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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Zjt
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
William E. Brock, Secretary
Regional Commissioners
for Bureau of Labor Statistics
Region I— Boston:
Anthony J. Ferrara
Kennedy Federal Building, Suite 1603
Boston, MA 02203
Phone: (617) 5 65-2327
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner
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November cover:
The Lackawanna Valley
by G e o rg e Inness (1 8 2 5 -9 4 );
P h o to g ra p h c o u rte s y of th e
N a tio n a l G a lle ry of Art,
W a sh in g to n , D.C.
C o ve r d e s ig n by R ic h a rd L. M ath ew s
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fèf
RESEARCH LIBRARY
Federal Reserve Bank
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
of St. Louis
NOVEMBER 1987
VOLUME 110, NUMBER 11
DEC 0 2 1987
M a ry L y n n S c h m id t
Henry Lowenstern, Editor-in-Chief
Robert W. Fisher, Executive Editor
3
Comparison of the revised and the old cpi
The all items c p i - u increased 2.7 percent in the revised index
and 3.1 percent in the old series during the first 6 months of 1987
L o is B. S h a w , D a v id S h a p iro
7
Women’s work expectations and actual experience
Eighty percent of women with work plans were in the labor force,
while 50 percent who did not plan to work were employed, study finds
S te v e n D e u ts c h
14
Worker training programs help ease impact of technology
Fast pace of technology proves need for skill upgrading and worker retraining
labor contracts and State initiatives can be models for such programs
REPORTS
C . J o s e p h C o o p e r, Jr.
21
W h ite -c o lla r s a la rie s v a ry w id e ly in th e s e r v ic e in d u s trie s
D a n ie l T. L ic h te r, J a n ic e A. C o s ta n z o
23
D e m o g r a p h ic c h a n g e s a n d w o m e n ’s la b o r fo r c e p a r tic ip a tio n
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
DEPAR TM ENTS
2
21
L a b o r m o n th in re v ie w
R e s e a rc h s u m m a rie s
29
M a jo r a g re e m e n ts e x p ir in g n e x t m o n th
31
D e v e lo p m e n ts in in d u s tria l re la tio n s
36
B o o k re v ie w s
39
C u rre n t la b o r s ta tis tic s
Labor Month
In Review
;
WORKPLACE
SAFETY.
The
National Research Council published a
study critical of the Nation’s occupa
tional safety and health statistics and
recommended improvements.
The study, commissioned by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics, was pre
pared by a panel of 12 representatives
of industry, labor, State agencies, and
the academic community. The National
Research Council’s Committee on
National Statistics selected the panel.
The Research Council is the operating
arm of the National Academies of
Sciences and Engineering, a private
research organization chartered by
Congress to examine questions of
science and technology at the request of
Federal agencies.
Panel recommendations. After 18
months of study, the panel concluded
that current statistical systems are in
adequate for maintaining an effective
program of preventing workplace inju
ries and illnesses, that some of the avail
able data are not well used, that there
is no agreed-upon estimate of occupa
tional fatalities, that better evaluation is
needed of both under- and overreport
ing of occupational injuries, and that
measurement of occupational illnesses
remains elusive, in part, because some
occupational diseases are difficult even
for physicians to recognize.
The panel’s 24 specific recommenda
tions included these:
• Modify the BLS annual survey to collect
more detail about severe occupational injuries and
illnesses, that is, those resulting in hospitaliza
tion, outpatient surgery, or death.
• Include more specific categories o f injuries,
such as amputations, burns, cuts, and fractures.
• Distinguish between acute and chronic
illnesses.
• Find out more about how well employers
2
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
understand the guidelines for maintaining occupa
tional injury and illness records.
• Compare reports submitted by establishments
in the annual BLS survey with records kept by
employers.
• Study medical information recorded by
hospitals about occupational injuries and deter
mine to what extent these injuries are reflected
in establishment records.
• Conduct sample surveys o f employees to
obtain information on possible injuries obtained
in the workplace and seek to relate these injuries
to employer records.
• Work with State agencies to compare occupa
tional fatalities from death certificates and wor
kers compensation records with information in
employer records.
• Modify the BLS Supplementary Data Sys
tem by redirecting funds to offer grants to States
willing to provide data for detailed analysis o f a
wide range o f specific injuries.
The panel supported the principle that
BLS protect the confidentiality of the
survey data it receives from individual
establishments and that such data should
not be transmitted to the Occupational
Safety and Health Administration for
enforcement purposes.
BLS a c tio n s. Commissioner of Labor
Statistics Janet L. Norwood welcomed
the Research Council study and indi
cated that BLS will pay close attention
to the panel’s criticisms and make the
necessary improvements. The commis
sioner said that BLS will carefully study
all of the panel’s recommendations, dis
cuss them with BLS labor and business
advisory committees, with other Fed
eral agencies, and with cooperating
States. In planning additional actions,
she added, BLS will take into account
their cost effectiveness, resource and
budget implications, and the paperwork
burden on survey respondents.
Norwood noted that, in some cases,
BLS already has new actions under way.
One is a pilot study of employer record
keeping practices. The study, in 200
f
fj
manufacturing establishments in Mas
sachusetts and Missouri, is being con
ducted by o s h a , with b l s technical
support. It is designed to test procedures
for evaluating employer recordkeeping
under b l s /OSHA requirements. Prelimi
nary results from 180 of the 200
establishments show that
—159 of the 180 establishments, or
about 90 percent, were in compliance
with the requirement to maintain an
OSHA log. Those that were not, gener
ally were small establishments, half of
which had no recordable cases.
—A large number of the 180 estab
lishments made errors in recording in
dividual injuries and illnesses. The
errors involved overrecording as well
as underrecording. Total injuries and
illnesses were underrecorded by about
10 percent. Two of the establishments
were responsible for most of this
undercount.
—Injuries and illnesses involving lost
workdays were underrecorded by about
25 percent in the 180 establishments,
while nonfatal cases without lost work
days were overrecorded by about 10
percent.
Norwood emphasized that because of
the small number (200) of establish
ments visited, statistical implications
that can be drawn from this pilot study
are limited. She said that BLS will do
more detailed analysis of these data and
will use the results of the study in
Bureau efforts to inform employers
about recordkeeping requirements.
The 176-page Research Council
report, Counting Injuries and Illnesses
in the Workplace, has been published
by National Academy Press, 2101
Constitution Ave., N.W., Washington,
DC 20418.
□
Comparison of the revised
and the old cpi
During the first 6 months o f 1987,
the revised all items
cpi - u ,
based on 1982-84 expenditure patterns,
increased 2.7 percent, and the old series,
based on 1972-73 expenditures, rose 3.1 percent
M a r y L y n n S c h m id t
The Bureau of Labor Statistics introduced a revised Con
sumer Price Index ( c p i ) with the release of January 1987
data in February. Periodic revisions of the expenditure
weights are necessary so that the cpi reflects price changes
of the current spending patterns. Updated expenditure
weights were based upon data tabulated from 1982, 1983,
and 1984 Consumer Expenditure Surveys ( c e s ) , replacing
the old expenditure weights based on the 1972-73 c e s . The
revised expenditure weights reflect the geographic distribu
tion of consumers as of the 1980 census of population,
replacing the 1970 census distribution.
As in previous revisions, for a period of 6 months follow
ing the introduction of the c pi based on revised weights, b l s
continued to compile and publish a c pi using the old expen
diture weights (hereafter called old series). Unlike earlier
revisions, however, these old series overlap indexes were
not based on the old sample of items and outlets, but on the
prices collected in the new sample of items and outlets. The
old series indexes, therefore, can differ from the revised
indexes only as result of differences in their expenditure
weights. These differences reflect definitional changes in
some item strata, as well as the changes in consumer prefer
ences between 1972-73 and 1982-84.
Mary Lynn Schmidt is an economist in the Office of Prices and Living
Conditions, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Crystal G. Konny, an economist in
the same office, assisted in the preparation of this article.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The difference in movements between the old series and
revised indexes can be analyzed in terms of the effects of
various items on the respective cpi all items indexes. The
effect of an item or group of items is how much the all items
index changes as a result of the change in a particular item
or group.
Both the old series and the revised cpi were linked to the
indexes for December 1986 to provide a continuous series.
The linking was accomplished by setting the index levels of
the revised c pi (with the updated expenditure weights and
samples) equal to the index levels published for the old
series in December 1986. Each index was moved upward or
downward from the December 1986 level in accordance
with subsequent weighted changes in prices.
The cpi is divided into seven major expenditure groups—
food and beverages, housing, apparel and upkeep, trans
portation, medical care, entertainment, and other goods and
services. The expenditure weight for each item within an
expenditure group is an estimate of total expenditure by the
index population for that item.
In a fixed-weight index such as the c p i , the quantity of
any item used in calculating the index remains the same each
month. In a revision, the quantity weights change to reflect
changes in consumption that have taken place. Relative
importances show the share of total expenditures that would
occur if quantities consumed actually remained constant
while only prices to consumers changed. Items whose prices
3
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
November 1987 •
Comparison o f the Revised and Old
rise faster than average become relatively more important in
the market basket. The new expenditure weights introduced
in the revision of the c p i reflect the revised quantities im
plicit in the new expenditure levels. The relative impor
tances as of December 1986, based on the 1972-73 and the
1982-84 expenditure patterns, are shown in table 1 for the
Consumer Price Index for all urban consumers ( c p i - u ) .
This article compares the behavior of the old and the
revised c p i - u ’ s for the 6 months following the revision (Jan
uary through June 1987).1 It discusses the differences be
tween the two c p i - u ’ s for items in seven major expenditure
categories and examines the effect of each category on the
all items index. The all items c p i rose 2.7 percent during the
first 6 months of 1987. (See table 1.) The old series index
rose 3.1 percent during the same period. Most of this 0.4percentage point difference (0.395 before rounding) reflects
the revised weights for energy and used cars. While differ
ences at aggregate levels of the index come primarily from
differences in the relative weights of items in the index,
c pi
differences at lower levels (like motor fuels and new vehi
cles) come from combinations of different weights for more
detailed items and/or difference in the population distribu
tion between the two indexes.
As an initial step in comparing the old series and revised
indexes, we will look at those categories that have lower
relative importances in the revised c p i — food and bever
ages, transportation, and medical care. Then we will look at
the four categories with larger relative importances in the
revised c p i — housing, apparel and upkeep, entertainment,
and other goods and services— of which housing had, by
far, the largest difference.
Food and beverages
The December 1986 relative importance for the food and
beverages category was 17.824 percent, based on the up
dated 1982-84 expenditure patterns, a good deal less than
the 20.123 percent based on 1972-73 expenditures. While
part of this smaller importance is attributable to a 7-percent
Table 1. Comparison of the revised and old series Consumer Price Indexes for all urban consumers for the first 6 months of
1987, relative importance, percent change, and effect of selected categories on the all items index
Relative importance1
(Dec. 1986)
Percent change
Effect (percent)1
Category
Revised
CPI
Old
series
Difference
Revised
CPI
Old
series
Difference
All Items .........................................
100.000
100.000
0.000
2.7
3.1
-0.4
Food and beverages ................................
Food ......................................................
Food at h o m e ....................................
Food away from hom e........................
Alcoholic beverages..............................
17.824
16.246
9.974
6.272
1.578
20.123
19.008
12.687
6.321
1.115
-2.299
-2.762
-2.713
- .049
.463
2.6
2.7
3.3
1.8
2.1
2.7
2.8
3.4
1.8
1.7
-
Housing......................................................
S h elter...................................................
Renters' c o s ts ....................................
Rent, residential..............................
Other renters' c o s ts ........................
Lodging while out of to w n ...........
Lodging while at school .............
Homeowners' c o sts............................
42.947
27.822
8.000
6.094
1.906
1.676
.193
19.600
38.131
23.022
7.599
6.597
1.002
.639
.275
14.901
4.816
4.800
.401
- .503
.904
1.037
- .082
4.699
2.5
2.4
3.0
1.3
8.3
9.4
.4
2.1
-
Fuel and other utilities............................
Fuel oil ...............................................
Electricity ...........................................
Utility (piped) gas ..............................
7.909
.267
2.742
1.321
7.536
.741
2.518
1.745
-
.373
.474
.224
.424
-
Old
series
Difference
2.725
3.120
-0.395
.1
.1
.1
.0
.4
.476
.443
.328
.115
.033
.554
.535
.423
.111
.019
- .078
- .092
- .095
.004
.014
2.6
2.1
1.9
1.3
6.3
9.3
.8
2.2
.1
.3
1.1
.0
2.0
.1
- .4
- .1
1.087
.664
.235
.075
.159
.158
.001
.427
1.002
.483
.145
.081
.063
.060
.002
.331
.085
.181
.090
- .006
.096
.098
- .001
.096
4.5
11.6
9.4
3.2
5.7
11.3
10.5
3.7
-1 .2
.3
-1.1
- .5
.354
.031
.258
.042
.432
.083
.265
.065
- .078
- .052
- .007
- .023
-
.1
.069
.086
-
-
.0
.1
.3
.108
.094
.013
.085
.063
.022
.023
.031
- .009
Household furnishings and operation . . .
7.216
7.572
-
.356
1.0
1.1
Apparel and upkeep..................................
Apparel commodities ............................
Apparel services....................................
6.335
5.767
.568
5.005
4.175
.830
1.330
1.592
- .262
1.7
1.6
2.3
1.7
1.5
2.6
Transportation...........................................
New vehicles .........................................
Used ca rs ...............................................
Motor fu e ls .............................................
17.217
5.607
1.249
2.903
19.893
4.027
4.086
3.752
-2.676
1.580
-2.837
- .849
Medical care .............................................
Medical care commodities.....................
Medical care services............................
5.420
1.083
4.337
6.870
1.132
5.738
-1.450
- .049
-1.401
Entertainment ...........................................
Entertainment commodities...................
Entertainment services..........................
4.403
2.120
2.283
4.290
2.427
1.864
-
Other goods and services..........................
5.855
Special indexes:
E nergy...................................................
All items less energy..............................
All items less energy and used cars . . .
7.360
92.640
91.391
-1.3
.1
.0
.2
3.2
3.8
3.1
3.4
3.8
3.4
- .2
.0
- .3
.176
.041
.134
.237
.043
.193
- .061
- .002
- .059
.113
.307
.419
1.8
1.6
1.8
1.7
1.9
1.5
-
.1
.3
.3
.078
.035
.043
.074
.046
.028
-
.004
.011
.015
5.687
.168
2.2
2.3
- .1
.126
.132
-
.006
8.932
91.068
-1.572
1.572
4.409
11.2
2.1
2.0
11.6
2.3
2.0
.822
1.904
1.811
1.036
2.084
1.783
86.982
3.9
.2
7.4
16.8
.017
5.2
.3
7.4
16.6
1 Because of independent rounding, components may not add to indicated totals.
4
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Revised
CPI
-
-
-
.4
.2
.0
-
.674
.011
.092
.488
-
1.037
.011
.301
.621
-
.363
.000
.209
.133
- .214
- .180
.028
<?
reduction in the size of the average consumer unit,
it is also a continuation of a long-term trend of generally
declining importance of food and beverages in consumer
expenditures. Because of lower relative importance in the
revised index, during the first 6 months of 1987, the overall
effect of food and beverages on the all items index was .476
percent for the revised measure, compared with .554 per
cent for the old series. (See table 1.)
While the percent changes over the January-June 1987
period differed little between the revised and old series for
either the food at home or food away from home compo
nents, there were some differences in effects on the all items
index. The food at home effect on the all items index in the
revised c p i was .328, while in the old series, it was .423.
This difference reflects the smaller relative importance of
grocery store foods in the revised index. The relative pro
portion of groups within the foods at home component did
not shift substantially, however, resulting in very similar
price movements at the aggregate level for both the new and
old series. The effect of food away from home differed little
between the revised and old series because there was no
major difference in the relative importances.
Transportation
The second major category with a smaller relative impor
tance is transportation, which changed from 19.893 percent,
based on 1972-73 consumer expenditure patterns, to 17.217
percent, based on 1982-84 expenditures. This lower weight
resulted largely from smaller relative importances of motor
fuels and used automobiles.
While total consumer expenditures for gasoline increased
between the two survey periods, it increased substantially
less than the rise in gasoline prices because of a decline in
the number of gallons of gasoline used per consumer unit.
The Arab oil embargo of 1973-74, which resulted in a sharp
increase in gasoline prices, led to unprecedented energy
conservation interest in the United States, including legislat
ing standards for fuel efficiency for new cars and lower
speed limits throughout the country. Therefore, the revised
relative importance of 2.903, based on 1982-84 expendi
tures, is nearly one-fourth less than the 3.752 percent, based
on 1972-73 expenditures.
During the 6-month period, January-June 1987, gasoline
prices increased nearly 17 percent in both series, substan
tially more than the average of other items. This increase
was a direct consequence of the December 1986 agreement
between members of the Organization of Petroleum Export
ing Countries ( o p e c ) to cut production of crude oil supplies,
followed by several non-OPEC members also restraining out
put and, thereby, reducing the supply of gasoline. Reflect
ing these changes, the difference in effect of gasoline be
tween the revised c p i and old series was - .133 during this
period.
The second factor in the lower relative importance of the
transportation component was the shift in the weights of new
and used vehicles—the 1982-84 based relative importance
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of used vehicles is sharply lower and that for new vehicles,
substantially higher. This shift reflects a conceptual change
in the treatment of trade-ins for new and used cars. In the old
series, all expenditures for vehicles were valued at their net
transaction price, that is, the negotiated price less any tradein value. In the revised c p i , the value of all trade-ins have
been deducted from the used car weight rather than against
its corresponding new or used car purchase. This treatment
reflects the net purchases of each by the index population
from other groups. The revised used car index represents the
value of used cars purchased from business and government
sectors plus the value added by used car dealers who buy the
vehicle from one consumer and sell to another. The resulting
relative importance of new vehicles in the revised index is
5.607 percent— nearly 40 percent greater than in the old
series. The higher relative importance of new vehicles is
partially because of this definitional change in the index, but
much of the increase reflects greater consumption of vans,
small trucks, and motorcycles, as well as higher quality
vehicles. A small difference between the average movement
in new vehicle prices in the revised c p i and the old series
during the first 6 months of 1987 offset the weight differ
ence in the two series and resulted in the same overall effect
on the all items index.
The December 1986 relative importance of used cars,
based on the 1982-84 expenditure pattern, was less than
one-third of that in the old series. With virtually no differ
ence in price change of used cars between the old series and
revised c p i during the 6-month period, there was a differ
ence of - .209 in the effect of the two used cars series on
their respective all items indexes.
The difference in the transportation effects between the
revised c p i and the old series during the first 6 months of
1987 was larger than in any other major category. Used cars
and motor fuels accounted for —.342 of the —.363 differ
ence for transportation, which, in turn, was equal to almost
all of the difference at the all items level.
Medical care
While total economywide spending for health care has
been expanding rapidly, health care financing by govern
ment and employers has grown even faster. Thus, because
the c p i covers only purchases by consumers, there was an
approximately one-fifth reduction in the relative importance
of medical care in the c p i , from 6.870 percent, based on the
1972-73 consumer expenditure pattern, to 5.420 percent,
based on 1982-84 expenditures. Because of its smaller rel
ative importance, medical care had a .061-percentage point
smaller effect on the all items c p i in the revised index.
Housing
Among the major groups, the largest difference in relative
importances between the old series and the revised c p i was
in the housing category. The relative importance of the
housing index is now 42.947 percent, based on updated
1982-84 expenditures, compared with 38.131 percent,
5
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
November 1987 •
Comparison o f the Revised and Old
based on updated 1972-73 expenditures. Price movements
in housing during the first 6 months of 1987 were essentially
the same for both the old series and revised c p i , so that the
difference in effects between the two indexes (.085 percent
age point) was virtually all attributable to the difference in
relative importance.
Shelter costs in the revised c pi had a larger effect than in
the old series. This was primarily due to the larger weight
in the revised measure for homeowners’ costs and lodging
while out of town. The 1982—84 based relative importance
of homeowners’ costs was nearly one-third larger than in the
old series (19.600 to 14.901). This reflects both increases in
the proportion of homeowners and changes in the housing
stock and makeup between 1972-73 and 1982-84.
The increased relative importance for lodging while out
of town reflects a definitional change. The definition of
lodging while away from home, a component of other
renters’ cost, has been expanded to include an imputed value
for owners’ use of their vacation property. This was an
element of consumer expenditures not previously included
in the c p i . According to data from the 1982-84 c e s , 6
percent of all consumer units own some sort of vacation
property for their own use. The broader definition resulted
in the relative importance of lodging while out of town
increasing from .639 percent in the old series to 1.676
percent in the revised c p i .
The relative importance of the residential rent component
in the renters’ cost index is slightly lower at 6.094 percent,
based on the 1982-84 expenditures, compared with 6.597
percent based on 1972-73 expenditures. This reflected pro
portionately fewer renters, in addition to the shift towards
exclusion of utilities from rental payments, as more land
lords converted to individual utility meters.
The difference in effects of the fuel and other utility
component on the overall c pi partially offset that of shelter
costs. A smaller price increase than for the old series more
than offset the greater weight of this component in the re
vised c p i . The price change for the individual fuel compo
nents were generally similar, but substantial differences in
the relative importance between the old series and the re
vised measure were responsible for the smaller percentage
change in the revised index. This shift in relative impor
tances reflects a geographic shift of the population into the
southern and western regions as well as changing relative
prices among the fuels between the early 1970’s and early
1980’s. The relative importance of home heating oil is
cpi
nearly two-thirds lower, .267 percent, compared with .741
percent in the old series; utility (piped) gas is one-quarter
lower, 1.321 percent, compared with 1.745 percent. The
shifts also reflect the fact that the number of homes with air
conditioning rose 45 percent between 1970 and 1980. But,
the relative importance of electricity is larger— 2.742 per
cent, compared with 2.518 percent.
Apparel and upkeep
The revised relative importance of apparel and upkeep is
6.335 percent, one-fourth greater than the 5.005 percent in
the old series. The revised relative importance reflects
greater importance in all major components of apparel com
modities, particularly women’s apparel. Comparisons of the
effects of the new and old apparel series showed a difference
of only .023 percentage points, reflecting its higher relative
importance in the new series.
Entertainment
The relative importance of the entertainment category is
only slightly higher in the revised c p i . The overall price
change in the entertainment component during the first 6
months of 1987 was essentially the same in both indexes,
resulting in virtually no difference in their effects. However,
because entertainment services have greater importance in
the revised index, they had a greater effect on the all items
revised index than on the old series. Similarly, the lesser
importance of entertainment commodities resulted in an off
setting smaller effect.
Other goods and services
The relative importance of other goods and services are
only slightly higher in the revised index. Shifts within this
category, however, are notable. They include relatively
more expenditures on day care and nursery schools and
especially personal expenses such as legal fees, personal
financial services, and funeral services. Somewhat offset
ting these shifts were smaller relative importances for per
sonal care goods and services, as well as for tobacco prod
ucts. The percent changes in the 6-month period,
January—June 1987, showed only a small difference be
tween the old series and the revised indexes. Combining the
small difference in relative importance and price movements
between the revised c pi and the old series resulted in a
difference in effects of only —.006 percentage point in this
category.
n
-FOOTNOTE
1 Previous Monthly Labor Review articles on the 1987 c p i revision de
scribed the availability o f local area indexes, new series titles, and spending
patterns. See John Marcoot, “Revision of the Consumer Price Index is now
underway,” April 1985, pp. 27-38; John Marcoot and Richard Bahr, “The
6
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revised Consumer Price Index; changes in definitions and availability,”
July 1986, pp. 15-23; and Charles Mason and Clifford Butler, “New
basket of goods and services being priced in revised C P t,” January 1987
pp. 3 -22.
Women’s work plans: contrasting
expectations and actual work experience
Eighty percent o f women with work plans
were in the labor force, while 50 percent
who did not plan to work were employed;
those women with consistent work
expectations earned higher wages
Lois B. S haw
and
D avid S hapiro
The human capital literature in the past decade has empha
sized that women’s early work expectations affect their sub
sequent earnings and occupations.1 If women expect to
withdraw from the labor market when they have children,
they may have little incentive to invest in work-related skills
early in their working lives. They may look for jobs that pay
well initially but offer few prospects for on-the-job training
and advancement. They may also choose occupations in
which skill depreciation will be limited during periods of
labor market withdrawal.2 These considerations lead to the
prediction that the earnings of women who plan for contin
uous labor force participation will increase more rapidly
than those of women who expect to experience work inter
ruptions.
We use questions from the National Longitudinal Surveys
of Labor Market Experience of Young Women (nls) to
examine how young women’s plans affect their subsequent
work experiences and earnings.3 We find that those young
women who planned to be in the labor market at age 35 were
indeed more likely to be employed when they reached that
age. More importantly, planning to work yielded a signifi
cant net wage advantage: among women in their mid
thirties, those who, throughout their twenties, had consis
tently planned to work had wages that were nearly 30
Lois B. Shaw is an economist with the U .S. General Accounting Office,
and David Shapiro is an associate professor in the Department of Econom
ics, The Pennsylvania State University.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
percent higher than those of women who had never planned
to work, even after controlling for work experience and
other determinants of wage rates. This wage advantage was
even greater for those women who were employed in occu
pations in which they had expected to be employed.
Beginning in 1968, young women, ages 14 to 24, in the
National Longitudinal Survey sample were asked at each
interview whether they wanted to be working when they
reached age 35. By 1980, the oldest women in the sample
had actually reached age 35, making a comparison of plans
and actual work behavior possible. Using data from the first
5 years of the nls , Steven Sandell and David Shapiro
showed that young women were considerably underestimat
ing the likelihood that they would work outside the home in
the future.4 Sandell and Shapiro also presented evidence
indicating that women who had work plans found jobs with
more potential for training and advancement, albeit lower
initial wages, than women who did not expect to be work
ing. We followed the nls young women over 7 more years
to determine how well their plans were realized, why plans
were sometimes not realized, and the extent to which early
work plans contributed to subsequent wages. If young
women underestimate their future employment and have
lower wages as a result, this factor will contribute to malefemale earnings differences among adults. To the extent that
this is indeed the case, it suggests that young women need
to be provided with better information about the likelihood
of future employment and the importance of planning ahead
for their working lives.
7
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
November 1987 •
Women’s Work Expectations and Actual Experience
In the next section, we describe and provide an overview
of the n l s data on work expectations. Then, we examine the
association between early work plans and actual adult work
behavior, and later extend that analysis and explore the
factors that influence whether or not a young woman’s work
expectations are realized. Finally, we analyze the relation
ship between early work plans and subsequent earnings of
women, and follow with a summary and conclusions.
Work expectations of young women
Two versions of a question concerning women’s work
expectations have been used in the n l s . In the initial round
of the surveys (1968), respondents were asked “Now I
would like to talk to you about your future plans. What
would you like to be doing when you are 35 years old?” In
the following years, the question was changed to read “Now
I would like to talk to you about your future job plans. What
kind o f work would you like to be doing when you are 35
years old?” (Emphasis added to indicate changes from the
previous version.) In the second version as well as the first,
keeping house or raising a family was a possible response.
Because the questions mention both plans and preferences,
which may not always reflect actual plans, respondents may
have interpreted the questions in more than one way. How
ever, interpreting their actions as reflecting their plans, as
we do here, appears to produce plausible results.
As mentioned previously, evidence presented by Sandell
and Shapiro suggested that young women, as a group,
underestimated their future work activity. Table 1 provides
further evidence of this phenomenon. Focusing on white
women respondents who were ages 34-36 in 1980, the table
shows the percentage who reported plans to work at age 35
in each survey year for 1968-78.5 Except for the 1977 and
1978 surveys, young women consistently underpredicted (in
the aggregate) the likelihood that they would be working at
age 35. It should be noted that their initial expectations were
also lower than the actual labor force participation of women
who were age 35 in 1968. Young women either expected to
Table 1. Percent of women planning to work, 1968-78,
and percent actually in the labor force in 1980, by educa
tional attainment
Year of
survey
Educational attainment
Twelve years
or less
Thirteen years
or more
Percent planning to work
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
..................................
..................................
..................................
..................................
..................................
31
39
41
43
47
37
46
52
54
66
33
42
45
47
54
1973...................................
1975 ..................................
1977 ..................................
1978 ..................................
50
49
60
64
65
69
69
75
55
57
64
68
1980 ..................................
58
Percent in labor force
8
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
74
64
work less than their elders or were poorly informed about
the likelihood that a 35-year-old woman would be em
ployed. There is a clear trend for work expectations to
approximate more closely actual work activity as the women
approach age 35.6 Hence, it appears that expectations re
garding future market work activity were essentially adap
tive, beginning at a low level when respondents were in their
early twenties and rising (more or less) steadily over time.
Looking at future work plans by educational attainment in
1980, we see that women who had attended college were
consistently more likely than their noncollege counterparts
to anticipate working at age 35, and the differences in work
expectations between college and noncollege women appear
to have widened somewhat over time.
The aggregated data on future work expectations reveal a
fairly steady trend. A somewhat different perspective is
provided by comparing the responses of individuals over
time. Table 2 shows the number of times in the first seven
interviews (covering the period from 1968 to 1975) that
respondents ages 34-36 in 1980 indicated they planned to
be working in the labor market at age 35. Overall, the
frequency distribution is fairly evenly divided across the
four work-plans groups. However, the distribution of re
sponses for the total sample conceals large differences in
responses by educational attainment. Although a great deal
of variation occurred in both groups, better educated women
were most likely to have indicated plans for work at least six
times and least likely to have planned to work only once or
not at all; for women who had never attended college, the
reverse was true.
Just over half of the total group responded consistently
from year to year (they had plans to work in at least 6 years
out of 7 or did not express plans to work in at least 6 years
out of 7). Those individuals whose responses to questions
about plans were more mixed over the 7 years fall into two
broad groupings: women who shifted from having no future
work plans to having such plans and all other women. Ex
amination of the detailed data on the sequencing of work
expectations of individuals over time (not shown here) indi
cated that approximately 12 percent of the total group in
table 2 fell into the former category, while more than onethird were in the latter category.7 Thus, four principal pat
terns of work expectations emerged: women who consis
tently anticipate working at age 35 throughout their
twenties; those who consistently indicate no plans for future
work; women who shift to having future work expectations
at some time during their twenties; and those who give
highly variable responses over time.
Linking work plans to work behavior
In this section, we examine the association between early
work plans and subsequent work behavior: expectations
about future work reported in the first seven rounds of the
National Longitudinal Surveys are linked to labor force par
ticipation in 1980 and to cumulative work experience
(weeks worked) between 1976 and 1980. This juxtaposition
enables us to determine the extent to which women’s early
work plans are realized, and thereby provides useful infor
mation about the predictive reliability of the responses.
Table 3 shows the labor force participation rates and
average number of years worked between 1976 and 1980 for
n l s respondents ages 34-36 in 1980, according to the num
ber of times between 1968 and 1975 that respondents indi
cated they had plans for work at age 35. Perhaps most
striking is that nearly half of the women who had consis
tently indicated no plans for work at age 35 were in the labor
force in 1980. At the same time, however, the data in table
3 reveal a strong association between early work plans and
subsequent work activity. This association reflects not sim
ply an independent effect of work expectations on labor
force activity— it also reflects the relationship between work
expectations and other factors that directly influence work
activity. For example, better educated women report greater
expectations of work at age 35, and it is well known that
better educated women have higher labor force participation
rates than their lesser educated counterparts. Hence, part of
the association between early work plans and subsequent
work activity evident in table 3 results from the intervening
effect of educational attainment: the data reflect the fact that
women with work plans also tend to have more schooling
than those who do not plan to work.8
To isolate the net association between early work expec
tations and later labor force activity, we have estimated
reduced-form labor-supply equations for the n l s respon
dents ages 34-36 in 1980. Table 4 reports the results of a
probit analysis of the factors influencing labor force partic
ipation in 1980. The explanatory variables include the re
spondent’s educational attainment, other family income,
marital status, number and ages of children, and early plans
for work at age 35. Results of estimating an ordinary least
squares regression for work experience between 1976 and
1980 are reported in table 5.
In both equations, early plans for work are significantly
related to work activity at age 35. The equations imply that,
compared to women with no plans, women who indicated in
each year from 1968 to 1975 that they would like to be
working at age 35 have a labor force participation rate more
than 30 percentage points higher and have worked about
nine-tenths of a year more between 1976 and 1980. These
results indicate that work activity of consistent planners is
Table 2. Percent distribution of women by the number of
times they indicated plans to work in first seven surveys,
by educational attainment
Educational attainment
Number of times
with plans to work
Twelve years
or less
Thirteen years
or more
Total
Total ...........................................
0-1 ...........................................
2 - 3 ...........................................
4 - 5 ...........................................
6 - 7 ...........................................
100
34
25
21
20
100
18
23
26
33
100
28
24
23
25
Sample s iz e ................................
396
231
627
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Table 3. 1980 labor force participation rates and 1976-80
work experience, by number of times respondent indicated
plans to work
Number of times
with plans to
work
Total ...........................................
0 - 1 ...........................................
2 - 3 ...........................................
4 - 5 ...........................................
6 - 7 ...........................................
1980
labor force
participation rates
(percent)
1976-80 work
experience1
Sample
size2
64
49
63
66
82
2.1
1.6
2.0
2.3
2.7
588
163
148
136
141
1 Expressed in years (number of weeks worked between 1976 and 1980 divided by 52).
2 For work experience; slightly larger sample for 1980 labor force participation rates.
approximately 50 percent greater than that of women with
no work plans, other things equal.9 Coefficients of the other
variables in the equations are almost all statistically signifi
cant with the expected signs.
The evidence present in this section suggests a fairly
strong association between early work plans and later work
behavior. Even after controlling for other factors that affect
female work activity, early work expectations are signifi
cantly related to the subsequent work behavior of white
women. This correlation suggests that the association be
tween actual work behavior and the work expectations
measure reflects not only the effects of readily quantified
variables such as educational attainment, but that it also
reflects the effects of unmeasured variables. For example,
even at the same educational level, some women are more
career-oriented than others, and some enjoy homemaking
activities while others do not.
Factors affecting work participation
In this section, we examine the factors associated with the
realization of earlier plans for each of three groups of
women: those who consistently planned to work at age 35;
those who consistently indicated no work plans; and all
others. Table 6 summarizes the results of two probit equa
tions for labor force participation in 1980 for the three
groups. The first equation for each group uses the basic
labor supply model used earlier in the article. For purposes
of considering deviations of actual participation from ex
pected participation, however, it would be desirable to have
measures of change in variables that are known to influence
labor force participation. For example, women who ex
pected to be married or to have (or not have) children at age
35, may not have had their expectations realized. Similarly,
some women may have hoped to devote themselves exclu
sively to their families at age 35, but their husbands’ unem
ployment or slow advancement may have precluded the
women remaining at home. Other women may have misperceived the relative rewards of career and housewife roles.
Unfortunately, the National Longitudinal Surveys contain
data on expectations in only one of these areas: number of
children. In the second equation for each group, then, we
use two dummy variables indicating whether the respondent
had more or fewer children in 1980 than she had expected
9
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
November 1987 •
Women’s Work Expectations and Actual Experience
to have in 1973; these variables are substituted for the age
of children variables of the first equation.
Examination of the coefficients in each equation in table 6
indicates that these three groups of women differed signifi
cantly with respect to the responsiveness of their labor supply
to schooling, income, and children.10 Differences in educa
tional attainment were most important as a determinant of labor
force participation among women who did not consistently
express plans for work at age 35. Among women who did
consistently express such plans, schooling was not significantly
related to labor force participation. With schooling viewed as
a proxy for a woman’s potential wage rate, these results sug
gest that women with strong expectations of market work
manifest a rather inelastic labor supply— not unlike that of
adult men. Women with weaker work expectations, by con
trast, exhibit more elastic labor supply.
Other family income is inversely related to the probability
that a woman will be in the labor force, and the effect of
other income becomes weaker as one moves from women
who had no work expectations to women with consistently
strong expectations. Other things equal, the absence of a
husband appears to contribute to an increased likelihood of
being in the labor force only for women who consistently
expressed no work plans.11
Having more children reduces labor force participation
for all three groups of women. The presence of preschoolage children is not significantly related to the labor force
participation of women without work plans, but it is a highly
significant deterrent to labor force participation among
women with intermediate and strong early work plans.
While having fewer children than expected did not con
tribute to higher labor force participation among women,
having more children than expected did result in a signifi
cantly lower likelihood of being in the labor force among
women with intermediate work plans. A smaller effect
among women with strong work plans was not quite statis
tically significant at conventional levels.
Overall, then, among women who had consistently ex
pressed no plans for work at age 35, the principal determi
nants of labor force participation at age 35 were schooling,
Table 4. Probit maximum likelihood estimates for labor
force participation equation, controlling for work plans
Independent
variables
Coefficient
t
Partial at
maximum
Partial at
mean
Plans for work at age 351 ...................
Educational attainment........................
Other family income2 ..........................
Not 'married, spouse present'.............
Number of children..............................
Youngest child age 0 -5 .......................
Youngest child age 12 or over ...........
No children .........................................
Constant .............................................
.137
.169
-.030
.160
-.252
-.568
.447
-.116
-.927
4.81
5.83
-4.55
0.69
-3.80
-3.84
2.22
-0.38
-
.055
.067
-.012
.064
-.101
-.227
.178
-.046
-
.047
.057
-.010
.054
-.086
-.193
.152
-.039
-
- 2 x log likelihood ratio .....................
Mean of dependent variable...............
Sample s iz e .........................................
180.3
.655
553
_
—
_
_
_
—
—
—
-
1 Number of times between 1968 and 1975 that the respondent indicated plans to work at age
2 Not including respondent's earnings; measured in thousands of dollars.
10
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Table 5.
plans1
Work experience equation, controlling for work
Independent
variables
Coefficient
t
Plans for work at age 352 ............................
Educational attainment................................
Years with child age 0-53 ............................
Years married3 .............................................
Married more than o n c e ..............................
Constant .....................................................
.128
.111
-.369
-.188
.392
1.269
4.83
4.62
-7.52
-4.26
2.38
R2 ................................................................
F ratio ..........................................................
Sample s iz e .................................................
Mean of dependent variable........................
.216
33.41
588
2.11
_
—
—
1 Dependent variable is years worked between 1976 and 1980, measured by dividing the
number of weeks worked during the interval by 52.
2 Number of times between 1968 and 1975 that the respondent indicated plans to work at age
3 Between 1976 and 1980.
other family income, number of children, and marital status.
However, among women who had consistently indicated
plans for work at age 35, fertility (including both ages and
numbers of children) was the sole significant determinant of
labor force participation. The labor force participation of
women in the intermediate group was responsive to their
educational attainment, other family income, and fertility.
Meeting expectations?
These results are useful in understanding what determines
whether or not a young woman’s early work expectations
are realized. Half of the women who consistently indicated
no plans for work at age 35 were nonetheless in the labor
force at that age. The results in table 6 suggest several
possible reasons for “unexpected” labor force participation.
First, economic insecurity, whether due to the absence of a
husband or to low income, caused some women to work
although they had not planned to do so. Second, higher
levels of education (and hence greater earnings potential)
led to changes in plans, either because the earnings forgone
by remaining at home were too great or because the house
wife role was less satisfactory than the women had antici
pated, especially for women with access to good jobs.12
Third, women with small families could more easily change
their plans and go to work if either of the first two factors
came into play. However, it is interesting to note that the
age of the youngest child was not a significant influence for
this group of women who were strongly committed to homeoriented activities.
About 1 in 6 women with strong early work expectations
were not in the labor force at age 35; these women were
primarily those who had a preschooler or perhaps, in some
cases, had more children than originally expected. Some
women with large families may also have found combining
work and childraising more difficult than they had antici
pated.13 This family-work conflict appears to cut across all
education and income levels. However, it should be noted
again that the great majority of women who were strongly
committed to work were able to realize their plans; and some
of those who did not were likely to have been out of the
labor force only temporarily.
Relating work plans to higher wages
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Table 6. Probit maximum likelihood estimates for labor
force participation equations, by number of times respon
dent indicated work plans
Number of times with plans to work
Independent
variables
(2)
(D
Educational attainment..
Other family income1 . . .
Not “married, spouse
present” .....................
Number of children.........
Youngest child age 0 -5 ..
Youngest child age
12 or o v e r...................
No children ...................
More children than
expected2 ...................
Fewer children than
expected3 ...................
Constant ........................
- 2 x log likelihood ratio .
Mean of dependent
variable .....................
Sample s iz e ...................
2-5
0-1
6-7
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
.171"
.083
.077
-.024
-.383
-.338*
.138**
.143**
.231"
-.035**
-.034**
- .0 2 9 "
O
CO
p
f
We have seen that many women in their mid-thirties were
working in 1980 even though they had not been consistently
planning to work. How important an effect does planning
ahead have on women’s wages? To answer this question, we
estimated wage equations for the National Longitudinal Sur
veys’ respondents ages 34-36 in 1980. The dependent vari
able was the natural logarithm of the hourly wage rate, and
explanatory variables were years of school completed, years
of work experience (the number of years that the respondent
was employed for 6 months or more), years of tenure at the
current job, residence in a Standard Metropolitan Statistical
Area, and residence in the South. In addition, we also in
cluded a variable measuring the number of times between
1968 and 1975 that the respondent indicated plans for work
at age 35, as well as interaction terms between this workplans variable and years of work experience and job tenure.
The human capital hypothesis that women with greater ex
pectations of market work would have experience-wage pro
files that are steeper and begin lower than those of women
without strong work expectations implies that the coefficient
of the plans-experience interaction term should be positive
while the coefficient of the work-plans variable itself should
be negative.14
Equation 1 of table 7 reports the estimated coefficients of
the wage equation described in the preceding paragraph.
Schooling, work experience, tenure, and residence in a
Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area are all significantly
related to wages. However, the plans-experience interaction
term has a negative and insignificant (rather than the hypoth
esized positive) coefficient, and the work-plans variable is
positively (rather than negatively) and significantly related
to wages. The plans-tenure interaction is also insignificant.
Excluding the interaction terms (equation 2) yields similar
results: women with early plans for work are paid signifi
cantly more, other things equal, than their counterparts
without early expectations of future market work. The coef
ficient of the work-plans variable in equation 2 implies that
a woman with plans to work at age 35 in each of the first 7
years of the n l s would at age 35 be paid almost 30 percent
more, other things equal, than a woman with no work
plans.15
The evidence in table 7 thus provides support for the
human capital hypothesis that early work plans will result in
higher future wages. We find that, among white women in
their mid-thirties (with an average of more than 10 years of
work experience), those with stronger early expectations of
adult work activity have significantly higher wage rates.
However, no evidence was found for the difference in
experience-wage profiles implied by human capital theory
and found earlier by Sandell and Shapiro.16 The difference
between our present findings and this earlier result may be
due in part to the narrower age range used in our analysis.17
Our results lend support to the finding of Reuben Gronau18
that the skill requirements of women’s jobs and hence the
amount of on-the-job training they receive are unrelated to
their plans for quitting. Gronau argues that regardless of
their work plans, women’s opportunities to obtain skill
intensive jobs may be limited because of employers’ mis
conceptions about women’s work attachment.
In an effort to explore further the link between early work
expectations and subsequent earnings, we examined the oc
cupations that women with plans for work indicated they
would like to be engaged in at age 35. In equation 3, we
replaced the single work-plans variable with two variables
measuring the number of times the respondent expressed
plans for work in the specific (3-digit) occupation in which
she was employed in 1980 and the number of times she
indicated plans for work in other occupations. To the extent
that job skills are occupation-specific, early plans for work
in the 1980 occupation should have a greater impact on
wages than plans for work in other occupations. To the
extent that job skills are transferable across occupations,
however, early work plans for other occupations should still
contribute to higher wages in 1980. The results indicate that
both plans for the specific 1980 occupation and plans for
other occupations are significantly related to 1980 wage
rates, and the coefficient of the specific-occupation plans
variable is almost twice as large as the coefficient of the
other-occupation plans variable.19 Apparently, women who
make realistic plans and acquire necessary skills fare best in
the labor market.
-.030
.835
-.254*
-.161
,769f
-.220*
.241
-.220*
-.796**
.129
-.262**
-.482
-.362*
-.804*
—
.214
-.571
_
_
-.544
40.1
—
-.472
-.335
-.629
40.3
.493
152
—
.775"
.025
_
_
-1.339
89.5
—
-789*
.094
-.509
71.5
.657
271
—
_
-.024
2.449
_
_
1.679
29.6
—
-.602
.169
1.416
25.8
.838
130
1 1n thousands of dollars.
2 Dummy variable equal to one If the actual number of children in 1980 exceeds the number
of children expected in 1973; otherwise equal to zero.
3 Dummy variable equal to one if the actual number of children in 1980 falls short of the
number of children expected in 1973; otherwise equal to zero.
Note: Coefficient in probit equation is significant at: **.01 level.
‘ .05 level.
f.10 level.
11
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
November 1987 •
Women’s Work Expectations and Actual Experience
Conclusions
When they were in their early twenties, young women in
the National Longitudinal Surveys sample greatly underesti
mated their future work involvement. Expectations for working
at age 35 gradually increased, but up until about 3 years before
the women actually reached that age, women in the sample
continued to underestimate the likelihood of working.
Plans for working were significant independent predictors
of actual work behavior. After controlling for other factors
affecting labor force participation, a woman who consis
tently planned to work had a probability of working that was
about 30 percentage points higher than did a woman who
consistently planned not to work. More than 80 percent of
the women who answered the plans to work question posi
tively at least 6 times out of 7 were actually in the labor force
in 1980. However, nearly half of the women who had ex
pressed no intention to work in at least 6 of 7 interviews
were nevertheless actually in the labor force when they
reached age 35. For this latter group, economic factors had
the largest impact on actual labor force participation; these
women apparently worked although they planned not to
because divorce or their husbands’ low income made work
ing necessary or because their own level of education made
the earnings forgone by staying at home too large to ignore.
Women who had planned to work at age 35 were likely to
do so unless they had large families or a preschool child.
Planning to work yielded a significant wage advantage.
Women who had consistently planned to work had wages
that were nearly 30 percent higher than those of women who
had never planned to work. However, unlike the earlier
results reported by Sandell and Shapiro, ours showed no
evidence of greater returns to work experience among
women who had planned to work. Our research implies that
planning their working lives is important for women’s
wages, but that this effect must operate, not through faster
Table 7.
Wage equations, controlling for work plans
(2)
d)
(3)
Independent variables
P
Plans for work at age 351 ...........
Plans for work in 1980
occupation2 ............................
Plans for work in other
occupations3 ..........................
Plans for work x years of work
experience..............................
Year of work experience.............
Plans for work x tenure at current
jo b ...........................................
Tenure at current j o b .................
Educational attainment...............
Residence in Standard Metropolitan Statistical A re a .................
Residence in South ...................
Constant ....................................
R2 ...............................................
F ratio .........................................
Sample s iz e ................................
.361
22.35
303
t
P
t
P
t
.054
2.17
.036
3.58
—
—
—
—
.054
3.55
—
—
—
—
.029
2.66
-.002
.035
-0.96
3.12
—
—
.025
.001
.027
.069
0.53
2.21
7.21
.033
.069
5.32
7.25
.031
.066
4.95
6.90
.144
-.032
4.619
2.96
-0.68
—
.141
-.034
4.690
2.92
-0.72
—
.145
-.034
4.738
3.00
-0.71
-
.364
29.75
—
.367
25.95
_
303
-
_
—
—
—
303
-
—
4.46
.025
—
_
_
—
-
—
4.34
_
1 Number of times between 1968 and 1975 that respondent indicated plans to work at age 35.
2 Number of times respondent indicated plans to work in 1980 occupation.
3 Number of times respondent indicated plans to work in other occupations.
wage growth, but through their having better paid jobs at all
levels of work experience.
Young women in their late teens and early twenties today
appear to have much stronger work expectations than the
women we studied here.20 Therefore, in the future fewer
women may find themselves in low-wage jobs because they
had never planned to work.21 Whether young women have
also become more adept at occupational planning is not
certain. Our research shows that women whose occupational
plans are realized have higher wages than their counterparts
who do not achieve their occupational goals. This finding
suggests that providing young women with information
about labor market trends and prospects has a potentially
high payoff.
-FOOTNOTEScknow ledgm ent:
The authors thank Pan-Long Tsai for his excellent
research assistance. This paper was prepared under a contract with the
Employment and Training Administration, U .S. Department of Labor,
under the authority o f the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act,
while the authors were employed at the Center for Human Resource Re
search, The Ohio State University. The views are those o f the authors and
do not represent the opinions of the General Accounting Office.
A
'See, for example, Jacob Mincer and Solomon W. Polachek, “Family
Investments in Human Capital: Earnings o f W omen,” Journal o f Political
Economy, March/April 1974 supplement, pp. S76-S108; Jacob Mincer
and Solomon W. Polachek, “An Exchange: Theory o f Human Capital and
the Earnings o f Women: W omen’s Earnings Reexamined,” Journal of
Human Resources, Winter 1978, pp. 118-34; Solomon W. Polachek,
“Differences in Expected Post-School Investment as a Determinant of
Market Wage Differentials,” International Economic Review, June 1975,
pp. 4 5 1-70; Solomon W. Polachek, “Discontinuous Labor Force Participa
tion and Its Effects on Women’s Market Earnings,” in Cynthia B. Lloyd,
ed., Sex Discrimination and the Division of Labor (New York, Columbia
University Press, 1975), pp. 90-122; and Yoram Weiss and Reuben
Gronau, “Expected Interruptions in Labour Force Participation and SexRelated Earnings Growth,” Review of Economic Studies, 1981, pp. 6 0 7 19.
12
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2
Polachek has been the leading proponent of this view. In addition to the
papers cited in the previous footnote, see also Solomon W. Polachek,
“Occupational Segregation: An Alternative Hypothesis,” Journal o f Con
temporary Business, 1976, pp. 1-12; Solomon W. Polachek, “Sex Differ
ences in College Major,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, July
1978, pp. 498-508; and Solomon W. Polachek, “Occupational Segrega
tion Among Women: Theory, Evidence and a Prognosis,” in Cynthia B.
Lloyd, Emily Andrews, and Curtis Gilroy, eds., Women and the Labor
Market (New York, Columbia University Press, 1979), pp. 137-57. The
ability of the human capital approach to account for observed male-female
differences in wages and occupations has been questioned in Steven H.
Sandell and David Shapiro, “The Theory of Human Capital and the Earn
ings o f Women: A Reexamination of the Evidence,” Journal of Human
Resources, Winter 1978, pp. 103-117; Mary Corcoran and Greg J. Dun
can, “Work History, Labor Force Attachment, and Earnings Differences
Between the Races and Sexes,” Journal of Human Resources, Winter
1979, pp. 3-20; Paula England, “The Failure of Human Capital Theory to
Explain Occupational Sex Segregation,"Journal of Human Resources,
Summer 1982, pp. 358-70; and Andrea H. Beller, “Occupational Segrega
tion by Sex: Determinants and Changes,” Journal of Human Resources,
Summer 1982, pp. 371-92.
3 A complete description of the n l s young women’s sample may be
found in Center for Human Resources Research, The National Longitudinal
Surveys Handbook (The Ohio State University, 1986).
4 Steven H. Sandell and David Shapiro, “Work Expectations, Human
Capital Accumulation, and the Wages of Young W omen,” Journal of
Human Resources, Summer 1980, pp. 3 35-53.
5 In a preliminary analysis, black wom en’s work plans were only weakly
associated with later work behavior. Either black women were more likely
to encounter obstacles to the realization o f their plans or they interpreted the
question differently from white women. Because sample sizes are small
and the results are not clear cut, analyses throughout the entire article are
limited to the white sample.
6 It seems plausible to suggest that part of the increase between 1968 and
1969 in the percentage of women planning to work at age 35 resulted from
the change in the wording of the question. The trend toward greater work
expectations over time is, nonetheless, readily apparent even without the
data for 1968.
7 Among those women in the latter category, just over half manifested
no clear pattern over time in their work expectations. The remainder of
these women fell into three groups: those who initially had no plans for
work at age 35, then for a time expressed such plans before finishing with
no future work plans; a converse group, consisting o f women who began
with expectations o f future work, then for a time expressed no such plans
before returning to their initial expectations; and a small group of women
who began with plans for future work but eventually abandoned those
plans.
8 Regressions o f educational attainment on family background variables
plus a dummy variable for plans to work at age 35 as expressed in 1968 or
1969 indicate that young women with expectations of future work complete
an average o f roughly half a year of schooling more than those without
future work plans, other things equal. Because schooling undoubtedly
influences work expectations, as well as vice versa, this half-year differ
ence should not be regarded as the “effect” of work expectations on school
ing.
9 These results were obtained by evaluating the labor force participation
and weeks worked equations at the mean o f all explanatory variables except
work plans. Number of times planning to work was first set equal to seven
and then equal to zero and the results compared to obtain the reported
measures o f the effect of work plans.
10 A test for the significance of differences between equations is not
readily available for probit analysis. However, we used the Chow test to
determine whether the comparable ordinary least squares equations for the
three groups were significantly different from each other. Each pairwise
comparison revealed significant differences. Because the probit and ordi
nary least squares results were similar, we conclude that equations for the
three groups are probably significantly different. To obtain slope coeffi
cients at different values of the dependent variable in these equations, the
probit coefficients may be multiplied by the following: at the maximum,
which is also approximately the mean for 0-1 plans, by .399; at the mean
for 2 -5 plans, by .368; and at the mean for 6 -7 plans, by .245.
11 The coefficients on this variable do not consistently attain conven
tional levels o f statistical significance. Note, however, that most of the total
effect o f not having a husband will be reflected in lower other family
income, and the largest (in absolute value) effects of this variable are for
women without future work plans. Overall, then, it appears that the ab
sence o f a husband contributes indirectly and, to a lesser degree, directly
to higher labor force participation, with both effects being strongest among
women with the weakest attachment to the work force.
12 Labor market conditions for well-educated women may well have
improved during the 1970’s, leading to job opportunities that were better
than women had earlier anticipated. Elsewhere we have presented evidence
that the payoff to education among women in their early thirties was greater
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in 1978 than in 1967, and that women’s labor force participation was more
responsive to their earnings potential at this later date. See David Shapiro
and Lois B. Shaw, “Growth in the Labor Force Attachment o f Married
Women: Accounting for Changes in the 1970s,” Southern Economic Jour
nal, October 1983, pp. 461 -7 3 .
13 Women with strong work plans had slightly larger families, but fewer
preschool children, than other women in 1980. The birth expectations o f all
three groups were similar as of 1973.
14 The plans-tenure interaction term tests for differential investment be
havior in the current spell of employment. However, because average
tenure was 5 years, many women may have changed their work plans after
their current employment began. In this case, any effect of early plans on
investment would be attenuated. See Sandell and Shapiro, “Work Expecta
tions,” for further discussions.
15 Because the wage equation is semilogarithmic, the effect o f 7 versus
0 years of plans for work is calculated as (e7( 036) - 1) = .287.
16 See Sandell and Shapiro, “Work Expectations.” To test more fully for
the presence of differences in the slopes and starting points o f the
experience-wage profiles, we examined the robustness of our results in
several ways. We first estimated wage equations with a quadratic specifica
tion of work experience and with the corresponding interaction terms. The
quadratic terms and corresponding interactions were not significant. Simi
larly, elimination of either interaction term from equation 1 o f table 7 did
not change the basic results. Finally, we used the lambda probit technique
(James J. Heckman, “Sample Selection Bias as Specification Error,”
Econometrica, January 1979, pp. 153-61) to correct for possible sample
selection bias. The coefficient on lambda was insignificant and the coeffi
cients on other variables in the analysis were affected very little. In addi
tion, we examined the frequency distributions of work experience for
women with differing work expectations. Our thought was that the absence
of significant differences in the experience-wage profiles might reflect a
paucity of observations of women who combined strong expectations of
future work with very limited work experience, and of women without
work plans, but with extensive work experience. However, this was not the
case; considerable variation in accumulated work experience was evident
within each work-plans group.
17 When the regressions in table 7 were repeated for the entire n l s
sample, ages 2 6 -3 6 , the results were similar to those o f Sandell and
Shapiro, “Work Expectations,”; women with work plans had lower initial
wages, but steeper wage growth paths than women with no plans for
working. This finding suggests that combining the experiences o f different
cohorts may sometimes produce spurious wage-growth profiles that do not
describe the experience of any one age group.
18 Reuben Gronau, Sex-Related Wage Differentials and Women’s Inter
rupted Labor Careers— The Chicken or the Egg, Working Paper No. 1002
(Cambridge,
m a
,
National Bureau of Economic Research, October 1982).
19 It should be noted that our occupational work-plans variables undoubt
edly contain a good deal of measurement error, particularly given our use
of 3-digit occupational codes. For example, a respondent might have plans
for the same occupation each year, but slight variations in how she de
scribes the occupation could lead to coding errors. Also, we have not made
any allowance here for the existence of “families” o f occupations (clusters
of 3-digit occupations that share common skill requirements to a high
degree).
20 David Shapiro and Joan E. Crowley, “Aspirations and Expectations of
Youth in the United States: Part 2. Employment Activity,” Youth and
Society, September 1982, pp. 3 3-58.
21 O f course, the extent to which women will be disproportionately
concentrated in low-wage jobs will depend not only on their work plans,
but also on employers’ perceptions o f women’s work commitment and their
willingness to hire women for high-skill jobs.
(
13
Successful worker training programs
help ease impact of technology
Fast pace o f technology proves need
fo r skill upgrading and worker retraining;
labor contracts and State initiatives
can be models fo r such programs
S teven D
eutsch
The impact of technological change beginning with the
large-scale introduction of factory automation in the 1950’s
and 1960’s has sparked major interest in worker training and
retraining. Many Bureau of Labor Statistics studies have
explored job displacement, job changes, and the impact of
technology upon the work force.1 In the 1960’s, substantial
growth in public sector and service sector employment made
some of the factory dislocation effects appear less serious at
the national level. However, extensive application of mi
croelectronics since the late 1970’s has increased interest in
upgrading workers’ skills and retraining employees for job
shifts.
The dislocation phenomenon has been of substantial mag
nitude, particularly in traditional manufacturing, but in non
manufacturing as well. Studies by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics and the Office of Technology Assessment have
documented the seriousness of the problem and the great
need for retraining efforts.2 As the issue of worker retraining
gains more attention, it is critical to explore successful ef
forts at technology planning and worker retraining in order
to assist in policy formation and program developments.
