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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Raymond J. Donovan, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner
The Monthly Labor Review is published by the
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Library of Congress Catalog
Card Number 15-26485
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for Bureau of Labor Statistics
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1603 JFK Federal Building, Government Center,
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Phone: (617) 223-6761
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November cover:
“ East River,”
a 1934 oil painting by Jara Valenta,
courtesy National Museum of American Art.
Cover design by Melvin Moxley,
Division of Audio-Visual Communication Services,
U.S. Department of Labor.
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%
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW
NOVEMBER 1982
VOLUME 105, NUMBER 11
Henry Lowenstern, Editor-in-Chief
Robert W. Fisher, Executive Editor
l ib r a r y
OEC 1
1982
John E. Bregger
3
Labor force data from
cps
to undergo revision in January
1983
Bureau statistics will include members of the Armed Forces stationed in the U.S.
and will drop classification of workers as ‘blue collar’ or ‘white collar’
Thomas J. Plewes
7
Bureau seeks better measures of service employment
The volatility and small size of companies, coupled with nontraditional payroll practices,
complicate efforts to develop reliable data on employment, earnings, and hours of work
Joyanna Moy
17
Unemployment, labor force trends in 10 industrial nations: update
Postwar joblessness reaches 13 percent in Great Britain during the third quarter, with
West Germany, France, Canada, and the U.S. also incurring peak unemployment rates
Robert W. Van Giezen
22
New look at occupational wages within individual establishments
Analysis of wage structures shows that pay differences within a plant or office
are generally smaller than those that are recorded in the surveywide average
E. E. Murphy, M. McEnearney
29
Import price indexes for crude petroleum
On the basis of data reported by companies to the U.S. Department of Energy,
the Bureau has developed measures of monthly price change for oil imports
REPORTS
L Chelte, J. Wright, C. Tausky
A. S. Grossman, H. Hayghe
M. Dooley, P. Gottschalk
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33
39
42
Did job satisfaction really drop during the 1970’s?
Labor force activity of women receiving child support or alimony
Does a younger male labor force mean greater earnings inequality?
D EPAR TM EN TS
2
33
37
39
46
47
51
57
Labor month in review
Communications
Family budgets
Research summaries
Major agreements expiring next month
Developments in industrial relations
Book reviews
Current labor statistics
Labor M onth
In Review
EARNINGS GAP. Commissioner of
Labor Statistics Janet L. Norwood was
the opening witness at congressional
hearings exploring pay differences be
tween women and men. Here are ex
cerpts from the commissioner’s testi
mony.
In 1939, median earnings for women
who worked year round, full time were
58 percent of the median earnings for
men. Similar figures for 1981, the latest
period for which earnings over an entire
year are available, show women’s earn
ings at 59 percent of the median for
men. Over the long term, the ratio has
remained relatively unchanged.
The Current Population Survey data
on weekly earnings show a similar ratio.
The most recent figures for the second
quarter of this year show median weekly
earnings for full-time wage and salary
workers were $370 for men and $240 for
women, or 65 percent of men’s earnings.
Comparable figures 10 years ago were
$168 for men and $106 for women, a
63-percent ratio.
Educational influence. For women as
well as men, more years of schooling
usually translate to higher annual earn
ings. Median earnings for women college
graduates who worked all year at full
time jobs were 45 percent more than for
women whose formal education ter
minated with high school graduation,
and 80 percent more than for those who
had not completed high school. For
men, the proportions were similar.
However, at every level of educational
achievement, women’s median earnings
continued to lag far behind men’s earn
ings. On average, whether college
graduates or high school dropouts,
women earned about 60 cents for every
dollar their male counterparts were paid.
This 60-percent ratio in the national
aggregate data shows a female-male
wage gap of about 40 percent.
Human capital influence. A large body
of “ hum an-capital” research is
available. Many of these studies focus
Digitized for
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on characteristics of individual workers
such as age, years of schooling, labor
force experience, and so forth. A review
of this research by a recent National
Academy of Sciences panel shows that in
the studies reviewed, worker charac
teristics account for at most 44 percent
of the female-male earnings gap.
These estimates are somewhat sen
sitive, of course, to the accuracy with
which the characteristics are measured.
In particular, years of labor force ex
perience are usually approximated by
calculating experience as the number of
years since the completion of schooling.
For persons with interruptions in their
work experience—which includes more
women than men— experience estimated
in this way will be overstated. The
measurement of this factor alone has
been the subject of a number of studies
(not all of which agree with each other)
in the past 10 years.
Two b l s economists, Wesley Mellow
and B. K. Atrostic, have found that,
when a different measure more nearly
approximating actual work experience is
used while holding unchanged other
characteristics, the estimated femalemale wage gap is reduced by about 7
percentage points.
A fairly consistent finding from many
studies of microdata is that the
estim ated female wage gap is
reduced—but not eliminated—as more
economic and demographic factors are
introduced into the analysis. Another re
cent study by Mellow, for example,
estimates the female-male wage gap at 27
percent when the following variables are
held constant: area, occupation, in
dustry, union, part-tirtie status, and
estimated labor force experience.
Occupational influence. In addition to
the “ human capital” that individual
workers bring to their jobs, it is quite
evident that earnings are highly corre
lated with the occupation and the indus
try in which a worker is employed. And
we know that working women are far more
concentrated in generally low-paying
occupations in low-paying industries.
Recent c p s median earnings data (for
the second quarter of 1982) show that in
the female-intensive clerical field,
women working full time earned $236 a
week, compared with $337 for men. At
70 percent, the current ratio of women’s
to men’s median earnings was practically
the same as it was 10 years ago. But
women clerical workers are far more
likely to be in lower paying groups of the
occupations, such as secretaries, typists,
cashiers, and bookkeepers.
The same sort of pattern emerges
when we look at both ends of the pay
spectrum for men and women. A recent
study by b l s demographer Nancy Rytina
examines wage and salary earnings in
250 occupations. Seven of the twenty
lowest paying occupational groups were
the same for both men and women: farm
laborers, food service workers, cashiers,
waiters and waitresses, cooks, nurses’
aides and orderlies, and bartenders. The
female-male earnings ratios in these oc
cupations ranged from 72 percent for
waiters and waitresses to 92 percent for
cashiers. With the exception of farm
laborers and bartenders, all of these oc
cupations were both female intensive
and relatively low paying.
When we compare median earnings
for the high-paying occupations which
men and women hold in common, we
find that median earnings of women are
substantially less than for men.
The pay differences between men and
women in [high-paying] occupations
tend to be somewhat greater than among
men and women in low-paying jobs. The
median earnings ratios ranged from 64
percent for personnel and labor relations
workers (the greatest difference) to 82
percent among operations and systems
analysts (the smallest difference).
Commissioner Norwood’s full tes
timony appears in b l s Report 673, The
Female-Male Earnings Gap: A Review
o f Employment and Earnings Issues.
Single copies are available without
charge from BLS Inquiries and Cor
respondence Section, 441 G St. N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20212.
□
Labor force data from the CPS
to undergo revision in January 1983
BLS statistics in 1983 will include members
of the Armed Forces stationed in the U.S.
and will drop classification of workers
as 4blue collar or 4white collar,
substituting a new occupational system
’
’
J o h n E. B r e g g e r
Beginning with data for January 1983, the Bureau of
Labor Statistics will make changes in presentation,
classification, and estimating procedures in labor force
data derived from the Current Population Survey ( c p s ).
This article reports on the nature of and reasons for the
changes.
In any economic time series, there is an inevitable
conflict between the need for maintaining a consistent
data series for historical analysis and the need to intro
duce change to reflect new concepts and definitions or
improvements in survey operations. It is the practice of
the Bureau of Labor Statistics, whenever changes be
come necessary, to introduce them with full explana
tions, including the reasons for undertaking them and a
description of their impact. Moreover, to the maximum
extent possible, historical data are revised in order to
maintain temporal consistency.
The CPS is one of the most valuable sources of eco
nomic time series data, having provided essentially con
sistent measures of the labor force status of the civilian
population for more than 40 years. In addition to ag
gregate measures of economic performance, data collect
ed and published monthly include a rich array of
demographic, occupational, and industrial detail, allow
ing for many cross-classifications.1 CPS changes have re
sulted from such events as the availability of data from
the most recent decennial census; recommendations by
John E. Bregger is Chief, Division of Employment and Unemploy
ment Analysis, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
commissions appointed to review the survey and its un
derlying concepts; and improvements in such areas as
survey design, questionnaire content, and industry or
occupational classification systems. The most recent
change was the introduction of 1980 census population
figures into estimation procedures.2
Several other changes in the CPS are also planned for
the 1980’s. Of major significance is a comprehensive re
design of the entire sample— a process that occurs after
every decennial census— and a possible revision in the
CPS questionnaire. In the more immediate future, there
are four separate modifications that will become effec
tive with January 1983 data. These are:
• Persons in the Armed Forces stationed in the United
States will be included in the national labor force and
employment totals and thus in the base for the over
all unemployment rate.
• All occupational detail in the c p s will be coded ac
cording to the classification system developed for the
1980 decennial census, which evolved from the 1980
Standard Occupational Classification system (soc).
• In terms of racial classification, data will be
published for the “black” group instead of for the
broader “black and other” category.
• Revised “first-stage ratio estimates” based on the
1980 Census of Population and Housing will be in
troduced into the estimation procedures.
These changes affect the data in different ways. The
first and third relate to data presentation, the second is
3
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW November 1982 • Labor Force Data Revision
one of classification, and the last one updates the esti
mating procedures. The nature and potential impact of
these changes are discussed below.
Resident Armed Forces
Over a 14-month period during 1978-79, a presidentially appointed, congressionally mandated panel of ex
perts convened to examine “procedures, concepts, and
methodology involved in employment and unemploy
ment statistics and suggesting ways and means of im
proving them.”3 Known as the National Commission on
Employment and Unemployment Statistics, this ninemember panel made many recommendations for im
proving the Nation’s labor force statistics (in its final
report, Counting the Labor Force).4 One of these recom
mendations was to treat members of the Armed Forces
stationed in the United States as “employed” in nation
al statistics, because joining the military was (and still
is) voluntary and thus represents a viable job market al
ternative.5 This recommendation was subsequently ac
cepted by Secretary of Labor Raymond Donovan in his
final report on the Commission’s recommendations.6
At present, there are nearly 1.7 million persons in the
Armed Forces stationed in the United States, out of a
total of 2.2 million. In keeping with the Commission’s
recommendation, effective with January 1983 data, they
will be included in the totals for labor force and em
ployment and thus affect the calculation of the overall
unemployment rate as well. Also, separate data for all
men and women 16 years and over will include the resi
dent Armed Forces counts. Data for all other worker
groups, such as for specific age-sex groups and racial
detail, will continue to be on a civilian basis only, be
cause, although data for the resident Armed Forces to
tal and for both sexes are available from the
Department of Defense as far back as 1950, there is
considerably less information available for individual
age groups and by race. Consistency over time will be
maintained through revision of historical totals back to
1950 and otherwise by sustaining all civilian data series.
In addition to increasing the magnitudes of the labor
force and total employment, the addition of the resident
Armed Forces will also reduce the overall unemploy
ment rate— contrasted with the civilian labor forcebased measure— although by only one- or two-tenths of
a percentage point. For example, the 1981 annual aver
age unemployment rate will be 7.5 percent, compared
with the civilian-based 7.6 rate. The total rate for men
will be reduced by one- to three-tenths of a point,
depending on rounding, whereas the women’s rate typi
cally will be unaffected.
New occupational classifications
In 1977, following a lengthy period of careful exami
nation by many experts in the field of occupational
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classification, the first edition of a standardized classifi
cation system of occupations was introduced.7 Whereas
such a system has long existed for industries, this was
the first for occupations. Among other things, the Stan
dard Occupational Classification (soc) was “designed
for use in statistical analysis and presentation about oc
cupations,” 8 and it also served to reconcile heretofore
diverse classification systems, such as the Census system
and Dictionary of Occupational Titles. The SOC was re
vised somewhat in 1980, to take into account the com
ments of users resulting from the issuance of the 1977
manual and to “assure that the Bureau of the Census
could incorporate the changes as part of its tabulation
program for the 1980 census.”9 The Census Bureau
adapted the SOC for use in the 1980 census. This SOCCensus hybrid represents a comprehensive revamping of
the occupational classification system used for prior
censuses as well as that currently in the CPS, in that
much of the nomenclature and recognizable groupings
have been completely revised.
Because of the conversion of occupational classifica
tion for the 1980 census, it was clear that the revised
classification had to be introduced into the CPS as soon
as possible, and January 1983 has been chosen as the
effective date. The change will be dramatic. Such com
monly used identifiers as white-collar and blue-collar
and professional and technical, craftworkers, and opera
tives will disappear. Moreover, so many classification
changes will occur that reconstruction of these group
ings will be equally impossible. Thus, there will be no
long-term consistent time series for large occupational
groupings, and seasonal adjustment cannot be under
taken for several years.
Exhibit 1 presents old and new occupational titles at
the broadest and second broadest aggregations.10 Based
on the groupings shown, one might conclude that SOC
titles could be combined so as to retain the white-collar
and blue-collar categories; but this is not being done for
a variety of reasons. For one, although not specifically
stated, the framers of the SOC had explicitly intended to
finally purge these titles because of the favorable im
pression given by “white-collar” versus the more pejo
rative notion of “blue-collar.” In reality, some parts of
the old clerical and sales occupations were considerably
below both of the other white-collar as well as some
blue-collar groups— in terms of earnings or prestige.
Another misleading aspect of both white- and blue-col
lar categories in the present census classification system
is the unevenness and largely misunderstood aspects of
each; among other things, they are incorrectly assumed
by many to exhaust occupational coverage (there are
also the service and farm groupings). Finally, while it
might appear that the first two categories in the “broad
grouping” of the modified SOC correspond to white-col
lar and the fourth and fifth to blue-collar, the specific
Exhibit 1. A comparison of 1980 decennial census occu
pational nomenclature to be used in 1983 with the 1970
census system
Conversion to black only data
Broadest groupings
Pre-1983
New
Managerial and professional
specialty
Technical, sales, and administrative support
Service
Precision production, craft,
and repair
Operators, fabricators, and la
borers
Farming, forestry, and fishing
White-collar
Blue-collar
Service
Farm
Major occupational groups
New
Pre-1983
Executive, administrative, and
managerial
Professional specialty
Technicians and related support
Sales
Administrative support, including clerical
Private household
Protective service
Service, except private
household and protective
service
Precision production, craft,
and repair
Machine operators, assem
blers, and inspectors
Transportation and material
moving
Handlers, equipment cleaners,
helpers and laborers
Farming, forestry, and fishing
Professional and technical
Managers and administrators, except farm
Sales
Clerical
Craft and kindred
Operatives, except transport
Transport equipment operatives
Nonfarm laborers
Private household
Other service workers
Farmers and farm
managers
Farm laborers and supervisors
content of the various component occupations have
been changed so that the data would not match.
In an effort to mitigate the inescapable problems that
will ensue from introducing a totally new occupational
classification system into the CPS, the Census Bureau is
coding 20 percent of the monthly records for 1982 on
the new system. This will permit a limited crosswalk be
tween the two systems through a matrix of the broad
groupings shown in exhibit 1. The more desirable ma
trix of the present 428 three-digit occupations with the
comparable grouping of 503 in the SOC-Census hybrid
will not be operationally feasible.
BLS will initiate publication of the new occupational
data in The Employment Situation press release for Jan
uary 1983 and in the February 1983 issue of Employ
ment and Earnings-, the latter is also expected to contain
a rundown on some of the impacts on CPS occupational
data. Whereas comparison of data with the past, to in
clude a continuation of trends, will not be possible, it is
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
felt that the vast improvements brought about through
the availability of a universal classification system will
greatly outweigh these problems as time goes by.
Traditionally, racial data have been presented for two
groups, “white” and “black and other” (formerly
termed “nonwhite”). Historically, blacks have predomi
nated the latter category— more than 92 percent of the
black and other population in the 1960 census and 89
percent in 1970— such that the “black and other”
group was deemed to portray adequately the situation
among blacks. But in recent years the population of the
“other” group— mostly Asian and Pacific Islanders,
American Indians, and Alaskan natives— has been
expanding at a greater pace, and, by the 1980 census,
the black proportion of the “nonwhite” population had
dropped to 85 percent. Moreover, labor market and
other characteristics vary considerably by race. For ex
ample, in 1981, the annual average unemployment rate
for blacks was 15.6 percent, compared with 14.2 per
cent for black and other; the other races rate was signif
icantly lower.
In view o f the lower proportion of blacks within
the black and other population, which has resulted in a
situation whereby the larger group is now less repre
sentative of the status for blacks, it is fitting that the
presentation of these statistics be converted to black
(only). This has already been accomplished on a limited
basis, with the publication of the major employment
status categories by age and sex for blacks in The E m
ployment Situation press release in 1982. Beginning in
1983, there will be a more comprehensive conversion, as
all published tables containing racial data will show
“black” instead of “black and other” statistics. The
other races classification is too small— and is not con
trolled to independent population weights in the estima
tion process— to meet reliability standards for publica
tion. (Data for the group can be ascertained through
subtraction.) Data for blacks are available back to 1972
and can be provided to interested users upon request.
At the same time, BLS will retain the capacity to pro
duce data for the “black and other” group.
Revision of first-stage ratio estimator
Information from the decennial population censuses
figure prominently in the CPS design and estimating pro
cedures. To begin with, the censuses form the basis for
the sample design and selection for the ensuing 10 years
after the census materials become available. Moreover,
the population estimates carried forward from the
censuses are used as weights to which the sample esti
mates are “blown up” to represent the Nation. As indi
cated earlier, the weights based on the 1980 census
population figures were introduced into the CPS effective
5
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW November 1982 • Labor Force Data Revision
with January 1982 data; technically, this weighting oc
curs in what is known as the “second-stage ratio esti
m ate” and is done for each of 64 age-sex-race groups
making up the population 16 years of age and over.
There is also a “first-stage ratio estimate,” which has
continued to be based on the 1970 census. Effective
with data for January 1983, data from the 1980 census
will be used in the development of first-stage ratio esti
mates as well.11
The first-stage adjustment concerns that portion of
the 629 sample areas that have been chosen to represent
other areas not in the sample— the remainder represent
themselves. These “nonself-representing” areas are ad
justed so as to correct for differences existing at the
time of the most recent census between the distribution
by race and residence of the population in these areas
and the known race-residence distribution in the por
tions of the census region or State represented by these
areas. The procedure is applied at two geographic lev
els: by region — Northeast, North Central, South, and
W est— and for each of the 46 States that contain
nonsample areas. The regional adjustment is performed
by metropolitan-nonmetropolitan residence and race,
while the State adjustment is done by urban-rural status
and race. The introduction of the 1980 census informa
tion for regions and States could well produce a
“bump” (break in series) in some of the estimates. The
nature and extent of any discontinuity will not be
known until the time of the introduction of the revised
first-stage factors but will clearly be quite small vis-avis the effect of the 1980 census-based second-stage fac
tors.12 Indeed, it is possible that the effects will be limit
ed to internal estimations, such as farm-nonfarm and
metropolitan-nonmetropolitan data, while not affecting
broader totals. Again, any impacts will be described in
a special article devoted to the changes being intro
duced into the January 1983 CPS, that will appear in the
February 1983 issue of Employment and Earnings.
I n s u m m a r y , there will be four distinctly separate
changes introduced into the 1983 CPS that will affect the
data. One change— adding the resident Armed Forces
to the statistics— was recommended by the National
Commission on Employment and Unemployment Sta
tistics, which also acknowledged the necessity for the
second change discussed— the revision of all occupa
tional data based on the Standard Occupational Classi
fication system.13The third change— publishing data for
“black” instead of “black and other” workers— relates
to data presentation rather than revision but is very im
portant in terms of usage. The final change— revising
the first-stage ratio estimates— is technical and results
from the availability of information from the 1980 de
cennial census. All changes are made so as to improve
either the basic data or enhance our use and under
standing of the data.
□
FOOTNOTES
1The primary compendium of monthly, quarterly, and annual data
is the BLS publication Employment and Earnings. The explanatory
notes section in the back of each issue describes the survey and nature
of the data collected.
See Kenneth D. Buckley, Jennifer Marks, and Ronald J. Statt,
“Revisions in the Current Population Survey Beginning in January
1982,” Employment and Earnings, February 1982, pp. 7-15, and Deb
orah Pisetzner Klein, “Labor force data: the impact of the 1980 cen
sus,” Monthly Labor Review, July 1982, pp. 39-43.
’ See Section 13, Public Law 94-444, 94th Cong., H.R. 12987, Oct.
1, 1976, reprinted in John E. Bregger, “Establishment of a new Em
ployment Statistics Review Commission,“ Monthly Labor Review,
March 1977, pp. 14-20.
7U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Federal Statistical Policy
and Standards, Standard Occupational Classification Manual, 1977
(Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office).
8 Classification Manual, 1977, p. 3.
5Counting, pp. 49-51. The resident Armed Forces was
recommended over the more commonly used figures for the Armed
Forces total in order to maintain consistency with the civilian
employed, which excludes U.S. residents with jobs in foreign
countries.
9U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Federal Statistical Policy
and Standards, Standard Occupational Classification Manual, 1980
(Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office).
10 Classification Manual, 1980, p. 10. It should be emphasized that
the SOC manual does not itself provide either the 6- or 13-group di
chotomies, though a variant of the 6-group is suggested. Indeed, the
smallest breakdown presented has 20 civilian categories (see pp. 18-30
in the manual), many of which were formerly in the “professional and
technical” category. These groupings were chosen by the BLS and
Census Bureau for purposes of clarity in instances where it is not pos
sible or desirable to present data at more detailed levels.
" The ratio estimation procedures, as developed based on the 1970
census, are described in U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the
Census, Technical Paper 40, The Current Population Survey— Design
and Methodology (Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Of
fice, 1978), pp. 58-61.
See Final Report o f the Secretary of Labor on the Recommendations
o f the National Commission on Employment and Unemployment Statis
tics, transmitted to the Congress in October 1981.
12Buckley and others, Revisions, and Klein, Labor force data.
' National Commission on Employment and Unemployment Statis
tics, Counting, pp. 113-14.
4 National Commission on Employment and Unemployment Statis
tics, Counting the Labor Force (Washington, D.C., U.S. Government
Printing Office, Labor Day 1979).
6
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Better measures of service employment
goal of Bureau survey redesign
The volatility and small size of companies,
coupled with nontraditional payroll practices,
complicate efforts to develop more reliable data
on employment, earnings, and hours of work
Thomas
J.
P lew es
The problem of measuring economic activity in the
growing service-producing sector of the economy has
posed an acute and continuing challenge to those agen
cies responsible for providing economic data. The ser
vice sector is characterized by diverse activities loosely
aggregated under the service-producing classification; by
a large number of preponderantly small companies that
enter and exit the market with some frequency; and,
consequently, by a unique set of problems associated
with identification, classification, collection, and estima
tion of economic information.
This article focuses on the challenges in measuring
employment, hours, and earnings in this large and dy
namic sector of the economy. First, historical trends in
the composition of the industrial employment base are
discussed to illustrate both the strong growth of this
sector and the reason for concern over the adequacy of
measurements. A description of the Bureau of Labor
Thomas J. Plewes is Assistant Commissioner for Employment Struc
ture and Trends, Bureau of Labor Statistics. This article is based on a
report prepared for the Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development’s Working Party on Employment and Unemployment
Statistics. Mary Kay Rieg of the Review staff provided special editori
al assistance.
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Statistics’ primary sources of current data on employ
ment, hours, and earnings, and their importance in
tracking economic developments, sets the stage for ex
ploring, in more detail, the sources of measurement
problems. Some problems stem from the nature of em
ployment practices, from the conduct of the surveys,
and from employer recordkeeping procedures; others re
late to the relative instability of the small establish
ments that characterize the sector. The final section
outlines initiatives which have been undertaken by the
Bureau to redesign the Current Employment Statistics
Survey, the major source of employment and earnings
measures by industry, to ensure that firms in the service
sector are appropriately represented by the survey, and
that survey operations are tailored to the special needs
of service-sector employers in order to gain their coop
eration in the survey.
Why the interest in service employment
In the United States, as in other industrialized na
tions, the long-term shift from an agricultural, to a
goods-producing, to a service-producing economic base
has emerged. The strength and pervasiveness of this
trend, which has particularly accelerated over the last
two decades, has been extensively documented else7
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW November 1982 • Measuring Service Employment
where.1 Nonetheless, some of the highlights of this evo
lution are quite significant and worth stressing:
• Since 1920, the service-producing share of nonagricultural employment has gone from 53 percent to 72
percent. Two divisions showed significant growth —
the service industries and government. (See table 1.)
• This evolutionary shift in the industrial complexion
accelerated during the Great Depression, dampened
as the Nation turned to hard-goods production dur
ing World War II, but has resumed a steady pace
since the mid-1940’s.
• Over the past two decades, some 86 percent of job
growth in the economy has occurred in the serviceproducing sector. By m id-1982, this sector provided
74 percent of all jobs, up from 62 percent in 1960.
• During recessionary periods, the service-producing
sector has shown remarkable resilience while the
goods sector has borne the brunt of the economic de
clines. This relative immunity from downturn has
also been evidenced in the most recent recessionary
period.2
• The shift from a goods to a service economy repre
sents changes in the U.S. economy of historic propor
tions. It has been influenced by such factors as the
increase in demand for consumer services previously
produced outside the measured market economy, the
increase in the demand for leisure goods, shifts from
internal to external sources for business services (such
as marketing, accounting, and the like), and the
changing nature of international trade. In turn, the
shift has had a pronounced influence on the character
of the labor force, particularly in opening opportuni
ties for women. Over the past two decades, women’s
share of service-producing employment has expanded
from 40 to 50 percent, accounting for 65 percent of
the employment expansion in the sector.
Review of data sources
The Bureau of Labor Statistics maintains three pri
mary sources of data on employment, hours, and earn
ings in the service sector. Each has its own strengths
and weaknesses.
The establishment survey. The Current Employment Sta
tistics Survey, commonly referred to as the establish
ment survey, collects payroll data from nonagricultural
employers for the pay period including the 12th of each
month. The survey, conducted by mail, obtains summa
ry data on total numbers of employees, including wom
en workers and production or nonsupervisory workers.
In addition, summary data on the payroll and hours
(paid for) of production or nonsupervisory workers are
collected in order to compute average hourly earnings,
and average weekly hours and earnings. Overtime hours
data are collected for production workers in manufac
8
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Table 1. Employment composition of goods- and serviceproducing sectors, 1920 and 1981
[Numbers in thousands]
Divisions
Percent distribution
1981
employment
1920
1981
Nonfarm economy..................
91,543
100.0
100.0
Goods-producing sector...............
Mining ...............................
Construction..........................
Manufacturing........................
25,672
1,104
4,307
20,261
46.7
4.5
3.2
39.0
28.0
1.2
4.7
22.1
Service-producing sector.............
Transportation and public utilities
Trade ...................................
Wholesale..........................
Retail ...............................
Finance, insurance, and real
estate ...............................
Servces...............................
Government ..........................
Federal.............................
State and local ..................
65,871
5,151
20,738
5,343
15,395
53.3
14.6
16.3
72.0
5.6
22.7
5.8
16.8
5,331
18,598
16,054
2,772
13,282
4.3
8.6
9.5
—
—
—
~
5.8
20.3
17.6
3.0
14.5
turing. Employer participation in the survey is volun
tary.
The establishment survey is conducted as a coop
erative Federal-State program with State Employment
Security Agencies collecting most of the data. The em
ployer’s microdata can thus be used by the States to
prepare local estimates (currently available for 50 States
and more than 200 Standard Metropolitan Statistical
Areas) and, at the same time, by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics to prepare national estimates. Duplication of
data collection at the Federal and local levels is avoided
through this cooperative arrangement.
The establishment survey is the largest monthly sur
vey in the field of economic statistics, with an active
sample of 180,000 establishments reporting data cover
ing about 35 percent of total nonagricultural employ
ment in the United States. Data are published for more
than 500 separate industries at the national level, and in
varying degrees of industry detail at the State and Stan
dard Metropolitan Statistical Area levels. The survey
provides monthly measures of total employment and
numbers of women and nonsupervisory workers for 155
service-producing industries at the national level. This
represents 30 percent of the 567 service-producing in
dustries designated in the U.S. Office of Management
and Budget’s 1972 Standard Industrial Classification
System. Estimates of average weekly earnings, average
weekly hours, and average hourly earnings are produced
for nonsupervisory workers in most of these industries.
The data collected in the Bureau’s monthly survey of
employment, hours, and earnings have served as a pri
mary source for tracking the growth of the service-pro
ducing sector. Thus, in and of themselves, these data
are called upon to portray trends with accuracy and
timeliness as a basis for economic decisionmaking.
However, the data have critical secondary uses which
also fuel the demand for reliable reporting and accurate
measurement of employment, hours, and earnings in the
service sector.
Within the Bureau, for example, the data have the
following major uses:
• In productivity measurement Monthly total hours by
industry detail and production-worker employment
data are key inputs to productivity measurement and
the quarterly productivity estimates. The annual em
ployment and hours data for detailed industries are
used for developing labor inputs for measures of out
put per employee hour.
• In occupational employment projections: National em
ployment data by industry detail are projected
forward and occupational staffing patterns of the in
dustries are applied to those projected industry levels
to produce projected occupational patterns.
• In economic growth studies: A key input into the bls
economic growth model is annual employment data
by detailed industry.
• In development o f subnational unemployment statistics:
The monthly employment data are used both by the
bls and the State agencies as the source of employ
ment data for those subnational areas for which the
household survey, discussed below, fails to provide
reliable estimates. Currently, the unemployment rates
for 40 States and about 200 areas are computed using
these survey results as a key input.
• In occupational health and safety statistics: Detailed
annual industry employment levels are used for com
puting total injury rates, with actual injury experi
ence based on an annual survey and administrative
records.
Other Federal agencies also use the service sector
data extensively:
• In personal income and gross national product estima
tion-. The U.S. Department of Commerce’s Bureau of
Economic Analysis uses the monthly employment
and earnings series as a key input for estimating the
wage component of these economic measures.
• In management o f trade policy: Detailed industry em
ployment trends are used to determine job loss asso
ciated with increased imports.
In addition to these critical, continuing government
uses of the data, the private and public sectors also rely
on the survey results for: marketing studies; economic
research and planning; government funding and policy
analysis; regional analysis; industry studies; plant loca
tion planning; wage negotiations; and adjustment of la
bor costs in escalation of long-term contracts.
The Current Population Survey. This monthly survey
collects data on employment status directly from indi
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
viduals in households and provides information on the
demographic, occupational, and other characteristics of
the employed, the unemployed, and persons not in the
labor force. The household survey is conducted by the
Bureau of the Census each month for b l s , providing
data for the Nation and the 10 largest States.
Each month, 60,000 housing units are eligible for in
terview, by personal visit or by telephone. Information
is gathered on the personal characteristics of all mem
bers of the household 16 years of age and over and on
their labor force status during the survey week (week
including the 12th of the month). This makes possible
detailed tabulation and publication of labor force data
by demographic characteristics.
The results of the establishment and household sur
veys are published and analyzed together each month, 3
weeks after the survey reference week. Estimates from
both surveys generally show the same trends in employ
ment. By publishing the results of both surveys togeth
er, the current analysis of the Nation’s employment
situation is greatly enhanced, with the household survey
providing demographic detail and the establishment
survey providing industry detail.
Each month, the household survey provides employ
ment, unemployment, and labor force data for nine serv
ice-producing industries. The emphasis of the monthly
data is to provide the basic types of estimates on labor
force status by an extensive array of demographic char
acteristics. On an annual basis, employment data from
the household survey are published for 116 service-pro
ducing industries along with the percentages of
employed women and members of racial minorities.
Administrative establishment files. Unemployment insur
ance (ui) laws administered by State Employment Secu
rity Agencies cover almost every employer unit. The
States require each unit (establishment) to provide a
quarterly report on employment and wages of its work
force and to pay a tax into the unemployment trust
fund. As a byproduct of this administrative reporting
system, and the Federal-State cooperative relationship,
BLS obtains from each State a virtual census of estab
lishments, and their employment and wages, on a quar
terly basis. By assigning industry and location (county)
codes to each establishment’s record, the employment
and wage data can be summarized by size-of-employment class, within industry and county, and through
successive aggregations, to Standard Metropolitan Sta
tistical Area, State, regional, and national totals.
What these data lack in timeliness, they make up for
in comprehensiveness. Because of the large number of
UI reporting units (4.5 million), coupled with the lag in
the required payment of taxes, and associated data en
try, correction, and tabulation workloads, the Ui data
are generally not available in summary form until 6 to 9
9
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW November 1982 • Measuring Service Employment
months after the end of each quarter. Nevertheless, be
cause of the comprehensive nature of the data and the
potential for dissaggregation to complete industry and
county detail, this data base is extremely important. It
serves as the foundation of the establishment survey—
first, as the sample frame from which States solicit sur
vey respondents and second, as a benchmark to adjust
national and subnational employment levels annually.
Because the Ul data represent nearly a universe of
wage and salary workers in nonagricultural industries,
employment (for each month of the quarter), number of
reporting units, and total quarterly wages can be tabu
lated for each quarter and presented in complete indus
try detail (567 industries in the service-producing
sector) at all levels of geographic aggregation from the
county (3,100) level up to national totals. The industry
statistics can be tabulated by size of firm and type of
ownership (private, and Federal, State, and local govern
ment) as well. The only limit to disaggregation of the Ul
data base is the requirement that confidentiality be pro
vided for any reporting unit. Therefore, publication
rules to prevent disclosure are rigorously adhered to.
While the focus of the analysis in this article is pri
marily on measures of employment, hours, and earnings
on a current basis in industry detail, it is the availability
of the U l administrative record of all employing units in
the N ation— tracking their birth, growth, and demise—
that provides us with the information to both design
the Current Employment Statistics Survey and to adjust
that design as the nature of the economy changes. Very
little nonagricultural wage and salary employment es
capes coverage under the U l laws. Of almost equal im
portance, the U l reporting system is able to identify
establishment deaths and purge the appropriate records
from the files on a timely basis.
Measurement problems
The unique measurement problems of the service-pro
ducing sector stem both from the nature of the estab
lishments and from the types of survey operations used
to gather data in the Current Employment Statistics
program. As previously indicated, the industry statistics
on employment, hours, and earnings are gathered
monthly on a voluntary basis, using a mail question
naire to obtain data from establishment payroll records.
Sampling difficulties. For a variety of reasons, the one
characteristic of an establishment that appears to be
most telling of its likelihood to voluntarily respond in a
government survey is its size, in terms of the number of
employees on the payroll. As a consequence* experience
has shown that it is more difficult to implement optimal
sample designs, which require certain response rates, in
those industries which are characterized by small firms.
Small firms predominate in many of the industry divi
10
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sions in the service sector, as shown by the distribution
of the survey’s sample by size of establishment and
sample coverage by industry division in table 2. With
the exception of government, portions of transportation
and public utilities, and a few individual service indus
try groupings, such as banks and hospitals, the sample
in the service sector falls short of representation in the
smallest size categories.
Historically, this has been more of a problem in the
service-producing sector than in the goods-producing
sector. The reasons are shown in table 3, which arrays
total employment by size class for these sectors. Using
250 employees as a cutoff point to distinguish between
small and large employers, employment in the goodsproducing sector was split 49 to 51 percent in 1980. In
the service-producing industries, the split between small
and large was 70 to 30 percent, reflecting the greater
preponderance of small employers. Data from the Ul
administrative data base, shown in table 4, provides fur
ther evidence of the concentration of employment in the
smaller firm classes in selected service industries.
Employment practices. The establishment survey of em
ployment, hours, and earnings currently is designed to
portray the level of and change in activity in establish
ments which have fairly traditional employment prac
tices. The assumptions incorporated into the survey
design and estimation procedures include a relatively
stable work force that expands or contracts with the
pace of economic activity in the short term, and with
technological innovations in the long term; a normal
pattern of regular hours and overtime payment that ex
pands or contracts in the short term with the level of
economic activity; and a standard work force composi
tion which assumes that the worker has some perma
nent attachment to the employing establishment.
Analysis of the employment practices of service
industries indicates a number of departures from
traditional employment practices. For example, statis
tics on labor turnover rates by industry indicate that
turnover is highest among those industries that are
characterized by a preponderance of small firms with
relatively large numbers of easy entry, low-skill occupa
tions. According to a 1980 study by Malcolm Cohen
and Arthur Schwartz, the service-producing industries
with the highest labor turnover rates were: automotive
dealers and service stations; automotive repair, services,
and garages; water transportation; real estate; business
services; motion pictures; hotels and other lodging
places; amusement and recreation services; and eating
and drinking places.3 These industries rank among the
lowest in terms of average earnings, which is consistent
with their high proportions of low-skill jobs.
Average weekly hours have generally been declining
for these industries for many years, and are very low
relative to those in most other industries. This largely
reflects a growing practice of part-time employment in
these industries. Data from the household survey,
shown in table 5, provide direct evidence of the dramat
ic growth in part-time employment in many of the serv
ice-producing industry divisions relative to the goodsproducing divisions. (In the household survey, a person
is counted as part time if he or she normally works less
than 35 hours.) The proportion of part-time workers in
the goods-producing industries has hardly changed over
time, averaging a low 4.5 percent in 1981. In contrast,
the proportion of part-time workers has increased for
almost all of the service-producing industries, and aver
aged 20.7 percent in 1981. The highest rates are in retail
trade (36.0 percent), personal services (27.2 percent),
entertainment and recreation services (35.0 percent),
and medical, except hospital, services (26.1 percent).
Generally, the characteristics of high labor turnover,
low earnings, low skill requirements, and high propor
tions of part-time workers seem to depict a rather loose
or casual bond between the employer and employee in
the service sector. This loose bond, in turn, contributes
to deviations from traditional payroll practices which
are assumed in survey definitions, and undoubtedly
Table 2. Distribution of the Current Employment Statistics sample by employment size of establishment, and sample
coverage by division, March 1980
[Employment in thousands]
_________________________ __________ ________________ ____________________________ __
E s t a b lis h m e n t e m p lo y m e n t s iz e
It e m
T o ta l
Under
10
1000
10
20
50
100
250
500
to
to
to
to
to
to
and
19
49
99
249
499
999
over
4,529,799 3,400,161
10,323
89,718
11.5
100.0
514,257
7,103
7.9
356,138
11,054
12.3
131,762
9,250
10.3
80,161
12,392
13.8
26,421
9,306
10.4
12,378
8,677
9.7
8,521
21,613
24.1
24,103
123
.4
1.2
24,272
345
1.0
4.9
40,008
1,289
3.8
11.7
27,395
1,939
5.8
21.0
26,528
4,153
12.4
33.5
11,937
4,174
12.5
44.9
6,459
4,493
13.4
51.8
5,628
16,986
50.7
78.6
4,350,562 3,303,179
10,000
73,185
13.6
100.0
491,885
6,787
9.3
332,805
10,296
14.1
118,763
8,310
11.4
68,369
10,488
14.3
20,823
7,281
9.9
9,015
6,262
8.6
5,723
13,761
18.8
147,973
23,536
100.0
32.2
22,101
114
.5
1.1
23,178
329
1.4
4.8
37,472
1,205
5.1
11.7
24,871
1,756
7.5
21.1
22,616
3,511
14.9
33.5
9,387
3,271
13.9
44.9
4,705
3,268
13.9
52.2
3,643
10,082
42.8
73.3
31,388
990
100.0
19,531
58
5.9
4,629
64
6.5
4,020
123
12.4
1,505
103
10.4
1,060
164
16.6
325
113
11.4
193
132
13.3
125
233
23.5
2,123
369
100.0
37.3
308
2
.5
3.4
346
5
1.4
7.8
505
16
4.3
13.0
310
21
5.7
20.4
322
51
13.8
31.1
167
58
15.7
51.3
92
63
17.1
47.7
73
153
41.5
65.7
48,148
440,087
644
1,063 ,
15.8
26.0
27,890
829
20.3
7,663
519
12.7
3,181
468
11.5
663
225
5.5
170
116
2.8
90
223
5.4
T o ta l n o n fa rm e c o n o m y '
Universe:
CES sample:
166,330
33,502
100.0
37.3
P r iv a t e s e c t o r '
Universe:
CES sample:
Employment .............................................................................................
M in in g
Universe:
CES sample:
C o n s t r u c t io n
Universe:
527,892
4,087
100.0
CES sample:
16,101
739
100.0
18.1
4,307
20
2.7
1.9
3,558
50
6.8
7.8
4,687
147
19.9
17.7
2,112
146
19.7
28.1
1,114
164
22.2
35.0
222
78
10.6
34.7
71
48
6.5
41.4
30
86
11.6
38.6
322,994
20,722
100.0
158,164
576
2.7
54,585
752
3.6
54,842
1,712
8.3
27,491
1,920
9.3
22,480
3,490
16.8
8,928
3,104
15.0
3,979
2,725
13.2
2,525
6,443
31.1
44,205
11,175
100.0
53.9
2,410
13
.1
2.3
3,764
55
.5
7.3
9,272
309
2.8
18.0
8,645
620
5.5
32.3
10,585
1,684
15.1
48.3
5,122
1,792
16.0
57.7
2,563
1,772
15.9
65.0
1,844
4,930
44.1
76.5
M a n u f a c t u r in g
Universe:
CES sample:
Percent sample coverage............................................................................
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11
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW November 1982 • Measuring Service Employment
Table 2. Continued— Distribution of the Current Employment Statistics sample by employment size of establishment, and
sample coverage by division, March 1980
[Employment in thousands]
E s t a b lis h m e n t e m p lo y m e n t s iz e
It e m
T o ta l
Under
10
10
20
50
100
250
500
to
to
to
to
to
to
and
19
49
99
249
499
999
over
1000
T r a n s p o r ta tio n 1
Universe:
Establishments..................
Employment ..........................
Percent employment distribution ..........................
CES sample:
Establishments........................
Employment ..........................................
Percent employment distribution ......................
Percent sample coverage......................
171,646
4,592
100.0
118,449
355
7.7
22,892
312
6.8
17,525
531
11.6
6,588
453
9.9
3,945
602
13.1
1,196
416
9.1
562
387
84
489
1 536
33 4
7,611
2,623
100.0
57.1
884
5
.2
1.4
1,046
15
.6
4.8
1,966
64
2.4
12.1
1,375
97
3.7
21.4
1,179
183
7.0
30.4
473
166
6.3
39.9
284
198
7.5
51.2
404
1 895
72 2
123.42
1,553,714 1,143,202
20,068
3,733
100.0
18.6
210,164
2,827
14.1
136,434
4,104
20.4
40,685
2,746
13.7
16,951
2,490
12.4
3,917
1,332
6.6
1,565
1 054
53
796
1 782
89
T ra d e
Universe:
Establishments..........................
Employment ..........................
Percent employment distribution ..........................
CES sample:
Establishment ............................
Employment ..........................
Percent employment distribution ........................
Percent sample coverage......................
41,147
3,288
100.0
16.4
7,630
42
1.3
1.1
8,872
125
3.8
4.4
12,463
392
11.9
9.6
6,091
421
12.8
15.3
3,996
596
18.1
23.9
1,246
428
13.0
32.1
494
338
10.3
32.1
355
946
28 8
53.1
387,292
5,090
100.0
319,337
808
15.9
30,111
413
8.1
22,226
691
13.6
8,380
590
11.6
4,858
748
14.7
1,412
498
9.8
590
417
82
378
925
18 1
11,241
1,826
100.0
35.9
1,671
8
.4
1.0
1,499
21
1.2
5.1
2,699
89
4.9
12.9
2,102
150
8.2
25.4
1,874
290
15.9
38.8
715
247
13.5
49.6
396
281
15.4
67.4
285
740
40 5
80.0
1,345,636 1,104,409
17,636
3,407
100.0
19.3
121,356
1,775
10.1
69,868
2,306
13.1
26,451
1,979
11.2
15,894
2,526
14.3
4,382
1,593
9.0
1,956
1,431
81
1,320
2619
149
F in a n c e
Universe:
Establishments.............................
Employment .......................................
Percent employment distribution ......................
CES sample:
Establishments.......................................
Employment ...............................
Percent employment distribution ....................
Percent sample coverage........................
S e r v ic e s
Universe:
Establishments.................................
Employment ............................
Percent employment distribution ..................
CES sample:
Establishments.......................................
Employment ...................................
Percent employment distribution .............................
Percent sample coverage...............................
25,545
2,516
100.0
19.9
4,891
24
.7
.7
4,093
58
1.6
3.3
5,880
188
5.3
8.2
4,236
301
8.6
15.2
3,546
543
15.4
21.5
1,442
502
14.3
31.5
805
568
16.2
39.7
652
1 332
37 9
50.9
179,237
16,533
100.0
96,982
323
2.0
22,372
316
1.9
23,333
758
4.6
12,999
940
5.7
11,792
1,904
11.5
5,598
2,025
12.2
3,363
2415
146
2,798
7 852
47 5
18,357
9,966
100.0
60.3
2,002
9
.1
2.8
1,094
16
.2
5.1
2,536
84
.8
11.1
2,524
183
1.8
19.5
3,912
642
6.4
33.7
2,550
903
9.1
44.6
1,754
1 225
12 3
50.7
1,985
6 904
69 3
87.9
G o v e rn m e n t
Universe:
Establishments....................
Employment ......................
Percent employment distribution .........
CES sample:
Establishments.................................
Employment .....................................
Percent employment distribution ......................
Percent sample coverage...............................
1Excludes railroads.
sample total in large size class includes combined units of telephone companies reporting
io öL£> unaer special arrangements.
adds to the difficulties that employers have in re
porting in government surveys.
Data collection problems. In the final analysis, the kind
of data that might be obtained in a survey operation is
constrained by the amount of information that the re
spondent has at ready access. This is certainly the case
with the establishment survey of employment, hours,
and earnings, which has historically been keyed to the
type of information readily available from the payroll
12
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Note: Because of rounding, sums of indivie ual items mav not eoua totals. Data are classitied according to the U.S. Office of Management and Budget’s 1972 Standard Industrial Classif¡cation system.
records of responding firms. The experience of the Bu
reau and the cooperating State agencies is that estab
lishments will report, under our strict pledges of
confidentiality, information that would normally be
considered privileged and proprietary, but only if it is
conveniently and readily accessible. If the information
request goes much beyond the normal recordkeeping
practices of the firm, both overall response rates and re
sponses to particular data items will suffer.
As a part of an overall review of the establishment
payroll survey, BLS conducted two interview surveys
with employers during 1981. The first sought to deter
mine what data elements are readily available from em
ployer payroll records on a monthly basis, while the
second concerned itself with the reasons why employers
are unable or reluctant to provide the requested data.
The majority of respondents indicated that the infor
mation requested each month was readily available.
However, the proportion of manufacturing respondents
who had easy access to such records was higher than
the proportion of service respondents. This shows up in
a rather significant difference between the service and
manufacturing employers regarding their willingness to
cooperate with the survey. For example, 45 percent of
service-industry employers cited lack of time or re
sources to complete the BLS 790 survey form, compared
with 19 percent of manufacturing employers.
The BLS 790 questionnaire requests a count of
nonsupervisory workers, together with their payroll and
paid hours. The interviews revealed that 31 percent of
the service-industry employers who are reporting
monthly information to BLS do not differentiate between
supervisory and nonsupervisory workers in their payroll
records. Because many of these establishments are
small, the respondents are able and willing to make the
necessary adjustments for BLS. However, 64 percent of
employers who refused to cooperate in the survey
claimed that they maintain only one payroll figure for
all their employees and are unable to provide the re
quested nonsupervisory breakouts.
Another problem encountered in the interviews was
that a significant proportion— 19 percent— of service
industry employers use an outside accounting service
for preparing payrolls and payroll summaries, while
only 5 percent of manufacturing employers do so. The
accounting services generally handle only mandatory
government reports for their clients, and this would
have a negative impact on responses to a voluntary
questionnaire like the BLS 790.
Table 3. Distribution of employment by establishment
size class, and sector, 1980
[Employment in thousands]
S iz e
P r iv a t e n o n f a r m
G o o d s - p r o d u c in g
S e r v ic e - p r o d u c in g
s e c to r
s e c to r
s e c to r
c la s s
E m p lo y m e n t
to ta l
P e rc e n t o f
P e rc e n t o f
P e rc e n t o f
E m p lo y m e n t
to ta l
E m p lo y m e n t
to ta l
Total .
72,249.8
100
26,041.6
100
46,208.2
100
0-3 . . . .
4-9 . . . .
10-19 . .
20-49 . .
50-99 . .
100-249
250-499
500-999
1000+ .
3,278.9
6,493.7
6,604.7
10,100.8
8,196.1
10,392.2
7,225.4
6,234.3
13,723.7
5
9
9
14
11
14
10
9
19
515.2
1,190.7
1,469.4
2,687.4
2,571.6
4,172.1
3,483.6
2,999.0
6,952.6
2
5
6
10
10
16
13
11
27
2,763.7
5,303.0
5,135.3
7,413.4
5,624.5
6,220.1
3,741.8
3,235.3
6,771.1
6
12
11
16
12
13
8
2
15
Note: Based on coverage under State Unemployment Insurance Laws. Excludes rail
roads, some nonprofit Institutions, and commission Insurance salesworkers.
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Table 4. Selected service industries with large
concentrations of small establishments, 1980
P e r c e n t a g e o f e m p lo y m e n t in f ir m s w it h —
In d u s t r y
T o ta l
e m p lo y m e n t
Gasoline service
stations...........
Eating and drinking
places ...........
Real estate
agents ...........
Laundry, cleaning,
and garment
services .........
Beauty shops . . . .
Automotive repair
shops .............
Offices of
physicians.......
Offices of
dentists...........
Under
10 to
50 to
M o re
10
49
249
th a n 2 5 0
w o rk e rs
w o rk e rs
w o rk e rs
w o rk e rs
554,000
53
29
14
4
4,481,000
14
42
28
16
344,000
40
30
24
6
356,000
284,000
28
64
36
27
30
7
6
2
351,000
62
33
4
1
739,000
56
31
9
4
336,000
80
18
1
1
In sum, many of the reservations voiced by respond
ents to the interview surveys related to the fact that
small establishments, already burdened with mandatory
government reporting, simply are unable or unwilling to
add to their paperwork by filling out voluntary survey
forms. Some large service-industry employers which
might otherwise be willing to cooperate— such as hos
pitals or schools— frequently do not maintain records
according to BLS definitions, and thus are unable to re
port the requested information.
New business formations. In the establishment survey,
the direct measurement of employment growth due to
new business formations is exceedingly difficult. The
lead time necessary to prepare the universe listing of es
tablishments from which to select new sample respond
ents practically assures that any new business establish
ment will be several months old before it has a chance
of being in the sample. In most instances, the new busi
ness will have completed its initial hiring before it be
comes a sample member. Once the new establishment is
a sample member and has reported for 2 consecutive
months, its month-to-month employment change will
contribute to the calculation of the “link relative” that
is applied to the previous m onth’s employment estimate
to derive the current m onth’s estimate. The problem is
that the initial hiring that occurred before the new busi
ness became a sample member is never reflected in the
“link relative” calculation.
The inability to properly measure employment
growth from business births creates a downward bias in
the employment estimates, which accumulates each suc
cessive month after the most recent benchmark to em
ployment levels from the ui administrative data base.
The extent of the bias is directly proportional to the
contribution of business births to the employment in a
given industry.
In industries characterized by large employers, new
entries are very rare and therefore contribute little if
13
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW November 1982 • Measuring Service Employment
T a b le 5. P e rc e n ta g e o f p a rt-tim e w o r k e r s 1 b y in d u s try ,
s e le c te d y e a rs
Industry
1962
1972
Total goods producing.........................................
4.4
2.1
4.5
Mining...........................................................
Construction ..................................................
Manufacturing................................................
3.6
5.8
4.1
1.4
5.2
1.4
2.3
7.1
4.0
Total service producing .......................................
14.3
17.2
20.7
Transportation and public utilities ......................
Trade ...........................................................
Wholesale..................................................
Retail ........................................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate....................
Miscellaneous services ...................................
Business and repair.....................................
Personal ....................................................
Entertainment and recreation ........................
Medical, except hospital ...............................
Hospitals....................................................
Welfare and religious...................................
Education ..................................................
Other professional .......................................
Forestry and fisheries...................................
Public administration .......................................
4.6
19.7
6.6
23.2
9.3
17.3
11.7
18.6
34.7
(2)
(2)
(2)
18.4
15.4
4.9
5.1
6.6
23.2
6.5
27.3
9.1
19.9
14.9
26.7
36.8
19.4
14.7
22.0
22.1
1 2.7
5.9
6.2
8.0
30.1
6.7
36.0
11.0
22.0
16.7
27.2
35.0
26.1
16.2
26.1
24.8
14.0
8.9
6.6
1981
1Voluntary part-time workers, plus workers on part time for economic reasons who usually work part time.
2Data not available.
anything to employment trends. Many of the serviceproducing industries, however, are characterized by
small employers, with large numbers of business births
and deaths. While the deaths are measured by the es
tablishment survey, the births are not, and an adjust
ment to the sample trend must be made each month to
correct for the bias. These “birth bias” adjustment fac
tors may account for a large part of the estimated long
term employment growth of many of the service-pro
ducing industries.
The calculation of birth bias adjustment factors is
straightforward. For each of the most recent 3 years,
the employment estimate derived from the sample link
relatives (with no bias adjustment) is compared to the
benchmark level. An adjustment factor is then calculat
ed so that its application each month thereafter will cu
mulatively add to the average amount that the three
previous benchmarks were underestimated. For exam
ple, if the sample-derived employment estimate for an
industry was lower than the employment benchmarks
by 1.6, 0.8, and 1.2 percentage points for the most re
cent 3 years, the average downward bias is 1.2 percent.
A factor of 1.0010 will then be applied to the link rela
tive for each of the next 12 months so as to adjust by
1.2 percent over the year.
Because of the availability of annual benchmark em
ployment levels, it is possible to measure the extent of
the bias for each industry over time. We have observed
that the contribution of the bias can change at different
stages of the business cycle. The bias also has seasonal
swings in certain industries, and can be sensitive to
14
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
shocks to the economy, such as the 1973-74 oil embar
go and the abnormally high interest rates of recent
years. However, despite an ability to identify bias, the
Bureau has not been able to develop procedures to finetune the bias adjustments on a current basis except in
the construction division, which behaves with somewhat
more predictability over the business cycle.
Redesigning the establishment survey
A review of the published output of the establishment
survey as it is currently designed and operating puts
into perspective the structural problem with the survey.
As indicated in table 6, only 30.4 percent of the
published industries are service producing, although
72.0 percent of the Nation’s jobs are in these industries.
A large part of this disparity arises because the Stand
ard Industrial Classification system provides for more
detail on goods-producing industries than on serviceproducing.
In addition to the problem of the coding structure,
however, the establishment survey has been unable to
produce data of publishable quality for much of the serv
ice-producing area because of the difficulty in obtaining
employer responses and maintaining regular month-tomonth reporting for a sufficiently large and representa
tive sample in many of the component industries. The
Bureau of Labor Statistics is now launching a major re
design of the survey which will deal directly with the
problems that have prevented us from providing more
reliable employment, hours, and earnings data for speci
fic service-producing industries.
The sample frame. Because the Ul administrative data
base is unique in providing universal coverage of em
ployers, we plan to continue and strengthen the link be
tween the establishment survey and the administrative
Table 6. Distribution of industries by sector, according to
SIC coding structure and as published by BLS
1 9 7 2 S IC s t r u c t u r e
D iv is io n s
P u b lis h e d b y B L S
N um ber of
P e rc e n t
N um ber of
in d u s t r ie s
d is t r ib u t io n
in d u s t r ie s
Total nonagriculture.........
1230
100.0
510
100.0
41.5
Goods producing.........
Mining....................
Construction.............
Manufacturing .........
663
58
36
569
53.9
4.7
2.9
46.3
353
13
15
324
69.2
2.5
2.9
63.5
53.2
22.4
41.7
56.9
Service producing .......
Transportation and
public utilities .......
Wholesale trade.......
Retail trade .............
Finance, insurance, and
real estate...........
Services .................
Government.............
567
46.1
155
30.4
27.3
98
80
82
8.0
6.5
6.7
24
20
33
4.7
3.9
6.5
24.5
25.0
40.2
95
174
38
7.7
14.1
3.1
19
35
23
3.7
6.9
4.5
20.0
20.1
60.5
P e rc e n t
P e rc e n t
d is t r ib u t io n p u b lis h e d
data base. Initially, for example, testing of alternative
sample designs will be done by retrospective cross tabu
lation of employer data from the Ul files. In this man
ner, we can evaluate the representativeness of various
designs for estimating employment and wages by indus
try without having to collect additional data.
We also plan to review carefully the completeness of
the Ul data base by comparisons with other listings of
employers, such as the Census Bureau’s Standard Statis
tical Establishment List and the files maintained by
Dun and Bradstreet as part of its credit rating opera
tions. And, particularly because of the volatile nature of
many of the small establishments in the service sector,
we want to review and document the procedures used
by the State Employment Security Agencies for process
ing establishment births and deaths.
Bias adjustment. As part of the redesign effort, we will
attempt to reduce the amount of bias adjustment for es
tablishment births required in the employment esti
mates. This will be accomplished through additional
stratification of the estimating cell structure. In addi
tion, we will be reviewing potential sources of new-firm
data and testing the use of such information in our esti
mation system. We know that new business formations
and their impact on current employment trends vary
significantly during a business cycle for many industries.
Further work will be done to document this and to ar
rive at an appropriate means of varying the bias adjust
ment factors on a current basis according to the stage
of the cycle.
Examination o f seasonality. Seasonal adjustment of the
establishment data is performed annually using the X-11
ARIMA model. The model options for projecting the
data series 1 year ahead were used for the first time in
1981. Each year, the seasonal adjustment is updated at
the time the establishment series are adjusted to new
benchmark levels, usually in July.
Additional research will be undertaken as part of the
redesign to test various x-11 options for making better
seasonal adjustments for industries that are periodically
affected by strikes, product model changeover, holidays,
and so forth. We will also try to determine whether the
seasonal adjustment should be updated every 6 months
rather than annually.
Data collection techniques. Because we know that our
traditional method of solicitation and collection of data
by mail does not provide sufficient sample representa
tion in many of the service-producing industries, we will
be experimenting with other means of obtaining em
ployer cooperation and collecting monthly data. Our
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
goal is to arrive at the least costly mix of mail, tele
phone, and personal visit to satisfy our sample design.
Estimation process. In recent years, research by David
Birch of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and
others has indicated that it is the small, young, volatile
service-producing firms that are responsible for nearly
all of the net creation of new employment opportuni
ties.4 Unfortunately, these are the firms which are least
likely to be adequately represented in the establishment
survey as now designed. We plan to test additional size
and regional stratification of our sample to improve our
employment estimates for industries with large propor
tions of such firms; heretofore, extensions of the sample
stratification system were generally intended to improve
estimates of hours and earnings, rather than employ
ment.
Hours and earnings estimation. Because of the changing
mix of full- and part-time workers in many service-pro
ducing industries, coupled with problems in defining a
“nonsupervisory worker,” we plan to test several alter
native hours and earnings measures. We hope to dem
onstrate an ability to collect an “all-employee” earnings
measure that can be benchmarked annually to the wage
data from the Ul administrative data base. To obtain
better and more meaningful hours measures, we will try
to collect information separately for “permanent,” ver
sus “all other,” employees. The relationship between
hours worked and hours paid, which is especially im
portant for the construction of the Bureau’s productivi
ty measures, will also be studied.5
I n v ie w o f b o t h the increasing importance of the
service-producing sector and the shortcomings in the
current statistical measurement system, improvement in
the data for this sector takes on a very high priority in
the Bureau’s plans for survey modernization. Such im
provement, however, constitutes a formidable challenge,
given the preponderance of hard-to-measure smaller es
tablishments and the attendant reporting difficulties.
The path to improvement is threefold: a fine-tuning
of the data collection process to ease the response bur
den and extend coverage; a reconsideration of the sam
ple design in order to better focus survey coverage; and
a review and extension of procedures for generating esti
mates based on the survey responses. The initial re
search on improving data collection is complete, while
development of sample design and estimating proce
dures continues. Over the next 3 years, as resources per
mit, the findings of the initial research will be evaluated
and, if cost-effective, will be integrated into the survey
operations.
D
15
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW November 1982 • Measuring Service Employment
FOOTNOTES
A cknowledgment: The author expresses his appreciation to John T.
Tucker and Edward S. Sekscenski, economists in the Office of Em
ployment Structure and Trends, who contributed to the OECD report
from which this article is abstracted. Copies of the OECD report are
available on request.
Among the several sources that extensively document the shift
from goods- to service-producing are: Victor R. Fuchs, The Service
Economy (New York, National Bureau of Economic Research, 1968);
Harley L. Browning and Joachim Singelman, The Emergence o f a Serv
ice Society: Demographic and Sociological Aspects of the Sectoral Trans
formation o f the Labor Force in the U.S.A. (Population Research Cen
ter, University of Texas at Austin, 1975); Thomas M. Stanback, Jr.,
Understanding the Service Economy: Employment, Productivity, Loca
tion (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979); Eli Ginsberg
and George J. Vojta, “The Service Sector in the U.S. Economy,”
16
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Scientific American, March 1981, pp. 48-55; and Michael A. Urquhart, “The services industry: is it recession proof?” Monthly Labor
Review, October 1981, pp. 12-18.
2 Marillyn A. Hewson and Michael A. Urquhart, “The Nation’s
employment situation worsens in the first half of 1982,” Monthly La
bor Review, August 1982, pp. 3-12.
Malcolm S. Cohen and Arthur R. Schwartz, “U.S. labor turnover:
analysis of a new measure,” Monthly Labor Review, November 1980,
pp. 9-13.
A review of the work by David Birch and others appears in Rich
ard Greene, “Tracking job growth in private industry,” Monthly La
bor Review, September 1982, pp. 3-9.
' For a more complete discussion of this issue, see Jerome A. Mark,
“Measuring productivity in service industries,” Monthly Labor Review,
June 1982, pp. 3-8.
A note on communications
The Monthly Labor Review welcomes communications that supple
ment, challenge, or expand on research published in its pages. To be
considered for publication, communications should be factual and an
alytical, not polemical in tone. Communications should be addressed
to the Editor-in-Chief, Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statis
tics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C. 20212.
Unemployment and labor force trends
in 10 industrial nations: an update
Postwar joblessness reaches 13 percent
in Great Britain in the third quarter,
with West Germany, France, Canada,
and the United States also incurring
record high unemployment rates
J oy A N N a M oy
In the latter half of 1981 and the first 9 months of
1982, unemployment rates approximating U.S. concepts
rose sharply in most of the 10 countries covered by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics’ series of comparative unem
ployment rates. Unemployment rates reached postWorld War II highs in six of the industrial nations—
the United States, Canada, France, West Germany,
Great Britain, and the Netherlands. Italian unemploy
ment, although at a comparatively moderate level of 4.7
percent after adjustment to U.S. concepts, was the
highest since 1959. In addition, there were an equally
large number of “discouraged workers” in Italy— per
sons who wanted jobs but had not actively sought work
recently. Although Japanese and Swedish unemploy
ment rates remained substantially lower, in the 2 to 3
percent range, both countries had higher rates than they
normally experienced over the last 20 years. Australia
was the only country where the jobless rate was down
in 1981; it rose, however, in the first 9 months of 1982.
This article updates comparative unemployment rates
through the third quarter 1982 and other related la
bor market statistics through 1981 for the 10 countries.
The foreign unemployment and labor force data are ad
justed to U.S. concepts. Some revisions of previously
Joyanna Moy is an economist in the Division of Foreign Labor Statis
tics and Trade, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
published estimates are also presented; the revisions
arise from incorporation of more recent survey results.1
Unemployment pushes higher
In 1981, the U.S. unemployment rate of 7.6 percent
was surpassed by the rates in Great Britain, 11.3 per
cent, the Netherlands, 8.9 percent, and France, 7.7 per
cent, and was matched in Canada. (See table 1.) The
Australian rate fell to 5.8 percent. Unemployment rates
of 4.2 percent were recorded in Germany and Italy;
Japanese and Swedish jobless rates were in the 2 per
cent range.
By the second quarter of 1982, rates had risen in all
10 countries. The U.S. jobless rate, which had remained
stable for the first three quarters of 1981, surged in the
fourth quarter and reached new highs of 9.5 percent in
the second quarter and 9.9 percent in the third quarter.
Nevertheless, the U.S. rate was still exceeded by the
rates in Great Britain, Canada, and probably the Neth
erlands.2 The British rate, which rose to about 13 per
cent in early 1982, was the highest ever recorded in the
BLS series of comparative unemployment statistics.
West Germany’s unemployment rate also rose sharp
ly in the fourth quarter of 1981 and the first half of
1982, while France and Italy experienced more moder
ate increases. However, both German and French third
quarter rates were postwar records, and the second17
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW November 1982 • Unemployment in 10 Nations
Table 1.
Quarterly unemployment rates approximating U.S. concepts, seasonally adjusted, 1978-82
P e r io d
U n it e d S t a t e s
C anada
1978
1 ........................
I I ........................
Ill........................
IV ......................
6.1
6.3
6.0
6.0
5.9
8.4
8.4
8.5
8.4
8.2
6.3
6.5
6.3
6.2
6.3
2.3
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.3
5.4
4.8
5.3
5.7
5.6
3.4
3.5
3.5
3.4
3.3
6.3
6.5
6.4
6.2
6.0
3.7
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.9
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.1
1979
I ........................
I I ........................
Ill........................
IV ......................
5.8
5.9
5.7
5.8
6.0
7.5
7.9
7.6
7.1
7.3
6.2
6.4
6.3
6.2
6.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
6.1
5.8
6.2
6.3
6.2
3.0
3.2
3.0
2.9
2.8
5.7
5.9
5.6
5.7
5.6
3.9
3.8
3.9
3.9
3.9
2.1
2.2
2.2
2.0
1.8
1980
I ........................
I I ........................
Ill........................
IV ......................
7.1
6.3
7.3
7.6
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.7
7.5
7.4
6.1
6.1
6.3
6.1
6.0
2.0
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
6.5
6.2
6.5
6.5
6.6
3.0
2.8
2.8
2.9
3.1
7.3
5.8
6.5
7.4
9.0
3.9
4.0
4.0
3.9
3.8
2.0
1.8
2.0
1.9
2.2
1981
I ........................
I I ........................
Ill........................
IV ......................
7.6
7.4
7.4
7.4
8.3
7.6
7.3
7.2
7.6
8.4
5.8
5.8
5.5
5.8
5.9
2.2
2.2
2.4
2.2
2.2
7.7
7.0
7.7
7.9
7.9
4.2
3.6
3.9
4.4
4.9
11.3
10.3
11.1
11.5
12.5
4.2
3.9
4.4
4.1
4.4
2.5
2.2
2.2
2.5
3.1
1982
I ........................
