t a s a p e r c e n t o f t h e w o r k in g - a g e p o p u l a t i o n .
N O TE:
S ta te s ,
S e e " N o t e s o n t h e d a t a " fo r in fo r m a tio n o n b r e a k s in s e r i e s f o r t h e U n i t e d
F ra n c e ,
Ita ly , t h e
N e th e rla n d s ,
and
S w eden.
D ash
in d ic a te s
d a ta
not
a v a i la b l e .
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
117
Current Labor Statistics:
45.
International Comparisons Data
Annual indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 12 countries
[1992= 100]
1960
Item and country
1970
1980
1973
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1993
1994
1995
1997
1996
Output per hour
U n i t e d S t a t e s ...................................................................................
-
-
-
7 1 .9
9 4 .3
9 7 .8
9 7 .0
9 7 .7
9 8 .2
102.1
1 0 8 .1
1 1 5 .1
1 2 0 .2
1 2 5 .6
C a n a d a ................................................................................................
4 0 .7
5 9 .2
6 9 .6
7 5 .2
9 1 .1
9 1 .0
9 2 .4
9 5 .2
9 5 .0
1 0 3 .3
1 0 5 .7
1 0 8 .4
1 0 6 .6
1 0 9 .6
J a p a n ....................................................................................................
1 4 .0
3 8 .0
4 8 .1
6 3 .9
8 1 .2
8 4 .8
8 9 .5
9 5 .4
9 9 .4
1 0 0 .5
1 0 1 .8
1 0 9 .3
1 1 1 .9
1 1 8 .8
B e l g i u m ...............................................................................................
1 7 .8
3 2 .7
4 2 .6
6 4 .5
8 8 .7
9 1 .8
9 6 .7
9 6 .9
9 9 .1
1 0 4 .1
1 1 0 .0
1 0 9 .4
1 1 0 .6
1 1 6 .8
D e n m a r k .............................................................................................
2 9 .9
5 2 .7
6 6 .9
9 0 .3
9 0 .6
9 4 .1
9 9 .6
9 9 .1
9 9 .6
1 0 5 .5
-
-
-
-
F r a n c e ...................................................................................................
2 3 .0
4 5 .5
5 3 .9
7 0 .5
8 6 .7
9 2 .7
9 7 .4
9 9 .1
9 8 .7
1 0 1 .8
1 1 0 .4
1 1 4 .3
1 1 7 .9
1 2 5 .9
G e r m a n y .............................................................................................
2 9 .1
5 2 .0
6 1 .0
7 7 .2
8 8 .3
9 1 .5
9 4 .3
9 8 .9
1 0 1 .8
1 0 0 .7
1 0 8 .0
1 1 2 .0
1 1 6 .7
1 2 3 .6
It a l y .........................................................................................................
1 9 .6
3 6 .8
4 3 .9
6 4 .0
8 5 .0
8 6 .6
8 9 .4
9 2 .8
9 5 .3
1 0 4 .5
1 0 7 .4
1 1 3 .9
1 1 4 .4
1 1 7 .4
N e t h e r l a n d s ......................................................................................
1 9 .5
3 8 .6
4 8 .8
6 9 .8
9 1 .7
9 3 .8
9 7 .1
9 8 .5
9 9 .6
1 0 1 .9
1 1 4 .2
1 1 9 .6
1 2 2 .6
-
N o r w a y ..................................................................................................
3 6 .7
5 7 .8
6 7 .6
7 6 .7
9 3 .3
9 2 .1
9 4 .6
9 6 .6
9 7 .5
1 0 0 .6
1 0 1 .4
1 0 2 .0
1 0 2 .6
1 0 3 .2
S w e d e n .............................................. ........................ .. ......................
2 7 .6
5 2 .8
6 2 .1
7 4 .0
9 0 .1
9 0 .8
9 3 .8
9 5 .0
9 5 .0
1 0 6 .7
1 1 6 .1
1 2 2 .4
1 2 5 .4
1 3 3 .6
U n ite d K in g d o m ............................................................................
3 0 .2
4 3 .3
5 1 .4
5 4 .4
7 8 .1
8 2 .6
8 6 .2
8 9 .2
9 3 .9
1 0 5 .6
1 0 9 .2
1 0 7 .6
1 0 6 .2
1 0 7 .2
Output
U n i t e d S t a t e s ...................................................................................
-
-
-
7 7 .3
9 7 .9
1 0 4 .5
1 0 4 .0
1 0 2 .5
9 8 .7
1 0 3 .5
1 12 .2
1 1 9 .8
1 2 4 .5
1 2 4 .5
C a n a d a ................................................................................................
3 4 .2
6 0 .5
7 6 .8
8 5 .4
1 0 3 .2
1 0 9 .3
1 1 0 .8
1 0 6 .6
9 8 .8
1 0 5 .9
1 1 2 .7
1 1 8 .3
1 1 9 .5
1 2 6 .8
1 0 .7
3 8 .8
5 0 .0
5 9 .9
7 8 .4
8 4 .6
9 0 .2
9 6 .3
1 0 1 .4
9 6 .0
9 5 .4
1 0 0 .6
1 0 3 .2
1 0 8 .6
3 0 .7
5 7 .6
7 0 .6
7 8 .2
8 8 .7
9 3 .1
9 8 .9
1 0 1 .0
1 0 0 .7
9 6 .9
1 0 1 .4
1 0 4 .5
1 0 4 .7
1 0 9 .4
1 0 6 .2
1 0 9 .3
1 1 4 .0
1 1 2 .8
J a p a n .....................................................................................................
D e n m a r k ..............................................................................................
4 0 .8
6 8 .0
7 9 .5
9 1 .3
9 9 .3
1 0 0 .8
1 0 4 .3
1 0 2 .7
1 0 1 .7
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .2
F r a n c e ..................................................................................................
3 2 .4
6 6 .9
8 0 .1
9 2 .7
9 1 .1
9 6 .3
1 0 1 .6
1 0 3 .5
1 0 1 .7
9 6 .2
1 0 1 .3
1 0 5 .3
1 0 7 .5
G e r m a n y .............................................................................................
4 1 .5
7 0 .9
7 8 .5
8 5 .3
8 8 .0
9 0 .9
9 4 .0
9 9 .1
1 0 2 .8
9 1 .8
9 3 .5
9 4 .3
9 3 .8
9 7 .0
I ta ly .........................................................................................................
2 1 .5
4 4 .8
5 4 .1
7 8 .7
8 8 .5
9 4 .8
9 8 .6
1 0 0 .4
9 9 .7
9 6 .6
1 0 1 .9
1 0 7 .5
1 0 6 .1
1 0 8 .6
N e t h e r l a n d s ......................................................................................