This is especially important since the growth of high tech
jobs is modest and the evidence suggests a preponderance of
new job creation is in low-paid employment.3 The impact of
Steven Deutsch is director o f the Center for the Study of Work, Economy,
and Community and professor o f sociology at the University o f Oregon.
This article is adapted from “Technological Change, Worker Displacement
and Readjustment, Employment and Job Training,” Studies in Technolog
ical Change, Employment and Policy, Washington, DC, National Academy
Press, 1987.
14
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
technological change upon employment, skills training, and
the work environment will continue to be a major theme in
the coming years.4 This article highlights some innovative
and important approaches to employee training and retrain
ing in anticipation of and in response to technological
change. These include both collectively bargained arrange
ments and new State initiatives that are suggestive for future
developments.
Aerospace
Worker retraining needs are most understood in industries
where the technology has changed dramatically, like the
aerospace industry. Anticipating change is part of ongoing
corporate planning and the best use of new technology is a
high priority in the scheme to remain competitive. Involving
the work force in this planning and gearing up in advance for
retraining have been built into the arrangements at Boeing
Aircraft Co. and the International Association of Machinists
and Aerospace Workers ( i a m ). Their contract states:
Section 20.2 Technology Briefings.
In order that employees can better prepare themselves for the
skill requirements of the future, and in fulfillment of its
obligation to provide information to the Union, the Company
will, not less than annually, provide a briefing to the Union
of the company’s plans for the introduction of new tech
nology which may affect the employees. For the purpose of
these briefings, new technology shall be defined as indus
trial robots, flexible manufacturing systems, c a d / c a m
(Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing)
and graphite composite automation. . . During these brief
ings, the Company will inform the Union of anticipated
schedules of introduction o f new technology, and will iden
tify areas of skill impacts and any intended training programs
associated with those impacts. Additional related subjects
may be added to the briefings upon mutual agreements, and
established technologies may be deleted. The Union, and its
representatives, will protect the confidentiality of Company
sensitive and proprietary information disclosed in the
briefings.
Section 20.3 Training Program.
Section 20.3(a) Joint Training Advisory Committee. A
joint training advisory committee shall be established, com
posed of three representatives of the Company and three
members of the Union’s Staff designated by the Union.
Within one year from the date of this agreement the Training
Advisory Committee will develop a recommended training
program for current and laid-off Company employees who
desire to become better qualified for employment by the
company in jobs involving new technology as defined in
Section 20.2, or other skills identified by the Company (Col
lective Bargaining Agreement, 1983: 117-18).
New technology has reduced Boeing’s work force and
changed its skill requirements. Numerical control machines
in shop production and computer-aided designing have re
sulted in critical job shifts for workers.5 The Boeing-iAM
training program was negotiated with the hope that a jointly
supported effort would upgrade employees’ skills, making
those with obsolete skills once again employable by the
firm. It is still too early to measure the results, but commu
nications between the company the union seem to be pro
ceeding well, and the initial assessment of skill needs and
training suggests that the program is properly focused and
potentially valuable.
One of the more interesting International Association of
Machinists and Aerospace Workers cases occurred at the
U.S. Naval Research Lab in Annapolis, m d . There, the
union succeeded in building into the collective bargaining
agreement technology-relevant language, which provided
for no job displacement because of technology and also
prohibited time-motion studies and electronic workplace
monitoring. In the conversion of the machine shops to nu
merical control machines, all workers were given numerical
control machine training and the union worked with man
agement to redesign the machines both for productivity and
worker consideration. The training, conducted by Arundel
Community College, shifted from direct training of machin
ists to a “train the trainer” effort so that upgraded workers
would constantly be able to train other workers. This con
cept is one that is deserving of broader attention by other
companies and unions.
Also, the union has moved to implement technology
training at its national education center. All union members
who participate in educational programs receive computer
instruction. In addition, special programs on technological
change are being developed to prepare union officials to
respond effectively to such change.6 This is a critical part of
the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace
Workers strategy to represent its membership in the context
of technological change. The philosophy of the union is
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
contained in its “Worker’s Technology Bill of Rights,”7
which is a cornerstone of its approach to dealing with job
security, retraining, and the broader issues of job protection
for its work force and economic health of the country.
Auto assembly
The automobile assembly industry also has undergone
enormous changes in the application of technology, produc
tion systems, and corporate restructuring. Early automation
in the 1950’s and 1960’s offered a preview of the wide
spread changes in the late 1970’s and the 1980’s. Technol
ogy, job skill obsolescence, and retraining have been
longstanding issues in the industry. In 1982, both Ford
Motor Co. and General Motors negotiated agreements with
the United Auto Workers ( u a w ) union calling for worker
retraining programs, to be financed by an employer contri
bution of 5 cents per hour. This amounts to about $10
million yearly for Ford and $40 million for General Motors.
The 1982 negotiations also established the UAW-Ford Na
tional Development and Training Center and the uawGeneral Motors Skill Development and Training Center.
The February 13, 1982, letter of understanding between
Ford and the u a w suggests some of the retraining objectives:
Provide individual and group training, retraining and devel
opment opportunities to enhance the dignity and on-the-job
skills and abilities of employees which can lead to greater job
security and personal development.
Seek ways of arranging (and, in some cases, providing) for
training, retraining and development assistance for em
ployees displaced by new technologies, new production tech
niques and shifts in customer product preference.
The 1982 Ford-UAW agreement states:
In view of the Corporation’s interest in affording maximum
opportunity for employees to progress with advancing tech
nology, the Corporation shall make available, short-range,
special training programs for those employees who have the
qualification to perform the new or changed work, where
such programs are reasonable and practicable (Agreement,
1983: 432).
One of the most heralded success cases of a joint
company-union effort concerning job dislocation is the
Ford-UAW program in Milpitas, ca .8 Like other successful
training programs, this one was well funded, jointly admin
istered with a union, extensive in its range of programmatic
activities, and within the broader company-union employee
involvement bargaining agreement and philosophy.
In 1982, Ford announced that it would begin to close the
Milpitas plant in 1983 (finally closed in 1984). The advance
notice given the work force was required by contract, and
the posture of the company was one of cooperating with the
union and government to best provide the needed support
services, counseling, basic education, skills retraining, and
job search training for the more than 2,000 affected em
ployees. The work force at this plant was overwhelmingly
male and married, had an average age of 42, and had an
average of almost 16 years service among the hourly work15
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
November 1987 •
Training Programs Ease Impact o f Technology
ers; furthermore, more than one-third of the workers had
less than 11 years of schooling. In short, it was a highly
stable work force with modest work experience and training
outside auto production— something characteristic of much
of the displaced worker population in the United States in
recent years.9 The advance notice and careful planning al
lowed for the development of a placement center with both
financial and technical support from the UAW-Ford National
Development and Training Center and, in this instance, also
from the Job Training Partnership Act Title III, Trade Ad
justment Assistance, and the State of California Training
Employment Panel (a State-funded program in operation
since 1982 designed to assist and train workers who are
displaced or likely to have major job impacts as a result of
corporate restructuring and technological change).
The Ford-UAW program started with the testing and coun
seling of affected workers and the provision of in-plant
planning seminars and basic adult education; then, the pro
gram continued helping to identify opportunities for targeted
vocational retraining, including the negotiated tuition pay
ment for such institutional training. Finally, training in job
search skills was given and targeted employment opportuni
ties with on-the-job training were provided.10 The United
Autoworkers Union reports that 2,800 persons enrolled for
in-plant vocational training orientation sessions, and 750
enrolled in full-time vocational retraining programs, with
500 receiving technical training. Furthermore, 438 em
ployees went through a job search skills workshop, and 800
took adult basic education courses with 183 completing high
school diplomas or equivalents.
An updated report to the U.S. Department of Labor con
firms that only 17.6 percent of the Milpitas displaced work
ers remained unemployed 2 years after closure; also, a
strong correlation exists between participation in the testing
and assessment programs (70 percent) and the education and
training programs (30 percent) and success at gaining new
employment and in obtaining higher wage positions after
termination at Ford. On-the-job training opportunities led to
the greatest post-layoff employment and suggest the impor
tance of linking job retraining to real employment
opportunities.
More than 84,000 UAW-General Motors dislocated mem
bers have received services since the early 1980’s, and more
than 81 percent have found employment either within or
outside General Motors. Initially, most programs were
targeted for dislocated workers, but the emphasis has shifted
to providing services for active General Motors employees.
At Ford more recently, the emphasis has been increasingly
on skills enhancement, life/education planning, educational
and training assistance, targeted training, education fairs,
and so on.
Telecommunications
American Telephone and Telegraph ( a t &t ) , prior to its
division into separate companies in 1983, was the world’s
largest private employer and considered by many analysts as
16
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
a model of corporate efficiency and economic health. In
recent years, the telecommunications industry has gone
through dramatic changes in technology resulting in major
shifts in occupations and job tasks. For example, in 1950,
there were 250,000 telephone operators; by 1983, this num
ber had dropped to 83,000 and was declining further, while
the amount of telephone service had expanded.11 Starting
with the 1980 contract with the Communications Workers of
America ( c w a ) , the employer was required to give at least
6 months’ advance notice “for any major technical change
(including changes in equipment, organization, or methods
of operation) which affects employees represented by the
union.” This agreement was renewed in 1983 and 1986.
Between 1982 and 1984, employment in telecommunica
tions declined 11 percent, or 114,000 workers, and by 1985
the decline was 13 percent.12
Few industries have had a more dramatic development
and application of new technology than telecommunica
tions. Added to that has been the substantial corporate re
structuring and new competitive environment. The 1983
a t &t - c w a contract, recognizing that technology was having
a profound impact on jobs, included a key section on retrain
ing. Equally important, the contract also recognized that
“technological change” was likely to result in some layoffs
or other adverse effects and established programs to protect
employees. Under that contract extending the 1980 provi
sion, an employee laid off because of technological change
is eligible for severance benefits that can amount to up to 2
years’ pay, depending on the worker’s length of service. It
also enabled displaced workers who are preparing for other
lines of work to receive up to $2,500 in relocation and
retraining costs, with a continuance in their health insurance
coverage.
At the bargaining table in 1983, the negotiators agreed
informally that $36 million was to be spent by a t &t and the
Bell companies for retraining employed workers over the
3-year life of the agreement. Although the money was not
contractually stipulated, some impressive programs were
developed over those years in which the company and union
actively, and in a cooperative fashion, developed retraining
programs designed to upgrade skills in anticipation of the
technological shifts in the industry.13 The training programs
initiated by management, with Communication Workers of
America oversight through a joint union-management Train
ing Advisory Board, included a mix of home-study (basic
skills and electronics to increase women’s opportunities)
and college training, but concentrated heavily on the
former.
Some of the best training programs have been strongly
based upon a joint labor-management approach,14 coupled
with the larger quality-of-working life approach the com
pany and union have developed since 1980.15 For example,
Northwestern Bell, based in Omaha, n e , has a joint labormanagement training board that contracted with 43 commu
nity colleges and vocational-technical schools in the region
to provide career counseling and training. More than one-
third of the eligible employees enrolled in counseling, train
ing, or both, and the college course dropout rate was less
than 5 percent. The program also provides career counseling
prior to substantive courses. Open-ended career counseling
broadens the repertory of courses that might be selected and
thus, provides training for employment beyond the Bell
company; however, it is not as open ended as some pro
grams, such as the United Auto Workers union plan with
Ford and General Motors. The emphasis in all of the c w a AT&T-Bell Companies retraining programs is for employed
personnel and not displaced workers, although there was a
14-percent job loss between the 1983 and 1986 contracts.
Another of the success cases in the telecommunications
industry involves training employees in cost accounting,
new billing procedures, and electronics. This effort at
Pacific Northwest Bell has been highly cost-effective for the
company as it provided an expansion of contracted services
and thus, helped to assure job security for the work force.16
This effort went beyond the contractual obligations of the
company in the 1983 agreement, but the program is an
illustrative and useful model for the post-1986 contract and
the new jointly administered training program funds.
In 1986, the Communications Workers of America nego
tiated separately with a t &t and the Bell operating compa
nies. In most of these contracts, the companies agreed to
fund off-hours training programs. The contract with a t &t
provides $7 million per year to the c w a - a t &t Alliance for
Employee Growth and Development, a jointly owned and
administered corporation, to provide career counseling and
retraining efforts for active employees and those who are
laid off, providing they enroll within 6 months. The training
will be delivered by schools and colleges. This effort targets
the 155,000 cwA-represented employees at a t &t ; somewhat
similar efforts are built into the contracts with the Bell
operating companies, although the contracts do not call for
the creation of independent jointly administered training
corporations. Career counseling, general skills training in
cluding basic and remedial education, and job-specific train
ing both for the company and any new employer are to be
included in these programs. The high participation rates and
low dropout rates in experimental training programs in the
industry are encouraging. The move to a jointly run labormanagement program with a t &t , well funded and heavily
designed to improve job security and skills upgrading, sug
gests that this effort may reap solid benefits in the near
future.
Human Resource Development Institute
The Human Resource Development Institute is the em
ployment and training arm of the a f l - c io and has operated
a number of programs since the 1960’s. In 1982, substantial
programs focused on displaced workers and the Human
Resource Development Institute had a field staff of 100; this
staff was drastically cut back because of slashed Federal
expenditures for employment and training and the shift from
the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act to the
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Job Training Partnership Act. With a small staff, the Human
Resource Development Institute runs workshops on devel
oping an effective model program, and targets training of
labor union members for Job Training Partnership Act com
mittees and as staff for displaced worker programs. Most of
the programs are “tier one” level, meaning that labor union
members participate in peer counseling, labor market and
job analysis, vocational testing and counseling, and referral
to job training.
Fundamental to the Human Resource Development Insti
tute operation is a philosophy that accents peer counseling,
noting the success in such efforts with alcohol and drug
treatment, runaway youth programs, and so on. The Human
Resource Development Institute Job Clubs use trained dis
placed workers as counselors for other workers; the assump
tion is that affected workers know best what is involved in
the job, including the necessary skills and technical knowl
edge. This program also “reaffirms the value in ‘workers’
work” and rejects the implicit assumption that after 20 years
in a steel plant, a laid-off worker’s life has no value— some
thing that the Human Resource Development Institute staff
believe contributes to self-depreciation and demoralization.
A major thrust of the Human Resource Development In
stitute in the past year or so has been assistance to unions
pushing for career development within union collective bar
gaining agreements. Out of a computer-aided instructional
model in their Job Training Partnership Act Title III pro
gram in Baton Rouge, l a , the Human Resource Develop
ment Institute is getting various employers in the steel
industry ( l t v and Bethelem, among others) and the United
Steelworkers of America union to include such career devel
opment and training in their contracts, anticipating both
continuing employment loss in the basic steel industry and
the need for skills upgrading in response to the technological
changes in basic steel and steel parts production. Laid-off
steelworkers will thus be eligible for company-financed job
retraining, building upon job skills and work experience.17
One of the “second tier” training programs that the
Human Resource Development Institute has developed has
been the Southeast Wisconsin Displaced Worker Center in
the Kenosha, wi, area. Here, American Motors Corp. went
from 7,000 employees to 2,800, with additional layoffs
expected. In contrast to the United Auto Workers union
agreement with General Motors and Ford, at American
Motors no training fund was established. Therefore, in 1985
as the situation became more severe, the United Auto Work
ers moved to set up an assistance program. American
Motors provided $1,600 to get a grant proposal writer, pro
vided through the Human Resource Development Institute,
enabling the first Job Training Partnership Act Title III
funds to come in October 1985. The Human Resource De
velopment Institute did staff training (9 out of 12 staff are
displaced American Motors workers), and 1,700 displaced
workers attended the opening meeting in January 1986.
From January to September 1986, 48 4-day job search work
shops were conducted dealing with stress and coping skills.
17
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
November 1987 •
Training Programs Ease Impact o f Technology
The first targeted group were those who enrolled and had to
quit due to financial constraints; 823 were certified eligible
and 780 enrolled under the Job Training Partnership Act
auspices. On-the-job training has been contracted with the
State job service; classroom training has taken place at Gate
way Technical Institute and the University of Wisconsin at
Parkside. The Southeast Wisconsin Displaced Worker
Center must operate under Job Training Partnership Act
guidelines; for example, wages must be 60 percent of those
received before layoff (about $13 per hour). Thus, to receive
$8.60 plus per hour, many of the trainees have to commute
substantial distances to new jobs, because the immediate
area is experiencing a highly depressed wage market with
high unemployment. A job developer was added to the staff
in June 1986, and after a needs assessment revealed that 1
person out of 5 in Kenosha County is functionally illiterate,
a literacy council was started. Most autoworkers needed
little educational background for their employment and vir
tually no on-the-job skills were learned at American Motors.
The program has identified those who need special remedial
skills training so that they may reenter the labor market and
successfully compete.
The United Auto Workers union has sought to obtain
Trade Adjustment Assistance Act support to complement
the Job Training Partnership Act funding for the Southeast
Wisconsin Displaced Worker Center. This allows for up to
2 years of stipends for training, something disallowed under
the Job Training Partnership Act. Also, a special grant for
on-the-job training was provided for fall 1986 in anticipa
tion of some worker recalls as Chrysler planned to lease the
facility from American Motors. But, the Job Training Part
nership Act limitations (no stipend, but support services
such as mileage, day care, small assistance for tools and
relocation) were a serious challenge for this program. The
Human Resource Development Institute and local project
staff emphasize that new technology requires more training
with longer training periods and that Job Training Partner
ship Act Title III is limited in this regard. Thus, they have
done some slotted training in the technical school and sought
second-year funding through the Trade Adjustment Assis
tance Act and the State of Wisconsin so that displaced
autoworkers may learn police science, nursing, and other
fields that require more training. Some of the technical
college programs teach machine operators numerical control
machine, computer repair, engineering, and matched skills
that lead to ongoing career development training. This proj
ect concludes that “short-term training (Job Training Part
nership Act) leads only to short-term jobs.”
State initiatives
The cases reviewed thus far are private sector negotiated
cases involving employers and unions. In addition, there
have been some interesting new initiatives taken at the State
level, typically in partnership with labor and management.
California and Massachusetts provide good illustrations and
possible models.
18
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
California. The State of California experienced a substan
tial number of plant closings starting in the late 1970’s and
accelerating in the early 1980’s, a pattern similar to that in
much of the country. Many of the plants were large manu
facturing facilities for Fortune 500 corporations including
Ford, General Motors, Kaiser, Firestone, and Atari. Mainly
as a reaction to the challenge of retraining displaced workers
and upgrading the skills of the work force because of tech
nological change, the State created the California Employ
ment Training Panel in 1982. It is funded by a tax on
employers linked to unemployment insurance payments and
has had $55 million annually to spend on retraining pro
grams. The Employment Training Panel “states that a prin
cipal goal of active retraining is to encourage the adoption
of new technology, thus helping California businesses to
stay productive and competitive. The effect, besides avoid
ing immediate loss of jobs, is to make future employment
more secure.”18 This makes the Employment Training Panel
different from the Job Training Partnership Act Title III
programs because eligibility for the Title III programs is
displacement or announcement of layoffs.
The initial impetus for the Employment Training Panel
legislation was the rash of plant closings, mostly affecting
blue-collar production workers in the late 1970’s and early
1980’s; however, one-third of the Employment Training
Panel programs have been targeted towards white-collar
workers. The electronics firms in Silicon Valley have expe
rienced a changed economic climate due to international
competition, and a recent report states that 17,500 jobs have
been lost in the past 2 years with more losses predicted.19
The theory and the practice of the Employment Training
Panel, according to one evaluation, is that “the availability
of Panel funds provides companies with the incentive to
retrain a work force with outdated skills, rather than laying
off employees. Companies are encouraged to take a longrange view towards their employees.”20 The reality in the
electronics industry is harsher and the evidence shows con
siderable variations between employers that have attempted
to avoid layoffs and those companies that have moved to
hiring temporary employees and have provided no advance
notice or retraining options to employees who have been
terminated or given extended layoffs.21
The enabling legislation makes it clear that targeted work
ers include those whose jobs are vulnerable as well as those
who have been displaced; it allows for up to 18 months of
training.22 The California evidence suggests that it is 30
percent more expensive to train persons who are unemploy
ment insurance recipients (those out of work) than employed
workers who are likely to be displaced.23 This conclusion,
more than likely, holds true for most cases and gives strong
support to the move to provide training prior to layoff and
in anticipation of employment changes.
Massachusetts. In the 1970’s and 1980’s, the State of
Massachusetts suffered substantial job losses in declining
industries, losing more than 30,000 jobs from 1981 to 1984.
While only 12 percent of all State workers are within those
declining industries, in some communities such industries
account for more than one-half of the work force.24 In that
context, the State passed Chapter 208, “An Act Alleviating
the Impact of Major Dislocations of Employment and to
Assist in the Reemployment of Dislocated Workers.” This
law was passed in 1984 with $15 million in State funding
designed to assist workers and communities affected by
plant closings and major layoffs. It became operational in
January 1985, and thus has a short history to judge its
success. Furthermore, the economy of the State shifted dra
matically, and Massachusetts now has the lowest unemploy
ment rate of any major industrial State in the Nation and is
near the bottom of all 50 States in total unemployment.
The 1984 Act established the Industrial Services Program
( isp ) to provide statewide technical assistance and financing
to businesses, workers, and communities. First, it offers
funding through the Economic Stabilization Trust to assist
in corporate restructuring, change of ownership, employee
buyouts, and other efforts to save jobs. Second, an early
warning system exists to analyze State economic trends and
to monitor industries and businesses likely to experience
plant closings. Third, the Industrial Services Program over
sees and coordinates dislocated worker programs through
Job Training Partnership Act Title III. State funds are used
to provide programs for worker assistance, emergency assis
tance, and industry wide job creation programs. This legisla
tion and program activity are broad and integrated and seek
to both ameliorate the problems of dislocation and to prevent
economic difficulties. A summary flyer on the program
reveals the comprehensive nature of its objectives:
The goals of the ISP are to integrate capital financing re
sources with reemployment resources, and to adopt an active
role in identifying and assisting firms that are, or are likely
to be, in financial difficulty. Additional i s p goals are to ex
pand the capacity o f the employment and training system
through additional funding and a wider array of program
options; to use resources to actively promote economic
growth in the state, through productivity increases, improve
ment in workers’ earnings, education curricula to upgrade
work force academic and occupational skills, and develop
ment of new products, markets and ownership structures to
improve the long term viability of firms.
Part of the 1984 Act established the Massachusetts
“Social Compact,” whereby all employers are encouraged to
provide 90 days’ advance notification in the event of an
extended layoff or plant closing. This was based on the
evidence that such advance notice is critical to successful
adaptation by the work force to gain reemployment and for
the agencies involved in worker assistance, job retraining,
and job search and placement. Firms that fail to give such
notice are then expected to provide some continued pay as
severance. A provision of the law mandated that 90 days of
continued health benefits would be available to those cov
ered after the job loss.
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In addition to programs targeting displaced workers,
Massachusetts sought to engage State funding in linked pro
grams of training and economic development. The Bay
State Skills Corporation Act states, “It is an important func
tion of government to increase opportunities for gainful
employment, to assist in promoting a productive and ex
panding economy, to encourage the flow of business and
industry support to educational institutions, and otherwise to
improve the prosperity and general welfare of the inhabi
tants of the commonwealth.”25 Out of this approach the Bay
State Skills Corporation was created, as one mechanism for
the State to foster technological preeminence. The Corpora
tion states in one of its flyers, “As long as government
compensates only for its failing industries, it can at best
merely slow the rate of economic stagnation. By encourag
ing its technologically successful companies, Massachusetts
controls the transition from declining industries to its fu
ture— computers, robotics, numerically controlled ma
chines, biotechnology and others. . .”26
The Bay State Skills Corporation is project-specific and
requires private sector corporate participation in each jointly
funded effort. State and private funds, channeled through an
educational institution, provide training for workers with
special emphasis on training in new technologies. Projects
have included programs like training displaced bank tellers
as computerized money machine repairers in addition to
more professionally advanced levels of training. The recent
annual report states that the 4 years of the program have
involved more than 600 companies and 200 educational
institutions and that 91 percent of trainees get full-time
employment in the private sector. In 1985, more than $5.7
million was awarded to 85 educational institutions in the
State. The program has fast start-up phases and flexible
program duration periods from 12 weeks to 2 years of train
ing. It emphasizes the cooperation between educational in
stitutions, private employers, and the State; it not only
requires a mix of State and corporate funding but active
involvement of company personnel in planning, designing,
operating, teaching, monitoring, and evaluating the training
programs. This program has been inspirational for other
States in the country and has attracted interest from other
industrial nations.
Expanding State training efforts
The Center for Policy Research and Analysis of the Na
tional Governors’ Association has been active in promoting
new State initiatives and recently cosponsored a conference
with the Bay State Skills Corporation to help in such dissem
ination. More than 20 States have established rapid response
teams to assist dislocated workers and industries, and while
Job Training Partnership Act Title III funds cannot be used
until a layoff or closing has been announced, States have
been providing funds for worker retraining before firms are
threatened with closing.27
The move towards more activity at the State level appears
a partial response to the deemphasis on Federal programs
19
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
November 1987 •
Training Programs Ease Impact o f Technology
during the 1980’s and the thrust toward cost-sharing of job
retraining by employers and government. Interest in the
Canadian Industrial Adjustment Service has been accelerat
ing in this country and several recent reports have called
upon that system as a model.28
It seems clear that the short-run response to technological
change and worker retraining in the United States will depart
from that in other industrial countries.29 Some people have
called for more participatory efforts and a huge increase in
Federal Government involvement in worker retraining.
Such legislation is currently pending in the Congress.30 For
the moment, the illustrations drawn from the voluntary ef
forts in collectively negotiated agreements and some State
programs may inspire more effort to provide the needed
training of the American work force in this era of rapid
technological change at the workplace.
-FOOTNOTES1 Bureau o f Labor Statistics reports include Jerome A. Mark,
“Technological change and employment: some results from b l s research,”
Monthly Labor Review, April 1987, pp. 26-29; and Ronald E. Kutscher
and Valerie A. Personick, “Deindustrialization and the shift to services,”
Monthly Labor Review , June 1986, pp. 3 -1 3 .
2 See Paul O. Flaim and Ellen Sehgal, “Displaced workers o f 1979-83:
how have they fared?” Monthly Labor Review, June 1985, pp. 3-16; and
Technology and Structural Unemployment: Reemployment of Adults , O T A ITE 250 (U .S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, February
1986).
3 Richard W. Riche, Daniel E. Hecker, and John U. Burgan, “High
technology today and tomorrow: a small piece o f the employment pie,”
Monthly Labor Review, November 1983, pp. 50-58; and Barry Bluestone
and Bennett Harrison, The Great American Job Machine: The Proliferation
o f Low Wage Employment in the U.S. Economy (U .S. Congress, Joint
Economic Committee, December 1986).
4 Richard M. Cyert and David C. Mowery, ed s., Technology and Em
ployment: Innovation and Growth in the U.S. Economy (Washington, D C ,
National Academy Press, 1987).
5 Computerized Manufacturing Automation: Employment, Education
and the Workplace, o t a - c i t 235 (U .S. Congress, Office of Technology
Assessment, April 1984).
6 Steven Deutsch, “New technology, union strategies and worker partic
ipation,” Economic and Industrial Democracy, November 1986, pp. 5 2 9 39.
7 International Association o f Machinists and Aerospace Workers, Let’s
D C , Kelly Press, 1984).
Rebuild America (Washington,
8 See Gary Hansen, “Ford and the u a w have a better idea: A joint
labor-management approach to plant closings and worker retraining,” An
nals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, September
1984; and Ronald E. Berenbeim, Company Programs to Ease the Impact
of Shutdowns (New York, The Conference Board, 1986).
9 Office o f Technology Assessment, Computerized Manufacturing
Automation.
10 Hansen, Ford and the
uaw .
11 George Kohl, “Changing competitive and technology environments in
telecommunications,” in Donald Kennedy and others, eds., Labor and
Technology (University Park, p a , Pennsylvania State University Depart
ment o f Labor Studies, 1982).
12 Kenneth Noble, “Unions push retraining plans,” New York Times,
Mar. 23, 1986.
13 Office o f Technology Assessment, Computerized Manufacturing
15 Quality of Work Life: at &t and cwa Examine Process After Three
Years (U .S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor-Management Relations
and Cooperative Programs, 1985).
16 Margaret Hilton, “Lying down together II: joint union-management
training enhances productivity and revenues at Pacific Northwest B ell,”
Training and Development Journal, Summer 1986.
17 United Steelworkers o f America, Responding to Economic Disloca
tion: Assistance Program for Unemployed Steelworkers and a Directory of
District Programs, 1986.
18 Office o f Technology Assessment, Technology and Structural Unem
ployment, p. 207.
19 Andrew Pollack, “A somber Silicon Valley is ‘changed forever’,”
New York Times, Oct. 5, 1986.
20 Arthur Young, Study o f the California Employment Panel (Los Ange
les, CA, Arthur Young and C o., 1985).
21 Plant Closing: Advance Notice and Rapid Response-Special Report,
250 (U .S. Congress, Office o f Technology Assessment, 1986).
o a t -i t e
21 Employment Training Panel Annual Report 1985 (Sacramento,
CA,
Employment Training Panel, 1986).
23 Young, Employment Panel.
24 The Final Report of the Mature Industries Research Project on Partial
Plant Closings (Boston, Commonwealth o f Massachusetts, Division of
Employment Services, January 1986).
25 Bay State Skills Corporation Act of 1981.
26 Bay State Skills Corporation, 1986 Report (Boston, Bay State Skills
Corporation, 1986).
27 Kris M. Balderston, Plant Closings, Layoffs and Worker Readjust
ment: The States’ Response to Economic Change (Washington, DC, Na
tional Governors’ Association, 1986). Also, National Governors’
Association report, “Jobs, Growth and Competitiveness,” The New York
Times, July 26, 1987.
28 See, for example, Economic Adjustment and Worker Dislocation in a
Competitive Society (U.S. Department of Labor, December 1986); Office
of Technology Assessment, Technology and Structural Unemployment ',
and Office of Technology Assessment, Plant Closing.
29 Foreign approaches and contrasts with the United States are explored
in Steven Deutsch, “International experiences with technological change,”
Monthly Labor Review, March 1986, pp. 3 5-40.
Automation.
30 This position is argued by Ray Marshall, Unheard Voices: Labor and
Economic Policy in a Competitive World (New York, Basic Books, 1987)
14 Margaret Hilton and Ronnie Straw, “Joint training in the telecommu
nications industry,” working paper, Communications Workers of America,
presented at Atlantic Economic Conference, Boston, Aug. 2 9 -3 1 , 1986.
and is expressed in the Economic Dislocation and Workers Adjustment Act
o f 1987, the Education and Training for American Competitiveness Act of
1987, and the Trade and International Economic Policy Act of 1987.
20
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Research
Summaries
White-collar salaries vary widely
in the service industries
C . Joseph C
o o per
, J
r
.
Workers employed by firms providing engineering and re
search services typically earned more on average than their
counterparts in other service industries in March 1987. This
finding is based on the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ first
nationwide white-collar pay survey of all private service
industries. (See table 1 for examples of pay relationships in
selected occupations and service industries.) Because previ
ous b l s white-collar pay surveys covered other sectors of the
economy, this year’s results cannot be directly compared
with earlier survey data.1 The March 1987 study yielded
average salary information for workers in 26 occupations
and 93 work levels, spanning a broad range of duties and
responsibilities.
The March 1987 survey reflects changes to broaden cov
erage of the white-collar pay survey to more industries,
including health care services, and to smaller establish
ments.2 The service sector findings will be combined with
updated information from establishments studied in 1986;
the results will be used to make annual pay comparisons
between Federal white-collar workers and their counterparts
in private industry. Rotating industry coverage in different
years allows b l s to obtain a broader scope of pay data within
current budgetary limits.
In addition to the type of service that a firm performs,
skill and experience also affect white-collar pay. (See
table 2.) Among the professional jobs studied, salaries aver
aged $19,588 a year for beginning accountants and $26,355
for beginning engineers, while the averages for senior levels
of both jobs (level V) were approximately $50,000. For top
level engineers (VIII) surveyed, salaries averaged $78,049.3
In the clerical and technical areas, differing skill levels
also contributed to the wide variations in pay. Salaries for
four levels of general clerks ranged from $10,338 a year for
clerks who follow detailed procedures in performing simple
and repetitive tasks (level I) to $19,151 for those who use
C. Joseph Cooper, Jr. is a labor economist in the Division of Occupational
Pay and Employees Benefit Levels, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
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some knowledge and judgment to complete various nonrou
tine assignments (level IV). Pay for five levels of secretaries
ranged from $15,285 to $29,014.
Computer operators are classified on the basis of respon
sibility for problem solving, variability of assignments, and
scope of authority for corrective actions required by their
equipment. Level I operators, whose work assignments con
sist of on-the-job training, averaged $14,067 a year. The
largest group surveyed, level II, averaged $16,812; the
highest publishable level (IV) averaged $24,673.
Drafters averaged between $12,450 at level I (trace or
copy finished drawings) and $31,634 at level V (work
closely with designers preparing unusual, complex, or orig
inal designs).
Statistically reliable data on pay were obtained for three
jobs in the nursing field. One of these, registered nurse, was
the most numerous of the professional and administrative
jobs studied. Over 80 percent of the nurses were at level II,
which designates those who exercise considerable independ
ence in difficult nursing situations. They averaged $24,127
a year.
The other two jobs, nursing assistant and licensed practi
cal nurse, are included among the survey’s technical support
occupations, which include computer operator, drafter, en
gineering technician, and photographer. Nursing assistants
numbering 441,000 had average salaries from $8,558 for
level I to $14,369 for level III, the highest level for which
pay data met Bureau publication standards. Of the three
levels of licensed practical nurses, level II incumbents ac
counted for most of the licensed practical nurses covered,
and their salaries averaged $16,487 a year.
Table 1. Average pay relatives by type of service and se
lected occupations, March 1987
[All services = 100]
Engineering and
research
Business
Health
Education
Accountants I I I ..........................
Accounting clerks II .................
General clerks III .....................
Secretaries I I ............................
107
110
109
105
105
102
102
103
98
99
98
99
96
94
95
88
Key entry operators 1 ...............
Computer operators II .............
Computer programmers I I ........
Systems analysts II .................
115
107
100
103
95
102
101
101
103
97
96
95
99
93
89
91
Selected occupations
21
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
November 1987 •
Research Summaries
Table 2. Average salaries of professional, administrative, technical, and clerical workers in the service industries, by
occupation and level, March 1987
Occupation and level
Number of
employees1
Average
annual
salaries2
Accountants and auditors
Licensed practical nurses I ......................................................
Licensed practical nurses I I ......................................................
Licensed practical nurses III ...................................................
31,195
165,049
2,061
14;636
16,487
18,837
25,683
33,187
40,817
Nursing assistants I ................................................................
Nursing assistants II ................................................................
Nursing assistants III ..............................................................
148,366
269,803
22,075
8,558
10,872
14,369
14,233
14,443
15,563
6,849
21,006
23,044
27,537
33,989
Engineering
Engineering
Engineering
Engineering
I I ........................................................
III ......................................................
IV .....................................................
V ........................................................
2,253
3,034
3,428
2,535
20,149
24,425
30,009
34,275
186
458
586
41,370
53,100
63,711
Drafters
Drafters
Drafters
Drafters
Drafters
I .................................................................................
I I .................................................................................
III ...............................................................................
IV ...............................................................................
V .................................................................................
1,848
4,223
6,582
7,128
2,023
12,450
15,898
20,742
25,281
31,634
1,634
2,739
845
451
20,492
25,373
33,309
41,828
I ..............................................................
I I ..............................................................
III ............................................................
I V ............................................................
2,616
12,000
6,790
2,191
14,067
16,812
21,020
24,673
Photographers I I .......................................................................
Photographers III .....................................................................
2,017
435
18,046
26,782
1 ..............................................................
I I ..............................................................
III ............................................................
IV ............................................................
V ..............................................................
5,385
13,587
15,102
6,594
1,849
20,980
23,883
29,435
36,204
43,292
I ..................................................................
I I ..................................................................
III ................................................................
I V ................................................................
7,692
33,476
20,392
5,276
11,569
14,424
16,739
20,097
1 ..........................................................................
I I ..........................................................................
III ........................................................................
I V .......................................................................
V ........................................................................
5,047
15,081
9,494
4,066
749
28,607
35,386
42,687
50,658
59,841
File clerks I ...............................................................................
File clerks II .............................................................................
10,114
6,470
11,430
13,166
Key entry operators I ..............................................................
Key entry operators II ..............................................................
24,832
11,067
12,431
15,199
Messengers .............................................................................
5,916
11,354
Personnel
Personnel
Personnel
Personnel
I ...................................................
II .................................................
I I I .................................................
I V .................................................
1,297
1,333
1,071
320
13,409
16,717
19,359
23,130
Purchasing clerks/assistants I .................................................
Purchasing clerks/assistants II ...............................................
Purchasing clerks/assistants I I I ...............................................
1,216
1,279
346
13,425
16,502
20,940
I .............................................................................
II ...........................................................................
I I I ...........................................................................
I V ...........................................................................
V ...........................................................................
24,316
31,190
26,195
10,904
2,021
15,285
18,309
20,644
24,109
29,014
Typists I ....................................................................................
Typists II .................................................................................
6,108
2,503
13,016
15 106
5,385
26,145
27,105
5,595
10,338
12,178
14,767
19,151
$19,588
23,426
29,791
38,707
49,291
Auditors I I ...........................................................................................
Auditors III ........................................................................................
Auditors I V ........................................................................................
212
275
112
accountants
accountants
accountants
accountants
1 ........................................................................
I I .......................................................................
III .....................................................................
I V .....................................................................
Attorneys
Attorneys I I ........................................................................................
Attorneys III ......................................................................................
Attorneys IV ......................................................................................
Buyers
Buyers
Buyers
Buyers
Buyers
1 .............................................................................................
I I .............................................................................................
III ...........................................................................................
I V ...........................................................................................
Programmers and systems analysts
Computer
Computer
Computer
Computer
Computer
Systems
Systems
Systems
Systems
Systems
programmers
programmers
programmers
programmers
programmers
analysts
analysts
analysts
analysts
analysts
Personnel management
Job analysts II .................................................................................
Job analysts I I I .................................................................................
114
182
23,315
27,433
Directors of personnel 1 ...................................................................
Directors of personnel II ................................................................
416
853
35,167
43,927
Engineers
Engineers
Engineers
Engineers
Engineers
Engineers
Engineers
Engineers
Engineers
Average
annual
salaries2
$34,383
2,644
7,056
7,129
3,227
808
Public
Public
Public
Public
Number of
employees1
392
Registered nurses IV ..............................................................
1 ...................................................................................
I I ...................................................................................
I I I .................................................................................
I V .................................................................................
V .................................................................................
Accountants
Accountants
Accountants
Accountants
Accountants
Occupation and level
1 ........................................................................................
II ......................................................................................
I I I ......................................................................................
I V ......................................................................................
V ......................................................................................
V I ......................................................................................
VII ...................................................................................
V I I I ...................................................................................
7,321
14,392
21,903
27,115
21,285
10,573
3,251
933
26,355
30,151
35,779
42,964
50,597
59,422
67,183
78,049
38,257
366,888
20,402
21,012
24,127
31,216
Registered nurses
Registered nurses 1..........................................................................
Registered nurses II .......................................................................
Registered nurses I I I ........................................................................
Technical support
technicians
technicians
technicians
technicians
Computer operators
Computer operators
Computer operators
Computer operators
Clerical
Accounting
Accounting
Accounting
Accounting
clerks/assistants
clerks/assistants
clerks/assistants
clerks/assistants
Secretaries
Secretaries
Secretaries
Secretaries
Secretaries
General
General
General
General
clerks
clerks
clerks
clerks
clerks
clerks
clerks
clerks
I .......................................................................
I I .......................................................................
III ....................................................................
IV ....................................................................
1 Occupational employment estimates relate to the total in all establishments within scope of the
survey and not to the number actually surveyed.
under cost-of-living allowance clauses and incentive payments, however, are included.
2 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts, but
overtime pay for registered and licensed practical nurses working three 12-hour shifts is included.
Also excluded are performance bonuses and lump-sum payments of the type negotiated in the
auto and aerospace industries, as well as profit-sharing payments, attendance bonuses, Christ
mas or yearend bonuses, and other nonproduction bonuses. Pay increases— but not bonuses—
Note: The following occupational levels were surveyed but insufficient data were obtained to
warrant publication: Accountant VI; auditor I; chief accountant l-V ; attorney I, V, and VI; systems
analyst VI; job analyst I and IV; director of personnel III—V; chemist I—VIII; nursing assistant IV; civil
engineering technician l-V ; engineering technician I; computer operator V and VI; photographer
I, IV, and V; file clerk III; personnel clerk/assistant IV; and stenographer I and II.
A d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s of white-collar salaries and complete
results of this year’s survey are forthcoming in the bulletin,
National Survey o f Professional, Administrative, Technical,
and Clerical Pay, March 1987. It will include salary distri
22
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butions by occupational work level, and relative employ
ment and salary levels by major service industries for 26
occupations.
□
---------- FOOTNOTES--------1 The white-collar survey (National Survey of Professional, Administra
tive, Technical, and Clerical Pay— p a t c ) is conducted by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics, but survey occupations and coverage such as establish
ment size and the private industries to be included are determined by the
President’s Pay Agent— the Secretary of Labor and the Directors of the
Office o f Management and Budget and the Office of Personnel Manage
ment. This reflects the use of p a t c findings in the pay setting process for
Federal employees. The role of the p a t c survey is described in George L.
Stelluto’s “Federal pay comparability: facts to temper the debate,” Monthly
Labor Review, June 1979, pp. 18-28.
2 See John D. Morton’s “ b l s prepares to broaden scope of its whitecollar pay survey,” Monthly Labor Review, March 1987, pp. 3 -7 .
3 In the survey coding structure, the level designations among various
occupations are not synonomous: for example, the first level of attorneys
is comparable to the third level of engineers, accountants, and most other
professional and administrative occupations. Classification of employees in
the occupations and work levels surveyed is based on factors detailed in
definitions which are available upon request.
How do demographic changes affect
labor force participation of women?
D
a n ie l
T.
L
ic h t e r a n d
Ja
n ic e
A.
C
osta nzo
Since World War II, U.S. labor force participation rates
among women have almost doubled, reaching about 55 per
cent in 1985.1 Increases in labor force activity have been
pervasive for all groups, especially married women and
women with young children.
Changes in the demographic composition of the female
population, particularly during the past decade or so, have
had great potential for altering overall participation rates.2
For example, William Johnson and Jonathan Skinner have
reported that the rise in divorce rates between 1960 and 1980
may explain up to 17 percent of the rise in labor force
participation rates of women during that period.3 Similarly,
Ralph Smith has concluded that between 1971 and 1975, the
changing demographic composition (for example, marital
and family status changes) of women in the labor force
accounted for 28 percent of the increase in their rates.4
Compositional changes are likely to be small over a short
time period, however, and therefore should not be expected
to greatly affect overall female labor force participation
rates.
By examining data covering the 15-year period between
1970 and 1985, we provide evidence on the link between
changes in demographic composition and labor force partic
ipation rates among women.
Daniel T. Lichter is an associate professor o f sociology and faculty associ
ate o f the Population Issues Research Center, Pennsylvania State Univer
sity; and Janice A. Costanzo is a demographic statistician with the Popula
tion Division, U.S. Bureau of Census.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Specifically, we ask: To what extent have changes in
fertility rates, marital status, educational levels, and age
structure accounted for growth in labor force participation
rates of women since 1970?
Demographic composition
Fertility. The labor force participation rates among mar
ried women with children, particularly young children, have
been steadily increasing since 1970. In 1985, nearly half of
all women with children under age 18 were in the labor
force, compared with less than 40 percent in 1970.5 More
over, the declines in fertility rates, as well as declines in
family size, increasing childlessness, and delayed childbear
ing have freed many women to pursue employment opportu
nities outside the home. Completed family size, for exam
ple, decreased from 2.4 children in 1970 to 1.7 in 1984
among white women, and from 3.1 to 2.2 children among
blacks.6 Recent fertility declines are thus a potentially im
portant demographic source of post-1970 increases in over
all female labor force participation rates.
Marital status. Substantial variation exists by marital
status, with married women exhibiting labor force participa
tion rates much lower than those of the overall female pop
ulation.7 Changes since 1970 in the marital status composi
tion of the female population have provided a potentially
significant demographic source of growth in female labor
force participation. The incidence of divorce, for example,
increased from about 14 per 1,000 married women in 1970
to nearly 22 per 1,000 in 1984.8 In addition, the proportion
of never-married women has risen rapidly, especially
among young adults, reflecting delayed marriage. For ex
ample, the median age at first marriage among women in the
United States rose from 20.6 in 1970 to 22.8 in 1984.9
Education. The educational upgrading of the female pop
ulation has been a major facet of social change in the United
States. For women age 25 or over, median years of school
ing increased from 12.1 to 12.6 years between 1970 and
1980, and the percent graduating from high school grew
from 52.8 to 65.8.10 Changes in the educational composi
tion of the female population must be included in any demo
graphic or structural explanation of rising participation rates
among the female population. Indeed, increasing educa
tional attainment alters the relative importance of home
work versus the labor market for many women. This is
clearly revealed in female labor force participation rates that
tend to accelerate with increasing educational attainment.
Age. Age composition is a major structural aspect of the
labor force.11 Market-related activities are clearly associated
with age. The age profile of women in the labor force is
curvilinear, reaching its nadir during the child-bearing years
and after age 40 or so, when labor force exits begin to rise.
One significant facet of labor force age structure can be
23
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
November 1987 •
Research Summaries
linked directly to the post-World War II baby boom. That is,
the baby-boom cohort of the 1950’s entered the labor force
in large numbers during the 1970’s. As this cohort aged
between 1970 and 1985, declining proportions of women
were concentrated in the age categories that typically exhibit
lower than average rates of participation (say, those in midto late 40’s). The “maturing” of the baby-boom cohort thus
represents another potentially significant demographic com
ponent of change for women in the labor force.
Accounting for change
We restrict this analysis to women ages 2 5 -4 9 .12 For
most women, schooling has been completed by age 25, and
labor force exit rates begin to accelerate significantly after
45 or so.
The extent to which changing demographic composition
accounts for the increases in labor force participation rates
among women can be evaluated using standard demo
graphic methods of decomposition or components analy
sis.13 It is well known that the difference between two crude
rates is attributed to differences in both status-specific rates
and population composition. Differences in rates between
1970 and 1985 can thus be decomposed into parts attributed
to changing propensity to participate (that is, a so-called true
or rate effect) and parts attributed to changes in the distribu
tion of women by number of children, marital status, educa
tion, and age (composition effects). The categories of popu
lation composition we consider here are provided in table 1
for blacks and nonblacks.
The results of the decomposition analysis are presented in
table 2. Total labor force participation rates of women in
creased from 47.90 percent to 71.01 percent between March
1970 and 1985. Of the 23.11-percentage-point increase in
labor force participation rates, 12.48, or about 54 percent,
is attributable to the changing propensity to participate. (See
the “rate effect.”) Simply put, a majority share of the inTable 1. Percent distributions of women ages 25-49, by
race and selected characteristics, 1970 and 1985
Black
Characteristics
Nonblack1
1970
1985
1970
1985
Number of children under age 18:
0 .....................................................................
1-2 ..........................................................
3 or m o re .................................................
23.9
35.5
40.6
32.7
49.4
17.9
20.5
46.4
33.1
36.2
50.0
13.8
Marital status:
Never married.........................................
Married...................................................
Other ever-married.........................................
8.5
67.0
24.5
28.6
41.4
30.0
3.6
89.4
7.0
10.9
72.8
16.4
Years of schooling
Less than 1 2 ...................................................
12 ..................................................................
More than 12 .................................................
53.0
34.2
12.8
24.2
42.9
32.9
30.3
48.6
21.1
14.2
43.7
42.1
Age:
25-32
33-41
42-49
35.5
35.3
29.2
42.8
34.6
22.6
33.3
34.2
32.5
38.9
37.1
24.0
............................................................
............................................................
............................................................
1 Nonblack includes whites and all other racial groups, except blacks.
24
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Table 2. Components of change in labor force participa
tion rates for women, by race, 1970-85
Component
Total
Black
Nonblack1
1985 .......................................................................
71.01
73.21
70.70
1970 .......................................................................
47.90
60.21
46.47
Total effect, or change....................................
23.11
13.00
24.23
Rate effect2 .................................................
12.48
2.07
13.72
Composition effect3 ....................................
Number of children under age 18 ...........
Marital s ta tu s ...........................................
Education.................................................
Age ..........................................................
10.63
4.33
3.00
3.18
.11
10.93
3.78
-.1 8
7.25
.08
10.51
4.53
3.05
2.82
.10
1 Nonblack includes whites and all other racial groups, except blacks.
2 The rate effect is the 1985-70 difference in labor force participation rates of women stand
ardized by number of children, marital status, education, and age.
3 The total composition effect is equal to the sum of the four composition effects considered
here.
crease over this 15-year period is attributed to changes in
behavior rather than changes in demographic composition.
This further implies that labor force participation rates
would have increased during 1970-85, even if the demo
graphic composition of the female population had not
changed during this period. The increase in labor force
participation rates for women cannot be explained away
with compositional arguments.
This conclusion, however, should not be interpreted to
mean that changing demographic composition or changes in
the supply of women are unimportant facets of change in
labor force participation rates. Indeed, 46 percent of the
increase since 1970 is directly attributable to changing de
mographic composition. (See “composition effect,” table
2.) Although past studies reveal that compositional effects
are not dramatic over a short time, the effects of changing
demographic composition are considerably more apparent
over a longer period, such as that examined here. Moreover,
when we examine the relative importance of each composi
tional component, data reveal that, on the one hand, chang
ing fertility rates, as measured by number of children,
account for 4.33 percentage points (or nearly 20 percent) of
the overall post-1970 increase in labor force participation.14
Marital status and education changes, on the other hand,
account for smaller but roughly similar shares (about 13
percent) of the increase. Changing age composition has
virtually no effect on labor force participation rates of
women. As these results suggest, while not solely responsi
ble for recent increases in labor force activity among
women, changing composition nevertheless is clearly an
important and too frequently ignored source of growth in
labor force participation rates.
As shown in table 2, limiting the analysis to the total (or
nonblack) female population also tends to mask substantial
racial variations in the mix of compositional and rate effects.
In contrast to nonblack women, our analysis reveals that
changing composition is primarily responsible for the in
crease in labor force participation rates for black women,
accounting for 10.93, or nearly 85 percent, of the 13.00
percentage point increase since 1970. This sizable change is
mainly attributable to educational upgrading among black
women. Indeed, increased education accounts for about two
thirds (or 7.25/10.93) of the overall compositional effect
and about 55 percent of the overall increase in labor force
participation rates for black women during the 1970-85
period. The only other compositional component of any
significance is the changing number of children, a demo
graphic component that accounts for about 30 percent of the
increase since 1970.
Implications
The period since 1970 has revealed a continuing pattern
of increase in rates of female labor force participation. Ris
ing wage rates and changing attitudes regarding work have
clearly contributed to this increase.15 Our results neverthe
less suggest that demographic explanations cannot be en
tirely dismissed. A substantial share— almost half—of the
increase has roots in ongoing patterns of demographic
change, especially recent fertility declines, shifts in patterns
of marriage and divorce, and educational upgrading. The
changing mix of women across various population sub
groups thus provides an important demographic explanation
of changing female labor force participation rates, particu
larly for black women.
The results also imply that prospects are good for contin
uing high labor force participation rates for women. Demo
graphic changes are likely to counterbalance any dampening
effects of slowing wage increases or changes in family or
work attitudes. Indeed, the changing demographic supply of
potential female workers may account for an increasing
share of future growth in labor force participation among
women.16
□
--------- FOOTNOTES--------This research was supported in part by a grant from
the National Science Foundation. The helpful comments of David Shapiro
and Clifford Clogg are gratefully acknowledged, as is the computational
assistance o f Gilbert Ko. Prithwis Das Gupta kindly provided the decompo
sition program used in the components analysis reported here.
A
ckno w ledgm ent:
1 See William G. Bowen and T. Aldrich Finegan, The Economics of
Labor Force Participation (Princeton, Princeton University Press,
1969); Glen G. Cain, Married Women in the Labor Force (Chicago,
University o f Chicago Press, 1966); and Employment and Earnings (Bu
reau o f Labor Statistics, August 1986).
2 Elizabeth Waldman, “Labor force statistics from a family perspective,”
Monthly Labor Review, December 1983, pp. 16-20.
3 William R. Johnson and Jonathan Skinner, “Labor Supply and Marital
Separation,” American Economic Review, June 1986, pp. 455-469.
4 See Ralph E. Smith, “Sources o f growth in the female labor force,
19 7 1 -7 5 ,” Monthly Labor Review, August 1977, pp. 2 7-29.
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5 Howard Hayghe, “Rise in mothers’ labor force participation includes
those with young children,” Monthly Labor Review, February 1986, pp.
4 3 -4 5 .
6 National Center for Health Statistics, Monthly Vital Statistics Report,
Advance Report o f Final Natality Statistics, 1984 (Hyattsville, m d , Public
Health Service, July 18, 1986).
7 Howard Hayghe, “Working mothers reach record number in 1984,”
Monthly Labor Review, Dec. 1984, pp. 3 1 -3 4 .
8 National Center for Health Statistics, Monthly Vital Statistics Report,
Advance Report of Final Divorce Statistics, 1984 (Hyattsville m d , Public
Health Service, Sept. 25, 1986).
9 National Center for Health Statistics, Monthly Vital Statistics Report,
Advance Report of Final Marriage Statistics, 1984 (Hyattsville, m d , Public
Health Service, June 3, 1987).
10 U .S. Bureau of Census, General Social and Economic Characteris
PC 8 0 -1 -C 1 (U .S. Government Printing Of
fice, 1983.)
tics, United States Summary
11 James P. Smith and Finis Welch, “No Time to be Young: The Eco
nomic Prospects for Large Cohorts in the United States,” Population and
Development Review, March 1981, pp. 7 1 -8 3 .
12 Data for this analysis are from the March 1970 and 1985 machinereadable files of the Current Population Survey, Bureau o f Census.
13 See Prithwis Das Gupta, “A General Method of Decomposing a Dif
ference Between Two Rates Into Several Components,” Demography,
February 1978, pp. 99-1 1 2 . Methods of decomposition have a long history
in demographic research. Any comparison between two crude rates is
affected by differences in population composition (for example, age com
position). To eliminate compositional differences, standardized rates are
often calculated, which eliminate the confounding effects of differences by
assigning a similar composition (that is, a “standard” age composition) to
each population. Methods of decomposition represent a simple extension of
this analytic technique by enabling us to gauge the relative effects o f more
than one compositional component on crude rate differences.
The general method described by Das Gupta has three primary advan
tages over other methods o f decomposition: (1) the method can be applied
to data cross-classified by any number of compositional factors (for exam
ple, in the analysis presented here, we use a four-factor model); (2) results
are independent o f the order in which compositional factors are considered;
and (3) the procedure avoids problems with the allocation and interpreta
tion o f “interaction” effects among the compositional factors. With regard
to the latter point, this is accomplished by calculating the effect o f one
compositional factor, holding other factors constant at an average level. As
a result, a “total” effect (that is, the difference in crude rates) can be
uniquely partitioned into a “rate” effect (the difference between two stand
ardized labor force participation rates, using as the “standard population”
the weighted average of the 1970 and 1985 female labor force populations,
aged 2 5 -4 9 ), and “compositional” effects (in this case, one each for chang
ing fertility, marital status, education, and age).
14 In addition to our examination of the effects of changing numbers of
children, we also evaluated the effects of changes in the age composition
of children. Because labor force participation rates are lowest among
mothers with young children, we replicated our decomposition analysis
with women separated into three categories: 0 children less than age 18;
some or all less than age 6; and all children age 6 -1 8 . This analysis
produced results that were similar to those reported in table 2. Changes in
the age composition o f children accounted for about 14 percent of the
overall increase in rates for women.
15 Given the results reported here, we are unable to partition sources of
the “rate” effect, but surely rising real wages and changing attitudes ac
count for a sizeable share of this effect. See David Shapiro and Lois B.
Shaw, “Growth in the Labor Force Attachment of Married Women: Ac
counting for Change in the 1970s,” Southern Economic Journal, October
1983, pp. 461-473.
16 See George Masnick and Mary Jo Bane, The Nation's Families:
1960-1990 (Cambridge, The Joint Center for Urban Studies of m i t and
Harvard University, 1980). They project labor force participation rates o f
women to the year 1990.
25
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
November 1987 •
Research Summaries
Furniture workers’ wages
higher under incentive systems
According to a Bureau of Labor Statistics survey of wood
household furniture plants in June 1986, incentive pay sys
tems bolstered workers’ earnings. Moreover, a disparity in
the incidence of incentive pay contributed to the differences
in average pay levels in upholstered and nonupholstered
furniture plants.1 The survey included establishments em
ploying 20 workers or more, and examined occupational
pay, employee benefits, and selected establishment charac
teristics, such as method of wage payment and labormanagement contract coverage.2
Table 1 shows that incentive-paid workers in upholstered
furniture plants usually averaged 25 to 50 percent more per
hour than timeworkers in the same job; in nonupholstered
furniture plants, the advantage was 15 to 25 percent. Incen
tive pay systems, typically individual piece rates, applied to
about two-fifths of the workers in upholstered furniture
plants and to one-tenth of the workers in other wood house
hold furniture plants. The use of incentive workers is more
extensive in upholstering, which traditionally requires more
hand-crafted operations in fabric application and cushion
construction. In this regard, upholsterers and sewingmachine operators— largely incentive-paid jobs— together
accounted for slightly more than one-third of the production
workers in the upholstered furniture industry, but were less
than 1 percent of the nonupholstered work force.
