Full text of Monthly Labor Review : November 1967, Vol. 90, No. 11

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Monthly
Labor

KALAMAZOO
NOV 10 1337

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Review
NO VEM BER

1967

VOL.

90

NO.

World Labor Standards
A New Family Budget
Labor in Vietnam
Railroad Unemployment Insurance

UNITED STATES DEPARTM ENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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l»<

• »1 It. „ jj

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Willard Wirtz ,

Secretary

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Arthur M . R
R

obert

J.

M

o ss,

Commissioner of Labor Statistics

y ers,

Deputy Commissioner

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Monthly Labor Review
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
L aw ren c e

R.

•

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

K l e in , Editor-in-Chief

J ack F . S trickland , Executive E ditor


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CONTENTS

Articles
7
9
19
21
27
32
36
43

A New City Worker’s Family Budget
Railroad Unemployment Insurance
The AFT in Caucus and Convention: New Style for 1967
Dismissal for Off-the-Job Criminal Behavior
Fair Labor Standards for World Trade
The Vietnamese Labor Force in Transition
Career Expectations of Negro Women Graduates
Report of the Special Railroad Board

Technical Note
47

Measurements of Sampling Error in the CPI

Departments
ii
hi

49
52
55
56
57
64
73

This Issue in Brief
The Labor Month in Review
Foreign Labor Briefs
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Major Agreements Expiring in December
Developments in Industrial Relations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics

November 1967 • Voi. 90 • No. 11

This Issue in Brief. . .
T h e 19G6 r e v is io n of the city worker’s family
budget, which represents the cost of maintaining a
moderate but adequate standard of living, recorded
significant increases over the earlier budgets. The
two greatest changes in the scope and content of
the revised budget are the addition of nonmetro­
politan areas and the inclusion of homeowner costs.
Other changes, according to Phyllis Groom in
A New City Worker’s Family Budget (p. 1), re­
flect variations in the style of living between the
1950’s and 1960’s. In the fall of 1966 the cost of
living at a moderate standard for a family of four
averaged $9,200 in U.S. urban areas compared
with $9,400 in metropolitan areas and $8,400 in
smaller cities. These averages include the costs
associated with owning a home, commuting to
work, and looking after the family’s future
security.
I n The A F T in Caucus and Convention: New
Style for 1967 (p. 19), Bernadette S. Julian re­
ports on the American Federation of Teachers’
51st annual convention. Emphasized at the con­
vention were the A FT’s commitment to the im­
provement of education and its trade union
orientation. The convention was livened by politi­
cal realinements, especially the development of a
new caucus.
I n R ailroad U n e m p l o y m e n t I n s u r a n c e (p . 9 ) ,

Martha F. Riche analyses three decades of experi­
ence under the only Federally administered U I
system covering a single private industry, and com­
pares the lot of railroad workers under RUI with
that of persons drawing unemployment benefits
under State-administered programs.
s a m p l in g t e c h n iq u e s and procedures were
introduced into C PI calculations in December
1963. Marvin Wilkerson, in Measurements of Sam­
pling Error in the CPI (p. 47), shows that the new
system of replicated samples built into the revised

N ew

ii


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CPI yields a reasonable approximation to the
sampling errors in the CPI. Included in the study
is a table of average standard errors for the all­
items CPI and its component groups.
D is m is s a l for off-the-job criminal behavior has
long been the subject of arbitration. The majority
of cases involving such dismissal do not fall into
any clearly defined pattern. Consequently, the line
between off-the-job employee behavior which is
subject to an employer’s diciplinary action and that
which is not becomes extremely difficult to draw.
Nevertheless, in Dismissal for Off-the-Job Crimi­
nal Behavior (p. 21), John W. Leonard focuses
on the one broad criterion applied by arbitrators
when judging the merits of disputes involving
nonemployment criminal behavior. Arbitrators
have held that “just cause” exists for dismissal
when the criminal activity was tied to the employ­
ment relationship, either as injury done to the em­
ployer’s business or as a disruption of the em­
ployer’s relations with his employees.
decades of c o n f l ic t in South Vietnam have
altered the country’s social structure. The labor
force, in particular, has changed from a tradition
of work based on Confucian principles to one more
in line with occidental concepts. Michael B. Zuzik,
in The Vietnamese Labor Force in Transition
(p. 32), scans the impediments to this change. He
notes that corruption in key waterfront areas,
rivalries among nationality groups, and lack of
effective government control in many parts of the
country contribute to the slow development of the
labor force.

T he

T h e m u l t ip l ic it y of meanings of “fair labor
standards in international trade” allow for re­
search (particularly in the area of national wagecost standards) on their probable economic effects.
In Fair Labor Standards for World Trade (p. 27),
Robert B. Schwenger suggests possible avenues of
research and recommends that complaints of un­
fair labor standards in foreign trade be subject
to intergovernmental consultation and that inter­
national labor standards conform to the exporting
country’s existing stage of economic development
and not to those of the more advanced partner in
the trade deal.

The Labor Month
in Review

A Union in Trade:
The Retail Clerks
of the Bureau of Labor
Statistics most recent survey of union member­
ship show that in the 2 years since the preceding
survey, six unions made sizable membership gains.
These unions were—in addition to the Teamsters,
Auto Workers, and Steelworkers—the two general
government employee unions and the Retail Clerks
International Association (RCIA). The growing
unionization of government employees has been
widely discussed, but that a similar phenomenon
might be taking place in retail trade has received
less attention.
Other than in a few large cities, union activity
in retail trade was negligible until the early 1950’s.
By then the industry had begun to grow and
change, giving birth at the same time to a new set
of working conditions. Chain stores, self-service,
and jobs not yet blue collar but now often called
gray, have created a new atmosphere in retail em­
ployment and unions—particularly the RCIA—
are taking advantage of it. With rapid, steady
growth, the RCIA has amassed over half a million
members to become the sixth largest AFL-CIO
affiliate.
P r e l im in a r y

f in d in g s

Catching the Brass Ring. Referring to these
changes in the industry at the Clerks’ 25th quad­
rennial convention, held in July 1967, President
James A. Suffridge commented that “even the
youngest delegates in the hall have lived through
at least one retail revolution—and some of us have
experienced two or three.” He announced that the
union had increased its membership by nearly a
third since the last convention, and doubled it
over the last 10 years. (During the same decade,

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the number of nonsupervisory employees in retail
trade grew 22 percent to reach 10 million.)
Much of the Clerks’ growth has come from the
union’s being ready and waiting in the right place
at the right time. Samuel J. Meyers, first vice pres­
ident of the union, estimated in a recent conversa­
tion that until the early sixties most of the Clerks’
growth came from unit accretion—the establish­
ment of new stores and expansion of old ones by
companies with whom the union already had blan­
ket representation rights. Most of these units are in
chain stores, particularly groceries. Grocery stores
are one of the largest components of retail trade
and the only one that is substantially organized; at
least half the RCIA members worked in food stores
until recent years. The growth of these stores thus
insured the growth of the union, and gave it the
broader base and resources that allow it to con­
centrate now on other kinds of retail operations.
Organizing other types of stores lias, in fact,
accounted for most of the union’s recent growth:
although grocery employees are still the largest
group in the union, they now make up only about
40 percent of its membership. The second largest
group works in department stores, but the great­
est organizing activity in the last few years has
been in two other areas. Membership increases at
military post exchanges probably reflect the grow­
ing union activity of nonprofessional government
workers. The union has enrolled even more mem­
bers at discount stores which, according to Mr.
Meyers, are easy to organize because the employeremployee relationship is too new to have fostered
loyalty to the employer. Indeed, Mr. Meyers at­
tributed the union’s success, and its hopes for its
continuation, to changing circumstances such as
these; he says the times are favorable.
Beating the Bushes. The union’s organizing ef­
forts run the gamut of retail operations—furniture
stores, dime stores, automobile dealerships, and so
on. Nevertheless, the right combination of favor­
able organizing elements is hard to find. For in­
stance, although the union has members who are
gas station attendants, it seldom aims campaigns
especially at service stations even though they
account for a large part of retail employment. Few
stations employ more than a few workers, and over
a third of those workers are part time.
Dime stores have even more part-time workers;
they also have the highest proportion of women
in

IV

workers in retail trade—80 percent. Women work­
ers and part-time employees, who include many
young people primarily occupied with school or
leisure, often lack the commitment to work that
might interest them in joining a union to seek
higher wages and benefits. In addition, jobs in
retail trade, whether full or part time, are often
a moonlighter’s second job; his primary interest
is determined in another industryPerhaps these people form the majority of dime
store employees precisely because workers who are
more concerned with their economic welfare shun
them—dime store employees have lower average
earnings than workers in any other type of retail
enterprise. Or perhaps it’s the other way around
and employers hire women, young people, part
timers, and moonlighters because they tend to ac­
cept lower wages than a family head working
full time would. The Clerks’ success in San Francisco, where the union has contracts with all the
major stores, shows that variety stores are organizable. Nevertheless, there is another reason for
the union’s relative failure to penetrate this part
of the industry: large chains grew strong long
before the union did and, because store-by-store
organizing in retail trade has not had the same
legal sanctions as plant-by-plant organizing in
manufacturing, the chains have been able to resist
organization of their workers.
The situation described for dime stores charac­
terizes much of retail trade in general. To succeed
in this environment, the RCIA has had to empha­
size goals that would have little importance to
workers in other industries. Benefits for part-time
employes equivalent to those full-time workers get,
for instance, is a frequent bargaining demand.
One of the union’s few prolonged strikes was
over an issue that could arise only in an employ­
ment context like the Clerks’: In 1964, the union
struck Baltimore grocery chains for 3 months
mainly to get an “available hours” clause—that is,
one which would let part timers have first call on
additional work before store managers could hire
more part-time employees.
Contract Improvements. The RCIA has been able
to win contract provisions such as group health
and life insurance, pensions, and vacations, only
by fitting its bargaining to the shape of the indus-


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

try. Such benefits become possible in an industry
characterized by small establishments when a siza­
ble number of locals and employers are included in
a single contract. District C oun cil 11, for example,
representing nine locals . ' mv »Cania, New
Jersey, Delaware, and h
?< \ n "L :y negoti­
ated one of the union’s mo
; ;n: : *-*^ive health
and welfare plans with food employers in Phila­
delphia and surrounding cities.
For most retail employees, pensions became
feasible only when employers agreed to contribute
in groups to union-administered trust funds, thus
avoiding the risks and difficulties inherent in too
small a base. Now the union is pressing for pension
portability to cushion the effects of frequent turn­
over and transfers. RCIA members working in
food, drug, and discount stores in southern Cali­
fornia have the most advanced program. After
5 continuous years of service in 1 of the 3 indus­
tries, they continue to accrue pension credits when
they transfer jobs in any of them, subject to the
different pension plans that prevail in each
industryFunded portable vacation plans are also on the
Clerks’ agenda. Southern California already has
a modified plan, and one is under study by employ­
ers and the union in northern California. Total
service in the industry would determine the length
of an employee’s vacation.
Beginning’s End. Over the past several years, the
RCIA has brought big-time unionism to much of
retail trade. But, considering the size of retail em­
ployment, the union has a long way to go before it
can exert as great an influence in its industry as
other unions of comparable size do in theirs.
According to speakers at the 1967 convention,
the union estimates its potential membership at
about 3 million, of which its current membership
covers only about 15 percent. But the RCIA gives
every sign of determination to organize the re­
mainder. That the union now refers to “establish­
ments” instead of “stores,” “employees” instead
of “clerks,” and “distributive services” instead of
“retail trade,” may only illustrate a trend toward
euphemism. But it is more likely to indicate the
broad view the union takes of its prospects, as well
as its intention to take continuing advantage of the
changes occurring in the industry.

A New City Worker's Family Budget
Homeowner Costs Contribute Significantly
to Increases in the Family Budget
in Metropolitan Areas and Smaller Cities
P hyllis Groom*

$9,200, in the fall of 1966, for a fam­
ily of four to live at a moderate standard in urban
areas of the United States. This estimate comes
from the latest revision of the City Worker’s Fam­
ily Budget.1 At almost every point, this budget,
which grows out of the way people behave, throws
light on American values. The swelling of the sub­
urbs, the general increase in the level of income,
the proliferation of the automobile, and “Let’s eat
out tonight,” are all here.
The original (1946-47) City Worker’s Family
Budget was based on the manner of living and
standards prevailing just before World War II
and the interim (1959) budget on standards in the
1950’s. The three together reveal the changes in
our society since World War II.2The concept of the
standard budget was described in the original
budget as follows:
“The budget was designed to represent the es­
timated dollar cost required to maintain this fam­
ily at a level of adequate living—to satisfy pre­
vailing standards of what is necessary for health,
efficiency, the nurture of children, and for par­
ticipation in community activities. This is not a
‘subsistence’ budget, nor is it a ‘luxury’ budget; it
is an attempt to describe and measure a modest but
adequate standard of living.” 3
This City Worker’s Family Budget continues
to represent a moderate standard of living for a
family of four, consisting of an employed
man and his wife (who is not employed outside the
home), a girl of 8, and a boy of 13. The quantities
and qualities of goods and services required to
meet this standard are based on standards of ade­
It

co st a b o u t


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

quacy defined by specialists, which have been
translated into pricing lists that reflect the buying
practices of families. For example, the present re­
vision of the food plans used the National Re­
search Council’s recommended dietary allowances,
1963 U.S. Department of Agriculture nutritive
values, and USDA’s most recent estimates of food
consumption patterns. Where such standards have
not been developed, the quantity budget and pric­
ing lists have been defined through analysis of con­
sumption and expenditure data for families of the
budget type—primarily data from the 1960-61
BLS Survey of Consumer Expenditures.
The two most significant changes in the scope
and content of the budget are the addition of small
towns and the inclusion of homeowner costs. The
substantial increase in homeownership among city
families at all income levels since prewar years
has made it necessary to include homeowner costs.
This change becomes particularly important with
the addition of the smaller metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas to the budget. In 1960-61, 75
percent of budget-type families were homeowners.
Homeowner shelter costs in the 1966 budget av­
eraged 51 percent higher than the cost of rental
housing for all urban areas.
*Of the Office of Publications, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1
BLS Bulletin 1570 reports fully the costs of the budget, data
sources, and estim ating methods. It was prepared by Jean C.
Brackett. (BLS Bulletin 1570-3, 19.67), which includes the spe­
cifications and average prices for commodities and services other
than food and shelter, w ill be published later th is year.
a See W orkers’ B udgets in th e U nited S ta te s: C ity F am ilies and
Single P ersons, 1946 and 1947 (BLS Bulletin 927, 1948) and
“The Interim City Worker’s Fam ily Budget,” M o n th ly Labor
R eview , August 1960, pp. 785-808.
3
“The City Worker’s Fam ily Budget,” M o n th ly L abor R e­
view , February 1948, p. 133.

1

2

The 1966 budget provides for mortgage prin­
cipal and interest payments, taxes, insurance, and
repair and replacement costs for a dwelling that
meets the housing standard, with the assumption
that the house was bought 6 to 8 years ago.
Other changes in the budget also mirror the
changes in the style of living from the 1950’s to
the 1960’s. The expansion of the budget to include
homeowner maintenance costs and total budget
costs in small cities has affected the kind and
amount of transportation required to meet the
budget standard. The revised budget allows for a
higher proportion of families owning an automo­
bile, reflecting in part the move to the suburbs.
For the first time the budget has been priced in
medium size and small cities—making it possible
to estimate the average U.S. urban budget cost
and to compare metropolitan and nonmetropolitan
areas.
The moderate level described by the budget
standard does not show how an “average” family
spends its money; neither does it show how a family
should spend its money. The level of living repre­
sented by the budget is not “minimum” in the
sense in which that term is used in relation to
standards or goals for public assistance or welfare
programs. On the other hand, the standard of liv­
ing represented by the moderate budget is below
that enjoyed by a majority of American families of
this specific type. Most such families, comparing
the items and quantities in detail with their own
consumption, may regard them as inadequate with
respect to some items.
In the BLS consumer expenditure survey for
1960-61, average income in the urban United
States before taxes was $9,095 for families of the
general type specified for the budget. Increases in
median incomes from 1959 to 1965 (the latest data
available), as reported in the Current Population
Surveys of the Bureau of the Census, ranged from
20 percent for all urban families of two or more
persons, to 27 percent for urban families with two
children. Applied to the 1960-61 average income
for budget-type families, these trend data suggest
that their 1966 average income before taxes
amounted to at least $11,000.
The level of the moderate standard, therefore, is
at least 16, and more likely 20 percent, below the
average level of living for families of this type. A
similar analysis of the level of the Interim Budget
in 1959 indicated that it was about 15—
20 percent

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

below the estimated average 1959 income of budgettype families.
Costs of the Budget
The cost of living at a moderate standard for a
family of four persons—husband, wife, boy age
13, and girl of 8—averaged $9,191 in urban areas
of the United States, at autumn 1966 prices (table
1). The cost in metropolitan areas was $9,376; in
smaller cities it was $8,366. These averages include
allowances for food, housing, transportation,
clothing, personal care, medical care, and other
components of family consumption; and for gifts
and contributions to others; and personal life in­
surance for the family’s future security. They also
include personal income taxes, social security de­
ductions ; and occupational expenses such as work
clothes and union dues (table 2).
About 80 percent of the budget is allocated to
family consumption items, which averaged
$7,329—with costs in metropolitan areas almost
$800 higher than in smaller cities. There was, how­
ever, considerable variation in the level of costs for
family consumption among the metropolitan areas,
even within the same region. For example, in the
Northeast, they ranged from $7,104 in Lancaster to
$8,086 in Hartford.
Of total family consumption cost, food amounted
to 29 percent. The level of eating described by the
moderate standard budget is probably not quite as
good as that of the average family of this type,
since the food costs of the budget-type family in
the 1960-61 Survey of Consumer Expenditures
were about 5 percent higher. Housing accounted
for almost a third of consumption. It took a larger
share of the total in metropolitan than in nonmetropolitan areas, but this was balanced by rela­
tively higher costs for transportation in the smaller
cities. With this exception, the distribution of costs
for major components was similar in urban areas
regardless of size (table 3).
Total budget costs were highest for homeowner
families in metropolitan areas and lowest for
renter families in smaller cities:
Urban
United,
States

Total budget c o s t_______
Homeowner families. _.
Renter families______
Cost difference by tenure..

$9,191
9.390
8.594
796

Metro­
politan
areas

$9.376
9,588
8,739
849

Nonmetro­
politan
areas

$8,366
8,506
7,946
560

Cost
difference
by urban­
ization

$1,010
1,082
793
289

3

A NEW FAMILY BUDGET
T a b l e 1.

A n n u a l C o st s o f t h e C it y W o r k e r ’s F a m il y B u d g e t 1 b y M a jo r C o m p o n e n t s , U r b a n U
39 M e t r o p o l it a n A r e a s a n d N o n m e t r o p o l it a n A r e a s b y R e g io n s , A u t u m n 1966

n it e d

Cost of family consumption

Budget costs

Housing (shelter, housefumishings, household operations)
Area
Total

Renter
families

Urban United States____ $9,191
Metropolitan areas 2. ..
- . . . 9, 376
Nonmetropolitan areas 3---------- 8,366

$8, 594
8,739
7, 946

Homeowner
families

States

Shelter
Total

Food

Total

Rental
Total * costs 5

$9,390 $7,329 $2,143 $2,214 $1,733
9,588 7, 474 2,173 2, 286 1,808
8, 506 6, 681 2,005 1,894 1,402

Clothing Medical
Trans­
portation 7 and per­
care 8
sonal care
Homeowner
costs 8

Other
family
consump­
tion

$1,255
1,298
1,065

$1,893
1,978
1,514

$815
815
813

$970
985
903

$468
481
411

$719
734

N ortheast
Boston, Mass__
Buffalo', N .Y ________________
Hartford, Conn __________
Lancaster, Pa. .
- ------- -New York-Northeastern New
Jersey. __
Philadelphia, Pa.-N .J_. . . . .
Pittsburgh, P a__
.
.
Portland, Maine____. . .
Nonmetropolitan areas 3______

10,141
9,724
10, 000
8,890

9,049
8,943
9, 286
8,530

10, 505
9,985
10,239
9, 010

8,045
7, 657
8, 086
7,104

2, 317
2,209
2, 377
2, 286

2,732
2,378
2,538
1,945

2, 245
1,891
2,083
1,503

1,388
1,279
1,494
1, 209

2,531
2,095
2,279
1,601

812
878
909
773

966
1,009
1,007
956

471
461
481
413

749
722
774
730

10,195
9,193
8,919
9,257
8,985

9,075
8, 462
8, 424
8, 608
8,214

10,568
9,437
9, 084
9, 473
9,242

8, 031
7,319
7,117
7, 491
7,166

2,380
2,289
2,225
2, 264
2,179

2,655
2,130
1,966
2,197
2,131

2,181
1, 655
1, 507
1, 704
1,653

1,307
1,059
1,102
1,166
1, 033

2,472
1,854
1, 641
1,884
1,860

731
739
790
819
820

1,006
979
972
1, 018
923

497
449
433
466
440

763
732
729
727
672

9, 421
9,350

8, 926
9,034

9, 586
9, 455

7, 446
7, 568

2,078 2,337
2,113- 2,480

1, 824
2,002

1, 428
1,740

1,956
2,089

842
794

1,004
975

435
480

748
726

9, 506
8,976
9,297
8,711
8,981
9, 080
9,304
9,189
9,740
9,495
9,241
9,052
8,535

8, 797
8, 295
8, 409
8,411
8,388
8,361
8, 754
8,703
8,803
8, 874
8, 645
8, 642
8,109

9,743
9, 203
9,593
8,811
9,178
9,320
9,608
9, 351
10, 052
9, 702
9, 440
9,189
8,677

7, 685
7,173
7, 525
7, 016
7,241
7,057
7,503
7, 272
7, 547
7, 329
7,376
7,189
6,819

2,153
2,098
2, 091
2,063
2,149
1,997
2,099
2,139
2,064
2,058
2,199
2,123
1,994

2, 549
2,170
2,466
2,045
2,076
2,101
2,336
2,083
2, 508
2, 286
2,202
2,074
2,064

2,075
1, 701
1,988
1, 585
1,605
1, 630
1, 844
1,583
2,039
1, 828
1,709
1,586
1,565

1, 488
1,147
1,252
1,338
1,116
1, 074
1,326
1, 236
1,318
1,354
1,226
1,257
1, 222

2,271
1,886
2,234
1,667
1, 767
1, 815
2,016
1,698
2,279
1,985
1,870
1,695
1,680

770
832
822
819
817
826
887
871
829
834
839
848
790

999
951
996
962
999
963
1,003
996
971
985
982
955
930

484
401
429
402
465
427
431
441
443
446
443
445
398

729
721
719
726
735
744
747
741
732
720
710
745
642

8,434
8,028
8,798
8,538
8, 472
8, 707
8,387
8, 552
8,416
9, 381
7, 855

8,170
7, 769
8,624
8,056
8,257
8, 209
8,074
8, 049
8, 097
8, 770
7, 578

8, 522
8,114
8,856
8,699
8, 544
8,873
8,491
8,719
8, 523
9,585
7,947

6,774
6,505
6,924
6,863
6,861
6,838
6,794
6, 928
6,820
7,419
6,310

2,016
1,995
2, 026
2,028
2,021
1,961
2,039
1,964
1,988
2,135
1, 925

1,808
1; 676
1, 997
1,882
1,891
2,016
1,794
2,021
1,961
2,325
1,676

1,312
1,205
1,491
1,431
1,421
1, 549
1,310
1, 529
1, 477
1,833
1,188

1,100
991
1,353
1,038
1,243
1,161
1,051
1,112
1, 212
1,349
964

1,382
1,277
1,537
1, 561
1,480
1,678
1,397
1,668
1,566
1,995
1, 263

826
806
810
896
821
804
860
832
827
823
810

941
898
933
907
916
923
902
948
895
954
858

437
420
450
426
478
444
466
427
433
464
394

746
710
709
723
734
690
733
736
716
718
648

8,921
9, 235
11,190
9, 445
9,307
9,886
9,665
8, 925

8, 439
8,692
10, 548
9, 072
8,694
9, 496
9, 279
8, 508

9,082
9, 416
11, 404
9, 569
9,511
10, 017
9, 794
9,065

7,103
7, 363
8, 626
7,514
7,405
7, 860
7,821
7,008

2, 073
2,111
2, 551
2,100
2,032
2,188
2,268
2,037

1,916
2, 208
2,848
2,164
2, 211
2, 408
2,314
2,023

1,430
1, 709
2, 256
1,698
1, 736
1,919
1,811
1,508

1, 039
1, 276
1,784
1,396
1,240
1,603
1,491
1,182

1, 560
1,853
2,413
1,799
1, 902
2,024
1,918
1, 616

894
860
993
873
900
896
923
847

987
1,007
959
1, 026
981
1,072
1, 064
991

542
476
4ÖU
626
579
550
495
441

691
701
806
725
702
745
758
669

N orth C entral
Cedar Rapids, Iowa__________
Champaign-Urbana, 111.. .
Chicago, Ill.-Northwestera
Indiana.
Cincinnati, Ohio-Ky.-Ind____
Cleveland, Ohio. . .
.... .
... . . .
Dayton, Ohio__
Detroit, Mich. .
______
Green Bay, Wis__
Indianapolis, I n d ... -------- . . .
Kansas City, Mo.-Kans_______
Milwaukee, Wis... . ________
Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn___
St. Louis, Mo.-Ill. . . .
._ . ..
Wichita, Kans____ _
_ ... .
Nonmetropolitan areas 3______
South
Atlanta, Ga.......
. .
Austin, Tex
Baltimore, Md. . . ___ ___
Baton Rouge, La___
Dallas, Tex.
...
.. ___
Durham, N .C ____
.. ___
Houston, T ex ... .
. . . . . ..
Nashville, T en n .. . .
Orlando, F la.. . .. __ .
Washington, D.C.-Md.-Va____
Nonmetropolitan areas 3
West
Bakersfield, Calif . .
Denver, Colo__
Honolulu, Hawaii____________
Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif
San Diego, Calif.. . ____ .
San Francisco-Oakland, Calif .
Seattle-Everett, Wash________
Nonmetropolitan areas 3___

1 The family consists of an employed husband, age 38, a wife not employed
full time outside the home, an 8-year-old girl, and a 13-year-old boy.
2 For a detailed description, see the 1967 edition of the Standard Metropolitan
Statistical Areas, prepared by the Bureau of the Budget.
3 Places with population of 2,500 to 50,000.
4 The average costs of shelter were weighted by the following proportions:
25 percent for families living in rented dwellings, 75 percent for families living
in owned homes.
3 Average contract rent plus the cost of required amounts of heating fuel,
gas, electricity, water, specified equipment, and insurance on household
contents.
8 Interest and principal payments plus taxes; insurance on house and con­
tents; water, refuse disposal, heating fuel, gas, electricity, and specified
equipment; and home repair and maintenance costs.
i The average costs of automobile owners and nonowners were weighted by


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the following proportions of families: Boston, Chicago, New York, and
Philadelphia, 80 percent for automobile owners, 20 percent for nonowners;
Baltimore, Cleveland, Detroit, Los Angeles, Pittsburgh, San Francisco,
St. Louis, and Washington, D.C. with 1.4 million of population or more in
1960, 95 percent for automobile owners and 5 percent for nonowners; all other
areas, 100 percent for automobile owners.
8 The average costs of hospitalization and surgical insurance (as part of
total medical care) were weighted by the following proportions: 30 percent
for families paying full cost of insurance; 26 percent for families paying half
cost; 44 percent for families covered by noncontributory insurance plans
(paid for by employer).
N ote : See appendix A for items and quantities included in each compo­
nent, and appendix B for the population weights for each city. Because of
rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

4
These differences reflect not only the variation in
costs and manner of living associated with renting
or owning a home, but also the differences in trans­
portation requirements and spending patterns for
clothing, personal care, recreation, meals away
from home, etc., between metropolitan areas and
smaller cities.
Total budget costs for families buying their own
homes averaged $9,390. For families living in
rented houses, costs were almost $800 lower.4
Variations Among Cities
Shelter costs accounted for half the difference
in the cost of family consumption among the
cities. Shelter costs for owners and renters com­
bined were highest in Boston and lowest in Austin
and the smaller cities in the South. Where the U.S.
urban average cost was set at 100, shelter costs for
renter families were 139 in Champaign-Urbana
and 77 in the smaller Southern cities. The range
in homeowner shelter costs was even wider, from
134 in Boston to 67 in small cities in the South.
The total annual cost of family consumption at
autumn 1966 prices ranged from $8,086 in H art­
ford to $6,310 in the smaller cities in the South.5
When personal taxes, social security and disability
deductions, occupational expenses, gifts and con­
tributions, and life insurance are added, the
budget ranged from $10,195 in New York to
$7,856 in the smaller Southern cities.5 Relative
costs of the total budget, with the U.S. urban
average cost equal to 100, ranged from 85 in smaller
cities in the South to 111 in New York and Boston.
Climate is mainly responsible for intercity differ­
ences in budget estimates for shelter and clothing;
variations in eating preferences account largely
for the differences in the cost of the food
component.
Food costs were highest in New York City,
where they averaged $2,380. In small cities in the
South, a nutritionally comparable diet could be
bought for $1,925. The $455 difference reflects
price variance as well as regional food preference
patterns. Budget food costs were almost $200
higher, on the average, in cities in the Northeast
than in the North Central region and the West,
and costs in these two regions were about $100
above costs for a nutritionally comparable food
plan in the South.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

The budget allowance for housing covers shelter,
household operation costs, and an amount for re­
placement of housefurnishings, assuming the
family had average inventories of these items at
the beginning of the year. For U.S. urban homeowners the shelter budget, amounting to $1,893
for principal and interest payments on a house
purchased in 1960, plus insurance, taxes, fuel,
utilities and repairs, was 51 percent above the
budget cost of rental housing, which averaged
$1,255 for rent plus fuel, utilities, and insurance—
where these are not included in the rent.7 The
differential was highest in metropolitan areas with
over 1 million population, where owner costs were
57 percent above renter costs.
In Boston, Chicago, New York, and Phila­
delphia, 1 in 5 families was assumed to use public
transportation exclusively. In Baltimore, Cleve­
land, Detroit, Los Angeles, Pittsburgh, San
Francisco, St. Louis, and Washington, D.C., the
same assumption was applied to 1 in 20 families.
In other cities the transportation budget is based
on the costs of automobile ownership and opera­
tion. This variation reflects differences in the
availability of public transportation. It is a fac­
tor, together with price differences, in the inter­
city cost differential. Transportation costs ranged
from $923 in Seattle to $731 in New York. Seattle’s
costs were 13 percent above, and New York’s costs
10 percent below, the U.S. urban cost.
Clothing and personal care goods and services
accounted for 10 and 3 percent, respectively, of
the total cost for family consumption. These costs
i
Since the m ajority of fam ilies of the budget-type are homeowners, their costs constitute 75 percent, and costs for renter
fam ilies 25 percent, of the weighted average cost the urban
United States and each area.
5 In Honolulu the total cost of fam ily consumption, averaging
$8,626, was 8 percentage points above the cost in Hartford, and
the total cost of the budget, am ounting to $11,190, was 12 per­
centage points above the cost in the New York area. Honolulu
costs were highest also for all separate budget components ex­
cept homeowner’s shelter, clothing, personal care, and medical
care, reading, tobacco, and alcoholic beverages. The analysis in
the text compares all areas except Honolulu.
6 The allowances for life insurance, occupational expenses, and
social security deductions were the same in all cities. The allow ­
ance for g ifts and contributions, estim ated as 3.2 percent of total
fam ily consumption less m iscellaneous expenses, varies from city
to city, as do the allowances for Federal, State, and local income
and personal taxes.
7 Paym ents on the principal constitute an element of “savings”
not included in the budget for renter fam ilies. The additional
income required to produce these “savin gs” also results in a higher
allowance for personal taxes for homeowner fam ilies. When prin­
cipal payments are excluded, homeowner shelter costs were 15
percent above renter costs.

5

A NEW FAMILY BUDGET

penses for other medical services and supplies.
Costs were highest in the four California cities
and lowest in Dayton, Cincinnati, and small
cities in the North Central and South regions.
With the U.S. urban average cost ($468) equal to
100, costs in Los Angeles were 134, and in non­
metropolitan areas in the South, 84.
Other family consumption, including reading,
recreation, education, tobacco, alcoholic beverages,
and miscellaneous expenditures, averged $719 and
ranged from $642 in small cities in the North Cen-

were lowest in the South and in small cities in the
Northeast and North Central regions. Annual
costs varied by almost $100, however, between
Nashville and small towns in the South. Costs for
clothing and personal care items were highest in
three West Coast cities—San Francisco, Seattle,
and Los Angeles. The overall range in costs was
23 percentage points.
The medical care budget includes the family’s
share of the premium for a group hospitalization
and surgical insurance plan and out-of-pocket ex­
T able 2.

I ndexes

op

C omparative Living Costs B ased

on the

City W orker’s F amily B udget,1 A utumn 1966

[U.S. urban average cost=100]
Cost of family consumption

Area

Total
budget

Housing (shelter, housefurnishings, household operations)
Total

Food

Shelter
Total

T otal4

R e n ta l3 Homeowner
cost
costs6

Trans­
porta­
tion 7

Other
Clothing
family
and per­ Medical
sonal care care8 consump­
tion

Urban United States________ . __________
Metropolitan areas2---------- ----------- ---------------Nonmetropolitan areas3- - _________________ ____

100
102
91

100
102
91

100
101
94

100
103
86

100
104
81

100
103
85

100
104
80

100
100
100

100
102
93

100
103
88

100
102
91

N ortheast
Boston, Mass____________ _____________________
Buffalo, N .Y __________________________________
Hartford, Conn_......... ........................................... ........
Lancaster, P a----- ------ --------------------------------------New York-Northeastern New Jersey.. ____ ____
Philadelphia, P a .- N .J ...__________________ _____
Pittsburgh, P a....... ........... ..................... .. ________
Portland, M aine.___ __________________________
Nonmetropolitan areas 3. ......................................... ..

110
106
109
97
111
100
97
101
98

110
104
110
97
110
100
97
102
98

108
103
111
107
111
107
104
106
102

123
107
115
88
120
96
89
99
96

130
109
120
87
126
96
87
98
95

111
102
119
96
104
84
88
93
83

134
111
120
85
131
98
87
100
98

100
108
112
95
90
91
97
101
101

100
104
104
99
104
101
100
105
95

101
99
103
88
106
96
93
100
94

104
100
108
102
106
102
102
101
93

Cedar Rapids, Iowa _________ ________________
Champaign-Urbana, 111_________________________
Chicago-Northwestern Indiana__________________
Cincinnati, Ohio-Ky.-Ind______________________
Cleveland, Ohio............. ........ .......................................
Dayton, Ohio______________ _______________ . . .
Detroit, Mich. -------- --------------------------------------Green Bay, Wis- ______________ ______________
Indianapolis, In d ______________________________
Kansas City, Mo.-Kans------------------------------------Milwaukee, Wis. . ______________________ ______
Minneapolis-St. Paul, M inn____________________
St. Louis, Mo.-Ill______________________________
Wichita, Kans_______ _________ ________________
Nonmetropolitan areas3________________________

103
102
103
98
101
95
98
99
102
100
106
103
101
98
93

102
103
105
98
103
96
99
96
102
99
103
100
101
98
93

97
99
100
98
98
96
100
93
98
100
96
96
103
99
93

106
112
115
98
111
92
94
95
106
94
113
103
99
94
76

105
116
120
98
115
92
93
94
106
91
118
105
99
92
90

114
139
119
91
100
107
89
86
106
99
105
108
98
100
97

103
110
120
100
118
88
93
96
107
90
120
105
99
90
89

103
97
95
102
101
101
100
101
109
107
102
102
103
104
97

104
101
103
98
103
99
103
99
103
103
100
102
101
98
96

93
103
103
86
92
86
99
91
92
94
95
95
95
95
85

104
101
102
100
100
101
102
103
104
103
102
100
99
104
89

South
Atlanta, Ga___________________________________
Austin, Tex.. ________________________________
Baltimore, M d. _______________ __________ .
Baton Rouge, L a______________________________
Dallas, Tex __________________________________
Durham, N .C _____________________ ___ _____
Houston, Tex___ '_____________________________
Nashville, Tenn_______________________________
Orlando, Fla__________________________________
Washington, D.C.-M d.-Va______________________
Nonmefropolitan areas 3__ _____________________

92
87
96
93
92
95
91
93
92
102
85

92
89
94
94
94
93
93
95
93
101
86

94
93
95
95
94
92
95
92
93
100
90

82
76
90
85
85
91
81
91
89
105
76

76
70
86
83
82
89
76
88
85
106
69

88
79
108
83
99
93
84
89
97
108
77

73
68
81
83
78
89
74
88
83
105
67

101
99
99
110
101
99
106
102
102
101
99

97
93
96
94
94
95
93
98
92
98
88

93
90
96
91
102
95
100
91
93
99
84

104
99
98
101
102
96
102
102
100
100
90

West
Bakersfield, Calif______________________________
Denver, Colo ________________________________
Honolulu, Hawaii. .... ......................................... .......
Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif.__________________
San Diego, Calif_______________________________
San Francisco-Oakland, Calif..- _________________
Seattle-Everett, Wash.- _______________________
Nonmetropolitan areas3________________________

97
100
122
103
101
108
105
97

97
100
118
103
101
107
107
96

97
99
119
98
95
102
106
95

87
100
129
98
100
109
104
91

83
99
130
98
100
111
105
87

83
102
142
111
99
128
119
94

82
98
128
95
101
107
101
85

110
106
122
107
110
110
113
104

102
104
99
106
101
111
110
102

116
102
100
134
124
118
106
94

96
97
112
101
98
104
105
93

N orth C entral

N ote: See footnotes on table 1.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

6

tral region to $774 in Hartford. Education ex­
penses, averaging $60 and $35 in metropolitan
areas and small cities respectively, include costs
incurred by the children in attending public
school, as well as average allowances for parents,
as reported in the 1960-61 survey of expenditures.
Times Have Changed
The average cost of the budget for a renter
family is 46 percent higher than the one priced
in 1959 and more than double the prewar standard
that was priced in 1951 in the 18 cities for which
estimates are available in both periods. About 15
percent of the increase from 1959 to 1966 came
from higher prices, leaving about 24 percent to
represent the upgrading of the standard. Com­
pared with 1951, the new standard reflects ap­
proximately a 40-percent rise in prices and a 50percent increase in the standard. Hence, the rise
in the moderate standard (after adjustment for
price changes) averages about 3.5 to 4 percent a
year. The increase in real after-tax income (also
adjusted for price change) has been estimated at
about 66 percent for families of the budget-type,
or approximately 4.5 percent a year during this
time.
Reflecting changes in the standard of living that
accompany changes in the level of real income,
the number of the wife’s casual shoes tripled but
the number of dress shoes declined. The husband’s
clothing budget includes fewer topcoats, heavy
wool suits, and dress shirts but more wool jackets,
lightweight suits, sports coats and slacks, and
casual shoes. In personal care, the quantities of
haircuts declined for the boy but increased for the
man, woman, and girl.8
Food was one of the major sources of upgrading
in the 1966 standard. In the 1959 budget, food
costs were calculated from an average of the U.S.
Department of Agriculture low- and moderatecost plans, in 1966 solely from the latter. The cost
of food at home in the 1966 standard is about 12
percent higher than it would have been if an
average of the low- and moderate-cost plans (based
on 1965 preference patterns) had been used. Al­
though families can achieve nutritional adequacy
from the low-cost food plan, it has been estimated


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

that only 23 percent of those who spend amounts
equivalent to the cost of this plan actually have
nutritionally adequate diets, since the plan re­
quires skillful choices to assure good nutrition.
(About half the families spending at the level of
the moderate-cost plan achieve nutritionally ade­
quate diets.)
Use of the 1965 regional food preference pat­
terns increased the cost of the food standard for
cities in the South; in other regions the change
in preference patterns resulted in lower costs than
would have been obtained had the 1955 patterns
been followed. In Atlanta, Baltimore, and Hous­
ton, costs of food at home were from 4 to 7 percent
higher when based on the 1965 rather than the 1955
average food choices of families in the South.
The new food standard allows for 261 and 310
meals away from home in metropolitan areas and
small cities, respectively, compared with 212 in
the 1959 budget and 189 in the original budget. As
before, most of these meals are lunches at work
or school. However, the number of times the fam­
ily group might eat out in a restaurant increased
from five times a year to about once a month (42
meals).
Accompanying the change in the housing pat­
tern and the higher cost associated with it are the
higher proportions of automobile owners. In the
1959 budget, New York, Philadelphia, and Boston
were specified as low (48 percent) ownership
cities. In the new budget for these cities, and also
for Chicago, auto ownership was specified for 80
percent of the families.
The medical care component of the new budget
provides fewer visits to physicians than the 1959
budget. Quantities for both budgets were based on
rates derived from U.S. Public Health Service
data, which reported a decline in home and office
8
T hese changes are detected by a m ethod know n as th e ex­
penditure-incom e e lastic ity technique. In th is technique, th e q uan­
titie s of various item s purchased a t successive income levels are
exam ined to determ ine th e incom e level a t w hich th e r a te of in ­
crease in q u an tities purchased begins to decline in relatio n to the
ra te of change in income, i.e., and th e p o in t of m axim um elastic­
ity. The average num bers and kinds of item s purchased a t these
income levels are th e q u an tities and q u alities specified fo r the
budget. T his p o in t has been described as the p o in t on th e incom e
scale w here fam ilies stop buying “m ore and m ore” and s ta r t buy­
ing eith er “ b etter and b e tte r” or som ething else less essential to
them . See BLS B ulletin 927, op. cit., p. 13 fo r a detailed descrip­
tion of th e m ethod.

7

A NEW FAMILY BUDGET
T able 3.

D istribution

of

Costs

by

M ajor Components, Autumn 1966
Cost of family consumption

Total cost of budget
Component

Total
urban
$9,191

Total family consumption

_____ ________________

Transpontine
______________________ - -------Clothing an^l personal earn
_________________________ __ -- _______________ - —
—
Medical earn
Other family consumption
_______ _ .. -- ------------Other costs
_________________________ __________
_____ __________________
Gifts and contributions
Personal life insurance
____ ___________ ___ ______ __
Occupational expenses
____________________
___ -- —
Social security and disability payments
-■ ______________________
Personal taxes i
- _____ _
_____________ ___

100.0
79.7
23.3
24.1
8.9
10.6
5.1
7.8
4.5
2.8
1.7
.9
3.1
11.8

Metropoli­ Nonmetropoli­
tan areas
tan areas

Metropoli­ Nomnetropolitan areas
tan areas

Total
urban

$9,376

$8,366

$7,329

$7,474

$6,681

100.0
79.7
23.2
24.4
8.7
10.5
5.1
7.8
4.5
2.8
1.7
.9
3.1
11.9

100.0
79.9
24.0
22.6
9.7
10.8
4.9
7.8
4.7
2.8
1.9
1.0
3.3
11.1

100.0
29.3
30.2
11.1
13.2
6.4
9.8

100.0
29.1
30,6
10.9
13.2
6.4
9.8

100.0
30.0
12.2
13.5
6.2
9.8

i Weighted average cost for homeowner (75 percent) and renter (25 percent) families.

visits, from 15.7 to 13.7 annually, for age-sex
groups in the budget family. The number of phy­
sician’s visits to family members in the hospital
increased; but the extension of insurance to in­
clude surgical services in the new budgets provides
an alternative method of payment for physician’s
in-hospital services. As a result of these changes,
physician’s visits were relatively less costly in the
new than in the interim standard, despite the in­
crease in physician’s fees between 1959 and 1966.
The new budget provides a substantially higher
standard for dental care than the previous budget,
particularly for periodic examinations, straight­
ening of teeth, gum treatment, and denture work.
The Budget in Use
Estimates of family budget costs are essential
for research that measures changes in the standard
of living, evaluates the adequacy of family income,
and measures differences in living costs from place
to place or among different types of families. The
1963 Advisory Committee on Standard Budget
Research report9 considered the most important
uses of standard budgets to be those that involve
“interpretation of the cost of the budgets as repre­
senting the amount of money needed to obtain a
defined standard of living. Using the estimated
cost of the budgets as a benchmark, it is then pos­
sible to establish the number of persons whose in­
comes, benefits, or allowances are not sufficient to
0 B u reau of L abor S ta tistic s, U.S. D ep artm en t of Labor, Ju n e
1963. T he C om m ittee’s re p o rt fu rn ish ed th e general guidelines
and p rio rities fo r th e p resen t sta n d a rd budget revision program .


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buy or otherwise acquire the goods and services
making up the defined standard.”
Budgets are also extensively used in administra­
tive determinations under laws that require esti­
mates of the cost of various standards of living
and are a factor in decisions of social agencies and
courts. Eligibility for public housing, for example,
is determined on the basis of need, as defined by
standard budgets.
The budget is often used to measure the adequacy
of income for various purposes. Because of its de­
sign, however, estimates of the cost can be com­
pared directly only with the annual income of
four-person families of similar type, residing in
cities of the same size-class and economic charac­
teristics. (It has been well established, for one
thing, that the age of the family or stage in the
family life cycle makes a great deal of difference
in spending patterns, needs, and costs.) The budg­
et should not be compared directly with general
levels of industrial wages and wage rates or with
annual income of all urban families.
Current Budget Research
Budgets are needed for many more purposes
than the moderate level four-person city worker
family budget can serve. For instance, between
1963 and autumn 1965, when the budget revision
began, the antipoverty program emphasized the
need for budget of a lower standard that would be
more appropriate for planning, administering,
and evaluating public assistance and income main­
tenance programs.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

The present revision of the City Worker’s Fam­
ily Budget under Helen H. Lamale consists of
three major segments—
Revision of the moderate but adequate budgets
for the four-person family and the retired
couple.10
Revision of the equivalence scale for estimating
budget costs for families of the other sizes at the
modest but adequate income level.11
Development of budgets for a lower and higher
standard for the four-person family and the re­
tired couple.12
Budgets for both low income and for those above
the moderate income level will furnish a more bal­
anced insight into the differences among the levels.
The lower standard budget for each family type
will represent a minimum of adequacy. Downward
adjustments are being made in the content and/or
manner of living of the moderate standard, where
this is possible without compromising the family’s
health or self-respect. The lower standard budget
will not conform, in certain respects, to prevail­
ing customs and buying practices, i.e., to the col­
lective judgments of families of these types con­

cerning what is necessary for a satisfactory
standard of living. The lower standard budget is
expected to approximate the standards frequently
considered appropriate as goals for assistance and
income-maintenance programs. The higher stand­
ard budget will describe the standard associated
with the level and manner of living achieved by a
majority of American families. It will approxi­
mate the “American standard of living” and will
be more appropriate than the “modest-but-adequate” budgets for use in determining the ability
of self-supporting families to pay for fee services,
eligibility for scholarships, etc., and in certain
general economic analysis.
In the future, estimates of the cost of the three
standard budgets for the four-person family and
for a retired couple will be made as of the spring
of the year and published for the same metropoli­
tan areas and regional classes of nonmetropolitan
areas as those included in the present study.
10 A utum n 1966 cost estim ates fo r the re tire d couple’s m odest
sta n d a rd budget w ill be published la te r th is year.
11 To be published later this year.
13 To be published in 1968.