3 1 .9
5 9 .8
6 8 .0
7 7 .8
8 9 .5
9 2 .8
9 6 .9
100.1
1 0 0 .6
9 8 .2
1 0 4 .2
1 0 7 .5
1 0 9 .1
-
5 6 .5
8 9 .1
1 0 2 .2
1 0 3 .6
1 1 0 .7
1 0 5 .3
1 0 1 .3
1 0 0 .2
9 8 .3
1 0 2 .7
1 0 6 .7
1 0 9 .0
1 1 1 .4
1 1 4 .8
U n i t e d K i n g d o m .............................................................................
4 6 .5
8 1 .7
8 8 .5
9 1 .8
1 0 7 .7
1 1 0 .2
1 1 1 .6
1 1 0 .6
1 0 3 .6
1 0 1 .3
1 1 5 .7
1 3 0 .1
1 3 2 .9
1 4 0 .3
6 7 .8
9 0 .4
9 9 .7
8 7 .2
9 4 .5
1 0 1 .5
1 0 5 .5
1 0 5 .4
100.1
1 0 1 .5
1 0 6 .2
1 0 8 .0
1 0 8 .3
1 0 9 .9
Total hours
U n i t e d S t a t e s ...................................................................................
9 2 .2
1 0 4 .5
1 1 0 .5
1 0 7 .6
1 0 3 .9
1 0 6 .8
1 0 7 .2
1 0 4 .9
1 0 0 .6
1 0 1 .4
1 0 3 .8
1 0 4 .1
1 0 3 .6
1 0 4 .7
C a n a d a ................................................................................................
8 4 .2
1 0 2 .2
1 1 0 .4
1 1 3 .6
1 1 3 .2
1 2 0 .2
1 2 0 .0
1 1 2 .0
1 0 3 .9
1 0 2 .5
1 0 6 .6
1 0 9 .1
112.1
1 1 5 .8
J a p a n ....................................................................................................
7 6 .3
1 0 2 .3
1 0 4 .0
9 3 .8
9 6 .6
9 9 .8
1 0 0 .8
1 0 0 .9
1 0 2 .0
9 5 .6
9 3 .7
9 2 .0
9 2 .2
9 1 .4
1 7 2 .1
1 7 6 .3
1 6 5 .6
1 2 1 .4
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .5
1 0 2 .3
1 0 4 .3
1 0 1 .6
9 3 .2
9 2 .2
9 5 .6
9 4 .6
9 3 .7
1 3 6 .5
1 2 9 .0
1 1 8 .8
101.1
1 0 9 .6
1 0 7 .2
1 0 4 .7
1 0 3 .7
102.1
9 4 .8
-
-
-
-
1 4 0 .6
1 4 7 .0
1 4 8 .7
1 3 1 .5
1 0 5 .1
1 0 4 .0
1 0 4 .4
1 0 4 .5
1 0 3 .0
9 4 .5
9 1 .8
9 2 .0
9 1 .2
8 9 .7
G e r m a n y .............................................................................................
1 4 2 .6
1 3 6 .3
1 2 8 .6
1 1 0 .5
9 9 .7
9 9 .3
9 9 .6
1 0 0 .2
1 0 1 .0
9 1 .2
8 6 .6
8 0 .4
7 8 .5
It a l y .........................................................................................................
1 0 9 .6
1 2 1 .8
1 2 3 .4
1 2 3 .0
1 0 4 .1
1 0 9 .5
1 10 .2
1 0 8 .2
1 0 4 .6
9 2 .4
9 4 .8
9 4 .4
9 2 .8
9 1 .3
8 9 .8
8 9 .0
-
1 0 5 .2
1 0 6 .9
1 0 8 .6
1 1 1 .3
D e n m a r k .............................................................................................
1 6 3 .3
N e t h e r l a n d s ......................................................................................
1 5 4 .0
U n i t e d K i n g d o m .............................................................................
1 5 5 .1
1 5 4 .3
1 3 9 .3
1 5 1 .2
1 1 1 .4
9 7 .6
9 8 .9
9 9 .7
1 0 1 .6
1 0 1 .0
9 6 .4
1 3 5 .0
1 1 8 .6
1 1 4 .3
1 0 7 .1
1 0 3 .7
1 0 0 .8
102.1
8 4 .2
9 2 .5
1 6 8 .3
1 5 4 .7
1 4 2 .5
1 2 4 .0
1 1 9 .5
1 2 1 .4
1 1 9 .0
1 1 6 .4
1 0 9 .0
9 4 .9
9 9 .6
1 0 6 .3
1 0 6 .0
1 0 5 .0
2 2 4 .6
2 0 8 .8
1 9 4 .1
1 6 0 .5
1 2 1 .0
1 2 2 .8
1 2 2 .4
1 1 8 .1
1 0 6 .6
9 6 .1
9 7 .3
1 0 0 .4
1 0 2 .0
1 0 2 .5
1 4 .9
2 3 .8
2 8 .6
5 5 .8
8 0 .8
8 4 .0
8 6 .8
9 1 .0
9 5 .7
1 0 2 .9
1 0 5 .6
1 0 8 .7
112.1
1 1 6 .1
1 0.6
18 .1
2 2 .3
4 8 .3
7 5 .9
7 8 .5
8 3 .2
8 9 .5
9 4 .7
9 9 .8
1 0 0 .4
1 0 3 .7
1 0 6 .0
1 0 8 .8
4 .3
1 6 .5
2 6 .8
5 8 .6
7 7 .9
7 9 .2
8 4 .2
9 0 .7
9 5 .9
1 0 4 .6
1 0 6 .7
1 0 9 .5
1 1 0 .5
1 1 4 .0
5 .6
1 4 .1
2 1 .7
5 2 .7
7 9 .3
8 1 .0
8 5 .2
8 9 .9
9 5 .4
1 0 5 .0
1 0 8 .4
1 1 1 .6
1 1 4 .1
1 1 6 .5
4 .6
1 3 .3
2 0 .5
4 9 .6
8 0 .1
8 2 .9
8 7 .7
9 2 .7
9 5 .9
1 0 2 .4
-
-
-
-
4 .3
1 0 .5
1 4 .9
4 1 .3
7 9 .7
8 2 .7
8 7 .2
9 1 .8
9 6 .3
1 0 3 .6
1 0 6 .2
1 0 7 .7
1 0 9 .4
1 1 2 .6
8.1
2 0 .8
2 9 .1
5 3 .8
7 6 .5
7 9 .5
8 3 .3
8 9 .4
9 5 .0
1 0 6 .0
1 1 1 .8
1 1 7 .8
1 2 3 .7
1 2 6 .5
1.6
4 .6
7 .0
2 7 .9
66.1
6 8 .7
7 5 .5
8 4 .0
9 3 .1
1 0 7 .1
1 0 6 .6
1 1 2 .3
1 1 9 .4
1 2 5 .2
6 .4
2 0 .3
3 1 .8
6 4 .7
8 7 .8
8 7 .7
8 8 .5
9 0 .8
9 5 .2
1 0 3 .7
1 0 8 .2
111.1
1 1 4 .5
4 .7
1 1 .8
1 7 .0
3 9 .0
7 8 .5
8 3 .3
8 7 .2
9 2 .3
9 7 .5
1 0 1 .5
1 0 4 .4
1 0 9 .2
1 1 4 .4
1 1 9 .6
1 1 8 .3
Com pensation per hour
C a n a d a .................................................................................................