Overall, production workers in upholstered furniture
plants held an 89-cent-an-hour pay advantage over those
workers in nonupholstered plants. (See table 1.) Virtually
all of this difference is attributable to relatively large pay
premiums for incentive workers in upholstered furniture
coupled with the higher incidence of incentive workers in
that industry. For example, if the difference in the propor
tion of workers under incentive systems is taken into ac
count, the average pay advantage for upholstered furniture
workers shrinks to 16 cents an hour.3
Another key pay characteristic of the two furniture indus
tries is that individual earnings vary substantially from their
respective averages. The index of wage dispersion, a tech
nique for measuring such variation, was 32 in nonuphol
stered furniture plants; in the upholstered sector, the index
was 48, one of the highest recorded in any Bureau industry
wage survey.4 Contributing to the wide range of earnings
were the relatively broad range of skill requirements (espe
cially in the upholstered sector); the low incidence (about 10
percent) of pay systems providing for a uniform, single rate
for a given occupation; and disparate pay levels among the
industries’ establishments, which were overwhelmingly
nonunion (85 percent of the production work force).
Regional pay differences also added variability to the
industries’ pay structures, with average hourly earnings in
nonupholstered furniture ranging from $4.97 in the Moun
26
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Table 1. Average hourly earnings in U.S. wood household
furniture plants, selected occupations by method of waae
payment, June 19861
Nonupholstered furniture
plants
Occupation2
All production
workers .............
Upholstered furniture
plants
Time
Time
and
Time- Incentive
and
Time- Incentive
incentive workers workers incentive workers workers
workers
workers
$5.85
$5.75
$6.84
$6.74
$5.79
$7.98
5.69
5.55
6.64
5.06
4.82
5.97
5.71
7.03
5.54
6.79
6.78
7.69
6.68
8.35
5.85
7.07
7.20
8.75
6.22
6.03
6.04
5.85
6.96
7.41
6.58
6.00
5.92
5.11
7.45
7.47
5.84
5.75
6.57
6.24
5.84
7.72
5.15
5.02
6.26
5.18
4.78
6.83
5.80
5.81
5.66
5.72
6.91
6.60
5.44
5.78
5.17
5.53
7.85
7.65
5.53
5.43
6.52
5.63
5.09
7.73
Assembling
Assemblers (except
chairs) ...............
Sewing-machine
operators ...........
Upholsterers .........
Rough mill
Double-end-trimmerand-boringmachine
operators ...........
Rip-saw operators .
Variety-saw
operators ...........
Finishing
Furniture sanders,
hand...................
Furniture sanders,
m achine.............
Sprayers ...............
Miscellaneous
Furniture packers ..
1 Excludes premium pay tor overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts
Incentive payments, such as those resulting from piecework or production bonus systems, and
cost-of-living increases (but not bonuses) were included as part of the workers' regular pay.
Excluded were performance bonuses and lump-sum payments of the type negotiated in the auto
and aerospace industries, as well as profit-sharing payments, attendance bonuses, Christmas
or yearend bonuses, and other nonproduction bonuses.
2
Occupations in this table are those for which comparisons for time and incentive workers in
both upholstered and nonupholstered furniture plants are available. For a more extensive look
at all occupations studied, see In d u s try W age S u rv e y : W o o d H o u s e h o ld F u rn itu re J u n e 1986
Bulletin 2283 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1987).
tain States to $6.94 in the Great Lakes States; in upholstered
furniture, the range was $6.53 in the Border States to $7.74
in the Middle Atlantic States.5 Even within the same local
ity, individual earnings were widely scattered. Following
are selected indexes of wage dispersion for upholstered fur
niture plants in Hickory-Statesville, n c , a major industry
center, that illustrate this point:
O ccupation
All production w o rk ers......................................................
Sewing-machine operators ...........................................
Final inspectors ...............................................................
U pholsterers......................................................................
Index o f
dispersion
55
37
36
40
The survey studied other characteristics of upholstered
and nonupholstered furniture plants, finding some similari
ties and some differences. Both industries, for example, had
heavy concentrations of workers in the Southeast, spread
about evenly over metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas.
Nationwide, average earnings for production workers in
both industries were about 10 percent higher in metropolitan
areas than in nonmetropolitan areas, and about 15 percent
higher in union than in nonunion establishments. Moreover,
larger plants paid higher wages than smaller plants; the pay
premiums for larger establishments averaged 5 percent in
nonupholstered plants and 10 percent in upholstered plants.
As for employee benefits, more than nine-tenths of the
production workers in both industries were eligible for paid
holidays, paid vacations, and various health insurance
plans. Establishments typically provided 6 to 10 holidays
per year and 1 to 3 weeks of annual vacation pay, depending
on the worker’s length of service. Health plans covering
more than nine-tenths of the workers included hospitaliza
tion, surgical, medical, and major medical insurance, typi
cally provided at no cost to the employee. Life, accidental
death and dismemberment, and sickness and accident in
surance also were common in the industries.
Retirement plans covered two-thirds of the workers in
nonupholstered furniture plants and about one-half of those
in upholstered furniture plants. These plans typically were
financed entirely by the employer.
For each of the two industries, separate reports for States
and areas of industry concentration are available from the
Bureau of Labor Statistics or any of its regional offices. A
comprehensive bulletin on the study, Industry Wage Survey:
Wood Household Furniture, June 1986, Bulletin 2283, may
be purchased from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Publica
tions Sales Center, P.o. Box 2145, Chicago, il 60690, or the
Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, DC 20402. The bulletin provides addi
tional information on occupational pay by region and by
size of establishment, and on the incidence of employee
benefits.
[j
---------- FOOTNOTES---------1 Earnings data exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on
weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Incentive payments, such as those
resulting from piecework or production bonus systems, and cost-of-living
pay increases (but not bonuses) were included as part of the workers’
regular pay. Excluded were performance bonuses and lump-sum payments
o f the type negotiated in the auto and aerospace industries, as well as
profit-sharing payments, attendance bonuses, Christmas or yearend
bonuses, and other nonproduction bonuses.
2 For a report on the June 1979 survey, see Carl Barsky, “Occupational
wage variation in wood household furniture plants,” Monthly Labor Re
view, July 1981, pp. 3 7-38. Wood television, radio, phonograph, and
sewing machine cabinets, and wood kitchen cabinets, included in the 1979
survey o f nonupholstered furniture, were excluded in 1986.
3 To calculate this figure, the proportion o f the upholstered furniture
work force was adjusted to reflect the proportion in nonupholstered furni
ture— nine-tenths on time rates and one-tenth on incentive rates. Average
hourly earnings by method of wage payment for both industries remained
as reported in table 1. When the overall earnings data are recomputed, the
average for upholstered furniture is $6.01— 73 cents less than its actual
figure, and 16 cents, rather than 89 cents, more than paid nonupholstered
furniture workers.
4 The index o f dispersion is computed by dividing the interquartile range
(the difference between the third and first quartiles) by the median (the
second quartile) and multiplying by 100. In the case of upholstered furni
ture, it was $3.00 / $6.20 x 100 = 48. For a detailed analysis of wage
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
dispersion by industry, see Carl B. Barsky and Martin E. Personick,
“Measuring wage dispersion: pay ranges reflect industry traits,” Monthly
Labor Review, April 1981, pp. 3 5 -4 1 . In analyzing the data for their
article, the authors considered a dispersion index of 24 or more to be high.
5
For purposes of the industry wage surveys, geographical classifications
are New England : Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire,
Rhode Island, Vermont; Middle Atlantic: New Jersey, New York, Penn
sylvania; Border States: Delaware, District o f Columbia, Kentucky, Mary
land, Virginia, West Virginia; Southeast: Alabama, Florida, Georgia,
Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee; Southwest: Ar
kansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas; Great Lakes: Illinois, Indiana,
Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin; Middle West: Iowa, Kansas, Mis
souri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota; Mountain: Arizona, Colo
rado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming; Pacific : California,
Nevada, Oregon, Washington. Alaska and Hawaii were not included in the
study.
Linking employee fitness programs
to lower medical costs and absenteeism
A survey of research on 17 worksite exercise programs
supports the view that these activities improve employee
fitness and help reduce health risks. Employers also benefit
from reduced absenteeism and lower medical costs.
“The findings consistently show improvements in aerobic
capacity and exercise habits, as well as other fitness-related
measures,” according to the study by the Institute of Aero
bics Research in Dallas, t x . “In most cases, health risk
factors, such as smoking and elevated blood lipids, also
respond to the worksite programs.”
Participating in such fitness programs is important be
cause sedentary living can have an adverse impact on an
individual’s health. First, sedentary living habits lead to a
low level of physical fitness. For example, a sedentary 35year-old man has the same physical fitness level as an active
55-year-old man. Second, sedentary living habits and low
physical fitness have been linked to diseases such as hyper
tension, obesity, cancer, and coronary heart disease.
Benefits
The results from programs that measured the impact of
exercise on absenteeism show mostly favorable effects. For
example, one company experienced an almost 50-percent
drop in average absenteeism among program participants
relative to the year prior to the fitness program, while an
other company reported a net reduction of 4.7 hours of sick
leave per employee per year for program participants. Also,
one company had a 20.1-percent decrease in average dis
ability days among program participants and two school
districts reported a reduction in the number of teacher
absences.
In addition, direct medical and health care cost savings
also have been documented in several studies of worksite
exercise programs. Most studies report the short-term (1- to
2-year) effects of the worksite program on medical care
27
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
November 1987 •
Research Summaries
costs. One company showed a 5-percent decrease in medical
costs for program participants and another company realized
a 45.7-percent drop in average major medical costs from the
pre-entry to post-entry year for program participants. Simi
larly, one company reported a 48.2-percent difference in
medical costs between exercisers and nonexercisers and a
school district reported an average $253.42 reduction in
medical care costs for program participants. Two long-term
medical care studies extend the findings of the short-term
programs, showing decreases in worker compensation costs
and significant differences in average medical care costs for
program participants versus nonparticipants.
The employee populations at the 17 worksites range in
size from about 1,500 at a school district in Texas to “tens
28
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
of thousands of employees and spouses” at several locations
of a computer manufacturer. Sample sizes for the research
studies of the exercise programs “were generally a fraction
of the total employed population,” the authors note.
The report, Physical Fitness Programs in the Work
place, by Gary F. Knadler, Todd Rogers, Brenda
S. Mitchell, and Steven N. Blair of the Institute for
Aerobics Research, was prepared for the Washington
Business Group on Health under a cooperative agreement
with the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promo
tion, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. For
copies of this report, send $10 to the Washington Business
Group on Health, 229\ Pennsylvania Ave. s e , Washington,
d c , 20003.
Q
Young women’s work expectations
Today, young women expect to spend a much greater fraction of their
adult lives working in the labor market than their mothers did.
Young women are changing their training and initial job plans as they
anticipate greater commitment to the labor force. This is evident in the
increased proportion going to college. Women now receive about half of
the bachelor’s and master’s and more than one-third of the doctoral de
grees. The sharpest growth in the past decade has been in professional
degrees. In 1985, women received 30 percent of the degrees in medicine
(up from 13 percent in 1975), 21 percent in dentistry (up from 3 percent in
1975), and 38 percent in law (up from 15 percent in 1975).
Women’s college major choices are converging toward those of men. In
1960, 46 percent of degrees awarded to women were in education. Since
then, the increased commitment of women’to the labor force has led them
to choose a greater variety of college majors. In the fall of 1985, only 10
percent of women beginning college intended to major in education, while
28 percent opted for business, making it the most popular major for women
as well as for men. Roughly equal numbers of male and female college
graduates now major in the arts and humanities, as well as in the biological
sciences and management. Although considerably fewer women major in
education than before, 76 percent of education majors are women. Women
represent only 13 percent of engineering majors, but a decade earlier they
represented a mere 2 percent.
------- E conomic R eport to the P resident , T ogether with the
A nn ua l R eport of the C ouncil of E conomic A dv iser s ,
T ransmitted to the C ongress Janua ry 1987
(Washington, Superintendent of
Documents, 1987), pp. 215-17.
Major Agreements
Expiring Next Month
This list of selected collective bargaining agreements expiring in December is based on information collected
by the Bureau’s Office of Wages and Industrial Relations. The list includes agreements covering
1,000 workers or more. Private industry is arranged in order of Standard Industrial Classification.
Industry or activity
Employer and location
Labor organization1
Number of
workers
Private
Various unions..................................
Electrical Workers (ibew) ................
7,000
2,000
Primary metals................................
Constructors’ Labor Council of West Virginia, Inc. (West Virginia) ..
National Electrical Contractors Association, Western Pennsylvania
Chapter (Pennsylvania)
Campbell Soup Co. (Paris, TX) ..............................................................
Greater New York Milk Dealers (New York, NY) ................................
Manufacturers Industrial Relations Assn. (Interstate) ............................
Food and Commercial Workers . . . .
Teamsters (Ind.) ..............................
Molders ............................................
1,200
1,800
2,200
Transportation equipment ..............
General Dynamics Corp. (Fort Worth, TX) ............................................
Office and Professional Employees .
1,500
Air transportation ..........................
Real estate ......................................
Eastern Airlines (Interstate) ...................................................................
Pan American World Airways, ground service (Interstate) ..................
Atlantic City Electric Co. (New Jersey) ................................................
Northern States Power Co. (Minneapolis, mn) ......................................
Pacific Gas and Electric Co. (California) ..............................................
Cemeteries agreement, New York-New Jersey area (Interstate) ..........
Machinists ........................................
Transport Workers............................
Electrical Workers (IBEW)................
Electrical Workers (IBEW)................
Various unions..................................
Service Employees ..........................
12,000
5,700
1,000
3,200
22,400
1,400
Hotels..............................................
Greater Chicago Hotel and Motel Assn. (Illinois) ................................
9,000
Services ..........................................
Santa Clara Maintenance Contractors Assn. (California) ......................
Hotel Employees and Restaurant
Employees
Service Employees ..........................
Hospitals ........................................
Illinois Assn, of Health Care Facilities (Chicago, il) ............................
Kaiser-Permanente (Northern California)................................................
Service Employees ..........................
Nurses Association (Ind.) ................
4,500
5,100
General government ......................
California: San Mateo County, general unit ..........................................
1,500
Education........................................
Colorado: Boulder County Board of Education, teachers......................
Colorado Springs Board of Education ..................................
Jefferson County Board of Education....................................
General government ......................
Illinois: Chicago laborers .......................................................................
Chicago white-collar employees...............................................
State, County and Municipal
Employees
Education Association (Ind.) ..........
Education Association (Ind.) ..........
Classroom School Employees
Association (Ind.)
Various unions..................................
State, County and Municipal
Employees
Teamsters (Ind.) ..............................
Fire Fighters ....................................
2,150
4,800
1,300
Construction....................................
Food products ................................
Utilities ..........................................
1,500
Public
Fire protection ................................
Chicago blue-collar employees..................................................
Chicago firefighters...................................................................
1,300
1,650
2,750
3,700
7,500
Law enforcement............................
Chicago public safety employees .............................................
Service Employees ..........................
Education........................................
Indiana: Gary Board of School Trustees, teachers ................................
Teachers............................................
1,400
General government ......................
Massachusetts: Boston blue-collar unit .................................................
4,600
Education........................................
Worcester teachers.........................................................
State, County and Municipal
Employees
Education Association (Ind.) ..........
Human services ..............................
Michigan: State human services and administrative employees............
Auto Workers ..................................
21,180
General government ......................
Minnesota: Hennepin County general unit.............................................
3,000
Human services ..............................
New Jersey: Essex County mental health unit, nonprofessional ..........
State, County and Municipal
Employees
Employees Association (Ind.)..........
General government ......................
Trenton municipal employees ............................................
State, County and Municipal
Employees
State, County and Municipal
Employees
1,100
New York: Erie County white-collar employees....................................
See footnote at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,500
1,500
4,000
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
November 1987 •
Major Agreements Expiring Next Month
Continued—Major Agreements Expiring Next Month
Industry or activity
Employer and location
Erie County blue-collar employees......................................
Nassau County general unit ................................................
New York City Housing Authority......................................
Rensselaer County general unit............................................
Schenectady County general unit ........................................
Westchester County general unit ........................................
Education........................................
Ohio: Dayton Board of Education, teachers ..........................................
Cincinnati Board of Education, teachers......................................
Cincinnati Board of Education, blue-collar employees ..............
General government ......................
Pennsylvania: Pittsburgh blue-collar employees ....................................
Labor organization1
State, County and Municipal
Employees
State, County and Municipal
Employees
Teamsters (Ind.) ..............................
State, County and Municipal
Employees
State, County and Municipal
Employees
State, County and Municipal
Employees
Law enforcement............................
Pittsburgh Police Department ..........................................
Education Association (Ind.) ..........
Teachers...........................................
State, County and Municipal
Employees
Joint Collective Bargaining
Committee (Ind.)
Police (Ind.)......................................
Fire protection................................
Pittsburgh Fire Department..............................................
Fire Fighters ....................................
'Affiliated with
AFL-CIO
except where noted as independent (Ind.)•
A note on communications
The Monthly Labor Review welcomes communications that supplement,
challenge, or expand on research published in its pages. To be considered
for publication, communications should be factual and analytical, not
polemical in tone. Communications should be addressed to the Editor-inChief, Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Depart
ment of Labor, Washington, DC 20212.
30
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Number of
workers
2,200
14,000
6,200
1,400
1,300
6,000
1,800
3,100
2,500
1,000
1,050
1,150
Developments in
Industrial Relations
Ford-UAW c o n tr a c t b o lste r s jo b se cu rity
Well before the start of negotiations between the United
Auto Workers (UAW) and General Motors Corp. (GM) and
Ford Motor C o., the parties indicated that their general goals
would again be heavily influenced by conditions that have
prevailed in the automobile industry since the beginning of
the decade. On management’s side, there has been the in
creasing competition in the domestic market from foreign
companies which have more recently set up vehicle and
parts production plants in the United States. To counter the
generally lower costs of the foreign companies, Ford, g m ,
and Chrylser Corp. have closed marginal plants, modern
ized plants, moved from internal production of vehicle parts
toward purchases from lower cost outside suppliers, pressed
the u a w for moderate wage and benefit terms and costreducing changes in work rules and job assignments, and
increased employee involvement in improving quality. On
the union side, bargaining focused on countering the cut in
jobs resulting from the companies’ efforts to compete more
effectively.
The 1987 negotiations, which began in July at both Ford
and g m , were further complicated by a major competitive
difference between the two companies, raising the possibil
ity that they would break from the tradition of essentially
identical agreements that has prevailed since the 1950’s.
The difference is the higher degree of vertical integration at
g m , which produces 70 percent of the parts it uses, com
pared with about 50 percent at Ford, g m said this gave Ford
a cost advantage because parts purchased from outside sup
pliers are generally less costly than those manufactured in
ternally. Early in 1987, g m announced plans to alleviate the
disparity by shifting about 10 percent of its parts production
to outside suppliers. At the start of the contract negotiations,
g m moved to further reduce the difference by proposing that
employees receive performance bonuses linked to the quan
tity and quality of the output of their particular plant, with
employees in parts plants being eligible for smaller maxi
mum amounts than workers in assembly plants. This pro
posal was rejected by the union.
After bargaining simultaneously with both companies for
about a month, the u a w , at the end of August, suspended
“Developments in Industrial Relations” is prepared by George Ruben of the
Division o f Developments in Labor-Management Relations, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, and is largely based on information from secondary
sources.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
negotiations with g m and focused on Ford, in accord with
the union’s usual “divide and conquer” strategy.
Prior to the mid-September contract expiration and sched
uled strike date, Ford and the union had agreed, in principle,
on a new job security program, easing the pressure on nego
tiators, who continued talking until they reached a peaceful
settlement.
According to the u a w , the new Guaranteed Employment
Numbers ( g e n ) job security program “moves well beyond”
the Protected Employee Program adopted in 1984. Union
officials said the new program will “maintain current job
levels at all units in all locations and will prevent layoffs for
virtually any reason except carefully-defined volume reduc
tions linked to market conditions.” If employees are laid off
because of volume reductions, Ford must recall them in
proportion to any subsequent restoration of production be
fore it can resort to overtime work. Ford is also permitted to
lay off workers because of acts of God and other conditions
beyond the company’s control; the sale of operations as an
ongoing business; and in cases where the workers have been
assigned or recalled to temporary jobs.
The job security plan is scheduled to begin by January 1,
1988, backed by a $500 million Ford commitment. It pro
vides for the number of “protected” employees at each plant
to be increased when employees on the payroll at the effec
tive date of the contract attain 1 year of seniority; when
employees hired or rehired after the effective date of the
contract attain 24 months of service; or when laid-off em
ployees are recalled and receive pay for at least 26 weeks in
any 52 consecutive weeks (this does not include employees
recalled to meet the existing g e n requirements).
Protection will normally be reduced by one employee for
every two who retire, quit, or die. If the parties agree on
special payments or pension changes to induce employees to
leave, the reduction will be on a one-for-one basis. A onefor-one ratio will also apply to plant closings.
At each facility, there will be a pool consisting of em
ployees who would have been laid off if they had not been
protected by the plan. All participants will continue to re
ceive the same rate of pay and benefits they received prior
to entering the pool. Pool employees may be placed in a
training program, assume the work duties of another pool
member undergoing training, or be given “nontraditional”
assignments inside or outside the bargaining unit.
Workers who decline placement in a pool or who decline
an assignment while in a pool will be replaced in the pool
31
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
November 1987 •
Developments in Industrial Relations
by a recalled employee or a new hire. The nonparticipating
employees will be subject to layoffs based on their seniority,
and will have recall rights only to a nonpool job.
Senior pool members will have first rights to an available
job within their geographic zone. If they turn down the
offer, the job will be offered successively to pool members
in reverse seniority order until the job is filled. Those who
decline the job offer will be laid off. If no pool member
within a zone accepts the job, it can be offered to out-ofzone employees, who will not lose their pool protection if
they decline. In each transfer case, one position will be
transferred from the releasing location to the receiving loca
tion. Similarly, jobs will follow work shifts to a Ford plant
from one that is cutting back operations or closing.
There were a number of changes in the existing “out
source” provisions which regulate Ford’s right to purchase
parts from other companies. The company agreed to: a
broader definition of outsourcing; give greater weight to
long-term job stability and the impact on related facilities
before purchase decisions are made; establish joint local
committees on outsourcing, with unresolvable issues subject
to appeal to a joint national committee; and to give the uaw
90 days’ notice of outsourcing decisions affecting one job or
more, instead of the previous 60 days’ notice of decisions
affecting 25 jobs or more.
Jobs will also be saved or created as a result of a company
pledge to make “appropriate investments in support of its
market objectives for Ford U.S.-built cars and trucks.” Dur
ing the negotiations, Ford identified 4,700 jobs in more than
10 facilities that will be created as a result of expansion
plans already under consideration, as well as 4,200 jobs at
five facilities which were at risk but are now planned to be
saved.
From Ford’s view, the crucial aspect of the contract is a
new cooperative effort with the uaw to aid the company in
improving product quality and operating efficiency, as well
as increasing security for employees. To this end, the parties
will establish a joint National Job Security and Operational
Effectiveness Committee to direct and assist similar local
committees. By mid-February 1988, each local committee
will present plans for improving production quality and effi
ciency at its facility to the national committee. Provisions
can include identification of needed plant investments; es
tablishment of team production approaches for production
workers, including changes to merit pay progression sched
ules if appropriate; identification of nonlabor cost savings;
consideration of new forms of work planning in areas such
as production and transportation and quality improvement;
assuring supervisory support of programs; adoption of pro
cedures to cut chronic absenteeism; giving the committees
access to company product and employment plans and pro
ductivity records; and review of past outsourcing decisions,
followed by consideration of ways to increase “insourcing.”
The accord, which runs to September 14, 1990, provides
for an immediate 3-percent specified wage increase, ranging
from 32.5 cents an hour for employees whose previous base
32
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
wage rate was less than $10.92 an hour to 50.5 cents for
those whose base rate was between $16.75 and $16.91. The
1984 agreement provided for an immediate increase of 9.5
cents to 47 cents.
The employees will be eligible for possible automatic
quarterly cost-of-living pay adjustments calculated at 1 cent
an hour for each 0.26-point movement in the bls Consumer
Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers
(1967=100). This is the same as in the 1984 agreement,
except that there is no longer a provision for permanently
removing 1 cent or 2 cents from each adjustment to help
moderate the settlement cost. The union calculated that ad
justments would total $1.73 an hour under the new contract,
based on its projection of an average 4.7-percent annual rise
in the cpi . Actual adjustments under the 1984 contract to
taled 81 cents.
In October of 1988 and 1989, the employees will receive
lump-sum performance bonus payments calculated at 3 per
cent of their earnings during the previous 12 months, includ
ing overtime, weekend earnings, holiday work premium
pay, and incentive earnings. Under the previous contract,
the workers received performance bonuses in October of
1985 and 1986, calculated at 2.25 percent of pay for com
pensated hours during 12-month periods, including over
time hours (but not overtime premium pay), vacation and
holiday pay, shift premiums, and incentive earnings.
The profit-sharing plan, which had yielded payouts aver
aging $1,200 in 1985 and $2,100 in 1986, was liberalized
by raising the employees’ share to 7.5 percent of profits in
excess of 1.8 percent but less than 2.3 percent of sales (a
new bracket in the formula), plus 10 percent of profits
between 2.3 percent and 4.6 percent of sales, plus 13.5
percent (formerly 12.5 percent) of profits between 4.6 per
cent and 6.9 percent, plus 16 percent (formerly 15 percent)
of profits above 6.9 percent.
Limitations on overtime work during periods when work
ers are on layoff, which were addressed by the job security
requirement that Ford must recall laid-off workers in pro
portion to any resumption in production, were also ad
dressed by an increase in the overtime penalty. Now the
company must pay $1.25 into the employee training and
development fund for each hour of overtime work in excess
of 5 percent of all straight-time hours worked. Previously,
the penalty was 50 cents for each such hour.
Other terms included increases in health insurance bene
fits, such as dental care and expansion of hospice care, and
increases in levels of life, sickness and accident, and ex
tended disability insurance benefits resulting from increases
in the base wage rates to which they are linked; an increase
in Ford’s funding of the legal services plan to 7.2 cents per
hour worked, from 4 cents; an increase in tuition assistance
under the development and training program, and adoption
of a plan to aid employees in personal financial planning;
addition of a paid holiday, the birthday of Dr. Martin Luther
King, Jr.; and an increase (in three steps) in the pension rate
totaling $4.20 a month for each year of credited service,
bringing the range to $26.05 to $27 effective October 1,
1989, for employees retiring on October 1, 1987, or later.
At the end of September, the uaw reported that 72 percent
of its voting members at Ford had approved the new contract.
After negotiations were completed at Ford, the bargaining
focus shifted to g m . Despite the production cost disparity
between Ford and gm resulting from their differing levels of
outsourcing, a gm official said the Ford contract could be
tailored to gm because it recognizes the auto industry’s
“cyclicality.” This raised the possibility that the pattern ap
proach could more or less be maintained in the industry.
Chrysler, the third major domestic producer, had settled
in concert with gm and Ford until 1979 when it encountered
financial difficulties which led to major deviations. As
Chrysler has improved its condition, there have been
restorations of cuts in compensation, moving the employees
toward a return to parity with gm and Ford workers.
Chrylser’s contract expires in September 1988.
Teachers’ negotiations generally peaceful
The academic year began on a generally peaceful note, as
school systems throughout the Nation negotiated new con
tracts with teachers and related employees without work
stoppages. Exceptions were in Chicago, il , where 29,000
members of the American Federation of Teachers ( aft )
walked out, and in Detroit, m i , where 11,500 aft members
struck.
In terms of the number of workers affected, the largest
peaceful settlement was in New York City, where aft Local
2 negotiated a contract for 62,000 teachers and 13,000 guid
ance counselors, social workers, psychologists, and other
professional employees.
Over the 3-year term, salaries were raised 25 percent,
bringing annual salaries to $25,000 for starting teachers and
$50,000 for teachers with 20 years of service and 30 college
credits beyond a master’s degree. Reportedly, the average
salary will be $39,600 at the beginning of the 1989-90
school year.
Another provision gives the employees a greater voice in
such matters as class size and choosing textbooks.
Teachers who are “slipping” professionally can now ask
for assistance from an “intervener”— an experienced teacher
who will aid them in improving their performance or coun
sel them to leave the system.
Contract gains by the Board of Education include stretch
ing the progression time from starting salary to top salary to
20 years, from 15 years; requiring teachers to report for
work one day earlier at the beginning of the school year; and
lengthening each of the contract years by 3 weeks.
Elsewhere in New York State, Rochester public school
teachers negotiated a contract under which some teachers
could eventually earn up to $70,000 a year. According to the
a f t , which negotiated the 3-year contract, the Rochester
salaries were in the top 1 percent in the Nation.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The contract calls for an immediate salary increase of
$4,500 a year for all teachers, bringing the starting rate to
$23,483. In the second and third years, all teachers will
receive 11 percent increases, bringing the rate to $45,773 in
the final year for teachers with a master’s degree and 11
years of experience.
In addition to the size of the salary increases, the contract
was distinguished by a number of changes intended to im
prove the academic performance of pupils. One change was
the classification of employees into four categories:
• Interns— first-year, inexperienced teachers who will
work under an experienced teacher for 1 year.
• Residents— teachers who have finished their intern
ship, but have not yet received tenure.
• Professionals— teachers with tenure.
• Lead teachers— a competitive level available to teach
ers who have at least 10 years of experience and meet high
standards of performance.
The lead teachers could earn $70,000 a year in the final
year of the contract. They will be required to work 10
percent more time and waive seniority rights in assignments
and transfers. Their time will be split equally between guid
ing other teachers and leading instructional teams.
Terms for all 2,400 teachers also include a 5-day exten
sion of the school year to 190 days; elimination of seniority
as the determining factor in transfers; and broadening of
each teacher’s responsibilities to include counseling of a
group of students in school and in the students’ homes.
Retail trade settlements
In Southern California, 45,000 members of the United
Food and Commercial Workers union were covered by a
settlement with Albertson’s, Lucky Stores, Ralph’s, Safe
way, Staler Brothers, and Vons food stores. The six chains,
which make up the Food Employers Council, had initially
sought a wage freeze and cuts in benefits but later agreed to
lump-sum payments of $500 in the first year and $1,000 in
the second year and a 50-cent-an-hour wage increase in the
final year. There also were improvements in medical and
pension benefits. The union also negotiated a similar 3-year
contract for 20,000 Alpha Beta stores in the region.
In New York and New Jersey, 7,000 meat department
employees of four grocery store chains negotiated wage
increases totaling $70 to $80 a week over a 43-month con
tract term. The employees, who are represented by United
Food and Commercial Workers Local 464A, also negotiated
a phaseout of a two-tier pay system over an 18-month pe
riod, an increase to $800 (from $700) in the monthly pen
sion for full-time employees with 35 years of service and an
increase to $450 a month (from $220) in the normal benefit
for part-time workers.
Elsewhere in the retail trade industry, 2,000 employees of
the Bradlees discount department store chain in Maryland
33
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
November 1987 •
Developments in Industrial Relations
and Virginia were covered by 3-year agreements negotiated
by United Food and Commercial Workers Local 400. Al
though the two groups of employees covered by the settle
ments— 1,800 at 15 stores in the Washington, DC, area and
1,000 at the 12 stores in central and southern Virginia— will
continue to have different levels of wages and benefits, the
negotiated improvements were essentially the same for all of
the workers.
Wage increases totaled $1.15 to $1.45 an hour over the
3-year contract term for current employees and 75 cents over
24 months for employees hired after August 12.
Other provisions include:
• A new company-financed dental plan effective after 12
months of continuous service for full-time employees and
after 18 months of continuous service for part-time
employees.
• Two additional paid personal holidays over the term.
• Three weeks of paid vacation after 5 years of employ
ment, instead of 6 years.
• Extending makeup jury duty pay to part-time employees.
About 1,600 employees of Nordstrom, Inc. department
stores in Seattle, w a , negotiated a 2-year contract that pro
vides for 10 cents an hour wage increases in each year.
Under a new two-tier approach, current employees will con
tinue to be paid at time and one-half rates for work on
Sunday, while new hires will be paid at straight-time rates.
The workers are members of United Food and Commercial
Workers Local 1001.
Coal operators sign ‘me-too’ agreement
The first major development in the round of negotiations
in soft coal mining occurred when the Bituminous Coal
Operators Association ( bcoa ) named their bargaining team
and four of the operators that had withdrawn from the bcoa
signed “me-too” contracts with the United Mine Workers.
The “me-too” contracts guarantee that employees of the
non-BCOA companies will receive the same wage and benefit
terms as the employees of the bcoa companies, in return for
giving up the right to strike when industry contracts expire
on January 31, 1988. The companies are usx Corp.’s Min
ing Co. unit, Bethlehem Steel Corp’s BethEnergy Mines
Inc., Island Creek Coal Co., and Drummond Co.
The defections from the bcoa had led to speculation that
the defectors planned to bargain individually with the Mine
Workers in an effort to win better terms than the bc o a . This
possibility was eliminated for the four companies that
signed the me-too accords. Similar defections occurred prior
to the 1984 BCOA-Mine Workers settlement, but the outcome
was still a round of similar contracts at all major producers.
The bcoa negotiating team is led by B.R. Brown of
Consolidation Coal Co., who also directed the operators’
team in the 1984 and 1981 negotiations. Other team mem
bers are Thomas H. Saggau of Peabody Coal Co. and Gary
McDowell of am ax Coal Co.
Digitized for34
FRASER
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Apparel contract features parental leave
A settlement between the Ladies’ Garment Workers and
five groups of undergarment manufacturers calls for wage
increases totaling more than 11 percent, and contains a new
parental leave provision. Under the new provision, mothers
and fathers retain job rights for up to 6 months of unpaid
leave to care for children bom or adopted into their family.
The union said the provision was in response to changes in
the American family, and would be a major goal in 1988
negotiations in various segments of the apparel industry.
During the first year of the 3-year agreement, only em
ployees earning less than $6.51 an hour will receive a wage
increase, ranging up to 35 cents an hour. All employees will
receive increases of 6 percent in July 1988 and 5 percent in
in July 1989. The employers also agreed to provide up to 2
weeks of makeup pay for workers on jury duty and to con
tribute an amount equal to 0.5 percent of payroll for a new
mail-order prescription drug plan.
New York City, Teamsters settle
New York City and the Teamsters union settled, but lead
ers of the other unions involved in the current round of
negotiations with the city contended that the terms would
not be pattern-setting. They said that the terms usually differ
because of the special needs and concerns of their members.
Overall, negotiations involve 60 unions representing more
than 200,000 workers.
However, union leaders did agree that the Teamsters set
tlement terms were a substantial improvement over the
city’s initial offer: 3-year contracts providing for 2-percent
increases in compensation in each year, and a first-year
lump-sum payment equal to 0.5 percent of annual pay.
The Teamsters accord, covering 17,500 employees, pro
vided for a 5-percent pay increase retroactive to July 1,
1987, and an additional 5 percent on July 1, 1988. There
also will be a 5-percent increase on July 1, 1989, but it will
be applied to rates in effect immediately prior to the settle
ment, rather than being compounded like the 1988 increase.
The three increases equal 15.25 percent of the presettlement
pay rates.
Department store workers negotiate pay increase
About 3,000 workers in San Francisco were covered by
3-year contracts that the Department Store Employees nego
tiated with Macy’s and Emporium-Capwell stores. The
union estimated that the wage portion of the settlements
would amount to 77 cents an hour, consisting of 10-cent
wage increases in each year (30 cents for clerical em
ployees) and lump-sum payments of $400, $250, and $300
in the respective contract years. Part-time employees re
ceive prorated bonuses based on the number of hours they
work.
The maximum pension— payable to workers with 35
years of service— was increased to $294 a month on Sep
tember 1, 1987, and to $308 on June 1, 1989.
Settlement ends strike at aircraft parts plants
In California, workers at Rohr Industries’ aircraft parts
plants in Riverside and Chula Vista were covered by a
3-year contract negotiated by the Machinists union. The
settlement, which ended a 9-day work stoppage, did not
provide for any general wage increases, but the 4,600 em
ployees will receive annual lump-sum payments equal to 10
percent of earnings during the first year and 6 percent during
the other years.
Other wage terms included a 5- to 40-cent-an-hour in
crease in the starting rates of the lowest job classifications,
a 71 -cent increase in the maximum rates for all job classifi
cations, and a return to uniform quarterly cost-of-living
adjustments for all employees, calculated at 1 cent an hour
for each 0.3-point movement in the Consumer Price Index.
Under the prior contract, new employees received smaller
adjustments than other employees.
Benefit terms included a monthly pension rate of $24 for
each year of service, instead of $20; company payment of
the full cost of optional preferred provider health insurance,
instead of 95 percent; $1 million lifetime major medical
coverage, instead of $250,000; and $15,000 life insurance,
instead of $10,000.
Container rules violate Shipping Acts
The International Longshoremen’s Association’s efforts
to preserve jobs for its members suffered a blow when the
Federal Maritime Commission held to be illegal the collec
tive bargaining provisions which require that loading and
unloading of cargo containers within 50 miles of a dock be
performed by members of the union. The restriction, first
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
adopted in a 1959 agreement with the New York Shipping
Association and later extended to other ports, reflected the
union’s concern over the cut in work resulting from the
growing use of containers, which substantially reduce cargo
handling.
The Maritime Commission conceded that it had no juris
diction over the contents of the Longshoremen’s labor
agreements— including the container rules, which have
been upheld by the Supreme Court— but maintained that it
did have jurisdiction over carriers’ tariffs, which also in
clude the container handling restrictions. In its unanimous
ruling, the Commission said that the restrictions illegally
discriminate against certain shippers by denying them a free
choice of methods of transportation. This lack of choice, the
Commission said, violates the Shipping Acts of 1916 and
1984 by precluding “entire classes of shippers from fully
utilizing containerization” and preventing shippers from de
termining for themselves “whether off-pier container load
ing will result in cost savings and efficiencies of service.”
Safeway begins severance payments in Dallas
Safeway Stores, Inc. began making severance payments
to 6,000 employees who lost their jobs when the company
closed its 131-store Dallas, t x , division in April. The distri
bution results from a “national” accord with the Food and
Commercial Workers in which Safeway agreed to make
severance payments to affected employees when the com
pany closes entire divisions or sells operations and the new
owner does not hire the laid-off employees. The agreement
also gives displaced workers priority rights to jobs for
which they are qualified in company divisions that continue
operating.
35
Book Reviews
Titans of labor
Labor Leaders in America. Edited by Melvyn Dubofsky and
Warren Van Tine. Urbana, University of Illinois Press,
1987, 396 pp. $34.95, cloth; $14.95, paper, University
of Illinois Press, Champaign, i l 61820.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow once noted that the lives of
historic figures provide examples that we too can leave
footprints in the sands of time. This book, a biographical
assemblage of labor leaders who left indelible footprints, is
a succinct yet delightful narration of American working
class leadership, from the dawn of industrial capitalism to
the current state of the labor relations process. Each chapter
is a minibiography, and the collective authorship of those
segments reads like a “Who’s Who” of labor scholars. The
common thread running through the fabric of the body is the
transformation of youthful and energetic trade union ac
tivists into established labor bureaucrats. In their introduc
tion, editors Melvyn Dubofsky and Warren Van Tine clearly
set this framework through the personification of J. B. S.
Hardman’s mythical labor leader x y z having a debate with
h y s — His Younger Self.
The book’s format is similar to that of previous multibiographical publications. Charles Madison’s American Labor
Leaders, first published in 1950, immediately draws com
parisons. However, Madison did not have access to many of
the resources made available over the past three decades.
Gary Fink’s compendium, The Biographical Dictionary of
American Labor Leaders, lists hundreds of important fig
ures but does not offer any analysis of the subjects. Like
Madison’s study, Labor Leaders in America focuses on the
lives of the major labor figures: William Sylvis, Terence
Powderly, Eugene V. Debs, “Big Bill” Haywood, Samuel
Gompers, William Green, Philip Murray, John L. Lewis,
Walter Reuther, Sidney Hillman, George Meany, and
A. Philip Randolph. But, it also devotes three chapters to
individuals not always included in similar biographies: Rose
Schneiderman, Jimmy Hoffa, and Cesar Chavez. Each
chapter is written by a different author, and, while the
methodology is sound, there is an absence of continuity in
writing style.
As in all compendia of this sort, the sketches are far too
limited to completely satisfy the reader’s curiosity. Such
limitations prevent full elaboration of the lives and times of
the subjects and actually create more questions than they
answer. For example, some biographers of Samuel Gom
pers may contest Steven Fraser’s statement that Sidney Hill
36
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
man of the Clothing Workers union was “America’s first
labor statesman. . . . ” Similarly, one wonders about how
much George Meany’s stewardship of the American Feder
ation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations, as
characterized by Robert H. Zieger (.American Workers,
American Unions, 1920-1985, Baltimore, m d , Johns Hop
kins University Press, 1986), contributed, if at all, to the
decline of labor’s power in recent years. Such issues cannot
be resolved in this type of publication. However, soon to be
published biographies, such as Steven Fraser’s work on
Sidney Hillman and Nelson Lichtenstein’s research on Wal
ter Reuther, will satiate scholarly curiosities. And, fulllength biographies, such as Nick Salvatore’s award winning
study of Eugene V. Debs, are already available. Thus,
Labor Leaders in America admirably fulfills the role for
which it was intended, as both a supplement to larger and
more comprehensive works and as a less inclusive yet infor
mative sketch on the respective leaders.
The book does have a few flaws. The most noticeable one
is the existence of typographical errors. Also, footnotes
would have been more beneficial than the general bibliogra
phies which follow each chapter.
Despite the minor shortcomings, this is a valuable re
source. There have been considerable philosophical changes
in historical interpretation over the past three decades, and
Labor Leaders in America exemplifies many of those
changes. It also illustrates that the figures examined shared
a commonality of purpose, even if their methodologies and
philosophies differed. Consequently, the fossilized foot
prints of the respective subjects are of different sizes, but
they all point in the same direction.
— H enry P. G uzda
Bureau of Labor-Management Relations
and Cooperative Programs
U .S. Department o f Labor
Selection of key labor statistics
Handbook o f International Manpower Market Compari
sons. By Kenneth Walsh and Adrian King. Washing
ton Square, n y , New York University Press, 1986.
318 pp. $90.
This international comparative Handbook of key labor
market indicators covers all 12 members of the European
Community, Japan, Norway, Sweden, and the United
States. Data for the period 1974-83 are presented covering
demography (population and activity rates), the labor force
(including employment and unemployment), education (en
rollments by educational level and graduates by field of
study), industrial relations (union membership and strike
activity), labor costs, and consumer prices. The format is
country-by-country with a summary comparison chapter at
the end. Appendixes provide advice on sources of statistics,
comparative problems, and names and addresses of agencies
in each country where the reader may request additional
information.
Most of the data presented in this Handbook are obtained
from international sources such as the Organization for Eco
nomic Cooperation and Development’s ( o ecd ’s) Labor
Force Statistics, the International Labour Office’s ( ilo ’s)
Yearbook o f Labour Statistics, and the United Nations Edu
cation, Cultural and Scientific Organization’s (UNESCO’s)
Statistical Year Book. In addition, the Bureau of Labor
Statistics’ series of comparative total hourly compensation
costs in manufacturing industry are used, and national
sources have been referred to for data on duration of unem
ployment.
Depending most heavily on international sources ( o ecd ,
ilo , unesco ), the authors do not delve as deeply as they
might have into the national sources. Thus, some data ele
ments listed as “not available” can be obtained from national
sources. For example, the authors state that the number of
pupils pursuing first level (elementary school) education is
not available for the United States. However, such data have
been available for many years from the U.S. Department of
Education’s Center for Education Statistics. Further, the
authors are apparently unaware of the relatively new data
series (beginning in 1983) on U.S. trade union membership
available from the Current Population Survey. They use an
older bls data series which ends in 1980 and refer readers to
more recent information which is available at irregular inter
vals from the Bureau of National Affairs.
The stated purpose of this Handbook is to enable “easy
access to a selection of key labor market statistics that pro
vide the basis of many cross-national comparisons.” In gen
eral, this purpose has been fulfilled, although the statistics
used in the volume are somewhat out-of-date. Pulling to
gether the most significant labor market indicators, the
Handbook presents cautionary notes as to their limitations
for comparative analysis. The interested reader could easily
update most of the statistical series by referring to current
issues of the international sources.
Those looking for an indepth analysis of comparative
labor market trends will have to look elsewhere. The text of
the country sections and the summary chapter are little more
than “table reading.” There is no discussion of the reasons
behind the varying trends and levels of indicators from
country to country and no overall perspective on institu
tional differences and their impact on the statistics.
A novice in the field of international labor market com
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
parisons would find this Handbook a helpful guide to what
types of statistics are available, where they can be obtained,
and how cautiously they should be used. The person already
well versed in international labor data, however, will find
nothing new or insightful here.
— C onstance S orrentino
Division of Foreign Labor Statistics
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Publications received
Economic and social statistics
Boothe, Paul and Debra Glassman, “The Statistical Distribution of
Exchange Rates: Empirical Evidence and Economic Implica
tions,” J o u rn a l o f In te rn a tio n a l E c o n o m ic s, May 1987,
pp. 2 9 1 - 3 1 9 .
Stigler, Stephen M ., The H is to r y o f S ta tis tic s: The M e a su re m e n t o f
U n certa in ty b e fo re 190 0 . Cambridge, MA, The Belknap Press of
Harvard University Press, 1986, 410 pp., bibliography.
Warren, Robert and Jeffrey S. Passel, “A Count of the Uncount
able: Estimates o f Undocumented Aliens Counted in the 1980
United States Census,” D e m o g ra p h y , August 1987, pp.
375-93.
Industrial relations
Fiorito, Jack, Christopher Lowman, Forrest D. Nelson, “The Im
pact of Human Resource Policies on Union Organizing,” In d u s
tria l R e la tio n s, Spring 1987, pp. 113-26.
Mill, Andrew D ., 'W ron gfu l D is c h a r g e ’ a n d th e D e ro g a tio n o f the
A t-W ill E m p lo y m en t D o c trin e , Philadelphia, University of
Pennsylvania, The Wharton School, Industrial Research Unit,
1987, 246 pp. (Labor Relations and Public Policy Series, 31.)
$27.50, paper.
Lewis, Nicholas H., “Plant Closings and ‘Protective Bargaining,”’
L a b o r C e n te r R e v ie w , Spring 1987, pp. 11-16.
Merenstein, Bruce P., “Concession Bargaining. . .Pest or
Pestilence? L a b o r C e n te r R e v ie w , Spring 1987, pp. 20-28.
Piltch, Deborah, “Labor and the Female Factor,” L a b o r C e n te r
R e view , Spring 1987, pp. 29 -3 6 .
International economics
Devereux, Michael, “Fiscal Spending, the Terms of Trade, and
Real Interest Rates,” J o u rn a l o f In te rn a tio n a l E c o n o m ic s, May
1987, pp. 219-35.
Jaffe, Irving, “The n ic s ’ Climb Up the Industrial Ladder: Chal
lenge and Opportunity for the Developed Countries,” The OECD
O b s e r v e r, August-September 1987, pp. 10-14.
Penati, Alessandro, “Government Spending and the Real Ex
change Rate,” J o u rn a l o f In te rn a tio n a l E co n o m ics, May 1987,
pp. 237-56.
“Towards the Liberalization of Trade in Services in the OECD
Area,” The OECD O b s e r v e r, August-September 1987, pp.
26-28.
Wadhwani, Sushil B ., “Are Exchange Rates ‘Excessively’
Volatile?” J o u rn a l o f In te rn a tio n a l E c o n o m ic s, May 1987,
pp. 339-48.
37
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
November 1987 •
Book Reviews
Labor force
Welfare programs and social insurance
Arnott, Richard, Arthur Hosios, Joseph Stiglitz, Im p lic it C o n
tra c ts, L a b o r M o b ility a n d U n em p lo ym en t. Cambridge, m a ,
National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1987, 52 pp.
(Working Paper Series, 2316.) $2, paper.
Friedmann, Robert R., Neil Gilbert, Moshe Sherer, eds., M o d ern
Barbee, George E. L., “Downsizing with Dignity: Easing the Pain
of Employee Layoffs,” B u sin ess a n d S o c ie ty R e v ie w , Spring
1987, pp. 31-34.
Chlih, Said, “The Plant Closing Debate,” L a b o r C e n te r R e view ,
Spring 1987, pp. 5 -1 0 .
Great Britain, Department of Employment, P a rt-T im e E m p lo y
m en t in G r e a t B rita in : A n A n a ly sis U sin g E sta b lish m en t D a ta .
By David Blanchflower and Bernard Corry. London, 1987,
77 pp. (Research Paper, 57.)
Gross, Bertram and Alfred Pfaller, eds., “Unemployment: A
Global Challenge,” The A n n a ls of The American Academy of
Political and Social Science, July 1987, pp. 12-193.
Mincer, Jacob and Yoshio Higuchi, W age S tru ctu res a n d L a b o r
T u rn o ver in the U .S . a n d in J a p a n . Cambridge, MA, National
Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1987, 40 pp. (Working
Paper Series, 2306.) $2, paper.
Monetary and fiscal policy
Hulten, Charles R. and Robert M. Schwab, In com e O rig in a tin g in
the S ta te a n d L o c a l S ecto r. Cambridge, MA, National Bureau of
Economic Research, Inc., 1987, 36 pp. (Working Paper Series,
2314.) $2, paper.
Yorio, Edward, “Equity, Efficiency, and the Tax Reform Act of
1986, ” F o rd h a m L a w R e v ie w , March 1987, pp. 395-457.
Wages and compensation
Ellig, Bruce R ., “Strategic Pay Planning,” C o m p en sa tio n a n d B e n
e fits R e v ie w , July-August 1987, pp. 28-43.
Health Care Financing Administration, “National Health Expendi
tures, 1986-2000,” H ea lth C a re F in an cin g, Summer 1987,
pp. 1-36.
The Dartnell Corp., C u ttin g H e a lth -C a re C o sts: The S u rv iv a l
G u id e : The S u rvey. By Paul B. Grant. The W o rkbook— An
A ctio n P la n f o r Y our B u sin ess. Chicago, The Dartnell Corp.,
1987. 286 and 72 pp. $79.95.
Thomas, Edward G ., “Workers Who Set Their Own Time
Clocks,” B u sin ess a n d S o c ie ty R e v ie w , Spring 1987, pp. 4 9 -5 1 .
38
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
W elfare S ta tes: A C o m p a ra tiv e V iew o f T ren d s a n d P ro sp e c ts .
New York, New York University Press, 1987, 305 pp. $45.
Solon, Gary and others, S ib lin g a n d In te r g e n e ra tio n a l C o r r e la
tio n s in W elfare P ro g ra m P a rtic ip a tio n . Cambridge, MA, Na
tional Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1987, 12 pp. (Work
ing Paper Series, 2334.) $2, paper.
LJ
U.S. Postal Service
STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION
(Required by 39 U.S.C. 3685)
1B. Publication No. 00981818
1.
— Title of Publication: Monthly Labor Review
2.
— Date of Filing: 10-1-87
3 — Frequency of Issue: Monthly
4.
— Annual Subscription Price: $16
5.
— Location of Known Office of Publication: 441 G Street, N.W., Washington,
D.C. 20212
6.
— Location of the Headquarters of General Business Offices of the Publishers:
441 G Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20212
7.
— Names and Complete Addresses of Publisher, Editor, and Executive Editor:
Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Office
of Publications, 441 G Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20212; Editor:
Henry Lowenstern, Editor-in-Chief, same address; Executive Editor:
Robert Fisher, same address
8 — Owner: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 441 G Street,
N.W., Washington, D.C. 20212
9.— Known Bondholders, Mortgagees, and Other Security Holders Owning or
Holding 1 Percent or More of Total Amount of Bonds, Mortgages or
Other Securities: None
10.— Extent and Nature of Circulation:
Actual No. of
Average No.
Copies of
Copies Each Single Issue
Issue During Published
Preceding
Nearest To
12 Months
Filing Date
A. Total number copies printed (net press run) . .
B. Paid circulation:
1. Sales through dealers and carriers, street
vendors, and counter s a le s ....................
2. Mail s ubscriptions......................................
C. Total paid circulation ..............................................
D. Free distribution by mail, carrier, or other means
(samples, complimentary, and other free
c opies )..................................................................
E. Total distribution (sum of C and D ) ....................
F. Copies not distributed:
1. Office use, leftover, unaccounted, spoiled
after p rin tin g ................................................
2. Returns from news a g en ts ......................
G. Total (sum of E, F1 and 2 — should equal net
press run shown in A )......................................
13,390
13,342
2 ,925
9 ,054
11,979
2,140
9,789
11,929
1,361
13,340
1,368
13,297
50
NA
45
NA
13,390
13,342
I certify that the statements made by me above are correct and complete.
(Signed) Henry Lowenstern, Editor-in-Chief
Current
Labor Statistics
Schedule of release dates for major bls statistical series ....................................................................
40
Notes on Current Labor Statistics ............................................................................................................
41
Comparative indicators
1. Labor market indicators..........................................................................
2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, andproductivity ..........................................................................................
3. Alternative measures of wage and compensation changes ....................................................................................................................................
50
51
52
Labor force data
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
Employment status o f the total population, data seasonally ad ju sted .................................................................................................................
Employment status of the civilian population, data seasonally adjusted ...........................................................................................................
Selected employment indicators, data seasonally adjusted ....................................................................................................................................
Selected unemployment indicators, data seasonally adjusted ...............................................................................................................................
Unemployment rates by sex and age, data seasonally adjusted ..........................................................................................................................
Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, data seasonally a d ju sted ...................................................................................................
Duration o f unemployment, data seasonally adjusted .............................................................................................................................................
Unemployment rates of civilian workers, by State .................................................................................................................................................
Employment of workers by State ..................................................................................................................................................................................
Employment of workers by industry, data seasonally adjusted..............................................................................................................................
Average weekly hours by industry, data seasonally adjusted ...............................................................................................................................
Average hourly earnings by industry ..........................................................................................................................................................................
Average weekly earnings by in d ustry..........................................................................................................................................................................
Hourly Earnings Index by industry..............................................................................................................................................................................
Indexes o f diffusion: proportion o f industries in which employment increased, seasonally adjusted ......................................................
Annual data: Employment status o f the noninstitutional population
.........................................................................................................
Annual data: Employment levels by industry ..........................................................................................................................................................
Annual data: Average hours and earnings levels by industry...............................................................................................................................
53
54
55
56
57
57
58
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
64
65
65
66
Labor compensation and collective bargaining data
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
Employment Cost Index, compensation, by occupation and industry group ....................................................................................................
Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry g r o u p ...........................................................................................
Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area s i z e ................................................................
Specified compensation and wage adjustments from contract settlements, and effective wage adjustments,
situations covering 1 ,0 0 0 workers or more ...............................................................................................................................................................
Average specified compensation and wage adjustments, bargaining situationscovering 1,000 workers or m o r e ...................................
Average effective wage adjustments, bargaining situations covering 1,000 workers ormore ......................................................................
Specified compensation and wage adjustments, State and local government bargaining
situations covering 1 ,0 0 0 workers or more ...............................................................................................................................................................
Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more .................................................................................................................................................
67
68
69
70
70
71
71
71
Price data
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
Consumer Price Index: U .S. city average, by expenditurecategory and commodity and service g ro u p s..................................................
Consumer Price Index: U .S. city average and local data,all ite m s .....................................................................................................................
Annual data: Consumer Price Index, all items and major groups ......................................................................................................................
Producer Price Indexes by stage o f processing ........................................................................................................................................................
Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product ...................................................................................................................................................
Annual data: Producer Price Indexes by stage o f p ro cessin g ...............................................................................................................................
U .S. export price indexes by Standard International Trade C lassification.................................
U.S. import price indexes by Standard International Trade C lassification........................................................................................................
U .S. export price indexes by end-use category .........................................................................................................................................................
U .S. import price indexes by end-use ca teg o ry .........................................................................................................................................................
U .S. export price indexes by Standard Industrial C lassification..........................................................................................................................
U .S. import price indexes by Standard Industrial Classification .............................................................................
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72
75
76
77
78
78
79
80
81
81
82
82
39
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
November 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics
Contents— Continued
Productivity data
42. Indexes o f productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs, data seasonally adjusted .............................................................................
43. Annual indexes of multifactor productivity ...............................................................................................................................................................
44. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and p r ic e s.................................................................................................
83
84
85
International comparisons
45. Unemployment rates in nine countries, data seasonally adjusted ........................................................................................................................
46. Annual data: Employment status of civilian working-age population, ten countries ....................................................................................
47. Annual indexes of productivity and related measures, twelve countries ...........................................................................................................
86
87
88
Injury and illness data
48. Annual data: Occupational injury and illness incidence r a te s...............................................................................................................................
Schedule of release dates for
Series
Productivity and costs:
Nonfarm business and manufacturing ..
bls
89
statistical series
Release
date
Period
covered
November 2
3rd quarter
Nonfinancial corporations.....................
Release
date
Period
covered
December 3
3rd quarter
Release
date
Period
covered
MLRtable
number
2; 42-44
2; 42-44
Employment situation ..............................
November 6
October
December 4
November
January 8
December
1; 4—21
Producer Price Index................................
November 13
October
December 11
November
January 15
December
2; 33-35
Consumer Price Index..............................
November 20
October
December 18
November
January 20
December
2; 30-32
Real earnings...........................................
November 20
October
December 18
November
January 20
December
14-17
Occupational illnesses and
injuries .................................................
November 12
1986
U.S. Import and Export
Price Indexes.........................................
40
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48
January 28
4th quarter
36-41
NOTES ON CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS
This section o f the Review presents the principal statistical series collected
and calculated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics: series on labor force,
employment, unemployment, collective bargaining settlements, consumer,
producer, and international prices, productivity, international comparisons,
and injury and illness statistics. In the notes that follow, the data in each
group o f tables are briefly described, key definitions are given, notes on the
data are set forth, and sources of additional information are cited.
General notes
Adjustments for price changes. Some data— such as the Hourly
Earnings Index in table 17— are adjusted to eliminate the effect o f changes
in price. These adjustments are made by dividing current dollar values by
the Consumer Price Index or the appropriate component of the index, then
multiplying by 100. For example, given a current hourly wage rate o f $3
and a current price index number of 150, where 1977 = 100, the hourly rate
expressed in 1977 dollars is $2 ($3/150 x 100 = $2). The $2 (or any other
resulting values) are described as “real,” “constant,” or “ 1977” dollars.