Man, nevertheless, being human, needs some external prosperity. His nature
alone is not sufficient to support his thinking; it needs bodily health, food, and
care of every kind. We must not however, suppose that, because one cannot
be happy without some external goods, a great variety of such goods is necessary foi happiness. For neither self-sufficiency nor moral action demands
excess of such things. We can do noble deeds without being lords of land and
sea. for moderate means will enable a person to act virtuously.


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—Aristotle: On Man in the Universe, Ethics Book VII.

Railroad Unemployment Insurance
Designed to Meet the Special Circumstances of
Railroad Employment, the RUI System Provides Some
Interesting Contrasts With the State Plans
Martha F. R iche *

in railroad employment,
the amplification of cyclical swings when they hit
railroads, the seasonal unemployment that is still
common in the industry—all these have resulted in
frequent resort to the Railroad Unemployment
Insurance (RUI) system by railroad employees.
“The end of unemployment insurance systems is to
pay adequate benefits to unemployed persons en­
titled to them,” said Murray W. Latimer, the first
chairman of the Railroad Retirement Board. How
well has the system met Mr. Latimer’s test ? Have
most unemployed railroad workers been entitled to
unemployment benefits ? Have the benefits they re­
ceived been adequate, both in relation to their lost
income, and to the proportion of income main­
tained under other unemployment compensation
programs ? In sum, how important has the system
been to railroad employees and how well has it
treated them ?
The RUI program has been aiding unemployed
railroad workers since 1939, long enough to amass
sufficient experience to hazard answers to these
questions. Railroad workers were originally in­
cluded in the Federal-State unemployment in­
surance system set up in 1935, but differences in
State provisions created problems when jobs took
railworkers across State lines. To ameliorate this
situation, Congress created a separate national sys­
tem for the railroads. The program is the only
federally administered unemployment insurance
system covering a single private industry, and
comparisons between both its and the State pro­
grams’ experience, although limited by their dif­
ferences in extent and intent, can be a valuable tool
T

ije

l o n g -t e r m


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d e c l in e

for evaluating changes contemplated in either of
them.
The Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act be­
came law on June 25, 1938, and payments began
a year later. The system is financed by employers,
who pay a tax on each worker’s earnings up to a
certain limit (currently $400 a month). Benefits
are graduated according to a schedule of daily
rates; the rate a worker qualifies for—and whether
he qualifies at all—depends on how much he earned
during the base year, which is the previous
calendar year (the benefit year is on a fiscal
schedule) J
Extent of Unemployment
There are two ways to appraise railroad unem­
ployment: By using the unemployment rate re­
ported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, and by
determining the beneficiary rate—the proportion
of qualified railroad workers who become RUI
beneficiaries during the benefit year. The second
measure does not take into account workers whose
employment in the industry is so casual as to dis­
qualify them for benefits. (For the industry’s em­
ployment, see table 1.) Since the program was
designed to aid the permanent work force, how­
ever, the beneficiary ratio provides a more accurate
*Of the Office of Publications, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1 The act was amended in 1954 to allow a worker’s benefit rate
to equal at least half his la st daily rate of pay in the base year
subject to the maximum rate, if th at gave him a higher benefit.
The same amendments limited benefit payments to the bene­
ficiary’s total earnings in the base year. In 1959, the guarantee
was increased to 60 percent but the earnings lim it remained
the same.

9

10

evaluation of the importance of RUI to railroad
workers.2
In benefit year 1940, 211,000 persons applied for
benefits—16 percent of the employees who earned
enough to meet the RUI qualification require­
ments. (See table 2.) During the war, there were
relatively few benefit applications, but they
quickly mounted to prewar levels when peace re­
turned. The most extensive unemployment in the
industry occurred in 1950, when 27 percent of
qualified employees applied for benefits. The
equivalent figure in 1955 was 22 percent of quali­
fied employees and in 1958, 27 percent (of a much
smaller labor force than that of 1950). In no year
since 1946 have applications amounted to less than
10 percent of qualified employees, and in only 7
years have they been less than 15 percent.
The proportion of employees qualified for ben­
efits who receive them—the beneficiary ratio—con­
sistently runs 3 or 4 percentage points behind
benefit applications. In all but 4 years since 1946,
at least 10 percent of qualified employees have been
beneficiaries; in all but 9 of these years, 15 per­
cent or more were beneficiaries. Thus, the marked
decline in railroad employment over the postwar
years has contributed to a situation in which a
growing proportion of the industry’s work force
has had recourse to RUI benefits. (See chart.)
Permanent or Temporary? When the railroad
labor force decreased 10 percent, as between 1948
and 1949, or 15 percent, as between 1953 and 1954,
many long-service workers must have lost their
jobs permanently. But in recent years, when the
number of railroad workers retiring on annuity
has been greater than the year-to-year decline in
the labor force, and the number of new entrants
has been increasing, most layoffs in the industry
have probably been temporary (except for workers
affected by a permanent cutback who are unwilling
or unable to go to a new location or company where
their skills could be used 3) .
In benefit year 1958, for example, the number
of beneficiaries who gave extra-board (part-time)
work as the reason for their first unemployment
claim was only 10 percent of the number who gave
layoff as the reason; by 1966, this percentage had
increased sixfold. Another indication that per­
manent job loss is no longer a serious possibility
for workers with an attachment to the industry is


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

that the number of beneficiaries in the 1960’s has
been far greater than the number of employees
separated during the year, even before deaths and
retirements are accounted for. In earlier years the
opposite was true. Except for recession years,
many more employees left the industry than ap­
plied for benefits.
Seasonality. Employment in other industries
varies with the time of year, as in mining; with
the business cycle, as in steel; or with both, as in
construction and automobile manufacturing. Rail­
road employment is influenced by both elements
2 For various reasons, the unemployment rate inevitably is far
below the beneficiary rate. For one, the unemployment rate is
measured at a particular point in time ; consequently, the number
of unemployed workers it represents is generally only a third as
large as all workers unemployed during that year. For another,
the Railroad Retirement Board’s definition of unemployment is
slightly broader than the Bureau of Labor S tatistics. (For
instance, the BLS regards a worker as unemployed only if he
did not work at all during the survey week, while the RRB counts
all compensable days of unemployment.) But m ost of the dif­
ference between the two rates probably results from the Bureau’s
practice of assigning unemployed workers to the industry in
which they la st worked or in which they worked longest during
the year.
3 Workers who lose their jobs because of consolidation, merger,
or transfer of work usually get severance pay or adjustm ent
allowances ; the allowances are generally reduced if the worker
gets unemployment compensation too, but lump sum payments
are not affected. (If the payments are wage continuations, the
workers are not eligible for unemployment benefits.)
T able

1.

T otal a n d A v e r a g e A n n u a l
E m p l o y m e n t , 1939-66

R a il r o a d

[Numbers in thousands]
Average armu il employment
Year

1939_____________
1940_____________
1941_____________
1 9 4 2 .............. ........
1943_____________
1944_____________
1945_____________
1946_____________
1947_____________
1948_____________
1949_____________
1950_____________
1951_____________
1952________ _____
1953_____________
1954_______ ____
1955_____________
1956_____________
1957_____________
1958_____________
1959_____________
1960_____________
1961_____________
1962_____________
1963_____________
1964_____________
1965_____________
1966_____________

Total annual
employment

1,666
1,708
2,052
2,587
2,887
2,903
3,014
2,658
2, 470
2,339
2,112
2,073
2,103
2,045
1,982
1,690
1,694
1,647
1,510
1,321
1,242
1,177
1,082
1,037
1,003
982
962
944

Number

1,151
1,195
1,322
1,470
1,591
1,670
1,680
1,622
1,598
1,558
1,403
1,421
1,476
1,429
1,405
1,250
1,239
1,220
1,150
984
949
909
836
815
790
775
753
741

As percent of
total annual
employment
69.1
70.0
64.4
56.8
55.1
57.5
55.7
61.0
64.7
66.6
66.4
68.5
70.2
69.9
70.9
74.0
73.1
74.1
76.2
74.5
76.4
77.2
77.3
78.6
78.8
78.9
78.3
78.5

11

RAILROAD UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE
T able 2. B eneficiaries and B enefit Applications
U nder the R ailroad U nemployment I nsurance
P rogram, by B enefit (F iscal) Y ear, 1940-67
[Numbers in thousands]
Applications for
benefits

Year

1940_______________
1941_______________
1942_______________
1943_______________
1944_______________
1945_______________
1946_______________
1947_______________
1948_______________
1949_______________
1950_______________
1951_______________
1952_______________
1953_______________
1954_______________
1955_______________
1956_______________
1957_______________
1958_______________
1959_______________
1960_______________
1961_______________
1962_______________
1963_______________
1964_______________
1965_______________
1966_______________
1967_______________

Beneficiaries

Em ­
As per­
ployees
cent of
As per­
qualified
qualified
cent of
for bene­
Number
em­
Number
qualified
fit year
ployees
em­
(bene­
ployees
ficiary
rate) 1
1,284
1,357
1,403
1,630
1,953
2,159
2,284
2,379
2,270
2,101
2,046
1,840
1,857
1,811
1,769
1,682
1,482
1,477
1,452
1,363
1,172
1,125
1,071
983
953
911
865
836

211
181
90
22
7
9
201
257
267
347
562
233
220
264
316
371
177
279
391
265
254
359
231
213
172
153
175
98

16
13
6
1
(2)
(2)

9
11
12
17
27
13
12
15
18
22
12
19
27
19
22
32
22
22
18
17
20
12

163
162
75
16
5
6
163
204
199
278
470
151
168
214
262
307
138
217
308
288
224
320
211
187
152
125
151
81

13
11
5
1
(2)
(2)

7
9
9
13
23
8
9
12
15
18
9
15
21
21
19
28
19
18
15
13
17
10

1 Based on data for normal benefits, excluding extended benefit periods.
2 Less than 0.5.

too, which, added to the long-term decline in the
work force, have caused much rail employment to
be short term.
A large part of railroad traffic—crops, livestock,
products of seasonal industries such as canning
and lumber—is seasonal. In addition, railroad con­
struction and maintenance depend largely on the
weather. Employers and unions have found some
partial solutions for seasonal variations in some
employment, such as delaying maintenance work
that can be done indoors until winter. Neverthe­
less, even allowing for the tenuous attachment of
many workers to the industry, there are some em­
ployees who are on and off the beneficiary rolls
because of the lack of year-round full-time work.
In 1939, average annual employment was 70 per­
cent of total annual employment; by 1966, it was
nearly 80 percent. Although the gap has narrowed,
4
One of the largest categories, “all other employees” includes
a wide variety of occupations ranging from janitor to chef, but it
is composed m ostly of low-paid unskilled workers, such as kitchen
helpers, messengers, and office boys.


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it is still large enough to make the continuation
of the search for stabilization worthwhile.
As might be expected, employment usually peaks
in the summer, although strikes or slow periods in
the industry or in some of the key rail-using in­
dustries have placed peaks in other seasons—in
January, for example, normally one of the slowest
months. Not surprisingly, beneficiary figures show
a similar seasonal pattern. January and June are
the peak and low months in most years. The yearly
cycle is more definite for beneficiaries than for em­
ployment since June is the end of the benefit year
and by then many unemployed workers have ex­
hausted their benefits.
Seasonal fluctuations in rail employment have
also been reduced as a byproduct of technological
change. Mechanization of maintenance-of-way
work, which accounts for much seasonal employ­
ment, has reduced the number of casual employees
needed (table 3) ; consequently, the average em­
ployment of the experienced workers still in the
industry has lengthened. In 1940, for example,
extra-gang men averaged 4.2 months of work a
year, and section and other maintenance-of-way
men averaged 7.1 months ; in 1965, these two groups
as a whole averaged 8.0 months of work.
Skills and Seniority. There are two interrelated
keys to identifying employees most likely to be­
come beneficiaries: The distribution of employ­
ment among rail skills, especially as it has been
affected by changes in traffic and technology, and
the strict seniority system that is characteristic
of the industry.
Beneficiaries usually have substantially fewer
years of service than employees in general. Main­
tenance employees (except craftsmen), station and
platform workers, and the “all other employees”
group4 have the lowest proportions of long-service
employees, although the lowest proportions of
longservice beneficiaries are not necessarily found
among these occupations. Rather, they occur
among occupations such as station agents and
telegraphers, clerks and other office employees,
firemen, and brakemen, baggagemen, and switchtenders, especially in recent years.
The disparity in the occupational distribution of
long-service men between employees and benefici­
aries results from the greater employment decline
among maintenance, station and platform, and
/

12

“other” employees. After low-service men had been
eliminated, unemployment inevitably came to the
longer service employees.5 In the occupations with
the lowest proportion of long-service beneficiaries,
employment did not decline significantly until re­
cent years, so that despite the increase in the pro­
portion of long-service employees, it is still the
relative newcomers who are laid off.
As might be expected, employees in the most
skilled occupations are least likely to become un­
employed. Most salaried employees—executives,
supervisors, and professional people—have little
experience as beneficiaries. Of the nonsalaried em­
ployees, engineers and gang foremen (jobs reached
only after many years of railroad service) have
consistently had the smallest proportions of bene­
ficiaries. Other jobs with low unemployment are
those held by conductors, station agents and teleg­
raphers, and clerks and other office employees.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

Unemployment is also low among white-collar em­
ployees, because white-collar jobs have not been
eliminated in proportion to the decline in other
railroad jobs and because they are not readily af­
fected by fluctuations in rail traffic. F or some train
service occupations, unemployment is low because
employees in higher skilled occupations retain
seniority in the occupations from which they have
been promoted. Thus engineers can bump firemen
in time of layoff, and conductors can bump train­
men.
There have been some changes in the relative
severity of unemployment in different rail occupa­
tions as adjustments in traffic and technology have
altered the structure of rail employment. In benefit
year 1949, station and platform employees had the
5
For a discussion of changes in the railroad industry’s occupa­
tional structure, see E m p l o y m e n t a n d C h a n g i n g O c c u p a t i o n a l
P a t t e r n s i n t h e R a i l r o a d I n d u s t r y (BLS Bulletin 1344, 1963).

Changes in A v e r a g e A n n u a l Railroad Employment and in Total Number of Beneficiaries, 1 9 3 9 -6 7 1

i Employment figures are by calendar year, those for beneficiaries by benefit (fiscal) year.


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RAILROAD UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE

highest ratio of beneficiaries to employees; by 1964,
after many employees in this group had been laid
off, five other occupational groups had larger
ratios. Shop craftsmen had a high beneficiary ratio
in 1949, when the effects of dieselization were still
being felt, but the employment decline in this occu­
pation has slowed in recent years.6 The most
marked change recently was the sudden increase in
beneficiaries among firemen, switchmen, and brakemen. The National Arbitration Award of 1963
allowed separating short-service employees in these
occupations (as well as abolishing jobs of longservice employees who left) on the grounds that
technology had made their jobs obsolete.7 (By
benefit year 1966, most of the changes allowed by
the law had taken place, and the number of bene­
ficiaries in this occupation had decreased.)
Firemen and brakemen, baggagemen, and
switchmen—operating occupations at entry level—
have consistently been among the youngest bene­
ficiaries. But beneficiaries in the unskilled occu­
pations have frequently been older than employees
in their occupational group as a whole. Benefici­
aries among helpers and apprentices and among
station and platform employees have been consist­
ently older than the average worker employed in
these groups. Since most of these workers are un­
skilled, their age distribution quite possibly does
not correspond to their seniority distribution.
Occupational differences in the duration of
benefit payments also reflect the effect of seniority
rules and skill requirements on unemployment.
Maintenance employees (except craftsmen) and
station and platform employees—the same groups
that suffer unemployment most frequently—have
had the longest durations of unemployment bene­
fits. And the groups seldom laid off, such as offi­
cials, station agents and telegraphers, engineers
6
Unemployment among shop craftsm en shot up in 1966, as this
group w as affected by strikes th at year.
1 For excerpts from the award, see M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w ,
January 1964, pp. 36-43.
8 In 1966 the exhaustion rate for normal benefit accounts was
7 percent. However, unusual circumstances make it alm ost im ­
possible to compare 1966 with other benefit years : a series of
brief strikes accounted for over a third of the beneficiaries that
year. These employees were on the rolls only a short time, and
received less than 3 percent of the total benefits paid. The ex­
haustion rate in 1967 was 10 percent, reflecting the reduced
number of qualified employees, the increasing importance of em­
ployment stabilization agreements, and the relatively tigh t gen­
eral labor market.
9 “Eighteen Years Under Railroad Unemployment Insurance
A ct” T h e M o n t h l y R e v i e w , Pt. I, October 1958, pp. 3 -7 ; P t. II,
November 1958, pp. 13-17.
277-769 O— 67------ 2


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13
and conductors, and gang foremen, have generally
required benefits for shorter periods than the rest
of the unemployed railroad workers.
Repeating Unemployment. Depending on the re­
gion, the company, and the job, spells of unem­
ployment in this declining industry can still be­
come long and frequent. It is then that BUI
is particularly called upon to help the long-term
employee who may have trouble finding secure
employment elsewhere, especially at comparable
wages or in a nearby location.
Benefit exhaustion rates that have fluctuated be­
tween 15 and 35 percent since 1953 8 show that
many laid-off workers fail to find or don’t look for
jobs outside the rail industry. That these workers
may maintain their attachment to the industry,
hoping to be called back, was revealed by a Rail­
road Retirement Board study that found a high
percent of beneficiaries to be repeaters.0 Between
1948 and 1956, 71 to 88 percent of the beneficiaries
in each year also received benefits in other years.
Between 30 and 50 percent of the beneficiaries in
each year received benefits in both earlier and later
years.
In some cases repeaters are merely carrying
benefits over from a preceding year. In other cases,
they are subject to industry employment practices,
such as making short layoffs of maintenance em­
ployees coincide with budgetary conditions, and
adjusting extra-board employment in operating
jobs according to fluctuations in traffic. Further
instances of repeat beneficiaries are accounted for
by seasonal conditions on certain northern roads
and in small towns, where other winter employ­
ment is unavailable. Some of these factors are no
longer as important as they once were. However,
the 1959 amendments to the act, which permit a
worker to receive benefits when he has missed as
little as 1 or 2 days of work, may have made work­
ers with a permanent attachment to the industry
more likely to become beneficiaries, and in succes­
sive years.
Taking these factors into account, one may con­
clude that some railroad workers, whose circum­
stances (such as age, lack of transferable skills, or
reluctance to move) make it difficult or even im­
possible to find other work when they are laid off
from their rail jobs, can get along by spending
part of each year on the benefit rolls. Since up to
$400 of each month’s earnings are creditable un-

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

14
T able 3.

M ajor R ailroad Occupational Groups, Selected Y ears
1946

Occupational group

Total employment.
Office employees:
Executives, officials, and staff assistants 1__
Supervisors and professionals_____________
Station agents and telegraphers____ ____
Clerks and other office employees_________
Train and engine service employees:
Engineers 1____________________________
Conductors____________________________
Firemen and hostlers 1------- ------- -----------Brakemen, baggagemen, and switchtenders.
Gang foremen_________________________
Maintenance employees:
Way and structures craftsmen____________
Shop craftsmen_____ __________________
Way and structures helpers and apprentices 1
Shop helpers and apprentices_____________
Extra-gang men________________________
Other maintenance-of-way employees_____
Other shops and stores employees_________
Station and platform employees______________
All other employees______ ________ ____ _____

Em­
ployees

1951

Percent

2, 233, 500

100.0

94,100

4.2

58,100
206,400

2.6

107, 500

Em ­
ployees

Em ­
ployees

100.0

1, 371,934

90, 487

5.1

9.2

54, 795
172, 575

3.1
9.7

4.8

93,931

288,900

12.9

244,356

52, 600

2.4

46,800
191, 000
180, 200

2.1

197, 200
301,800
159, 700
210, 600
135,100

8.6
8.1
8.8

13.5
7.1
9.4

6.0

der RUI—in 1966, the average weekly earnings of
employees of a Class I railroad (excluding execu­
tives, officials, and staff assistants) were $135.65—a
worker needs to work only 6 weeks before being laid
off to accumulate the $750 in creditable earnings
that qualify him for benefits. (Just before the
1952 amendments, the first of a series that raised
the earnings requirement, a worker earning the
average weekly wage could qualify for benefits
with little more than 2 weeks’ work.) Except in
recession years, this much employment is usually
obtainable; the system does not, of course, pay
benefits to workers who refuse available work.
Since it takes $1,300 in credited annual earnings
to qualify for the maximum benefit, a worker laid
off after 3 months and a week of work is entitled
to 26 weeks of normal benefits at the maximum
rate—a total of another $1,300. Since long-service
employees are entitled to extended benefits, with
no cutoff when their base year earnings are reached,
a laid-off employee with 15 years of service who
qualified for maximum benefits in his base year
can draw benefits for the entire 52 weeks of the
succeeding benefit year. He thus receives an an­
nual income of nearly $3,000. A jobless employee
with 10 years’ service can receive benefits for 39
weeks. Hence, long-service employees may not
need to leave the industry when their employment
becomes intermittent for they can always be sure
of a modest income, even if they cannot get yearround work.

Percent

Em­
ployees

Percent

Em ­
ployees

Percent

100.0

1, 069, 700

100.0

962, 000

100.0

87,942

6.4
3.6
11.6

17, 600
73.700
38.700
139,800

1.6

49,851
159, 799

6.9
3.6
13.1

19, 000
70, 000
33, 000
127, 000

7.3
3.4
13.2

5.3

77,045

5.6

13.8

228,142

16.6

47, 252

2.7

39.048

2.8

36.700
40.900
121,700
61, 500
33.900

3.4
3.8
11.4
5.7
3.2

43, 000
48, 000
109, 000
38, 000
31, 000

4.5
5.0
11.3
4.0
3.2

46,684
189,218
151, 076

2.6

42.049
156, 247
91,411

3.1
11.4
6.7

3.1
12.0

76,136
135,102
74,903
75,949
78, 310

5.5
9.8
5.5
5.5
4.7

33, 500
127, 700
9,100
36, 200

34, 000
118, 000
7,000
25, 000

1, 777,1

1 Prior to 1961, this occupational group and the one following it were re­
ported as one group.
2 Extra-gang men are now included with other maintenance-of-way
employees.


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Percent

1966

1961

1956

146, 555
214,767
122, 656
104, 282
98,354

10.6

8.5

8.2

12.1

6.9
5.9
5.5

(2)

94,100
44.800
70, 000
89.800

.9
3.4

(2)

8.8
4.2
6.5
8.4

(2)

83, 000
35, 000
66, 000

72, 000

2.0

3.5
12.2

.7

2.6
( 2)

8.6

3.6
6.9
7.5

N ote: Because of rounding and the inclusion of employees whose occu­
pations were not reported, both numbers and percentages may not equal
totals.

The Scope of RUI
A railroad worker’s unemployment compensa­
tion is no different whether he works in Alabama
or Wyoming. This would not be true if he were
covered by 1 of the 50 State unemployment com­
pensation programs. State programs vary widely
in coverage, benefit amount and duration, quali­
fication requirements, and the proportion of
weekly income replaced; but in almost all cases
railroad workers, after some years at a disad­
vantage, have benefited more than they would have
if covered by State plans.
Eligibility. In 1940, a railroad worker had to earn
$150 in the base year to qualify for unemployment
benefits. In the same year,10 State earnings require­
ments for minimum benefits ranged from $60 in
Alabama and Louisiana to $225 in Illinois and
$300 in California. (Earnings required for maxi­
mum benefits ranged from $195 in Pennsylvania
to $900 in Florida.) Most States’ earnings require­
ments were slightly smaller than the RUI
system’s. Over the years, both State and RUI
earnings requirements have risen: in 1966, the
States’ averaged $450, as compared with the rail­
roads’ $750.

10 S ta te benefit figures are fo r th e calen d ar year ; railro ad
figurés a re fo r th e fiscal year.

RAILROAD UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE

Coverage. A far greater proportion of railroad
workers qualify for RUI than of other workers
for State UI. During the early years of the RUI
program, many employees did not have enough
employment or earnings in the base year to qualify
for unemployment benefits; in 1941 about onefifth were not qualified. During the war years,
when manpower shortages made RUI largely ir­
relevant, an even smaller proportion qualified for
benefits, as the demands of military service and
production caused rapid employee turnover. In
1948, however, over 85 percent of all railroad em­
ployees qualified for RUI compensation; and this
was still true nearly 20 years later.
State unemployment insurance programs have
covered more of their labor forces over the years,
but it is not likely that coverage under a general
program like the Federal-State system can ever
compare with that of a single industry program
like the RUI. In 1939, 72 percent of employees
on nonagricultural payrolls (excluding employees
of Class I railroads) were covered by State U I ; in
1966, 76 percent were. There are still large groups
of workers, such as those who earn commissions,
that are excluded from most State U I coverage.
Other Provisions. The railroad program is more
liberal than the State programs in two other re­
spects : Disqualification provisions, and compen­
sation for intermittent days of unemployment.
Usually 5 to 10 percent of RUI beneficiaries are
unemployed for reasons that would disqualify
them for benefits under most State programs. Most
States disqualify a worker outright or postpone
paying benefits for definite periods if he was dis­
charged or suspended from his last job (partic­
ularly for misconduct), or was on strike, but the
railroad program does not.11 Since 1951, the pro­
portion of rail beneficiaries whose unemployment
resulted from these causes has ranged from 3.2
percent in 1959 to 11.4 percent in 1955. Generally,
these fluctuations are determined by the number
of workers on strike, since in most years the num­
ber of workers discharged or suspended varies
little.
11 Strikers are disqualified if the strike violates the Railway
Labor Act or the established rules and practices of their union.
12 The Bureau of Labor S tatistics earnings data represent
gross earnings (of employees of Class I railroads, which account
for m ost railroad em ploym ent), so measuring the average weekly
benefit against average weekly earnings understates the propor­
tion of income maintained.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

15
Since RUI benefits are based on days of unem­
ployment in a 14-day claim period, railroad work­
ers qualify for benefits that they would not
generally receive under a State program. Under
most State laws, benefits are not payable for any
week in which a worker has earned more than his
weekly benefit amount. For example, claimants
who earn enough to qualify for the maximum
weekly benefit may disqualify themselves with only
a few hours’ work. All but 4 days of unemployment
in a 14-day registration period are compensated
under RUI, so benefits may be paid to workers
who have worked as many as 8 or 9 days in a 2week period, or as many as 4 days in each week
of the claim period.
Replacing Income
The sponsors of the RUI act intended the pro­
gram to replace, for a limited period, half of a
worker’s income. Benefit ceilings, however, have
generally kept the average beneficiary from receiv­
ing this much income protection, although average
benefits have risen faster than average weekly
earnings,12 and benefits now cover a larger propor­
tion of income than they did in earlier years. Av­
erage benefits did not amount to half of average
weekly earnings until the 1959 amendments went
into effect; but, since wages continue to rise while
benefit limits remain unchanged, the proportion of
income maintained has declined again.
Benefit Limits. In 1939, weekly unemployment
benefit limits for railroad workers were about
$7 to $12; in November 1940, new limits of $8.75
and $20 became effective. Since 1963, they have
been $25 and $51. In 1940, no State had benefit
limits as generous as those of the RUI, except
California, where the minimum was $10. The maxi­
mum in most States was $15, the minimum about
$5. By 1954, a few States had established maximums higher than the railroads’, but on the whole,
the railroad benefits (minimum $17.50, maximum
$42.50) were still more ample. Currently, the
States are beginning to catch up, at least in regard
to the maximum benefit. Only California has a
minimum as high as the RU I’s.
Despite the more generous limits under the rail­
road program, average weekly benefits paid rail­
road workers were less than workers under State
plans received in almost every year until 1953. In

16
that year, the first effects of the 1952 increases in
railroad benefits were felt and railroad unemploy­
ment was severe enough to reach higher paid
workers. In benefit year 1939-40, for example,
the average weekly benefit for railworkers was
$8.40, whereas for workers covered by State plans
in 1939 it was $10.66. All but 10 States (all in the
South), paid higher average benefits than the
railroads did. The method of payment prescribed
by the original act, which resulted in skilled,
higher paid workers being compensated at much
lower rates than they would have received under
most State laws, was the reason for the relatively
low railroad benefits. This method was changed in
1940. Ten years later, the State benefit average was
still slightly higher than the railroads’—$20.48 as
compared with $19.20, even though by then railworkers had higher average weekly benefits than
workers under the programs of 31 States. But by
1952, only Alaska paid a higher average benefit,
but that included dependents’ allowances and was
based on a higher taxable wage.
In 1966, the average weekly benefit was $50.50
under RUI and $39.76 under the State programs.
The State average is held down partly by the low
maximums of some States, and partly by the lower
proportion of workers the States pay at the maxi­
mum. In 1939, only 26 percent of the unemploy­
ment weeks compensated under State plans were
paid at maximum rates; by 1966, 40 percent were
so compensated. Railroad workers have been bump­
ing up against the maximum; when it was last
raised in 1959, 54 percent already qualified for it.
In 1966, 97 percent of the railroad beneficiaries
were compensated at the maximum rate. A greater
disparity in wage rates, more severe qualification
requirements, and possibly less unemployment
among long-service, highly skilled workers prob­
ably accounts for the smaller proportion of work­
ers receiving maximum State unemployment
benefits.13
Since the maximum benefit is the same for bene­
ficiaries in all railroad occupations, it particularly
limits the benefits of those in higher paid jobs.
Employees in the lowest paid jobs, especially main­
tenance employees other than craftsmen, station
and platform employees, and “all other em­
ployees,” have generally received the lowest daily
benefits. In recent years, however, when almost all
employees have qualified for the maximum benefit,
all but the very lowest paid employees have re­

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

ceived daily benefit rates at or near the maximum.
RUI supporters have always maintained that its
relatively more generous treatment of low-paid
employees is justified since the seniority system
makes these people most vulnerable to layoffs.
B en efits a n d W ages. During World War II, RUI

benefits amounted to about a third of average
weekly earnings. After the war, the benefit-wage
ratio declined until 1953, when the daily rate in­
creases under the May 1952 amendments went into
effect. In 1952, benefits averaged 24 percent of
earnings, and in the next year, 38 percent. The
effects of further amendments to the law became
apparent in 1955, when the benefit-wage ratio
reached 44 percent, and in 1961, when it hit 50 per­
cent. However, after each rate increase the ratio
declined again; in 1966 it was down to 38 percent,
the lowest since 1954.
Undoubtedly, further extensions of the benefit
maximums will be sought. The maximum daily
benefit has been $10.20 since 1959; in that year the
average daily benefit was $9.60. Last year the aver­
age was $10.10—99 percent of the maximum, so far
the highest for this relationship.
When the system was established, the taxable
payroll—the amount of earnings subject to the
RUI tax—was 98 percent of the total payroll.
Despite changes in the law to adjust for growing
wages, the taxable payroll in 1966 was only twothirds the total payroll, by far the lowest propor­
tion on record. Most employees now earn more than
$400 a month—the tax base for RUI purposes since
1959.
In consequence of its initially lower benefits, the
railroad program lagged behind the States for
many years in the proportion of weekly wages
covered by benefits. In 1939-40, the railroads sup­
plied the average beneficiary with 26.1 percent of
his weekly wage, while in 1939 the average weekly
benefit paid by the States represented 40.8 percent
of average weekly earnings in covered employ­
ment. Every State covered a higher proportion of
income than the railroads did. (The railroad pro­
gram not only paid proportionately and absolutely
lower benefits than the State programs did, but the
workers it covered were higher paid. In 1939, when
13
Many workers under State plans receive additional unem­
ployment benefits through supplementary (SUB) plans negotiated
w ith their employers. In 1963, over 2.25 m illion workers were
covered by such plans. (See BLS Bulletin 1483, 1966.)

RAILROAD UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE

nonsupervisory railroad personnel earned an
average of $31.90 a week, production workers in
manufacturing earned $23.64 a week.)
Ten years later, railroad benefits replaced 30
percent of lost income, while the average State
benefit was 36 percent of average covered wages.
Only four States—Alaska, Florida, Illinois, and
Texas—had a smaller proportion than the rail­
roads did. By benefit year 1954-55, railroad benefit
rates were increased and the situation changed en­
tirely. Railroad benefits equaled 43.6 percent of the
average weekly wage; State benefits in 1954 re­
placed only a third, as they did again in 1959 and
in 1964.
Benefit Duration. By the end of 1940, a railroad
worker could collect benefits for up to 20 weeks.14
This limit was raised to 26 weeks just after World
War II. (Extended benefits now enable long-serv­
ice employees to collect up to 26 weeks longer.)
There has been a considerable variation in benefit
duration among the States, but in most cases the
maximum duration has been shorter than under the
railroad program.
On the average, unemployment compensated in
1966 was longer under State programs than under
the railroads—11.2 weeks to 10.4 (including ex­
tended benefits). In that year, railroad unemploy­
ment, estimated by the BLS at 1.8 percent, was far
lower than the total national unemployment rate
of 3.9 percent. Nevertheless, railroad benefits lasted
longer than those of 20 States. The duration of
railroad benefits was much closer to the national
average duration than its unemployment rate was
to the national rate, probably because of the more
liberal provisions of the railroad plan. Also, rail­
road unemployment, when caused by cutbacks due
to loss of business or to technological change, can
last a long time.
The effect of the railroads’ more liberal maxi­
mum duration—and of the greater effect of a reces­
sion on railroads than on industry as a whole—
could be seen in 1959. The average duration of
compensated unemployment was 13.1 weeks for
State plans and 17.8 weeks for the railroads.
14
As the system was originally created, a worker could collect
benefits for 80 days. Since only 7 days of unemployment were
compensable in a 15-day benefit period, 80 days of benefits
amounted to partial payment for about 21 weeks. In November
1940, however, amendments to the law went into effect that
allowed payments for 10 days in every 14-day benefit period
after the first one, thus paying fully for 20 weeks of
unemployment.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

17
Benefit Exhaustions. No statistics are available
to measure the duration of a railroad worker’s
compensated unemployment against his total un­
employment, but the trend of benefit exhaustions
is a key measure of the adequacy of benefit dura­
tion. The International Labor Office has suggested
that a 10-percent exhaustion rate would be a work­
able limit for normal times.
During the first 2 years of the act’s operation,
nearly 20 percent of the railroad beneficiaries ex­
hausted their benefits. Wartime conditions natu­
rally held exhaustions down, just as immediate
postwar conditions, when returning servicemen
claimed their old jobs and railroad traffic be­
gan to adjust to peacetime demands, caused the ex­
haustion rate to soar to 23 percent in 1947. Benefit
exhaustions in the next 10 years settled back to 10
percent, except for rates that neared 25 percent in
recession years 1955 and 1958.
In 1959, exhaustions hit a high point of 33 per­
cent. Extended and accelerated benefits became
available in the following benefit year, but exhaus­
tions were still high, amounting to between onefifth and one-fourth of the beneficiaries in the next
4 years. In 1963, they began to trend downward;
the rate was 15 percent in benefit years 1964 and
1965. It was only 8 percent in 1966, when strikes
resulted in a great number of short-term benefici­
aries, and 10 percent in 1967, when workers were in
great demand outside the industry.
By occupation, the proportion of beneficiaries
exhausting benefits varies widely. In benefit year
1965, all of the train service occupations had lower
exhaustion rates than the work force as a whole.
The highest rates were for helpers and apprentices,
other maintenance and shop and stores employees,
and the group designated as all other employees:
exhaustion rates for these occupations ranged from
21 to 25 percent. Seniority rules were again an im­
portant influence on rates for most of these
occupations.
Exhaustees were older than the average benefici­
ary, probably because it was easier for younger
beneficiaries to find jobs in other industries. Many
of them were over 60, especially in white-collar
occupations. Over a third had less than 10 years of
service, but nearly half had 15 years or more. Most
firemen exhaustees had less than 10 years of serv­
ice ; the Arbitration Award of 1963 that permitted
railroads to furlough unneeded firemen with less
than 10 years’ service said nothing about unem-

18
ployment insurance, and a court denied an injunc­
tion sought by several railroads to keep the men
from collecting jobless payments in addition to
severence pay.
RUI and Job Uncertainty
Setting aside such questions as the fairness of a
special program for workers in the railroad indus­
try, or the economic wisdom of imposing its cost
on the railroads which finance it, one concludes
that RUI has provided the railroad worker an in­
come protection that mitigates much of his job
uncertainty. Certainly, he is better off today than
he would be if he were still covered by State plans.
He is not subject to different laws when he crosses
State lines. He receives compensation for long-term
unemployment as well as for short-term layoffs.
He is also better off in terms of the amount, dura­
tion, and ease of qualifying for benefits—not a bad
thing in an industry where technological change
is causing continuing dislocations in employment.
With a few exceptions (such as the maximum
daily benefit and the maximum taxable wage
which have limited the proportion of lost income
replaced, especially for higher paid workers), the
law has been revised frequently to keep in step with
the changing pay and employment situation. (Few
States have revised their U I programs as fre­
quently as Congress has revised RUI.)
However, it must be remembered that making
up half of a worker’s wage loss is an arbitrary
goal. “There is no record as to why this percentage
was originally chosen, particularly as workmen’s
15

William Haber and Merrill G. Murray, U n e m p l o y m e n t I n ­
(Homewood, 111., Richard D.
Irwin, Inc., 1906) p. 173.
10 For further discussion of this point, see “Research in Unem­
ployment Insurance,” M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , November 1966,
p. 1231.
s u r a n c e in t h e A m e r i c a n E c o n o m y


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

compensation benefits were generally set at 66%
percent of former earnings.” 15 It is not clear
whether half-pay is either adequate or desirable
for the worker or for the community in which he
lives, or for periods of temporary or long-term
unemployment.16
One could fault the program for providingenough compensation to enable workers whose
services may be needed less and less to remain in
the industry. But railroad workers are generally
older, often firmly attached to small towns with
few nonrail opportunities, and without work ex­
perience that would qualify them for other types
of work. Making it harder for them to get benefits
might merely remove their income protection with­
out their having a reasonable chance of replacing
it elsewhere.
So far, the question of providing for these work­
ers has been mostly one of supplying income. With
the decline in rail employment expected to con­
tinue, more jobs will be lost and there is little
purpose in training a 50-year-old laid-off switchtender for a new job in the industry. But a more
positive program could be devised—for example,
one that would provide allowances for moving to
rail or nonrail jobs in other localities. The Rail­
road Retirement Board has found beneficiaries
jobs with other railroads, or other departments
within individual railroads, thus retaining experi­
enced men instead of hiring new ones. The report
of the Presidential Railroad Commission offered
several other recommendations, including broader
seniority districts, a national hiring pool, and a
gradually lowering mandatory retirement age,
along with supplemental retirement benefits. Some
steps are being taken in this direction within the
industry, including discussing and bargaining for
new provisions in union contracts, that may point
the way for the rest of the industry to follow.

The AFT in Caucus
and Convention:
New Style for 1967
B ernadette S. J ulian *

h e A m e r i c a n F e d e r a t i o n o f T e a c h e r s (AFLCIO), meeting in annual convention in Washing­
ton, D.C., in August, underscored its trade union
orientation and also exhibited its professional cbncern in educational policy. President Charles
Cogen consolidated his administration’s control
over union affairs, although a political realinement
had created an issue-oriented bloc which had an
effect on convention matters. Prospects that work
stoppages would occur at the beginning of the
school year, however, pervaded action at this, the
A FT’s 51st annual convention.

T

Caucusing
Elected first in 1964 and again in 1966, AFT
President Cogen consolidated his strength during
the week-long conclave. His administration’s sup­
port reached new heights, as Chicago Local 1, the
second largest in the AFT, shifted from the Na­
tional Caucus to Mr. Cogen’s Progressive Caucus.
This action crippled the fading National Caucus,
which in previous elections had fielded opposition
candidates to President Cogen. (Political alinements are usually temporary in the AFT,
however.)
The Progressive Caucus found itself faced by
a new challenge—this time from a group which
had seceded to establish a separate entity. Called
the “New Caucus,” the dissidents issued a platform
differing little from the Progressive’s stand, ex­
cept for the Vietnam and ghetto issues.
On Vietnam, the New Caucus supported a mi­
nority resolution of the convention’s international
relations committee, but it was defeated on the
floor. The resolution had called for AFT advocacy

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of both peace moves by the Johnson administra­
tion and a diversion of military funds from Viet­
nam to social welfare programs in the United
States. It failed after heated debate, and the ma­
jority resolution, which took “no position on the
Vietnam war,” passed. While representing defeat
for the New Caucus, the final resolution was never­
theless a shift for the AFT which previously had
endorsed U.S. Government efforts in Vietnam.
Leaders of the New Caucus guided through to
adoption of a resolution on Federal aid to ghettos
after attempts to refer it to the A FT Executive
Council without a vote had failed, and only after
its language had been moderated. The altered res­
olution, nevertheless, reflected a mood in the AFT
extending beyond the influence of the New Caucus.
The convention clearly was affected by the big city
riots and passed 19 civil rights resolutions cover­
ing a wide range of related issues.
Structural Changes
The Cogen administration took steps at the con­
vention to strengthen the union internally. As part
of his program, Mr. Cogen recommended a con­
stitutional change which would require local union
membership in State federations of teachers. An­
ticipating that State federations could play a
significant role in AFT affairs, Mr. Cogen had
established a Department of State Federations
charged with assisting State organizations and
acting as an information clearinghouse. Under
the new department’s sponsorship, representatives
of State federations met for a 2-day conference
preceding the convention to map out services
which they could offer to affiliated locals.
There was little doubt that the Cogen adminis­
tration’s compulsory membership amendment
would pass, but those reluctant to join State fed­
erations engaged in a 2-hour floor debate. The crux
of local union opposition was fear that they would
not receive sufficient service in return for per
capita payments. State organizations had not been
particularly effective in the past, it was charged,
and the right not to join was a weapon that locals
could use to advance their interests with State
bodies. The amendment carried, but a resolution
was also adopted requiring the Executive Council
to study State federation structure and service and
*Of the D ivision of Industrial and Labor Relations, Bureau of
Labor Statistics.

19

20

report to the 1968 convention. Since compulsory
State federation membership will not become effec­
tive until September 1968, the next convention
clearly can reopen the issue.
Earlier this year, the AFT, following the
United Automobile Workers (AFL-CIO) and the
Upholsterers International Union (AFL-CIO),
became the third union to provide for a public
review board. The convention served to inaugurate
the Public Review Board (PRB) under the chair­
manship of labor arbitrator, Theodore W. Kheel.
Among the five-man board’s members was Rabbi
Jacob J. Weinstein, who sits in a similar capacity
on the Auto Worker’s board. Except for issues in­
volving “duly enacted policy of the AFT,” and
disputes concerning the AFT and its employees,
the PRB has broad jurisdiction over complaints
submitted to it. However, the local, State, or na­
tional AFT unit involved must each grant author­
ity to the PRB to hear complaints before the Board
can act. Once it has authority, the Board’s decision
will be final.
The union announced that it was moving its
headquarters to Washington, D.C. The move serves
as a signal of the union’s determination to “. . .
demand our due place in the national educational
policymaking process,” explained President Cogen.
More Effective Schools
The A FT’s concern with the profession, espe­
cially with educational policy, was evident in the
convention’s theme: “Changing Education: The
Teacher, the Schools, and the Government.” Un­
derlying this theme was the union sense of urgency
stemming from urban riots occurring during the
weeks preceding the convention.
In advocating policy, the union consistently
leaned toward a national view. It called, for in­
stance, for a national assessment of the society’s
needs and its educational shortcomings; it urged
the adoption of a master plan for effective educa­
tion which would be established by a national
strategy conference and which would include the
establishment of uniform countrywide standards
“of decent education it announced plans to adopt
a national standard of teacher licensing and cer­
tification by means of collective bargaining; and
finally it called for the establishment of programs
similar to New York’s experimental More Effective
Schools (MES) program in other areas of the
country.

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

The MES program to provide smaller classes
and specialized personnel in slum-area schools, has
been of particular concern to the union. A panel
discussion on MES occupied one full afternoon of
the convention. In spite of a summary report issued
by the New York City Board of Education which
was critical of the program in some respects, panel
speakers urged that MES be pushed nationally.
Bargaining and New Members
In 1967, the A FT reported, more than 140,000
teachers were members of the union. This repre­
sented a gain of over 15,000 in 1 year, or 27 percent
in 2 years. Membership increases were due mostly
to representation victories in Washington and
Baltimore and significant gains among college
teachers. One hundred and three new locals had
been chartered and more than 50 new contracts
were negotiated.
The spirit of confidence which such a report
might be expected to generate was overshadowed,
however, by the prospects existing in late August
of strikes in Detroit, New York, and several
smaller school districts. President Cogen cautioned
the AFT membership:
. . . We are irretrievably committed to militancy—
responsible militancy—which takes many forms.
The ultimate weapon is the strike; it cannot too
often be repeated, however, that we urge our locals
to utilize this crucial device only as a last resort.
Furthermore, the union must carefully consider
whether certain preconditions exist, such as a
good and significant strike issue, a courageous spirit
among teachers, and the availability of funds and
manpower to successfully implement this weapon.

As public employees, teachers saw “serious road­
blocks” to their exercise of the right to strike,
among them the increase in State laws prohibiting
strikes by public employees and the rising fre­
quency of fines and jail sentences levied in response
to injunction violations. However, the AFT con­
cluded that:
The right not to work under substandard conditions
is a right we must insist upon. . . . Without this
right, we have no collective bargaining and we have
no freedom. . . .

Thus the A FT underscored its adherence to tra­
ditional union procedure and tactics by striking
school districts in New York, Michigan, and Illi­
nois less than 2 weeks after the close of the con­
vention.