D e n m a r k .............................................................................................
N e t h e r l a n d s ......................................................................................
S w e d e n ...............................................................................................
-
4 .1
1 0 .8
1 5 .2
3 7 .4
6 7 .3
7 1 .7
7 9 .4
8 7 .6
9 5 .4
9 8 .0
101.1
1 0 6 .2
1 1 3 .4
3 .1
6 .4
9 .6
3 3 .7
6 5 .9
7 0 .3
7 5 .1
8 3 .4
9 2 .9
1 0 6 .2
1 0 8 .2
1 0 8 .6
1 1 0 .9
1 1 5 .2
7 7 .6
8 5 .7
8 5 .9
8 9 .5
9 3 .1
9 7 .5
1 0 0 .8
9 7 .7
9 4 .5
9 3 .3
9 2 .4
2 6 .0
3 0 .5
3 2 .0
6 4 .2
8 3 .3
8 6 .3
9 0 .0
9 4 .0
9 9 .6
9 6 .6
9 5 .0
9 5 .6
9 9 .4
9 9 .3
3 0 .9
4 3 .3
5 5 .7
9 1 .7
9 6 .0
9 3 .4
9 4 .0
9 5 .0
9 6 .5
1 0 4 .1
1 0 4 .9
100.1
9 8 .8
9 6 .0
3 1 .2
4 3 .3
5 0 .8
8 1 .8
8 9 .5
8 8 .3
88.1
9 2 .7
9 6 .3
1 0 0 .9
9 8 .6
1 0 2 .0
1 0 3 .1
9 9 .7
1 5 .4
2 5 .2
3 0 .6
5 5 .0
8 8 .4
8 8 .2
88.1
9 3 .6
9 6 .3
9 7 .0
9 9 .7
1 0 1 .9
1 0 1 .2
1 0 2 .2
1 8 .7
2 3 .0
2 7 .6
5 8 .6
9 2 .0
8 9 .3
8 9 .5
9 2 .6
9 7 .6
1 0 1 .8
9 6 .2
9 4 .2
9 2 .8
8 9 .4
2 8 .0
4 0 .0
4 7 .7
6 9 .7
8 6 .7
8 6 .9
8 8 .3
9 0 .4
9 3 .3
1 0 5 .3
1 0 3 .6
1 0 5 .2
1 0 6 .0
1 0 2 .4
1 0 6 .6
Unit labor costs: N a ti o n a l c u r r e n c y b a s i s
S w e d e n ...............................................................................................
8 .0
1 2 .6
1 6 .0
4 3 .7
7 7 .8
7 9 .4
8 4 .4
9 0 .5
9 7 .7
1 0 2 .5
9 9 .2
9 8 .6
1 0 4 .4
3 3 .0
5 2 .7
6 5 .1
9 2 .7
9 5 .8
9 3 .5
9 1 .1
9 2 .1
9 5 .6
1 0 1 .8
9 4 .8
9 2 .9
9 3 .4
1 2 .9
2 0 .4
2 5 .1
5 0 .8
8 4 .1
9 0 .4
9 2 .2
9 5 .6
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .9
1 0 2 .9
1 0 7 .1
1 1 1 .5
1 4 .9
2 0 .5
2 4 .4
5 0 .6
7 4 .7
7 9 .0
8 4 .7
9 2 .3
1 0 0 .4
9 1 .8
8 7 .0
8 6 .8
9 0 .4
1 1 5 .9
8 8 .5
1 0 .3
1 4 .8
1 8 .8
6 2 .1
8 4 .5
8 5 .0
8 7 .2
9 3 .5
9 9 .0
1 0 0 .5
9 9 .1
1 0 1 .0
1 0 4 .4
1 0 7 .5
7 7 .6
8 5 .7
8 5 .9
8 9 .5
9 3 .1
9 7 .5
1 0 0 .8
9 7 .7
9 4 .5
9 3 .3
9 2 .4
3 2 .4
3 5 .3
3 8 .7
6 6 .4
7 5 .9
8 4 .8
9 1 .9
9 7 .3
1 0 5 .0
9 0 .5
8 4 .0
8 4 .2
88.1
8 6 .6
1 0 .9
1 5 .3
2 6 .1
5 1 .5
8 4 .2
9 2 .4
8 6 .3
8 3 .1
9 0 .9
1 1 8 .8
1 3 0 .1
1 3 5 .1
1 1 5 .1
1 0 0 .5
Unit labor costs: U .S . d o l l a r b a s i s
20.1
2 8 .0
4 2 .1
9 0 .0
7 7 .0
7 7 .1
7 1 .9
8 9 .2
9 0 .6
9 3 .8
9 4 .8
1 1 1 .3
1 0 7 .0
8 9 .5
1 3 .5
2 0 .3
3 0 .7
5 8 .9
7 7 .9
7 9 .0
7 2 .6
9 1 .3
9 0 .8
9 0 .3
9 4 .7
1 0 9 .8
1 0 5 .3
9 3 .4
2 0 .2
2 2 .0
3 2 .9
7 3 .5
8 1 .0
7 9 .3
7 4 .3
9 0 .0
9 1 .5
9 5 .1
9 1 .8
1 0 0 .0
9 6 .1
8 1 .1
1 0 .5
1 7 .1
2 8 .1
5 9 .9
7 5 .3
7 7 .3
7 3 .4
8 7 .3
8 7 .7
9 9 .4
9 9 .8
1 1 4 .7
1 1 0 .0
9 2 .2
1 5 .9
2 4 .7
3 4 .0
6 2 .9
7 3 .9
7 5 .1
7 5 .8
9 3 .0
9 7 .0
8 0 .3
7 5 .8
7 4 .6
8 3 .4
7 7 .1
1 5 .4
2 5 .6
4 1 .2
8 2 .1
8 3 .1
8 3 .1
7 5 .5
8 8 .9
8 9 .8
9 6 .3
9 1 .6
1 0 1 .8
9 7 .4
1 1 .3
1 7 .8
2 7 .2
6 3 .9
7 7 .5
86.1
8 2 .9
9 5 .0
9 5 .7
8 8 .3
9 0 .7
1 0 5 .0
1 0 7 .3
S w e d e n ...............................................................................................