Additional information
The following notes apply to several tables in this section:
Seasonal adjustment.
Certain monthly and quarterly data are adjusted
to eliminate the effect on the data of such factors as climatic conditions,
industry production schedules, opening and closing of schools, holiday
buying periods, and vacation practices, which might prevent short-term
evaluation o f the statistical series. Tables containing data that have been
adjusted are identified as “seasonally adjusted.” (All other data are not
seasonally adjusted.) Seasonal effects are estimated on the basis of past
experience. When new seasonal factors are computed each year, revisions
may affect seasonally adjusted data for several preceding years. (Season
ally adjusted data appear in tables 1 -3 , 4 -1 0 , 13, 14, 17, and 18.) Begin
ning in January 1980, the b l s introduced two major modifications in the
seasonal adjustment methodology for labor force data. First, the data are
seasonally adjusted with a procedure called x - u a r i m a , which was devel
oped at Statistics Canada as an extension of the standard X - i i method
previously used by b l s . A detailed description of the procedure appears in
The x -ll arima Seasonal Adjustment Method by Estela Bee Dagum (Statis
tics Canada, Catalogue No. 12-564E , February 1980). The second change
is that seasonal factors are calculated for use during the first 6 months of
the year, rather than for the entire year, and then are calculated at midyear
for the July-December period. However, revisions of historical data con
tinue to be made only at the end of each calendar year.
Seasonally adjusted labor force data in tables 1 and 4 - 1 0 were revised
in the February 1987 issue of the Review, to reflect experience through
1986.
Annual revisions of the seasonally adjusted payroll data shown in tables
13, 14, and 18 were made in the July 1986 Review using the x - n a r im a
seasonal adjustment methodology. New seasonal factors for productivity
data in table 42 are usually introduced in the September issue. Seasonally
adjusted indexes and percent changes from month to month and from
quarter to quarter are published for numerous Consumer and Producer Price
Index series. However, seasonally adjusted indexes are not published for
the U.S. average All Items c p i . Only seasonally adjusted percent changes
are available for this series.
Data that supplement the tables in this section are published by the
Bureau in a variety of sources. News releases provide the latest statistical
information published by the Bureau; the major recurring releases are
published according to the schedule preceding these general notes. More
information about labor force, employment, and unemployment data and
the household and establishment surveys underlying the data are available
in Employment and Earnings, a monthly publication of the Bureau. More
data from the household survey are published in the two-volume data
book— Labor Force Statistics Derived From the Current Population Sur
vey, Bulletin 2096. More data from the establishment survey appear in two
data books— Employment, Hours, and Earnings, United States, and Em
ployment, Hours, and Earnings, States and Areas, and the annual supple
ments to these data books. More detailed information on employee com
pensation and collective bargaining settlements is published in the monthly
periodical, Current Wage Developments. More detailed data on consumer
and producer prices are published in the monthly periodicals, The cpi
Detailed Report, and Producer Prices and Price Indexes. Detailed data on
all of the series in this section are provided in the Handbook of Labor
Statistics, which is published biennally by the Bureau. BLS bulletins are
issued covering productivity, injury and illness, and other data in this
section. Finally, the Monthly Labor Review carries analytical articles on
annual and longer term developments in labor force, employment, and
unemployment; employee compensation and collective bargaining; prices;
productivity; international comparisons; and injury and illness data.
Symbols
p = preliminary. To increase the timeliness of some series, prelim
inary figures are issued based on representative but incom
plete returns.
r = revised. Generally, this revision reflects the availability o f later
data but may also reflect other adjustments,
n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified,
n.e.s. = not elsewhere specified.
COMPARATIVE INDICATORS
(Tables 1-3)
Comparative indicators tables provide an overview and comparison of
major b l s statistical series. Consequently, although many of the included
series are available monthly, all measures in these comparative tables are
presented quarterly and annually.
Labor market indicators include employment measures from two ma
jor surveys and information on rates of change in compensation provided
by the Employment Cost Index ( e c i ) program. The labor force participation
rate, the employment-to-population ratio, and unemployment rates for
major demographic groups based on the Current Population (“household ”)
Survey are presented, while measures of employment and average weekly
hours by major industry sector are given using nonagricultural payroll data.
The Employment Cost Index (compensation), by major sector and by
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b a r g a in in g s ta t u s , is c h o s e n f r o m a v a r ie t y o f b l s c o m p e n s a t i o n a n d w a g e
m e a s u r e s b e c a u s e it p r o v id e s a c o m p r e h e n s i v e m e a s u r e o f e m p lo y e r c o s t s
f o r h ir in g la b o r , n o t j u s t o u t la y s f o r w a g e s , a n d it is n o t a f f e c t e d b y
e m p lo y m e n t s h if t s a m o n g o c c u p a t io n s a n d in d u s t r ie s .
Data on changes in compensation, prices, and productivity are pre
sented in table 2. Measures of rates of change of compensation and wages
from the Employment Cost Index program are provided for all civilian
nonfarm workers (excluding Federal and household workers) and for all
private nonfarm workers. Measures of changes in: consumer prices for all
urban consumers; producer prices by stage of processing; and the overall
export and import price indexes are given. Measures of productivity (output
per hour of all persons) are provided for major sectors.
41
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
November 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics
Alternative measures of wage and compensation rates of change,
which reflect the overall trend in labor costs, are summarized in table 3.
Differences in concepts and scope, related to the specific purposes of the
series, contribute to the variation in changes among the individual mea
sures.
Notes on the data
Definitions o f each series and notes on the data are contained in later
sections of these notes describing each set of data. For detailed descriptions
of each data series, see b ls Handbook of Methods, Volumes I and II,
Bulletins 2134-1 and 2 1 34-2 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982 and 1984,
respectively), as well as the additional bulletins, articles, and other publi
cations noted in the separate sections of the Review's “Current Labor
Statistics Notes.” Historical data for many series are provided in the Hand
book of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1985).
Users may also wish to consult Major Programs, Bureau of Labor Statis
tics, Report 718 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1985).
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT DATA
(Tables 1; 4-21)
Household survey data
the various data series appear in the Explanatory Notes of Employment and
Earnings.
Description of the series
e m p l o y m e n t d a t a in this section are obtained from the Current Population
Survey, a program o f personal interviews conducted monthly by the Bureau
o f the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The sample consists of
about 59,500 households selected to represent the U .S. population 16 years
o f age and older. Households are interviewed on a rotating basis, so that
three-fourths o f the sample is the same for any 2 consecutive months.
Definitions
Employed persons include (1) all civilians who worked for pay any time
during the week which includes the 12th day of the month or who worked
unpaid for 15 hours or more in a family-operated enterprise and (2) those
who were temporarily absent from their regular jobs because of illness,
vacation, industrial dispute, or similar reasons. Members of the Armed
Forces stationed in the United States are also included in the employed
total. A person working at more than one job is counted only in the job at
which he or she worked the greatest number of hours.
Unemployed persons are those who did not work during the survey
week, but were available for work except for temporary illness and had
looked for jobs within the preceding 4 weeks. Persons who did not look for
work because they were on layoff or waiting to start new jobs within the
next 30 days are also counted among the unemployed. The overall unem
ployment rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the labor
force, including the resident Armed Forces. The civilian unemployment
rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor
force.
The labor force consists of all employed or unemployed civilians plus
members o f the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. Persons not
in the labor force are those not classified as employed or unemployed; this
group includes persons who are retired, those engaged in their own house
work, those not working while attending school, those unable to work
because of long-term illness, those discouraged from seeking work because
o f personal or job-market factors, and those who are voluntarily idle. The
noninstitutional population comprises all persons 16 years o f age and
older who are not inmates o f penal or mental institutions, sanitariums, or
homes for the aged, infirm, or needy, and members of the Armed Forces
stationed in the United States. The labor force participation rate is the
proportion o f the noninstitutional population that is in the labor force. The
employment-population ratio is total employment (including the resident
Armed Forces) as a percent of the noninstitutional population.
Notes on the data
From time to time, and especially after a decennial census, adjustments
are made in the Current Population Survey figures to correct for estimating
errors during the preceding years. These adjustments affect the comparabil
ity of historical data. A description of these adjustments and their effect on
42
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Data in tables 4 -1 0 are seasonally adjusted, based on the seasonal
experience through December 1986.
Additional sources of information
For detailed explanations o f the data, see b ls Handbook of Methods ,
Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 1, and for
additional data, Handbook of Labor Statistics , Bulletin 2217 (Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1985). A detailed description of the Current Population
Survey as well as additional data are available in the monthly Bureau of
Labor Statistics periodical, Employment and Earnings. Historical data
from 1948 to 1981 are available in Labor Force Statistics Derived from the
Current Population Survey: A Databook, Vols. I and II, Bulletin 2096
(Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982).
A comprehensive discussion of the differences between household and
establishment data on employment appears in Gloria P. Green, “Comparing
employment estimates from household and payroll surveys,” Monthly
Labor Review, December 1969, pp. 9 -2 0 .
Establishment survey data
Description of the series
E m p l o y m e n t , h o u r s , a n d e a r n i n g s d a t a in this section are compiled from
payroll records reported monthly on a voluntary basis to the Bureau of
Labor Statistics and its cooperating State agencies by more than 290,000
establishments representing all industries except agriculture. In most indus
tries, the sampling probabilities are based on the size of the establishment;
most large establishments are therefore in the sample. (An establishment is
not necessarily a firm; it may be a branch plant, for example, or ware
house.) Self-employed persons and others not on a regular civilian payroll
are outside the scope o f the survey because they are excluded from estab
lishment records. This largely accounts for the difference in employment
figures between the household and establishment surveys.
Definitions
An establishment is an economic unit which produces goods or services
(such as a factory or store) at a single location and is engaged in one type
of economic activity.
Employed persons are all persons who received pay (including holiday
and sick pay) for any part of the payroll period including the 12th o f the
month. Persons holding more than one job (about 5 percent of all persons
in the labor force) are counted in each establishment which reports them.
Production workers in manufacturing include working supervisors and
all nonsupervisory workers closely associated with production operations.
Those workers mentioned in tables 12-17 include production workers in
manufacturing and mining; construction workers in construction; and non
supervisory workers in the following industries: transportation and public
utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and
services. These groups account for about four-fifths of the total employ
ment on private nonagricutural payrolls.
Earnings are the payments production or nonsupervisory workers re
ceive during the survey period, including premium pay for overtime or
late-shift work but excluding irregular bonuses and other special payments.
Real earnings are earnings adjusted to reflect the effects of changes in
consumer prices. The deflator for this series is derived from the Consumer
Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers ( c p i - w ) . The
Hourly Earnings Index is calculated from average hourly earnings data
adjusted to exclude the effects of two types of changes that are unrelated
to underlying wage-rate developments: fluctuations in overtime premiums
in manufacturing (the only sector for which overtime data are available)
and the effects o f changes and seasonal factors in the proportion of workers
in high-wage and low-wage industries.
Hours represent the average weekly hours of production or nonsupervi
sory workers for which pay was received and are different from standard
or scheduled hours. Overtime hours represent the portion of average
weekly hours which was in excess of regular hours and for which overtime
premiums were paid.
The Diffusion Index, introduced in the May 1983 Review , represents
the percent o f 185 nonagricultural industries in which employment was
rising over the indicated period. One-half of the industries with unchanged
employment are counted as rising. In line with Bureau practice, data for
the 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans are seasonally adjusted, while those for the
12-month span are unadjusted. The diffusion index is useful for measur
ing the dispersion o f economic gains or losses and is also an economic
indicator.
Notes on the data
Establishment data collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics are peri
odically adjusted to com prehensive counts o f em ploym ent (called
“benchmarks”). The latest complete adjustment was made with the release
o f May 1987 data, published in the July 1987 issue o f the Review. Conse
quently, data published in the Review prior to that issue are not necessarily
comparable to current data. Unadjusted data have been revised back to
April 1985; seasonally adjusted data have been revised back to January
1982. These revisions were published in the Supplement to Employment
and Earnings (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1987). Unadjusted data from
April 1986 forward, and seasonally adjusted data from January 1983 for
ward are subject to revision in future benchmarks.
In the establishment survey, estimates for the 2 most recent months are
based on incomplete returns and are published as preliminary in the tables
(13 to 18 in the Review). When all returns have been received, the esti
mates are revised and published as final in the third month of their appear
ance. Thus, August data are published as preliminary in October and
November and as final in December. For the same reason, quarterly estab
lishment data (table 1) are preliminary for the first 2 months of publication
and final in the third month. Thus, second-quarter data are published as
preliminary in August and September and as final in October.
Additional sources of information
Detailed national data from the establishment survey are published
monthly in the BLS periodical, Employment and Earnings. Earlier compara
ble unadjusted and seasonally adjusted data are published in Employment,
Hours, and Earnings, United States, 1909-84, Bulletin 1312-12 (Bureau
o f Labor Statistics, 1985) and its annual supplement. For a detailed discus
sion of the methodology o f the survey, see b l s Handbook of Methods,
Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 2. For addi
tional data, see Handbook of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217 (Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1985).
A comprehensive discussion of the differences between household and
establishment data on employment appears in Gloria P. Green, “Comparing
employment estimates from household and payroll surveys,” Monthly
Labor Review, December 1969, pp. 9 -2 0 .
Unemployment data by State
Description of the series
Data presented in this section are obtained from two major sources— the
Current Population Survey ( c p s ) and the Local Area Unemployment Statis
tics ( l a u s ) program, which is conducted in cooperation with State employ
ment security agencies.
Monthly estimates of the labor force, employment, and unemployment
for States and sub-State areas are a key indicator o f local economic condi
tions and form the basis for determining the eligibility of an area for
benefits under Federal economic assistance programs such as the Job Train
ing Partnership Act and the Public Works and Economic Development Act.
Insofar as possible, the concepts and definitions underlying these data are
those used in the national estimates obtained from the c p s .
Notes on the data
Data refer to State of residence. Monthly data for 11 States— California,
Florida, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, New York, New Jersey, North
Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas— are obtained directly from the
c p s , because the size of the sample is large enough to meet b l s standards
of reliability. Data for the remaining 39 States and the District o f Columbia
are derived using standardized procedures established by b l s . Once a year,
estimates for the 11 States are revised to new population controls. For the
remaining States and the District of Columbia, data are benchmarked to
annual average c p s levels.
Additional sources of information
Information on the concepts, definitions, and technical procedures used
to develop labor force data for States and sub-State areas as well as addi
tional data on sub-States are provided in the monthly Bureau of Labor
Statistics periodical, Employment and Earnings, and the annual report,
Geographic Profile of Employment and Unemployment (Bureau o f Labor
Statistics). See also b l s Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 4.
COMPENSATION AND WAGE DATA
(Tables 1-3; 22-29)
are gathered by the Bureau from business
establishments, State and local governments, labor unions, collective bar
gaining agreements on file with the Bureau, and secondary sources.
C o m p e n s a t io n a n d w a g e d a t a
Employment Cost Index
Description of the series
The Employment Cost Index ( e c i ) is a quarterly measure of the rate of
change in compensation per hour worked and includes wages, salaries, and
employer costs o f employee benefits. It uses a fixed market basket of
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labor— similar in concept to the Consumer Price Index’s fixed market
basket of goods and services— to measure change over time in employer
costs of employing labor. The index is not seasonally adjusted.
Statistical series on total compensation costs and on wages and salaries
are available for private nonfarm workers excluding proprietors, the selfemployed, and household workers. Both series are also available for State
and local government workers and for the civilian nonfarm economy,
which consists of private industry and State and local government workers
combined. Federal workers are excluded.
The Employment Cost Index probability sample consists of about 2,200
private nonfarm establishments providing about 12,000 occupational ob
servations and 700 State and local government establishments providing
43
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
November 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics
3,500 occupational observations selected to represent total employment in
each sector. On average, each reporting unit provides wage and compensa
tion information on five well-specified occupations. Data are collected each
quarter for the pay period including the 12th day of March, June, Septem
ber, and December.
Beginning with June 1986 data, fixed employment weights from the
1980 Census o f Population are used each quarter to calculate the indexes
for civilian, private, and State and local governments. (Prior to June 1986,
the employment weights are from the 1970 Census o f Population.) These
fixed weights, also used to derive all of the industry and occupation series
indexes, ensure that changes in these indexes reflect only changes in com
pensation, not employment shifts among industries or occupations with
different levels o f wages and compensation. For the bargaining status,
region, and metropolitan/nonmetropolitan area series, however, employ
ment data by industry and occupation are not available from the census.
Instead, the 1980 employment weights are reallocated within these series
each quarter based on the current sample. Therefore, these indexes are not
strictly comparable to those for the aggregate, industry, and occupation
series.
Definitions
Total compensation costs include wages, salaries, and the employer’s
costs for employee benefits.
Wages and salaries consist of earnings before payroll deductions, in
cluding production bonuses, incentive earnings, commissions, and cost-ofliving adjustments.
Benefits include the cost to employers for paid leave, supplemental pay
(including nonproduction bonuses), insurance, retirement and savings
plans, and legally required benefits (such as Social Security, workers’
compensation, and unemployment insurance).
Excluded from wages and salaries and employee benefits are such items
as payment-in-kind, free room and board, and tips.
Notes on the data
The Employment Cost Index data series began in the fourth quarter of
1975, with the quarterly percent change in wages and salaries in the private
nonfarm sector. Data on employer costs for employee benefits were in
cluded in 1980 to produce, when combined with the wages and salaries
series, a measure o f the percent change in employer costs for employee
total compensation. State and local government units were added to the e c i
coverage in 1981, providing a measure o f total compensation change in the
civilian nonfarm economy (excluding Federal employees). Historical in
dexes (June 1981 = 100) o f the quarterly rates o f change are presented in the
May issue o f the b l s monthly periodical, Current Wage Developments.
Additional sources of information
For a more detailed discussion of the Employment Cost Index, see the
Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982),
chapter 11, and the fo llo w in g M onthly L abor R eview articles:
“Employment Cost Index: a measure of change in the ‘price o f labor’,” July
1975; “How benefits will be incorporated into the Employment Cost In
d ex,” January 1978; “Estimation procedures for the Employment Cost
Index,” May 1982; and “Introducing new weights for the Employment Cost
Index,” June 1985.
Data on the e c i are also available in b l s quarterly press releases issued
in the month following the reference months of March, June, September,
and December; and from the Handbook of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217
(Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1985).
Collective bargaining settlements
(wage and benefit costs) and wages alone, quarterly for private industry and
semiannually for State and local government. Compensation measures
cover all collective bargaining situations involving 5,000 workers or more
and wage measures cover all situations involving 1,000 workers or more.
These data, covering private nonagricultural industries and State and local
governments, are calculated using information obtained from bargaining
agreements on file with the Bureau, parties to the agreements, and second
ary sources, such as newspaper accounts. The data are not seasonally
adjusted.
Settlement data are measured in terms of future specified adjustments:
those that will occur within 12 months after contract ratification— firstyear— and all adjustments that will occur over the life of the contract
expressed as an average annual rate. Adjustments are worker weighted.
Both first-year and over-the-life measures exclude wage changes that may
occur under cost-of-living clauses that are triggered by future movements
in the Consumer Price Index.
Effective wage adjustments measure all adjustments occurring in the
reference period, regardless of the settlement date. Included are changes
from settlements reached during the period, changes deferred from con
tracts negotiated in earlier periods, and changes under cost-of-living adjust
ment clauses. Each wage change is worker weighted. The changes are
prorated over all workers under agreements during the reference period
yielding the average adjustment.
Definitions
Wage rate changes are calculated by dividing newly negotiated wages
by the average hourly earnings, excluding overtime, at the time the agree
ment is reached. Compensation changes are calculated by dividing the
change in the value o f the newly negotiated wage and benefit package by
existing average hourly compensation, which includes the cost of previ
ously negotiated benefits, legally required social insurance programs, and
average hourly earnings.
Compensation changes are calculated by placing a value on the benefit
portion of the settlements at the time they are reached. The cost estimates
are based on the assumption that conditions existing at the time of settle
ment (for example, methods o f financing pensions or composition of labor
force) will remain constant. The data, therefore, are measures of negotiated
changes and not of total changes in employer cost.
Contract duration runs from the effective date of the agreement to the
expiration date or first wage reopening date, if applicable. Average annual
percent changes over the contract term take account of the compounding of
successive changes.
Notes on the data
Care should be exercised in comparing the size and nature of the settle
ments in State and local government with those in the private sector because
of differences in bargaining practices and settlement characteristics. A
principal difference is the incidence of cost-of-living adjustment ( c o l a )
clauses which cover only about 2 percent of workers under a few local
government settlements, but cover 50 percent of workers under private
sector settlements. Agreements without c o l a ’ s tend to provide larger speci
fied wage increases than those with c o l a ’ s . Another difference is that State
and local government bargaining frequently excludes pension benefits
which are often prescribed by law. In the private sector, in contrast,
pensions are typically a bargaining issue.
Additional sources of information
Description of the series
For a more detailed discussion on the series, see the b l s Handbook o f
Methods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 10.
Collective bargaining settlements data provide statistical measures of
negotiated adjustments (increases, decreases, and freezes) in compensation
Comprehensive data are published in press releases issued quarterly (in
January, April, July, and October) for private industry, and semi-
44
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annually (in February and August) for State and local government. Histor
ical data and additional detailed tabulations for the prior calendar year
appear in the April issue of the b l s monthly periodical, Current Wage
monthly periodical, Current Wage Developments. Historical data appear in
the b ls Handbook of Labor Statistics.
Developments.
Other compensation data
Work stoppages
Description of the series
Data on work stoppages measure the number and duration of major
strikes or lockouts (involving 1,000 workers or more) occurring during the
month (or year), the number o f workers involved, and the amount of time
lost because o f stoppage.
Data are largely from newspaper accounts and cover only establishments
directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or second
ary effect o f stoppages on other establishments whose employees are idle
owing to material shortages or lack o f service.
Definitions
Number of stoppages: The number of strikes and lockouts involving
1,000 workers or more and lasting a full shift or longer.
Workers involved: The number of workers directly involved in the
stoppage.
Number of days idle: The aggregate number of workdays lost by
workers involved in the stoppages.
Days of idleness as a percent of estimated working time: Aggregate
workdays lost as a percent of the aggregate number of standard workdays
in the period multiplied by total employment in the period.
Notes on the data
This series is not comparable with the one terminated in 1981 that
covered strikes involving six workers or more.
Additional sources of information
Data for each calendar year are reported in a b l s press release issued in
the first quarter o f the following year. Monthly data appear in the b l s
Other b l s data on pay and benefits, not included in the Current Labor
Statistics section of the Monthly Labor Review, appear in and consist o f the
following:
Industry Wage Surveys provide data for specific occupations selected to
represent an industry’s wage structure and the types of activities performed
by its workers. The Bureau collects information on weekly work schedules,
shift operations and pay differentials, paid holiday and vacation practices,
and information on incidence of health, insurance, and retirement plans.
Reports are issued throughout the year as the surveys are completed.
Summaries of the data and special analyses also appear in the Monthly
Labor Review.
Area Wage Surveys annually provide data for selected office, clerical,
professional, technical, maintenance, toolroom, powerplant, material
movement, and custodial occupations common to a wide variety o f indus
tries in the areas (labor markets) surveyed. Reports are issued throughout
the year as the surveys are completed. Summaries of the data and special
analyses also appear in the Review.
The National Survey of Professional, Administrative, Technical, and
Clerical Pay provides detailed information annually on salary levels and
distributions for the types of jobs mentioned in the survey’s title in private
employment. Although the definitions of the jobs surveyed reflect the
duties and responsibilities in private industry, they are designed to match
specific pay grades of Federal white-collar employees under the General
Schedule pay system. Accordingly, this survey provides the legally re
quired information for comparing the pay o f salaried employees in the
Federal civil service with pay in private industry. (See Federal Pay Com
parability Act o f 1970, 5 u.s.c. 5 3 05.) Data are published in a b l s news
release issued in the summer and in a bulletin each fall; summaries and
analytical articles also appear in the Review.
Employee Benefits Survey provides nationwide information on the inci
dence and characteristics o f employee benefit plans in medium and large
establishments in the United States, excluding Alaska and Hawaii. Data are
published in an annual b l s news release and bulletin, as well as in special
articles appearing in the Review.
PRICE DATA
(Tables 2; 30-41)
P r ic e d a t a are gathered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from retail and
primary markets in the United States. Price indexes are given in relation to
a base period (1967 = 1 0 0 , unless otherwise noted).
Consumer Price Indexes
Description of the series
The Consumer Price Index ( c p i ) is a measure of the average change in
the prices paid by urban consumers for a fixed market basket of goods and
services. The c p i is calculated monthly for two population groups, one
consisting only o f urban households whose primary source of income is
derived from the employment o f wage earners and clerical workers, and the
other consisting o f all urban households. The wage earner index (C P l-w ) is
a continuation o f the historic index that was introduced well over a halfcentury ago for use in wage negotiations. As new uses were developed for
the c p i in recent years, the need for a broader and more representative index
became apparent. The all urban consumer index (C P I-U ), introduced in
1978, is representative of the 1982-84 buying habits of about 80 percent
o f the noninstitutional population of the United States at that time, com
pared with 32 percent represented in the c p i - w . In addition to wage earners
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a n d c le r i c a l w o r k e r s , th e c p i - u c o v e r s p r o f e s s i o n a l, m a n a g e r ia l, a n d t e c h
n i c a l w o r k e r s , t h e s e l f - e m p l o y e d , s h o r t- t e r m w o r k e r s , th e u n e m p l o y e d ,
r e t ir e e s , a n d o t h e r s n o t in th e la b o r f o r c e .
The c p i is based on prices of food, clothing, shelter, fuel, drugs, trans
portation fares, doctors’ and dentists’ fees, and other goods and services
that people buy for day-to-day living. The quantity and quality o f these
items are kept essentially unchanged between major revisions so that only
price changes will be measured. All taxes directly associated with the
purchase and use of items are included in the index.
Data collected from more than 21,000 retail establishments and 60,000
housing units in 91 urban areas across the country are used to develop the
“U .S. city average.” Separate estimates for 27 major urban centers are
presented in table 31. The areas listed are as indicated in footnote 1 to the
table. The area indexes measure only the average change in prices for each
area since the base period, and do not indicate differences in the level of
prices among cities.
Notes on the data
In January 1983, the Bureau changed the way in which homeownership
costs are measured for the CPI-U. A rental equivalence method replaced the
45
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
November 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics
asset-price approach to homeownership costs for that series. In January
1985, the same change was made in the c p i - w . The central purpose o f the
change was to separate shelter costs from the investment component of
homeownership so that the index would reflect only the cost o f shelter
services provided by owner-occupied homes. An updated c p i -u and c p i -w
were introduced with release of the January 1987 data.
Additional sources of information
For a discussion o f the general method for computing the
c p i,
see
bls
Handbook of Methods, Volume II, The Consumer Price Index, Bulletin
2S 34-2 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1984). The recent change in the mea
surement o f homeownership costs is discussed in Robert Gillingham and
Walter Lane, “Changing the treatment of shelter costs for homeowners in
the CPI,” Monthly Labor Review, July 1982, pp. 9 -1 4 . An overview of the
recently introduced revised c p i , reflecting 1982-84 expenditure patterns, is
contained in The Consumer Price Index: 1987 Revision , Report 736 (Bu
reau of Labor Statistics, 1987).
Additional detailed c p i data and regular analyses of consumer price
changes are provided in the c p i Detailed Report, a monthly publication of
the Bureau. Historical data for the overall c p i and for selected groupings
may be found in the Handbook of Labor Statistics , Bulletin 2217 (Bureau
o f Labor Statistics, 1985).
Producer Price Indexes
Description of the series
Producer Price Indexes ( p p i ) measure average changes in prices re
ceived in primary markets of the United States by producers of commodi
ties in all stages o f processing. The sample used for calculating these
indexes currently contains about 3,200 commodities and about 60,000
quotations per month selected to represent the movement of prices of all
commodities produced in the manufacturing, agriculture, forestry, fishing,
mining, gas and electricity, and public utilities sectors. The stage of proc
essing structure o f Producer Price Indexes organizes products by class of
buyer and degree o f fabrication (that is, finished goods, intermediate
goods, and crude materials). The traditional commodity structure of pp i
organizes products by similarity o f end use or material composition.
To the extent possible, prices used in calculating Producer Price Indexes
apply to the first significant commercial transaction in the United States
from the production or central marketing point. Price data are generally
collected monthly, primarily by mail questionnaire. Most prices are ob
tained directly from producing companies on a voluntary and confidential
basis. Prices generally are reported for the Tuesday of the week containing
the 13th day o f the month.
Since January 1987, price changes for the various commodities have
been averaged together with implicit quantity weights representing their
importance in the total net selling value o f all commodities as of 1982. The
detailed data are aggregated to obtain indexes for stage-of-processing
groupings, commodity groupings, durability-of-product groupings, and a
number o f special composite groups. All Producer Price Index data are
subject to revision 4 months after original publication.
Notes on the data
Beginning with the January 1986 issue, the Review is no longer present
ing tables o f Producer Price Indexes for commodity groupings, special
composite groups, or sic industries. However, these data will continue to
be presented in the Bureau’s monthly publication Producer Price Indexes.
The Bureau has completed the first major stage o f its comprehensive
overhaul o f the theory, methods, and procedures used to construct the
Producer Price Indexes. Changes include the replacement of judgment
sampling with probability sampling techniques; expansion to systematic
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coverage of the net output o f virtually all industries in the mining and
manufacturing sectors; a shift from a commodity to an industry orientation;
the exclusion of imports from, and the inclusion of exports in, the survey
universe; and the respecification of commodities priced to conform to
Bureau of the Census definitions. These and other changes have been
phased in gradually since 1978. The result is a system of indexes that is
easier to use in conjunction with data on wages, productivity, and employ
ment and other series that are organized in terms of the Standard Industrial
Classification and the Census product class designations.
Additional sources of information
For a discussion o f the methodology for computing Producer Price In
dexes, see b l s Handbook of Methods , Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1982), chapter 7.
Additional detailed data and analyses of price changes are provided
monthly in Producer Price Indexes. Selected historical data may be found
in the Handbook of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217 (Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1985).
International Price Indexes
Description of the series
The b l s International Price Program produces quarterly export and
import price indexes for nonmilitary goods traded between the United
States and the rest of the world. The export price index provides a measure
of price change for all products sold by U .S. residents to foreign buyers.
(“Residents” is defined as in the national income accounts: it includes
corporations, businesses, and individuals but does not require the organiza
tions to be U .S. owned nor the individuals to have U .S. citizenship.) The
import price index provides a measure o f price change for goods purchased
from other countries by U .S. residents. With publication of an all-import
index in February 1983 and an all-export index in February 1984, all U.S.
merchandise imports and exports now are represented in these indexes. The
reference period for the indexes is 1977 = 100, unless otherwise indicated.
The product universe for both the import and export indexes includes raw
materials, agricultural products, semifinished manufactures, and finished
manufactures, including both capital and consumer goods. Price data for
these items are collected quarterly by mail questionnaire. In nearly all
cases, the data are collected directly from the exporter or importer, al
though in a few cases, prices are obtained from other sources.
To the extent possible, the data gathered refer to prices at the U .S. border
for exports and at either the foreign border or the U .S. border for imports.
For nearly all products, the prices refer to transactions completed during the
first 2 weeks of the third month of each calendar quarter— March, June,
September, and December. Survey respondents are asked to indicate all
discounts, allowances, and rebates applicable to the reported prices, so that
the price used in the calculation of the indexes is the actual price for which
the product was bought or sold.
In addition to general indexes of prices for U .S. exports and imports,
indexes are also published for detailed product categories of exports and
imports. These categories are defined by the 4- and 5-digit level o f detail
of the Standard Industrial Trade Classification System (su e). The calcula
tion of indexes by s it c category facilitates the comparison o f U .S. price
trends and sector production with similar data for other countries. Detailed
indexes are also computed and published on a Standard Industrial Classifi
cation (sic-based) basis, as well as by end-use class.
Notes on the data
The export and import price indexes are weighted indexes of the
Laspeyres type. Price relatives are assigned equal importance within each
weight category and are then aggregated to the s it c level. The values
assigned to each weight category are based on trade value figures compiled
by the Bureau o f the Census. The trade weights currently used to compute
both indexes relate to 1980.
Because a price index depends on the same items being priced from
period to period, it is necessary to recognize when a product’s specifica
tions or terms o f transaction have been modified. For this reason, the
Bureau’s quarterly questionnaire requests detailed descriptions of the phys
ical and functional characteristics of the products being priced, as well as
information on the number o f units bought or sold, discounts, credit terms,
packaging, class o f buyer or seller, and so forth. When there are changes
in either the specifications or terms of transaction of a product, the dollar
value o f each change is deleted from the total price change to obtain the
“pure” change. Once this value is determined, a linking procedure is
employed which allows for the continued repricing of the item.
For the export price indexes, the preferred pricing basis is f.a.s. (free
alongside ship) U .S. port of exportation. When firms report export prices
f.o.b. (free on board), production point information is collected which
enables the Bureau to calculate a shipment cost to the port of exportation.
An attempt is made to collect two prices for imports. The first is the import
price f.o.b. at the foreign port of exportation, which is consistent with the
basis for valuation of imports in the national accounts. The second is the
import price c.i.f. (cost, insurance, and freight) at the U .S. port o f impor
tation, which also includes the other costs associated with bringing the
product to the U .S. border. It does not, however, include duty charges.
Additional sources of information
For a discussion of the general method of computing International Price
Indexes, see B L S Handbook of Methods , Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau o f Labor
Statistics, 1982), chapter 8.
Additional detailed data and analyses of international price develop
ments are presented in the Bureau’s quarterly publication U.S. Import and
Export Price Indexes and in occasional Monthly Labor Review articles
prepared by bls analysts. Selected historical data may be found in the
Handbook of Labor Statistics , Bulletin 2217 (Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1985).
PRODUCTIVITY DATA
(Tables 2; 42-47)
U. S. productivity and related data
Description of the series
The productivity measures relate real physical output to real input. As
such, they encompass a family of measures which include single factor
input measures, such as output per unit of labor input (output per hour) or
output per unit o f capital input, as well as measures o f multifactor produc
tivity (output per unit of labor and capital inputs combined). The Bureau
indexes show the change in output relative to changes in the various inputs.
The measures cover the business, nonfarm business, manufacturing, and
nonfinancial corporate sectors.
Corresponding indexes of hourly compensation, unit labor costs, unit
nonlabor payments, and prices are also provided.
Unit profits include corporate profits and the value of inventory adjust
ments per unit of output.
Hours of all persons are the total hours paid of payroll workers, selfemployed persons, and unpaid family workers.
Capital services is the flow of services from the capital stock used in
production. It is developed from measures of the net stock o f physical
assets— equipment, structures, land, and inventories— weighted by rental
prices for each type of asset.
Labor and capital inputs combined are derived by combining changes
in labor and capital inputs with weights which represent each component’s
share of total output. The indexes for capital services and combined units
o f labor and capital are based on changing weights which are averages of
the shares in the current and preceding year (the Tomquist index-number
formula).
Notes on the data
Definitions
Output per hour of all persons (labor productivity) is the value of
goods and services in constant prices produced per hour of labor input.
Output per unit of capital services (capital productivity) is the value of
goods and services in constant dollars produced per unit of capital services
input.
Multifactor productivity is the ratio output per unit of labor and capital
inputs combined. Changes in this measure reflect changes in a number of
factors which affect the production process such as changes in technology,
shifts in the composition of the labor force, changes in capacity utilization,
research and development, skill and efforts of the work force, manage
ment, and so forth. Changes in the output per hour measures reflect the
impact o f these factors as well as the substitution of capital for labor.
Compensation per hour is the wages and salaries of employees plus
employers’ contributions for social insurance and private benefit plans, and
the wages, salaries, and supplementary payments for the self-employed
(except for nonfinancial corporations in which there are no selfemployed)— the sum divided by hours paid for. Real compensation per
hour is compensation per hour deflated by the change in the Consumer
Price Index for All Urban Consumers.
Unit labor costs are the labor compensation costs expended in the
production o f a unit of output and are derived by dividing compensation by
output. Unit nonlabor payments include profits, depreciation, interest,
and indirect taxes per unit of output. They are computed by subtracting
compensation o f all persons from current dollar value of output and divid
ing by output. Unit nonlabor costs contain all the components of unit
nonlabor payments except unit profits.
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Output measures for the business sector and the nonfarm businesss sector
exclude the constant dollar value of owner-occupied housing, rest o f world,
households and institutions, and general government output from the con
stant dollar value of gross national product. The measures are derived from
data supplied by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U .S. Department of
Commerce, and the Federal Reserve Board. Quarterly manufacturing out
put indexes are adjusted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to annual esti
mates of output (gross product originating) from the Bureau o f Economic
Analysis. Compensation and hours data are developed from data o f the
Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Bureau of Economic Analysis.
The productivity and associated cost measures in tables 4 2 -4 4 describe
the relationship between output in real terms and the labor time and capital
services involved in its production. They show the changes from period to
period in the amount of goods and services produced per unit o f input.
Although these measures relate output to hours and capital services, they
do not measure the contributions of labor, capital, or any other specific
factor of production. Rather, they reflect the joint effect o f many influ
ences, including changes in technology; capital investment; level o f output;
utilization of capacity, energy, and materials; the organization o f produc
tion; managerial skill; and the characteristics and efforts of the work force.
Additional sources of information
Descriptions of methodology underlying the measurement o f output per
hour and multifactor productivity are found in the b l s Handbook of Meth
ods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 13. His
torical data for selected industries are provided in the Bureau’s Handbook
of Labor Statistics , 1985, Bulletin 2217.
47
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
November 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics
INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS
(Tables 45-47)
Labor force and unemployment
Description of the series
Tables 45 and 46 present comparative measures of the labor force,
employment, and unemployment— approximating U .S. concepts— for the
United States, Canada, Australia, Japan, and six European countries. The
unemployment statistics (and, to a lesser extent, employment statistics)
published by other industrial countries are not, in most cases, comparable
to U .S. unemployment statistics. Therefore, the Bureau adjusts the figures
for selected countries, where necessary, for all known major definitional
differences. Although precise comparability may not be achieved, these
adjusted figures provide a better basis for international comparisons than
the figures regularly published by each country.
Definitions
For the principal U.S. definitions of the labor force, employment, and
unemployment, see the Notes section on EMPLOYMENT DATA: House
hold Survey Data.
Notes on the data
The adjusted statistics have been adapted to the age at which compulsory
schooling ends in each country, rather than to the U .S. standard of 16 years
o f age and over. Therefore, the adjusted statistics relate to the population
age 16 and over in France, Sweden, and from 1973 onward, the United
Kingdom; 16 and over in Canada, Australia, Japan, Germany, the Nether
lands, and prior to 1973, the United Kingdom; and 14 and over in Italy. The
institutional population is included in the denominator o f the labor force
participation rates and employment-population ratios for Japan and Ger
many; it is excluded for the United States and the other countries.
In the U .S. labor force survey, persons on layoff who are awaiting recall
to their job are classified as unemployed. European and Japanese layoff
practices are quite different in nature from those in the United States;
therefore, strict application o f the U .S. definition has not been made on this
point. For further information, see Monthly Labor Review, December
1981, pp. 8 -1 1 .
The figures for one or more recent years for France, Germany, Italy, the
Netherlands, and the United Kingdom are calculated using adjustment
factors based on labor force surveys for earlier years and are considered
preliminary. The recent-year measures for these countries are, therefore,
subject to revision whenever data from more current labor force surveys
become available.
Additional sources of information
For further information, see International Comparisons of Unemploy
ment , Bulletin 1979 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1978), Appendix B and
unpublished Supplements to Appendix B available on request. The statis
tics are also analyzed periodically in the Monthly Labor Review . Additional
historical data, generally beginning with 1959, are published in the Hand
book of Labor Statistics and are available in unpublished statistical supple
ments to Bulletin 1979.
Manufacturing productivity and labor costs
Description of the series
Table 47 presents comparative measures of manufacturing labor produc
tivity, hourly compensation costs, and unit labor costs for the United
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States, Canada, Japan, and nine European countries. These measures are
limited to trend comparisons— that is, intercountry series of changes over
time— rather than level comparisons because reliable international com
parisons of the levels o f manufacturing output are unavailable.
Definitions
Output is constant value output (value added), generally taken from the
national accounts of each country. While the national accounting methods
for measuring real output differ considerably among the 12 countries, the
use of different procedures does not, in itself, connote lack of comparabil
ity— rather, it reflects differences among countries in the availability and
reliability o f underlying data series.
Hours refer to all employed persons including the self-employed in the
United States and Canada; to all wage and salary employees in the other
countries. The U .S. hours measure is hours paid; the hours measures for the
other countries are hours worked.
Compensation (labor cost) includes all payments in cash or kind made
directly to employees plus employer expenditures for legally required in
surance programs and contractual and private benefit plans. In addition, for
some countries, compensation is adjusted for other significant taxes on
payrolls or employment (or reduced to reflect subsidies), even if they are
not for the direct benefit o f workers, because such taxes are regarded as
labor costs. However, compensation does not include all items of labor
cost. The costs of recruitment, employee training, and plant facilities and
services— such as cafeterias and medical clinics— are not covered because
data are not available for most countries. Self-employed workers are in
cluded in the U .S. and Canadian compensation figures by assuming that
their hourly compensation is equal to the average for wage and salary
employees.
Notes on the data
For most o f the countries, the measures refer to total manufacturing as
defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification. However,
the measures for France (beginning 1959), Italy (beginning 1970), and the
United Kingdom (beginning 1971), refer to manufacturing and mining less
energy-related products and the figures for the Netherlands exclude
petroleum refining from 1969 to 1976. For all countries, manufacturing
includes the activities of government enterprises.
The figures for one or more recent years are generally based on current
indicators of manufacturing output, employment, hours, and hourly com
pensation and are considered preliminary until the national accounts and
other statistics used for the long-term measures become available.
Additional sources of information
For additional information, see the b l s Handbook o f Methods , Bulletin
2134-1 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 16 and periodic Monthly
Labor Review articles. Historical data are provided in the Bureau’s Hand
book o f Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217, 1985. The statistics are issued
twice per year— in a news release (generally in May) and in a Monthly
Labor Review article (generally in December).
OCCUPATIONAL INJURY AND ILLNESS DATA
(Table 48)
Description of the series
The Annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses is designed to
collect data on injuries and illnesses based on records which employers in
the following industries maintain under the Occupational Safety and Health
Act o f 1970: agriculture, forestry, and fishing; oil and gas extraction;
construction; manufacturing; transportation and public utilities; wholesale
and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. Excluded
from the survey are self-employed individuals, farmers with fewer than 11
em ployees, employers regulated by other Federal safety and health laws,
and Federal, State, and local government agencies.
Because the survey is a Federal-State cooperative program and the data
must meet the needs of participating State agencies, an independent sam
ple is selected for each State. The sample is selected to represent all pri
vate industries in the States and territories. The sample size for the
survey is dependent upon (1) the characteristics for which estimates are
needed; (2) the industries for which estimates are desired; (3) the charac
teristics o f the population being sampled; (4) the target reliability o f the
estimates; and (5) the survey design employed.
While there are many characteristics upon which the sample design could
be based, the total recorded case incidence rate is used because it is one of
the most important characteristics and the least variable; therefore, it re
quires the smallest sample size.
The survey is based on stratified random sampling with a Neyman
allocation and a ratio estimator. The characteristics used to stratify the
establishments are the Standard Industrial Classification (sic) code and size
o f employment.
Definitions
Recordable occupational injuries and illnesses are: (1) occupational
deaths, regardless o f the time between injury and death, or the length of the
illness; or (2) nonfatal occupational illnesses; or (3) nonfatal occupational
injuries which involve one or more of the following: loss of consciousness,
restriction o f work or motion, transfer to another job, or medical treatment
(other than first aid).
Occupational injury is any injury such as a cut, fracture, sprain, ampu
tation, and so forth, which results from a work accident or from exposure
involving a single incident in the work environment.
Occupational illness is an abnormal condition or disorder, other than
one resulting from an occupational injury, caused by exposure to environ
mental factors associated with employment. It includes acute and chronic
illnesses or disease which may be caused by inhalation, absorption, inges
tion, or direct contact.
Lost workday cases are cases which involve days away from work, or
days o f restricted work activity, or both.
Lost workday cases involving restricted work activity are those cases
which result in restricted work activity only.
Lost workdays away from work are the number of workdays (consec
utive or not) on which the employee would have worked but could not
because o f occupational injury or illness.
Lost workdays— restricted work activity are the number of workdays
(consecutive or not) on which, because of injury or illness: (1) the em
ployee was assigned to another job on a temporary basis; or (2) the em
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ployee worked at a permanent job less than full time; or (3) the employee
worked at a permanently assigned job but could not perform all duties
normally connected with it.
The number of days away from work or days of restricted work
activity does not include the day of injury or onset of illness or any days
on which the employee would not have worked even though able to work.
Incidence rates represent the number of injuries and/or illnesses or lost
workdays per 100 full-time workers.
Notes on the data
Estimates are made for industries and employment-size classes and for
severity classification: fatalities, lost workday cases, and nonfatal cases
without lost workdays. Lost workday cases are separated into those where
the employee would have worked but could not and those in which work
activity was restricted. Estimates of the number of cases and the number of
days lost are made for both categories.
Most of the estimates are in the form of incidence rates, defined as the
number of injuries and illnesses, or lost workdays, per 100 full-time em
ployees. For this purpose, 200,000 employee hours represent 100 em
ployee years (2,000 hours per employee). Only a few of the available
measures are included in the Handbook of Labor Statistics. Full detail is
presented in the annual bulletin, Occupational Injuries and Illnesses in the
United States, by Industry.
Comparable data for individual States are available from the b l s Office
of Occupational Safety and Health Statistics.
Mining and railroad data are furnished to b l s by the Mine Safety and
Health Administration and the Federal Railroad Administration, respec
tively. Data from these organizations are included in b l s and State publica
tions. Federal employee experience is compiled and published by the Occu
pational Safety and Health Administration. Data on State and local
government employees are collected by about half of the States and territo
ries; these data are not compiled nationally.
Additional sources of information
The Supplementary Data System provides detailed information describ
ing various factors associated with work-related injuries and illnesses.
These data are obtained from information reported by employers to State
workers’ compensation agencies. The Work Injury Report program exam
ines selected types of accidents through an employee survey which focuses
on the circumstances surrounding the injury. These data are not included
in the Handbook of Labor Statistics but are available from the b l s Office
of Occupational Safety and Health Statistics.
The definitions of occupational injuries and illnesses and lost workdays
are from Recordkeeping Requirements under the Occupational Safety and
Health Act of 1970. For additional data, see Occupational Injuries and
Illnesses in the United States, by Industry, annual Bureau o f Labor
Statistics bulletin; b l s Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 17; Handbook of Labor Statistics , Bulletin
2217 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1985), pp. 411-14; annual reports in the
Monthly Labor Review, and annual U.S. Department of Labor press
releases.
49
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
November 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics:
Comparative Indicators
1. Labor market indicators
1987
1986
1985
Selected indicators
1986
1985
III
I
IV
II
I
IV
III
II
Employment data
Employment status of the civilian noninstitutionalized population
(household survey)1
Labor force participation r a te ..............................................................
Employment-population r a tio .............................................................
Unemployment rate ..............................................................................
M e n .......................................................................................................
16 to 24 years ..................................................................................
25 years and o v e r ...........................................................................
Women .................................................................................................
16 to 24 years .................................................................................
25 years and o v e r ...........................................................................
Unemployment rate, 15 weeks and o v e r .......................................
64.8
60.1
7.2
7.0
14.1
5.3
7.4
13.0
5.9
2.0
65.3
60.7
7.0
6.9
13.7
5.4
7.1
12.8
5.5
1.9
64.7
60.1
7.2
7.0
14.0
5.3
7.4
12.9
5.9
2.0
64.9
60.3
7.1
6.9
14.2
5.2
7.3
13.1
5.6
1.9
65.1
60.5
7.1
6.9
13.5
5.3
7.3
13.1
5.7
1.9
65.2
60.6
7.1
7.0
14.2
5.3
7.2
13.1
5.7
1.9
65.3
60.8
6.9
6.9
13.7
5.4
6.9
12.6
5.4
1.9
65.4
60.9
6.9
6.9
13.4
5.4
6.8
12.5
5.3
1.8
65.5
61.1
6.7
6.7
13.4
5.2
6.6
12.6
5.1
1.8
65.5
61.5
6.2
6.3
13.1
4.8
6.1
11.8
4.6
1.7
Total ...........................................................................................................
Private s e c to r .........................................................................................
G oods-producing....................................................................................
M anufacturing......................................................................................
Service-producing .................................................................................
97,519
81,125
24,859
19,260
72,660
99,610
82,900
24,681
18,994
74,930
97,775
81,303
24,788
19,183
72,987
98,444
81,905
24,788
19,133
73,656
98,901
82,299
24,767
19,086
74,134
99,321
82,670
24,702
19,003
74,619
99,804
83,119
24,629
18,939
75,175
100,397
83,498
24,624
18,953
75,773
101,133
84,183
24,733
18,979
76,399
101,708
84,675
24,757
19,015
76,951
Average hours:
Private sector .........................................................................................
Manufacturing ...................................................................................
O vertim e...........................................................................................
34.9
40.5
3.3
34.8
40.7
3.4
34.9
40.6
3.3
34.9
40.8
3.4
34.9
40.7
3.4
34.8
40.7
3.4
34.7
40.7
3.5
34.7
40.8
3.5
34.8
41.0
3.6
34.8
40.9
3.7
Percent change in the ECI, compensation:
All workers (excluding farm, household, and Federal w o rk e rs )......
Private industry workers .....................................................................
Goods-producing2 ............................................................................
Service-producing2 ..........................................................................
State and local government w o rk e rs ................................................
4.3
3.9
3.4
4.4
5.7
3.6
3.2
3.1
3.2
5.2
1.6
1.3
.6
1.8
3.4
.6
.6
.6
.5
.7
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
.7
.8
.9
.6
.6
1.1
.7
.6
.8
2.8
.6
.6
.5
.6
.8
.9
1.0
.5
1.3
.8
.7
.7
.7
.7
.3
Workers by bargaining status (private industry):
U n io n ......................................................................................................
Nonunion ...............................................................................................
2.6
4.6
2.1
3.6
.8
1.4
.5
.6
1.0
1.2
.2
.9
.5
.8
.3
.7
.5
1.1
.5
.7
Employment, nonagricultural (payroll data), in thousands:1
Employment Cost Index
1 Quarterly data seasonally adjusted.
2 Goods-producing industries include mining, construction, and manufacturing. Service-
50
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
producing industries include all other private sector industries.
2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, and productivity
1985
1987
1986
1985
Selected measures
1986
IV
III
II
I
IV
III
II
I
Compensation data 1, 2
Employment Cost Index-com pensation (wages, salaries,
benefits):
Civilian nonfarm ..........................................................................
Private n o n fa rm .........................................................................
Employment Cost Index-wages and salaries
Civilian n o n fa rm ..........................................................................
Private n o n fa rm .........................................................................
4.3
3.9
3.6
3.2
1.6
1.3
0.6
.6
1.1
1.1
0.7
.8
1.1
.7
0.6
.6
0.9
1.0
0.7
.7
4.4
4.1
3.5
3.1
1.7
1.3
.6
.6
1.0
1.0
.8
.9
1.1
.7
.6
.5
1.0
1.0
.5
.7
Price data1
Consumer Price Index (All urban consumers): All ite m s ......
3.8
1.1
.7
.9
-.4
.6
.7
.3
1.4
1.3
Producer Price Index:
Finished g o o d s ............................................................................
Finished consumer g o o d s ........................................................
Capital e q u ip m e n t.....................................................................
Intermediate materials, supplies, components ......................
Crude m ate rials...........................................................................
1.8
1.5
2.7
-.3
-5.6
-2.3
-3.6
2.1
-4.4
-9.0
-1.4
-1.4
-1.4
-.5
-4.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
.4
4.3
-3.1
-4.1
.2
-2.9
-7.6
.5
.4
.6
-.9
-1.5
-.7
-.7
-.7
-.2
-.5
1.1
.8
2.0
-.4
.6
.8
.9
.1
1.4
4.2
1.4
1.8
.4
1.8
5.6
Productivity data3
Output per hour of all persons:
Business s e c to r.........................................................................
Nonfarm business s e c to r .........................................................
Nonfinancial corporations 4 ......................................................
1.8
1.2
2.1
1 Annual changes are December-to-December change. Quarterly changes
are calculated using the last month of each quarter. Compensation and price
data are not seasonally adjusted and the price data are not compounded.
2 Excludes Federal and private household workers.
3 Annual rates of change are computed by comparing annual averages.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.9
1.6
1.6
2.5
1.7
3.3
1.9
1.0
2.3
2.8
2.3
2.6
2.3
1.9
1.8
1.3
1.1
.7
1.5
1.5
1.5
.2
-.1
0
.4
.3
.3
Quarterly percent changes reflect annual rates of change in quarterly in
dexes. The data are seasonally adjusted.
4 Output per hour of all employees.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
November 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics:
Employment Data
3. Alternative measures of wage and compensation changes
Four quarters ended--
Quarterly average
1986
Components
I
Average hourly compensation:'
4.8
4.5
4.4
4.1
3.7
3.6
3.3
3.4
2.8
2.7
2.8
2.7
3.2
3.9
3.5
2.9
3.0
2.8
3.6
4.0
1.4
1.1
3.3
3.0
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.2
1.0
.7
.8
.2
.9
.6
1.1
.7
.5
.8
2.8
.6
.6
.3
.7
.8
.9
1.0
.5
1.1
.8
.7
.7
.5
.7
.3
4.1
3.8
2.9
4.2
5.5
4.0
3.8
2.5
4.2
5.8
3.6
3.2
2.3
3.5
5.2
3.6
3.2
2.1
3.6
5.2
3.4
3.1
1.6
3.6
5.0
3.3
3.0
1.9
3.4
4.7
1.0
1.0
.7
1.1
1.0
.6
.8
.9
.4
.9
.4
.7
.2
.6
1.1
.7
.6
.7
3.2
.5
.1
.5
(4)
.6
.5
.2
.7
.7
.5
.2
.2
.1
1.0
1.0
.4
1.2
.8
.4
(4)
.3
.1
.5
.7
.5
.8
.2
1.0
.1
.7
.2
4.2
3.9
3.2
4.3
5.5
3.1
.6
1.7
.8
4.1
3.7
2.5
4.1
5.7
2.9
.5
1.8
.7
3.5
3.1
2.3
3.4
5.4
2.3
.5
1.6
.2
3.5
3.1
2.0
3.5
5.4
2.3
.5
1.7
.2
3.5
3.2
1.7
3.5
5.2
2.0
.4
1.5
.1
3.2
3.0
1.7
3.3
5.0
2.2
.3
1.6
.3
.8
1.5
1.3
2.0
.8
1.5
2.0
2.1
1.2
1.8
2.6
2.9
2.0
2.5
1.6
2.2
1.2
1.7
1.2
1.8
1.2
1.8
1.5
2.0
.6
1.2
.7
1.6
.7
1.2
2.7
2.4
1.7
2.4
4.2
3.9
2.3
2.5
1.4
2.0
.9
1.4
1.1
1.6
1.2
1.7
1.9
2.1
Employment Cost Index-compensation:
Employment Cost Index-wages and salaries:
N onunion....................................................................................................
State and local gove rnm ents .....................................................................
(4)
.4
.2
(4)
Negotiated wage adjustments from settlements:3
Negotiated wage and benefit adjustments from settlements:5
1 Seasonally adjusted.
2 Excludes Federal and household workers.
3 Limited to major collective bargaining units of 1,000 workers or more. The
most recent data are preliminary.
52
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
II
I
IV
III
II
I
II
I
IV
III
II
1987
1986
1987
4 Data round to zero.
5 Limited to major collective bargaining units of 5,000 workers or more. The
most recent data are preliminary.
4. Employment status of the total population, by sex, monthly data seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Annual average
1986
1987
Employment status
1985
1986
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
179,912
117,167
65.1
108,856
182,293
119,540
65.6
111,303
182,713
119,988
65.7
111,703
182,935
120,163
65.7
111,941
183,114
120,426
65.8
112,183
183,297
120,336
65.7
112,387
183,575
120,782
65.8
112,759
183,738
121,089
65.9
113,122
183,915
120,958
65.8
113,104
60.5
1,706
107,150
3,179
103,971
8,312
7.1
62,744
61.1
1,706
109,597
3,163
106,434
8,237
6.9
62,752
61.1
1,716
109,987
3,142
106,845
8,285
6.9
62,725
61.2
1,749
110,192
3,162
107,030
8,222
6.8
62,772
61.3
1,751
110,432
3,215
107,217
8,243
6.8
62,688
61.3
1,750
110,637
3,161
107,476
7,949
6.6
62,961
61.4
1,748
111,011
3,145
107,866
8,023
6.6
62,793
61.6
1,740
111,382
3,236
108,146
7,967
6.6
62,649
86,025
65,967
76.7
61,447
87,349
66,973
76.7
62,443
87,556
67,128
76.7
62,528
87,682
67,130
76.6
62,565
87,773
67,407
76.8
62,833
87,868
67,425
76.7
62,986
88,020
67,672
76.9
63,187
71.4
1,556
59,891
4,521
6.9
71.5
1,551
60,892
4,530
6.8
71.4
1,560
60,968
4,600
6.9
71.4
1,590
60,975
4,565
6.8
71.6
1,592
61,241
4,574
6.8
71.7
1,593
61,393
4,439
6.6
93,886
51,200
54.5
47,409
94,944
52,568
55.4
48,861
95,156
52,860
55.6
49,175
95,253
53,033
55.7
49,376
95,341
53,019
55.6
49,350
50.5
150
47,259
3,791
7.4
51.5
155
48,706
3,707
7.1
51.7
156
49,019
3,685
7.0
51.8
159
49,217
3,657
6.9
51.8
159
49,191
3,669
6.9
Apr.