I I ........................
Ill........................
8.8
9.5
9.9
8.6
10.2
12.1
6.3
6.6
7.1
2.3
2.4
8.3
8.6
8.7
5.3
5.9
6.3
13.0
12.9
13.0
4.6
4.7
4.5
3.0
3.1
—
A u s t r a lia
Japan
—
1Preliminary for West Germany from 1979 onward, and for France and Great Britain from
1981 onward.
2Quarterly data are for January, April, July, and October.
quarter Italian rate was the highest in more than 20
years.
Japan’s unemployment rate increased marginally to
2.4 percent in the second quarter, after remaining at
about 2.2 percent for the previous three quarters. Swe
den’s unemployment rate rose from 2.2 percent in the
first half of 1981 to 3.1 percent in the fourth quarter
but remained at about 3.0 percent in the first half.
The current comparative unemployment situation is
in marked contrast with the 1960’s and early 1970’s. In
those years, unemployment rates in the United States
and Canada were much higher than in Western Europe,
Japan, and Australia. U.S. and Canadian rates averaged
about 5 percent during that period, compared to 1 per
cent in Japan and Germany, 2 percent in Australia,
France, and Sweden, and 3 percent in Great Britain and
Italy.
Unemployment rates trended down in the second half
of the 1960’s in the United States, Canada, Japan, and
Australia, while in the European countries they were
up. In the early 1970’s, unemployment rates were
higher again in every country except Italy. In the Unit
ed States, Canada, and Japan, however, they were still
below the levels of the early 1960’s. Subsequently, un
employment rates continued up in every country except
Japan and Sweden.
Unemployment has risen more rapidly in most Euro
pean countries and Australia than in the United States,
Canada, and Japan since the 1973 oil embargo and the
1974-75 recession. By the early 1980’s, West Germany’s
unemployment rate was more than 6 times as high as in
18
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
F ra n c e '
W e s t G e rm a n y 1
G r e a t B r it a in 1
It a ly 2
Sw eden
Note: Quarterly figures for France, West Germany, Italy, and Great Britain are calculated
by applying annual adjustment factors to current published data and therefore should be
viewed as only approximate indicators of unemployment under U.S. concepts. Published data
for Australia, Canada, Japan, and Sweden require little or no adjustment.
1960-74. French jobless rates increased more than four
fold by 1980-82, British rates more than tripled and
Australian rates tripled. In the United States and Cana
da, 1980-82 unemployment rates were about 50 percent
higher than in 1960-74. However, both countries had
begun with relatively high rates in the earlier period. Ja
pan’s unemployment rate increased somewhat more, but
remained well below 3 percent. The smallest increases
in unemployment rates since 1960-74 occurred in Swe
den and Italy. Italy’s rates were the highest in Europe
during the earlier period, however, and its recent rates
exclude a large group of discouraged workers. Sweden,
by contrast, now has the lowest unemployment rate
among the European countries.
Employment shows broad decline
In the first half of 1982, employment rose over 1981
in only 2 of the 10 countries studied— by 0.6 percent in
Japan and by 0.2 percent in Australia. Employment de
clined most sharply in Canada, 1.9 percent, and Great
Britain, 1.7 percent. Employment fell by 1 percent or
less in the United States, West Germany, Italy, and
Sweden and probably in France and the Netherlands as
well.
In 1981, employment had increased about 1 percent
in the United States and Japan and 2 to 2.5 percent in
Australia and Canada. Among the European countries,
employment increased only in Italy, a marginal 0.5 per
cent; in the other countries, employment declined. The
largest decline was 4 percent in Great Britain. (See
table 2.)
Employment growth was stronger in North America,
Australia, and Japan than in Western Europe in earlier
periods also. For all six European countries, annual av
erage employment growth had been only 1 percent or
less since 1960. In the 1960-73 period, the employment
trend was negative only in one country, Italy; since
1973, the overall employment trend had been down in
West Germany and Great Britain.
Employment maintenance programs. Special employment
maintenance and training programs have had a signifi
cant impact on the 1981-82 employment levels in sever
al European countries. For example, in June 1982,
about 535,000 Britons were covered by various employ
ment and training schemes. According to the British
Department of Employment, the direct effect of these
programs was to keep about 300,000 persons (1.1 per
cent of the labor force) off the June 1982 unemployment
register.3 In Sweden, although the number in training
programs for labor market reasons declined in 1981, the
total enrolled in the various public works and training
programs actually exceeded the number of unemployed
by 8 percent and accounted for 2.7 percent of the labor
force (versus an unemployment rate of 2.5 percent).
In France, West Germany, Great Britain, and Italy,
employment was supported by wide-reaching programs
to subsidize employees placed on shorter hours for eco
nomic reasons. In France, an average of nearly 320,000
workers, equivalent to approximately 14.3 million work
days, were covered in the first 10 months of 1981. The
number of workers covered, 1.4 percent of the labor
force, was up 130 percent from the first 10 months of
1980. In West Germany, the number of persons on
short-time increased 150 percent in 1981 to nearly
350.000 workers, about 1.3 percent of the labor force.
In Great Britain, the number covered by the Temporary
Short-Term Working Compensation Scheme in 1981
ranged from a high of nearly one million in March to
190.000 in December. The average for the year, about
540,000, was 2.2 percent of the labor force. In the first
half of 1982, the number receiving benefits declined fur
ther, to under 150,000 persons. In Italy, the number of
hours subsidized by the Wage Supplement Fund rose 85
percent to 550 million hours in 1981. If the number of
hours subsidized were spread among all employed per
sons, then approximately 27 hours per person were sub
sidized in 1981; or, assuming 1,800 hours worked per
person, the equivalent of 1.4 percent of the labor force
was subsidized.
Employment-population ratios. Although employment
rose in 1981 in five of the countries, the employmentpopulation ratio rose only in Canada. In the other four
countries— the United States, Japan, Australia, and Ita
ly— employment growth matched growth in the work
ing age population, and employment ratios were
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
virtually unchanged. The employment ratio fell sharply
from 1980 in Great Britain, along with the 1-million de
cline in employment. Employment-population ratios
also fell in France, West Germany, the Netherlands,
and Sweden. (See table 2.) Sweden still had by far the
highest employment ratio, 65 percent. By comparison,
the 1981 ratios were around 60 percent in the United
States, Canada, Japan, and Australia; 50 to 55 percent
in France, West Germany, and Great Britain; and
about 45 percent in the Netherlands and Italy.4
Labor force participation stable
With the exceptions of Canada and Great Britain,
there was little or no change in 1981 in labor force par
ticipation rates— the proportion of the civilian workingage population in the labor force. In Canada, the partic
ipation rate rose to 64.7 percent in 1981 from 64.0 per
cent in 1980, the increase resulting entirely from
continued growth in the female participation rate. In
Great Britain, by contrast, the overall participation rate
declined for the third consecutive year as both male and
female participation continued to move downward. In
most countries, changes in participation were character
ized by secular downtrends for men and increases for
women.
Labor force participation rates continued to be
highest in Sweden, 67 percent, and lowest in Italy, 48
percent. In West Germany and the Netherlands, slightly
more than 50 percent of the working age population
were employed or looked for work in 1981, compared
to 57 percent in France and 62 to 65 percent in the oth
er five countries. (See table 2.)
Discouraged workers. Data on discouraged workers—
persons who state a current desire for work but who are
not actively seeking a job because they think they can
not find one— are available only for the United States,
Canada, Sweden, and Italy. In the United States, the
number of discouraged workers doubled from 1979 to
1.5 million (compared with around 10 million unem
ployed persons). The Canadian definition of discouraged
workers is somewhat more restrictive than the U.S. defi
nition.5 Nevertheless, the number of discouraged work
ers, as in the United States, is currently equivalent to
about 15 percent of the unemployed. In Sweden, the
number of discouraged workers had been about half the
number of unemployed since 1978.
In Italy, the number of persons not in the labor force
who were classified, by Italian definitions, as discour
aged jobseekers in 1981 was only about 80,000—
equivalent to less than 10 percent of the number unem
ployed. In addition, however, approximately half the
Italians who stated they were unemployed said they had
not actively sought work within the last 30 days. These
persons have been excluded from the unemployed by
BLS, because U.S. concepts require active workseeking
19
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW November 1982 • Unemployment in 10 Nations
Table 2.
Civilian labor force, employment, and unemployment approximating U.S. concepts, 10 countries, 1974-81
[Numbers in thousands]
Year
U n ite d
C anada
A u s t r a lia
Japan
F ran ce
S ta te s
W est
G re a t
G e rm a n y
B r ita in
Ita ly
N e t h e r la n d s
Sw eden
L a b o r fo rc e
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
91,949
93,775
96,158
99,009
102,251
104,962
106,940
108,670
9,639
9,974
10,206
10,498
10,882
11,207
11,522
11,830
6,053
6,169
6,244
6,358
6,399
6,480
6,655
6,771
52,440
52,530
53,100
53,820
54,600
55,210
55,740
56,320
21,590
21,620
21,800
22,130
22,300
22,500
22,580
'22,710
26,050
25,640
25,400
25,360
25,520
125,780
126,030
'26,190
24,850
25,150
25,350
25,510
25,650
25,550
25,380
'25,310
20,060
20,270
20,490
20,530
20,630
20,910
21,210
'21,360
4,760
4,830
4,890
4,950
’ 5,000
'5,100
' 5,240
' 5,390
4,037
4,123
4,149
4,168
4,203
4,262
4,314
4,326
61.3
61.2
61.6
62.3
63.2
63.7
63.8
63.9
60.5
61.1
61.1
61.5
62.6
63.3
64.0
64.7
63.0
63.2
62.7
62.7
62.0
61.7
62.2
62.0
63.0
62.4
62.3
62.5
62.8
62.7
62.6
62.6
57.2
56.7
56.7
57.1
57.1
57.3
57.1
'57.1
54.4
53.4
52.8
52.4
52.3
'52.3
'52.5
'52.4
62.6
63.2
63.4
63.4
63.4
62.8
62.0
’ 61.4
47.9
47.9
48.2
48.0
47.7
47.8
48.0
'48.0
48.2
49.3
49.1
49.0
'48.8
'49.0
'49.5
'50.5
64.9
65.9
66.0
65.9
66.1
66.6
67.1
'67.1
86,794
85,846
88,752
92,017
96,048
98,824
99,303
100,397
9,125
9,284
9,479
9,648
9,972
10,369
10,655
10,933
5,891
5,866
5,946
6,000
5,997
6,075
6,250
6,380
51,710
51,530
52,020
52,720
53,360
54,040
54,600
55,060
20,960
20,710
20,800
21,040
21,100
21,120
21,120
’ 20,970
25,630
24,750
24,510
24,460
24,650
125,000
125,260
’ 25,100
24,080
24,000
23,840
23,890
24,040
24,100
23,530
’ 22,440
19,500
19,620
19,760
19,790
19,870
20,100
20,380
120,460
4,580
4,580
4,630
4,700
’ 4,740
' 4,830
' 4,920
'4,910
3,957
4,056
4,083
4,093
4,109
4,174
4,228
4,218
57.8
56.0
56.8
57.9
59.3
59.9
59.2
59.0
57.3
56.9
56.7
56.6
57.4
58.6
59.2
59.8
61.3
60.1
59.7
59.2
58.1
57.9
58.4
58.4
62.2
61.2
61.1
61.2
61.3
61.4
61.3
61.2
55.5
54.3
54.1
54.3
54.1
53.8
53.4
'52.7
53.5
51.5
50.9
50.5
50.5
’ 50.8
’ 50.9
’ 50.2
60.7
60.3
59.6
59.4
59.4
59.2
57.4
'54.4
46.6
46.4
46.5
46.3
45.9
46.0
46.1
'46.0
46.3
46.7
46.5
46.5
'46.2
'47.4
'46.5
’ 46.0
63.6
64.8
64.9
64.8
64.6
65.3
65.8
'65.4
5,156
7,929
7,406
6,991
6,202
6,137
7,637
8,273
514
690
727
850
911
838
867
898
162
302
298
358
402
405
405
390
730
1,000
1,080
1,100
1,240
1,170
1,140
1,260
630
910
1,000
1,090
1,200
1,380
1,460
'1,760
420
890
890
900
870
'780
’ 770
'1,090
770
1,150
1,510
1,620
1,610
1,450
1,850
' 2,870
560
650
730
740
760
810
830
'900
180
250
260
250
’ 260
’ 270
'320
'480
80
67
66
75
94
88
86
108
5.6
8.5
7.7
7.1
6.1
5.8
7.1
7.6
5.3
6.9
7.1
8.1
8.4
7.5
7.5
7.6
2.7
4.9
4.8
5.6
6.3
6.2
6.1
5.8
1.4
1.9
2.0
2.0
2.3
2.1
2.0
2.2
2.9
4.2
4.6
5.0
5.4
6.1
6.5
'7.7
1.6
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.4
'3.0
'3.0
’ 4.2
3.1
4.6
6.0
6.4
6.3
5.7
7.3
’ 11.3
2.8
3.2
3.6
3.6
3.7
3.9
3.9
'4.2
3.8
5.2
5.4
5.1
'5.2
'5.3
'6.1
'8.9
2.0
1.6
1.6
1.8
2.2
2.1
2.0
2.5
5.6
8.5
7.7
7.1
6.1
5.8
7.1
7.6
5.3
6.9
7.1
8.1
8.4
7.5
7.5
7.6
2.7
4.9
4.8
5.6
6.3
6.2
6.1
5.8
1.4
1.9
2.0
2.0
2.2
2.1
2.0
2.2
2.8
4.2
4.6
4.9
5.3
6.1
6.4
'7.5
2.6
4.7
4.6
4.5
4.3
3.8
3.8
5.5
2.6
4.1
5.6
6.1
6.0
5.6
7.3
11.3
55.4
55.9
66.7
7.2
7.2
7.7
7.6
8.4
3.5
5.0
5.3
5.1
5.0
5.0
5.8
9.0
2.0
1.6
1.6
1.8
2.2
2.1
2.0
2.5
L a b o r f o r c e p a r t ic ip a t io n r a t e 2
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
E m p lo y m e n t
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
E m p lo y m e n t - p o p u la t io n r a t io 3
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
U n e m p lo y m e n t
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e ( a s p u b lis h e d ) 4
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
1Preliminary estimate based on incomplete data.
2Civilian labor force as a percent of civilian working age population.
3Civilian employment as a percent of civilian working age population.
4Published and adjusted data for the United States, Canada, and Australia are identical. For
France, unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force; for Japan, Italy, and Sweden,
unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force plus career military personnel; for West
Germany, Great Britain, and the Netherlands, registered unemployed as a percent of employed
wage and salary workers plus the unemployed. With the exception of France, which does not
publish an unemployment rate, these are the usually published unemployment rates for each
country.
5Italian Central Institute of Statistics estimate made for comparability with the revised labor
force survey, introduced in 1977.
20
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Note: Data for the United States relate to the population 16 years of age and over.
Published data for France, West Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands relate to the population
14 years of age and over; for Sweden, to the population aged 16 to 74; and for Canada, Aus
tralia, and Japan, to the population 15 years of age and over. For Great Britain, the lower age
limit was raised from 15 to 16 in 1973. The statistics have been adapted, insofar as possible, to
the age at which compulsory schooling ends in each country. Therefore, the adjusted statistics
for France relate to the population 16 and over and for West Germany and the Netherlands, to
the population 15 years of age and over. The age limits of the statistics for Canada, Australia,
Japan, Great Britain, and Italy coincide with the age limits of the published statistics. Statistics
for Sweden remain at the lower age limit of 16, but have been adjusted to include persons 75
years of age and over.
in the last 4 weeks (unless on temporary layoff or wait
ing to begin a new job). Under U.S. concepts, however,
many of these persons would be classified as discour
aged workers.
Foreign worker joblessness high
Foreign workers continue to be an important factor
in the unemployment rates in Western Europe, particu
larly in West Germany, France, and Sweden. In 1981,
foreign workers made up 9.2 percent of the labor force
in West Germany, 6.3 percent in France, and 5.4 per
cent in Sweden; and in all three countries, foreign na
tionals had substantially higher unemployment rates
than native-born workers.
In France, the foreign worker unemployment rate
was nearly twice the overall rate in March 1981. Unem
ployment among both foreign workers and the native
born increased at similar rates from 1980. In West Ger
many, the foreign worker unemployment rate had been
increasing more rapidly than the overall rate. In the
first quarter of 1982, the rate for foreigners was 50 per
cent higher than the overall jobless rate; in 1980, it was
about one-third higher. Jobless rates for migrant work
ers in Sweden had been about double the overall rates
since the labor force survey began collecting the data in
1977. In the first quarter of 1982, the foreign worker
rate reached 6 percent, while the overall rate rose to 3
percent.
FOOTNOTES
' For further information, see International Comparisons of Unem
ployment, Bulletin 1979, Appendix B (Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1978); and Supplement to Bulletin 1979, Appendix B (Bureau of La
bor Statistics, 1982).
2 Seasonally adjusted quarterly unemployment rates approximating
U.S. concepts are not available for the Netherlands. However, the sea
sonally adjusted registered unemployment rate for the first quarter of
1982 indicates that the Dutch unemployment rate approximating U.S.
concepts would probably be higher than the first-quarter U.S. rate.
'Department of Employment, “Special Employment and Training
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Measures,” Press Notice, July 20, 1982, p. 1.
4 In Italy, the employment ratio is understated because of the large
pool of “black labor” — persons with an unreported job and whose
labor force status is reported as unemployed or not in the labor force.
For further information, see International Comparisons of Unemploy
ment, p. 134.
5In Canada, discouraged workers must have actively sought work
within the last 6 months. In the United States, recent jobseeking is
not required in order to be classified as discouraged.
21
A new look at occupational wages
within individual establishments
Analysis o f wage structures shows
that pay differences within
individual establishments are generally
smaller than those o f the surveywide average
R o be r t W. V a n G ie z e n
Reports containing results of occupational wage surveys
generally emphasize average earnings of individual jobs.
While these types of data are useful to those interested
in levels of pay and overall relationships among occupa
tional averages, they do not show occupational pay dif
ferentials within individual establishments. For example,
according to a Bureau of Labor Statistics report on pay
levels in metropolitan areas, janitors averaged $4.87 an
hour in July 1980 and tractor-trailer truckdrivers aver
aged $9.63, or nearly twice as much.1 But, the average
pay differential within individual establishments having
both janitors and tractor-trailer drivers was only about
30 percent.
Data on internal pay alignments are of special con
cern to wage and salary administrators, labor-manage
ment contract negotiators, and those who develop or
analyze internal wage structures. Although not neces
sarily to the degree indicated by the comparison of jani
tors and truckdrivers, pay setters may find a conflict
between the twin objectives of gearing occupational pay
rates to local labor market conditions l and, at the same
time, maintaining appropriate internal pay structures.
Reconciliation of these conflicting objectives can be a
major issue in wage and salary administration.2 To sat
isfy the need for information on internal pay align
ments, the Bureau of Labor Statistics now reports
average occupational pay relationships within establish
ments in its Area Wage Survey publications.3This article
Robert W. Van Giezen is a labor economist in the Division of Occu
pational Pay and Employee Benefit Levels, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Barbara L. Spector of the Office of Statistical Operations provided
valuable statistical assistance.
22FRASER
Digitized for
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
presents an analysis of pay relatives for all metropolitan
areas combined, and summarizes the within establish
ment differences among industry divisions, regions, and
establishment size groups.4
Method an analysis
A simple numerical example may sharpen the distinc
tion between the two approaches to analyzing occupa
tional wage relationships. The following tabulation uses
hypothetical data to illustrate pay relationships of
surveywide averages versus those within establishments:
Establishment
A B C
All
establishments
Surveywide:
Job 1
Number of workers . . .
Hourly pay ................ .
Job 2
Number of workers . .
Hourly pay ................ .
5
$4
1
$7
1
$5
2
$11
Within establishments:
Number of workers . . .
6
Pay relative ................ . 125
3
157
3
$6
-
-
-
-
9
$5
3
$9
9
136
The traditional approach— comparison of published
survey averages for individual jobs— is influenced by
the numbers of workers in these jobs in establishments
having different pay levels, as well as by differences in
occupational pay levels. Using this approach, the survey
average pay in all establishments for job 2 ($9) exceeds
that for job 1 ($5) by 80 percent. However, when
the focus shifts to the pay differentials within individual
establishments, a 36-percent differential results. The dif
ferential is computed by averaging pay relatives (aver
age earnings for job 2 as a percent of earnings for job
1) of all establishments, using combined employments
of the two jobs as weights. The difference between
within establishment and surveywide relationships
is affected if an establishment has only one of the
two jobs being compared. (Note that establishment C
with only one of the jobs is not used in the com puta
tion.)
In this tabulation, the average pay difference within
establishments (intra-establishment differential) is less
than the difference between the survey averages for the
two jobs (inter-establishment differential). However, this
is not always the case. The inter-establishment differen
tial would be smaller than the intra-establishment dif
ferential if a high-paying firm had a concentration of
workers in a low-paying job, or if a low-paying firm
had a concentration of workers in a high-paying job.
Intra- versus inter-establishment relationships
Both intra- and inter-establishment pay relationships
are shown in table 1. These comprehensive matrices
show average pay relationships between pairs of jobs.
For example, reading across the row for tractor-trailer
drivers, the pay relative of 129 in the janitors column
means that the average pay advantage of the drivers
over janitors in establishments with both these occupa
tions was 29 percent. The figure in parenthesis, 198,
means that the survey average for tractor-trailer drivers
in all metropolitan areas was almost double that of jan
itors when data from all establishments (having either
one or both of the jobs) were used in the calculation.
Similarly, the data show intra- and inter-establishment
pay advantages of tractor-trailer drivers over class B
guards of 31 and 132 percent, respectively.5These differ
ences between intra- and inter-establishment pay rela
tives are extreme cases. The comparisons were much
closer for most occupational pairings.
A seeming inconsistency in the relationships among
some occupations must be explained. For example,
intra-establishment differences show a pay advantage of
5 percent for tractor-trailer drivers and of 7 percent for
drivers of heavy trucks, when drivers of light trucks
serve as a base. One might conclude that within individ
ual establishments, drivers of heavy trucks earn more
than drivers of tractor-trailers. However, direct compar
isons between these two jobs show a 1-percent advan
tage in favor of tractor-trailer drivers. The incongruity
is eliminated when it is recognized that establishments
employing light-truck and tractor-trailer drivers are not
necessarily the ones that employ both light- and heavytruck drivers or both tractor-trailer and heavy-truck
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drivers. Each comparison is based on a different set of
observations.
Intra-establishment differentials were generally small
er, and substantially so in a number of instances, than
inter-establishment differences for the same occupations.
This is revealed most strikingly in the comparisons be
tween material movement and custodial occupations,
where 90 percent of the inter-establishment differentials
exceeded intra-establishment differences. For example,
overall survey averages show that material handling la
borers earned 71 percent more than class B guards,
while the average intra-establishment advantage for
these laborers was only 4 percent. These findings can be
related to the industrial incidence of the two jobs: many
material handling laborers are employed in highly paid
and heavily unionized industries; conversely, many
guards are employed by protection agencies paying near
the Federal minimum wage. This employment pattern
tends to widen the difference between surveywide aver
ages but has no effect on occupational pay differentials
within individual establishments.
Similar findings appear when the analysis is limited
to various levels or classifications of the same occupa
tion. Based on inter-establishment comparisons, drivers
of tractor-trailer trucks averaged more than drivers of
other trucks, up to 50 percent more than drivers of
light trucks. However, when the earnings of truckdrivers within the same establishment are compared, the
average differential is lowered to a maximum of 5 per
cent.
Occupational earnings differentials— whether mea
sured by inter- or intra-establishment differentials—
were lower among maintenance, toolroom, and powerplant jobs than any other occupational group studied.
The relative homogeneity among these occupations can
be explained by several factors. First, almost all of the
jobs studied were at the journeyman level of skill, and
the workers often were under single-rate pay systems.
Second, more than 80 percent of the workers were
employed in a single industry division— manufacturing.
Finally, these occupations are among the most heavily
unionized of the occupations studied. As will be shown
later, the findings of this study generally are consistent
with the idea that inter-occupational wage differentials
are narrower in the union sector.
Except for higher paid tool-and-die makers and lower
paid boiler tenders and maintenance helpers, pay rates
within establishments were almost identical for all the
maintenance, toolroom, and powerplant jobs. Neverthe
less, overall survey averages were not reliable indicators
of intra-establishment relationships. For example, the
overall average pay of millwrights was 4 percent above
that for tool-and-die makers, while the intra-establish
ment pay relationship was reversed— millwrights aver
aged 4 percent less than tool-and-die makers. This type
23
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW November 1982 • Occupational Wages Within Individual Establishments
Table 1.
Intra- and inter-establishment pay relationships between occupations, all metropolitan areas, July 1980
[Inter-establishment pay relative in parenthesis]
O c c u p a t io n s f o r w h ic h a v e r a g e e a r n in g s e q u a ls 1 0 0
O c c u p a t io n s f o r w h ic h
T r u c k d r iv e r s
P o w e r-tru c k
S h ip p e r s
o p e ra to rs
F o r k lif t
T ra c to r-
H eavy
M e d iu m
L ig h t
(o th e r th a n
o p e ra to rs
t r a ile r
tru c k
tru c k
tru c k
f o r k lif t )
e a r n in g s a r e c o m p a r e d
W a re h o u s e
and
R e c e iv e r s
w o rk e rs
r e c e iv e r s
M a t e r ia l m o v e m e n t a n d c u s t o d ia l
Truckdrivers, tractor-trailer...................................
Truckdrivers, heavy truck.....................................
Truckdrivers, medium truck...................................
Truckdrivers, light truck .......................................
Power-truck operators (other than forklift) ...............
100
99 (86)
98 (87)
95 (64)
94 (79)
101 (116)
100
94 (100)
94 (74)
94 (91)
102 (115)
106(100)
100
95 (74)
98 (91)
105 (156)
107 (135)
106 (135)
100
102 (123)
106 (127)
106 (110)
102 (110)
98 (81)
100
108 (124)
107 (107)
105 (107)
102 (79)
100 (97)
108 (144)
114 (124)
103 (125)
97 (92)
99 (113)
109 (147)
111 (127)
104 (128)
98 (94)
102 (116)
109 (135)
111 (117)
105 (117)
103 (87)
102 (107)
Forklift operators................................................
Receivers .........................................................
Shippers and receivers.........................................
Warehouse workers............................................
Shippers...........................................................
93 (81)
92 (69)
92 (68)
92 (74)
91 (70)
93 (94)
88 (81)
90 (79)
90 (86)
90 (81)
96 (93)
97 (80)
96 (78)
95 (85)
99 (81)
98 (126)
104 (108)
102 (106)
97 (115)
105 (110)
100 (103)
101 (88)
98 (86)
98 (94)
103 (89)
100
101 (86)
101 (84)
100(91)
103 (87)
99 (116)
100
104 (98)
98 (106)
101 (101)
99 (119)
96 (102)
100
98 (109)
101 (104)
100(109)
102 (94)
102 (92)
100
104 (95)
Material handling laborers ...................................
Order fillers.......................................................
Guards, class A ..................................................
Shipping packers................................................
Janitors, porters, and cleaners .............................
Guards, class B ..................................................
91 (74)
90 (68)
84 (63)
84 (61)
77 (51)
76 (43)
90 (85)
86 (79)
92 (73)
71 (71)
72 (59)
65 (50)
90 (85)
92 (79)
87 (72)
84 (70)
78 (58)
75 (50)
91 (115)
96 (107)
99 (98)
91 (95)
82 (79)
92 (67)
97 (94)
99 (87)
96 (80)
97 (77)
92 (64)
93 (55)
96 (91)
97 (85)
96 (78)
98 (75)
90 (63)
94 (53)
92 (106)
93 (99)
98 (90)
90 (88)
86 (73)
91 (62)
94 (109)
96(101)
101 (92)
92 (90)
86 (75)
93 (64)
92 (100)
96 (93)
94 (85)
94 (82)
84 (69)
89 (58)
T o o l- a n d d ie
M a in t e n a n c e
M a in t e n a n c e
S t a t io n a r y
m a k e rs
e le c t r ic ia n s
m a c h in is t s
e n g in e e r s
M a in te n a n c e
M a in te n a n c e
m e c h a n ic s
s h e e t-m e ta l
M a in te n a n c e
m e c h a n ic s
( m a c h in e r y )
w o rk e rs
p ip e f it t e r s
( m o t o r v e h ic le s )
M a in te n a n c e
M a in t e n a n c e , t o o lr o o m , a n d p o w e r p la n t
Tool-and-die makers ..........................................
Maintenance electricians .....................................
Maintenance machinists.......................................
Stationary engineers ...........................................
Maintenance mechanics (machinery)......................
100
97 (98)
96 (95)
96 (91)
96 (92)
103 (102)
100
100 (96)
99 (93)
99 (94)
104 (106)
100 (104)
100
98 (96)
98 (97)
104 (110)
101 (108)
102 (104)
100
100(101)
105 (109)
101 (107)
102 (103)
100 (99)
100
104 (97)
101 (96)
101 (92)
100(89)
100 (90)
104 (98)
102 (97)
102 (93)
101 (89)
101 (91)
104 (106)
103 (105)
103 (101)
101 (97)
101 (98)
Maintenance sheet-metal workers..........................
Maintenance pipefitters .......................................
Maintenance mechanics (motor vehicles)................
Millwrights.........................................................
Machine-tool operators (toolroom)..........................
96 (103)
96(102)
96 (94)
96 (104)
95 (99)
99 (105)
98 (103)
97 (95)
98 (106)
98 (100)
99 (109)
99 (108)
97 (99)
97 (110)
97 (104)
100 (113)
99 (112)
99 (103)
99 (114)
100 (108)
100(112)
99 (110)
99 (102)
99 (113)
99 (107)
100
100(99)
100(91)
100(101)
101 (96)
100 (101)
100
100 (92)
100 (102)
100 (97)
100(109)
100(108)
100
100 (111)
101 (105)
Maintenance carpenters.......................................
Maintenance painters...........................................
Boiler tenders ....................................................
Maintenance trades helpers .................................
94 (90)
93 (87)
90 (79)
77 (75)
97 (92)
94 (88)
92 (80)
80 (76)
97 (96)
94 (92)
91 (83)
82 (79)
98 (99)
96 (96)
90 (86)
83 (82)
98 (98)
94 (94)
93 (85)
82 (81)
99 (88)
97 (85)
94 (77)
84 (73)
99 (89)
97 (85)
95 (77)
85 (73)
100 (96)
97 (93)
95 (84)
82 (79)
C o m p u t e r s y s t e m s a n a ly s t s
C o m p u te r p ro g ra m m e rs
(b u s in e s s )
( b u s in e s s )
C o m p u te r o p e ra to rs
C la s s A
C la s s B
C la s s C
C la s s A
C la s s B
C la s s C
C la s s A
C la s s B
C la s s C
Computer systems analysts, class A . . . .
Computer systems analysts, class B . . . .
Computer systems analysts, class C . . . .
Computer programmers analysts, class A
Computer programmers analysts, class B
100
84 (86)
71 (75)
78 (81)
67 (68)
119(116)
100
84 (86)
90 (94)
78 (79)
141 (134)
120 (116)
100
106 (108)
89 (91)
129 (124)
111 (107)
94 (92)
100
82 (84)
149 (147)
129 (127)
112 (109)
122 (119)
100
175 (177)
149 (153)
128 (132)
145 (143)
122 (120)
162 (161)
137 (139)
117 (120)
130(130)
109(110)
190 (196)
161 (169)
136 (146)
155 (158)
131 (133)
220 (227)
188 (196)
156(170)
184 (184)
155 (155)
Computer programmers analysts, class C
Computer operators, class A .................
Computer operators, class B .................
Computer operators, class C .................
Peripheral equipment operators .............
57 (57)
62 (62)
53 (51)
45 (44)
47 (48)
67 (66)
73 (72)
62 (59)
53 (51)
57 (55)
78 (76)
86 (83)
74 (69)
64 (59)
68 (64)
69 (70)
77 (77)
64 (63)
54 (54)
59 (59)
82 (83)
92 (91)
76 (75)
64 (65)
68 (70)
100
107 (110)
90 (90)
77 (78)
76 (84)
93 (91)
100
83 (82)
71 (71)
72 (77)
111 (111)
121 (121)
100
83 (86)
83 (93)
131 (129)
141 (141)
121 (116)
100
93 (108)
Computer data librarians ......................
Electronics technicians, class A ...............
Electronics technicians, class B ...............
Electronics technicians, class C .............
Registered industrial nurses ..................
48 (45)
76 (80)
65 (70)
54 (51)
65 (67)
57 (53)
91 (92)
77 (81)
64 (59)
74 (78)
68(61)
109 (107)
91 (94)
76 (68)
87 (90)
60 (56)
90 (99)
75 (87)
61 (63)
79 (83)
69 (67)
106(117)
89 (103)
74 (75)
92 (99)
80 (80)
127 (141)
104 (124)
85 (90)
108 (119)
76 (73)
116(129)
113 (113)
88 (82)
97 (108)
88 (89)
139 (156)
127 (137)
106 (99)
115 (132)
103 (103)
162 (182)
142 (159)
119 (115)
130(153)
P r o f e s s io n a l a n d t e c h n ic a l
S e c r e t a r ie s
S te n o g ra p h e rs
T ra n s -
T y p is ts
s c r ib in g m a c h in e
C la s s A
C la s s B
C la s s C
C la s s D
C la s s E
S e n io r
G e n e ra l
Secretaries, class A ..................
Secretaries, class B ..................
Secretaries, class C ..................
Secretaries, class D ..................
Secretaries, class E ...................
100
86 (91)
76 (84)
69 (75)
65 (69)
116(109)
100
86 (92)
78 (82)
73 (76)
132 (119)
117 (109)
100
87 (90)
82 (83)
146 (133)
129 (121)
115 (111)
100
88 (92)
153 (144)
137 (132)
122 (121)
113 (109)
100
143 (123)
131 (112)
118 (103)
111 (92)
109 (85)
160(133)
142 (122)
128 (112)
120 (100)
116(92)
157 (165)
142 (151)
126 (139)
116(125)
108 (115)
162 (149)
141 (136)
125 (125)
118 (112)
113 (104)
180(184)
158 (168)
141 (154)
131 (138)
125 (127)
Stenographers, senior ...............
Stenographers, general .............
Transcribing-machine typists.......
Typists, class A ........................
Typists, class B ........................
70 (82)
63 (75)
64 (60)
62 (67)
56 (54)
77 (89)
71 (82)
71 (66)
71 (73)
63 (60)
85 (97)
78 (89)
79 (72)
80 (80)
71 (65)
90(108)
83 (100)
86 (80)
85 (89)
76 (72)
92 (118)
86 (108)
93 (87)
88 (97)
80 (79)
100
86 (92)
9Ö (74)
92 (82)
79 (67)
117 (109)
100
101 (81)
101 (89)
89 (73)
111 (135)
99 (124)
100
97 (111)
89 (90)
109 (122)
99 (112)
103 (90)
100
85 (81)
127 (150)
112(138)
113 (111)
117 (123)
100
t y p is t s
C la s s A
C la s s B
Office clerical
24
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
O c c u p a t io n s f o r w h ic h a v e r a g e e a r n in g s e q u a ls 1 0 0
O c c u p a t io n s f o r w h ic h
J a n it o r s ,
M a t e r ia l
S h ip p e r s
h a n d lin g
O rd e r
G u a rd s ,
S h ip p in g
p o rte rs ,
G u a rd s ,
fille r s
C la s s A
p a c k e rs
and
C la s s B
la b o r e r s
e a r n in g s a r e c o m p a r e d
c le a n e r s
M a t e r ia l m o v e m e n t a n d c u s t o d ia l
110 (142)
111 (123)
101 (123)
95 (91)
97 (112)
110(136)
112(117)
111 (117)
110(87)
103 (107)
111 (146)
116 (126)
109 (127)
104 (94)
101 (115)
119(160)
108 (138)
114 (138)
101 (102)
104 (126)
119 (164)
141 (142)
119 (142)
110(105)
103 (129)
129 (198)
139 (171)
128 (171)
121 (127)
108 (156)
131 (232)
154 (200)
133 (201)
109 (149)
108 (183)
Truckdrivers, tractor-trailer......................
Truckdrivers, heavy truck........................
Truckdrivers, medium truck......................
Truckdrivers, light truck ..........................
Power-truck operators (other than forklift) ..
97 (115)
99 (99)
99 (96)
96 (105)
100
104 (110)
109 (94)
107 (92)
108 (100)
109 (95)
103 (118)
108 (102)
105 (99)
104 (108)
106 (103)
104 (129)
102 (111)
99 (108)
107(118)
103 (112)
102 (133)
111 (114)
109 (111)
106 (121)
111 (116)
111 (160)
116 (137)
116(134)
119 (146)
115 (139)
106 (187)
109 (161)
107 (157)
112 (171)
112 (163)
91 (105)
94 (97)
98 (89)
90 (87)
87 (72)
89 (61)
100
100 (93)
101 (85)
100 (83)
91 (69)
96 (58)
100 (108)
100
95 (92)
99 (89)
89 (74)
95 (63)
99 (118)
106 (109)
100
97 (97)
92 (81)
83 (69)
100 (121)
101 (112)
103 (103)
100
95 (83)
100(71)
109 (146)
112 (135)
109 (124)
106 (120)
100
101 (85)
104 (171)
105 (159)
120 (145)
100 (141)
99 (117)
100
Forklift operators...................................
Receivers ............................................
Shippers and receivers............................
Warehouse workers...............................
Shipoers..............................................
Material handling laborers ......................
Order fillers..........................................
Guards, class A .....................................
Shipping packers...................................
Janitors, porters, and cleaners ................
Guards, class B .....................................
M a c h in e - t o o l
o p e ra to rs
M illw r ig h t s
( t o o lr o o m )
M a in t e n a n c e
M a in te n a n c e
M a in te n a n c e
B o ile r
c a rp e n te rs
p a in t e r s
te n d e rs
tr a d e s
h e lp e r s
M a in t e n a n c e , t o o lr o o m , a n d p o w e r p la n t
106 (111)
103 (109)
104 (105)
102 (101)
102 (102)
107 (115)
106 (113)
107 (109)
104 (105)
106(106)
111 (127)
108 (125)
110(120)
111 (116)
108 (117)
130 (134)
124 (132)
123 (127)
121 (122)
123 (123)
Tool-and-die makers ...................................
Maintenance electricians .............................
Maintenance machinists...............................
Stationary engineers ...................................
Maintenance mechanics (machinery)...............
100 (99)
100 (98)
100 (90)
100
101 (95)
105 (101)
102 (100)
103 (96)
100 (92)
101 (93)
99 (104)
100 (103)
99 (95)
99 (105)
100
101 (114)
101 (113)
100 (104)
101 (115)
101 (109)
103 (118)
103 (117)
103 (108)
103 (120)
103 (113)
107 (131)
106(129)
105 (119)
104 (132)
106 (125)
119 (138)
117 (136)
121 (126)
116(139)
118 (132)
Maintenance sheet-metal workers..................
Maintenance pipefitters.................................
Maintenance mechanics (motor vehicles).........
Millwrights..................................................
Machine-tool operators (toolroom)..................
99 (87)
97 (84)
96 (76)
87 (72)
99 (92)
97 (88)
94 (80)
85 (76)
100
97 (96)
95 (87)
85 (83)
104 (104)
100
99 (90)
88 (86)
106(115)
101 (111)
100
90 (95)
118 (121)
114 (117)
111 (105)
100
Maintenance carpenters...............................
Maintenance painters...................................
Boiler tenders............................................
Maintenance trades helpers ..........................
104 (96)
102 (95)
103 (91)
101 (88)
101 (89)
C o m p u te r
P e r ip h e r a l
e q u ip m e n t
d a ta
o p e ra to rs
lib r a r ia n s
R e g is t e r e d
E le c t r o n ic s t e c h n ic ia n s
in d u s tr ia l
C la s s A
C la s s B
C la s s C
n u rs e s
P r o f e s s io n a l a n d t e c h n ic a l
Computer systems analysts, class A . . . .
Computer systems analysts, class B . . . .
Computer systems analysts, class C . . . .
Computer programmers analysts, class A
Computer programmers anslysts, class B
118 (111)
113 (122)
95 (101)
84 (87)
80 (94)
155 (149)
135 (128)
116 (111)
126 (120)
109 (101)
93 (84)
103 (92)
87 (76)
77 (65)
82 (71)
88 (90)
142 (157)
122 (138)
100
118 (132)
80 (68)
115 (119)
104 (104)
85 (76)
100
Computer data librarians ......................
Electronics technicians, class A ...............
Electronics technicians, class B ...............
Electronics technicians, class C .............
Registered industrial nurses ..................
212 (210)
176 (181)
147 (157)
170 (170)
146 (143)
210 (220)
177 (190)
148 (164)
168 (178)
144 (150)
132 (125)
110(108)
91 (93)
111 (101)
94 (85)
154 (143)
130(123)
109 (106)
133 (115)
112 (97)
186 (197)
156 (170)
131 (147)
165 (159)
135 (134)
132 (119)
139 (130)
121 (107)
107 (92)
100
126 (125)
132 (136)
113 (112)
97 (97)
96 (105)
79 (71)
86 (78)
72 (64)
62 (55)
68 (60)
96 (81)
89 (88)
78 (73)
70 (63)
69 (68)
104 (95)
148 (168)
146 (147)
126 (107)
122 (141)
100
143 (176)
133 (154)
114 (112)
125 (148)
70 (57)
100
84 (88)
70 (64)
87 (84)
75 (65)
119 (114)
100
82 (72)
96 (96)
S w it c h b o a r d
F ile c l e r k s
M essen
g e rs
C la s s A
S w it c h
b o a rd
o p e ra to rs
C la s s B
C la s s C
152 (147)
137 (135)
123 (124)
117 (111)
108 (102)
182 (188)
158 (172)
141 (158)
131 (142)
122 (131)
203 (214)
176 (195)
159 (180)
144 (161)
135 (148)
190 (187)
167 (171)
149 (157)
139 (141)
134 (130)
149 (166)
135 (152)
120 (139)
113(125)
108(115)
103 (120)
95 (111)
101 (89)
99 (99)
87 (80)
122 (154)
108 (141)
114 (114)
114 (126)
100 (103)
142 (175)
122 (160)
126 (129)
127 (143)
111 (116)
129 (152)
116 (140)
121 (113)
121 (125)
106 (102)
103 (135)
96 (124)
98 (100)
97 (111)
88 (90)
K e y e n try o p e ra to rs
O r d e r c le r k s
P a y r o ll
o p e ra to r-
c le r k s
re c e p
C la s s A
C la s s B
152 (171)
137 (156)
125 (143)
115 (129)
108 (119)
124 (122)
100 (103)
92 (92)
89 (85)
149 (160)
135 (146)
120 (134)
109 (120)
109 (111)
136 (139)
121 (127)
108 (117)
101 (105)
97 (96)
111 (139)
102 (128)
102 (103)
101 (114)
91 (93)
92 (100)
82 (92)
77 (74)
82 (82)
74 (67)
101 (130)
96 (120)
101 (96)
97 (107)
89 (87)
96 (113)
88 (104)
87 (84)
87 (93)
79 (76)
t io n is t s
Computer programmers analysts, class C
Computer operators, class A .................
Computer operators, class B ................
Computer operators, class C .................
Peripheral equipment operators .............
C la s s A
C la s s B
143 (139)
128 (127)
113 (117)
105 (105)
99 (97)
100 (114)
92 (105)
94 (84)
92 (93)
81 (76)
160(165)
143 (151)
129 (139)
121 (125)
112 (115)
Secretaries, class A ..................
Secretries, class B ....................
Secretries, class C ..................
Secretaries, class D ..................
Secretries, class E ....................
114 (135)
102 (124)
104 (100)
104 (111)
92 (90)
Stenographers, senior ...............
Stenographers, general .............
Transcribing-machine typists.......
Typists, class A ........................
Typists, class B ........................
O f f ic e c le r ic a l
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110 ( 112)
25
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW November 1982 • Occupational Wages Within Individual Establishments
Table 1. Continued — Intra- and inter-establishment pay relationships between occupations, all metropolitan areas, July 1980
[Inter-establishment pay relative in parenthesis]
O c c u p a t io n s f o r w h ic h a v e r a g e e a r n in g s e q u a ls 1 0 0
O c c u p a t io n s f o r w h ic h
S te n o g ra p h e rs
S e c r e t a r ie s
e a r n in g s a r e c o m p a r e d
T y p is t s
T r a n s c r ib in g m a c h in e
C la s s A
C la s s B
66 (68)
55 (53)
49 (47)
53 (54)
67 (60)
66 (59)
81 (82)
67 (63)
74 (72)
70 (72)
62 (60)
73 (74)
63 (58)
57 (51)
60 (59)
74 (66)
73 (64)
91 (90)
74 (69)
83 (79)
78 (79)
70 (66)
C la s s C
C la s s D
C la s s E
S e n io r
G e n e ra l
t y p is t s
C la s s A
C la s s B
85 (90)
76 (70)
69 (62)
72 (71)
89 (80)
87 (78)
109 (109)
92 (83)
99 (96)
95 (95)
83 (80)
92 (98)
82 (76)
74 (67)
75 (77)
93 (87)
92 (84)
113 (118)
92 (90)
103 (104)
101 (103)
89 (87)
97 (83)
82 (65)
70 (57)
77 (66)
97 (74)
90 (72)
109 (100)
99 (77)
104 (88)
100 (88)
88 (74)
105 (90)
92 (71)
82 (62)
87 (71)
104 (80)
98 (78)
123 (109)
105 (83)
114(96)
109 (96)
98 (81)
99 (112)
87 (88)
80 (77)
82 (89)
102 (100)
98 (97)
129 (135)
99 (104)
115 (119)
107 (119)
96 (100)
101 (101)
88 (79)
78 (70)
83 (80)
103 (90)
99 (87)
123 (122)
103 (93)
115 (107)
108 (107)
96 (90)
115(125)
100 (97)
90 (86)
95 (98)
114 (111)
110(107)
135 (150)
112(115)
126 (132)
124 (132)
109 (111)
O f f ic e c le r ic a l
File clerks, class A ......................
File clerks, class B ......................
File clerks, class C ....................
Messengers ..............................
Switchboard operators.................
Switchboard operator-receptionists .
Order clerks, class A ..................
Order clerks, class B ..................
Payroll clerks ............................
Key entry operators, class A .......
Key entry operators, class B .........
Note:
81 (81)
71 (63)
63 (56)
67 (64)
83 (72)
80 (70)
100 (97)
84 (75)
93 (86)
88 (85)
77 (72)
See page 23 for a description of these pay relationships and method of computation.
of leadership reversal occurred in about a fifth of the
observations.
Inter-establishment pay differences for the profession
al and technical group also were often poor indicators
of intra-establishment pay differentials. Although a
tenth of the comparisons between these two measures
yielded identical results, differences were 10 points or
more in almost a fourth of the observations.
The office clerical group— with five classes of secre
taries, three classes of file clerks, and two classes each
of stenographers, typists, order clerks, and key entry
operators— provides an opportunity to examine wage
relationships among workers in the same occupation,
but with differing amounts of responsibility. For exam
ple, the five classes of secretaries are defined according
to the secretary’s responsibility and supervisor’s posi
tion in the organization.6 Within establishments, each
level of secretary provided an average pay gain of from
13 to 17 percent; consequently, the highest level— sec
retary to board chairman or company president of a
medium size firm— averaged 53 percent more than the
lowest level— a secretary to a staff specialist or supervi
sor of a small unit.
In all of the comparisons among the secretaries, pay
differentials within establishments exceeded those be
tween surveywide averages. This relationship was also
found among other occupations, mainly in the whitecollar field. Intra-establishment differences were larger
than inter-establishment differences in about two-fifths
of the professional-technical and a fourth of the office
clerical comparisons. In contrast, this pattern occurred
in only 8 percent of both the material movement-custo
dial and maintenance-toolroom-powerplant compari
sons.
As noted, average occupational pay differentials
within establishments will exceed those between pub
lished averages where high-paying firms have a dispro
portionately large number of employees in less skilled
jobs reported for the survey, or where low-paying firms
26
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have a disproportionately large number of employees in
more skilled jobs. These conditions may be more com
mon among white-collar jobs, which are spread across
industries with differing pay levels.7
Differences by sector
Intra-establishment pay relationships differed among
the industry divisions, regions, and establishment size
groups studied separately. Within establishments, pay
differentials between jobs were narrower in manufactur
ing, the North Central region, and large establishments,
and were broader in nonmanufacturing, the South, and
small establishments. (These findings, of course, are in
terrelated.)
To summarize these relationships, intra-establishment
relatives were calculated for each industry, region, and
establishment size group studied. The absolute differ
ence for each occupational comparison was computed
by subtracting the pay relative from 100. Ignoring the
sign of the remainder, these differences were totaled and
divided by the number of comparisons to find an aver
age difference.8 Therefore, a small average difference in
table 2 indicates a narrow wage structure and a large
difference indicates a broad wage structure.
Professional-technical and office clerical jobs had the
highest average differences, 29 and 19 points, respective
ly. The average difference for maintenance, toolroom,
and powerplant occupations was 5 points, and for ma
terial movement and custodial jobs, 8 points. These re
sults are not surprising, considering the wide range of
skill levels in the white-collar field. For example, profes
sional and technical jobs ranged from highly skilled sys
tems analysts responsible for complex problems to
entry-level computer operators. These skill distinctions
were not as pronounced among the blue-collar occupa
tions.
Differences in occupational pay relationships were
small but consistent among the industries, regions, and
size-of-establishment groupings studied. These differ-
O c c u p a t io n s f o r w h ic h a v e r a g e e a r n in g s e q u a ls 1 0 0
F ile c le r k s
S w it c h b o a r d
M e s s e n g e rs
S w it c h b o a r d
o p e ra to rs
C la s s A
C la s s B
C la s s C
100
85 (78)
77 (69)
81 (79)
100 (89)
104 (86)
20(121)
108 (92)
114 (106)
106(106)
94 (89)
117 (128)
100
86 (88)
94 (101)
114 (114)
114 (110)
145 (154)
118 (118)
132 (136)
123 (135)
109 (114)
131 (145)
116 (113)
100
104 (114)
124 (129)
123 (125)
160 (175)
121 (134)
146 (154)
137 (153)
121 (129)
K e y e n try o p e ra to rs
O r d e r c le r k s
O c c u p a t io n s f o r w h ic h
e a r n in g s a r e c o m p a r e d
P a y r o ll
o p e ra to r-
c le r k s
r e c e p t io n is t s
C la s s A
C la s s B
97 (116)
88 (91)
82 (80)
85 (91)
100 (103)
100
128 (140)
107 (107)
113 (123)
107 (123)
97 (103)
83 (83)
69 (65)
63 (57)
70 (65)
78 (74)
78 (72)
100
78 (77)
94 (88)
89 (88)
75 (74)
92 (108)
85 (85)
82 (75)
83 (85)
95 (96)
94 (93)
128 (131)
100
109(115)
104 (115)
96 (96)
C la s s A
C la s s B
95 (95)
81 (74)
73 (65)
78 (75)
95 (84)
93 (82)
112 (114)
96 (87)
106 (100)
100
83 (84)
106(112)
91 (88)
83 (77)
87 (89)
104 (100)
103 (97)
133 (135)
105 (104)
117(119)
120 (119)
100
O f f ic e c le r ic a l
124 (127)
107 (99)
96 (87)
100
123 (113)
118 (109)
143 (153)
120 (117)
134 (135)
128 (134)
115 (113)
100 (113)
87 (88)
81 (78)
82 (89)
100
100 (97)
127 (136)
105 (104)
113 (120)
105 (119)
97 (100)
ences were larger in nonmanufacturing than manufac
turing industries for three of the occupational groups.
(Because of insufficient data for nonmanufacturing in
dustries, such a comparison could not be made for
maintenance, toolroom, and powerplant jobs.)
Regional differences in occupational wage structures
were relatively minor, as were the differences by size of
establishment.9 Nevertheless, the South had the largest
differentials for 2 of the 4 occupational groups, and tied
for the largest for a third group.10 Among the other
Table 2. Average intra-establishment pay differences
among occupations, by selected characteristics, July 1980
[In percentage points]
C h a r a c t e r is t ic s
88 (94)
76 (74)
69 (65)
74 (74)
88 (84)
88 (81)
106 (114)
92 (87)
100
95 (100)
86 (84)
File clerks, class A ....................
File clerks, class B ....................
File clerks, class C ....................
Messengers .............................
Switchboard operators................
Switchboard operator-receptionists .
Order clerks, class A ..................
Order clerks, class B ..................
Payroll clerks ............................
Key entry operators, class A .......
Key entry operators, class B .......
three regions, the North Central area had the smallest
occupational wage differentials for the two blue-collar
groups and for office clerical workers. Occupational pay
differences in large establishments, on average, were
smaller for all occupational groups, except office clerical
jobs— where no size-of-establishment variation was
found.
Although the impact of unionization on wage struc
tures could not be directly examined in this study, the
data suggest the possibility that internal occupational
pay differentials are smaller where labor-management
agreements are in effect. Manufacturing, non-Southern
regions, and large establishments generally had both
smaller pay differences and a higher concentration of
workers under labor-management agreements than did
nonmanufacturing, the South, and small establishm ents.
M a te r ia l
M a in te n a n c e ,
m ovem ent
to o lr o o m ,
P r o f e s s io n a l
O f f ic e
a n d c u s t
and p o w e r-
a n d t e c h n ic a l
c le r ic a l
o d ia l
p la n t
All establishments ..................
8
5
29
19
Industry:
Manufacturing ....................
Nonmanufacturing ...............
7
11
5
( ')
26
32
17
20
Region:
Northeast ..........................
South ...............................
North Central......................
West.................................
9
9
8
10
6
7
5
6
31
32
26
29
20
20
18
19
Establishment size:
Fewer than 1,000 workers ...
1,000 workers or more.........
10
7
6
5
34
27
19
19
1Data do not meet publication criteria.
page 25 for explanation of method of computation and footnote 4 of text
for definitions of industry divisions and regions.
Note: See
An earlier study of production worker earnings in 49
manufacturing and 6 mining industries also showed low
er dispersion rates among highly unionized industries.11
This earlier study, however, used the more traditional
analysis of union impact by focusing on inter-establish
ment variations.12
Cost-of-living adjustment clauses found in many
union contracts may contribute to a lower wage disper
sion in the union sector.13 These clauses provide for pe
riodic wage adjustments in keeping with changes in a
designated price index, such as the Bureau’s Consumer
Price Index. They usually call for uniform cents-perhour wage adjustments to all covered employees, and
thus tend to reduce percentage differences among occu
pational wages.
□
FOOTNOTES
1See Occupational Earnings in All Metropolitan Areas, July 1980,
Summary 81-11 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1981), p. 3.
2See E. Robert Livernash, “The Internal Wage Structure,” in
George W. Taylor and Frank C. Pierson, eds„ New Concepts in Wage
Determination (New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1957), pp. 155—
58.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3See, for example, tables A -8 to A—11 of Area Wage Survey: Chica
go, III., Metropolitan Area, March 1982, Bulletin 3015-9.
4All data in this article refer to the 262 Standard Metropolitan Sta
tistical Areas of the United States (excluding Alaska and Hawaii), as
defined by the Office of Management and Budget through February
1974. BLS surveys are conducted annually in a sample of 70 areas se27
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW November 1982 • Occupational Wages Within Individual Establishments
lected and appropriately weighted to represent all 262 areas. Estab
lishments employing 50 workers or more are surveyed in six broad
industry divisions: manufacturing; transportation, communication,
and other public utilities; wholesale trade; retail trade; finance, insur
ance, and real estate; and selected services. In the 13 largest areas, the
minimum etablishment size is 100 workers in manufacturing; trans
portation, communication, and other public utilities; and retail trade.
Major exclusions from the survey are construction, extractive indus
tries, and government. The regions are defined as follows: Northeast—
Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey,
New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South— Ala
bama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,
Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklaho
ma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia;
North Central— Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota,
Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wis
consin; and West— Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana,
Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
Intra-establishment pay relationships were computed using the fol
lowing procedures: (1) establishments employing workers in both of
the paired occupations were identified; (2) establishment pay levels
(averages) for the two occupations were weighted by the combined
employment of both jobs to reflect each establishment’s contribution
to the totals used in the comparison; (3) the weighted pay levels of
the two jobs were summed separately across establishments; and (4)
each total was divided by the other and the quotients multiplied by
100 to p ro d u c e th e tw o in tra -e s ta b lis h m e n t p a y re la tiv e s sh o w n fo r
each job pairing.
6Job descriptions for the occupations included in area wage surveys
are available from the Bureau’s regional offices listed on the front cov
er.
7An earlier Bureau study — which compared all occupations sur
veyed to janitors— had similar findings. In many cases, pay
differences between white-collar jobs and janitors were larger when
measured within establishments than when overall averages were com
pared. On the other hand, in almost all blue-collar comparisons,
28
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intra-establishment differentials were smaller than those between sur
vey averages. See Virginia L. Ward, “Measuring wage relationships
among selected occupations,” Monthly Labor Review, May 1980, pp.
21-25.
8 For a further discussion of this technique, see Mark S. Sieling,
“Interpreting pay structures through matrix application,” Monthly La
bor Review, November 1979, pp. 41^45.
Regional patterns are composites of numerous individual areas,
each with a distinct industrial and occupational pattern. For local pay
setting purposes, data similar to those in table 1 are published annual
ly for 70 areas in individual area wage survey bulletins.
10This confirms an earlier conclusion of H. M. Douty that “Wage
differentials based on skill level tend to be greater within the South
than in the remainder of the country. . .” See H. M. Douty, “Wage
Differentials: Forces and Counter Forces,” Monthly Labor Review,
March 1968, p. 76.
" Carl B. Barsky and Martin E. Personick, “Measuring wage dis
persion: pay ranges reflect industry traits,” Monthly Labor Review,
April 1981, pp. 35-41.
12Unionism, of course, is only one of a number of influences on oc
cupational wage differentials. Its impact is by no means a settled is
sue. For a sample of the literature on this subject, see Clark Kerr,
“Wage Relationships— The Comparative Impact of Market and Pow
er Forces,” in John T. Dunlop, ed., The Theory of Wage Determina
tion (New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1957), pp. 173-93; Lloyd G.
Reynolds and Cynthia H. Taft, The Evolution of Wage Structure (New
Haven, Yale University Press, 1956); Sherwin Rosen, “Unionism and
the Occupational Wage Structure in the United States,” International
Economic Review, June 1970, pp. 269-86; and Robert N. Schoeplein,
“Secular Changes in the Skill Differential in Manufacturing, 1952—
1973,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, April 1977, pp. 314-24.
1 Cost-of-living adjustment clauses cover more than half of the
workers under major collective bargaining agreements. See Edward
Wasilewski, “Scheduled wage increases and cost-of-living provisions in
1980,” Monthly Labor Review, January 1980, p. 10.
Import price indexes
for crude petroleum
On the basis of data reported by firms
to the U.S. Department of Energy,
BLS has developed measures
o f m onthly price change fo r oil imports
Edw
>
ard
E. M u r p h y
and
M
ark
M cEnearney
The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ International Price Pro
gram is responsible for calculating import and export
price indexes for the United States. These indexes are
statistical measures of the average change in prices of
commodities that are traded between the United States
and the rest of the world.
The program was originally funded by Congress in
1970. Price indexes were first published for exports in
1971, and for imports, in 1973. As of June 1982,
published indexes accounted for 71 percent of the value
of exports and 96 percent of the value of imports. Plans
for the program include provisions for increasing the
share of exports and imports for which indexes are cal
culated to 100 percent.
This article describes the International Price Pro
gram’s price index for crude petroleum imports. The
index, which was first published in November 1981,’ is
calculated using price and quantity data collected by
the U.S. Department of Energy.
The data in table 1 show how im portant crude petro
leum imports have become to the U.S. economy. In
1970, the United States imported 545 million barrels of
crude petroleum at a cost of $1.3 billion. These imports
accounted for 13.4 percent of the total U.S. supply of
crude petroleum (imports plus domestic production)
and 3.2 percent of total merchandise imports. In 1981,
U.S. imports of crude petroleum, which measured 1,763
million barrels and cost $61.9 billion, accounted for
36.1 percent of the total U.S. supply of crude petroleum
Edward E. Murphy is chief of the Division of International Price In
dexes, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Mark McEnearney is an economist
in the same division.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
and 23.7 percent of total merchandise imports.
The following discussion is divided into sections that
focus on different aspects of calculating and publishing
the index. These include: (1) the construction of the in
dex; (2) the specification of items in the index market
basket; (3) the prices and weights that are used to com
pute the index; (4) the sources of the data; (5) the re
sults of index calculations for the months January 1976
to May 1982; and (6) the policy for revising previously
published index values.
Construction o f the index. The price index for U.S. im
ports of crude petroleum is a Laspeyres fixed baseweighted index. The index may be interpreted as a meas
ure of the change in the cost of buying the index mar
ket basket, or as a measure of the average change in the
prices of items in the index market basket. For this in
dex, the market basket consists of the various crudes—
Table. 1.
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
U.S. imports of crude petroleum, 1970-81
Crude im ports
Crude im ports Crude im ports Crude im ports
as a perce n t of as a p ercent of
(millions
(billions
total im ports
o f barrels)
o f dollars)
total U.S. supply
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
545
676
901
1,294
1,367
1,585
2,050
2,520
2,392
2,467
1,977
1,763
1.3
1.7
2.4
4.2
15.3
18.4
25.5
33.6
32.1
46.1
62.0
61.9
13.4
16.4
20.7
27.8
29.9
34.1
40.8
45.6
42.9
44.1
38.6
36.1
3.2
3.7
4.3
6.1
15.3
19.1
21.1
22.9
18.7
22.3
25.7
23.7
Source: Bureau of the Census, U . S . G e n e r a l I m p o r t s , FT135, and U.S.
Department of Energy, 1 9 8 1 A n n u a l R e p o r t t o C o n g r e s s .
29
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW November 1982 • Price Index for Oil Imports
for example, Saudi Arabian Light, Mexican Isthmus,
and Nigerian Bonny Light— that refiners and other
buyers imported into the United States in 1980. A
simplified version of the formula for computing the in
dex is:
I P■j 'u X Q°
V,J X 100
(i)r =
y po
x q;
o o
(2) =
2..W..
>j
'j
for Wij= P°
where:
I* = the index in month t;
x
P 7P 0 f _
■J ,J sf, 10 X 100
X Q”
P9
= the price, in dollars per barrel, that company i
paid for shipments of crude type j imported in
month 0 (the base period);
Pjt
= the price, in dollars per barrel, that company i
paid for shipments of crude type j imported in
month t (the comparison period);
Q° = the quantity, in barrels, of crude type j that com
pany i imported in month 0 (the base period);
WL = the dollar value weight assigned to crude type j
imported by company
Specification o f items in the market basket. Price indexes
of the Laspeyres type are designed to measure changes
in the cost of a given market basket (as opposed of dif
ferences in the cost of different market baskets). In the
calculations for the crude petroleum index, this is ac
complished by ensuring that the items that correspond
to the prices in the numerator and denominator of each
term in expression (2) above have identical specifica
tions in all months.
The specification of each item in the market basket
consists of two pieces of information. These are (1) a
crude stream identifier, which shows where the crude in
each import shipment was produced (the crude stream
accounts for the essential quality characteristics of each
crude, such as specific gravity, pour point, sulfur con
tent, and trace element content); and (2) an identifier
for the purchasing party. The inclusion of these two
pieces of information in the specification ensures that
when prices are compared over time they are compared
for identically specified items.
Prices. The prices used to compute the index are the
amounts, in dollars per barrel, that importing compa
nies pay for their crude, plus any charges incurred in
placing the crude on board ship at the foreign port of
loading. Prices do not include any of the costs involved
in transporting crude from the foreign port to the U.S.
port of entry.
30
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Weights. The weight assigned to each item in the mar
ket basket is the dollar value of all shipments of that
item that were imported into the United States in 1980.
In the process of computing the index for the current
month, the weights are normalized to account for items
in the market basket that were not imported. This is
equivalent to imputing a price change equal to the
weighted average price change of all items that were
imported in the current month, as measured by the
change in the index, to items that were not imported in
the current month.
Data sources. The data used to compute the index are
collected by the U.S. Department of Energy on the
monthly Transfer Pricing Report (Form ERA-51,
Schedule B). Reporting firms are major importers (those
that import 500,000 or more barrels of crude in a given
month) and firms that acquire imported crude from af
filiated entities. About 40 firms file the report on a
regular basis. In 1980, the data in the reports filed by
these firms accounted for approximately 90 percent, in
dollar terms, o f all U.S. imports of crude petroleum.
Firms have 45 days after the end of a given month to
file their reports with the Department of Energy. At the
Energy Department, data from the reports are keypun
ched and screened for simple arithmetic errors and er
rors in transcription. In cases involving apparent errors
in the data that cannot be resolved on the basis of the
available inform ation, the Department contacts the
reporting firm to verify the data that have been reported
and, if necessary, obtains the correct inform ation.
Approximately 60 days after the end of a given
month, the Department of Energy provides BLS with a
computer tape containing these data. At BLS, the data
are screened again. Any questions that arise with re
spect to the data are referred to the Department of En
ergy and resolved before the data are used to compute
the index. The processing associated with computing
the index is generally complete within 10 days of receipt
of the tape from the Energy Department.
Index values, January 1976 to May 1982. Table 2 shows
index values that have been calculated for 11 categories
of crude petroleum imports. These include imports from
all countries, from members of the Organization of Pe
troleum Exporting Countries ( o p e c ) 2 and from non
members, and from selected regions and countries. The
number of regions and individual countries for which
index values are shown is limited by the availability of
price data. In keeping with BLS standards for
maintaining the confidentiality of company level data,
index values that were calculated with prices from fewer
than three companies are not shown.
As measured by the index for imports from all
countries, prices of imported crude petroleum have
nearly tripled since January 1976, the first month for
«
Table 2.
Price indexes of U.S. imports of crude petroleum by source, January 1976 to May 1982
[June 1977 = 100]
f r o m a ll
S e le c t e d c o u n t r ie s
S e le c t e d r e g io n s
Im p o r t s
Y e a r a n d m o n th
OPEC
N o n -O P E C
c o u n t r ie s
A f r ic a
Far
L a tin
M id d le
East
A m e r ic a
East
Saudi
In d o n e s ia
M e x ic o
N ig e r ia
A r a b ia
91.7
91.7
91.6
91.9
91.9
91.9
92.4
92.4
92.5
93.1
93.4
94.0
92.0
92.0
92.0
92.2
92.1
92.2
92.7
92.7
92.8
93.3
93.5
94.0
90.6
90.6
90.5
91.0
91.0
91.1
91.5
91.5
91.7
92.7
93.4
94.1
89.5
89.5
89.6
89.8
89.7
89.9
90.8
90.9
91.2
91.8
92.2
92.9
92.6
92.7
92.4
92.5
92.6
92.6
92.8
92.8
92.8
93.2
93.3
93.6
91.0
90.9
90.9
91.5
91.5
91.5
91.9
91.9
92.2
92.8
93.6
94.4
94.7
94.7
94.6
94.8
94.8
94.8
94.7
94.7
94.7
94.9
94.9
95.2
92.9
92.9
92.7
92.8
92.8
92.8
93.0
93.0
93.1
93.5
93.6
93.8
91.6
91.6
91.5
92.2
92.2
92.1
92.6
92.6
92.9
93.5
93.7
94.8
89.1
89.1
89.2
89.3
89.5
89.6
90.5
90.6
90.8
91.8
91.9
92.4
94.9
94.9
94.9
95.1
95.1
95.1
95.0
94.9
94.9
95.0
95.1
95.3
January.................................