1 6 .8
2 3 .0
3 2 .7
6 9 .6
6 8 .5
7 5 .0
7 6 .4
9 0 .8
9 6 .6
6 8 .6
6 5 .7
7 0 .8
7 8 .5
6 7 .5
U n i t e d K i n g d o m ............................................................................
1 6 .4
20.1
2 6 .0
8 1 .7
7 8 .4
8 5 .8
8 0 .8
9 4 .5
9 9 .1
8 5 .5
8 6 .0
9 0 .2
9 2 .3
9 9 .6
-
D a ta n o t a v a ila b le .
118
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
November 1998
1 0 1 .6
46.
Occupational injury and illness rates by industry,1 United States
Incidence rates per 100 full-time workers3
Industry and type of case2
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989 1
1990
1991
1992
1993 4 1994 4 1995 4 1996 4
P R IV A T E S E C T O R 5
T o t a l c a s e s .....................................................................................
7 .9
7 .9
8 .3
8 .6
8 .6
8 .8
8 .4
8 .9
8 .5
8 .4
8.1
7 .4
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ..................................................................
3 .6
3 .6
3 .8
4 .0
4 .0
4 .1
3 .9
3 .9
3 .8
3 .8
3 .6
3 .4
L o s t w o r k d a y s ...............................................................................
6 4 .9
6 5 .8
6 9 .9
7 6 .1
7 8 .7
8 4 .0
8 6 .5
9 3 .8
-
-
-
-
A g r ic u ltu r e , f o r e s tr y , a n d fis h in g
T o t a l c a s e s .....................................................................................
1 1 .2
1 0 .9
1 0 .9
1 1 .6
1 0 .8
1 1 .6
1 1 .2
1 0 .0
9 .7
8 .7
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ..................................................................
5 .7
5 .6
5 .7
5 .6
5 .7
5 .9
5 .4
5 .4
5 .0
4 .7
4 .3
3 .9
L o s t w o r k d a y s ...............................................................................
9 1 .3
9 3 .6
9 4 .1
1 0 1 .8
1 0 0 .9
1 1 2 .2
1 0 8 .3
1 2 6 .9
-
-
-
-
1 1 .4
1 1 .2
M i n in g
T o t a l c a s e s .....................................................................................
8 .4
7 .4
8 .5
8 .8
8 .5
8 .3
7 .4
7 .3
6 .8
6 .3
6 .2
5 .4
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ..................................................................
4 .8
4 .1
4 .9
5 .1
4 .8
5 .0
4 .5
4 .1
3 .9
3 .9
3 .9
3 .2
L o s t w o r k d a y s ...............................................................................
1 4 5 .3
1 2 5 .9
1 4 4 .0
1 5 2 .1
1 3 7 .2
1 1 9 .5
1 2 9 .6
2 0 4 .7
-
-
-
-
T o t a l c a s e s .....................................................................................
1 5 .2
1 5 .2
1 4 .7
1 4 .6
1 4 .3
1 4 .2
1 3 .0
1 3 .1
1 2 .2
1 1 .8
1 0 .6
9 .9
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ..................................................................
6 .8
6 .9
6 .8
6 .8
6 .8
6 .7
6.1
5 .8
5 .5
5 .5
4 .9
4 .5
-
-
C o n s tr u c tio n
L o s t w o r k d a y s ...............................................................................
1 2 8 .9
1 3 4 .5
1 3 5 .8
1 4 2 .2
1 4 3 .3
1 4 7 .9
1 4 8 .1
1 6 1 .9
-
-
G e n e r a l b u ild in g c o n t r a c t o r s :
T o t a l c a s e s .....................................................................................
1 5 .2
1 4 .9
1 4 .2
1 4 .0
1 3 .9
1 3 .4
1 2 .0
1 2 .2
1 1 .5
1 0 .9
9 .8
9 .0
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ..................................................................
6 .8
6 .6
6 .5
6 .4
6 .5
6 .4
5 .5
5 .4
5 .1
5 .1
4 .4
4 .0
-
-
L o s t w o r k d a y s ...............................................................................
1 2 0 .4
1 2 2 .7
1 3 4 .0
1 3 2 .2
1 3 7 .3
1 3 7 .6
1 3 2 .0
1 4 2 .7
-
-
H e a v y c o n s t r u c t i o n , e x c e p t b u i ld in g :
T o t a l c a s e s .....................................................................................
1 4 .5
1 4 .7
1 4 .5
1 5 .1
1 3 .8
1 3 .8
1 2 .8
12.1
11.1
1 0 .2
9 .9
9 .0
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ...................................................................
6 .3
6 .3
6 .4
7 .0
6 .5
6 .3
6 .0
5 .4
5 .1
5 .0
4 .8
4 .3
L o s t w o r k d a y s ........................................................... „ ................ .
1 2 7 .3
1 3 2 .9
1 3 9 .1
1 6 2 .3
1 4 7 .1
1 4 4 .6
1 6 0 .1
1 6 5 .8
-
-
-
-
S p e c ia l tr a d e s c o n tra c to rs :
T o t a l c a s e s .....................................................................................
1 5 .4
1 5 .6
1 5 .0
1 4 .7
1 4 .6
1 4 .7
1 3 .5
1 3 .8
1 2 .8
1 2 .5
11.1
1 0 .4
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ...................................................................
7 .0
7 .2
7 .1
7 .0
6 .9
6 .9
6 .3
6.1
5 .8
5 .8
5 .0
4 .8
L o s t w o r k d a y s ................................................................................
1 3 3 .3
1 4 0 .4
1 3 5 .7
1 4 1 .1
1 4 4 .9
1 5 3 .1
1 5 1 .3
1 6 8 .3
-
-
-
-
M a n u fa c tu rin g
T o t a l c a s e s .....................................................................................
1 0 .4
1 0 .6
1 3 .1
1 3 .1
1 3 .2
1 2 .7
1 2 .5
12.1
1 2 .2
1 1 .6
1 0 .6
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ...................................................................
4 .6
4 .7
5 .3
5 .7
5 .8
5 .8
5 .6
5 .4
5 .3
5 .5
5 .3
4 .9
L o s t w o r k d a y s .................................................................................
8 0 .2
8 5 .2
9 5 .5
1 1 .9
1 0 7 .4
1 1 3 .0
1 2 0 .7
1 2 1 .5
1 2 4 .6
-
-
-
-
T o t a l c a s e s .....................................................................................
1 0 .9
1 1 .0
1 2 .5
1 4 .2
1 4 .1
1 4 .2
1 3 .6
1 3 .4
1 3 .1
1 3 .5
1 2 .8
1 1 .6
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ...................................................................