Dismissal for
Off-the-Job
Criminal Behavior
J ohn W. Leonard *

a n a g e m e n t ’s r i g h t to discipline or discharge an
employee for misconduct on company premises
and on company time inevitably is upheld by arbi­
trators, granted that such managerial action
squares with the implicit or explicit “just cause”
provision of the agreement. Even under on­
premises and on-duty circumstances, the “just
cause” criterion, undefined and undelineated by
the parties, is at best an elusive and mercurial meas­
ure of degree of employee culpability and pro­
priety of managerial reaction thereto. Move the
employee misconduct outside the plant and beyond
working hours, color it with alleged violation of
criminal law, and the “just cause” criterion begins
to assume the characteristics of an inexplicable
abstraction. For a new component is then added
to the “just cause” criterion—the question of
whether the criminal behavior comes within the
area of the employer-employee relationship, as it
does in most cases of on-premises, on-duty
misconduct.
This new component has augmented arbitrators’
tribulations in the interpretation of “just cause”
in off-the-job criminal activity disputes. The ma­
jority of cases fall into a cloudy, gray area where
the line between employee behavior which is
within the bounds of the employment relationship
and that which is not becomes an extremely dif­
ficult one to draw. “Just cause” in these cases
cannot be interpreted in such a manner as to ignore
the admonition that “Management has no author­
ity to punish every act of immoral conduct in the
community, merely because an employee is in­

M


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volved. The police power of the State is vested in
designated public officials.” 1 By the same token,
note must be taken of the warning that “. . . em­
ployees [cannot] take the position that what they
do off the job and the manner in which they behave
after working hours is extraneous to and of no
concern to the company. The employee’s obliga­
tion to his employers does not cease the moment he
leaves the company premises.” 2
Over time, stroke by stroke, arbitrators have
sought to outline a zone of reconciliation between
the two positions cited above. In so doing, they
have provided broad, and necessarily somewhat
nebulous guidelines to acceptable grounds for
proper disciplinary action in alleged criminal be­
havior cases. How these guidelines have been de­
veloped and applied in the interpretation of “just
cause” in such cases is reflected in the published
awards of arbitrators dealing with this problem
under diverse circumstances and within the con­
text of dissimilar facts.3
Injury to Employer’s Business
Management has frequently argued that con­
tinued employment of an employee who had al­
legedly, or actually, engaged in criminal activity
would result in harm to the business of the em­
ployer. The adverse effect on the business could
have its genesis in customers being repelled by the
continuance of such an employee on the employ­
er’s payroll. It could also arise from potential
♦Director, In stitu te of Industrial and Labor Relations, College
of Business and Public Adm inistration, U niversity of Arizona.
1Babcock <£• W ilcox C o Tubular Products Division, Beaver
F alls Works, 64-3 ARB 8974, 1964 (CCH), p . 6362.
2 A lb r itto n E ngineering Corp., 66-2 ARB 8552, 1966 (CCH),
p. 4895.
3 This article is based on an analysis of 44 cases published in
the Bureau of National Affairs’ L abor A rb itra tio n R ep o rts and
the Commerce Clearing H ouse’s L abor A rb itra tio n A w ards from
1946 and 1961, respectively, the in itial years of publication,
through 1966.
Criminal activity is just one among a number of categories of
off-duty and off-premises behavior resulting in some form of
disciplinary action. Some of the others include taking the F ifth
Amendment before a congressional committee investigating com­
munist activity, disloyalty to the employer or working for a com­
peting employer, simple moonlighting, violation of various
company rules while off duty, and various m anifestations of
financial irresponsibility (excluding subjection to garnishm ent).
In addition, there is the issue of garnishm ent, which was re­
viewed by Robert W. Fisher, in “How Garnisheed Workers Fare
Under Arbitration,” M o n th ly L abor R eview , May 1967, pp. 1-6.
As a m atter of fact, it was the latter article that prompted the
undertaking of this article.
Needless to say, the published arbitration awards offer only a
sample of all such awards and their representativeness cannot be
established.

21

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

extended liability of the employer in the event
that the employee, who had exhibited such a char­
acter defect, participated in similar criminal be­
havior while on duty. To the extent, the argument
continues, that the employee’s conduct so injures
the employer’s business, the activity is directly con­
nected to the employer-employee relationship
and is subject to disciplinary action including
discharge.
When an employee’s criminal activity was
found, in fact, to be tied to the employment rela­
tionship through injury to the employer’s busi­
ness, arbitrators upheld the employee’s discharge.
One arbitrator stated the generally adopted
principle this way:
The general rule is that an employee upon being em­
ployed by a company places himself under the juris­
diction of the employer so far as their relationship
is concerned. While it is true that the employer does
not thereby become the guardian of the employee’s
personal life and does not exercise parental con­
trol, it is equally true that in those areas having
to do with the employer’s business, the employer has
the right to terminate the relationship if the employ­
ee’s wrongful actions injuriously affect the business.4

A criminal conviction, extensive arrests, and a
profile of habitually consorting with criminals
and prostitutes, coupled with a j ob calling for the
employee to work alone in customers’ homes, added
up to such potential harm to the employer that
the arbitrator refused to put the worker back on
the job despite an unblemished 10-year work
record.5 An employee convicted of contributing to
the delinquency of his 14-year-old daughter, a
conviction which received widespread publicity in
the small community where the employer operated
a highly competitive business, was properly dis­
charged on the ground that his continued employ­
ment would adversely affect the employer’s
business.6 Conviction of fornication justified dis­
charge of an employee whose job required working
closely with the employer’s customers, although
the arbitrator recommended that he be given an
inside job as soon as one became available.7
One case in particular clearly points up the
improbability of approaching unanimity of opin­
ion, even among employers, on the issue of injury
to the employer’s business caused by an employee’s
criminal conduct. In The Great Atlantic and
Pacific Tea Co., Inc.,8 the arbitrator ruled that
the fact that a competing employer knowingly


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hired an employee who had entered a plea of nolo
contendere to a charge of bootlegging did not alter
the propriety of discharge by the primary em­
ployer. The arbitrator said:
The fact that Colonial Stores was willing to employ
[the grievant] proves no more than that reasonable
men might differ as to how much of a business risk
they are willing to take in order to have the services
of [an offender]. It cannot be called arbitrary or
capricious for an employer in the retail trade to de­
cide that it would be detrimental to his business
to retain a clerk who had been given a 3-year sus­
pended sentence on his own refusal to deny the
charge against him.

Unquestionably, the kind of injury to an em­
ployer’s business considered here may be ex­
tremely difficult to prove. In most of the decisions
upholding discharge on this ground, arbitrators
viewed the composite picture of the type of crime,
the degree of publicity and its probable conse­
quences, and the type of job held by the employee
as constituting what might be called “obvious
harm” to the employer’s business.
However, discharge was struck down in a
number of cases where the arbitrators could find
no such “obvious harm” and where they found
the evidence insufficient to support a contention
of injury to the employer’s business. In HymanMichaels Co., the arbitrator explicitly recognized
the problem of proof inherent in these cases and
hinted that a crystal ball might be helpful in its
resolution:
In some situations the impact upon the employer’s
affairs of the employee’s misconduct off the premises
may be immediate and/or obvious; short of this
there is no objective standard by which it may be
determined whether or not the misconduct will have
any effect or impact and consequently any conclu-

4O w en s-Illin o is Glass Co., 6 2-2 ARB 8685, 1962 (CCH ),
p. 5525.
5T he Gas Service Co., K ansas City, Mo., Division, 63-1 ARB
8128, 1962 (CCH).
8Cashton Cooperative Cream ery, 61-1 ARB 8008, 1960 (CCH).
7Consolidated B adger C ooperative, 61-2 ARB 8493, 1961
(CCH). The arbitrator in this case considered the “double
jeopardy” argument which unions sometimes offer in off-duty
cases where the employee had been convicted and punished for a
crime and then, because of the same crime, lost his job : “The real
criterion, however, in double jeopardy argument is not the fact
th at two penalties may be assessed for the same cause but
whether or not the act of said employee did in fact substantially
affect his relationship with the employer as an employee and if
such is found to be the case, any resultant discipline or even
discharge which may follow therefrom is based upon his rights
as derived from the contract. It m ust be remembered that without
the contract the employer could discipline or discharge the em­
ployee at w ill.” (Ibid., p. 5334.)
8 65-2 ARB 8708, undated (CCH), p. 5607.

DISMISSAL FOR OFF-THE-JOB CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR
sion thereon lies wholly within the realm of predic­
tion. . . . Where there is no evident immediate
effect upon the affairs of the employer, the 'best that
can be done is to seek an answer to the question:
Does the employee’s misconduct exhibit such a defect
of character as makes it likely, in the light of human
experience, either that others [customers] will be
caused thereby to be unfavorably disposed toward
the employer or that the same type of misconduct will
recur with deleterious effect upon the affairs of the
employer? As previously expressed, any answer lies
in the area of prophecy; one is attempting to
“determine” probabilities.0

A nother arbitrator categorically refused to en­
gage in such prophesying. He reinstated a dis­
charged employee with 19 years of seniority who
had shot his wife and had faced a charge of assault
with intent to kill, saying, “I f [the grievant] has
lost his acceptability to customers th at fact, too,
will quickly appear and the company will have
concrete evidence, rather than speculation, on
which to base its decision.” 10
In two cases involving conviction on charges of
contributing to the delinquency of a minor, the
discharged employees were found not to have ad­
versely affected the employers’ businesses and were
reinstated. In one of these cases, lack of publicity
of the incident was a major, although not the only,
consideration of the arbitrator,11 while in the
other,12 the arbitrator accorded significant weight
to the fact that the employee’s work did not place
him in contact with the public. Another employee
was discharged upon conviction for possessing
narcotics. A board of arbitration agreed there was
the possibility of harm to the employer’s business,
but reinstated the employee on the ground that
the court’s sentence of 2 years’ probation strongly
indicated th at the worker was not potentially dan­
gerous to society, hence injury to the employer was
unlikely.13
Throughout these decisions reinstating em­
ployees, the arbitrators looked toward the same
relevant elements of injury to the employer as did
the arbitrators who upheld discharges. However,
the discharges were reversed prim arily because of
9 62-1 ARB 8334, 1962 (CCH), p. 4274.
19 M a r t i n Oil Co., Inc., 29 LA 54, 1957 (B N A ), p. 56.
11 B a b c o c k & W i l c o x Co., Tubular Products Division, Beaver
F alls Works, 6 4-3 ARB 8974, 1964 (CCH).
12 T h e Q u a k e r O a t s Co., 15 LA 42, 1950 (BN A ).
13 L i n d e Co., D ivision of Union Carbide Co., 62-1 ARB 8163,
1962 (CCH).
M24 LA 603, 1955 (BN A ).
15 26 LA 480, 1956 (B N A ).


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23
strong m itigating circumstances or insufficient evi­
dence to support the employer injury contention.

Disruption of Relations
In some cases management argued th a t potential
or realized disruption of its relations with em­
ployees, rather than—or in some instances in addi­
tion to—customer reaction, put the employee’s
criminal activity w ithin the area of employment
relationship. U nder these circumstances, a rb itra ­
tors tended to evaluate the misconduct in the light
of the type of crime committed and its effect upon
the day-to-day work environment.
The violence of the crimes in two cases persuaded
the arbitrators th at the convicted employees posed
a threat to the safety of their fellow employees,
and the discharges were upheld. The employee in
Central Paching CoP was convicted of attacking
his wife and mother-in-law w ith a knife. He also
had a record of 45 arrests and a num ber of convic­
tions, all unrelated to his work. The arbitrator con­
sidered the fact th a t the employee worked in an
area where he was practically surrounded by
knives, cleavers, and other potential instrum ents of
injury and death, and decided th at it would be
tem pting fate to reinstate a worker with such a
violent case history in a job th a t offered a sundry
array of choice weapons. In Bendix Aviation
CorpP the employee was convicted of aggravated
assault with intent to rob. The victim of the attack
was a defenseless elderly man. Given these facts
and circumstances, the arbitrator agreed w ith the
company that such an employee was dangerous and
not entitled to continued employment.
Although they had not indulged in any violence,
employees in two other cases committed crimes
th at were found to have marked them as threats to
their employers’ untroubled labor relations. One
employee pleaded guilty to a felony, attem pting
to obtain narcotic drugs through fraud and mis­
representation. The arbitrator upheld his discharge
and sta te d :
. . . [The grievant’sl craving for narcotics had
reached the point where he would commit a felony
to obtain a supply.
. . . The fact that the addiction had not yet reached
the stage where it directly affected [the grievant’s]
ability to properly perform his work duties is not
determinative. Degeneration of the addict could at any
time reach the point where it would seriously endan-

24
ger the health and safety of fellow employees and
company equipment.” 18

In Robertsliaw Controls Co.,17 the employee
pleaded guilty to a morals charge involving young
boys, committed while he was acting as scout mas­
ter of a Boy Scout troop. The company was the
largest employer in a small community and the
worker’s crime was well known throughout the
town. In addition, a number of the employee’s fel­
low workers wTere related to the young boys who
had been victimized. The arbitrator found th at the
employer w^as justified in discharging the employee
on the grounds th at his continued employment
would result in chaotic employee relations.
Employees in two other cases were reinstated
for the lack of evidence th a t they wmuld endanger
the safety of other employees or in any way preju­
dice the company in its relations w ith employees.
One worker had shot his wife and was convicted
of assault with intent to kill, but the conviction was
overturned on a technicality.18 The arbitrator re­
lied on the reversal of the conviction in putting the
man back on the job. In Certain-Teed Products
Corp.,19 the employee was convicted of aggravated
assault, sentenced to jail, served 10 weeks, and
then was paroled. The arbitrator found th a t the
good record compiled by this worker during 30
years of service heavily outweighed any potential
danger to other employees which m ight be indi­
cated by his conviction of one crime of violence.

Status in Court
W ithout doubt, all of the issues discussed above
have posed problems for the parties concerned, but
one of the m ajor sources of difficulty in criminal
behavior cases is the relationship between the sta­
tus of the accused employee before the court and
the proper disciplinary action to be taken. F o r
example, what managerial action is appropriate
when the employee has been only arrested and
charged, when he has been tried and acquitted, or
when he has been convicted but the conviction is
on appeal ? W hen an employee has been suspended
upon arrest and is ultim ately acquitted, should he
receive backpay for the period of suspension? A
number of arbitrators have had to wrestle with
these and related questions.
Suspension of an employee who has been arrest­
ed and charged with a crime but has neither been


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

indicted nor convicted, was adjudged proper by
a consensus of arbitrators. In Cities Service Oil
CoP the arbitrator approved the company’s pro­
cedure of suspending an employee at the time of
arrest and discharging him upon conviction. H ow ­
ever, when a grand jury failed to indict an em­
ployee who had been suspended when arrested, the
ruling was th a t the company should have put him
back to work immediately.21 A n employer who sus­
pended a man at the time of his arrest, and dis­
charged him 4 months later, but before his trial,
was ordered to return the worker to suspension
status until he was either convicted or acquitted by
the court.22 On the other hand, the arbitrator in
New York Shipbuilding CorpN ruled th at an in­
definite suspension to await a court decision was
unreasonable. H e held that the employer was en­
titled to continue the suspension for only 1 month,
during which time the employer should have deter­
mined the guilt or innocence of the employee and
acted accordingly. A nother arbitrator found sus­
pension following arrest appropriate, and refused
to award backpay to the employee for the period of
the suspension.24 The decision in Penn-Dixie Ce­
ment CorpN appears to be at least partially out of
the m ainstream in th at the arbitrator there found
suspension prior to conviction to be prem ature.
10 Chicago P neum atic T ool Co., 62-2 ARB 8636, 1961 (CCH),
p. 5355.
« 6 4 - 2 ARB 8748, 1964 (CCH).
13 The employee was convicted and sentenced to 1 year in prison.
After he had served 7 days of his sentence, it was discovered
that one of the jurors had been convicted of a felony and on this
ground the conviction was set aside.
19 24 LA 606, 1955 (B N A ).
29 41 LA 1091, 1963 (BN A ).
21 W ilson and Rogers, 10 LA 244, 1948 (BN A ).
22M encia D airy Co., 45 LA 283, 1965 (B N A ).
23 22 LA 851, 1954 (BN A ).
21P feiffer B rew ing Co., 26 LA 570, 1956 (BN A ).
25 29 LA 451, 1947 (B N A ). There were m itigating circumstances
in this case. The employer suspended the employee for an indefi­
nite period upon his arrest. When the employee was convicted
but put on probation for 3 years, the employer continued the
indefinite suspension. The arbitrato- found such a suspension
tantam ount to discharge, and discharge at the time of arrest,
before the employee’s guilt or innocence had been established,
was unreasonable.
In B endix A v ia tio n (see footnote 15), the arbitrator promul­
gated an interesting position, which he stated as a gratis dictum
rather than in support of the award. He said, “This is the risk
management took on January 25 when it decided to suspend P. Q.
As of that day P. Q. was still asserting his innocence and his
expectation that he would be vindicated at his trial. If he had
later been found not guilty, the company could have been required
to reinstate him with full backpay because it could not prove
‘proper’ cause for its action. In arbitration it seems most un­
likely that an arbitrator would conclude th at unsupported police
accusations would constitute cause to suspend an innocent m an.”
(Ibid., p. 482.)

DISMISSAL FOR OFF-THE-JOB CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR

F our arbitrators upset discharges of employees
who had been arrested and charged with crimes
but had not yet been convicted. In three of these
cases, presum ption of innocence was a controlling
consideration. One arbitrator stated his position
sim ply:
It is a fundamental principle of law that an em­
ployee is presumed to be innocent until he is found
to be guilty. This employee has merely been charged
with the crime and has not been found guilty.20

In Republic Steel Corp., Truscon Steel Div.,27 the
arbitrator refused to enter into a jurisdictional
dispute with the c o u rt:
Although in cases involving industrial misconduct
I will, and must, pass on the question of whether an
aggrieved employee was guilty of the acts charged,
I cannot here usurp the court’s function by passing
on that question, especially inasmuch as [the grievant] has pleaded not guilty. Nor do I believe that the
return of an indictment against [the grievant] by
the grand jury should deprive him of that presump­
tion [of innocence].

The th ird arbitrator stated his subscription to the
applicability of presum ption of innocence in more
d e ta il:
It is not open to question that the mere fact that
a person is charged by the police, or in a warrant
sworn to by a private citizen, with the commission
of a crime does not tend to establish his guilt. Under
our system of criminal law he is protected by a pre­
sumption of innocence in the criminal proceedings
until his guilt is proved by proof beyond a reasonable
doubt under procedures which conform to the princi­
ple of due process of law. While it is true that this
legal presumption does not apply in civil proceedings
nor, necessarily, in determining the propriety of a
discharge under a collective bargaining agreement,
it is equally true that the charge itself cannot be used
as a basis for inferring or presuming the guilt of the
person charged or his violent character.28

In the fourth case an employer’s policy of dis­
charging any employee who is arrested for any
reason whatever was found to be unreasonable.29
2<>T he S h erw in -W illiam s Co., 22 LA 1, 1954 (B N A ), p. 3.
27 23 LA 808, 1955 (BN A ).
23P a n Beverage Corp., B rom o M in t Co., In c., 35 LA 77, 1960
(B N A ), p. 80.
29A llied M aintenance Co., of Illin o is, Inc., 39 LA 1242, 1962
(B N A ).
3» 6 6 -2 ARB 8552, 1966 (CCH). Conceivably, the arbitrator
simply overlooked these points in w riting the decision.
2164-1 ARB 8137, 1963 (CCH).
33 5 LA 704, 1945 (B N A ). This is an interesting case. A number
of months after his discharge the employee was acquitted of the
charge, whereupon the union requested the arbitrator to recon­
sider the decision o'n the discharge. The arbitrator held th at he
could not require the company to reemploy a man whom it had
justifiably discharged.


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25

On the other side of the ledger, there were three
cases where the mere allegation of criminal activ­
ity was sufficient for the arbitrators to uphold the
discharge of the allegedly implicated employees.
However, the decision in only one of these cases
really represented a full dissent from the decisions
outlined immediately above. In this case, Albritton
Engineering Corp., the employee had been hired
by the company with the knowledge th a t he had
served a term in prison. He was discharged when
he allegedly attacked his wife w ith a knife. This
is a rather strange case in th at the decision does not
even suggest th a t the employee had been arrested,
nor does it indicate how the company learned about
the alleged attack.30 Norris Dispensers, Inc.,31
presented a different set of circumstances. The
company had a rule against stealing from em­
ployees, and the grievant allegedly had stolen from
a fellow employee while off duty and off the com­
pany premises. A lthough the employee had been
discharged when arrested, both the company and
the union requested th at the arbitrator not con­
sider the guilt or innocence of the accused employee
and decide the case solely on the issue of whether
the relevant plant rule was applicable to off-thejob situations. The arbitrator answered this issue
in the affirmative. In S w ift and Co.,32 a special
police guard was discharged when he was arrested
on suspicion of burglary. The arbitrator sustained
the discharge, noting th at m ilitary authorities
supervising contract work at the plant insisted
th at the man be fired and the company really had
no choice but to comply.
The final case in this review stands out as the
only one of its kind among the published awards.
The employee was elected to the State legislature
and shortly after the beginning of his first term
in office was convicted of accepting bribes to in­
fluence the issuance of liquor licenses. The com­
pany followed a policy of encouraging all of its
employees to participate actively in public affairs
and had perm itted this employee to take advantage
of whatever support his identification w ith the
company m ight bring him. A t the time of the
arbitration hearing the m an’s conviction was on
appeal to a higher court and the union strongly
emphasized this fact. The arb itrator sustained the
worker’s discharge on the grounds th at his rein­
statement would cause irreparable harm to the
company’s meritorious program. Shortly after the

26
decision was rendered the higher court reversed
the conviction.33

One Broad Criterion
From the above discussion it is plain th at one
broad criterion was uniform ly applied by arb itra ­
tors in resolving off-the-job criminal behavior
disputes. I f the criminal activity was tied to the
employment relationship, the employer was deter­
mined to have “just cause” to suspend or discharge
the implicated employee. Connection to the em­
ployer-employee relationship had to rest on one, or
both, of two pillars of support: (1) In ju ry to the
employer’s business; and (2) disruption of the em­
ployer’s relations with his employees.
In considering a contention of harm to the em­
ployer’s business arbitrators looked at the complete
array of available fa c ts : The nature of the crim e;
the degree to which the crime was publicized; the
extent to which the employee involved was identi­
fied with the em ployer; and the degree of regular
contact between the employee and customers of the
employer. W hen the argum ent of disruption of
employee relations was put forth, arbitrators de­
voted attention prim arily to the nature of the crime
and the extent to which it would label the involved
employee as dangerous or extremely repulsive to
his fellow employees.
Given the connection to the employment rela­
tionship, the arbitrators appear to be generally
agreed th at an employee may be properly sus­
pended when he has been arrested and charged with
violating a crim inal law. However, they split on
the issue of the appropriate duration of such a
suspension. Should the suspension be continued re­


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gardless of the time which m ight elapse between
the arrest and the trial? I t is within this context
th at disagreement arises concerning the propriety
of the company’s proving and the arb itrato r’s de­
ciding the guilt or innocence of the accused em­
ployee before he has literally had his day in court.
As a general principle, it would appear th at a
relatively lengthy suspension is more reasonable
than a prem ature discharge based on the employ­
er’s determination of guilt th at intrudes upon the
entitlement of the employee to a presum ption of in ­
nocence before the court. This general approach
would at least preclude the discharge of an em­
ployee who ultim ately is cleared of any criminal
taint in court. Needless to say, once the discharge
has been determined in an enforceable arbitration
award to have been for a “just cause,” the em­
ployee is no longer entitled to reinstatem ent, al­
though he m ight be reemployed.
Undoubtedly it is stating the obvious to observe
th at there are no general principles available which
will lead to autom atic prediction of the outcome of
off-the-job criminal activity cases. The statement of
the widely respected arbitrator, Benjam in Aaron,
is just as valid today as it was when he made it 10
years ago: “A fter all, an arb itrator is concerned
with facts, as well as with principles, and the in­
finite variety of facts permits, indeed requires, a
wide range of decision w ithin the scope of a single
general principle.” 34
33 H u g h e s A i r c r a f t Go., Tucson Div., 66-3 ARB 8771, 1966
(CCH). The decision of the higher court is not reported in the
published arbitration decision. The author, of his own knowledge,
knows the reversal of the conviction to be a fact.
34 Benjamin Aaron. “The Arbitration of Discharge C a ses: A
Case Study,” Discussion, Critical I s s u e s i n L a b o r A r b i t r a t i o n
(W ashington, Bureau of National Affairs, 1967), p. 18.

Fair Labor Standards for World Trade
Refinement of the Concept
Must Precede Useful
International Negotiations
R obert B. S ch wenger *

l t h o u g h “fair labor standards in international
trade” lias been an American labor slogan and a
U nited States Government objective since the m id­
forties, it has a number of different meanings.
Moreover, unlike H um pty D um pty’s portm anteau
word—which he always paid extra for doing such
“a lot of work’*—some of its meanings are incon­
sistent with each other. As a result, it has hardly
done any work at all.
The m ixture of meanings stems in p a rt from a
m ixture of purposes. Americans proposing to their
opposite numbers from other countries that a, trade
agreement include fair-labor-standards require­
ments are likely to emphasize anticipated benefits
to foreign workers. They picture such an agree­
ment as a fulcrum for international help to lowwage workers in their long journey from such in­
hum an extremes as child labor, unsafe and un­
healthy conditions, and even virtual slavery. The
listening foreigners, however, are aware th at some
of the same Americans often charge th a t competi- tion from low-wage foreign workers costs Am er­
ican jobs and th a t they press the Government to
keep foreign products out. Therefore, the foreign­
ers fear the effect of a fair-labor-standards agree­
ment on their exports to the U nited States as mod­
ern technology lowers costs.
B ut the m atter is even more confused. The au­
thor, when assigned responsibility for this field
by the D epartm ent of Labor, found th a t at least
12 distinct meanings of “fair labor standards in
international trad e” are put forw ard in inter­
national discussions. This paper sorts them out in
simplified form, suggests possibilities for research
on their probable economic effects, and discusses
their usefulness in negotiations.1

A


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Export-Country Wage-Cost Standards
This year, Congress is considering international
labor standards again in connection w ith the ex­
piration of the negotiating authority of the Trade
Expansion Act of 1962. W hen th at act was under
discussion, the then Secretary of Labor, A rth u r J.
Goldberg, pointed out the problem of definition,2
mentioning in particular two concepts of “u n fair­
ness” in international trade competition:
1. Prevailing National Wage Standard: Com­
pensation is below accepted standards in the coun­
try of production.3
2. National Productivity Growth Standard:
Compensation has not increased w ith the average
productivity of the country of production.
These two concepts are complementary—one re­
ferring to the wage at a moment of time, the other
to wages over a period of time. The form er im­
plicitly accepts the prevailing national wage level,
however determined; it assumes an export-indus­
try management which evades th a t level in one
»Recently of the Bureau of International Labor Affairs.
1 Elem ents of most of these concepts were expressed as early
as a 1960 European P roductivity Agency discussion held at the
initiative of American trade union leaders. See “Union Views on
Fair Labor Standards in Foreign Trade,” M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w ,
October 1960, pp. 1025-1030.
2 H e a r i n g s B e f o r e t h e C o m m i t t e e o n W a y s a n d M e a n s , P t. II
(87th Cong., 2d sess.), p. 725.
3 Most concepts of fair labor standards in international trade
refer to compensation of workers producing for export. The pre­
vailing national wage standard m ight be expressed more fully
thus : “Competition in international trade is unfair if those work­
ing on the exported product are compensated below accepted
standards in the country of production.” The summaries of the
other concepts are sim ilarly shortened in the text. They are stated
in the negative to correspond w ith the way they are most com­
monly thought of : problems of unfair labor compensation. In
stating the concepts, labor remuneration includes fringe benefits
and any other forms of compensation.

27

28
way or another. The latter assumes th a t the wage
in the export industry, however fair originally, is
not increased proportionately with national
productivity.
A th ird concept questions the fairness, when
productivity in an export industry is increasing
rapidly, of making compensation in th at industry
lag behind w ith average national p roductivity:
3. National Industry Productivity Growth
Standard: Compensation has not increased with
the productivity of the industry.
These three concepts may be thought of as wagecost standards. They ask of an export industry
th at it not obtain a competitive advantage over
the same industry in other countries by cost sav­
ings which should have been paid to its workers.

Export-Country Welfare Standards
A nother group of concepts are expressed in
terms of the welfare of workers in the export in ­
dustry, regardless of any effect on international
trade competition.
4. National Fair Share Standard: Compensa­
tion does not represent a fair share of the n a ­
tional income.
This concept may be thought of as a welfare
counterpart of national cost concepts 1 and 2. I t
raises the question of whether, in the exercise of
power in the socioeconomic structure of the ex­
porting country, the worker is treated fairly. How­
ever, it leaves open the question of how to de­
termine what would be an equitable wage.
In the same way, industry cost concept 3 has a
welfare co u n terp art:
5. National Industry Fair Share Standard:
Compensation does not represent a fair share of
the income of the exporting industry. This mean­
ing form ally puts the welfare of one set of work­
ers above th a t of others in the same country (or
assumes th a t increasing welfare in the exporting
industry will cause increases in other industries).
A t its May 1966 meeting, the Executive Board
of the International Confederation of Free Trade
Unions reportedly discussed favorably a different
kind of welfare challenge:
6. Fair Bargaining Standard: Compensation is
less than would be obtained in fair collective
bargaining.
This idea questions whether the institutional
setting in the industry gives workers an oppor­

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

tunity to obtain the wages that the economic sit­
uation should appropriately afford. This concept
is more appropriate for unions than for Govern­
ment. I t would imply an intention of unions in ter­
nationally (particularly in industrial countries) to
help those in less developed countries to obtain
their legitim ate objectives.
And then there is a concept prefigured in a
constructive and imaginative IC F T U committee
report,4 which, carried to its logical conclusion,
m ight read :
7.
National Development Standard: Compen­
sation is less than th a t required for maximum n a­
tional economic growth.
This is the most dynamic standard. By implica­
tion it equates the welfare of the worker w ith the
economic welfare of the country. I t questions
whether economic planning has properly under­
stood (or arranged for) the development role of
worker compensation, particularly in the export
industry.

International Standards
All the foregoing concepts, whether they relate
trade to wage costs or worker welfare, are n a ­
tional—they measure standards w ithin the export­
ing country. Like trade theory itself they imply
separate national economies, each with a different
wage level because workers cannot respond to eco­
nomic opportunity by moving in substantial num ­
bers to countries with higher wages (particularly
not to the U nited States). Such national concepts,
even if taken as norms of fairness or longrun ob­
jectives, do not embrace both foreign and domes­
tic workers whose products compete. As Mr. Gold­
berg put it, “. . . it is obvious th a t fair labor stand­
ards do not mean equal wages in, say, H ong Kong
and the U nited States.” A nd the A F L -C IO E x ­
ecutive Council recognizes th a t it is “neither de­
sirable nor feasible th at wage levels be equalized
in all countries.”
However, some im portant definitions of fair
labor standards in international trade include in­
ternational concepts. Progress tow ard a single
world labor community, sharing the benefits of
the scientific and industrial revolution through
competitive economic processes, is often expressed
4
“Fair Labor Standards in Trade and Developm ent,” Report
of the Advisory Committee of the Sub-Committee on Trade and
Development to the Executive Board of the International Con­
federation of Free Trade Unions, Brussels, May 1966.

WORLD TRADE LABOR STANDARDS

as the ideal longrun objective or value premise of
fair labor standards. W hile wages and other com­
pensation m ight never be “equal,” they could
eventually have the kind of interrelationship th at
characterizes different, levels of compensation
w ithin a free industralized economic community.
(And some developed countries are approaching
such a relationship among themselves.) The sim­
plest—and most extreme—form of this interna­
tional concept may be sum m arized:
8. International Wage Standard: The accepted
level of compensation in the exporting country is
not up to th at in the im porting country.
This concept could also be matched with a wel­
fare concept:
9. International Welfare Standard: The wel­
fare of workers in the exporting country is not up
to th at in the im porting country.
Some such international equality standard m ight
be accepted in the foreseeable future for advanced
countries such as the U nited States and Canada.
Even then, however, it would probably not be
negotiable except as p a rt of an agreement on a
wide range of economic harmonization. F o r ex­
ample, under the Rome Treaty th at established the
European Economic Community and perm its free
movement of labor, there are arrangements for
equalizing the influence of taxes, interest, social
security, and other elements affecting trade
competition.
In some international industries, however, it is
sometimes proposed th a t workers in the advanced
countries should be paid the same w age:
10. International Industry Wage Standard:
Compensation is lower than in the same industry in
other industrialized countries.
This cost concept could also be matched with
a welfare concept:
11. International Industry Welfare Standard:
W orker welfare is lower than in the same industry
in other industrialized countries.
These concepts could become significant in con­
nection with international cooperation among trade
unions in a given industry. They m ight also be
negotiable as p art of special industry trade and
5 Testimony before the U.S. Trade Inform ation Committee,
September 12, 1966.
6 This international industry unit labor cost concept of fairness
corresponds w ith the conceptual framework for much research
on international labor-cost comparison.

277-769 0— 67------3


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29
investment agreements, such as the U .S.-C anadian
automotive arrangement.
A more moderate international industry con­
cept incorporating a productivity-differential al­
lowance has been proposed by Meyer Bernstein of
the U nited Steelworkers.5 He suggests th a t neither
hourly nor unit labor costs be “unjustifiably”
lower in the export industry than in the competing
industry of the im porting co u n try :
12.
International Industry Unit Labor Cost
Standard: The unit labor cost in the export indus­
try is not up to th at of the corresponding industry
in the im porting country.
This m ight also be called a “reciprocal national
industry productivity” standard, because it can
be thought of as concept 3 applied equally to the
exporting-country industry and the importingcountry industry. Like th at concept, it appears di­
rected particularly toward the case, found increas­
ingly in our dynamic world economy, where im­
proved machinery and technology in an exporting
country lower unit labor input without increasing
wages proportionately. Unless Bernstein’s “unjus­
tifiably” was interpreted to mean harm onization
of, or allowance for, costs other than wages, this
concept would allow international wage differences
w ithin an industry on the basis of productivity
differences only. This would tend to check economic
development through capital investment by penal­
izing industrial-product exports from relatively
high capital-cost countries. Even allowing for
other costs, the concept could not be negotiated as
p a rt of an agreement for general applicability.
I t m ight, however, become practical as a basis for
international cooperation among unions as p a rt of
a cartel-like arrangem ent in an industry in both
exporting and im porting countries.6

Research on Cost Effects
F o r Governments to reach meaningful agree­
ment on a fair-labor-standards requirement in in­
ternational trade, they must have some common
understanding of the compensation changes (and
consequent economic effects) to be expected from
their action. Research can help tow ard such un­
derstanding to a limited but potentially im portant
extent. The foregoing discussion made clear th at
none of the five international standards is practi­
cable for an effective general m ultilateral agree-

30
ment. Moreover, none of the four national welfare
standards lends itself readily to systematic re­
search. This leaves the three national wage-cost
standards; fortunately, these happen to be the
standards most commonly put forward for negoti­
ation and most frequently the subject of allegations
as to whether prevailing wages are paid or are in­
creased in proportion to national or industry pro­
ductivity. F urthermore, the difficulties of measur­
ing labor compensation in an exporting industry
against these national standards should be less than
those encountered in the substantial research work
already being done on international wage compari­
sons, if only because there would be no interna­
tional differences in customs, compensation prac­
tice, consumption expectations, or monetary units
to allow for.
If such research confirmed the view that agree­
ment on wage-cost standards would require in­
creased wages in export industries, how much ef­
fect would such increases have ? In many real cases,
the foreign entrepreneur would maintain most of
his competitive pressure. Particularly where for­
eign innovation was involved—as it has been in,
for example, imported motorcycles, lightweight
bicycles, and cameras—a foreign wage increase
might not enable American industry to compete
until it caught up technologically. Where consum­
ers strongly prefer certain foreign goods, their
purchases might not be affected unless price in­
creases were substantial. And in certain industries
the foreign cost structure might permit a wage
increase without a price increase.
Hence, research could most usefully determine
whether—for the more important products com­
plained of by American labor as being imported
on the basis of unfair remuneration—the range of
wage increases called for by any 1 of the 3 ex­
porting-country wage-cost standards would appre­
ciably relieve the competitive pressure. One could
then take up cases one at a time through the con­
sultation procedures of the General Agreement
on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Of course, foreign
governments would not be likely to give general
agreement to the wage-cost standards if they called
for immediate compensation increases which
decreased trade substantially, but the discussion
would, nonetheless, clarify the situations and
might improve them.
On the other hand, if research showed that fair
labor standards, as defined by the wage-cost con­

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

cepts, are to a great extent already in effect—so that
enforcing them would raise compensation only in
exceptional cases—intergovernmental agreement
might come relatively easily. Strangely enough,
this is the more likely finding. Experience and
intuition suggest that research would reveal (a)
that earnings in most exporting industries in al­
most all countries are at least as high as the na­
tional average, and (b) that compensation in an
export industry often, particularly in less devel­
oped countries, does not rise proportionately to the
increase in productivity in the industry but usually
does rise at least proportionately to the increase in
national productivity.
The most difficult problem, therefore, would be
with the national industry productivity growth
concept as applied to a new, high-productivity in­
dustry in a less developed country. It is unrealistic
to expect agreement to maintain an island of high
wages in a sea of low-wage workers. And import­
ing Governments in urgent cases tend to control
such trade directly rather than wait for wagestandard adjustments. Perhaps the best thing to do
in these cases would be to enter into consultation
under GATT procedures. This might get interna­
tional factfinding started and thereby maximize
the chance of remedial intergovernmental
cooperation.
Fair-Share Concepts
Concepts 4-6, challenging the fairness of the
worker’s share of national or industry income, raise
vital domestic political questions. Who is to say
what is fair compensation? Few if any govern­
ments—even in less developed countries—are apt
to put such matters into intergovernmental
agreements.
It is often argued that fair-share standards are
advocated in the interest of more rapid develop­
ment. But both government officials and most
economists now think of worker welfare in less
developed countries in dynamic terms; the problem
is to raise a low average income rather than to im­
prove its distribution. One then runs into a morass
of conflicting theories. Officials are not apt to be
impressed by arguments for raising wages to in­
crease local demand and thus create a larger do­
mestic market to stimulate production. Their char­
acteristic economic problems are unemployment
and inflation going hand in hand, and wage in-

WORLD TRADE LABOR STANDARDS

creases aggravate both. They are more impressed
by arguments for restraining wage increases to
limit consumption and thus maximize creation of
capital needed for development. Even if they
thought increased compensation would aid de­
velopment, they would hardly agree to a formula
for the increase. Development is an art, not a
science; and it is a political and a social art as
much as an economic one.
It is true that concept 6, “fair bargaining,” does
not involve a formula. However, it is less a matter
for government negotiating than a basis for inter­
national trade union action. Furthermore, the
concept might not be meaningful in many less de­
veloped countries for lack of an appropriate struc­
ture of worker representation. It could have more
effect in collective bargaining with international
companies on the international level. Such action
and its spillover effects into other companies and
industries could eventually bring about rational
labor-standard relationships internationally, just
as comparable industrywide bargaining has tended
to do within the United States.
National Development Standard
This leaves the national development concept. At
first glance, it would seem to be a poor starter.
Like concepts 4 and 5, it is formular : the precise
level of compensation required for maximum
growth. Even with full knowledge, it would be
highly theoretical and controversial. Not only can
it not be measured, but it challenges the govern­
ment concerned to show that it understands the de­
velopment process (for which there is as yet no
generally accepted understanding).
Yet the national development concept may well
be negotiable. It accepts the primacy of the devel­
opment objective—the universal ideal objective


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31
and value premise of the less developed countries—
and by its terms, it does not preclude any of the
other concepts.
The development concept could not for at least a
decade raise wage levels in the less developed coun­
tries enough to affect trade. I t does, however, set
a goal for these countries to make the transition to
mass consumption societies through increasing
wages when they can. And it associates the United
States with that goal as a matter both of hope and
of faith—as close to an economic expression of
labor solidarity as possible in a country which
restricts immigration.
Policy Implications
The foregoing analysis suggests two bases for a
consistent American position on fair labor stand­
ards in international trade. (1) Complaints of in­
jury to American labor from imports—particu­
larly imports from industrial countries—should be
studied to determine which of them violate gen­
erally accepted meanings of fair labor standards
in international trade; they should then be the sub­
ject of intergovernmental consultation under
GATT procedures. (2) Competition in interna­
tional trade from less developed countries should
not be considered as based on unfair labor stand­
ards if those working on the exported products are
compensated consistently with maximum desirable
development of the exporting country.
These proposals would make the fair labor stand­
ards slogan an instrument for strengthening the
United States policy of supporting economic de­
velopment abroad at the same time as it accom­
plished the maximum possible through intergov­
ernmental agreement to restrain unfair labor
standards in foreign countries from disrupting
American markets.

The Vietnamese
Labor Force
in Transition
Michael B. Zuzik *

T h e p e o p l e o f S o u t h V i e t n a m have been em­
broiled in armed conflicts for more than 25 years.
The hostilities, the changes in government, and the
general social ferment have had profound effect
on Vietnamese labor. With greater efforts now
being made to reconstruct and develop the coun­
try’s economy, and with the matters of manpower
receiving more attention, it is appropriate to take
stock of the labor situation. A few general ob­
servations on the basis of personal experience are
presented here.1
Accompanying these developments, which are
slowly providing South Vietnam with a labor
force more in line with occidental concepts of
work, are rigidities and warborn practices which
are seriously impeding this progress. Corruption
exists in the key waterfront areas. Security clear­
ances have become a serious obstruction to much
needed transfer of workers. Animosities among
various nationality groups of the country (such as
Montagnards and Chinese), are sharpened by the
presence of large numbers of foreigners, including
Koreans, Filipinos, and Americans.

Tradition and New Attitudes
Because of hostilities, many Vietnamese have
been uprooted by force and many, on their own ini­
tiative, have moved from traditional habitats
where an ancient cultural heritage and a social
structure based on Confucian principles have en­
dured. In the traditional system, the Vietnamese
employee depends on his employer for guidance
and security of employment in much the same way
as workers of other Asian countries do.
32

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As in many underdeveloped countries, in South
Vietnam agriculture is the predominant industry
and the most important source of employment.
An estimated 40 to 50 percent of the population of
about 16.3 million is in the labor force, with about
three-fourths of this proportion in agriculture
and related industries, including forestry and fish­
ing.2 Despite the existing land reform legislation,
farm tenancy is widespread. Implementation of
the legislation has been hampered not only by
landlord opposition, but also by lack of effective
government control in many parts of the country.
Many farmers are dependent on rented land in the
rich rice-growing areas of the Mekong Delta.
Traditionally, family loyalty has been the bind­
ing force in Vietnamese society that transcended
all other loyalties. Family loyalty frequently has
precluded geographic, industrial, and occupa­
tional mobility among a large part of the labor
force, most of which is employed in small familytype enterprises. As a result, many Vietnamese
have had no great desire—much less an incen­
tive—to leave employment in the small establish­
ments where paternalism is the rule.
Since the 1950’s, and particularly since the fall
of Ngo Dinh Diem in November 1963, important
changes have taken place which have modified the
traditional loyalties to family, land, job, and vil­
lage. The increased tempo of the war, the influx
of foreign personnel into the country, the tremen­
dous demand for almost every conceivable type of
service and facility needed for the war program,
and—perhaps more important—the exposure of
the Vietnamese to occidental concepts of work have
all contributed to a change in the characteristics of
a significant part of the white-collar and bluecollar labor force.
One need only converse with Vietnamese in the
cities of Saigon, Da-Nang, and Hue to realize that
these centers contain a large and increasing num­
ber of people from practically every Province of
*Of the Office of Foreign Labor and Trade, Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
1 The subject is covered more extensively in the forthcoming
BLS Report, L a b o r L a w a n d P r a c t i c e i n t h e R e p u b l i c of S o u t h
Vietnam.

2 The actual size of the population and labor force is difficult
to determine because demographic data are incomplete and of
uncertain accuracy. Moreover, there has not been a census of
population in over 40 years, nor has there ever been a national
labor force survey. Except for a survey of plantation employ­
ment, no m eaningful studies of national employment have been
made in recent years. D ata are not available on whether m ilitary
personnel on duty are in the labor force.

33

LABOR IN VIETNAM

South Vietnam. To be sure, the question of security
from Vietcong harassment and impressment has
been a vital factor in much of the labor’s current
geographic mobility. But many Vietnamese, par­
ticularly in areas of frequent large-scale military
operations, have been relocated by the Government
of South Vietnam. Others have moved on their
own initiative, lured by higher wages and better
employment they have heard about from return­
ing veterans, family members, and relatives em­
ployed by foreign contractors.3 Greater oppor­
tunity for training and education, and for indivi­
dual decisionmaking, are additional factors that
have prompted Vietnamese to seek employment
outside traditional occupations.
Education and Training
The Vietnamese place a high value on education
and training, and a family will make great sacri­
fices to provide them for their children. Usually
the Vietnamese attach too much importance to
a diploma or degree as a status symbol, although
these credentials are still the main means to a
government job or higher pay. Increasingly, em­
phasis is on vocational, apprenticeship, and onthe-job training, supplemented by classroom in­
struction. Much of this emphasis is a direct result
of the changing attitude of Vietnamese toward
blue-collar employment. In the past, Vietnamese,
like many of their Asian neighbors, aspired to
administrative and other white-collar occupations.
Now many of those employed by foreign employ­
ers, -particularly U.S. agencies, contractors, or
subcontractors, find that they are earning, or can
earn, as much in blue-collar jobs as other Viet­
namese do in administrative or other white-collar
occupations, or even more.
Although so many Vietnamese still aspire to
white-collar occupations and to the government
service, one of the most serious problems facing
the Government of South Vietnam, the largest
single employer in the country, is how to recruit
and retain qualified personnel. A number of gov­
ernment officials have indicated preference for a
change of employment, preferably to a U.S. agency
3
An estim ated 100,000 Vietnamese work for U.S. agencies, con­
tractors, or subcontractors. Many of these are professionals,
others are highly skilled and semiskilled workers.


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or contractor. What entices them is a greater va­
riety of jobs, better opportunity for advancement
and the personal satisfaction of being able to
“get things accomplished.”
The same feelings or attitudes are manifest
among many Vietnamese employed in other sectors
of the economy. In short, the seemingly endless
frustrations encountered in many of the existing
occupations, the wide differences in pay for similar
work and skills, and the lack of opportunity for
occupational mobility and good training, all ap­
pear to be factors stimulating new Vietnamese
attitudes. The new drive is toward increased and
improved training, and toward geographic, indus­
trial, and occupational mobility.
Individual decisionmaking also has become an
important, even if not yet readily recognizable,
factor in the search for nontraditional occupations.
Although family loyalty remains the mainstay of
society, many of the Vietnamese who have left
home are beginning to acquire an identity that is
less family-oriented. Personal initiative in acquir­
ing employment, in changing occupations, and in
obtaining skill training is becoming more common.
Security Clearance
Workers are now being recognized more for
their individual ability, rather than their edu­
cational or family background as is the case under
the traditional system. An employer may transfer
a worker from one job to another if he feels it is
to his advantage. But there is a problem concern­
ing occupational and geographic mobility. Se­
curity clearances—sometimes of more types than
one—are required before a Vietnamese wage or
salary earner can change his employment from one
province to another, particularly if he happens
to be a young man of draft status. A security
clearance from national police authorities having
jurisdiction over the province where the job exists
is often required; and sometimes local authorities
require a clearance check before employees can
begin working in their district.
Construction workers suffer greatly from the
clearance requirement because the nature of their
work involves frequent moves. Sometimes em­
ployees have to wait 7 to 9 months for their new
clearance, and if employers do not want to wait
that long they hire foreigners.