February ...............................
March ...................................
April .....................................
May.......................................
June .....................................
July.......................................
August...................................
September..............................
October.................................
November ..............................
December ..............................
98.4
99.2
99.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.3
102.1
102.5
102.3
102.2
102.2
98.3
99.1
99.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.4
102.2
102.6
102.5
102.4
102.4
98.7
99.3
99.7
99.9
100.0
100.0
101.0
101.6
101.9
101.7
101.7
101.7
98.1
99.0
99.3
99.9
99.9
100.0
100.7
101.0
101.2
100.9
100.6
100.6
98.5
99.3
99.9
99.9
100.0
100.0
100.4
101.0
101.0
101.0
100.8
101.0
99.1
99.5
99.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.9
101.4
101.7
101.6
101.6
101.6
98.3
99.1
100.1
100.0
100.1
100.0
102.5
104.0
104.8
104.7
104.9
104.9
98.6
99.4
100.0
99.9
99.9
100.0
100.3
100.9
100.9
100.9
100.7
100.9
99.5
99.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.8
101.3
101.5
101.4
101.4
101.4
97.8
98.4
98.6
99.9
100.0
100.0
100.2
100.3
100.4
100.0
99.9
99.8
98.4
99.0
100.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.7
104.1
104.9
104.9
105.1
105.1
1978: January.................................
February ...............................
March ...................................
April .....................................
May.......................................
June .....................................
July.......................................
August...................................
September..............................
October.................................
November ..............................
December .............................
102.0
101.6
101.6
101.2
101.1
101.1
101.1
101.1
101.1
101.5
102.2
102.1
102.2
101.8
101.8
101.3
101.2
101.2
101.3
101.2
101.3
101.6
102.3
102.3
101.5
101.1
101.2
100.8
100.8
100.7
100.7
100.7
100.7
101.1
101.8
101.8
99.7
99.5
99.5
98.7
98.7
98.7
98.7
98.6
98.9
99.3
100.5
100.5
100.9
100.6
100.6
100.3
100.1
100.1
100.8
100.7
100.5
100.9
101.5
101.7
101.5
101.0
101.0
100.7
100.6
100.5
100.2
100.2
100.2
100.6
101.2
101.1
105.4
104.8
104.9
104.6
104.6
104.5
104.6
104.5
104.4
104.6
104.8
104.8
100.8
100.5
100.5
100.3
100.1
100.1
100.6
100.4
100.3
100.6
100.9
101.1
101.3
101.0
101.1
100.8
100.8
100.7
100.1
100.1
100.0
100.4
101.0
100.8
98.6
98.3
98.2
97.3
97.3
97.3
97.3
97.2
97.2
97.7
98.5
98.4
105.2
105.2
105.2
105.1
104.9
104.9
104.9
104.9
104.9
105.0
105.1
105.0
1979: January.................................
February ...............................
March ...................................
April .....................................
May.......................................
June .....................................
July.......................................
August...................................
September..............................
October.................................
November ..............................
December ..............................
105.5
108.7
110.1
115.0
126.7
135.2
150.3
163.7
165.5
168.6
173.4
184.5
105.5
108.7
110.1
114.2
125.9
134.8
148.5
163.0
164.7
167.1
171.8
183.9
105.4
108.4
110.2
117.4
129.4
136.3
155.6
165.8
167.9
173.3
178.2
186.5
104.6
107.7
109.3
115.9
130.0
141.7
154.4
170.1
171.1
173.9
183.2
195.6
103.6
106.8
108.7
111.8
123.7
130.1
145.3
163.2
166.4
168.4
165.3
173.4
104.7
107.5
108.8
117.0
128.7
133.9
154.2
163.1
165.4
171.8
175.6
180.8
107.5
111.0
112.1
113.7
122.5
129.3
144.2
156.6
158.9
160.7
162.7
176.5
102.6
105.8
107.8
110.6
122.4
128.3
142.1
160.7
164.8
166.5
162.0
169.8
104.8
107.6
108.5
118.4
128.3
131.9
159.0
166.1
167.6
175.9
179.4
182.8
102.0
104.5
105.6
115.0
128.9
143.0
154.5
170.7
172.4
175.1
177.9
193.3
107.7
111.2
112.2
112.3
119.5
126.5
141.9
152.8
154.6
156.4
157.6
169.9
1980: January.................................
February ...............................
March ...................................
April .....................................
May.......................................
June .....................................
July.......................................
August...................................
September..............................
October.................................
November ..............................
December ..............................
205.8
223.3
232.9
234.1
236.7
244.0
246.5
247.6
247.3
250.4
250.5
252.6
206.1
221.9
232.5
233.8
236.8
244.3
246.6
247.5
247.4
251.2
251.2
253.5
205.1
227.7
234.2
235.2
236.3
243.1
246.5
247.9
247.1
248.2
248.4
250.1
216.4
233.9
247.1
247.5
247.9
255.8
258.6
260.3
259.2
258.5
257.8
259.4
195.4
218.8
227.0
230.8
232.4
240.7
242.9
242.7
242.3
242.7
242.5
244.0
200.2
223.5
228.3
228.6
229.3
236.3
240.5
242.5
242.3
243.3
243.8
245.6
200.3
211.9
220.1
222.0
228.5
235.0
236.6
236.9
237.8
247.9
249.0
252.2
192.8
216.5
224.8
228.6
230.3
238.9
240.8
240.4
240.0
240.1
240.0
241.5
201.6
232.0
236.4
236.5
238.7
244.1
248.5
251.3
251.1
251.8
252.6
255.9
209.1
221.7
240.6
241.2
242.3
250.1
252.9
255.3
255.4
255.0
253.5
255.5
195.2
205.9
214.1
216.6
226.8
232.8
233.9
234.0
234.7
246.7
247.5
250.9
1981:
January.................................
February ...............................
March ...................................
April .....................................
May.......................................
June .....................................
July.......................................
August...................................
September..............................
October.................................
November ..............................
December ..............................
263.0
273.4
272.9
271.4
271.5
267.6
267.6
262.9
261.3
258.0
258.8
262.1
262.5
273.1
272.5
271.1
271.6
269.4
269.7
266.8
265.4
261.5
262.1
265.6
264.5
274.0
274.2
272.0
271.2
262.2
261.0
251.1
248.9
247.2
248.8
251.7
267.9
279.6
279.2
278.0
278.9
276.3
275.3
271.0
268.3
260.4
260.0
263.3
248.6
264.7
265.8
264.5
264.6
262.7
262.3
259.9
259.5
258.1
258.9
260.7
263.8
271.5
272.6
270.5
269.4
258.2
258.5
248.3
245.8
244.8
246.3
247.5
262.7
270.9
269.2
267.4
267.4
265.4
267.1
264.5
264.1
264.4
266.2
270.9
245.4
261.9
263.2
262.1
262.1
260.7
260.5
258.6
258.4
257.6
258.2
259.8
278.5
284.4
285.4
282.6
281.3
264.0
264.4
250.0
250.7
249.7
252.0
253.5
265.6
275.0
275.0
274.0
273.8
271.8
271.1
268.5
264.2
253.7
252.3
255.5
261.8
268.7
266.3
264.6
264.7
262.8
265.3
264.1
263.8
265.8
267.9
271.7
1982:
January.................................
February ...............................
March ...................................
Apr:! .....................................
May.......................................
262.5
260.2
257.2
256.0
252.6
266.2
264.1
262.5
261.7
258.6
251.5
248.2
240.9
238.6
234.5
262.2
259.5
256.3
254.8
251.3
260.4
257.9
256.9
256.3
254.5
247.4
244.7
237.3
234.0
229.8
273.5
272.5
272.3
272.5
269.3
259.4
257.0
256.3
255.9
254.4
252.1
248.4
242.0
240.6
235.3
255.7
254.1
251.7
250.2
246.7
276.4
275.9
276.2
276.8
273.5
1976: January.................................
February ...............................
March ...................................
April .....................................
May.......................................
June .....................................
July.......................................
August...................................
September..............................
October.................................
November ..............................
December ..............................
1977:
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
31
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW November 1982 • Price Indexes for Oil Imports
which the index was calculated. Prices increased slowly
during 1976 and 1977, rising a total of 11 percent over
the 24-month period. In 1978, a quiet year in the world
petroleum market, prices were virtually unchanged, but
between January 1979 and January 1980, the index rose
100 points, from 105.5 to 205.8. During the latter year,
political events seriously disrupted the flow of petro
leum exports from Iran, at one time the leading oil pro
ducing country in OPEC after Saudi Arabia. Prices
continued to rise in 1980 and in the first 2 months of
1981. The index reached its highest level to date in Feb
ruary 1981, when it stood at 273.4, then declined slight
ly over the next 8 months as depressed demand for
petroleum lead to greater competition among producers
trying to maintain their market shares. The index regis
tered slight increases in November and December 1981
and in January 1982, largely in response to higher prices
for OPEC’s benchmark crude, Saudi Arabian Light,
which took effect in October 1981. In February 1982,
prices resumed their decline and by May, the last month
for which the index has been calculated, the measure
had fallen to 252.6, the lowest since December 1980.
The indexes for imports from OPEC member countries
and non-OPEC countries followed the same general pat
tern as the index for imports from all countries between
1976 and the first 5 months of 1981. The difference be
tween the two indexes was less than half an index point
in May 1981, with the index for imports from OPEC
measuring 271.6 and the index for imports from nonOPEC countries measuring 271.2. The next month, the
two indexes began to diverge and at year’s end stood
13.9 index points apart, with the OPEC index at 265.6
and the non-OPEC index at 251.7, off 2.2 percent and
7.2 percent respectively from May. In 1982, the dif
ference between the indexes widened further as the nonOPEC index registered large decreases, while the OPEC
index declined only slightly. In May 1982, the index for
imports from OPEC was calculated at 258.6 and the nonOPEC index, at 234.5.
Of the four indexes for crude petroleum imports from
selected regions, the index for the Middle East, 269.3 in
May 1982, increased the most from June 1977, which
equals 100. In contrast, the index for Latin America,
which until June 1981 followed the same trend as the
Middle East index, measured 229.8. The May 1982 in
dex values for the other two regions, Africa and the Far
East, were calculated at 251.3 and 254.5.
Among the indexes from selected countries, the index
for Mexico, which measured a full 10 index points
higher than any of the others as recently as March
1981, stood at 235.3 in May 1982, the lowest of the
four country indexes. The May 1982 values for the oth
er indexes were 254.4 for imports from Indonesia, 246.7
for imports from Nigeria, and 273.5 for imports from
Saudi Arabia.
1The price index for U.S. imports of crude petroleum from all
countries is published quarterly in the BLS press release “ U.S. Import
and Export Price Indexes.” The release is available on request.
2The current members of OPEC are: Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, In
donesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the
United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela.
32FRASER
Digitized for
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Revision policy. There are two factors that affect the
data that are used to compute this index which could
lead to revisions in previously published index values.
These are (1) the timing of some of the reports that
importing companies file with the Department of Ener
gy, and (2) company or Department of Energy correc
tions to data on individual transactions.
Of these two factors, the first is more likely to lead to
revisions. Approximately 30 percent of the data that are
used to calculate the index for a given month are not
available when the index is first calculated. This is the
result of differences in the accounting practices of some
companies: Companies that book their crude when it is
loaded at the foreign port are required to report on all
shipments loaded in a given month, while companies
that book their crude when it lands in the United States
are required to report on all shipments that land in a
given month. When BLS first computes the index for the
current month, the reports of many of the companies in
the second group (the “landed” companies) are not
available. Given the amount of data involved, it is likely
that the estimate of the index for the current month will
be revised when the outstanding data become available.
The second factor, company or Department of Ener
gy corrections to data on individual transactions, has so
far not been significant enough to affect aggregate index
values. This is not surprising in view of the strength of
the sample from which the index is calculated, and
what so far has been a low incidence of corrections to
data that actually enter into the calculation of the in
dex. Users of the index should realize, however, that
these kinds of corrections could affect future index val
ues and, where the effects are significant, result in BLS’
revising the index.
An analysis of the results of different calculations of
the index over time has shown that index values become
fairly stable 3 months after they are first calculated. In
view of this, the Bureau’s policy will be to revise
published index values for up to 3 months preceding
the current month for which the index is calculated. Re
visions of index values for earlier months are not antici
pated, and will not be made unless significant reporting
or calculation errors are discovered, or there is a change
in the Department of Energy’s reporting requirements. □
Communications
Did job satisfaction
really drop during the 1970’s?
A nthony F. Chelte, James Wright ,
Curt T ausky
an d
That discontent in the American work force is rising
has been a commonplace assertion in popular, and even
some scholarly literature on employment for the past
decade.1 In contrast, most credible research has shown
high and essentially stable levels of job satisfaction.
However, a 1979 report by Graham Staines and Robert
Quinn, derived from the 1977 Quality of Employment
Survey (the third in the series), indicated a significant
drop in the national job satisfaction level.2 This article
reviews these data and contrasts them with data from
similar surveys of the same era. In general, the pattern
of decline reported by Staines and Quinn is not replicat
ed in these other surveys.
Surveys of job satisfaction began in the 1930’s and
have continued ever since. Regular measurements on
national probability samples of the work force have
been available for the past 20 years. The wording of
specific questions varies among series, but all basically
ask workers directly whether they are satisfied with
their jobs.
Job satisfaction remained relatively stable throughout
the early 1970’s. Elliot Richardson reviewed the Gallup
series of 1948-73 and found “scanty proof of wide
spread worker alienation.” 3 The Gallup series registered
a small drop in overall satisfaction in the later 1960’s,
but appropriate statistical controls for the changing
structure of the labor force erased even this small trend.4
Curt Tausky reviewed survey data from the Survey
Research Center (src) of the University of Michigan
and the National Opinion Research Center ( norc ) and
found that the level of job satisfaction was stable from
Anthony F. Chelte is writing his doctoral dissertation on the quality
of work life at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and is cur
rently visiting assistant professor of management at West New Eng
land College. James Wright and Curt Tausky are professors of sociol
ogy at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1958 to 1976.5 A similar review in 1974 by Quinn and
associates covered three major survey series for the peri
od 1958-73, and concluded, “There has not been any
significant decrease in overall levels of job satisfaction
over the last decade.” All other reviews of Gallup,
NORC, and SRC data through the early 1970’s have re
ported essentially the same.
In 1969, the University of Michigan initiated a new
series on the quality of working life. The first survey,
the Survey of Working Conditions, was conducted in
1969-70, and the second and third surveys, the Quality
of Employment Survey (qes) were conducted in 197273 and in late 1977. A comparison of results of the
1969 and 1973 surveys showed no significant job satis
faction rise or decline.6 The University of Michigan also
conducted a Quality of Life survey in 1971 and in 1978.
Here too, the reported levels of job satisfaction were
stable. Thus, most surveys, at least through the early
1970’s, conclude that job satisfaction in the American
labor force has been essentially high and stable.
Two researchers report decline
The third QOE survey was reported by Staines and
Quinn in 1979. A comparison of results from the 1973
and 1977 surveys showed, in sharp contrast to all prior
series, a precipitous job satisfaction decline. Like all
other series, the Quality of Employment surveys asked,
“How satisfied are you with your job?” Between 1973
and 1977, the percentage “very satisfied” showed a
modest, 5-point decline. Other indicators of job atti
tudes were constructed using replies from asking a num
ber of individual questions. They are a “general
satisfaction” indicator, and six facet-specific “satisfac
tion” indicators, which show the degree of satisfaction
or dissatisfaction with certain aspects of the job, such
as pay or coworkers. Both the general satisfaction indi
cator and five (comfort, challenge, financial rewards, re
source adequacy, and promotions) of the specific
satisfaction indicators show a definite and statistically
significant downward trend (the sole exception is satis
faction with coworkers, which increases somewhat over
the era).
Further analysis also revealed that the declines oc
curred in virtually every segment of the labor force. The
decline was somewhat sharper for men than for women,
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW November 1982 • Communications
was slightly more pronounced among those in lowerskilled positions, and was more precipitous among older
workers than younger ones. These variations aside, the
basic conclusion of the QOE survey is that job satisfac
tion declined virtually everywhere in the labor force
from 1973 to 1977.
Staines and Quinn advance three hypotheses to ac
count for the downward trend. First, demographic
changes in the composition of the labor force have in
creased the relative predominance of traditionally less
satisfied workers. Second, the objective, easily identifi
able characteristics of specific jobs are deteriorating.
Third, workers are raising their expectations about what
they seek or expect in their jobs. The first two of these
are inconsistent with other data from the series. For ex
ample, the first implies that the trend would disappear
with controls for the relevant demographic factors; they
do not. As for the second, Staines and Quinn said that
changes in the objective qualities of jobs and employ
ment conditions between 1969 and 1977 were not great,
and indicate more gains than losses. The series does not
contain the data necessary to test the third item, but by
process of elimination it is the most plausible.
The suggestion is thus that job satisfaction in the
American labor force declined from 1973 to 1977 main
ly because of rising expectations. As indicated, the
sharpest evidence favoring the declining reported satis
faction conclusion is that derived from the summated
indicators by Staines and Quinn in 1979. As of this
writing, no analysis of trends in the component items of
those indicators has been published.
The response format for the individual component
items in that report is as follows: Respondents were giv
en short statements describing various characteristics of
work (for example, “the pay is good”) and were then
asked to state whether the statement is very true, some
what true, a little true, or not at all true of their own
jobs.
Every component item (except one) showed a decline
in the percentage of “very true” responses, the drop-offs
ranging from about 5 to about 15 percentage points. On
the surface, then, the item-specific results sharply con
firm the original Staines-Quinn conclusion.
However, more detailed consideration of these results
suggests the need for some skepticism. First, the very
consistency of the pattern across items is suspicious, if
only because such consistent and unambiguous results
are rare in social science measurement. More im portant
ly, while the overall declines in the summated indicators
seem plausible enough, some of these item-specific
trends seem highly implausible. There is, for example, a
10-point drop in the percentage saying it is very true
that fringe benefits are good. In fact, the same survey
series shows an increase in the proportion of the labor
force receiving various fringe benefits. There was anoth
34
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er 10-point drop in “having enough time to get the job
done,” which on the surface suggests a massive and
hitherto undetected speed-up of American industry in
the span of 4 years. Many of the other specifics have
this same curious character: an 8-point drop in “the
work is interesting,” an 11-point drop in “opportunity
to develop my own special abilities,” roughly a 12-point
decline in “having enough help and equipment to get
the job done,” a 7-point drop in “the physical sur
roundings are pleasant,” an 11-point drop in the ability
to “forget about personal problems at work,” and so
on. On the assumption that workers themselves provide
the best evidence as to the nature and characteristics of
their work, these data thus suggest nothing less than a
wholesale transformation of the workplace over the 4
years. It is certainly possible that such a transformation
in fact occurred, but it is not very likely.
Comparison with other surveys
As noted, Staines and Quinn reported a 5-point drop
in the overall proportion of workers “very satisfied”
with their work. Similar, although not identical, ques
tions on general job satisfaction were also included in
two other survey series covering approximately the
same span, the 1973 and 1977 NORC General Social
Surveys, and the 1971 and 1978 Quality of American
Life Surveys. All three series are based on representative
national probability samples. The pattern reported from
the Quality of Employment series is not replicated in ei
ther of the other two series, neither of which shows a
statistically significant change in job satisfaction over
the time span (table 1).
Another frequently employed indicator of job satis
faction or work motivation is the question, “If you were
Table 1. Job satisfaction responses for two
independent surveys
[In percent]
N a t io n a l O p in io n R e s e a r c h C e n t e r
R esponse
Number of respondents ..................
Very satisfied..............................
Moderately satisfied ....................
Little satisfied.............................
Very dissatisfied..........................
1973
1977
1,141
49
38
8
4
1,262
48
39
10
3
Q u a lit y o f life
1971
Number of respondents ..................
Completely satisfied ....................
Largely satisfied..........................
Slightly satisfied ..........................
Neutral .....................................
Slightly dissatisfied......................
Largely dissatisfied......................
Completely dissatisfied .................
1Weighted for 1971.
15,634
36
30
13
12
4
2
2
1978
2,380
32
32
15
10
5
3
2
to get enough money to live as comfortably as you
would like for the rest of your life, would you continue
to work or would you stop working?” This item is con
tained in both NORC and QES. Again, no significant
trend is indicated in the percentages according to the
tabulation:
N a tio n a l O pin ion
R esea rch C e n te r
1977
1973
R esp o n se
Number of
respondents .
Continue . . .
Stop .............
819
69
31
Q u a lity o f
E m p lo y m e n t S u rv ey
1977
1973
940
70
23
2,083
67
33
2,273
72
28
The Quality of American Life Series contains exact
replicas of nine component items; both series were
products of the same organization (table 2). Sharply
contrasting the item-by-item results from the employ
ment series, identical items from the Quality of Ameri
can Life series show no statistically significant declines.
Perhaps the best data ever assembled on worker
expectations are those contained in the first two QOE
surveys. Both surveys presented respondents" with the
same list of job traits and asked them to state how im
portant each trait was. Unfortunately, the “how impor
tant” sequence was dropped in the 1977 survey.
Table 2.
Lacking 1977 data from this series of questions,
perhaps the best remaining national data on worker ex
pectations for the era are contained in the NORC series,
which presented workers with a list of five job charac
teristics and asked them to rank them. On the whole,
trends on these measures of “worker expectation” are
modest and are not consistent with the third StainesQuinn hypothesis. In fact, there is a slight, but statisti
cally significant, decrease over the 4 years in the pro
portion ranking “work is important and gives a feeling
of accomplishment” as their first preference.
Consistent with the announced decline in job satisfac
tion, Staines and Quinn also report a decline in overall
life satisfaction, specifically, an 11-point drop in the per
centage characterizing their lives as “very happy.” A
nearly identical question was also included in the other
two series (table 3). Again, the pattern of decline indi
cated in the employment series is not replicated in the
other two.
The Staines-Quinn findings appear implausible for the
following reasons:
• The announced decline is inconsistent with a long
history of prior research on job satisfaction trends,
all showing high and essentially stable levels of job
satisfaction.
Comparison of item-by-item results for two surveys
[In percent]
Q u a lit y o f e m p lo y m e n t
1977
19711
1978
2,066
61
22
12
6
2,246
53
28
12
7
5,654
63
28
7
3
2,378
63
28
3
3
2,057
43
27
19
11
2,241
32
32
21
14
5,346
42
32
17
9
2,377
50
28
14
8
2,049
41
30
17
13
2,239
31
33
22
14
5,645
47
32
14
7
2,777
49
30
13
8
2,061
41
35
15
10
2,246
27
38
20
15
5,630
38
38
17
7
2,376
37
39
17
6
2,056
53
2,246
42
5,620
57
2,396
55
7 have the opportunity to develop m y own
special abilities."
Number of respondents ..........................
Very true...........................................
Somewhat true .................................
Not very true.....................................
Not at all true ...................................
7 am given a chance to do the things 1
want to do best. ”
Number of respondents ..........................
Very true ..............................................
Somewhat true ....................................
Not very true ........................................
Not at all true ......................................
"T h e pay is good. "
Number of respondents ............................
Very true...........................................
Somewhat true .................................
Very true..........................................
Not at all true ...................................
"T h e jo b security is good. "
Number of respondents ..........................
Very true...........................................
Q u a lit y o f lif e
Q u e s t io n s a n d r e s p o n s e s
1973
"The work is interesting. "
Number of respondents ..........................
Very true...........................................
Somewhat true .................................
Not very tru e.....................................
Not at all true ......................................
Q u a lit y o f e m p lo y m e n t
Q u a lit y o f life
Q u e s t io n s a n d r e s p o n s e s
Somewhat true ...................................
Not very true.......................................
Not at all true .....................................
1973
1977
19711
1978
27
12
9
34
15
9
25
12
6
28
10
7
1,781
20
28
23
28
1,909
16
26
28
30
5,472
22
26
29
23
2,307
26
26
25
23
2,029
61
31
6
2
2,228
57
35
7
1
5,645
64
23
9
4
2,380
65
24
8
3
2,051
42
32
18
8
2,240
35
37
19
9
5,645
49
31
13
6
2,372
50
33
13
5
2,063
41
40
14
5
2,244
31
45
17
7
5,628
51
31
13
5
2,375
52
31
11
6
"The chances fo r promotion are good. "
Number of respondents ..............................
Very true............................................
Somewhat true ......................................
Not very true ..........................................
Not at all true .....................................
7 am given a lo t o f chances to make
friends. ”
Number of respondents ............................
Very true............................................
Somewhat true ...................................
Not very true.......................................
Not at all true 1.....................................
"The physical surroundings are pleasant. "
Number of respondents ..............................
Very true............................................
Somewhat true ......................................
Not very true.......................................
Not at all true .....................................
7 have enough time to get the job done. "
Number of respondents ...........................
Very true............................................
Somewhat true ...................................
Not very true.......................................
Not at all true .....................................
1Results are based on the weighted number of respondents.
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35
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW November 1982 • Communications
• While the overall declines on multiple-item indicators
seem plausible enough, many of the trends on the
specific component items seem curious and implausi
ble.
• The drop in overall job satisfaction registered in the
employment series is not replicated in either of two
other series covering approximately the same time
span.
• The downward trends in specific component items are
not replicated in the only other national survey series
containing those items.
• Three hypothesis are offered in the initial article to
account for the announced decline. Two are ruled out
by data from the employment series itself, and the
third is not supported by independent evidence pres
ented here.
• A parallel decline in overall life satisfaction registered
in the employment series is also not replicated in two
independent tests.
The announced decline may itself be in error, and job
satisfaction in the American work forces may have been
essentially constant during the mid 1970’s. It is unclear
Table 3.
Indicators of life satisfaction from three series
[In percent]
Q u a lit y o f
Q u a lit y o f
N a t io n a l O p in io n
e m p lo y m e n t
life
R e s e a rc h C e n te r
R esponse
1973
1977
1971
1978
1973
1977
Number of respondents .
2,080
2,280
2,147
3,647
1,500
1,527
Very happy.............
Pretty happy...........
Not too happy.........
38
56
6
27
65
9
29
61
10
27
63
8
36
51
13
35
53
12
why the QOE employment series would show a trend if
one did not exist. A possible reason could be that the
1977 employment sample included only a fraction of
the relatively more satisfied 1973 respondents, thus pro
ducing an artificial decline in satisfaction. Whatever the
explanation, it is apparent that the 1977 employment
survey contains proportionally more people who are un
happy with their jobs, and with their lives, than do oth
er reputable national surveys of the same era. Until
some plausible account of this difference is given, the
results of the 1977 employment survey must be treated
with some caution.
□
FOOTNOTES
' See Harold Sheppard and Neal Herrick, Where Have all the Ro
bots Gone: Worker Dissatisfaction in the 70’s (New York, Free Press,
1972) ; Harry Braverman, Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degrada
tion o f Work in the Twentieth Century (New York, Monthly Review
Press, 1974); Stanley Aronowitz, False Promises: The Shaping of Amer
ican Class Consciousness (New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1973);
and James O’Toole, Work in America (Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press,
1973) .
2Graham Staines and Robert Quinn, “American workers evaluate
the quality of their jobs,” Monthly Labor Review, January 1979, pp. 312.
36
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Elliot Richardson, The Creative Balance: Government, Politics, and
the Individual in America's Third Century (New York, Holt, Rinehart,
and Winston, 1976).
4 Robert Quinn, Graham Staines, and Margaret McCullough, Job
Satisfaction: Is There a Trend? (Washington, U.S. Government Print
ing Office, 1974.)
5 Robert Quinn and Linda Sheppard, The 1972-73 Quality of Em
ployment Survey (Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, 1974); and
Curt Tausky, Work Organizations: Major Theoretical Perspectives
(Itaska, 111., F. E. Peacock, 1978).
6Quinn and Sheppard, The 1972-73 Quality of Employment Survey.
Retired couple’s budgets,
final report, autumn 1981
Table. 2 Percentage changes in the budgets for a retired
couple, autumn 1980 to autumn 1981
Com ponent
Rising medical and transportation costs contributed to
the increases in the three hypothetical budgets for a re
tired couple. In autumn 1981, the average urban bud
gets were $7,226 at the lower level, $10,226 at the
intermediate level, and $15,078 at the higher level (table
1). From autumn 1980 to autumn 1981, the lower bud
get rose 8.8 percent, the intermediate, 8.4 percent, and
the higher, 8.3 percent (table 2). The increases were ap
proximately 2 percentage points less than those report
ed for 1979-80, reflecting smaller increases in food.
This report is the final release of budget data for a
retired couple. The expenditure data on which the bud
gets are based are now 20 years old. Continuation of
the program would have required revision of concepts
and expenditure data and extensive price collection, for
which funding was not available. Therefore, the pro
gram was eliminated as part of the Bureau of Labor
Statistics’ recent overall budget reduction.
Consumption costs rose by 8.7 percent for the lower
level budget, 8.4 percent for the intermediate, and 8.3
percent for the higher. Among the components, medical
care and transportation showed the largest increases.
Table 1. Summary of annual budgets for a retired couple
at three levels of living, urban United States, autumn 1981
Low er
I n t e r m e d ia t e
H ig h e r
budget
budget
budget
Total budget1 ............................
$7,226
$10,226
$15,078
Total family consumption .............
Food.....................................
Housing.................................
Transportation ........................
Clothing.................................
Personal care ........................
Medical care ..........................
Other spending ......................
6,914
2,183
2,377
553
244
198
1,085
275
9,611
2,898
3,393
1,073
409
290
1,091
457
13,960
3,642
5,307
1,960
629
424
1,098
901
Other Items2 ..............................
311
615
1,118
Com ponent
1Beginning with the autumn 1973 updating, the budgets no longer include income taxes.
2Other items include gifts and contributions and life insurance.
Note:
Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
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Low er
I n t e r m e d ia t e
H ig h e r
budget
budget
budget
Total budget ............................
8.8
8.4
8.3
Total family consumption ...........
Food ...................................
Housing...............................
Transportation ......................
Clothing...............................
Personal care........................
Medical care ........................
Other family consumption .......
8.7
4.9
9.6
13.6
3.4
7.6
14.9
7.8
8.4
4.5
9.2
12.9
3.3
7.8
14.8
7.8
8.3
4.6
9.2
12.1
3.3
7.6
14.9
7.6
Other items1 ............................
8.7
8.3
7.8
10ther items include gifts and contributions and life insurance.
Medical care costs increased approximately 15 percent
at all three levels, while transportation costs rose about
14 percent at the lower level, 13 percent at the interme
diate level, and 12 percent at the higher level. These
components also showed the largest increases in the pe
riod from autumn 1979 to autumn 1980. The total cost
of the medical care component for autumn 1981 con
tains a preliminary estimate of out-of-pocket costs for
medicare.
The housing component includes costs for shelter and
housefurnishings and operations, and assumes that re
tired couples either rent or own their homes free of
mortgage payments. Renter costs include average con
tract rent plus heating fuels, gas, electricity, water, spec
ified equipment, and insurance on household contents.
Homeowner costs include property taxes, water, refuse
disposal, heating fuels, gas, electricity, specified equip
ment, home repair and maintenance, and insurance on
house and contents.
The “other family consumption” component includes
costs for reading materials, recreation, tobacco, alcohol
ic beverages, and miscellaneous items.
The budgets represent the costs of three hypothetical
lists of goods and services that were specified in the
mid-1960’s to portray three relative levels of living. A
retired couple is defined as a husband, age 65 or over,
and a wife, who are assumed to be self-supporting, re
siding in an urban area, in reasonably good health, and
37
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW November 1982 • Family Budgets
Table 3.
Indexes of comparative costs based on an intermediate budget for a retired couple, autumn 1981
[U.S. urban average cost=100]
F a m ily c o n s u m p t io n
Food
A re a
T o ta l
budget
H o u s in g
T o ta l
c o n s u m p t io n
Food
T o ta l
at
T o ta l
R e n te r
H om eow ner
c o s ts
c o s ts
T r a n s p o r t a t io n 1
C lo t h in g
P e rs o n a l
M e d ic a l
c a re
c a re
O th e r
f a m ily
c o n s u m p t io n
hom e
Urban United States ..................
Metropolitan areas2 .................
Nonmetropolitan areas3 ...........
100
103
90
100
103
90
100
101
96
100
101
98
100
107
80
100
108
77
100
106
82
100
101
96
100
102
95
100
98
107
100
101
98
100
107
78
117
105
114
104
103
101
117
105
114
104
103
101
102
102
113
111
104
101
103
104
110
107
104
102
141
108
136
109
100
102
136
98
121
102
87
105
167
114
161
118
104
123
107
113
72
89
115
106
110
119
89
72
97
106
92
93
101
84
89
105
97
93
99
100
99
97
117
106
110
106
105
79
98
98
103
102
98
104
99
99
91
98
98
103
102
98
104
99
99
91
98
102
100
100
98
97
95
104
95
100
103
99
101
99
95
95
105
97
96
92
102
104
89
109
99
92
83
104
81
104
105
81
104
112
84
88
88
92
106
107
81
115
85
82
85
97
99
108
105
106
111
106
111
92
93
121
110
92
107
118
106
97
109
90
85
114
97
113
98
101
91
113
102
100
96
98
103
99
95
97
96
121
107
112
105
109
107
110
99
79
93
98
96
98
108
86
93
98
96
98
108
86
97
94
94
99
103
95
96
93
93
97
104
97
79
99
89
90
111
72
80
102
99
83
118
60
58
78
80
85
106
70
110
107
110
102
109
96
111
97
91
108
105
78
93
97
94
110
120
99
99
97
104
106
103
100
109
105
100
98
114
75
Denver, Colo............................
Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif. ..
San Diego, Calif.......................
San Francisco-Oakland, Calif. ...
Seattle-Everett, Wash................
Honolulu, Hawaii ....................
Nonmetropolitan areas3 ...........
98
100
96
107
111
119
93
98
100
96
107
111
119
93
94
97
95
100
101
134
96
94
96
91
100
100
137
98
94
96
89
106
120
113
84
87
131
112
132
142
155
90
80
70
74
81
107
83
84
109
119
112
121
112
121
94
127
92
94
109
110
105
118
98
97
91
118
115
111
123
98
109
106
108
104
103
101
104
95
104
108
116
119
82
Anchorage, Alaska......................
126
126
115
116
137
187
113
124
130
177
122
92
Northeast:
Boston, Mass...........................
Buffalo, N.Y.............................
New York-Northeastern N.J........
Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J..................
Pittsburgh, Pa...........................
Nonmetropolitan areas3 ...........
North Central:
Chicago, lll.-Northwestern Ind. ...
Cincinnati, Ohio-Ky.-Ind..............
Cleveland, Ohio......................
Detroit, Mich............................
Kansas City, Mo.-Kans...............
Milwaukee, Wis.........................
Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn..........
St. Louis, Mo.-lll........................
Nonmetropolitan areas3 ...........
South:
Atlanta, Ga..............................
Baltimore, Md...........................
Dallas, Tex..............................
Houston, Tex...........................
Washington, D.C.-Md.-Va............
Nonmetropolitan areas3 ...........
West:
1The average costs of automobile owners and nonowners in the intermediate budget were
weighted by the following proportions of families: New York, 25 percent for owners, 75 percent
for nonowners; Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia, 40 percent for owners, 60 percent for
nonowners; all other metropolitan areas, 60 percent for owners, 40 percent for nonowners;
nonmetropolitan areas, 68 percent for owners, 32 percent for nonowners.
able to care for themselves. The different budget levels
provide different qualities and quantities of goods and
services, but do not include personal income taxes. The
lower budget was not designed to be a subsistence or
poverty level of spending but simply somewhat lower
than the intermediate budget.
The 1981 budgets were estimated by applying price
changes for individual geographic areas from autumn
1980 to autumn 1981, as reported in the Consumer
Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical
Workers ( c p i - w ), to the appropriate autumn 1980 bud
get costs for each main class of goods and services. The
budgets have been updated by the CPI since 1969, when
38
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2As defined in 1960-61. For a detailed description of current and previous geographical
boundaries, see the 1967 edition of S t a n d a r d M e t r o p o l i t a n S t a t i s t i c a l A r e a s , prepared by the
Office of Management and Budget.
3Places with populations of 2,500 to 50,000.
the last direct pricing took place. This method of
updating is approximate because the CPI reflects spend
ing patterns and prices for commodities and services
purchased by urban wage earners and clerical workers
generally, without regard to the type of family and level
of living and because the updating was done at a rela
tively aggregated level. Also, the treatment of homeownership costs in the CPI differs from the treatment in
the budgets.
Cost estimates and indexes of costs for the three re
tired couple’s budgets, by metropolitan area and region
al nonmetropolitan area averages, are available from the
Bureau of Labor Statistics upon request.
□
Research
Summaries
Labor force activity of women
receiving child support or alimony
A
lly so n
and
Sh e r m a n G
How ard H
r o ssm a n
ayghe
As divorce, separation, and out-of-wedlock births
climbed during the 1970’s, the number of mothers rear
ing children whose fathers were absent from the home
rose sharply. Nonetheless, as the decade drew to a
close, relatively few mothers received child support pay
ments, despite the legal obligation on the part of most
fathers. In addition, very few women received alimony.
A special survey conducted in April 1979,1shows that
an estimated 2.5 million (35 percent) of the 7.1 million
mothers living with children from absent fathers had re
ceived child support payments in 1978. An additional
million were entitled to them but received none (table
1).
Surprisingly, mothers receiving money for child sup
port were found to be in the labor force more often
than those not awarded such support. And, women
who received alimony— financial support for their per
sonal maintenance after the dissolution of a marriage—
were also more likely to work than those who did not
receive such payments.
a
Although generally higher labor force participation
rates and lower unemployment rates for the recipients
were evident among most major age-race groups, much
of the difference between the aggregate rates of the two
groups was associated with other factors. That is, m oth
ers not awarded support tended to be black, less edu
cated, and young— groups with serious labor market
problems. For example, 47 percent of the mothers not
awarded support were black, compared with only 11
percent of the recipients.
Historically, black mothers maintaining their own
families have had lower labor force participation rates
and higher unemployment rates than their white coun
terparts. In March 1979, 56 percent of the blacks were
in the labor force compared with 71 percent of the
whites, and the unemployment rate for this group of
blacks was 16 percent, compared with a little less than
9 percent for the white mothers.
Moreover, those not awarded support were, on aver
age, younger, less educated, and more likely to be single
(never married) than the recipients. About 30 percent of
the mothers not awarded support were below age 25,
and 42 percent had never been married. Of the recipi
ents, 8 percent were below age 25 and less than 4 per
cent had never been married. Also, as shown below,
proportionately twice as many mothers not awarded
support had failed to complete high school:
Child support recipients
In April 1979, 75 percent of the mothers who had re
ceived child support in 1978 were in the work force,
and 84 percent of those employed worked full time (35
hours a week or more). Of those not awarded support,
the comparable proportions were 58 percent and 78 per
cent. The child-support recipients were also less likely
to be unemployed; at 7.3 percent their unemployment
rate was only half that of the mothers not awarded sup
port.
Allyson Sherman Grossman and Howard Hayghe are economists in
the Division of Labor Force Studies, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
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Educational attainment:
Less than 4 years
of high sc h o o l.....................
4 years of high school
only ..................................
1 year or more of college . .
N o t a w a rd ed
su p p o rt
R e cip ien ts
44
22
40
16
49
29
Labor force
Among both blacks and whites, participation rates of
recipients were higher than those for mothers awarded
no support. About 76 percent of white recipients and 64
percent of the black were working or looking for work,
39
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW November 1982 • Research Summaries
Table 1.
Labor force status of mothers by child support recipiency in 1978, April 1979
[Numbers in thousands]
C iv ilia n n o n in s t it u t io n a l
L a b o r fo rc e
p o p u la t io n
E m p lo y e d
U n e m p lo y e d
N o t in
R e c ip ie n c y s t a t u s
N um ber
P e rc e n t
Num ber
P e rc e n t
P e rc e n t o f
T o ta l
p o p u la t io n
F u ll t im e
P a r t t im e
Num ber
R a te
la b o r f o r c e
Total ......................................................
7,094
100.0
4,633
65.3
4,161
81.3
18.7
472
10.2
2,462
Awarded child support.........................................
Support not scheduled for 1978 ........................
Support scheduled for 1978 ..............................
Did not receive support.................................
Received support.........................................
4,196
772
3,424
969
2,455
59.1
10.9
48.3
13.7
34.6
2,962
465
2,497
669
1,828
70.6
60.2
72.9
69.0
74.5
2,731
437
2,294
600
1,694
83.0
81.7
83.3
82.2
83.7
17.0
18.3
16.7
17.8
16.3
231
28
203
69
134
7.8
6.0
8.1
10.3
7.3
1,234
307
927
300
627
Not awarded child support ...................................
2,898
40.9
1,671
57.7
1,430
78.0
22.0
241
14.4
1,228
N ote:
Sums of individual items may not equal totals due to rounding.
compared with 60 and 55 percent of the mothers not
awarded support.
By marital status, divorcees were most likely to be in
the labor force whether or not they received child sup
port. Among the recipients, almost 85 percent of the
divorcees were working or looking for work, compared
with 69 percent of the separated women. Moreover,
nearly 70 percent of the divorcees not awarded child
support were in the labor force compared with 60 per
cent of the married women and 55 percent of those sep
arated or never married.
Unemployment rates were much higher for those
awarded no support than for recipients, regardless of
race. At 11.9 percent, the unemployment rate for white
nonawardees was 5 percentage points higher than for
recipients, while among blacks the nonawardees were
more than twice as likely to be jobless (table 2). Unem
ployment among mothers not awarded child support
Table 2.
was highest for those who had never been married,
partly because most were in their teens or early twen
ties, ages at which the already difficult problems of la
bor market entry are compounded by child-care
responsibilities.
Income and work experience
Child support recipients had average (mean) annual
incomes of about $8,940 in 1978, almost 70 percent
greater than the $5,340 average for mothers not
awarded support. Only part of this difference, however,
can be attributed to the payments themselves; because
mothers who were recipients were more likely to have
earnings and other sources of income.
In 1978, overall child support payments averaged
about $1,800, or only half of the difference between the
incomes of the recipients and the mothers not awarded
support. This is partly because women receiving child
Labor force status of mothers by child support recipiency in 1978 and selected characteristics, April 1979
P o p u la t io n
L a b o r fo rc e
L a b o r fo rc e
(in t h o u s a n d s )
(in t h o u s a n d s )
p a r t ic ip a t io n r a t e
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e
S e le c t e d c h a r a c t e r is t ic s
Total ..............................
N o t a w a rd e d
R e c e iv e d
N o t a w a rd e d
R e c e iv e d
N o t a w a rd e d
R e c e iv e d
N o t a w a rd e d
R e c e iv e d
c h ild s u p p o r t
c h ild s u p p o r t
c h ild s u p p o r t
c h ild s u p p o r t
c h ild s u p p o r t
c h ild s u p p o r t
c h ild s u p p o r t
c h ild s u p p o r t
2,898
2,455
1,671
1,828
57.7
74.5
14.4
7.3
461
483
690
35
1,231
781
1,242
337
8
87
274
333
379
12
674
486
1,050
232
5
55
59.7
68.9
54.9
( 1)
54.8
67.1
84.6
69.0
(’ )
63.2
6.2
5.7
17.2
( 1)
20.6
7.2
6.3
9.9
(’ )
(')
1,490
1,349
292
2,168
260
124
891
743
132
1,645
167
62
59.8
55.1
45.2
75.8
64.2
50.0
11.9
17.8
17.4
6.9
8.4
(’ )
868
1,020
629
381
205
1,086
878
285
457
613
398
204
137
813
677
200
52.6
60.1
63.2
53.5
67.2
74.9
77.1
70.2
26.2
13.6
8.7
1.7
20.9
7.8
4.6
5.2
Marital status
Married spouse present ...............
Divorced...................................
Separated.................................
Widowed...................................
Never-married............................
Race and Hispanic origin:
White .......................................
Black .......................................
Hispanic ...................................
Age
18 to 24 years............................
25 to 34 years............................
35 to 44 years ..........................
45 years and over ......................
1Percent not shown where base is less than 75,000.
40
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Note:
Sums of individual Items may not equal totals due to rounding.
support were more likely than those not awarded sup
port to have had some work experience in the previous
year. Nearly 80 percent of the recipients worked at
some time in 1978, compared with 60 percent of those
not awarded child support (table 3). Moreover, the lat
ter tended to work fewer weeks and in lower paying
jobs. Nearly the same proportions of the two groups
held full-time jobs, but 54 percent of the recipients
worked all year, compared with 43 percent of the oth
ers. About 2 of 3 child support recipients worked in
white-collar occupations, with the remainder about
equally divided between blue-collar and service occupa
tions. In contrast, slightly over half (51 percent) of the
mothers not awarded child support were blue-collar or
service employees, while 48 percent were in white-collar
jobs.
Alimony
[Numbers in thousands]
In la b o r f o r c e
N o t in
C h a r a c t e r is t ic s
T o ta l
Num ber
P a r t ic ip a t io n
la b o r
r a te
fo rc e
14,334
8,655
59.8
5,768
Alimony or
maintenance payment recipients . . . .
528
373
70.6
155
Race and Hispanic origin:
White ............................................
Black ............................................
Hispanic ........................................
486
41
24
340
32
19
70.0
(’ >
146
9
6
26
135
188
179
19
99
150
105
(')
73.3
79.8
58.7
7
36
37
74
Total, ever-divorced or currently separated
V)
Age:
18 to 24 years.................................
25 to 34 years.................................
35 to 44 years.................................
45 years and over............................
Median payments in 1978 ........................ $1,570 $1,420
Although only a very small proportion of ever-di
vorced or currently separated women reported that they
received alimony or maintenance payments in 1978, la
bor force activity was strong among those who did (ta
ble 4). More than 7 of every 10 were working or
looking for work. Among the women receiving alimony,
those between the ages of 35 and 44 had the highest
participation rates and those 45 and over, the lowest.
On average, women 45 years old and over received
higher alimony payments than their younger counter
parts. The higher payments probably contributed to
their lower labor force participation rates, although in
general, older women are usually less likely to work
than younger women. These higher payments generally
result from the longer duration of their marriages.
Many courts have indicated that the duration of the
marriage measures the extent of the homemaker’s ab
sence from the work force and the probable degree of
difficulty she will encounter in attempting to enter or
reenter it. In this regard, one study concluded, that . . .
“spousal support provides a form of insurance for em
ployment benefits— e.g., work experience, accumulated
Table 3. Work experience of mothers by child support
recipiency in 1978
W e e k s w o rk e d
R e c e iv e d
N o t a w a rd e d
c h ild s u p p o r t
c h ild s u p p o r t
Total (in thousands) ..............................
2,455
2,898
Worked ...........................................
Percent of total..............................
1,942
79.1
1,738
60.0
Worked (percent).................................
Full time.......................................
40 weeks or more......................
50 to 52 weeks ......................
39 weeks or less........................
Part time.......................................
40 weeks or more ......................
50 to 52 weeks ......................
39 weeks or less........................
100.0
80.7
61.9
53.7
18.8
19.3
8.1
6.0
11.2
100.0
75.8
51.3
43.4
24.5
24.2
10.0
7.1
14.2
Note:
Table 4. Labor force status of ever-divorced or currently
separated women who received alimony or maintenance
payments in 1978, by demographic characteristics, April
1979
Sums of individual Items may not equal totals due to rounding.
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-
$1,810
1Rate not shown where base is less than 75,000.
Note : Sums of individual items may not equal totals due to rounding.
earnings, pension plans and health insurance— the
homemaker has bypassed so that she could devote her
self to her family.”2
In the U nited States, there is a clear-cut legal ob
ligation for fathers to provide financial support for their
children from a marriage ending in divorce or separa
tion regardless of the labor force status of the mother.
Moreover, they are obligated to support children born
out of wedlock providing paternity has been proven.3
Yet, as this report demonstrates, the receipt of child
support is not widespread.
□
--------- FOOTNOTES---------1The estimates in this report are based on data that were collected
in March and April 1979 from the Current Population Survey (CPS)
conducted for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the Bureau of the
Census. About 56,000 households in 614 areas of the United States
with coverage in each of the 50 States and the District of Columbia
were eligible for interviews in March. About 40,000 of these house
holds were reinterviewed in April and women, 18 years of age and
over, were then asked supplementary questions regarding child sup
port and alimony payments. The labor force estimates shown in this
report were derived from special tabulations prepared by Bernard R.
Altschuler of the Data Services Group, Office of Current Employment
Analysis, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Estimates based on a sample may vary considerably from results
obtained by a complete count, especially in cases where the numbers
are small. Therefore, differences based on these estimates may not be
significant.
For more detail and the interpretation of such differences, as well as
a detailed discussion of the survey methodology and findings, see;
Child Support and Alimony: 1978, Current Population Reports, Series P 23 no. 112 (Bureau of the Census, 1981).
2See Nancy A. Veith, “Rehabilitative Spousal Support: In Need of
a More Comprehensive Approach to Mitigating Dissolution Trauma,”
University o f San Francisco Law Review, Spring 1978, pp. 493-525.
3See Carol Adaire Jones, Nancy M. Gordon, and Isabelle F.
Sawhill, “Child Support Payments in the United States,” Working Pa
per 992-03, Urban Institute, October 1976, p. 6.
41
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW November 1982 • Research Summaries
Does a younger male labor force
mean greater earnings inequality?
M artin D ooley
an d
P eter G ottschalk
In a recent article in the Monthly Labor Review, Peter
Henle and Paul Ryscavage showed that inequality of
earnings among men grew between 1959 and 1977, al
though the rate of increase was lower after 1973.1 Rob
ert Plotnick likewise found an increase in the overall
variance of men’s earnings during the 1958-77 period.2
Did this widening disparity reflect more than the effects
of changes in the age composition of the labor force?
The answer to this question is important for public
policy. If the greater inequality of earnings only reflects
growth in the proportion of young males in the labor
force as a result of the baby boom, then we might ex
pect a reversal of the trend in the future. As this dispro
portionately large group of young men ages and is
replaced by smaller cohorts, the distribution of earnings
may become more equal. More disturbing would be the
finding that inequality has grown among men with a
given level of work experience. This would indicate that
the greater overall inequality reflects more than simply
the “younging” of the labor force.
Our analysis makes two contributions to the growing
literature on earnings inequality. First, by focusing on
inequality within education-experience groups, we dem
onstrate that two simple demographic explanations are
not sufficient to explain the trend. Finis Welch and
Richard Freeman have shown that the mean earnings of
young workers fell relative to the mean earnings of
older workers during the late 1960’s and early 1970’s.3
This by itself would increase the between-age-group
variance of earnings, and hence, increase the total vari
ance. However, we show that, even after the influence
of the between-group variance is eliminated, there re
mains a substantial trend towards greater inequality.
The second demographic explanation is that the young
make up a growing percentage of the labor force. Be
cause the young typically have a high earnings variance,4
the average of the within-age-group variances would
tend to increase with the labor market entry of the
baby boom. But by examining the variance of separate
education-experience categories, we show that this fac
tor is not sufficient to explain the trend in the overall
variance. Our principal concern is with the experience
Martin Dooley is an assistant professor of economics at McMaster
University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Peter Gottschalk is a project
associate at the Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wis
consin, Madison, and an assistant professor of economics at Bowdoin
College, Brunswick, Maine.
42
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composition of the labor force, but because Jacob Minc
er has shown that earnings inequality varies with the
level of education,5we control for this factor as well.
The second major contribution of this study is to
show that the proportion of people with zero earnings
also increased within education-experience categories.
This development has largely been ignored in the litera
ture. Henle and Ryscavage and Plotnick limited their
samples to people with positive earnings. Likewise, our
measure of inequality, the variance of the logarithm of
earnings, does not allow us to include people with zero
earnings. The exclusion of a growing group of individu
als who fall at the lowest point in the distribution gives
an incomplete picture.
Method of the study
To examine these issues, we start by reviewing our
measures of inequality and zero earnings averaged
across all education and experience groups. We then
turn to an analysis of changes within education and ex
perience categories.
Like Henle and Ryscavage, we used data from the
work experience supplement to the March 1968-79 Cur
rent Population Survey.6 The special household ques
tionnaire included data on annual earnings and weeks
worked. Our sample covered males 16 through 62, who
were not then in school and who reported they had
worked 50 to 52 weeks the previous year, or fewer
weeks for reasons other than school or, in the case of
older men, retirement. Those self-employed or working
without pay were excluded. The observations were di
vided into four education categories: less than 12 years,
12 years, 13 to 15 years, and 16 years or more of
schooling completed. Current age minus estimated labor
force entry age was used to allocate individuals to sin
gle-year labor force experience groups.7
Within each of the 1,960 education-experience-year
cells, we calculated the variance of log annual and log
weekly earnings among earners, as well as the propor
tion of zero earners. (Weekly earnings are not collected
directly from respondents to the March Current Popu
lation Survey. For this study, estimates of weekly earn
ings were obtained by dividing the respondent’s
reported annual earnings by reported weeks worked.
The weeks worked may have been full time, part time,
or some combination of the two.) These within-group
measures are the basis for our analysis. Inequality of
weekly earnings, which has the advantage of not being
influenced by changes in the distribution of weeks
worked, was not studied by Henle and Ryscavage or
Plotnick.
The findings
Table 1 shows the total variance of log earnings and
the weighted average of the within-group variances for
Table 1. Variance of log earnings, and proportion of men
with zero earnings, 1967-78
V a r ia n c e o f lo g
V a r ia n c e o f lo g
a n n u a l e a r n in g s
w e e k l y e a r n in g s
W it h in - g r o u p '
T o ta l
W i t h in - g r o u p ’
(1 )
(2 )
(3 )
(4 )
0.503
.482
.521
.584
.607
.645
.613
.645
.673
.671
.662
.631
0.373
.349
.373
.417
.436
.451
.432
.457
.479
.473
.465
.454
0.402
.379
.374
.405
.433
.446
.441
.459
.425
.432
.432
.445
3.025
(5 )
0.302
.280
.267
.287
.295
.314
.308
.326
.298
.299
.300
.323
3.3
3.5
3.6
4.3
4.7
4.9
4.8
5.8
7.3
6.9
6.5
6.4
o O
o
cn <o
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
T o ta l
CD
CVI
O
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
P e r c e n t w it h
z e r o e a r n in g s
Year
3.072
.057
3.013
3 .031
3-.042
3-.031
O
co
ro
3
O
oo
1967-78 . .
1967-72 . .
co
Trend:2
1972 . . . .
I
O
Change In
trend after
-.0 1 1
-.035
1Weighted average for groups defined by four educational levels and by single years of
labor force experience.
2Time trend fitted to the log of averages shown in the table.
31.28 < t< 1.64.
41.64<t.
each year.8 The average was constructed by weighing
the variance of each of the education-experience cells by
the proportion of people in that cell in that year. Col
umn 1 shows that the total variance of log annual earn
ings grew substantially over the period. The rate of
increase, however, seems to have been more rapid prior
to 1973, confirming Henle and Ryscavage’s earlier con
clusions based on gini indexes.9 Column 2 shows that
the increase in the total variance occurs even when we
eliminate the effect of changes in between-group vari
ance. The average of the within-group variances of log
annual earnings increased from .373 in 1967 to .454 in
1978. Examination of the data again indicates that the
growth rate was considerably higher during 1967-72
than in the 1973-78 period.
To estimate growth rates, we fit linear time trends to
the data in table 1. A spline covering the 1973-78 peri
od was used to test for change in growth rates.10 The
estimated trend over the full period, the trend over
1967-72, and the change in the trend after 1972 are
shown in the bottom three rows."
The time trends fitted to the variance of the log an
nual earnings indicate a 2.8-percent growth rate in the
total variance and a 2.5-percent growth rate in the with
in-group variance over the full period. This was a result
of a very rapid rise between 1967 and 1972 and a level
ing after 1972. Columns 3 and 4 of table 1 show that
the increasing inequality of annual earnings is not only
a reflection of changes in employment patterns. The to
tal variance of weekly earnings also shows a 1.3-percent
growth rate and the within-group variance shows a
0.9-percent growth rate; both are statistically signifi
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cant. Again, the growth rates are substantially higher
during 1967-72 than in the later period, when the
growth rates are quite small. These data indicate that
annual and weekly earnings among workers with posi
tive earnings have become less equal, although the rate
of increase in the inequality dropped after 1972.
Column 5 shows the percent of males with zero earn
ings. This series shows a dramatic increase during the
survey period. In 1967, 3.3 percent of all men in our
sample had zero earnings. By 1978, the proportion had
grown to 6.4 percent. The growth rates over the full pe
riod and the period 1967-72 are both large and sig
nificant. For the percent with zero earnings, the trends
in the two subperiods are not significantly different.
The rise in the proportion of men with zero earnings
is large enough to warrant careful attention. While it is
beyond the scope of this study to explain why this rap
id increase has occurred, it is consistent with other sur
vey data which show that the proportion of men out of
the labor force in any given month has been growing.12
More surprisingly, our data indicate that many of these
men did not have any earnings during the year.
Table 2 shows the estimated growth rate in the pro
portion of men with zero earnings and the estimated
growth rate in the within-group variance of log annual
and weekly earnings for 16 education-experience catego
ries.13 Columns 1 to 3 indicate that the within-group
variance of log annual earnings increased in all cases.
All growth rates except two are significantly greater
than zero (the exceptions being the two highest experi
ence groups for college graduates). The growth rates are
both statistically significant and of substantial magni
tude. The within-group variance of the log of annual
earnings grew in the 2- to 4-percent range for most cat
egories. This indicates that the average increase in the
within-group variance of log annual earnings shown in
table 1 reflects more than population shifts among cells
as a result of the baby boom.
For the group with the lowest experience there is
strong confirmation of a slowdown in the trend toward
inequality, even within experience categories. Column 3
shows statistically significant declines for all educational
levels. For other experience groups, the picture is not so
clear. Column 3 shows a decline in the growth rates for
all but three of the categories with more than 10 years
of experience. However, almost none of these differences
in the growth rates is statistically significant. This par
tially reflects the substantial year-to-year fluctuations in
the data that make it difficult to draw conclusions about
subperiods. Nevertheless, we can say that a decline in the
trend toward greater inequality within education-experi
ence categories is not strongly confirmed by the data for
men with more than 10 years of experience.
Columns 4 to 6 show the growth rates in withingroup variances of log weekly earnings. As found in ta43
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW November 1982 • Research Summaries
ble 1, the growth rates are considerably lower than
those for the log of annual earnings. In addition, we
find that (with one exception) the trend toward greater
inequality of weekly earnings is statistically significant
only for men with less than a college degree and less
than 21 years of experience. For these people, growing
inequality of annual earnings also reflects growing in
equality of weekly earnings. For the other groups, all
but one trend coefficient in column 4 is positive but
only one of these is statistically significant.14 Few of the
education-experience groups show statistically signifi
cant changes in growth rates between the two
subperiods.
Columns 7 and 8 show the growth rates in the per
cent of men with zero earnings. Column 7 shows signifi
cantly positive growth rates in the proportion of re
spondents with zero earnings, even in the higher
education-experience cells. Not only are the growth
rates in columns 7 and 8 statistically significant but
they are quite large, almost all being above 7 percent
per year. Columns 8 and 9 indicate that the growth
rates in the percentage of zero earners did decline after
1972. However, the statistically significant declines are
concentrated in the two groups with lower experience.
I n SUMMARY, we find that the increasing inequality of
male earnings reflects more than the changes in the
composition of the labor force which resulted from the
labor market entry of the baby boom. Even within edu
cation-experience cells, the variance of log annual earn
ings has been increasing. For men with less than 20
years of experience, the variance of log weekly earnings
has also been rising. Furthermore, there is an increas
ingly large proportion of men who earn no income over
a full year. The rise in this proportion of zero earners is
not confined to those with little education or experience.
It seems to be occurring across the board.
What are the possible explanations for our observed
inequality within education-experience cells? One might
be that increased transfer programs have generated
disequalizing labor supply responses. But while this
hypothesis has yet to be tested rigorously, indirect evi
dence suggests that it is not a full explanation. Recall,
for example, that high education-experience males,
whose greater earnings capacity makes them less likely
to be eligible for transfer payments, also experienced an
increase in inequality. This suggests that expanded
transfer programs were not the only factor at work. An
other possible explanation involves the education and
Table 2. Trends1 in average within-group earnings variances and in the percentage of men with zero earnings, by years of
experience and education, 1967-78
[In percent]
A v e r a g e w it h in - g r o u p v a r ia n c e
L o g a n n u a l e a r n in g s
L o g w e e k l y e a r n in g s
E x p e r ie n c e -
Change
e d u c a t io n
T re n d ,
1 9 6 7 -7 8
1 9 6 7 -7 2
(1 )
(2 )
1 to 10 years’ experience:
Education:
Less than 12 vears ........................
12 years...................................
13 to 15 years............................
16 years or more........................
2.033
2.044
2.054
3.017
2.061
2.077
2.143
2.070
2-.050
3-.060
2- . 158
2 - .093
11 to 20 years’ experience:
Education:
Less than 12 years ........................
12 years...................................
13 to 15 years............................
16 years or more........................
.040
2.072
2.041
2.025
2.070
2.076
2.042
3.038
-.050
-.007
-.003
-.022
21 to 30 years’ experience:
Education:
Less than 12 years ........................
12 years...................................
13 to 15 years............................
16 years or more........................
2.023
2.039
2.030
.012
3.038
31 or more years’ experience:
Education:
Less than 12 years ........................
12 years...................................
13 to 15 years............................
16 years or more........................
2.019
2.019
3.028
.015
44
T re n d ,
1 9 6 7 -7 8
1 9 6 7 -7 2
a fte r 1972
(7 )
(8 )
.002
-.010
3-.061
3 -.037
2.087
2.104
2.114
2.082
2.166
2.206
2.212
2.180
2-.140
2-.180
2-.174
2 -.174
2
3.044
.010
.022
.014
-.047
2.073
.009
-.011
2.130
2.113
2.163
2.111
2.162
2.138
2.240
.041
3 -.058
-.044
3-.136
.124
2 .O8 O
-.004
.012
.016
.001
.020
3.054
.030
-.027
.017
.073
-.022
.050
2.108
2.094
2.104
2.031
2.115
2.102
2.121
.025
-.013
-.014
-.030
.010
.021
-.011
2.036
2.032
2.082
3.007
.004
018
.016
.007
.006
3.063
.004
-.001
-.002
-.080
.023
2 .O88
2.115
2.060
.032
2.099
2.109
.015
.073
-.020
.012
.080
-.074
-.010
Change
T re n d ,
T re n d ,
1 9 6 7 -7 8
1 9 6 7 -7 2
(4 )
(5 )
2.018
2.018
2.032
.002
.017
.024
2 .O66
3 .023
.018
2.052
2.027
.007
-.027
3-.071
.015
.040
3-.030
3-.024
3-.096
.044
in t r e n d
a fte r 1972
(3 )
1Trends are fitted to the log of the average variances and percentage of zero earnings within
each experience-education category.
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T re n d ,
in t r e n d
Change
T re n d ,
c a te g o ry
P e r c e n t o f m e n w it h z e r o e a r n in g s
3
21.64 < t.
31.28 < t < 1.64.
in t r e n d
a fte r 19 7 2
(9 )
(6 )
y
A
training investment decisions of persons born during the
baby boom. Increasing inequality of human capital in
vestment among members of recent cohorts may have
led to increased earnings inequality, especially during
the early years of the life cycle. In an earlier study, we
provided both theoretical and empirical support for this
hypothesis. Including a measure capturing baby boom
effects reduces the trend toward inequality but does not
eliminate it.15 A more satisfactory explanation for the
trend towards greater inequality, both within demo
graphic groups and within occupations (as shown by
Henle and Ryscavage), therefore, remains an important
topic for further research.
□
--------- FOOTNOTES--------1Peter Henle and Paul Ryscavage, “The distribution of earned in
come among men and women, 1958-77,” Monthly Labor Review,
April 1980, pp. 3-10.
2 Robert D. Plotnick, “Trends in Male Earnings Inequality,” South
ern Economic Journal, January 1982, pp. 724-32.
3See Finis Welch, “Effects of Cohort Size on Earnings: The Baby
Boom Babies’ Financial Bust,” Journal of Political Economy, October
1979, pp. S65-S97; and Richard Freeman, “The Effect of Demograph
ic Factors on Age-Earnings Profiles,” Journal o f Human Resources,
Summer 1979, pp. 289-318.
4 See Jacob Mincer, Schooling, Experience and Earnings (New York,
Columbia University Press, 1974).
3See Jacob Mincer, Schooling.
6The March work experience supplement is a retrospective survey
which asks respondents to describe their own labor force experience
and that of other household members for all of the previous calendar
year.
7 Finis Welch and William Gould used data from the 1940, 1950,
1960, and 1970 censuses and the Coleman-Rossi sample to estimate
labor force entry age for men conditional on observed age, education,
and birth cohort. These data were kindly provided to the authors by
Finis Welch. Current age minus estimated labor force entry age was
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
used to estimate labor force experience. See Finis Welch and William
Gould, “An Experience Imputation or an Imputation Experience,”
unpublished paper (Los Angeles, University of California, October
1976).
8The between-group variance in each year is simply the difference
between the total and the average within-group variance shown in ta
ble 1.
9See Henle and Ryscavage, “The distribution of earned income.”
10The time trends in table 1 are estimated by fitting a time trend
and a spline (which is a variable which takes on the values 1, 2 . . . n
in the n years following 1972, allowing the fitted time trend to kink in
1973) to the 12 yearly observations for each series. The dependent
variables are the logarithms of the averages shown in table 1.
An alternative procedure is to use observations on each category in
each year, yielding 1,960 observations for each regression. Because
these observations can be grouped exactly on the 12 yearly values of
the independent variables, this procedure is identical to estimating
equations using the time trend and spline as independent variables
and the average of the logs, rather than the log of the averages, as de
pendent variables. The trends based on this alternative procedure give
the same qualitative results.
" The 1973-78 trend can be obtained by adding the bottom rows.
12 For example, see Donald Parsons, “The Decline in Male Labor
Force Participation,” Journal of Political Economy, February 1980, pp.
117-34.