May
June
184,079
121,070
65.8
113,570
184,259
121,719
66.1
114,173
184,421
121,235
65.7
113,975
184,605
121,672
65.9
114,447
184,738
122,038
66.1
114,817
184,904
121,604
65.8
114,515
61.5
1,736
111,368
3,284
108,084
7,854
6.5
62,957
61.7
1,735
111,835
3,290
108,545
7,500
6.2
63,009
62.0
1,726
112,447
3,335
109,112
7,546
6.2
62,540
61.8
1,718
112,257
3,178
109,079
7,260
6.0
63,187
62.0
1,720
112,727
3,219
109,508
7,224
5.9
62,933
62.2
1,736
113,081
3,092
109,989
7,221
5.9
62,700
61.9
1,743
112,772
3,170
109,602
7,089
5.8
63,300
88,099
67,764
76.9
63,335
88,186
67,644
76.7
63,282
88,271
67,603
76.6
63,417
88,361
67,816
76.7
63,562
88,442
67,556
76.4
63,471
88,534
67,656
76.4
63,715
88,598
67,925
76.7
63,918
88,683
67,736
76.4
63,939
71.8
1,591
61,596
4,484
6.6
71.9
1,584
61,751
4,429
6.5
71.8
1,575
61,707
4,362
6.4
71.8
1,575
61,842
4,186
6.2
71.9
1,566
61,996
4,254
6.3
71.8
1,559
61,912
4,085
6.0
72.0
1,561
62,154
3,941
5.8
72.1
1,575
62,343
4,007
5.9
72.1
1,581
62,358
3,798
5.6
95,429
52,911
55.4
49,401
95,556
53,110
55.6
49,572
95,639
53,325
55.8
49,787
95,729
53,314
55.7
49,822
95,808
53,467
55.8
50,153
95,898
53,903
56.2
50,611
95,979
53,679
55.9
50,504
96,071
54,016
56.2
50,733
96,140
54,113
56.3
50,899
96,221
53,868
56.0
50,576
51.8
157
49,244
3,510
6.6
51.9
157
49,415
3,538
6.7
52.1
156
49,631
3,538
6.6
52.0
161
49,661
3,492
6.6
52.3
160
49,993
3,314
6.2
52.8
160
50,451
3,292
6.1
52.6
159
50,345
3,175
5.9
52.8
159
50,574
3,283
6.1
52.9
161
50,738
3,213
5.9
52.6
162
50,414
3,291
6.1
July
Aug.
Sept.
TOTAL
Noninstitutional population 1, 2 .......
Labor force2 .................................
Participation rate 3 ..................
Total employed 2 ..........................
Employment-population
ratio 4 ......................................
Resident Armed Forces 1 .......
Civilian employed ......................
Agriculture ...............................
Nonagricultural in dustries.....
Unem ployed..................................
Unemployment rate 5 ............
Not in labor force ...........................
Men, 16 years and over
Noninstitutional population
2 .......
Labor force2 ..................................
Participation rate 3 ..................
Total employed 2 ..........................
Employment-population
ratio 4 ......................................
Resident Armed Forces 1 .......
Civilian employed ......................
Unem ployed......................
Unemployment rate 5 .............
Women, 16 years and over
Noninstitutional population ’ , 2 .......
Labor force2 ...................................
Participation rate 3 ..................
Total employed2 .........................
Employment-population
ratio 4 ......................................
Resident Armed Forces 1 .......
Civilian employed ......................
Unem ployed...............................
Unemployment rate 5 ............
n i m o u i u i i / c a n y u i e a d lt? l i u i d U J U b i e U IO I S e a S O i i a
2 Includes members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States.
3 Labor force as a percent of the noninstitutional population.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4 Total employed as a percent of the noninstitutional population.
5 Unemployment as a percent of the labor force (including
Forces).
the resident Armed
53
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
November 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics:
Employment Data
5. Employment status of the civilian population, by sex, age, race and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally
adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Annual average
1986
1987
Employment status
1985
1986
178,206
115,461
64.8
107,150
180,587
117,834
65.3
109,597
180,997
118,272
65.3
109,987
60.1
8,312
7.2
62,744
60.7
8,237
7.0
62,752
77,195
60,277
78.1
56,562
Sept.
Oct.
Sept.
Nov.
Dec.
181,186
118,414
65.4
110,192
181,363
118,675
65.4
110,432
181,547
118,586
65.3
110,637
181,827
119,034
65.5
111,011
181,998
119,349
65.6
111,382
182,179
119,222
65.4
111,368
182,344
119,335
65.4
111,835
182,533
119,993
65.7
112,447
182,703
119,517
65.4
112,257
182,885
119,952
65.6
112,727
183,002
120,302
65.7
113,081
183,161
119,861
65.4
112,772
60.8
8,285
7.0
62,725
60.8
8,222
6.9
62,772
60.9
8,243
6.9
62,688
60.9
7,949
6.7
62,961
61.1
8,023
6.7
62,793
61.2
7,967
6.7
62,649
61.1
7,854
6.6
62,957
61.3
7,500
6.3
63,009
61.6
7,546
6.3
62,540
61.4
7,260
6.1
63,187
61.6
7,224
6.0
62,933
61.8
7,221
6.0
62,700
61.6
7,089
5.9
63,300
78,523
61,320
78.1
57,569
78,722
61,412
78.0
57,607
78,802
61,409
77.9
57,595
78,874
61,703
78.2
57,883
78,973
61,826
78.3
58,101
79,132
61,948
78.3
58,227
79,216
61,973
78.2
58,325
79,303
61,983
78.2
58,410
79,387
61,976
78.1
58,567
79,474
62,156
78.2
58,721
79,536
62,057
78.0
58,620
79,625
62,116
78.0
58,793
79,668
62,053
77.9
58,818
79,740
62,045
77.8
58,957
73.3
2,278
54,284
3,715
6.2
73.3
2,292
55,277
3,751
6.1
73.2
2,286
55,321
3,805
6.2
73.1
2,297
55,298
3,814
6.2
73.4
2,303
55,580
3,820
6.2
73.6
2,289
55,812
3,725
6.0
73.6
2,254
55,974
3,720
6.0
73.6
2,300
56,024
3,648
5.9
73.7
2,411
55,999
3,573
5.8
73.8
2,411
56,155
3,409
5.5
73.9
2,441
56,280
3,436
5.5
73.7
2,307
56,313
3,437
5.5
73.8
2,343
56,450
3,323
5.4
73.8
2,254
56,564
3,235
5.2
73.9
2,355
56,601
3,089
5.0
86,506
47,283
54.7
44,154
87,567
48,589
55.5
45,556
87,779
48,920
55.7
45,905
87,856
49,014
55.8
46,020
87,933
49,043
55.8
46,067
88,016
48,923
55.6
46,058
88,150
49,161
55.8
46,261
88,237
49,348
55.9
46,475
88,321
49,355
55.9
46,498
88,395
49,466
56.0
46,751
88,464
49,774
56.3
47,094
88,546
49,714
56.1
47,126
88,632
49,971
56.4
47,288
88,685
49,989
56.4
47,324
88,785
49,882
56.2
47,179
51.0
596
43,558
3,129
6.6
52.0
614
44,943
3,032
6.2
52.3
614
45,291
3,015
6.2
52.4
612
45,408
2,994
6.1
52.4
675
45,392
2,976
6.1
52.3
621
45,437
2,865
5.9
52.5
628
45,633
2,900
5.9
52.7
641
45,835
2,873
5.8
52.6
589
45,909
2,857
5.8
52.9
587
46,164
2,715
5.5
53.2
634
46,460
2,680
5.4
53.2
615
46,512
2,588
5.2
53.4
619
46,669
2,683
5.4
53.4
603
46,722
2,664
5.3
53.1
585
46,594
2,703
5.4
14,506
7,901
54.5
6,434
14,496
7,926
54.7
6,472
14,496
7,940
54.8
6,475
14,527
7,991
55.0
6,577
14,557
7,929
54.5
6,482
14,558
7,837
53.8
6,478
14,545
7,926
54.5
6,524
14,546
8,028
55.2
6,582
14,555
7,884
54.2
6,460
14,562
7,894
54.2
6,518
14,595
8,063
55.2
6,633
14,621
7,746
53.0
6,511
14,628
7,865
53.8
6,647
14,649
8,260
56.4
6,939
14,637
7,933
54.2
6,636
44.4
305
6,129
1,468
18.6
44.6
258
6,215
1,454
18.3
44.7
242
6,233
1,465
18.5
45.3
253
6,324
1,414
17.7
44.5
237
6,245
1,447
18.2
44.5
251
6,227
1,359
17.3
44.9
264
6,260
1,402
17.7
45.2
295
6,287
1,446
18.0
44.4
284
6,176
1,424
18.1
44.8
292
6,226
1,376
17.4
45.4
261
6,372
1,430
17.7
44.5
257
6,254
1,235
15.9
45.4
258
6,389
1,218
15.5
47.4
236
6,703
1,321
16.0
45.3
230
6,406
1,297
16.3
153,679
99,926
65.0
93,736
155,432
101,801
65.5
95,660
155,723
102,158
65.6
96,000
155,856
102,297
65.6
96,147
155,979
102,455
65.7
96,281
156,111
102,503
65.7
96,533
156,313
102,746
65.7
96,717
156,431
102,893
65.8
96,995
156,561
102,797
65.7
96,998
156,676
102,894
65.7
97,340
156,811
103,573
66.1
98,050
156,930
103,106
65.7
97,716
157,058
103,272
65.8
97,958
157,134
103,614
65.9
98,299
157,242
103,278
65.7
97,995
61.0
6,191
6.2
61.5
6,140
6.0
61.6
6,158
6.0
61.7
6,150
6.0
61.7
6,174
6.0
61.8
5,970
5.8
61.9
6,029
5.9
62.0
5,898
5.7
62.0
5,799
5.6
62.1
5,554
5.4
62.5
5,524
5.3
62.3
5,390
5.2
62.4
5,314
5.1
62.6
5,315
5.1
62.3
5,283
5.1
19,664
12,364
62.9
10,501
19,989
12,654
63.3
10,814
20,056
12,652
63.1
10,799
20,089
12,720
63.3
10,895
20,120
12,719
63.2
10,910
20,152
12,707
63.1
10,968
20,187
12,831
63.6
10,997
20,218
12,957
64.1
11,101
20,249
12,844
63.4
11,053
20,279
12,743
62.8
11,090
20,312
12,860
63.3
11,080
20,341
12,863
63.2
11,223
20,373
13,047
64.0
11,401
20,396
13,194
64.7
11,563
20,426
13,027
63.8
1T.427
53.4
1,864
15.1
54.1
1,840
14.5
53.8
1,853
14.6
54.2
1,825
14.3
54.2
1,809
14.2
54.4
1,739
13.7
54.5
1,833
14.3
54.9
1,855
14.3
54.6
1,791
13.9
54.7
1,653
13.0
54.6
1,779
13.8
55.2
1,640
12.7
56.0
1,647
12.6
56.7
1,630
12.4
55.9
1,599
12.3
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional
population1 .......................................
Civilian labor fo rc e ..........................
Participation rate ....................
E m ployed......................................
Employment-population
ratio2 .......................................
Unem ployed..................................
Unemployment r a te ...............
Not in labor force ...........................
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional
population1 .......................................
Civilian labor fo rc e ..........................
Participation rate ....................
Employed ......................................
Employment-population
ratio2 .......................................
A g riculture..................................
Nonagricultural industries........
Unem ployed..................................
Unemployment ra te ...............
Women, 20 years ond over
Civilian noninstitutional
population1 .......................................
Civilian labor fo rc e ..........................
Participation rate ....................
Employed ......................................
Employment-population
ratio2 .......................................
A g riculture..................................
Nonagricultural industries........
Unem ployed..................................
Unemployment ra te ...............
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional
population1 .......................................
Civilian labor fo rc e ..........................
Participation rate ....................
E m ployed......................................
Employment-population
ratio2 .......................................
Agriculture ..................................
Nonagricultural industries........
Unem ployed..................................
Unemployment ra te ...............
White
Civilian noninstitutional
population1 .......................................
Civilian labor fo rc e ..........................
Participation rate ....................
E m ployed ......................................
Employment-population
ratio2 .......................................
Unem ployed..................................
Unemployment r a te ...............
Black
Civilian noninstitutional
population1 .......................................
Civilian labor fo rc e ..........................
Participation rate ....................
Employed ......................................
Employment-population
ratio2 .......................................
Unem ployed..................................
Unemployment r a te ...............
See footnotes at end of table.
54
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5. Continued— Employment status of the civilian population, by sex, age, race and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally
adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Annual average
1986
1987
Employment status
1985
1986
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
11,915
7,698
64.6
6,888
12,344
8,076
65.4
7,219
12,432
8,179
65.8
7,286
12,469
8,200
65.8
7,345
12,505
8,226
65.8
7,437
12,540
8,320
66.3
7,446
12,653
8,431
66.6
7,538
12,692
8,457
66.6
7,644
12,732
8,392
65.9
7,639
12,770
8,484
66.4
7,701
12,809
8,586
67.0
7,838
12,848
8,452
65.8
7,730
12,887
8,411
65.3
7,744
12,925
8,544
66.1
7,864
12,965
8,568
66.1
7,869
57.8
811
10.5
58.5
857
10.6
58.6
893
10.9
58.9
855
10.4
59.5
789
9.6
59.4
874
10.5
59.6
893
10.6
60.2
813
9.6
60.0
753
9.0
60.3
783
9.2
61.2
748
8.7
60.2
722
8.5
60.1
667
7.9
60.8
680
8.0
60.7
699
8.2
Hispanic origin
Civilian noninstitutional
p o p u la tio n '.......................................
Civilian labor fo rc e ..........................
Participation rate ....................
E m ployed......................................
Employment-population
ratio2 .......................................
Unem ployed..................................
Unemployment ra te ...............
1 The population figures are not seasonally adjusted.
2 Civilian employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population.
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals
because data for the "other races” groups are not presented and Hispanics are included
in both the white and black population groups.
6. Selected employment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
Annual average
1987
1986
Selected categories
Sept.
109,597
60,892
48,706
39,658
109,987
60,968
49,019
39,691
110,192
60,975
49,217
39,780
110,432
61,241
49,191
39,952
110,637
61,393
49,244
40,093
111,011
61,596
49,415
40,102
111,382
61,751
49,631
39,913
111,368
61,707
49,661
40,100
111,835
61,842
49,993
39,967
112,447
61,996
50,451
40,029
112,257
61,912
50,345
40,057
112,727
62,154
50,574
40,241
113,081
62,343
50,738
40,260
112,772
62,358
50,414
40,370
26,336
5,597
27,144
5,837
27,249
5,926
27,323
6,016
27,333
6,041
27,400
6,005
27,525
5,985
27,817
5,906
27,965
5,933
28,213
5,972
28,495
5,921
28,458
5,939
28,426
6,013
28,196
6,108
27,988
6,164
1,535
1,458
185
1,547
1,447
169
1,521
1,460
159
1,562
1,451
164
1,582
1,425
198
1,621
1,400
152
1,650
1,370
136
1,647
1,454
126
1,739
1,418
150
1,589
1,505
175
1,695
1,442
170
1,614
1,386
165
1,619
1,429
154
1,566
1,363
159
1,615
1,417
134
95,871
16,031
79,841
1,249
78,592
7,811
289
98,299
16,342
81,957
1,235
80,722
7,881
255
98,692
16,333
82,359
1,229
81,130
7,939
275
98,846
16,264
82,582
1,216
81,366
7,993
265
98,869
16,457
82,412
1,183
81,229
8,179
252
99,164
16,443
82,721
1,189
81,532
8,056
239
99,550
16,412
83,138
1,269
81,869
8,192
246
99,748
16,532
83,216
1,204
82,012
8,187
255
99,834
16,568
83,265
1,227
82,038
8,050
273
100,112
16,484
83,628
1,266
82,362
8,117
268
100,834
16,710
84,124
1,266
82,858
8,142
275
100,420
16,956
83,464
1,146
82,318
8,328
274
100,838
16,931
83,907
1,224
82,683
8,205
268
101,334
16,760
84,574
1,172
83,402
8,216
250
101,221
16,915
84,306
1,088
83,218
8,184
300
5,590
2,430
2,819
13,489
5,588
2,456
2,800
13,935
5,544
2,472
2,772
13,922
5,740
2,481
2,826
14,178
5,563
2,510
2,714
14,021
5,596
2,444
2,867
13,877
5,505
2,473
2,695
14,170
5,780
2,535
2,828
14,061
5,456
2,440
2,698
14,167
5,391
2,322
2,746
13,862
5,282
2,223
2,665
14,573
5,184
2,317
2,579
15,054
5,508
2,456
2,722
14,422
5,262
2,515
2,494
14,634
5,241
2,212
2,702
14,313
5,334
2,273
2,730
13,038
5,345
2,305
2,719
13,502
5,303
2,314
2,710
13,520
5,450
2,314
2,739
13,736
5,319
2,366
2,626
13,567
5,342
2,286
2,765
13,455
5,201
2,281
2,599
13,750
5,459
2,340
2,742
13,597
5,164
2,218
2,595
13,682
5,110
2,137
2,662
13,399
5,029
2,071
2,594
14,069
4,918
2,155
2,477
14,485
5,235
2,295
2,634
13,946
4,998
2,306
2,433
14,168
4,968
2,038
2,628
13,930
Jan.
Feb.
Apr.
May
June
Sept.
107,150
59,891
47,259
39,248
Dec.
Mar.
Aug.
1986
Oct.
Nov.
July
1985
CHARACTERISTIC
Civilian employed, 16 years and
o v e r..................................................
M e n ..............................................
Women ........................................
Married men, spouse present ..
Married women, spouse
p re s e n t.......................................
Women who maintain families .
MAJOR INDUSTRY AND CLASS
OF WORKER
Agriculture:
Wage and salary workers ........
Self-employed w o rk e rs .............
Unpaid family w o rk e rs ..............
Nonagricultural industries:
Wage and salary w o rk e rs ........
Government .............................
Private in dustries.....................
Private households..............
O th e r ......................................
Self-employed w o rk e rs .............
Unpaid family w o rk e rs ..............
PERSONS AT WORK
PART TIME1
All industries:
Part time for economic reasons .
Slack work ..................................
Could only find part-time work
Voluntary part time .......................
Nonagricultural industries:
Part time for economic reasons .
Slack work ..................................
Could only find part-time work
Voluntary part time .......................
1 Excludes persons “ with a job but not at work” during the survey period for such reasons as vacation, illness, or industrial disputes.
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55
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
November 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics:
Employment Data
7. Selected unemployment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted
(Unemployment rates)
1987
1986
Annual average
Selected categories
1985
1986
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
7.2
18.6
7.0
18.3
7.0
18.5
6.9
17.7
6.2
6.1
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.1
6.9
18.2
6.2
6.1
6.7
17.3
6.0
5.9
6.7
17.7
6.0
5.9
6.7
18.0
5.9
5.8
6.6
18.1
5.8
5.8
6.3
17.4
5.5
5.5
6.3
17.7
5.5
5.4
6.1
15.9
5.5
5.2
6.0
15.5
5.4
5.4
6.0
16.0
5.2
5.3
5.9
16.3
5.0
5.4
CHARACTERISTIC
Total, all civilian w o rke rs .........
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Men, 20 years and o v e r ....
Women, 20 years and over
6.6
White, t o ta l..............................
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Men, 16 to 19 years .....
Women, 16 to 19 years .
Men, 20 years and over ....
Women, 20 years and over
6.2
6.0
15.7
16.5
14.8
5.4
5.7
15.6
16.3
14.9
5.3
5.4
6.0
15.9
16.6
15.1
5.4
5.3
15.4
15.7
15.2
5.4
5.2
6.0
16.0
16.3
15.7
5.4
5.2
5.8
15.1
15.5
14.6
5.3
5.0
5.9
15.0
16.1
13.8
5.3
5.1
5.7
15.2
16.0
14.3
5.2
4.9
5.6
15.5
17.1
13.9
5.1
4.8
5.4
14.9
16.7
13.1
4.8
4.6
5.3
15.2
17.3
13.1
4.7
4.5
5.2
13.6
14.5
12.7
4.9
4.4
5.1
13.0
13.0
13.0
4.7
4.5
5.1
14.0
15.4
12.5
4.5
4.4
5.1
14.5
15.3
13.6
4.4
4.5
Black, total ..............................
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Men, 16 to 19 y e a r s .....
Women, 16 to 19 years .
Men, 20 years and over ....
Women, 20 years and over
15.1
40.2
41.0
39.2
13.2
13.1
14.5
39.3
39.3
39.2
12.9
12.4
14.6
38.4
38.6
38.3
13.4
12.4
14.3
35.8
37.8
33.8
13.1
12.4
14.2
36.0
35.0
37.0
12.9
12.5
13.7
36.5
36.1
36.9
11.8
12.3
14.3
39.5
36.5
43.2
12.2
12.8
14.3
38.9
38.3
39.5
12.0
12.9
13.9
37.6
36.5
38.8
11.5
13.0
13.0
38.0
39.3
36.5
10.9
11.5
13.8
39.0
40.3
37.6
12.5
11.6
12.7
33.3
31.5
35.1
11.5
11.1
12.6
31.5
31.5
31.4
11.3
11.4
12.4
29.2
32.6
25.3
10.7
11.3
12.3
29.7
30.9
28.7
10.0
11.9
Hispanic origin, total
10.5
10.6
10.9
10.4
9.6
10.5
10.6
9.6
9.0
9.2
8.7
8.5
7.9
8.0
8.2
Married men, spouse p re s e n t.....
4.3
5.6
10.4
6.8
9.3
2.0
8.1
4.4
5.2
9.8
6.6
9.1
1.9
7.9
4.3
5.1
9.8
4.6
5.0
8.9
6.6
6.6
9.3
2.0
7.9
9.2
1.8
7.8
4.5
5.0
9.7
6.6
9.1
1.9
7.7
4.3
4.8
9.8
6.3
8.8
1.8
7.6
4.2
4.8
9.8
6.4
9.0
1.8
7.6
4.2
4.8
9.5
6.3
8.7
1.8
7.6
4.1
4.5
9.7
6.2
9.2
1.7
7.4
4.1
4.4
9.3
5.9
8.6
1.7
7.3
3.9
4.1
9.6
5.9
8.7
1.8
7.2
4.0
4.0
9.7
5.9
6.9
1.7
7.1
3.8
4.2
9.4
5.7
7.9
1.6
6.9
3.7
4.3
9.0
5.6
8.2
1.6
6.8
3.6
4.2
8.8
5.4
8.5
1.6
6.7
7.2
9.5
13.1
7.7
7.6
7.8
5.1
7.6
5.6
3.9
13.2
7.0
13.5
13.1
7.1
6.9
7.4
5.1
7.6
5.5
3.6
12.5
7.0
13.9
12.9
7.0
6.5
7.7
4.7
7.6
5.6
3.5
12.9
7.0
14.5
13.8
7.3
7.2
7.3
5.2
7.4
5.4
3.7
11.9
7.0
14.5
15.1
7.1
6.6
7.9
4.4
7.2
5.4
3.6
10.1
6.8
14.1
13.7
6.9
6.4
7.7
4.6
7.2
5.1
3.3
11.5
6.7
14.0
12.2
6.8
6.8
6.8
4.8
7.5
5.2
3.6
11.6
6.6
12.4
11.6
6.8
6.8
6.9
4.0
7.2
5.4
3.7
11.2
6.5
9.3
12.5
6.9
6.7
7.3
4.6
7.3
4.9
3.4
10.7
6.2
11.1
11.9
6.2
6.2
6.2
4.8
7.0
4.7
3.6
9.0
6.3
12.9
12.1
6.4
6.3
6.6
4.4
6.9
4.8
3.3
8.7
6.2
10.8
11.6
5.6
5.3
6.0
5.0
7.2
4.8
3.4
8.8
6.1
7.8
10.7
6.0
6.1
5.9
4.4
6.8
5.1
3.4
11.3
5.9
8.9
11.2
5.5
5.5
5.5
4.3
7.0
4.6
3.9
10.8
5.9
7.0
12.1
5.7
5.6
5.9
4.0
6.4
4.9
3.4
8.3
Married women, spouse present
Women who maintain families ....
Full-time w o rk e rs ..........................
Part-time workers .........................
Unemployed 15 weeks and over
Labor force time lost1 .................
6.0
INDUSTRY
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers ....
M ining..... ...................................................................
C o nstruction.............................................................
Manufacturing ..........................................................
Durable g o o d s .......................................................
Nondurable g o o d s ................................................
Transportation and public utilities ........................
Wholesale and retail tra d e ....................................
Finance and service in dustries.............................
Government workers ....................................................
Agricultural wage and salary workers .......................
Aggregate hours lost by the unemployed and persons on part time for economic reasons as a percent of potentially available labor force hours.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
8. Unemployment rates by sex and age, monthly data seasonally adjusted
(Civilian workers)
Annual
average
Sex and age
1985
16 to 24 y e a rs ........................................................................................
16 to 19 years .....................................................................................
16 to 17 years ................................................................................
18 to 19 years ..................................................................................
20 to 24 years .....................................................................................
25 years and o v e r..................................................................................
25 to 54 years ..................................................................................
Men, 16 years and o v e r ....................................................................
16 to 24 years .................................................................................
16 to 19 y e a rs ...............................................................................
18 to 19 y e a rs ............................................................................
Women, 16 years and o v e r .............................................................
16 to 17 years ..........................................................................
18 to 19 years ..........................................................................
20 to 24 years .............................................................................
25 years and o v e r..........................................................................
1987
1986
1986
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
June
May
July
Aug.
Sept.
7.2
13.6
18 6
21.0
17 0
11.1
5.6
5.8
4.1
70
13 3
18 3
20.2
17.0
10.7
5.4
5.7
3.9
7.0
13 6
18.5
20 0
17.2
11.1
5.4
5.6
4.0
6.9
13.0
17.7
193
16 5
10.5
5.5
5.7
4.1
6.9
12.9
18 2
20 6
16 7
10.2
5.5
5.8
38
6.7
12 9
17 3
18.8
16.3
10.7
5.2
5.5
35
6.7
13 1
17 7
20.1
162
10.7
5.2
5.6
32
67
13 1
18 0
20.3
166
10.5
5.1
55
3.0
66
12.9
18 1
20.0
16 5
10.2
5.1
5.4
3.4
6.3
12.6
17.4
19.2
16 3
10.1
4.8
5.0
3.4
6.3
12.6
17.7
21.4
15.0
9.8
4.8
5.0
3.7
6.1
12.2
15.9
18.8
13.7
10.2
4.6
4.9
3.2
6.0
11.7
15.5
17.1
13.9
9.8
4.7
5.0
3.1
6.0
11.6
16.0
18.0
14.7
9.1
4.7
5.0
3.2
5.9
11.7
16.3
17.4
15.4
9.3
4.6
4.7
3.4
7.0
14.1
19.5
21.9
17.9
11 4
5.3
5.6
4.1
6.9
13.7
19.0
20.8
17.7
11.0
5.4
5.6
4.1
7.0
14.3
19.1
21.0
17.5
11 9
5.4
5.5
4.2
7.0
13.2
18.2
19.8
17.0
10 7
5.5
5.7
4.4
6.9
13.4
18.3
21.3
16.2
10 9
5.5
5.7
4.1
6.7
13.4
17 8
19.1
17.0
11 3
5.2
5.5
4.0
6.8
13.4
18 5
21.4
16 9
10 7
5.4
5.7
3.5
6.7
13.6
18 6
21 2
170
11.1
5.1
5.4
3.3
6.6
13.2
19 3
20.2
18 6
10 1
5.1
5.4
36
6.3
13.2
19.2
21.5
17.5
10 1
4.8
50
3.7
6.4
13.4
20.0
23.2
17.7
100
4.9
5.1
4.1
6.2
12.6
16 4
18.7
14.4
10 7
4.7
5.0
3.4
6.0
11.9
15.5
16.6
13.8
10 0
4.7
4.9
3.4
6.0
12.4
18.0
20.6
16.3
9.3
4.7
4.9
3.4
5.7
11.9
17.3
18.3
16.0
9.1
4.4
4.6
3.2
7.4
13.0
17.6
20.0
16.0
10.7
5.9
6.2
4.1
7.1
12.8
17.6
19.6
16.3
10.3
5.5
5.9
3.6
7.0
12 8
17.7
18.8
16.9
10.2
5.5
5.8
3.6
6.9
12.7
17.2
18.6
16.0
10.3
5.4
5.7
3.6
6.9
12.4
18 2
19.8
17.2
9.4
5.5
5.8
3.4
6.7
12 4
16 8
18.4
15.7
10.0
5.2
55
2.9
6.7
12.7
16 8
18.7
15.3
10.6
5.1
5.5
2.7
6.7
12.4
17.4
19.2
16.1
9.8
5.1
5.6
2.6
6.6
12.5
16 7
19.7
14.2
10.3
5.0
5.4
3.2
6.2
12 0
15 6
16.7
15.1
10.1
4.7
5.0
3.0
6.1
11.7
154
19.6
12.4
9.7
4.7
49
3.0
5.9
11 7
15 4
18.9
13.0
9.7
4.4
4.7
2.8
6.1
11 6
15.4
17.7
14.0
9.5
4.7
5.0
2.6
6.0
10.7
13.9
15.3
12.9
8.9
4.7
5.0
2.9
6.1
11.6
15.4
16.5
14.6
9.5
4.7
4.9
3.7
Mar.
Apr.
May
9. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Annual average
1987
1986
Reason for unemployment
1985
Job losers ......................................................................
On la y o ff......................................................................
Other job lo s e rs ..........................................................
Job leavers ....................................................................
Reentrants .....................................................................
New entrants .................................................................
1986
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
4,139
1,157
2,982
877
2,256
1,039
4,033
1,090
2,943
1,015
2,160
1,029
4,044
1,029
3,015
1,041
2,145
1,038
3,984
1,072
2,912
1,027
2,190
972
3,947
1,073
2,874
1,056
2,119
1,076
3,890
1,078
2,812
1,036
2,019
1,015
3,971
1,118
2,854
891
2,054
1,084
3,839
998
2,842
1,046
2,042
1,040
3,822
1,011
2,811
1,000
2,111
956
3,732
958
2,774
923
1,940
911
3,611
906
2,705
906
2,018
1,018
3,565
901
2,664
949
1,969
798
3,522
918
2,604
1,007
1,913
801
3,339
850
2,489
1,006
1,997
829
3,321
810
2,511
995
1,885
883
49.8
13.9
35.9
10.6
27.1
12.5
48.9
13.2
35.7
12.3
26.2
12.5
48.9
12.4
36.5
12.6
25.9
12.6
48.7
13.1
35.6
12.6
26.8
11.9
48.1
13.1
35.1
12.9
25.8
13.1
48.9
13.5
35.3
13.0
25.4
12.8
49.6
14.0
35.7
11.1
25.7
13.6
48.2
12.5
35.7
13.1
25.6
13.1
48.4
12.8
35.6
12.7
26.8
12.1
49.7
12.8
37.0
12.3
25.8
12.1
47.8
12.0
35.8
12.0
26.7
13.5
49.0
12.4
36.6
13.0
27.0
11.0
48.6
12.7
36.0
13.9
26.4
11.1
46.6
11.9
34.7
14.0
27.9
11.6
46.9
11.4
35.4
14.0
26.6
12.5
3.6
.8
2.0
.9
3.4
.9
1.8
.9
3.4
.9
1.8
.9
3.4
.9
1.8
.8
3.3
.9
1.8
.9
3.3
.9
1.7
.9
3.3
.7
1.7
.9
3.2
.9
1.7
.9
3.2
.8
1.8
.8
3.1
.8
1.6
.8
3.0
.8
1.7
.8
3.0
.8
1.6
.7
2.9
.8
1.6
.7
2.8
.8
1.7
.7
2.8
.8
1.6
.7
PERCENT OF UNEMPLOYED
Job lo s e rs ....................................................................
On la y o ff...................................................................
Other job lo s e rs .......................................................
Job le avers..................................................................
R eentrants...................................................................
New entrants ..............................................................
PERCENT OF
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers ......................................................................
Job leavers ....................................................................
Reentrants .....................................................................
New e n tra n ts .................................................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
57
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
November 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics:
Employment Data
10. Duration of unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Annual average
1987
1986
Weeks of unemployment
1985
1986
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Less than 5 weeks ................................................
5 to 14 weeks ........................................................
15 weeks and o v e r ................................................
15 to 26 weeks ...................................................
27 weeks and o v e r ............................................
3,498
2,509
2,305
1,025
1,280
3,448
2,557
2,232
1,045
1,187
3,415
2,524
2,373
1,110
1,263
3,418
2,563
2,168
950
1,218
3,382
2,613
2,217
1,045
1,172
3,355
2,389
2,171
1,023
1,148
3,416
2,530
2,200
1,022
1,178
3,361
2,477
2,131
1,008
1,123
3,383
2,447
2,050
945
1,105
3,143
2,232
2,075
1,025
1,049
3,349
2,118
2,101
1,003
1,098
3,085
2,114
2,055
998
1,057
3,168
2,141
1,907
945
962
3,197
2,170
1,884
814
1,070
3,230
1,932
1,920
909
1,011
Mean duration in w e e k s .......................................
Median duration in w e e k s ....................................
15.6
6.8
15.0
6.9
15.5
7.1
15.2
7.0
14.8
7.0
15.0
7.1
15.0
7.0
14.6
6.6
14.9
6.6
14.9
7.0
14.9
6.5
14.8
6.7
14.0
6.7
14.3
6.4
14.2
5.7
11. Unemployment rates of civilian workers by State, data not seasonally adjusted
Aug.
1986
Aug.
1987
C a lifornia............................................................
9.9
98
7.3
83
6.7
7.2
9.1
6.0
7.6
5.4
F lo rid a ................................................................
7.1
3.6
39
7.6
5.9
6.4
3.2
2.8
6.1
5.7
Indiana ...............................................................
5.9
49
9.1
7.9
6.2
5.0
3.7
7.1
6.8
5.8
State
State
Nevada .............................................................
New Jersey ......................................................
New Y o rk ..........................................................
North Dakota ...................................................
Ohio ..................................................................
Rhode Isla n d ....................................................
South C a rolina.................................................
lows
M a in e ..................................................................
6.4
5.2
86
13.8
4.4
4.6
4.2
7.4
10.3
3.0
4.2
3.7
7.9
4.2
12.4
6.0
3.9
2.8
8.3
4.6
9.8
6.0
Utah ..................................................................
V e rm o n t............................................................
M ississippi..........................................................
NOTE: Some data in this table may differ from data
published elsewhere because of the continual updating of the
58
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
W ash in g to n ......................................................
database,
Aug.
1986
Aug.
1987
6.8
4.1
5.2
2.5
5.8
4.1
5.6
2.1
4.5
9.1
5.9
5.1
5.2
3.9
8.3
4.3
4.2
3.8
8.0
9.5
7.7
6.3
3.9
6.9
6.6
5.4
5.2
3.5
6.1
3.8
7.7
9.1
5.7
4.9
3.8
6.6
8.3
6.1
3.9
4.7
7.7
10.6
6.1
2.9
4.1
6.3
9.1
4.8
7.6
6.5
12.
Employment of workers on nonagricultural payrolls by State, data not seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
State
Aug. 1986
July 1987
A la b a m a .............................................................
Alaska ................................................................
A riz o n a ...............................................................
Arkansas ............................................................
C a lifornia............................................................
1,459.6
236.4
1,329.7
815.2
11,252.3
1,490.0
226.1
1,341.3
830.1
11,599.7
Colorado ............................................................
Connecticut .......................................................
D elaw are............................................................
District of C o lum bia .........................................
F lo rid a ................................................................
1,394.0
1,598.4
308.6
654.5
4,535.0
1,388.9
1,644.5
316.3
662.0
4,737.3
Georgia ..............................................................
H a w aii.................................................................
Id a h o ..................................................................
Illin o is .................................................................
Indiana ...............................................................
2,689.4
438.6
333.3
4,803.6
2,236.9
2,747.1
451.1
336.7
4,873.0
2,299.7
Io w a ....................................................................
Kansas ...............................................................
K e n tu cky............................................................
Louisiana............................................................
M a in e ..................................................................
1,074.5
981.1
1,274.8
1,499.6
493.6
1,097.9
987.8
1,294.5
L486.9
500.7
Maryland ............................................................
M assachusetts..................................................
M ichigan.............................................................
M inne sota..........................................................
M ississippi..........................................................
M issouri..............................................................
M o n ta n a .............................................................
1,965.1
2,981.2
3,628.9
1,902.4
834.7
2,141.2
277.4
1,994.5
3,043.2
3,640.0
L948.3
851.0
2,143.3
273.6
Aug. 1987p
1,491.2
224 1
1,342.6 New H am pshire..............................................
837.0
11,616.9
New Mexico .....................................................
1,390.2
1,643.0
319.1 North Dakota ...................................................
660.0
4,733.5
O klaho m a.........................................................
2,752 6
450.9 Pennsylvania...................................................
337.7 Rhode Island....................................................
4,883.6
2,315.2
South D a k o ta ...................................................
1,096 6
988 0
1 298.1 Utah
L483.6
508 5
V irg in ia ..............................................................
1,990 1
3,049.7
3,665.2
L961.6
852 9
2,149.6 Puerto Rico ......................................................
275.1
p = preliminary
NOTE: Some data in this table may differ from data published elsewhere
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
State
Aug. 1986
July 1987
Aug. 1987p
654 6
476 5
496.6
662 2
505 5
510.9
663 2
507 0
514.7
3 519 0
529.0
7 910 7
2 710 0
249.2
3 612 3
535.1
8 106 8
2 792 0
251.9
3 606 6
534.4
8 123 8
2 803 8
251.1
4 4RR 4
1J19.4
1 063 1
4i822.5
443.5
4 576 6
1i 123.2
1 098 7
4^935.2
446.3
4 596 8
T124.4
1 106 2
4,941.1
450.1
1 342 6
253.9
1 937 8
6 522 6
631.4
1 377 2
255.4
1 999 3
6 474 0
637.9
1 386 4
255.0
2 001 9
6 466 5
640.8
235 3
2,568.5
1 782 4
598 0
2,032.7
239 0
2,638.8
1 836 8
604 1
2,067.3
238 7
2,634.5
1 847 1
599 9
2,067.9
202 2
703.7
37.8
196 7
758.2
38.7
196 9
732.7
38.1
because of the continual updating of the database.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
13.
November 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics:
Employment Data
Employment of workers on nonagricultural payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
Annual average
1986
1987
Industry
1985
1986
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.p
Sept.p
TOTAL ..........................................
PRIVATE S E C T O R ........................
97,519
81,125
99,610
82,900
100,039
83,241
100,209
83,337
100,415
83,515
100,567
83,643
100,919
83,983
101,150
84,215
101,329
84,352
101,598
84,560
101,708
84,677
101,818
84,787
102,126
85,106
102,278
85,226
102,410
85,364
GOODS-PRODUCING ......................
Mining ...............................................
Oil and gas extraction ..................
24,859
927
583
24,681
783
457
24,620
739
419
24,611
735
416
24,630
730
412
24,630
724
406
24,708
718
405
24,743
719
406
24,749
722
408
24,759
729
416
24,752
735
420
24,761
738
425
24,850
744
430
24,885
752
434
24,912
756
435
Construction ...................................
General building contractors.......
4,673
1,253
4,904
1,293
4,948
1,291
4,942
1,289
4,946
1,289
4,936
1,277
5,034
1,311
5,038
1,309
5,032
1,291
5,019
1,272
4,999
1,267
5,008
1,266
5,002
1,261
5,007
1,263
4,974
1,248
M anufacturing.................................
Production w o rk e rs .......................
19,260
13,092
18,994
12,895
18,933
12,851
18,934
12,849
18,954
12,879
18,970
12,906
18,956
12,884
18,986
12,916
18,995
12,925
19,011
12,939
19,018
12,946
19,015
12,958
/ f 9,104
13,020
19,126
13,040
19,182^
13,099
Durable g o o d s ...............................
Production w o rk e rs .......................
11,490
7,644
11,244
7,432
11,181
7,382
11,169
7,369
11,174
7,385
11,175
7,393
11,157
7,370
11,179
7,398
11,176
7,399
11,175
7,406
11,175
7,409
11,176
7,421
11,195
7,425
11,244
7,478
11,279
7,512
Lumber and wood p ro d u c ts .........
Furniture and fix tu re s .....................
Stone, clay, and glass products ...
Primary metal industries ...............
Blast furnaces and basic steel
p roducts..........................................
Fabricated metal products............
697
494
588
808
711
497
586
753
716
499
584
732
718
499
581
733
723
499
582
733
728
499
584
733
731
500
586
726
733
501
588
733
734
502
586
739
736
504
586
743
738
509
584
742
735
510
582
746
740
518
582
750
737
518
583
754
739
521
583
769
303
1,465
275
1,431
260
1,424
262
1,421
260
1,419
259
1,422
254
1,422
261
1,419
266
1,419
272
1,423
272
1,420
275
1,424
277
1,424
279
1,425
284
1,429
Machinery, except e lectrica l.........
Electrical and electronic
equipm ent.......................................
Transportation equipm ent.............
Motor vehicles and equipment ....
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing
in d u strie s ........................................
2,174
2,060
2,031
2,022
2,015
2,011
2,007
2,018
2,015
2,022
2,025
2,028
2,033
2,043
2,054
2,197
1,980
884
720
2,123
2,015
865
707
2,118
2,015
857
703
2,120
2,013
850
702
2,119
2,023
858
700
2,118
2,018
853
698
2,111
2,014
851
697
2,106
2,022
859
695
2,099
2,022
854
694
2,092
2,011
847
694
2,087
2,011
843
693
2,080
2,010
842
693
2,088
1,995
814
695
2,093
2,027
847
694
2,098
2,017
837
698
367
362
359
360
361
364
363
364
366
364
366
368
370
370
371
Nondurable g o o d s .........................
Production w o rke rs.........................
7,770
5,449
7,750
5,463
7,752
5,469
7,765
5,480
7,780
5,494
7,795
5,513
7,799
5,514
7,807
5,518
7,819
5,526
7,836
5,533
7,843
5,537
7,839
5,537
7,909
5,595
7,882
5,562
7,903
5,587
Food and kindred p ro d u cts ..........
Tobacco m anufactures..................
Textile mill p ro d u c ts .......................
Apparel and other textile
p roducts..........................................
Paper and allied products ............
1,603
64
702
1,617
59
705
1,619
58
707
1,621
58
709
1,627
59
714
1,631
58
715
1,628
58
718
1,630
58
722
1,635
57
725
1,642
56
724
1,633
57
727
1,634
57
729
1,644
57
736
1,633
56
733
1,631
54
737
1,121
678
1,106
674
1,102
675
1,104
677
1,101
678
1,110
679
1,106
678
1,101
679
1,103
678
1,104
677
1,107
677
1,108
676
1,130
678
1,109
677
1,114
683
Printing and publishing...................
Chemicals and allied p roducts.....
Petroleum and coal p ro d u cts .......
Rubber and misc. plastics
pro d u cts ..........................................
Leather and leather products ......
1,428
1,044
179
1,457
1,023
169
1,465
1,021
167
1,469
1,020
166
1,472
1,020
165
1,474
1,017
163
1,479
1,018
164
1,483
1,018
164
1,485 \
1,017
164
1,493
1,018
164
1,497
1,022
164
1,498
1,014
164
1,504
1,026
164
1,507
1,032
165
1,507
1,033
167
786
165
790
151
791
147
794
147
797
147
800
148
803
147
805
147
807
148
809
149
809
150
810
149
815
155
818
152
824
153
SERVICE-PRODUCING ...................
Transportation and public
u tilities.............................................
T ransportation.................................
Communication and public
u tilitie s .............................................
72,660
74,930
75,419
75,598
75,785
75,937
76,211
76,407
76,580
76,839
76,956
77,057
77,276
77,393
77,498
5,238
3,003
5,244
3,041
5,255
3,050
5,251
3,053
5,278
3,071
5,286
3,078
5,304
3,089
5,315
3,097
5,333
3,112
5,348
3,124
5,344
3,120
5,350
3,128
5,363
3,133
5,377
3,146
5,385
3,154
2,235
2,203
2,205
2,198
2,207
2,208
2,215
2,218
2,221
2,224
2,224
2,222
2,230
2,231
2,231
Wholesale t r a d e .............................
Durable g o o d s .................................
Nondurable g o o d s ..........................
5,717
3,388
2,329
5,735
3,383
2,351
5,736
3,383
2,353
5,731
3,379
2,352
5,728
3,380
2,348
5,725
3,383
2,342
5,741
3,386
2,355
5,757
3,391
2,366
5,766
3,397
2,369
5,772
3,397
2,375
5,775
3,401
2,374
5,781
3,405
2,376
5,797
3,418
2,379
5,805
3,420
2,385
5,806
3,425
2,381
Retail tr a d e ......................................
General merchandise s to re s ........
Food s to re s .....................................
Automotive dealers and service
s ta tio n s ...........................................
Eating and drinking p la c e s ...........
17,356
2,324
2,775
17,845
2,363
2,873
17,939
2,374
2,892
17,980
2,385
2,901
18,009
2,379
2,906
18,007
2,363
2,916
18,080
2,358
2,929
18,140
2,373
2,940
18,136
2,380
2,944
18,197
2,385
2,953
18,205
2,390
2,956
18,226
2,387
2,960
18,274
2,407
2,959
18,254
2,408
2,964
18,324
2,425
2,971
1,890
5,709
1,943
5,879
1,958
5,911
1,960
5,919
1,963
5,927
1,970
5,938
1,978
5,946
1,979
5,956
1,979
5,964
1,978
5,962
1,978
5,976
1,983
5,982
1,985
5,985
1,984
5,991
1,987
6,007
Finance, insurance, and real
estate ...............................................
Finance ............................................
Insurance .........................................
Real e s ta te ......................................
5,955
2,977
1,833
1,146
6,297
3,152
1,945
1,200
6,374
3,193
1,971
1,210
6,395
3,204
1,980
1,211
6,418
3,212
1,990
1,216
6,451
3,227
1,999
1,225
6,480
3,235
2,012
1,233
6,501
3,243
2,016
1,242
6,526
3,256
2,022
1,248
6,558
3,272
2,032
1,254
6,576
3,276
2,037
1,263
6,586
3,280
2,037
1,269
6,608
3,291
2,043
1,274
6,628
3,296
2,051
1,281
6,626
3,295
2,050
1,281
S ervices............................................
Business se rvice s ...........................
Health s e rv ic e s ...............................
22,000
4,457
6,299
23,099
4,781
6,551
23,317
4,835
6,615
23,369
4,861
6,644
23,452
4,877
6,661
23,544
4,912
6,691
23,670
4,950
6,721
23,759
4,984
6,748
23,842
5,020
6,773
23,926
5,044
6,800
24,025
5,083
6,822
24,083
5,086
6,853
24,214
5,105
6,887
24,277
5,134
6,920
24,311
5,155
6,942
Government ....................................
F e d e ra l.............................................
S ta te ..................................................
L o c a l..................................................
16,394
2,875
3,832
9,687
16,711
2,899
3,888
9,923
16,798
2,902
3,890
10,006
16,872
2,897
3,907
10,068
16,900
2,900
3,915
10,085
16,924
2,904
3,927
10,093
16,936
2,912
3,929
10,095
16,935
2,916
3,927
10,092
16,977
2,922
3,930
10,125
17,038
2,933
3,943
10,162
17,031
2,935
3,947
10,149
17,031
2,935
3,932
10,164
17,020
2,936
3,952
10,132
17,052
2,940
3,970
10,142
17,046
2,960
3,975
10,111
p = preliminary
NO TE:
S ee notes on the data for a description of the most recent benchmark revision.
60
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
n
14. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls by industry,
monthly data seasonally adjusted
Annual
average
1987
1986
Industry
1985
1986
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.P
Sept.p
PRIVATE SECTOR ..............................................
34.9
34.8
34.7
34.7
34.8
34.6
34.7
34.9
34.8
34.7
34.9
34.8
34.8
34.9
34.6
MANUFACTURING.....................................................
Overtime h o u rs ....................................................
40.5
3.3
40.7
3.4
40.8
3.5
40.7
3.5
40.8
3.5
40.8
3.6
40.9
3.6
41.1
3.6
40.9
3.6
40.6
3.5
41.0
3.8
41.0
3.7
41.0
3.8
41.0
3.8
40.4
3.6
Durable g o o d s ..........................................................
Overtime h o u rs ....................................................
Lumber and wood p ro d u c ts ...................................
Furniture and fix tu re s ..............................................
Stone, clay, and glass p ro d u c ts ............................
Primary metal industries .........................................
Blast furnaces and basic steel p ro d u c ts ..........
Fabricated metal products .....................................
41.2
3.5
39.9
39.4
41.9
41.5
41.1
41.3
41.3
3.5
40.3
39.8
42.2
41.9
41.7
41.3
41.4
3.6
40.3
40.0
42.4
42.1
41.9
41.5
41.3
3.5
40.4
39.9
42.3
42.3
42.4
41.3
41.4
3.5
40.8
39.8
41.9
42.4
42.5
41.4
41.4
3.6
40.6
39.9
42.2
42.5
42.6
41.2
41.6
3.7
40.8
40.2
42.5
42.6
42.7
41.6
41.7
3.7
41.3
40.2
42.8
42.6
42.3
41.6
41.5
3.7
40.9
40.0
42.5
42.6
42.3
41.5
41.2
3.6
40.6
39.1
41.9
42.3
42.4
41.2
41.6
3.9
41.0
39.9
42.3
43.1
43.3
41.6
41.5
3.8
40.6
40.0
42.0
43.1
43.5
41.5
41.6
3.8
40.6
40.0
42.2
43.4
44.1
41.4
41.6
4.0
40.4
40.1
42.1
43.7
44.3
41.5
40.8
3.6
39.3
39.3
41.8
43.0
44.1
40.6
Machinery except electrical ...................................
Electrical and electronic equ ipm ent......................
Transportation equipm ent.......................................
Motor vehicles and equipm ent............................
Instruments and related p ro d u c ts .........................
41.5
40.6
42.6
43.5
41.0
41.6
41.0
42.3
42.6
41.0
41.7
41.2
42.4
42.7
40.7
41.7
41.0
42.1
42.1
40.9
41.7
41.0
42.2
42.4
41.1
41.7
41.0
42.1
42.4
41.1
42.0
41.0
42.3
42.9
41.2
42.2
41.1
42.5
43.0
41.3
42.0
40.9
42.3
42.9
41.3
41.8
40.6
41.9
42.1
41.0
42.2
40.8
42.2
42.5
41.5
42.2
41.1
41.9
42.0
41.5
42.4
41.1
41.7
41.9
41.6
42.2
41.0
41.8
41.8
41.8
41.5
40.3
41.2
41.3
40.8
Nondurable g o o d s ...................................................
Overtime h o u rs ....................................................
Food and kindred p ro d u c ts ....................................
Textile mill p ro d u c ts ................................................
Apparel and other textile products........................
Paper and allied p ro d u c ts ......................................
39.6
3.1
40.0
39.7
36.4
43.1
39.9
3.3
40.0
41.1
36.7
43.2
39.9
3.3
39.8
41.4
36.8
42.9
39.9
3.4
39.8
41.4
36.8
43.1
40.0
3.5
40.0
41.4
36.9
43.2
40.0
3.5
39.8
41.6
37.0
43.2
40.1
3.5
40.0
41.6
37.0
43.4
40.3
3.5
40.1
42.0
37.4
43.3
40.1
3.5
40.0
42.1
37.0
43.0
39.7
3.3
39.8
41.4
36.1
43.0
40.2
3.7
40.1
42.0
37.2
43.5
40.2
3.6
40.1
42.1
37.1
43.3
40.3
3.7
39.9
42.4
37.3
43.5
40.3
3.7
40.3
42.1
37.4
43.4
39.9
3.7
40.1
40.9
36.0
43.9
Printing and publishing............................................
Chemicals and allied products...............................
Petroleum and coal p roducts.................................
37.8
41.9
43.0
38.0
41.9
43.8
38.0
41.8
43.5
38.0
42.0
43.7
38.0
42.3
43.8
38.0
42.1
43.6
37.9
42.2
44.6
38.1
42.2
44.0
37.9
42.0
44.1
37.7
42.2
43.9
37.9
42.1
44.3
38.1
42.0
43.3
38.1
42.2
44.4
37.9
42.4
43.1
38.1
42.8
43.0
TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC U T IL IT IE S ....
39.5
39.2
39.1
39.1
39.2
38.9
39.0
39.2
39.0
39.0
39.2
38.8
39.2
39.2
39.2
WHOLESALE T R A D E ...............................................
37.8
37.7
38.2
38.3
38.3
38.2
38.3
38.3
38.1
38.2
38.3
38.2
38.1
38.3
38.0
RETAIL TRADE ..........................................................
29.4
29.2
29.1
29.1
29.2
28.9
29.0
29.3
29.3
29.5
29.4
29.2
29.3
29.5
29.6
SERVICES ...................................................................
32.5
32.5
32.4
32.4
32.5
32.4
32.4
32.6
32.5
32.4
32.5
32.5
32.5
32.6
32.5
p = preliminary
NOTE: See “ Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
benchmark adjustment.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
November 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data
15. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricuitural payrolls by
industry
Annual
average
1987
1986
Industry
1985
1986
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.p
Sept.p
PRIVATE S E C TO R ..................................................... $8.57
Seasonally adjusted .............................................
-
$8.76
-
$8.82
8.78
$8.82
8.82
$8.88
8.86
$8.86
8.84
$8.90
8.86
$8.92
8.88
$8.92
8.91
$8.91
8.91
$8.93
8.95
$8.92
8.94
$8.91
8.96
$8.94
9.02
$9.06
9.02
M IN IN G .........................................................................
12.44
12.52
12.50
12.57
12.63
12.66
12.56
12.51
12.43
12.42
12.44
12.31
12.35
12.48
12.67
12.80
11.98
CO NSTRUCTIO N........................................................
12.32
12.47
12.59
12.68
12.66
12.77
12.58
12.51
12.59
12.55
12.60
12.61
12.57
MANUFACTURING.....................................................
9.54
9.73
9.73
9.72
9.78
9.85
9.84
9.84
9.85
9.87
9.87
9.87
9.87
9.86
10.02
Durable goods ........................................................... 10.10
Lumber and wood p ro d u c ts ...................................
8.22
Furniture and fix tu re s ............................................... 7.17
9.84
Stone, clay, and glass p ro d u c ts ............................
Primary metal in d u strie s ......................................... 11.67
Blast furnaces and basic steel p ro d u c ts .......... 13.33
9.70
Fabricated metal products .....................................
10.29
8.33
7.46
10.05
11.86
13.73
9.89
10.29
8.35
7.55
10.11
11.82
13.76
9.88
10.27
8.32
7.53
10.10
11.75
13.63
9.88
10.33
8.35
7.55
10.14
11.80
13.68
9.94
10.40
8.32
7.65
10.17
11.82
13.74
10.02
10.38
8.27
7.61
10.17
11.76
13.55
9.98
10.39
8.31
7.58
10.15
11.78
13.59
9.99
10.39
8.28
7.58
10.13
11.82
13.66
9.99
10.39
8.34
7.58
10.23
11.96
13.84
9.98
10.40
8.37
7.64
10.26
11.96
13.80
9.97
10.42
8.44
7.66
10.29
11.97
13.83
10.00
10.40
8.46
7.67
10.33
11.97
13.70
9.95
10.41
8.46
7.74
10.31
11.92
13.63
9.95
10.53
8.48
7.80
10.44
12.11
13.82
10.03
10.29
9.46
12.71
13.39
9.17
7.30
10.59
9.65
12.81
13.45
9.47
7.54
10.61
9.70
12.82
13.42
9.54
7.58
10.58
9.67
12.82
13.42
9.56
7.57
10.62
9.73
12.88
13.44
9.63
7.62
10.67
9.82
12.96
13.56
9.65
7.69
10.64
9.84
12.93
13.58
9.64
7.69
10.68
9.84
12.88
13.49
9.67
7.68
10.72
9.84
12.86
13.49
9.67
7.66
10.70
9.82
12.80
13.40
9.67
7.67
10.70
9.83
12.85
13.42
9.69
7.72
10.76
9.84
12.88
13.47
9.70
7.74
10.74
9.89
12.83
13.36
9.74
7.72
10.77
9.90
12.90
13.42
9.79
7.71
10.84
9.96
13.12
13.74
9.84
7.78
8.71
Nondurable g o o d s ...................................................
8.57
Food and kindred pro d u c ts ....................................
Tobacco m anufactures........................................... 11.96
Textile mill p ro d u c ts .................................................
6.70
Apparel and other textile p roducts........................
5.73
Paper and allied p ro d u c ts ...................................... 10.83
8.94
8.74
12.85
6.93
5.84
11.18
8.96
8.65
12.29
7.02
5.91
11.23
8.96
8.69
12.14
7.02
5.87
11.25
9.02
8.79
12.67
7.05
5.87
11.27
9.07
8.88
12.93
7.10
5.90
11.34
9.09
8.90
12.97
7.10
5.94
11.26
9.08
8.91
13.44
7.11
5.93
11.26
9.09
8.93
13.80
7.12
5.93
11.27
9.14
8.95
14.28
7.12
5.94
11.37
9.13
8.96
14.53
7.13
5.89
11.40
9.11
8.91
15.57
7.15
5.91
11.41
9.16
8.88
14.85
7.14
5.89
11.48
9.11
8.81
14.10
7.17
5.90
11.41
9.32
8.95
12.97
7.24
6.04
11.71
Machinery, except electrical ..................................
Electrical and electronic equipm ent......................
Transportation equipm ent.......................................
Motor vehicles and equipm ent............................
Instruments and related products .........................
Miscellaneous m anufacturing.................................
Printing and publishing............................................
Chemicals and allied products...............................
Petroleum and coal products.................................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics p ro d u c ts.....
Leather and leather p ro d u c ts ................................