34
Although the presence of foreign nationals en­
ables Vietnamese employers to maintain their
production schedules, there are problems involved.
These people are of different cultural backgrounds,
accustomed to different patterns of living. To ac­
commodate each ethnic group, the right kinds and
amounts of food, appropriate housing, sanitation,
communication, and traveling facilities must be
provided, which is difficult to do.
Besides differences in living patterns among
foreign workers, work customs also vary. The Viet­
namese are accustomed to long lunch periods and
siestas. Job capabilities and experience, as well as
the wages received, vary between the Americans,
other foreigners, and the Vietnamese, and they are
the chief source of friction between the natives and
the others. Many Vietnamese claim they are as
capable as the non-Vietnamese and, therefore,
should receive the same pay. Still other Viet­
namese want the same privileges (such as trans­
portation to and from work in the urban areas) as
those extended to Americans and other foreigners.
Ethnic animosities exist between the natives and
the foreigners, many of them arising on work­
sites over alleged extension of preferences to cer­
tain groups or individuals regarding work
assignments.
Labor Code
South Vietnam has labor laws relating to at
least part of its labor force. In 1949, a Ministry
of Labor was created. Three years later the Labor
Code was formulated, providing for collective bar­
gaining, minimum wages, and general protection
of the worker (including allowances for worker’s
dependents, to be paid by the employer). Since
then, a number of decrees and orders have been
issued, clarifying and amplifying the original
code; and a new constitution was adopted on April
1,1967, which provides basic recognition of labor’s
right to organize. However, although the substance
of the Labor Code is quite inclusive, its coverage
is not. The code protects wage and salary earners
in manufacturing, mining, and commerce, as well
as persons in the professions. It does not, however,
cover agricultural workers, domestic workers,
small or family establishment employees, or crews
of ships and aircraft.
Since most Vietnamese-owned enterprises are of
the family type, and since most of the labor force
is made up of agricultural workers, it is apparent

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

that the Labor Code is more a statement of inten­
tion than a working law.
As a matter of fact, few of the workers covered
by the code are aware of its provisions. Only about
10 percent of the 200 individuals interviewed by
this writer had ever seen a copy of the Labor Code.
In addition, only a few were aware that South
Vietnam is a ratifying member of several conven­
tions of the International Labor Office.4
Enforcement of the Labor Code is most effective
in Saigon and other major urban areas. Inspection
is usually concentrated in the large and foreignoperated plants. This is a defect that is attributable
in part to the present conflict. The hostilities have
closed many large areas to labor investigations.
Even if these areas were open, it is unlikely that
the laws would be better enforced since there are
so few inspectors. In February of this year, there
were only 33 inspectors for the country’s 44
Provinces, but because of the low salary and high
demands of the job, it is difficult to recruit and
maintain people in this position.
Kickback on The Waterfront
The need for more adequate enforcement of the
Labor Code is evident in the port areas where the
cai-tacherons, or subcontractors, operate. Although
the exploitation of wage earners by cai-tacherons
is prohibited by the code, they continue to ap­
propriate large portions of the dockworkers’ pay
for their own use. A longshoreman in Saigon
scheduled to receive 150 piasters a day (US$1.27)
according to a union agreement, might receive only
about 100 piasters ($0.87), the remainder going to
the cai-tacherons.
In 1966, the Government of South Vietnam ap­
proved a hiring hall for longshoremen in order
to overcome the problems of the cai system. How­
ever, stevedoring companies and the cai themselves
have so far been successful in keeping the hall
closed. They are, of course, opposed to a system
that would rotate men on jobs, as such a system
would reduce their influence over the workers and
in turn would probably eliminate this source of
income.
1
The group interviewed included salaried personnel in execu­
tive, adm inistrative, and professional occupations, and wage
earners and self-employed persons in various economic sectors.
Although the results of the interview s cannot be considered a
valid sample of the nonagricultural sector’s fam iliarity with
labor legislation, they do provide some indication of the existing
situation.

35

LABOR IN VIETNAM

Noncompliance with many of the provisions of
the Labor Code is not limited to the dock area.
Many work areas are poorly lighted, inadequately
ventilated, and dusty. Many establishments lack
proper sanitary facilities. Safety precautions in
areas containing power-driven machinery were
found to be nonexistent in most cases. Hod car­
riers were observed working without any protec­
tive equipment; on their feet were open sandals.
Many construction workers were observed without
hard hats and working in areas improperly fenced.
The Labor Code prohibits the employment of
women, and children under 18 years of age, in work
that is hazardous or “beyond their strength,” yet
it was not uncommon to see women carrying heavy
packages, boxes, or sacks of rice weighing 100
pounds or more.

It should be pointed out, however, that there are
some employers who try to fulfill at least the mini­
mum requirements of the country’s labor laws.
Those are usually the large or foreign-owned firms.
Some of them have industrial relations officers and
personnel managers whose function it is to assure
conformity with Labor Code requirements and
general labor-management harmony.
Although changes are taking place in the labor
force in South Vietnam, most of them attri­
buted directly to the existing hostilities, it must be
remembered that these changes affect only a small
percentage of the total labor force in the country.
However, the persons affected form a significant
part of the Nation’s skilled and semiskilled
group; their influence upon the rest of the labor
force is still to be discerned.

A contract of apprenticeship is a contract whereby the head of an industrial,
commercial, or mining undertaking, a craftsman or a homeworker undertakes
to give systematic and thorough vocational training or to cause such training
to be given to another person, who undertakes in return to work for him, in
each case subject to such conditions and for such period as are agreed to.
The employer shall act as father towards the apprentice, supervising his
conduct and morals, both in the house and elsewhere, and inform the appren­
tice’s parents or their representative of any serious offences committed or bad
habits contracted by the apprentice.
[The employer] shall employ the apprentice with due regard to his strength
and only in such work and services as relate to the exercise of his trade or
calling.
It shall be the duty of the apprentice to show the employer obedience and
respect in all matters relating to the apprenticeship. He shall help him by
his work insofar as his ability and strength permit,


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—Republic of Vietnam, Labor Code, 1965.

Career Expectations
of Negro Women Graduates
E

N o t e .— The following is taken from
Father Joseph H. Fichter’s report on his
study of 196It- graduates of predominantly
Negro colleges, prepared for the National
Institutes of Health with the joint sponsor­
ship of the U.S. Department of Labor and the
National Science F oundation. Subheads have
been added, and tabular material combined
to make up the tables printed in this excerpt.

d i t o r ’s

o c i o l o g ic a l
g e n e r a l iz a t io n s
about Negro
women have become commonplace and seem to
derive mainly from historical reconstructions and
from data on the masses of relatively poorly edu­
cated Negroes. There are generalizations about the
cultural subsystem in which the female family role
is dominant and in which the woman’s occupa­
tional status is emphasized. Even among the Negro
college graduates . . . a Negro woman is more
likely to be the head of a household than is a
white. More Negro women than men get the bach­
elor's degree, while the opposite is true for whites.1
Like whites, however, a higher proportion of
Negro men than women take postgraduate and
professional training.
Throughout this report,2 we are making racial
comparisons between Negro and white college
graduates and also regional comparisons between
southern and nonsouthern graduates. In many
instances, the sexual comparison also seems sig­
nificant, since women have different expectations
of a life career, they enter different fields of grad­
uate study, they get better grades in high school
and college, and their social attitudes are often
different from those of men. In contrast to other
college graduates responding to this survey, there
is a much higher proportion of women than of
men from the predominantly Negro colleges. This
is almost exactly the same as the distribution of
Negro women (62 percent) and men (38 percent)
age 25 to 34 who are college graduates, as reported
in the U.S. Census of 1960 for the southern region.
The median years of schooling among Negroes in
this age bracket are 9.8 years for women and 8.7
years for men.
Although the differences between the men and
women among the graduates of predominantly

S

36

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Negro colleges tend to reflect also the status of the
male American Negro, we are [here] mainly
focusing on the female Negro graduate, as com­
pared with the female southern white graduate
and the “other” female nonsouthern graduate.
Negro women who have finished college constitute
only 5.2 percent of southern Negro women age
25 to 34 and can hardly be called a representative
reflection of American Negro womanhood.
What kind of person, then, is the typical Amer­
ican Negro woman? If she is defined by the modal
category, that is, by the largest number having
similar characteristics, she would be a southern
woman who did not go to college. Consequently,
our study gives no information about her. We
might consider the Negro woman who is a college
graduate an “ideal type” in the sense that her
educational achievement is remarkably higher
than the average for her race.
Marriage Plans
Since marriage and child rearing are significant
aspects of the female role and must be considered
in relation to both occupational careers and post­
graduate study, it seems important to look at the
racial contrasts in this regard.3 At the point of
college commencement, the female graduate of a
predominantly Negro college is somewhat more
likely than the southern white woman or other
American female graduates to be single and have
no definite marriage plans. Yet those who are
married are significantly less likely than the two
other categories to be childless. The average num1 Hurley H. Doddy, “The Progress of the Negro in Higher Edu­
cation,” J o u r n a l of N e g r o E d u c a t i o n , F all 1963, pp. 485-492, calls
this one of the “deviations” in Negro higher education, and finds
that the sex disproportion is increasing. Between 1950 and 1960,
the relative increase in college enrollment was larger for Negro
women (6.3 percent) than for Negro men (1.8 percent).
2 Three distinct student populations were utilized in the study.
The principal population, that of the Negro, is derived from a
study of 50 predominantly Negro in stitu tion s (P N I), nearly all
of them in the South. The second and third populations, “P re­
dominantly Southern W hite” (PSW ) and “All Other,” are de­
rived from the National Opinion Research Center’s companion
study of the national 1964 senior class, but excludes respondents
from the two predominantly Negro schools which fell into the
sample of that study. A discussion of the sample design and
execution is presented in the appendix to Fr. F ichter’s report,
G r a d u a t e s of P r e d o m i n a n t l y N e g r o C o l l e g e s — C l a s s o f 1 9 6 b (U.S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health
Service, 1967), PKS Publication 1571.
3 It is an interesting fact that a larger proportion of white
women (66.7 percent) than of Negro women (60.5 percent) are
married. Perhaps it is even more interesting that a larger propor­
tion of Negro women (21.3 percent) than of white women (16
percent) had n o t given birth to a child, according to the 1960
U.S. census.

EXPECTATIONS OF NEGRO WOMEN GRADUATES

ber of children is 1.20 for female graduates of
predom inantly Negro colleges, 0.71 for southern
whites, and 0.86 for other female graduates.
We asked our respondents to tell us in what ways
they thought m arriage would affect their plans
both for postgraduate study and for their future
occupational career. The most im portant finding
here is th a t the woman graduate of a predomi­
nantly Negro college is about one-half a,s likely as
the southern white woman and the other female
graduates to say th a t m arriage would make it d if­
ficult for her ever to go to graduate or professional
school.
This is a clear indication of a fact for which we
have fu rth er overwhelming evidence: T h at the
educated Negro woman either does not want, can­
not afford, or is culturally conditioned against the
notion of m arriage and fam ily to the exclusion of
other roles. Only 4 percent of the Negro women
estimate th a t m arriage would make it difficult for
them to have any kind of a career at all. F u rth e r­
more, only one-tenth of the Negro women, as com­
pared with about one-fourth of the other female
graduates, say th a t m arriage “would enable me to
be the homemaker I really want to be instead of
working.”
W hat these female graduates prefer and what
they really expect in the relationship between
family and occupation are seen in table 1. P rac­
tically no one of either race wants a career to the
exclusion of m arriage, and hardly any of these
women would prefer to have a m arriage which
excludes children completely. The significant d if­
ferences in preference occur in the two responses
on combining m arriage and child rearing with
either a professional career or steady employment.
Here we find th at almost one-half (47 percent ) of
the Negro women, compared with one-fourth (24
percent) of the southern white women and even
fewer (21 percent) of the others, would really pre­
fer to combine the fam iliar role with the occupa­
tional role. The response that is most popular with
the white women of both categories is to be em­
ployed before children are born and only after
children are grown.
W hen we compare [the data in this table], we
see an increase in the m inority who expect to have
a career without m arriage and a decrease in the
m inority who expect to be housewives only, w ith­
out outside employment. The large differences


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37
T a b l e 1. F e m a l e G r a d u a t e s ’ F i r s t P r e f e r e n c e f o r
L i f e C a r e e r , a n d R e a l is t ic E x p e c t a t i o n , b y R a c e 1
First preference

Life career

Housewife only______ ______
Work only before children are
born......................................
Work after children are grown.
Occasional work throughout..
Combine family and career. _.
Combine family and steady
job------------------------------Marriage and career; no
children________________
No marriage; career only____

Realistic expectation

PNI

PSW

All
other
wom­
en

PN I

PSW

All
other
wom­
en

Per­
cent

Per­
cent

Per­
cent

Per­
cent

Per­
cent

Per­
cent

8

14

8

5

8

5

16
13
11
40

19
31
10
23

20
35
12
20

11
8
19
37

27
22
18
16

24
34
17
12

7

1

1

3

3

2

3
2

1
1

2
2

3
3

1
5

1
5

1,877 10,031
202
937

1,762
503

1,864
215

9,835
1,133

Number__________________ 1,928
337
No response_______________
1 See text footnote 2.

again in the work orientation of the Negro college
woman, who is more than twice as likely (40 per­
cent) as the southern white woman (19 percent)
and the others (14 percent) to say that she realis­
tically expects to combine m arriage, child rea r­
ing, and gainful employment. In contrast to their
preference to work only until children are born, the
percentage of Negro women decreases and th a t of
white women increases in their expectation of
realizing this end. B ut there is both a large racial
and regional difference in the women expecting to
work only before having children and then only
after the children are grown.
It is clearly demonstrated th at the great m ajority
of American women college graduates of both races
expect, and would prefer, to have some gainful
employment after m arriage, at least at certain
times and under certain conditions. . . . The
general impression is that these female respondents
tend to state a preference for th at which they
realistically expect to experience, and this seems
to be the case more with the Negro women than with
the white women. Statistics of the D epartm ent of
Labor reveal th a t a larger proportion of Negro
m arried women than of white m arried women are
actually in the labor force. O ur data reveal th at
three-fifths (59 percent) of the Negro female
graduates expect to work occasionally or regularly
throughout their m arried life, and the same pro­
portion (58 percent) say th at this is what they
want. Only about one-third of the white female
graduates have this expectation and preference.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

38

The Man’s Point of View
Table 2 provides the opportunity for an inter­
esting three-way comparison, showing what these
women think their husband or fiance prefers for
them, compared with what we have seen they prefer
for themselves, then showing what the male re­
spondents to this survey would prefer for their
wives. In the first place, all three categories of
female graduates believe th a t their men prefer less
employment for them than they prefer for them ­
selves. B ut there is still a significant racial differ­
ence, in th at many more of the Negro women (42
percent) than of the southern whites (23 percent)
or of the other female graduates (18 percent) say
th a t their men prefer them to work regularly or
occasionally throughout their m arried life.
The fact is th at the male graduates have an even
greater preference th a t their wives have a m ini­
mum of outside employment than the female grad ­
uates realize. In this m atter, the racial contrast
also persists, with a much larger proportion of
male Negroes (39 percent) than of male southern
whites (14 percent) or other male graduates (15
percent) saying they prefer th a t their wives work
regularly or occasionally throughout their m ar­
ried lives. Furtherm ore, there is a remarkable sim­
ilarity between the distribution of responses of
Negro men and women in this regard. These data
show th at the attitudes on marriage, child rearing,
and wife’s occupational role are most dissimilar
T able 2. M en ’s P reference for Wife ’s R ole, as
Seen by M ale and F emale Graduates, by R ace 1
Female graduates’
belief of role their
own husband or
fiance prefers for
them
Life career

Housewife only_______
Work only before children are
born___ ________
Work after children are grown
Occasional work throughout
Combine family and career...
Combine family and steady
job-------------------------------M arria' e and career; no
children______
Num ber___________
No response_____
1 See text footnote 2.

PNI

PSW

Per­
cent

Per­
cent

Male graduates’
preference of life
career for their
own wife2

All
other P N I
women
Per­
cent

Per­
cent

PSW

All
other
men

Per­
cent

Per­
cent

22

31

18

24

34

25

25
10
14
22

26
19
9
12

34
29
8
9

26
10
12
22

35
16
6
7

34
25
6
8

G

2

1

5

1

1

1

i

1

1

1

1

1,365
900

1,206
873

5, 646
5,322

1,032
246

2,840
363

11,607
1,345

2Questionnaire item was answered regardless of marital status.

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between male and female whites and most similar
between male and female Negroes. Here again, the
male Negro’s preferences may well be much closer
to the realities of the female Negro’s role than are
those of the male white to those of the female
white.
These cross-sex comparisons of opinions provide
one of the clearest indications of the fam ilial and
occupational status of Negro women. W e have seen
in other items of the survey th at the fundam ental
differences among these college graduates are ra ­
cial. Southern white college graduates are much
more sim ilar to other American whites than they
are to Negroes. . . . Women are more likely to
think th a t men w ant their wives to be housewives
only, while men are less likely to think women
themselves want to be housewives only.

Chances of Finding a Husband
Prodding further into the racial differences in
opinion and attitude, we asked a series of ques­
tions about women in relation to dating, marriage,
and children. The educational discrepancy between
the races seems to be reflected in the fact th at more
Negroes than whites agree w ith the statement th at
a single woman who gets an advanced degree will
have a hard time finding a husband. Negro women
have more years of schooling than Negro men, and
more of them go to college and obtain the bache­
lor’s degree. A t this point, fewer of them (21 per­
cent) are m arried than are the female southern
white graduates (27 percent), but more of them
are m arried than are the other female graduates
(17 percent), so th at the fact of having had a col­
lege education does not seem a significant deterrent
to marriage.
The statement in question, however, concerns
advanced or postgraduate degrees. More Negroes
of both sexes than whites feel th at the advanced
degree does lessen a woman’s chances of finding
a husband. Since m arriage is a principal goal of
practically all these women, of both races, we
would suspect that they would want to avoid ex­
periences—like going to graduate school—th at
m ight make it difficult to get m arried. The reverse
of this question, whether m arriage hinders gradu­
ate study, we have already discussed. On th a t m at­
ter, we found a significant racial difference in
opinion: The Negro woman was much more con­
fident than the white woman th a t she could go oil,

39

EXPECTATION'S OF NEGRO WOMEN GRADUATES

even though m arried, to postgraduate study and
professional training. We also saw th a t the female
Negro college graduate was much less interested
than the white college graduate in being “merely”
a homemaker.
We can draw from these various data the gen­
eralization th a t men want their women to stay
home and out of the labor m arket more than the
women want to do so. This seems to be reflected in
the fact th at more men than women, of both races
and both regions, want the woman to avoid an oc­
cupation th a t would be difficult to combine with
child rearing. The racial difference, however, seems
more significant than the sex difference in this
regard. A larger proportion of Negro men (66 per­
cent) and women (60 percent) than of whites of
either sex want to be sure that they have children.
They say this in spite of the fact that the Negro
woman is more likely than the white woman to
combine child rearing and gainful employment.

Working Mothers
These responses revolve around an im portant
sociological hypothesis th at is pertinent to our
investigation. W hen women of ability, talent, and
interest get into gainful employment, do they have
smaller families? I f so, do they want this? Com­
pared w ith white women, a larger percentage of
Negro women of all levels of educational back­
ground, both single and m arried, have been gain­
fully employed. In spite of Negro women’s greater
participation in the labor force, the Negro birth
rate has been higher than the white. We have seen
here th at the m arried female Negro graduate is
more likely than the female white graduate to have
children and to have a larger family.
I t appears, then, th at neither the amount of
schooling nor the extent of employment has the
negative effect on childbearing for Negro women
th at it has for white women. P u ttin g this in an­
other way, we may suggest th at trained and
talented Negro women, even though m arried, are
more likely than their white counterparts to make
a contribution to society through the professions
and occupations. Considering th at the neglect of
male Negro talent and the lower status and role of
the Negro husband are a continuing problem, we
have no way of estim ating if the pattern of female
Negro employment will change so th at it resembles
that of female white employment.

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T able 3.

Career F ields E ntered
Graduates, by R ace 1

Career field

by

PNI

F emale

PSW

All
other
women

Percent Percent Percent
Social w o rk ___
_„ _
__ - _.
Physical sciences___________________________
Health and medical fields____________________
Biological sciences__________________________
Business fields______________________________
Elementary and secondary education---------------Other educational fields______________________
Social sciences______________________________
Humanities________________________________

10
3
8
4
6
23
32
0
8

5
4
7
2
6
24
31
5
15

4
3
9
2
5
28
31
6
11

N umber
. __
No response________________________________

2,051
214

1,873
206

10,127
841

1 See text footnote 2.

Certain other questions we asked about women
and careers elicited reponses with an expected d if­
ference in opinion by sex, the largest of which con­
cerns the statement th a t a woman should not seek
advanced degrees unless she expects to work in her
field almost all her adult life. Men favor this state­
ment more than women, but the difference in opin­
ion between white men and women is much greater
than th a t between Negro men and women. The
statement th a t a man can make long-range plans
for his life but a woman has to take things as
they come gets agreement from one-fifth of the
men of both races. In the light of other findings, it
seems appropriate th at a smaller percentage of
Negro women than of white women agree w ith this
statement, the implication being th a t Negro women
have been less likely than white women simply to
“take things as they come.”

“Feminine” Careers
W hether or not the m ajority of our respondents
see certain career fields and occupations as “mas­
culine” and others as “feminine,” the fact is th at
there is a sharp sex differential both in the m ajor
areas of college study these graduates choose and
in the occupational fields they enter. F o r example,
women are more likely to go into social work and
into grade school and high school teaching, while
men are more likely to go into business fields, the
physical sciences, medicine, and law. W hat is of
immediate interest at this point, however, is the
racial comparison of female graduates in these
areas. [There is] a remarkable sim ilarity in the
general fields of m ajor academic preparation
among female respondents. The Negro women are

40
somewhat more likely to go in for teacher prepara­
tion than are the white women, but the difference
is not as great as we m ight have expected. On the
other hand, white women seem to have majored
more in the humanities in college than did the
Negro women.
W hen we look at table 3, which reports the
career and occupational fields these college gradu­
ates are actually entering, we find an even greater
sim ilarity across racial lines. F o r example, the
same proportion (55 percent) of Negro and south­
ern white female graduates, and only a slightly
higher proportion (59 percent) of the other female
graduates, will be in the teaching field.4 Since job
opportunities in the business world are notoriously
poor for Negroes, we would expect a smaller pro­
portion of Negro women than of white women to
take up a career in business. This is not the case,
however; we find th at most of these Negro women
have prepared themselves for secretarial services or
for other clerical and office work. They do not ex­
pect to be in jobs like advertising, accounting, sales,
marketing, and finance. There is a racial difference
in the proportions of women entering the field of
social work; Negro women find more job oppor­
tunities there than exist in certain other occupa­
tional areas. They are twice as likely as the white
women to become social workers.
There are certain activities th at cut across a
number of specific jobs, and we asked our respond­
ents which of these they thought would be the
most im portant activity in their own occupation.
Again we find a remarkable sim ilarity across racial
lines: two-thirds of all the female graduates say
they would be more occupied with teaching than
anything else. The next most frequently mentioned
activity is professional service to patients or cli­
ents, and the statistical difference in response be­
tween the races is insignificant. In the most gen­
eral terms, what we are finding here is that, regard­
less of the occupational field they enter, women
around the country and across racial lines tend to
have the same distribution of work activities on the
job itself.

The Most Interesting Jobs
In an attem pt to learn more about the interests
and abilities of these graduating women, we pre­
sented a series of eight occupations or professions


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

and asked them to check off their agreement with
a list of statements about each occupation. One of
these statements was: “This sort of work would
be very interesting.” Regardless of sex differences,
which are of course very significant in occupational
preferences, we found some sim ilarities among
the women across racial lines. F o r example, teach­
ing at the college and high school level was “very
interesting” to more than two-thirds of the re­
spondents in all categories.
The smallest proportion of both Negro and white
female graduates consider engineering an interest­
ing occupation. This is also an occupation for
which women college graduates did not prepare
and which they do not intend to enter. On the
other hand, although these women did not empha­
size the sciences in their college majors, and al­
though relatively few of them are going to make
a career in scientific fields, one-half of them think
they would find the work of a research scientist
very interesting. H ere again, there is close agree­
ment across racial lines.
I f we look at these comparative responses as a
kind of “job rating,” we find th at the female gradu­
ates agree on the rank order of the most interest­
ing jobs: College professor, high school teacher,
and research scientist. We find they also agree th at
the least interesting job is th a t of engineer. A con­
siderable racial difference shows up in the rating
of three jobs: Proportionately more Negro women
than white women find the business executive’s
job interesting, but proportionately more white
women than Negro women find a lawyer’s or phy­
sician’s work more interesting. There are fewer
female Negro lawyers and physicians in the United
States than female white, even allowing for the
racial and educational composition of the female
population. Even fewer Negro women than white
women become business executives, so th a t if we
correlated job potential w ith the interest one has in
a job, we would expect even fewer Negro women
than whites to find the job of business executive
interesting.
1 D oddy’s com plaint th a t th e large pro p o rtio n of Negroes going
into th e “ tra d itio n a lly sa fe” field of teach in g is a “d ev iatio n ” of
Negro higher education seems to overlook th e fa c t th a t th is is a
fem ale phenom enon and th a t w hite women also go in d isp ro ­
p o rtio n a te ly for teaching. See Doddy, op. cit. I f th ere is a d is­
p ro p o rtio n ate en tran ce of Negro women in to some field com pared
w ith th a t of w hite women, th e field seems to be social w ork ra th e r
th a n teaching.

41

EXPECTATION'S OF NEGRO WOMEN GRADUATES

Yes I Can
One of the more significant findings of our study,
however, is . . . th a t the female Negro with a col­
lege education has a great deal more confidence in
her own abilities than does the female white gradu­
ate. Using the same list of eight selected occupa­
tions, we asked them to vTeigh the statem ent: “I
don’t have the ability to do this kind of work.” On
every one of these occupations the proportions of
Negro women who say th at they do not have the
necessary ability are lower than those of white
women. Practically all these graduates of both
races consider high school teaching within their
competence, but only 8 percent of the Negro women,
compared w ith 22 percent of the female nonsouth­
ern graduates, feel th at they lack the ability to be
a college professor.
The smallest proportions of female Negro grad ­
uates had said they would find the work of physi­
cians and engineers interesting. The largest pro­
portions of women of both races adm it they lack
the ability to do the work required by these two
professions. The ranking of these eight occupa­
tions, from th at requiring the least ability to th at
requiring the most, is the same for both races,
except th a t the white women think the research
scientist's job takes more ability than the lawyer's
while the Negro women do not.
We asked further whether the respondent felt
she had an unsuitable personality for work in each
of the eight occupations. In most instances, the
female white graduates are about twice as likely
as the Negroes to think they do not have a suitable
personality for the occupation. Three-tenths of the
white women say this about the jobs of physician
and musician, two-fifths about the research
scientist, engineer, and lawyer, and one-lialf about
the business executive. The ranking of the eightoccupations, from those for which most have a
suitable personality to those for which least have
it, is roughly the same across racial lines. The large
difference is still in the percentage of Negro
women compared with the whites who feel they
have a suitable personality for these jobs. . . .
In m aking comparisons with southern and nonsouthern female whites, we found th a t there were
always smaller proportions of female Negroes who
were ready to admit that they did not have the
ability to do the work. This seems to imply great


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self-confidence in their own abilities in spite of the
demonstrably poorer schooling of Negroes and in
spite of a lack of broad experience in many of these
occupations. We had thought this phenomenon
would carry over into the class distinctions within
the Negro group, but it does not. In other words,
the women from the least educated families are not
significantly less willing than the others to adm it
they do not have ability for these various occupa­
tions. In the occupations of law, music, and medi­
cine, more of the lower class women than of the
others admit a lack of ability to do the job.
An even more telling difference in occupational
self-appraisal between Negro and white female col­
lege graduates had shown up in the question
whether they felt they had an unsuitable person­
ality for the selected occupations. In every in­
stance, a significantly higher proportion of female
whites than of Negroes adm itted they had an un­
suitable personality for the work. In every in ­
stance except law, a higher proportion of Negro
women from the better educated families adm it
they do not have a suitable personality for the p a r­
ticular occupation. The percentage differences are
not large (except for the job of high school
teacher), but they tend to support the hypothesis
th at lower class Negroes—even those with a college
education—express an unusual amount of confi­
dence in themselves.

Aspirations and Expectations
In recapitulating these findings, we note th at the
sex differences in Negro respondents coincide with
differences between white and Negro college g rad ­
uates in general. One of the most significant differ­
ences between the Negro and white female college
graduates lies in their life expectations concerning
the combination of m arriage, fam ily, and occupa­
tion. Negro women have a stronger work orienta­
tion than white women. Even though they want
m arriage and a family, they are not as ready as
white women to say it would interfere either with
postgraduate study or with their occupational
career.
These findings provide a broad insight into the
peculiar position of the educated Negro woman in
the American society. Probably because of various
occupational pressures, Negro women are more

42

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

educated than Negro men and are more likely than
white women to be gainfully employed. From the
point of view of both fam ily and career, they come
to prefer th a t which they have learned to expect,
th at is, to combine m arriage, child rearing, and
gainful employment. H aving children seems to
be a more im portant value for Negroes of both
sexes than it is for whites.
Like the female white graduates, the Negro
women expect th at their main occupational func­
tion will be teaching, but a higher proportion of
female Negroes than of whites will go into social
work. They are as interested as the whites in teach­
ing at both the college and the high school level,
but they are much less likely than the whites to say
they do not have the talent, or th at they have an
unsuitable personality, for any of the occupations
about which we asked them. Although their u lti­
mate aspirations for graduate degrees are much
higher than those of whites, the year after com­

mencement will find fewer female Negroes than
whites either working for a postgraduate degree
or taking nondegree courses. A smaller proportion
of female Negroes than of whites had a definite
job commitment after graduation.
The class comparisons among women within the
Negro group do not show much difference in orien­
tation toward m arriage and career. I t appears th at
the employment preferences and expectations of
Negro women emerge from traditional patterns
which are not greatly altered by class position.
The significant class difference lies in the type of
occupational field these Negro women enter. Teach­
ing at the elementary and secondary levels is more
attractive to the women from the least educated
families, and it will absorb proportionately more
of them than of the upper class women. The latter
tend to have somewhat less confidence in the suit­
ability of their personality for the various job
requirements.

Addendum
The discussion by Professor P eter C. B riant of McGill University, which
appeared in the September Monthly Labor Revietv (pp. 22-25) as “Reflections
on Professional O rganization,” referred in the main to his work with the
P rotestant Teachers Association in Quebec, with some additional observations
from his wTork with accountants’ and nurses’ organizations. Professor B riant
in 1965 became chairm an of a commission to inquire into and report on the
role of the association in the life of the teacher.


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Report of the Special
Railroad Board
E ditor ’s N ote .— Following

is the text of the report and
determination issued September lü, 1967, by the
Special Railroad Board established pursuant to Pub­
lic Laio 90-5J/.

P ublic Law 90-54 was passed by Congress on July 17,
1967, and signed by the President the same day. As will

be set forth more fully below, the law provides for the
establishment by the President of a five-member board to
attempt to resolve the dispute between virtually all of
the Class I railroads of the United States, represented by
the National Railway Labor Conference, and their shopcraft employees represented by the International Associa­
tion of Machinists and Aerospace Workers; International
Brotherhood of Boilermakers, Iron Shipbuilders, Black­
smiths, Forgers and Helpers; Sheet Metal Workers Inter­
national Association; Brotherhood of Railway Carmen
of America ; International Brotherhood of Electrical
Workers ; and International Brotherhood of Firemen and
Oilers, hereinafter referred to as the shoperaft unions or
brotherhoods.
The collective bargaining out of which this controversy
arose began on May 17,1966, when the brotherhoods served
notices pursuant to section 6 of the Railway Labor Act
requesting wage increases and a number of other changes
in wages, hours, and working conditions. The next month,
individual railroads made various proposals upon the
brotherhoods. In accordance with what has apparently
become the usual practice in the industry, the proposals
were referred to the national level in September 1966,
and in October mediation sessions, under the auspices of
the National Mediation Board (NMB), were held. In
December 1966, the brotherhoods turned down a media­
tion proposal for settlement of the dispute. On January
6, 1967, the NMB, having determined that further media­
tion efforts would be fruitless, made a formal proffer of
arbitration in accordance with the requirements of the
Railway Labor Act.
The shoperaft unions formally declined the proffer of
arbitration on January 9, 1967. Ten days later the NMB
notified the President that in its judgment the dispute
threatened substantially to interrupt interstate commerce
so as to deprive the country of essential transportation
service. Thereupon, on January 28, 1967, the President
issued Executive Order No. 11324 creating Emergency
Board No. 169. The Board consisted of David Ginsburg,
chairman, and Frank J. Dugan and John W. McConnell,
members.
The Ginsburg Board submitted its report to the Presi­
dent on March 10, 1967, and thereafter the parties met
and bargained collectively. While the railroads were pre­
pared to accept the recommendations of Emergency Board
No. 169, the brotherhoods were not.
On March 31, 1967, the NMB requested that the parties
meet again and meetings were held with Chairman Fran­


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cis A. O’Neill, Jr., and Under Secretary of Labor James
J. Reynolds between April 4 and April 10. Because agree­
ment appeared impossible prior to the strike deadline of
April 13, 1967, the President requested that Congress
extend the no strike period set forth in section 10 of the
Railway Labor Act for an additional 20 days in this case.
Public Law 90-10 was passed by the Congress on April 11,
1967, and signed by the President the following day. This
law extended the period of statutory restraint until May 3,
1967.
On April 12, 1967, and in accordance with his message
requesting Public Law 90-10, the President appointed a
Special Mediation Panel consisting of Judge Charles Fahy,
chairman, and John T. Dunlop and George W. Taylor,
members.
Thereafter, this Special Mediation Panel met with the
parties, both separately and together, but were unable to
find during the course of 28 meetings a method of achieving
a settlement by the parties. Finally, on April 22, 1967,
the Special Mediation Panel made a proposal of its own
for the settlement of the outstanding issues in dispute and
transmitted its proposal to the President and to the par­
ties. This proposal was found to be unacceptable in wTiole
or in part by both parties.
As a result of the continuing impasse, the President
on April 28 again requested the Congress to avert the
strike, which was then scheduled for 12 :01 a.m., on May 3,
1967, for a period of 47 days. Public Law 90-13 was signed
by the President on May 2, 1967.
On May 4, 1967, the President sent a message to the
Congress recommending special legislation to resolve this
dispute. Hearings were held in the House for 12 days and
in the Senate for 7 days. The joint resolution passed the
Senate on June 7. The House passed an amended version
on June 14. A conference of the Houses was held, during
which the time period specified in Public Law 90-13 ex­
pired, However, the brotherhoods agreed that for a rea­
sonable period of time thereafter no unilateral actions
would be taken by them. On July 11, 1967, chairmen of
the Conference Committees of each House were notified
that the guarantee not to engage in unilateral action was
being withdrawn at the end of that week. On July 16-17,
1967, interruptions in service occurred on most of the Class
I railroads in the United States. Public Law 90-54 was
passed by both Houses and signed on July 17, 1967.

Requirements of the Law
Public Law 90-54 provides that the Special Board shall
attempt by mediation to bring about a resolution of this
dispute and thereby to complete the collective bargaining
process. The statute further provides that if agreement has
not been reached within 30 days after its enactment the
Special Board shall hold hearings on the proposal made
by the Special Mediation Panel, in its report to the Presi­
dent on April 22, 1967, in implementation of the collective
bargaining contemplated in the recommendation of
Emergency Board No. 169.
Under the terms of the statute the purpose of the afore­
mentioned hearings is to determine whether the April 22
43

44
proposal of the Special Mediation Panel (1) is in the
public interest, (2) is a fair and equitable settlement
within the collective bargaining and mediation efforts in
this case, (3) protects the collective bargaining process,
and (4) fulfills the purposes of the Railway Labor Act.
Following the hearings, during which the parties are re­
quired to be accorded a full opportunity to present their
positions concerning the proposal of the Special Mediation
Panel, the Special Board is required to make a determina­
tion by vote of the majority of its members on or before
the 60th day after the enactment of the statute, and to
incorporate the proposal of the Special Mediation Panel
with such modifications, if any, as the Board finds to be
necessary to meet the four statutory criteria mentioned
above. This determination is to be promptly transmitted
by the Board to the President and to the Congress.
Finally, the statute provides that if agreement has not
been reached by the parties by 12:01 a.m. of the 91st day
after the enactment of the statute, the determination of
the Special Board shall take effect and shall continue in
effect until the parties reach agreement or, if agreement
is not reached, until such time, not to exceed 2 years from
January 1, 1967, as the Board shall determine to be ap­
propriate. The statute further provides that the Board’s
determination shall have the same effect (including the
preclusion of resort to either strike or lockout) as though
arrived at by agreement of the parties under the Railway
Labor Act.
As will be discussed more fully below, mediation efforts
by this Board were not successful in concluding an agree­
ment between the parties on each of the issues in dispute
and hearings in accordance with the statute and a determi­
nation by this Board proved necessary.

Procedures Followed by the Board
As noted earlier, on July 18, 1967, the President ap­
pointed this Special Board established under Public Law
90-54 composed of Senator Wayne L. Morse, chairman,
and Frederick R. Kappel, Theodore W. Kheel, George
Meany, and Senator Leverett H. Saltonstall, members.
The entire Board met formally with the parties and
engaged in mediation on July 25, 1967, and August 1, 10,
and 11,1967. In between formal sessions, various members
of the Board made themselves available to the parties for
further mediation.
On August 16, 1967, the time for mediation under the
statute ceased and the Board was required to hold public
hearings on the proposal of the Fahy Panel and any modi­
fication thereof which the parties desired. The Board held
a prehearing conference with the parties on August 21.
1967, as a result of which a hearing schedule was
established.
The parties made opening statements to the Board on
August 23, 1967. On August 25, 1967, briefs and affidavits
in support of any modifications of the Fahy Panel pro­
posal desired by the parties were filed and on August 28,
reply briefs and counter affidavits were filed by each of
the parties.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967
On August 29, 1967, hearings were held at which time
the parties were given an opportunity to present oral
testimony. The Board had originally allowed 3 days for
such hearings; however, the parties found that the presen­
tation of affidavits and exhibits obviated the need for
extensive hearings and were able to conclude in 1 day.
On September 7, 1967, the parties filed final briefs with
the Board and on September 9 final oral arguments were
heard. The Board then went into executive session to re­
view the record and develop its determination.

Issues in Dispute
At the outset of its mediation efforts in this case the
Board attempted to obtain from the parties agreement on
the basic issues in this dispute to which it was required
to address itself. On the basis of the proposal of the Spe­
cial Mediation Panel and the positions of the parties, the
following are the issues in dispute:
1. The effective date and duration of the agree­
ment and the date on which contract reopening notices
may be served.
2. The general wage increase or increases to be
granted tit all employees and the effective date or
dates thereof.
3. The amount and effective dates of any wage
inequity adjustments.
4. A determination as to the employees entitled to
such wage inequity adjustments.
Based upon extensive discussion, hearings, and argu­
ment by the parties, an exhaustive review of the record,
and our deliberations in executive sessions, this Special
Board has reached the following conclusions which form
the basis for our determination.
First, it is our conclusion that in the light of the afore­
mentioned criteria contained in Public Law 90-54, the
parties, in their presentation before the Board, failed to
justify any departure from the basic principles of the
proposal of the Special Mediation Panel for the 18-month
period which that proposal covered. Accordingly, our
determination incorporates therein the proposal that a
general wage increase in the amount of 6 percent effective
January 1, 1967, be granted to run for 18 months with
additional wage-rate increases for journeymen and
mechanics classifications1 as follows: April 1, 1967, 5
cents; October 1, 1967, 5 cents; April 1, 1968, 5 cents.
Second, it is our conclusion that in the light of the
aforementioned statutory criteria the duration of the
contract should be extended an additional 6 months beyond
.1une 30,1968. The proposal of the Special Mediation Panel
was made on April 22, 1967. Since that time almost 5
months have gone by, and just short of 6 months will
have expired by the time our determination becomes ef­
fective. A contract of shorter duration than 2 years would
1 A subsidiary question was raised as to whether the Fahy
Panel proposal included stationary engineers and stationary fire­
men w ithin the journeymen and mechanics classifications. It is
our conclusion that stationary engineers were included and that
stationary firemen were not.

SPECIAL RAILROAD BOARD REPORT
necessitate reopening discussions of the issues in dispute
only a few months after our determination is rendered.
Moreover, a contract expiration date of June 30, 1968,
would not provide sufficient time for the completion of
the factfinding study which we subsequently recommend
and which we feel is essential to the development of
meaningful information to ultimately resolve the skill
differential-wage inequity issue and promote the develop­
ment of sound constructive collective bargaining rela­
tionships between the railroads and their shopcraft
employees.
Third, in view of the extension of the contract duration
for an additional 6 months the Board concludes that in
the light of the aforementioned statutory criteria the
following additional changes are warranted:
1. A general wage increase of 5 percent for all em­
ployees effective July 1, 1968.
2. An additional wage rate increase of 5 cents for
journeymen and mechanics classifications effective
October 1, 1968.
3. Notices on basic wage rate increases may be
received any time after September 1, 1968, and any
change may be effective only on or after January 1,
1969.
Fourth, a basic issue running to the heart of this dis­
pute is the so-called wage lag for skilled employees. Both
sides recognize that a wage inequity exists, but are
in disagreement as to whom any inequity adjustment
should apply.
During the course of this Board’s mediation efforts it
became apparent that the carriers and the unions lacked
the essential information necessary to carry on meaning­
ful collective bargaining on this question. Fundamental
facts as to the characteristics of the work force involved,
the amount and type of training received by the various
skilled classifications, and qualitative comparisons of the
skill required and work performed by these classifica­
tions as compared with similar occupations in other in­
dustries simply were not available.
This gave rise to the suggestion—again during the medi­
ation phase of our proceedings—that it would be in the
interests of both sides to agree to a factfinding study of
the entire “skill differential” and “wage inequity” ques­
tion to be used in their next round of collective bargaining
negotiations. Both sides conceded the merits of this sug­
gestion, and in subsequent arguments during the hearings
phase of the Board’s activities both sides alluded to such
a study and agreed that an objective factfinding inquiry
be undertaken.
It is the Board’s opinion that a comprehensive fact­
finding study is the only basis upon which to ultimately
and objectively resolve the skilled differential problem.
Moreover, the Board is convinced that the parties recog­
nize the need for such a study and in fact have indicated
to the Board each side’s willingness to cooperate with
such an undertaking by the U.S. Department of Labor.
Accordingly, in the light of the aforementioned statu­
tory criteria by which the Board is to be guided—es27)7—7/69 O— 67------ 4


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

45
pecially the obligation to protect the collective bargain­
ing process—we conclude that a factfinding study should
be undertaken to assist the parties in their next round
of negotiations. The study, under the auspices of the
U.S. Department of Labor together with such assistance
of other Government agencies as may be necessary, should
proceed on the basis of joint consideration by the parties
of its scope and content.
The position of the shopcraft workers in the railroad
industry is unique because of the wage compression which
has occurred eroding the distinction in wage relationships
between various skills. The Board, accordingly, believes
that this study of factual data is essential for future
bargaining efforts in order that the relative rates of pay
for the different skills in the groups concerned in this
present dispute may be properly identified lor the future.
The study should be a comprehensive one covering all
aspects of the skilled crafts-wage compression problem,
including but not necessarily limited to information con­
cerning such matters as the number of employees in each
class or craft, the rates of pay for each class or craft, the
number of employees who attained their present positions
through formal apprenticeship programs, the number of
employees who attained their present positions through
upgrading or appointment, the railroads on which formal
apprenticeship training programs or upgrading agree­
ments exist and the extent to which apprenticeship train­
ing or upgrading are used, comparisons of skilled job
classifications in the railroad industry with similar classi­
fications in other industries, the relationship of the wages
of shopcraft journeymen and mechanics in railroads to
the wages of other railroad employees and of employees
performing similar work in outside industry, and such
other pertinent items as the Secretary of Labor, in con­
sultation with the parties, shall determine to be essential
to such study in order to make it clear and helpful to all
concerned.
The study is intended to assist the parties in their
next round of collective bargaining negotiations. It is
vital that the study be a factual one without any recom­
mendations. It should be completed as promptly as
possible but in any event the findings should be trans­
mitted to the parties no later than September 1, 1968.
The Board feels confident that the President and the
Congress will make available sufficient funds to permit
the Department of Labor to undertake this study which
the Board feels is so important to the railroad industry.
The Board has emphasized the importance of a study
of the problem of who is entitled to a skilled wage differ­
ential. The Board is hopeful that under the impartial
guidance of the Department of Labor in finding the facts
in the railroad industry, a basis for future collective bar­
gaining efforts will be obtained that will be helpful. The
Board has gone along with the Fahy Panel in recom­
mending the three 5-cent differentials and added one more
to complete the 2-year contract duration recommendation.
The Board has taken this position, with some reluctance
on the part of some members, in an effort to be unanimous
and yet at the same time stress the importance of ulti-

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

46
inately resolving this matter through the study by the
Department of Labor.
The Board has agreed upon continuing the present dif­
ferentials to all who have received them in the past, be­
cause the Board heard no evidence that made it possible
fairly to effect changes. Unless this study is made, the
same differences of opinion as to who is entitled may well
arise again to plague a settlement in the next wage dis­
cussion. For this reason, the Board desires that both
sides will agree upon what may be included in the study
in order that the finding of facts reached by the Depart­
ment will be beneficial in future negotations.
The Board has been appointed by the President under
the provisions of Public Law 90-54 to maintain the trans­
portation services of our country during the present emer­
gency. It regrets this necessity. It believes in the principles
of collective bargaining and trusts that the study it rec­
ommends will make it possible for the railroad industry
and its unions to bargain together without the compulsion
of a Presidential^ appointed board. This will allow our
economy to operate under the fundamental procedures
that have given our country the strength and vitality of
economic and political freedom which characterizes our
American system.