13The trends in table 2 are calculated as follows: The 1960 single
year-experience-education categories, which make up our basic data,
are aggregated into 192 categories made up of 16 experience-education
cells observed in each of 12 years. The single year-experience-educa
tion data are used to calculate weighted averages of the two variables
shown in table 2 (percentages of zero earners and within-group vari
ances) for each of the 16 categories for each year. Time trends are fit
ted to the log of these averages within each aggregated category.
Again, the alternative procedure of fitting trends to the averages of
the logs gives similar results.
14Entering the unemployment rate in the regression used to esti
mate the trend does not alter the basic conclusion. Time trends still
tend to be insignificant for all but the groups with the least education
and experience.
15 Martin Dooley and Peter Gottschalk, Earnings Inequality Among
Males in the U.S.: Trends and the Effect of Labor Force Growth, QSEP
Research Report No. 19 (Hamilton, Ont., McMaster University, Feb
ruary 1982).
45
M ajor Agreements
Expiring Next M onth
This list of collective bargaining agreements expiring in December is based on contracts on file in the
Bureau’s Office of Wages and Industrial Relations. The list includes agreements covering 1,000
workers or more.
E m p lo y e r a n d lo c a tio n
L a b o r o r g a n iz a tio n 1
In d u stry
N u m ber of
w orkers
2,000
1,400
1,800
American Millinery Manufacturers Association, Inc. (New York) .............
Associated Hospitals of The East Bay, Inc. (C a lifo rn ia )................................
AVX Corp., AVX Ceramics (M yrtle Beach, S . C .) ...........................................
A p p a r e l........................................
H o s p ita ls ......................................
Electrical p ro d u c ts .....................
H a tte r s .........................................................
American Nurses’ Association (Ind.) . .
Electrical Workers (IBEW) ...................
Hughes Aircraft Co. (C alifo rn ia)...........................................................................
Electrical p ro d u c ts .....................
Carpenters
................................................
13,000
International Telephone and Telegraph Corp., General Controls
Division (California)
Fabricated metal products
Electrical Workers (IBEW) ...................
1,000
Liggett and Myers Tobacco Co., Inc. (Durham, N .C . ) ...................................
T o b a c c o ........................................
1,000
Loews Theatres, Inc., Lorillard Division (Louisville, K y .) ..............................
T o b a c c o ........................................
Bakery, Confectionery and Tobacco
Workers
Bakery, Confectionery and Tobacco
Workers
M anufacturers’ Industrial Relations Association (I n te r s ta te )........................
Michigan Consolidated Gas Co. (Detroit and Ann Arbor, Mich.) .............
Primary m e t a l s ...........................
Utilities ........................................
Molders ......................................................
Service Employees ...................................
4,000
1,300
Occidental Chemical Co. (White Springs, F l a . ) ................................................
C hem icals......................................
Chemical W orkers ...................................
1,500
Pacific Gas and Electric Co., 2 agreements (California) ................................
Pacific G as and Electric Co. (California) ...........................................................
Utilities ........................................
Utilities ........................................
Electrical Workers (IBEW) ...................
M arine E n g in ee rs......................................
18,100
1,900
RCA Corp., National Agreement (I n te r s ta te )...................................................
Republic Airlines, Inc., 2 agreements (Interstate) ...........................................
Electrical p ro d u c ts ......................
Air tra n s p o rta tio n ......................
Electrical Workers (IBEW) ...................
Air Line P ilo ts ...........................................
13,000
7,400
Salt River Project Agricultural Improvement and Power District
(Phoenix, Ariz.)
Standard Plastic Products, Inc. (Plainfield, N . J . ) ..............................................
Utilities ........................................
Electrical Workers (IBEW) ...................
1,500
Miscellaneous manufacturing . .
Leather, Plastic and Novelty Workers .
1,100
Western Airlines, Inc. (I n te r s ta te ).........................................................................
Air tra n s p o rta tio n ......................
Air» Line P ilo ts ...........................................
2,300
Alaska Public Employees Association
(Ind.)
L a b o re rs ......................................................
National Education Association (Ind.)
National Education Association (Ind.)
5,850
. . .
1,500
G o v e r n m e n t a c tiv ity
Alaska: General Government E m p lo y e e s ...........................................................
M ultidepartments ......................
Labor Trades and Crafts U n i t .................................................................
Colorado: Denver School District 1; professional e m p lo y e e s ........................
Ohio: Dayton Board of Education; professional e m p lo y e e s ...........................
Central a d m in is tra tio n .............
E d u c a tio n ......................................
E d u c a tio n ......................................
' Affiliated with A F L -C IO except where noted as independent (Ind.)
46
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,400
4,300
2,000
Developments in
Industrial Relations
Legislated settlement ends rail strike
In late September, President Reagan signed into law
a legislated settlement (P.L. 97-262) to end a 4-day
strike by about 26,000 members of the Brotherhood of
Locomotive Engineers. The strike had curtailed rail
freight and passenger service across much of the coun
try. At issue in the dispute was the Locomotive Engi
neers’ right to strike should they fail to maintain their
traditional pay differential over other operating employ
ees represented by the United Transportation Union if
those employees negotiate “crew consist” agreements
providing additional compensation in return for a re
duction in crew size. The Locomotive Engineers have
had such a strike provision in their contracts since
1975.
The legislated settlement preempted this right and
implemented other recommendations of an emergency
board established by the President in July. Under provi
sions of the Railway Labor Act, the President can es
tablish such a board if negotiations and mediation reach
an impasse, at which time a 60-day “cooling-off period”
begins. In mid-August, the board recommended that
the union accept the national railroad wage-and-benefit
pattern and that the union be allowed to negotiate
changes in engineer compensation when there is a
“change in the compensation relationship as a result of
a crew consist agreement between a given carrier and
the United Transportation Union.” However, the board
also said that during the life of the agreement the Loco
motive Engineers should only negotiate “within the
peaceful procedures of the Railway Labor Act.”
When the “cooling-off period” (which had been ex
tended 10 days) expired on September 19, the Locomo
tive Engineers walked off their jobs. This prompted
President Reagan to ask the Congress to pass emergen
cy legislation conforming to the emergency board’s rec
ommendations to end the strike. The Congress passed
the measure on September 22.
“Developments in Industrial Relations” is prepared by George Ruben
and other members of the staff of the Division of Developments in
Labor-Management Relations, Bureau of Labor Statistics, and is
largely based on information from secondary sources.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In signing the legislation, the President noted that
“vital national interests” had been at stake and that a
prolonged strike could have idled “nearly a million
Americans” — primarily in the rail, auto, steel, and min
ing industries, and also have an adverse effect on the
agricultural products industry. The mandated settle
ment provided the same general wage-and-benefit terms
as those already negotiated in the railroad industry by
11 other unions, some of which had settled as early as
November 1981. (See Monthly Labor Review, January
1982, p. 24.) Members of the United Transportation
Union were voting on a pattern agreement negotiated in
September.
Pre-bargaining talks end at aluminum companies
Discussions between three major aluminum companies
and the United Steelworkers did not result in labor cost
concessions the companies had sought. However, a
union official said that the talks had “cleared the air on
a number of issues” in preparation for the 1983
bargaining. The union’s existing 3-year contracts with
the Aluminum Co. of America, Reynolds Metals Co.,
and Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corp. expire May
31, 1983. In recent years, the Steelworkers’ settlement
with these companies has set a pattern for workers it
represents at other aluminum companies, as well as for
the Aluminum, Brick and Glass Workers union, which
represents 20,000 employees of Alcoa, Reynolds, and
other companies. Overall, the Steelworkers represents
25,000 employees in the industry.
The Steelworkers apparently ended talks because the
Aluminum Workers rejected any negotiation with the
industry, which meant that any concessions by the
Steelworkers would end compensation parity in the in
dustry. At the time the talks were terminated, the three
companies were operating at less than 50 percent of ca
pacity and, reportedly, their output was selling below
the cost of production.
Steel industry update
There was renewed hope in the steel industry that the
Steelworkers and the eight Coordinating Committee
47
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW November 1982 • Developments in Industrial Relations
Steel Companies could reach a pattern-setting accom
modation on cuts in labor costs, despite the union’s ear
lier rejection of an employer proposal. (See Monthly
Labor Review, August 1982, p 56.) Steelworkers Presi
dent Lloyd McBride indicated the union was willing to
consider a reopening of discussions with the companies,
which were operating at less than 40 percent of capaci
ty, with some 120,000 workers on layoff.
Despite the uncertain outlook for an early settlement
with the eight companies, other individual com
panies were able to reach wage concession agreements
with the Steelworkers:
• Employees of Phoenix Steel Corp.’s Claymont, Del.,
plant agreed to an immediate $1.25 an hour wage
cut, to be followed by a 25-cent cut in January 1983.
Both reductions will continue to the August 1983 ter
mination of the current 3-year contract. Workers at
the company’s Phoenixville, Pa., plant rejected a sim
ilar proposal, but negotiations were continuing. Half
of the 1,800 workers at the two specialty steel plants
were on furlough.
• In Illinois, 1,300 workers at Northwestern Steel &
Wire Co.’s wire and rod mill agreed to reductions in
pay and holidays amounting to as much as $3 an
hour, according to the company. Company President
Peter Dillion declined to estimate the total savings to
the company but said the operation had lost money
for the last 3 years. The settlement was impelled by
the company’s July 20 announcement that it would
close the mill in 90 days if the workers did not agree
to cuts in compensation.
• Colt Industries Inc. again announced plans to close
its Crucible Stainless & Alloy Division mill in Mid
land, Pa., by yearend. However, Colt did indicate
that the plant was still for sale; earlier purchase nego
tiations with Cyclops Corp. were not successful. The
company currently has 275 employees, compared
with a peak of 5,500 in 1980.
• In West Virginia, the 11,000 employees of National
Steel Corp.’s Weirton Steel Division retained Lazard
Freres & Co. to help in their efforts to purchase the
operation. The investment banking firm will assist in
forming a stock ownership plan, negotiating a pur
chase price, getting financing, and evaluating Weirton’s assets.
• Republic Steel Corp. announced a 7- to 10-percent
pay cut for 5,800 nonunion salaried employees. Earli
er this year, Republic had frozen cost-of-living salary
increases and merit pay increases for salaried employ
ees and had reduced their numbers by 1,400.
Company besieged by claims, files bankruptcy
In action that may have widespread implications for
other asbestos producers and processors— and for com
48
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
panies in other industries— Manville Corp. filed for
bankruptcy, asserting that its assets were insufficient to
meet the projected costs of thousands of lawsuits filed
by workers claiming physical disabilities resulting from
exposure to asbestos. John H. McKinney, Manville’s
chairman and president, explained that “our businesses
are in good shape despite this recession . . . [but] we are
completely overwhelmed by the cost of the asbestos
health lawsuits filed against us.” At the time, there were
16,500 claims pending against Manville, with 500 being
added each month.
Manville apparently decided to seek protection under
Chapter 11 of the Federal Bankruptcy Act of 1978 after
a study by Epidemiology Resources, Inc., indicated that
Manville faced a potential total of 52,000 suits at a pos
sible cost of $2 billion, nearly twice the company’s cur
rent $1.1 billion net worth. Officials said this was the
“low projection” ; the “high projection” was for 120,000
suits at a liability of more than $5 billion.
In recent years, Manville and other asbestos produ
cers and users have been hit by medical claims and have
been asking the Federal Government to assume a major
share of the cost because many of the workers incurred
cancer or asbestosis from exposure to asbestos during
wartime service in shipyards. Dave Pullen of the Asbes
tos Compensation Coalition (nine firms that either man
ufacture asbestos or did so in the past) maintains that
the Government has a degree of responsibility because
it “acted just like any other manufacturer. They bought
and sold asbestos fiber, they purchased machinery to
give to asbestos manufacturers, they specified the prod
ucts and controlled the workplace where most of those
workers were exposed.”
Initial indications were that this position was not fa
vored by the Congress. Senator Robert Dole, chairman
of the Subcommittee on the Courts, criticized
Manville’s decision to file under the bankruptcy act,
saying “this procedure is dubious, and unusual at best.
America’s bankruptcy system can ill afford the addi
tional strains to be placed upon it by those who would
use its protection for shelter against personal or corpo
rate attacks where other remedies, both legal and con
gressional, would seem to be more appropriate.”
Attorneys for many of the claimants also reacted
bitterly to Manville’s action, calling it improper because
the company was viable despite a $19.9 million loss
during the second quarter of the year.
Actually, Manville was not the first asbestos compa
ny to file under Chapter 11. A month earlier, u n r , a
Chicago company, had sought protection under the
chapter, which suspends creditor claims while the com
pany attempts to reorganize and improve its financial
condition.
There were no immediate indications of how other as
bestos companies would handle their claims. At the
time of the Manville action, 260 other asbestos compa
nies faced a total of 13,500 claims.
Texaco settles, 7-month strike ends
The round of bargaining in petroleum refining was fi
nally concluded when Texaco, Inc., and the Oil, Chemi
cal and Atomic Workers agreed on a contract that
ended a 7-month strike at the company’s Port Arthur,
Tex., refinery. The major issue in the dispute arose in
1976, when Texaco began reducing the optional lump
sum payment retiring workers may elect instead of the
usual monthly benefits. The company claimed the re
duction was justified because rising interest rates would
have enabled workers investing their lump sum to ex
ceed the total value of monthly benefits drawn by other
retirees. The dispute accelerated in 1981, when the
union initiated and won a Federal District Court case
concerning Texaco’s action. At the time of the accord,
the court was considering Texaco’s appeal.
The parties agreed to an out-of-court settlement of
the legal dispute. The accord provides for the reduction
of lump-sum benefits to apply to future retirees. Howev
er, the 542 workers who retired and elected lump-sum
payments between February 1976 and January 1982
will share $3 million provided by Texaco. In addition,
future retirees will be credited with up to 5 years of ser
vice time lost because of strikes or union duties. Future
retirees also can get credit for other time lost by paying
an amount equal to 4 percent of base pay for the period
lost.
The 3V2 year agreement also called for wage increases
of 9 percent, effective immediately, and 90 cents an
hour, effective June 15, 1983. (This matches increases
provided by 2-year agreements the union had negotiated
with other refineries earlier in the year.) In 1984 and
1985, Texaco workers will receive the same wage in
creases as those resulting from the 1984 bargaining at
the other companies.
In an effort to reduce its work force, Texaco agreed
to pay employees who quit before they are eligible to
retire $4,000 plus 1 week of pay for each year of ser
vice. Texaco said it was necessary to reduce the refin
ery’s hourly work force by 1,000 persons because of a
worldwide glut of petroleum products.
Texaco kept the Port Arthur refinery in operation
during the strike, using nonunion technical and manage
ment employees.
Glass workers trade wages for job security
More than 5,000 glass workers were covered by a set
tlement between Libby-Owens-Ford Co. and the Glass
and Ceramic Workers that a company official said “pro
vides greater job security . . . in return for reducing fu
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ture wage costs.” At the time of the settlement, 2,000
hourly employees were on layoff attributed to the de
pressed condition of the housing and automobile indus
tries.
The new contract, which supersedes the balance of a
3^year contract scheduled to expire in October 1983,
runs to October 1985. Under the agreement:
• The union gave up 19-cent-an-hour wage increases
scheduled for October of 1982 and 1983, but there
will be a 19-cent increase in October 1984.
• The provision for automatic quarterly cost-of-living
pay adjustments was suspended, subject to activation
if the BLS Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage
Earners and Clerical Workers (1967=100) rises more
than 33.6 points. Part of the suspended adjustment
will be recovered by the employees if parts shipped to
the automobile industry reach specified levels.
• Provisions for October 1982 pension and insurance
improvements were retained.
• Libby-Owens-Ford agreed to establish a $800,000
fund to pay health insurance premiums for laid-off
workers, retirement incentives, or as lump-sum pay
ments to active employees. Each local union will de
cide how to use its share of the fund.
• Libby-Owens-Ford agreed not to expand glassmaking
or auto glass fabricating furnaces at plants where
workers are not represented by the union.
• The parties agreed to reopen negotiation in October
1984 if hours worked by members of the bargaining
unit drop below a specified level.
The contract covered operations in Toledo, Ohio, Ot
tawa, 111., Charleston, W.Va., and Lathrop, Calif.
Newspapers begin cost-reducing measures
More than a year of uncertainty over the fate of the
financially troubled New York Daily News was ended
when the last of the newspaper’s 11 unions agreed to a
package of cost-reduction measures. Details of the pack
age varied among unions, but the overall objective was
to reduce labor costs by $50 million a year, the mini
mum cut the paper said was necessary for continued
operation. The reduction was to be attained by elimi
nating the equivalent of 1,340 full-time employees from
the work force. To help do this, the newspaper set up a
$50 million fund to finance one-time “buy-out” pay
ments for full-time employees who elect to leave. The
Daily News also agreed to spend $44 million to upgrade
its printing plant in Brooklyn and establish two subur
ban plants.
The accord called for (1) a 3-year extension of the
current labor contracts, which had been scheduled to
expire in March 1984, (2) weekly wage increases of $38,
49
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW November 1982 • Developments in Industrial Relations
$35, and $37 in March of 1984, 1985, and 1986, (3) a
cost-of-living wage adjustment clause that could result
in additional increases, and (4) a possible reopening of
bargaining if the paper attains a profit that exceeds
6-percent of net worth.
The unions had agreed to reopen their current 3-year
agreements (which were not scheduled to expire until
March 1984) in response to a request by the parent Tri
bune Co. of Chicago, which cited a 1981 operating loss
of $13 million and an expected 1982 loss of $30 million.
The effort to save the morning tabloid came after the
Tribune Co. had failed to sell the paper, which has a
circulation of 1.5 million on weekdays and 2.2 million
on Sundays.
Elsewhere in the industry, the Minneapolis Star and
Tribune Co. announced that it will allow 825 nonunion
employees to take up to 30 days off without pay, with
an option to take more. A company official said the
program will reduce payroll costs and give employees
more leisure time, and that a similar program will be
discussed with union-represented workers if they
expressed an interest. The Minneapolis Star and the
Minneapolis Tribune merged in April in an effort to re
duce payroll and distribution costs.
Iron Workers pay frozen for 1 year
In Arizona, members of Iron Workers Local 75 ap
proved a 1-year contract that freezes their pay rate at
$16.25 an hour for 1 year but does provide for a
20-cent-an-hour increase in employer financing of bene
fits. The agreement was negotiated with the Arizona
Steel Field Erectors Association. Harry Steel, business
manager of the local, explained, “We have a lot of un
employment and a lot of our people are moving out of
the State, so we thought it was best to hold the line un
til things get better.” Currently, about 30 percent of the
local’s 1,500 members are unemployed.
Delta nonunion workers get pay increases
Delta Airlines granted its 33,000 nonunion employees
general and merit pay increases totaling up to 8 per
cent, along with improvements in benefits. (The changes
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
did not apply to Delta’s 4,000 pilots, who are covered
by a contract that calls for periodic improvements in
pay and benefits.) Delta suffered an operating loss for
the quarter ending March 31, 1982— its first quarterly
loss in 25 years— but rebounded and showed a net pro
fit of $20.8 million for the fiscal year that ended June
30.
Teamsters’ pension fund monitoring extended
A quarter century of controversy concerning the
Teamsters’ Central States Pension Fund was eased
when fund trustees and the Department of Labor en
tered into a consent decree that will extend Federal
monitoring and independent management of the fund’s
assets for at least 10 years. The decree opened the pos
sibility of settling several Federal suits involving the
fund. In the most important suit, filed in 1978, the
Government accused Teamsters’ President Roy L. Wil
liams and 18 other former trustees of “gross misman
agement” of millions of dollars of fund assets. The
trustees had resigned a year earlier, under pressure from
the Department of Labor and the Internal Revenue Ser
vices.
Secretary of Labor, Raymond J. Donovan, said the
decree contains “virtually all of the safeguards that the
Government has been seeking . . . [to] assure that the
assets of the Teamsters’ pension fund are protected and
managed prudently and professionally.
The decree contains provisions to (1) require the fund
to use an independent assets manager (as before, the
manager is permitted to consult with the trustees, but
trustees cannot veto the manager’s investment deci
sions); (2) permit the trustees to fire the investment
manager and hire a replacement, subject to approval by
the court; (3) create an independent special counsel, to
be selected by the court, to monitor operation of the
fund and periodically report the results to the court; (4)
remove fund trustees and employees convicted of cer
tain “relevant” crimes, such as fraud or embezzlement;
and (5) continue the court’s jurisdiction over the fund
for 10 years, for an additional 5 years if the Department
of Labor insists, and beyond that “for good cause
shown.”
□
Book Reviews
Holy macro! Inflation’s not that simple
Commodity Prices and the New Inflation. By Barry P.
Bosworth and Robert Z. Lawrence. Washington,
The Brookings Institution, 1982. 215 pp. $24.95,
cloth; $9.95, paper.
The traditional division of economic theory in college
textbooks between microeconomics (dealing with such
topics as the theory of the firm, market structures, and
price determination) and macroeconomics (dealing with
such topics as business cycles, inflation, and unemploy
ment), while a useful pedagogical tool in many respects,
may also tend to obscure some crucial connections in
the real world. It is particularly important to realize
that the effectiveness of macroeconomic policy alterna
tives such as anti-inflation remedies may be highly de
pendent on the microeconomic forms of market
structure and industrial organization prevailing within
the economy.
This point is central to the analysis presented by Bar
ry Bosworth and Robert Lawrence in their new book,
Commodity Prices and the New Inflation. They contend
that we cannot rely on macroeconomic measures alone
to contain inflation without sacrificing real output and
employment because the American economy is a thor
ough mixture of “auction markets,” where prices are
largely determined by competitive forces, and “custom
er” or “fixed-price” markets, where prices are set in at
least a partially monopolistic environment.
This distinction between “perfect” and “imperfect”
competition has been a staple of microeconomic theory
for almost half a century. The implications of this dis
tinction for macroeconomic stabilization policies have
seldom been well appreciated, however. Bosworth and
Lawrence observe that, on one hand, if the economy
were dominated by markets fitting into the competitive
model, then “fiscal and monetary policies would be an
adequate basis for controlling inflation.” If, on the oth
er hand, “all prices and wages reflected the outcome of
a bilateral monopoly or fixed-price model,” then some
variation of incomes policies might be effective. “ But
since the actual economy is a mixture of market struc
tures,” the authors conclude, “either of these policies
will be frustrated when used alone.” Given these cir
cumstances, the authors summarize the basis for their
emphasis on control of supplies of primary agricultural
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
and energy commodities as a critical element in any
comprehensive anti-inflation program:
Any attempt to stabilize the overall price level by induc
ing a price change in the inflexible sector to offset changes
in the sensitive sector might prove far more costly than sta
bilizing the price in the sensitive sector itself. Indeed, it is
the extreme sensitivity of commodity prices to changes in
demand and supply that suggests that control over supplies
in these markets is likely to be more efficient than control
over the aggregate money supply. This does not mean that
monetary policy should be abandoned as a weapon against
all types of inflation but rather that it should be supple
mented in the case of commodity price changes. In fact,
macroeconomic policy is of great importance to primary
commodity markets, which need a stable environment to
function efficiently.
Bosworth and Lawrence focus on the pivotal role
played by primary commodity prices in the wide fluc
tuations in the level of inflation during the 1970’s, not
only in our own country, but in Western Europe and
Japan as well. They concentrate on the determinants of
agricultural and energy prices; while prices for many
other raw commodities were also quite volatile during
the past decade, the authors cite evidence to demon
strate that “their impact on the average price level was
small because the value of their use is small as a share
of total GNP.” In this country, consumption of these
other raw materials amounts to less than 4 percent of
the gross national product.
One of the more intriguing aspects of the authors’
analysis of farm price movements since 1970 is their ex
planation of how a mere 3 or 4 percent drop from the
trend of world production of cereals (that is, grains and
rice) in 1972-73 led to a doubling in these prices.
Bosworth and Lawrence give relatively little weight to
several popular explanations, such as the long-term rise
in world demand for livestock products and hence cere
als. They fix a large share of responsibility instead on
short-sighted government policies here and abroad. For
example, the American government had decided by the
early 1970’s to let our domestic grain reserves drain to
appease both farmers worried about the reserve’s de
pressing impact on grain prices and consumers
complaining about the reserve’s costs. At the same
time, many foreign governments had chosen to insulate
their populations from sudden shifts in world farm
prices by controlling retail food price movements, there51
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW November 1982 • Book Reviews
by failing to restrain demand in times of shortage.
Thus, when the Soviet Union unexpectedly emerged as
a major grain purchaser at a time when our reserves
were already down and world demand was still high,
American consumers were forced to bear the brunt of
the inevitable adjustment process through both sky
rocketing prices and reduced food consumption. More
suitable government policies could have spread the bur
den more evenly and would not have led to such an infla
tionary outcome.
The shifting balance of power between the oil-produc
ing companies controlled from the industrial West and
the oil-producing countries of the Third World receives
considerable attention from the authors. They remind
us with painful clarity that few in the West realized the
potential strength of the Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries (opec) until the 1973 oil embargo,
even though in retrospect the signs of OPEC’s growing
power were obvious long before. They demonstrate that
the two major oil crises of the 1970’s “were not marked
by big declines in supply but rather by panicky invento
ry hoarding in response to expected shortfalls.” Policies
to influence consumer psychology are therefore an inte
gral part of any strategy to help prevent or alleviate re
currences of steep runups in oil product prices.
The authors realize that choosing and implementing
the right mix of policies targeted at constraining com
modity prices in international markets will not be easy.
In general, Bosworth and Lawrence support a series of
sophisticated commodity reserve policies that might re
quire more coordination between nations than has hith
erto been attainable. The authors explain quite
convincingly why they reject traditional multinational
reserve and commodity stabilization agreements, which
they view as “inherently unstable” for political as well
as economic reasons. Bosworth and Lawrence see more
hope, for example, in a network of bilateral agreements
on grain reserves that would allow contracting countries
to take care of each other’s grain import or export
needs within predetermined price ranges, leaving
countries outside the network to adjust to any major
supply disruptions or gluts in the “residual market.”
These and other targeted microeconomic policy recom
mendations may prove to be the most controversial part
of the book, even for those of us who agree that macroeconomic stabilization policies by themselves are inade
quate.
Commodity Prices and the New Inflation is an
exceptionally well written and cogently argued book
that makes a valuable contribution to understanding
how the contemporary economy works— or, more
pointedly, why it hasn’t worked so well in recent years.
Bosworth and Lawrence’s synthesis of macro- and mi
croeconomic theories is quite successful, I believe, as is
their analysis of the mistakes that have plagued public
52
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
policies so often. Their advice for solving the problems
confronting us, however, is still very much open for de
bate. They freely draw upon a wealth of empirical stud
ies conducted by other economists without burdening
the book with esoteric mathematical exercises. This is a
work for any economically literate person interested in
pondering the dilemmas of stagflation.
— Craig H owell
Office of Prices and Living Conditions
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Turning point in current thinking
The Crisis in Economic Theory. Edited by Daniel Bell
and Irving Kristol. New York, Basic Books, Inc.,
Publishers, 1981. 226 pp. $15.50, cloth; $6, paper.
This book comprises a series of essays originally
published in the 50th anniversary issue of The Public
Interest magazine. The essays run the gamut of contem
porary economic theory— from the rational expecta
tions theorists and monetarists to the Post-Keynesians
and Marxists. The common theme integrating the dif
ferent perspectives is the belief that the synthesis of
Keynesian and neoclassical economics, which provided
a basic rationale for economic policy in the generation
after World War II, has become irrelevant, if not mis
leading. This theory became outmoded in the 1970’s as
simultaneous inflation, recession, and unemployment
came to characterize capitalist economies.
In the “golden age” of the neoclassical synthesis, 1947
to 1973, democratic capitalist nations generally accept
ed the Keynesian thesis that the central government’s
budget through its taxing and spending programs could
serve as an economic balance and stabilize economies at
high employment levels. The advent of annual national
income accounting, computerized econometric models,
and the availability of reliable and current unemploy
ment data from the Current Population Survey ap
peared to provide a basis for utilizing Keynesian
theories as operational tools in planning for economic
growth.
The Employment Act of 1946 and the establishment
of the Council of Economic Advisers represented official
recognition that the thrust, if not the specific details, of
the Keynesian theory, had become an important foun
dation of government policy. The Keynesian system was
supplemented by the widespread acceptance of the Phil
lips curve analysis suggesting that governments could
choose among unemployment rate goals depending on
the rate of inflation they were prepared to accept.
The strength of the neoclassical synthesis was its inte
gration of a role for government in determining the
overall level of economic activity with the maintenance
of a predominant role for competition and market pres
sures in individual sectors of the economy. The primary
flaw with the theory in the 1970’s was the contradictory
policy options it implied. To reduce inflation, the
Keynesian diagnosis pointed to the need for a surplus
in the Federal budget to drain off purchasing power
from the economy. To counter rising unemployment,
the theory recommended that the government operate
at a deficit to stimulate the demand for goods and la
bor. Because it was impossible for government to run
both a surplus and a deficit at the same time, the net ef
fect of this analysis in matters of public policy was pa
ralysis— a paralysis punctuated by periodic attempts to
stimulate or restrain the economy. These attempts were
quicky abandoned for their alternatives. The disen
chantment with Keynesian policies was intensified as in
flation moved many Americans into higher tax brackets
unaccompanied by comparable increases in purchasing
power.
The essays in The Crisis in Economic Theory present
a variety of theoretical formulations that might provide
alternatives to the neoclassical synthesis as a basis for
policy. To some, as in Mark Willes’ exposition of ration
al expectations theory, the critical variable in economics
consists of the expectations of individuals attempting to
adapt to a highly uncertain future. Because no one
knows in advance what will happen to the economy
when government policy changes, there is a need for re
ducing uncertainties created by government policy by
minimizing the government’s economic role. Appropri
ately, Willes regards the rational expectations theory as
constituting a “counterrevolution” in economics. Israel
Kirzner’s well-reasoned essay on the Austrian perspec
tive in economics recommends a return to economists’
earlier focus on the entrepreneur as the strategic factor
in explaining the dynamics of the economy. Irving
Kristol contends that current economic theory has re
treated into a mode of overrefinement that obscures the
critical substratum of truth in the classical and neoclas
sical emphasis on the importance of individual self-in
terest in promoting economic growth. The common
thread in these essays is the absence of a role for gov
ernment as an economic balance and a penchant for
abandoning the Keynesian element in the neoclassical
synthesis.
At the other end of the spectrum, the Neo-Key
nesians, illustrated by Paul Davidson’s essay, seek to
provide the theoretical underpinning for a more active
government role in the economy. The Neo-Keynesians
appear to represent more of a tendency than a formal
ized theory, a tendency that would replace the neoclas
sical synthesis with a synethesis of the Keynesian
emphasis on the government’s role in stabilizing the
economy with more activist government policies in con
trolling industry and lessening economic inequalities. A
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Marxist perspective, represented by Edward Nell’s es
say, contends that the Marxian theory of value and
capital provides a valid framework for assessing the so
cioeconomic changes that have produced the present
economic drift and for anticipating future directions. A
common denominator of the critics represented in the
volume is their vision of the economy as one dominated
by giant firms possessing market power rather than by
the competitive pressures assumed in the neoclassical
theory.
Crisis in Economic Theory underscores the uneasy
union that has typically existed between economic theo
ry and labor economics. This union is likely to become
more insecure if the Keynesian component in the neo
classical synthesis loses its significance for policy. The
conventional neoclassical theory focuses on labor as a
cost of production, and the theory tends to view labor
organizations as semimonopolistic restraints in the labor
market. Economists concerned with labor issues have
tended to stress the importance of bargaining, group be
havior, and social factors concerned with livelihood.
Keynesian economics built in a positive role for labor
organizations because of it emphasis on wages as in
come and purchasing power as well as costs. Union ef
forts to raise wages, therefore, could frequently be justi
fied as benefiting society as well as union members
because they helped to maintain high levels of effective
demand. The differences in approach are also illustrated
by the controversies over maintaining or increasing the
statutory minimum wage. The minimum wage stan
dards that protect livelihood and purchasing power in
the view of most Keynesian-oriented labor economists
are regarded in the neoclassical tradition as the cause
for much of the recent severe unemployment among
young people, especially young blacks.
In his essay on “Models and Reality in Economic
Discourse,” Daniel Bell cogently relates theoretical is
sues in economics to the substantive changes that have
characterized the larger society. According to Bell, the
contemporary economic models are losing their rele
vance in explaining reality, because the economies to
which they refer have been transformed by technologi
cal advances, market power, and expansion of the Gov
ernment’s role in the economy. In democratic capitalist
societies in which governments account for between 20
and 60 percent of all economic transactions, economic
theories based on the behavior of atomistic individuals
who are assumed to be maximizing their preferences
provide limited insight. Economic choices take on a po
litical dimension as they increasingly become influenced
by the government’s collective decisionmaking as in de
fense outlays, or by the efforts of organized groups
made up of farmers, businessmen, wage earners, or
older persons to seek the government’s aid in protecting
their economic status. Bell’s critique raises anew the
53
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW November 1982 • Book Reviews
question presented 75 years ago by that acerbic and in
sightful critic of orthodox economic theory, Thorstein
Veblen. Veblen asked, “Why is Economics Not an Evo
lutionary Science?” The absence of a significant re
sponse to Veblen’s question helps to explain much of
the predicament faced by economic theory in the 1970’s
and early 1980’s.
— L e o n a r d A. L ech t
Economic Consultant
Publications received
Agriculture and natural resources
Heien, Dale M., “The Structure of Food Demand: Interrelat
edness and Duality,” A m e r ic a n J o u r n a l o f A g ric u ltu ra l
E co n o m ics, May 1982, pp. 213-21.
Schaefer, Donald and Mark Schmitz, “Efficiency in Antebel
lum Southern Agriculture: A Covariance Approach,”
S o u th ern E c o n o m ic J o u rn a l, July 1982, pp. 88-98.
Economic growth and development
Adams, John, “The New American Economic Revolution:
Down Capital and Growth, Up Technology and Institu
tions,” J o u r n a l o f E c o n o m ic Issu es, June 1982, pp. 621—
28.
Baldassare, Mark and William Protash, “Growth Controls,
Population Growth, and Community Satisfaction,” A m e r
ican S o c io lo g ic a l R eview , June 1982, pp. 339-46.
Dillard, Dudley, “Rewriting the Principles of Economics,”
J o u r n a l o f E c o n o m ic Issu es, June 1982, pp. 577-85.
Lower, Milton D., “The Reindustrialization of America,”
J o u r n a l o f E c o n o m ic Issu es, June 1982, pp. 629-36.
Troub, Roger M., “A General Theory of Planning: The Evo
lution of Planning and the Planning of Evolution,” J o u r
n a l o f E c o n o m ic Issu es, June 1982, pp. 381-90.
Economic and social statistics
Clark, Kim B., and Lawrence H. Summers, U n e m p lo y m e n t
In su ra n c e a n d L a b o r F orce T ran sition s. Cambridge,
Mass., National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.,
1982, 70 pp. ( n b e r Working Paper Series, 920.) $1.50.
Ferguson, Brian S., “A Simulation Study of the Effects of an
Aging Population in the Consumer-Loan Model,” S o u th
ern E c o n o m ic J o u rn a l, July 1982, pp. 45-61.
Fisher, Brian S., “Rational Expectations in Agricultural Eco
nomics Research and Policy Analysis,” A m e r ic a n J o u rn a l
o f A g r ic u ltu r a l E co n om ics, May 1982, pp. 260-65.
Gibson, Robert M. and Daniel R. Waldo, “National Health
Expenditures, 1981,” H e a lth C a re F in a n cin g R eview , Sep
tember 1982, pp. 1-35.
Johnson, Kenneth M., “Rural Retailing Reborn,” A m eric a n
D e m o g ra p h ics, September 1982, beginning on p. 22.
Loftin, Colin and David McDowall, “The Police, Crime, and
Economic Theory: An Assessment,” A m e r ic a n S ocio lo g i
c a l R eview , June 1982, pp. 393-401.
54
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Perryman, M. Ray, “Institutionalism and Econometrics: *..
ward a Meaningful Synthesis,” J o u rn a l o f E co n o m ic
Issues, June 1982, pp. 563-75.
Robey, Bryant, “A Guide to the Baby Boom,” A m eric a n D e
m ograph ics, September 1982, pp. 16-21.
Health and safety
Ashby, John L., Jr., “An Analysis of Hospital Costs by Cost
Center, 1971 Through 1978,” H e a lth C are F in an cin g R e
view, September 1982, pp. 37-53.
Glendon, A. Ian and Richard T. Booth, “Worker Participa
tion in Occupational Health and Safety in Britain,”
I n te rn a tio n a l L a b o u r R eview , July-August 1982, pp. 399416.
Morgenstern, Felice, “Some Reflections on Legal Liability as
a Factor in the Promotion of Occupational Safety and
Health,” In te rn a tio n a l L a b o u r R eview , July-August 1982,
pp. 387-98.
Industrial Relations
Donovan, Ronald and Marsha J. Orr, S u b c o n tra c tin g in the
P u b lic S ector: T he N e w Y ork S ta te E x p erien ce. Ithaca,
N.Y., Cornell University, New York State School of In
dustrial and Labor Relations, 1982, 38 pp. (Institute of
Public Employment Monograph, 10.) $4.95, paper.
“Expediting the Labor Arbitration Process: A Small County’s
Approach to Rights Arbitration,” by William B. McLeod
and Ron McGee; “A Look at Methods, Procedures, and
Systems,” by William F. Dolson, C a lifo rn ia P u b lic E m
p lo y e e R e la tio n s, March 1982, pp. 7-19.
Freeman, Richard B., P u b lic P o lic y a n d E m p lo y m e n t D isc rim i
n ation in th e U.S. Cambridge, Mass., National Bureau of
Economic Research, Inc., 1982, 33 pp. ( n b e r Working
Paper Series, 928.) $1.50.
Princeton University, O u ts ta n d in g B o o k s in I n d u s tr ia l R e la
tio n s & L a b o r E con om ics, 1981. Princeton, N.J., Princeton
University, Industrial Relations Section, March 1982, 4
pp. (Selected References, 211.) 50 cents.
Sexton, Patricia Cayo, T he N e w N ig h tin gales: H o sp ita l W o rk
ers, Unions, N e w W o m en 's Issues. New York, Enquiry
Press, 1982, 219 pp., bibliography. $12.95, cloth; $7.95,
paper.
U.S. General Acounting Office, C on cern s R e g a rd in g I m p a c t o f
E m p lo y e e C h a rg es A g a in s t E m p lo y e rs f o r U n fa ir L a b o r
P ractices. Gaithersburg, Md., U.S. General Accounting
Office, Document Handling and Information Services Fa
cility, 1982, 44 pp. (gao / hrd -82-80.)
Industry and government organization
Atack, Jeremy, Fred Bateman, Thomas Weiss, “Risk, the
Rate of Return and the Pattern of Investment in Nine
teenth Century American Manufacturing,” S o u th ern E co
n o m ic Jou rn a l, July 1982, pp. 150-63.
Scott, Bruce R., “Can Industry Survive the Welfare State,”
H a r v a r d B u sin ess R e view , September-October 1982, pp.
70-84.
Wallace, Michael and Arne L. Kalleberg, “Industrial Trans
formation and the Decline of Craft: The Decomposition
of Skill in the Printing Industry, 1931-1978,” A m eric a n
S o cio lo g ica l R eview , June 1982, pp. 307-24.
Wijers, G. Hans, “Institutional Aspects of Industrial Policy,”
J o u r n a l o f E c o n o m ic Issu es, June 1982, pp. 587-96.
International economics
Bellante, Don, Stephen O. Morrell, Asghar Zardkoohi, “Un
anticipated Money Growth, Unemployment, Output and
the Price Level in the United Kingdom: 1946-1977,”
S o u th e rn E c o n o m ic Jou rn a l, July 1982, pp. 62-76.
Blandford, David and Richard N. Boisvert, “Employment Im
plications of Exporting Processed U.S. Agricultural Prod
ucts,” A m e r ic a n J o u r n a l o f A g r ic u ltu r a l E con om ics, May
1982, pp. 347-54.
Greenwood Press, 1982, 197 pp. (Contributions in Labor
History, 11.) $27.50.
Labor force
Cogan, John, “The Decline in Black Teenage Employment:
1950-79,” T he A m e ric a n E c o n o m ic R eview , September
1982, pp. 621-38.
Gottschalk, Peter T., “Employer-Initiated Job Terminations,”
S o u th ern E c o n o m ic Jou rn a l, July 1982, pp. 35-44.
Buss, Martin D. J., “Managing International Information Sys
tems,” H a r v a r d B u sin ess R eview , September-October
1982, pp. 153-62.
Hall, Robert E., “The Importance of Lifetime Jobs in the U.S.
Economy,” T he A m e r ic a n E c o n o m ic R eview , September
1982, pp. 716-24.
“Country Problems and Strategies— Germany: Public Sector
Trends; United States: The New Strategy,” T he OECD O b
server, July 1982, pp. 10-14.
Harrick, Edward J. and Paul E. Sultan, “Workforce of the
Future: The Problems and Opportunities of Maturity,”
P erson n el, July-August 1982, pp. 27-34.
Darby, Michael R., “The Price of Oil and World Inflation
and Recession,” T he A m e r ic a n E c o n o m ic R eview , Septem
ber 1982, pp. 738-51.
Levitan, Sar A. and Clifford M. Johnson, S e c o n d T h o u g h ts on
W ork. Kalamazoo, Mich., W.E. Upjohn Institute for Em
ployment Research, 1982, 241 pp. $13.95, cloth; $9.95,
paper.
Desai, Padma, “Soviet Grain and Wheat Import Demands in
1981-85,” A m e r ic a n J o u r n a l o f A g ric u ltu ra l E con om ics,
May 1982, pp. 312-22.
National Urban League, 3 2 M illio n O ld e r A m erica n s: A H a n d
b o o k f o r E m p lo y e rs on th e T rends, Issues, L aw s, a n d S tr a t
egies P erta in in g to O ld e r W o rk er U tilization . Edited by
Dietz, James, “Puerto Rico in the 1970s and 1980s: Crisis of
the Development Model,” J o u r n a l o f E c o n o m ic Issues,
June 1982, pp. 497-506.
Shelly L. Moore. New York, National Urban League,
Inc., Seniors in Community Service Program, 1982, 26
pp. $2, paper.
Emerson, Robert D., “Trade in Products and International
Migration in Seasonal Labor Markets,” A m e ric a n J o u rn a l
o f A g r ic u ltu r a l E co n o m ics, May 1982, pp. 339-46.
Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development,
Grant, R. M., “Pricing Behavior in the U K Wholesale Market
for Petrol 1970-80: A ‘Structure-Conduct’ Analysis,” T he
J o u r n a l o f I n d u s tr ia l E con om ics, March 1982, pp. 271-92.
“Investment and Jobs: Highlights from O ECD Economic Out
look, July 1982,” T he OECD O bserver, July 1982, pp. 3-9.
Johnson, D. Gale, “International Trade and Agricultural La
bor Markets: Farm Policy as Quasi-Adjustment Policy,”
A m e r ic a n J o u r n a l o f A g r ic u ltu r a l E con om ics, May 1982,
pp. 355-61.
Komura, Chikara, “Money, Income, and Causality: The Japa
nese Case,” S o u th ern E c o n o m ic J o u rn al, July 1982, pp.
19-34.
Mellor, John W., “Third World Development: Food, Employ
ment, and Growth Interactions,” A m e r ic a n J o u r n a l o f
A g r ic u ltu r a l E co n o m ics, May 1982, pp. 304-11.
Stokes, Randall and David Jaffee, “Another Look at the Ex
port of Raw Materials and Economic Growth,” A m e r ic a n
S o c io lo g ic a l R eview , June 1982, pp. 402-11.
Tang, Anthony M., “China as a Factor in the World Food
Situation,” A m e r ic a n J o u r n a l o f A g r ic u ltu r a l E con om ics,
May 1982, pp. 323-31.
Willoughby, John A., “A Reconsideration of the Protection
ism Debate: Keynes and Import Controls,” J o u r n a l o f
E c o n o m ic Issu es, June 1982, pp. 555-61.
Labor and economic history
Eller, Ronald D., M in ers, M illh a n d s, a n d M o u n ta in e ers: In d u s
tria liza tio n o f th e A p p a la ch ia n S ou th , 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 0 . Knox
ville, The University of Tennessee Press, 1982, 272 pp.,
bibliography. $23.50, cloth; $12.50, paper.
Nash, Michael, C o n flict a n d A c c o m m o d a tio n : C o a l M iners,
S te e lw o rk e rs a n d S o cia lism , 1 8 9 0 -1 9 2 0 . Westport, Conn.,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T he C h a llen g e o f U n em p lo ym e n t: A R e p o r t to L a b o u r
M in isters. Paris, The Organization for Economic Co-Op
eration and Development, 1982, 165 pp. Available from
Publications and Information Center, Washington.
O ECD
The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc., W h ite C o lla r L a yo ffs
a n d C u tb a c k s: A b n a S p e c ia l R ep o rt. Washington, The
Bureau of National Affairs, Inc., Labor Special Projects
Unit, 1982, 26 pp. (dlr 157.) $10.
Topel, Robert H„ “Inventories, Layoffs, and the Short-Run
Demand for Labor,” T he A m eric a n E c o n o m ic R eview ,
September 1982, pp. 769-87.
Management and organization theory
Brief, Arthur P., “Undoing the Educational Process of the
Newly-Hired Professional,” P erso n n el A d m in is tra to r, Sep
tember 1982, pp. 55-58.
D ’Aprix, Roger, “The Oldest (and Best) Way to Communi
cate with Employees,” H a r v a r d B u sin ess R eview ,
September-October 1982, pp. 30-32.
Foltz, Roy, Kara Rosenberg, Julie Foehrenbach, “Senior
Management Views the Human Resource Function,” P er
so n n e l A d m in is tra to r, September 1982, pp. 37-51.
Garretson, Pamela and Kenneth S. Teel, “The Exit Interview:
Effective Tool or Meaningless Gesture?” P erson n el, JulyAugust 1982, pp. 70-77.
Juechter, W. Matthew, “The Pros and Cons of Participative
Management,” M a n a g e m e n t R eview , September 1982, pp.
4AA8.
King, Albert S., “A Programmatic Procedure for Evaluating
Personnel Policies,” P erso n n el A d m in is tra to r, September
1982, pp. 82-95.
Kizilos, Apostolos P., “A Socratic Dialogue on Participative
Management,” M a n a g e m e n t R eview , September 1982, pp.
49-55.
55
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW November 1982 • Book Reviews
Kopelman, Richard E„ Lyn Rosensweig, Laura H. Lally,
“Dual-Career Couples: The Organizational Response,”
P erso n n el A d m in is tra to r, September 1982, pp. 73-78.
Lovett, William A., “Inflation and Politics: Problems in Halt
ing Inflation,” J o u r n a l o f E c o n o m ic Issues, June 1982, pp.
609-19.
McKenna, Jack F. and Paul L. Oritt, “Job Dissatisfaction: A
Social Disease,” B u sin ess a n d S ociety, Winter-Spring
1981-82, pp. 32-39.
Wages and compensation
Ruggles, Ruby L., Jr., “How to Integrate R&D and Corpo
rate Goals,” M a n a g e m e n t R eview , September 1982, pp.
8-17.
Sailer, Heather R., John Schlacter, Mark R. Edwards, “Stress:
Causes, Consequences, and Coping Strategies,” P erson n el,
July-August 1982, pp. 35-48.
Sondak, Arthur, “How Good a Time-Killer Are You?” M a n
a g e m e n t R eview , September 1982, pp. 58-61.
Stephenson, Blair Y. and Stephen G. Franklin, “Human Re
source Accounting: Dollars and Sense for Management,”
B u sin ess a n d S o ciety, Winter-Spring, 1981-82, pp. 46-51.
Thorn, I. Marlene, Francis X. Fee, Jane O’Hara Carter, “Ca
reer Development: A Collaborative Approach,” M a n a g e
m e n t R eview , September 1982, beginning on p. 27.
Tinsley, Dillard B. and Jose Angel Rodriguez, “Mexican
American Employees— Stereotypes or Individuals?” B u si
ness a n d S o ciety, Winter-Spring 1981-82, pp. 40-45.
American Library Association, a l a S u rv e y o f L ib ra ria n S a la
ries. Prepared by Mary Jo Lynch, Margaret Myers,
Jeniece Guy. Chicago, 111., American Library Association,
Office for Research and Office for Library Personnel Re
sources, 1982, 108 pp. $40.
Broder, Josef, M. and Rod F. Ziemer, “Determinants of Agri
cultural Economics Faculty Salaries,” A m e r ic a n J o u rn a l
o f A g r ic u ltu r a l E con om ics, May 1982, pp. 301-03.
Newman, Robert J., “Dynamic Patterns in Regional Wage
Differentials,” S o u th ern E c o n o m ic Jou rn al, July 1982, pp.
246-54.
“The Impact of Minimum Wages on Youth Employment,”
T he OECD O bserver, July 1982, pp. 14—17.
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, I n d u s tr y W age S u rveys: M e n 's
a n d B o y's S h irts a n d N ig h tw ea r, M a y 1981. Prepared by
Carl Barsky. (Bulletin 2131, 58 pp., $5); C e rtifie d A ir
C arriers, S e p te m b e r 1980. Prepared by Harry B. Williams.
(Bulletin 2129, 33 pp., $4.50). Available from the Super
intendent of Documents, Washington 20402.
□
Whaley, George L., “The Impact of Robotics Technology
Upon Human Resource Management,” P erso n n el A d m in
istra to r, September 1982, beginning on p. 61.
Monetary and fiscal policy
Bechter, Dan M., “Budget Deficits and Supply Side Econom
ics: A Theoretical Discussion,” E c o n o m ic R e view , Federal
Reserve Bank of Kansas City, June 1982, pp. 14-27.
Branson, William H., and Willem H. Buiter, M o n e ta r y a n d
F isc a l P o lic y w ith F lex ib le E x c h a n g e R a tes. Cambridge,
Mass., National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.,
1982, 46 pp. ( n b e r Working Paper Series, 901.) $1.50.
Hetzel, Robert L., “The October 1979 Regime of Monetary
Control and the Behavior of the Money Supply in 1980,”
E c o n o m ic R eview , Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond,
July-August 1982, pp. 3-15.
Watkins, Thomas G., and Robert Craig West, “Bank Holding
Companies: Development and Regulation,” E c o n o m ic R e
view, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, June 1982,
pp. 3-13.
Webb, Roy H., “Interest Rates and Federal Deficits,” E c o
n o m ic R eview , Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, JulyAugust, 1982, pp. 16-22.
Prices and living conditions
Cox, Steven R., Allan C. DeSerpa, William C. Canby, Jr.,
“Consumer Information and the Pricing of Legal Serv
ices,” The J o u r n a l o f I n d u s tr ia l E con om ics, March 1982,
pp. 305-18.
Groenewegen, John R. and Kenneth C. Clayton, “Agricultur
al Price Supports and Cost of Production,” A m eric a n
J o u r n a l o f A g r ic u ltu r a l E co n o m ics, May 1982, pp. 27175.
Lee, Dwight R., “On the Pricing of Public Goods,” S o u th ern
E c o n o m ic J o u rn a l, July 1982, pp. 99-105.
56
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STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION
(Required by 39 U.S.C. 3685)
1. Title of Publication: Monthly Labor Review
Date of Filing: 10-19-82
3. Frequency of Issue: Monthly
4. Annual Subscription Price: $23
5. Location of Known Office of Publication: 441 G Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20212
6. Location of the Headquarters of General Business Offices of the Publishers: 441 G
Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20212
7. Names and Complete Addresses of Publisher, Editor, and Executive Editor: Publisher:
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 441 G Street, N.W., Washing
ton, D.C. 20212; Editor: Henry Lowenstern, same address; Executive Editor: Robert
Fisher,, same address
8. Owner: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 441 G Street, N.W.,
Washington, D.C. 20212
9. Known Bondholders, Mortgagees, and Other Security Holders Owning or Holding 1
Percent or More of Total Amount of Bonds, Mortgages or Other Securities: None
10. Extent and Nature of Circulation:
2.
A c tu a l N o . o f
A v e ra g e N o.
C o p ie s o f
C o p ie s E a c h
S in g le is s u e
I s s u e D u rin g
Total number copies printed (net press run) ...............
B. Paid circulation:
1. Sales through dealers and carriers, street vendors,
and counter sales ..................................
2. Mail subscriptions .....................................
C. Total paid circulation ..........................................
D. Free distribution by mail, carrier, or other means (samples,
complimentary, and other free copies) ...................
E. Total distribution (sum of C and D) .........................
F. Copies not distributed:
1. Office use, leftover, unaccounted, spoiled after
printing ...............................................
2. Returns from news agents ...........................
G. Total (sum of E, F1 and 2—should equal net press run
shown in A) ...................................................
A.
P u b lis h e d
P r e c e d in g
N e a re st To
1 2 M o n th s
F ilin g D a te
16,200
15,074
2,402
11,618
14,020
1,543
11,618
13,161
1,980
16,000
1,763
14,924
200
150
NA
NA
16,200
15,074
I certify that the statements made by me above are correct and complete.
(Signed) Henry Lowenstern, Editor-in-Chief
Current
Labor Statistics
Notes on Current Labor Statistics
.......................................................................................................................................
Schedule of release dates for major BLS statistical series
.............................................................................
Employment data from household survey. Definitions and notes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
.............................................................
Employment status of noninstitutional population, selected years,1950-81 .....................................................................
Employment status by sex, age, and race, seasonally adjusted .............................................
Selected employment indicators, seasonally adjusted ..........................................................................................................
Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted .....................................................................................................
Unemployment rates, by sex and age, seasonally adjusted ................................................................................................
Unemployed persons, by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted ........................................................................
Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted ..................................................................................................................
Employment, hours, and earnings data from establishment surveys. Definitions and notes
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
.
Employment by industry, selected years, 1950-81 ................................................................................................................
Employment by State .....................................................................
Employment by industry division and major manufacturing group,seasonally adjusted ............................................
Hours and earnings, by industry division, selected years, 1950-81 ....................................................................................
Weekly hours, by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted .........................................
Hourly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group .............................................
Hourly Earnings Index, by industry division ........................................................................................................................
Weekly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group ........................................................................
Unemployment insurance data. Definitions
58
58
59
59
60
61
62
63
63
63
64
65
65
66
67
68
69
69
70
.................................................................................
71
16. Unemployment insurance and employment service operations ..........................................................................................
71
Price data. Definitions and notes
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
..........................................................................................................................................
Consumer Price Index, 1967-81 .....................................
Consumer Price Index, U.S. city average, general summary and selected items ............................................................
Consumer Price Index, cross-classification of region and population size class ..............................................................
Consumer Price Index, selected areas .....................................................................................................................................
Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing .............................
Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings ................................................................................................................
Producer Price Indexes, for special commodity groupings ................................................................................................
Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product ................................................................................................................
Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries .....................................................................................
Productivity data. Definitions and notes
26.
27.
28.
29.
..........................................................................................................................
Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selectedyears, 1950-81 ....................
Annual changes in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, 1971-81 ..............................................
Quarterly indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted .......................
Percent change from preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly compensation, unitcosts, and prices . .
Wage and compensation data. Definitions and notes
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
.............................................................................................
Employment Cost Index, total compensation, by occupation and industry group ........................................................
Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry g ro u p ...............................
Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and areas i z e ..................................
Wage and compensation change, major collective bargaining settlements, 1977 to date .............................................
Effective wage adjustments in collective bargaining units covering 1,000 workers or more,1977 to d a te ..................
Work stoppage data. Definition
................................................................................................................................................
35. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, 1947 to date .............................................................................
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72
73
73
79
80
81
82
84
84
84
87
87
88
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
94
95
95
57
NOTES ON CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS
published for numerous Consumer and Producer Price Index series.
However, seasonally adjusted indexes are not published for the U.S.
average All Items CPI. Only seasonally adjusted percent changes are
available for this series.
This section of the R e v ie w presents the principal statistical se
ries collected and calculated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
A brief introduction to each group of tables provides defi
nitions, notes on the data, sources, and other material usually
found in footnotes.
Adjustments for price changes. Some data are adjusted to eliminate
the effect of changes in price. These adjustments are made by dividing
current dollar values by the Consumer Price Index or the appropriate
component of the index, then multiplying by 100. For example, given
a current hourly wage rate of $3 and a current price index number of
150, where 1967 = 100, the hourly rate expressed in 1967 dollars is
$2 ($3/150 X 100 = $2). The resulting values are described as
“real,” “constant,” or “ 1967” dollars.
Readers who need additional information are invited to
consult the BLS regional offices listed on the inside front cov
er of this issue of the R eview . Some general notes applicable to
several series are given below.
Seasonal adjustment. Certain monthly and quarterly data are adjusted
to eliminate the effect of such factors as climatic conditions, industry
production schedules, opening and closing of schools, holiday buying
periods, and vacation practices, which might otherwise mask short
term movements of the statistical series. Tables containing these data
are identified as “seasonally adjusted.” Seasonal effects are estimated
on the basis of past experience. When new seasonal factors are com
puted each year, revisions may affect seasonally adjusted data for sev
eral preceding years.
Seasonally adjusted labor force data in tables 2-7 were revised in
the March 1982 issue of the Review to reflect experience through 1981.
The original estimates also were revised to 1970 to reflect 1980 census
population controls.
Beginning in January 1980, the BLS introduced two major modifi
cations in the seasonal adjustment methodology for labor force data.
First, the data are being seasonally adjusted with a new procedure
called X -ll/A R IM A , which was developed at Statistics Canada as an
extension of the standard X -ll method. A detailed description of the
procedure appears in The X -ll ARIMA Seasonal Adjustment Method
by Estela Bee Dagum (Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 12-564E, Feb
ruary 1980). The second change is that seasonal factors are now being
calculated for use during the first 6 months of the year, rather than for
the entire year, and then are calculated at mid-year for the July-December period. Revisions of historical data continue to be made only
at the end of each calendar year.
Annual revision of the seasonally adjusted payroll data shown in
tables 10, 12, and 14 were made in August 1981 using the X -ll
ARIM A seasonal adjustment methodology. New seasonal factors for
productivity data in tables 28 and 29 are usually introduced
in the September issue. Seasonally adjusted indexes and percent
changes from month to month and from quarter to quarter are
Availability of information. Data that supplement the tables in this
section are published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in a variety of
sources. Press releases provide the latest statistical information
published by the Bureau; the major recurring releases are published
according to the schedule given below. The BLS Handbook o f Labor
Statistics, Bulletin 2070, provides more detailed data and greater his
torical coverage for most of the statistical series presented in the
Monthly Labor Review. More information from the household and es
tablishment surveys is provided in Employment and Earnings, a
monthly publication of the Bureau. Historically, comparable informa
tion from the establishment survey is published in two comprehensive
data books— Employment and Earnings, United States and Employ
ment and Earnings, States and Areas, and their annual supplements.
More detailed information on wages and other aspects of collective
bargaining appears in the monthly periodical, Current Wage Develop
ments. More detailed price information is published each month in the
periodicals, the CPI Detailed Report and Producer Prices and Price In
dexes.
Symbols
p = preliminary. To improve the timeliness of some series,
preliminary figures are issued based on representative
but incomplete returns.
r = revised. Generally, this revision reflects the availability
of later data but may also reflect other adjustments,
n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified.
Schedule of release dates for major BLS statistical series
Employment situation ............................
Producer Price Index..............................
Consumer Price Index............................
Real earnings........................................
Productivity and costs:
Nonfinancial corporations ..................
Nonfarm business and manufacturing ..
Major collective bargaining settlements ..
58
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
R e le a s e
P e rio d
R e le a s e
P e rio d
R e le a s e
P e rio d
M L R ta b le
d a te
c o v e re d
d a te
c o v e re d
d a te
c o v e re d
num ber
November 5
November 16
November 23
November 23
October
October
October
October
December 3
December 10
December 21
December 21
November
November
November
November
January 7
January 14
January 21
January 21
December
December
December
December
1-10
21-25
17-20
11-15
November 29
3rd quarter
January 28
January 31
4th quarter
1982
26-29
26-29
33-34
EMPLOYMENT DATA FROM THE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY
E m pl o y m e n t d a ta in this section are obtained from the
Current Population Survey, a program of personal interviews
conducted monthly by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau
of Labor Statistics. The sample consists of about 60,000
households selected to represent the U.S. population 16 years
of age and older. Households are interviewed on a rotating
basis, so that three-fourths of the sample is the same for any 2
consecutive months.
Full-time workers are those employed at least 35 hours a week;
part-time workers are those who work fewer hours. Workers on part-
Definitions
Employed persons are (1) those who worked for pay any time
during the week which includes the 12th day of the month or who
worked unpaid for 15 hours or more in a family-operated enterprise
and (2) those who were temporarily absent from their regular jobs
because of illness, vacation, industrial dispute, or similar reasons. A
person working at more than one job is counted only in the job at
which he or she worked the greatest number of hours.
Unemployed persons are those who did not work during the survey
week, but were available for work except for temporary illness and
had looked for jobs within the preceding 4 weeks. Persons who did
not look for work because they were on layoff or waiting to start new
jobs within the next 30 days are also counted among the unemployed.
The unemployment rate represents the number unemployed as a
percent of the civilian labor force.
The civilian labor force consists of all employed or unemployed
persons in the civilian noninstitutional population; the total labor
force includes military personnel. Persons not in the labor force are
1.
those not classified as employed or unemployed; this group includes
persons retired, those engaged in their own housework, those not
working while attending school, those unable to work because of
long-term illness, those discouraged from seeking work because of
personal or job market factors, and those who are voluntarily idle.
The noninstitutional population comprises all persons 16 years of age
and older who are not inmates of penal or mental institutions,
sanitariums, or homes for the aged, infirm, or needy.
time schedules for economic reasons (such as slack work, terminating
or starting a job during the week, material shortages, or inability to
find full-time work) are among those counted as being on full-time
status, under the assumption that they would be working full time if
conditions permitted. The survey classifies unemployed persons in
full-time or part-time status by their reported preferences for full-time
or part-time work.
Notes on the data
From time to time, and especially after a decennial census,
adjustments are made in the Current Population Survey figures to
correct for estimating errors during the preceding years. These
adjustments affect the comparability of historical data presented in
table 1. A description of these adjustments and their effect on the
various data series appear in the Explanatory Notes of Employment
and Earnings.
Data in tables 2-7 are seasonally adjusted, based on the seasonal
experience through December 1981.
Employment status of the noninstitutional population, 16 years and over, selected years, 1950-81
[Numbers in thousands]
Civilian labor force
Total labor force
Year
Total non
institutional
population
Employed
Number
Percent of
population
Total
Total
Percent
of
population
Unemployed
Agriculture
Nonagricultural
Industries
Number
Percent of
labor
force
Not in
labor force
1950 ..............................
1955 ..............................
1960 ..............................
106,645
112,732
119,759
63,858
68,072
72,142
59.9
60.4
60.2
62,208
65,023
69,628
58,918
62,170
65,778
55.2
55.1
54.9
7,160
6,450
5,458
51,758
55,722
60,318
3,288
2,852
3,852
5.3
4.4
5.5
42,787
44,660
47,617
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
..............................
..............................
..............................
..............................
..............................
129,236
131,180
133,319
135,562
137,841
77,178
78,893
80,793
82,272
84,240
59.7
60.1
60.6
60.7
61.1
74,455
75,770
77,347
78,737
80,734
71,088
72,895
74,372
75,920
77,902
55.0
55.6
55.8
56.0
56.5
4,361
3,979
3,844
3,817
3,606
66,726
68,915
70,527
72,103
74,296
3,366
2,875
2,975
2,817
2,832
4.5
3.8
3.8
3.6
3.5
52,058
52,288
52,527
53,291
53,602
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
...........................
..............................
..............................
..............................
..............................
140,272
143,033
146,574
149,423
152,349
61.3
61.0
61.1
61.4
61.8
82,771
84,382
87,034
89,429
91,949
78,678
79,367
82,153
85,064
86,794
56.1
55.5
56.0
56.9
57.0
3,463
3,394
3,484
3,470
3,515
75,215
75,972
78,669
81,594
83,279
4,093
5,016
4,882
4,365
5,156
4.9
5.9
5.6
4.9
5.6
54,315
55,834
57,091
57,667
58,171
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
..............................
..............................
..............................
..............................
..............................
155,333
158,294
161,166
164,027
166,951
85,959
87,198
89,484
91,756
94,179
95,955
98,302
101,142
104,368
107,050
61.8
62.1
62.8
63.6
64.1
93,775
96,158
99,009
102,251
104,962
85,846
88,752
92,017
96,048
98,824
55.3
56.1
57.1
58.6
59.2
3,408
3,331
3,283
3,387
3,347
82.438
85,421
88,734
92,661
95,477
7,929
7,406
6,991
6,202
6,137
8.5
7.7
7.1
6.1
5.8
59,377
59,991
60,025
59,659
59,900
1980 ..............................
1981 ..............................
169,848
172,272
109,042
110,812
64.2
64.3
106,940
108,670
99,303
100,397
58.5
58.3
3,364
3,368
95,938
97,030
7,637
8,273
7.1
7.6
60,806
61,460
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
59
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW November 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data
2 . Employment status by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Annual average
1981
1982
Employment status
1980
1981
Sept.
Oct.
169,848
2,102
167,745
106,940
638
99,303
58.5
3,364
95,938
7,637
7.1
60,806
172,272
2,142
170,130
108,670
63.9
100,397
58.3
3,368
97,030
8,273
7.6
61,460
172,758
2,165
170,593
108,494
63.6
100,258
58.0
3,358
96,900
8,236
7.6
62,099
172,966
2,158
170,809
109,012
63.8
100,343
58.0
3,378
96,965
8,669
8.0
61,797
71,138
56,455
79.4
53,101
2,396
50,706
3,353
5.9
72,419
57,197
79.0
53,582
2,384
51,199
3,615
6.3
72,670
57,262
78.8
53,693
2,383
51,310
3,569
6.2
72,795
57,355
78.8
53,504
2,413
51,091
3,851
6.7
72,921
57,459
78.8
53,354
2,382
50,972
4,105
7.1
73,020
57,665
79.0
53,122
2,311
50,811
4,543
7.9
73,120
57,368
78.5
53,047
2,390
50,657
4,322
7.5
73,209
57,448
78.5
53,097
2,386
50,711
4,351
7.6
73,287
57,554
78.5
53,006
2,377
50,629
4,548
7.9
73,392
57,730
78.7
52,988
2,382
50,606
4,742
8.2
73,499
58,164
79.1
53,260
2,464
50,796
4,904
8.4
73,585
58,016
78.8
52,985
2,424
50,561
5,031
8.7
80,065
41,106
51.3
38,492
584
37,907
2,615
6.4
81,497
42,485
52.1
39,590
604
38,986
2,895
6.8
81,792
42,344
51.8
39,426
608
39,818
2,918
6.9
81,920
42,831
52.3
39,814
596
39,218
3,017
7.0
82,038
42,987
52.4
39,878
63.5
39,243
3,109
7.2
82,151
42,88
52.2
39,713
572
39,141
3,175
7.4
82,260
42,868
52.1
39,764
64.9
39,115
3,104
7.2
82,367
43,031
52.2
39,744
628
39,116
3,286
7.6
82,478
43,243
52.4
39,807
636
39,172
3,435
7.9
82,591
43,301
52.4
39,715
601
39,114
3,586
8.3
82,707
43,683
52.8
40,075
634
39,441
3,608
8.3
16,543
9,378
56.7
7,710
385
7,325
1,669
17.8
16,214
8,988
55.4
7,225
380
6,845
1,763
19.6
16,131
8,888
55.1
7,139
367
6,772
1,749
19.7
16,093
8,826
54.8
7,025
369
6,656
1,801
20.4
16,037
8,826
55.0
6,940
355
6,585
1,886
21.4
15,995
8,631
54.0
6,778
326
6,452
1,853
21.5
15,955
8,643
54.2
6,771
373
6,398
1,872
21.7
15,913
8,686
54.6
6,748
359
6,389
1,938
22.3
15,902
8,549
53.8
6,679
336
6,343
1,870
21.9
15,861
8,616
54.3
6,637
326
6,311
1,979
23.0
15,820
8,819
55.7
6,782
390
6,392
2,037
23.1
146,122 147,908
93,600 95,052
64.1
64.3
87,715 88,709
5,884
6,343
6.3
6.7
148,370
94,884
64.0
88,628
6,256
6.6
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
TOTAL
Total noninstitutional population1 ......................