9.71
11.56
14.06
8.54
5.83
9.99
11.98
14.18
8.73
5.92
10.12
12.03
14.18
8.72
5.95
10.09
12.08
14.19
8.73
5.95
10.11
12.17
14.32
8.77
5.98
10.15
12.20
14.41
8.82
5.98
10.14
12.18
14.57
8.83
6.04
10.16
12.21
14.51
8.79
6.01
10.17
12.24
14.50
8.80
6.06
10.14
12.30
14.50
8.82
6.12
10.19
12.31
14.52
8.84
6.05
10.19
12.27
14.43
8.87
6.04
10.25
12.37
14.48
8.93
5.98
10.31
12.32
14.51
8.90
6.01
10.49
12.57
14.84
9.07
6.21
TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC U T ILITIE S ....
11.40
11.70
11.77
11.77
11.90
11.90
11.89
11.93
11.90
11.94
11.95
11.91
12.00
12.01
12.10
WHOLESALE T R A D E ...............................................
9.16
9.35
9.37
9.36
9.47
9.47
9.49
9.55
9.53
9.53
9.57
9.57
9.57
9.61
9.64
6.08
6.09
6.09
6.08
6.07
6.06
6.20
RETAIL TRADE ..........................................................
5.94
6.03
6.06
6.06
6.08
6.07
6.09
6.09
FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL E S TA TE....
7.94
8.35
8.39
8.39
8.57
8.48
8.60
8.75
8.72
8.71
8.72
8.68
8.69
8.79
8.80
8.43
8.41
8.40
8.38
8.35
8.33
8.39
8.51
SERVICES ...................................................................
- Data not available.
p = preliminary
62FRASER
Digitized for
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
7.90
8.16
8.19
8.23
8.33
8.32
8.37
NOTE: See “ Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent
benchmark revision.
16.
Average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls by industry
Annual average
1986
1987
Industry
1985
1986
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.p
Sept."
PRIVATE SECTOR
Current d o lla rs ........................................................ $299.09 $304.85 $306.94 $306.05 $308.14 $308.33 $306.16 $307.74 $308.63 $308.29 $310.76 $312.20 $312.74 $315.58 $314.38
Seasonally adjusted...........................................
304.67 306.05 308.33 305.86 307.44 309.91 310.07 309.18 312.36 311.11 311.81 314.80 312.09
Constant (1977) dollars .......................................
170.42 171.07 171.47 170.88 171.86 171.87 169.52 169.74 169.48 168.28 169.17 169.21 169.14 169.76
M IN IN G .....................................................................
519.93
524.97
527.09
526.25
520.40
535.51
538.05
527.52
522.92
519.57
526.61
527.46
518.25
526.11
520.42
CONSTRU CTIO N........................................................
464.46
466.38
484.72
480.57
462.09
469.94
467.98
460.37
470.87
469.37
485.10
480.44
485.20
489.06
464.64
MANUFACTURING
Current d o lla rs .........................................................
Constant (1977) d o lla rs .........................................
386.37
220.15
396.01
222.23
398.93
222.87
395.60
220.88
400.98
223.64
408.78
227.86
401.47
222.30
401.47
221.44
402.87
221.24
398.75
217.78
403.68
219.75
405.66
219.87
400.72
216.72
403.27
216.93
406.81
-
Durable goods ...........................................................
Lumber and wood p ro d u c ts ...................................
Furniture and fix tu re s ...............................................
Stone, clay, and glass p ro d u c ts ............................
Primary metal in d u strie s.........................................
Blast furnaces and basic steel p ro d u c ts ..........
Fabricated metal products .....................................
416.12
327.98
282.50
412.30
484.31
547.86
400.61
424.98
335.70
296.91
424.11
496.93
572.54
408.46
428.06
340.68
305.78
434.73
497.62
575.17
411.01
424.15
337.79
304.97
430.26
493.50
569.73
408.04
429.73
337.34
303.51
423.85
500.32
580.03
413.50
439.92
337.79
314.42
427.14
508.26
589.45
422.84
430.77
331.63
302.88
421.04
500.98
575.88
414.17
431.19
337.39
299.41
423.26
503.01
577.58
413.59
432.22
337.00
301.68
425.46
505.90
581.92
414.59
427.03
338.60
294.10
430.68
508.30
593.74
408.18
431.60
345.68
301.78
439.13
514.28
598.92
412.76
434.51
348.57
306.40
437.33
517.10
605.75
417.00
426.40
341.78
300.66
439.03
514.71
602.80
405.96
429.93
344.32
311.92
439.21
514.94
596.99
410.94
431.73
337.50
310.44
442.66
520.73
608.08
408.22
Machinery, except electrical ..................................
Electrical and electronic equipm ent......................
Transportation equipm ent.......................................
Motor vehicles and equipm ent............................
Instruments and related p ro d u c ts .........................
Miscellaneous m anufacturing.................................
427.04
384.08
541.45
582.47
375.97
287.62
440.54
395.65
541.86
572.97
388.27
298.58
442.44
400.61
542.29
570.35
389.23
299.41
439.07
396.47
537.16
562.30
389.09
301.29
444.98
402.82
546.11
568.51
398.68
305.56
456.68
413.42
562.46
595.28
407.23
309.14
446.88
404.42
549.53
585.30
397.17
303.76
449.63
402.46
546.11
577.37
399.37
301.06
452.38
402.46
547.84
582.77
401.31
301.04
445.12
395.75
536.32
566.82
394.54
297.60
449.40
399.10
542.27
571.69
399.23
302.62
455.15
404.42
539.67
567.09
402.55
304.18
447.86
399.56
526.03
549.10
398.37
299.54
450.19
403.92
528.90
546.19
405.31
303.77
449.86
402.38
539.23
564.71
401.47
305.75
Nondurable g o o d s ....................................................
Food and kindred pro d u cts....................................
Tobacco m anufactures...........................................
Textile mill p ro d u c ts ................................................
Apparel and other textile products........................
Paper and allied p ro d u c ts ......................................
344.92
342.80
444.91
265.99
208.57
466.77
356.71
349.60
480.59
284.82
214.33
482.98
359.30
349.46
470.71
293.44
217.49
485.14
358.40
347.60
473.46
292.03
216.60
484.88
363.51
353.36
481.46
294.69
218.36
489.12
368.24
357.86
483.58
299.62
220.66
500.09
362.69
354.22
481.19
293.94
218.59
488.68
362.29
351.05
486.53
295.78
220.00
484.18
363.60
352.74
525.78
299.04
219.41
483.48
361.03
351.74
536.93
291.21
212.65
486.64
366.11
359.30
571.03
298.75
219.11
493.62
367.13
357.29
624.36
303.16
221.03
494.05
366.40
354.31
527.18
297.02
217.93
495.94
368.04
358.57
513.24
303.29
220.66
492.91
373.73
364.27
457.84
299.01
217.44
517.58
Printing and publishing............................................
Chemicals and allied products...............................
Petroleum and coal p roducts.................................
Rubber and miscellaneous
plastics pro d u cts....................................................
Leather and leather p ro d u c ts ................................
367.04
484.36
604.58
379.62
501.96
621.08
387.60
502.85
625.34
384.43
504.94
622.94
387.21
516.01
630.08
392.81
519.72
628.28
381.26
514.00
645.45
384.05
514.04
629.73
386.46
515.30
636.55
381.26
519.06
635.10
384.16
518.25
637.43
384.16
516.57
624.82
387.45
518.30
645.81
392.81
518.67
628.28
402.82
538.00
647.02
350.99
216.88
360.55
218.45
362.75
218.37
362.30
218.96
365.71
221.86
373.09
227.84
367.33
225.29
364.79
223.57
365.20
227.25
360.74
224.60
366.86
233.53
370.77
237.37
366.13
230.83
369.35
233.19
372.78
223.56
TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC
U T IL IT IE S ..............................................................
450.30
458.64
461.38
460.21
467.67
465.29
457.77
465.27
462.91
463.27
466.05
465.68
472.80
474.40
475.53
WHOLESALE T R A D E ...............................................
351.74
359.04
358.87
359.42
363.65
363.65
361.57
361.95
361.19
363.09
366.53
367.49
366.53
369.02
367.28
RETAIL TRADE ..........................................................
174.64
176.08
176.35
175.74
176.32
178.46
172.35
174.78
175.71
177.83
178.44
179.97
182.10
183.01
183.52
FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL
ESTATE ........... .«........................................................
289.02
303.94
303.72
305.40
312.81
309.52
312.18
318.50
316.54
316.17
316.54
315.95
314.58
320.84
316.80
SERVICES .................................................
256.75
265.20
265.36
266.65
269.89
269.57
269.51
273.13
272.48
271.32
271.51
272.21
273.22
276.87
275.72
- Data not available.
p = preliminary
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
NOTE: See “ Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark
revision.
63
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
November 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data
17. The Hourly Earnings Index for production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls by
industry
Seasonally adjusted
Not seasonally adjusted
Industry
Sept.
1986
July
1987
Sept.
1987p
Aug.
1987p
PRIVATE SECTOR (In current d o lla rs )............................
170.1
172.7
173.2
175.0
Mining1 .................................................................................
C o nstruction........................................................................
M anufacturing.....................................................................
Transportation and public u tilitie s ...................................
Wholesale trade1 ................................................................
Retail trade .........................................................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate1 ..............................
S e rvices...............................................................................
181.8
153.8
172.3
172.2
172.9
159.5
180.4
175.4
181.8
153.5
174.9
175.4
176.6
160.3
186.8
179.1
182.0
154.7
174.5
175.8
177.3
160.4
189.1
180.3
183.7
156.2
176.5
177.5
177.9
163.0
189.0
182.4
PRIVATE SECTOR [In constant (1977) d o lla rs ]...........
95.0
93.4
93.2
-
1 This series is not seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component is small
relative to the trend-cycle, irregular components, or both, and consequently cannot
be separated with sufficient precision.
- Data not available.
18.
Sept.
1986
June
1987
May
1987
Aug.
1987p
July
1987
173.2
169.8
172.9
172.9
.
_
_
151.9
172.7
171.7
154.1
174.4
176.2
155.0
174.7
175.6
154.3
174.7
176.4
174.1
Sept.
1987»
174.7
_
_
154.4
176.9
176.8
-
-
-
-
159.0
160.2
160.9
-
-
174.7
179.9
160.3
179.9
154.7
175.3
176.7
~
161.5
180.5
182.3
181.7
95.0
94.0
93.8
93.7
93.7
-
162.5
p = preliminary,
NOTE: See “ Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark
revision.
Indexes of diffusion: industries in which employment increased, data seasonally adjusted
(In percent)
Time span and year
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Over
1985
1986
1987
1-month span:
..............................................................................
..............................................................................
..............................................................................
55.9
53.2
53.5
47.0
48.1
56.8
52.4
48.1
58.6
47.3
53.5
58.4
53.2
52.4
58.6
46.8
46.8
55.7
53.8
52.4
68.6
53.8
56.2
53.0
47.8
55.1
64.9
53.2
53.2
”
54.3
59.7
“
57.3
59.7
”
Over
1985
1986
1987
3-month span:
..............................................................................
..............................................................................
...............................................................................
51.1
49.7
58.6
48.4
44.9
59.5
42.4
45.7
61.1
46.5
48.4
61.6
44.3
47.6
61.4
49.7
45.4
67.3
47.0
48.4
64.9
48.6
55.1
72.4
45.9
55.9
“
47.6
58.1
“
55.1
58.6
”
56.5
60.3
“
Over
1985
1986
1987
6-month span:
..............................................................................
..............................................................................
..............................................................................
46.5
47.6
61.9
46.5
47.6
62.7
43.2
43.0
58.9
44.3
43.2
67.3
44.3
45.4
66.5
45.1
48.4
71.9
43.0
47.3
44.3
53.0
"
49.2
59.2
”
49.2
58.9
47.3
57.8
“
45.9
58.9
Over
1985
1986
1987
12-month span:
..............................................................................
..............................................................................
..............................................................................
44.6
43.2
62.2
44.1
44.1
65.1
43.8
46.2
67.3
40.8
45.7
41.6
47.8
“
41.6
49.5
42.2
49.5
"
43.8
54.9
“
44.3
52.2
“
44.1
55.1
“
42.4
56.5
“
42.4
51.6
”
- Data not available.
NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment rising. (Half of
the unchanged components are counted as rising.) Data are centered within the
64
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
_
“
spans. Data for the 2 most recent months shown in each span are preliminary.
See the “ Definitions” in this section. See “ Notes on the data” for a description of
the most recent benchmark revision.
19.
Annual data: Employment status of the noninstitutional population
(Numbers in thousands)
Employment status
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Noninstitutional pop ulation........................................
163,541
166,460
169,349
171,775
173,939
175,891
178,080
179,912
182,293
Labor force:
Total (num ber)........................................................
Percent of pop ulation...........................................
103,882
63.5
106,559
64.0
108,544
64.1
110,315
64.2
111,872
64.3
113,226
64.4
115,241
64.7
117,167
65.1
119,540
65.6
Employed:
Total (num ber).................................................
Percent of population .....................................
Resident Armed F orces...............................
Civilian
Total .............................................................
A g riculture................................................
Nonagricultural industries.......................
97,679
59.7
1,631
100,421
60.3
1,597
100,907
59.6
1,604
102,042
59.4
1,645
101,194
58.2
1,668
102,510
58.3
1,676
106,702
59.9
1,697
108,856
60.5
1,706
111,303
61.1
1,706
96,048
3,387
92,661
98,824
3,347
95,477
99,303
3,364
95,938
100,397
3,368
97,030
99,526
3,401
96,125
100,834
3,383
97,450
105,005
3,321
101,685
107,150
3,179
103,971
109,597
3,163
106,434
Unemployed:
Total (num ber)................................................
Percent of labor fo r c e ...................................
6,202
6.0
6,137
5.8
7,637
7.0
8,273
7.5
10,678
9.5
10,717
9.5
8,539
7.4
8,312
7.1
8,237
6.9
Not in labor force (number) ...................................
59,659
59,900
60,806
61,460
62,067
62,665
62,839
62,744
62,752
20.
Annual data: Employment levels by industry
(Numbers in thousands)
Industry
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Total em plo ym en t...........................................................................
Private s e c to r.................................................................................
G oods-producing.......................................................................
M in in g .....................................................................................
Construction .........................................................................
M anufacturing.......................................................................
86,697
71,026
25,585
851
4,229
20,505
89,823
73,876
26,461
958
4,463
21,040
90,406
74,166
25,658
1,027
4,346
20,285
91,156
75,126
25,497
1,139
4,188
20,170
89,566
73,729
23,813
1,128
3,905
18,781
90,200
74,330
23,334
952
3,948
18,434
94,496
78,472
24,727
966
4,383
19,378
97,519
81,125
24,859
927
4,673
19,260
99,610
82,900
24,681
783
4,904
18,994
Service-producing......................................................................
Transportation and public u tilitie s ......................................
Wholesale trade ....................................................................
Retail trade ............................................................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate ..................................
S e rvices..................................................................................
61,113
4,923
4,969
14,573
4,724
16,252
63,363
5,136
5,204
14,989
4,975
17,112
64,748
5,146
5,275
15,035
5,160
17,890
65,659
5,165
5,358
15,189
5,298
18,619
65,753
5,082
5,278
15,179
5,341
19,036
66,866
4,954
5,268
15,613
5,468
19,694
69,769
5,159
5,555
16,545
5,689
20,797
72,660
5,238
5,717
17,356
5,955
22,000
74,930
5,244
5,735
17,845
6,297
23,099
G overnm ent.............. ...........................................................
F ed era l......... ....................................................................
S ta te ....... wciT^r................................................................
Local ................................................................................
15,672
2,753
3,474
9,446
15,947
2,773
3,541
9,633
16,241
2,866
3,610
9,765
16,031
2,772
3,640
9,619
15,837
2,739
3,640
9,458
15,869
2,774
3,662
9,434
16,024
2,807
3,734
9,482
16,394
2,875
3,832
9,687
16,711
2,899
3,888
9,923
NOTE:
See “ Notes on the data” for a description of the most
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
recent benchmark revision.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
November 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data
21. Annual data: Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on nonagricultural
payrolls, by industry
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Private sector
Average weekly h o u rs .................................................................
Average hourly earnings (in d o lla rs ).........................................
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) .......................................
35.8
5.69
203.70
35.7
6.16
219.91
35.3
6.66
235.10
35.2
7.25
255.20
34.8
7.68
267.26
35.0
8.02
280.70
35.2
8.32
292.86
34.9
8.57
299.09
34.8
8.76
304.85
Mining
Average weekly hours ...........................................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) ...................................
Average weekly earnings (in d o lla rs )..................................
43.4
7.67
332.88
43.0
8.49
365.07
43.3
9.17
397.06
43.7
10.04
438.75
42.7
10.77
459.88
42.5
11.28
479.40
43.3
11.63
503.58
43.4
11.98
519.93
42.2
12.44
524.97
Construction
Average weekly hours ...........................................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) ...................................
Average weekly earnings (in d o lla rs )..................................
36.8
8.66
318.69
37.0
9.27
342.99
37.0
9.94
367.78
36.9
10.82
399.26
36.7
11.63
426.82
37.1
11.94
442.97
37.8
12.13
458.51
37.7
12.32
464.46
37.4
12.47
466.38
Manufacturing
Average weekly hours ...........................................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) ...................................
Average weekly earnings (in d o lla rs )..................................
40.4
6.17
249.27
40.2
6.70
269.34
39.7
7.27
288.62
39.8
7.99
318.00
38.9
8.49
330.26
40.1
8.83
354.08
40.7
9.19
374.03
40.5
9.54
386.37
40.7
9.73
396.01
Transportation and public utilities
Average weekly hours ...........................................................
Average hourly earnings (in d o lla rs )...................................
Average weekly earnings (in d o lla rs )..................................
40.0
7.57
302.80
39.9
8.16
325.58
39.6
8.87
351.25
39.4
9.70
382.18
39.0
10.32
402.48
39.0
10.79
420.81
39.4
11.12
438.13
39.5
11.40
450.30
39.2
11.70
458.64
Wholesale trade
Average weekly hours ...........................................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) ...................................
Average weekly earnings (in d o lla rs )..................................
38.8
5.88
228.14
38.8
6.39
247.93
38.5
6.96
267.96
38.5
7.56
291.06
38.3
8.09
309.85
38.5
8.55
329.18
38.5
8.89
342.27
38.4
9.16
351.74
38.4
9.35
359.04
Retail trade
Average weekly hours ...........................................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) ...................................
Average weekly earnings (in d o lla rs )..................................
31.0
4.20
130.20
30.6
4.53
138.62
30.2
4.88
147.38
30.1
5.25
158.03
29.9
5.48
163.85
29.8
5.74
171.05
29.8
5.85
174.33
29.4
5.94
174.64
29.2
6.03
176.08
Finance, insurance, and real estate
Average weekly hours ...........................................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) ...................................
Average weekly earnings (in d o lla rs )..................................
36.4
4.89
178.00
36.2
5.27
190.77
36.2
5.79
209.60
36.3
6.31
229.05
36.2
6.78
245.44
36.2
7.29
263.90
36.5
7.63
278.50
36.4
7.94
289.02
36.4
8.35
303.94
Services
Average weekly hours ...........................................................
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) ...................................
Average weekly earnings (in d o lla rs ).................................
32.8
4.99
163.67
32.7
5.36
175.27
32.6
5.85
190.71
32.6
6.41
208.97
32.6
6.92
225.59
32.7
7.31
239.04
32.6
7.59
247.43
32.5
7.90
256.75
32.5
8.16
265.20
Industry
66
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
22. Employment Cost Index, compensation,' by occupation and industry group
(June 1 9 8 1 = 1 0 0 )
Series
June
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
Percent change
1987
1986
1985
Sept.
June
3
months
ended
12
months
ended
Dec.
Mar.
133.8
135.0
135.9
0.7
3.3
June 1987
126.4
128.4
129.2
130.6
131.5
133.0
128.3
123.1
128.0
130.7
124.4
130.9
131.6
124.9
131.8
133.1
126.2
133.1
134.2
126.8
133.7
136.0
127.8
135.4
136.9
128.4
136.6
138.5
129.1
138.0
139.3
130.1
138.5
.6
.8
.4
3.8
2.6
3.6
123.9
124.6
127.9
132.6
124.9
125.5
130.7
136.4
126.9
127.7
132.9
138.8
128.8
129.3
135.6
142.4
140.6
134.6
129.5
130.1
136.5
143.6
136.8
131.9
128.1
128.7
133.7
139.4
138.0
132.8
141.6
135.4
130.2
130.7
138.1
145.2
144.1
136.9
131.1
131.5
138.9
145.8
144.7
137.8
.7
.6
.6
.4
.6
.8
.4
.7
2.3
2.2
3.9
4.6
4.7
4.5
4.9
3.8
Workers, by occupational group:
Workers, by industry division:
130.3
127.2
134.2
129.7
125.5
126.0
131.5
137.1
_
_
134.8
130.6
125.2
126.8
127.5
128.9
129.9
130.8
131.6
132.9
133.8
.7
3.0
127.1
128.8
134.3
-
136.1
-
137.0
-
”
”
.7
.6
.7
.5
3.4
3.5
3.9
2.1
1.0
.9
.8
1.0
1.1
.5
.4
3.5
2.5
2.4
2.7
3.0
2.0
3.1
2.3
3.1
2.2
2.0
2.6
3.6
2.8
2.8
2.9
3.4
4.3
3.0
3.0
4.3
5.0
4.6
_
_
_
_
Workers, by occupational group:
Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations
-
129.8
_
_
131.3
_
132.5
-
133.5
-
-
-
-
-
-
.
_
_
_
122.8
124.0
124.4
125.7
_
_
127.2
-
127.8
-
128.4
-
129.5
-
Administrative support occupations, including
_
_
_
_
_
_
126.5
128.8
129.5
130.9
131.1
132.3
133.5
134.7
135.2
123.8
124.6
125.3
126.7
127.8
128.6
129.2
129.9
130.8
128.7
129.3
130.1
130.7
131.5
131.6
-
133.5
-
135.3
-
.7
1.3
.6
.7
.5
.7
1.1
1.4
.9
1.5
1.5
1.4
-1.0
.6
.7
.7
_
124.6
125.5
126.0
127.7
_
126.4
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
128.7
_
_
129.4
_
130.8
-
_
_
-
-
-
_
_
_
_
-
132.7
-
-
_
_
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
136.3
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
125.6
127.6
128.4
129.7
130.6
131.7
132.4
134.1
135.1
.7
3.4
132.0
136.5
137.5
138.9
139.7
143.6
144.7
145.9
146.3
.3
4.7
132.9
128.5
137.6
131.9
138.6
132.7
140.0
134.7
140.5
136.3
145.0
138.5
146.0
139.5
147.2
140.8
147.5
141.3
.2
.4
5.0
3.7
133.2
131.5
137.9
134.1
139.1
135.2
140.4
136.8
140.8
137.9
141.5
143.0
136.8
141.7
143.2
138.0
147.3
142.5
148.9
150.5
144.1
147.6
143.3
-
145.5
139.4
147.6
149.4
140.6
146.6
141.1
_
.2
.6
.6
.1
.1
.4
4.8
3.9
3.8
5.2
5.2
4.9
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
_
Workers, by occupational group:
Workers, by industry division:
133.7
134.6
130.3
_
139.1
140.9
134.2
' Cost (cents per hour worked) measured in the Employment Cost Index
consists of wages, salaries, and employer cost of em ployee benefits.
2 Consist of private industry workers (excluding farm and household workers)
and State and local government (excluding Federal Government) workers.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
_
126.3
_
-
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ....
Workers, by industry division:
G oods-producing......................................................................
Construction ............................................................................
M anufacturing..........................................................................
-
_
140.3
142.0
134.8
-
148.4
150.3
141.6
-
149.1
150.7
144.7
J- - - - - - -
3 Consist of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory
4 Includes, for example, library, social, and health services.
- Data not available.
activities.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
23.
November 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics: Compensation and Industrial Relations Data
Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group
(June 1 9 8 1 = 1 0 0 )
Percent change
1987
1986
1985
Series
June
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
12
months
ended
3
months
ended
June 1987
Civilian workers 1 ..........................................................................
Workers, by occupational group:
White-collar workers ........................................................................
124.2
126.3
128.3
129.3
130.7
131.5
132.8
133.5
0.5
3.2
134.1
125.0
131.7
135.0
125.6
132.8
136.6
126.2
134.2
137.3
127.1
134.7
.5
.7
.4
3.7
2.4
3.6
.5
.6
.5
.5
.6
2.3
2.4
3.8
4.7
5.0
4.8
3.7
Service occupations.........................................................................
126.4
120.5
125.3
128.8
122.0
128.0
129.8
122.3
128.6
131.2
123.4
129.8
132.4
124.1
130.0
Workers, by industry division
G oods-producing..................................................................................
Manufacturing .....................................................................................
Service-producing ...............................................................................
Services .............................................................................................
Health s e rv ic e s ..............................................................................
H o s p ita ls ..........................................................................................
Public administration 2 .................................................................
Nonmanufacturing .............................................................................
121.5
122.3
125.8
130.5
127.2
125.0
122.5
123.2
128.6
134.2
131.4
127.6
123.1
123.8
129.4
134.8
132.0
128.4
124.4
125.3
130.7
136.4
133.8
129.6
125.6
126.5
131.5
137.0
126.3
127.2
133.4
139.9
127.0
127.9
134.2
141.1
127.8
128.7
135.8
142.7
128.5
129.5
136.5
143.4
134.6
130.4
137.5
132.2
“
138.1
133.0
“
140.5
134.5
141.0
135.2
.4
.5
Private industry w o rk e rs .......................................................
123.3
124.9
125.6
126.8
127.9
128.8
129.5
130.8
131.7
.7
3.0
125.5
128.7
127.3
131.2
128.3
131.5
129.6
132.7
131.1
134.0
132.0
135.4
132.7
136.4
134.6
138.4
135.4
139.1
.6
.5
3.3
3.8
126.5
117.4
127.7
119.3
128.4
122.5
130.5
122.4
132.1
124.3
132.4
125.2
133.5
124.9
135.6
126.7
136.4
127.1
.6
.3
3.3
2.3
c le ric a l.........................................................................................
125.6
127.1
127.9
129.6
130.8
131.7
132.7
134.3
135.5
.9
3.6
Blue-collar w o rk e rs .....................................................................
Precision production, craft, and repair
occup a tio n s .............................................................................
Machine operators, assemblers, and in sp ec to rs .........
Transportation and material moving oc cupations........
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and
la b o re rs ......................................................................................
Service o c c u p a tio n s ...................................................................
120.3
121.7
122.0
123.1
123.7
124.5
125.1
125.6
126.6
.8
2.3
.7
1.0
.8
2.5
2.5
2.2
Workers, by occupational group:
White-collar w o rk e rs ..................................................................
Professional specialty and technical o c cu p a tio n s .......
Executive, administrative, and managerial
o c c u p a tio n s ..............................................................................
Sales occupations....................................................................
Administrative support occupations, including
Workers, by industry division:
G oods-producing...........................................................................
Construction ..................................................................................
M anufacturing...............................................................................
D u ra b le s ......................................................................................
N ondu rables...............................................................................
S ervice-producing..........................................................................
Transportation and public u tilities ......................................
Transp o rtatio n .........................................................................
Public utilities............................................................................
W holesale and retail tr a d e ....................................................
W holesale trade ....................................................................
Retail tr a d e ..............................................................................
Finance, insurance, and real e s t a t e .................................
S e rv ic e s .......................................................................................
Health services .......................................................................
H os p ita ls ...................................................................................
“
122.0
120.1
115.7
123.7
121.1
117.7
123.8
121.6
117.8
125.3
122.6
118.0
125.7
123.6
118.9
126.7
124.1
119.8
127.4
124.9
120.1
127.9
125.5
120.5
128.8
126.7
121.5
118.5
124.4
118.6
126.3
119.8
126.6
120.0
128.0
120.3
128.0
120.9
128.9
121.4
130.1
121.9
131.4
122.6
131.9
.6
.4
1.9
3.0
121.4
116.6
122.3
122.0
122.6
124.8
122.8
122.3
117.3
123.2
122.7
124.0
127.0
124.8
122.9
117.9
123.8
123.4
124.6
127.8
125.2
124.2
118.3
125.3
124.8
126.1
129.0
126.3
125.4
119.8
126.5
125.8
127.9
129.9
126.6
126.1
120.5
127.2
126.4
128.5
130.9
127.3
126.8
120.8
127.9
127.2
129.3
131.6
127.5
127.5
121.7
128.7
127.7
130.5
133.4
128.1
128.3
122.7
129.5
128.7
131.0
134.3
129.3
.6
.8
.6
.8
.4
.7
.9
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.4
3.4
2.1
121.1
126.8
118.9
121.7
131.0
-
122.7
127.7
120.8
124.1
133.9
-
123.7
128.3
121.9
126.5
134.1
-
124.5
129.7
122.5
126.6
136.2
-
125.8
131.2
123.7
128.0
136.9
“
126.5
131.8
124.4
129.0
138.2
“
126.9
133.1
124.5
130.0
139.5
127.9
134.8
125.2
133.5
141.8
1.6
1.8
1.5
-1 .5
.7
.7
.7
3.3
4.6
2.7
2.7
4.3
5.1
4.8
-
-
-
”
"
~
-
-
“
“
”
129.9
137.2
127.1
131.5
142.8
“
"
Nonm anufacturing.......................................................................
123.9
125.9
126.6
127.7
128.7
129.7
130.4
131.9
132.8
.7
3.2
State and local government w o rk e rs ...............................
128.7
133.2
134.2
135.5
136.0
140.4
141.4
142.5
142.8
.2
5.0
129.6
124.5
134.3
127.9
135.3
128.4
136.6
130.4
137.0
131.9
141.8
134.5
142.8
135.1
143.9
136.3
144.1
136.9
.1
.4
5.2
3.8
129.7
128.0
130.2
131.1
127.2
134.5
130.2
135.8
137.5
131.4
135.6
130.9
137.0
138.5
132.0
136.8
132.4
138.0
139.4
133.8
137.1
133.3
138.2
139.4
134.6
142.1
135.8
143.3
137.3
143.9
138.6
144.2
139.4
.2
.6
5.2
4.6
“
144.1
145.7
137.5
“
145.1
146y
138.1
145.5
146.5
140.5
“
145.6
146.6
141.0
.1
.1
.4
5.4
5.2
4.8
Workers, by occupational group
White-collar w o rk e rs .................................................................
Blue-collar w o rk e rs ....................................................................
Workers, by industry division
Services ........................................................................................
Hospitals and other services 3 ...........................................
Health services ......................................................................
S c h o o ls .......................................................................................
Public administration 2 ..............................................................
' Consists of private industry workers (excluding farm and household workers)
and State and local government (excluding Federal Governm ent) workers.
2 Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities.
68
127.0
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3 Includes, for exam ple, library, social and health services,
- Data not available.
24.
Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area size
(June 1981=100)
1987
1986
1985
Percent change
3
months
ended
Series
June
Sept.
Mar.
Dec.
June
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
12
months
ended
June 1987
COMPENSATION
Workers, by bargaining status'
Union ..............................................................................................
Goods-producing .......................................................................
Service-producing......................................................................
Manufacturing ............................................................................
Nonm anufacturing.....................................................................
125.5
123.9
128.0
124.2
126.6
126.5
124.6
129.5
125.0
127.8
127.1
125.2
130.2
125.5
128.6
128.4
126.4
131.6
127.0
129.7
128.7
126.7
131.9
126.9
130.4
129.4
127.3
132.8
127.5
131.2
129.8
127.5
133.4
127.9
131.5
130.5
128.0
134.4
128.0
132.6
131.2
128.7
135.2
128.7
133.5
0.5
.5
.6
.5
.7
1.9
1.6
2.5
1.4
2.4
N o nunion........................................................................................
G oods-producing.......................................................................
Service-producing......................................................................
Manufacturing ............................................................................
N onm anufacturing.....................................................................
125.0
123.5
125.8
124.8
125.1
126.8
124.4
128.3
125.7
127.3
127.5
125.1
129.0
126.3
128.1
129.0
126.7
130.4
128.1
129.5
130.2
128.2
131.4
129.7
130.4
131.2
129.1
132.5
130.4
131.6
132.1
130.0
133.4
131.4
132.5
133.6
130.8
135.3
132.2
134.3
134.6
131.8
136.4
133.2
135.3
.7
.8
.8
.8
.7
3.4
2.8
3.8
2.7
3.8
Workers, by region '
N o rtheast........................................................................................
South ..............................................................................................
Midwest (formerly North C e n tra l)..............................................
W e s t................................................................................................
126.4
125.2
122.7
127.9
128.8
126.5
124.2
129.1
129.9
127.2
124.6
129.8
131.6
128.7
125.9
130.8
133.3
129.6
126.2
131.6
134.2
130.7
127.3
132.1
135.2
131.4
128.1
132.8
137.4
132.1
129.1
134.1
138.6
133.2
130.2
134.2
.9
.8
.9
.1
4.0
2.8
3.2
2.0
Workers, by area size 1
Metropolitan a re a s .......................................................................
Other a re a s ...................................................................................
125.7
122.5
127.3
123.9
128.1
123.9
129.5
125.5
130.5
126.4
131.4
127.2
132.2
127.9
133.5
129.0
134.4
130.2
.7
.9
3.0
3.0
Workers, by bargaining status '
Union ..............................................................................................
G oods-producing.......................................................................
Service-producing......................................................................
Manufacturing ............................................................................
Nonmanufacturing .....................................................................
123.0
121.3
125.7
121.7
124.1
124.1
122.2
127.1
122.8
125.3
124.7
122.7
127.8
123.3
125.9
125.6
123.4
129.0
124.2
126.9
126.1
124.1
129.3
124.6
127.4
126.9
124.5
130.5
125.0
128.5
127.2
124.8
130.9
125.5
128.7
127.7
125.0
131.7
125.6
129.5
128.3
125.8
132.2
126.2
130.1
.5
.6
.4
.5
.5
1.7
1.4
2.2
1.3
2.1
Nonunion ........................................................................................
Goods-producing .......................................................................
Service-producing......................................................................
Manufacturing ............................................................................
Nonmanufacturing .....................................................................
123.4
121.4
124.4
122.8
123.6
125.2
122.3
126.9
123.7
125.9
125.9
123.0
127.7
124.4
126.6
127.3
124.5
128.9
126.1
127.8
128.5
126.1
129.9
127.7
128.9
129.4
127.0
130.8
128.5
129.8
130.3
127.8
131.7
129.5
130.6
131.8
128.8
133.6
130.6
132.4
132.8
129.6
134.6
131.5
133.4
.8
.6
.7
.7
.8
3.3
2.8
3.6
3.0
3.5
Workers, by region 1
N o rtheast........................................................................................
South ..............................................................................................
Midwest (formerly North C e ntral)..............................................
W e s t................................................................................................
124.6
123.4
121.1
125.1
126.8
124.8
122.5
126.6
128.1
125.4
122.9
127.1
129.2
126.8
124.2
128.1
131.3
127.8
124.4
128.9
132.3
128.8
125.3
129.3
133.1
129.4
126.2
130.1
135.4
130.1
127.4
131.2
136.6
131.1
128.5
131.1
.9
.8
.9
-.1
4.0
2.6
3.3
1.7
Workers, by area size'
Metropolitan a re a s .......................................................................
Other a re a s ....................................................................................
123.8
120.6
125.5
121.9
126.3
122.0
127.4
123.6
128.5
124.5
129.4
125.0
130.2
125.6
131.6
126.6
132.4
127.8
.6
.9
3.0
2.7
WAGES AND SALARIES
1 The indexes are calculated differently from those for the occupation and
industry groups. For a detailed description of the index calculation, see the
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w Technical
Employment Cost Index,” May 1982.
Note,
“ Estimation
procedures
for
the
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
November 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics:
Compensation and Industrial Relations Data
25. Specified compensation and wage adjustments from contract settlements, and effective wage adjustments, private
industry collective bargaining situations covering 1,000 workers or more (in percent)
Quarterly average
Annual average
Measure
1985
1987
1986
1985
1986
III
IV
I
II
III
IP
IV
IIP
Specified adjustments:
Total compensation 1 adjustm ents,2 settlements
covering 5,000 workers or more:
First year of c o n tra c t................................................
Annual rate over life of c o n tra c t............................
2.6
2.7
1.1
1.6
2.0
3.0
2.0
1.4
0.6
1.2
0.7
1.6
0.7
1.2
2.7
2.4
1.7
2.4
4.1
3.9
Wage adjustments, settlements covering 1,000
workers or more:
First year of contract ................................................
Annual rate over life of c o n tra c t............................
2.3
2.7
1.2
1.8
2.0
3.1
2.1
1.9
.8
1.5
1.3
2.0
.8
1.5
2.0
2.1
1.2
1.8
2.6
2.9
3.3
.7
2.3
.5
1.2
.2
.5
.1
.6
.7
.2
.5
.1
.5
.2
.4
(4)
(4)
1.0
.1
1.8
.7
1.7
.2
.5
.4
.2
.1
.4
.2
.6
.5
0
(4)
.2
.1
.3
.1
.7
.2
Effective adjustments:
Total effective wage adjustm ent3 ............................
From settlements reached in period .....................
Deferred from settlements reached in earlier
p erio ds.......................................................................
From cost-of-living-adjustments c la u s e s ..............
compensation or wages.
3 Because of rounding, total may not equal sum of parts.
4 Between -0.0 5 and 0.05 percent.
p = preliminary.
1 Compensation includes wages, salaries, and employers’ cost of employee
benefits when contract is negotiated.
2 Adjustments are the net result of increases, decreases, and no changes in
26. Average specified compensation and wage adjustments, major collective bargaining settlements in private
industry situations covering 1,000 workers or more during 4-quarter periods (in percent)
Average for four quarters endingMeasure
1985
III
1987
1986
IV
I
II
III
IV
IP
IIP
Specified total compensation adjustments, settlements covering 5,000
workers or more, all industries:
First year of c o n tra c t...................................................................................
Annual rate over life of c o n tra c t................................................................
3.1
2.7
2.6
2.7
2.3
2.5
1.4
2.0
0.9
1.4
1.1
1.6
1.2
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.4
1.9
2.7
2.5
1.8
3.0
2.3
1.6
2.7
2.7
2.5
2.8
2.0
1.6
2.2
2.5
2.5
2.5
1.6
1.8
1.5
2.2
2.5
2.1
1.2
2.2
.8
1.7
2.0
1.6
1.2
1.9
.9
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.2
2.0
.9
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.5
1.8
1.4
2.0
1.7
2.2
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.4
2.4
.8
.8
.9
1.8
2.1
1.6
.8
.8
.9
1.8
2.1
1.5
.1
.7
-.4
1.4
2.0
.9
-1.0
1.1
-2.0
.3
1.1
-.1
-1.2
1.3
-2.8
.2
.9
-.2
-1.6
1.3
-3.5
(2)
.8
-.6
-.9
1.3
-2.9
.2
.8
-.3
3.2
4.0
3.0
3.3
3.9
3.2
3.3
3.6
3.3
3.3
3.6
3.3
2.8
3.5
2.7
3.0
3.6
2.8
2.6
3.4
2.4
2.8
3.3
2.6
2.1
2.7
1.9
2.3
2.5
2.2
2.0
2.1
2.0
2.3
2.1
2.4
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.4
2.2
2.6
2.3
2.1
2.4
2.6
2.2
2.8
1.6
2.3
1.1
2.4
2.5
1.2
2.6
2.3
1.4
2.4
2.6
1.6
2.6
2.2
1.4
2.3
2.5
1.6
2.5
2.4
1.6
2.4
2.5
1.4
2.6
2.7
3.7
2.7
2.9
3.8
2.9
Specified wage adjustments, settlements covering 1,000 workers or
more:
All industries
First year of contract ................................................................................
Contracts with COLA c la u s e s ...............................................................
Contracts without COLA clauses .........................................................
Annual rate over life of c o n tra c t.............................................................
Contracts with COLA c la u s e s ...............................................................
Contracts without COLA clauses .........................................................
Manufacturing
First year of contract ................................................................................
Contracts with COLA c la u s e s ...............................................................
Contracts without COLA clauses .........................................................
Annual rate over life of c o n tra c t.............................................................
Contracts with COLA c la u s e s ...............................
Contracts without COLA clauses .........................................................
Nonmanufacturing
First year of contract .................................................................................
Contracts with COLA c la u s e s ...............................................................
Contracts without COLA clauses .........................................................
Annual rate over life of c o n tra c t.............................................................
Contracts with COLA c la u s e s ...............................................................
Contracts without COLA clauses .........................................................
Construction
First year of contract .................................................................................
Contracts with COLA cla u s e s ...............................................................
Contracts without COLA clauses .....................................................
Annual rate over life of c o n tra c t...............................
Contracts with COLA c la u s e s ..................................
Contracts without COLA clauses .........................................................
1 Data do not meet publication standards.
2 Between -0.05 and 0.05 percent.
70
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.0
1.5
0
0
(1)
0
(1)
(1)
1.7
0
<1)
2.1
0
(’ )
p
2.2
(')
(1)
= preliminary.
27. Average effective wage adjustments, private industry collective bargaining situations covering 1,000
workers or more during 4-quarter periods (in percent)
Average for four quarters endingEffective wage adjustment
1987
1986
1985
IV
I
II
III
IVp
lp
llp
For all workers:1
T o ta l................................................................................................................
From settlements reached in period ......................................................
Deferred from settlements reached in earlier period ..........................
From cost-of-living-adjustments c la u s e s ...............................................
3.3
.7
1.8
.7
3.1
.6
1.7
.8
2.9
.5
1.8
.7
2.3
.5
1.6
.2
2.3
.5
1.7
.2
2.0
.4
1.5
.1
2.2
.3
1.6
.3
For workers receiving changes:
T o ta l................................................................................................................
From settlements reached in period ......................................................
Deferred from settlements reached in earlier period ..........................
From cost-of-living-adjustments c la u s e s ................................................
4.1
3.4
3.7
2.2
4.0
2.9
3.5
2.5
3.8
2.5
3.4
2.0
3.1
1.7
3.8
1.0
2.8
1.6
3.9
1.0
2.5
1.2
3.7
.6
2.8
1.0
3.5
1.8
1 Because of rounding, total may not equal sum of parts.
p
= preliminary.
28. Specified compensation and wage adjustments from contract settlements, and effective wage adjustments, State and
local government collective bargaining situations covering 1,000 workers or more (in percent)
Annual average
Measure
1985
1986
First 6 months
1987
First year of c o n tra c t...............................................................................................................................
Annual rate over life of c o n tra c t........................................................................................
42
5.1
62
6.0
4.9
Wage adjustments, settlements covering 1,000 workers or more:
First year of contract ..................................................................................................................................
Annual rate over life of c o n tra c t.....................................................................................
46
5.4
57
5.7
5.2
5.4
5.7
4.1
1.6
(4)
5.5
2.4
3.0
f41
1.6
.4
1.2
(4)
Specified adjustments:
Total compensation 1 adjustments, 2 settlements covering 5,000 workers or more:
Effective adjustments:
Total effective wage adjustm ent3 ..............................................................................................
From settlements reached in p erio d ..........................................................................
Deferred from settlements reached in earlier periods .......................................................................
From cost-of-living-adjustment c la u s e s ..............................................................................................
1 Compensation includes wages, salaries, and employers’ cost of employee
benefits when contract is negotiated.
2 Adjustments are the net result of increases, decreases, and no changes in
compensation or wages.
29.
3 Because of rounding, total may not equal sum of parts,
4 Less than 0.05 percent.
Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more
Annual totals
1986
1987p
Measure
1985
Number of stoppages:
Beginning in p e rio d .......................
In effect during p e rio d ..................
Workers involved:
Beginning in period (in
thousands)....................................
In effect during period (in
thousands)....................................
Days idle:
Number (in thousands)................
Percent of estimated working
tim e1 ..............................................
54
61
1986
69
72
Sept.
8
18
Oct.
Nov.
5
18
Dec.
2
9
1
6
Feb.
2
7
Mar.
Apr.
May
5
7
3
5
2
5
June
3
7
July
8
12
Sept.
Aug.
5
13
2
11
5
13
323.9
533.1
39.4
44.3
8.7
3.0
7.3
37.6
12.2
2.7
7.8
16.1
8.4
17.4
42.9
584.1
899.5
87.4
109.9
67.8
49.4
47.6
41.6
16.2
8.9
14.7
26.6
26.2
38.0
69.7
7,079.0 11,861.0
1,225.6
1,423.7
940.4
933.2
828.6
194.1
104.4
151.3
223.7
295.7
483.0
403.2
1,115.0
.06
.06
.05
.04
.04
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.05
.03
.05
1 Agricultural and government employees are included in the total employed and total
working time: private household, forestry, and fishery employees are excluded. An expla
nation of the measurement of idleness as a percentage of the total time worked is found
in '“ Total economy’ measure of strike idleness,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , October 1968,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Jan.
pp. 54-56.
p
= preliminary
71
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
November 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics:
Price Data
30. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or
service group; and CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, all items
(1967=100, unless otherwise indicated)
Series
1987
1986
Annual
average
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
330.2
384.1
330.5
384.4
330.8
384.7
331.1
385.1
333.1
387.4
334.4
388.9
335.9
390.7
337.7
392.7
338.7
393.9
340.1
395.6
340.8
396.3
342.7
398.5
344.4
400.5
311.8
319.7
305.3
325.8
275.1
258.4
328.7
373.6
411.1
287.8
478.2
301.9
360.1
239.7
315.1
323.2
309.0
328.5
284.7
258.5
329.1
373.7
413.7
285.6
475.7
303.8
363.3
240.4
315.6
323.7
309.5
328.4
284.9
260.0
328.6
374.4
413.4
284.6
477.5
304.7
364.0
240.6
316.4
324.6
309.9
328.5
286.3
261.2
327.8
373.9
412.4
285.4
476.9
303.9
365.8
240.5
317.0
325.2
310.2
329.5
287.3
262.2
328.5
372.2
411.8
286.0
470.2
305.2
367.1
240.8
320.5
328.9
315.2
331.5
289.2
263.3
344.3
378.7
415.8
293.2
482.6
308.4
368.6
242.5
321.6
330.1
316.6
332.7
286.4
264.7
355.2
380.0
415.8
290.3
481.9
312.1
369.6
243.2
321.6
330.0
315.8
333.2
286.5
263.7
352.5
378.6
417.2
294.6
475.4
311.3
370.9
243.6
322.5
331.0
316.9
335.6
285.9
263.2
360.6
377.6
417.4
291.8
469.8
313.2
371.5
244.3
324.0
332.5
318.8
336.5
288.5
264.3
365.7
377.5
417.7
293.3
467.9
313.5
372.3
245.0
325.4
334.1
320.4
337.0
290.7
263.7
372.8
376.4
419.3
291.4
462.6
314.5
373.8
245.9
325.1
333.6
319.1
338.4
293.1
263.2
359.3
375.9
418.8
292.9
458.5
315.4
374.9
246.7
325.4
333.8
319.0
338.8
294.6
264.2
352.5
377.0
419.6
292.6
458.8
317.5
375.9
247.3
326.4
334.9
319.8
338.9
296.6
266.0
352.5
376.6
420.6
291.2
458.4
316.9
377.4
247.8
349.9
382.0
115.4
264.6
398.4
113.1
113.2
112.4
368.9
421.1
269.6
393.6
488.1
619.5
452.7
240.7
247.2
200.1
313.6
338.9
360.2
402.9
121.9
280.0
416.2
119.4
119.4
119.2
373.8
430.9
269.7
384.7
463.1
501.5
446.7
253.1
250.4
201.1
319.5
346.6
363.7
407.6
123.6
283.2
429.1
120.7
120.7
120.2
376.2
437.0
268.7
388.3
467.2
453.5
461.1
255.6
251.5
202.2
320.1
347.8
363.0
409.5
124.0
284.6
427.3
121.3
121.3
120.6
379.0
437.5
273.0
379.1
450.3
451.9
441.4
257.1
251.6
202.2
319.8
348.5
361.7
410.2
124.3
285.6
425.5
121.5
121.5
121.1
377.1
433.7
272.9
371.1
437.8
452.0
426.7
255.4
251.2
201.4
320.4
348.5
362.1
410.4
124.2
286.0
418.2
121.6
121.6
121.6
380.0
433.1
278.3
371.0
438.1
460.6
425.3
254.9
252.4
202.5
322.9
349.3
363.9
412.3
125.3
287.1
428.3
122.0
122.0
121.8
382.1
437.7
277.7
373.7
443.7
487.9
428.8
254.9
253.1
203.0
324.6
349.8
365.1
414.0
125.8
288.0
430.8
122.5
122.5
122.0
381.9
436.1
278.8
374.8
445.1
503.2
428.9
255.6
253.5
203.2
325.3
350.6
366.4
415.9
126.4
288.3
438.7
123.0
123.0
122.2
383.4
439.4
278.5
374.9
444.6
500.6
428.7
256.2
254.3
203.8
327.7
351.0
367.7
418.0
127.1
288.8
446.1
123.6
123.6
122.4
382.4
437.1
278.7
374.2
442.0
500.5
425.9
257.0
255.2
204.7
328.2
352.2
368.9
419.2
127.3
289.4
446.1
124.0
124.1
123.0
381.9
435.3
279.6
377.5
448.7
497.7
433.3
257.2
254.9
203.7
330.1
353.1
371.3
420.2
127.9
289.6
453.1
124.2
124.2
123.6
385.0
440.5
280.2
387.6
470.8
498.6
456.8
256.4
254.9
203.6
330.5
353.0
372.5
422.1
129.3
291.2
465.9
124.4
124.4
124.5
392.4
452.8
281.9
388.1
468.9
497.9
454.8
258.6
255.1
203.9
330.1
353.8
374.9
425.1
130.1
293.1
467.7
125.4
125.4
125.1
391.3
451.5
281.3
391.1
473.6
502.3
459.4
259.9
255.4
204.2
329.5
354.3
375.4
426.2
129.8
294.5
458.0
126.0
126.0
125.5
390.5
450.8
280.4
389.8
471.6
501.0
457.4
259.3
255.8
204.6
330.4
354.6
206.0
191.6
197.9
169.5
299.7
212.1
215.5
320.9
207.8
192.0
200.0
168.0
312.7
211.2
217.9
334.6
212.1
196.6
203.2
175.7
309.7
212.0
221.1
336.7
213.2
197.6
204.3
176.4
312.0
215.1
219.8
338.3
213.1
197.4
205.3
175.0
307.0
215.1
221.1
339.0
210.9
194.9
202.3
171.7
312.7
214.0
220.0
339.5
207.1
190.9
199.2
166.6
301.8
209.9
223.2
342.5
208.4
192.1
199.9
167.8
304.5
211.0
226.0
343.2
215.2
199.1
203.5
177.0
319.6
216.5
227.4
344.7
218.7
202.6
205.6
182.2
319.1
219.2
227.0
344.7
218.0
201.8
207.1
179.6
316.4
220.8
226.7
346.8
214.5
198.1
205.3
173.7
308.0
218.8
230.6
347.4
210.5
194.0
203.0
168.3
301.2
214.3
231.9
348.7
214.7
198.3
204.1
175.0
304.8
215.9
234.2
348.2
222.2
206.0
208.4
186.2
313.6
219.1
236.4
348.4
Used c a r s ..........................................................................................
Motor fuel ..........................................................................................
G a soline..........................................................................................
Maintenance and re p a ir..................................................................
Other private transportation...........................................................
Other private transportation com m o dities................................
Other private transportation services........................................
Public tran sportation..........................................................................
319.9
314.2
214.9
215.2
379.7
373.8
373.3
351.4
287.6
202.6
312.8
402.8
307.5
299.5
224.1
224.4
363.2
292.1
291.4
363.1
303.9
201.6
333.9
426.4
302.2
293.7
224.2
224.5
359.5
271.1
270.6
365.0
302.3
200.3
332.3
428.5
302.6
294.1
226.7
227.1
360.6
263.2
262.6
365.7
307.6
198.9
339.3
428.7
304.3
295.8
230.2
230.7
361.0
260.9
260.2
368.4
311.6
200.0
344.1
431.7
304.8
295.9
231.7
232.2
356.6
261.9
261.2
370.7
312.0
200.4
344.5
437.5
308.5
299.8
232.3
233.0
354.6
275.8
275.1
371.3
314.9
202.2
347.7
438.9
310.0
301.3
229.9
230.2
356.9
288.1
287.5
373.0
314.0
201.8
346.7
439.8
310.6
301.9
229.2
229.4
363.0
290.0
289.4
373.0
314.4
202.3
347.0
441.4
313.3
304.8
229.9
230.4
371.6
297.2
296.7
376.1
315.1
200.8
348.6
440.8
314.6
306.3
230.6
231.3
378.6
299.7
299.3
376.1
315.9
202.3
349.1
439.6
316.7
308.6
231.2
232.0
383.0
306.0
305.5
376.3
317.6
202.3
351.3
438.1
318.5
310.5
231.8
232.7
385.5
311.2
310.8
376.8
318.8
201.6
353.2
438.3
320.2
312.0
231.0
232.1
385.7
319.5
319.1
378.6
318.6
202.6
352.6
442.8
320.4
312.1
230.6
231.6
387.3
318.4
317.9
380.7
319.7
204.2
353.5
445.1
Medical c a r e ...........................................................................................
Medical care com m o dities...............................................................
Medical care se rvice s.......................................................................
Professional se rvice s.....................................................................
Hospital and related services .......................................................
403.1
256.7
435.1
367.3
224.0
433.5
273.6
468.6
390.9
237.4
439.7
276.7
475.7
396.1
240.1
442.3
277.5
478.8
398.0
242.3
444.6
278.2
481.5
399.8
243.8
446.8
280.8
483.4
401.0
245.0
449.6
282.4
486.5
403.7
246.7
452.4
283.9
489.6
406.8
248.1
455.0
286.3
492.1
409.6
249.0
457.3
287.5
494.7
412.5
250.1
458.9
289.6
496.0
413.9
251.0
461.3
291.5
498.4
416.7
251.8
464.1
293.4
501.5
418.9
254.6
466.1
294.6
503.6
420.6
256.4
467.8
295.8
505.4
422.8
257.1
265.0
260.6
271.8
274.1
265.9
286.3
275.3
265.9
289.2
276.5
266.7
290.8
277.4
267.6
291.8
277.4
267.4
292.2
278.3
268.1
293.3
278.7
268.1
294.1
279.8
269.9
294.5
281.3
270.8
296.6
282.0
271.7
297.2
282.3
271.8
297.6
283.5
272.8
299.1
283.9
272.E
300.1
285.2
272.8
302.8
326.6
328.5
281 .S
278.5
286.C
397.1
350.8
407.'
346.4
351.0
291.3
287.S
295.4
428.E
380.C
440.1
353.3
356.8
292.C
288.2
296.8
445.2
389.4
457.8
354.6
357.2
293.1
289.9
297.1
447.8
392.C
460.2
354.9
357.3
293.4
289.8
297.9
448.2
392.8
460.8
355.2
357.8
293.8
289.8
298.2
448.8
392.8
461.8
358.1
364.9
295.7
291.3
359.7
368.3
296.4
292.1
301.:
452.C
403.4
464.2
360.3
369.6
296.4
292.0
301.5
452.8
403.9
465.C
361.1
370.4
297.3
292.9
302.3
453.8
404.4
466.C
362.0
370.9
299.0
294.2
304.6
454.4
404.9
466.8
362.9
372.7
299.2
294.2
304.9
455.5
405.1
467.9
365.1
379.9
300.2
295.8
305.C
456.8
405.2
469.C
366.8
380.8
300.8
295.7
306."
459.C
405.'
471.8
373.8
382./
301.8
296.'
307.8
473/
419.8
486.
1985
1986
At! ite m s .....................................................................................................
All items (1 9 5 7 -5 9 -1 0 0 )........................................................................
322.2
374.7
328.4
381.9
Food and b e ve ra g e s.............................................................................
F o o d ......................................................................................................
Food at h o m e ...................................................................................
Cereals and bakery p ro d u c ts ......................................................
Meats, poultry, fish, and e g g s .....................................................
Dairy p ro d u cts................................................................................
Fruits and vegetables...................................................................
Other foods at h o m e ....................................................................
Sugar and s w e e ts ......................................................................
Fats and o ils ...............................................................................
Nonalcoholic beverages............................................................
Other prepared fo o d s ................................................................
Food away from home ...................................................................
Alcoholic beverages...........................................................................
302.0
309.8
296.8
317.0
263.4
258.0
325.7
361.1
398.8
294.4
451.7
294.2
346.6
229.5
Housing ...................................................................................................
Sept.
CONSUMER PRICE INDEX FOR ALL URBAN CONSUMERS:
Renters' costs ( 1 2 /8 2 = 1 0 0 )........................................................
Rent, reside ntial............................................................................
Other renters’ costs .....................................................................
Homeowners’ costs (1 2 /8 2 = 1 0 0 )................................................
Owners’ equivalent rent (1 2 /8 2 —1 0 0 ).....................................
Household insurance (1 2 /8 2 —1 0 0 )..........................................
Maintenance and re p a irs................................................................
Maintenance and repair services ..............................................
Maintenance and repair com m odities.......................................
Fuel and other u tilitie s .......................................................................
Fuel oil, coal, and bottled g a s ....................................................
Gas (piped) and e le c tric ity ..........................................................
Other utilities and public s e rv ic e s ................................................
Household furnishings and o pe ratio ns...........................................
H ousefurnishings.............................................................................
Housekeeping supp lie s...................................................................
Housekeeping se rvices...................................................................
Apparel and upkeep .............................................................................
Apparel com m o dities.........................................................................
Men’s and boys’ a p p a re l................................................................
W omen’s and girls’ apparel ...........................................................
Infants’ and toddlers’ a p p a re l........................................................
Other apparel com m odities............................................................
Apparel se rvice s..................................................................................
Transportation ........................................................................................
Private transportation.........................................................................
Toilet goods and personal care appliances...............................
Personal and educational s e rv ic e s .............................................
See footnotes at end of table.