Determination of the Board
It is the determination of this Board acting under the
authority vested in it by Public Law 90-54 that, if the
parties do not themselves hereafter agree to terms which
would modify or supersede this determination, as of 12:01
a.m. October 16, 1967, the following shall become effective :
1. A general wage increase of 6 percent shall be
granted all employees effective January 1, 1967, and
one additional general wage increase of 5 percent to
their then current rate shall be granted all employees
effective July 1,1968.
2. Additional wage rate increases for journeymen
and mechanics classifications, including stationary
engineers but not stationary firemen, shall be granted
as follows: April 1, 1967, 5 cents; October 1, 1967.
5 cents; April 1, 1968, 5 cents; and October 1, 1968,
5 cents.
3. This determination shall be effective for the
period January 1, 1967, through December 31, 1968.
Notices on basic wage rates may be served any time
after September 1, 1968, and any change may be effec­
tive only on or after January 1, 1969. Any notice may
be served, however, on other money items or rules.


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Wayne L. Morse, Chairman
Frederick R. Kappel, Member
Theodore W. Klieel, Member
George Meany, Member
Leverett H. Saltonstall, Member

Individual Views of Mr. Kappel
I have signed this Special Board’s determination with
serious reservations bordering on disapproval of the 5 per­
cent and the four 5-cent skilled craft wage increases. The
factfinding study and the establishment of January 1,
1969, as the duration date of the determination I strongly
support and approve of.
The case has been replete with evidence relating to the
skilled craft dispute, which in fact has been the core
issue between the parties to this dispute throughout our
efforts to settle this matter and throughout three pre­
vious boards or panels that have been constituted for
that purpose. The carriers have accepted the general wage
recommendations of all of these boards and panels and
only in the last, the Fahy Panel instance, did they not ac­
cept the recommendations concerning the skilled differ­
ential issue. The unions have accepted no part of any of
these recommendations.
The money amounts included in this determination are
excessive, in my opinion, on several counts. They are in­
consistent with the current important need to contain
inflation. They encourage resort to governmental pro­
cedures, because the wage rates recommended so nearly
meet the full demands that caused this dispute from the
beginning. They are excessive too in that the combined
effect of the 6-percent and 5-percent increases and the
four 5-cent increases result in a 25-cent increase in skill
differentials, a substantial increase ordered before the
machinery to determine a sound basis for eligibility and
amount has had a chance to start.
I believe there is no real dispute about the eligibility
for a differential to truly qualified employees, but for the
Board to spread the differential to this extent is pre­
judgment without facts and not conducive to the final
settlement by collective bargaining.
The case is replete with reasons to support this view
and I regret that all of the persuasion at my command
in the full and frank discussion and review of the evi­
dence during this Board’s deliberations did not produce
a better result for the public, the ultimately better and
more equitable solution of this problem by the parties,
and most sincerely for the railroad’s added burden of
trying to manage successfully in the public interest. I
have signed this Board report with the feeling that as
bad as I consider it to be in the ways that I have men­
tioned, it would get no better by my withholding my sig­
nature and I have a satisfaction in knowing that it is better
than it might otherwise have been. I hope that even with
these circumstances, the core issue will be met with ob­
jectivity in a future bargaining session.

Frederick R. Kappel, Member

The Replicated Sample

includes two replicated item samples and, where
appropriate, two outlet samples per city, and a
“pairing” of some cities in order to compute vari­
ances. While a greater number of replicated item
and outlet samples would have been desirable from
the point of view of providing better estimates of
sampling error, two was the maximum number
which was practical in the CPI.
There are two levels of replication: (1) A mini­
mum level which is designed to measure only the
total sampling error, not to isolate the separate
components, and (2) an extended level, used in
selected cities, which is designed to provide an esti­
mate of the components of the sampling error con­
tributed by sampling of cities, items, and outlets.
The replication details vary also depending on
whether the city is one of the 18 largest metro­
politan areas which were all included in the CPI
sample (certainty selections) or is one of those se­
lected randomly to represent other cities as well as
itself.
In the simplest case, one item sample is priced in
one city of a pair and another item sample is priced
in the other city. Indexes or relatives of price
change are computed for each city for some speci­
fied time period, which will usually be different.
An estimate of sampling variance to which the city
index is subject can be made by a comparison of
the two relatives. This estimate will include the
effect of sampling of cities, items, and outlets. The
variance is then used for calculations involving
both cities of the pair.
The more detailed replication plan for paired
cities calls for both item samples to be priced in
each city of the pair, with each item sample priced
in separate outlet samples. Thus, there are four
price relatives for use in computing the overall
sampling variance as well as making rough esti­
mates of the components of the variance.
No sampling of “certainty” cities was involved,
so “pairing” such cities would not be appropriate.
In the minimum replication design for these places
both item samples are priced in each city, in sep­
arate outlet samples, producing two relatives per

Replication involves making several estimates of
a variable, using uniform procedures and estimat­
ing methods with different, or replicated samples.
From the variability exhibited by replicated esti­
mates, a measure of the sampling error of the com­
bined sample can be computed. The CPI design

*Of the Office of D ata Collection and Survey Operations, B u­
reau of Labor Statistics.
1 Philip J. McCarthy, G overnm ent P rice S ta tistic s : H earings
B efore th e S u bcom m ittee on Econom ic S ta tis tic s (Congressional
Joint Economic Committee, 87th Cong., 1st sess., 1961), Staff
Paper 4, Pt. 1, pp. 197-232.
2 For a more detailed and technical discussion, see “Sampling
Error in the Consumer Price Index,” Jo urnal of th e A m erican
S ta tistic a l A ssociation, September 1967.

Technical Note

Measurements of Sampling
Error in the CPI
Marvin W ilkerson *
F ollowing 3 y e a e s of critical scrutiny and evalua­
tion, the Bureau of Labor Statistics concluded
that the system of replicated samples built into the
revised Consumer Price Index (CPI) provides
reasonable approximations to the sampling error
in the CPI. Publication of the average sampling
error estimates began in January 1967 on a quar­
terly basis. In July 1967, BLS began publishing
the error estimates for the monthly, quarterly, and
annual changes in the all-items CPI, and for nine
of its component groups.
Professor Philip J. McCarthy of Cornell Uni­
versity, outlined a replicated sample design 1 for
the CPI. This design was subsequently expanded
and adapted for use in the revised CPI structure.
The new samples and procedures were linked into
the CPI beginning with December 1963. This note
presents a brief summary of the main features of
the replication design.2
The CPI is the end product of a whole complex
of samples: Of cities, of items, of outlets. BLS per­
sonnel recognized that any estimate of sampling
error would probably have to be produced by some
simple method of the general type variously termed
replicated samples, interpenetrating samples, ran­
dom groups, and so forth. Measurement of sam­
pling error by conventional methods offered such
conceptual and computational difficulties as to be
impractical.


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47

48

city. In the extended replication design, both item
samples are priced in both outlet samples, giving
four relatives from which estimates of the total
variance and its components are derived.
Estimating the Error
The U.S. all-items computation could be an inde­
pendent calculation, that is, one derived from the
variation between the replicated all-items rela­
tives, or it could be computed as a function of the
variances of the U.S. commodity group indexes.
Experimental work showed the latter procedure
to be preferable, on practical grounds, and it is the
method now employed. Nine commodity groups
or strata are currently being used: Food at home,
food away from home, housing, apparel, transpor­
tation, medical care, personal care, reading and
recreation, and other goods and services. A total
of 732 detailed price indexes at the city-commodity
group level went into the initial computation for
each time period involved.
Since the replication design was not introduced
until December 1963, it obviously is not possible to
compute a measure of error applicable to the level
of the CPI (which has a 1957-59 reference base)
but only to its change since December 1963, or over
some subsequent time period. There is less interest
in the error of the long-term change in the CPI
(that is, since December 1963) than in the error for
current monthly, quarterly, and annual changes.
Estimates are therefore regularly computed for
current periods, as well as for the long-term index
change.
The form in which the error estimates are to be
regularly published consists of annual average
standard errors relating to monthly, quarterly, and
annual index change for the U.S. all-items CPI
and the nine commodity groups. (See accompany­
ing table.) The averaging over a year smooths out
some of the erratic fluctuation in the errors, but
does not seriously affect the applicability to any
particular time period. The individual short-term
estimates appear to be independent of the size of
the index change during the period to which they
relate, at least within the range of value to which
the CPI has been subject in the past few years.
The standard errors may be interpreted as fol­
lows : The chances are about 95 out of 100 that the
percent change in the CPI over the specified time
period differs from the “complete coverage” change
by less than twice the corresponding standard

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967
A verage

S tandard

E rr o r s of P e r c e n t
THE CPI

Component

All items________________________
Food at home____________________
Food away from home_____________
Housing_________________________
Apparel_________________________
Transportation___________________
Medical care_____________________
Personal care____________________
Reading and recreation_____ _____
Other___________________________

Monthly
change
0.03
.10
.05
.05
.10
.11
.07
.12
.12
.10

Changes

Quarterly
change
0.05
.13
.08
.08
.16
.21
.11
.19
.14
.16

in

Annual
change
0.06
.13
.16
.11
.18
.24
.24
.31
.27
.32

error. The error figures are rounded to two decimal
places, whereas the CPI is rounded to one. This
may result in some ambiguity in interpreting small
index changes. The table indicates, for example,
that a month-to-month change of 0.1 percent in the
all-items CPI is significant (twice the standard
error). Because of rounding, however, a change of
this size in the published index might result from
a much smaller change in the unrounded value.
Hence, any particular change of 0.1 percent may
not be significant. On the other hand, a published
change of 0.2 percent is almost always significant,
regardless of the time period to which it relates.
(It should be noted that these error estimates re­
late to percent changes in the CPI, not to changes
in index points.)
The initial CPI sample consisted of the urban
parts of 33 Standard Metropolitan Statistical
Areas (SMSA’s) and 17 small urban places, or a
total of 50 “cities.” 3 Six large SMSA’s were added
to the C PI sample as of December 1965. This ex­
pansion necessitated some modification in the error
calculations. Estimates of long-term error from
December 1963 are being continued using data
from the original sample only (that is, any gain in
precision in the CPI due to the additional sample
areas is ignored). In addition, a new series of cal­
culations has been started, with December 1965 as
the “base,” using data from the enlarged sample.
(This increased the number of detailed indexes
used in each computation to 840.)
The standard errors in the table are based on the
original sample and will be revised after estimates
for December 1967 are completed. They will then
relate entirely to the enlarged sample. Estimates of
standard errors will be revised periodically to
correspond to current calculations.
J S e e “ T h e R e v is e d C ity S a m p le fo r th e C o n su m e r P r ic e I n d e x ,”
M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , O cto b er 1 9 6 0 , pp . 1 0 7 8 - 8 3 . A ls o T he Con­
sum er Price In d ex: H isto ry and T echnique (B L S B u lle t in 1 5 1 7 ,
1 9 6 6 ).

Foreign Labor Briefs*

I n A ugust , the French Government adopted three

ordinances establishing a system of mandatory
profit sharing. Reacting to the possibility of simi­
lar legislation in Belgium, the National Secretary
of the Belgian General Federation of Labor
(FGTB) stated that his organization would op­
pose such a system. To ensure that workers receive
their full share of profits under pertinent legisla­
tion, the Mexican Government recently announced
that the Finance Ministry will establish an office
to advise workers on company profits.
France— P r o f it S h a r in g
Three new ordinances establishing a system of
mandatory profit sharing, to be made effective
January 1,1968, were recently adopted by the Gov­
ernment. They were designed for the dual purpose
of giving workers a proprietary interest in firms
and of providing enterprises with a source of capi­
tal for investment. Since the initial reaction of
hostility or indifference by main business groups
and trade unions largely persists, attempts to
change the ordinances are expected when they will
be submitted for parliamentary ratification later
this year or in 1968.
The major provision of the ordinances is that
private firms employing more than 100 workers
must opt, by agreement with the workers’ repre­
sentatives, for distribution of stock in the com­
pany; deposits to a “special reserve” fund which
the company must use for investment purposes
and against which participants will receive an evi­
dence of claim, such as a bond; or distribution of
shares through a privately managed mutual fund.
Firms may choose an alternate plan, if essentially
equivalent benefits are provided. If the parties
cannot agree upon a plan within a specified time,
the second option will be prescribed by the authori­
ties. Firms outside the scope of the ordinances may
voluntarily initiate agreements to participate in
the system.
The profit-sharing reserve fund will be based on
the productivity of labor and on net profits, after

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allowing for a 5-percent rate of return on the capi­
tal. Companies may set aside an equivalent
amount, tax exempt, for investment purposes.
Workers must be employed by the firm for at
least 3 months to benefit from the distribution of
shares, which will be based on the proportion of
wages received, subject to individual limitations.
Under ordinary circumstances, the shares charged
to workers’ accounts will be frozen for 5 years.
These sums will also be exempt from personal in­
come tax.
United Kingdom— P r o d u c tiv ity
The Confederation of British Industry (CBI)
and the Trades Union Congress (TUC) announced
plans for a joint campaign to increase productiv­
ity. The scheme, under supervision of a joint CBITUC steering committee, is based on a mutual
commitment to increase output and real incomes,
consistent with full employment and price stabil­
ity. The specific objective is to raise industrial effi­
ciency and productivity through the more effective
use of all resources, particularly manpower. As a
first step, full-scale union-management discussions
on manpower utilization are to be held at all
levels—industry, region, individual company, and
plant. Workers will be encouraged to raise any
matter bearing on the industry’s or firm’s produc­
tivity. The plans also call for the use, where pos­
sible, of existing machinery for discussion
purposes and for subsequent negotiation on any
proposed changes in work rules, wage payment sys­
tems, and other terms and conditions of employ­
ment.
West Germany— F r in g e B e n e fits
The Metalworkers’ Union published the results
of a study of the fringe benefits received by over
50,000 white-collar workers in seven automobile
companies. The survey showed that six of the firms
provide sick leave benefits beyond the legally re­
quired 6 weeks of full pay for one illness. The
duration of such supplementary payments de­
pends on seniority, ranging from a period of 2
to 4 weeks after 5 years of service to 33 weeks after
15 years of service. In six of the firms, the pay­
ments under collective agreements equaled the dif♦Prepared in the Office of Foreign Labor and Trade, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, on the basis of m aterial available in early
September.

49

50
ference between sickness benefits provided, by in­
surance and either 90 percent of the net earnings
(in five firms) or 100 percent (in one firm). Un­
der collective agreements, all seven firms provided
supplementary old-age pensions, and four of them
protected employees’ wages and perquisites in case
of transfer, due to technological change, after 15
years of service and attainment of the 50th birth­
day.
Other benefits provided by all seven firms in­
cluded a “jubilee” bonus for 25 years of service,
a Christmas bonus, and an 18- to 20-percent re­
bate on the retail price of cars purchased by em­
ployees from their own company. Some of the
firms also granted an efficiency bonus on a monthly
or annual basis (six firms), recuperation leave
with all expenses paid and no charge to regular
paid leave (four firms), and a supplementary va­
cation in addition to the number of days stipulated
under collective contracts (three firms).
As distinguished from benefits regulated by col­
lective agreements, those granted voluntarily by
a firm in a works council agreement may be uni­
laterally withdrawn at any time.
Sweden— W a g e P o lic y
On a number of occasions over a period of
months, Arne Geijer, president of the Swedish
Trade Union Confederation (LO), has expressed
dissatisfaction with the system under which the
organization has sometimes agreed to a moderate
wage pattern in order to avoid inflationary in­
creases, only to find later that its agreement had
been used by other labor federations as a plat­
form or floor for negotiating wages higher than
the LO pattern. To achieve better coordination of
future wage bargaining, President Geijer has
initiated discussions with the Central Organiza­
tion of Salaried Employees (TCO) and the
Swedish Employers’ Confederation on a plan pro­
viding for initial determination, by a group of
experts, of the total available amount of wage
increases consistent with the prevailing economic
conditions, and subsequent establishment by the
LO and the TCO of guidelines fixing the propor­
tions of this total sum to be used for wage in­
creases and for fringe benefits. These guidelines,
arrived at for the country as a whole, would then
be applied to local negotiations.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

Bulgaria— L a b o r D is c ip lin e
The campaign to strengthen the discipline of
labor and to increase production continues to be
aimed at reducing both absenteeism and the preva­
lence of idle machinery. Recently the authorities
have decried the tendency to put the full blame
for these two weaknesses on the irresponsibility
of individual workers. The authorities now indi­
cate that management officials have contributed
to low productivity through inefficient organiza­
tion of production and through failure to improve
the living and working conditions of workers.
Specifically cited are irregular delivery of mate­
rials, bad maintenance of machinery, unsatis­
factory transportation, and inadequate housing,
medical care, and child care.
Central America— L a b o r O r g a n iz a tio n s
Labor’s role in Central American economic in­
tegration and development was discussed in July
at two regional meetings held in Guatemala City.
Both meetings stressed the need for improvement
of social conditions as part of regional integration.
The Congress of the Central American Confed­
eration of Workers (CTCA), held July 23 to 26,
approved 14 resolutions recommending participa­
tion by workers’ organizations in development
planning; intensification of efforts by regional,
national, and international bodies to improve so­
cial security, apprenticeship, and training pro­
grams; labor education; and agrarian reform. It
also recommended that the national governments
respect all trade union rights, including the right
of freedom of association, and that they establish
national human resource councils and other con­
crete programs in fulfillment of the goals pro­
claimed at the first (1963) and second (1966)
Inter-American Conferences of Ministers of La­
bor. In addition, the Congress issued the “Trade
Union Declaration of Central America,” outlining
various goals, of which the first is the launching of
a widespread literacy campaign.
The second regional meeting (the first Con­
ference of Trade Union Confederations of Cen­
tral America and Panama on Regional Programs
of Social and Economic Integration), held July 26
to 28, was sponsored by the Organization of Cen­
tral American States. It approved resolutions on

FOREIGN LABOR BRIEFS

labor ministry services, minimum wages, and
workers’ banks.
Malaysia— I n d u s tr ia l R e la tio n s
A new industrial relations law went into effect
early in August. It gives workers the right to
organize and guarantees their unions exclusive
and renewable bargaining rights for 2-year pe­
riods. It also establishes a permanent Industrial
Court, to replace the Industrial Tribunal estab­
lished as an emergency measure during the Indo­
nesian “confrontation,” and empowers the
Ministry of Labor to refer industrial disputes
in public utilities to the court. Strikes in public
utilities, however, are subject to substantial lim­
itations. Disputes involving the unionized
employees of various government agencies, na­
tional and local, may also be referred to the court
by the Minister when this is approved by the
King. When royal approval is denied, employees
may not strike.
Japan— G o v e r n m e n t E m p lo y e e s
The National Personnel Authority (NPA) has
recommended that 900,000 employees of the Na­
tional Government be given an 11.9-percent in­
crease in base pay and allowances, based on
comparable trends in private industry. The in­
crease will not be “across the board” as in the
past, but will give a bigger break to doctors and
to men of marriageable age. About 2 million em­
ployees of local governments are also expected to
benefit from the increases. In addition, the NPA
called for a new “urban areas” allowance as an
adjustment for higher costs of living in the six
largest cities. The new allowance will replace, over
the next 3 years, a cost-of-living allowance for­
merly calculated separately; the old allowance will
be incorporated in the base pay during the replace­
ment period. Favorable action by the Japanese
Parliament was expected shortly.


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51

Ghana—E m p lo y m e n t S e r v ic e
The Ministry of Labor is making preparations
to extend and improve its Youth Employment
Service (YES), which provides job counseling
and placement serves in Accra and three other
cities. In the first half of 1967, applications aver­
aged 4,000 a month; between 10 and 15 percent of
applicants were placed in jobs. Although its serv­
ices are available to all young people, YES at­
tempts mainly to help those who have acquired at
least the equivalent of 6 years of formal education
or more and who are new entrants into the labor
market. Illiterate youths applying for assistance
are normally referred to the Ministry’s National
Employment Service.
Algeria— U n e m p lo y m e n t
Widespread unemployment remains a major
concern. In a newspaper interview, the Minister
of Finance cited preliminary census figures as
showing that out of a “potentially employable”
work force of 5 million, only 1.5 million were
employed. One-third of those who were employed
worked only 50 days a year. In agriculture, upon
which about 7 million people depend for liveli­
hood, only 250,000 are estimated by a semiofficial
newspaper to work as many as 200 to 250 days a
year.
Nepal— U n d e r e m p lo y m e n t
A report of the Ministry of Economic Planning,
prepared with the assistance of the Ford Founda­
tion, shows that 48 percent of the agricultural
labor force of 3,410,000 is “surplus.” The report
defines surplus agricultural labor as “that portion
of total available man-days that is not required to
cultivate crops, given the present cropping pattern
and techniques of production.” It stresses the need
for improved agricultural production techniques,
increased training for agricultural vocations, and
better utilization of farm manpower.

Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases*
Labor Relations
Recently the National Labor
Relations Board adopted a trial examiner’s de­
cision 1 that five unions violated the Taft-Hartley
Act’s ban on recognitional picketing when they
picketed an employer for more than 30 days with­
out filing a representation petition with the Board,
even though the picketing was allegedly designed
to force acceptance of the specific wage and bene­
fit scales prevailing in the area. In holding that
the union’s conduct evidenced a recognitional mo­
tive, the trial examiner tied the area standards
doctrine to employer costs, rather than to
employee benefits.3
After determining that the employer operated
below area standards, the unions commenced
picketing its premises. Thereafter, in a meeting
with the employer, counsel for the unions stated
that their concept of area standards included
fringe and other benefits as well as wages, and that
the unions were seeking “the same benefits” for its
employees that other employees in the area were
receiving. He also remarked that while the unions
were not concerned with the cost of such benefits,
the cost of providing equivalent benefits would
be much higher for an individual employer than
for employers subscribing to trust funds or other
multiemployer plans covering many employees. In
asserting their claims the unions presented the
employer with their area contracts which set forth
all fringe benefits then being made available to
area employees.
In finding the unions’ action violative of section
8(b) (T) (C) of the act, the trial examiner traced
the evolution of the Board’s position regarding
picketing for conformity in the maintenance of
recognized area standards, that eventually culmi­
nated in the establishment of the doctrine of area
standards (in Houston Building and Construction
Trades Council).3 In the light of these past ad­
A r e a S ta n d a r d s .

52

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judications, the trial examiner said:
It would seem . . . that the union should not be per­
mitted to demand more than is needed to protect [its
gains]. Except insofar as the demands made can be
regarded as directly related or incidental to the pro­
tection of economic gains already achieved, they
should not encompass any element of bargaining for
working conditions for employees that the union does
not claim to represent. . . . We must examine the
thrust of a union’s demands upon the unorganized
employer to see if, contrary to any express disclaimer
. . ., the union is in reality undertaking to impose on
the unorganized employees contract conditions or
benefits which they did not have before, and which
they may not even want.

In the present situation, the trial examiner held,
the union departed from the mere concern over the
area standards when they insisted that the stand­
ards sought “be defined in terms equivalent to those
set forth in the area contracts regardless of the
costs.” The area standards doctrine, the examiner
continued, “would appear to go no further than to
accord a union a means . . . of preventing the un­
organized employer from obtaining a competitive
advantage over the organized employer.” In a
modification of the Board’s past position that em­
ployee benefits were the test of whether prevailing
standards were being met, the trial examiner held
that the union’s concern should be limited to as­
suring that the unorganized employer’s “cost
package” is no less than those of the organized
ones.“. . . [B]ut when it undertakes to go beyond
this and to dictate what benefits are to be granted,
[the union] is attempting to engage in pro tanto
bargaining. . . . ”
♦Prepared in the U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the So­
licitor. The cases covered in this article represent a selection of
the significant decisions believed to be of special interest. No
attem pt has been made to reflect all recent judicial and adm inis­
trative developments in the field of labor law or to indicate the
effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contrary
results may be reached based upon local statutory provisions,
the existence of local precedents, or a different aproach by the
courts to the issue presented.
1
Retail Clerks International Association, Local 899 and Ted R.
Frame, 166 NLRB No. 92 (July 23, 1967).
3
This would seem to be a departure from prior Board rulings.
See H o u sto n B uilding and C onstruction Trades Council and
Claude E v e re tt C onstruction Co., 136 NLRB 321 (1962).
3 The trial examiner also cited a subsequent case (Local Union
No. 7Jfl, U nited A ssociation of Journeym en and A pprentices of
the P lum bing In d u s tr y , 137 NLRB 1125), where “the underlying
reasoning supporting the area standards doctrine is expressed”
as follow s : “A labor union . . . has a legitim ate interest, apart
from organization and recognition, th at employers meet prevail­
ing wage scales and employee benefits, for otherwise employers
paying less than prevailing wage scales could ultim ately under­
mine the area standards.”

DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES

Furthermore, the trial examiner pointed out,
some of the benefits sought by the unions—such as
seniority rights—were of the kind that could only
be granted as a result of collective bargaining.
They provided further evidence that the unions
were in reality interested in imposing contract
conditions on the employees of the picketed
company.
Railway Labor
Crew Consist Rule: In the most recent manifes­
tation of the controversy over the crew consist on
railroads, a Federal court of appeals ruled4 that
whether or not the Railway Labor Act (RLA)
compels bargaining on a national basis depends
on “an issue by issue evaluation of the practical
appropriateness of mass bargaining on that point
and of the historical experience in handling any
similar national movements.” Under these prag­
matic tests, the court concluded, a lower court had
erred in holding that the RLA authorized the car­
riers to insist on national handling of the crewconsist issue.
For years a dispute has existed between the rail­
roads and the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen
(BRT) concerning the use of conductors and
trainmen on yard and road crews—the issue of socalled crew consist. Congressional action forestal­
led a strike in 1963, and to date the parties have
been unable to resolve their differences. The car­
riers want to bargain over the issue on a national
basis, while the BRT prefers bargaining on a local
basis. The district court decided that “the service
of identical proposals on some 80 carriers auto­
matically demonstrates the continued appropriate­
ness of national handling of this issue.”
The carriers contended that bargaining on a na­
tional basis “can be demanded as of right when
similar proposals are served at about the same time
by or upon a number of carriers.” They also as­
serted that national handling would promote the
intent of the Railway Labor Act—to avoid inter4 B rotherhood of R ailroad T rainm en v. A tla n tic Coast L ine
Railroad (C.A. D.C., Sept. 6, 1967).
5 G artner v. Soloner (C.A. 3, Sept. 1, 1967).
8 T itle I of the LMRDA, section 101, enumerates the rights
granted rank and file union members. Section 102 provides for
civil enforcement and reads in p a r t : “Any person whose rights
secured by the provisions of this subchapter have been infringed
by any violation of this subchapter may bring a civil action in a
district court of the United States for such relief (including in ­
junctions) as may be appropriate.”


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53

ruption in the flow of interstate commerce—as na­
tional strikes occur infrequently due to pressure
of public opinion and threat of congressional
action.
The BRT found support in the RLA for their
contention that the single carrier unit was the ap­
propriate bargaining unit in a situation where one
of the parties did not want national handling, and
in this specific instance past experience showed na­
tional handling to be ineffective.
In reversing the lower court’s decision the court
of appeals found that crew consist agreements had
been negotiated historically at the local level, this
was the most effective approach, and authorities in
the field had concluded that “a national prescrip­
tion of crew size would be wholly unrealistic.”
Generalizing, the court said the RLA did not cate­
gorically compel national handling over a party’s
objection. However, the court implied that where
it is practically appropriate and there is a history
of past practice, national bargaining could be
obligatory.
Reporting and Disclosure
Counsel Fees. A Federal court of appeals ruled 5
that courts have authority to award counsel fees
where a union member in good faith successfully
pursues his rights in a suit under the union mem­
ber’s bill of rights6 of the Labor-Management Re­
porting and Disclosure Act of 1959. (LMRDA)
A union member, who had been fined and sus­
pended by his local for protesting the denial of
members’ voting rights, appealed unsuccessfully to
the international and subsequently brought suit for
injunctive relief and reimbursement for expenses
incurred while pursuing his rights under the
LMRDA. The district court granted the injunc­
tion, but denied the member’s claim for money
damages, concluding “that counsel fees could not
be awarded under section 102.”
The court examined carefully the legislative
history of the LMRDA and concluded that Con­
gress did not limit the court’s discretion in deter­
mining full equitable relief, including the award
of reasonable attorney’s fees. The court reasoned
that a contrary conclusion would take away the
intended flexibility in providing appropriate
judicial relief.
Since the LMRDA was designed to strengthen
the individual rights of members, the court ob-

54
served that it would be unreasonable to attribute to
Congress an intent to limit such rights if a union
member could not pay for legal representation
necessary to the exercise of such rights.
The court distinguished, or found not applicable,
decisions under section 201 denying the award of
attorney’s fees, and concluded “the federal district
courts have the discretionary power, and may,
when they deem it proper, award reasonable
counsel fees to a union member or members who
have in good faith pursued their rights under title
I of the act.”
The dissenting judge found no Congressional
authorization for reading section 102 as permit­
ting the award of attorney’s fees, particularly
when the section is considered along with sections
210 and 304(a) of LMRDA, which relate to other
enforcement proceedings.
Civil Rights—Title VII
In a recent suit brought under the equal employ­
ment opportunity provisions of the Civil Rights
Act of 1964, Title VII, a Federal district court
held that a Negro employee who charged his em­
ployer discriminated by denying him promotion
because of his race was not entitled to have his
case heard after the employer had voluntarily pro­
moted him; and that the employee could not prop­
erly bring a class action on behalf of himself and
all other Negro employees similarly situated if no
other Negroes joined him as complainants.7
7 J e n k i n s v. U n i t e d G a s C o r p . (D.C.—E.D. Tex., December 22,
1966).
8 H a l l v. W e r t h a n B a g C o r p . , 251 F. Supp. 184 ; see M o n t h l y
L a b o r R e v i e w , May 1966, p. 534.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

A Negro employee filed a discrimination charge
against his employer with the Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission, alleging that the em­
ployer refused to promote him because of his race.
The Commission was unable to effect a voluntary
compliance, and the employee brought suit asking
the district court to order the employer to stop
discriminating. After the suit was filed but before
a hearing was held, the employer promoted the
employee and asked the court to dismiss the action
since the employee already had obtained the goal
for which he was suing.
The employee opposed dismissal of the suit. He
argued he had standing in court as a victim of
discrimination at the time the suit was filed, and
that he might be subjected to discrimination in the
future if injunction is not issued. The court dis­
missed the suit, holding that the plaintiff’s right
under the Civil Rights Act was to be “freed from
the discriminatory practice to which he is sub­
jected,” and the employer’s voluntary promotion
removed any discrimination that may have
existed.
The court also ruled against the employee’s at­
tempt to bring a class action as a representative of
all other Negro employees who were similarly sit­
uated. The court held there was no issue of law or
fact common to all the Negro employees as “dif­
ferent circumstances surround their different jobs
and qualifications.” It pointed to another case in
which the employer’s discriminatory policy was a
“significant question of fact common to all Negro
employees,” 8 but distinguished it by the fact that
in that case a second Negro employee sought to
join as a complainant, while in this case no other
complaint was presented to the court.

Chronology of
Recent Labor Events

September 1, 1967
in Philadelphia ruled that the power
of the Federal district courts to grant “relief as may be
appropriate” under Title I of the Landrum-Griffin Act
encompasses the authority to award attorney’s fees, un­
der section 102, to members whose rights have been
violated by the union. The case was Gartner v. Soloner.
(See p. 53, this issue.)
A n A ppeals Court

5,000 lay employees of the Roman Catholic
archdiocese in Philadelphia became covered by a new
pension plan. The plan provides for retirement benefits
for most workers at age 65 with 30 years of service and
for permanent disability benefits, early retirement at age
55 under certain conditions, and “hardship” retirement
at age 40. All costs will be borne by the archdiocese. (See
pp. 59-60, this issue.)
A bout

September 6
does not authorize carriers to
insist on national bargaining over the issue of crew con­
sist, according to an Appeals Court in Washington, D.C.
Although unions and carriers have occasionally discussed
such problems on a national scale, there has never been a
national crew consist rule. The case was Brotherhood of
Railroad Trainmen v. A tlantic Coast Line Railroad Co.
ct ah (See p. 53, this issue.)

T h e R a ilw ay L abor A ct

September 8
a n NLRB order for the reinstatement of six
workers who an arbitrator had ruled were discharged
for cause, an Appeals Court in Denver ruled that the
Board has the discretion to concur with an arbitrator’s
ruling or to reject it. The case was N LR B v. Auburn

month retroactive to September 1 if the city adopts a 1percent income tax measure in December. The agreement
ended a 5-day strike. ( See pp. 59-60, this issue.)

September 15
Appointed J uly 18 under Public Law 90-54 to settle the
dispute between the shoperaft unions and the Nation’s rail­
roads, the special Presidential board made its recommen­
dation, to go into effect midnight, October 15, unless it
is revised by the parties before then. (See MLR, Septem­
ber 1967, p. 68, and p. 59, this issue.)

September 18
T h e City of D etroit and 11,000 teachers in the city’s
school system agreed on a 2-year contract providing in­
creases averaging $850 a year. Also, the agreement spec­
ifies a school year of 39 weeks instead of 40 and provides
a median class size of no more than 34 students. The set­
tlement ended a strike which had postponed the opening
of schools by 9 days. (See p. 57, this issue.)

September 26
U nder a reopening clause , the Seafarers renegotiated a
contract with 130 companies operating in Atlantic and
Gulf ports. The new farms include a $40-a-month pay in­
crease, higher overtime rates for deep-sea rated members,
and a raise in monthly pension payments to $250 from
$175. The agreement affects 18,000 seamen.

September 27
A 31-month agreement covering 40,000 Teamsters was
reached by 16 locals (seven in the New York metropolitan
area and nine in Northern New Jersey) and employer
groups representing about 2,500 trucking firms. The new
contract provides an increase of 25 cents an hour retro­
active to September 1 and 15 cents during each of the sec­
ond and third years. The termination date of the contract
was made March 31, 1970, to conform to the national pact
negotiated last spring. (See MLR, July 1967, p. 59.)

U pholding

Rubber Co., Inc.

September 11
I n Youngstown, Ohio, 500 policemen and firemen voted
to accept an open-end contract with the city providing im­
mediate raises of $26 a month, plus an additional $74 a


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

September 28
Members of the U nited F ederation of T eachers ratified
a 26-month contract with the New York City Board of
Education. The agreement affects about 59,000 teachers
in 900 city schools, and, in addition to economic benefits,
outlines procedure for dealing with “disruptive” pupils,
and commits the Board to set aside $10 million for special
school experiments ,at least half of which would be de­
voted to intensive programs for disadvantaged pupils.
(See pp. 57-58, this issue.)
55

Major Agreements Expiring in December
This is a listing of collective bargaining agreements ending during the month, and includes almost all
agreements 1covering 1,000 workers or more.
Copies of Major Collective Bargaining Agreement Expirations, covering the entire year, are available
upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U .S. Department of Labor, Washington, D .C .
%0%l!i, or to any of the Bureau’s regional offices.

Company and location
American Tobacco Co. and American Suppliers Division, 3 agreements
(Interstate)
Associated Food Retailers of Greater Chicago and retail chain food stores
(Illinois and Indiana)
Associated General Contractors of America, Inc., Builders’ Division
(Oklahoma City, Okla.)
Associated General Contractors of Wyoming, Inc., Highway-Heavy
Engineering Contractors (Wyoming)
Associated General Contractors of America, Inc., 3 chapters (Washington)
Associated General Contractors of America, New York State Chapter,
Inc. Heavy and highway (New York)
Associated General Contractors of America, New York State Chapter,
Inc. Heavy and highway (New York)
Associated General Contractors of America, New York State Chapter,
Inc. Heavy and highway (New York)
Associated General Contractors of America, New York State Chapter,
Inc. Heavy and highway (New York)
Atlantic City Electric Co. (New Jersey)

Industry

Tobacco manufacturers
Retail trade

Union 2
Tobacco Workers
Retail Clerks

Number
of
workers
7,000
18,000

Construction

Carpenters

1,250

Construction

Operating Engineers

2,000

Construction
Construction

Laborers
Carpenters

0,300
1,500
6,000

Construction

Laborers

Construction

Teamsters (Ind.)

4,000

Construction

Plasterers and Cement Masons and Bricklayers

2,000

Utilities

Electrical Workers (IBEW)

1,000

Colgate-Palmolive Co. (Jersey City, N.J.)

Chemicals

Employees Assn., Inc. of Colgate-Palmolive Co.
(Ind.)

1,750

E. I. du Pont De Nemours and Co. (Old Hickory, Tenn.)
E. I. du Pont De Nemours and Co. Textile Fibers Department (Martinsville, Ya.)
E. I. du Pont De Nemours and Co. Seaford Nylon Plant (Seaford, Del.)

Textiles
Chemicals

Old Hickory Employees’ Council (Ind.)
Martinsville Nylon Employees’ Council Corp.
(Ind.).
Seaford Nylon Employees’ Council, Inc. (Ind.)

2,450
3,900

Ordnance and
accessories
Wholesale trade

Auto Workers

1,650

Teamsters (Ind.)

1,700

Printing and publishing
Lumber
Primary metals
Construction

Typographical Union

1,100

Upholsterers
Molders
Teamsters (Ind.)

1,850
3,000
2,000

FMC Corp., Northern Ordnance Division (Fridley, Minn.)
Food Employers’ Labor Relations, Inc. (Interstate)
I-A 3 Boston Daily Newspapers (Boston, Mass.)
I-A 3 Picture Frame Manufacturing Companies (Chicago, 111.)
I-A 3 Soil Pipe Companies (Alabama and Indiana)
Indiana Highway Constructors, Inc. (Indiana)

Chemicals

2,450

P. Lorillard Co. (Louisville, Ky.)

Tobacco manufacturers

Tobacco Workers

1,300

Metropolitan Package Store Assn., Inc. (New York, N.Y.)
Moore Drop Forging Co. (Chicopee and Springfield, Mass.)

Retail trade
Primary metals

Distillery Workers
Directly Affiliated Local Union

1,800
1,000

New York Lamp & Shade Manufacturers’ Assn., Inc. (Metropolitan
New York area)

Electrical products

Electrical Workers (IBEW)

2,500

Remington Arms Co., Inc., Wage Roll Employees (Bridgeport, Conn.)

Ordnance and accessories

Industrial Machine and Office Workers Union
(Ind.)

2,000

A. 0 . Smith Corp. (Granite City, 111.)

Transportation
equipment
Fabricated metal
products

Boilermakers

1,800

Machinists

3,000

United States Time Corp. (Little Rock, Ark.)

Controlling instruments

Machinists

3,000

Hiram Walker & Sons, Inc. (Peoria and Delavan, 111.)
West Bay Assn, of Food Industries, Inc. (San Francisco, Calif.)

Food products
Retail trade

Distillery Workers
Retail Clerks

1,000
2,800

The Stanley Works, Stanley Tools Division (New Britain and Plantsville, Conn.)

1 Excludes government, airlines, and railroads.
2 Unions affiliated with AFL-CIO except where noted as independent

56

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

(Ind.).
3 Industry area (group of companies signing same contract).

Developments in
Industrial Relations*
A n a t i o n w i d e s t r i k e by 160,000 auto workers at
Ford Motor Co. and strikes by teachers attracted
widespread attention during September. The Ford
strike began following the expiration of the con­
tract on September 6 and was still in effect at the
end of the month. Meanwhile, auto workers at
General Motors Corp. and Chrysler Corp., whose
agreements also expired September 6, continued
working without contracts. In New York City the
largest education strike in the Nation’s history
ended on September 28 when a 26-montli contract
covering 49,000 members of the United Federa­
tion of Teachers was ratified. Earlier, on Septem­
ber 18, Detroit’s 11,000 teachers had ratified a 2year contract ending a strike that began Septem­
ber 6. Strikes and mass resignations also disrupted
school openings in other parts of the Nation. In
mid-September a Presidential board announced its
proposal to end the dispute between the Nation’s
class I railroads and six shopcraft unions repre­
senting 137,000 workers. The proposed 2-year
agreement would become binding on October 16,
1967, if the parties were unable to agree on alter­
nate terms by then.
Idleness caused by strikes in August amounted
to 2,840,000 man-days, or 0.22 percent of the esti­
mated total working time, compared with 0.27
percent in August 1966 and 0.20 percent in August
1965.1
Teachers and Other Public Employees
Teacher unrest reached new levels as the fall
term of 1967 began. Using the unorthodox tactic
of mass resignations, teachers tied up the New
York City public school system over an 18-day
period and the Detroit system for 2 weeks before
returning to classes.
♦Prepared in the D ivision of Wage Economics, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, on the basis of published m aterial available in late
September.
1 1967 data are preliminary.