4 .7
4 .8
5 .4
5 .9
6 .0
6 .0
5 .7
5 .5
5 .4
5 .7
5 .6
5 .1
L o s t w o r k d a y s .................................................................................
8 2 .0
8 7 .1
9 6 .8
1 11.1
1 1 6 .5
1 2 3 .3
1 2 2 .9
1 2 6 .7
-
-
-
-
T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................
1 8 .5
1 8 .9
1 8 .9
1 9 .5
1 8 .4
1 8 .1
1 6 .8
1 6 .3
1 5 .9
1 5 .7
1 4 .9
1 4 .2
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ...............................................................
9 .3
9 .7
9 .6
1 0 .0
9 .4
8 .8
8 .3
7 .6
7 .6
7 .7
7 .0
6 .8
L o s t w o r k d a y s ............................................................................
1 7 1 .4
1 7 7 .2
1 7 6 .5
189.1
1 7 7 .5
1 7 2 .5
1 7 2 .0
1 6 5 .8
-
-
-
-
F u r n itu r e a n d fix tu re s :
T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................
1 5 .0
1 5 .2
1 5 .4
1 6 .6
1 6 .1
1 6 .9
1 5 .9
1 4 .8
1 4 .6
1 5 .0
1 3 .9
1 2 .2
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ...............................................................
6 .3
6 .3
6 .7
7 .3
7 .2
7 .8
7 .2
6 .6
6 .5
7 .0
6 .4
5 .4
L o s t w o r k d a y s ............................................................................
1 0 0 .4
1 0 3 .0
1 0 3 .6
1 1 5 .7
-
-
-
1 2 8 .4
-
-
-
-
S to n e , c la y , a n d g l a s s p r o d u c ts :
T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................
1 3 .9
1 3 .6
1 4 .9
1 6 .0
1 5 .5
1 5 .4
1 4 .8
1 3 .6
1 3 .8
1 3 .2
1 2 .3
1 2 .4
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ...............................................................
6 .7
6 .5
7 .1
7 .5
7 .4
7 .3
6 .8
6.1
6 .3
6 .5
5 .7
6 .0
L o s t w o r k d a y s ............................................................................
1 2 7 .8
1 2 6 .0
1 3 5 .8
1 4 1 .0
1 4 9 .8
1 6 0 .5
1 5 6 .0
1 5 2 .2
-
-
-
-
P rim a ry m e ta l in d u s tr ie s :
T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................
1 2 .6
D u ra b le g o o d s :
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts :
1 3 .6
1 7 .0
1 9 .4
1 8 .7
1 9 .0
1 7 .7
1 7 .5
1 7 .0
1 6 .8
1 6 .5
1 5 .0
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ................. .... .........................................
5 .7
6.1
7 .4
8 .2
8.1
8.1
7 .4
7 .1
7 .3
7 .2
7 .2
6 .8
L o s t w o r k d a y s ........... „ ................... .........................................
1 1 3 .8
1 2 5 .5
1 4 5 .8
1 6 1 .3
1 6 8 .3
1 8 0 .2
1 6 9 .1
1 7 5 .5
-
-
-
-
F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c ts :
T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................
1 6 .3
1 6 .0
1 7 .0
1 8 .8
1 8 .7
1 7 .4
1 6 .8
1 6 .2
1 6 .4
1 5 .8
1 4 .4
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s .......................... ....................................
6 .9
6 .8
7 .2
8 .0
7 .9
7 .9
7 .1
6 .6
6 .7
6 .7
6 .9
6 .2
L o s t w o r k d a y s ............................................................................
1 10.1
1 1 5 .5
1 2 1 .9
1 3 8 .8
1 4 7 .6
1 8 .5
1 5 5 .7
1 4 6 .6
1 4 4 .0
-
-
-
-
T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................
1 0 .8
1 0 .7
1 1 .3
12.1
12.1
1 2 .0
11.2
11.1
11.1
1 1 .6
1 1 .2
9 .9
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ...............................................................
4 .2
4 .2
4 .4
4 .7
4 .8
4 .7
4 .4
4 .2
4 .2
4 .4
4 .4
4 .0
L o s t w o r k d a y s ............................................................................
6 9 .3
7 2 .0
7 2 .7
8 2 .8
8 6 .8
8 8 .9
8 6 .6
8 7 .7
-
-
-
-
In d u s tria l m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t:
E le c tr o n ic a n d o th e r e le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t:
T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................
6 .4
6 .4
7 .2
8 .0
9 .1
9 .1
8 .6
8 .4
8 .3
8 .3
7 .6
6 .8
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ...............................................................
2 .7
2 .7
3 .1
3 .3
3 .9
3 .8
3 .7
3 .6
3 .5
3 .6
3 .3
3 .1
L o s t w o r k d a y s ............................................................................
4 5 .7
4 9 .8
5 5 .9
6 4 .6
7 7 .5
7 9 .4
8 3 .0
8 1 .2
-
-
-
-
T ra n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t:
T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................
9 .0
9 .6
1 3 .5
1 7 .7
1 7 .7
1 7 .8
1 8 .3
1 8 .7
1 8 .5
1 9 .6
1 8 .6
1 6 .3
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ................................................. .............
3 .9
4 .1
5 .7
6 .6
6 .8
6 .9
7 .0
7 .1
7 .1
7 .8
7 .9
7 .0
7 1 .6
7 9 .1
1 0 5 .7
1 3 4 .2
1 3 8 .6
1 5 3 .7
1 6 6 .1
1 8 6 .6
-
-
-
-
L o s t w o r k d a y s ....................................................„ ............. ...
I n s tr u m e n ts a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts :
T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................
5 .2
5 .3
5 .8
6.1
5 .6
5 .9
6 .0
5 .9
5 .6
5 .9
5 .3
5 .1
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ...............................................................
2 .2
2 .3
2 .4
2 .6
2 .5
2 .7
2 .7
2 .7
2 .5
2 .7
2 .4
2 .3
L o s t w o r k d a y s ............................................................................
-
-
-
3 7 .9
4 2 .2
4 3 .9
5 1 .5
5 5 .4
5 7 .8
6 4 .4
6 5 .3
-
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u f a c tu r in g in d u s tr ie s :
T o t a l c a s e s ..................................................................................
9 .7
1 0 .2
1 0 .7
1 1 .3
11.1
1 1 .3
1 1 .3
1 0 .7
1 0 .0
9 .9
9 .1
9 .5
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ................................................................
4 .2
4 .3
4 .6
5 .1
5 .1
5 .1
5 .1
5 .0
4 .6
4 .5
4 .3
4 .4
7 3 .2
7 0 .9
8 1 .5
9 1 .0
9 7 .6
1 1 3 .1
1 0 4 .0
1 0 8 .2
-
-
-
-
L o s t w o r k d a y s ...................................................................... ...