Armed Forces 1 ..............................
Civilian noninstitutional population 1 ...............
Civilian labor force................................
Participation rate .......................
Employed ......................................
Employment-population ratio 2 .......
Agriculture...................................
Nonagricultural industries .................
Unemployed ...................................
Unemployment rate ....................
Not in labor force.................................
173,155 173,330 173,495 173,657 173,843 174,020 174,201 174,364 174,544
2,158
2,164
2,159
2,168
2,175
2,176
2,175
2,173
2,180
170,996 171,166 171,335 171,489 171,667 171,844 172,026 172,190 172,364
109,272 109,184 108,879 109,165 109,346 109,648 110,666 110,191 110,522
63.9
63.8
63.5
63.7
63.7
63.8
64.3
64.1
64.0
100,172 99,613 99,581 99,590 99,492 99,340 100,117 99,764 99,732
57.9
57.5
57,4
57.3
57.2
57.1
57.5
57.2
57.1
3,372
3,209
3,411
3,373
3,349
3,309
3,488
3,357
3,460
96,800 96,404 96,170 96,217 96,144 96,032 96,629 96,406 96,272
9,100
9,571
9,298
9,575
9,854 10,307 10,549 10,427 10,790
8.3
8.8
8.5
8.8
9.4
9.0
9.5
9.5
9.8
61,724 61,982 62,456 63,324 63,321 62,197 61,360 61,999 61,842
174,707
2,196
172,511
110,644
64.1
99,839
57.1
3,435
96,404
10,805
9.8
61,867
174,889
2,198
172,690
110,980
64,3
99,720
57.0
3,368
96,352
11,260
10.1
61,710
73,685
58,084
78.8
52,996
2,474
50,522
5,088
8.8
73,774
58,026
78.7
52,887
2,436
50,451
5,139
8.9
73,867
58,407
79.1
52,828
2,447
50,381
5,579
9.6
82,811
43,904
53.0
40,350
581
39,769
3,554
8.1
82,926
44,076
53.2
40,392
600
39,791
3,684
8.4
83,035
44,115
53.1
40,490
589
39,901
3,626
8.2
83,152
44,025
52.9
40,369
585
39,784
3,656
8.3
15,794
8,271
52.4
6,429
353
6,076
1,842
22.3
15,753
8,362
53.1
6,344
386
5,958
2,018
24.1
15,702
8,503
54.2
6,463
411
6,052
2,040
24.0
15,671
8,548
54.5
6,523
336
6,187
2,025
23.7
148,562 148,631 148,755 148,842 148,855 149,132 149,249 149,250 149,429 149,569
95,365 95,535 95,329 95,120 95,333 95,508 96,015 96,641 96,223 96,493
64.2
64.1
64.3
63.9
64.0
64.0
64.3
64.8
64.4
64.5
88,734 88,498 88,010 87,955 87,990 87,956 87,988 88,450 88,173 88,137
6,631
7,037
7,319
7,165
7,344
7,552
8,026
8,191
8,050
8,356
7.4
7.0
7.7
7.5
7.7
7.9
8.4
8.4
8.5
8.7
149,536
96,414
64.5
88,133
8,281
8.6
149,652
96,762
64.7
88,020
8,742
9.0
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population1 ...............
Civilian labor force ..............................
Participation rate .......................
Employed ......................................
Agriculture...................................
Nonagricultural industries .................
Unemployed ...................................
Unemployment rate ....................
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population1 ...............
Civilian labor force ..............................
Participation rate .......................
Employed ......................................
Agriculture...................................
Nonagricultural industries .................
Unemployed ...................................
Unemployment rate ....................
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population1 ...............
Civilian labor force................................
Participation rate .......................
Employed ......................................
Agriculture...................................
Nonagricultural industries .................
Unemployed ...................................
Unemployment rate ....................
White
Civilian noninstitutional population1 ...............
Civilian labor force ..............................
Participation rate .......................
Employed ......................................
Unemployed ...................................
Unemployment rate ....................
Black
Civilian noninstitutional population1 ...............
Civilian labor force ..............................
Participation rate .......................
Employed ......................................
Unemployed ...................................
Unemployment rate ....................
17,824
10,865
61.0
9,313
1,553
14.3
18,219
11,086
60.8
9,355
1,731
15.6
18,297
11,134
60.9
9,319
1,815
16.3
18,333
11,188
61.0
9,313
1,875
16.8
18,362
11,207
61.0
9,321
1,886
16.8
18,392
11,226
61.0
9,279
1,947
17.3
18,423
11,188
8,901
5,700
64.0
5,126
575
10.1
9,310
5,972
64.1
5,348
624
10.4
9,466
5,964
63.0
5,393
571
9.6
9,559
6,074
63.5
5,422
652
10.7
9,556
6,151
64.4
5,446
705
11.5
9,519
6,095
64.0
5,426
669
11.0
9,314
1,874
16.8
18,450
11,205
60.7
9,265
1,939
17.3
18,480
11,217
60.7
9,197
2,020
18.0
18,511
11,170
60.3
9,111
2,058
18.4
18,542
11,335
61.1
9,216
2,120
18.7
18,570
11,253
60.6
9,174
2,079
18.5
18,600
11,322
60.9
9,223
2,098
18.5
18,626
11,412
61.3
9,262
2,150
18.8
18,659
11,482
61.5
9,166
2,316
20.2
9,400
6,054
64.4
5,330
724
12.0
9,341
6,065
64.9
5,298
767
12.6
9,297
6,024
64.8
5,260
764
12.7
9,235
5,933
64.2
5,191
743
12.5
9,297
6,001
64.5
5,166
834
13.9
9,428
5,931
62.9
5,131
800
13.5
9,521
5,966
62.7
5,135
832
13.9
9,689
6,087
62.8
5,197
890
14.6
9,464
5,967
63.1
5,097
870
14.6
Hispanic origin
Civilian noninstitutional population1 ...............
Civilian labor force................................
Participation rate .......................
Employed ......................................
Unemployed ...................................
Unemployment rate......................
1The population and Armed Forces figures are not seasonally adjusted.
2Civilian employment as a percent of the total noninstitutional population (including Armed
Forces).
60
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Note: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals
because data for the “other races” group are not presented and Hispanics are included
in both the white and black population groups.
3.
Selected employment indicators, seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Annual average
1981
1982
Selected categories
1980
1981
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
99,613
56,725
42,888
38,342
23,691
5,064
99,581
56,629
42,952
38,234
23,744
5,107
99,590
56,658
42,932
38,255
23,727
5,158
99,492
56,472
43,020
38,181
23,900
5,095
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
99,340 100,117
56,401 56,820
42,940 43,297
38,142 38,312
23,831 24,213
5,095
4,986
99,764
56,223
43,541
38,354
24,401
5,112
99,732
56,192
43,540
38,213
24,223
5,247
99,839
56,210
43,630
38,184
24,300
5,216
99,720
56,148
43,572
38,041
24,187
5,115
CHARACTERISTIC
Total employed, 16 years and over ..................
Men ..................................................
Women...............................................
Married men, spouse present ....................
Married women, spouse present.................
Women who maintain families....................
99,303 100,397 100,258
57,186 57,397 57,471
42,117 43,000 42,787
39,004 38,882 38,855
23,532 23,915 23,626
4,998
4,780
5,015
100,343 100,172
57,266 57,051
43,077 43,121
38,746 38,553
23,874 23,820
5,045
5,049
OCCUPATION
White-collar workers.....................................
Professional and technical .......................
Managers and administrators, except farm ....
Salesworkers........................................
Clerical workers.....................................
Blue-collar workers......................................
Craft and kindred workers .......................
Operatives, except transport......................
Transport equipment operatives .................
Nonfarm laborers...................................
Service workers..........................................
Farmworkers .............................................
51,882
15,968
11,138
6,303
18,473
31,452
12,787
10,565
3,531
4,567
13,228
2,741
52,949
16,420
11,540
6,425
18,564
31,261
12,662
10,540
3,476
4,583
13,438
2,749
52,908
16,598
11,533
6,441
18,336
31,266
12,514
10,524
3,506
4,722
13,391
2,743
53,199
16,681
11,616
6,400
18,502
30,953
12,446
10,410
3,580
4,517
13,525
2,770
53,086
16,657
11,461
6,418
18,550
30,683
12,411
10,220
3,438
4,614
13,670
2,802
53,084
16,774
11,424
6,450
18,436
30,344
12,446
10,169
3,368
4,361
13,639
2,660
52,836
16,803
11,091
6,520
18,423
30,203
12,370
9,966
3,415
4,451
13,709
2,817
52,841
16,612
11,253
6,544
18,432
30,309
12,454
9,955
3,503
4,397
13,612
2,787
52,763
16,659
11,311
6,637
18,155
30,416
12,511
9,860
3,397
4,648
13,526
2,710
53,177
16,844
11,501
6,603
18,229
29,924
12,492
9,688
3,400
4,343
13,555
2,623
53,705
16,818
11,541
6,587
18,759
29,926
12,316
9,585
3,419
4,607
13,738
2,731
53,586
17,053
11,504
6,547
18,482
29,716
12,207
9,655
3,414
4,441
13,791
2,660
53,685
17,292
11,355
6,567
18,471
29,609
12,229
9,453
3,439
4,488
13,634
2,750
53,750
17,023
11,613
6,677
18,437
29,465
12,342
9,257
3,268
4,598
13,926
2,711
53,876
16,901
11,649
6,507
18,819
29,143
12,253
8,938
3,369
4,583
14,029
2,714
1,425
1,642
297
1,464
1,638
266
1,461
1,643
256
1,502
1,631
261
1,436
1,641
321
1,352
1,602
228
1,377
1,674
380
1,426
1,596
359
1,416
1,644
277
1,423
1,664
270
1,541
1,698
236
1,431
1,676
251
1,530
1,674
250
1,568
1,613
254
1,538
1,562
255
88,525
15,912
72,612
1,192
71,420
7,000
413
89,543
15,689
73,853
1,208
72,645
7,097
390
89,376
15,475
73,901
1,102
72,799
7,217
399
89,460
15,491
73,969
1,162
72,807
7,152
451
89,238
15,397
73,841
1,204
72,637
7,141
425
88,991
15,585
73,406
1,291
72,115
7,057
410
88,759
15,578
73,181
1,248
71,932
6,971
410
88,586
15,527
73,059
1,161
71,898
7,055
408
88,526
15,492
73,034
1,225
71,809
7,126
434
88,322
15,453
72,869
1,192
71,677
7,264
413
89,051
15,422
73,629
1,202
72,427
7,269
382
88,606
15,635
72,970
1,201
71,770
7,319
397
88,541
15,443
73,098
1,200
71,898
7,268
390
88,737
15,569
73,168
1,242
71,927
7,352
409
88,650
15,691
72,959
1,229
71,730
7,478
372
90,209
73,590
4,064
1,714
2,350
12,555
91,377
74,339
4,499
1,738
2,761
12,539
90,878
73,794
4,656
1,759
2,897
12,428
91,384
73,886
5,009
2,006
3,003
12,489
91,323
73,915
5,026
1,945
3,081
12,382
90,922
73,360
5,288
2,121
3,167
12,274
90,125
72,803
5,071
1,783
3,287
12,251
90,892
73,028
5,563
2,193
3,370
12,300
90,548
72,649
5,717
2,237
3,480
12,183
90,596
72,335
5,834
2,223
3,611
12,427
91,282
73,036
5,763
2,211
3,552
12,483
91,020 90,501
72,662 c72,430
5,444
5,492
2,064
2,001
3,380
3,491
12,914 12,579
90,508
72,112
5,648
2,054
3,594
12,748
91,054
71,700
6,600
2,571
4,029
12,754
MAJOR INDUSTRY AND C U S S
OF WORKER
Agriculture:
Wage and salary workers.........................
Self-employed workers............................
Unpaid family workers ............................
Nonagricultural industries:
Wage and salary workers.........................
Government ...................................
Private industries..............................
Households ..............................
Other.......................................
Self-employed workers............................
Unpaid family workers ............................
PERSONS AT WORK1
Nonagricultural industries ..............................
Full-time schedules ................................
Part time for economic reasons..................
Usually work full time.........................
Usually work part time.......................
Part time for noneconomic reasons.............
'Excludes persons “with a job but not at work” during the survey period for such reasons as vacation,
illness, or industrial disputes.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
r
61
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW November 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data
4.
Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
[Unemployment rates]
Annual average
1981
1982
Selected categories
1980
1981
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Total, 16 years and over................................
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years.......................
Men, 20 years and over...........................
Women, 20 years and over.......................
7.1
17.8
5.9
6.4
7.6
19.6
6.3
6.8
7.6
19.7
6.2
6.9
8.0
20.4
6.7
7.0
8.3
21.4
7.1
7.2
8.8
21.5
7.9
7.4
8.5
21.7
7.5
7.2
8.8
22.3
7.6
7.6
9.0
21.9
7.9
7.9
9.4
23.0
8.2
8.3
9.5
23.1
8.4
8.3
9.5
22.3
8.7
8.1
9.8
24.1
8.8
8.4
9.8
24.0
8.9
8.2
10.1
23.7
9.6
8.3
White, total ..........................................
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years .................
Men, 16 to 19 years ....................
Women, 16 to 19 years.................
Men, 20 years and over......................
Women, 20 years and over .................
6.3
15.5
16.2
14.8
5.3
5.6
6.7
17.3
17.9
16.6
5.6
5.9
6.6
17.2
17.5
16.8
5.5
5.9
7.0
17.7
17.9
17.5
5.9
6.1
7.4
19.0
19.6
18.3
6.4
6.3
7.7
19.0
20.2
17.7
6.9
6.4
7.5
19.6
20.8
18.2
6.6
6.3
7.7
20.0
20.4
19.4
6.7
6.6
7.9
19.0
20.2
17.6
7.0
6.9
8.4
20.8
22.3
19.2
7.3
7.2
8.5
20.3
21.2
19.2
7.5
7.3
8.4
19.4
21.1
17.5
7.7
7.1
8.7
21.0
22.6
19.2
7.9
7.3
8.6
20.6
22.5
18.6
7.9
7.1
9.0
20.4
22.0
18.7
8.6
7.4
Black, total ..........................................
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years .................
Men, 16 to 19 years ....................
Women, 16 to 19 years.................
Men, 20 years and over......................
Women, 20 years and over .................
14.3
38.5
37.5
39.8
12.4
11.9
15.6
41.4
40.7
42.2
13.5
13.4
16.3
40.8
38.5
43.4
14.5
14.0
16.8
45.6
41.6
49.5
14.7
13.9
16.8
44.1
41.9
46.6
15.5
13.6
17.3
42.2
39.6
45.1
16.5
14.1
16.8
41.2
36.3
46.7
16.3
13.3
17.3
42.3
40.7
44.2
16.0
14.5
18.0
46.0
48.5
43.1
16.0
15.4
18.4
48.1
48.3
47.8
16.9
15.6
18.7
49.8
50.6
48.9
17.0
15.3
18.5
52.6
58.1
46.2
17.1
15.0
18.5
49.7
48.3
51.2
16.8
15.5
18.8
51.6
50.1
53.1
17.2
15.1
20.2
48.5
51.2
45.4
19.8
15.7
Hispanic origin, total................................
10.1
10.4
9.6
10.7
11.5
11.0
12.0
12.6
12.7
12.5
13.9
13.5
13.9
14.6
14.6
Married men, spouse present ....................
Married women, spouse present.................
Women who maintain families....................
Full-time workers...................................
Part-time workers...................................
Unemployed 15 weeks and over.................
Labor force time lost'..............................
4.2
5i8
9.2
6.9
8.8
1.7
7.9
4.3
6.0
10.4
7.3
9.4
2.1
8.5
4.4
6.0
10.7
7.3
9.6
2.1
8.5
4.8
6.1
10.6
7.7
9.5
2.1
9.1
5.2
6.5
10.8
8.1
10.2
2.2
9.5
5.7
6.6
10.5
8.7
9.2
2.2
10.1
5.3
6.2
10.4
8.4
9.6
2.2
10.0
5.3
7.0
10.2
8.5
10.8
2.5
9.8
5.5
7.1
10.6
8.9
10.0
2.7
10.4
6.0
7.8
11.5
9.2
10.9
2.7
10.4
6.1
7.4
11.8
9.2
10.5
3.0
11.1
6.5
7.0
12.4
9.4
9.8
3.3
10.2
6.6
7.4
12.0
9.5
11.4
3.2
10.7
6.7
7.1
11.6
9.6
10.3
3.3
10.7
7.3
7.5
12.4
10.1
10.5
3.5
11.7
3.7
2.5
2.4
4.4
5.3
10.0
6.6
12.2
8.8
14.6
7.9
4.6
4.0
2.8
2.7
4.6
5.7
10.3
7.5
12.2
8.7
14.7
8.9
5.3
4.1
2.8
2.7
5.0
5.8
10.2
7.7
11.6
8.7
14.6
9.0
4.0
4.1
2.6
2.8
4.9
6.0
10.9
8.3
12.8
8.0
15.6
9.3
6.2
4.2
2.7
3.0
5.0
6.0
11.8
8.5
14.1
10.4
16.0
9.7
6.2
4.5
3.4
3.1
4.9
6.2
12.7
9.3
15.5
10.5
16.9
9.6
6.4
4.2
2.9
2.7
4.5
6.3
12.5
9.0
15.4
10.2
16.9
9.2
6.9
4.6
3.1
3.1
4.8
6.7
12.5
8.4
15.4
10.3
17.9
9.8
4.9
4.8
3.2
3.0
5.8
6.9
12.9
9.1
15.9
10.4
17.9
10.2
5.4
4.9
3.2
3.3
5.6
7.2
13.7
9.6
16.9
10.7
19.2
11.1
5.8
4.8
3.3
3.5
5.2
6.8
13.5
9.4
16.5
11.8
18.3
11.3
8.3
5.0
3.3
3.8
5.8
6.9
13.9
10.3
16.7
13.0
17.9
9.9
7.2
4.9
3.3
3.7
5.4
6.9
14.4
10.9
17.4
11.6
18.6
10.5
6.1
4.8
3.1
3.8
5.5
6.7
14.2
10.6
17.5
12.5
17.4
10.6
6.9
4.8
3.2
3.6
5.4
6.7
15.6
11.4
20.2
11.6
19.2
10.7
5.1
7.4
14.1
8.5
8.9
7.9
4.9
7.4
5.3
4.1
11.0
7.7
15.6
8.3
8.2
8.4
5.2
8.1
5.9
4.7
12.1
7.7
16.3
7.9
7.7
8.3
4.2
8.5
6.0
4.7
11.0
8.1
17.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
4.8
8.4
6.2
4.7
13.4
8.4
17.8
9.4
' 9.5
9.3
5.5
8.6
6.1
5.2
14.1
9.1
18.1
11.0
11.8
9.6
6.0
8.9
6.4
5.0
14.8
8.8
18.7
10.4
11.0
9.5
6.4
8.7
5.9
4.8
16.2
9.0
18.1
10.6
11.3
9.5
5.9
9.0
6.5
5.2
12.8
9.5
17.9
10.8
10.8
10.8
5.6
10.3
6.9
4.9
14.0
9.9
19.4
11.3
11.9
10.5
7.0
10.1
7.0
5.3
14.6
9.9
18.8
11.6
12.2
10.7
6.5
10.6
6.9
5.0
18.2
10.0
19.2
12.3
13.2
11.0
6.9
9.7
6.8
4.6
16.3
10.2
20.3
12.0
12.7
11.0
6.1
10.5
7.0
4.6
13.8
10.1
20.3
12.1
12.9
10.8
7.0
9.8
7.0
4.6
14.3
10.7
22.6
13.8
14.9
12.3
6.9
9.8
6.8
4.9
12.5
CHARACTERISTIC
OCCUPATION
White-collar workers.....................................
Professional and technical .......................
Managers and administrators, except farm ....
Salesworkers........................................
Clerical workers.....................................
Blue-collar workers......................................
Craft and kindred workers .......................
Operatives, except transport......................
Transport equipment operatives ................
Nonfarm laborers...................................
Service workers..........................................
Farmworkers .............................................
INDUSTRY
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers2 .
Construction ........................................
Manufacturing ......................................
Durable goods ................................
Nondurable goods............................
Transportation and public utilities.................
Wholesale and retail trade .......................
Finance and service industries....................
Government workers ...................................
Agricultural wage and salary workers.................
1Aggregate hours lost by the unemployed and persons on part time for economic reasons as a
percent of potentially available labor force hours.
62
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2lncluc*es mining, not shown separately,
5.
Unemployment rates, by sex and age, seasonally adjusted
Annual average
1982
1981
Sex and age
1980
1981
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Total, 16 years and over................................
16 to 19 years......................................
16 to 17 years.................................
18 to 19 years.................................
20 to 24 years.......................................
25 years and over .................................
25 to 54 years.................................
55 years and over............................
7.1
17.8
20.0
16.2
11.5
5.1
5.5
3.3
7.6
19.6
21.4
18.4
12.3
5.4
5.8
3.6
7.6
19.7
21.4
18.5
12.3
5.4
5.8
3.8
8.0
20.4
21.5
20.0
12.7
5.7
6.2
3.8
8.3
21.4
22.6
20.5
13.0
6.0
6.5
3.8
8.8
21.5
21.9
21.2
13.5
6.5
6.9
4.1
8.5
21.7
21.9
21.3
13.5
6.3
6.7
4.2
8.8
22.3
22.7
22.0
14.1
6.4
6.8
4.3
9.0
21.9
22.7
21.3
14.2
6.8
7.3
4.6
9.4
23.0
24.6
21.9
14.7
7.0
7.4
5.0
9.5
23.1
25.3
21.3
14.3
7.1
7.7
4.8
9.5
22.3
23.7
21.9
14.4
7.4
7.7
5.4
9.8
24.1
26.1
22.8
14.5
7.5
7.9
5.2
9.8
24.0
25.8
22.6
15.2
7.3
7.8
5.1
10.1
23.7
26.9
21.6
15.3
7.9
8.6
5.1
Men, 16 years and over ...........................
16 to 19 years.................................
16 to 17 years ...........................
18 to 19 years ...........................
20 to 24 years..................................
25 years and over............................
25 to 54 years ...........................
55 years and over.......................
6.9
18.3
20.4
16.7
12.5
4.8
5.1
3.3
7.4
20.1
22.0
18.8
13.2
5.1
5.5
3.5
7.3
19.9
21.5
18.7
13.1
5.0
5.5
3.5
7.7
20.1
21.1
19.3
13.8
5.5
5.9
3.7
8.3
21.8
22.7
21.0
14.4
5.8
6.3
3.7
9.0
22.3
22.6
22.2
14.8
6.5
6.9
4.4
8.6
22.1
23.0
21.4
14.9
6.3
6.7
4.3
8.7
22.5
23.0
22.1
15.4
6.3
6.7
4.2
9.0
23.5
24.3
22.9
15.7
6.6
7.1
4.8
9.4
24.4
24.7
24.3
16.0
6.9
7.2
5.1
9.6
24.0
26.3
21.9
15.5
6.9
7.5
4.7
9.7
24.2
25.8
24.0
15.8
7.5
8.0
5.0
9.9
25.1
28.1
23.4
15.9
7.5
8.1
4.8
10.0
25.1
27.3
23.4
16.6
7.5
8.0
5.4
10.7
25.3
29.6
22.6
17.4
8.2
9.1
5.4
Women, 16 years and over.......................
16 to 19 years.................................
16 to 17 years ...........................
18 to 19 years ...........................
20 to 24 years.................................
25 years and over............................
25 to 54 years ...........................
55 years and over.......................
7.4
17.2
19.6
15.6
10.4
5.5
6.0
3.2
7.9
19.0
20.7
17.9
11.2
5.9
6.3
3.8
8.0
19.5
21.2
18.3
11.4
6.0
6.3
4.3
8.2
20.7
21.9
20.6
11.5
6.1
6.5
4.0
8.4
20.9
22.5
19.9
11.3
6.4
6.8
3.8
8.5
20.5
21.1
20.0
12.0
6.4
6.9
3.7
8.4
21.2
20.6
21.1
11.9
6.3
6.7
4.1
8.9
22.1
22.5
21.9
12.7
6.5
7.0
4.3
9.0
20.1
20.8
19.6
12.6
7.0
7.6
4.3
9.4
21.3
24.5
19.4
13.3
7.2
7.7
4.8
9.5
22.1
24.1
20.6
12.9
7.4
8.0
5.0
9.1
20.2
21.4
19.7
12.9
7.2
7.4
6.0
9.6
23.1
24.1
22.2
12.9
7.4
7.7
6.0
9.5
22.8
24.2
21.7
13.7
7.0
7.5
4.6
9.5
21.9
23.9
20.6
12.9
7.4
8.0
4.7
6.
Unemployed persons, by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted
[Numbers inthousands]
Reason for unemployment
Annual average
1982
1981
1980
1981
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
3,947
1,488
2,459
891
1,927
872
4,267
1,430
2,837
923
2,102
981
4,426
1,452
2,974
921
2,058
977
4,573
1,631
2,942
976
2,178
1,002
4,905
1,826
3,079
916
2,339
996
5,343
2,042
3,301
923
2,244
1,021
5,205
1,860
3,345
835
2,079
1,055
5,153
1,740
3,413
964
2,277
1,100
5,622
1,828
3,794
885
2,249
1,044
5,906
1,946
3,959
937
2,365
1,081
5,901
1,969
3,932
874
2,438
1,154
6,302
2,071
4,231
813
2,372
1,088
6,177
2,079
4,098
813
2,528
1,249
6,347
2,180
4,167
806
2,440
1,328
7,073
2,669
4,404
767
2,415
1,326
100.0
51.7
19.5
32.1
11.7
25.2
11.4
100.0
51.6
17.3
34.3
11.2
25.4
11.9
100.0
52.8
17.3
35.5
11.0
24.6
11.7
100.0
52.4
18.7
33.7
11.2
25.0
11.5
100.0
53.6
19.9
33.6
10.0
25.5
10.9
100.056.1
21.4
34.6
9.7
23.5
10.7
100.0
56.7
20.3
36.5
9.1
22.7
11.5
100.0
54.3
18.3
35.9
10.2
24.0
11.6
100.0
57.4
18.7
38.7
9.0
22.9
10.7
100.0
57.4
18.9
38.5
9.1
23.0
10.5
100.0
56.9
19.0
37.9
8.4
23.5
11.1
100.0
59.6
19.6
40.0
7.7
22.4
10.3
100.0
57.4
19.3
38.1
7.5
23.5
11.6
100.0
58.1
20.0
38.2
7.4
22.3
12.2
100.0
61.1
23.0
38.0
6.6
20.8
11.4
3.7
.8
1.8
.8
3.9
.8
1.9
.9
4.1
.8
1.9
.9
4.2
.9
2.0
.9
4.5
.8
2.1
.9
4.9
.8
2.1
.9
4.8
.8
1.9
1.0
4.7
.9
2.1
1.0
5.1
.8
2.1
1.0
5.4
.9
2.2
1.0
5.3
.8
2.2
1.0
5.7
.7
2.2
1.0
5.6
.7
2.3
1.1
5.7
.7
2.2
1.2
6.4
.7
2.2
1.2
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Lost last job...............................................
On layoff.............................................
Other job losers.....................................
Left last job ...............................................
Reentered labor force...................................
Seeking first job..........................................
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Total unemployed........................................
Job losers ................................................
On layoff.............................................
Other job losers.....................................
Job leavers ...............................................
Reentrants................................................
New entrants .............................................
PERCENT OF
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers .................................................
Job leavers ...............................................
Reentrants.................................................
New entrants .............................................
7.
Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
1981
Annual average
1982
Weeks of unemployment
Less than 5 weeks .......................................
5 to 14 weeks ...........................................
15 weeks and over......................................
15 to 26 weeks .......•.............................
27 weeks and over.................................
Mean duration, in weeks ................................
Median duration, in weeks..............................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1980
1981
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
3,295
2,470
1,871
1,052
820
11.9
6.5
3,449
2,539
2,285
1,122
1,162
13.7
6.9
3,529
2,585
2,248
1,146
1,102
13.7
6.9
3,707
2,686
2,292
1,166
1,126
13.6
6.8
3,852
2,882
2,364
1,229
1,135
13.1
6.9
4,037
3,016
2,372
1,189
1,183
12.8
6.7
3,852
3,068
2,399
1,210
1,190
13.5
7.2
3,789
3,052
2,724
1,445
1,278
14.1
7.3
3,825
3,078
2,954
1,605
1,349
13.9
7.6
3,958
3,304
3,015
1,508
1,507
14.2
8.5
3,874
3,320
3,286
1,634
1,652
14.6
9.0
3,543
3,458
3,673
1,826
1,847
16.5
9.8
3,990
3,161
3,580
1,792
1,788
15.6
8.3
3,923
3,304
3,631
1,810
1,821
16.2
8.2
4,038
3,595
3,870
1,856
2,014
16.6
9.5
63
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS DATA FROM ESTABLISHMENT SURVEYS
E m plo y m en t , h o u r s , a n d e a r n in g s d a ta in this section are
compiled from payroll records reported monthly on a volun
tary basis to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and its cooperat
ing State agencies by 177,000 establishments representing all
industries except agriculture. In most industries, the sampling
probabilities are based on the size of the establishment; most
large establishments are therefore in the sample. (An estab
lishment is not necessarily a firm; it may be a branch plant,
for example, or warehouse.) Self-employed persons and others
not on a regular civilian payroll are outside the scope of the
survey because they are excluded from establishment records.
This largely accounts for the difference in employment figures
between the household and establishment surveys.
payments. Real earnings are earnings adjusted to reflect the effects of
changes in consumer prices. The deflator for this series is derived
from the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical
Workers (CPI-W). The Hourly Earnings Index is calculated from av
erage hourly earnings data adjusted to exclude the effects of two types
of changes that are unrelated to underlying wage-rate developments:
fluctuations in overtime premiums in manufacturing (the only sector
for which overtime data are available) and the effects of changes and
seasonal factors in the proportion of workers in high-wage and lowwage industries.
Hours represent the average weekly hours of production or
nonsupervisory workers for which pay was received and are different
from standard or scheduled hours. Overtime hours represent the por
tion of gross average weekly hours which were in excess of regular
hours and for which overtime premiums were paid.
Definitions
Employed persons are all persons who received pay (including holi
day and sick pay)
12th of the month.
cent of all persons
ment which reports
for any part of the payroll period including the
Persons holding more than one job (about 5 per
in the labor force) are counted in each establish
them.
Production workers in manufacturing include blue-collar worker
supervisors and all nonsupervisory workers closely associated with
production operations. Those workers mentioned in tables 11-15 in
clude production workers in manufacturing and mining; construction
workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transporta
tion and public utilities; in wholesale and retail trade; in finance, in
surance, and real estate; and in services industries. These groups
account for about four-fifths of the total employment on private
nonagricultural payrolls.
Earnings are the payments production or nonsupervisory workers
receive during the survey period, including premium pay for overtime
or late-shift work but excluding irregular bonuses and other special
64
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Notes on the data
Establishment data collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics are
periodically adjusted to comprehensive counts of employment (called
“benchmarks”). The latest complete adjustment was made with the re
lease of May 1982 data, published in the July 1982 issue of the Review.
Consequently, data published in the Review prior to that issue are not
necessarily comparable to current data. Complete comparable histori
cal unadjusted and seasonally adjusted data are published in a Supple
ment to Employment and Earnings (unadjusted data from April 1977
through February 1982 and seasonally adjusted data from January
1974 through February 1982) and in Employment and Earnings, Unit
ed States, 1909-78, BLS Bulletin 1312-11 (for prior periods).
A comprehensive discussion of the differences between household
and establishment data on employment appears in Gloria P. Green,
“Comparing employment estimates from household and payroll sur
veys,” Monthly Labor Review, December 1969, pp. 9-20. See also BLS
Handbook o f Methods for Surveys and Studies, Bulletin 1910 (Bureau
of Labor Statistics, 1976).
8.
Employment by industry, selected years, 1950-81
[Nonagricultural payroll data, in thousands]
Service-producing
Goods-producing
Year
Total
Private
sector
Total
Mining
Construc Manufac
tion
turing
Transportation
and
public
utilities
Total
Wholesale and retail trade
Total
Whole
sale
trade
Retail
trade
Government
Finance,
insurance,
Services
and real
estate
Total
Federal
State
and
local
1950 .........................
1955 .........................
I9601 .......................
1964 .........................
1965 .........................
45,197
50,641
54,189
58,283
60,765
39,170
43,727
45,836
48,686
50,689
18,506
20,513
20,434
21,005
21,926
901
792
712
634
632
2,364
2,839
2,926
3,097
3,232
15,241
16,882
16,796
17,274
18,062
26,691
30,128
33,755
37,278
38,839
4,034
4,141
4,004
3,951
4,036
9,386
10,535
11,391
12,160
12,716
2,635
2,926
3,143
3,337
3,466
6,751
7,610
8,248
8,823
9,250
1,888
2,298
2,629
2,911
2,977
5,357
6,240
7,378
8,660
9,036
6,026
6,914
8,353
9,596
10,074
1,928
2,187
2,270
2,348
2,378
4,098
4,727
6,083
7,248
7,696
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
.........................
.........................
.........................
.........................
.........................
63,901
65,803
67,897
70,384
70,880
53,116
54,413
56,058
58,189
58,325
23,158
23,308
23,737
24,361
23,578
627
613
606
619
623
3,317
3,248
3,350
3,575
3,588
19,214
19,447
19,781
20,167
19,367
40,743
42,495
44,160
46,023
47,302
4,158
4,268
4,318
4,442
4,515
13,245
13,606
14,099
14,705
15,040
3,597
3,689
3,779
3,907
3,993
9,648
9,917
10,320
10,798
11,047
3,058
3,185
3,337
3,512
3,645
9,498
10,045
10,567
11,169
11,548
10,784
11,391
11,839
12,195
12,554
2,564
2,719
2,737
2,758
2,731
8,220
8,672
9,102
9,437
9,823
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
.........................
.........................
.........................
.........................
.........................
71,214
73,675
76,790
78,265
76,945
58,331
60,341
63,058
64,095
62,259
22,935
23,668
24,893
24,794
22,600
609
628
642
697
752
3,704
3,889
4,097
4,020
3,525
18,623
19,151
20,154
20,077
18,323
48,278
50,007
51,897
53,471
54,345
4,476
4,541
4,656
4,725
4,542
15,352
15,949
16,607
16,987
17,060
4,001
4,113
4,277
4,433
4,415
11,351
11,836
12,329
12,554
12,645
3,772
3,908
4,046
4,148
4,165
11,797
12,276
12,857
13,441
13,892
12,881
13,334
13,732
14,170
14,686
2,696
2,684
2,663
2,724
2,748
10,185
10,649
11,068
11,446
11,937
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
.........................
.........................
.........................
.........................
.........................
79,382
82,471
86,697
89,823
90,406
64,511
67,344
71,026
73,876
74,166
23,352
24,346
25,585
26,461
25,658
779
813
851
958
1,027
3,576
3,851
4,229
4,463
4,346
18,997
19,682
20,505
21,040
20,285
56,030
58,125
61,113
63,363
64,748
4,582
4,713
4,923
5,136
5,146
17,755
18,516
19,542
20,192
20,310
4,546
4,708
4,969
5,204
5,275
13,209
13,808
14,573
14,989
15,035
4,271
4,467
4,724
4,975
5,160
14,551
15,303
16,252
17,112
17,890
14,871
15,127
15,672
15,947
16,241
2,733
2,727
2,753
2,773
2,866
12,138
12,399
12,919
13,147
13,375
1981 .........................
91,105
75,081
25,481
1,132
4,176
20,173
65,625
5,157
20,551
5,359
15,192
5,301
18,592
16,024
2,772
13,253
’ Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959.
9.
Employment by State
[Nonagricultural payroll data, in thousands]
State
August 1981
July 1982
August 1982 p
State
August 1981
July 1982
August 1982 p
Alabama .........................................................
Alaska............................................................
Arizona ...........................................................
Arkansas .........................................................
California.........................................................
1,347.3
189.7
1,019.0
738.4
10,032.9
1,322.9
199.4
1,003.5
715.8
9,940.4
1,319.3
1,003.4
719.3
9,901.5
Montana .........................................................
Nebraska .......................................................
Nevada ..........................................................
New Hampshire................................................
New Jersey.....................................................
290.2
623.6
423.9
405.0
3,127.1
278.6
608.2
416.8
397.4
3,097.8
278.3
604.4
417.2
400.3
3,098.4
Colorado .........................................................
Connecticut ......................................................
Delaware.........................................................
District of Columbia.............................................
Florida............................................................
1,285.3
1,426.4
261.2
622.0
3,660.0
1,277.9
1,406.4
262.2
625.7
3,720.7
1,281.2
1,395.8
259.1
624.4
3,698.5
New Mexico.....................................................
New York .......................................................
North Carolina..................................................
North Dakota....................................................
Ohio ..............................................................
477.9
7,331.2
2,355.1
250.8
4,315.1
472.0
7,272.5
2,286.1
251.5
4,194.7
474.8
7,264.4
2,296.8
251.4
4,181.4
Georgia ...........................................................
Hawaii............................................................
Idaho..............................................................
Illinois ............................................................
Indiana............................................................
2,180.2
405.8
325.4
4,769.2
2,115.7
2,149.1
404.7
312.9
4,626.6
2,006.2
2,149.8
403.3
311.8
4,615.9
2,005.3
Oklahoma........................................ ............
Oregon ..........................................................
Pennsylvania....................................................
Rhode Island....................................................
South Carolina..................................................
1,195.1
1,018.3
4,749.1
403.5
1,190.1
1,202.6
964.1
4,487.5
384.7
1,160.1
1,201.0
964.6
4,482.4
392.6
1,164.1
Iowa ..............................................................
Kentucky .........................................................
Louisiana.........................................................
Maine ............................................................
1,076.2
939 9
1,190.1
1,636.7
432.6
1,029.6
912.4
1,127.1
1,613.0
413.6
1,026.4
910.2
1,128.1
1,608.6
422.1
South Dakota....................................................
Tennessee .......................................................
Texas ............................................................
Utah ..............................................................
Vermont .........................................................
239.0
1,750.6
6,171.1
558.6
202.8
231.9
1,704.5
6,248.5
557.8
201.0
231.7
1,703.6
6,226.1
558.8
201.8
Maryland .........................................................
Massachusetts..................................................
Michigan .........................................................
Minnesota .......................................................
Mississippi .......................................................
Missouri...........................................................
1,697.4
2,654.0
3,331.9
1,769.3
813.0
1,976.3
1,684.9
2,592.8
3,197.0
1,706.3
789.6
1,953.0
1,662.3
2,603.2
3,190.6
1,709.3
782.7
1,955.9
Virginia ...........................................................
Washington ......................................................
West Virginia....................................................
Wisconsin .......................................................
Wyoming.........................................................
2,169.6
1,589.6
631.9
1,936.3
223.6
2,167.2
1,551.2
602.8
1,868.7
215.6
2,164.0
1,546.9
603.4
1,872.4
213.9
Virgin Islands....................................................
37.7
35.9
36.0
1Not available.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(')
p = preliminary.
65
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW November 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data
10.
Employment by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted
[Nonagricultural payroll data, in thousands]
Annual average
1981
1982
Industry division and group
1980
1981
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
TOTAL .................................................................
90,406
91,105
91,363
91,224
PRIVATE SECTOR .................................
74,166
75,081
75,459
75,307
GOODS-PRODUCING ...............................................
25,658
25,481
25,583
Mining .......................................................................
1,027
1,132
1,192
Dec.
Jan.
90,996
90,642
75,088
74,725
25,393
25,176
1,195
1,202
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.p
Sept.p
90,460
90,459
90,304
90,083
90,166
89,839
89,535
89,268
89,038
74,596
74,609
74,445
74,231
74,313
74,007
73,900
73,610
73,478
24,908
24,684
24,631
24,450
24,289
24,255
23,994
23,840
23,639
23,546
1,206
1,201
1,203
1,197
1,182
1,152
1,124
1,100
1,082
1,080
Construction ............................................................
4,346
4,176
4,124
4,101
4,071
4,026
3,966
3,974
3,934
3,938
3,988
3,940
3,927
3,895
3,890
Manufacturing ..........................................................
20,285
14,214
20,173
14,021
20,267
14,087
20,097
13,915
19,903
13,717
19,676
13,488
19,517
13,431
19,454
13,290
19,319
13,179
19,169
13,042
19,115
13,008
18,930
12,852
18,813
12,760
18,662
12,637
18,576
12,580
Production workers............................
12,187
8,442
12,117
8,301
12,184
8,345
12,059
8,218
11,901
8,061
11,724
7,885
11,622
7,793
11,575
7,759
11,490
7,685
11,375
7,576
11,332
7,553
11,203
7,443
11,133
7,388
10,984
7,263
10,904
7,205
Lumber and wood products .......................
Furniture and fixtures................................
Stone, clay, and glass products ..................
Primary metal industries............................
Fabricated metal products.........................
690.5
465.8
662.1
1,142.2
1,613.1
668.7
467.3
638.2
1,121.1
1,592.4
661
473
638
1,125
1,604
643
469
629
1,104
1,577
628
462
620
1,082
1553
615
457
610
1,053
1,529
607
452
596
1,038
1,515
611
449
596
1,024
1,505
607
446
590
1,007
1,496
615
443
584
976
1,481
617
443
586
945
1,472
615
442
580
926
1,452
614
439
579
906
1,446
612
443
574
888
1,427
615
441
573
880
1,416
Machinery, except electrical.......................
Electric and electronic equipment.................
Transportation equipment...........................
Instruments and related products .................
Miscellaneous manufacturing ......................
2,494.0
2,090.6
1,899.7
711.3
418.0
2,507.0
2,092.2
1,892.6
726.8
410.7
2,539
2,113
1,884
734
413
2,532
2,101
1,861
731
412
2,511
2,077
1,830
727
411
2,486
2,049
1,791
725
409
2,459
2,055
1,777
720
403
2,446
2,048
1,778
718
400
2,419
2,038
1,774
716
397
2,389
2,034
1,748
713
392
2,377
2,034
1,755
713
390
2,322
2,026
1,745
708
387
2,274
2,018
1,759
708
390
2,232
2,004
1,718
702
384
2,212
1,997
1,689
700
381
Nondurable goods ...............................................
Production workers............................
8,098
5,772
8,056
5,721
8,083
5,742
8,038
5,697
8,002
5,656
7,952
5,603
7,895
5,548
7,879
5,531
7,829
5,494
7,794
5,466
7,783
5,455
7,727
5,409
7,680
5,372
7,678
5,374
7,672
5,375
Food and kindred products.........................
Tobacco manufactures ............................
Textile mill products.................................
Apparel and other textile products ...............
Paper and allied products .........................
1,708.0
68.9
847.7
1,263.5
692.8
1,674.3
69.8
822.5
1,244.0
687.8
1,658
69
827
1,253
695
1,662
69
814
1,243
685
1,664
69
804
1,235
681
1,661
68
794
1,222
677
1,657
69
780
1,201
674
1,663
68
777
1,201
670
1,658
68
760
1,186
668
1,643
67
773
1,165
664
1,652
67
759
1,165
661
1,637
67
741
1,161
658
1,643
65
741
1,126
657
1,626
65
737
1,146
654
1,622
63
736
1,143
659
Printing and publishing..............................
Chemicals and allied products ....................
Petroleum and coal products ......................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products ...
Leather and leather products......................
1,252.1
1,107.4
197.9
726.8
232.9
1,265.8
1,107.3
215.6
736.1
233.0
1,274
1,110
216
746
235
1,276
1,107
215
734
233
1,276
1,103
215
725
230
1,276
1,100
214
716
224
1,275
1,095
210
712
222
1,276
1,093
208
708
215
1,278
1,088
207
703
213
1,274
1,082
206
706
214
1,274
1,079
207
708
211
1,269
1,073
205
704
212
1,267
1,068
205
700
208
1,270
1,070
205
697
208
1,269
1,068
211
693
208
Production workers............................
Durable goods ......................................................
SERVICE-PRODUCING ............................................
64,748
65,625
65,780
65,831
65,820
65,734
65,776
65,828
65,854
65,794
65,911
65,845
65,695
65,629
65,492
Transportation and public utilities ........................
5,146
5,157
5,181
5,162
5,150
5,128
5,125
5,115
5,100
5,094
5,101
5,078
5,044
5,024
5,023
Wholesale and retail tr a d e ......................................
20,310
20,551
20,660
20,654
20,623
20,524
20,630
20,670
20,655
20,584
20,652
20,595
20,615
20,544
20,488
Wholesale tra d e ........................................................
5,275
5,359
5,383
5,380
5,375
5,357
5,346
5,343
5,336
5,323
5,331
5,307
5,299
5,288
5,277
15,035
15,192
15,277
15,274
15,248
15,167
15,284
15,327
15,319
15,261
15,321
15,288
15,316
15,256
15,211
5,160
5,301
5,328
5,325
5,324
5,331
5,326
5,326
5,336
5,335
5,342
5,352
5,359
5,361
5,367
Retail trade ........................................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate ......................
Services.....................................................................
17,890
18,592
18,707
18,773
18,815
18,834
18,831
18,867
18,904
18,929
18,963
18,988
19,042
19,042
19,054
Government..............................................................
16,241
2,866
13,375
16,024
2,772
13,253
15,904
2,764
13,140
15,917
2,757
13,160
15,908
2,749
13,159
15,917
2,756
13,161
15,864
2,741
13,123
15,850
2,737
13,113
15,859
2,736
13,123
15,852
2,730
13,122
15,853
2,728
13,125
15,832 15,635
2,739 ' 2,737
13,093 12,898
15,658
2,740
12,918
15,560
2,734
12,826
Federa .................................................
State and local ......................................
p=preliminary.
66
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
11.
Hours and earnings, by industry division, selected years, 1950-81
[Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on nonagricultural payrolls]
Year
Average
weekly
earnings
Average
weekly
hours
Average
hourly
earnings
Average
weekly
earnings
Average
weekly
hours
Average
hourly
earnings
Average
weekly
earnings
Average
hourly
earnings
Average
weekly
earnings
Average
weekly
hours
Average
hourly
earnings
Manufacturing
Construction
Mining
Private sector
Average
weekly
hours
1950 ...............
1955 ...............
I9601 .............
1964 ...............
1965 ...............
$53.13
67.72
80.67
91.33
95.45
39.8
39.6
38.6
38.7
38.8
$1.335
1.71
2.09
2.36
2.46
$67.16
89.54
105.04
117.74
123.52
37.9
40.7
40.4
41.9
42.3
$1.772
2.20
2.60
2.81
2.92
$69.68
90.90
112.67
132.06
138.38
37.4
37.1
36.7
37.2
37.4
$1.863
2.45
3.07
3.55
3.70
$58.32
75.30
89.72
102.97
107.53
40.5
40.7
39.7
40.7
41.2
$1.440
1.85
2.26
2.53
2.61
1966 ...............
1967 ...............
1968 ...............
1969 ...............
1970 ...............
98.82
101.84
107.73
114.61
119.83
38.6
38.0
37.8
37.7
37.1
2.56
2.68
2.85
3.04
3.23
130.24
135.89
142.71
154.80
164.40
42.7
42.6
42.6
43.0
42.7
3.05
3.19
3.35
3.60
3.85
146.26
154.95
164.49
181.54
195.45
37.6
37.7
37.3
37.9
37.3
3.89
4.11
4.41
4.79
5.24
112.19
114.49
122.51
129.51
133.33
41.4
40.6
40.7
40.6
39.8
2.71
2.82
3.01
3.19
3.35
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
127.31
136.90
145.39
154.76
163.53
36.9
37.0
36.9
36.5
36.1
3.45
3.70
3.94
4.24
4.53
172.14
189.14
201.40
219.14
249.31
42.4
42.6
42.4
41.9
41.9
4.06
4.44
4.75
5.23
5.95
211.67
221.19
235.89
249.25
266.08
37.2
36.5
36.8
36.6
36.4
5.69
6.06
6.41
6.81
7.31
142.44
154.71
166.46
176.80
190.79
39.9
40.5
40.7
40.0
39.5
3.57
3.82
4.09
4.42
4.83
1976 ...............
1977 ...............
1978 ...............
1979 ...............
1980 ...............
175.45
189.00
203.70
219.91
235.10
36.1
36.0
35.8
35.7
35.3
4.86
5.25
5.69
6.16
6.66
273.90
301.20
332.88
365.07
397.06
42.4
43.4
43.4
43.0
43.3
6.46
6.94
7.67
8.49
9.17
283.73
295.65
318.69
342.99
367.78
36.8
36.5
36.8
37.0
37.0
7.71
8.10
8.66
9.27
9.94
209.32
228.90
249.27
269.34
288.62
40.1
40.3
40.4
40.2
39.7
5.22
5.68
6.17
6.70
7.27
1981...............
255.20
35.2
7.25
439.19
43.7
10.05
398.52
36.9
10.80
318.00
39.8
7.99
Transportation and public
utilities
Finance, insurance, and
real estate
Wholesale and retail trade
Services
405
39 4
38 6
37.9
37.7
$1.100
140
1.71
1.97
2.04
$50.52
63.92
75.14
85.79
88.91
37.7
37.6
37.2
37.3
37.2
$1.340
1.70
2.02
2.30
2.39
$70.03
73.60
36.1
35.9
$1.94
2.05
1964 ...............
1965 ...............
$118.78
125.14
41.1
41.3
$2.89
3.03
$44.55
55.16
66.01
74.66
76.91
1966 ...............
1967 ...............
1968 ...............
1969 ...............
1970 ...............
128.13
130.82
138.85
147.74
155.93
41.2
40.5
40.6
40.7
40.5
3.11
3.23
3.42
3.63
3.85
79.39
82.35
87.00
91.39
96.02
37.1
36.6
36.1
35.7
35.3
2.14
2.25
2.41
2.56
2.72
92.13
95.72
101.75
108.70
112.67
37.3
37.1
37.0
37.1
36.7
2.47
2.58
2.75
2.93
3.07
77.04
80.38
83.97
90.57
96.66
35.5
35.1
34.7
34.7
34.4
2.17
2.29
2.42
2.61
2.81
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
168.82
187.86
203.31
217.48
233.44
40.1
40.4
40.5
40.2
39.7
4.21
4.65
5.02
5.41
5.88
101.09
106.45
111.76
119.02
126.45
35.1
34.9
34.6
34.2
33.9
2.88
3.05
3.23
3.48
3.73
117.85
122.98
129.20
137.61
148.19
36.6
36.6
36.6
36.5
36.5
3.22
3.36
3.53
3.77
406
103.06
110.85
117.29
126.00
134.67
33.9
33.9
33.8
33.6
33.5
3.04
3.27
3.47
3.75
4.02
1976 ...............
1977 ...............
1978 ...............
1979 ...............
1980 ...............
256.71
278.90
302.80
325.58
351.25
398
39.9
40.0
39.9
39.6
6.45
6.99
7.57
8.16
8.87
133.79
142.52
153.64
164.96
176.46
33.7
33.3
32.9
32.6
32.2
3.97
4.28
4.67
5.06
5.48
155.43
165.26
178.00
190.77
209.60
36.4
36.4
36.4
36.2
36.2
4.27
4.54
4.89
5.27
5.79
143.52
153.45
163.67
175.27
190.71
33.3
33.0
32.8
32.7
32.6
4.31
4.65
4.99
5.36
5.85
1981 ...............
382.18
39.4
9.70
190.95
32.2
5.93
229.05
36.3
6.31
208.97
32.6'
6.41
1Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
67
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW November 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data
12.
Weekly hours, by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted
[Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls]
Annual average
1982
1981
Industry division and group
1980
1981
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.p
Sept.p
PRIVATE SECTOR.............................................
35.3
35.2
35.0
35.1
35.1
35.0
34.4
35.0
34.9
34.9
35.0
34.9
34.9
34.8
34.8
MANUFACTURING...................................................
39.7
2.8
39.8
2.8
39.4
2.7
39.5
2.7
39.3
2.5
39.1
2.4
37.6
2.3
39.4
2.4
39.0
2.3
39.0
2.4
39.1
2.3
39.2
2.4
39.2
2.4
390
2.4
38.6
2.3
Overtime hours ................................
40.1
2.8
40.2
2.8
39.7
2.7
40.0
2.6
39.7
2.4
39.5
2.3
38.2
2.2
39.8
2.2
39.5
2.2
39.5
2.2
39.6
2.2
39.7
2.3
39.7
2.2
39.4
2.2
38.7
2.1
Lumber and wood products.......................
Furniture and fixtures ..............................
Stone, clay, and glass products..................
Primary metal industries ...........................
Fabricated metal products.........................
38.5
38.1
40.8
40.1
40.4
38.7
38.4
40.6
40.5
40.3
37.6
37.4
40.3
40.6
39.6
37.8
38.0
40.1
40.0
40.0
37.7
37.6
40.1
39.6
39.7
37.7
37.9
39.7
39.2
39.5
35.0
33.6
38.6
38.3
38.1
37.9
37.7
40.1
39.4
39.7
37.6
37.3
40.0
38.8
39.5
37.6
37.4
40.0
38.5
39.4
38.5
37.5
40.2
38.5
39.5
38.7
37.8
40.4
38.9
39.4
38.6
37.6
40.6
38.9
39.5
38.3
38.0
40.3
38.9
39.1
38.1
37.2
40.3
37.7
38.5
Machinery, except electrical ......................
Electric and electronic equipment.................
Transportation equipment .........................
Instruments and related products.................
Miscellaneous manufacturing......................
41.0
39.8
40.6
40.5
38.7
40.9
39.9
40.9
40.4
38.8
40.3
39.7
40.1
40.4
38.4
40.8
39.8
40.6
40.3
38.9
40.7
39.4
40.4
40.2
39.0
40.4
39.5
39.7
399
38.5
39.3
38.3
39.0
39.0
37.3
40.7
39.8
40.5
39.9
38.6
40.2
39.4
40.4
39.9
38.6
40.1
39.3
41.1
39.9
38.5
39.8
39.4
41.1
40.2
38.7
39.6
39.5
41.6
40.2
38.6
39.8
39.8
41.0
40.1
38.7
39.4
39.3
40.5
40.1
38.6
38.8
38.7
39.5
39.5
38.1
Overtime hours ................................
39.0
2.8
39.1
2.8
38.9
2.8
38.9
2.8
38.7
2.7
38.6
2.6
36.8
2.5
38.9
2.6
38.5
2.5
38.4
2.6
38.5
2.5
38.6
2.5
38.6
2.6
38.5
2.6
38.5
2.6
Food and kindred products .......................
Textile mill products ................................
Apparel and other textile products...............
Paper and allied products .........................
39.7
40.1
35.4
42.2
39.7
39.6
35.7
42.5
39.3
38.8
35.2
43.0
39.5
39.0
35.5
42.4
39.5
38.7
35.5
42.0
398
37.8
35.1
41.8
39.1
32.3
31.4
41.3
40.2
38.3
35.5
42.3
39.5
37.6
35.0
41.8
39.4
37.7
34.7
42.1
39.4
37.9
34.8
41.8
39.5
37.8
35.1
42.0
39.5
37.7
35.2
41.9
39.2
38.2
34.9
41.8
39.4
38.1
35.0
41.5
Printing and publishing..............................
Chemicals and allied products....................
Petroleum and coal products......................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products ...
Leather and leather products......................
37.1
41.5
41.8
40.0
36.7
37.3
41.6
43.2
40.3
36.8
37.1
42.2
43.1
39.7
36.2
37.1
41.5
42.2
39.9
36.7
37.1
41.2
42.5
39.6
36.5
37.1
41.3
42.7
394
36.1
36.9
41.0
44.3
37.9
34.1
37.4
41.2
43.5
40.0
35.6
37.1
40.7
43.5
39.6
35.8
37.1
40.7
44.0
39.8
35.6
36.8
41.0
44.1
39.9
35.6
37.1
41.0
44.1
40.1
35.7
37.0
40.9
43.3
40.2
36.1
36.8
40.8
44.2
39.7
36.1
37.1
41.3
43.0
39.5
35.7
31.7
32.0
31.9
31.8
32.0
31.9
31.9
31.9
32.1
38.5
38.5
38.3
Overtime hours ................................
Durable g o o d s ......................................................
Nondurable goods
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE
32.2
32.2 '*32.1
32.0
32.1
32.0
WHOLESALE TRA DE...............................................
38.5
38.6
38.5
38.4
38.5
38.4
38.1
38.5
38.4
38.3
38.5
38.6
RETAIL TRADE ........................................................
30.2
30.1
30.1
29.9
30.0
29.9
29.7
29.9
29.8
29.8
30.0
29.8
29.9
29.9
30.2
SERVICES .................................................................
32.6
32.6
32.5
32.6
32.6
32.6
32.5
32.6
32.6
32.7
32.7
32.7
32.6
32.7
32.8
Note: The industry divisions of mining; construction; tobacco manufactures (a major
manufacturing group, nondurable goods); transportation and public utilities; and finance, insurance,
and real estate are no longer shown. This is because the seasonal component in these is small
68
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
relative to the trend-cycle, or irregular components, or both, and consequently cannot be precisely
separated,
p=preliminary,
13.
Hourly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group
[Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricuitural payrolls]
1982
1981
Annual average
Industry division and group
May
June
July
Aug.p
Sept.p
1980
1981
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
Seasonally adjusted .........................
$6.66
(')
$7.25
(’ )
$7.40
7.37
$7.42
7.40
$7.47
7.45
$7.45
7.46
$7.55
7.52
$7.54
7.53
$7.55
7.54
$7.58
7 59
$7.63
7.65
$7.64
7.67
$7.67
7.71
$7.69
7.73
$7.76
7.72
M IN IN G .....................................................................
9.17
10.05
10.27
10.25
10.39
10.41
10.65
10.62
10.62
10.65
10.66
10.82
10.91
10.88
11.03
CONSTRUCTION......................................................
9.94
10.80
11.07
11.65
11.18
11.26
11.59
11.32
11.33
11.32
11.46
11.41
11.53
11.61
11.72
MANUFACTURING .................................................
7.27
7.99
8.16
8.16
8.20
8.27
8.42
8.34
8.37
8.42
8.45
8.50
8.55
8.51
8.59
7.75
6.55
5.49
7.50
9.77
7.45
8.53
7.00
5.91
8.27
10.81
8.70
7.16
8.77
7.16
6.05
8.54
8.83
7.16
8.91
7.28
8.94
7.24
8.65
11.15
8.64
8.72
11.24
8.69
9.01
7.41
6.23
8.80
11.23
8.79
9.06
7.59
6.30
8.56
11.08
8.53
8.92
7.38
6.28
8.70
11.23
8.55
889
7.27
6.19
8.62
9.11
7.64
6.34
8.93
11.37
8.85
9.10
7.62
6.39
8.92
11.51
8.33
8.73
7.10
6.06
8.50
10.97
8.39
886
9.16
7.67
6.38
9.04
11.60
8.90
8.00
8.81
7.62
10.39
7.43
5.96
8.96
7.75
10.49
7.59
6.05
9.04
7.80
10.74
7.60
6.05
9.08
7.83
10.74
7.68
9.19
7.98
10.79
7.93
6.27
9.20
7.96
10.82
7.94
6.29
9.18
8.01
10.89
8.00
6.32
9.24
8.03
10.89
8.07
6.35
9.26
8.05
11.08
8.16
6.38
11.21
6.11
9.18
7.90
10.76
7.81
6.19
8.23
6.41
9.30
8.18
11.25
8.31
6.40
9.33
8.24
11.19
8.45
6.38
9.38
8.32
11.24
8.47
6.48
7.18
7.43
5.52
4.96
8.60
7.36
7.56
8.76
5.69
5.04
8.95
7.33
7.51
8.67
5.72
5.05
8.82
7.38
7.61
9.04
5.73
5.04
8.89
7.44
7.67
8.96
5.72
5.04
8.96
7.67
7.82
9.21
5.76
5.18
9.06
7.54
7.74
9.56
5.76
5.13
8.99
7.57
7.79
9.72
5.76
5.15
9.03
7.65
7.90
10.05
5.79
5.18
9.11
7.66
7.92
9.93
5.79
5.16
9.14
7.70
7.90
10.35
5.79
5.18
9.28
7.77
7.88
10.42
5.81
5.17
9.41
7.74
7.87
9.42
5.82
5.18
9.44
7.83
7.89
9.39
5.86
5.20
9.62
8.37
9.38
11.55
7.29
5.09
8.40
9.37
11.47
7.30
5.09
8.42
9.42
11.58
7.31
5.11
8.48
9.53
11.59
7.38
5.15
8.58
9.68
11.91
7.51
5.19
8.56
9.68
12.29
7.49
5.22
8.59
9.71
12.32
7.45
5.24
8.59
9.81
12.50
7.52
5.32
8.61
9.83
12.52
7.56
5.32
9.95
12.53
7.64
5.36
10.02
10.01
10.20
6.52
4.58
8.18
9.12
11.38
7.16
4.99
12.42
7.65
5.30
12.40
7.64
5.35
12.56
7.74
5.43
10.29
10.41
10.46
6.21
6.24
8.07
6.22
8.10
8.12
5.48
5.48
5.50
PRIVATE SECTOR ..........................................
Durable goods
Lumber and wood products .................
Furniture and fixtures.........................
Stone, clay, and glass products ............
Primary metal industries......................
Fabricated metal products ..................
Machinery, except electrical.................
Electric and electronic equipment..........
Transportation equipment....................
Instruments and related products ..........
Miscellaneous manufacturing ...............
6.94
9.35
6.80
5.46
6.55
6.85
7.74
5.07
4.56
7.84
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products..................
Tobacco manufactures.......................
Textile mill products...........................
Apparel and other textile products ........
Paper and allied products....................
Printing and publishing.......................
Chemicals and allied products .............
Petroleum and coal products ...............
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products
Leather and leather products ...............
7.53
8.30
10.10
8.20
8.88
6.01
8.53
11.22
11.10
8.42
6.12
11.20
8.57
6.21
6.21
8.86
11.31
8.83
9.27
8.09
8.66
8.74
8.79
8.87
TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES
8.87
9.70
9.95
9.94
10.05
10.06
10.10
10.13
10.07
10.14
10.17
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE ......................
5.48
5.93
6.04
6.01
6.04
6.02
6.17
6.16
6.16
6.18
6.20
WHOLESALE TRADE...............................................
6.96
7.57
7.70
7.73
7.79
7.81
7.94
7.94
7.93
7.97
8.03
10.20
6.20
8.01
5.29
5.32
5.31
5.43
5.42
5.43
5.44
5.47
5.47
6.43
6.52
6.47
6.56
6.62
6.59
6.64
6.77
6.71
6.78
6.86
6.90
6.67
6.66
6.77
6.81
6.85
6.84
6.87
6.89
6.98
RETAIL TRADE ........................................................
4.88
5.25
5.37
FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE . . . .
5.79
6.31
6.39
5.85
SERVICES.................................................................
6.41
6.52
6.58
1Not available.
14.
6.79
6.79
p=preliminary.
Hourly Earnings Index, for production workers on private nonagricuitural payrolls, by industry
[1977=100]
Seasonally adjusted
Not seasonally adjusted
Industry
PRIVATE SECTOR (in current dollars)
Mining..........................................
Construction .................................
Manufacturing ................................
Transportation and public utilities..........
Wholesale and retail trade .................
Finance, insurance, and real estate.......
Services .......................................
PRIVATE SECTOR (in constant dollars)
May
1982
June
1982
July
1982
Aug.
1982 p
Sept.
1982 p
141.4
147.7
148.1
148.9
149.8
149.9
0.1
(’ )
<’ )
139.9
151.8
148.2
145.1
148.0
146.5
140.7
154.2
150.0
146.4
150.5
149.6
(’)
140.8
154.6
149.7
146.3
151.3
149.5
(’ )
140.6
153.3
148.9
145.7
148.6
148.7
(’)
139.7
152.5
149.1
145.2
147.2
147.3
.0
.2
-.2
-.1
.5
-.1
93.7
93.0
93.0
93.2
(2)
(2)
Sept.
1981
July
1982
Aug.
1982 p
Sept.
1982 p
141.7
148.6
149.2
150.2
6.0
151.7
135.5
144.7
143.0
141.0
139.8
139.7
161.3
140.8
153.3
148.3
145.5
148.3
147.8
161.0
141.6
153.6
150.0
145.8
150.1
148.2
162.9
142.9
154.6
151.2
146.3
150.7
149.4
7.4
5.5
5.8
3.8
7.8
7.0
133.5
144.7
141.5
141.0
140.4
139.7
92.1
92.4
92.6
(2)
(2)
92.1
1This series is not seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component is small relative to
the trend-cycle, irregular components, or both, and consequently cannot be separated with
sufficient precision.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Sept.
1981
Percent
change
from:
Aug. 1982
to
Sept. 1982
Percent
change
from:
Sept 1981
to
Sept 1982
6.8
(')
(’ )
2Not available,
p = preliminary,
69
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW November 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data
15.
Weekly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group
[Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricuitural payrolls]
1982
1981
Annual average
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Jan.
Dec.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.p
SepLp
1980
1981
Current dollars...................................
Seasonally adjusted...........................
Constant (1977) dollars.........................
$235.10
<1)
172.74
$255.20
(')
170.13
MINING ..............................................................
397.06
439.19
450.85
456.13
461.32
466.37
456.89
463.03
465.16
454.76
454.12
463.10
463.68
462.40
457.75
CONSTRUCTION ...............................................