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In New York, a work stoppage led by the 49,000member United Federation of Teachers (UFT)
ended on September 28 when teachers ratified a
26-month contract retroactive to July 1, the pre­
vious agreement’s expiration date. The parties had
reached oral agreement on the primary issues on
September 20, but final settlement was delayed by
disputes over written language. The city’s 1.1 million-pupil system remained open for all but 2 days
throughout the stoppage. However, at the time of
settlement, pupil attendance had declined to 147,000 while the number of working teachers had
declined to 10,155, with 3,055 supervisors and 1,175
volunteers also in attendance. President Albert
Shanker and two other U FT officers still faced
contempt charges for defying a State Supreme
Court order under New York State’s Taylor Act,
which prohibits strikes by public employees.
The 2-year contract in Detroit ended a strike
that idled 11,000 teachers and affected 300,000 stu­
dents as schools remained closed 9 school days past
the scheduled September 6 opening. Elsewhere in
Michigan, school systems in 35 communities were
hit by teacher walkouts, with some disputes still
unsettled at the end of September. In Florida,
some 4,400 teachers in Broward and Pinellas Coun­
ties accepted new contracts after missing class time
as a result of “resignations.” Strikes in East St.
Louis, 111., and McCracken County, Ky., also
marred school openings. In many instances, the in­
creasingly militant teachers sought a greater voice
in educational policy in addition to pay and other
economic demands. In Denver, Colo., Youngstown,
Ohio, and other locations, new contracts narrowly
averted additional teacher strikes.
State legislative actions also affected teachers
during September. In Ohio, a new State law pro­
vided increased State support to schools, enabling
the Cleveland and Cincinnati Boards of Education
to approve increased salary schedules. Teachers in
Chicago benefited from the allocation of addi­
tional revenue resulting from a tax increase, while
Los Angeles teachers received raises as a result of a
State school aid bill.
The economic terms follow:
The New York City agreement provided a basic
pay scale ranging from $6,200 to $10,350 retro­
active to September 1, $6,600 to $11,000 effective
September 1, 1968, and $6,750 to $11,150 effective
March 1, 1969. (The previous range was $5,400
57

58
to $9,950.) Groups of teachers having special
qualifications received an additional $750 over the
contract term. Teachers were relieved of some
clerical and administrative responsibilities, those
in disadvantaged areas gained an additional 50minute preparation period a week, and teacher con­
tributions for pensions were reduced. Provision
was made for a $10 million fund available the
second year for experimental school programs,
including $5 million for “intensive” projects. How­
ever, the More Effective Schools program for dis­
advantaged children was not expanded, contrary
to U FT’s bargaining position.
The Detroit agreement provided wage increases
of $850 each year, bringing the minimum starting
salary to $7,500 and the maximum for teachers
with master’s degrees to $11,700. Other terms
included a reduction in the school year to 39
weeks from 40; more teacher involvement in text­
book selection and curriculum studies; higher pay
for fully qualified substitute teachers working at
least 3 days a week; and reductions in class size.
Cleveland was the first jurisdiction to respond
to a new Ohio law that provided a $600-per-classroom-unit increase in State support, including
$400 designated for teacher pay raises in 1967. The
act also set up a salary schedule, with minimums
and annual increases to which all of the State’s
school districts must adhere. The districts were
required to pay minimums of $4,300 plus 10 $180
annual increments to nondegree teachers, $5,000
plus 11 $200 increments to holders of bachelor’s
degrees, $5,200 plus 11 $225 increments to those
with bachelor’s degrees and 5 years experience, and
$5,500 plus 12 $250 increments to teachers with
master’s degrees. As a result of the $400 acrossthe-board salary increase approved by the Board
of Education, the New Cleveland schedule ranged
from $6,250 for a new instructor with a bachelor’s
degree to a maximum of $11,650 for one with a
master's degree and 36 years of experience.
The Cincinnati increases ranged from $270 to
$470, bringing the annual salary to $5,920 for a
beginner with a bachelor’s degree and $10,510 for
a teacher with a master’s degree and 17 years of
experience. Other school employees received a flat
10 cents an hour. The wage increases were retro­
active to September 1.
In Florida, 2,400 Broward County teachers re­
turned to their jobs in mid-September, after the
base pay for starting teachers was raised to $5,600

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

from $5,100. Other concessions included forma­
tion of a professional committee to give teachers
more voice in school policy. The week before, after
classes were suspended for a day, 2,000 Pinellas
County teachers and principals returned to work
under a temporary injunction, and reached agree­
ment with the school board on a 14-point plan
raising salaries between $440 and $1,000 a year.
The teachers are members of the Florida Educa­
tion Association, an affiliate of the National
Education Association.
Chicago’s 24,232 public school teachers and
principals gained “paid Christmas vacations” as
a result of a September settlement between the Chi­
cago Teachers Union and the Board of Education
on the allocation of $15,158,000 in additional
revenue resulting from a tax increase. Payments
would average about $194 for the 1-week
Christmas vacation. Other allocations were for
extra pay for athletic coaches and faculty sponsors
of extracurricular activities, hiring of 1,200
teacher aides for all high schools and problem
elementary schools, and hiring of security guards
for schools that need them.
In Los Angeles, Calif., the Board of Education
approved a 1.5-percent salary increase for the
city’s 34,000 teachers. The boost was made possible
by funds allocated from a $145 million State school
aid bill and was in addition to a 4-percent pay
raise granted in June.
In East Lansing, Mich., 1,500 nonacademic em­
ployees of Michigan State University were affected
by an August settlement with Local 1585 of the
State, County, and Municipal Employees Union.
The 1-year contract provided for a 10- to 22-cent
wage increase retroactive to July 1, and for studies
on job classifications, hospital insurance, retire­
ment, and other matters.
Youngstown, Ohio, policemen and firemen
struck for 5 days in September, one of the rare
strikes by public safety employees. On Septem­
ber 11 the 500 strikers accepted a settlement that
provided an immediate wage increase of $26 a
month, plus an additional $74 a month retroactive
to September 1 if, in a special election scheduled
for December 14, voters approve an increase in the
city’s income tax. Previously, salaries for the
policemen and firemen ranged from $5,700 to
$8,040 a year. The agreement was reached after
Common Pleas Judge Sidney I. Eigelhault threat­
ened to order the city to proceed under Ohio’s

59

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

Ferguson Act, which prohibits strikes and work
stoppages by public employees. He also admon­
ished the city to make a satisfactory offer.
In Springfield, 111., Governor Otto Kernel1
signed into law bills establishing minimum salaries
for police and firemen in cities with populations
of 5,000 or more. The minimums were $500 a month
for cities with 5,000 to 25,000 inhabitants, $550 a
month for cities with 25,000 to 50,000, and $600
for cities with over 50,000.
In Dallas, Tex., city officials announced a pay
increase of 5.7 percent for most of the city’s 9,000
employees, effective October 1, 1967.
Transportation and Utilities
On September 15, a five-member Presidential
panel headed by Senator Wayne Morse2 an­
nounced its recommendations for settlement of a
dispute involving 137,000 railroad shopcraft em­
ployees employed by Class I Railroads. If the rail­
roads and the six unions involved3 were unable to
agree on other terms by October 15, the recommen­
dation would be binding, as provided by the July
legislation under which President Johnson ap­
pointed the panel.4
The panel proposed a 2-year contract including
a 6-percent general wage increase retroactive to
January 1, 1967, a 5-percent general wage increase
effective July 1, 1968, and an additional 20 cents
to 100,000 skilled workers (5 cents on April 1 and
October 1 of both 1967 and 1968) .5
Increases to bring wage rates for 1,000 employees
of the Long Island Railroad up to the level of
New York City transit and tunnel employees
were provided in a 33-month agreement negotiated
by the Railway Carmen.6 The increases, ranging
2 The other panel members were George Meany, president of
the A F L -C IO ; Frederick R. Kappel, former president of the
American Telephone and Telegraph C o .; Leverett Saltonstall,
former Republican Senator from M assach u setts; and Theodore
Kheel, labor mediator and arbitrator.
3 The M achinists, Sheet Metal Workers, Firemen and Oilers,
Boilermakers, Electrical Workers (IB E W ), and Railway Carmen.
4 See M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , September 1967, pp. 68-69.
3 See pp. 43, this issue, for full text of the Board’s report.
8 See M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , August 1967, p. 68, for settle­
m ents between the Long Island Railroad and the Trainmen,
Electrical Workers (IB E W ), and Machinists.
7 See M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , October 1967, p. 61, September
1967, p. 69, and August 1967, p. 69, for earlier developments
under “me too” clauses, which obligate employers to grant in­
creases equal to any amount in excess of 3.2 percent a year
gained by other seagoing unions.
8 The Maritime Service Committee, I n c .; the Tanker Service
Committee, I n c .; and the American Maritime Association.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

from 31.5 to 60.1 cents an hour, were made retro­
active to January 1, with additional increases of 8
to 23 cents on November 1, 1967, and 8 to 27 cents
on August 1,1968. Other terms included improved
holidays, vacations, and life insurance benefits.
A possible end to the round of “me too” arbitra­
tion awards 7 of wage and benefit increases in the
maritime industry came on August 30, when the
American Radio Association was denied an in­
crease sought for 800 radio officers employed by
members of three shipping associations.8 Arbitra­
tor Israel Ben Scheiber held that in earlier years
of the 4-year contract negotiated in 1965 the un­
ion had gained increases in excess of the 3.2 per­
cent a year provided by the contract, that these
excesses were greater than the amount being sought
by the union, and that the ARA was therefore not
entitled to a further increase.
A 1-year agreement reached in mid-August be­
tween the Laclede Gas Co. and the Oil, Chemical,
and Atomic Workers provided a wage increase av­
eraging 5% percent for 1,850 workers in the St.
Louis, Mo., area. A 11 additional one-half percent
for inequity adjustments was also gained, bringing
the overall wage increase to an average of 19.55
cents an hour. The allowance for meter readers
using their own cars to reach their routes was in­
creased to $1 a day, from 80 cents.
A 2-year agreement, reached on September 2
between the Electrical Workers (IBEW ) and the
General Telephone Company of Florida, provided
first-year wage increases ranging from 71/£ to 14
cents an hour for 4,500 plant, traffic, and clerical
employees. Resulting maximum hourly rates in­
cluded $3.53 for equipment installers, $2.51 for
service representatives and $2,175 for operators, up
from $3.39, $2,435 and $2.08, respectively. Other
provisions of the settlement were not announced.
Services and Trade
A new pension plan was announced in early
September by the Philadelphia Roman Catholic
archdiocese for its approximately 5,000 lay em­
ployees. Employees who work at least 5 months
and average 20 hours a week during an 11-month
period (September-August 1) will accrue service
credits and be eligible for pensions at age 65 rang­
ing up to a maximum benefit after 30 years of serv­
ice. Other provisions included permanent dis­
ability benefits, early retirement at age 55 under

60
stipulated conditions, “hardship” retirement at
age 40, and additional benefits for retired em­
ployees whose service was accumulated before Sep­
tember 1965. The cost estimated at nearly $1 mil­
lion a year, will be borne by the archdiocese.
On September 1, the Metropolitan New York
Nursing Home Association and the Building Serv­
ice Employees reached agreement on a 4-year con­
tract for 5,000 nurse’s aides, porters, maids, kitchen
workers, and maintenance men. The pact provided
a $35-a-week wage increase over the term of the
agreement, a tenth paid holiday, a fourth week of
paid vacation after 10 years of service, 12 instead
of 10 days of sick leave, and 3 days of funeral
leave. Prior to the settlement, the workers re­
portedly averaged about $65 a week.
On August 9, the Seattle Area Hospital Council
and the Washington State Nurses’ Association
reached a 2-year agreement for 1,700 nurses in 22
Seattle hospitals. The pact provided a $60-a-month
salary increase retroactive to August 1, another $40
on January 1, 1968, and improved shift differen­
tials and vacations.
The Bronx Realty Advisory Board and Local
32-E of the Building Service Employees on Sep­
tember 15 agreed on a 3-year contract for 3,500
elevator operators, superintendents, handymen,
and doormen in 1,800 New York City apartment
buildings. Terms included an immediate $10-aweek wage increase, additional $5 increases in
September of both 1968 and 1969, and improve­
ments in vacations and severance benefits.9
A 20-day strike by 1,600 auto mechanics and
related employees ended August 21 when Machin­
ists Local 777 reached agreement with the Greater
St. Louis Automotive Association, representing 88
dealers. The 3-year contract provided 20-cent-anhour wage increases in both 1967 and 1968 and
25 cents in 1969. There were no changes in fringe
benefits.
In nearby Illinois, the 57-member St, Clair and
Madison Auto Association agreed to matching
terms for another 800 service department em­
ployees represented by Local 313 of the Machinists.
This association also agreed to a 65-cent package
(55 cents in wages and the balance for pension im­
provements) for 220 parts department employees
represented by Teamster Local 971.
All three settlements reportedly gave manage­
ment the right to terminate existing incentive plans
or to initiate such plans at will. Bonus, commission,
and other incentives are common in the industry.

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

In Philadelphia, about 170 workers will receive
time and one-half for vacations as a result of the
Retail Clerks’ settlement with Kelley’s Korner
stores and Kelley’s Ivorner-Philly store. Accord­
ing to the union, this was the first such provision in
retailing. Other terms of the 32-month initial con­
tract (the union gained representation rights early
in 1967) included 1 week of vacation after a year
of service and 2 weeks after 3 years; a 10- and 15cent wage increase retroactive to June 1, 20 cents
effective January 1, 1968, and 10 cents effective
June 1, 1968; an employer contribution towards
health and welfare coverage; and, effective June 1,
1968, a 5-cent hourly payment for pensions. The
union said that a majority of the workers were
earning $1.40 an hour prior to the settlement.
Construction
In an effort to increase employment opportuni­
ties, Plasterers Local 8 in Philadelphia voluntarily
reopened its contract due to expire in 1968 and
reduced its wage scale for residential work by 25
cents an hour, effective September 21. The previous
scale of $5,235 will continue for commercial work.
Thomas McCormick, business agent of the local,
said that the reduction was necessary because “We
priced ourselves out of the market several years
ago,” noting that the local’s membership had de­
clined to 458, from 1,200, in recent years. The
reduction was unanimously approved by the 400
members voting on the issue.
In August, the Associated General Contractors
(AGC) chapter in Lake Charles, La., settled with
six construction trades on 3-year contracts ending
strikes that began July 1 and idled a total of 5,000
workers. The wage-benefit packages were 80 cents
for Teamsters, 85 cents for Laborers, $1.01 for
Roofers, and $1.04 for Carpenters, Millwrights,
and Piledrivers. Earlier, in June, the Cement
Masons and the Plasterers unions had agreed to
packages of 901/5 and 9345 cents, respectively. Ne­
gotiations were continuing with four trades 10 still
on strike.
A June settlement between the Bricklayers and
four New York City area employer associations 11
9 See M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , July 1967, p. 62, and August 1967,
p. 69, for details of earlier BSE settlem ents in New York City.
10 The Operating Engineers, Iron Workers, Painters, and Sheet
Metal Workers.
11 Associated Brick Mason Contractors of Greater New York,
Inc. ; Building Contractors Employers Association, Inc. ; Building
Trades Employers Association of Long Island, Inc. ; and the
Building Contractors and Mason Builders Association.

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

provided a $1.25, 3-year package for 26,500
workers.
A settlement, also concluded in June, between the
Electrical Workers (IBEW) and the National
Electrical Contractors Association chapters in
Nassau and Suffolk Counties of New York pro­
vided a $2,277, 3-year package for 1,500 workers.
A September settlement between the Operating
Engineers and the Michigan Road Builders As­
sociation provided a $1.90, 3-year package for toprated classifications and lesser amounts for lower
classifications. About 3,000 workers were involved.
Food
Swift & Co., the largest of the meatpacking com­
panies, signed agreements in late August with the
Meat Cutters and the Packinghouse and Dairy
Workers (Inch) covering 9,900 employees in 31
Swift plants in 20 States and the District of Colum­
bia, and in early September with the Packinghouse
Workers covering 7,500 employees in 19 plants in
13 States. The agreements, retroactive to March
13, 1967, were patterned after earlier settlements
in the meatpacking industry.12
In Chicago, a September 1 settlement between
two dairy associations, the Chicago Area Dairy­
men’s Association and the Associated Milk Deal­
ers, and Teamsters Local 753 ended a 4-month dis­
pute involving 5,000 milk delivery workers. The
drivers had rejected four previous contract recom­
mendations made by union leaders and there were
two strike-lockouts 13 after the previous contract
expired on April 30.
The 3-year agreement gave the drivers weekly
wage increases of $5 the first year and $4 in the
second and third years, and pensions gains to $245
a month from $195. The main problem in the re­
jected settlements concerned frequency of deliver­
ies. As a means of expanding employment, the
union wanted daily deliveries; management sought
to reduce the existing 6-day-a-week schedule to 5
days. The new contract retained the 6-day schedule
for retail routes for 18 months, after which it can
be changed, and retained the 6-day schedule for
wholesale routes until May 1, 1969.
On May 7, 2,000 processing workers represented
by Teamster Local 754 ratified 2-year agreements
12 See M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , May 1967, p. 61-62, for details
of the Armour and Co. settlem ent, the first in the 1967 round of
bargaining.
13 The strike-lockouts took place May 1-2 and again on May 19,
Both stoppages began as strikes against single dairies and spread
when all firms shut down.
2 7 7 -7 /6 9 0 — 6 7 --------5


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61

with the associations. They had also been locked
out on May 1 and 2. The average weekly wage was
increased from $136.50 to $146.50 in two steps, a
dental plan was established effective May 1, 1968,
and pension and health and welfare benefits were
improved.
In Delano, Calif., agreement was reached in late
July by the AFL-CIO’s United Farm Workers
Organizing Committee (TJFWOC) and Almaden
Vineyards, Inc., on a 3-year contract covering 1,200
workers at the seasonal peak. The settlement pro­
vided an immediate 40-cent-an-hour general wage
increase and an increase in the minimum rate to
$1.80-an-hour, and further 10-cent increases in
both 1968 and 1969. In addition, the rate for grape
picking was increased from 4 cents a bucket to 5
cents. Other terms included overtime pay provi­
sions ; annual paid vacations equal to 2 percent of
hours worked; 3 paid holidays; a health and wel­
fare plan financed by a company contribution of
10 cents per hour worked; 3 days’ funeral leave;
jury duty pay; 4 hours call-out pay; payment for
“down time” resulting from equipment failure; a
union hiring hall; and checkoff of union dues and
TJFWOC credit union deductions. The agreement
was reached within 3 weeks after the union won
bargaining rights in a cardcheck election conducted
by the California State Department of Industrial
Relations.
Under a wage reopening clause, the Allied In ­
dustrial Workers and the A. E. Staley Manu­
facturing Co. (corn, soybean, and chemical
products) of Decatur, 111., in July agreed on a 7.5percent general wage increase, which raised hourly
rates by 19% to 26 cents. Company agreement to
abolish the four lowest job grades and to place all
of the employees affected in the next higher grade
brought the total increase to 7.7 percent. The union
represents about 1,800 of the plant’s 3,000
employees.
Apparel
San Francisco sportswear manufacturers and
the Ladies’ Garment Workers agreed on a 3-year
contract in the first week in August. Some 2,000
workers received a 4-percent wage increase on Au­
gust 22, with an additional 3% percent effective
on November 1, of both 1967 and 1968, and 3 per­
cent on November 1, 1969. Craft minimums were
to increase as much as 45 cents an hour over the 3
years; a paid holiday was added (bringing the

62
total to 9 for shipping department employees and
8 for others) ; employer payments to benefit funds
were increased to 10.25 percent of gross weekly
payroll, from 9.75 percent, to provide a third
week of paid vacation after 5 years in the industry;
and provision was made for a cost-of-living wage
reopener if the CPI rises at least 2 percent.
In the New York City ladies’ belt industry,
3,500 workers were affected by an August settle­
ment between the Belt Association, Inc., and the
Ladies’ Garment Workers. The STV^-month agree­
ment provided $3 weekly wage increases on Au­
gust 15 of both 1967 and 1968 and $2 on August 15,
1969. The $8 total represented an increase of ap­
proximately 13 percent over existing wages. New
weekly minimums (for a 35-liour week), effective
February 1, 1968, ranged from $63 for eyelet and
automatic machine operators, general helpers, and
errand boys, to $80 for cutters. The previous range
was $54.25 to $70. Workers whose earnings in­
crease $3 or more as a result of the new minimum
were not to receive the August 15, 1968, general
wage increase. Wages must be maintained at least
20 (instead of 15) cents an hour above the Federal
minimum, and provision was made for the reopen­
ing of negotiation if the cost of living rises by
2y2 percent.
Total wage increases, reportedly the largest in
40 years, of 12 percent in base rates for piece­
workers, $14 a week for utility machine operators,
$12 a week for shipping clerks and porters, and
$9 a week for other weekworkers were provided in
3-year contracts for some 1,700 workers negotiated
in late August by the Amalgamated Cloth­
ing Workers and three associations of men’s neck­
wear manufacturers14 and several independent
companies in New York City. Weekly minimums
for cutters were to increase by $15 over the 3 years.
A third week of paid vacation was to be effective
by Christmas of 1968, and the companies’ contri­
bution to the retirement fund was increased to
3y2 percent of gross payroll, from 3 percent.
Other Manufacturing
The Los Angeles Times, after 87 years without
a collective bargaining agreement, signed a 3-year
contract with the Pressmen in July. The Press­
men’s most recent previous bid for a contract
started in 1962 when it won an NLRB recognition


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

election, only to be decertified in 1963 after 60
fruitless bargaining sessions.
The settlement, which came after 30 sessions
spread over 5 months, provided a $6.50-a-week in­
crease for 450 workers, bringing their rate to
$169.50, reportedly the highest on the West Coast;
a $7.50-night differential; a reduction in day-shift
hours to 7 from 71/4; 8 paid holidays; vacation of
2 weeks after 1 year of service, 3 weeks after 3
years, and 4 weeks after 15 years; and establish­
ment of grievance and dues checkoff provisions.
John H. Swisher & Sons, cigar manufacturer of
Jacksonville, Fla., and Waycross, Ga., agreed with
the Cigar Makers International Union on a
4-percent wage increase, retroactive to June 9 for
1,700 workers. The 2-year contract also provided
for an additional 4i/£-percent increase on Feb­
ruary 1, 1968, a sixth paid holiday, and improved
insurance benefits costing the company 4 cents an
hour for each worker.
The Lederle Laboratories, division of American
Cyanamid Co., and the Chemical Workers on Au­
gust 9 agreed on a 2-year contract for 1,700 work­
ers in Pearl River, N.Y. The settlement, which
ended a 103-day strike, included an immediate 12to 15-cent-an-hour wage increase, an 11- to 13-cent
increase in 1968, and improvements in pensions,
health insurance, and vacations.
In August, Teamsters Local 769 reached agree­
ment with Aerodex, Inc., of Miami, Fla., on a
3-year contract for 5,300 workers engaged in the
overhaul of aircraft engines. Terms included an
immediate 25-cent-an-hour wage increase, 20 cents
in August 1968, and 15 cents in August 1969; an
additional paid holiday, bringing the total to 9y2;
improvements in hospital benefits; and a new
pension plan.
On August 13, the Electrical Workers (IUE)
ratified a 5-year contract with Stromberg-Carlson
Corp. of Rochester, N.Y. The settlement, which
affected 2,300 workers, provided general wage in­
creases totaling 83 cents an hour and additional
adjustments for skilled trades workers. In addi­
tion, a cost-of-living clause was established which
will result in increases of up to 8 cents an hour
during the last 2 contract years. Other terms in­
cluded improved pensions, establishment of 3 days
sick leave and an investment plan, and an allocaThese were the Men’s Neckwear Manufacturers Association
of New York, I n c .; National Neckwear C onference; and Bow
Tie Manufacturers Conference.

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

tion of 1.2 cents an hour in the fifth year to be used
for an additional holiday or other benefit improve­
ments. The contract replaced one scheduled to ex­
pire November 23, 1967.
In Denver, Colo., the Gates Rubber Co. and the
Rubber Workers in early August announced a
two-step wage increase for 6,000 workers—14 to 24
cents retroactive to June 26 and 15 cents effective
in 1968. The increases resulted from a provision
of the 3i/£-year contract negotiated in 1965 that
1967 and 1968 wage increases be patterned after
those resulting from the 1967 settlement at the Big
Five rubber companies.15 At Gates, a sixth week of
paid vacation was added for 30-year employees and
the eligibility for 2-week vacations was lowered to
1 year from 2.10
The B. F. Goodrich Footwear Co., a division of
B. F. Goodrich located in Watertown, Mass., and
the Rubber Workers’ Union Local 21914 (a di­
rectly affiliated local) agreed during August to
a 3-year contract covering some 4,000 workers.
Terms were similar to earlier settlements involv­
ing the Big Five rubber producers.17
Local 132 of the Ladies’ Garment Workers and
the Plastic Products Manufacturers Association
agreed during August on a $4- to $6-a-week in­
crease effective September 5 and $3 to $5 increases
in both 1968 and 1969 in a contract covering 4,500
workers in the New York City area. Also provided
were 2 weeks of paid vacation after 3 years, 3 weeks
after 10 years, and an additional paid holiday.
Minimum rates were set at 15 and 25 cents above
Federal and State minimums, depending upon the
worker’s classification.
Other Developments
The AFL-CIO Executive Council, at its fall
meeting in New York City, announced that the
paid per capita membership of the federation
climbed ito 14,284,183 for the 6-month period end­
ing June 30, 1967. The figure represented an
increase of nearly 900,000 over the similar period
in 1966 and a rise of 1,549,000 members in a 3-year
period. Federation President George Meany said
13 Sec M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , September 1967, p. 69.
16 All of tlie Big Five settlem ents provided a sixth week for
employees with 30 years of service, but there were differences
among the companies on the improvements for shorter service.
17 See M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , September 1967, p. 69.
18 The merger trend began in 1964 when the Lithographers and
Photoengravers united into a single union. A merger between the
Typographical Workers and the Pressmen was also under
discussion.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

63
the growth figures contained an answer to some of
labor's critics. He declared, “I don’t think we are
moribund; I don’t think we are going out of busi­
ness ; I don’t think we are wedded to the status quo;
I don’t think we are old, grumbly or grouchy or
what have you."
The Council declared its support of the Auto
Workers' strike against the Ford Motor Co. as well
as teachers’ strikes in New York, Michigan, and
Illinois, and the 2-month old strike by 19 unions
against major U.S. copper, lead, zinc, and silver
firms. The Council voted to propose to the 1967
AFL-CIO convention in December changes in the
federation’s constitution to eliminate the Execu­
tive Committee, and to drop the requirement that
meetings of the General Board be held every year.
Instead, it was proposed, meetings would be held
at the call of the president or the Council. John H.
Lyons, president of the Iron Workers, was elected
a vice president of the AFL-CIO and a member
of the Executive Council, replacing Harry C.
Bates, president emeritus of the Bricklayers, who
submitted his resignation.
The trend toward mergers of the Nation’s
graphic arts unions received attention at several
September conventions. In Dayton, Ohio, delegates
to the Stereotypers 64th annual convention voted
unanimously to ask membership authorization for
another attempt to merge with other graphic arts
unions. In 1966, a merger attempt with the Lithog­
raphers and Photoengravers won membership
approval, but failed to obtain the required twothirds majority. Meanwhile, in Los Angeles, dele­
gates to the biennial convention of the Lithog­
raphers and Photoengravers heard President
Kenneth J. Brown urge a merger of all unions in
the Nation’s printing industry. Mr. Brown stressed
that automation was sweeping the printing in­
dustry so rapidly that strict union jurisdictional
lines were becoming obsolete, resulting in the
merger trend. Bookbinders’ President John Connally joined in the call for a merger.ls
In Portland, Oreg., delegates to the 25th conven­
tion of the Woodworkers elected Ronald F. Roley
as president, to succeed A. F. Hartung. Mr.
Hartung, president of the Woodworkers since
1951, was scheduled to retire later in the year
under mandatory provisions of the union con­
stitution. In other actions, the delegates increased
benefits in the union’s pension program and or­
dered a referendum vote on a per capita tax
increase.

Book Reviews
and Notes

Retaining Individuality
Education and Training for Full Employment.
By Seymour L. Wolfbein. New York, Colum­
bia University Press, 1967. 264 pp. $6.95.
As the first Director of the Office of Manpower,
Automation and Training (now the Office of Man­
power Policy, Evaluation, and Research), Sey­
mour Wolfbein is uniquely qualified to survey and
evaluate educational and training programs de­
signed to reduce structural unemployment. His use­
ful book largely represents a compendium of facts
and statistics on the major training programs,
starting from the premise that the first half of the
1960’s has seen the emergence of three matching
revolutions defined as “an affirmatively conducted
economic policy looking toward sustained eco­
nomic growth, providing a foundation for an arti­
culated manpower policy aiming at a free, fully
employed, responsively educated and trained labor
force providing, in turn, the vantage point for
meaningfully satisfactory work related to the
needs of people, individually and as a society, at
decent levels of living.”
Dr. Wolfbein suggests 10 hypotheses underlying
these new and revolutionary programs:
1. Everyone can be trained
2. Everyone needs to be trained
3. Every place needs training
4. Advances in vocational and adult education are a
prerequisite to success in training
5. Encounters with the environment, particularly in
education, should be provided at the earliest possible
age
0. Everyone can be guided, counseled, and motivated
toward education, training, and job placement
7. Employment of indigenous populations enhances
program success
8. Training and retraining represent economic
growth-producing programs
9. Persistent differentials in unemployment and
poverty can be minimized and eventually eliminated.
64

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

10. Personal services occupations will provide the
jobless with major opportunities for transition to
gainful activity.

Dr. Wolfbein marshals an imposing array of
statistics to document these points, and his ad­
mittedly tentative conclusions strongly favor the
MDTA approach, particularly with the liberaliz­
ing amendments and experimental projects of the
past few years. He attributes a significant portion
of economic growth and reduced unemployment to
the impact of MDTA and related programs. Yet,
with all due recognition to the achievements of
education and training legislation, it is not certain
whether they add up to the revolution which Dr.
Wolfbein describes. The “hard core,” persons with
special disabilities related to lack of education,
police records, and other circumstances, continue
to be underrepresented among the graduates of
MDTA institutional training courses. On-the-job
training, now being expanded, may present an
even greater problem, since it is controlled by em­
ployers who are reluctant to hire the hard core.
Perhaps of even greater significance is the fact
that many programs remain in the “E & D” (ex­
perimental and demonstration) category, which
may or may not lead to permanent institutional
change. It would be revealing to know how many
of the various demonstration projects have effected
long-term improvements in the normal policies
and procedures of educational institutions, public
agencies, and private employers.
Further, we often face the dilemma that pro­
grams which work well on a small scale lose their
effectiveness when expanded, because their success
depends on a personal relationship bet ween trainer
and trainee which is missing in the broader pro­
gram. The perplexing problem in manpower
policy, especially as it relates to the hard core, is
how to reach a large number of people with pro­
grams which remain individualized.
— P aul B ullock
Institute of Industrial Relations
University of California at Los Angeles

A New Attack on Poverty
Negative Taxes and the Poverty Problem. By
Christopher Green. Washington, Brookings
Institution, 1967. 210 pp. $6.75, clothbound;
$2.50, paperbound.

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

The decade of the 1960’s will doubtless be
recorded as the “poverty” era. This volume is an­
other addition to the expanding poverty literature.
I t is based on two assum ptions: T hat there is still
a serious poverty problem in spite of a continuing
effort to get rid of it; and th at society is willing
to try new ways to reduce and eliminate the re­
m aining poverty. A lthough this is not an indepth
study of the subject, it does include a brief review
of statistics and a survey of some of the existing
attacks on poverty.
The concept of a negative income tax is not new.
There was some discussion of it during the 1940’s.
The momentum for Professor Green’s work on
negative taxes (or transfers), however, came from
M ilton Friedm an’s lectures of a decade ago and
from the more recent work by Robert Lampman.
In fact, the book is based on the author’s disserta­
tion study done under Lam pm an’s guidance. Basi­
cally, Green and Lam pman concur th at negative
taxation is both a supplement and a complement to
the existing welfare program s, yet may lead to a
reduction in public assistance programs.
The first nine chapters of this volume in the
Studies of Government Finance series provided
the background for a conference at the Brookings
Institution in June 1966. The last chapter is a
summary of the discussion at th at conference.
W hile the author’s purpose seems merely to give a
general survey of the poverty problem and how
the negative taxation proposal m ight-assist in its
solution, he manages to do far more. This book
gives an excellent appraisal of the whole negative
taxation question and points out lim itations as Avell
as advantages.
The summary chapter indicates th at a negative
income tax is neither a simple, nor a wholly satis­
factory device for solving the poverty problem.
Yet the alternatives to negative taxation have very
serious limitations. The author notes, however, that
there was agreement at the conference th at some
form of general income-conditioned grant is
desirable.
Professor Green is to be congratulated on a fine
piece of research. This volume should find its way
onto the desks of government planners and
economists alike.
— J e r a l d F. R o b i n s o n
Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations
University of Illinois


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65

Standard Measurement
Technical Change, the Labour Force, and Educa­
tion : A Study of the British and German Iron
and Steel Industries , 1860-1964. By P. W.
Musgrave. New York, Pergam on Press, Inc.,
1967. 286 p p . $10.)

The characteristics of a nation’s steel industry
have had a special place in economic thinking as
a standard for measuring a nation’s industrial
power and the sophistication of its economy. The
level of education of a nation has come to be recog­
nized as one of the m ajor factors of economic
growth.
This study traces the relationships of education
to the labor force and the technical changes in the
steel industries of B ritain and Germany. The
author contrasts the practice and ethos of the Ger­
man environment, where education was seen as a
national instrum ent for industrial and economic
development, w ith that of B ritain where the “h ap ­
hazard” course of education reflected laissez-faire,
individualistic attitudes and had few direct ties to
industry.
The author observes th at institutionally the
B ritish steel industry stressed the self-made “prac­
tical” man, distrusted those educated outside the
industry, and resisted outside sources of technical
knowledge and leadership. And, he says, British
education generally viewed industrial occupations
with a certain condescension and avoided direct
attachm ents to industry. Thus, even the univer­
sity m an’s interest in pure science was kept dis­
tinctly separate from any association with technol­
ogy. The Germans, by contrast, regarded education
as a source of national power and had no hesitation
to tying their educational system to their indus­
trial and national ambitions.
In Germany the government played a fun­
damental role in the creation and guidance of edu­
cational institutions. I t seemed natural to combine
theoretical and practical knowledge; and indeed,
those who did so enjoyed high social status.
Since W orld W ar I I the intense application of
scientific methods to industry has had an inevitable
impact in draw ing education and industry closer
together in B ritain. B ut B ritain and Germany still
reflect differences in fundam ental educational
philosophy, and in the political and historical cli­
mates which have affected the relationships be-

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

66
tween their respective labor forces and their edu­
cational systems.
In any case, the author concludes, national a tti­
tudes and institutions often act subtly to distribute
the pool of labor capabilities in a way “dysfunc­
tional” to the economy. B ut this raises a question
(w ith which the author does not deal) as to how
significant this problem is in economically welldeveloped, modern scientific societies where tech­
nologies rapidly become obsolete and the value of
technological training therefore has its limits. In
modern developed economies science is essential to
the technological advance of industry. B ut equally
im portant this advance is the maintenance of high
labor mobility and national attitudes th a t stress
adaptability and innovation. This includes the
recognition in national policies of the gains th a t
come from the international dissemination of m an­
agerial and technological skills, particularly those
th at go hand in hand with the international flow
of capital.
—H erbert E. W einer
Lisbon, Portugal

Technostructure Takeover
The New Industrial State. By John Kenneth G al­
braith. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1967.
427 pp. $6.95.
Once again G albraith is concerned w ith some
of the most central issues of our time, particularly
the changing character of America’s large cor­
porations and the economy they influence. Once
again, the w riting is sharp, the main theme in­
disputable, and the G albraith w it as acid as ever.
Yet, once again the result is disappointing.
The task G albraith set for himself is to examine
the inner workings of today’s economy, particu­
larly th at part of the economy dominated by the
large business corporations. These industrial
giants operate in quite different ways from the
old-fashioned corporate pioneer. In effect, they
have turned what was once a market-oriented
economy into a “new industrial state” in which
decisionmaking power has passed to w hat the
author calls the “technostructure,” the manage­
ment group in charge of the large corporations.
The attitudes and operating methods of this in­
fluential “technostructure” constitute a m ajor p a rt
of the volume. I t operates through a system of

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group decisionmaking, relying heavily on the plan­
ning process for continued success. G albraith is
particularly intrigued by the methods which busi­
ness uses to plan its output. Consumers’ wants
must be aroused and channeled so th at the firm’s
total output will be purchased. In addition, Gov­
ernment is enlisted to assure, through proper fiscal
and monetary policy, management of aggregate
demand and to provide a continuing stream of pro­
curement, research, and development contracts.
Labor unions are dealt with in a professional
m anner to insure an appropriate supply of m an­
power. The education system is supported in order
th at its end products may provide useful talent
to the corporation.
There is much meat in this theme and G albraith
makes the most of it. A t times, however, he seems
to be so carried away by the force of his w riting
that his points become exaggerated and extreme.
In the end, the reader is left wondering how much
is being written tongue-in-cheek. As one example,
it is hard to visualize the author—one of the N a­
tion’s foremost individualists—being serious as he
sings the praises of group action and committee
meetings as the basis for corporate decisions.
The author draws a picture of corporate power
in operation—m anipulating consumers, influenc­
ing Government officials, and controlling unions.
To w hat extent does this picture accord with real­
ity? Obviously, large corporations have changed
the basic functioning of the economy, but G al­
braith may be too quick in downgrading the still
im portant segments of the economy (such as trade
and services) not dominated by large corporate
enterprises.
Moreover, are consumers, the Government, or
the unions anywhere as manageable as G albraith
asserts? Despite the powers of advertising, the
consumers can still reject new products, the Gov­
ernment can still insist on objectionable standards,
and the unions can still interrupt the production
process.
A t times the author seems content to tu rn the
American economy over to the corporate decision­
making, at the expense of the individual con­
sumer. He strongly recommends, for example, that
antitrust legislation be scrapped and th at no
further effort be made to keep the giant corpora­
tions from swallowing up smaller competitors.
B ut then he clearly ends up quite dissatisfied
with the manner in which the “technostructure”

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

has managed the Nation's affairs. He stresses th at
urgent public needs have not been met in such
areas as urban transit, low-income housing, and
slum clearance. H is answer to solve social prob­
lems is an aroused intellectual and academic
community, an “educational and scientific estate.”
H e expects this group to become politically
powerful.
Some time in the future, G albraith expects the
“socialization of the industrial state” ; in effect,
the m erging of the Government and the corporate
machinery. This merger is not spelled out in any
detail. In fact, it seems doubtful th at the uprising
of intellectuals, on which G albraith seems to rely
so strongly, would sanction this development.
Much of the book is concerned with G albraith’s
quarrels with current economic theory. Does the
corporate m anager strive to maximize current
profits or is he more concerned with obtaining only
■a certain minimum level of profits but more con­
cerned w ith showing increased profits each year?
Do the G albraith views on the m anipulation of
consumer behavior by the “technostructure” super­
sede the traditional economist’s emphasis on free
consumer choice?
The author offers a funeral dirge for the labor
movement which is quite in contrast to the picture
he drew in earlier w ritings of unions as a m ajor
“countervailing power” to American business.
Here, G albraith is quite positive in saying that
unions will not succeed in organizing white-collar
workers and that their role in the industrial sphere
is being sharply reduced.
H is discussion of employment and unemploy­
ment is relatively superficial and the data on which
he relies to show how white-collar workers are
displacing blue-collar workers conveniently starts
with the Korean conflict period and conveniently
ends with 1964, failing to take into account both
earlier and later developments. He is also quite
careless in concluding from inform ation about the
factory workweek th at the hours of work of all em­
ployees have increased in the past 25 years.

Of course, at their best, Galbraith’s descriptive
powers can seldom be equaled. Consequently, the
reader finds sprinkled throughout the book quite
engaging commentaries (somewhat exaggerated,
of course) on such topics as a typical stockholders’
meeting, the activities of a retired company exec­
utive, Commerce Department pamphlets on the

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

67
economy, and changing corporate attitudes
towards academia. B ut delightful as these may be,
they cannot compensate for some rather question­
able analyses of our economic problems.
—P eter H enle
'Chief Economist
Bureau of Labor Statistics

Sizable Impression
The Emergent American Society: Large-Scale
Organizations. E dited by W. Lloyd W arner,
D arab B. Unwalla, John H . Trimm. New
Haven, Conn., Yale U niversity Press, 1967.
667 pp. $15.
A book th at describes the expansion of institu­
tional life in the U nited States can hardly be ex­
pected to be a small one. B ut significance is not
measured by the size of the subject or the weight
of the m anuscript. Professor W arner states in the
preface th a t in the grow th of American society
“new social forms emerge, old ones modify their
forms, change their traditional functions, and ac­
quire new meanings.” I t is precisely at the level
of meaning th at there is some disappointm ent in
this volume.
The five m ajor institutions surveyed are cor­
porations, trade associations, unions, education,
and the Federal Government. The information
provided about corporations is astounding; loca­
tion of headquarters, size, assets, founding dates,
sales, interlocking directorships, etc. B ut the
nagging question remains, what does it all mean ?
I t is interesting to know th a t the average number
of square miles served by each Catholic parish in
Brooklyn has dropped from 7 in 1900 to 0.8 in
1960 or from 142 to 17 in D etroit during the same
period. I t would have been of value to try to
relate these gross indices to the haunting sense of
irrelevance th at many sensitive clerics of all faiths
feel about their respective religions.
Bigness has engrossed sociologists and social
thinkers for ages. We have a vocabulary of anomie,
community, gemeinschaft, bureaucracy, and aliena­
tion, all of which are untouched by this volume.
The best sections of the book are the descriptive
ones. F o r example there is an excellent chapter on
structural change within the General Electric Co.
The implications of the proliferation of large in ­
stitutional structures may have been falsely viewed

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

68

—B ill G oode
Leadership Study Center
United Auto Workers

failure to orient the reader to some of the vast
reservoir of serious published research is a m a­
jor weakness of his synthesis.
The book bears a distinguished im prim atur, but
this careless publishing venture does little to en­
hance Rostow’s standing. The failure to update the
bibliography is particularly surprising.

The Dynamics of Soviet Society. By W. W. Ros-

— P aul G ekker
Division of International Finance
Federal Reserve Board

by past observers. Such a conclusion would have
made a welcome addition to the discussion. In its
absence we are grateful for significant data about
size itself.

Russia Revisited

tow. New York, W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. 320
pp., bibliography. $6.75.
Favorably received when it first appeared in
1953, this book has been updated with a section
added on “The Khrushchev E ra and Beyond.”
Most of the book is a reprint of two main parts of
the earlier edition; the discussion provides histori­
cal background and an analysis of the then con­
tem porary political and social environment
(“Cohesive Forces, Instabilities, and Tensions in
Soviet Society U nder S talin” ). The following and
final chapter is by E dw ard J . Rozek of the U niver­
sity of Colorado, and is entitled “The Age of D i­
minishing Dictators.”
The 1953 edition came at a time when the pre­
mium on informed understanding was indeed very
high and its publication was therefore welcome.
Now, more than a decade later, Rostow’s book has
to be judged on somewhat different grounds. Does
the bulk of his earlier work still provide a useful
general guide? A nd how well does Rozek’s contrib­
ution help us to understand post-Stalin Russia?
On the first point, one can only regret the failure
to revise certain parts of the 1953 edition. The his­
torical review now seems unnecessarily heavy. The
section on “cohesion and instabilities” wears better,
but even there judicious editing would surely have
led to desirable improvements. I t is only mildly
amusing, for example, to rediscover a discussion,
circa 1953, of the m ain contenders for seats at the
topmost level of the Soviet leadership.
Rozek’s account is disappointingly superficial.
Beyond an evident preoccupation with the ques­
tion of political power he does not provide a useful
analytical framework or any evaluation of the com­
plex forces at work in the past decade. Rozek’s cov­
erage of economic developments is simply inade­
quate, even granting the need for severely con­
densed treatm ent. On this and other topics, Rozek’s

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Summaries of Recent Books
William Morris Leiserson: A Biography. By J.
Michael Eisner. Madison, Wis., U niversity of
Wisconsin Press, 1967. 144 pp. $6.75.
A n adm iring and uncritical account of the pro­
fessional career of the pioneer labor arbitrator and
mediator, the book devotes a chapter to Leiserson’s tumultuous role in the reorganization of the
National Labor Relations Board from 1939 to
1943. The author also endorses Leiserson’s compul­
sory mediation prescription as being essential to
the m aturity of bargaining.

Regional Economic Development in Italy. By
Lloyd Saville. Durham , N.C., Duke University
Press, 1967. 191 pp. $7.
The author has secured sufficient numerical data
from Italian sources to develop 49 tables which dis­
play the variations of income and grow th among
the seven Italian regions. These, and an appraisal
of the differing histories and characteristics of the
regions, lead him to conclude th at each region
requires differing policies to correct income differ­
ences, but generally, “In the Italian situation the
search for new enlightenment will provide smaller
returns than the rapid dissemination and accept­
ance of inform ation, especially of a technical
sort . . . ”

Environment for Man: The Next Fifty Years.
E dited by W illiam R. Ew ald, J r. Blooming­
ton, Ind., Indiana U niversity Press, 1967. 308
pp. $6.95 clothbound; $2.95 paperbound.
This symposium of 13 papers deals w ith the p u r­
suit of a better urban society, or, more precisely
here, with a new concept of city planning. The p a ­
pers were presented to a conference sponsored by
the American Institute of Planners in August

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

1966, to “begin the definition of optimum environ­
ment, its controllable variables, and its functions.”

The Executive in Transition. By Clarence E.
Randall. New York, M cGraw-Hill Book Co.,
1967. 152 p p . $5.95.

Inform al to the point of chattiness, this collec­
tion of distilled observations nevertheless contains
advice which is both hard-boiled and hopeful. Mr.
Randall endorses liberal company education pol­
icies (“I t could be either economics or paleontology
for all [the supervisor] cares”), and legal and
ethical rectitude, but he deplores the fam ily pic­
ture on the desk.

Dialogue on Technology. By E dw ard M clrvine
and others. New York, Bobbs-Merrill Co., Inc.,
1967. 109 pp. $1.25.
Short but intricate, this paperback contains an
edited transcription of a five person dialogue, an
introduction and afterw ord by the general editor
of the series, Robert Theobald, and six essays in
between. There is also a noncopyrighted summary
(“Dialogue-Focuser”) of areas of agreement and
disagreement w ith respect to the impact of tech­
nology. A ll reprinted from Motive magazine, and
the tape of the conversation is available.

Government Wage-Price Guideposts in the Amer­
ican Economy. By George Meany, Roger M.
Blough, and Neil H. Jacoby. New York U ni­
versity, School of Commerce, 1967. 82 pp.
(Charles C. Moskowitz Lectures.) $3.50, New
York U niversity Press.
These lectures are more or less aimed at ques­
tioning the utility of the Council of Economic A d ­
visers’ wage-price guideposts; they were delivered
in New York soon after the 1966 transit strike
there. Mr. Meany hangs tough on labor’s share of
income, Mr. Blough on the law of supply and de­
mand. Professor Jacoby presents a six-point alter­
native, based in p art on the premise that a 1.5
annual increase in the price index is not evidence
of inflation.

Industrial Relations and Economic Development.
E dited by A rth u r M. Ross. London, Mac­
m illan and Co., Ltd., 1966. 413 pp., bibliogra­
phies. $12.50, St M artin’s Press, New York.
Consisting of papers prepared for one of the
first research conferences convened, in 1964, by
the International Institute of Labor Studies, this

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

69

volume gives about equal space to discussions of the
role of the State in industrial relations, the sources
and functions of union leadership, and the partici­
pation of interest groups in the form ulation of
economic plans. Two papers, addressed exclusively
to the situation in A frica, appraise the distribu­
tion of decisionmaking power as between labor,
management, and the State. The book also contains
an 83-page summary of the literature on develop­
ment and a bibliography.

Other Recent Publications
Education and Training
An Opportunity for a M ajor American Advance Through
Higher Education. By William H. Young and Robert

Taylor. Madison, University of Wisconsin, 1967. 31 pp.
An Exploratory Cost-Benefit Analysis of Vocational R e­
habilitation. Washington, U.S. Department of Health,

Education, and Welfare, Vocational Rehabilitation
Administration, 1967. 71 pp.
Occupational Inform ation. By Robert Hoppock. New York,

McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1967. 598 pp., bibliography.
3d ed. $8.95.

Employee Benefits
H ealth Care as a Fringe Benefit in Labor Contracts: A
Management View. By Benton H. Goodenough. (In

Public Health Reports, U.S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service,
Washington, June 1967, pp. 513-518. 55 cents, Super­
intendent of Documents, Washington.)
Disability Insurance and Vocational Rehabilitation. By

Nathan Sinai, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan,
School of Public Health, 1967. 117 pp. (Bureau of
Public Health Economics, Research Series, 13.) $3.50.
Health Insurance Coverage Complementary to Medicare.
By Louis S. Reed and Kathleen Myers. (In Social Se­

curity Bulletin, U.S. Department of Health, Educa­
tion, and Welfare, Social Security Administration,
Washington, August 1967, pp. 3-14. 25 cents, Superin­
tendent of Documents, Washington.)
United Mine Workers of America W elfare and Retirem ent
Fund: Report fo r the Year Ending June SO, 1967.

Washington, United Mine Workers of America, 1967.
24 pp.

Health and Safety
Heeded: Hew Perspective on H ealth Services. By Walter
E. Landgraf. (In Harvard Business Review, Boston,

September-October 1967, pp. 75-83. $2.)

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

70
B etter H ealth Standards on the Jot). By John P. Hoerr.
(In IUD Agenda, Industrial Union Department, AFL-

OIO, Washington, September 1967, pp. 8-13. 35 cents.)
Individual Id en tity in a Continuing Industrial Revolution.
By Jean Spencer Felton, M.D. (In Archives of En­

vironmental Health, Chicago, May 1967, pp. 719724. $1.25.)
A L ist of Current Health Insurance Books. New York,

Health Insurance Institute, 1967, 48 pp.
W ork Injuries and Accident Causes in the Concrete Brick
and Block Industry. By T. H. Rockwell and Donald

Nameche. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1967. 85 pp. (BLS Re­
port 317.)
In ju ry Experience, Employment, and W orktim e in the
Mineral Industries, 1965-66. Washington, U.S. De­

partment of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1967. 36
pp. (Mineral Industry Surveys.)

Industrial Relations
Public Management at the Bargaining Table. By Kenneth

O. Warner and Mary L. Hennessy. Chicago, Public
Personnel Association, 1967. 490 pp., bibliography.
$11.50.
Free Speech Rights Under the Labor Management R e­
lations Act. By Walter L. Daykin, Anthony V. Sini-

cropi, Michael W. Whitehill. Iowa City, University
of Iowa, Center for Labor and Management, 1967.
33 pp. (Monograph Series, 7.)
Digest of Selected Pension Plans Under Collective B ar­
gaining, California, 1966. San Francisco, State De­

partment of Industrial Relations, Division of Labor
Statistics and Research, 1967. 109 pp.
W ork Stoppages in California, 1966. San Francisco, State

Department of Industrial Relations, Division of Labor
Statistics and Research, 1967. 23 pp.
Railroad Labor Disputes: The Beginnings of Federal
Strike Policy. By Gerald G. Eggert. Ann Arbor, Mich.,

University of Michigan Press, 1967. 313 pp., bibli­
ography. $6.95.
Labor-Management Cooperation at the Level of the Un­
dertaking in Sivcden. By K. O. Faxen and E. Pettersson. (In International Labor Review, Geneva, Au­

gust 1967, pp. 194-203. 60 cents, Distributed in United
States by Washington Branch of ILO.)
The Role of Shop Stewards in B ritish Industrial Rela­
tions. A survey of existing information and research.

By W. E. J. McCarthy. London, Royal Commission
on Trade Unions and Employers’ Associations, 1967.
81 pp. (Research Papers, 1.) 6s. 6d., H.M. Stationery
Office, London.


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Industrial Relations in the B ritish Printing Industry:
The Quest for Security. By John Child. London,

George Allen
bibliography.

& Unwin

Ltd.,

1967.

387 pp.,

Bibliography of Industrial Relations in Latin America.