S e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
119
Current Labor Statistics:
46.
Injury and Illness Data
Continued—Occupational injury and illness rates by industry,1 United States
Incidence rates per 100 full-time workers3
industry ana type ot case
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1
1990
1991
1992
1993 4 1994 4 1995 4 1996 4
N o n d u ra b le g o o d s :
T o t a l c a s e s ..........................................................................................................................
9 .6
1 0 .0
11.1
1 1 .4
1 1 .6
1 1 .7
1 1 .5
1 1 .3
1 0 .7
1 0 .5
9 .9
9 .2
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s .......................................................................................................
4 .4
4 .6
5 .1
5 .4
5 .5
5 .6
5 .5
5 .3
5 .0
5 .1
4 .9
4 .6
L o s t w o r k d a y s ....................................................................................................................
7 7 .6
8 2 .3
9 3 .5
1 0 1 .7
1 0 7 .8
1 1 6 .9
1 1 9 .7
1 2 1 .8
-
-
-
-
T o t a l c a s e s ....................................................................................................................
1 6 .7
1 6 .5
1 7 .7
1 8 .5
1 8 .5
2 0 .0
1 9 .5
1 8 .8
1 7 .6
1 7 .1
1 6 .3
1 5 .0
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ...................................................................................................
8.1
8 .0
8 .6
9 .2
9 .3
9 .9
9 .9
9 .5
8 .9
9 .2
8 .7
8 .0
L o s t w o r k d a y s ................................................................................................................
1 3 8 .0
1 3 7 .8
1 5 3 .7
1 6 9 .7
1 7 4 .7
2 0 2 .6
2 0 7 .2
2 1 1 .9
-
-
-
-
F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c ts :
T o b a c c o p r o d u c ts :
T o t a l c a s e s ....................................................................................................................
7 .7
6 .4
6 .0
5 .8
5 .3
5 .6
6 .7
3 .0
2 .5
2 .5
2 .9
3 .4
3 .2
2 .8
2 .4
2 .3
2 .4
2 .6
2 .8
5 1 .7
4 5 .6
4 6 .4
5 3 .0
6 4 .2
6 2 .3
5 2 .0
4 2 .9
7 .5
7 .8
9 .0
9 .6
1 0 .3
9 .6
10.1
9.9
9 .7
8 .7
8 .2
7 .8
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ...................................................................................................
3 .0
3 .1
3 .6
4 .0
4 .2
4 .0
4 .4
4 .2
4 .1
4 .0
4 .1
3 .6
L o s t w o r k d a y s ................................................................................................................
5 7 .4
5 9 .3
6 5 .9
7 8 .8
8 1 .4
8 5 .1
8 8 .3
8 7 .1
-
-
-
-
7 .3
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ...................................................................................................
T e x t i l e m ill p r o d u c t s :
T o t a l c a s e s ....................................................................................................................
A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r t e x t i l e p r o d u c ts :
T o t a l c a s e s ....................................................................................................................
6 .7
8 .6
8 .7
9 .3
6 .7
6 .7
7 .4
8.1
8 .6
8 .8
9 .2
9 .5
9 .0
8 .9
8 .2
7 .4
2 .6
2 .7
3 .1
3 .5
3 .8
3 .9
4 .2
4 .0
3 .8
3 9
3 6
3 .3
L o s t w o r k d a y s ................................................................................................................
4 4 .1
4 9 .4
5 9 .5
6 8 .2
8 0 .5
9 2 .1
99.9
1 0 4 .6
P a p e r a n d a llie d p ro d u c ts :
T o t a l c a s e s .....................................................................................................................
1 0 .2
1 0 .5
1 2 .8
1 3 .1
1 2 .7
12.1
1 1.2
1 1 .0
9.9
9 .6
8 .5
7 .9
4 .7
4 .7
5 .8
5 .9
5 .8
5 .5
5 .0
5 .0
4 .6
4 .5
4 .2
3 .8
9 4 .6
9 9 .5
1 2 2 .3
1 2 4 .3
1 3 2 .9
1 2 4 .8
1 2 2 .7
1 2 5 .9
L o s t w o r k d a y s ................................................................................................................
P r i n ti n g a n d p u b l i s h i n q :
T o t a i c a s e s ....................................................................................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s ................................................................................................................
C h e m i c a l s a n d a l l i e d p r o d u c ts :
T o t a l c a s e s ....................................................................................................................
6 .3
6 .5
6 .7
6.6
6 .9
6 .9
6 .7
7 .3
6 .9
6 .7
6 .4
6 .0
2 .9
2 .9
3 .1
3 .2
3 .3
3 .3
3 .2
3 .2
3 .1
3 .0
3 .0
2 .8
4 9 .2
5 0 .8
5 5 .1
5 9 .8
6 3 .8
6 9 .8
7 4 .5
7 4 .8
6 .0
5 .9
5 .7
5 .5
4 .8
2 .3
2 .7
3 .1
3 .3
3 .2
3 .1
3 .1
2 .8
2 .7
2 .8
2 .7
2 .4
3 8 .8
4 9 .4
5 8 .8
5 9 .0
6 3 .4
6 1 .6
6 2 .4
6 4 .2
5 .1
7 .1
7 .3
7 .0
6.6
6.6
6 .2
5 .9
5 .2
4 .7
4 .8
4 .6
2 .4
3 .2
3 .1
3 .2
3 .3
3 .1
2 .9
2 .8
2 .5
2 .3
2 .4
2 .5
4 9 .9
6 7 .5
6 5 .9
6 8 .4
68.1
7 7 .3
6 8 .2
7 1 .2
1 3 .4
1 4 .0
1 5 .9
1 6 .3
1 6 .2
1 6 .2
1 5 .1
1 4 .5
1 3 .9
1 4 .0
1 2 .9
1 2 .3
6 .3
6 .6
7 .6
8.1
8 .0
7 .8
7 .2
6 .8
6 .5
6 .7
6 .5
6 .3
1 0 7 .4
1 1 8 .2
1 3 0 .8
1 4 2 .9
1 4 7 .2
1 5 1 .3
1 5 0 .9
1 5 3 .3
1 0 .3
1 0 .5
1 2 .4
1 1 .4
1 3 .6
12.1
1 2 .5
12.1
12.1
1 2 .0
1 1 .4
1 0 .7
4 .6
4 .8
5 .8
5 .6
6 .5
5 .9
5 .9
5 .4
5 .5
5 .3
4 .8
4 .5
8 8 .3
8 3 .4
1 1 4 .5
1 2 8 .2
1 3 0 .4
1 5 2 .3
1 4 0 .8
1 2 8 .5
5 .1
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ...................................................................................................