367.78
398.52
396.31
419.62
414.78
417.75
385.95
406.39
419.21
415.44
429.75
427.88
438.14
436.54
432.47
Current dollars...................................
Constant (1977) dollars.........................
288.62
212.06
212.00
318.00
322.32
209.57
210.22
323.95
325.54
210.71
329.97
213.02
312.38
201.02
326.93
209.70
327.27
210.33
325.85
208.48
329.55
208.71
334.05
209.04
332.60
206.84
331.89
206.01
333.29
206.88
Durable g o o d s ...................................................
Lumber and wood products....................
Furniture and fixtures ...........................
Stone, clay, and glass products...............
Primary metal industries .......................
Fabricated metal products......................
310.78
252.18
209.17
306.00
391.78
300.98
342.91
270.90
226.94
335.76
437.81
330.46
346.26
271.36
226.58
346.32
457.78
330.70
350.07
271.22
233.92
344.25
435.51
337.28
351.68
269.93
230.51
345.87
440.67
337.64
356.73
272.80
238.07
343.26
438.77
345.47
336.28
248.71
204.10
325.38
431.23
323.19
352.93
272.63
231.51
337.90
443.52
337.66
352.84
273.73
233.50
344.27
434.85
342.14
350.45
270.05
230.39
347.93
434.99
338.91
355.90
285.29
231.76
355.52
430.11
346.33
360.59
297.53
238.77
361.49
439.96
349.67
357.11
294.90
233.31
362.56
437.75
344.27
356.72
296.42
244.10
362.15
441.98
345.54
355.41
294.53
239.25
367.02
439.64
343.54
Machinery except electrical....................
Electric and electronic equipment.............
Transportation equipment ......................
Instruments and related products.............
Miscellaneous manufacturing..................
328.00
276.21
379.61
275.40
211.30
360.33
304.04
424.95
300.17
231.25
361.98
307.68
418.55
306.64
234.14
367.93
311.22
440.34
307.04
237.77
372.28
311.63
438.19
313.34
241.35
381.89
319.16
445.46
317.87
242.03
360.25
304.04
414.34
306.10
229.48
374.44
316.81
437.13
317.60
241.54
370.87
316.40
439.96
320.80
244.58
367.75
313.17
441.05
318.77
242.57
367.62
315.56
455.39
327.22
245.63
367.09
319.56
466.34
330.85
247.43
363.63
319.84
456.75
328.25
244.48
363.87
322.18
447.60
337.16
246.27
364.88
321.98
440.61
334.57
248.83
Nondurable g o o d s ............................................
255.45
271.95
294.89
203.31
161.42
330.85
280.74
294.97
344.54
218.59
177.07
365.50
287.78
300.89
352.15
221.34
177.41
386.64
286.60
296.65
341.60
225.37
180.79
373.97
288.56
302.88
350.75
224.62
180.43
376.05
291.65
309.87
341.38
220.79
178.92
382.59
277.65
302.63
332.48
179.71
155.40
374.18
291.04
307.28
366.15
219.46
180.58
377.58
289.93
303.81
362.56
217.15
180.77
376.55
291.47
306.52
367.83
215.39
178.19
380.80
294.14
312.05
369.40
219.44
180.08
379.31
297.99
312.05
397.44
220.60
183.89
389.76
299.15
312.05
383.46
216.13
183.02
391.46
299.54
312.44
361.73
222.91
182.85
393.65
303.02
314.81
370.91
223.85
181.48
401.15
Printing and publishing...........................
Chemicals and allied products.................
Petroleum and coal products..................
Rubber and miscellaneous
plastics products..............................
Leather and leather products..................
279.36
344.45
422.18
305.11
379.39
491.62
313.04
395.84
512.82
312.48
388.86
494.36
314.07
391.87
499.10
321.39
398.35
493.73
312.31
394.94
514.51
317.58
397.85
518.64
318.69
395.20
522.37
316.11
399.27
550.00
315.99
401.06
549.63
319.55
406.96
553.83
322.51
407.81
546.48
326.11
406.41
549.32
330.85
421.26
557.66
260.80
168.09
288.55
183.63
289.41
183.24
293.46
186.80
291.67
187.03
295.94
187.46
283.88
172.83
298.85
184.27
295.77
186.54
297.04
187.26
300.13
191.52
306.36
196.71
302.94
191.33
303.31
194.21
305.73
192.77
TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES . . .
351.25
382.18
390.04
388.65
393.96
395.36
388.85
397.10
392.73
393.43
394.60
399.84
403.37
409,11
410.03
194.66
195.91
197.78
199.02
202.45
202.77
200.93
PRIVATE SECTOR
$259.74 $261.18 $262.20 $262.24 $255.95 $262.39 $261.99 $262.27 $265.52 $267.40 $269 98 $270.69 $270.05
257.95 259.74 261.50 261.10 258.69 263.55 263.15 264.89 267.75 267.68 269.08 269.00 268.66
168.88 169.49 169.71 169.30 164.70 168.31 168.37 167.80 168.16 167.33 167.90 168.03 167.63
MANUFACTURING
Food and kindred products ....................
Tobacco manufactures .........................
Textile mill products ............................
Apparel and other textile products............
Paper and allied products ......................
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE ....................
176.46
190.95
194.49
192.32
192.68
194.45
191.89
194.66
WHOLESALE TRADE ..........................................
267.96
292.20
296.45
298.38
300.69
302.25
300.13
303.31
303.72
304.45
308.35
309.19
312.31
312.66
311.00
159.35
159.64
161.02
163.01
164.65
168.24
168.24
166.65
RETAIL TR A D E .....................................................
147.38
158.03
162.17
157.64
158.54
160.89
157.47
FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE
209.60
229.05
230.04
232.77
236.02
234.21
237.47
239.64
239.22
240.37
245.75
242.23
245.44
249.02
247.71
219.32
220.68
220.03
221.33
222.63
224.35
227.40
228.06
228.25
.
SERVICES..............................................................
1Not available.
70
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
190.71
208.97
211.25
213.85
216.78
217.12
P = preliminary.
UN EM PLO YM ENT INSURANCE DATA
N a t i o n a l u n e m p l o y m e n t i n s u r a n c e d a t a are compiled
monthly by the Employment and Training Administration of
the U.S. Department of Labor from monthly reports of unem
ployment insurance activity prepared by State agencies. Rail
road unemployment insurance data are prepared by the U.S.
Railroad Retirement Board.
ployed. Persons not covered by unemployment insurance (about 10
percent of the labor force) and those who have exhausted or not yet
earned benefit rights are excluded from the scope of the survey. Ini
tial claims are notices filed by persons in unemployment insurance
programs to indicate they are out of work and wish to begin receiv
ing compensation. A claimant who continued to be unemployed a
full week is then counted in the insured unemployment figure. The
rate of insured unemployment expresses the number of insured unem
ployed as a percent of the average insured employment in a
12-month period.
Definitions
Data for all programs represent an unduplicated count of insured
unemployment under State programs, Unemployment Compensation
for Ex-Servicemen, and Unemployment Compensation for Federal
Employees, and the Railroad Insurance Act.
An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the be
ginning of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no ap
plication is required for subsequent periods in the same year. Num
ber of payments are payments made in 14-day registration periods.
The average amount of benefit payment is an average for all com
pensable periods, not adjusted for recovery of overpayments or set
tlement of underpayments. However, total benefits paid have been
adjusted.
Under both State and Federal unemployment insurance programs
for civilian employees, insured workers must report the completion of
at least 1 week of unemployment before they are defined as unem
16.
Unemployment insurance and employment service operations
[All items except average benefits amounts are in thousands]
1981
Aug.
All programs:
Insured unemployment....................
State unemployment insurance program:1
Initial claims2 ................................
Insured unemployment (average
weekly volume) .........................
Rate of insured unemployment ..........
Weeks of unemployment compensated .
Average weekly benefit amount
for total unemployment.................
Total benefits paid .........................
State umemployment insurance program:1
(Seasonally adjusted data)
Initial claims2 ................................
Insured umemployment (average
weekly volume) .........................
Rate of insured umemployment..........
Unemployment compensation for exservicemen: 3
Initial claims1 ................................
Insured unemployment (average
weekly volume) .........................
Weeks of unemployment compensated .
Total benefits paid .........................
Unemployment compensation for
Federal civilian employees:4
Initial claims.................................
Insured unemployment (average
weekly volume) .........................
Weeks of unemployment compensated .
Total benefits paid .........................
Railroad unemployment insurance:
Applications.................................
Insured unemployment (average
weekly volume) .........................
Number of payments ......................
Average amount of benefit payment ...
Total benefits paid .........................
Employment service:5
New applications and renewals..........
Nonfarm placements ......................
Sept.
2,874
1982
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.p
2,680
2,753
3,228
3,935
4,681
4,723
4,892
4,760
4,388
4,328
4,495
4,398
1,610
1,681
1,996
2,286
3,272
3,328
2,272
2,418
2,347
1,989
2,399
2,655
2,358
2,656
3.0
9,594
2,488
2.9
9,565
2,592
3.0
9,424
3,061
3.5
10,052
3,778
4.3
14,592
4,470
5.1
15,962
4,376
5.0
15,631
4,282
4.9
18,144
4,067
4.6
r 16,158
3,729
4.3
'13,679
3,707
4.3
'14,648
3,910
4.6
14,655
3,831
4.4
15,015
$105.94
$107.39
$1,004,864 $1,001,020
$108.92
$110.52
$112.83
$114.83
$116.95
$117.10 r$117.61
'$118.08 '$118.64
$117.28
$121.52
$997,757 $1,080,810 $1,592,546 $1,764,206 $1,781,830 $2,072,642 r$1,849,881 '$1,573,444 '$1,689,061 $1,679,378 $1,746,195
1,851
2,099
2,187
2,233
2.106
2,304
2,354
2,521
2,442
2,379
2,528
2,317
2,814
2,867
3.3
2,985
3.4
3,171
3.6
3,403
3.9
3,593
4.1
3,604
4.1
3,644
4.2
3,777
4.3
3,939
4.5
3,925
4.5
3,995
4.6
3,959
4.5
4,137
4.7
19
15
11
9
11
8
8
8
11
26
116
$12,952
22
91
$10,043
19
93
$10,155
16
65
$7,098
13
49
$5,304
10
48
$5,141
37
'$4,013
9
31
$3,395
10
8
10
34
153
$17,144
10
11
9
44
190
$21,425
7
25
$2,821
7
24
$2,793
17
18
20
16
17
17
12
13
13
11
14
13
12
25
29
32
36
127
$13,491
39
174
$18,891
40
162
$18,040
40
154
$17,517
38
172
$19,677
33
'146
'$16,806
29
28
123
'$13,922
29
$13,445
27
118
$13,140
68
29
'$3,314
102
100
$9,543
$10,495
$11,719
13
15
21
13
19
22
11
9
5
5
36
68
29
63
$202.53
$7,071
34
74
$207,98
15,046
40
44
83
$207.08
$16,377
54
117
$212.33
$25,292
75
153
$213.39
$30,544
67
140
$214.07
$28,011
65
154
$215.71
$33,853
57
130
$209.48
$26,262
44
95
$200.75
$19,110
44
93
$199.15
$18,574
55
112
120
$13,526
120
(
86
$197.26
15,994
16,502
3,509
11nitial claims and State insured unemployment include data under the program for Puerto Rican
jarcane workers.
2Excludes transition claims under State programs.
3Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with other programs.
4Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with State programs.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Jan.
4,081
731
7,439
1,232
55
100
100
$202.54
$17,998
$202.54
$17,998
10,965
1,902
10,965
1,902
5Cumulative total for fiscal year (October 1-September 30). Data computed quarterly.
Note: Data for Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands included. Dashes indicate data not available.
r=revised
p=preliminary.
71
PRICE DATA
P r i c e d a t a are gathered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics
from retail and primary markets in the United States. Price
indexes are given in relation to a base period (1967 = 100,
unless otherwise noted).
Definitions
The Consumer Price Index is a monthly statistical measure of the
average change in prices in a fixed market basket of goods and ser
vices. Effective with the January 1978 index, the Bureau of Labor Sta
tistics began publishing CPI’s for two groups of the population. One
index, a new CPI for All Urban Consumers, covers 80 percent of the
total noninstitutional population; and the other index, a revised CPI
for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, covers about half the
new index population. The All Urban Consumers index includes, in
addition to wage earners and clerical workers, professional, manageri
al, and technical workers, the self-employed, short-term workers, the
unemployed, retirees, and others not in the labor force.
The CPI is based on prices of food, clothing, shelter, fuel, drugs,
transportation fares, doctor’s and dentist’s fees, and other goods and
services that people buy for day-to-day living. The quantity and quali
ty of these items is kept essentially unchanged between major revi
sions so that only price changes will be measured. Prices are collected
from over 18,000 tenants, 24,000 retail establishments, and 18,000
housing units for property taxes in 85 urban areas across the country.
All taxes directly associated with the purchase and use of items are
included in the index. Because the CPI’s are based on the expendi
tures of two population groups in 1972-73, they may not accurately
reflect the experience of individual families and single persons with
different buying habits.
Though the CPI is often called the “Cost-of-Living Index,” it meas
ures only price change, which is just one of several important factors
affecting living costs. Area indexes do not measure differences in the
level of prices among cities. They only measure the average change in
prices for each area since the base period.
Producer Price Indexes measure average changes in prices received
in primary markets of the United States by producers of commodities
in all stages of processing. The sample used for calculating these in
dexes contains about 2,800 commodities and about 10,000 quotations
per month selected to represent the movement of prices of all com
modities produced in the manufacturing, agriculture, forestry, fishing,
mining, gas and electricity, and public utilities sectors. The universe
includes all commodities produced or imported for sale in commercial
transactions in primary markets in the United States.
Producer Price Indexes can be organized by stage of processing or
by commodity. The stage of processing structure organizes products
by degree of fabrication (that is, finished goods, intermediate or
semifinished goods, and crude materials). The commodity structure
organizes products by similarity of end-use or material composition.
To the extent possible, prices used in calculating Producer Price In
dexes apply to the first significant commercial transaction in the Unit
ed States, from the production or central marketing point. Price data
are generally collected monthly, primarily by mail questionnaire.
72
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Most prices are obtained directly from producing companies on a vol
untary and confidential basis. Prices generally are reported for the
Tuesday of the week containing the 13th day of the month.
In calculating Producer Price Indexes, price changes for the vari
ous commodities are averaged together with implicit quantity weights
representing their importance in the total net selling value of all com
modities as of 1972. The detailed data are aggregated to obtain in
dexes for stage of processing groupings, commodity groupings, dura
bility of product groupings, and a number of special composite
groupings.
Price indexes for the output of selected SIC industries measure av
erage price changes in commodities produced by particular industries,
as defined in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual 1972
(Washington, U.S. Office of Management and Budget, 1972). These
indexes are derived from several price series, combined to match the
economic activity of the specified industry and weighted by the value
of shipments in the industry. They use data from comprehensive in
dustrial censuses conducted by the U.S. Bureau of the Census and the
U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Notes on the data
Beginning with the May 1978 issue of the Review, regional CPI’s
cross classified by population size, were introduced. These indexes will
enable users in local areas for which an index is not published to get a
better approximation of the CPI for their area by using the appropri
ate population size class measure for their region. The cross-classified
indexes will be published bimonthly. (See table 19.)
For further details about the new and the revised indexes and a
comparison of various aspects of these indexes with the old unrevised
CPI, see Facts About the Revised Consumer Price Index, a pamphlet in
the Consumer Price Index Revision 1978 series. See also The
Consumer Price Index: Concepts and Content Over the Years, Report
517, revised edition (Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 1978).
For interarea comparisons of living costs at three hypothetical stand
ards of living, see the family budget data published in the Handbook
o f Labor Statistics, 1977, Bulletin 1966 (Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1977), tables 122-133. Additional data and analysis on price changes
are provided in the CPI Detailed Report and Producer Prices and Price
Indexes, both monthly publications of the Bureau.
As of January 1976, the Wholesale Price Index (as it was then
called) incorporated a revised weighting structure reflecting 1972 val
ues of shipments. From January 1967 through December 1975, 1963
values of shipments were used as weights.
For a discussion of the general method of computing consumer,
producer, and industry price indexes, see BLS Handbook o f Methods
for Surveys and Studies, Bulletin 1910 (Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1976), chapters 13-15. See also John F. Early, “Improving the meas
urement of producer price change,” Monthly Labor Review, April
1978, pp. 7-15. For industry prices, see also Bennett R. Moss, “In
dustry and Sector Price Indexes,” Monthly Labor Review, August
1965, pp. 974-82.
17.
Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, annual averages and changes, 1967-81
[1967 = 100]
Food and
beverages
All items
Year
Index
Percent
change
Index
Apparel and
upkeep
Housing
Percent
change
Index
Percent
change
1967 ...............
1968 ...............
1969 ...............
1970 ...............
100.0
104.2
109.8
116.3
4.2
5.4
5.9
103.6
108.8
114.7
3.6
5.0
5.4
104.0
110.4
118.2
4.0
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
121.3
125.3
133.1
147.7
161.2
4.3
3.3
6.2
11.0
3.1
4.1
13.2
13.8
8.4
123.4
128.1
133.7
148.8
164.5
4.4
3.8
4.4
11.3
9.1
118.3
123.2
139.5
158.7
172.1
1976 ...............
1977 ...............
1978 ...............
1979 ...............
1980 ...............
170.5
181.5
195.3
217.7
247.0
5.8
6.5
7.6
11.5
13.5
177.4
188.0
206.2
228.7
248.7
9.7
10.9
8.7
202.6
10.6
6.1
6.8
8.6
227.5
263.2
272.3
10.2
267.8
7.7
293.2
1981 ...............
3.1
6.0
174.6
186.5
Percent
change
6.2
7.1
Index
Percent
change
Index
Percent
change
6.1
12.0
7.5
8.9
122.4
127.5
132.5
142.0
153.9
4.8
4.2
3.9
7.2
8.4
184.7
202.4
219.4
240.1
267.2
9.5
9.6
8.4
9.4
11.3
159.8
167.7
176.2
187.6
203.7
5.0
4.9
5.1
6.5
8.5
162.7
172.2
183.2
196.3
213.6
5.7
5.8
6.4
7.2
295.1
10.4
219.0
7.5
233.3
9.2
119.8
122.3
126.8
136.2
142.3
3.2
118.6
119.9
123.8
137.7
150.6
5.2
6.5
3.2
3.9
9.3
9.4
128.4
132.5
137.7
150.5
168.6
12.3
15.7
147.6
154.2
159.5
166.4
177.4
3.7
4.5
3.4
4.3
6.6
250.5
9.9
7.1
4.9
14.5
17.7
11.4
186.6
5.2
281.3
12.3
165.5
177.2
185.8
212.8
100.0
100.0
105.7
111.0
5.3
2.9
106.1
113.4
3.3
Percent
change
122.9
126.5
130.0
139.8
152.2
3.2
3.9
5.1
11.2
Index
5.2
4.9
5.8
103.2
107.2
112.7
3.7
7.4
4.5
Percent
change
105.2
110.4
116.8
5.4
5.8
4.1
1.1
Index
5.7
5.0
5.1
105.4
111.5
116.1
2.1
Other goods
and services
Entertainment
Medical care
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Index
Transportation
120.6
6.9
6.3
116.7
2.8
8.8
18. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers and revised CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers,
U.S. city average— general summary and groups, subgroups, and selected items
[1967=100 unless otherwise specified]
Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised)
All Urban Consumers
General summary
1982
1981
1982
1981
Aug.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Aug.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
All item s................................................................................................
276.5
283.1
284.3
287.1
290.6
292.2
292.8
276.5
282.5
283.7
286.5
290.1
291.8
292.4
Food and beverages .........................................................
Housing..........................................................................
Apparel and upkeep...........................................................
Transportation.................................................................
Medical care ...................................................................
Entertainment .................................................................
Other goods and services....................................................
270.1
299.7
187.4
283.7
299.3
222.3
235.6
275.6
306.7
191.1
285.1
318.8
232.8
252.2
276.5
309.4
191.9
282.9
321.7
233.9
253.8
278.1
313.8
191.5
285.6
323.8
234.4
255.0
280.2
317.5
190.8
292.8
326.4
235.6
255.8
280.8
319.2
189.7
296.1
330.0
236.6
257.2
279.9
320.1
191.8
296.2
333.3
237.4
258.3
270.6
299.6
187.9
285.1
298.6
219.9
233.5
275.9
306.2
190.5
286.6
317.4
229.5
249.3
276.8
309.2
191.2
284.3
320.2
230.5
250.9
278.4
313.7
190.6
287.1
322.3
231.1
252.4
280.5
317.5
189.6
294.5
324.8
232.3
253.1
281.2
319.3
188.7
297.9
328.1
233.5
254.5
280.2
320.5
190.7
298.0
331.3
233.9
255.7
Commodities ...................................................................
Commodities less food and beverages ..............................
Nondurables less food and beverages............................
Durables................................................................
256.2
245.8
263.9
230.9
258.8
247.1
263.4
233.5
258.9
247.0
259.7
235.8
261.5
249.8
261.0
239.8
265.1
254.0
266.3
243.2
266.5
255.7
268.2
244.7
266.4
255.9
268.8
244.6
256.9
246.7
266.8
229.9
259.1
247.5
265.3
232.4
259.2
247.2
261.3
234.8
261.7
250.1
262.6
238.9
265.4
254.5
268.2
242.3
266.9
256.3
270.3
243.9
266.8
256.5
270.7
244.0
Services ........................................................................
Rent, residential.......................................................
Household services less rent ......................................
Transportation services...............................................
Medical care services................................................
Other services.........................................................
312.2
210.3
379.9
275.7
323.4
239.1
325.5
219.6
392.5
288.8
345.1
254.0
328.4
331.8
334.9
403.0
291.3
350.2
255.9
407.7
294.7
353.0
257.0
338.9
226.0
411.7
297.8
361.0
259.7
312.7
209.9
384.2
274.3
322.1
238.3
325.8
219.1
396.6
287.9
343.0
252.4
329.1
219.6
402.3
289.2
345.8
253.8
332.4
221.3
408.2
290.0
348.0
254.4
335.7
397.3
290.3
348.0
255.3
337.0
224.8
409.4
297.2
357.3
258.0
413.3
293.2
350.7
255.5
337.9
224.3
415.3
295.7
354.7
256.6
340.0
225.5
418.1
296.5
358.3
258.4
All items less food ............................................................
All items less mortgage interest costs .....................................
Commodities less food.......................................................
Nondurables less food .......................................................
Nondurables less food and apparel........................................
Nondurables ...................................................................
Services less rent ............................................................
Services less medical care..................................................
Domestically produced farm foods ........................................
Selected beef cuts............................................................
Energy ..........................................................................
All items less energy .........................................................
All items less food and energy .....................................
Commodities less food and energy..............................
Energy commodities ...............................................
Services less energy...............................................
274.9
260.9
243.8
258.4
298.0
268.1
331.7
308.8
260.6
276.7
416.1
265.6
261.3
220.9
449.9
308.3
281.7
267.2
245.2
258.4
296.6
270.7
345.7
321.1
263.8
272.0
406.1
273.6
269.8
225.3
424.5
321.5
282.9
267.9
245.0
255.0
291.4
269.3
349.1
324.0
264.5
275.1
395.7
275.7
272.2
227.2
406.6
324.5
286.0
270.3
247.8
256.2
293.4
270.7
352.8
327.5
267.1
281.6
402.1
278.3
274.9
229.9
410.2
327.2
289.7
273.6
251.9
261.2
301.0
274.4
356.5
330.7
270.3
289.1
418.6
280.7
277.3
232.1
430.8
329.9
291.5
275.1
253.5
263.0
304.3
275.7
358.5
332.5
270.7
287.4
424.5
282.0
278.7
233.1
438.2
331.8
292.5
275.6
253.8
263.6
304.2
275.5
360.5
334.1
268.4
280.8
424.5
282.7
279.8
233.6
436.6
333.6
275.2
261.5
244.7
261.2
300.0
269.7
332.6
309.4
259.9
277.2
418.9
264.7
260.3
450.6
308.9
281.3
267.3
245.6
260.2
297.8
271.6
346.4
321.6
262.7
273.3
407.9
272.3
268.3
224.5
425.0
321.8
282.5
267.9
245.3
256.6
292.3
270.1
350.2
3249
263.5
276.4
396.9
274.5
270.9
226.4
406.9
325.2
285.6
270.3
248.1
257.8
294.4
271.5
353.8
328.3
266.0
283.1
403.1
277.0
273.6
229.1
410.5
327.9
289.4
273.7
252.4
263.0
302.4
275.4
357.7
331.7
269.2
290.6
420.4
279.4
276.0
231.3
431.6
330.6
291.4
275.3
254.1
265.0
305.8
276.8
359.9
333.6
269.7
288.8
426.5
280.8
277.6
232.4
439.0
332.6
292.4
275.8
254.4
265.4
305.5
276.5
362.2
335.6
267.4
281.9
426.1
281.5
278.7
232.8
437.3
334.7
Purchasing power of the consumer dollar, 1967 - $1 .................
$0,362
$0353
$0,352
$0,348
$0,344
$0,342
$0,342
$0,362
$0,354
$0,352
$0,349
$0,345
$0,343
$0,342
220.1
221.8 222.6
222.1
Special indexes:
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
220.2
73
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW November 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices
18.
Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average
[1967=100 unless otherwise specified]
All Urban Consumers
General summary
1981
Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised)
1982
1981
1982
Aug.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Aug.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
FOOD AND BEVERAGES ............................................................................
270.1
275.6
276.5
278.1
280.2
280.8
279.9
270.6
275.9
276.8
278.4
280.5
281.2
280.2
F ood...............................................................................................................
277.4
283.0
283.9
285.5
287.8
288.5
287.4
277.7
283.1
284.1
285.7
288.0
288.6
287.5
Food at home..........................................................................
Cereals and bakery products .................................................
Cereals and cereal products (12/77 = 100).........................
Flour and prepared flour mixes (12/77 = 100).................
Cereal (12/77 = 100)...............................................
Rice, pasta, and cornmeal (12/77 = 100) ......................
Bakery products (12/77 = 100)........................................
White bread ...........................................................
Other breads (12/77 = 100)......................................
Fresh biscuits, rolls, and muffins (12/77 = 100) ...............
Fresh cakes and cupcakes (12/77 = 100)......................
Cookies (12/77 = 100).............................................
Crackers, bread, and cracker products (12/77 = 100) .......
Fresh sweetrolls, coffeecake, and donuts (12/77 = 100) ...
Frozen and refrigerated bakery products
and fresh pies, tarts, and turnovers (12/77 = 100) ........
272.8
272.6
149.5
139.6
154.6
151.4
142.4
235.6
140.8
143.4
142.7
143.1
130.6
143.9
277.1
281.3
153.9
139.2
165.2
151.2
147.1
242.3
145.1
148.4
148.0
149.4
135.3
146.3
277.9
281.7
153.6
139.7
165.4
149.6
147.5
242.8
145.2
147.6
148.4
150.2
137.3
146.8
279.8
283.3
154.5
141.8
165.7
150.2
148.3
243.8
146.3
149.7
149.0
150.5
139.6
147.3
282.6
283.6
154.5
142.1
166.1
149.4
148.6
242.4
145.6
149.9
149.2
150.7
140.9
148.9
282.8
284.3
154.8
143.5
166.3
148.9
149.0
246.1
145.1
148.9
148.9
150.0
141.8
148.5
2808
284.8
154.5
141.6
166.5
149.3
149.4
246.6
146.2
150.5
149.5
149.6
141.3
148.9
272.2
272.0
151.3
142.0
156.4
153.1
141.5
233.0
143.4
141.0
141.2
144.1
130.9
143.4
276.2
280.0
154.8
139.6
167.2
152.4
146.0
238.3
147.0
144.6
146.4
150.2
136.5
148.7
277.0
280.4
154.6
140.1
167.4
150.8
146.3
238.8
147.1
143.8
146.8
151.2
138.7
149.3
278.8
282.0
155.4
142.1
167.8
151.5
147.2
240.0
148.2
146.0
147.4
151.4
141.0
149.9
281.6
282.3
155.5
142.5
168.2
150.6
147.4
238.3
147.5
146.2
147.5
151.5
142.3
151.5
281.9
283.0
155.8
144.0
168.5
150.0
147.8
241.9
147.0
145.4
147.2
150.9
143.2
151.1
279.8
283.4
155.5
142.1
168.6
150.5
148.1
242.5
148.2
146.6
147.6
150.6
142.6
151.5
147.1
153.5
153.4
153.6
156.3
156.2
156.6
141.5
146.8
146.5
146.7
149.4
149.2
149.5
Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs................................................
Meats, poultry, and fish ...................... .........................
Meats .................................................................
Beef and veal .....................................................
Ground beef other than canned..............................
Chuck roast.....................................................
Round roast.....................................................
Round steak ....................................................
Srloin steak.....................................................
Other beef and veal (12/77 = 100) .......................
Pork.................................................................
Bacon ............................................................
Chops ............................................................
Ham other than canned (12/77 = 100)....................
Sajsage .........................................................
Cannec ham ....................................................
Other pork (12/77 = 100) ...................................
Other meats .......................................................
Frankfurters.....................................................
Bologna, liverwurst, and salami (12/77 = 100) ..........
Other lunchmeats (12/77 = 100) ...........................
Lamb and organ meats (12/77 = 100) ....................
Poultry.................................................................
Fresh whole chicken...........................................
Fresh and frozen chicken parts (12/77 = 100) ..........
Other poultry (12/77 = 100) ................................
Fish and seafood ....................................................
Canned fish and seafood (12/77 = 100)..................
Fresh and frozen fish and seafood (12/77 = 100) .......
Eggs ........................................................................
255.8
262.2
262.0
275.9
267.4
285.3
247.2
256.0
282.2
164.3
235.3
231.1
224.1
105.3
297.2
234.9
135.0
261.4
259.8
147.0
130.6
146.8
256.9
262.1
261.2
271.7
265.8
284.3
243.0
258.8
260.6
161.5
239.5
249.6
216.3
109.2
305.8
247.6
132.6
262.4
260.5
149.2
133.7
141.0
194.7
195.1
127.5
123.9
376.3
141.0
144.7
195.2
258.3
264.2
263.6
274.8
266.9
285.4
244.9
262.8
271.1
163.7
241.6
255.9
223.4
105.4
305.7
245.6
135.2
262.8
259.5
150.2
133.2
142.6
193.3
194.1
127.6
121.3
382.0
141.5
147.9
186.9
261.0
268.2
269.7
281.1
269.4
287.2
252.4
269.2
282.3
169.0
249.9
267.7
230.0
266.0
274.3
277.2
288.2
274.6
295.4
257.0
278.8
294.1
173.3
259.5
280.7
241.2
326.3
253.2
145.4
268.5
268.8
154.6
135.5
143.1
197.5
199.1
129.3
124.6
365.2
139.9
138.6
162.5
255.5
261.8
261.3
275.9
269.4
295.5
247.3
251.5
279.2
162.6
236.5
234.5
224.4
103.7
298.6
238.0
136.3
259.6
260.4
145.7
128.8
148.3
129.4
127.3
370.2
140.5
141.3
173.6
265.4
273.7
276.5
280.5
268.1
289.7
245.0
263.4
285.5
169.7
268.2
295.6
248.0
116.8
332.2
257.6
150.8
272.8
275.6
157.5
138.3
142.3
196.2
193.8
128.2
127.7
367.6
139.4
140.4
161.2
256.4
261.5
260.6
272.3
266.9
293.1
245.9
256.4
262.2
159.8
238.9
253.3
214.7
106.5
306.6
251.2
131.7
261.7
260.0
149.4
131.7
144.2
192.8
192.8
125.9
123.3
375.5
140.5
144.6
196.3
257.8
263.6
262.8
275.3
267.9
294.1
247.9
260.8
272.4
162.1
241.0
259.7
221.7
313.3
249.9
138.9
264.0
262.7
150.7
134.3
141.2
196.0
196.8
128.3
124.3
366.3
139.8
139.4
172.3
268.5
276.2
278.8
286.7
272.5
296.2
251.8
271.2
295.6
173.3
265.4
283.9
248.9
115.3
331.9
255.3
150.3
272.0
274.2
156.5
137.3
143.9
199.6
260.7
267.7
269.0
281.9
270.7
296.2
255.9
267.8
283.8
167.5
249.2
271.9
228.2
108.3
314.2
253.2
138.2
263.2
261.8
150.7
132.3
144.4
194.1
194.7
126.5
123.9
365.0
139.2
138.9
173.4
265.8
273.9
276.5
289.0
275.9
304.9
260.1
277.2
295.5
171.9
258.9
285.3
239.6
109.6
327.2
256.4
144.7
267.8
268.3
154.6
133.4
146.5
195.8
197.0
127.5
124.3
364.2
139.4
138.3
163.4
268.3
275.8
278.2
287.4
273.9
305.3
254.7
269.4
298.0
171.7
264.9
288.7
247.3
112.4
332.9
258.7
149.5
271.3
273.4
156.6
135.1
147.3
197.8
198.8
127.9
126.9
368.7
139.9
140.8
174.7
265.1
273.3
275.8
280.8
269.0
298.9
247.9
261.1
286.8
168.0
267.6
300.4
246.3
113.8
333.5
261.1
150.0
272.3
274.9
157.6
136.1
145.6
194.4
191.8
126.5
127.4
365.8
138.8
139.7
162.3
Dairy products..............................................................
Fresh milk and cream (12/77 = 100) ...........................
Fresh whole milk..................................................
Other fresh milk and cream (12/77 = 100)..................
Processed dairy products (12/77 = 100).......................
Butter................................................................
Cheese (12/77 = 100) ..........................................
Ice cream and related products (12/77 = 100).............
Other dairy products (12/77 = 100)...........................
243.8
134.5
247.5
135.9
247.0
135.7
247.5
135.4
136.2
145.9
251.1
144.2
150.4
141.3
136.0
146.3
252.1
144.8
150.6
140.7
134.6
145.3
252.7
143.6
148.9
140.3
246.8
135.3
221.3
135.7
145.9
252.7
144.0
150.2
140.8
246.3
135.1
135.7
145.2
251.1
144.0
148.7
139.7
243.9
134.3
219.8
134.4
143.3
248.5
141.5
147.9
137.2
245.9
134.8
136.2
145.6
250.1
143.7
150.9
139.9
246.3
135.2
221.3
135.4
144.9
250.9
143.2
149.6
138.7
247.5
135.6
134.2
142.5
246.2
140.8
147.9
135.6
246.5
135.3
221.7
135.1
144.9
250.1
143.3
149.5
139.5
135.2
145.5
253.7
144.3
147.9
140.4
245.7
134.7
220.4
134.9
145.2
253.4
143.6
148.7
139.4
246.8
135.1
220.7
135.7
146.2
253.7
144.5
149.6
142.0
246.8
134.8
220.3
135.5
146.6
254.6
145.1
149.6
141.6
Fruits and vegetables ....................................................
Fresh fruits and vegetables ........................................
Fresh fruits .........................................................
Apples............................................................
Bananas .........................................................
Orarges .........................................................
Other fresh fruits (12/77 = 100)............................
Fresh vegetables..................................................
Potatoes .........................................................
Lettuce ...........................................................
Tomatoes .......................................................
Other fresh vegetables (12/77 = 100) ....................
286.1
295.8
306.9
282.1
245.2
353.7
163.5
285.5
375.1
290.6
209.9
143.6
293.1
302.1
297.8
288.7
263.0
316.3
157.2
306.1
301.0
270.9
258.1
185.0
294.0
304.1
306.7
287.5
268.5
330.8
163.4
301.8
306.1
355.2
220.5
166.3
297.9
311.7
318.8
299.8
261.6
362.1
168.2
305.1
320.3
291.6
226.5
179.3
305.6
325.9
340.8
321.4
267.9
406.8
177.1
311.9
344.9
269.1
275.6
177.5
299.7
313.8
332.4
331.8
245.4
438.2
161.6
296.4
370.9
254.5
270.2
155.6
291.4
296.9
336.1
314.5
233.7
473.0
163.9
260.2
328.1
246.3
194.3
138.3
144.1
289.1
296.1
287.3
288.5
261.1
285.9
151.8
304.2
294.8
271.3
261.8
184.0
290.3
298.9
295.5
287.8
266.1
300.2
157.6
302.0
300.8
358.6
224.9
166.7
293.6
305.1
306.9
300.1
259.3
328.3
162.4
303.7
313.6
293.5
230.6
178.6
301.0
318.6
327.0
321.9
265.5
367.5
170.3
311.1
339.7
270.0
279.9
177.0
295.3
307.1
320.5
333.3
243.6
399.9
156.1
295.0
366.0
253.0
274.9
154.8
286.7
289.7
323.2
316.7
231.3
433.5
158.1
259.6
323.4
247.5
198 2
137.8
Processed fruits and vegetables .................................
Processed fruits (12/77 = 100) ................................
Frozen fruit and fruit juices (12/77 = 100).................
Fruit juices other than frozen (12/77 = 100) .............
Canned and dried fruits (12/77 = 100) ....................
Processed vegetables (12/77 = 100).........................
Frozen vegetables (12/77 = 100)...........................
277.9
143.4
143.5
147.4
139.1
135.7
134.9
285.8
149.0
149.2
152.4
145.3
138.2
142.0
285.5
148.2
147.1
151.5
145.6
138.6
144.0
285.4
148.3
145.7
152.2
146.4
138.5
143.9
285.9 c286.8
148.0 148.5
144.4 143.5
151.7 152.2
147.0 148.8
139.3 139.7
145.6 146.7
288.0
148.7
142.8
153.0
148.9
140.7
147.7
276.2
143.4
142.8
147.1
139.8
134.6
135.7
283.7
148.6
148.2
151.4
145.9
137.2
143.4
283.3
147.7
146.1
150.4
146.2
137.5
145.3
283.3
147.9
144.6
151.0
147.0
137.4
145.2
283.9
147.6
143.4
150.7
147.6
138.2
146.9
284.8
148.1
142.6
151.0
149.4
138.6
148.0
285.9
148.2
141.7
151.9
149.6
139.6
149.0
74
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
202.0
201.4
131.8
129.7
356.8
139.8
133.6
177.6
220.2
111.1 112.6
222.2 222.0
201.2
221.6 221.2
201.2
199.6
131.6
129.9
356.4
138.5
134.1
177.7
282.5
290.4
298.4
284.6
239.9
325.1
160.5
283.2
362.8
290.0
211.0
220.8
102.8
306.3
248.9
134.5
261.8
258.4
150.3
131.2
145.6
191.5
192.0
125.9
120.8
381.4
140.8
148.0
187.9
221.1
18.
Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average
[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised)
All Urban Consumers
General summary
1982
1981
July
Aug.
138.8
133.8
333.5
366.9
150.5
162.8
146.9
260.7
260.8
154.9
129.7
426.6
303.3
141.2
360.1
343.8
140.2
269.5
138.3
146.8
155.2
152.4
152.4
148.5
145.8
138.6
134.1
333.1
369.7
150.6
166.1
147.9
259.3
258.0
153.1
129.7
424.4
300.4
141.1
359.3
344.4
139.5
269.8
138.9
146.0
154.8
152.1
153.2
149.5
145.9
141.2
134.2
334.0
370.3
150.1
168.2
147.5
258.2
257.3
152.4
129.0
425.3
301.7
142.6
360.4
344.4
137.8
271.5
140.0
148.5
155.1
153.2
153.6
150.3
146.8
307.8
149.8
148.8
149.2
309.0
150.5
149.1
149.9
310.7
151.2
149.8
151.1
311.8
152.0
150.3
151.3
July
Aug.
Aug.
Mar.
Apr.
May
141.1
135.2
332.6
366.8
150.4
161.4
148.9
260.7
261.2
156.5
129.1
424.8
305.9
143.1
365.1
344.3
140.0
267.8
136.3
147.3
153.2
153.3
150.6
148.3
144.5
141.0
135.4
332.2
369.5
150.5
164.6
149.8
259.3
258.4
154.9
129.2
422.8
302.9
143.3
364.3
344.9
139.2
268.0
136.9
146.7
152.7
152.7
151.4
149.3
144.6
143.6
135.6
333.3
370.1
150.0
166.7
149.6
258.3
257.9
154.2
128.5
423.8
304.3
144.8
365.5
344.9
137.7
269.9
137.9
149.1
153.1
154.1
151.9
150.2
145.4
135.4
133.7
326.1
362.7
147.4
165.3
142.9
268.7
255.7
178.8
129.6
415.2
296.6
138.9
342.8
333.8
135.0
259.7
134.8
142.5
151.5
142.8
145.6
142.1
140.8
138.8
133.3
332.6
365.4
150.1
162.4
145.5
259.7
256.1
154.4
130.0
426.6
303.8
141.4
362.2
343.4
139.1
268.1
137.8
146.5
155.4
152.2
149.9
147.9
144.5
137.9
133.5
332.6
365.2
150.8
161.1
145.3
260.4
259.1
155.6
129.5
426.0
302.4
141.5
365.0
343.0
138.9
268.3
137.8
146.7
155.0
152.7
150.4
147.7
144.6
138.5
133.2
333.5
365.6
149.9
161.8
147.0
260.6
259.3
154.2
130.2
427.3
303.6
142.3
364.3
343.9
139.1
269.3
137.7
147.3
155.6
151.9
151.9
148.7
144.9
304.8
148.2
147.1
148.5
305.9
148.9
147.4
149.2
307.6
149.6
148.1
150.5
308.7
150.3
148.6
150.7
296.4
144.2
143.7
143.1
305.4
148.6
147.3
148.7
306.7
149.1
147.9
149.3
Aug.
Mar.
Apr.
May
Fruits and vegetables—Continued
Cut corn and canned beans except lima (12/77=100) ....
Other canned and dried vegetables (12/77=100)............
Other foods at home............................................................
Sugar and sweets...........................................................
Candy and chewing gum (12/77=100) ...........................
Sugar and artificial sweeteners (12/77-100)....................
Other sweets (12/77-100) ........................................
Fats and oils (12/77=100) ...............................................
Margarine ............................ .................................
Nondairy substitutes and peanut butter (12/77=100) ..........
Other fats, oils, and salad dressings (12/77=100) .............
Nonalcoholic beverages ..................................................
Cola drinks, excluding diet cola.....................................
Carbonated drinks, including diet cola (12/77=100)............
Roasted coffee .......................................................
Freeze dried and instant coffee.....................................
Other noncarbonated drinks (12/77-100).......................
Other prepared foods .....................................................
Canned and packaged soup (12/77-100).......................
Frozen prepared foods (12/77-100)..............................
Snacks (12/77-100)................................................
Seasonings, olives, pickles, and relish (12/77-100)............
Other condiments (12/77—100) ...................................
Miscellaneous prepared foods (12/77-100) ....................
Other canned and packaged prepared foods (12/77=100) ...
137.4
135.4
325.1
361.3
146.1
164.3
145.0
269.2
258.2
179.8
129.4
413.1
298.2
141.5
346.0
333.3
134.9
257.9
133.6
143.5
148.8
144.4
142.9
142.0
139.5
141.2
134.8
331.7
365.5
150.3
161.0
147.4
259.6
256.7
156.1
129.5
424.8
306.6
143.4
366.6
343.6
138.9
266.5
135.6
147.0
153.4
153.2
148.2
147.7
143.2
140.5
135.0
331.6
365.3
150.9
159.9
147.2
260.4
259.6
157.3
129.0
424.1
304.9
143.4
369.6
343.4
138.7
266.6
135.7
147.2
152.9
153.6
148.7
147.6
143.3
140.7
134.6
332.6
365.7
150.0
160.5
148.9
260.6
259.7
156.0
129.6
425.6
306.1
144.3
369.3
344.3
138.9
267.5
135.7
147.8
153.5
152.8
150.2
148.5
143.5
Food away from home................................................................
Lunch (12/77=100) ............................................................
Dinner (12/77=100) ............................................................
Other meals and snacks (12/77-100)......................................
293.7
143.2
141.9
142.1
302.4
147.0
145.7
147.9
303.6
147.5
146.3
148.6
FOOD AND BEVERAGES
1982
1981
June
June
Continued
Food — Continued
Food at home—Continued
Alcoholic beverages
201.4
206.6
207.4
208.0
208.4
209.2
210.1
203.8
208.8
209.5
210.1
210.4
211.3
212.1
Alcoholic beverages at home (12/77=100)......................................
Beer and ale......................................................................
Whiskey ...........................................................................
Wine................................................................................
Other alcoholic beverages (12/77=100).....................................
Alcoholic beverages away from home (12/77=100)............................
130.6
134.6
210.5
147.2
236.4
118.2
138.4
135.0
210.3
148.2
236.9
119.0
139.1
135.0
144.7
227.4
117.0
134.7
134.0
209.2
147.0
235.3
118.1
138.2
148.3
235.3
119.7
140.3
135.5
211.4
148.9
236.5
119.6
140.8
136.1
211.9
149.6
238.9
120.3
141.2
132.4
203.2
145.6
235.5
117.0
135.4
135.4
208.3
147.8
243.3
118.0
139.7
136.0
209.6
148.0
244.4
118.0
139.9
136.2
209.4
149.0
244.9
118.9
140.6
136.3
209.6
149.1
242.7
119.6
141.6
136.9
210.5
149.8
245.0
119.6
142.1
137.4
210.9
150.4
247.1
120.5
142.4
HOUSING.........................................................................................................
299.7
306.7
309.4
313.8
317.5
319.2
320.1
299.6
306.2
309.2
313.7
317.5
319.3
320.5
202.6
210.6
S helter..............................................................................................................
322.0
327.6
331.4
336.7
340.9
342.8
344.2
323.6
328.5
332.8
338.3
342.6
344.6
346.5
Rent, residential........................................................................
210.3
219.6
220.1
221.8 222.6
224.8
226.0
209.9
219.1
219.6
221.3
222.1
224.3
225.5
Other rental costs .....................................................................
Lodging while out of town.......................................................
Tenants’ insurance (12/77-100) .............................................
298.5
325.7
133.9
320.1
340.9
144.1
323.7
346.6
144.9
323.6
346.6
144.4
327.3
352.2
145.5
330.0
356.5
145.6
333.9
362.0
147.5
299.0
324.4
134.5
318.9
337.9
144.3
322.8
343.9
144.7
322.6
344.0
143.8
326.3
349.4
144.8
329.4
354.2
144.8
333.3
359.5
146.6
Homeownership........................................................................
Home purchase...................................................................
Financing, taxes, and insurance ...............................................
Property insurance .........................................................
Property taxes ..............................................................
Contracted mortgage interest cost......................................
Mortgage interest rates...............................................
Maintenance and repairs .......................................................
Maintenance and repair services ........................................
Maintenance and repair commodities ...................................
Paint and wallpaper, supplies, tools, and
equipment (12/77-100) ..........................................
Lumber, awnings, glass, and masonry (12/77=100)............
Plumbing, electrical, heating, and cooling
supplies (12/77-100).............................................
Miscellaneous supplies and equipment (12/77=100) ..........
361.8
272.6
488.3
3890
205.2
641.3
232.4
320.5
350.6
249.5
365.7
269.2
500.9
394.1
216.6
655.5
240.7
327.2
357.8
255.0
370.6
272.3
508.4
393.6
217.2
667.1
242.1
331.6
363.6
256.2
377.4
279.3
516.2
396.7
218.3
678.5
240.2
334.5
367.0
257.8
382.8
285.6
521.8
400.6
218.8
686.7
238.3
336.1
369.1
258.3
384.5
287.7
524.3
401.5
219.3
690.4
237.3
334.7
366.9
258.7
385.9
287.9
527.3
402.5
364.8
272.3
495.3
390.5
207.1
643.8
233.3
315.8
349.5
243.1
367.9
267.1
507.0
396.5
218.5
656.4
242.3
323.7
358.6
248.6
373.6
270.5
516.0
396.0
219.1
670,2
244.4
328.3
365.0
249.7
380.5
278.1
523.8
399.2
386.0
284.4
529.7
402.7
220.7
690.0
240.2
332.4
370.0
252.1
388.0
286.8
532.4
403.7
694.0
239.2
331.5
368.1
252.9
390.1
287.3
536.8
404.6
223.7
699.6
241.2
332.5
369.6
253.0
146,9
124.2
151.8
123.9
153.1
124.5
154.2
124.5
153.3
124.7
153.4
125.0
154.2
124.1
139.2
122.0 121.2
144.7
145.8
121.9
147.0
121.9
146.0
122.1
146.5
1225
147.3
121.7
132.0
130 5
133.4
135.1
133.4
135.6
135.1
136.3
136.2
138.4
137.1
138.3
136.3
138.8
130.6
133.3
133.1
137.1
133.1
137.4
134.9
138.2
136.0
140.6
136.6
140.5
135.6
140.9
Fuel and other utilities...................................................................................
327.8
339.3
339.2
345.4
352.2
354.7
356.3
3287
340.2
340.3
346.5
353.6
356.2
357.7
Fuels ....................................................................................
Fuel oil, coal, and bottled gas..................................................
Fuel oil........................................................................
Other fuels (6/78 - 100) ................................................
Gas (piped) and electricity ......................................................
Electricity.....................................................................
Utility (piped) gas ...........................................................
419.5
674.6
707.3
163.6
360.8
311.9
416.2
430.5
664.0
692.3
168.0
375.9
313.3
458.6
428.2
641.3
438.0
644.6
670.6
165.7
389.0
314.9
494,6
448.4
656.6
684.8
165.6
398.9
327.5
497.2
452.0
659.9
454.0
659.9
166.0
402.1
330.5
500.2
169.2
404.4
333.7
500.6
418.7
677.9
710.2
165.1
359.4
312.1
411.2
429.9
666.7
694.4
169.5
374.8
312.3
456.6
427.8
644.0
668.4
167.9
376.8
311.8
463.6
437.4
647.7
673.3
167.1
387.8
314.4
490.8
448.3
659.7
687.5
166.9
398.2
327.7
493.8
451.9
662.9
691.1
167.4
401.5
330.8
496.9
453.8
662.7
689.1
170.5
403.7
333.7
497.5
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
666.2
166.4
377.8
312.8
465.3
221.8
694.0
238.8
335.9
368.5
258.8
688.6 686.8
220.2
681.4
242.1
330.9
3680
251.3
221.1
75
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW November 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices
18.
Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average
[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised)
All Urban Consumers
General summary
1981
1982
1982
1981
Aug.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Aug.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
183.7
149.2
117.3
113.4
197.7
160.8
127.9
119.9
108.9
320.7
198.9
161.6
128.9
201.4
163.8
131.9
119.7
202.4
164.2
132.5
119.7
184.3
149.5
117.6
113.8
331.9
301.4
108.7
323.6
199.5
161.9
129.2
120.4
109.0
326.7
201.1 202.1
327.7
195.4
158.6
125.7
117.8
108.7
319.7
198.2
161.0
128.1
109.3
323.5
200.4
163.2
131.2
119.6
109.8
324.9
233.7
234.1
233.4
219.8
228.0
229.1
194.7
194.7
218.6
131.9
140.8
214.2
144.8
117.7
121.9
140.9
151.6
108.7
104.0
114.0
184.2
187.4
137.3
124.4
193.3
220.4
132.9
142.2
210.3
141.4
117.0
190.4
219.9
135.6
138.7
208.2
137.2
118.2
191.7
221.4
137.0
139.1
137.1
151.3
108.3
103.9
113.3
184.1
187.4
137.3
124.3
184.5
207.3
126.8
132.1
201.4
132.2
115.0
116.9
132.2
146.6
107.8
104.2
111.9
174.1
178.9
129.1
117.0
Aug.
HOUSING-Continued
Fuel and other utilities — Continued
Other utilities and public services....................................................
Telephone services ..............................................................
Local charges (12/77 = 100) ...........................................
Interstate toll calls (12/77 = 100) ......................................
Intrastate toll calls (12/77 = 100) ......................................
Water and sewerage maintenance ...........................................
299.2
195.0
158.5
125.6
117.7
109.0
316.9
Household furnishings and operations........................................................
222.9
231.6
232.6
233.4
Housefurnishings ......................................................................
Textile housefurnishings .........................................................
Household linens (12/77 - 100) ........................................
Curtains, drapes, slipcovers, and sewing materials (12/77 = 100) .
Furniture and bedding.................................................................
Bedroom furniture (12/77 = 100)........................................
Sofas (12/77 = 100).......................................................
Living room chairs and tables (12/77 = 100) .........................
Other furniture (12/77 = 100) ...........................................
Appliances including TV and sound equipment..............................
Television and sound equipment (12/77 = 100) ......................
Television................................................................
Sound equipment (12/77 = 100)...................................
Household appliances .....................................................
Refrigerators and home freezers ...................................
Laundry equipment (12/77 - 100).................................
Other household appliances (12/77 = 100) ......................
Stoves, dishwashers, vacuums, and sewing
machines (12/77 = 100) ......................................
Office machines, small electric appliances,
and air conditioners (12/77 = 100)...........................
Other household equipment (12/77 = 100).................................
Floor and window coverings, infants', laundry,
cleaning, and outdoor equipment (12/77 - 100) ..................
Clocks, lamps, and decor items (12/77 = 100).......................
Tableware, serving pieces, and nonelectric
kitchenware (12/77 = 100) ...........................................
Lawn equipment, power tools, and other hardware (12/77 = 100) .
186.2
203.4
124.6
129.1
205.4
135.9
116.0
116.7
135.9
147.3
108.6
105.0
192.7
217.7
134.7
136.7
194.7
220.9
135.4
140.1
215.1
144.5
119.1
141.6
151.4
108.8
104.3
113.9
183.6
186.2
136.6
124.3
134.6
140.1
214.4
143.0
117.5
123.2
142.3
151.4
108.6
104.4
113.5
183.8
187.7
136.7
123.9
101.8
120.0
110.0 110.0 101.6
120.2
163.5
131.6
164.2
132.3
203.1
164.6
132.9
109.4
328.0
109.6
330.8
109.6
334.8
230.0
230.4
230.9
230.0
192.5
223.9
136.8
142.8
211.3
140.7
119.4
122.9
137.0
151.1
107.9
103.0
113.0
183.8
191.8
136.8
122.3
192.6
223.3
135.9
143.0
210.9
139.7
118.2
123.3
137.7
151.2
107.7
103.1
112.7
184.2
193.2
136.9
122.3
192.7
191.3
222.9
134.1
144.7
206.9
137.3
117.5
121.4
133.3
151.2
107.5
102.7
120.1 120.1 120.1
122.2
193.8
218.7
135.8
136.9
214.7
142.3
119.3
123.2
142.3
150.6
108.7
104.2
113.7
182.1
184.8
136.4
122.9
120.0
182.3
190.6
1366
120.7
118.5
121.9
122.3
123.7
123.1
123.3
122.7
116.4
119.3
119.7
121.4
121.6 122.2
121.4
120.6
122.5
137.3
123.5
137.8
124.9
138.3
124.8
139.0
125.6
139.6
126.0
138.2
117.7
131.0
120.7
135.3
121.8
131.7
135.6
123.3
136.0
123.0
136.9
123.9
137.5
124.2
136.0
133.4
125.8
140.9
129.0
140.3
130.2
141.4
131.4
142.3
132.2
142.7
132.3
142.9
129.8
129.3
122.5
133.3
125.4
132.9
126.5
133.9
127.4
134.9
128.2
135.4
128.3
135.4
125.1
138.9
124.0
143.1
132.1
145.0
130.8
144.4
132.1
145.6
131.9
145.9
133.2
143.8
132.3
137.0
128.8
139.0
137.3
140.6
136.0
139.8
137.4
141.4
137.1
141.9 140.0
138.5 ■137.2
Housekeeping supplies ................................................................
Soaps and detergents ...........................................................
Other laundry and cleaning products (12/77 - 100) ......................
Cleansing and toilet tissue, paper towels and napkins (12/77 = 100) ..
Stationery, stationery supplies, and gift wrap (12/77 - 100).............
Miscellaneous household products (12/77 - 100) .........................
Lawn and garden supplies (12/77 - 100)...................................
272.0
267.0
134.8
138.4
126.6
141.7
139.2
284.2
279.5
142.1
145.7
130.7
147.5
144.7
284.9
280.0
142.7
146.4
131.4
147.5
144.7
285.5
278.8
143.3
146.0
132.0
149.3
144.8
286.5
280.8
143.8
146.5
132.5
150.2
144.0
288.4
281.4
145.3
147.7
134.3
150.3
145.3
288.7
279.4
144.6
148.5
135.4
150.7
145.7
268.6
263.6
134.7
138.7
128.2
136.9
131.8
280.4
275.7
140.9
145.4
133.8
142.4
136.7
281.2
276.3
141.6
146.2
134.6
142.4
136.8
281.8
275.2
142.3
145.6
135.3
144.1
136.6
283.1
277.0
142.7
146.1
136.0
144.9
136.7
285.0
277.6
144.2
147.4
137.8
145.1
138.1
284.9
275.4
143.6
148.3
138.6
145.5
138.1
Housekeeping services................................................................
Postage.............................................................................
Moving, storage, freight, household laundry, and
drycleaning services (12/77 = 100)........................................
Appliance and furniture repair (12/77 - 100)................................
296.9
308.0
309.9
337.5
310.4
337.5
311.3
337.5
311.7
337.5
312.5
337.5
312.9
337.5
295.1
308.1
308.2
337.5
309.2
337.5
310.2
337.5
310.9
337.5
311.6
337.5
312.2
337.5
143.9
128.5
150.8
135.0
152.1
135.6
153.1
136.6
154.2
137.0
155.3
137.5
156.1
137.7
143.8
127.2
150.6
133.5
152.2
134.1
153.3
135.1
154.5
135.5
155.4
136.0
156.4
136.1
APPAREL AND UPKEEP................................................................................
187.4
191.1
191.9
191.5
190.8
189.7
191.8
187.9
190.5
191.2
190.6
189.6
188.7
190.7
180.8
179.0
180.8
181.3
180.5
179.4
178.2
180.3
176.9
183.7
115.9
108.0
99.1
138.4
121.9
110.5
118.4
110.5
131.1
119.5
159.2
105.4
163.0
158.5
98.3
129.3
85.6
108.2
101.4
105.8
175.2
178.4
177.1
182.9
115.7
107.6
101.5
108.9
106.0
97.2
106.9
106.9
97.6
107.6
106.2
95.0
108.0
105.2
92.4
107.7
173.4
182.6
115.4
99.2
99.8
135.3
123.6
115.0
116.9
109.7
128.2
118.3
156.2
103.5
161.8
138.4
97.6
127.4
93.1
105.4
96.0
104.1
176.2
183.5
116.2
100.7
134.5
123.4
115.1
116.5
111.5
126.0
116.8
163.4
109.1
172.9
151.1
176.0
183.7
116.2
101.4
101.5
135.3
123.1
115.6
117.1
174.7
183.2
115.8
112.5
113.8
109.5
120.3
114.7
161.2
107.1
168.7
153.4
176.6
181.6
114.7
100.4
99.7
133.1
122.3
114.2
116.1
109.7
124.7
117.8
163.0
109.0
173.1
148.1
100.3
134.9
123.9
116.0
116.7
111.3
127.2
117.1
160.9
106.9
171.0
145.9
99.1
129.0
99.8
107.4
99.4
105.9
124.0
115.1
118.7
121.0
121.5
121.9
122.7
123.0
112.8
174.9
175.8
129.2
119.5
212.1
140.8
118.0
121.6
140.5
150.1
109.1
104.7
114.0
180.3
183.7
133.3
122.8
220.2
Apparel commodities .....................................................................................
178.0
180.8
181.4
180.9
180.0
178.6
Apparel commodities less footwear...........................................
Men's and boys' .................................................................
Men's (12/77 = 100) .....................................................
Suits, sport coats, and jackets (12/77 - 100) ..................
Coats and jackets (12/77 = 100) .................................
Furnishings and special clothing (12/77 = 100) .................
Shirts (12/77 = 100) ................................................
Dungarees, jeans, and trousers (12/77 - 100)..................
Boys’ (12/77 = 100).......................................................
Coats, jackets, sweaters, and shirts (12/77 = 100) ............
Furnishings (12/77 - 100) ..........................................
Suits, trousers, sport coats, and jackets (12/77 = 100)........
Women’s and girls'................................................................
Women's (12/77 - 100)..................................................
Coats and jackets......................................................
Dresses .................................................................
Separates and sportswear (12/77 = 100) .......................
Underwear, nightwear, and hosiery (12/77 = 100) .............
Suits (12/77 = 100)..................................................
Girls' (12/77 = 100) .......................................................
Coats, jackets, dresses, and suits (12/77 = 100)...............
Separates and sportswear (12/77 - 100) .......................
Underwear, nightwear, hosiery, and
accessories (12/77 = 100) ......................................
174.3
177.6
111.7
105.6
97.7
129.5
117.9
106.6
115.8
109.2
124.3
117.5
157.8
104.4
162.1
166.2
97.4
176.8
181.7
114.5
107.2
98.1
136.8
119.9
108.6
117.8
109.4
128.7
177.4
183.1
115.5
107.6
99.1
138.2
121.3
109.7
118.3
176.7
183.8
115.9
108.1
99.9
138.7
174.0
182.4
114.9
105.5
98.2
138.7
108.7
160.3
106.8
162.0
163.1
100.3
127.1
92.7
105.6
98.2
104.6
130.3
119.0
160.9
107.1
163.4
166.6
110.3
118.8
111.5
131.2
119.6
159.1
105.7
158.3
162.0
175.6
183.1
115.4
107.3
99.5
138.0
121.5
109.7
118.5
110.7
131.9
119.4
157.3
104.4
156.4
160.1
127.4
89.4
106.7
98.8
105.4
128.1
83.4
106.3
96.9
105.9
127.9
78.6
105.8
95.1
106.0
154.9
152.8
96.7
127.7
77.6
106.3
98,8
103.6
117,0
119.6
122.0
122.4
122.9
123.8
76
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
121.2
87.0
107.9
101.6
120.1
111.2
121.2
100.1 101.2 100.2
121.6
109.5
118.6
109.0
132.1
120.7
154.6
102.1
121.1
112.8
99.7
102.4
125.3
122.1
121.8
135.8
149.7
108.2
103.5
113.2
180.4
189.3
133.5
211.0
138.9
119.6
123.3
137.9
150.3
107.7
103.0
112.8
101.1
112.0
127.2
117.3
160.8
107.1
165.7
147.1
101.9
127.9
100.6
101.1
134.7
123.8
115.2
116.9
111.5
128.0
117.1
158.4
105.4
162.9
145.4
101.1 101.2 101.0
101.0
121.0 126.9 127.3
127.6
114
.1
1
1
1
.0
109.8
100.6 92.7
221.1
133.3
143.2
210.5
141.2
118.1
122.0
136.3
151.5
107.8
102.7
113.2
184.8
192.9
137.5
123.0
112.6
184.6
192.9
137.5
122.7
101.2
18.
Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average
[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
All Urban Consumers
General summary
1981
Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised)
1982
1981
1982
Aug.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Aug.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
263.6
214.0
117.5
147.2
264.7
212.7
118.1
145.7
267.0
268.7
209.9
119.2
142.8
268.8
209.7
272.4
142.2
121.5
142.6
279.3
206.1
115.3
141.4
275.4
118.5
143.8
269.0
209.7
119.3
142.5
116.5
136.7
278.2
199.5
116.9
134.5
279.3
198.8
117.7
133.5
278.2
198.9
117.6
133.6
277.8
198.7
118.5
133.1
283.0
199.5
119.6
133.3
Footwear...............................................................................
Men’s (12/77 = 100) .........................................................
Boys’ and girls' (12/77 = 100) .............................................
Women’s (12/77 = 100).....................................................
200.0
120.6
204.9
132.5
129.2
124.7
205.6
132.3
130.4
125.1
206.5
132.4
131.5
125.8
206.6
132.1
132.1
125.8
206.4
132.3
131.7
125.6
204.4
130.9
128.7
125.4
200.8
128.3
129.1
205.2
134.5
132.1
206.1
134.4
133.6
206.9
134.5
134.6
206.7
134.1
134.8
120.8 121.1 121.6 121.6
206.7
134.3
134.4
121.5
204.1
132.7
131.3
Apparel services .........................................................................................
260.2
271.3
273.4
274.7
275.3
276.6
277.4
258.2
269.0
271.0
272.3
273.0
274.3
275.2
Laundry and drycleaning other than coin operated (12/77 = 100)..........
Other apparel services (12/77 = 100) ..........................................
154.7
137.2
162.4
141.1
163.5
142.5
164.4
142.9
164.8
143.1
165.4
144.1
165.6
145.0
153.9
136.5
160.9
141.5
162.0
142.7
162.8
143.1
163.3
143.4
163.8
144.6
164.1
145.5
TRANSPORTATION .....................................................................................
283.7
285.1
282.9
285.6
292.8
296.1
296.2
285.1
286.6
284.3
287.1
294.5
297.9
298.0
P riv a te .........................................................................................................
280.5
281.3
278.8
281.5
288.9
292.3
292.4
282.6
283.7
281.2
284.0
291.6
295.1
295.2
New cars .............................................................................
Used cars.............................................................................
Gasoline ...............................................................................
Automobile maintenance and repair...............................................
Body work (12/77 = 100) ....................................................
Automobile drive train, brake, and miscellaneous
mechanical repair (12/77 = 100) ........................................
Maintenance and servicing (12/77 = 100) ................................
Power plant repair (12/77 = 100) ..........................................
Other private transportation .......................................................
Other private transportation commodities .................................
Motor oil, coolant, and other products (12/77 = 100) .............
Automobile parts and equipment (12/77 = 100)....................
Tires ...................................................................
Other parts and equipment (12/77 = 100) ....................
Other private transportation services........................................
Automobile insurance ....................................................
Automobile finance charges (12/77 = 100) .........................
Automobile rental, registration, and other fees (12/77 = 100) ...
State registration ....................................................
Drivers' licenses (12/77 = 100) .................................
Vehicle inspection (12/77 = 100) ................................
Other vehicle-related fees (12/77 = 100) ......................