By James O. Morris and Efren Cordova. Ithaca, N.Y.,
Cornell University, New York State School of In­
dustrial and Labor Relations, 1967. 290 pp. (Cornell
Industrial and Labor Relations Bibliography Series,
8.) $10.

Labor Force
Manpower Policy and the New Social Goals: Compensa­
tory Em ploym ent Programs; Reducing Seasonal Un­
employment in the Construction In d u stry ; Help for
the Long-Term Unemployed. (In OECD Observer,

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Develop­
ment, Paris, August 1967, pp. 17-28. 50 cents, Dis­
tributed in United States by OECD Publications Cen­
ter, Washington.)
Manpower Planning: A n Emerging Sta ff Function. By Ed­

win B. Geisler. New York, American Management
Association, 1967. 32 pp., bibliography. (Management
Bulletin 101.) $3 ; $2 to AMA members.
Sem inar on Manpower Policy and Program: Labor's View
of Manpower Policy. By Nathaniel Goldfinger. Wash­

ington, U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Manpower
Policy, Evaluation, and Research, 1967, 31 pp.
The Origin and Development of American F air Em ploy­
m ent Legislation. By Arthur Earl Bonfield. (In

Iowra Law Review, Iowa City, June 1967, pp. 10431092. $1.75.)
Sex Discrimination and Title V II of the Civil Rights Act
of 1964. By Robert Stevens Millers, Jr. (In Minnesota

Law Review, Minneapolis, April 1967, pp. 877-897.
$2.50.)
Employment Impacts of Defense Expenditures and Obli­
gations. By Edward Greenberg. (In Review of Eco­

nomics and Statistics, Cambridge, Mass., May 1967,
pp. 186-197. $2.50, Harvard University Press, Cam­
bridge, Mass.)
Discrimination in Em ploym ent and Occupation: Stand­
ards and Policy Statem ents Adopted Under the
Auspices of the I.L.O. Geneva, International Labor

Office, 1967. 56 pp. $1. Distributed in United States
by Washington Branch of ILO.
Unemployment in the United States. By
Barbara R. Bergmann and David E. Kaun. Washing­
ton, U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Devel­
opment Administration, 1967. 122 pp. 65 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.

Structural

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
A Theory of “Technical Unemployment”: One Aspect of
Structural Unemployment. By Gordon Brunhild and
Robert H. Burton. {In American Journal of Eco­

nomics and Sociology, New York, July 1967, pp. 265277. $2.)
The Asking Price of Labor and the Duration of Unem­
ployment. By Hirschel Kasper. {In Review of Eco­

nomics and Statistics, Cambridge, Mass., May 1967,
pp. 165-172. $2-50, Harvard University Press, Cam­
bridge, Mass.)
fixe American Public-School Teacher, 1965-66. By Hazel

Davis. Washington, National Education Association,
1967. 102 pp. (Research Report 1967-R4.) $2.
The M igratory Farm Worker. By Harrison A. Williams,
Jr. {In Labor Today, Detroit, Mich., June-July 1967,

pp. 5-8. 50 cents.)

71
The Disloyal Employee. By Lawrence Stessin. New York,

Business Research Press, A Division of Man &
Manager, Inc., 1967. 136 pp. $12.50.
Comparison of Grievants W ith Non-Grievants in a H eavy
M achinery Company. By Howard A. Sulkin and Rob­

ert W. Pranis. Chicago, University of Chicago, In­
dustrial Relations Center, 1967. 9 pp. (Reprint Se­
ries, 127 ; from Personnel Psychology, Summer, 1967.)
W orker Preferences Among Time-Off Benefits and Pay.
{In Journal of Applied Psychology, American Psy­

chological Association, Washington, August 1967,
pp. 357-361. $2.)

Prices and Consumption Economics
M arket Profiles of Consumer Products. Based on a survey

A uxiliary H ealth Personnel: Training and Use. By N. R. B,
Fendall, M.D. {In Public Health Reports, U.S.

conducted by the U.S. Department of Labor. Edited
by Fabian Linden. New York, National Industrial
Conference Board, Inc., 1967. 145 pp.

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Pub­
lic Health Service, Washington, June 1967, pp. 471479. 55 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.)

Guide to Federal Consumer Services. Washington, Presi­

Occupational Characteristics of Disabled Workers, by
Disabling Condition. Washington, U.S. Department

of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health
Service and Social Security Administration, 1967, xv,
307 pp. (PHS Publication 1531.) $1.75, Superintendent
of Documents, Washington.

Labor Organizations
Abraham Bisno— Union Pioneer. (An autobiographical

dent’s Committee on Consumer Interests, 1967. vii,
140 pp. 75 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Wash­
ington.
W hat’s Ahead for Consumer Nondurables? By Fabian Lin­
den. {In Conference Board Record, National Indus­

trial Conference Board, Inc., New York, September
1967, pp. 41-44.)

Productivity and Technological Change
The Theory and Em pirical Analysis of Production. Edited

account of Bisno’s early life and the beginnings
of unionism in the women’s garment industry.) Mad­
ison, Wis., University of Wisconsin Press, 1967. xvii,
244 pp. $6.50.

by Murray Brown. New York, National Bureau of
Economic Research, Inc., 1967. 515 pp. (Studies in
Income and Wealth, Vol. 31.) $12.50, Columbia Uni­
versity Press, New York.

National Union Strike Benefits, 1967. By Edward R. Cur­
tin. {In Conference Board Record, National Indus­

Autom ation in Perspective. By Lloyd Ulman. Berkeley,

trial Conference Board, Inc., New York, September
1967, pp. 31-35.)

University of California, Institute of Industrial Re­
lations, 1967. 19 pp. (Reprint 305; from The Chang­
ing American Economy.)

Socialism and the American Labor M ovement: Some Neiv
Reflections. By John H. M. Laslett. {In Labor History,

Labor Turns to the Computer. By Woodrow L. Ginsburg.
{In IUD Agenda, Industrial Union Department, AFL-

Tamiment Institute, New York, Spring 1967, pp. 136155. $2.)

CIO, Washington, September 1967, pp. 26-30. 35
cents.)

This is Sohyo: Japanese W orkers and Tlicir Struggles.

The Occupational Effects of Technological Change. {In

Tokyo, Japan, General Council of Trade Unions of
Japan, 1967. 144 pp.

Personnel Management
Creative Personnel Management: Readings in Industrial
Relations. Edited by Max S. Wortman, Jr. Boston,

Allyn and Bacon, Inc., 1967. 613 pp.


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Ministry of Labor Gazette, London, July 1967, pp.
540-547. 5s., H.M. Stationery Office, London.)
International Technical Cooperation: Evaluation and
Perspectives. {In OECD Observer, Organization for

Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, Au­
gust 1967, pp. 3-6. 50 cents. Distributed in United
States by OECD Publications Center, Washington.)

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

72

Social Security
Should Pensioners Receive Unemployment Compensa­
tion? By Merrill G. Murray. Kalamazoo, Mich., W. E.

Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1967.
42 pp. Single copy free.
R etirem ent and Survivor Benefit Operations. (In Monthly

Review, Railroad Retirement Board, Chicago, Au­
gust 19677, pp. 4-7,13.)
Im m igrants and the Social Services [England and Wales].
By Kit Jones. (In National Institute Economic Re­

view, National Institute of Economic and Social Re­
search, London, August 1967, pp. 28-35. 15s.)

Wages and Hours
Area Wage Survey: The Atlanta, Ga., Metropolitan Area,
May 1967. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor,

Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1967. 24 pp. (Bulletin
1530-71.) 25 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington. Other recent bulletins in this series in­
clude the metropolitan areas of Muskegon-Muskegon
Heights, Mich.; Chicago, 111.; Beaumont-Port
Arthur-Orange, Tex.; Lubbock, Tex.; Milwaukee,
Wis.; Lawrence-Haverhill, Mass.-N.H.; Midland
and Odessa, Tex.; Portland, Oreg.-Wash. (Bulletins
1530-72 through 1530-79.) Various pages and prices.
Wage Chronology: Chrysler Corporation, 1939-66. Wash­

Changes in the Structure of the American Economy, 1947
to 1958 and 1962. By Anne P. Carter. (In Review of

Economics and Statistics, Cambridge, Mass., May
1967, pp. 209-224. $2.50, Harvard University Press,
Cambridge, Mass.)
The Dynamics of Growth in New England’s Economy,
1870-196If. By Robert W. Eisenmenger, Middletown,

Conn., Wesleyan University Press, 1967. 201 pp.,
bibliography. (New England Research 'Series, 2.) $9.
The South Carolina Economy in Transition. By College

of Business Administration Faculty and Associates.
Columbia, University of South Carolina, College of
Business Administration, 1967. 130 pp. (Essays in
Economics 15.)
The Service Industries in a Developing Economy— Israel
A s a Case Study. By Gur Ofer. New York, Frederick

A. Praeger, Publishers (in cooperation with the Bank
of Israel), 1967. 168 pp. $8.50.
Human Performance. By Paul M. Fitts and Michael I.

Posner. Belmont, Calif., Brooks-Cole Publishing Co.,
1967. 162 pp. (Basic Concepts in Psychology Series.)
Methods for E xperim ental Social Innovation. By George

W. Fairweather. New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
1967. 250 pp. $7.95.
Five Years of the Alliance for Progress— A n Appraisal.

By Simon G. Hanson. Washington, Inter-American
Affairs Press, 1967. 210 pp. $7.95.

ington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1967. 42 pp. (Bulletin 1515.) 30 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.

The Effectiveness of International Supervision: T hirty
Years of I.L.O. Experience. By E. A. Landy. Dobbs

Recent Trends in Farm Wages. By Patricia Z. King. (In

The Diplomacy of a New Age: M ajor Issues in U.S. Policy
Since 1945. By Dexter Perkins. Bloomington, Ind.,

Farm Labor Developments, U.S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Employment Security, Washington, August-September 1967, pp. 10-22.)
M inimum Wages and the D istribution of Income W ith
Special Reference to Developing Countries. By A. D.
Smith. (In International Labor Review, Geneva,

August 1967, pp. 129-150. 60 cents. Distributed in
United States by Washington Branch of ILO.)
The Economics of the Davis-Bacon Act. By D. N. Gujarati.
(In Journal of Business, University of Chicago, Grad­

uate School of Business, Chicago, July 1967, pp. 303316. $2.75, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.)
Incomes and Money [Great Britain]. By Ralph Hawtrey.

New York, Barnes & Noble, Inc., 1967. 260 pp.

Miscellaneous
An Introduction to the American Economy: Analysis and
Policy. By Sanford D. Gordon and Jess Witchel.

Boston, Mass., D. C. Heath and Co., 1967. 460 pp.,
bibliography.

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Ferry, N.Y., Oceana Publications, Inc., 1967. 268 pp.,
bibliography. $12.50.

Indiana University Press, 1967. 190 pp. $5.75, cloth;
$2.45, paperbound.
Labor Issues in the Mid-60’s. Reprinted from M onthly
Labor Review. Washington, U.S. Department of

Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1967. 73 pp. 50
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Sym posium : Views on American Poverty. Edited by Alex
S. Freedman. (In Journal of Human Relations, Cen­

tral State University, Wilberforce, Ohio, Second
Quarter 1967, pp. 146-168. $1.50.)
The Anatom y of Apartheid. (In American Federationist,

AFLhCIO, Washington, August 1967, pp. 18-23.)
L ife Insurance Fact Book, 1967. New York, Institute of

Life Insurance, 1967.126 pp.
Worker-Owned Plywood Companies— A n Economic A nal­
ysis. By Katrina V. Berman. Pullman, Wash., Wash­

ington State University, Bureau of Economic and
Business Research, 1967. 258 pp. $7.50, Washington
State University Press, Pullman.

Current Labor Statistics
TABLES
A.—Labor Force and Employment
A-l.
A-2.
A-3.
A-4.
A-5.
A-6.
A-7.
A-8.
A-9.
A-10.
86 A -ll.
87 A-12.
88 A-13.

74
74
75
75
76
76
77
77
78
82

Summary employment and unemployment estimates, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted
Seasonally adjusted rates of unemployment
Rates of unemployment, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted
Employed persons, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted
Unemployed persons, by duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted
Full- and part-time status of the civilian labor force, not seasonally adjusted
Employment status, by color, sex, and age, seasonally adjusted1
Total employment and unemployment rates, by occupation, seasonally adjusted1
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups, seasonally adjusted
Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally adjusted
Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations

B.—Labor Turnover
89 B -l.

C.

Labor turnover rates, by major industry group

—Earnings and Hours

92 C—1. Gross hours and earnings of production workers, by industry
105 C-2. Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagri­
cultural payrolls in current and 1957-59 dollars
105 C-3. Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries
106 C-4. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing, by major industry
group
107 C-5. Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry
109 C-6. Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction activities

D.
110

D -l.

111

D-2.

D-3.
113 D-4.
115 D-5.
116 D-6.

112

—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
Consumer Price Index'—U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers, all items,
groups, subgroups, and special groups of items
Consumer Price Index-—-U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers, selected groups,
subgroups, and special groups of items, seasonally adjusted
Consumer Price Index—U.S. and selected areas for urban wage earners and clerical workers
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings
Indexes of wholesale prices, by stage of processing and durability of product

E. —Work Stoppages
117 E -l.

Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes

1 Tables A-7 and A-8 appear quarterly in the February, May, August, and November issues of the Review.
N ote: With the exceptions noted, the statistical series here from the Bureau of Labor Statistics are described in B L S Handbook of Methods for Surveys
and Studies (BLS Bulletin 1458,1966).


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

73

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

74

A.—Labor Force and Employment
Table A -l. Summary employment and unemployment estimates, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
Annual
average

1966

1967
Employment status, age, and sex
Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1966

1965

81,259
77, 803
74, 625
3,676
70,949
3,178

81,160
77, 701
74, 718
3,992
70,726
2,983

80,954
77,505
74,489
3,856
70,633
3,016

80, 681
77, 237
74,147
3,727
70,420
3,090

79,645
76,189
73,289
3,652
69, 637
2,900

80,189
76,740
73,910
3,890
70, 020
2,830

79,959
76,523
73,747
3,855
69,892
2,776

80,443
77,025
74,137
3,890
70, 247
2,888

80,473
77,087
74,255
4,015
70,240
2,832

80,154
76,764
73,893
4,011
69,882
2,871

79,934
76,612
73,897
3,892
70, 005
2,715

79,360
76,081
73,199
3,779
69,420
2,882

79,268
76, 039
73,195
3,886
69,309
2,844

78,893
75,770
72,895
3,979
68,915
2,875

77,178
74,455
71,088
4,361
66,726
3,366

48, 238
45, 476
44,435
2,806
41, 629
1,041

48, 365
45, 559
44,479
2,835
41,644
1,080

48, 273
45,433
44,338
2,791
41,547
1,095

48,196
45,314
44,156
2,726
41,430
1,158

47,920
45,021
43,922
2,753
431,169
1,099

48,033
45,140
44,092
2,870
41, 222
1,048

47,921
45,047
44,010
2,795
41,215
1,037

48,081
45,222
44,236
2,875
41,361
986

48,591
45, 239
44, 227
2,861
41,366
1,012

47,842
44,987
43,898
2,884
41,014
1,089

47,604
44,797
43,711
2,807
40,904
1,086

47,493
44,723
43, 654
2,800
40,854
1,069

47,465
44,736
43,655
2,875
40,780
1,081

47,437
44,787
43, 667
2,894
40,773
1,119

47,115
44,857
43,422
3,174
40, 246
1,435

Civilian labor force______________ _____ 26,051 25, 557 25,516 25,177 24,730 25,023 24,862 25,071 25,221 25,139 25,145 24,884 24,938 24,427
Em ployed................ ................................... 24,781 24, 558 24,421 24,094 23,773 24,002 23,834 24,057 24,128 24,167 24, 278 23,891 23,994 23,507
645
675
593
729
663
636
702
625
628
624
537
512
705
581
Agriculture_______ ___ _ _ _____ . .
Nonagricultural industries.
24,269 23,853 23, 797 23,513 23,236 23,377 23, 206 23,421 23,426 23,438 23,615 23,298 23,349 22,832
944
993
919
972
867
957 1,021 1,028 1,014 1,093
1,270
U nem ployed .. _____________________
999 1,095 1,083

23,687
22,630
748
21,882
1,056

T otal
Total labor force___ _________________ ._
Civilian labor force . . . . . ______ ____
Employed_____________ _____________
Agriculture_____________ _________
Nonagricultural industries_ ..
.
Unemployed ___ _ _ ______ __ ____
Me n , 20 Y ears and Over
Total labor force...
_____
Civilian labor force . _ _ ___________ ___
Employed_____ ___________________ __
Agriculture.. ______________________
Nonagricultural industries___ ____ _
U nem ployed. _ _
Women, 20 Y ears and Over

B oth S exes , 16-19 Y ears
Civilian labor force__ __________________
Employed________ __________ ____ _
Agriculture____ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ __
Nonagricultural industries.-. . . . . . . . .
Unemployed . . . . . .

6,276
5, 409
358
5,051
867

6,585
5,681
452
5,229
904

Table A-2.

6, 556
5,730
441
5,289
826

6,746
5,897
420
5,477
849

6,438
5,594
362
5, 232
844

6,577
5,816
395
5,421
761

6,614
5,903
432
5, 471
711

6,732
5,844
379
5,465
888

6,627
5,900
452
5,448
727

6,638
5,828
398
5,430
810

6, 670
5,908
422
5,486
762

6,474
5,654
386
5,268
820

6,365
5,546
366
5,180
819

6,557
5,721
410
5,310
836

5,910
5,036
439
4,598
874

Seasonally adjusted rates of unemployment
Annual
average

1966

1967
Selected unemployment rates

Total (all civilian workers)__ .
Men, 20 years and over. .
Women, 20 years and over___
______
Both sexes, 16-19 years________ _ _ _
White w o r k e r s . ___
Nonwhite workers____ _______ _ .
Married men. . . . . . ________ ___ _ .
Full-time workers__ _____
Blue-collar workers____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . . _
Experienced wage and salary workers____
Labor force time lo st1 . _ _____. . . . _

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

4.1
2.3
4.9
13.8
3.6
7.9
1.8
3.8
4.6
4.0
4.6

3.8
2.4
3.9
13.7
3.5
6.9
2.0
3.6
4.4
3.6
4.3

3.9
2.4
4.3
12.6
3.5
7.2
1.8
3.6
4.7
3.7
4.3

4.0
2.6
4.3
12.6
3.5
7.8
2.0
3.9
4.7
3.8
4.5

3.8
2.4
3.9
13.1
3.3
7.8
1.9
3.5
4.6
3.6
3.8

3.7
2.3
4.1
11.6
3.3
7.3
1.9
3.3
4.6
3.4
4.0

3.6
2.3
4.1
10.7
3.1
7.4
1.7
3.1
4.2
3.4
4.1

3.7
2.2
4.0
13.2
3.3
7.1
1.6
3.0
4.1
3.4
4.0

Jan.
3.7
2.2
4.3
11.0
3.3
6.6
1.7
3.1
4.2
3.5
4.1

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1966

3.7
2.4
3.9
12.2
3.3
7.6
1.7
3.3
4.3
3.5
4.1

3.5
2.4
3.4
11.4
31.
6.9
1.7
3.4
4.3
3.4
3.8

3.8
2.4
4.0
12.7
3.4
7.4
1.9
3.4
4.1
3.5
4.1

3.7
2.4
3.8
12.9
3.2
7.2
1.9
3.4
4.1
3.6
4. 2

3.8
2.5
3.8
12.7
3.3
7.3
1.9
3.4
4.3
3.5
4. 2

1 Man-hours lost by the unemployed and persons on part time for economic reasons as a percent of potentially available labor force man-hours.

Beginning in the March issue, the 1965 and 1966 statistics on the labor force were revised to
take account of the lower age limit change from 14 to 16 years of age. The 1967 data reflect all
the definitional changes which became effective in January 1967. (See the February 1967 E m ­
p l o y m e n t a n d Earnings a n d M o n th ly R e port on the Labor Force, Vol. 13, No. 8.) Although
these data are not strictly comparable with those published prior to January 1967, they may be
treated by most users as continuing the previous series.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1965
4.5
3.2
4. 5
14.8
4.1
8.1
2.4
3.5
5.3
4.3
5.0

A.—LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT

T able A-3.

75

Rates of unemployment, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted
1967

1966

Annual
average

Age and sex
Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1966

1965

T otal
16 years and over---------------------------------

4.1

3.8

3.9

4.0

3.8

3.7

3.6

3.7

3.7

3.7

3.5

3.8

3.7

3.8

4.5

16 to 19 years_______________________
16 and 17 years. _______ . . . _____
18 and 19 y e a r s ..___ _______ . . . . .
20 to 24 years___________ ___________
25 years and over____________________
25 to 54 years____________ . . . . . . . . .
55 years and over__________________

13.8
15.6
12.6
6.6
2.7
2.8
2.3

13.7
15.3
12.7
5.5
2.5
2.6
2.5

12.6
14.4
11.4
6.2
2.6
2.7
2.3

12.6
14.0
13.1
5.8
2.8
2.9
2.3

13.1
13.7
12.8
5.2
2.6
2.7
2.7

11.6
14.8
10.9
5.1
2.6
2.7
2.5

10.7
12.0
9.8
5.4
2.6
2.6
2.5

13.2
16.4
11.0
5.2
2.5
2.6
2.2

11.0
13.1
9.5
5.6
2.6
2.6
2.9

12.2
13.8
10.8
5.6
2.6
2.5
2.5

11.4
12.9
10.6
5.0
2.5
2.5
2.4

12.7
14.7
11.4
5.4
2.6
2.7
2.5

12.9
14.8
11.2
5.2
2.6
2.6
2.5

12. 7
14.8
11.3
5.3
2.6
2. 6
2.6

14.8
16.5
13.5
6. 7
3.2
3.2
3.2

3.0
12.4
13.2
11.4
4.9
1.9
1.9
2.0

3.1
12.4
15.3
10.2
5.0
2.0
2.0
2.4

3.1
11.6
14.5
9.2
5.0
2.1
2.0
2.3

3.3
12.3
14.2
10.3
5.1
2.2
2.1
2.5

3.2
12.9
14.5
11.8
4.9
2.1
2.0
2.8

3.0
11.8
16.8
10.8
4.0
2.1
2.0
2.6

2.9
10.1
11.3
9.0
4.2
2.1
2.0
2.4

3.0
12.6
14.8
10.3
3.6
2.0
1.9
2.2

2.9
11.1
13.9
8.8
4.2
2.0
1.8
2.8

3.2
12.2
13.8
10.8
5.3
2.1
2.0
2.3

3.0
10.5
11.5
9.7
4.9
2.2
2.1
2.4

3.1
11.7
14. 1
9.9
4.3
2.1
2.1
2.1

3.1
12.3
14.1
10.2
4.3
2.2
2.1
2.6

3.2
11.7
13.7
10.2
4.6
2.2
2.1
2.7

4.0
14.1
16.1
12.4
6.3
2.8
2.7
3.3

5.9
15.6
19.3
13.8
8.8
4.1
4.5
2.9

5.1
15.4
15.4
15.4
6.1
3.5
3.7
2.7

5.3
13.8
14.3
13.8
7.6
3.7
4.1
2.2

5.2
13.0
13.8
12.4
6.8
3.9
4.5
1.7

4.8
13.4
12.4
13.8
5.5
3.4
4.0
2.6

4.9
11.3
12.0
11.0
6.6
3.6
3.9
2.4

4.9
11.6
13.1
10.7
6.9
3.6
3.9
2.8

5.1
13.9
18.7
11.7
7.3
3.5
3.7
2.1

5.0
10.8
11.9
10.2
7.4
3.8
4.0
3.3

4.7
12.2
13.7
10.7
6.1
3.5
3.6
3.0

4.4
12.6
14.9
11.5
5.2
3.1
3.4
2.3

5.0
13.9
15.7
13.0
6.9
3.5
3.8
3.1

4.8
13.6
15.8
12.2
6.5
3.3
3.6
2.3

4.8
14.1
16. 6
12.6
6.3
3.3
3.6
2.4

5.5
15.7
17.2
14.8
7.3
4.0
4.3
2.8

Male
16 years and over______________________
16 to 19 years____ ____________ _____
16 and 17 years______________ ___
18 and 19 years____________________
20 to 24 years_______________________
25 years and over__________________ _
25 to 54 years--------------------------------55 years and over... ______________
F emale
16 years and over______________________
16 to 19 years_______________________
16 and 17 years_______ __________ .
18 and 19 years____________________
20 to 24 years. . . . _
. ___________
25 years and over______________________
25 to 54 years________________________
55 years and over____________ _______

T able A-4.

Employed persons, by age and sex, seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
1967

Annual
average

1966

Age and sex
Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1966

1965

74, 625
5,409
2,246
3,148
8, 522
60, 724
46,768
13, 698

74, 718
5,681
2, 341
3, 331
8, 612
60,393
46, 709
13, 632

74,489
5, 730
2,322
3, 402
8,604
60,128
46, 471
13, 563

74,147
5, 897
2,363
3, 491
8, 571
59, 678
46, 062
13, 627

73,289
5, 594
2,201
3,358
8, 420
59, 300
46,044
13,244

73,910
4,816
2,346
3, 470
8,418
59,650
46,295
13,360

73, 747
5,903
2, 478
3,465
8,348
59, 516
46,391
13,224

74,137
5,844
2,399
3, 465
8,355
60,000
46, 616
13, 450

74,255
5,900
2,389
3,516
8, 228
60,125
46, 742
13, 468

73,893
5,828
2,427
3, 487
8,126
59, 886
46, 541
13, 405

73,987
5,908
2,362
3, 537
8,062
59, 925
46,399
13, 544

73,199
5, 654
2,233
3,386
7, 977
59, 593
46,146
13,332

73,195
5, 546
2, 229
3,304
7,916
59,761
46,119
13, 417

72,895
5, 721
2,269
3,452
7,963
59,212
45,944
13,268

71,088
5,036
2,074
2,962
7, 702
58, 351
45,318
13,033

47, 479 47, 712 47, 555 47,448 47, 050 47,273 47,358 47,475 47,533 47,116 47, 011 46,824 46,769 46,919
3, 044 3, 233 3,217 3, 292 3,128 3,176 3,348 3, 239 3,306 3,218 3,300 3,170 3,114 3,252
1,409 1, 436 1,399 1,403 1,324 1,351 1,512 1,444 1,453 1,463 1,451 1,369 1,347 1,380
1,653 1,786 1,810 1,856 1,766 1,825 1,854 1,852 1,867 1,802 1,858 1,790 1,778 1,862
4,849 4, 891 4,856 4,881 4, 750 4, 771 4, 762 4,812 4, 721 4,588 4,594 4, 586 4, 570 4, 599
39, 589 39, 566 39, 468 29,266 39,177 39,306 39, 276 39, 474 39, 493 39,259 39, 098 39, 085 39, 090 39, 069
30, 648 30, 638 30,584 30,425 30,402 30, 558 30, 645 30, 697 30, 776 30, 519 30,331 30,313 30,302 30,378
8,898 8, 889 8,860 8,870 8, 738 8, 717 8, 670 8, 777 8, 758 8, 767 8,805 8,741 8, 748 8,691

46,340
2,918
1,284
1,634
4,583
38,839
30, 240
8,599

27,146 27, 006 26,934 26, 699 26,239 26, 637 26,389 26, 662 26, 722 26, 777 26,887 26,375 24,426 25,976
2,365 2, 448 2,513 2, 605 2,466 2, 640 2, 555 2,605 2, 594 2,610 2, 608 2,484 2,432 2, 469
864
882
964
879
837
905
923
960
877
995
955
911
966
936
1,495 1,545 1,592 1,635 1,592 1,645 1,611 • 1, 643 1,649 1,685 1,679 1,596 1,526 1,590
3,673 3, 721 3, 748 3,690 3, 670 3,647 3, 586 3, 543 3, 507 3,538 3,68 8 3,391 3,346 3,364
21,135 20,827 20, 660 20, 412 20,123 20,344 20, 240 20, 526 20, 632 20, 627 20,827 20,508 20, 671 20,143
16,120 16, 071 15,887 15, 638 15,642 15,737 15, 746 15,919 159, 66 16, 022 16,068 15,833 15,817 15, 566
4,800 4, 743 4, 703 4, 757 4,506 4, 643 4,554 4, 673 4, 710 4, 638 4,739 4,591 4, 669 4, 577

24, 748
2,118
790
1,328
3,119
19,512
15, 078
4,434

T otal
16 years and over___ _________ _____ _
16 to 19 years________ _____________
16 and 17 years-------- . . _ _______ .
18 and 19 years.. . . . . . __________
20 to 24 years_____
____________ . .
25 years and over________ ____________
25 to 54 years____ . . . _____________
55 years and over_______ __________
Male
16 years and over______________________
16 to 19 years_______________________
16 and 17 years____________________
18 and 19 years. __________________
20 to 24 years_______________________
25 years and over____________________
25 to 54 years______________________
55 years and over__________________
F emale
16 years and over______________________
16 to 19 years_______ _ _____________
16 and 17 years_______ ___________
18 and 19 years____________________
20 to 24 y e a rs_________ _____________
25 years and over_____________
25 to 54 y e a rs___________________ .
55 years and over__________________


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

76
T able A-5.

Unemployed persons, by duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
1966

1967

Annual
average

Duration of unemployment
Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1966

1965

Less than 5 weeks__________ . ------------ 1,889
945
5 to 14 weeks__ . . ___
_____
437
15 weeks and over____ _____ - 15 to 26 weeks__ .
- .. -----------278
159
27 weeks and over________
15 weeks and over as a percent of civilian
.6
labor force. .
_ _____________

1,660
945
441
231
210

1,805
876
435
265
170

1,649
919
444
298
146

1,371
877
414
271
143

1,468
900
436
251
185

1,408
986
560
354
206

1,678
771
439
249
190

1,542
787
485
282
203

1,562
760
496
269
227

1,397
789
484
287
197

1,493
900
517
293
224

1,523
831
493
291
202

1,535
804
536
245
241

1,628
983
755
404
351

.6

.6

.6

.5

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.7

.6

.7

1.0

T able A-6.

Full- and part-time status of the civilian labor force, not seasonally adjusted
[In thousands]
1966

1967
Full- and part-time employment
status

September

August

67,950

71,134

Annual
average
1966

1965

July

June

May

April

March

February

January

December

71,058

70,195

65,538

65,640

65,425

65,445

65,610

66,205

66,943

66,145

60,953
2,195

62,285
1,875

62,734
1,894

61,144
2,209

F ull T ime
Civilian labor force____
Employed:
Full-time schedules 1_______ . . .
Part time for economic reasons__
Unemployed, looking for full-time
work___ . . .
Unemployment rate__
. ____

63, 747
2,117

66,264
2,486

65,909
2,499

64,688
2,507

61,978
1,573

61,447
2,079

60,916
2,209

60,793
2,283

2,086
3.1

2,384
3.4

2,650
3.7

3,000
4.3

1,987
3.0

2,114
3.2

2,300
3.5

2,369
3.6

2,462
3.8

2,045
3.1

2,315
3.5

2,792
4.2

9, 576
8,767
809

7,978
7,421

8,413
7,813

8,825
8,197

10,557
10,086

10,471
9,920

10, 088
9,433

10,246
9,432

9,710
9,013

10,047
9,439

8,830
8,279

8,310
7,735

557
7.0

600
7.1

628
7.1

471
4.5

551
5.3

655
6.5

814
7.9

697
7.2

608
6.1

560
6.2

575
6.9

P art T ime
Civilian labor force____ . _ . . .
Employed (voluntary part tim e)__
Unemployed, looking for part-time
work ___
Unemployment r a te ... _____
___

8.4

1 Employed persons with a job but not at work are distributed proportionately among the full- and part-time employed categories.


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77

A.—LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT
T able A-7.

Employment status, by color, sex, and age, seasonally adjusted
[In th o u sa n d s]
Quarterly averages
1967

Characteristics

Annual
averages

1964

1965

1966

3d

2d

1st

4th

3d

2d

1st

4th

3d

2d

1st

4th

3d

1966

1965

68,899
40, 498
22, 291
5, 661
66, 477
40,061
21, 408
5,008
2,422
887
883
652
3.5
2.2
4.0
11.5

68,053
40,628
21,648
5,777
65, 751
39,722
20,852
5,177
2,302
906
796
600
3.4
2.2
3.7
10.4

68. 410
40,712
21, 726
5,972
66,190
39,897
20,924
5,370
2,220
815
803
602
3.2
2.0
3.7
10.1

67,999
40,365
21, 724
5,911
65, 794
39,512
21,011
5,271
2,205
853
713
640
3.2
2.1
3.3
10.8

67,293
40,239
21,239
5,814
65,058
39,347
20,540
5,171
2,235
892
699
644
3.3
2.2
3.3
11.1

66,926
40,311
20,829
5,785
64, 650
39,419
20,119
5,112
2,276
892
710
673
3.4
2.2
3.4
11.6

66,829
40,349
20, 733
5, 747
74,570
39,405
20,043
5,122
2,259
944
690
624
3.4
2.3
3.3
10.9

66,539
40,227
20, 664
5, 648
64,075
39,208
19,903
4,964
2,464
1,019
761
684
3.7
2.5
3.7
12.1

66,204
40,362
20, 519
5,324
63,599
39,241
19,729
4, 630
2, 605
1,121
790
694
3.9
2.8
3.9
13.0

66,057
40, 523
20,410
5,124
63,240
39,273
19,572
4,395
2,817
1,250
838
729
4.3
3.1
4.1
14.2

65, 683
40,469
20, 276
4,939
62,841
39,218
19, 405
4,219
2,842
1,251
871
720
4.3
3.1
4.3
14.6

65,134
40,283
20,002
4,850
62,232
38,967
19,146
4,120
2,902
1,316
856
730
4.5
3.3
4.3
15.1

64,928
40,228
19,900
4,800
62,055
38,883
19,035
4,137
2,873
1,345
865
663
4.4
3.3
4.3
13.8

67,274
40,318
21,128
5,828
65,019
39,417
20, 426
5,176
2,253
901
703
651
3.3
2.2
3.3
11.2

66,136
4,0401
20,468
5,265
63,445
39,232
19,652
4,562
2,691
1,169
817
703
4.1
2.9
4.0
13.4

8, 628
4,499
3,342
787
7,994
4, 320
3,095
579
634
178
247
209
7.3
4.0
7.4
26.6

8,622
4,506
3,334
782
7,962
4,304
3,104
554
660
202
230
228
7.6
4.5
6.9
29.2

8,638
4,515
3,381
741
8,030
4,314
3,150
567
608
201
232
175
7.0
4.5
6.9
23.6

8,534
4,490
3,327
717
7,911
4,264
3,098
549
623
226
229
168
7.3
5.0
6.9
23.4

8, 534
4,478
3,292
765
7,885
4,260
3,055
570
649
217
237
195
7.6
4.8
7.2
25.5

8,431
4,429
3,289
713
7,812
4,213
3,080
519
619
216
209
194
7.3
4.9
7.4
27.2

8,475
4,480
3,290
706
7,885
4,265
3,096
524
590
215
194
181
7.0
4.8
5.9
25.6

8,400
4, 466
3,265
668
7, 775
4,247
3,040
488
625
219
225
180
7.4
4.9
6.9
26.9

8,339 8,266
4,422 4,460
3,249 3,180
668
626
7,669 7, 603
4,164 4,203
3,003 2,937
502
463
670
663
258
257
246
243
163
166
8.0
8.0
5.8
5.8
7.6
7.6
26.0
24.9

8,244
4, 462
3,174
606
7,514
4,148
2,930
436
730
315
244
170
8.9
7.1
7.7
28.1

8,259
4,447
3,199
613
7,505
4,127
2,925
454
754
320
274
159
9.1
7.2
8.6
25.9

8,156
4,401
3,141
612
7,363
4,083
2,847
433
793
319
294
180
9.7
7.2
9.4
29.4

8,496
4,468
3,299
729
7,875
4,249
3,082
544
621
219
217
185
7.3
4.9
6.6
25.4

8,319
4,456
3,218
644
7,643
4,190
2,979
475
676
267
239
169
8.1
6.0
7.4
26.2

WHITE
Civilian labor force__________
. . ___
Men, 20 years and over____
____
Women, 20 years and over..
.... .
Both sexes, 16-19 years.. _ . . . _ ..
Employed____ ________ ___
.. . . .
Men, 20 years and over______
Women, 20 years and over____
___
Both sexes, 16-19 years. . . . ..
Unem ployed... _________ _. __ _ ___
Men, 20 years and over_____
____
Women, 20 years and over___ ..
Both sexes, 16-19 years_________ ____
Unemployment rate________ _________
Men, 20 years and over___
_____
Women, 20 years and over_______
Both sexes, 16-19 years______________
NONWHITE
Civilian labor force__________ .
____
Men, 20 years and over______________
Women, 20 years and over.. _____
Both sexes, 16-19 years______________
Employed___ _ . ..
. . . --------Men, 20 years and over_______
___
Women, 20 years and over______
Both sexes, 16-19 years___ _______
Unemployed... ... —
-------------Men, 20 years and over________ . . .
Women, 20 years and over_________
Both sexes, 16-19 years__________ ..
____
Unemployment rate___________
Men, 20 years and over______________
Women, 20 years and over_____ _ .
Both sexes, 16-19 years_____________

T able A-8.

Total employment and unemployment rates, by occupation, seasonally adjusted1
Quarterly averages

Characteristics

Annual
averages
1964

1965

1966

1967
3d

2d

1st

4th

3d

2d

1st

4th

3d

2d

1st

4th

3d

1966

1965

34, 512
9, 967
7,699
12,303
4, 543
27,369
9,758
14,026
3, 585
9, 225
3, 560

33,945
9,786
7,458
12,238
4, 463
27,102
9,798
13, 764
3,539
9,251
3,459

33,534
9,722
7,189
12,095
4,528
27,384
10,029
13,870
3,486
9,443
3,650

33, 751
9,599
7,427
12,220
4,505
26,914
9,697
13,804
3, 413
9,442
3,589

33, 435
9,456
7,547
11,923
4,510
26,964
9,652
13, 742
3, 570
9,189
3,592

32,785
9,235
7,382
11,635
4,533
26,944
9,554
13,884
3,506
9,042
3,720

32,307
8,972
7,246
11,471
4, 618
27,015
9,464
13,901
3, 650
9,172
3,818

32,136
8,919
7,157
11,473
4,586
26,628
9,415
13,525
3,687
9,177
3,892

32,007
8,994
7,369
11,149
4,495
26,278
9,300
13,336
3,642
9,034
4,017

31,857
8,820
7,530
11,004
4, 503
25,953
8,982
13,309
3,662
8,785
4,220

31,391
8,818
7,293
10,884
4,395
26,166
9,204
13,189
3, 773
8,749
4,106

31,200
8,747
7,428
10, 673
4,353
25, 575
9,068
13,001
3,506
8,830
4,167

30,860
8,499
7,452
10, 617
4,292
25,359
9,034
12,927
3,399
8,923
4,280

33,065
9,310
7,403
11,812
4,540
26,952
9,591
13,829
3,532
9,212
3,667

31,849
8,883
7,340
11,129
4,497
26,246
9,222
13,336
3,688
8,936
4,057

2.3
1.4
.9
3.4
3.7
4.5
2.3
5.2
7.9
4.6
2.7

2.0
1.4
.9
2.7
2.9
4.6
2.8
5.0
7.9
4.2
2.5

2.1
1.3
.9
3.0
3.2
4.1
2.3
4.7
7.0
4.4
2.0

2.0
1.3
.9
3.0
2.4
4.2
2.9
4.2
7.6
4.6
2.0

2.1
1.5

2.0
1.2
1.1
2.7
3.0
4.2
2.7
4.4
7.5
4.9
2.6

2.0
1.3
1.1
2.7
2.9
4.2
3.0
4.3
7.0
4.5
2.2

2.2
1.4
1.1
2.9
3.5
4.6
2.8
4.9

2.2
1.3
1.1
3.1
3.3
5.2
3.6
5.4
8.3
5.2
2.7

2.4
1.5
1.1
3.5
3.3
5.6
4.0
5.9
8.4
5.4
2.5

2.5
1.7
1.2
3.5
3.7
5.6
3.8
5.7
9.5
5.8
2.6

2.4
1.4
1.3
3. 5
3.4
6.0
4.2
6.1
10.0
5.7
3.0

2.4
1.8
1.4
3.3
3.2
6.2
4.1

2.0
1.3

2.3
1. 5
1.1
3.3
3.4
5.3
3. 6

E mployed (in thousands)
White-collar workers__ ____ _ . .
_____
Professional and technical____ ____
Managers, officials, and proprietors____
Clerical workers____ _ _______ ______
Sales workers_____________ ______
Blue-collar workers______
Craftsmen and foremen.. . . . . .
Operatives___
_ ____ . . . . .
Nonfarm laborers_____
..
....
Service w orkers..
_ _____
....
Farmers and farm laborers. . . . _ _ _____
U nemployment R ate
White-collar workers______ . . . _
___
Professional and technical__ . . _.
Managers, officials, and proprietors.. . .
Clerical workers____
______
Sales workers_______ . . . .
_______
Blue-collar workers_____
C raftsmen and foremen. . . .............
.
Operatives_______________ _________
Nonfarm laborers___________________
Service workers_________________________
Farmers and farm managers......... . . . . .

1 .0

3.0
2.8
4.3
2.7
4.5
7.8
4.6
2.0

7 .7

4.7
2.8

1 The data in this table have been revised from those carried in earlier issues. Current data excludes 14- and 15-year olds.

277-769 0 - 6 7 - 6
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

6 .3

10.7
5.8
3.0

1 .0

2.9
2.8
4.2
2.9
4.3
7.5
4. 6
2 .2

5 .5

8. 7
5.3
2 .7

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

78
A-9.

T able

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In thousands]

1966

1967

Annual
average

Industry
Sept.2 Aug. 2 July
Total employees___- _ - „

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1966

1965

_____ 66,714 66,438 66,129 66, 514 65,594 65, 215 64,843 64,491 64, 531 66, 087 65,559 65,351 65, 017 63,982 60,832

_

M i n i n g __________________________________________

Metal mining
Iron ores
- Copper ores
Coal mining
. _ __
Bituminous coal and lignite mining
Oil and gas extraction
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields.
Oil and gas field services
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels
Crushed and broken stone
Sand and gravel

606

619
70. 6
28.4
14.6
142.6
135.7
277.8
154.2
123.6
128.4
44.7
43.0

636
90.4
28.5
33.0
140.0
133.2
277.5
154.5
123.0
127.6
44.1
42.7

633
90. 6
28.8
33.0
142. 4
135.4
273. 6
152.4
121. 2
126. 0
43.2
42.2

618
88.3
27.9
32.2
140.2
133. 2
267.9
148.6
119.3
121.8
43.0
39.1

614
87.4
27.1
32.2
139.0
131.8
269.1
148.8
120.3
118.4
41.3
37.3

607
87.7
27.2
32.3
140.2
132.9
266.1
148.7
117.4
112.5
38.4
34.5

606
86.9
26.9
32.1
141.4
133.8
267.3
148.5
118.8
110.1
37.2
33.5

611
85.9
26.1
31.9
141.5
134.1
272.1
148.6
123. 5
111.6
37.7
34.2

622
86.3
26.6
31.6
142. 0
134.6
275.8
148.7
127.1
117.9
40.9
37.0

624
86.4
26.8
31.8
141.5
134.1
274.3
149.4
124.9
122.1
42.2
39.7

627
86.1
26.8
31.5
142.4
135.0
274.5
150.0
124.5
124.4
43.0
41.2

634
87.9
27.3
32.0
141.4
133.9
278.1
153.2
124.9
126.7
44.0
41.9

625
86.5
26.3
31.7
137.7
129.9
279.8
152.4
127. 4
120.8
41.6
39.1

632
83.8
25.9
30.0
141.4
131.8
287.1
156.6
130.5
119.6
41.0
40.0

3,594 3,548 3,407 3,227 3,106 2,922 2,863 2,947 o, 146 3,328 3,466 3,540 3,292 3,186
1,119. 7 1,095.9 1, 057.1 1 005.9 979.1 942. 4 931.3 962.9 1, 028. 0 1, 066. 6 1, 095. 7 1,113.8 1, 047.3 994. 0
791.4 782.8 744. 9 677. 5 614.9 538.2 518.9 530.9 593.3 696.2 762.8 780.3 673.9 648.5
413.7 405.3 380.2 335. 6 286.4 224.8 211.7 216.2 262.4 339.4 390.4 404.5 326.8 324.4
377.7 377. 5 364. 7 341. 9 328. 5 313. 4 307. 2 314.7 330.9 356.8 372.4 375.8 347.1 324.1
1,682.9 1,668.8 1,605. 0 1 543.7 1,511.8 1,441.0 1,413.1 1,452.7 1, 525. 0 1, 565.1 1, 607. 2 1, 646. 2 1,570.9 1, 543. 4
Special trade contractors
Plumbing, heating, air conditioning__ _____ 390.3 383.2 372.0 358.4 358.0 357.7 360.6 366.7 371.3 376.6 379.7 382.1 373.1 366.2
155.3 152.0 144.5 136.5 127.3 115.6 109.7 111.6 128.5 138.8 150.8 156.6 141.0 143.1
Painting, paperhanging, decorating___ —
274.4 273.3 265.3 254 9 252. 9 248. 5 248.5 251.9 255.9 257.1 257.3 262.2 250.4 233.7
Electrical work
241.9 241.6 233.4 227.1 218. 5 207.9 196. 2 200. 0 213.1 221.2 234.6 243.9 235.0 238.8
126.6 122.4 118.0 112. 6 110. 8 102. 9 98. 8 106. 2 113.5 117.5 118. 6 117.9 112.2 110.2
Roofing and sheet metal work

C o n tr a c t c o n s t r u c t io n

___

.

...

.

3,502

General building contractors
Heavy construction contractors
Highway and street construction

M a n u fa c tu r in g .._

_ _

_.