P e tro le u m a n d c o a l p ro d u c ts :
T o t a l c a s e s ......................................................................................................................
R u b b e r a n d m i s c e l l a n e o u s p l a s t i c s p r o d u c ts :
T o t a l c a s e s ....................................................................................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ...................................................................................................
L e a t h e r a n d l e a t h e r p r o d u c ts :
T o t a l c a s e s ....................................................................................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s ................................................................................................................
6 .3
7 .0
7 .0
7 .0
6 .5
6 .4
Trans porta tion and public utilities
T o t a l c a s e s ..........................................................................................................................
8 .6
8 .2
8 .4
8 .9
9 .2
9 .6
9 .3
9 .1
9 .5
9 .3
9 .1
8 .7
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s .......................................................................................................
5 .0
4 .8
4 .9
5 .1
5 .3
5 .5
5 .4
5 .1
5 .4
5 .5
5 .2
5 .1
L o s t w o r k d a y s ....................................................................................................................
1 0 7 .1
1 0 8 .1
1 1 8 .6
1 2 1 .5
1 3 4 .1
1 4 0 .0
1 4 4 .0
1 0 2 . 1,
W holesale an d retail tra de
T o t a l c a s e s ..........................................................................................................................
7 .4
7 .7
7 .7
7 .8
8 .0
7 .9
7 .6
8 .4
8.1
7 .9
7 .5
6 .8
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s .......................................................................................................
3 .2
3 .3
3 .4
3 .5
3 .6
3 .5
3 .4
3 .5
3 .4
3 .4
3 .2
2 .9
L o s t w o r k d a y s ....................................................................................................................
5 0 .7
5 4 .0
5 6 .1
6 0 .9
6 3 .5
6 5 .6
7 2 .0
8 0 .1
-
-
-
-
W h o le s a le tra d e :
T o t a l c a s e s ..........................................................................................................................
7 .2
7 .4
7 .6
7 .7
7 .4
7 .2
7 .6
7 .8
7 .7
7 .5
6 .6
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s .......................................................................................................
3 .5
3 .6
3 .7
3 .8
4 .0
3 .7
3 .7
3 .6
3 .7
3 .8
3 .6
3 .4
L o s t w o r k d a y s ....................................................................................................................
5 9 .8
7 .2
6 2 .5
8 2 .4
-
-
-
-
6 4 .0
6 9 .2
7 1 .9
7 1 .5
7 9 .2
R e ta il tr a d e :
T o t a l c a s e s ..........................................................................................................................
7 .5
7 .8
8 .7
8 .2
7 .9
7 .5
6 .9
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s .......................................................................................................
3 .1
3 .2
3 .3
3 .4
3 .4
3 .4
3 .3
3 .4
3 .3
3 .3
3 .0
2 .8
L o s t w o r k d a y s ....................................................................................................................
4 7 .0
5 0 .5
5 2 .9
5 7 .6
6 0 .0
6 3 .2
6 9 .1
7 9 .2
-
-
-
-
T o t a l c a s e s ..........................................................................................................................
2 .0
2 .0
2 .0
2 .0
2 .0
2 .4
2 .4
2 .9
2 .9
2 .7
2 .6
2 .4
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s .......................................................................................................
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.0
.9
L o s t w o r k d a y s ....................................................................................................................
1 5 .4
1 4 .3
1 7 .2
1 7 .6
2 7 .3
2 4 .1
3 2 .9
-
-
-
7 .8
8.1
7 .9
7 .7
8.1
Finance, insurance, and real estate
1 7 .1
-
S e rv ices
T o t a l c a s e s ..........................................................................................................................
5 .4
5 .3
5 .5
5 .4
5 .5
6 .0
6 .2
7 .1
6 .7
6 .5
6 .4
6 .0
L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s .......................................................................................................
2 .6
2 .5
2 .7
2 .6
2 .7
2 .8
2 .8
3 .0
2 .8
2 .8
2 .8
2 .6
L o s t w o r k d a y s ....................................................................................................................
4 5 .4
4 3 .0
4 5 .8
4 7 .7
5 1 .2
5 6 .4
6 0 .0
6 8 .6
-
-
-
-
1 D a t a fo r 1 9 8 9 a n d s u b s e q u e n t y e a r s a r e b a s e d o n t h e
ification Manual,
1 9 8 7 E d i t io n .
d a t a f o r t h e y e a r s 1 9 8 5 - 8 8 , w h ic h w e r e b a s e d o n t h e
Manual,
Standard Industrial Class
F o r t h i s r e a s o n , t h e y a r e n o t s tr ic tly c o m p a r a b l e w ith
Standard Industrial Classification
1 9 7 2 E d i t io n , 1 9 7 7 S u p p l e m e n t .
N = n u m b e r o f in j u r i e s a n d i l l n e s s e s o r l o s t w o r k d a y s ;
E H = to t a l h o u r s w o r k e d b y all e m p l o y e e s d u r i n g t h e c a l e n d a r y e a r ; a n d
2 0 0 , 0 0 0 = b a s e f o r 1 0 0 f u ll-tim e e q u i v a l e n t w o r k e r s ( w o rk in g 4 0 h o u r s p e r w e e k , 5 0
w e e k s p e r y e a r).
2 B e g i n n i n g w ith t h e 1 9 9 2 s u r v e y , t h e a n n u a l s u r v e y m e a s u r e s o n ly n o n f a ta l i n ju r ie s
a n d i l l n e s s e s , w h i l e p a s t s u r v e y s c o v e r e d b o t h f a ta l a n d n o n f a ta l i n c i d e n t s .
T o b e tte r
4 B e g i n n i n g w ith t h e 1 9 9 3 s u r v e y , l o s t w o r k d a y e s t i m a t e s w ill n o t b e g e n e r a t e d . A s o f
1 9 9 2 , B L S b e g a n g e n e r a t i n g p e r c e n t d i s t r i b u ti o n s a n d t h e m e d i a n n u m b e r o f d a y s
a d d r e s s fa ta litie s , a b a s i c e l e m e n t o f w o r k p la c e s a f e ty , B L S im p le m e n te d t h e C e n s u s o f
aw ay
F a ta l O c c u p a tio n a l In ju rie s.
d i s a b i l it i e s .
3 T h e i n c i d e n c e r a t e s r e p r e s e n t t h e n u m b e r o f in j u r i e s a n d i l l n e s s e s o r l o s t w o r k d a y s
p e r 1 0 0 f u ll- tim e w o r k e r s a n d w e r e c a l c u l a t e d a s (N /E H ) X 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 , w h e r e :
120 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
November 1998
fr o m
w o rk
by
in d u s tr y
and
fo r g r o u p s
of w o rk e rs
5 E x c l u d e s f a r m s w ith f e w e r t h a n 11 e m p l o y e e s s i n c e 1 9 7 6 .
-
D a t a n o t a v a i la b l e .
s u s ta in in g
s im ila r w o rk
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
47.