191.9
266.9
411.7
295.5
145.8
194.4
280.9
383.9
310.2
154.5
196.0
285.1
366.7
311.9
155.0
197.5
291.4
370.4
313.6
155.7
198.1
298.2
392.3
316.0
156.3
198.6
302.4
400.3
318.0
157.5
198.7
304.4
398.4
319.2
158.2
192.1
266.9
412.9
296.1
145.4
194.2
280.9
385.4
311.1
152.7
195.9
285.2
367.9
312.8
153.3
197.3
291.4
371.7
314.4
154.0
197.9
298.2
393.8
316.8
154.7
198.5
302.4
401.6
318.7
156.0
198.6
304.4
399.7
320.0
156.8
140.9
137.8
141.2
243.0
149.5
144.5
149.1
255.1
214.9
150.7
137.2
190.1
136.2
268.2
270.4
187.2
133.3
174.2
123.0
129.0
149.5
150.8
145.0
150.1
255.7
216.9
149.9
138.8
192.3
138.0
268.4
271.6
186.3
133.3
174.2
127.7
126.7
149.2
151.6
146.8
150.8
258.7
217.5
150.7
139.2
192.8
138.3
272.2
274.0
192.0
133.3
174.3
127.7
126.7
149.3
151.9
147.9
151.7
260.8
216.3
151.5
138.2
191.8
136.6
275.1
275.4
193.6
137.4
183.6
132.8
128.5
151.0
152.5
148.5
152.4
260.8
214.8
153.2
136.8
189.5
135.8
275.5
275.8
193.5
138.0
183.8
132.8
128.5
151.9
142.6
138.2
140.5
245.6
213.4
144.1
137.0
191.5
132.9
256.6
260.1
176.3
119.5
148.0
105.9
129.4
145.8
152.8
143.4
147.5
257.8
218.2
148.7
139.9
195.5
135.9
270.8
269.6
188.2
130.1
167.8
123.0
130.6
152.5
153.7
144.0
148.6
258.2
217.3
149.2
139.2
193.7
136.6
271.6
270.2
186.7
133.7
173.8
123.0
130.4
156.4
154.9
144.4
149.6
258.8
219.4
148.4
140.9
196.0
138.4
271.8
271.3
185.9
133.7
173.8
127.9
128.3
156.2
155.7
146.2
150.3
261.8
146.8
135.7
189.3
132.4
253.6
260.3
177.3
119.5
147.9
106.2
128.7
140.0
148.7
143.9
148.0
254.5
215.6
150.2
137.9
191.7
135.7
267.2
269.8
188.9
129.7
168.5
122.9
129.3
145.3
156.1
147.3
151.2
264.0
218.8
150.3
140.1
195.5
136.8
278.5
274.9
192.6
138.4
183.2
133.1
129.9
158.7
156.6
147.8
151.9
263.9
217.1
151.8
138.6
193.0
136.0
278.9
275.2
192.9
138.8
183.4
133.1
129.9
159.4
APPAREL AND UPKEEP-Continued
Apparel commodities
Continued
Apparel commodities less footwear —Continued
Infants’ and toddlers’ ...........................................................
Other apparel commodities ..................................................
Sewing materials and notions (12/77 = 100) .......................
Jewelry and luggage (12/77 = 100) .................................
212.1
210.8
120.0
210.8
129.8
130.4
118.9
201.6
220.0
149.0
141.2
196.4
138.6
275.5
273.5
191.2
133.8
173.9
127.9
128.3
156.3
121.1
Public.........................................................................................................
326.5
336.7
339.3
342.1
345.6
347.2
348.1
320.9
331.0
333.3
335.1
337.9
339.8
341.0
Airline fare.............................................................................
Intercity bus fare .....................................................................
Intracity mass transit ................................................................
Taxi fare ...............................................................................
Intercity train fare.....................................................................
371.4
347.5
294.0
288.1
304.6
379.0
365.6
306.6
297.2
314.1
382.7
367.0
308.1
297.6
332.1
388.9
366.0
308.3
297.6
337.9
396.0
363.7
309.2
298.0
338.2
397.4
368.3
311.0
299.3
338.4
397.5
370.5
312.8
299.7
338.6
370.0
347.3
293.9
296.7
305.0
376.3
367.0
305.7
306.6
314.5
379.8
368.7
307.2
307.3
332.1
385.2
367.5
307.1
307.2
337.9
392.4
365.4
307.9
307.6
338.2
393.2
370.6
310.3
308.7
338.4
393.5
372.3
312.3
309.3
338.6
MEDICAL CARE ............................................................................................
299.3
318.8
321.7
323.8
326.4
330.0
333.3
298.6
317.4
320.2
322.3
324.8
328.1
331.3
Medical care commodities..........................................................................
189.4
200.0
202.4
204.1
205.6
206.5
208.2
190.6
200.6
203.0
204.8
206.3
207.1
208.8
Prescription drugs ...................................................................
Anti-infective drugs (12/77 = 100)..........................................
Tranquilizers and sedatives (12/77 = 100) ................................
Circulatories and diuretics (12/77 = 100).................................
Hormones, diabetic drugs, biologicals, and
prescription medical supplies (12/77 = 100) ...........................
Pain and symptom control drugs (12/77 = 100) .........................
Supplements, cough and cold preparations, and
respiratory agents (12/77 = 100)........................................
175.4
134.8
139.6
127.6
186.1
139.3
148.6
135.7
188.8
140.9
152.0
136.7
190.4
142.5
153.8
137.0
191.8
143.3
154.9
138.4
193.4
144.2
156.1
139.3
195.6
146.0
157.6
140.7
176.5
137.0
138,8
128.6
187.0
141.1
148.3
135.6
189.7
142.5
151.8
136.6
191.4
144.1
153.8
136.8
192.7
145.1
154.7
138.2
194.4
146.0
155.8
139.1
196.6
147.5
157.4
140.6
160.4
140.2
170.8
150.8
173.3
153.1
175.4
153.7
177.2
154.6
179.6
155.4
181.6
157.6
160.3
142.7
172.0
152.3
174.6
154.6
176.9
155.2
178.6
156.0
181.1
157.1
183.1
159.3
133.1
142.7
144.7
145.9
146.3
147.9
149.6
133.9
142.7
144.8
146.0
146.4
148.1
149.8
Nonprescription drugs and medical supplies (12/77 —100)...................
Eyeglasses (12/77 = 100) ..................................................
Internal and respiratory over-the-counter drugs ...........................
Nonprescription medical equipment and supplies (12/77 = 100).......
135.6
126.3
215.5
130.4
142.5
129.5
228.1
138.1
143.9
130.1
231.1
138.9
145.1
130.9
233.4
139.5
146.3
131.6
235.2
141.1
146.4
131.6
234.9
142.2
147.2
131.6
236.6
142.9
136.7
125.3
217.5
132.3
143.2
128.1
229.6
138.8
144.6
128.7
232.5
139.7
145.9
129.7
235.0
140.4
147.1
130.4
236.8
142.0
147.1
130.4
236.2
143.2
147.9
130.3
237.9
144.2
Medical care services ................................................................................
323.4
345.1
348.0
350.2
353.0
357.3
361.0
322.1
343.0
345.8
348.0
350.7
354.7
358.3
Professional services ................................................................
Physicians’ services............................................................
Dental services.................................................................
Other professional services (12/77 = 100)................................
282.9
302.7
269.9
137.3
295.8
320.3
278.6
142.4
297.8
322.2
281.1
142.5
299.2
324.0
282.1
143.4
301.2
326.4
283.9
143.8
302.8
328.7
284.8
144.8
304.4
330.4
286.4
145.6
282.7
306.7
266.6
133.6
295.9
323.2
276.6
139.4
297.9
325.2
279.2
139.4
299.3
327.0
280.3
140.2
301.3
329.4
282.1
140.7
302.9
331.6
282.9
141.5
304.6
333.5
284.4
142.5
Other medical care services.......................................................
Hospital and other medical services (12/77 = 100)......................
Hospital room..............................................................
Other hospital and medical care services (12/77 = 100)..........
372.5
154.7
489.4
152.9
404.7
168.5
538.5
165.2
408.7
169.8
542.2
166.4
411.9
170.6
543.8
167.6
415.7
171.6
546.8
168.5
423.2
174.7
557.8
171.2
429.4
177.1
565.5
173.6
370.6
153.1
482.6
151.8
401.6
166.9
531.0
164.2
405.4
168.3
535.2
165.5
408.5
169.1
536.7
166.6
412.1
170.0
539.4
167.5
419.4
172.9
549.7
170.0
425.4
175.2
557.6
172.2
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
77
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW November 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices
18.
Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average
[1967=100 unless otherwise specified]
Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised)
All Urban Consumers
General summary
1982
1981
1982
1981
Aug.
Mar.
Apr.
May.
June
July
Aug.
Aug.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
ENTERTAINMENT............................................................................................
222.3
232.8
233.9
234.4
235.6
236.6
237.4
219.9
229.5
230.5
231.1
232.3
233.5
233.9
Entertainment commodities..........................................................................
226.5
236.6
238.0
238.8
239.6
241.1
240.5
222.2
230.8
232.0
232.8
233.8
235.5
234.4
Reading materials (12/77 - 100)..................................................
Newspapers ......................................................................
Magazines, periodicals, and books (12/77 = 100).........................
136.0
265.0
137.2
146.1
276.4
152.4
146.8
280.1
151.6
148.5
281.6
154.4
149.4
283.9
155.0
150.4
285.9
156.1
149.4
286.3
153.8
135.9
265.4
137.1
145.3
276.0
152.2
146.1
279.7
151.4
147.7
281.2
154.2
148.6
283.4
154.8
149.7
285.6
156.0
148.9
286.0
153.6
Sporting goods and equipment (12/77 - 100)...................................
Sport vehicles (12/77 - 100) .................................................
Indoor and warm weather sport equipment (12/77 - 100)...............
Bicycles ...........................................................................
Other sporting goods and equipment (12/77 - 100) ......................
127.2
128.6
118.2
192.2
124.1
132.3
135.4
119.9
197.6
125.6
132.9
136.1
120.4
198.9
126.3
132.8
135.4
132.8
135.4
120.3
198.3
129.4
133.2
135.7
119.7
199.4
130.3
120.8
124.9
118.3
116.7
193.5
124.9
124.3
122.5
118.1
198.9
126.0
124.7
199.4
127.6
132.7
135.7
119.6
197.6
127.9
122.8 122.6
118.6
119.2
200.2 200.7
126.5
127.9
125.3
123.9
117.1
198.8
128.3
125.7
124.1
118.0
199.4
129.8
124.9
122.4
117.5
200.4
130.9
Toys, hobbies, and other entertainment (12/77 = 100).........................
Toys, hobbies, and music equipment (12/77 = 100) ......................
Photographic supplies and equipment (12/77 = 100)......................
Pet supplies and expenses (12/77 = 100) .................................
130.5
129.3
126.0
136.2
134.5
133.4
128.3
140.8
135.4
134.1
129.8
141.9
135.5
134.8
130.0
141.0
136.1
135.9
130.3
140.6
137.3
137.2
130.8
142.0
136.9
136.4
130.2
142.5
129.6
126.6
127.1
136.6
133.5
130.2
129.5
141.7
134.3
130.7
131.0
142.7
134.4
131.4
131.2
141.8
134.9
132.4
131.5
141.5
136.1
133.7
131.9
143.0
135.7
132.8
131.4
143.6
Entertainment services ................................................................................
216.7
227.8
228.5
228.7
230.5
230.8
233.5
217.0
228.4
229.2
229.2
230.9
231.3
234.2
Fees for participant sports (12/77 = 100)........................................
Admissions (12/77 = 100)...........................................................
Other entertainment services (12/77 - 100).....................................
132.0
128.1
121.7
141.9
131.2
125.1
142.0
132.2
125.2
141.6
133.0
125.7
142.5
133.5
127.9
141.8
135.5
127.8
143.4
137.4
128.3
132.4
126.9
123.1
143.5
130.3
125.9
143.7
131.2
125.9
142.9
132.1
126.4
143.8
132.6
128.7
143.0
134.6
128.8
144.8
136.5
129.2
OTHER GOODS AND SERVICES...................................................................
235.6
252.2
253.8
255.0
255.8
257.2
258.3
233.5
249.3
250.9
252.4
253.1
254.5
255.7
121.0
Tobacco products .........................................................................................
219.9
234.1
235.1
237.4
237.8
239.2
240.1
219.1
233.2
234.0
236.6
237.0
238.3
239.3
Cigarettes ...............................................................................
Other tobacco products and smoking accessories (12/77 = 100)............
222.2
132.9
237.3
138.1
238.0
139.9
240.4
141.0
240.7
141.8
242.2
142.1
243.1
142.4
221.4
133.9
236.3
138.2
236.9
140.1
239.6
141.1
239.9
142.0
241.3
142.2
242.3
142.5
Personal care
................................................................................................
235.1
243.7
245.9
246.5
247.8
249.4
250.6
232.4
241.8
244.1
244.7
246.0
247.5
248.8
Toilet goods and personal care appliances........................................
Products for the hair, hairpieces, and wigs (12/77 - 100) ...............
Dental and shaving products (12/77 - 100) ................................
Cosmetics, bath and nail preparations, manicure
and eye makeup implements (12/77 = 100) ............................
Other toilet goods and small personal care appliances (12/77 = 100)
230.1
134.1
140.0
240.6
140.8
148.0
243.8
142.9
149.0
244.5
142.1
150.1
246.3
143.2
150.5
247.7
145.0
150.9
249.5
145.0
153.1
229.4
132.5
137.6
241.5
140.0
146.6
244.7
142.3
147.6
245.4
141.7
148.6
247.0
142.6
148.9
248.6
144.2
149.5
250.5
144.4
151.6
128.9
133.9
135.1
137.4
136.5
140.3
137.6
140.5
139.6
140.8
139.9
141.8
141.3
142.5
128.9
136.4
136.1
140.7
137.5
143.5
138.5
144.0
140.1
144.4
140.5
145.4
142.0
146.2
Personal care services......................... ......................................
Beauty parlor services for women.............................................
Haircuts and other barber shop services for men (12/77 = 100) .......
240.3
241.9
134.4
247.3
248.9
138.4
248.7
250.7
138.8
249.2
251.3
138.9
250.1
252.3
139.4
251.8
254.4
139.8
252.5
255.0
140.2
235.7
235.7
133.3
242.6
242.5
137.2
244.0
244.3
137.6
244.4
245.0
137.7
245.4
245.9
138.2
246.9
247.9
138.5
247.6
248.7
139.0
Personal and educational expenses ..........................................................
260.4
290.4
291.9
292.8
293.3
294.5
295.8
261.7
291.7
293.5
294.6
295.2
296.4
297.9
268.8
302.0
152.1
151.4
152.9
164.6
269.0
303.4
152.5
152.0
152.9
166.1
269.6
305.1
153.2
152.0
155.6
167.6
388.6
436.0
315.6
351.8
396.2
438.8
317.8
351.0
394.4
441.7
319.4
352.2
Schoolbooks and supplies ...........................................................
Personal and educational services..................................................
Tuition and other school fees ..................................................
College tuition (12/77 - 100) ...........................................
Elementary and high school tuition (12/77 = 100) ..................
Personal expenses (12/77 - 100)............................................
231.4
2672
134.2
133.2
137.8
148.7
263.3
297.1
151.1
150.7
152.2
157.4
263.8
298.7
151.4
151.0
152.2
160.9
264.2
299.8
151.4
151.0
152.2
163.6
264.6
300.3
151.5
151.2
152.2
164.5
264.8
301.7
152.0
151.8
152.2
166.0
265.3
303.1
152.6
151.9
154.6
167.4
235.2
268.4
134.7
133.1
138.7
147.6
267.5
298.0
151.7
150.9
152.9
156.7
268.0
300.0
152.0
151.3
152.9
160.5
268.4
301.4
152.0
151.3
152.9
163.6
405.9
408.1
289.7
334.0
379.3
420.9
302.7
344.0
362.6
426.3
305.1
347.5
366.1
431.5
311.0
349.8
387.3
436.5
316.6
351.2
395.0
439.1
318.7
350.3
393.2
441.3
320.3
351.4
4069
407.3
288.5
333.0
380.6
419.9
301.5
344.0
363.7
425.9
304.0
348.2
367.2
430.9
3098
350.4
Special indexes:
Gasoline, motor oil, coolant, and other products.................................
Insurance and finance ................................................................
Utilities and public transportation....................................................
Housekeeping and home maintenance services .................................
c= corrected.
78
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
19. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Cross classification of region and population size class by expenditure
category and commodity and servrice group
[December 1977 = 100]
Size class A
(1.25 million or more)
Size class B
(385,000-1.250 million)
Size class C
(75,000-385,000)
Size class D
(75,000 or less)
Category and group
1982
Apr.
June
1982
Aug.
Apr.
June
1982
Aug.
Apr.
1982
June
Aug.
Apr.
June
Aug.
Northeast
EXPENDITURE CATEGORY
All items ..........................................................................................
Food and beverages ......................................................................
Housing .....................................................................................
Apparel and upkeep ......................................................................
Transportation...............................................................................
Medical care................................................................................
Entertainment ...............................................................................
Other goods and services ...............................................................
143.6
143.7
144.5
119.1
153.7
146.4
135.5
139.0
147.7
145.9
151.6
118.6
157.2
147.5
136.5
139.8
149.0
144.9
153.3
119.6
159.4
150.0
139.7
141.7
150.0
142.2
155.3
122.5
160.0
148.9
136.2
141.1
140.8
139.0
147.4
144.6
143.8
151.8
145.3
145.5
153.8
146.6
148.7
155.4
155.5
144.1
165.2
164.6
150.2
137.5
142.1
155.8
143.4
164.5
122.4
166.5
156.1
137.4
143.2
158.6
147.4
173.3
127.4
158.6
150.4
135.8
145.3
163.5
148.8
182.1
128.3
162.2
152.7
136.4
146.7
161.2
148.9
174.5
128.4
164.7
157.2
136.8
148.1
151.9
140.4
160.5
125.1
158.1
151.5
139.0
142.9
156.9
142.9
169.3
123.4
161.2
155.4
141.1
144.0
155.3
142.9
163.7
124.8
163.7
156.1
143.8
144.6
151.5
155.1
161.9
151.6
155.6
162.4
149.6
150.6
173.4
153.8
156.2
179.1
152.3
153.9
175.6
146.5
149.4
160.4
150.6
154.3
166.8
149.8
153.1
163.8
122.8
COMMODITY AND SERVICE GROUP
Commodities.....................................................................................
Commodities less food and beverages .................. ...........................
Services ..........................................................................................
North Central Region
EXPENDITURE CATEGORY
All 'terns ..........................................................................................
Food and beverages ......................................................................
Housing .....................................................................................
Appare! and upkeep ......................................................................
Transportation...............................................................................
Medical care................................................................................
Entertainment ...............................................................................
Other goods and services ................................................................
155.2
141.9
168.8
114.8
158.7
150.9
137.0
140.3
159.6
144.1
175.1
114.0
165.1
153.0
137.1
141.4
162.2
143.7
179.8
117.0
166.1
155.8
138.8
142.3
155.1
141.7
167.2
122.7
156.9
152.8
130.3
146.5
155.3
142.8
163.3
123.0
163.2
155.2
129.5
152.5
157.0
142.7
165.6
124.1
165.0
161.2
131.7
153.3
151.2
143.1
157.2
125.8
158.4
153.8
138.1
139.0
155.2
145.0
162.1
124.7
165.7
155.6
139.2
141.2
158.9
144.9
169.4
126.7
166.7
157.7
139.9
142.8
153.3
146.2
160.7
123.5
157.2
157.0
130.9
146.4
156.4
148.7
164.0
120.5
163.1
158.3
131.5
148.3
160.2
149.2
171.4
145.4
147.0
169.8
149.4
151.9
174.8
150.9
154.2
179.0
146.4
148.3
169.3
148.5
150.9
166.2
148.8
151.3
170.3
144.3
144.8
162.4
148.8
150.5
165.6
150.8
153.4
172.0
143.7
142.6
168.7
147.9
147.6
169.8
149.1
149.0
177.8
158.6
146.0
167.8
121.0
153.5
145.9
161.5
111.1
166.4
166.2
142.1
145.2
155.8
165.1
145.7
150.2
156.5
147.7
164.6
109.4
163.3
166.6
145.2
150.4
158.8
147.5
168.4
107.9
165.6
169.3
148.1
152.3
120.1
164.1
161.0
131.4
150.2
COMMODITY AND SERVICE GROUP
Commodities.....................................................................................
Commodities less food and beverages ................................................
Services ..........................................................................................
South
EXPENDITURE CATEGORY
All items ...........................................................................................
Food and beverages ......................................................................
Housing .....................................................................................
Apparel and upkeep ......................................................................
Transportation...............................................................................
Medical care................................................................................
Entertainment ...............................................................................
Other goods and services ................................................................
152.9
145.0
161.1
125.6
157.5
149.5
130.1
142.8
156.3
146.7
165.2
124.9
163.4
152.8
132.0
144.1
156.9
147.2
165.0
124.0
165.3
156.2
131.7
145.6
155.7
144.9
165.2
124.3
159.7
152.3
141.2
142.4
158.4
146.9
167.2
123.6
167.0
154.5
143.1
143.3
159.1
146.5
167.9
152.3
144.0
159.1
168.6
157.3
145.0
143.6
157.1
160.1
141.1
143.7
157.6
146.0
167.0
118.6
165.1
162.5
142.7
144.5
146.3
146.9
162.1
149.1
150.1
166.5
149.7
150.8
166.9
147.6
148.8
167.8
150.9
152.6
169.8
150.9
152.8
171.5
144.3
144.5
164.5
149.2
150.6
170.6
149 6
151.2
172.4
146.0
146.0
164.8
149.7
150.5
166.8
149.6
150.5
172.6
153.3
144.9
155.6
159.9
149.9
165.5
140.5
162.8
166.2
150.6
153.3
158.5
150.6
160.5
138.5
166.2
168.5
153.1
154.4
151.3
152.0
172.5
149.2
148.7
172.1
122.6
120.2
COMMODITY AND SERVICE GROUP
Commodities .....................................................................................
Commodities less food and beverages ................................................
Services ..........................................................................................
West
EXPENDITURE CATEGORY
All items ..........................................................................................
Food and beverages ......................................................................
Housing .....................................................................................
Appare! and jpkeep ......................................................................
Transportation..............................................................................
Medical care................................................................................
Entertainment ...............................................................................
Other goods and services ...............................................................
158.5
144.5
168.1
160.8
146.4
170.1
120.6
120.0
162.9
160.7
137.7
147.5
167.7
164.4
138.5
147.0
160.3
147.5
167.7
119.8
169.9
167.1
135.8
149.3
145.5
145.9
175.9
147.8
148.4
178.1
148.8
149.4
175.5
157.0
147.6
164.8
126.6
161.7
156.0
136.8
148.9
158.6
148.9
165.6
125.2
165.9
159.5
139.4
149.1
159.9
148.6
166.6
124.9
169.7
163.3
141.0
149.8
151.1
143.5
156.3
119.7
158.3
157.3
133.9
139.5
149.7
145.1
150.3
122.3
163.5
159.6
134.2
139.9
167.0
167.0
135.7
141.7
157.9
148.5
163.5
140.4
160.5
162.4
148.9
149.8
148.1
148.3
169.3
149.5
149.7
171.1
151.0
152.1
172.1
146.4
147.5
157.9
147.5
148.5
152.8
149.9
152.0
158.1
148.9
149.1
171.2
122.8
COMMODITY AND SERVICE GROUP
Commodities .....................................................................................
Commodities less food and beverages ................................................
Services ..........................................................................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
79
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW November 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices
20.
Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average, and selected areas
[1967=100 unless otherwise specified]
Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (revised)
All Urban Consumers
Area'
1981
Aug.
U.S. city average2 ....................................................
Anchorage, Alaska (10/67-100) .................................
Atlanta, Ga...............................................................
Baltimore, Me...........................................................
Boston, Mass............................................................
Buffalo, N.Y..............................................................
276.5
283.1
Apr.
284.3
276.4
284.9
280.2
286.6
283.7
263.8
304.9
274.0
286.8
286.6
264.8
Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J...................................................
Pittsburgh, Pa............................. ..............................
Portland, Oreg.-Wash..................................................
St. Louis, Mo.-lll.........................................................
San Diego, Calif........................................................
270.5
277.7
San Francisco-Oakland, Calif........................................
Seattle-Everett, Wash..................................................
Washington, D.C.-Md.-Va.............................................
287.9
267.4
267.2
274.7
301.7
268.2
275.1
275.3
287.7
288.7
287.1
270.9
270.2
275.1
301.2
278.4
'The areas listed include not only the central city but the entire portion of the Standard Metropolitan
Statistical Area, as defined for the 1970 Census of Population, except that the Standard Consolidated
80
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
293.1
293.3
276.5
295.6
278.1
292.4
289.3
279.7
285.1
277.3
275.1
281.1
282.5
Apr.
2837
274.6
312.2
304.3
283.0
285.1
292.7
269.9
318.6
285.0
289.1
279.1
256.6
291.8
270.2
278.6
313.8
278.5
287.0
264.0
281.3
291.4
271.6
278.1
276.5
287.2
290.4
280.0
274.3
274.5
276.7
304.3
Area is used for New York and Chicago.
2Average of 85 cities.
289.6
283.8
297.1
264.1
287.0
291.2
291.5
265.5
292.7
295.9
282.7
290.6
269.4
272.1
274.7
326.3
286.0
269.5
310.9
280.1
293.9
289.3
293.0
289.3
270.1
315.3
283.6
292.8
156.9
299.6
303.8
275.3
279.1
285.9
276.1
277.3
280.9
313.3
277.1
280.7
291.8
290.6
289.2
329.4
302.8
303.4
297.1
283.3
292.5
310.6
300.2
297.0
300.5
297.8
287.2
296.6
281.3
291.8
287.0
278.7
279.7
284.5
323.3
283.9
279.3
313.9
Aug.
292.4
259.1
157.0
296.0
301.2
266.5
July
282.9
319.5
280.3
264.7
302.1
272.1
290.5
156.4
292.5
265.9
268.4
290.1
283.7
272.0
285.7
292.7
275.1
June
258.0
315.0
292.5
290.2
334.8
286.5
256.4
259.4
293.2
May
282.9
282.2
269.8
155.1
296.5
304.1
276.7
1982
Mar.
254.5
319.9
289.1
269.5
313.9
281.6
290.1
304.6
298.8
293.4
278.8
291.8
297.8
304.8
285.9
Aug.
292.8
267.7
265.8
282.1
285.7
329.2
286.7
280.7
319.0
292.2
Aug.
286.1
279.2
155.7
292.9
155.1
289.3
July
263.6
313.4
309.2
278.2
290.6
283.6
272.5
286.5
297.2
284.4
288.2
June
291.1
258.3
260.3
Detroit, Mich.............................................................
Honolulu, Hawaii ......................................................
Houston, Tex............................................................
Kansas City, Mo.-Kansas ............................................
Los Angeles-Long Beach, Anaheim, Calif..........................
287.1
280.2
281.9
269.8
283.5
256.6
294.7
271.3
274.8
May
263.8
260.0
275.8
Miami, Fla. (11/77-100) ...........................................
Milwaukee, Wis.........................................................
Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn.-Wis......................................
New York, N.Y.-Northeastern N.J....................................
Northeast, Pa. (Scranton)...........................................
Mar.
276.1
Chicago, lll.-Northwestern Ind........................................
Cincinnati, Ohio-Ky.-Ind................................................
Cleveland, Ohio.......................................................
Dallas-Ft. Worth, Tex..................................................
Denver-Boulder, Colo..................................................
1981
1982
292.9
286.3
21.
Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing
[1967=100]
Annual
average
1981
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May1
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Finished goods.........................................................
269.8
271.5
274.3
274.7
275.4
277.9
277.9
277.3
277.3
r 277.8
279.9
281.7
282.4
281.4
Finished consumer goods......................................
Finished consumer foods.....................................
Crude.........................................................
Processed ..................................................
Nondurable goods less foods ..............................
Durable goods ................................................
Consumer nondurable goods less food and energy ....
Capital equipment ...............................................
271.3
253.6
263.8
250.6
319.6
218.6
208.8
264.3
273.1
256.2
253.5
254.4
324.2
215.8
275.1
254.0
253.8
252.0
324.3
224.5
265.3
271.5
275.2
252.7
260.0
249.9
325.4
224.7
213.6
273.0
275.8
252.9
273.9
249.0
326.3
225.4
213.9
274.1
278.3
256.4
280.6
252.1
329.3
226.2
217.4
276.2
278.6
258.2
282.5
254.0
330.3
224.0
219.6
275.0
277.7
257.1
263.3
254.5
328.8
223.9
220.5
275.8
277.3
260.0
266.6
257.3
325.7
224.1
222.3
277.2
r277.7
262.3
' 259.9
'260.3
'324.3
'225.0
'223.1
'278.1
280.0
263.4
254.3
262.0
328.1
226.2
222.9
279.6
282.0
260.7
240.6
260.4
334.7
227.0
223.3
280.9
282.7
259.8
238.6
259.6
336.7
227.7
224.0
281.4
282.0
259.9
227.8
260.6
338.4
223.2
225.4
279.5
Intermediate materials, supplies, and components...............
306.0
309.7
309.4
309.0
309.4
311.0
311.1
310.6
309.9
309.8
310.0
311.4
311.0
310.7
Materials and components for manufacturing...............
Materials for food manufacturing ...........................
Materials for nondurable manufacturing ..................
Materials for durable manufacturing.......................
Components for manufacturing ............................
286.1
260.4
285.8
312.1
259.3
290.2
254.6
291.2
317.1
263.8
290.2
250.9
290.9
316.7
265.1
289.5
246.8
289.4
314.9
266.9
289.3
245.6
288.8
314.0
267.8
290.4
250.7
289.0
313.6
269.8
290.9
252.8
289.3
313.1
270.9
290.4
252.0
288.8
310.9
271.8
290.6
254.4
287.6
311.0
272.6
'291.4
260.0
'287.6
'311.0
'273.6
290.0
260.9
285.8
307.3
273.9
289.6
260.0
283.6
308.2
274.2
289.1
258.3
282.9
307.2
274.6
290.2
257.6
282.4
310.2
276.1
Materials and components for construction .................
287.6
290.0
290.1
290.2
291.1
292.0
293.0
293.3
294.0
'293.7
294.2
294.0
293.3
293.4
Processed fuels and lubricants ................................
Manufacturing industries .....................................
Nonmanufacturing industries ................................
595.4
498.6
680.8
601.4
500.5
690.5
596.9
497.5
684.7
595.1
496.4
682.2
598.1
499.0
685.6
604.4
505.9
691.3
596.8
497.8
684.2
593.0
496.1
678.3
579.9
487.5
661.1
'570.9
'481.4
'649.5
581.2
492.0
659.3
601.6
508.4
683.4
603.8
511.0
685.2
593.2
497.4
677.5
Containers.........................................................
276.1
280.6
280.9
280.6
280.2
282.5
285.5
286.3
287.0
'287.0
286.7
286.4
285.6
285.5
269.8
262.6
273.8
214.8
285.7
270.4
263.3
274.4
272.1
265.3
276.0
213.1
288.9
'273.4
'266.7
277.2
214.2
'290.1
273.6
267.3
277.1
213.1
290.4
273.5
267.3
277.0
287.3
270.6
264.5
274.1
208.1
287.9
290.7
272.9
267.1
276.2
203.7
291.3
272.5
267.3
275.5
198.4
291.5
320.5
316.3
Commodity grouping
1982
1981
FINISHED GOODS
211.8
212.6
INTERMEDIATE MATERIALS
263.8
253.1
269.6
230.4
276.4
266.1
256.8
271.1
221.3
280.7
266.6
258.2
271.2
215.9
282.3
283.7
268.3
261.0
272.4
214.6
284.1
Crude materials for further processing ............................
329.0
327.4
319.9
313.9
311.5
318.4
321.6
320.0
322.6
'328.3
325.7
323.4
Foodstuffs and feedstuffs ......................................
257.4
253.4
245.7
238.3
233.7
242.6
248.3
247.9
254.4
'262.6
259.8
255.5
250.7
242.9
474.3
Supplies ...........................................................
Manufacturing industries .....................................
Nonmanufacturing industries ................................
Feeds .........................................................
Other supplies...............................................
267.2
259.2
271.6
212.0
212.0
211.1
CRUDE MATERIALS
Nonfood materials ...............................................
482.3
486.0
479.2
476.3
478.6
481.5
479.3
475.2
4699
'470.2
467.9
470.0
471.1
Nonfood materials except fuel ..............................
Manufacturing industries...................................
Construction ................................................
413.7
429.4
261.8
410.2
425.4
263.6
404.1
418.6
264.7
397.8
411.7
264.8
396.2
409.8
265.2
399.5
413.2
267.6
394.8
407.5
270.5
387.1
398.4
273.2
378.8
389.0
273.3
376.6
'386.3
'274.5
370.0
378.9
273.7
369.1
378.4
270.4
369.6
378.9
270.7
369.6
379.1
269.1
Crude fuel ......................................................
Manufacturing industries...................................
Nonmanufacturing industries..............................
751.2
864.9
674.0
788.7
911.4
704.8
779.0
898.4
697.8
792.5
915.8
708.2
813.0
942.5
724.0
812.9
940.3
725.6
824.5
954.4
735.4
839.7
974.7
746.6
851.2 '864.8
989.1 '1006.7
755.8 '766.4
885.2
1,033.6
781.7
903.1
1,056.0
796.0
906.9
1,060.9
798.9
926.3
1,086.1
813.9
Finished goods excluding foods .....................................
Finished consumer goods excluding foods ..................
Finished consumer goods less energy.......................
273.3
276.5
233.6
274.7
277.9
234.9
279.1
281.6
237.2
280.0
282.4
237.2
280.9
283.2
237.6
283.0
285.2
240.5
282.4
284.9
241.3
281.9
284.0
241.3
281.1
282.3
243.0
'281.0
'281.8
'244.3
283.4
284.6
244.9
286.7
288.7
244.5
287.9
290.1
244.7
286.6
289.1
243.8
Intermediate materials less foods and feeds......................
Intermediate materials less energy ...........................
310.1
285.2
314.6
288.7
314.6
288.8
314.5
288.5
314.9
288.7
316.4
289.9
316.4
290.7
316.0
290.5
315.1
291.0
314.6
'291.6
314.8
290.9
316.4
290.6
316.3
290.0
316.0
290.6
Intermediate foods and feeds ......................................
250.3
243.5
239.3
235.2
235.2
238.8
239.4
237.7
240.9
245.0
245.3
244.1
240.6
238.4
Crude materials less agricultural products .......................
Crude materials less energy...................................
545.6
254.0
551.4
250.4
543.4
243.2
540.7
235.8
543.5
231.6
546.1
239.1
543.9
243.4
538.4
242.8
531.6
247.3
'531.5
'252.8
529.4
248.6
531.8
245.0
532.2
241.5
536.2
235.6
SPECIAL GROUPINGS
1Data for May 1982 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections
by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
r=revised,
81
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW November 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices
22.
Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings
[1967=100 unless otherwise specified]
Code
01
01-1
01-2
01-3
01-4
01-5
01-6
01-7
01-8
01-9
02
02-1
02-2
02-3
02-4
02-5
02-6
02-8
02-7
02-9
Annual
average
1981
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
All commodities ................................................................................
All commodities (1957-59 = 1 0 0 )...................................................
293.4
311.3
295.7
313.7
296.1
314.2
295.5
313.5
295.8
313.8
298.3
316.5
298.6
316.8
298.0
316.2
298.0
316.2
Farm products and processed foods and fe e d s ...........................
Industrial commodities .....................................................................
251.5
304.1
250.3
307.4
246.0
309.0
242.5
309.3
241.0
310.0
246.0
311.8
248.4
311.6
247.5
311.0
Farm products ................................................................
Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables .................................
Grains........................................................................
Livestock ...................................................................
Live poultry.................................................................
Plant and animal fibers....................................................
Fluid milk ...................................................................
Eggs..........................................................................
Hay, hayseeds, and oilseeds ...........................................
Other farm products .....................................................
254.9
267.3
248.4
248.0
242.0
287.4
187.1
274.1
273.8
251.1
252.8
227.0
257.3
196.7
206.5
287.3
193.2
267.2
268.9
243.1
248.8
227.6
244.5
185.7
211.7
294.3
193.8
230.4
263.3
237.4
254.0
226.5
231.1
175.0
198.5
288.2
209.7
242.2
289.2
225.2
236.8
186.8
198.2
287.6
187.0
218.4
280.1
247.1
290.1
223.2
251.2
197.3
193.5
285.8
273.1
234.6
280.5
213.6
225.0
171.4
188.4
286.7
195.5
218.8
280.2
Processed foods and feeds................................................
Cereal and bakery products .............................................
Meats, poultry, and fish ..................................................
Dairy products..............................................................
Processed fruits and vegetables........................................
Sugar and confectionery ................................................
Beverages and beverage materials.....................................
Fats and oils...............................................................
Miscellaneous processed foods ........................................
Prepared animal feeds....................................................
248.7
255.5
246.2
245.6
261.2
275.9
248.0
227.4
250.1
230.2
248.9
258.5
253.3
245.5
270.0
246.8
249.1
224.3
253.0
222.9
246.6
256.9
246.6
246.8
271.7
246.7
250.0
223.4
249.9
218.1
244.3
256.5
240.0
246.9
270.5
244.1
251.4
221.5
250.1
214.7
243.6
255.1
236.1
247.2
271.8
247.6
251.9
219.1
250.1
217.2
Commodity group and subgroup
1982
1981
Sept.
June
July
Aug.
298.6
316.8
299.4
317.7
300.6
318.9
300.4
318.7
299.5
317.8
251.6
309.9
'255.8
'309.6
255.3
310.7
252.5
313.0
250.1
313.4
247.5
312.9
244.7
257.3
220.9
255.6
197.7
199.5
282.5
200.6 204.0
217.6 213.7
273.7 273.0
250.6
267.6
226.0
267.6
186.2
207.4
280.3
192.1
252.7
263.8
225.7
277.5
207.2
203.1
278.9
159.3
219.3
271.8
246.5
238.4
265.5
242.0
237.7
197.2
268.4
189.3
207.5
278.8
171.7
218.1
274.4
234.4
220.3
187.3
259.0
196.5
196.8
281.9
173.3
274.2
'256.5
'271.5
228.2
282.9
192.7
214.1
278.8
164.3
'227.3
273.9
247.1
256.6
243.7
247.7
273.2
256.8
253.9
216.6
251.0
217.4
248.1
253.3
247.9
248.0
276.3
257.2
255.1
216.8
250.9
214.9
248.1
253.3
250.0
248.0
275.9
255.0
256.4
213.7
249.5
211.4
251.1
253.5
258.2
248.4
275.2
256.0
256.6
218.1
249.6
216.3
254.4
'252.8
'267.6
248.5
'273.8
'265.3
’ 256.5
'222.3
248.0
217.4
255.8
253.3
271.1
248.7
275.4
269.5
256.5
253.6
253.2
262.3
249.0
274.9
286.0
257.3
216.0
245.9
207.9
253.6
254.1
265.7
249.3
273.2
279.1
256.8
248.6
216.4
254.8
253.6
266.1
248.8
275.9
276.1
256.7
221.4
248.0
214.6
May1
FARM PRODUCTS AND PROCESSED FOODS
AND FEEDS
201.2
221.1
222.8
222.0
212.8
270.3
212.5
220.8
279.0
171.7
220.0
201.8
276.8
211.6
246.9
204.5
INDUSTRIAL COMMODITIES
03
03-1
03-2
03-3
03-4
03-81
03-82
Textile products and apparel ...............................................
Synthetic fibers (12/75 = 100)..........................................
Processed yarns and threads (12/75 = 100) .......................
Gray fabrics (12/75 = 100).............................................
Finished fabrics (12/75 = 100) ........................................
Apparel......................................................................
Textile housefurnishings..................................................
199.7
156.3
138.0
146.8
125.2
186.0
226.7
202.9
161.0
142.3
149.1
126.8
188.0
232.2
204.0
162.7
144.4
148.0
126.7
189.9
233.0
203.6
161.6
140.3
147.4
126.5
190.8
233.4
203.4
161.5
139.6
147.2
125.6
191.0
233.6
205.0
162.9
139.2
148.2
126.8
192.7
237.6
205.6
163.2
140.7
147.3
127.1
193.2
240.8
205.0
161.3
140.5
146.6
125.6
193.4
241.4
205.4
163.0
140.4
146.3
125.4
194.1
241.8
'205.4
'163.4
141.0
'145.9
'125.2
'194.5
'239.5
204.5
163.8
139.4
145.8
124.0
193.0
244.4
204.1
162.4
139.2
144.8
123.8
193.1
243.0
203.9
163.1
135.9
144.5
124.4
193.5
240.7
203.8
163.4
136.6
143.5
123.8
193.5
242.5
04
04-2
04-3
04-4
Hides, skins, leather, and related products ..............................
Leather......................................................................
Footwear ...................................................................
Other leather and related products.....................................
260.9
319.8
240.9
241.8
261.7
313.2
242.9
245.0
260.0
313.7
239.6
245.0
259.8
311.3
239.8
245.4
260.7
312.3
240.1
245.4
261.8
319.0
238.9
247.5
261.6
317.7
238.6
248.1
260.6
313.3
239.8
248.1
263.4
310.6
244.8
248.1
'263.2
'309.8
'244.5
'248.1
262.7
306.7
243.8
250.5
261.3
307.4
241.7
252.0
263.2
304.7
247.3
249.9
264.8
309.2
248.2
252.9
05
05-1
05-2
05-3
05-4
05-61
05-7
Fuels and related products and power ...................................
Coal..........................................................................
Coke ........................................................................
Gas fuels2 .................................................................
Electric power..............................................................
Crude petroleum3 .........................................................
Petroleum products, refined4 ...........................................
694.5
497.2
456.4
939.4
367.2
803.5
805.9
703.5
510.2
469.7
976.6
383.8
796.8
806.1
698 1
510.8
469.7
965.6
378.4
788.2
802.3
698 1 702.5
512.7 515.2
469.7 469.7
983.0 1,003.7
378.3 384.2
785.9 787.2
798.3 798.6
705.1
525.3
469.7
987.9
392.8
787.2
801.9
697.8
529.9
469.7
987.6
392.9
770.3
789.7
689.7
529.6
467.5
990.5
403.7
744.8
770.6
670.6 '662.2 677.4 701.8 705.7 701.8
541.4
532.6 '534.0 534.1 538.6 539.1
467.5 '467.5 462.7 463.9 460.0 460.7
992.7 '1,001.2 1,029.7 1,055.4 1,073.7 1,116.6
406.3 '407.1 406.6 416.9 415.3 415.4
717.9 '717.8 718.5 718.7 718.7 718.8
733.5 '713.2 738.5 777.1 781.8 763.1
06
06-1
06-21
06-22
06-3
06-4
06-5
06-6
06-7
Chemicals and allied products.............................................
Industrial chemicals 5 ......................................................
Prepared paint..............................................................
Paint materials ............................................................
Drugs and pharmaceuticals .............................................
Fats and oils, inedible ....................................................
Agricultural chemicals and chemical products .......................
Plastic resins and materials .............................................
Other chemicals and allied products...................................
287.6
363.3
249.8
300.1
193.5
295.6
285.0
289.2
254.2
293.3
371.8
250.7
308.0
197.8
285.6
292.6
296.8
257.4
292.4
367.9
250.7
308.1
198.5
277.7
293.1
299.5
256.9
292.0
363.7
254.5
308.3
198.2
282.5
295.7
293.2
259.9
291.8
362.8
256.4
305.8
198.9
280.4
294.9
294.2
260.0
292.9
362.9
258.9
306.6
202.2
294.6
361.4
258.9
306.8
205.9
290.1
297.1
285.5
268.5
294.3
357.8
258.9
306.7
208.9
282.6
295.8
286.0
270.0
'295.0
'357.1
'264.7
'306,9
'209.9
288.4
'294.8
'283.2
'272.7
293.5
352.9
265.1
304.2
209.6
287.5
294.0
281.9
273.0
291.6
349.7
265.1
304.3
209.9
278.2
291.5
280.6
270.7
291.6
349.7
265.1
302.3
291.4
349.3
265.1
303.0
272.8
296.8
286.1
263.8
293.6
362.2
258.9
306.4
204.4
274.2
298.0
287.3
264.9
254.2
290.6
282.4
271.8
254.1
290.1
281.5
270.7
07
07-1
07-11
07-12
07-13
07-2
Rubber and plastic products ...............................................
Rubber and rubber products.............................................
Crude rubber ..............................................................
Tires and tubes............................................................
Miscellaneous rubber products..........................................
Plastic products (6/78 = 100) ..........................................
232.6
256.2
281.8
250.6
251.4
128.5
235.7
260.3
283.1
256.5
253.9
129.9
237.3 , 238.0
262.9 264.4
279.8 279.0
257.1 255.9
261.1 266.7
130.3 130.3
238.3
264.6
280.8
255.4
267.2
130.6
237.3
262.5
281.8
253.6
263.8
130.5
239.3
266.0
282.1
256,7
268.8
131.0
240.8
266.7
283.5
253.7
274.3
132.3
241.1
266.6
283.3
253.4
274.7
132.6
'242.1
'269.0
'283.7
'254.9
' 278.8
’ 132.5
243.3
271.5
282.4
255.3
285.4
132.6
243.1
271.6
280.2
255.6
286.1
132.3
243.6
272.5
278.6
257.9
286.0
132.3
243.3
271.7
276.5
255.7
287.5
132.5
08
08-1
08-2
08-3
08-4
Lumber and wood products.................................................
Lumber......................................................................
Millwork .....................................................................
Plywood .....................................................................
Other wood products............................ ......................
292.8
325.1
273.4
245.7
239.1
289.3
320.2
271.4
240.8
240.5
284.3
311.7
271.3
234.3
239.9
285.4
309.9
273.7
239.7
239.4
285.5
310.0
277.1
237.4
238.2
285.2
308,1
278.6
235.1
238.7
285.3
308.2
276.5
236.5
238.6
286.5
312.4
276.6
234.0
237.7
'284.6
'310.5
'276.3
'230.5
'237.4
288.7
315.2
280.1
238.9
237.1
288.3
319.2
281.8
232.4
236.0
284.4
312.7
280.2
229.3
235.8
283.0
311.3
279.5
228.4
235.6
See footnotes at end of table.
82
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
282.1
306.6
271.8
233.5
239.3
211.1 212.6
22.
Continued— Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings
[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
1982
1981
Annual
Commodity group and subgroup
INDUSTRIAL COMMODITIES
1981
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May1
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Continued
09
09-1
09-11
09-12
09-13
09-14
09-15
09-2
Pulp, paper, and allied products...........................................
Pulp, paper, and products, excluding building paper and board ...
Woodpulp...................................................................
Wastepaper ...............................................................
Paper ........................................................................
Paperboard.................................................................
Converted paper and paperboard products...........................
Building paper and board................................................
273.8
270.8
397.1
175.7
279.8
258.1
258.8
231.7
277.8
274.8
394.2
178.5
285.9
261.6
262.8
234.2
279.2
275.7
402.3
165.1
287.8
261.7
263.2
233.3
280.4
275.8
413.7
144.5
287.4
261.6
263.1
232.1
281.0
275.6
413.7
143.4
287.2
260.0
263.2
230.3
285.5
276.1
410.3
135.2
289.2
259.7
263.9
233.8
286.3
276.8
410.3
128.8
289.8
261.4
264.7
231.4
287.4
276.6
411.6
129.2
289.6
261.1
264.5
239.6
288.5
275.3
389.9
128.1
289.4
261.2
264.3
236.3
r289.6
r274.8
r393.3
121.5
r288.2
258.8
r264.3
r240.2
289.3
274.6
390.3
115.2
2882
255.9
265.0
239.4
288.9
272.9
370.5
115.6
287.0
255.0
264.6
239.2
289 1
272.6
369.2
116.0
286.1
255.5
264.4
243.8
289.2
271.8
367.2
116.0
286.0
250.7
264.2
242.8
10
10-1
10-17
10-2
Metals and metal products ................................................
Iron and steel ..............................................................
Steel mill products.........................................................
Nonferrous metals.........................................................
Metal containers ...........................................................
Hardware ...................................................................
Plumbing fixtures and brass fittings.....................................
Heating equipment.........................................................
Fabricated structural metal products...................................
Miscellaneous metal products...........................................
300.4
333.8
337.6
285.8
315.6
263.2
267.5
224.2
295.5
270.5
304.9
339.8
345.3
289.4
318.8
267.8
271.6
228.5
300.0
273.7
305.3
341.3
348.7
285.4
318.2
269.5
272.9
229.0
302.6
276.1
304.2
340.0
348.6
281.1
318.1
271.5
273.1
228.8
303.2
278.0
303.3
339.9
348.9
277.1
316.8
272.0
274.0
229.9
303.0
278.3
304.7
343.1
350.6
274.4
324.3
274.1
274.6
233.4
303.4
281.2
304.2
342.9
350.3
273.6
326.2
274.8
276.4
233.1
304.0
278.7
302.9
342.5
350.5
267.2
327.2
278.2
279.1
235.4
304.5
279.0
303.1
342.8
352.2
266.1
330.0
278.5
280.3
236.0
305.2
279.7
r302.8
r341.3
352.1
r263.6
r330.2
r278.9
281.0
r237.2
r304.9
r284.5
300.1
338.3
349.9
253.7
330.2
277.9
282.5
238.6
305.2
289.5
300.2
337.4
349.1
256.1
329.9
278.9
283.0
239.1
303.8
288.8
300.2
337.4
348.7
256.1
3288
280.3
274.7
238.6
304.4
288.9
301.8
336.6
348.4
263.4
328.7
280.4
277.0
239.3
304.2
289.3
Machinery and equipment ..................................................
Agricultural machinery and equipment.................................
Construction machinery and equipment................................
Metalworking machinery and equipment ..............................
General purpose machinery and equipment...........................
Special industry machinery and equipment ...........................
Electrical machinery and equipment ...................................
Miscellaneous machinery................................................
263.3
288.3
320.8
301.3
288.7
307.9
268.1
292.8
326.5
305.3
293.9
312.8
224.2
258.5
269.3
295.5
328.3
306.6
295.1
314.6
225.3
259.0
270.4
300.8
329.6
307.9
296.2
315.0
226.0
259.8
272.0
302.8
332.0
312.9
297.9
316.4
227.0
260.4
274.1
303.1
337.0
315.9
300.0
320.4
228.7
261.4
275.4
304.6
337.9
317.2
301.3
320.7
229.5
264.0
276.2
306.4
339.2
317.8
302.0
321.3
230.3
264.9
277.6
306.8
341.5
319.6
303.4
322.9
231.7
266.1
r278.2
r308.2
r343.5
'320.7
'303.8
'323.9
'231.3
'267.9
278.4
308.8
343.7
320.8
303.1
324.7
231.9
268.0
279.4
310.2
346.1
321.9
304.4
327.1
232.0
268.9
279.7
311.4
346.4
322.4
304.5
326.9
232.0
270.3
280.3
313.6
347.5
322.6
304.5
327.0
232.5
271.1
198.5
219.7
257.5
178.7
187.3
89.2
281.0
201.0 201.3 202.1
222.2 222.8 225.1
261.6
181.7
190.1
87.8
2858
262 1 263.3
180.9 182.3
190.8 190.9
204.6
227.4
271.2
180.6
195.3
89.6
283.7
205.5
227.6
273.6
180.6
197.3
89.1
285.0
206.0
229.7
274.2
181.1
197.8
87.9
285.9
' 206.5
'230.0
'275.2
'181.3
'198.9
'88.0
'285.4
207.4
231.4
278.0
179.4
285.3
203.5
227.5
266.7
180.3
193.4
89.3
283.4
206.8
230.9
277.8
180.1
199.3
285.8
202.9
226.6
263.9
181.4
191.3
89.6
286.2
206.6
231.1
276.2
180.7
198.5
12-6
Furniture and household durables ........................................
Household furniture .......................................................
Commercial furniture .....................................................
Floor coverings ............................................................
Household appliances ....................................................
Home electronic equipment .............................................
Other household durable goods ........................................
284.6
283.6
287.4
207.7
231.6
278.6
180.3
200.4
87.7
288.1
13
13-11
13-2
13-3
13-4
13-5
13-6
13-7
13-8
13-9
Nonmetallic mineral products...............................................
Rat glass ...................................................................
Concrete ingredients ......................................................
Concrete products.........................................................
Structural clay products, excluding refractories ......................
Refractories ...............................................................
Asphalt roofing ............................................................
Gypsum products .........................................................
Glass containers ..........................................................
Other nonmetallic minerals...............................................
309.5
296.3
291.2
249.8
302.4
407.5
256.2
328.7
463.8
313.2
218.3
298.5
292.9
255.3
307.1
401.6
252.9
335.5
474.3
313.3
218.5
298.4
293.3
256.2
307.8
402.9
252.4
335.5
473.3
313.7
218.5
298.5
293.4
256.5
308.9
410.2
251.3
335.5
473.5
313.5
216.1
298.7
293.6
257.5
311.3
405.6
249.7
335.5
474.7
315.6
216.2
306.2
295.5
257.5
316.8
401.3
250.4
335.4
474.7
319.0
216.2
308.4
295.9
257.7
335.1
400.4
255.0
352.2
478.7
319.9
216.2
309.8
296.3
257.7
337.4
394.4
260.7
356.0
479.6
320.2
216.2
309.5
297.7
258.1
338.7
386.7
263.2
358.1
479.1
'321.2
'226.4
'312.5
'298.2
'258.6
'339.5
'385.5
259.4
'358.1
'471.3
318.7
216.2
310.9
297.9
258.4
340.9
388.8
256.4
357.4
465.2
320.3
226.1
310.6
298.2
258.8
340.9
392.3
255.8
357.4
466.4
320.4
226.1
311.7
298.3
258.8
341.2
392.5
253.9
357.3
466.2
311.2
298.6
259.5
341.3
400.2
253.9
357.9
466.2
14
14-1
14-4
Transportation equipment (12/68 - 100)................................
Motor vehicles and equipment ..........................................
Railroad equipment .......................................................
235.4
237.6
336.1
231.8
232.8
338.7
244.5
247.8
338.7
246.3
248.9
341.3
246.8
249.5
340.1
248.6
250.8
345.8
245.2
246.8
345.8
245.2
246.8
346.3
245.8 '247.5
247.2 '249.2
343.5 '342.8
249.6
251.5
349.6
250.4
252.5
349.3
251.2
253.3
354.7
245.0
245.0
354.7
15
15-1
15-2
15-3
15-4
15-5
15-9
Miscellaneous products.....................................................
Toys, sporting goods, small arms, ammunition.......................
Tobacco products .........................................................
Notions......................................................................
Photographic equipment and supplies.................................
Mobile homes (12/74 - 100)...........................................
Other miscellaneous products ............................ .............
265.7
211.9
2683
2598
267.0
213.6
274.5
267.8
208.7
158.7
345.5
268.5
213.0
278.2
269.7
208.9
159.1
348.5
269.5
212.7
278.2
269.7
209.0
159.3
344.8
267.6
213.3
278.2
269.7
209.1
159.3
344.6
268.3
218.4
278.2
270.3
209.9
159.5
342.2
273.5
272.7
220.7
306.6
271.5
273.2 '272.2
'221.8
306.7 '307.0
271.5 '280.1
214.2 '210.6
162.2 '162.5
334.1 '331.3
271.6
222.9
306.7
280.3
273.8
222.9
311.3
280.3
272.4
224.4
311.3
280.3
280.3
224.7
328.8
280.3
162.5
328.0
162.5
333.1
162.5
326.5
162.8
344.7
10-3
10-4
10-5
10-6
10-8
11
11-1
11-2
10-7
11-3
11-4
11-6
11-7
11-9
12
12-1
12-2
12-3
12-4
12-5
220.2
252.6
212.6
210.0
156.8
347.4
1Data for May 1982 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by
respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication.
2Prices for natural gas are lagged 1 month.
3Includes only domestic production.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
88.1 88.0
220.1
306.6
270.4
210.5
159.6
341.1
212.1
161.9
334.5
221.0
88.2
200.1
88.2 88.0
320.2
221.1
210.8 210.6 210.6 211.6
4Most prices for refined petroleum products are lagged 1 month.
5Some prices for industrial chemicals are lagged 1 month.
r=revised.
83
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW November 1982 « Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices
23.
Producer Price Indexes, for special commodity groupings
[1967= 100 unless otherwise specified]
Annual
1982
1981
Commodity grouping
All commodities less farm products
All foods
Processed foods
Industrial commodities less fuels...............................
Selected textile mill products (Dec. 1975 = 100).........
Hosiery.................................................................
Underwear and nightwear.........................................
Chemicals and allied products, including synthetic rubber
and fibers and yarns............................................
1981
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May1
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
295.7
251.8
252.1
263.7
135.8
134.3
203.4
298.5
251.7
252 8
266.4
138.1
135.5
204.7
299.5
249.1
250.0
268.7
138.2
136.5
204.7
299.4
247.4
247.6
269.0
138.4
136.5
205.7
300.0
247.6
246.5
269.4
137.9
136.7
206.3
302.0
251.6
250.5
271.1
139.3
136.9
213.9
301.9
253.2
251.9
271.5
139.7
136.9
215.6
301,4
251.6
252.1
271.7
139.0
137.5
215.9
300.9
254.7
255.1
272.3
139.0
138.0
215.9
'301.2
257.9
259.0
272.8
'138.7
138.5
'215.9
302.3
259.0
260.9
272.5
138.1
138.5
217.8
304.1
356.8
259.8
272.7
137.5
138.5
218.0
304.3
255.9
258.9
272.7
137.6
138.5
218.1
303.9
255.4
259.3
272.6
137.7
138.7
219.0
278.4
284.4
283.8
283.2
283,1
284.3
285.1
285.6
285.6
'286.1
284.8
283.0
283.4
283.2
Pharmaceutical preparations.....................................
Lumber and wood products, excluding millwork ...........
Steel mill products, including fabricated wire products . . .
Finished steel mill products, excluding fabricated wire
products.............................................................
Finished steel mill products, including fabricated wire
products.............................................................
186.9
303.0
337.6
191.6
298.0
345.3
192.8
290.1
348.7
192.5
286.4
348.6
193.3
290.7
348.9
196.8
289.9
350.6
199.3
287.9
350.3
201.1
288.5
350.5
204.5
290.5
352.2
'205.8
'288.1
352.1
205.3
294.0
349.9
205.7
294.6
348.7
207.2
289.2
348.4
209.3
287.9
348.1
336.2
343.7
347.4
347.2
347.5
349.3
348.9
349.2
351.0
350.9
348.6
347.7
347.3
347.0
336.2
343.7
347.4
347.2
347.5
349.3
348.9
349.2
351.0
350.9
348.6
347.4
347.0
346.7
Special metals and metal products ............................
Fabricated metal products .......................................
Copper and copper products ...................................
Machinery and motive products.................................
Machinery and equipment, except electrical.................
279.4
280.0
203.8
256.7
288.5
280.1
283.9
205.1
257.7
293.8
286.7
286.0
201.9
264.3
295.0
286.8
287.0
198.9
265.8
296.4
286.6
287.1
195.4
266.9
298.4
287.9
289.4
194.5
268.9
300.7
286.0
289.0
194.1
268.1
302.3
285.3
289.9
190.8
268.5
303.1
285.6
290.8
191.6
269.6
304.6
'286.3
'292.6
'193.0
'270.7
'305.7
285.8
294.6
180.0
271.8
305.7
286.3
294.0
179.5
272.8
307.2
286.6
293.9
180.1
273.3
307.7
284.2
294.1
181.4
270.8
308.3
Agricultural machinery, including tractors....................
Metalworking machinery...........................................
Numerically controlled machine tools (Dec. 1971 = 100)
Total tractors.........................................................
Agricultural machinery and equipment less parts .........
297.3
329.7
239.3
324.7
289.8
301.6
333.9
241.8
330,7
294.0
305.7
336.7
241.8
338.3
297.6
312.5
338.3
242.2
342.2
303.5
314.7
341.2
242.0
342.3
305.8
315.1
343.8
240.1
346.9
306.5
316.0
344.9
239.8
346.9
307.4
318.4
346.4
239.9
349.1
309.7
319.0
348.8
239.9
352.4
310.3
'319.9
'349.3
'239.9
'353.6
'311.0
319.8
350.3
240.3
353.2
311.0
320.5
352.7
239.6
354.2
311.8
321.5
353.2
239.6
354.8
312.5
324.6
353.6
239.8
358.9
315.1
Farm and garden tractors less parts ..........................
Agricultural machinery, excluding tractors less parts . . . .
Industrial valves......................................................
Industrial fittings......................................................
Construction materials ............................................
300.1
295.2
315.9
302.1
283.0
305.5
298.7
322.7
304.3
284.4
313.0
299.9
322.4
304.1
284.6
319.6
303.5
323.4
304.1
284.1
319.7
310.9
325.3
304.1
285.2
319.7
311.6
328.6
304.1
286.6
319.7
313.2
330.2
304.1
286.9
323.5
314.6
330.5
304.1
287.5
323.5
315.6
331.1
309.1
288.2
'325.0
'316.1
'331.2
309.1
'288.2
324.3
316.5
327.2
309.1
289.1
324.2
317.7
329.2
310.2
289.0
324.8
319.0
329.2
310.2
288.2
331.8
319.1
329.4
309.2
287.9
1Data for May 1982 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections
by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication.
24.
r=revised,
Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product
[1967= 100]
Annual
average
1981
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May1
June
July
Aug.
Total durable goods .................................................
Total nondurable goods.............................................
269.8
312.4
271.8
315.0
275.0
312.8
275.4
311.4
276.0
311.4
277.6
314.7
277.4
315.4
277.4
314.2
278.1
313.6
'278.5
314.5
278.4
316.0
279.1
317.7
279.1
317.3
278.7
315.9
Total manufactures..................................................
Durable...........................................................
Nondurable ......................................................
286.0
269.7
303.6
288.3
271.7
306.3
289.8
275.1
305.5
289.7
275.8
304.5
289.9
276.5
304.3
291.9
278.0
306.8
292.0
277.8
307.2
291.4
277.8
305.9
291.1
278.7
304.1
291.3
'279.2
'304.0
292.4
279.4
306.2
293.9
280.1
308.6
293.9
280.1
308.6
293.1
279.7
307.3
Total raw or slightly processed goods ...........................
Durable...........................................................
Nondurable .....................................................
330.7
271.2
334.0
332.7
270.4
336.3
326.4
263.7
330.0
323.3
253.4
327.4
323.6
247.8
328.2
328.9
253.8
333.4
330.6
253.7
335.2
329.7
250.1
334.5
331.9
245.3
337.2
'335.1
'239.7
'341.1
333.6
225.2
340.6
333.3
225.0
340.2
331.8
225.7
338.6
330.3
227.0
336.9
Commodity grouping
1981
1982
'Data for May 1982 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections
by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication.
25.
Sept.
r=revised,
Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries
[1967=100 unless otherwise specified]
1972
SIC
code
Industry description
Annual
average
1981
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May1
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
167.6
346.0
493.7
898.6
277.4
138.7
168.1
364.5
506.0
913.6
279.2
137.1
168.1
354.1
506.2
900.8
279.7
143.4
171.3
354.1
507.8
907.5
279.8
143.4
171.3
343.7
510.3
921.7
280.7
143.4
171.3
347.9
520.9
919.7
287.4
149.6
171.3
313.7
525.8
913.9
289.9
149.6
171.3
325.0
524.9
905.4
293.1
149.6
171.3
327.0
527.9
893.3
292.6
151.7
177.1
308.3
'529.9
'901.2
'295.0
151.7
177.1
307.5
529.8
915.1
295.2
151.7
177.1
306.2
533.5
925.3
295.3
151.7
177.1
287.5
534.7
926.7
2965
151.7
177.1
289.4
536.3
938.4
296.0
151.7
243.1
241.4
192.0
274,8
252.7
253.9
188.8
275.0
244.1
252.2
175.5
279.2
237.0
248.9
172.8
279.5
234.1
247.0
166.7
275.0
237.6
245.6
(2)
275.0
244.4
251.0
(2)
276.4
247.3
248.6
<2)
276.8
254.0
253.0
<2)
275.3
'264.7
'266.2
(2)
274.9
265.7
273.7
<2)
274.9
258,4
272.2
(2)
275.0
253.0
275.4
(2)
276.3
253.1
282.3
(2)
276.8
1981
1982
MINING
1011
1092
1211
1311
1442
1455
Iron ores (12/75 = 100)........................................
Mercury ores (12/75 = 100)...................................
Bituminous coal and lignite .....................................
Crude petroleum and natural gas..............................
Construction sand and gravel .................................
Kaolin and ball clay (6/76 = 100) ............................
MANUFACTURING
2011
2013
2016
2021
Meatpacking plants...............................................
Sausages and other prepared meats.........................
Poultry dressing plants ..........................................
Creamery butter..................................................
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
84
Federal Reserve
Bank of St. Louis
25.