72
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3 0 0 .e
450.8
400.7
462.8
30. Continued— Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or
service group; and CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, all items
(1967=100, unless otherwise indicated)
Series
Annual
average
1986
1987
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
328.4
283.9
311.8
264.7
265.2
192.0
307.3
270.2
330.2
283.5
315.1
262.3
261.5
196.6
299.5
269.3
330.5
283.6
315.6
262.1
260.4
197.6
297.2
270.5
330.8
284.0
316.4
262.4
260.0
197.4
296.7
271.8
331.1
284.2
317.0
262.4
260.0
194.9
298.0
271.7
333.1
286.3
320.5
263.7
261.8
190.9
304.8
272.4
334.4
287.7
321.6
265.2
265.4
192.1
310.3
271.2
335.9
289.5
321.6
267.9
269.7
199.1
311.9
271.7
337.7
291.4
322.5
270.4
273.2
202.6
315.0
273.0
338.7
292.3
324.0
270.9
273.5
201.8
316.4
273.6
340.1
292.8
325.4
270.9
273.2
198.1
319.1
274.2
340.8
292.8
325.1
271.0
272.8
194.0
322.0
274.9
342.7
294.2
325.4
273.0
276.6
198.3
325.2
274.6
344.4
296.1
326.4
275.4
280.7
206.0
325.7
274.6
381.5
113.9
111.2
337.0
435.1
314.1
400.5
120.2
112.8
356.3
468.6
331.8
405.5
121.7
114.9
356.2
475.7
337.9
406.1
122.2
112.9
360.5
478.8
339.5
406.1
122.4
111.0
364.4
481.5
340.3
406.6
122.5
110.8
366.2
483.4
340.8
408.6
123.1
111.3
368.5
486.5
342.2
409.9
123.6
111.5
368.5
489.6
343.1
411.2
124.1
111.5
369.0
492.1
343.7
412.8
124.8
111.4
370.5
494.7
345.0
414.2
125.1
112.3
370.5
496.0
345.9
416.7
125.4
114.8
371.6
498.4
346.6
418.3
126.0
115.1
372.9
501.5
347.7
420.7
126.9
115.8
373.8
503.6
349.2
422.4
127.2
115.5
375.2
505.4
355.6
323.3
303.9
109.7
317.7
272.5
277.2
319.2
293.2
113.5
373.3
426.5
314.8
314.4
259.7
409.9
375.9
328.6
306.7
111.2
322.6
263.4
262.2
297.1
289.6
118.7
390.6
370.3
327.0
327.1
263.2
322.4
397.1
330.0
307.9
111.7
324.2
261.1
258.9
290.2
289.4
120.2
395.4
360.6
330.0
329.9
264.5
297.7
401.4
330.2
307.8
111.7
324.4
260.9
257.8
288.1
289.0
120.1
395.7
348.6
331.4
331.6
265.5
290.6
403.7
330.4
308.0
111.8
324.5
261.2
257.4
287.7
289.2
120.0
395.4
341.7
332.3
332.5
266.1
288.5
405.0
330.6
308.3
111.9
324.8
261.2
257.5
288.9
289.5
120.2
395.8
342.4
332.6
332.8
265.8
290.5
405.7
332.2
310.3
112.7
326.7
262.5
259.2
294.9
292.1
120.8
397.6
352.2
334.0
333.6
265.5
306.1
407.5
333.6
311.5
113.1
328.0
264.0
262.6
299.6
294.6
121.1
398.8
359.2
334.9
334.5
265.7
319.2
408.9
335.4
312.9
113.6
329.4
266.5
266.4
301.0
296.8
121.3
400.0
360.0
336.5
336.4
268.4
320.9
410.4
337.3
314.6
114.2
331.1
268.9
269.6
303.7
299.1
121.6
401.5
362.4
338.2
338.3
270.3
328.0
412.3
338.3
315.6
114.6
332.2
269.4
270.0
305.0
300.0
122.1
402.9
366.9
339.0
338.9
270.7
330.2
413.2
339.6
317.1
115.1
333.5
269.5
269.8
307.4
300.5
123.2
405.4
380.6
339.5
339.1
270.1
336.4
414.1
340.5
317.4
115.3
334.1
269.6
269.5
309.9
300.1
123.7
406.8
382.4
340.1
339.9
269.6
341.4
416.0
342.7
319.0
115.9
336.0
271.6
273.1
312.7
302.3
124.2
409.3
388.9
341.6
341.7
270.9
349.9
418.3
344.6
320.9
116.5
337.7
273.8
276.8
313.2
304.9
124.9
410.9
387.4
343.6
343.9
273.6
348.7
420.2
31.0
26.7
30.5
26.2
30.3
26.0
30.3
26.0
30.2
26.0
30.2
26.0
30.0
25.8
29.9
25.7
29.8
25.6
29.6
25.5
29.5
25.4
29.4
25.3
29.3
25.2
29.2
25.1
29.0
25.0
318.5
370.4
323.4
376.1
324.9
377.8
325.0
378.0
325.4
378.4
325.7
378.8
327.7
381.1
329.0
382.6
330.5
384.4
332.3
386.5
333.4
387.8
334.9
389.5
335.6
390.3
337.4
392.4
339.1
394.3
Food and beverages ................................................
F o o d ...................................................................
Food at home .............................................
Cereals and bakery p ro d u c ts ................................................
Meats, poultry, fish, and e g g s ..............................................
Dairy p ro d u cts........................................................
Fruits and vegetables.............................................................
Other foods at h o m e ..............................................................
Sugar and s w e e ts ................................................................
Fats and o ils .............................................................
Nonalcoholic beverages......................................................
Other prepared fo o d s ..........................................................
Food away from home ..........................................................
Alcoholic beverages.......................................................
301.8
309.3
295.3
315.4
262.7
256.9
320.3
361.5
398.3
293.9
453.2
295.7
349.7
232.6
311.6
319.2
303.7
324.2
274.4
257.1
323.8
373.5
410.5
287.2
478.1
303.2
363.4
242.5
315.0
322.8
307.5
326.8
284.0
257.1
324.2
373.5
413.0
285.1
475.5
305.2
366.6
243.4
315.4
323.3
307.9
326.8
284.4
258.6
322.9
374.4
412.8
284.1
477.7
305.9
367.3
243.5
316.2
324.2
308.4
327.0
285.8
259.9
322.2
373.9
411.9
284.5
477.1
305.3
369.2
243.4
316.8
324.8
308.7
328.0
286.6
260.9
323.4
372.2
411.2
285.5
470.3
306.6
370.5
243.9
320.3
328.4
313.4
330.0
288.5
262.0
338.2
378.9
414.9
292.6
483.7
309.7
372.2
245.4
321.3
329.5
314.6
331.2
285.8
263.6
348.2
380.0
414.8
289.9
482.5
313.3
373.2
246.2
321.2
329.4
313.8
331.6
285.6
262.4
346.0
378.8
416.5
293.9
476.9
312.6
374.3
246.5
322.1
330.2
314.9
334.1
285.2
262.0
353.6
377.8
416.5
291.3
471.3
314.5
374.8
247.2
323.5
331.8
316.8
334.8
287.9
263.1
358.5
377.9
417.1
292.6
470.0
314.9
375.6
247.8
325.0
333.4
318.5
335.4
290.0
262.5
366.7
376.8
418.7
290.7
464.5
315.8
377.1
248.6
324.8
333.1
317.5
336.8
292.5
261.9
354.1
376.3
418.3
292.2
460.5
316.7
378.2
249.2
325.1
333.4
317.4
337.1
293.9
262.9
347.1
377.5
419.3
291.9
461.0
318.7
379.2
249.8
326.2
334.5
318.3
337.4
296.1
264.7
346.7
377.1
420.1
290.6
460.9
318.1
380.9
250.2
Housing ................................................................
Shelter ........................................................
Renters' costs ( 1 2 /8 4 = 1 0 0 )..........................................
Rent, residential................................................................
Other renters' costs ...............................................................
Homeowners’ costs (12/84 = 1 0 0 )........................................
Owners’ equivalent rent (1 2 /8 4 = 1 0 0 ) ...............................
Household insurance (12/84 = 1 0 0 )....................................
Maintenance and re p a irs..........................................................
Maintenance and repair services ........................................
Maintenance and repair com m odities.................................
Fuel and other u tilitie s ...........................................................
Fuels .........................................................................
Fuel oil. coal, and bottled g a s .............................................
Gas (piped) and electricity ...................................................
Other utilities and public se rv ic e s ..........................................
Household furnishings and ope ratio ns.....................................
Housefurnishings.......................................................................
Housekeeping supp lie s............................................................
Housekeeping se rvice s.............................................................
343.3
370.4
103.6
263.7
397.9
103.1
103.0
103.2
364.1
415.0
261.1
394.7
487.5
622.0
451.6
241.6
243.4
197.6
310.7
340.2
353.2
390.7
109.5
279.1
416.0
108.8
108.8
109.4
369.4
425.3
262.5
385.4
462.7
504.5
445.6
253.8
246.5
198.4
317.1
348.2
356.6
395.2
110.9
282.2
428.9
110.0
110.0
110.4
370.6
430.7
261.1
389.1
467.1
456.6
460.3
256.2
247.5
199.4
317.9
349.5
355.6
397.1
111.4
283.6
426.7
110.5
110.5
110.8
373.1
431.1
264.3
379.3
449.2
454.8
439.6
257.8
247.5
199.3
317.8
350.1
354.3
397.8
111.7
284.6
424.8
110.7
110.7
111.3
372.4
428.2
265.0
371.3
437.1
455.0
425.3
255.8
247.2
198.5
318.4
350.1
354.8
398.1
111.6
285.1
417.3
110.8
110.8
111.7
374.6
428.1
268.0
371.1
437.3
463.5
423.8
255.3
248.5
199.7
320.6
350.8
356.3
399.6
112.3
286.1
424.9
111.1
111.1
111.9
377.3
434.5
267.6
373.9
442.7
489.3
427.4
255.6
248.9
200.0
322.0
351.2
357.5
401.2
112.7
287.0
427.6
111.6
111.5
112.1
376.9
432.5
268.4
374.9
443.7
503.9
427.3
256.5
249.4
200.2
323.1
352.0
358.8
403.2
113.3
287.3
439.0
112.1
112.1
112.4
378.5
436.8
267.9
375.1
443.2
501.4
427.0
257.1
250.1
200.7
325.2
352.3
360.0
405.1
113.8
287.8
448.1
112.7
112.7
112.5
378.0
435.7
267.9
374.3
440.7
501.1
424.4
257.8
250.8
201.4
325.7
353.3
361.1
406.3
114.0
288.3
449.2
113.1
113.1
113.1
378.0
433.2
269.7
377.5
446.9
498.2
431.2
258.1
250.5
200.5
327.2
354.0
363.5
406.9
114.2
288.5
453.1
113.2
113.2
113.8
380.9
438.3
270.5
388.0
470.0
499.4
455.4
257.4
250.4
200.5
327.5
354.0
364.6
408.7
115.3
290.0
467.0
113.4
113.4
114.6
386.4
449.8
270.7
388.3
467.6
498.4
453.0
259.5
250.7
200.8
327.6
354.4
367.0
411.7
116.0
291.9
468.8
114.3
114.3
115.1
385.7
448.7
270.4
391.5
472.6
502.7
457.8
260.8
251.0
201.2
327.0
354.8
367.5
413.0
116.2
293.2
462.0
114.8
114.8
115.5
384.6
447.9
269.4
390.0
470.5
501.5
455.7
260.1
251.3
201.3
327.8
355.1
Apparel and u p k e e p .......................................................................
205.0
206.5
211.0
211.9
211.5
209.6
205.8
206.9
213.7
217.4
216.6
213.0
209.1
212.9
220.5
1985
1986
All ite m s ..............................................................................................
Com m odities...................................................................
Food and beverages...................................................................
Commodities less food and beverages....................................
Nondurables less food and beverages .................................
Apparel com m odities.............................................................
Nondurables less food, beverages, and apparel .............
D urables......................................................................................
322.2
286.7
302.0
274.6
282.1
191.6
333.3
270.7
S e rvices..........................................................................
Rent of shelter (1 2 /8 2 = 1 0 0 ).....................................................
Household services less rent o f shelter (1 2 /8 2 = 1 0 0 )........
Transportation se rvice s...............................................................
Medical care se rvice s..................................................................
Other services ..............................................................................
Special indexes:
All items less food .......................................................................
All items less shelter ...................................................................
All items less homeowners’ costs (1 2 /8 2 = 1 0 0 )....................
All items less medical c a re .........................................................
Commodities less fo o d ...............................................................
Nondurables less food ................................................................
Nondurables less food and apparel .........................................
Nondurables.....................................................................
Services less rent o f shelter (12/82 = 1 0 0 )............................
Services less medical c a r e .........................................................
Energy..........................................................................
All items less e n e rg y ...................................................................
All items less food and energy ..................................................
Commodities less food and e n e rg y ..........................................
Energy commodities ....................................................................
Services less ene rgy...................................................................
Purchasing power of the consumer dollar:
1967 = $ 1 .0 0 .................................................................
1957-59 = $ 1 .0 0 .....................................................
CONSUMER PRICE INDEX FOR URBAN WAGE EARNERS
AND CLERICAL WORKERS:
All items ..........................................................................
All items (1 9 5 7 -5 9 -1 0 0 ).........................................................
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
73
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
November 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics: Price Data
30. Continued— Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or
service group; and CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, all items
(1967 = 100, unless otherwise indicated)
Series
1987
1986
Ann ual
aver age
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
196.2
202.3
178.1
326.2
212.0
209.0
334.2
197.1
203.6
178.1
329.2
215.3
207.9
335.6
196.6
204.6
176.2
323.8
215.6
208.9
336.2
194.5
202.1
173.1
329.3
214.9
207.8
336.6
190.5
198.6
168.2
319.1
211.1
210.1
339.7
191.5
198.9
169.2
322.2
212.4
212.1
340.5
198.3
201.9
178.6
337.3
217.7
214.1
341.8
202.1
204.3
184.4
336.3
220.0
213.9
341.6
201.2
205.7
181.8
334.7
221.3
213.1
343.3
197.5
204.0
175.8
324.2
219.4
217.0
343.8
193.6
201.7
170.4
318.3
215.5
217.6
344.8
197.4
203.1
176.6
320.9
217.2
219.4
344.2
205.0
207.2
188.0
330.5
219.9
222.6
344.6
307.6
301.5
223.3
223.6
363.2
293.1
292.5
364.7
302.2
203.9
330.9
416.3
301.8
295.3
223.3
223.7
359.5
271.9
271.4
366.6
299.7
202.7
328.1
418.8
302.2
295.7
225.7
226.3
360.6
264.0
263.4
367.2
305.2
201.1
335.4
418.9
304.0
297.5
229.4
230.0
361.0
262.0
261.3
369.7
309.5
202.3
340.7
421.1
304.2
297.5
230.7
231.4
356.6
263.2
262.5
372.3
309.9
202.8
341.0
425.8
308.2
301.6
231.2
232.0
354.7
277.7
277.1
373.4
312.6
204.3
344.0
426.7
309.9
303.4
228.9
229.3
357.0
289.5
288.9
375.1
311.5
204.0
342.6
427.2
310.8
304.2
228.2
228.5
363.1
291.3
290.7
374.9
311.7
204.3
342.9
428.7
313.9
307.4
229.0
229.5
371.7
298.7
298.3
377.9
312.1
202.6
344.1
428.9
315.5
309.1
229.5
230.3
378.7
301.2
300.7
378.1
312.9
204.0
344.6
428.9
317.9
311.7
229.9
230.9
383.0
307.6
307.2
378.3
314.7
204.4
346.9
426.9
319.7
313.6
230.3
231.6
385.4
313.0
312.6
378.8
315.8
203.8
348.7
426.9
321.4
315.2
229.5
230.9
385.6
321.4
321.0
380.6
315.4
204.7
347.7
430.7
321.7
315.4
229.2
230.4
387.1
320.0
319.6
382.6
316.4
206.0
348.6
433.0
401.2
256.3
432.7
367.7
221.2
431.0
272.8
465.7
391.4
234.2
437.1
275.8
472.6
396.6
236.8
439.7
276.6
475.6
398.4
239.1
441.7
277.0
478.2
400.2
240.4
443.9
279.8
480.1
401.5
241.6
446.7
281.4
483.2
404.2
243.2
449.7
282.9
486.5
407.4
244.6
452.3
285.1
489.2
410.2
245.4
454.9
286.2
492.1
413.3
246.5
456.6
288.2
493.6
414.7
247.4
459.3
290.5
496.2
417.5
248.2
462.1
292.1
499.4
419.7
250.9
464.2
293.2
501.7
421.5
252.8
466.2
294.4
503.9
424.0
253.5
Entertainment .........................................................................................
Entertainment commodities ..............................................................
Entertainment se rvice s ......................................................................
260.1
254.2
271.6
268.7
259.5
286.0
270.0
259.8
288.9
271.1
260.6
290.7
272.1
261.7
291.6
272.3
261.7
292.0
272.9
262.2
292.7
273.4
262.3
293.9
274.4
263.7
294.2
276.0
264.7
296.6
276.9
265.9
297.2
277.0
265.9
297.4
278.2
266.8
299.0
278.5
266.8
299.9
279.7
266.9
302.4
Other goods and services ...................................................................
Tobacco p ro d u c ts ..............................................................................
Personal c a re .......................................................................................
Toilet goods and personal care appliances................................
Personal care services ...................................................................
Personal and educational expenses...............................................
School books and supp lie s............................................................
Personal and educational s e rv ic e s ..............................................
322.7
328.1
279.6
279.0
280.5
399.3
355.7
410.1
341.7
350.7
289.0
288.6
289.8
430.7
384.8
442.0
347.5
356.5
289.5
288.7
290.8
446.1
393.9
458.7
348.8
356.8
290.8
290.5
291.6
448.7
396.7
461.3
349.2
356.9
291.2
290.5
292.4
449.4
396.9
462.1
349.5
357.2
291.3
290.3
292.7
450.0
397.1
462.8
352.8
364.7
293.2
292.0
294.9
452.0
406.5
464.3
354.6
368.0
294.1
293.2
295.4
453.7
409.3
465.9
355.1
369.2
293.9
292.7
295.5
454.3
409.6
466.6
356.0
370.0
294.7
293.6
296.2
455.5
410.1
467.8
356.9
370.5
296.4
294.9
298.4
456.1
410.5
468.5
357.8
372.3
296.4
294.8
298.8
457.3
410.6
469.8
360.5
379.7
297.3
296.1
299.1
458.4
410.7
471.0
361.9
380.5
298.2
296.6
300.4
460.6
411.4
473.4
368.3
382.1
299.1
297.4
301.5
475.3
423.7
488.5
All ite m s .....................................................................................................
C om m odities...........................................................................................
Food and beverages..........................................................................
Commodities less food and beverages..........................................
Nondurables less food and beverages .......................................
Apparel com m odities....................................................................
Nondurables less food, beverages, and apparel ....................
D urables.............................................................................................
318.5
286.5
301.8
274.9
283.8
191.3
334.2
265.2
323.4
283.1
311.6
264.2
265.6
191.5
306.7
264.0
324.9
282.6
315.0
261.5
261.5
196.2
298.4
263.0
325.0
282.6
315.4
261.1
260.2
197.1
296.0
264.0
325.4
283.1
316.2
261.5
259.7
196.6
295.6
265.3
325.7
283.3
316.8
261.5
259.9
194.5
296.9
265.0
327.7
285.5
320.3
262.9
262.3
190.5
304.4
265.4
329.0
287.0
321.3
264.6
266.0
191.5
310.2
264.5
330.5
288.6
321.2
267.2
270.0
198.3
311.5
265.3
332.3
290.7
322.1
269.9
273.7
202.1
315.0
266.8
333.4
291.6
323.5
270.6
274.2
201.2
316.5
267.8
334.9
292.4
325.0
270.9
274.1
197.5
319.5
268.5
335.6
292.5
324.8
271.2
274.1
193.6
322.8
269.1
337.4
293.9
325.1
273.3
277.9
197.4
326.2
269.0
339.1
295.7
326.2
275.4
281.7
205.0
326.5
269.1
S e rvices...................................................................................................
Rent of shelter (1 2 /8 4 —1 0 0 )...........................................................
Household services less rent of shelter (12 /8 4 —1 0 0 )................
Transportation se rvice s .....................................................................
Medical care services........................................................................
Other s e rv ic e s .....................................................................................
377.3
103.2
102.6
332.2
432.7
310.1
395.7
109.0
103.9
350.1
465.7
326.9
400.4
110.3
106.0
349.2
472.6
332.2
401.0
110.8
103.8
353.8
475.6
333.8
401.0
111.0
102.0
357.9
478.2
334.7
401.5
111.1
101.8
359.5
480.1
335.1
403.3
111.5
102.3
361.7
483.2
336.4
404.5
111.9
102.5
361.3
486.5
337.5
405.9
112.5
102.5
361.6
489.2
338.0
407.3
113.0
102.4
363.2
492.1
339.4
408.8
113.4
103.2
363.5
493.6
340.3
411.4
113.5
105.7
364.7
496.2
340.9
412.8
114.0
105.9
365.9
499.4
342.0
415.3
114.9
106.6
366.3
501.7
343.3
416.9
115.2
106.3
367.6
503.9
349.7
319.4
303.4
101.8
314.3
272.8
279.0
320.3
293.9
102.6
369.0
426.3
309.9
308.7
256.8
410.9
371.1
323.0
305.1
102.8
318.0
262.9
262.7
296.9
289.8
107.1
385.9
367.5
321.2
320.3
259.8
322.9
391.9
323.9
305.9
103.2
319.3
260.3
259.1
289.6
289.5
108.3
390.3
356.9
323.9
322.7
260.9
298.2
395.7
324.0
305.7
103.2
319.3
260.0
257.8
287.4
289.0
108.2
390.6
344.8
325.3
324.4
261.7
290.9
398.2
324.2
305.9
103.2
319.6
260.3
257.4
287.0
289.2
108.1
390.4
338.5
326.3
325.4
262.4
289.1
399.6
324.4
306.3
103.4
319.8
260.4
257.6
288.2
289.6
108.3
390.7
339.2
326.5
325.6
262.1
291.1
400.2
326.C
308.4
104.0
321.8
261.8
259.9
294.8
292.5
108.8
392.5
349.8
327.8
326.3
261.7
307.2
401.9
327./
309.6
104.5
323.C
263.5
263.3
299.7
294.9
109.0
393.5
356.9
328.7
327.1
262.0
319.9
403.2
329.3
311.0
104.9
324.5
265.9
266.9
300.9
296.9
109.2
394.7
357.7
330.2
329.0
264.6
321.5
404.7
331.3
312.8
105.5
326.2
268.5
270.4
303.9
299.2
109.5
396.1
360.8
331.9
330.9
266.6
328.9
406.5
332.3
313.9
105.9
327.3
269.2
270.8
305.3
300.1
109.9
397.5
364.9
332.8
331.6
267.1
331.2
407.5
333.7
315.6
106.4
328.8
269.5
270.9
307.9
300.9
111.1
400.1
378.6
333.2
331.8
266.7
337.7
408.2
334.6
315.9
106.6
329.3
269.8
270.9
310.8
300.8
111.5
401.4
380.6
333.8
332.6
266.3
343.1
410.1
336.8
317.4
107.1
331.1
271.8
274.4
313.8
302.9
112.0
403.8
387.5
335.2
334.2
267.5
351.8
412.3
338.5
319.2
107.7
332.8
273.8
277.8
314.1
305.3
112.5
405.4
385.8
337.2
336.4
270.0
350.4
414.2
31.4
27.C
30.9
26.8
30.8
26.5
30.8
26.5
30.7
26.4
30.5
26.2
30.26.1
30.3
26.0
30.1
25.9
30.0
25.8
29.9
25.7
29.8
25.6
29.6
25.5
29.5
25.4
1986
Apparel com m o dities.........................................................................
Men's and boys' a p p a re l................................................................
W omen’s and girls’ a p p a re l...........................................................
Infants’ and toddlers’ a p p a re l........................................................
F oo tw ear............................................................................................
Other apparel com m odities............................................................
Apparel se rvice s..................................................................................
191.3
198.2
171.3
311.7
212.5
203.1
318.5
191.5
199.7
169.4
329.4
211.8
206.1
332.0
Transpo rtation........................................................................................
Private transportation.........................................................................
New ve h icle s.....................................................................................
New c a rs .........................................................................................
Used c a r s ..........................................................................................
Motor f u e l..........................................................................................
G a soline..........................................................................................
Maintenance and re p a ir..................................................................
Other private tran sportation...........................................................
Other private transportation com m o dities................................
Other private transportation se rvice s........................................
Public tran sportation..........................................................................
321.6
317.4
214.2
214.5
379.7
375.4
375.0
352.6
287.7
204.7
312.3
391.7
Medical c a r e ...........................................................................................
Medical care co m m o dities................................................................
Medical care se rvice s........................................................................
Professional se rv ic e s ......................................................................
Hospital and related se rv ic e s ........................................................
Sept.
Special indexes:
All items less homeowners’ costs (1 2 /8 4 —1 0 0 )..........................
Purchasing power of the consumer dollar:
1 9 6 7 -$ 1 .0 0 ........................................................................................
1 9 5 7 -5 9 -$ 1 .0 0 .................................................................................
74
Sept.
Oct.
1985
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
30.7
26.41
31.
Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and available local area data: ail items
(1967 = 100, unless otherwise indicated)
All Urban Consumers
Area1
U.S. city a verage.....................
Region and area size3
Northeast u rb a n ........................
Size A - More than
1,200,000 ................................
Size B - 500,000 to
1,200,000 ................................
Size C - 50,000 to
500,000 ...................................
North Central urban ................
Size A - More than
1,200,000 ................................
Size B - 360,000 to
1,200,000 ................................
Size C - 50,000 to
360,000 ...................................
Size D - Nonmetro
politan (less
than 50,0000 ..........................
South u rb a n ..................................
Size A - More than
1,200,000 ................................
Size B - 450,000 to
1,200,000 ................................
Size C - 50,000 to
450,000 ...................................
Size D - Nonmetro
politan (less
than 5 0 ,0 0 0 )...........................
West u rb a n ................................
Size A - More than
1,250,000 ...............................
Size B - 330,000 to
1,250,000 ................................
Size C - 50,000 to
330,000 .................................
Size classes:
A ........................................
B .............................................
C .....................................
D ............................................
Selected local areas
Chicago, ILNorthwestern IN ......................
Los Angeles-Long
Beach, Anaheim, C A ............
New York, NYNortheastern N J ......................
Philadelphia, P A -N J.................
San FranciscoOakland, C A .............................
Pricing
sche
dule2
Other
index
base
M
-
M
12/77
M
12/77
M
12/77
M
M
12/77
12/77
M
1986
1986
1987
Sept.
Oct.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Sept.
Oct.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
330.2
330.5
338.7
340.1
340.8
342.7
344.4
324.9
325.0
333.4
334.9
335.6
337.4
339.1
176.4
181.7
182.4
182.7
184.1
185.1
173.5
178.9
179.5
179.9
181.2
182.1
174.2
179.5
180.5
180.7
182.1
183.5
169.7
175.2
176.1
176.3
177.7
179.0
178.0
182.8
182.0
182.5
183.3
183.2
174.6
179.7
179.0
179.5
180.3
180.2
183.8
176.5
189.0
180.8
189.7
182.4
190.9
182.6
192.5
184.0
192.2
184.8
188.1
172.4
193.5
176.7
194.1
178.3
195.1
178.6
196.6
179.8
197.0
180.6
.
.
-
_
12/77
.
180.3
184.5
186.6
186.9
188.2
189.2
174.5
178.8
180.7
181.0
182.3
183.3
M
12/77
.
174.0
179.5
180.2
180.2
182.0
182.4
169.5
174.8
175.5
175.6
177.4
177.8
M
12/77
.
172.3
176.9
177.8
178.2
179.6
180.8
168.7
173.0
174.0
174.3
175.5
176.6
M
M
12/77
12/77
-
171.7
177.5
174.9
181.4
176.1
182.1
176.7
182.6
177.1
183.2
176.7
184.0
172.7
176.3
176.2
180.3
177.4
181.0
178.2
181.6
178.5
182.1
178.3
183.0
M
12/77
_
177.6
182.0
182.6
183.3
184.0
184.7
176.9
181.4
182.1
182.7
183.3
184.2
M
12/77
.
180.0
183.2
183.7
184.1
184.8
186.3
175.7
179.1
179.6
180.0
180.6
182.1
M
12/77
_
175.8
179.8
180.8
181.4
181.7
182.0
176.3
180.4
181.6
182.2
182.5
182.9
M
M
12/77
12/77
-
175.4
180.4
178.9
184.4
179.1
184.5
179.9
184.7
180.0
185.6
181.1
186.7
175.9
177.8
179.5
181.7
179.7
181.9
180.6
182.1
180.9
183.0
181.9
183.9
M
12/77
.
184.2
188.1
187.9
188.1
189.2
190.3
179.0
182.9
182.8
182.9
183.9
184.9
M
12/77
.
179.2
183.2
183.9
184.0
184.3
185.8
179.3
183.5
184.0
184.2
184.6
185.9
M
12/77
-
173.1
175.2
176.4
176.6
177.1
177.9
-
171.2
173.2
174.2
174.6
175.2
175.9
M
M
M
M
12/77
12/77
12/77
12/77
-
102.5
182.4
180.0
178.2
103.0
182.7
181.0
178.8
103.2
183.0
181.5
179.5
103.8
183.9
182.4
179.7
104.4
184.8
182.9
180.3
-
-
178.3
175.9
174.5
175.1
175.7
175.1
102.6
179.3
179.8
178.9
103.1
179.6
180.8
179.6
103.3
179.9
181.4
180.3
103.9
180.8
182.2
180.7
104.5
181.7
182.9
181.3
M
_
_
-
-
333.9
328.7
338.4
345.0
346.1
348.8
349.9
318.3
313.4
322.7
328.9
330.0
332.5
333.5
M
_
334.6
336.2
345.1
344.2
344.1
346.7
348.6
326.8
328.3
337.1
336.3
336.2
338.8
340.4
M
M
_
326.6
325.8
327.8
324.7
339.0
336.2
340.6
339.0
340.7
339.1
343.7
342.2
346.4
342.8
317.5
326.7
318.7
326.1
330.2
337.5
331.7
340.4
331.6
340.7
334.4
343.9
337.4
344.2
353.5
356.0
356.9
358.5
-
341.1
347.0
347.3
349.3
349.9
351.4
343.8
338.0
361.4
180.5
334.7
343.1
_
346.0
347.2
367.5
181.3
339.5
347.8
330.9
325.2
.
_
_
329.3
337.4
332.9
334.2
179.2
326.3
343.2
_
_
344.3
345.5
343.4
181.6
335.7
350.8
-
M
-
-
347.7
353.5
Baltimore, M D .........................
Boston, MA .............................
Cleveland, O H ........................
Miami, F L .........................
St. Louis, M O -IL ........................
Washington, DC-MD-VA .........
1
1
1
1
1
1
-
334.0
328.2
_
-
352.1
-
-
174.3
325.7
332.3
340.1
335.1
357.5
179.1
330.5
340.5
Dallas-Ft. Worth, TX..............
Detroit, M l .................................
Houston, TX .........................
Pittsburgh, PA ...........................
2
2
2
2
-
-
-
321.1
11/77
-
“
-
-
-
345.9
324.3
334.0
331.8
_
-
-
_
-
354.1
330.2
341.5
338.9
1 Area is the Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA), exclu
sive of farms and military. Area definitions are those established by the Of
fice of Management and Budget in 1983, except for Boston-Lawrence-Salem, MA-NH Area (excludes Monroe County); and Milwaukee, Wl Area (in
cludes only the Milwaukee MSA). Definitions do not include revisions made
since 1983.
2 Foods, fuels, and several other items priced every month in all areas;
most other goods and services priced as indicated:.
M - Every month.
1 - January, March, May, July, September, and November.
2 - February, April, June, August, October, and December.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Urban Wage Earners
1987
_
_
-
_
_
356.0
333.5
344.0
341.7
174.5
320.7
334.6
_
-
310.5
_
_
-
-
_
_
-
338.5
313.6
331.7
310.6
_
_
-
_
_
_
_
347.4
319.7
339.7
317.8
341.9
336.3
337.9
180.9
331.0
345.4
_
-
_
349.5
322.7
341.7
320.3
_
-
3 Regions are defined as the four Census regions.
- Data not available.
NOTE: Local area CPI indexes are byproducts of the national CPI pro
gram. Because each local index is a small subset of the national index, it
has a smaller sample size and is, therefore, subject to substantially more
sampling and other measurement error than the national index. As a result,
local area indexes show greater volatility than the national index, although
their long-term trends are quite similar. Therefore, the Bureau of Labor Sta
tistics strongly urges users to consider adopting the national average CPI
for use in escalator clauses.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
November 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics:
Price Data
32. Annual data: Consumer Price Index all items and major groups
Series
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
195.4
7.7
217.4
11.3
246.8
13.5
272.4
10.4
289.1
6.1
298.4
3.2
311.1
4.3
322.2
3.6
328.4
1.9
206.3
9.7
228.5
10.8
248.0
8.5
267.3
7.8
278.2
4.1
284.4
2.2
295.1
3.8
302.0
2.3
311.8
3.2
202.8
8.7
227.6
12.2
263.3
15.7
293.5
11.5
314.7
7.2
323.1
2.7
336.5
4.1
349.9
4.0
360.2
2.9
159.6
3.5
166.6
4.4
178.4
7.1
186.9
4.8
191.8
2.6
196.5
2.5
200.2
1.9
206.0
2.9
207.8
.9
185.5
4.7
212.0
14.3
249.7
17.8
280.0
12.1
291.5
4.1
298.4
2.4
311.7
4.5
319.9
2.6
307.5
-3.9
219.4
8.4
239.7
9.3
265.9
10.9
294.5
10.8
328.7
11.6
357.3
8.7
379.5
6.2
403.1
6.2
433.5
7.5
176.6
5.3
188.5
6.7
205.3
8.9
221.4
7.8
235.8
6.5
246.0
4.3
255.1
3.7
265.0
3.9
274.1
3.4
183.3
6.4
196.7
7.3
214.5
9.0
235.7
9.9
259.9
10.3
288.3
10.9
307.7
6.7
326.6
6.1
346.4
6.1
195.3
7.6
217.7
11.5
247.0
13.5
272.3
10.2
288.6
6.0
297.4
3.0
307.6
3.4
318.5
3.5
323.4
1.5
Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers:
All items:
Food and beverages:
Housing:
Apparel and upkeep:
Transportation:
Medical care:
Entertainment:
Other goods and services:
Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and
Clerical Workers:
All items:
76
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
33.
Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing
(1967 = 100)
Annual average
1986
1987
Grouping
Finished g o o d s ..............................................
Finished consumer goods ...........................
Finished consumer fo o d s ..........................
Finished consumer goods excluding
foods ...........................................................
Nondurable goods less food ................
Durable goods .........................................
Capital equipm ent.........................................
1985
1986
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
293.7
291.8
271.2
289.7
284.9
278.1
290.7
285.2
283.6
290.7
285.1
283.1
290.4
284.8
282.9
291.8
286.2
280.1
292.3
287.1
280.8
292.6
287.5
280.3
294.9
290.1
283.2
295.8
291.3
286.6
296.8
292.7
287.7
297.8
293.8
287.6
297.2
293.0
283.6
296.7
292.7
286.0
297.3
339.3
241.5
300.5
283.5
311.2
246.8
306.4
281.0
301.9
253.5
309.9
281.2
302.2
253.5
310.4
280.8
302.1
252.8
310.1
284.4
307.7
253.2
311.2
285.3
310.5
250.7
310.7
286.3
312.2
250.6
310.5
288.6
314.7
252.5
311.8
288.6
314.9
252.1
311.8
290.1
317.4
251.9
311.6
292.0
320.2
252.3
312.1
292.9
322.2
251.3
312.1
291.1
320.5
249.4
311.0
318.7
307.6
304.8
304.8
305.0
307.0
308.9
309.3
311.0
313.1
314.8
317.1
318.2
318.9
Intermediate materials, supplies, and
com ponents...................................................
Materials and components for
manufacturing ..............................................
Materials for food m anufacturing............
Materials for nondurable manufacturing .
Materials for durable m anufacturing.......
Components for m anufacturing...............
Materials and components for
construction...................................................
Processed fuels and lu bricants..................
Containers.......................................................
Supplies...........................................................
299.5
258.8
285.9
320.2
291.5
296.1
251.0
279.1
313.8
294.4
296.4
253.9
277.5
315.3
294.9
296.4
253.2
278.0
314.9
294.9
296.4
253.2
278.3
313.9
295.2
297.8
251.1
281.3
315.8
295.8
298.7
251.6
283.1
316.2
296.1
299.5
250.4
283.9
317.8
297.0
301.4
255.3
286.9
320.3
297.0
303.2
261.9
288.1
324.0
297.1
304.6
261.2
291.6
325.3
297.2
306.4
262.0
293.1
329.7
298.0
306.6
258.5
292.3
332.5
298.3
308.0
261.9
294.0
334.9
298.5
315.2
548.9
311.2
284.2
317.4
430.2
314.9
287.3
317.3
394.9
318.1
287.5
317.5
392.8
319.0
288.0
316.9
395.5
319.2
288.2
317.1
406.7
320.7
289.0
317.9
418.5
323.6
289.5
318.7
416.0
324.9
289.6
319.3
421.3
325.4
290.5
319.9
429.3
325.5
292.0
320.2
437.5
326.1
292.7
321.8
449.5
326.1
293.2
323.8
457.4
326.8
293.3
325.4
450.1
329.6
294.5
Crude materials for further processing ...
Foodstuffs and feedstuffs ..........................
Crude nonfood m ate rials............................
306.1
235.0
459.2
280.3
231.0
386.8
277.2
235.0
367.9
279.2
236.8
370.3
277.0
233.5
370.6
284.2
227.6
394.2
287.2
229.9
398.5
288.6
229.6
402.0
295.3
240.1
405.3
302.9
251.7
409.4
304.9
246.5
420.1
307.8
243.1
431.0
307.7
240.1
434.1
305.4
238.8
430.3
299.0
720.9
269.2
261.3
268.7
291.1
518.5
275.6
267.9
274.9
290.4
452.1
280.0
272.6
278.9
290.7
453.7
280.0
272.4
279.1
290.4
454.6
279.6
272.0
278.7
293.2
477.4
279.7
271.8
279.8
293.6
489.6
279.5
271.7
279.3
294.3
495.5
279.5
271.8
279.5
296.3
507.4
281.2
273.6
280.7
296.3
506.9
282.2
274.9
280.7
297.2
520.7
282.5
275.3
280.7
298.6
527.5
283.1
276.0
281.6
299.3
534.0
282.0
274.6
281.8
297.7
521.8
282.3
275.3
281.1
252.1
258.4
262.6
262.6
262.2
263.4
262.9
263.3
264.4
264.5
264.5
265.7
265.9
265.5
246.2
253.0
254.8
254.9
254.7
256.4
257.2
257.9
258.4
258.8
258.9
260.7
261.6
262.3
322.8
241.1
431.7
312.2
324.2
237.7
439.3
312.6
324.6
241.4
432.5
314.1
Special groupings
Finished goods, excluding fo o d s ..................
Finished energy goods ...................................
Finished goods less e n e rg y ...........................
Finished consumer goods less e n e rg y ........
Finished goods less food and energy .........
Finished consumer goods less food and
e n e rg y ...............................................................
Consumer nondurable goods less food and
e n e rg y ...............................................................
Intermediate materials less foods and
fe e d s .................................................................
Intermediate foods and fe e d s ........................
Intermediate energy goods ............................
Intermediate goods less e n e rg y ....................
Intermediate materials less foods and
e n e rg y ...............................................................
325.0
232.8
528.3
304.0
313.3
230.3
414.4
303.5
310.4
230.3
380.3
303.9
310.3
231.0
378.3
304.1
310.5
231.5
380.7
304.1
312.8
229.5
391.3
305.2
314.7
230.0
402.6
306.1
315.3
227.6
400.3
306.8
316.9
231.9
405.3
308.2
318.5
240.4
412.2
309.8
320.3
241.3
420.1
310.8
305.2
304.4
304.8
304.9
304.8
306.2
307.2
308.1
309.3
310.5
311.6
313.2
314.0
315.3
Crude energy m aterials...................................
Crude materials less energy ..........................
Crude nonfood materials less e n e rg y ..........
748.1
233.2
249.7
575.8
229.2
245.6
534.4
231.6
242.3
537.0
233.3
244.4
533.2
231.5
247.1
578.0
228.1
250.3
584.4
230.4
252.8
590.1
230.6
254.4
594.1
238.9
257.4
597.4
248.7
263.2
612.2
247.1
271.1
629.5
246.0
276.4
632.6
244.8
280.0
615.4
246.8
291.2
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
77
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
34.
November 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics:
Price Data
Producer Price indexes, by durability of product
(1967 = 100)
1987
1986
Annual average
Grouping
Total raw or slightly processed goods ........
35.
1986
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
297.3
317.2
300.0
298.8
302.2
294.4
302.4
294.8
302.1
294.7
302.9
298.2
302.8
300.7
303.4
301.1
304.3
304.4
304.7
307.7
305.2
309.8
306.2
312.0
306.9
312.0
307.4
311.5
304.3
298.1
310.5
297.6
300.8
294.0
297.0
303.1
290.4
297.1
303.3
290.5
297.2
302.9
291.0
299.5
303.7
294.7
300.7
303.5
297.4
300.8
304.1
297.0
303.0
305.0
300.5
304.4
305.3
303.0
305.4
305.4
304.9
306.8
306.3
306.8
307.5
306.9
307.7
307.5
307.1
307.5
327.9
252.2
332.4
305.6
252.0
308.6
299.2
252.0
301.8
300.6
254.4
303.1
298.6
255.4
300.9
301.6
258.8
303.9
303.6
260.9
305.8
305.9
261.1
308.3
308.4
262.1
310.9
313.9
267.8
316.4
316.9
279.0
318.8
320.0
286.3
321.7
318.3
292.5
319.5
317.8
302.8
318.3
Annual data: Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing
(1967 = 100)
Index
Finished goods:
T o t a l...........................................................................
Consumer goods .................................................
Capital equipment ................................................
Intermediate materials, supplies, and
components:
T o t a l...........................................................................
Materials and components for
m anufacturing......................................................
Materials and components for construction ....
Processed fuels and lu b ric a n ts.........................
Containers .............................................................
S u p p lie s .................................................................
Crude materials for further processing:
T o t a l...........................................................................
Foodstuffs and fe e d s tu ffs ..................................
Nonfood materials except fuel ..........................
Fuel ........................................................................
78
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Sept.
1985
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
195.9
194.9
199.2
217.7
217.9
216.5
247.0
248.9
239.8
269.8
271.3
264.3
280.7
281.0
279.4
285.2
284.6
287.2
291.1
290.3
294.0
293.7
291.8
300.5
289.7
284.9
306.4
215.6
243.2
280.3
306.0
310.4
312.3
320.0
318.7
307.6
208.7
224.7
295.3
202.8
198.5
234.4
247.4
364.8
226.8
218.2
265.7
268.3
503.0
254.5
244.5
286.1
287.6
595.4
276.1
263.8
289.8
293.7
591.7
285.6
272.1
293.4
301.8
564.8
286.6
277.1
301.8
310.3
566.2
302.3
283.4
299.5
315.2
548.9
311.2
284.2
296.1
317.4
430.2
314.9
287.3
234.4
216.2
272.3
426.8
274.3
247.9
330.0
507.6
304.6
259.2
401.0
615.0
329.0
257.4
482.3
751.2
319.5
247.8
473.9
886.1
323.6
252.2
477.4
931.5
330.8
259.5
484.5
931.3
306.1
235.0
459.2
909.6
280.3
231.0
386.8
817.2
36.
U.S. export price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification
(June 1977= 100, unless otherwise indicated)
Category
1974
SITC
ALL COMMODITIES ( 9 /8 3 - 1 0 0 ) .....................................................................
1984
Dec.
1985
Mar.
June
1986
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
1987
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
98.1
97.5
97.5
96.5
96.7
97.0
96.7
95.1
96.2
97.2
99.9
Food ( 3 /8 3 = 1 0 0 ) .....................................................................
Meat (3/83 = 1 0 0 ).................................................................
Fish (3/83 = 1 0 0 )..............................................................................
Grain and grain preparations (3 /8 0 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................................
Vegetables and fruit (3 /8 3 = 1 0 0 ) ..........................................................
Feedstuffs for animals ( 3 /8 3 - 1 0 0 ) .......................................................
Misc. food products (3/83 = 1 0 0 )....................................................................
0
01
03
04
05
08
09
96.5
104.4
98.7
92.9
114.7
82.4
108.4
95.8
103.9
101.0
92.4
119.5
72.8
110.6
94.0
104.7
103.6
90.3
120.2
68.6
109.2
90.2
106.1
102.6
82.6
126.9
75.7
108.1
93.6
112.2
101.8
87.1
118.9
83.4
107.7
90.5
111.5
102.2
82.1
115.3
88.5
106.0
89.5
114.7
106.2
79.1
125.8
85.5
104.7
77.2
122.0
111.2
59.0
131.4
90.2
106.6
81.2
122.6
116.9
64.8
131.9
87.4
108.2
79.8
123.4
118.5
62.9
130.8
85.7
108.6
83.4
129.0
122.9
66.5
130.8
93.7
110.0
Beverages and tobacco ( 6 /8 3 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................
Beverages (9 /8 3 = 1 0 0 ) ..................................................................
Tobacco and tobacco products (6 /8 3 = 1 0 0 ) ...............................................
1
11
12
101.3
103.7
101.1
99.9
104.0
99.5
100.1
105.3
99.6
99.7
101.8
99.5
98.6
100.9
98.4
95.6
101.9
95.1
96.5
103.0
95.9
96.3
102.2
95.8
101.6
102.9
101.4
101.7
104.7
101.4
104.0
104.8
104.0
Crude materials (6/83 = 1 0 0 )...........................................................................
Raw hides and skins ( 6 /8 0 = 1 0 0 ) ..................................................................
Oilseeds and oleaginous fruit ( 9 /7 7 - 1 0 0 ) ....................................................
Crude rubber (including synthetic and reciaimed) (9 /8 3 = 1 0 0 ) .................
W o o d .....................................................................
Pulp and waste paper ( 6 /8 3 -1 0 0 ) ................................................................
Textile fib e rs ......................................................................................
Crude fertilizers and m in e ra ls ......................................................................
Metalliferous ores and metal scrap ................................................................
2
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
101.4
133.6
74.8
104.0
125.4
114.2
106.7
163.2
92.4
97.5
121.0
71.0
106.4
128.7
100.5
102.4
165.6
89.2
96.8
126.2
71.2
106.3
125.7
96.1
105.8
167.9
82.0
93.3
129.0
64.2
107.1
124.5
93.8
103.6
169.4
80.1
92.5
139.9
63.9
106.0
128.1
92.7
97.7
165.5
78.7
95.8
138.9
66.9
106.0
128.7
98.8
101.6
168.0
83.4
95.6
148.9
65.8
106.1
128.7
109.7
98.6
166.1
80.5
92.3
138.0
64.5
105.3
129.7
119.8
74.7
164.3
84.6
94.8
148.3
62.9
104.4
135.5
121.2
92.2
162.8
80.7
97.3
168.8
60.4
139.0
133.0
99.7
155.6
82.2
106.4
191.2
68.6
111.8
146.2
138.7
115.0
155.1
90.7
3
99.7
100.1
99.2
97.6
96.6
91.9
86.7
85.7
84.7
85.6
84.4
Animal and vegetables oils, fats, and w a x e s .............................................
Fixed vegetable oils and fats ( 6 /8 3 - 1 0 0 ) ....................................................
4
42
147.9
156.7
142.0
152.9
144.5
164.8
114.5
128.8
101.4
108.7
90.8
95.4
84.4
95.3
76.5
80.8
86.8
87.0
88.9
89.1
94.5
94.7
Chemicals (3/83 = 1 0 0 ).......................................................
Organic chemicals ( 1 2 / 8 3 - 1 0 0 ) .................................................................
Fertilizers, manufactured (3/83 = 1 0 0 )...................................................
5
51
56
97.7
94.7
94.8
97.0
93.8
92.5
96.8
96.5
87.9
97.1
97.1
89.8
96.6
95.4
90.0
96.5
93.5
88.6
95.4
89.3
84.0
93.1
88.0
77.4
92.2
89.4
68.7
96.6
99.5
75.4
103.1
114.3
80.4
Intermediate manufactured products (9/81 = 1 0 0 )................
Leather and furskins (9 /7 9 —1 0 0 ).....................................................
Rubber manufactures .................................................
Paper and paperboard products (6 /7 8 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................
Iron and steel ( 3 /8 2 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................
Nonferrous metals (9/81 =10 0) ....................................
Metal manufactures, n.e.s. (3 /8 2 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................
6
61
62
64
67
68
69
100.4
79.0
148.5
159.5
96.5
82.5
105.0
99.4
82.5
150.2
155.0
95.5
79.7
105.4
99.2
79.2
149.0
151.6
95.3
79.6
105.2
99.2
75.9
148.3
149.6
95.9
79.8
105.4
99.1
78.5
148.7
148.2
98.2
78.2
104.4
100.3
77.8
151.0
152.2
98.4
80.2
105.3
101.2
82.5
150.0
158.7
99.4
79.1
105.5
102.2
84.2
150.4
165.3
100.2
79.4
105.6
102.7
88.0
151.3
167.9
100.1
78.8
105.7
104.4
96.3
152.1
174.4
101.5
80.3
105.7
106.8
101.1
153.9
177.7
101.5
90.2
105.6
Machinery and transport equipment, excluding military
and commercial aircraft (1 2/78= 100 ) ....................................
Power generating machinery and equipment (1 2 /7 8 -1 0 0 ) ......................
Machinery specialized for particular industries (9 /7 8 —100) ......................
Metalworking machinery (6 /7 8 = 1 0 0 ) ............................
General industrial machines and parts n.e.s. 9 /7 8 = 1 0 0 ) ..
Office machines and automatic data processing equipment ................
Telecommunications, sound recording and reproducing equipment .
Electrical machinery and equipm ent..................................
Road vehicles and parts ( 3 /8 0 = 1 0 0 ) .........................
Other transport equipment, excl. military and commercial aviation ........
7
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
141.5
167.5
153.4
151.9
150.2
101.4
134.3
114.6
131.8
191.7
142.3
165.3
155.0
153.4
152.4
100.9
133.3
114.9
133.1
195.5
142.9
167.4
155.7
155.1
152.0
100.0
133.3
116.1
133.9
196.6
143.1
167.1
156.0
156.3
152.4
99.9
134.1
115.3
133.8
199.3
143.3
167.5
156.2
158.4
152.2
99.4
134.5
113.8
135.0
200.7
144.0
169.1
155.5
159.0
152.3
99.9
136.5
115.1
135.5
203.3
144.2
169.2
154.7
158.9
153.3
99.2
137.0
114.2
136.4
206.8
144.6
169.5
155.0
160.4
154.4
98.9
137.8
114.4
136.5
207.4
145.5
171.4
155.7
161.8
155.3
98.1
139.7
114.9
137.9
209.7
146.2
173.0
154.7
165.0
157.7
96.1
141.3
117.0
138.0
211.4
146.8
172.8
156.0
165.8
157.8
96.0
140.8
117.3
138.5
214.7
8
84
87
99.3
103.4
171.7
99.5
104.7
175.5
100.4
104.7
178.3
100.3
105.0
178.7
100.3
105.3
178.8
102.6
103.4
104.1
105.3
107.3
182.1
183.8
183.8
104.3
110.0
184.8
186.4
188.5
88
130.3
128.0
129.1
127.5
128.5
131.6
132.9
132.7
132.0
133.4
133.1
89
94.1
92.4
93.1
93.1
92.4
95.6
95.6
97.6
97.7
98.1
102.1
971
79.5
69.1
75.4
77.4
77.5
81.8
82.2
97.5
94.5
98.2
108.4
Mineral fu e ls ......................................................................
Other manufactured a rtic le s ........................................
Apparel ( 9 /8 3 = 1 0 0 ) .............................................
Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments and apparatus.......
Photographic apparatus and supplies, optical goods, watches and
clocks (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 )........................................................
Miscellaneous manufactured articles, n.e.s...........................................
Gold, non-monetary ( 6 /8 3 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................
-
_
_
-
-
_
_
Data not available.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
79
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
November 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics:
Price Data
37. U.S. import price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification
(June 1977=100, unless otherwise indicated)
Category
1974
SITC
ALL COMMODITIES ( 9 /8 2 - 1 0 0 ) .....................................................................
1985
June
Sept.
1986
Dec.
Mar.
June
1987
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
93.0
92.9
94.2
88.5
83.2
83.9
86.0
91.6
95.3
Food ( 9 /7 7 - 1 0 0 ) .................................................................................................
M e a t......................................................................................................................
Dairy products and eggs (6/81 =10 0) ..........................................................
F is h ........................................................................................................................
Bakery goods, pasta products, grain and grain preparations
( 9 /7 7 -1 0 0 ) .......................................................................................................
Fruits and vegetables ........................................................................................
Sugar, sugar preparations, and honey (3 /8 2 —1 0 0 )....................................
Coffee, tea, c o c o a ..............................................................................................
0
01
02
03
96.8
118.2
97.9
129.4
94.9
120.6
99.1
129.7
102.8
131.2
100.5
132.7
113.4
122.7
106.7
139.3
104.7
118.5
107.1
144.8
109.1
126.9
109.4
149.6
105.3
134.4
111.5
157.1
100.2
132.1
116.8
161.6
102.0
135.9
119.6
167.4
04
05
06
07
132.3
129.4
122.6
56.0
136.3
120.2
123.1
54.4
141.9
131.3
111.9
64.6
146.9
119.4
124.6
85.9
149.2
119.4
121.6
69.2
154.0
127.1
123.9
71.8
155.3
125.5
124.3
61.0
161.0
120.5
126.0
50.9
165.2
125.4
128.6
49.3
Beverages and tobacco ....................................................................................
Beverages ...........................................................................................................
1
11
157.1
154.3
158.0
156.0
162.1
159.1
163.2
161.8
165.5
163.9
165.8
165.5
168.0
168.2
170.8
171.5
174.1
174.6
Crude m a te ria ls ...................................................................................................
Crude rubber (inc. synthetic & reclaimed) (3 /8 4 —1 0 0 )..............................
Wood (9 /8 1 = 1 0 0 ) .............................................................................................
Pulp and waste paper (12/81 = 1 0 0 ) ..............................................................
Crude fertilizers and crude minerals (1 2 /8 3 -1 0 0 ) .....................................
Metalliferous ores and metal scrap (3 /8 4 = 1 0 0 ) .........................................
Crude vegetable and animal materials, n.e.s.................................................
2
23
24
25
27
28
29
93.6
76.4
106.9
80.4
101.7
87.6
104.9
91.5
68.9
101.6
76.8
102.7
89.5
102.5
91.2
73.2
99.4
75.8
102.1
90.1
102.5
94.2
78.8
104.3
74.9
101.5
94.5
103.6
95.3
75.5
106.3
79.9
100.0
95.6
104.4
98.1
76.9
109.4
86.0
100.4
98.2
104.8
98.5
78.5
107.2
92.8
100.2
95.4
104.7
103.1
79.1
115.0
100.5
99.5
98.0
113.4
105.6
84.5
112.0
104.6
98.4
100.0
120.3
Fuels and related products ( 6 /8 2 = 1 0 0 ) .......................................................
Petroleum and petroleum products (6 /8 2 —100) ..........................................
3
33
80.9
81.6
79.8
80.3
79.1
80.1
55.3
54.7
37.5
36.1
33.6
32.1
38.4
37.9
49.7
49.9
54.8
55.2
Fats and oils (9 /8 3 —1 0 0 ) ..................................................................................
Vegetable oils (9/83 —1 0 0 )...............................................................................
4
42
76.7
75.9
57.6
56.2
506
48.9
41.4
39.3
39.3
37.4
35.5
33.5
51.6
50.0
50.8
49.2
54.5
52.6
Chemicals ( 9 /8 2 = 1 0 0 ) .......................................................................................
Medicinal and pharmaceutical products (3/84 —100) .................................
Manufactured fertilizers ( 3 /8 4 = 1 0 0 ) ..............................................................
Chemical materials and products, n.e.s. (9 /8 4 —1 0 0 ).................................
5
54
56
59
94.9
95.1
82.0
95.6
94.5
95.3
80.8
96.9
94.2
96.7
78.5
97.8
94.6
102.9
79.2
99.9
93.3
104.9
79.7
100.3
93.4
110.0
77.4
101.0
93.2
110.1
79.7
102.8
95.9
116.2
81.8
104.3
98.8
120.3
83.6
105.0
Intermediate manufactured products (1 2 /7 7 —100) .................................
Leather and fu rs k in s ..........................................................................................
Rubber manufactures, n.e.s...............................................................................
Cork and wood manufactures .........................................................................
Paper and paperboard products .....................................................................
T extiles..................................................................................................................
Nonmetallic mineral manufactures, n.e.s.........................................................
Iron and steel ( 9 /7 8 -1 0 0 ) ..............................................................................
Nonferrous metals (12/81 = 100) ....................................................................
Metal manufactures, n.e.s..................................................................................
6
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
132.4
133.3
138.6
121.2
157.2
127.5
151.7
120.1
82.3
117.8
133.6
137.0
137.3
123.4
157.8
126.5
157.6
119.1
83.7
119.5
133.4
141.3
138.1
124.0
156.5
128.1
162.2
118.3
80.4
121.6
134.0
141.6
136.5
130.8
157.1
131.2
164.2
117.3
79.4
124.4
135.6
143.0
137.7
134.3
157.1
132.9
169.6
118.1
78.9
127.8
138.8
147.4
138.1
137.4
157.5
135.1
178.2
119.0
83.5
129.1
139.4
143.3
138.1
142.7
164.8
135.3
180.2
118.5
81.6
129.1
142.2
149.5
140.8
144.3
165.2
138.8
183.1
122.3
82.4
133.4
147.4
156.6
140.5
151.6
165.0
140.4
190.3
127.1
90.9
134.5
Machinery and transport equipment (6/81 = 1 0 0 )....................................
Machinery specialized for particular industries (9 /7 8 = 1 0 0 ) ......................
Metalworking machinery (3 /8 0 —100) ............................................................
General industrial machinery and parts, n.e.s. (6/81 = 100) ......................
Office machines and automatic data processing equipment
(3 /8 0 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................................................................................
Telecommunications, sound recording and reproducing apparatus
(3 /8 0 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................................................................................