Fatal occupational injuries by event or exposure, 1992-96
Fatalities
1992
1993
1994
1995
Number
Number
Number
Number
Event or exposure1
1996
Number
Percent
6 ,2 1 7
6 ,3 3 1
6 ,6 3 2
6 ,2 7 5
6 ,1 1 2
100
Transportation incidents......................................................
2 ,4 8 4
2 ,4 9 9
2 ,7 6 2
2 ,5 8 8
2 556
42
H ig h w a y i n c i d e n t ...............................................................................................................
1 ,1 5 8
1 ,2 4 2
1 ,3 4 3
1 ,3 4 5
1 ,3 2 4
22
C o ll i s i o n b e t w e e n v e h i c l e s , m o b i le e q u i p m e n t .....................................
578
659
654
642
656
11
M o v in g in s a m e d i r e c t i o n ...................................................................................
78
100
120
127
95
2
201
245
230
246
214
4
M o v in g in i n t e r s e c t i o n ..........................................................................................
107
123
144
99
153
3
V e h ic l e s t r u c k s t a t i o n a r y o b j e c t o r e q u i p m e n t ......................................
192
189
255
275
240
4
T o t a l .................................................................................................................................
N o n c o ll i s i o n i n c i d e n t ...................................................................................................
301
336
373
351
348
6
J a c k k n i f e d o r o v e r t u r n e d — n o c o l l i s i o n ...................................................
213
236
274
261
264
4
N o n h i g h w a y ( f a r m , i n d u s tr i a l p r e m i s e s ) i n c i d e n t ......................................
436
392
409
389
369
6
O v e r t u r n e d ..........................................................................................................................
208
214
226
210
204
3
W o r k e r s t r u c k b y v e h i c l e ..............................................................................................
346
365
391
388
349
6
R a i l w a y i n c i d e n t .................................................................................................................
66
86
81
82
75
1
W a t e r v e h i c l e i n c i d e n t ....................................................................................................
109
119
94
87
107
2
A ir c r a f t i n c i d e n t ...................................................................................................................
353
282
426
283
320
5
Assaults and violent acts......................................................
1 281
1 329
1 321
1 280
1 144
19
H o m i c i d e s ................................................................................................................................
1 ,0 4 4
1 ,0 7 4
1 ,0 8 0
1 ,0 3 6
912
15
H ittin g , k ic k in g , b e a t i n g ............................................................................................
52
35
47
46
47
1
S h o o t i n g ...............................................................................................................................
852
884
934
762
751
12
S t a b b i n g ...............................................................................................................................
90
95
60
67
79
1
S e l f - i n f l i c t e d i n j u r i e s .........................................................................................................
205
222
214
2 21
199
3
Contact with objects and equipment......................................
1 ,0 0 4
1 ,0 4 5
1 ,0 1 7
916
1 ,0 0 5
16
S t r u c k b y o b j e c t ..................................................................................................................
557
565
590
547
579
9
S t r u c k b y f a llin g o b j e c t .............................................................................................
361
346
372
341
402
7
S t r u c k b y fly in g o b j e c t ...............................................................................................
77
81
68
63
58
1
C a u g h t in o r c o m p r e s s e d b y e q u i p m e n t o r o b j e c t s .................................
316
311
280
255
283
5
C a u g h t in r u n n i n g e q u i p m e n t o r m a c h i n e r y ..............................................
159
151
147
131
146
2
C a u g h t in o r c r u s h e d in c o l l a p s i n g m a t e r i a l s ...............................................
110
138
132
99
130
2
Falls....................................................................................
600
618
665
650
684
11
F a ll t o l o w e r l e v e l ...............................................................................................................
507
534
580
577
607
10
F a ll fr o m l a d d e r ...............................................................................................................
78
76
86
97
95
2
F a ll fr o m r o o f .....................................................................................................................
108
120
129
143
148
2
F a ll f r o m s c a f f o l d , s t a g i n g .......................................................................................
66
71
89
82
88
1
F a ll o n s a m e l e v e l .............................................................................................................
62
49
63
53
49
1
Exposure to harmful substances or environments..................
605
592
641
609
523
9
C o n t a c t w ith e l e c t r i c c u r r e n t ......................................................................................
334
325
348
348
279
5
2
C o n t a c t w ith o v e r h e a d p o w e r l i n e s ..................................................................
140
115
132
139
116
C o n t a c t w ith t e m p e r a t u r e e x t r e m e s .....................................................................
33
38
50
56
32
1
E x p o s u r e t o c a u s t i c , n o x i o u s , o r a l l e r g e n i c s u b s t a n c e s .....................
127
116
133
107
119
2
I n h a la t io n o f s u b s t a n c e s ..........................................................................................
83
68
84
62
75
1
O x y g e n d e f i c i e n c y ............................................................................................................
111
112
109
97
92
2
D r o w n in g , s u b m e r s i o n ...............................................................................................
78
90
89
77
67
1
Fires and explosions............................................................
167
204
202
207
184
3
Other events or exposures2...................................................
76
44
24
25
16
-
1
B ased
on
th e
1992
bls O c c u p a t i o n a l
In ju ry
and
Illn e ss
C la s s if ic a tio n S tr u c tu r e s .
2
I n c l u d e s t h e c a t e g o r y " B o d ily r e a c t i o n a n d e x e r t i o n . "
sh o w n s e p a ra te ly .
ro u n d in g .
P e r c e n ta g e s m a y n o t a d d to to ta ls b e c a u s e of
D a s h e s in d ic a te l e s s th a t 0 .5 p e r c e n t o r d a t a t h a t a r e n o t
a v a i l a b l e o r t h a t d o n o t m e e t p u b l i c a t i o n c r it e r i a .
Note : Totals for major categories may include subcategories not
Monthly Labor Review
November 1998
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Em ploym ent and Unemployment:
National establishment d ata...............
State and area establsihment d a ta .....
National labor force d a ta ...................
Region, State, and metropolitan area
labor force d ata...............................
Longitudinal research........................
Covered employment and w ages......
Occupational employment statistics ..
Mass layoff statistics...........................
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Compensation and Working Conditions:
National Compensation Survey................................
Collective bargaining.................................................
Employment cost trends.............................................
Employee Benefits Survey........................................
Occupational Compensation Survey........................
Occupational injuries and illnesses...........................
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http://stats.bls.gov/lmrhome.htm
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Quarterly labor productivity.............
Industry productivity........................
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