Continued— Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries
[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
Annual
1972
SIC
code
1982
1981
Industry description
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May1
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
218.6
217.9
260.8
184.0
191.5
205.9
116.0
247.6
266.4
303.3
262.6
181.8
187.5
192.2
115.9
245.1
272.2
303.3
216.7
210.9
262,4
181.5
187.3
183.5
114.6
233.0
272.2
303.3
216.5
214.2
262.3
181.5
192.5
177.9
115.4
242.9
269.7
303.4
217.1
214.2
r262.6
178.5
188.4
183.0
116.7
269.2
r277.3
303.4
217.9
214.2
264.6
178.5
189.1
180.3
115.7
286.7
280.2
303.4
218.6
213.6
265.5
180.4
185.5
177.6
115.4
311.5
290.5
303.3
218.8
213.6
263.2
180.0
180.2
183.0
113.3
318.1
297.4
304.7
218.7
216.5
260.1
179.6
182.2
183.0
109.6
295.6
300.8
304.7
182.4
221.9
266.6
275.4
137.9
188.5
369.5
240.4
259.5
288.4
184.9
223.1
260.4
267.1
140.1
187.2
396.8
245.1
259.5
288.4
170.5
220.4
262.6
267.1
137.9
187.0
389.2
247.7
259.5
319.7
158.1
216.6
271.8
267.1
140.2
187.7
419.1
248.8
259.5
319.7
164.7
225.8
273.3
259.1
140.2
188.2
432.2
250.6
259.5
319.8
167.9
232.0
271.5
259.8
139.8
188.0
r425.9
r248.0
259.5
r319.9
170.2
226.4
272.3
259.8
139.8
188.4
442.8
247.6
259.5
319.8
174.6
224.1
264.3
259.8
139.8
187.8
418.9
247.0
259.5
324.9
173.1
205.5
242.4
259.8
140.4
184.3
426.2
246.4
259.5
324.9
111.8
141.4
128.6
178.6
349.4
227.1
139.7
115.6
225.2
113.2
140.3
129.9
178.6
349.4
226.4
140.0
116.1
225.9
110.7
140.8
128.5
179.6
349.4
226.3
139.2
116.2
226.0
112.4
143.5
129.1
174.5
326.1
227.3
139.8
115.6
225.2
112.4
140.5
129.4
141.6
128.5
r 179.6
353.6
r226.4
' 138.5
r 116.9
r226.1
'109.9
'141.5
'128.4
176.6
353.6
226.0
138.0
117.0
228.7
108.2
141.3
127.2
176.6
358.3
212.8
174.5
326.1
227.6
139.5
115.2
213.0
137.5
117.0
230.8
108.6
140.2
126.7
176.6
358.3
221.7
137.1
117.0
231.1
108.7
139.8
128.7
176.8
358.5
218.6
136.4
117.0
231.2
108.6
138.4
128.1
155.7
222.4
154.5
157.0
139.3
227.4
212.4
230.8
113.9
186.8
157.0
219.9
145.6
157.0
139.3
228.4
233.0
113.9
186.9
156.7
217.2
146.0
156.8
140.7
230.5
213.4
233.0
113.9
187.1
155.5
216.3
145.7
156.8
141.0
233.7
173.4
246.9
115.3
188.4
155.7
215.7
150.3
156.8
141.0
233.6
215.9
246.9
117.3
188.4
155.7
215.4
150.0
156.8
141.0
233.8
216.9
247.4
117.3
188.4
156.1
214.4
151.0
156.7
141.0
234.4
217.3
247.4
117.3
194.1
156.4
'214.7
'152.7
156.6
141.0
234.6
'217.5
247.4
117.3
'195.8
156.9
214.0
149.3
156.5
141.0
235.3
215.7
251.2
121.3
195.0
156.1
213.7
149.0
156.5
141.0
237.2
216.0
251.2
121.3
195.6
155.4
213.2
140.4
158.0
141.0
239.8
216.1
251.2
121.3
195.6
156.1
213.1
142.5
158.0
142.6
240.0
219.4
250.7
121.3
195,6
253.1
126.4
123.4
170.6
138.8
253.3
126.7
122.7
171.6
140.1
123.2
289.2
139.7
131.0
218.6
252.5
126.5
123.0
174.7
145.1
123.2
293.8
144.9
131.0
218.0
254.2
126.5
123.0
174.8
148.8
123.2
297.4
144.9
131.0
216.9
254.9
126.5
123.1
175.0
148.8
123.2
295.5
147.2
131.0
216.9
255.2
126.5
122.9
175.0
148.8
295.5
145.7
131.0
218.8
'254.7
'126.5
122.9
'176.6
'148.1
'122.2
295.5
'145.9
131.0
'217.4
254.1
123.7
123.1
179.4
148.5
289.2
137.6
131.0
219.5
253.2
126.7
124.1
171.6
138.9
122.5
289.2
137.6
131.0
216.5
252.9
123.6
123.7
179.4
148.4
119.4
294.5
143.8
131.0
253.1
123.8
123.6
179.4
148.4
120.3
288.2
143.8
131.0
217.5
252.3
123.8
122.7
178.1
150.2
118.6
288.2
145.4
131.0
216.3
135.4
156.6
152.8
158.7
170.5
129.3
154.8
152.0
159.2
168.0
129.0
154.2
150.4
159.3
166.9
134.5
153.2
149.9
160.3
170.3
175.3
195.2
257.1
251.3
175.6
195.2
257.1
255.0
179.5
197.5
257.0
262.5
182.1
198.0
257.6
262.5
132.5
153.9
149.8
160.4
172.6
203.6
184.4
204.4
261.9
258.6
130.5
153.5
149.0
160.5
170.7
204.3
179.3
205.6
270.7
258.6
131.8
152.6
148.2
162.7
177.7
205.1
179.3
205.6
270.8
260.7
129.1
153.4
145.9
163.0
178.2
207.4
181.8
205.7
270.8
253.6
'125.9
'152.8
'144.7
'163.3
'178.0
'207.7
'182.3
'205.9
'270.8
'249.7
133.3
152.9
144.2
163.4
176.9
207.6
185.1
210.3
271.9
246.5
129.6
154.5
144.1
163.4
175.4
208.1
184.1
272.0
238.5
126.7
155.1
143.8
163.4
174.5
208.0
185.5
210,4
272.4
237.2
128.6
154.4
143.8
163.7
175.3
208.0
185.9
210.4
272.4
235.4
156.2
151.7
343.4
244.8
163.0
305.9
150.8
293.3
155.6
142.8
158.8
153.7
344.3
253.2
163.2
316.0
156.0
299.3
160.6
142.1
159.8
153.6
344.0
253.4
167.6
317.7
156.3
301.0
164.2
142.9
159.7
153.5
344.1
253.3
167.6
317.0
153.7
301.4
162.5
144.2
159.6
152.7
344.6
253.3
170.0
324.8
154.3
302.7
161.9
142.9
162.0
152.5
344.6
254.0
176.4
329.4
150.7
303.9
161.8
142.4
162.0
153.4
344.6
256.9
176.5
335.2
152.6
306.1
162.9
142.6
162.0
153.0
344.5
260.0
176.5
335.6
151.0
306.7
161.6
142.2
161.3
152.8
344.5
259.9
176.5
322.0
152.6
306.6
162.5
141.7
'160.3
'151.3
'343.6
'259.9
176.7
'341.1
'150.9
307.1
'161.6
'140.5
160.8
150.0
347.3
261.4
176.7
338.2
150.7
303.8
161.3
139.5
160.7
149.1
346.4
261.4
176.7
324.4
150.2
301.8
160.5
136.1
159.9
149.4
349.2
261.4
177.5
325.8
150.8
299.9
159.5
136.0
159.8
146.5
350.0
262.2
177.5
324.3
151.1
298.8
160.1
135.6
254.1
270.7
311.9
294.4
194.3
176.9
215.8
259.4
272.0
316.5
295.8
196.0
174.3
259.4
273.8
318.7
294.6
196.3
174.9
258.5
273.7
316.5
293.3
196.4
178.1
259.0
270.5
315.6
293.1
196.0
176.1
261.0
274.3
314.9
293.0
197.0
174.2
263.5
276.8
317.6
289.1
198.0
173.8
222.4
261.6
278.4
320.5
281.7
198.1
171.2
220.3
258.2
278.7
327.2
267.4
197.1
168.1
216.7
256.2
'278.6
'326.1
259.2
'196.3
'168.4
’ 221.3
257.6
278.8
319.6
267.7
195.1
169.8
221.5
256.6
278.6
318.4
281.4
194.8
171.3
221.7
248.7
277.9
3248
283.7
194.4
171.1
226.2
245.9
275.4
337.3
280.3
194.8
174.5
221.7
1981
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Cheese, natural and processed (12/72 = 100)............
Ice cream and frozen desserts (12/72 = 100) ............
Canned fruits and vegetables.................................
Dehydrated food products (12/73 = 100)..................
Flour mills (12/71 - 100) .....................................
Rice milling.......................................................
Prepared foods, n.e.c. (12/75 = 100).......................
Raw cane sugar ................................................
Beet sugar .......................................................
Chewing gum ....................................................
215.7
211.9
248.5
177.6
196.0
277.2
124.5
273.5
314.3
309.8
215.0
212.7
254.3
183.4
195.3
268.2
119.6
212.3
270.7
303.2
215.4
212.5
257.0
182.1
191.1
247.3
117.3
219.9
250.3
303.2
215.9
212.5
256.4
181.4
191.5
235.4
116.4
224.3
230.4
303.2
218.4
212.7
258.9
182.1
189.2
215.1
116.0
230.8
250.5
303.2
Cottonseed oil mills.............................................
Soybean oil mills.................................................
Animal and marine fats and oils ..............................
Malt ................................................................
Distilled liquor, except brandy (12/75 - 100) .............
Canned and cured seafoods (12/73 = 100) ...............
Fresh or frozen packaged fish ................................
Roasted coffee (12/72 = 100)................................
Macaroni and spaghetti ............. ..........................
Cigarettes.........................................................
199.0
245.8
288.0
282.5
134.7
187.8
369.1
238.1
252.0
277.7
182.3
234.2
281.2
275.4
135.5
188.8
353.5
237.3
259.5
284.2
172.0
229.7
274.0
275.4
135.5
188.2
356.9
238.2
259.5
2884
167.2
2251
2254
2257
2261
2262
Cigars ............................................................
Chewing and smoking tobacco................................
Weaving mills, cotton (12/72 = 100) .......................
Weaving mills, synthetic (12/77 = 100) ....................
Women’s hosiery, except socks (12/75 = 100)............
Knit underwear mills ...........................................
Circular knit fabric mills (6/76 = 100).......................
Finishing plants, cotton (6/76 = 100) .......................
Finishing plants, synthetics, silk (6/76 = 100) .............
170.0
320.7
232.7
136.7
113.5
174.5
326.1
233.2
139.4
115.2
210.9
110.9
144.9
126.5
174.5
325.3
236.0
139.5
115.0
210.9
111.9
145.4
129.0
2272
2281
2282
2284
2298
2311
2321
2322
2323
2327
Tufted carpets and rugs........................................
Yarn mills, except wool (12/71 =100) ......................
Throwing and winding mills (6/76 = 100) ..................
Thread mills (6/76 = 100).....................................
Cordage and twine (12/77 = 100)...........................
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats..............................
Men’s and boys’ shirts and nightwear .......................
Men’s and boys’ underwear...................................
Men's and boys’ neckwear (12/75 = 100) .................
Men’s and boys’ separate trousers...........................
154.2
221.7
139.3
151.4
134.8
224.0
209.5
230.6
114.6
186.2
157.3
223.8
148.0
154.8
139.3
226.5
211.5
230.8
113.9
186.4
2328
2331
2335
2341
2342
2361
2381
2394
2396
2421
Men’s and boys’ work clothing ................................
Women’s and misses’ blouses and waists (6/78 = 100) .
Women's and misses’ dresses (12/77 = 100).............
Women’s and children’s underwear (12/72 = 100) .......
Brassieres and allied garments (12/75 = 100) ............
Children’s dresses and blouses (12/77 = 100)............
Fabric dress and work gloves.................................
Canvas and related products (12/77 = 100)...............
Automotive and apparel trimmings (12/77 = 100)........
Sawmills and planing mills (12/71 =100)..................
248.6
121.3
169.7
136.7
120.9
289.3
132.0
131.0
228.2
251.2
121.3
123.5
170.6
138.8
121.7
289.2
134.6
131.0
225.2
2436
2439
2448
2451
2492
2511
2512
2515
2521
2611
Softwood veneer and plywood (12/75 = 100).............
Structural wood members, n.e.c. (12/75 = 100) ..........
Wood pallets and skids (12/75 = 100)......................
Mobile homes (12/74 = 100).................................
Particleboard (12/75 = 100) .................................
Wood household furniture (12/71 = 100) ..................
Upholstered household furniture (12/71 =100)............
Mattresses and bedsprings.....................................
Wood office furniture ...........................................
Pulp mills (12/73 = 100)......................................
142.0
156.6
152.5
156.9
173.6
197.4
174.0
192.3
254.2
252.4
2621
2631
2647
2654
2655
2812
2821
2822
2824
2873
Paper mills, except building (12/74 = 100).................
Paperboard mills (12/74 = 100) ............................
Sanitary paper products........................................
Sanitary food containers ......................................
Fiber cans, drums, and similar products (12/75 = 100) ..
Alkalies and chlorine (12/73 = 100).........................
Plastics materials and resins (6/76 = 100).................
Synthetic rubber ................................................
Organic fiber, noncellulosic.....................................
Nitrogenous fertilizers (12/75 = 100) .......................
2874
2875
2892
2911
2951
2952
3011
Phosphatic fertilizers ...........................................
Fertilizers, mixing only ..........................................
Explosives .......................................................
Petroleum refining (6/76 = 100) ............................
Paving mixtures and blocks (12/75 = 100).................
Asphalt felts and coatings (12/75 = 100)..................
Tires and inner tubes (12/73 = 100) .......................
2022
2024
2033
2034
2041
2044
2048
2061
2063
2067
2074
2075
2077
2083
2085
2091
2092
2095
2098
2111
2121
2131
2211
2221
MANUFACTURING - Continued
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
210.2
120.6
112.0
144.9
129.1
122.0
221.2
272.3
275.4
137.9
188.3
360.8
239.2
259.5
288.4
174.5
326.1
229.8
139.8
115.1
212.6
200.1 201.0 202.0 202.8
212.8 212.8
220.6 221.0 220.1 221.2 222.0
110.2
122.2
121.0
294.5
143.8
131.0
219.7
222.0
221.6
210.1
164.5
200.6
241.2
251.2
140.4
186.2
446.7
244.7
259.5
345.1
85
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW November 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices
25.
Continued— Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries
[1967=100 unless otherwise specified]
1972
Industry description
SIC
code
Annual
average
1982
1981
1981
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May1
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
3021
3031
3079
3111
3143
3144
3171
3211
3221
Rubber and plastic footwear (12/71 =100)..............................
Reclaimed rubber (12/73 =100) ............................................
Miscellaneous plastic products (6/78 = 100) ............................
Leather tanning and finishing (12/77 = 100)..............................
Men’s footwear, except athletic (12/75 = 100)...........................
Women’s footwear, except athletic..........................................
Women’s handbags and purses (12/75 = 100) .........................
Rat glass (12/71 = 100) ....................................................
Glass containers................................................................
184.4
194.1
128.9
150.7
169.3
217.1
155.5
175.3
328.6
185.3
200.3
130.3
148.3
170.9
218.2
158.4
180.0
335.4
185.0
200.3
130.8
148.2
170.5
212.5
158.4
180.1
335.4
185.0
200.3
130.8
146.8
170.6
212.7
158.4
180.1
335.4
185.2
200.3
131.0
147.5
171.3
212.4
158.4
177.4
335.4
186.1
200.3
131.1
150.8
173.1
208.5
158.4
177.5
335.3
188.4
200.4
131.6
149.3
172.2
209.8
158.4
177.5
352.1
189.1
207.2
132.8
147.9
173.5
210.3
158.4
177.5
355.8
189.0
209.2
133.2
146.8
174.9
217.0
158.4
177.5
358.0
r 186.6
r209.5
'133.0
'147.4
175.1
'216.2
158.4
'187.9
'358.0
187.0
208.4
132.9
146.9
175.2
215.2
158.4
177.5
357.3
187.0
207.7
132.6
147.5
171.6
216.3
158.5
187.7
357.3
186.8
207.4
132.7
146.5
175.5
185.9
207.6
132.7
148.5
175.7
157.8
187.7
357.2
159.0
186.3
357.7
3241
3251
3253
3255
3259
3261
3262
3263
3269
3271
Cement, hydraulic..............................................................
Brick and structural clay tile..................................................
Ceramic wall and floor tile (12/75 = 100) ................................
Clay refractories................................................................
Structural clay products, n.e.c.................................................
Vitreous plumbing fixtures ....................................................
Vitreous china food utensils..................................................
Fine earthenware food utensils...............................................
Pottery products, n.e.c. (12/75 = 100).....................................
Concrete block and brick.....................................................
329.6
296.5
133.4
310.2
332.0
299.9
140.4
312.5
227.5
259.0
336.8
313.8
161.8
274.2
330.3
299.9
140.4
313.9
231.7
259.0
336.8
313.8
161.8
274.3
330.3
300.5
140.4
315.2
231.7
259.3
344.7
315.0
163.7
274.2
330.3
300.5
140.4
319.9
236.6
260.1
344.7
315.0
163.7
275.1
339.6
298.9
140,4
329.6
225.6
261.1
347.7
315.1
164.3
274.9
341.5
299.4
140.4
354.4
226.0
260.6
347.7
315.1
164.3
276.4
341.5
299.4
140.4
355.6
225.9
260.8
347.3
315.0
164.2
276.4
341.1
303.4
140.6
355.2
215.9
261.8
346.5
314.9
164.0
276.5
'341.9
'304.5
'140.6
'355.5
'215.8
265.4
'355.5
'316.2
'166.3
'276.7
338.7
306.4
138.0
357.1
216.5
265.5
349.8
314.8
164.8
277.0
337.8
307.2
138.0
357.2
216.4
264.2
349.8
314.8
164.7
277.1
336.0
307.2
138.0
357.7
216.5
263.9
349.8
314.8
164.7
277.4
335.1
307.5
138.0
357.9
219.5
267.1
349.8
314.8
164.8
276.8
3273
3274
3275
3291
3297
3312
3313
3316
3317
3321
Ready-mixed concrete.........................................................
Lime (12/75 = 100) ..........................................................
Gypsum products ..............................................................
Abrasive products (12/71 = 100) ..........................................
Nonclay refractories (12/74 = 100)........................................
Blast furnaces and steel mills ...............................................
Electrometallurgical products (12/75 = 100) ............................
Cold finishing of steel shapes................................................
Steel pipes and tubes .........................................................
Gray iron foundries (12/68 - 100)..........................................
298.7
172.5
256.9
232.9
185.3
342.8
316.2
341.5
299.7
299.2
173.7
252.9
237.3
189.7
350.3
121.4
326.2
350.5
302.0
299.5
173.7
251.5
237.6
189.7
353.1
125.4
326.4
362.0
303.3
299.4
173.5
252.5
241.0
190.2
353.0
125.4
326.4
362.3
305.2
2996
173.8
250.6
241.0
190.3
353.3
125.3
326.7
363.0
306.1
301.9
178.8
250.9
241.3
191.2
354.7
125.3
327.0
363.7
307.9
301.9
183.7
253.9
248.3
198.3
354.4
123.4
327.0
364.1
310.0
3025
185.7
260.5
249.8
200.4
354.4
120.3
327.0
365.8
311.5
303.9
186.3
262.5
250.2
202.3
356.1
120.3
327.1
3659
311.9
'305.5
'188.0
258.8
'251.7
203.2
355.9
120.3
'327.3
'365.9
'311.1
304.7
188.4
256.2
252.1
203.9
353.6
120.4
325.6
365.7
311.6
305.4
188.1
256.5
252.0
203.8
352.9
120.4
325.2
364.0
311.3
304.8
188,3
254.3
252.3
203.8
352.8
121.4
325.6
361.6
311.3
305.4
188.2
254.7
252.3
203.8
352.3
121.4
325.1
361.0
309.7
3333
3334
3351
3353
3354
3355
3411
3425
3431
3465
Primary zinc.....................................................................
Primary aluminum..............................................................
Copper rolling and drawing ..................................................
Aluminum sheet, plate, and foil (12/75 = 100) ...........................
Aluminum extruded products (12/75 = 100)..............................
Aluminum rolling, drawing, n.e.c. (12/75 = 100) .........................
Metal cans......................................................................
Hand saws and saw blades (12/72 = 100) ..............................
Meta sanitary ware............................................................
Automotive stampings (12/75 = 100) .....................................
326.3
333.1
212.3
175.8
180.1
159.1
305.1
201.4
265.5
146.0
355.9
333.6
214.1
178.0
181.2
157.7
306.8
204.6
270.2
146.9
337.0
333.5
212.3
179.9
181.3
163.0
307.0
204.8
270.3
147.4
337.5
332.5
209.2
180.2
181.4
166.2
306.0
205.0
271.6
149.7
315.7
332.8
207.1
180.8
181.1
166.1
304.9
206.0
271.8
149.1
308.6
324.1
204.8
181.8
180.8
166.1
310.8
292.0
320.8
198.4
181.2
180.5
166.3
313.6
214.9
275.1
144.2
273.4
312.4
196.4
179.9
180.2
162.9
318.6
215.3
275.8
144.3
'256.6
'308.8
'197.4
'178.6
180.2
163.0
'318.7
'221.3
'275.5
'144.5
259.7
308.4
189.8
178.0
180.1
165.4
319.3
220.9
276.0
153.0
266.4
305.7
189.2
178.2
179.5
164.7
318.6
277.0
308.0
190.1
177.1
178.9
164.5
318.0
291.6
304.4
190.9
177.2
178.0
165 9
318.1
271.3
150.1
311.2
320.2
203.9
181.7
180.8
166.5
314.0
214.8
272.8
144.7
276.1
153.0
276.9
153.3
276.4
153.5
3482
3493
3494
3498
3519
3531
3532
3533
3534
3542
Small arms ammunition (12/75 = 100) ...................................
Steel springs, except wire ....................................................
Valves and pipe fittings (12/71 =100).....................................
Fabricated pipe and fittings ..................................................
Internal combustion engines, n.e.c............................................
Construction machinery (12/76 = 100) ...................................
Mining machinery (12/72 = 100)............................................
Oilfield machinery and equipment...........................................
Elevators and moving stairways.............................................
Machine tools, metal forming types (12/71 = 100)......................
159.0
245.9
248.9
361.3
311.9
156.8
282.5
395.8
253.9
306.9
159.9
252.4
252.7
375.1
322.1
160.1
286.9
411.3
254.6
312.0
159.9
253.9
252.9
377.7
323.2
161.0
288.5
415.6
257.0
311.7
159.9
254.1
253.5
378.6
326.4
161.6
290.8
418.2
260.7
312.3
163.9
256.1
255.7
379.3
325.4
159.7
292.9
420.3
265.6
319.3
167.5
255.8
257.7
378.6
329.4
162.5
295.5
427.2
264.3
319.7
167.5
257.4
258.9
377.7
332.0
162.4
297.8
429.2
269.8
322.8
167.5
256.4
259.1
379.8
332.6
163.3
300.9
435.8
271.6
324.5
166.3
254.3
260.3
385.5
334.2
164.3
302.4
439.3
271.8
325.2
'166.3
'254.5
'260.9
385.4
'338.4
165.2
'304.0
'438.4
'275.5
'325.5
175.9
255.2
259.0
385.4
337.7
165.3
303.5
437.8
273.5
326.5
175.9
253.1
260.1
383.8
339.6
166.5
304.0
438.4
275.5
333.6
175.9
253.5
260.1
385.6
3438
166.7
303.4
439.6
275.5
333.6
175.9
253.5
260.0
382.4
347.1
166.8
304.5
439.1
275.3
333.3
3546
3552
3553
3576
3592
3612
3623
3631
3632
3633
Power driven hand tools (12/76 = 100)...................................
Textile machinery (12/69 = 100)...........................................
Woodworking machinery (12/72 = 100)...................................
Scales and balances, excluding laboratory ................................
Carburetors, pistons, rings, valves (6/76 = 100).........................
Transformers ...................................................................
Welding apparatus, electric (12/72 = 100)................................
Household cooking equipment (12/75 - 100)............................
Household refrigerators, freezers (6/76 = 100) .........................
Household laundry equipment (12/73 = 100)............................
147.3
243.5
225.0
226.2
178.0
209.9
227.5
141.2
132.8
174.3
148.6
248.2
228.9
226.1
182.1
214.5
231.6
141.6
136.4
177.2
149.5
248.0
228.9
226.2
185.4
217.3
232.5
141.6
137.8
177.0
149.5
247.9
229.1
226.3
187.2
150.0
249.9
229 1
226.5
187.3
153.2
253.5
232.9
228.8
189.6
233.2
141.9
137.9
178.4
235.8
142.6
137.9
178.8
153.3
252.3
233.7
228.3
185.3
220.5
236.8
146.0
140.1
180.1
236.9
146.8
141.1
180.5
153.9
255.0
233.4
229.8
190.4
222.4
232.3
147.2
142.3
186.2
154.7
256.2
234.7
229.6
192.8
223.3
237.6
146.2
142.5
186.9
'156.3
'257.3
234.7
229.5
'195.4
224.7
'237.6
'147.1
143.2
188.6
156.4
258.1
234.4
230.6
195.7
224.8
233.1
146.9
144.3
189.0
157.4
259.8
230.0
231.9
196.6
224.7
236.9
148.2
145.5
189.1
157.5
258.9
230.6
231.9
197.2
226.0
237.5
150.4
145.9
189.7
157.2
259.3
230.6
231.9
197.6
224.6
237.7
151.0
145.9
190.1
3635
3636
3641
3644
3646
3648
3671
3674
3675
3676
Household vacuum cleaners .................................................
Sewing machines (12/75 = 100)...........................................
Electric lamps...................................................................
Noncurrent-carrying wiring devices (12/72 = 100) ......................
Commercial lighting fixtures (12/75 - 100) ..............................
Lighting equipment, n.e.c. (12/75 = 100) .................................
Electron tubes receiving type.................................................
Semiconductors and related devices ......................................
Electronic capacitors (12/75 = 100) ......................................
Electronic resistors (12/75 = 100)..........................................
159.1
146.8
277.3
249.6
154.8
155.9
309.7
'90.9
170.3
141.4
158.8
153.8
283.1
258.5
157.6
161.7
327.5
91.4
172.4
142.7
161.3
156.0
285.9
258.7
158.9
162.0
327.5
91.6
171.5
142.7
161.0
156.0
284.8
262.1
159.3
162.4
327.8
92.0
168.1
143.0
160.8
156.0
281.3
262.1
159.2
163.1
342.2
91.7
166.6
142.8
165.6
156.0
282.1
257.9
159.2
162.8
374.1
90.9
167.4
143.7
165.2
155.8
286.1
259.0
161.1
167.8
374.2
90.2
169.7
144.0
165.7
155.8
283.6
258.1
162.4
168.8
374.4
90.0
168.4
143.4
165.4
154.3
296.6
260.0
163.5
170.9
374.5
89.5
167.6
144.4
'165.5
'154.3
294.5
'262.7
'167.7
'171.2
'374.4
'89.3
166.6
145.2
158.4
153.7
293.9
261.1
167.2
170.9
375.1
89.7
1668
144.9
158.4
153.7
291.9
260.7
166.5
171.1
376.0
90.8
166.7
144.4
159.4
153.0
291.9
260.3
165.9
171.2
376.0
90.5
1662
144.6
159.5
153.0
296.3
261.3
165.4
171.2
380.7
90.8
165.5
144.8
3678
3692
3711
3942
3944
3955
3995
3996
Electronic connectors (12/75 = 100)......................................
Primary batteries, dry and wet...............................................
Motor vehicles and car bodies (12/75 = 100)............................
Dolls (12/75 = 100)...........................................................
Games, toys, and children’s vehicles ......................................
Carbon paper and inked ribbons (12/75 = 100).........................
Burial caskets (6/76 = 100) .................................................
Hard surface floor coverings (12/75 = 100)..............................
154.9
182.2
150.3
131.3
221.3
138.5
139.5
151.8
156.5
182.7
143.4
130.9
156.8
182.7
158.6
130.9
155.8
182.7
158.7
130.9
140.6 140.2
143.4 143.4
153.7 153.7
140.2
143.4
153.7
155.8
182.7
159.1
130.9
223.9
140.3
142.7
153.7
155.9
182.0
159.8
135.5
228.4
140.3
142.7
155.1
156.2
184.3
155.0
136.6
232.5
140.3
143.8
155.2
156.7
190.5
154.9
136.6
234.1
140.3
145.3
156.1
156.4
195.5
154.9
136.8
234.1
140.3
145.3
156.1
'158.3
'195.8
'157.0
'136.8
'234.3
140.5
149.3
156.3
158.3
195.8
159.6
136.5
231.7
140.6
149.3
154.3
157.6
196.3
159.7
136.5
231.8
140.5
150.8
155.0
160.9
196.3
160.3
136.5
231.8
140.5
150.8
155.7
159.8
196.8
151.4
136.5
232.1
139.3
150.8
156.9
222.6
254.9
335.0
309.1
160.1
270.4
121.8
222.2 222.2 222.6
1Data for May 1982 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by
respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication.
86 FRASER
Digitized for
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
222.0 222.0
2Not available,
r=revised.
211.6
222.2
220.6 222.2
221.0 221.2 221.2
PRODUCTIVITY DATA
P r o d u c t i v i t y d a t a are compiled by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics from establishment data and from estimates of com
pensation and output supplied by the U.S. Department of
Commerce and the Federal Reserve Board.
Definitions
Output is the constant dollar gross domestic product produced in a
given period. Indexes of output per hour of labor input, or labor pro
ductivity, measure the value of goods and services produced per hour
of labor. Compensation per hour includes wages and salaries of em
ployees plus employers’ contributions for social insurance and private
benefit plans. The data also include an estimate of wages, salaries, and
supplementary payments for the self-employed, except for nonfinancial corporations, in which there are no self-employed. Real com
pensation per hour is compensation per hour adjusted by the
Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers.
Unit labor cost measures the labor compensation cost required to
produce one unit of output and is derived by dividing compensation
by output. Unit nonlabor payments include profits, depreciation, in
terest, and indirect taxes per unit of output. They are computed by
subtracting compensation of all persons from the current dollar gross
domestic product and dividing by output. In these tables, unit
nonlabor costs contain all the components of unit no'nlabor payments
except unit profits. Unit profits include corporate profits and invento
ry valuation adjustments per unit of output.
The implicit price deflator is derived by dividing the current dollar
estimate of gross product by the constant dollar estimate, making the
deflator, in effect, a price index for gross product of the sector reported.
26.
The use of the term “man hours” to identify the labor component
of productivity and costs, in tables 26 through 29, has been discontin
ued. Hours of all persons is now used to describe the labor input of
payroll workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid family workers.
Output per all-employee hour is now used to describe labor productiv
ity in nonfinancial corporations where there are no self-employed.
Notes on the data
In the business sector and the nonfarm business sector, the basis
for the output measure employed in the computation of output per
hour is Gross Domestic Product rather than Gross National Product.
Computation of hours includes estimates of nonfarm and farm propri
etor hours.
Output data are supplied by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S.
Department of Commerce, and the Federal Reserve Board. Quarterly
manufacturing output indexes are adjusted by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics to annual estimates of output (gross product originating)
from the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Compensation and hours data
are from the Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
Beginning with the September 1982 issue of the Review, all of the
productivity and cost measures contained in these tables are based on
revised output and compensation measures released by the Bureau of
Economic Analysis in July as part of the regular revision cycle of the
National Income and Product Accounts. Measures of labor input
have been revised to reflect results of the 1980 census, and seasonal
factors have been recomputed for use in the preparation of quarterly
measures. The word “private” is no longer being used as part of the
series title of one of the two business sector measures prepared by
BLS; no change has been made in the definition or content of the
measures as a result of this change.
Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years, 1950-81
[1977=100]
Item
Business sector:
Output per hour of all persons ....................
Compensation per hour ............................
Real compensation per hour.......................
Unit labor cost........................................
Unit nonlabor payments ............................
Implicit price deflator ................................
Nonfarm business sector:
Output per hour of all persons ....................
Compensation per hour ............................
Real compensation per hour.......................
Unit labor cost........................................
Unit nonlabor payments ............................
Implicit price deflator ................................
Nonfinancial corporations:
Output per hour of all employees .................
Compensation per hour ............................
Réal compensation per hour.......................
Unit labor cost........................................
Unit nonlabor payments ............................
Implicit price deflator ................................
Manufacturing:
Output per hour of all persons ....................
Compensation per hour ............................
Real compensation per hour.......................
Unit labor cost........................................
Unit nonlabor payments ............................
Implicit price deflator ................................
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1974
1975
1976
1977
50.4
58.3
26.4
59.6
45.2
47.6
46.0
65.2
33.9
69.5
52.0
50.6
51.6
78.3
41.7
80.1
53.3
57.6
54.7
86.2
92.5
78.0
95.9
84.4
78.5
82.4
94.5
85.5
96.3
90.5
90.4
90.5
97.6
92.9
98.9
95.1
94.0
94.7
62.8
28.3
64.0
45.0
47.8
46.0
68.3
35.7
73.0
52.2
50.4
51.6
80.5
42.8
82.2
53.2
58.0
54.8
94.7
55.0
38.8
42.7
40.1
(’ )
(’ )
66.6
(’)
(’)
(1)
( ’)
(’ )
( ’)
(’ )
(’ )
n
ri
36.2
74.2
54.4
54.6
54.5
80.2
43.0
82.5
53.5
60.8
56.1
49.4
21.5
54.0
43.4
54.3
46.6
56.4
28.8
65.1
51.0
58.5
53.2
60.0
36.7
75.1
61.1
61.1
61.1
74.5
42.8
82.3
57.5
69.3
61.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
20.0
50.5
39.7
43.4
41.0
56.3
21.8
58.2
90.8
67.5
63.2
66.0
86.8
92.9
78.5
96.4
84,5
75.8
81.6
96.8
90.8
88.5
90.0
97.8
93.0
99.0
95.1
93.5
94.6
63.1
66.3
91.7
77.6
95.4
84.7
75.6
81.6
94.8
85.5
96.2
90.2
90.8
90.4
97.8
92.5
98.5
94.6
95.0
94.7
79.1
57.6
89.8
72.7
65.0
70.5
90.8
76.3
93.8
84.1
69.3
79.8
93,4
85.4
96.2
91.5
87.3
90.3
97.5
92.3
98.3
94.6
93.7
94.4
,58.7
91.5
67.6
63.7
66.3
85.7
58.3
90.9
68.0
86.0
1978
1979
1980
100.6
99.6
119.1
99.4
119.5
117.2
98.9
131.4
96.7
132.9
119.3
128.3
100.7
144.1
96.0
143.1
135.2
140.4
99.3
118.8
99.2
119.6
110.3
116.5
98.5
130.9
96.3
133.0
119.1
128.3
99.9
143.6
95.7
143.8
134.8
140.8
101.2
100.8
102.7
144.4
96.2
140.6
134.8
138.6
108.6
100.9
108.0
106.7
107.5
100.6
108.6
100.9
108.0
105.3
107.1
101.0
108.6
100.8
107.5
104.2
106.4
100.9
108.3
100.6
107.4
102.5
106.0
112.8
119.2
99.5
117.8
106.9
114.1
131.6
96.8
130.5
117.7
126.1
101.5
118.9
99.2
117.1
99.9
101.7
132.8
97.7
130.6
97.1
112.0
120.8
1981
104.5
146.4
97.5
140.0
108.8
130.8
1Not available.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
87
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW November 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Productivity
27.
Annual changes in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, 1971-81
Annual rate
of change
Year
Item
Business sector:
Output per hour of all persons .......................
Compensation per hour ................................
Real compensation per hour...........................
Unit labor cost............................................
Unit nonlabor payments................................
Implicit price deflator ...................................
Nonfarm business sector:
Output per hour of all persons .......................
Compensation per hour................................
Real compensation per hour...........................
Unit labor cost............................................
Unit nonlabor payments................................
Implicit price deflator ...................................
Nonfinancial corporations:
Output per hour of all employees....................
Compensation per hour ................................
Real compensation per hour...........................
Unit labor cost...........................................
Unit nonlabor payments................................
Implicit price deflator ...................................
Manufacturing:
Output per hour of all persons .......................
Compensation per hour ................................
Real compensation per hour...........................
Unit labor cost...........................................
Unit nonlabor payments................................
Implicit price deflator ...................................
1971
1972
1973
1974
3.6
3.5
6.5
3.1
2.9
4.5
3.4
-2.6
8.0
1.6
-2.4
9.4
-1.4
5.3
5.9
5.5
12.1
4.4
9.5
3.7
6.7
3.3
2.9
3.2
3.0
2.4
7.6
1.3
5.0
1.3
3.8
-2.5
9.4
-1.4
2.6
-3.4
9.7
-1.1
13.6
7.1
11.4
6.6
2.2
2.9
7.6
4.4
3.3
6.6
2.2
3.2
7.4
4.5
4.8
6.5
3.0
5.8
2.5
2.1
1.6
2.8
2.7
2.8
7.4
3.5
6.1
6.1
1.8
0.0
11.2
2.0
0.3
0.8
3.1
0.5
5.0
5.4
7.7
1.4
4.9
1.5
3.8
5.4
7.2
0.9
1.7
-3.3
0.3
28.
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
2.2
3.3
2.4
7.7
0.6
8.6
0.9
8.0
-0.9
9.7
-1.4
10.7
5.7
9.0
-0.7
10.4
-2.8
-1.3
9.3
-1.7
10.7
4.7
-0.9
9.6
0.5
7.3
15.1
9.8
2.0
12.2
5.9
10.2
9.6
0.4
7.5
16.7
10.3
3.4
10.6
-0.3
13.3
-1.8
9.0
8.6
2.6
5.1
6.4
5.6
8.1
2.2
3.2
2.2
7.5
1.0
4.7
5.7
5.0
5.2
6.9
5.7
3.2
8.2
0.9
6.5
10.9
2.3
4.9
4.6
4.8
2.9
11.9
2.5
8.0
2.1
25.9
13.1
3.4
7.4
4.6
8.8
1.2
5.1
4.0
4.7
10.1
20.1
-2.4
1Not available.
1975
4.4
6.7
7.5
0.6
8.6
0.9
8.0
5.3
7.1
8.1
1.6
1.0
8.6
0.8
5.7
5.3
5.6
7.5
4.2
6.4
2.5
8.3
0.9
8.3
2.3
1.8
0.6
7.4
2.5
5.7
6.7
6.0
6.0
11.2
5.8
9.4
10.2
-2.9
11.2
8.0
10.2
8.8
0.2
9.8
-1.3
9.6
-0.3
10.4
-2.8
10.7
7.2
10.5
0.7
9.7
-1.4
9.0
-2.6
5.7
-1.6
10.1
2.6
0.2
11.8
11.6
-2.7
7.8
1981
1950-81
1960-81
2.1
1.8
1.8
r2.4
9.6
-0.7
7.7
13.3
9.5
6.2
'7.2
'2.3
3.6
'3.4
r3.5
5.0
'4.6
4.9
'2.1
5.9
'2.0
'3.7
'3.3
3.6
'1.8
7.0
1.5
5.0
'4.5
4.9
1.4
9.7
-0.7
8.1
13.1
9.7
1.8
9.7
-0.6
7.8
14.6
10.0
2.8
10.2
8.4
IV
1
12.0
6.9
1.4
4.8
r4.1
'4.6
n
ci
2.6
5.8
2.0
3.1
2.1
2.8
-0.2
7.2
2.0
(’ )
(1)
(’ )
(’ )
2.7
6.9
1.4
4.1
2.7
3.7
r = revised.
Quarterly indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted
[1977= 100]
Item
Business sector:
Output per hour of all persons .......................
Compensation per hour ................................
Real compensation per hour...........................
Unit labor cost...........................................
Unit nonlabor payments................................
Implicit price deflator ...................................
Nonfarm business sector:
Output per hour of all persons .......................
Compensation per hour ................................
Real compensation per hour...........................
Unit labor cost...........................................
Unit nonlabor payments................................
Implicit price deflator ...................................
Nonfinancial corporations:
Output per hour of all employees....................
Compensation per hour ................................
Real compensation per hour...........................
Total unit costs ..........................................
Unit labor cost .....................................
Unit nonlabor costs................................
Unit profits ...............................................
Implicit price deflator ...................................
Manufacturing:
Output per hour of all persons .......................
Compensation per hour................................
Real compensation per hour...........................
Unit labor cost...........................................
88
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Annual
average
Quarterly indexes
1982
1981
1980
1979
1981
IV
I
II
III
IV
1
II
98.9
131.4
96.7
132.9
119.3
128.3
100.7
144.1
96.0
143.1
135.2
140.4
99.1
123.0
97.8
124.1
113.2
120.4
99.3
126.7
97.0
127.6
116.0
123.7
98.2
130.0
96.4
132.3
116.2
126.9
98.9
133.1
96.9
134.7
100.7
140.0
96.2
139.0
131.8
136.5
100.7
142.5
96.4
141.5
133.4
138.8
101.0
100.2
100.0
129.9
99.3
136.1
96.2
137.0
124.6
132.8
145.6
95.7
144.2
137.4
141.9
148.2
95.6
147.9
138.3
144.6
150.9
96.5
150.9
136.4
146.0
100.3
153.4
97.1
153.0
137.3
147.7
98.5
130.9
96.3
133.0
119.1
128.3
99.9
143.6
95.7
143.8
134.8
140.8
98.8
122.7
97.6
124.1
111.3
119.8
98.7
126.2
96.6
127.8
115.2
123.6
97.6
129.3
96.0
132.5
116.7
127.2
98.4
132.6
96.5
134.7
120.3
129.9
99.2
135.7
95.9
136.8
124.4
132.7
100.4
139.5
96.0
139.0
131.5
136.5
100.0
100.0
142.0
96.0
141.9
132.8
138.9
145.1
95.4
145.1
136.7
142.3
99.1
147.7
95.3
149.0
138.4
145.5
99.2
150.4
96.3
151.6
136.7
146.6
99.3
152.6
96.6
153.7
137.4
148.2
100.8
102.7
144.4
96.2
143.4
140.6
151.4
100.6
100.8
140.4
96.5
138.3
136.5
143.4
104.7
134.5
102.7
142.7
96.5
141.7
138.9
149.6
98.8
136.8
102.2
133.4
97.1
132.9
131.9
135.7
87.8
127.7
101.7
136.3
96.3
135.8
134.1
140.7
90.5
130.6
102.8
126.8
97.0
125.0
125.8
122.7
91.1
99.8
130.0
96.4
130.4
130.2
131.0
81.9
124.8
101.1
123.1
97.9
121.4
122.4
118.7
84.1
117.1
145.7
95.8
144.7
141.7
153.1
105.2
140.2
148.6
95.9
149.1
145.4
159.6
97.6
143.2
102.3
151.7
97.1
151.8
148.3
161.8
144.3
102.9
154.1
97.5
154.0
149.7
166.2
82.4
145.8
100.4
130.9
97.1
130.3
100.3
135.2
98.5
134.9
103.6
138.4
97.8
133.6
105.2
142.6
98.0
135.5
105.0
144.9
97.9
138.0
105.0
147.3
96.8
140.3
102.1
102.2
150.7
97.2
146.6
154.7
99.0
151.5
157.6
99.7
154.3
131.6
96.8
131.0
130.5
132.5
87.9
126.1
101.7
132.8
97.7
130.6
101.6
138.6
104.5
146.4
97.5
140.0
101.9
121.1
102.6
97.4
120.3
127.1
97.3
123.9
122.6
120.6
102.8
III
II
1980
102.8
86.1
29. Percent change from preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices,
seasonally adjusted at annual rate
[1977 = 100]
Percent change from same quarter a year ago
Quarterly percent change at annual rate
IV 1980
to
I 1981
Business sector:
Output per hour of all persons .................
Compensation per hour .........................
Real compensation per hour....................
Unit labor costs ...................................
Unit nonlabor payments .........................
Implicit price deflator ............................
Nonfarm business sector:
Output per hour of all persons .................
Compensation per hour .........................
Real compensation per hour....................
Unit labor costs ...................................
Unit nonlabor payments .........................
Implicit price deflator ............................
Nonfinancial corporations:
Output per hour of all employees .............
Compensation per hour .........................
Real compensation per hour....................
Total unit costs ...................................
Unit labor costs ................................
Unit nonlabor costs............................
Unit profits..........................................
Implicit price deflator ............................
Manufacturing:
Output per hour of all persons .................
Compensation per hour .........................
Real compensation per hour....................
Unit labor costs ...................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I 1981
to
II 1981
II 1981
to
III 1981
III 1981
to
IV 1981
IV 1981
to
11982
1 1982
to
II 1982
11980
to
I 1981
II 1980
to
II 1981
III 1980
to
III 1981
IV 1980
to
IV 1981
I 1981
to
I 1982
II 1981
to
I11982
5.6
11.7
0.2
5.7
25.0
11.6
0.0
7.5
0.5
7.5
4.9
6.6
1.1
9.0
-2.6
7.8
12.5
9.3
-2.9
7.4
-0.4
10.6
2.9
8.0
-1.0
7.3
3.9
8.4
-5.4
3.8
1.2
6.9
2.2
5.6
2.7
4.7
1.4
10.5
-0.7
8.9
13.7
10.4
2.5
9.7
-0.1
6.9
14.8
9.4
2.2
9.4
-1.3
7.1
13.9
9.2
0.9
8.9
-0.6
7.9
11.0
8.9
-0.7
7.8
0.3
8.6
3.5
6.9
-0.4
7.6
0.7
8.1
3.0
6.4
4.9
11.8
0.4
6.6
24.9
12.1
-1.3
7.1
0.1
8.6
4.0
7.1
-0.3
9.0
-2.6
9.3
12.1
10.2
-3.5
7.3
-0.5
11.2
5.1
9.2
0.6
7.7
4.3
7.1
-4.6
3.3
0.5
6.0
1.4
5.5
2.0
4.4
1.7
10.6
-0.6
8.8
14.1
10.4
2.5
9.8
0.0
7.1
13.8
9.2
1.6
9.4
-1.2
7.7
13.6
9.6
-0.1
8.8
-0.6
8.9
11.2
9.6
-1.1
7.8
0.3
9.0
4.0
7.4
-0.7
/.i>
0.6
8.3
3.5
6./
4.7
12.4
0.9
7.5
7.4
8.0
79.5
12.3
-0.4
6.9
-0.1
10.2
7.3
18.5
-20.8
7.1
0.3
8.5
-3.0
8.6
8.2
9.8
28.4
10.2
-2.3
8.3
0.5
12.8
10.9
17.8
-25.9
8.9
0.5
8.6
5.2
7.4
8.1
5.7
-39.4
3.0
2.3
6.4
1.7
6.0
4.0
11.4
-16.0
4.4
2.1
10.7
-0.5
10.6
8.5
16.9
14.9
11.0
2.9
9.8
0.1
8.7
6.7
14.2
20.7
9.6
1.7
9.2
-1.4
8.9
7.5
12.9
19.7
9.7
0.6
9.0
-0.5
9.8
8.4
13.4
7.9
9.6
-0.5
8.1
0.6
9.7
8.6
12.8
-17.8
7.3
2.3
6.4
1.7
8.7
7.8
11.1
-16.6
4.4
6.3
12.7
1.2
6.0
-0.7
6.6
-0.4
7.3
-0.1
6.8
-4.6
6.8
-8.2
9.6
1.6
19.4
-2.4
11.1
7.6
13.9
0.2
7.8
3.1
7.7
2.6
12.2
0.8
9.3
4.5
10.7
0.9
5.9
4.7
8.9
-1.7
4.0
-0.8
8.9
-0.6
9.8
-2.9
8.5
1.0
11.7
-2.7
8.8
1.8
11.8
89
WAGE AN D CO M PENSATIO N DATA
DATA FO R T H E e m p l o y m e n t c o s t i n d e x are reported to the
Bureau of Labor Statistics by a sample of 2,000 private non
farm establishments and 750 State and local government units
selected to represent total employment in those sectors. On
average, each reporting unit provides wage and compensation
information on five well-specified occupations.
Data on negotiated wage and benefit changes are obtained
from contracts on file at the Bureau, direct contact with the
parties, and secondary sources.
Definitions
The Employment Cost Index (ECI) is a quarterly measure of the
average change in the cost of employing labor. The rate of total com
pensation, which comprises wages, salaries, and employer costs for
employee benefits, is collected for workers performing specified tasks.
Employment in each occupation is held constant over time for all se
ries produced in the ECI, except those by region, bargaining status,
and area. As a consequence, only changes in compensation are meas
ured. Industry and occupational employment data from the 1970 Cen
sus of Population are used in deriving constant weights for the ECI.
While holding total industry and occupational employment fixed, in
the estimation of indexes by region, bargaining status, and area, the
employment in those measures is allowed to vary over time in accord
with changes in the sample. The rate of change (in percent) is avail
able for wages and salaries, as well as for total compensation. Data
are collected for the pay period including the 12th day of the survey
months of March, June, September, and December. The statistics are
neither annualized nor adjusted for seasonal influence.
Wages and salaries consist of earnings before payroll deductions,
excluding premium pay for overtime, work on weekends and holidays,
and shift differentials. Production bonuses, incentive earnings, com
missions, and cost-of-living adjustments are included; nonproduction
bonuses are included with other supplemental pay items in the bene
fits category; and payments-in-kind, free room and board, and tips are
excluded. Benefits include supplemental pay, insurance, retirement and
savings plans, and hours-related and legally required benefits.
Data on negotiated wage changes apply to private nonfarm industry
collective bargaining agreements covering 1,000 workers or more.
Data on compensation changes apply only to those agreements cover
ing 5,000 workers or more. First-year wage or compensation changes
refer to average negotiated changes for workers covered by settle
ments reached in the period and implemented within the first 12
months after the effective date of the agreement. Changes over the life
90
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
o f the agreement refer to all adjustments specified in the contract,
expressed as an average annual rate. These measures exclude wage
changes that may occur under cost-of-living adjustment clauses, that
are triggered by movements in the Consumer Price Index. Wage-rate
changes are expressed as a percent of straight-time hourly earnings;
compensation changes are expressed as a percent of total wages and
benefits.
Effective wage adjustments reflect all negotiated changes imple
mented in the reference period, regardless of the settlement date. They
include changes from settlements reached during the period, changes
deferred from contracts negotiated in an earlier period, and cost-ofliving adjustments. The data also reflect contracts providing for no
wage adjustment in the period. Effective adjustments and each of
their components are prorated over all workers in bargaining units
with at least 1,000 workers.
Notes on the data
The Employment Cost Index data series began in the fourth quar
ter of 1975, with the quarterly percent change in wages and salaries in
the private nonfarm sector. Data on employer costs for employee bene
fits were included in 1980, to produce a measure of the percent
change in employers’ cost for employees’ total compensation. State
and local government units were added to the ECI coverage in 1981,
providing a measure of total compensation change in the civilian non
farm economy.
Data for the broad white-collar, blue-collar, and service worker
groups, and the manufacturing, nonmanufacturing, and service indus
try groups are presented in the ECI. Additional occupation and in
dustry detail are provided for the wages and salaries component of
total compensation in the private nonfarm sector. For State and local
government units, additional industry detail is shown for both total
compensation and its wages and salaries component.
Historical indexes (June 1981 = 100) of the quarterly rates of chang
es presented in the ECI are also available.
For a more detailed discussion of the ECI, see chapter 25, “The
Employment Cost Index,” of the BLS Handbook o f Methods (Bulletin
1910), and the Monthly Labor Review articles: “Employment Cost In
dex: a measure of change in the ‘price of labor,”’ July 1975; “How
benefits will be incorporated into the Employment Cost Index,” Janu
ary 1978; and “The Employment Cost Index: recent trends and ex
pansion,” May 1982.
Additional data for the ECI and other measures of wage and com
pensation changes appear in Current Wage Developments, a monthly
periodical of the Bureau.
30.
Employment Cost Index, total compensation, by occupation and industry group
[June 1981=100]
Percent change
1982
1981
1980
3 months
ended
12 months
ended
Series
Civilian nonfarm workers1 ..........................................................
Workers, by occupational group
White-collar workers .............................................
Blue-collar workers ...............................................
Service workers ..................................................
Workers, by industry division
Manufacturing......................................................
Nonmanufacturing................................................
Services.........................................................
Public administration2 ........................................
Private nonfarm workers
..........................................................
Workers, by occupational group
White-collar workers .............................................
Blue-collar workers ...............................................
Service workers ..................................................
Workers, by industry division
Manufacturing.....................................................
Nonmanufacturing................................................
Sept.
Dec.
March
June
Sept.
Dec.
March
June
_
_
_
_
100.0
102.6
104.5
106.3
107.5
1.1
7.5
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.7
102.3
102.8
104.9
104.1
104.2
106.5
105.7
107.2
107.7
107.1
108.3
1.1
—
1.3
1.0
7.7
7.1
8.3
102.1
102.8
104.4
104.3
104.0
104.8
107.1
106.0
106.0
106.4
108.2
108.1
107.2
107.7
109.2
109.1
1.1
1.2
.9
.9
7.2
7.7
9.2
9.1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
90.7
92.8
94.7
98.1
100.0
102.0
104.0
105.8
107.2
1.3
7.2
90.8
90.5
90.8
92.6
93.0
92.7
94.5
94.9
94.3
98.3
97.8
99.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.8
102.2
101.9
104.0
104.0
103.1
105.8
105.6
106.7
107.2
107.0
107.9
1.3
1.3
1.1
7.2
7.0
7.9
90.5
90.8
92.6
92.9
94.7
94.7
98.0
98.2
100.0
100.0
102.1
102.0
104.0
103.9
106.0
105.7
107.2
107.1
1.1
1.3
7.2
7.1
—
—
—
State and local government workers ......................................
Workers, by occupational group
White-collar workers .............................................
Blue-collar workers ...............................................
Workers, by industry division
Services............................................................
Schools .........................................................
Elementary and secondary................................
Hospitals and other services3 ................................
Public administration2 ...........................................
'Excludes household and Federal workers.
Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 1982
June
—
-
-
-
-
100.0
105.3
107.4
108.8
109.3
.5
9.3
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
100.0
100.0
105.7
104.2
107.8
105.9
109.1
108.2
109.5
108.9
.4
.6
9.5
8.9
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
105.8
106.0
106.3
105.0
104.3
107.9
107.9
108.3
107.8
106.0
109.0
108.9
109.3
109.5
108.1
109.4
109.1
109.5
110.3
109.1
.4
.2
.2
.7
.9
9.4
9.1
9.5
10.3
9.1
includes, for example, library, social, and health services.
Note: Dashes indicate data not available.
91
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW November 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Wage and Compensation Data
31.
Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group
[June 1981=100]
Percent change
1981
1980
1982
3 months
ended
Series
12 months
ended
June
Sept.
Dec.
March
June
Sept.
Dec.
March
June
-
-
-
-
100.0
102.5
104.4
106.3
107.3
0.9
7.3
Workers, by occupational group
White-collar workers .............................................
Blue-collar workers...............................................
Service workers ..................................................
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.6
102.4
102.5
104.7
104.0
103.6
106.7
105.5
106.8
107.6
106.7
107.9
.8
1.1
1.0
7.6
6.7
7.9
Workers, by industry division
Manufacturing......................................................
Nonmanufacturing................................................
Services.........................................................
Public administration2 ........................................
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.1
102.7
104.4
103.8
104.0
104.5
106.6
105.5
105.9
106.5
108.6
107.5
107.0
107.5
109.5
108.4
1.0
.9
.8
.8
7.0
7.5
9.5
8.4
91.5
93.5
95.4
98.0
100.0
102.0
103.8
105.9
107.1
1.1
7.1
91.4
90.8
92.0
90.7
91.9
91.6
91.4
91.5
92.2
91.8
91.9
93.3
93.2
93.5
92.2
93.8
93.8
94.0
93.6
93.5
93.9
93.4
95.2
95.3
94.7
94.8
95.7
95.7
96.1
95.5
95.3
95.7
94.8
98.1
98.2
98.6
96.2
98.6
97.7
97.8
97.8
96.8
97.5
99.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.8
103.3
101.6
98.0
102.7
102.3
102.9
102.1
101.0
101.5
101.8
103.9
105.5
102.8
101.9
104.2
103.9
104.3
104.1
102.7
103.3
102.7
106.2
108.0
105.8
102.2
107.0
105.4
106.2
105.4
103.2
104.1
106.7
107.3
109.4
107.2
101.8
108.3
106.6
107.6
106.6
104.1
105.1
107.9
1.0
1.3
1.3
-.4
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.1
.9
1.0
1.1
7.3
9.4
7.2
1.8
8.3
6.6
7.6
6.6
4.1
5.1
7.9
91.8
91.2
92.7
91.3
91.9
90.2
92.2
92.1
92.2
89.4
91.9
93.6
93.5
93.8
93.4
94.5
93.1
93.6
93.0
93.8
91.2
94.2
95.7
95.7
95.7
95.2
95.9
95.6
95.1
95.9
94.8
93.1
95.7
97.9
97.9
97.8
98.1
97.6
97.7
98.2
98.5
98.1
95.7
99.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.1
102.1
102.0
102.0
103.0
102.0
101.3
102.0
101.0
98.3
103.6
104.0
104.5
103.1
103.8
104.3
103.6
102.3
103.4
101.9
102.3
105.8
105.9
106.3
105.3
105.9
105.9
105.7
103.9
106.3
103.0
103.7
108.8
107.0
107.4
106.3
107.1
107.3
106.9
105.8
108.9
104.5
102.4
110.0
1.0
1.0
.9
1.1
1.3
1.1
1.8
2.4
1.5
-1.3
1.1
7.0
7.4
6.3
7.1
7.3
6.9
5.8
8.9
4.5
2.4
10.0
—
—
—
—
100.0
105.0
107.0
108.2
108.7
.5
8.7
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
100.0
100.0
105.4
103.9
107.5
105.5
108.5
107.5
108.9
107.9
.4
.4
8.9
7.9
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
105.5
105.7
106.0
104.6
c103.8
107.6
107.7
107.9
107.3
105.5
108.4
108 3
108.7
108.8
107.5
108 8
108.5
108.8
109.5
108.4
.4
.2
.1
.6
.8
8.8
8.5
8.8
9.5
8.4
Civilian nonfarm w orke rs '..........................................................
Private nonfarm workers
Workers, by occupational group
White-collar workers .............................................
Professional and technical workers.........................
Managers and administrators................................
Salesworkers ..................................................
Clerical workers ...............................................
Blue-collar workers...............................................
Craft and kindred workers ...................................
Operatives, except transport ................................
Transport equipment operatives ............................
Nonfarm laborers .............................................
Service workers ..................................................
Workers, by industry division
Manufacturing......................................................
Durables.........................................................
Nondurables....................................................
Nonmanufacturing................................................
Construction ....................................................
Transportation and public utilities ...........................
Wholesale and retail trade...................................
Wholesale trade ...........................................
Retail trade..................................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate.........................
Services.........................................................
State and local government workers .................................
Workers, by occupational group
White-collar workers ..........................................
Blue-collar workers ...........................................
Workers, by Industry division
Services.........................................................
Schools .....................................................
Elementary and secondary............................
Hospitals and other services3 ................................
Public administration2 ........................................
’ Excludes household and Federal workers.
Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities.
92
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
_
_
3Includes, for example, library, social, and health services.
N ote: Dashes indicate data not available.
c= corrected.
June 1982
32.
Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area size
[June 1981 = 100]
Percent change
1982
1981
1980
3 months
ended
Series
12 months
ended
June 1982
June
Sept.
Dec.
March
June
Sept.
Dec.
March
June
89.7
—
92.4
-
94.7
—
—
—
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.5
102.3
102.7
104.8
104.6
105.0
106.5
106.3
106.8
108.4
108.0
108.7
1.8
1.6
1.8
8.4
8.0
_
97.6
—
91.1
—
92.8
—
—
98.4
—
_
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.7
101.8
101.7
103.5
103.5
103.5
105.3
105.7
105.2
106.5
106.6
106.4
1.1
.9
1.1
6.5
6.6
_
94.6
—
90.6
90.3
92.8
91.9
94.7
94.2
98.1
98.1
100.0
100.0
102.1
101.8
104.1
c103.2
105.7
106.2
107.2
107.0
1.4
.8
7.2
Manufacturing ......................................................
Nonmanufacturing .................................................
90.8
91.3
90.4
93.5
93.8
93.1
95.8
96.1
95.5
97.4
97.7
97.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.7
102.6
102.8
105.0
104.7
105.2
106.5
105.9
107.0
108.1
107.3
108.8
1.5
1.3
1.7
8.1
7.3
Manufacturing ......................................................
Nonmanufacturing .................................................
91.8
92.3
91.5
93.4
93.4
93.4
95.1
95.4
95.0
98.2
97.9
98.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.6
101.7
101.6
103.2
103.3
103.2
105.6
105.9
105.5
106.5
106.7
106.4
.9
.8
.9
6.5
6.7
North Central...........................................................
West.....................................................................
92.5
91.4
91,6
90.4
94.2
93.2
93.3
93.5
96.0
94.9
95.3
95.3
98.3
98.0
98.1
97.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.7
101.9
101.6
103.2
104.4
102.8
103.3
105.1
106.1
105.7
104.7
107.9
106.7
107.4
106.1
108.6
.6
1.6
1.3
.6
Workers, by area size1
Metropolitan areas....................................................
Other areas............................................................
91.4
91.5
93.5
92.9
95.4
95.1
97.9
98.3
100.0
100.0
102.1
101.8
104.0
103.1
105.9
106.0
107.1
106.8
1.1
.8
COMPENSATION
Workers, by bargaining status1
Manufacturing ......................................................
Nonmanufacturing .................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................
Nonmanufacturing .................................................
Workers, by area size1
Metropolitan areas....................................................
Other areas............................................................
WAGES AND SALARIES
Workers, by bargaining status1
Workers, by region1
Northeast ..............................................................
6.1
1The indexes are calculated differently from those for the occupation and industry groups. For a
detailed description of the index calculation, see BLS H a n d b o o k o f M e th o d s , Bulletin 1910.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
93
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW November 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Wage and Compensation Data
33.
Wage and compensation change, major collective bargaining settlements, 1977 to date
[In p e r c e n t ]
Quarterly average
Measure
1980
1982 p
1981
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
II
III
IV
1
9.6
6.2
8.3
6.3
9.0
6.6
10.4
7.1
10.2
8.3
10.2
7.4
11.4
7.2
8.5
6.1
First year of contract...............
Annual rate over life of contract ..
7.8
5.8
7.6
6.4
7.4
6.0
9.5
7.1
9.8
7.9
9.1
7.3
10.5
7.4
Manufacturing:
First year of contract...............
Annual rate over life of contract ..
8.4
5.5
8.3
6.6
6.9
5.4
7.4
5.4
7.2
6.1
6.7
5.1
Nonmanufacturing (excluding
construction):
First year of contract...............
Annual rate over life of contract ..
8.0
5.9
8.0
6.5
7.6
6.2
9.5
6.6
9.8
7.3
Construction:
First year of contract...............
Annual rate over life of contract ..
6.3
6.3
6.5
6.2
8.8
8.3
13.6
11.5
13.5
11.3
II
III
IV
I
II
7.7
7.2
11.6
10.8
10.5
8.1
11.0
5.8
1.9
1.2
2.1
1.6
8.3
6.5
7.1
6.2
11.8
9.7
10.8
8.7
9.0
5.7
3.0
2.8
2.9
2.7
8.4
5.6
7.8
5.8
6.4
5.5
8.2
6.7
9.0
7.5
6.6
5.4
2.5
2.7
1.3
1.2
10.3
8.5
9.5
5.9
8.2
6.8
8.0
7.3
11.8
9.1
8.6
7.2
9.6
5.6
2.6
2.1
6.5
5.7
12.2
10.4
15.4
13.0
14.3
12.0
11.4
10.3
12.9
11.1
16.4
12.4
11.4
11.7
9.1
8.9
5.8
6.0
Total compensation changes covering
5,000 workers or more, all
industries:
First year of contract...............
Annual rate over life of contract ..
Wage rate changes covering at least
1,000 workers, all industries:
p=preliminary.
34.
Effective wage adjustments in collective bargaining units covering 1,000 workers or more, 1977 to date
Year
Year and quarter
1980
Measure
1977
Average percent adjustment (including no change):
All industries..............................
Manufacturing......................................
Nonmanufacturing................................
From settlements reached in period ...............
Deferred fromsettlements reached inearlier period
From cost-of-living clauses...........................
Total number of workers receiving wage change (in
thousands)1 ...................................
From settlements reached
in period........................................
Deferred from settlements
reached in earlier period ....................
From cost-of-living clauses......................
Number of workers receiving no adjustments (in
thousands) .....................................
1978
1979
1980
94
II
III
IV
I
II
1982 »
III
IV
I
II
8.0
8.4
7.6
8.2
8.6
7.9
9.1
9.6
8.8
9.9
10.2
9.7
9.5
9.4
9.5
3.3
3.4
3.2
3.5
2.9
4.0
1.3
1.7
1.1
1.7
2.3
1.2
3.2
2.4
3.8
3.3
3.1
3.4
1.5
1.9
1.1
1.0
.9
1.0
1.9
.9
2.6
3.0
3.2
1.7
2.0
3.7
2.4
3.0
3.0
3.1
3.6
3.5
2.8
2.5
3.8
3.2
1.0
1.4
.8
1.7
1.2
.7
.5
.3
.6
.4
.5
.7
1.1
1.4
.7
.5
1.5
1.2
.4
.4
.6
.2
.6
.3
.3
1.3
.2
—
—
—
—
8,648
—
—
-
3,855
4,701
4,364
3,225
2,955
3,359
—
—
—
—
2,270
—
—
—
579
909
540
604
199
407
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
6,267
4,593
-
—
—
—
—
—
888
2,639
2,055
2,669
3,023
2,934
882
2,179
1,038
1,960
1,629
1,496
145
_
_
—
4,937
4,092
4,428
5,568
5,767
5,364
1The total number of workers who received adjustments does not equal the sum of workers that
received each type of adjustment, because some workers received more than one type of adjustment
during the period.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1981
1981
p=preliminary,
WORK STOPPAGE DATA
include all know n strikes or lock outs involv
ing 1,000 workers or m ore and lasting a full shift or longer.
D ata are based largely on newspaper accounts and cover all
workers idle one shift or m ore in establishm ents directly in
volved in a stoppage. They do not m easure the indirect or sec
ondary effect on other establishm ents w hose em ployees are idle
Estim ates of days idle as a percent of estim ated working
tim e m easures only the im pact of larger strikes (1,000 workers
or more). Form erly, these estim ates m easured the im pact of
strikes involving 6 workers or more; that is, the im pact of vir
tually a ll strikes. D u e to budget stringencies, collection of
data on strikes involving 6 workers or m ore was discontinued
ow ing to material or service shortages.
with the D ecem ber 1981 data.
W
o r k
35.
s t o p p a g e s
Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, 1947 to date
Month and year
Beginning in
month or year
Days idle
Workers involved
Number of stoppages
In effect
during month
or year
Beginning in
month or year
(in thousands)
In effect
during month
(in thousands)
Percent of
estimated
working time
Number
(in thousands)
270
245
262
424
1,629
1,435
2,537
1,698
25,720
26,127
43,420
30,390
.22
.38
.26
415
470
437
265
363
1,462
2,746
1,623
1,075
2,055
15,070
48,820
18,130
16,630
21,180
.12
.38
.14
.13
.16
287
279
332
245
222
1,370
887
1,587
1,381
896
26,840
10,340
17,900
60,850
13,260
.20
.07
.13
.43
.09
195
211
181
246
268
1,031
793
512
1,183
999
10,140
11,760
10,020
16,220
15,140
.07
.08
.07
.11
.10
321
381
392
412
381
1,300
2,192
1,855
1,576
2,468
16,000
31,320
35,567
29,397
52,761
.10
.18
.20
.16
.29
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
298
250
317
424
235
2,516
975
1,400
1,796
965
35,538
16,764
16,260
31,809
17,563
.19
.09
.08
.16
.09
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
231
298
219
235
187
1,519
1,212
1,006
1,021
795
23,962
21,258
23,774
20,409
20,844
.12
.10
.11
1981
145
729
16,908
.07
1949 .
1951 .
1962 .
1964 .
/
1981:
January.......................................................
February ......................................................
April ...........................................................
May ...........................................................
July............................................................
August.........................................................
September....................................................
1982 p
January.......................................................
February ......................................................
Aprii ...........................................................
May ...........................................................
July............................................................
August.........................................................
September....................................................
.09
.09
6
7
16
17
18
30
23
9
5
12
10
20
27
27
43
38
17
10
12.0
10.7
201.6
48.0
85.1
200.1
80.1
36.2
26.3
29.6
20.9
207.8
223.5
259.0
415.1
125.4
86.6
65.2
257.9
118.5
861.8
4,085.2
4,454.0
2,618.3
1,575.5
1,017.9
898.8
.01
.01
.04
.20
.24
.13
.08
.05
.05
2
2
3
9
14
17
11
' 15
15
4
6
8
16
21
25
22
r24
29
6.1
2.5
8.3
35.7
43.7
41.4
'36.3
r41.9
391.4
11.4
13.9
21.3
55.3
60.3
64.5
'62.2
'59.8
425.0
199.9
236.9
352.2
480.3
636.1
894.0
r830.9
'785.9
2,167.2
.01
.01
.02
.02
.03
.04
.04
.04
.11
p=preliminary.
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