Electrical machinery and equipment (1 2 /8 1 -1 0 0 ) .....................................
Road vehicles and parts ( 6 /8 1 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................
7
72
73
74
102.6
97.0
90.5
91.1
103.5
101.4
94.2
94.3
107.2
104.9
98.1
98.0
111.5
112.1
105.0
103.8
115.3
115.4
107.7
109.0
118.1
120.1
110.7
112.8
120.2
121.0
115.7
113.9
123.9
127.5
122.4
120.5
126.1
129.5
126.1
123.0
75
89.4
90.3
93.7
96.9
101.3
102.5
102.4
103.2
106.4
76
77
78
88.8
83.9
112.1
88.3
81.4
112.7
88.6
83.1
117.8
89.4
84.5
123.4
91.6
87.5
127.1
93.7
89.5
129.8
93.9
91.7
133.2
94.6
93.6
137.0
95.5
94.8
139.2
8
81
82
84
85
98.0
114.1
136.7
133.9
136.7
99.6
117.8
142.1
134.5
142.1
100.8
115.0
142.7
134.5
142.7
103.3
120.1
147.0
133.4
147.0
104.8
123.5
142.2
135.3
142.2
109.5
125.5
145.8
137.8
145.8
109.6
125.5
146.9
139.1
146.9
114.3
125.5
148.9
145.5
148.9
118.1
130.6
153.3
150.9
153.3
87
92.3
98.8
102.4
106.4
112.5
118.3
118.0
125.6
129.5
88
89
89.5
95.2
91.1
96.4
94.5
97.9
99.3
102.1
103.2
103.4
106.9
112.3
107.6
111.0
111.8
116.9
114.4
121.8
971
98.3
101.1
101.0
106.7
107.3
126.9
123.3
128.0
141.5
Mlsc. manufactured articles ( 3 /8 0 - 1 0 0 ) ......................................................
Plumbing, heating, and lighting fixtures (6/80 = 100) ..................................
Furniture and parts (6 /8 0 = 1 0 0 ) .....................................................................
Clothing (9 /7 7 -1 0 0 ) .........................................................................................
F ootw ear.................................................................................................
Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments and
apparatus ( 1 2 /7 9 - 1 0 0 ) ...................................................................................
Photographic apparatus and supplies, optical goods, watches, and
clocks ( 3 /8 0 = 1 0 0 ) ..........................................................................................
Mise, manufactured articles, n.e.s. ( 6 /8 2 - 1 0 0 ) ..........................................
Gold, non-monetary ( 6 /8 2 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................................
80
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
38.
U.S. export price indexes by end-use category
(September 1983 = 100 unless otherwise indicated)
Category
Foods, feeds, and beverages .............................................................
Raw m ate rials.........................................................................................
Raw materials, n o n durable...............................................................
Raw materials, d u ra b le ......................................................................
Capital goods (1 2 /8 2 = 1 0 0 )................................................................
Automotive vehicles, parts and engines (1 2/82= 100 ) ..................
Consumer g o o d s ....................................................................................
D u ra b le s...............................................................................................
N ondurables.........................................................................................
39.
Percentage
of 1980
trade
value
16.294
30.696
21.327
9.368
30.186
7.483
7.467
3.965
3.501
June
80.9
97.2
99.5
91.6
106.6
108.0
101.1
99.2
103.0
Sept.
76.2
96.5
98.7
91.1
106.6
108.1
101.9
100.4
103.3
1987
1986
1985
Dec.
77.5
95.9
97.9
91.0
106.6
109.2
101.4
99.5
103.3
Mar.
75.5
96.0
97.5
92.5
107.4
109.5
103.7
101.8
105.5
June
Sept.
74.7
94.9
96.1
91.9
107.5
110.4
104.5
101.8
107.2
66.0
93.3
93.7
92.5
107.7
110.8
104.5
102.1
106.9
Dec.
68.4
94.8
95.4
93.2
108.3
111.8
105.7
102.7
108.5
Mar.
June
67.1
98.2
99.5
95.1
108.9
111.9
106.9
103.9
109.8
71.3
103.1
104.7
99.2
109.5
112.1
107.1
103.6
110.5
U.S. import price indexes by end-use category
(December 1982 = 100)
Category
Foods, feeds, and beverages ...........
Petroleum and petroleum products, excl. natural gas ..
Raw materials, excluding petroleum ............
Raw materials, nondurable .............
Raw materials, d u ra b le ........................
Automotive vehicles, parts and e n g in e s...........................................
Consumer g o o d s .....................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Per
centage
of 1980
trade
value
7.477
31.108
19.205
9.391
9.814
13.164
11.750
14.250
5.507
8.743
1985
June
100.4
82.1
95.8
93.9
97.8
96.3
105.9
99.4
97.0
102.5
Sept.
99.0
80.9
95.4
93.5
97.4
97.6
106.4
101.0
98.9
103.9
1986
Dec.
106.0
80.5
93.9
91.8
96.2
100.0
111.4
102.4
100.7
104.7
Mar.
115.8
55.4
94.5
91.1
98.1
102.8
115.6
104.5
103.4
106.0
June
108.2
36.8
94.0
89.7
98.7
106.7
119.0
106.5
106.5
106.6
1987
Sept.
112.3
32.6
95.3
89.5
101.4
109.4
121.0
110.1
111.2
108.6
Dec.
109.2
38 3
94 9
89.7
100.3
110.7
123.9
110.6
111.6
109.2
Mar.
104.7
50 5
96 9
91.8
102.3
115.3
126.2
114.3
114.8
113.7
June
106 6
55 8
100 5
94 5
106.8
117 8
128.0
117.5
117.5
117.6
81
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
40.
November 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics:
Price Data
U.S. export price indexes by Standard Industrial Classification 1
1985
1987
1986
In d u s try group
June
Manufacturing:
Food and kindred products (6 /8 3 —100) .............................
Lumber and wood products, except furniture
( 6 /8 3 - 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................
Furniture and fixtures (9 /8 3 —100) .......................................
Paper and allied products (3/81 —1 0 0 )................................
Chemicals and allied products (12/84 —1 0 0 )......................
Petroleum and coal products (12 /8 3 —1 0 0 )........................
Primary metal products (3 /8 2 —100) ....................................
Machinery, except electrical (9 /7 8 —1 0 0 )............................
Electrical machinery (1 2 /8 0 —100) .......................................
Transportation equipment (1 2 /7 8 —1 0 0 )..............................
Scientific instruments; optical goods; clocks
( 6 /7 7 - 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................
Sept.
Mar.
Dec.
June
Sept.
Mar.
Dec.
June
99.5
96.7
98.1
97.0
95.0
95.2
97.6
99.0
104.1
99.5
106.5
94.7
99.6
102.7
87.5
140.5
112.4
161.8
98.3
107.1
93.2
99.7
102.0
88.1
140.6
111.9
162.6
101.2
108.4
92.1
99.2
99.1
87.9
140.5
111.2
164.1
101 5
109.2
95.7
98.9
93.5
89.8
140.6
112.6
165.1
101.2
109.7
101.5
98.3
83.1
89.8
140.3
112.3
167.1
102 1
110.1
106.1
96.2
83.1
90.7
140.5
112.6
167.4
105 7
1104
108.7
95.9
82.2
89.9
140.7
113.6
169.4
109.8
113.4
113.7
100.3
83.5
91.7
141.0
115.2
170.0
113.0
114.0
116.7
106.5
86.8
97.4
141.4
115.3
171.2
156.6
156.2
156.7
159.7
161.2
161.5
162.3
163.3
164.6
1 SIC - based classification.
41.
U.S. import price indexes by Standard Industrial Classification 1
1987
1986
1985
In d u stry group
June
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
Sept.
Dec.
Mar.
June
Manufacturing:
Lumber and wood products, except furniture
(6 /7 7 -1 0 0 ) ....................................................................................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products
( 1 2 / 8 0 - 1 0 0 ) ..................................................................................
Scientific instruments; optical goods; clocks
( 1 2 / 7 9 - 1 0 0 ) ..................................................................................
Miscellaneous manufactured commodities
( 9 /8 2 - 1 0 0 ) ....................................................................................
1 SIC - based classification.
82
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
115.0
101.0
133.0
114.2
100.4
133.9
115.1
101.8
134.4
117.7
104.7
133.4
115.6
106.4
135.1
118.0
107.1
137.8
122.4
108.0
139.3
122.7
111.7
146.0
125.9
113.6
150.9
120.6
96.1
139.8
93.9
117.5
97.7
138.7
93.3
115.8
98.2
137.4
95.8
122.1
101.2
137.6
98.6
124.8
103.5
139.4
102.1
127.9
105.4
142.2
103.8
127.9
105.6
150.3
102.4
134.5
109.6
154.0
104.7
135.0
110.2
155.7
105.7
96.7
138.9
84.1
99.1
93.4
95.8
114.2
96.6
142.3
84.3
101.0
96.6
94.5
114.8
97.5
144.0
82.6
102.6
100.0
95.8
119.6
100.9
145.8
82.0
104.9
105.5
97.0
123.9
100.6
144.6
82.4
108.5
109.0
100.2
128.0
101.9
147.7
84.9
110.3
112.5
102.6
130.4
102.1
148.7
84.0
111.1
114.2
104.0
133.2
104.4
151.8
85.4
115.5
119.1
105.7
136.5
105.8
156.2
91.3
116.2
121.9
106.9
138.4
91.7
94.6
98.8
103.9
109.1
113.7
113.7
119.1
122.1
95.1
96.6
98.7
99.9
101.7
106.9
108.1
110.3
113.8
42.
Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs, quarterly data seasonally adjusted
(1977=100)
Quarterly Indexes
Item
1984
IV
1985
I
II
1987
1986
III
IV
1
II
III
IV
I
II
Business:
Output per hour of all p e rs o n s................................
Compensation per h o u r............................................
Real compensation per h o u r ...................................
Unit labor c o s ts ..........................................................
Unit nonlabor p a y m e n ts ...........................................
Implicit price deflator ................................................
105.9
170.3
98.1
160.8
157.9
159.8
106.5
172.4
98.5
161.9
158.7
160.8
107.2
174.6
98.6
162.8
160.4
162.0
108.2
177.0
99.4
163.6
161.8
163.0
107.9
179.3
99.7
166.1
160.2
164.0
109.5
180.7
100.1
165.0
163.1
164.3
109.7
182.2
101.3
166.2
163.9
165.4
109.6
183.6
101.4
167.5
165.7
166.9
109.6
185.2
101.6
169.0
162.4
166.7
109.7
185.8
100.7
169.4
166.0
168.2
110.0
187.3
100.3
170.2
169.1
169.8
104.8
170.2
98.0
162.4
158.5
161.0
105.2
172.2
98.4
163.6
159.5
162.2
105.7
174.1
98.3
164.7
161.5
163.6
106.4
176.2
98.9
165.7
163.4
164.9
105.9
178.3
99.2
168.3
160.8
165.7
107.7
180.0
99.7
167.2
164.7
166.4
107.7
181.3
100.8
168.4
165.2
167.3
107.5
182.6
100.9
169.8
167.0
168.8
107.5
184.4
101.2
171.5
163.9
168.8
107.6
184.9
100.2
171.8
167.4
170.3
107.9
186.3
99.7
172.6
169.3
171.4
106.4
168.1
96.8
162.8
158.0
176.8
134.2
161.9
159.4
107.0
169.9
97.0
163.6
158.9
177.5
132.0
161.6
159.8
107.7
171.8
97.0
164.3
159.5
178.7
132.2
162.5
160.5
109.2
173.8
97.6
163.7
159.1
177.5
142.5
165.2
161.2
108.9
175.7
97.7
166.0
161.4
179.4
128.7
161.6
161.5
109.8
177.2
98.2
166.3
161.5
180.7
129.7
162.8
161.9
109.7
178.4
99.1
167.2
162.6
180.6
129.5
162.7
162.7
109.9
179.5
99.2
168.5
163.2
184.2
130.6
165.4
164.0
110.5
181.0
99.3
168.7
163.8
183.2
127.7
163.7
163.8
109.7
180.8
98.0
169.7
164.8
184.1
132.2
165.9
165.2
110.0
182.0
97.4
170.7
165.4
186.4
131.8
167.3
166.0
120.0
171.1
98.5
142.5
121.5
173.3
99.0
142.7
124.0
176.1
99.5
142.0
125.2
178.0
99.9
142.1
126.0
180.2
100.2
143.0
127.6
181.0
100.3
141.9
128.3
182.1
101.2
142.0
129.4
183.1
101.2
141.5
129.9
184.3
101.2
141.9
131.0
183.9
99.6
140.4
132.6
184.7
98.9
139.3
N o n fa rm business:
Output per hour of all p e rs o n s................................
Compensation per h o u r............................................
Real compensation per h o u r ...................................
Unit labor c o s ts ..........................................................
Unit nonlabor p a y m e n ts ...........................................
Implicit price deflator ................................................
N o n fin an clal c o rpo ra tions:
Output per hour of all em plo yees...........................
Compensation per h o u r............................................
Real compensation per h o u r ...................................
Total unit c o s ts ...........................................................
Unit labor costs ......... .............................................
Unit nonlabor c o s ts .................................................
Unit p ro fits ...................................................................
Unit nonlabor p a ym e n ts...........................................
Implicit price deflator ................................................
M anufacturin g:
Output per hour of all p e rs o n s ................................
Compensation per h o u r............................................
Real compensation per h o u r ...................................
Unit labor c o s t s ..........................................................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
November 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics: Productivity Data
43. Annual indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, selected years
(1977 = 100)
Item
1960
1970
1973
1975
1977
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
Private business
Productivity:
Output per hour of all p e rs o n s .............................
Output per unit of capital se rv ic e s .......................
Multifactor p roductivity...........................................
O u tp u t..........................................................................
Inputs:
Hours of all persons...............................................
Capital services .......................................................
Combined units of labor and capital in p u t.........
Capital per hour of all persons................................
67.3
102.4
78.2
55.3
88.4
102.0
92.9
80.2
95.9
105.3
99.1
93.0
95.7
93.8
95.0
89.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.5
99.8
99.7
107.9
99.2
94.2
97.4
106.6
100.6
92.4
97.7
108.9
100.3
86.6
95.2
105.4
103.0
88.3
97.6
109.9
105.4
92.4
100.6
118.9
106.5
91.5
101.0
122.8
82.2
54.0
70.7
65.7
90.8
78.7
86.3
86.7
96.9
88.3
93.8
91.1
93.2
95.1
93.9
102.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
108.4
108.0
108.2
99.7
107.5
113.1
109.4
105.3
108.2
117.8
111.5
108.8
105.2
121.7
110.7
115.7
106.7
124.4
112.6
116.7
112.8
128.7
118.1
114.1
115.3
134.1
121.6
116.3
70.7
103.7
80.9
54.4
89.2
102.8
93.7
79.9
96.4
106.0
99.6
92.9
96.0
93.8
95.3
88.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.2
99.0
99.1
107.9
98.7
93.4
96.9
106.6
99.6
91.1
96.7
108.4
99.1
85.1
94.1
104.8
102.4
87.3
97.0
110.0
104.3
90.9
99.6
118.9
104.8
89.7
99.4
122.5
77.0
52.5
67.3
68.2
89.6
77.7
85.3
86.8
96.3
87.6
93.3
91.0
92.6
94.8
93.4
102.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
108.8
109.0
108.9
100.1
108.0
114.1
110.0
105.6
108.8
119.0
112.2
109.4
105.7
123.2
111.4
116.5
107.4
126.1
113.5
117.4
114.0
130.8
119.4
114.7
116.9
136.6
123.3
116.8
62.2
102.5
71.9
52.5
80.8
98.6
85.2
78.6
93.4
111.4
97.9
96.3
92.9
90.1
92.0
84.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.4
99.7
101.0
108.1
101.4
91.2
98.7
103.2
103.6
89.2
99.8
104.8
105.9
81.8
99.2
98.4
112.0
86.9
105.1
104.7
116.6
94.4
110.7
116.0
121.7
96.0
114.7
120.4
84.4
51.2
73.0
60.7
97.3
79.7
92.2
82.0
103.1
86.4
98.4
83.8
91.4
94.2
92.2
103.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
106.5
108.4
107.0
101.7
101.7
113.1
104.5
111.2
101.1
117.5
105.0
116.2
92.9
120.3
99.2
129.4
93.5
120.6
99.7
129.0
99.5
122.9
104.8
123.6
98.9
125.4
105.0
126.7
Private nonfarm business
Productivity:
Output per hour of all p e rs o n s .............................
Output per unit of capital se rv ic e s .......................
Multifactor productivity...........................................
O u tp u t..........................................................................
Inputs:
Hours of all persons................................................
Capital services .......................................................
Combined units of labor and capital in p u t.........
Capital per hour of all persons................................
Manufacturing
Productivity:
Output per hour of all p e rs o n s .............................
Output per unit of capital se rv ic e s.......................
Multifactor productivity...........................................
O u tp u t..........................................................................
Inputs:
Hours of all persons................................................
Capital services .......................................................
Combined units of labor and capital in p u ts .......
Capital per hour of all persons................................
84
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
44.
Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years
(1977 = 100)
Item
1960
1970
1973
1975
1977
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Business:
Output per hour of all p e rs o n s................................
Compensation per h o u r............................................
Real compensation per h o u r ...................................
Unit labor c o s ts ..........................................................
Unit nonlabor p a ym e n ts...........................................
Implicit price deflator ................................................
67.6
33.6
68.9
49.7
46.4
48.5
88.4
57.8
90.2
65.4
59.4
63.2
95.9
70.9
96.7
73.9
72.5
73.4
95.7
85.2
95.9
89.0
88.2
88.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.6
119.1
99.4
119.5
112.5
117.0
99.3
131.5
96.7
132.5
118.7
127.6
100.7
143.7
95.7
142.7
134.6
139.8
100.3
154.9
97.3
154.5
136.6
148.1
103.0
161.5
98.2
156.7
146.4
153.0
105.6
168.0
98.0
159.1
156.5
158.2
107.5
175.9
99.1
163.6
160.3
162.4
109.5
182.8
101.0
166.9
163.8
165.8
Nonfarm business:
Output per hour of all p e rs o n s................................
Compensation per h o u r............................................
Real compensation per h o u r ...................................
Unit labor c o s ts ..........................................................
Unit nonlabor p a ym e n ts...........................................
Implicit price d e fla to r................................................
71.0
35.3
72.3
49.7
46.3
48.5
89.3
58.2
90.8
65.2
60.0
63.4
96.4
71.2
97.1
73.9
69.3
72.3
96.0
85.6
96.4
89.2
86.7
88.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.3
118.9
99.2
119.7
110.5
116.5
98.8
131.3
96.6
132.9
118.5
127.8
99.8
143.6
95.7
144.0
133.5
140.3
99.2
154.8
97.2
156.0
136.5
149.2
102.5
161.5
98.2
157.6
148.3
154.3
104.6
167.8
97.9
160.4
156.4
159.0
105.8
175.2
98.7
165.6
161.3
164.1
107.5
182.0
100.6
169.3
165.2
167.8
Nonfinancial corporations:
Output per hour of all e m plo yees...........................
Compensation per h o u r............................................
Real compensation per h o u r ...................................
Total unit c o s ts ...........................................................
Unit labor costs .......................................................
Unit nonlabor c o s ts ................................................
Unit p ro fits ...................................................................
Unit nonlabor payments ...........................................
Implicit price deflator ................................................
73.4
36.9
75.5
49.4
50.2
47.0
59.8
51.5
50.7
91.1
59.2
92.4
64.8
65.0
64.2
52.3
60.1
63.3
97.5
71.6
97.6
72.7
73.4
70.7
65.6
68.9
71.9
96.7
85.9
96.7
90.3
88.8
94.9
77.0
88.6
88.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.8
118.7
99.1
118.2
119.0
115.8
94.5
108.4
115.4
99.1
131.1
96.4
133.4
132.3
136.7
85.2
118.6
127.6
99.6
143.3
95.5
147.7
143.8
159.1
98.1
137.8
141.7
100.4
154.3
96.9
159.5
153.8
176.4
78.5
142.1
149.8
103.5
159.9
97.3
159.5
154.5
174.3
110.9
152.1
153.7
106.0
165.8
96.7
160.8
156.5
173.6
136.5
160.6
157.9
108.2
172.8
97.4
164.4
159.7
178.3
133.9
162.7
160.7
109.9
178.9
98.9
167.7
162.8
182.2
129.3
163.7
163.1
Manufacturing:
Output per hour of all p e rs o n s................................
Compensation per h o u r............................................
Real compensation per h o u r ...................................
Unit labor costs ..........................................................
Unit nonlabor payments ...........................................
Implicit price deflator ................................................
62.2
36.5
74.8
58.7
60.0
59.1
80.8
57.4
89.5
71.0
64.1
69.0
93.4
68.8
93.8
73.7
70.7
72.8
92.9
85.1
95.9
91.7
87.5
90.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.4
118.6
99.1
117.0
98.9
111.7
101.4
132.4
97.4
130.6
97.8
121.0
103.6
145.2
96.7
140.1
111.8
131.8
105.9
157.5
98.9
148.7
114.0
138.6
112.0
162.4
98.8
145.0
128.5
140.2
118.1
168.0
98.0
142.2
138.6
141.2
124.2
176.9
99.6
142.4
134.7
140.2
128.8
182.7
100.9
141.8
137.9
140.7
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
November 1987 •
Current Labor Statistics:
International Comparisons Data
45. Unemployment rates, approximating U.S. concepts, in nine countries, quarterly data
seasonally adjusted
Annual average
1987
1986
1985
Country
1985
1986
IV
I
II
III
I
IV
II
Total labor force basis
United S ta te s ........................................
Canada ..................................................
Australia ................................................
Japan ......................................................
7.1
10.4
8.2
2.6
6.9
9.5
8.0
2.8
7.0
10.1
7.8
2.8
7.0
9.7
7.9
2.7
7.0
9.5
7.7
2.8
6.6
9.6
8.2
2.9
6.8
9.4
8.3
2.9
6.6
9.6
8.3
3.0
6.1
9.0
8.1
3.1
France ...................................................
G erm any................................................
Italy \ 2 ..................................................
Sweden .................................................
United K ingdom ....................................
10.2
7.7
5.9
2.8
11.2
10.4
7.4
6.2
2.6
11.1
10.2
7.7
6.1
2.7
11.0
10.2
7.6
6.1
2.7
11.1
10.4
7.5
6.2
2.6
11.2
10.6
7.4
5.9
2.6
11.1
10.6
7.2
6.5
2.6
10.9
11.0
7.3
6.6
2.0
10.6
11.0
7.4
6.6
1.9
10.2
United S ta te s ........................................
Canada ...................................................
Australia .................................................
Japan ......................................................
7.2
10.5
8.3
2.6
7.0
9.6
8.1
2.8
7.1
10.1
7.9
2.8
7.1
9.7
8.0
2.7
7.1
9.6
7.8
2.8
6.9
9.7
8.3
2.9
6.9
9.4
8.4
2.9
6.7
9.6
8.3
3.0
6.2
9.1
8.2
3.1
France ...................................................
G erm any................................................
Italy1, 2 ....................................................
Sweden .................................................
United K ingdom ....................................
10.4
7.9
6.0
2.8
11.2
10.7
7.6
6.3
2.7
11.1
10.4
7.8
6.2
2.7
11.1
10.5
7.8
6.2
2.8
11.2
10.7
7.7
6.3
2.6
11.2
10.8
7.5
6.0
2.6
11.2
10.8
7.4
6.6
2.6
10.9
11.2
7.4
6.7
2.0
10.7
11.3
7.5
6.7
1.9
10.3
Civilian labor force basis
1 Quarterly rates are for the first month of the quarter.
2 Major changes in the Italian labor force survey, intro
duced in 1977, resulted in a large increase in persons enu
merated as unemployed. However, many persons reported
that they had not actively sought work in the past 30 days,
and they have been provisionally excluded for comparability
with U.S. concepts. Inclusion of such persons would about
86
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
double the Italian unemployment rate shown.
NOTE: Quarterly figures for France, Germany, and the
United Kingdom are calculated by applying annual adjust
ment factors to current published data and therefore should
be viewed as less precise indicators of unemployment under
U.S. concepts than the annual figures.
46. Annual data: Employment status of the civilian working-age population, approximating U.S. concepts,
10 countries
(Numbers in thousands)
Employment status and country
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Labor force
United S ta te s ..............................................................
Canada ........................................................................
A u stralia.......................................................................
Japan ...........................................................................
France ..........................................................................
G erm any......................................................................
Ita ly ...............................................................................
N etherlands.................................................................
S w e d e n ........................................................................
United K ingdo m ..........................................................
99,009
10,500
6,358
53,820
22,300
25,870
20,510
4,950
4,168
26,050
102,251
10,895
6,443
54,610
22,460
26,000
20,570
5,010
4,203
26,260
104,962
11,231
6,519
55,210
22,670
26,250
20,850
5,100
4,262
26,350
106,940
11,573
6,693
55,740
22,800
26,520
21,120
5,310
4,312
26,520
108,670
11,904
6,810
56,320
22,930
26,650
21,320
5,520
4,327
26,590
110,204
11,958
6,910
56,980
23,160
26,710
21,410
5,570
4,350
26,740
111,550
12,183
6,997
58,110
23,130
26,740
21,590
5,600
4,369
26,790
113,544
12,399
7,133
58,480
23,290
26,890
21,670
5,620
4,385
27,180
115,461
12,639
7,272
58,820
23,340
27,090
21,800
5,710
4,418
27,370
117,834
12,870
7,562
59,410
23,480
27,280
21,990
4,437
27,460
Participation rate1
United S ta te s ..............................................................
Canada ........................................................................
A u stralia.......................................................................
Japan ...........................................................................
France ..........................................................................
G erm any......................................................................
Ita ly ...............................................................................
N etherlands.................................................................
S w eden........................................................................
United K ingdo m ..........................................................
62.3
61.6
62.7
62.5
57.6
53.4
48.2
49.0
65.9
62.7
63.2
62.7
61.9
62.8
57.5
53.3
47.8
48.8
66.1
62.8
63.7
63.4
61.6
62.7
57.5
53.3
48.0
49.0
66.6
62.6
63.8
64.1
62.1
62.6
57.2
53.2
48.2
50.2
66.9
62.5
63.9
64.8
61.9
62.6
57.1
52.9
48.3
51.4
66.8
62.2
64.0
64.1
61.7
62.7
57.1
52.7
47.7
51.2
66.8
62.3
64.0
64.4
61.4
63.1
56.6
52.5
47.5
50.9
66.7
62.1
64.4
64.8
61.5
62.7
56.6
52.6
47.3
50.5
66.6
62.6
64.8
65.2
61.8
62.3
56.2
52.8
47.2
50.7
66.9
62.7
65.3
65.7
63.0
62.1
56.2
53.2
47.5
Employed
United S ta te s ..............................................................
Canada ........................................................................
A u stralia.......................................................................
Japan ...........................................................................
France ..........................................................................
G erm any......................................................................
Ita ly ...............................................................................
N etherlands.................................................................
S w e d e n ........................................................................
United K ingdo m ..........................................................
92,017
9,651
6,000
52,720
21,180
24,970
19,670
4,700
4,093
24,400
96,048
9,987
6,038
53,370
21,250
25,130
19,720
4,750
4,109
24,610
98,824
10,395
6,111
54,040
21,300
25,470
19,930
4,830
4,174
24,940
99,303
10,708
6,284
54,600
21,330
25,750
20,200
4,980
4,226
24,670
100,397
11,006
6,416
55,060
21,200
25,560
20,280
5,010
4,219
23,800
99,526
10,644
6,415
55,620
21,240
25,130
20,250
4,980
4,213
23,710
100,834
10,734
6,300
56,550
21,170
24,750
20,320
4,890
4,218
23,600
105,005
11,000
6,490
56,870
20,980
24,800
20,390
4,930
4,249
24,000
107,150
11,311
6,670
57,260
20,900
24,960
20,490
5,110
4,293
24,300
109,597
11,634
6,952
57,740
20,970
25,210
20,610
4,319
24,400
Employment-population ratio2
United S ta te s ..............................................................
Canada ........................................................................
A u stralia.......................................................................
Japan ...........................................................................
France ..........................................................................
G erm any......................................................................
Ita ly ...............................................................................
N etherlands.................................................................
S w e d e n ........................................................................
United K ingdo m ..........................................................
57.9
56.6
59.2
61.2
54.7
51.6
46.3
46.5
64.8
58.7
59.3
57.5
58.0
61.3
54.4
51.5
45.9
46.3
64.6
58.8
59.9
58.7
57.8
61.4
54.0
51.7
45.9
46.4
65.3
59.2
59.2
59.3
58.3
61.3
53.5
51.7
46.1
47.0
65.6
58.1
59.0
59.9
58.4
61.2
52.8
50.8
45.9
46.6
65.1
55.7
57.8
57.0
57.3
61.2
52.3
49.6
45.2
45.8
64.7
55.3
57.9
56.7
55.3
61.4
51.8
48.6
44.7
44.5
64.4
54.7
59.5
57.4
56.0
61.0
51.0
48.5
44.5
44.3
64.5
55.3
60.1
58.4
56.6
60.6
50.4
48.7
44.4
45.7
65.0
55.7
60.7
59.4
57.9
60.4
50.2
49.1
44.6
65.4
55.6
Unemployed
United S ta te s ..............................................................
Canada ........................................................................
A u stralia.......................................................................
Japan ...........................................................................
France ..........................................................................
G erm any......................................................................
Ita ly ...............................................................................
N etherlands.................................................................
S w eden........................................................................
United K ingdo m ..........................................................
6,991
849
358
1,100
1,120
900
840
250
75
1,660
6,202
908
405
1,240
1,210
870
850
260
94
1,650
6,137
836
408
1,170
1,370
780
920
270
88
1,420
7,637
865
409
1,140
1,470
770
920
330
86
1,850
8,273
898
394
1,260
1,730
1,090
1,040
510
108
2,790
10,678
1,314
495
1,360
1,920
1,580
1,160
590
137
3,030
10,717
1,448
697
1,560
1,960
1,990
1,270
710
151
3,190
8,539
1,399
642
1,610
2,310
2,090
1,280
690
136
3,180
8,312
1,328
602
1,560
2,440
2,130
1,310
600
125
3,070
8,237
1,236
610
1,670
2,510
2,070
1,380
118
3,060
Unemployment rate
United S ta te s ..............................................................
Canada ........................................................................
A u stralia.......................................................................
Japan ...........................................................................
F ra n ce ..........................................................................
G e rm any......................................................................
Ita ly ...............................................................................
N etherlands.................................................................
S w eden........................................................................
United K ingdo m ..........................................................
7.1
8.1
5.6
2.0
5.0
3.5
4.1
5.1
1.8
6.4
6.1
8.3
6.3
2.3
5.4
3.3
4.1
5.2
2.2
6.3
5.8
7.4
6.3
2.1
6.0
3.0
4.4
5.3
2.1
5.4
7.1
7.5
6.1
2.0
6.4
2.9
4.4
6.2
2.0
7.0
7.6
7.5
5.8
2.2
7.5
4.1
4.9
9.2
2.5
10.5
9.7
11.0
7.2
2.4
8.3
5.9
5.4
10.6
3.1
11.3
9.6
11.9
10.0
2.7
8.5
7.4
5.9
12.7
3.5
11.9
7.5
11.3
9.0
2.8
9.9
7.8
5.9
12.3
3.1
11.7
7.2
10.5
8.3
2.6
10.4
7.9
6.0
10.5
2.8
11.2
7.0
9.6
8.1
2.8
10.7
7.6
6.3
2.7
11.1
Labor force as a percent of the civilian working-age population.
Employment as a percent of the civilian working-age population.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Data not available.
67.2
62.5
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
47.
November 1987 •
International Comparisons Data
Annual indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 12 countries
(1977=100)
1975
1976
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
90.6
91.7
86.5
82.6
86.0
85.2
87.4
95.3
88.1
97.7
98.8
97.4
92.9
88.6
87.7
85.9
94.6
88.5
90.1
91.1
86.2
96.8
100.2
95.2
97.1
94.8
94.3
95.1
98.2
95.0
96.5
98.9
95.8
99.7
101.7
99.5
101.5
101.1
108.0
106.3
101.5
105.7
103.1
103.0
106.4
101.8
102.8
101.5
101.4
102.0
114.8
112.3
106.5
110.3
108.2
110.5
112.3
107.1
110.9
102.4
101.4
98.2
122.7
119.7
112.3
112.0
108.6
116.9
113.9
106.7
112.7
101.7
103.6
102.9
127.2
128.1
114.2
116.4
111.0
121.0
116.9
107.0
113.2
107.0
105.9
100.4
135.0
135.7
114.6
123.5
112.6
123.4
119.4
109.8
116.5
113.6
112.0
106.9
142.3
144.7
120.2
128.8
119.1
126.6
127.5
117.2
125.5
123.0
116.6
110.2
152.5
149.8
118.9
133.8
123.5
134.7
141.2
123.9
131.0
129.5
121.7
112.7
163.7
153.3
117.2
138.3
128.9
136.8
145.6
125.2
134.5
134.2
126.0
112.1
168.2
96.3
93.5
91.9
95.7
95.9
88.6
96.1
90.5
95.8
99.5
100.3
104.8
91.7
96.3
91.7
99.5
97.4
91.8
95.4
96.3
100.0
104.0
105.7
103.5
84.9
89.9
86.2
92.0
95.0
90.0
91.0
86.9
92.7
101.0
106.1
96.3
93.1
96.5
94.8
99.4
99.6
96.1
98.0
97.9
99.0
101.4
106.1
98.2
106.0
104.6
106.7
101.6
99.7
103.4
101.8
101.8
102.8
98.2
97.3
100.6
108.1
108.5
113.9
104.4
105.4
106.1
106.6
108.6
106.1
100.3
103.6
100.5
103.2
103.6
124.1
107.3
110.1
106.6
106.6
115.4
106.6
98.8
104.0
91.7
104.8
107.4
129.8
106.0
106.6
105.9
104.9
114.3
106.7
97.7
100.6
86.2
98.4
95.6
137.3
110.5
108.3
106.0
102.4
111.6
105.0
97.4
100.1
86.4
104.7
101.0
148.2
112.1
115.6
107.4
103.6
109.2
107.0
97.2
105.2
88.9
116.0
108.4
165.4
114.1
120.0
108.4
106.4
113.7
112.9
102.6
111.5
92.4
120.4
113.6
179.3
115.1
123.6
108.6
111.7
115.5
115.3
105.2
113.8
95.2
124.4
115.4
182.1
97.3
97.2
107.9
130.2
125.1
105.3
121.7
107.4
131.2
106.4
114.6
119.1
103.1
103.6
110.7
122.3
115.2
107.8
114.4
99.6
117.6
105.1
105.7
109.5
101.2
105.0
106.1
120.4
113.2
107.8
109.2
101.0
113.5
106.5
107.0
106.3
91.4
101.5
98.2
107.1
100.4
101.7
101.0
95.4
107.6
104.3
105.9
101.2
95.9
101.8
100.6
104.6
101.4
101.2
101.6
99.0
103.3
101.7
104.3
98.7
104.4
103.4
98.8
95.5
98.3
97.8
98.7
98.8
96.6
96.5
94.6
99.1
106.5
106.3
99.3
93.0
99.0
96.2
98.5
98.2
94.4
93.6
93.4
98.1
101.7
105.5
101.2
89.6
98.1
95.2
98.1
98.7
93.6
92.6
92.3
90.2
101.1
104.3
102.0
82.8
93.4
91.0
94.6
94.5
91.2
91.3
88.9
80.6
92.9
95.1
101.7
81.4
94.5
85.8
91.0
90.4
88.0
88.6
85.9
76.1
93.5
94.5
104.2
77.5
96.2
83.4
87.0
86.2
83.9
82.9
83.9
72.3
99.5
98.3
108.5
76.2
101.0
81.0
86.2
84.4
79.9
82.8
85.1
71.3
98.9
100.8
109.6
75.1
105.5
78.5
86.7
84.4
79.2
84.0
84.6
71.0
98.7
103.0
108.3
36.5
27.5
8.9
13.8
12.6
15.1
18.8
8.3
12.5
15.8
14.7
15.2
57.4
47.9
33.9
34.9
36.3
36.6
48.0
26.1
39.0
37.9
38.5
31.5
68.8
60.3
55.1
53.5
56.1
52.3
67.5
43.7
60.5
54.5
54.2
48.3
76.2
69.1
72.3
65.2
67.9
62.0
76.9
54.5
71.9
63.6
63.8
57.7
85.1
78.9
84.2
79.0
81.0
76.7
84.5
70.2
82.2
77.2
77.3
77.3
92.1
90.3
90.7
89.5
90.4
88.9
91.3
84.2
91.9
88.8
91.5
89.3
108.2
107.6
106.6
107.8
110.2
113.5
107.8
114.5
108.4
110.0
111.4
116.4
118.6
118.6
113.4
117.5
123.1
129.3
116.1
134.7
117.0
116.0
120.1
138.8
132.4
131.3
120.7
130.4
135.9
148.2
125.6
160.2
123.6
128.0
133.6
168.3
145.2
151.1
129.8
144.5
149.6
171.5
134.5
197.1
129.1
142.8
148.1
192.5
157.5
167.3
136.6
150.7
162.9
202.3
141.0
237.3
137.5
156.0
158.9
212.3
162.4
177.4
140.7
159.8
174.2
227.0
148.4
276.4
144.0
173.5
173.3
227.7
168.2
188.0
144.9
173.1
184.3
246.9
155.5
307.4
151.0
188.3
189.7
243.9
176.7
195.9
152.0
183.7
194.4
262.5
162.8
339.5
159.0
204.8
208.9
261.3
181.9
202.2
157.3
Unit labor costs: National currency basis
United S ta te s ..............................................................
Canada ........................................................................
Japan ...........................................................................
B e lgium ........................................................................
D e n m a rk......................................................................
France ..........................................................................
G erm any......................................................................
Ita ly ...............................................................................
N etherlands.................................................................
Nonway.........................................................................
S w e d e n ........................................................................
United K ingdo m ..........................................................
58.7
54.2
38.4
42.0
33.8
41.6
46.6
22.8
38.5
29.0
34.8
27.4
71.0
63.4
52.3
58.2
55.4
52.6
67.4
36.0
60.7
46.4
47.7
39.5
73.7
66.8
66.4
68.4
67.4
63.6
80.3
48.1
74.3
57.6
57.2
50.5
84.1
75.3
83.6
78.9
79.0
72.8
88.0
57.2
81.6
65.2
64.6
59.3
91.7
89.1
96.0
91.9
85.6
86.7
93.8
77.1
95.4
79.7
77.1
81.2
94.9
95.3
96.2
94.2
92.1
93.6
94.6
85.1
96.0
89.1
90.0
89.8
106.6
106.5
98.7
101.4
108.6
107.4
104.5
111.2
101.8
108.1
108.4
114.7
117.0
116.2
98.8
104.7
115.7
117.3
107.3
121.9
104.1
108.2
108.3
135.5
130.6
133.7
98.4
109.0
121.0
132.3
115.7
137.0
108.5
120.0
118.6
165.4
140.1
146.7
102.0
112.8
131.1
147.4
121.2
162.9
110.4
133.4
130.9
179.9
148.7
166.5
101.2
111.1
142.2
163.8
125.2
192.4
115.2
142.1
136.3
186.9
145.0
166.0
98.9
110.5
144.9
176.2
124.6
218.3
113.0
148.0
138.1
185.1
144.2
170.6
95.0
115.6
155.1
184.5
125.9
228.2
106.9
152.0
144.8
188.4
145.1
173.8
92.9
119.8
166.0
189.8
126.3
248.2
109.2
163.5
155.3
194.7
144.3
180.4
93.5
173.8
194.4
130.2
255.7
Unit labor costs: U.S. dollar basis
United S ta te s ..............................................................
Canada ........................................................................
Japan ...........................................................................
B e lgium ........................................................................
D e n m a rk......................................................................
F ra n ce ..........................................................................
G erm any......................................................................
Ita ly ...............................................................................
N etherlands.................................................................
N orw ay.........................................................................
S w e d e n ........................................................................
United K ingdo m ..........................................................
58.7
59.4
28.5
30.2
29.5
41.7
25.9
32.5
25.1
21.7
30.1
44.2
71.0
64.5
39.1
42.0
44.4
46.8
42.9
50.6
41.2
34.5
41.1
54.2
73.7
71.0
65.6
63.1
67.2
70.4
70.4
73.1
65.6
53.4
58.7
70.9
84.1
81.8
76.8
72.7
77.9
74.5
79.1
77.6
74.6
62.8
65.1
79.5
91.7
93.1
86.7
89.7
89.6
99.5
88.7
104.3
92.8
81.4
83.2
103.4
94.9
102.7
86.9
87.5
91.5
96.3
87.3
90.5
89.1
86.9
92.3
92.9
106.6
99.3
126.8
115.6
118.4
117.3
121.0
115.6
115.7
109.7
107.2
126.1
117.0
105.4
121.3
127.9
132.0
135.5
135.9
129.5
127.4
113.8
112.9
164.9
130.6
121.5
116.8
133.7
129.0
154.1
147.9
141.4
134.2
129.3
125.3
220.5
140.1
130.0
123.8
109.2
110.3
133.2
124.9
126.3
108.9
123.6
115.4
208.8
148.7
143.4
108.8
86.9
102.3
122.4
119.7
125.4
105.8
117.1
96.9
187.2
145.0
143.1
111.5
77.4
95.1
113.7
113.3
126.8
97.1
107.9
80.4
160.8
144.2
139.9
107.2
71.7
89.9
103.8
102.7
114.7
81.8
99.1
78.2
144.3
145.1
135.2
104.3
72.3
94.0
103.9
99.6
114.8
80.7
101.3
80.6
144.8
Item and country
1960
1970
1973
Output per hour
United S ta te s ..............................................................
Canada ........................................................................
Japan ...........................................................................
B elgium ........................................................................
D e nm a rk......................................................................
F ra n ce ..........................................................................
G erm any......................................................................
Ita ly ................................................................................
N etherlands.................................................................
N o rw ay.........................................................................
S w e d e n ........................................................................
United K ingdo m ..........................................................
62.2
50.7
23.2
32.8
37.2
36.4
40.3
36.5
32.4
54.6
42.3
55.5
80.8
75.6
64.8
59.9
65.5
69.6
71.2
72.7
64.3
81.7
80.7
79.7
93.4
90.3
83.1
78.2
83.2
82.2
84.0
90.9
81.5
94.6
94.8
95.6
Output
United S ta te s ..............................................................
Canada ........................................................................
Japan ...........................................................................
B e lgium ........................................................................
D e nm a rk......................................................................
France ..........................................................................
G e rm any......................................................................
Ita ly ................................................................................
N etherlands.................................................................
N o rw ay.........................................................................
S w e d e n ........................................................................
United K ingdo m ..........................................................
52.5
41.3
19.2
41.6
49.2
35.4
50.0
37.4
44.8
55.1
52.6
71.2
78.6
73.5
69.9
78.0
82.0
73.3
86.6
78.0
84.4
86.9
92.5
95.0
Total hours
United S ta te s ..............................................................
Canada ........................................................................
Japan ...........................................................................
B e lgium ........................................................................
D e nm a rk......................................................................
France ..........................................................................
G erm any......................................................................
Ita ly ...............................................................................
N etherlands.................................................................
N o rw ay.........................................................................
S w e d e n ........................................................................
United K ingdo m ..........................................................
84.4
81.4
82.7
127.1
132.4
97.2
123.8
102.3
138.4
101.0
124.4
128.3
Compensation per hour
United S ta te s ..............................................................
Canada ........................................................................
Japan ...........................................................................
B e lgium ........................................................................
D e nm a rk......................................................................
France ..........................................................................
G erm any......................................................................
Ita ly ...............................................................................
N etherlands.................................................................
N o rw ay.........................................................................
S w eden........................................................................
United K ingdo m ..........................................................
-
88
Data not available.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1974
-
116.6
140.9
131.4
138.4
-
122.1
136.4
138.2
-
127.0
108.1
114.5
119.3
107.0
114.4
96.0
-
108.9
76.7
87.2
86.2
87.6
83.9
69.5
202.6
274.0
171.0
353.9
-
220.5
223.1
282.4
-
180.5
163.6
204.4
144.3
137.9
148.7
128.9
138.0
139.2
151.4
-
129.8
102.5
171.9
48.
Occupational injury and illness incidence rates by industry, United States
Incidence rates per 100 full-time workers2
Industry and type of case1
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
PRIVATE SECTOR3
Total c a s e s ..............
Lost workday cases
Lost w o rkda ys........
9.3
3.8
61.6
9.4
4.1
63.5
9.5
4.3
67.7
8.7
4.0
65.2
8.3
3.8
61.7
7.7
3.5
58.7
7.6
3.4
58.5
8.0
3.7
63.4
7.9
3.6
64.9
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing3
Total c a s e s .........................................................................
Lost workday c a s e s ..........................................................
Lost w o rkda ys....................................................................
11.5
5.1
81.1
11.6
5.4
80.7
11.7
5.7
83.7
11.9
5.8
82.7
12.3
5.9
82.8
11.8
5.9
86.0
11.9
6.1
90.8
12.0
6.1
90.7
11.4
5.7
91.3
10.9
6.0
128.8
11.5
6.4
143.2
11.4
6.8
150.5
11.2
6.5
163.6
11.6
6.2
146.4
10.5
5.4
137.3
8.4
4.5
125.1
9.7
5.3
160.2
8.4
4.8
145.3
15.5
5.9
111.5
16.0
6.4
109.4
16.2
6.8
120.4
15.7
6.5
117.0
15.1
6.3
113.1
14.6
6.0
115.7
14.8
6.3
118.2
15.5
6.9
128.1
15.2
6.8
128.9
15.0
5.7
100.2
15.9
6.3
105.3
16.3
6.8
111.2
15.5
6.5
113.0
15.1
6.1
107.1
14.1
5.9
112.0
14.4
6.2
113.0
15.4
6.9
121.3
15.2
6.8
120.4
16.0
5.7
116.7
16.6
6.2
110.9
16.6
6.7
123.1
16.3
6.3
117.6
14.9
6.0
106.0
15.1
5.8
113.1
15.4
6.2
122.4
14.9
6.4
131.7
14.5
6.3
127.3
15.6
6.1
115.5
15.8
6.6
111.0
16.0
6.9
124.3
15.5
6.7
118.9
15.2
6.6
119.3
14.7
6.2
118.6
14.8
6.4
119.0
15.8
7.1
130.1
15.4
7.0
133.3
13.1
5.1
82.3
13.2
5.6
84.9
13.3
5.9
90.2
12.2
5.4
86.7
11.5
5.1
82.0
10.2
4.4
75.0
10.0
4.3
73.5
10.6
4.7
77.9
10.4
4.6
80.2
22.3
10.4
178.0
22.6
11.1
178.8
20.7
10.8
175.9
18.6
9.5
171.8
17.6
9.0
158.4
16.9
8.3
153.3
18.3
9.2
163.5
19.6
9.9
172.0
18.5
9.3
171.4
17.2
6.0
92.0
17.5
6.9
95.9
17.6
7.1
99.6
16.0
6.6
97.6
15.1
6.2
91.9
13.9
5.5
85.6
14.1
5.7
83.0
15.3
6.4
101.5
15.0
6.3
100.4
16.9
6.9
120.4
16.8
7.8
126.3
16.8
8.0
133.7
15.0
7.1
128.1
14.1
6.9
122.2
13.0
6.1
112.2
13.1
6.0
112.0
13.6
6.6
120.8
13.9
6.7
127.8
16.2
6.8
119.4
17.0
7.5
123.6
17.3
8.1
134.7
15.2
7.1
128.3
14.4
6.7
121.3
12.4
5.4
101.6
12.4
5.4
103.4
13.3
6.1
115.3
12.6
5.7
113.8
19.1
7.2
109.0
19.3
8.0
112.4
19.9
8.7
124.2
18.5
8.0
118.4
17.5
7.5
109.9
15.3
6.4
102.5
15.1
6.1
96.5
16.1
6.7
104.9
16.3
6.9
110.1
14.0
4.7
69.9
14.4
5.4
75.1
14.7
5.9
83.6
13.7
5.5
81.3
12.9
5.1
74.9
10.7
4.2
66.0
9.8
3.6
58.1
10.7
4.1
65.8
10.8
4.2
69.3
8.6
3.0
46.7
8.7
3.3
50.3
8.6
3.4
51.9
8.0
3.3
51.8
7.4
3.1
48.4
6.5
2.7
42.2
6.3
2.6
41.4
6.8
2.8
45.0
6.4
2.7
45.7
11.8
5.0
79.3
11.5
5.1
78.0
11.6
5.5
85.9
10.6
4.9
82.4
9.8
4.6
78.1
9.2
4.0
72.2
8.4
3.6
64.5
9.3
4.2
68.8
9.0
3.9
71.6
7.0
2.4
37.4
6.9
2.6
37.0
7.2
2.8
40.0
6.8
2.7
41.8
6.5
2.7
39.2
5.6
2.3
37.0
5.2
2.1
35.6
5.4
2.2
37.5
5.2
2.2
37.9
11.5
4.0
58.7
11.8
4.5
66.4
11.7
4.7
67.7
10.9
4.4
67.9
10.7
4.4
68.3
9.9
4.1
69.9
9.9
4.0
66.3
10.5
4.3
70.2
9.7
4.2
73.2
Mining
Total ca se s................................................
Lost workday c a s e s ................................
Lost w o rkda ys..........................................
Construction
Total c a s e s ......................................................
Lost workday c a s e s ......................................
Lost w o rkda ys.................................................
General building contractors:
Total c a s e s ......................................................
Lost workday cases ......................................
Lost w o rkdays................................................
Heavy construction contractors:
Total c a s e s ......................................................
Lost workday c a s e s ......................................
Lost w o rkdays................................................
Special trade contractors:
Total c a s e s ......................................................
Lost workday c a s e s ......................................
Lost w o rkda ys................................................
Manufacturing
Total c a s e s .......................................................
Lost workday c a s e s .......................................
Lost w o rkda ys..................................................
Durable goods
Lumber and wood products:
Total c a s e s ........................................................
Lost workday c a s e s ........................................
Lost w o rkdays...................................................
Furniture and fixtures:
Total c a s e s ........................................................
Lost workday c a s e s ........................................
Lost w o rkdays..................................................
Stone, clay, and glass products:
Total c a s e s .......................................................
Lost workday cases .......................................
Lost w o rkda ys..................................................
Primary metal industries:
Total c a s e s .......................................................
Lost workday c a s e s .......................................
Lost w o rkda ys..................................................
Fabricated metal products:
Total c a s e s .......................................................
Lost workday c a s e s .......................................
Lost w o rkda ys..................................................
Machinery, except electrical:
Total c a s e s .......................................................
Lost workday c a s e s .......................................
Lost w o rkda ys..................................................
Electric and electronic equipment:
Total c a s e s .......................................................
Lost workday c a s e s .......................................
Lost w o rkda ys.................................................
Transportation equipment:
Total c a s e s .......................................................
Lost workday c a s e s .......................................
Lost w o rkdays..................................................
Instruments and related products:
Total c a s e s .......................................................
Lost workday c a s e s .......................................
Lost workdays ..................................................
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries:
Total c a s e s .......................................................
Lost workday cases .......................................
Lost w o rkda ys.................................................
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
November 1987 •
Illness and Injury Data
48. Continued— Occupational injury and illness incidence rates by industry, United States
Incidence rates per 100 full-time workers2
1977
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products:
Total c a s e s ..................................................................
Lost workday c a s e s ...............................................................
Lost w o rkdays.................................................................
Tobacco manufacturing:
Total c a s e s ................................................................................
Lost workday c a s e s ............................................................................
Lost w o rkda ys.............................................................................
Textile mill products:
Total c a s e s ..............................................................................
Lost workday c a s e s ...........................................................................................
Lost w o rkda ys...........................................................................
Apparel and other textile products:
Total c a s e s ..........................................................................................
Lost workday c a s e s ..........................................................................................
Lost w o rkda ys..........................................................................................
Paper and allied products:
Total c a s e s .....................................................................................................
Lost workday c a s e s ...............................................................................
Lost w o rkda ys..........................................................................................
Printing and publishing:
Total c a s e s ..........................................................................................................
Lost workday c a s e s ...........................................................................................
Lost w o rkda ys.....................................................................................
Chemicals and allied products:
Total c a s e s ........................................................................................
Lost workday c a s e s ...........................................................................................
Lost w o rkda ys......................................................................
Petroleum and coal products:
Total c a s e s .................................................................................................
Lost workday cases ...........................................................................................
Lost w o rkda ys...........................................................................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products:
Total c a s e s .....................................................................................................
Lost workday c a s e s ....................................................................................
Lost w o rkda ys................................................................
Leather and leather products:
Total c a s e s ........................................................................................
Lost workday c a s e s .............................................................................
Lost w o rkda ys.........................................................................
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
19.5
8.5
130.1
19.4
8.9
132.2
19.9
9.5
141.8
18.7
9.0
136.8
17.8
8.6
130.7
16.7
8.0
129.3
16.5
7.9
131.2
16.7
8.1
131.6
16.7
8.1
138.0
9.1
3.8
66.7
8.7
4.0
58.6
9.3
4.2
64.8
8.1
3.8
45.8
8.2
3.9
56.8
7.2
3.2
44.6
6.5
3.0
42.8
7.7
3.2
51.7
7.3
3.0
51.7
10.2
2.9
57.4
10.2
3.4
61.5
9.7
3.4
61.3
9.1
3.3
62.8
8.8
3.2
59.2
7.6
2.8
53.8
7.4
2.8
51.4
8.0
3.0
54.0
7.5
3.0
57.4
6.7
2.0
31.7
6.5
2.2
32.4
6.5
2.2
34.1
6.4
2.2
34.9
6.3
2.2
35.0
6.0
2.1
36.4
6.4
2.4
40.6
6.7
2.5
40.9
6.7
2.6
44.1
13.6
5.0
101.6
13.5
5.7
103.3
13.5
6.0
108.4
12.7
5.8
112.3
11.6
5.4
103.6
10.6
4.9
99.1
10.0
4.5
90.3
10.4
4.7
93.8
10.2
4.7
94.6
6.8
2.7
41.7
7.0
2.9
43.8
7.1
3.1
45.1
6.9
3.1
46.5
6.7
3.0
47.4
6.6
2.8
45.7
6.6
2.9
44.6
6.5
2.9
46.0
6.3
2.9
49.2
8.0
3.1
51.4
7.8
3.3
50.9
7.7
3.5
54.9
6.8
3.1
50.3
6.6
3.0
48.1
5.7
2.5
39.4
5.5
2.5
42.3
5.3
2.4
40.8
5.1
2.3
38.8
8.1
3.3
59.2
7.9
3.4
58.3
7.7
3.6
62.0
7.2
3.5
59.1
6.7
2.9
51.2
5.3
2.5
46.4
5.5
2.4
46.8
5.1
2.4
53.5
5.1
2.4
49.9
16.8
7.6
118.1
17.1
8.1
125.5
17.1
8.2
127.1
15.5
7.4
118.6
14.6
7.2
117.4
12.7
6.0
100.9
13.0
6.2
101.4
13.6
6.4
104.3
13.4
6.3
107.4
11.5
4.4
68.9
11.7
4.7
72.5
11.5
4.9
76.2
11.7
5.0
82.7
11.5
5.1
82.6
9.9
4.5
86.5
10.0
4.4
87.3
10.5
4.7
94.4
10.3
4.6
88.3
9.7
5.3
95.9
10.1
5.7
102.3
10.0
5.9
107.0
9.4
5.5
104.5
9.0
5.3
100.6
8.5
4.9
96.7
8.2
4.7
94.9
8.8
5.2
105.1
8.6
5.0
107.1
7.7
2.9
44.0
7.9
3.2
44.9
8.0
3.4
49.0
7.4
3.2
48.7
7.3
3.1
45.3
7.2
3.1
45.5
7.2
3.1
47.8
7.4
3.3
50.5
7.4
3.2
50.7
8.5
3.6
52.5
8.9
3.9
57.5
8.8
4.1
59.1
8.2
3.9
58.2
7.7
3.6
54.7
7.1
3.4
52.1
7.0
3.2
50.6
7.2
3.5
55.5
7.2
3.5
59.8
7.4
2.7
40.5
7.5
2.8
39.7
7.7
3.1
44.7
7.1
2.9
44.5
7.1
2.9
41.1
7.2
2.9
42.6
7.3
3.0
46.7
7.5
3.2
48.4
7.5
3.1
47.0
Finance, insurance, and real estate
Total c a s e s ...................................................................................
Lost workday c a s e s ..............................................................................
Lost w o rkda ys.....................................................................................................
2.0
.8
10.4
2.1
.8
12.5
2.1
.9
13.3
2.0
.8
12.2
1.9
.8
11.6
2.0
.9
13.2
2.0
.9
12.8
1.9
.9
13.6
2.0
.9
15.4
Services
Total c a s e s .............................................................................
Lost workday c a s e s ........................................................................
Lost w o rkda ys..........................................................................
5.5
2.2
35.4
5.5
2.4
36.2
5.5
2.5
38.1
5.2
2.3
35.8
5.0
2.3
35.9
4.9
2.3
35.8
5.1
2.4
37.0
5.2
2.5
41.1
5.4
2.6
45.4
Transportation and public utilities
Total c a s e s ...................................................................................
Lost workday c a s e s ................................................
Lost workdays .........................................................................
Wholesale and retail trade
Total c a s e s ...................................................
Lost workday c a s e s .................................................................
Lost w o rkdays............................................................
Wholesale trade:
Total c a s e s .............................................................................
Lost workday cases ..............................................
Lost w o rkda ys...........................................................
Retail trade:
Total c a s e s .............................................................................
Lost workday c a s e s ...................................................
Lost w o rkda ys...........................................
1 Total cases include fatalities.
2 The incidence rates represent the number of injuries and illnesses or lost
workdays per 100 full-time workers and were calculated as:
(N/EH) X 200,000, where:
N = number of injuries and illnesses or lost workdays.
90
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EH = total hours worked by all employees during calendar year.
200,000 = base for 100 full-time equivalent workers (working 40 hours per
week, 50 weeks per year.)
3
Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees since 1976.
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