Durable goods__________
Nondurable goods ___ _

19,472 19,476 19,156 19,382 19,133 19,181 19,263 19,297 19,333 19,534 19,625 19,640 19,638 19,186 18,062
. . . . . 11,303 11,280 11,213 11,383 11, 282 11,298 11,359 11,389 11,413 11,516 11, 549 11, 538 11, 502 11,256 10,406
____ . . . 8,169 8,196 7,943 7,999 7,851 7,883 7,904 7,908 7,920 8, 018 8, 076 8,102 8,136 7,930 7, 656

D u r a b le goods

296.5 296.0 291.0 288.7 285.1 285.8 285.3 283.2 279.2 272.7 271.6 267.2 263.6 256.0 225.8
Ordnance and accessories..
________
Ammunition, except for small arms. __ 223.1 222.2 219.4 215.9 213.1 214.1 213.2 211.5 207.9 201.9 202.5 199.5 197.4 192.6 173.0
13.4
12.2
14.0
13.9
14.2
14.0
16.0
14.3
16.3
15.3
15. 0 14.6
Sighting and fire control equipment.
15.5
15.7
40.7
52.3
50.0
56.6
55.1
53.7
55.6
56.4
57.1
57.0
57.0
57.5
56.5
57.1
Other ordnance and accessories___
57.1
612.6
606.9
619.8
598.4
607.8
600.5 610.1 610.1 613.5 584.8 579.6 577.6 576.8 577.1 584.3
Lumber and wood products... .
84.2
81.3
91.4
83.4
85.8
78.0
84.8
76.4
77.0
83.4
86.7
74.0
74.0
Logging camps & logging contractors. .
91.9
78.0
Sawmills and planing mills ______ . 234. 6 236.0 237.5 239.1 233.4 231.6 231.4 230.8 230.4 232.1 236.7 240.4 246.6 244.9 249.4
Millwork, plywood, & related products. 168.8 172.3 166.9 166.9 160.4 159.7 157.3 154.9 155.2 159.2 162.7 167.3 171.9 171.3 164.7
34.4
35.5
35.3
36.5
35.2
35.3
35.6
35.3
35.9
34.5
35.9
36.1
36.3
35.8
Wooden containers____________ ___
37.1
74. 2
80.2
79.6
77.8
80.4
80.0
79.4
79.2
79.8
78.4
79.0
78.8
78.5
Miscellaneous wood products. .
78.5
76.7
430.7
471.2
442.5
461.7
457.3 454.8
Furniture and fixtures
... . .
451.6 448.3 451.0 455.8 459.4 462.4 471.6 474.2 472.8
Household furniture. _
___ 317.6 316.9 307.5 313.9 313.2 316.7 319.8 323.3 324.8 332.6 335.4 334.5 333.6 328.1 309.2
30.2
35.8
34.8
36.4
35.9
37.4
37.0
36.7
37.4
37.5
Office furniture
36.4
36. 6 37.2
35.8
43.5
47.2
48.8
48.2
48.5
48.4
49.8
48.3
47. 4 48.1
Partitions and fixtures
48. 8 47.3
47. 6 47.5
50.4
47.8
53.2
51.6
51.4
53.4
53.3
53.7
53.3
51.3
51.3
52.0
Other furniture and fixtures____
51.4
50.1
53.1
638.5 646.6 643.9 641.9 628.4 624.5 617.7 612.6 616.5 629.4 642.6 647.9 657.1 644.6 628.3
Stone, clay, and glass products... ._
32.3
30.3
32.1
32.7
29.6
32.3
32.7
31.8
32.5
32.7
32.3
Flat glass
29. 7 30. 4 30.9
124.8 123.5 123.3 124.5 122.0 122.2 122.1 121.6 122.3 123.4 124. 7 124.2 125.8 122.6 115.4
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown
38.0
36.9
38.0
39.4
38.3
38.6
37.6
35.4
36.5
38.1
35.4
34.9
36.5
Cement, hydraulic.. . . . .
37.7
36.7
67.7
69.7
70.9
70.3
66.1
67.6
66.0
67.8
69.1
64.1
65.4
63. C 63.1
Structural clay products__ ____
68.3
6 6 .6
41.1
43.4
44.1
43.3
41.7
43.9
42.2
42.7
43.7
42.3
42.5
Pottery and related products______ _
41.4
42.0
41.7
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products__ ____________________ ____ 183.4 186.9 185.4 181.2 175.5 171.8 165.2 162.1 164.1 170.2 176.1 180.0 184.0 178.9 177.8
Other stone & nonmetallic mineral
products___________
_______
134.6 137.2 137.2 136.7 134.1 133.7 134.1 134.0 133.7 134.6 136.0 136.6 137.7 135.7 130.0
Primary metal industries_____________ 1,291.3 1,299.2 1,297. 0 1,319.9 1,310.2 1,314.1 1,330.9 1,338.2 1,348.2 1,347.4 1,348.9 1,352.4 1,365.1 1,345. 4 1,301.0
Blast furnace and basic steel products.. 634.8 634.8 635.3 634.6 628. 5 630.1 636.0 635.6 639.6 640.1 645.4 651.7 661.8 651.3 657.3
Iron and steel foundries_______ ____
218.7 226.0 212.5 228.8 227.4 227.8 232.3 237.2 241.4 239.2 239.3 239.0 239.1 238.5 227.0
73.9
79.0
78.1
78.4
79.2
80.0
81.2
80.7
80.6
72.9
Nonferrous metals. _ . . .
_
._ _
81.9
80.9
81.1
70.1
82.3
Nonferrous rolling and draw ing.._
207.3 204.0 207.6 210.4 211.2 212.1 215.5 217.4 218.6 219.9 218.8 218.9 219.5 215.0 196. 5
81.5
90.5
91.4
92.8
92.0
93.3
89.4
91.5
92.7
93.0
90.5
89.2
89.4
Nonferrous foundries______________
87.8
87.5
64.8
72.1
72. 9
74.2
73.0
74.6
72.1
74.4
75.0
74.9
Miscellaneous primary metal products.
73.7
73.0
73.6
72.6
71.8
1,
269.
0
Fabricated metal products___ . . . . . . . . 1,349.1 1 , 3 5 6 . a 1,340. 9 1,369.1 1,345.6 1,346.7 1,350. 2 1,358.5 1,364. 6 1,379.5 1,384. 7 1,376.6 1,370.1 1,349.1
61. 0
66. 0 64.8
63. £
62. S 63.5
63.7
63.7
68.7
68.1
66.5
66. 0 64. £
Metal cans. .
68.2
155.1
161.3
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware___
157.8 156.6 153.6 159.2 156.2 157.1 158.4 162.0 163.4 165.2 165.4 164.4 163.2
80.2
79.9
80.4
80.6
79.4
80.0
77.2
77.3
78.1
79.0
77.3
76. a
Plumbing and heating, except electric..
79.0
77.7
79.1
402.4 406.7 406.9 407.7 396.8 395. £ 3 9 1 . a 393.0 394.4 400.2 403.1 404.1 407. 5 397.7 375.1
Fabricated structural metal products.
97. 8
Screw machine products, bolts, etc___
111.6 112.4 111.4 113.3 112.7 113.6 115.2 115. a 115. 0 114.6 112.8 110.9 109.4 107.9
230. a
221. 4 236. 6 234.9 233.4 235. £ 239. £ 243. 2 2 4 7 . a 248.5 245.6 238.8 235.9 220.9
Metal stampings.
77.3
85.0
86.0
87.4
87.1
85.5
85.2
86.3
85.2
84.2
84. 1 85.2
86.1
86.4
85.9
Metal services, nee...
61.9
66.2
66.9
67.6
68.7
68.6
68.8
65.6
67.2
68.4
68.5
65.7
66. a
66.0
Misc. fabricated wire products._ . . . _ 6 6 .4
Misc. fabricated mi tal products ..
153.0 151.8 151.8 152.9 151. 1 152.0 152. 7 1 5 3 . a 153.9 154. 2 155.1 152. 6 151.7 150. 2 139.9
Machinery, except electrical___________ 1,972. 6 1,970.9 1.973.4 1,988.1 1, 977. 6 1, 988. 7 1,994.0 1,988.4 1,985.8 1,975.8 1,948. 2 1,943. 6 1,941.0 1,911.1 1, 735.3
91.1
99.1
92.5 102.2 103.3
Engines and turbines_______________ 106. 2 105. ( 103.4 104.5 103.1 104. a 105.1 104.6 104. £ 98.4
144.4 146.8 152.0 154.3 157.4 158.8 156.7 154.6 151. £ 147.7 145. £ 145.9 148.0 135.7
Farm machinery..
272.4 275.3 276.7 278.1 275.8 277.9 279.3 279.3 280.6 282.4 280.9 281.0 282.7 277.8 256.2
Construction and related m achinery..
Metal working machinery. _________ 346.4 343.8 346. 2 349.5 348.1 350.8 351.6 350.8 349.7 347.7 343.7 341.0 342.4 335.5 304. 2
201.0 202. 8 203.5 205.7 204.8 208. a 208.7 209. ( 209.3 209.0 207.9 207.7 207.9 205.5 193.3
Special industry machinery_________
General industrial machinery________ 292.5 293. 1 292.4 296. ( 292.1 293.7 290.4 291.2 294.8 294.2 291.6 289.3 288.0 284. 7 261.0
241.7 241.8 237.8 234. c 234. i 231.5 233.6 232.4 230.8 229.8 227.1 224.1 221.8 217.1 190.5
Office and computing machines _. __
Service industry machines__________
132.6 131.1 133.2 134.5 133.3 132.4 132.6 131.3 130.6 131.4 129.0 127.2 126.8 126.2 114.1
Miscellaneous machinery, except electrical___________________________ 234.5 233.6 233.4 233.5 231.8 232.4 233.9 233.1 230.5 231.0 227.8 225.2 2 2 2 . 2 217.3 189.3
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

A.—LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT

T able A-9.

79

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
Sept.2 Aug. 2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1966

1965

Manufacturing—Continued
D u ra b le goods —Continued

Electrical equipment and supplies_____ 1.906.7 1,917.0 1,871.5 1,868.1 1,885.0 1,902.9 1,933.4 1,954.7 1, 962.0 1,974.2 1,977.8 1,979.9 1,957.4 1,896.4 1, 659.2
Electric test & distributing equipment. 200.6 201.9 199.7 200.7 198.0 198.6 197.0 196.6 194.3 196.9 195.4 196.9 196.0 189.8 170.0
Electrical industrial apparatus_______ 218.9 221.5 218.6 221.0 220.3 221.6 224.6 226.0 226.6 220.6 217.8 221.7 220.2 214.3 192.3
Household appliances______________
174.0 179.5 169.8 177.9 174.4 174.8 178.3 181.6 184.5 192.2 189.3 191.9 185.9 181.3 165.3
Electric lighting and wiring equipment. 192. 5 191.1 188.4 192.3 191.9 193.4 192.1 194.3 196.7 197.3 196.1 198.0 197.2 193.1 173.0
Radio and TV receiving equipment__
148.5 148.9 138.2 117.9 134.8 138.5 154.1 162.7 170.2 174.9 178.8 176.4 171.3 159.8 133.4
Communication equipment_________
503.1 503.3 502.5 499.0 497.0 497.1 494.6 491.7 478.7 476.9 486.0 481.3 478.8 465.5 416.8
Electronic components and accessories. 352.9 353.9 342.4 344.4 354.9 365.3 378.0 385.8 393.2 395.9 395.9 396.3 392. 3 381.5 307.1
Misc. electrical equipment & supplies.. 116.2 116.9 111.9 114.9 113.7 113.6 114.7 116.0 117.8 119.5 118.5 117.4 115.7 111.3 101.4
"transportation equipment____________ 1,891.4 1,831.9 1,866.4 1,952.6 1,938.1 1,927.6 1, 941.2 1,947.7 1,951.4 1,995.9 1,994.2 1,980.0 1,958.5 1,911.5 1, 740. 6
Motor vehicles and e q u ip m en t______
712.9 749 9 829.8 826.9 813.3 837.2 845.4 854.7 887.9 894.2 887.7 878.2 859.2 842.7
Aircraft and parts . . . _________ .
825. 2 824.1 820.3 812.5 812.8 810.1 805.2 805.2 810. 0 803.2 789.2 781.5 750.5 624.2
Ship and boat building and repairing _. 167.2 165.2 161.4 172.5 174.6 176.4 171.1 175.6 174.6 175.4 170.1 175.5 170.9 176.4 160.2
Railroad equipm ent_______________
56.2
57.4
57.1
62.1
62.9
63.1
61.6
59.1
59.3
60.7
63.8
63.7
55. 2 58.1
Other transportation equipment. ___
57.3
64.8
72.6
63.5
54.8
58.8
63.0
64.7
63.8
67.0
66.0
60.8
73. 4 72.9
Instruments and related products. _. __
456.5 457.9 454.8 456.0 451.0 453.2 453.8 452.8 451.2 452.3 447.9 446.2 441.2 433.1 389.0
Engineering & scientific instruments. __
82.1
71.7
85.9
84.2
83.9
83.1
80.6
80.1
88.1
85.7
85.3
85.0
88.2
87.2
Mechanical measuring & control devices. 105.4 107.2 108.2 107.6 107.5 108.6 109.4 109.7 110.5 111.5 111.3 111.0 110.8 108.5
99.4
45.5
Optical and ophthalmic goods_______
50.2
49.7
49.1
50.5
50.5
50.8
50.8
50.8
50.8
51.0
50.7
50.3
51.0
49.9
30.5
Ophthalmic goods.. ... _________
32.1
32.3
31.5
31.6
31.7
31.9
32.1
32.0
31.8
31.6
32.0
31.3
31.1
56.4
Medical instruments and supplies____
64.4
64.3
63.9
63.4
62.8
61.6
65.0
66.0
65.2
65.2
65.9
65.5
64.0
64.8
84.1
Photographic equipment and supplies _ 104.9 105.4 104.1 102.9 101.0 101.6 101.6 101.6 101.2 101.9 101.2 100.6
98.9
96.8
Watches, clocks, and watchcases ___
38.4
31.9
39.9
37.4
38.9
40.9
40.9
41.3
41.3
40.5
37.0
40.9
41.0
40.6
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. 442.7 439.4 421.3 433.5 428.1 424.2 419.3 417.0 414.5 432.9 460.1 463.3 456.8 434.5 419.5
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are...
51.4
51.4
50.9
49.7
49.2
45.7
51.4
51.6
51.9
51.2
51.0
51.5
51.0
50.8
47.6
Toys and sporting goods. . _____ ..
98.2 111.6 133.5 136.8 134.2 117.9 116.7
121.9 116. 4 117.5 114.5 109.5 103.4 100.4
Pens, pencils, office and art supplies__
35.3
35.3
35.2
34.6
33.3
35.1
34.9
34.9
34.6
35.1
33.9
34.6
34.8
35.0
56.4
58.9
Costume jewelry and notions _______
57.7
58.2
57.5
59.3
61.1
61.1
60. 4 55. 7 58.2
57. 4 57.5
60.1
Other manufacturing industries______ 172. 5 172.0 167.0 171.3 170.0 170.8 172.1 172.6 173.4 175.5 178.6 179.2 177.6 174.0 167.4
27.2
24.7
Musical instruments and parts. _ ...
27.6
25.5
25.4
26.4
27.3
28.0
28.0
24.6
25.7
26.8
27.5
28.0
N o n d u r a b le goods

Pood and kindred products___________ 1,905.4 1,902.5 1,830.8 1, 792.9 1,731.8 1,713.8 1,713.0 1, 708.3 1, 725. 4 1,779.2 1, 820.0 1,857.0 1,902.2 1,778.9 1, 756. 7
Meat products_____________________ 333.5 337.8 334.3 329.3 321.4 318.0 321.4 322.3 325.1 333.4 335.1 334.2 332.0 323.8 318.4
Dairy products________ ___________
273.8 280.4 281.6 280.2 273.5 271.4 268.8 267.4 268.0 269.7 270.6 273.2 278.1 277.5 285.8
Canned, cured, and frozen foods___ _
357.7 294.5 264.9 241.0 236.1 232.9 228.4 233.4 252.5 283.0 322.9 380.4 275.7 260.2
Grain mill products _ _
_ _ _ . 131.7 132.4 132.9 132.1 128.2 126.5 127.2 126.4 126.7 127.0 125.6 128.5 130.0 127.8 126.9
Bakery products............ ......................... 294.7 295.5 295.7 295.0 288.9 286.4 287.7 286.7 285.8 287.4 288.0 285.5 285.2 284.4 287.4
36.2
Sugar _ _____
_ _ ___ ___
32.8
35.6
29.6
28.4
43.9
50.1
47.7
30.6
29.8
29.1
32.4
39.0
27.5
77.2
80.7
Confectionery and related products___
90.3
89.6
85.6
83.0
82.9
79.9
73.7
77.2
75.1
74.6
74.3
78.9
80.0
Beverages________________________
241.5 244.0 245.3 242.7 232.1 230.3 225.9 223.0 223.9 228.4 230.9 233.2 236.1 229.3 221.5
Misc. foods and kindred products____
145.1 145.2 144.4 143.0 142.3 143.3 142.8 142.8 143.5 146.6 147.1 146.2 144.6 144.1 143.2
86.8
93.2
95.4
95.3
83.9
90.3
77.3
76.2
92.6
Tobacco manufactures_______________
74.9
75.3
81.5
88.6
92.0
77.0
38.6
41.2
39.4
39.7
39.0
Cigarettes________________________
41.1
39.7
41.1
39.6
39.6
40.1
39.8
39.6
40.0
24.2
21.2
Cigars____ _ ___________
______
21.9
22.0
21. 7 21.2
21.8
21.9
22.0 .21.8
21. 6 21.8
21.8
21.6
953.5 953.7 933.5 957.0 941.0 944.1 948.1 945.2 950.8 960.0 966.6 969.4 970.7 961.5 925.6
Textile mill products _______________
229.2
235.6 232.3 234.7 237.8 235.9 236.4 238.1 237.2 240.0 240.5 240.0 238.9 238.2 237.2
Weaving mills, cotton______________
92.4
95.3
95.3
92.7
97.4
97.8
97.0
Weaving mills, synthetics___________
97.5
97.3
95.0
94.4
94.4
95.2
95.9
96.8
45.5
45.4
45.5
44.7
44.8
43.4
43.9
45.1
43.5
45.9
44.2
Weaving and finishing mills, wool____
44.9
44.8
44.6
44.5
29.4
30.0
31.4
32.0
31.9
32.4
32.1
31.8
Narrow fabric mills________________
32.3
32.6
31.9
31.6
31.9
32.1
31.8
229.1
Knitting mills_____________________ 229.3 233.4 225.9 232.9 227.5 226.1 224.9 220.9 219.9 226.2 233.8 237.7 238.8 234.4
76.9
79.6
80.3
80.8
79.7
79.7
79.6
Textile finishing, except wool _______
80.3
80.8
80.5
81.7
77.3
79.9
80.3
80.0
41.4
43.2
45.7
43.5
44.9
45.0
44.6
Floor covering mills
44.3
44.9
44.3
43.2
43.2
43. 4 43.8
Yarn and thread mills______________ 113.1 112.9 111.0 113.9 112.3 112.6 113.5 114.3 115.8 116.4 116.3 116.9 117.3 115.9 109.2
72.6
71.6
76.2
76.7
77.4
77.2
77.8
Miscellaneous textile goods_________
76.2
76.5
77.2
77.6
78.0
73.6
73.9
74.9
1,397.4 1,408.5 1,338.9 1,395. 4 1,382. 2 1,376.2 1,396.3 1,407.5 1,392. 4 1,405. 0 1,421.9 1,422.7 1,417.2 1,398.8 1,354.2
Apparel and other textile products.
119.3
120.2
122.3
116.6
122.9
123. 9 123.1 121.1 122.8 122.9 123.3 124.3 122.9 122.3 123.1
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats______
367.3 371.7 357.2 369.8 365.7 366.0 366.9 367.7 369.1 369.9 372.0 373.5 374.8 370.6 351.9
Men’s and boys’ furnishings
Women’s and misses’ outerwear____ . 429.3 431.7 409.2 424.6 423.0 421.0 431.6 436.6 423.7 422.7 427.6 427.5 425. 7 423. 5 417.1
Women’s and children’s undergarments__________________________
123.7 122.6 118.2 122.4 123.1 124.1 125.1 126.0 124.9 127.6 130.2 129.7 128.5 125.2 120.8
29.1
28.0
28.5
28.1
28.3
27.1
28.9
Hats, caps, and millinery
. . _
23.8
22.6
29.3
25.9
23.9
22.6
27.7
78.4
80.2
80.1
80.1
80.1
78.1
78.0
77.4
80.5
79.1
Children’s outerwear___ _ _ _______
78.2
78.5
81.7
79.9
75.3
76.3
79.5
84.8
83.1
80.0
83.8
75.8
74.6
79.0
76.6
77.0
77.4
77.5
Pur goods and miscellaneous anparel__
81.3
Misc. fabricated textile products_____
173.9 174.8 160.7 170.2 168.2 166.4 167.4 167.0 167.6 174.1 178.2 176.7 173.4 169.0 161.4
Paper and allied products____________
695. 6 696.8 689.4 693.6 674.2 675.6 676.8 674.3 674.3 680.2 6 8 1 .0 6 7 5 .9 6 7 3 .5 6 6 7 .5 6 3 9 .1
2 1 5 .2
2 1 1 .9
2 1 6 .1
216. 4
2 1 5 .3
2 1 6 .2
2 1 5 .3
2 1 6 .6
2 2 4 .2
2 2 3 .5
2 1 5 .6
2 1 5 .8
Paper and pulp mills.
. _ __
2 2 3 .9
2 1 6 .9
2 2 4 .1
6 8 .1
7 1 .8
7 2 .1
7 2 .2
7 4 .2
7 3 .6
7 2 .9
7 5 .8
7 4 .3
7 5 .1
7 3 .6
7 3 .6
7 3 .9
7 4 .0
Paperboard mills_____ _ _ ________
7 5 .4
159. 6
1
7
1
.7
1
7
4
.7
Misc. converted paper pro d u cts_____ 1 8 1 .8 1 8 2 .7 1 7 9 .4 1 8 0 .3 1 7 6 .0 1 7 7 .0 1 7 6 .7 1 7 5 .3 174. 6 1 7 6 .7 177 .1 1 7 5 .8
Paperboard containers and boxes___ . 2 1 4 .3 2 1 4 .1 2 1 2 .2 2 1 4 .3 2 0 9 . C 2 0 8 .1 2 1 0 . C 2 0 9 .2 2 1 0 .2 2 1 3 .3 2 1 4 .6 2 1 2 .7 2 1 0 .5 2 0 8 .8 1 9 9 .6
Printing and publishing______________ 1, 064. 9 1, 0 6 8 .7 1 , 0 6 6 .0 1, 067. 3 1, 0 5 9 .3 1, 060. 8 1 , 0 6 0 .4 1, 0 5 2 .9 1, 0 4 7 .3 1 , 0 5 0 .6 1, 0 4 3 .6 1 , 040. 0 1, 0 3 3 . 7 1, 0 2 1 .8 9 7 9 .4
3 4 5 .4
3 5 3 .1
3 5 6 .1
3 5 8 .8
3 5 7 .7
360. 5
3 6 4 .3
3 6 3 .4
3 5 7 .5
3 6 4 .0
361. C
Newspapers__
3 6 1 .7
3 6 5 .7
3 6 1 .7
3 5 9 .1
6 9 .7
7 2 .2
7 1 .7
7 2 .8
7 5 .4
7 3 .3
7 2 .9
7 3 .5
7 6 .3
7 4 .9
7 4 .1
7 4 .1
7 3 .7
Periodicals_________________ _____
7 4 .7
8 1 .3
8 9 .3
9 0 .0
9 0 .7
9 4 .4
9 1 .0
9 7 .2
9 3 .1
9 6 .9
9 7 .4
9 6 .2
Books______
9 7 .1
9 7 .0
9 7 .5
3
0
9 .3
3
2
2
.
8
Commercial printing. ___
_ 3 3 9 .6 3 3 6 .2 3 3 4 .4 3 3 5 .3 3 3 2 .5 3 3 4 .7 3 3 5 .8 3 3 1 .8 3 3 1 .5 3 3 1 .8 3 3 0 .0 3 2 9 .4 3 2 7 .1
5 1 .2
5 4 .9
5 6 .4
5 6 .2
5 5 .9
5 8 .4
5 6 .3
5 9 .2
5 5 .8
5 6 .2
Blankbooks and bookbinding
5 6 .8
5 7 .6
5 6 .9
5 6 .7
5 6 .7
Other publishing & printing industries____ _________
_. . . . 1 3 7 .4 1 3 6 .1 1 3 6 .3 1 3 6 .7 1 3 5 .3 1 3 5 .3 1 3 5 .4 1 3 5 .9 1 3 4 .6 1 3 5 .6 1 3 4 .7 1 3 3 .5 1 3 1 .9 1 3 0 .0 1 2 2 .5
See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

80

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

T able A-9.

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
Sept.2 Aug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

976.3
307.1
203.1
131.6
109.8
67.4
57.1

973.9
306.5
205.3
131.7

972.5
305.6
206.6
130.5
112.3
67.0
52.8
97.7
184.2
149.7
34.5
531.4

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1966

1965

957.9
301.5
205.4
126.9
109.7
67.6
54.7
92.1
186.0
149.6
36.4
509.8
107.2
178.7
223.9
363.5
31.7
240.6
91.2

907.8
290.1
193.7
118.1
105.6
66.3
53.2
80.8
182.9
148.1
34.8
470.8

M a n u f a c t u r i n g —Continued

Nondurable goods—Continued

Chemicals and allied products____ .
Industrial chemicals_____ _ _ _ .
Plastics materials and synthetics, ___
_
___ , _ ,
Drugs___
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods__
Paints and allied products______ _ _
Agricultural chem icals___
__
Other chemical products_ . ___ _
Petroleum and coal p ro d u c ts.,____ _ _
Petroleum refining,
... _ _ __ _
Other petroleum and coal products.......
Rubber and plastics products, nee, _ ,
Tires and inner tu b e s ____
Other rubber products, . . . ,_ .
Miscellaneous plastics p r o d u c t s , . .
Leather and leather products, .......
Leather tanning and finishing_______
Footwear, except rubber .. _ _ __ ___
_____
Other leather products.
Handbags and personal leather
goods__________
___
T r a n s p o r t a tio n a n d p u b li c u t i l i t i e s _______

_

Railroad transportation. _ __
_ ___
Class I railroads 3________
Local and interurban passenger transit,,.
Local and suburban transportation__
Taxicabs.
_ _ ...
Intercity highway transportation.. _ .
Trucking and warehousing...
Public warehousing.
Transportation by air.
Air transportation
Pipe line transportation
Other transportation and services
Communication.,
Telephone communication
Telegraph communication
Radio and television broadcasting
Electric, gas, and sanitary services ~
Electric companies and systems
Gas companies and systems__
Combination companies and system s,.
Water, steam, & sanitary systems

994.2 1,002. 7
307.5 311.5
206.3 205.0
135.6 138.1
115.4 116.8
69.2
71.0
52.4
52.0
107.8 108.3
194.3 195.5
155.2 156.4
39.1
39.1
520.8 522.1
106.8 108.0
175.2 174.8
238.8 239.3
349.9 354.9
30.7
30.5
225.4 230.8
93.8
93.6

999.0
312.6
203.7
137.3
114.1
70.8
51.9
108.6
194.5
155.9
38.6
471.7
79.8
161. 5
230.4
342.3
29.7
223.3
89.3

993.6
311.9
202.3
135.6
113.0
70.2
55.2
105.4
192.3
154.0
38.3
478.7
79.3
164.5
234.9
351.7
30.7
228.1
92.9

985.3
307.7

988.6
308.5

134.2
110.7
68.4
61.2
103.0
187.4
150.9
36.5
469.1
77.5
162.3
229.3
345. 6
30.1
226.1
89.4

133.3
110.7

64.4
101.9
185.9
150.4
35.5
517.0
109.2
177.6
130.2
346.1
30.1
226.1
89.9

67.8
61.0
100.9
182.8
149.0
33.8
518.4
109.6
178.3
230.5
351.4
30.4
229. 6
91.4

38. 5

36.0

37.9

35.9

36. 7

37. 8

4,250
697. 2
606. 7
277.3
82. 2

4,174
695. 3
603. 6
275.4
80. 7
111. 0
42. 5
959 61
80 5
285. 2
257 5
18 1
352 6
959 4
802 2
33 7
114 2
628 0
257 8
150! 1
176.9
43 2

4,191
693 4
602. 0
276.8
82. 2
111 7
41. 8

4,327

4,332 4,335 4,304
702. 6 706. 5 706.9
612.7 616. 5 616. 6
256.0 256.4 269.1
81.1
81.2
82. 2
108. 5 108.1 108. 5
45.3
45.1
44.2
1,056. 61,061. 81,041.5 1
90.0
88.3
84 3
300. 5 297.2 293 3
271.2 268.0 264 4
19.3
19. 3
19 1
357.7 352.9 356.4
983.3 984.0 973. 3
821.0 821.9 812. 5
34.1
34.1
34.1
118.5 118.4 117. 2
656.0 656. 5 644 2
266. 5 269.3 263 8
158.2 158.0 155. 4
184.6 183.1 179.7
46.7
46.1
45 3

200.1 201.8

110.1
43. 2
022.8
86 0
289 0
260 6
18 2
353 6

962 5
803 4
34 0
115 7
629 4
257 6
150. 6
177.4
43 8

68.0

980.1
307.7
199.4
132.2

111.1

183.0
149.4
33.6
521.4
109.2
181.7
230.5
357.8
30.7
234.7
92.4

66.9
54.5
98.8
182.5
149.1
33.4
526.8
109.4
185.2
232.2
357.5
31.0
235.4
91.1

185.2
236.2
362.3
31.5
239.0
91.8

971.4
305.0
206.6
129.9
113.0
67.3
52.3
97.3
185.8
149.8
36.0
529.7
109.7
183.0
237.0
363.9
31.1
238.4
94.4

39.1

38. 4

38. 9

40 7

100.2

4,175
695. 7
603. 6
276.2
82.1
111. 7
41. 5
000 1 994 1
83 9 86 3
281 1 276 4
253 Q 250 0
18 1
18 1
335 8 334 2
958 1 953 9
800 7 796 9
33 5 33 6
114 7 114 3
627 2 625 9
257 4 257 1
150. 1 149.8
176.8 176.5
42 9 42 5

110.2

110.0

971.5
305.9
208.9
128.4
113.4

968.7
302.4
206.6
128.8
114.3
67.5
52.7
96.4
186.5
149.8
36.7
524.6
108.7
181.3
234.6
361. 7
30.9
236.8
94.0

50.8
95.9
189.1
150.9
38.2
519.1
108.4
180.4
230.3
363.3
31.3
239.2
92.8

40. 6

39. 5

68.2

38. 6

4,183 4,222 4,229 4,219 4,238 4,151
699 4 714.9 713. 0 716. 2 721.1 718. 5
608. 0 619.1 620. 6 623 6 627. 5 624.9
276.6 275.6 272.8 272.2 268.6 268.7
82. 2 82.1
82. 8 82.3
82. 0
81. 9
111 7 110 8 108 6 107. 0 105. 7 108. 7
42.1
42.2
41 9 42. 5 43.3
41.8
998 9 1 030 4 1 045 0 1 044.7 1 044.8 1 007.5
87 0 91 3 94 9 92 1 86.1
84 5
272 9 268 1 264 9 263 3 260 5 246 9
246 6 241 9 238 9 237 7 235 1 221 9
18 2 18 3
18 4
18 5
18 9
18 8
341 2 341 3 343 1 336 5 347 5 335 1
950 1 947 4 946 5 941 0 942 3 927. 0
793 6 790 8 790 5 785.1 786. 7 773. 4
33 3 33 6 33. 4 33 3 33.1
33. 0
114 2 114 1 113 8 113 9 113 9 112. 2
625 7 6?5 9 625 0 626 2 634 3 628. 2
257 1 256 5 256 5 256 7 259 5 256. 7
149. 8 150. 7 150. 6 150. 8 153.1 152.2
176.3 176.5 176.4 176.6 179.2 177.4
42 5 42 2 41 5 42.1
42. 5 4L 9

101.8

171.6
197.5
352.9
31.6
234.5

86.8
36. 3

4,036
735.3
640.1
268.8
82. 5
109. 5
41.8
963. 5
82. 0
229. 0
205.9
19. 5
315. 4
880 8
735. 2
31. 8
106. 9
623. 4
253. 0
153.6
176.5
40. 4

. _
.
13,656 13,614 13,629 13,675 13,503 13,412 13,332 13,218 13,334 14,248 13,603 13,385 13,251 13,211 12,716
Wholesale trade___
. . . ...
3,577 3, 601 3,587 3,562 3, 503 3,499 3,486 3,479 3,491 3,534 3,512 3,500 3, 476 3,438 3,312
Motor vehicles, & automotive equipm ent______ _ _ . . . ._
275 2 274 1 271.9 265. 2 265 4 264 5 264 9 263. 4 264.1 264.1 261. 4 261. 7 261.1 255.3
Drugs, chemicals, and allied products,.
216.8 215.4 213.5 211. 8 211. 7 211. 4 209. 9 210. 4 212. 2 212.5 210.7 208.9 206.9 198.0
Dry goods and apparel__
152.4 151. 9 149. 9 147. 7 147.9 149 0 147.3 147. 0 146.3 147. 0 145.7 145. 0 142.8 139.4
Groceries and related products. _ ..
514.3 516. 3 520.5 506. 0 503. 0 501. 5 499. 7 505. 7 522. 7 520. 2 525.1 511. 0 511.6 510.7
Electrical goods,. . . .
... .. _
290.1 290. 6 288. 4 285.1 285. 4 283.5 281. 8 279. 2 280.1 277.9 275.3 275.1 272. 0 256.0
Hardware, plumbing, & heating equipment ... . . .
___
ISfl 1 157 8 157.5 155.6 155.2 155.2 154.5 154 8 155.7 155.9 156.4 155.4 154.5 150.1
Machinery, equipment, and supplies...
676 5 677 1 666.8 657.6 653.6 641.0 639.9 643 7 641.5 637.4 634.4 634.0 623.8 579.4
Miscellaneous wholesalers___________
1 218 1 1 218 9 1,208.1 1,188. 5 1,188. 2 1,188. 7 1,183. 0 1,182.2 1,196.4 1,189. 7 1,184.2 1,179.2 1,165. 0 1,122.3
Retail trade____
10,079 10,013 10,042 10,113 10,000 9,913 ' 9,846 9, 739 ' 9,843 10,714 10, 091 9,885 9,775 9,773 9,404
Retail general merchandise... .
1,942 4 1 943 7 1,958.2 1,942. 0 1,922.1 1,924.1 1, 886. 9 1,984.2 2, 532.1 2,154. 4 2, 002. 6 1,932.2 1,968. 8 1,873.4
Department stores. _
1,220 6 1 236 1 1, 246.8 1,229. 6 1, 219. 2 1, 217. 5 1,197. 7 1,266.3 1, 648. 7 1, 378. 5 1,272.3 1,219.2 1, 250. 6 1,173. 0
Mail order houses_____ __
113 2 ’ 112 1 112.5 ' 112. 7 ’ 113.7 ' 115.3 ' 118.8 ’ 130. 7 ' 155.8 ' 147.4 131.1 120.9 124.9 119.5
Variety stores___
___
318 0 316 4 320.5 323.0 320. 7 323. 8 310.2 319. 8 407.9 346.0 326. 0 317.6 319.9 312.7
Food stores.. _ . . . .
1,562 8 1 568 5 1,576. 0 1,581.4 1, 577.1 1 576.7 1,576.9 1,571. 0 1, 599. 2 1,570. 0 1,562. 2 1, 540. 8 1,538.3 1,468. 6
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores__
1,383. 9 b 389 1 L 392.9 1,397.2 b 397. 0 1,395.1 1,395. 7 b 395.9 b 415. 4 1,394.0 1,388.2 1,368.1 1,365.2 1, 296.1
Apparel and accessory stores.
653. 2 656 3 „ 682.3 675.8 ’ 667. 7 ' 682.7 ' 650. 4 676. 8 807.4 694.9 672.0 661. 0 665.5 640.2
Men’s & boys’ clothing & furnishings.
111 0 111 4 114.9 111. 4 110.8 111. 8 110.9 118.1 143. 0 114.7 110.3 108.2 111.2 104.9
Women’s ready-to-wear stores__
238. 3 239 3 246.2 247.7 244.8 245.3 235.1 244.1 291.9 256.1 250.4 243.0 246.6 237.7
Family clothing stores__
107. 5 110 6 114.5 112.1 110 6 112.9 110.8 116.8 144. 6 115.9 109. 6 108.6 109.6 104.4
Shoe stores__
__
130. 6 129 5 135. 6 134.1 132.8 140. 0 125.9 129.3 148. 7 134.1 130.1 131.7 129.3 123.9
Furniture and home furnishings stores
429.3 429.4 431.1 425.6 427.1 427. 5 427.5 426.9 442.4 432.5 426.0 421.9 421.8 409.6
Furniture and home furnishings
276. 4 275 5 275.2 272.1 272.3 273.3 272.9 273. 4 284.3 278.6 273.6 271.9 272.0 265.0
Eating and drinking places.._ . . . . . .
2,193. 7 2,205. 5 2, 226.8 2,183.4 2,150. 4 2, 097. 7 2, 064.7 2, 045. 8 2, 085. 7 2, 092. 0 2,104. 7 2,111.4 2, 063.8 1,987.9
Other retail trade.
3, 231. 2 3,238 3 3, 238. 4 3| 191. 8 3 , 168.3 3’ 137. 2 3 , 132.4 3 , 138. 0 3 , 247.3 3' 147. 4 3,117.8 3,107. 6 3,115.3 3, 023. 7
Building materials and farm equipment.
' 553. 5 554. 6 ' 549.5 529. 6 524.8 513. 4 509.2 511.8 ' 529.2 ' 529.8 536.3 541.6 539.9 539.3
Automotive dealers & service stations
1,542 6 1,548 2 1 533.3 1, 510. 0 1, 504.3 1 486. 7 1,481. 0 1, 487. 8 1,500.9 1,489. 0 1,478.1 1,477.8 1, 470. 0 1, 424.2
Motor vehicle dealers .
748.4 750.8 747. 0 740.1 740.5 739. 6 739. 7 741. 7 744. 5 ' 742. 2 ’ 737.1 735.2 737.8 723. 0
Other automotive & accessory
dealers.
210 7 211 '6 208. 5 204 9 201 7 195 7 192. 6 195 4 206.3 201. 2 197.8 197.1 193.3 179.3
Gasoline service stations
583.5 585.8 577.8 565. 0 562.1 551.4 548.7 550.7 550.1 545.6 543.2 545.5 538.9 521.9
Miscellaneous retail stores.
1,135.1 1,135. 5 1 155.6 1,152. 2 1 139.2 1 137 1 1 142 2 1 138.4 1 217.2 1,128. 6 1,103. 4 1,088. 2. 1,105.4 1, 060. 3
Drug stores and proprietory stores .
430.7 431. 6 440.3 437. 4 437. 2 436. 7 440. 5 442. 5 ' 463.9 ' 430. 2 ' 425.2 418.3 420.1 401.0
95.0
Farm and garden supply stores___
95.7
94.4
92.6
95.3
95.8
99.4 102.0 105.2 100.9
93.6
97. 2 94.7
94.3
Fuel and ice dealers__
102.7 102.9 104.8 104.5 107.6 113.5 115.9 116.5 115.8 112.5 108.4 103.2 109.0 108. 5
See footnotes at end of table.

W h o l e s a l e a n d r e ta il t r a d e


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

81

A.—LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT

T able A-9.

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average

1966

1967
Industry
Sept.2 Aug. 2 July
3,275
Finance, insurance, and real estate__
Banking. . . . __
Credit agencies other than banks
Savings and loan associations
Personal credit institutions
Security, commodity brokers, & services.
Insurance carriers..
Life insurance
Accident and health insurance
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance
Insurance agents, brokers, and service
Real estate
Operative builders
Other finance, insurance, & real e s ta te ... —
Services__
Hotels and other lodging places________
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels..
Personal services... _
___
Laundries and drycleaning plants .
Miscellaneous business services
Advertising__ _____
Credit reporting and collection. .
Motion pictures...______ .
Motion picture filming & distributing.
Motion picture theaters and services.
Medical and other health services__ ..
Hospitals
Legal services..
Educational services...
_
... .
Elementary and secondary schools
Colleges and universities
Miscellaneous services
Engineering and architectural services.
Nonprofit research agencies

3,308
882.8
350.4
100.9
189.2
160.6
972.8
511.0
76.2
345.5
256.1
602.1
43.2
83.1

3,289
877.6
349.5
101.2
187.9
158.0
962.3
503.4
75.6
343.4
254.4
605.0
42.0
81.9

June

May

Apr.

3,253
865.6
345.9
98.9
187.5
153.1
952.6
500.9
74. 0
338.7
252.0
601.4
41.1
82.1

3,202
851.1
341.6
97. 0
185. 6
149.2
943. 0
497. 5
72.3
334.9
247. 0
588.5
38. 8
81.6

3,181
848.0
340.4
96.7
184.9
147.9
939.2
496.3
71.8
333.0
246.2
578.2
37.3
81.5

Mar.
3,157
846.3
339.3
95.8
185.2
146.3
936.1
494.4
71.3
332.4
245.1
562.6
35.6
81.3

Feb.

Jan.

3,133
843.6
337.0
94.9
184.2
143.8
931.4
491.8
69.7
331.6
244.2
552.8
33.6
80.2

3,114
838.2
336.0
95.8
182.6
141.8
923.2
489.5
67.1
328.1
241.1
552.6
33.4
80.6

Dec.
3,125
838.3
336.2
94.6
183.4
142.6
923.2
490.2
66.1
327.9
243.6
559.8
34.5
80.9

Nov.
3,116
835.4
334.4
94.2
182.3
142.2
917.9
487.6
65.0
326.2
242.0
563.1
35.6
81.0

Oct.
3,117
833.2
334.3
94.9
181.3
142.6
915.9
488.0
64.0
324.4
240.4
570.1
38.0
80.8

Sept.
3,127
833.7
335.0
94.5
182,1
142.7
917.2
489,2
62.8
325. 1
240.8
576.7
39.0
81.2

1966

1965

3,102
823.1
335.0
96.3
180.0
140.7
909.8
486.6
60.1
322.2
239.2
573.2
41.0
80.8

3,023
792.0
326.9
97.1
171.8
129.0
893.4
481.2
54.2
315.8
232.8
568.9
45.8
79.6

10,227 10,262 10,265 10.196 10,057 9,963 9,817 9,725 9,643 9,693 9,695 9,704 9,667 9,545 9,087
723.3 817. 0 817. 3 733.5 687.8 671.9 647.0 635.9 625.3 629.7 641.4 665.9 709.2 684.6 659.1
681.3 683.3 656.2 621.6 611.0 590.8 580.5 570.1 572.5 583.1 604.1 634.2 610.1 584.2
1,025. 4 1,025.2 1,030. 5 1, 030. 5 1, 022.1 1, 020.7 1,016.2 1, 010. 5 1, 010.1 1, 016.9 1, 022. 7 1, 024. 2 1, 017.3 1,012.9 985.4
555.9 563.6 564. 0 556.5 556.0 552.8 548.9 550.5 555.7 559.5 562.9 560.0 559.1 548.4
1,350. 2 1,340. 3 1,331.6 1, 306. 4 1,300.3 1,284.1 1,271.8 1, 268. 6 1,271. 6 1,260. 7 1,254. 0 1, 241. 5 1, 220. 2 1,109.1
112.6 113.5 113.1 112.9 112.5 112.9 112.1 111.5 111.5 111.8 112.7 113.3 111.9 112.5
68.2
68.4
65.7
69.4
69.0
69.4
68.3
68.5
70.2
71.0
69.6
69.1
70.9
70.1
203.4 202.9 196.8 190.5 183.4 173.9 178.2 180.3 187.8 189.7 191.9 195.3 190.2 185.1
48.5
54.0
56.6
53.7
59.5
58.7
55.2
55.4
47.3
52.8
56.9
47.3
53.5
49.3
146.5 147.5 143.3 141.2 136.1 126.6 125.4 125.1 128.3 131.0 135.3 141.6 136.2 136. 6
2,484. 4 2,483. 9 2,476. 4 2,453. 5 2,400. 5 2,383.5 2,367.1 2,343. 3 2,312.1 2,290. 2 2,278.1 2,259.5 2,241.3 2,206.5 2, 079.5
1,571.8 1,569. 5 1,549. 7 1,525.3 1,516.1 1,506. 6 1,493.3 1,475. 5 1,465.1 1,460. 6 1,449. 9 1,437.0 1,418.5 1,356.5
208.9 208.1 203.8 195.1 195.0 194. 7 194.2 193.5 196.2 195.1 194.5 194.3 190.3 181.5
1,033. 0 914.7 928.6 1, 000. 4 1, 068. 5 1,066.1 1, 065. 4 1, 057. 0 1,046.9 1,048.7 1, 049.5 1, 029.5 936. 0 968.1 924.6
295.6 296.6 335.3 346.9 346.4 345.8 345.1 344.5 346.7 346.6 339.5 319.5 325.9 315.6
546.4 557.6 588.7 614.9 642.9 643.4 636.1 626.1 625.8 626.5 614.4 545.1 570.8 544.3
526.6 523.3 515.8 498.7 500. 6 501.4 500.7 496.2 491.6 490.2 487.8 493. 0 488.5 449.0
__
285.6 284.7 282.7 272.8 270.5 269.8 268.0 266.5 266.8 265.7 264.5 267.9 264.9 242.4
68.2
73.4
73.8
75.4
73.5
73.3
75.1
73.6
73.7
73.5
73.6
73.7
74. 6 73.4

Government.........
11,649 11,233 11,271 11,664 11,604 11,584 11,554 11,474 11,366 11,497 11,339 11,193 10,922 10,871 10,091
Federal Government «__
2,754 2[ 784 2,798 2,766 2,690 2,683 2, 669 2,652 2, 643 2, 769 2,641 2,612 2,589 2,564 2,378
Executive__ ______ . . . . . .
__ . . .
2,749. 3 2,763.4 2,731.8 2, 657. 2 2, 650. 3 2, 635. 7 2, 619. 7 2,609. 3 2,736.4 2, 608. 2 2,579.3 2,556.3 2,531.9 2,346. 7
Department of Defense________ _ _
1,135. 5 1,144.1 1,135. 3 1,103. 0 1,100. 4 1, 098.1 1, 092. 7 1,084.3 1,076.3 1,071.7 1, 057. 4 1,042.8 1, 023. 6 938.5
Post Office Departm ent___ _ _ _ _ .
715.2 713.7 714.4 697.8 696.9 693.1 689.4 697.2 837.8 706.3 689.6 682. 0 680.9 614.2
___
Other agencies. __________
898. 6 905. 6 882.1 856.4 853.0 844.5 837.6 827.8 822.3 830.2 832.3 831. 5 827.3 793.9
25.4
26.5
26.0
26.2
26.4
26.0
27.0
26.5
26.4
26.7
Legislative. ___
____ _______
26.9
28.5
28. 5 28.1
5.9
6.0
6.1
6.2
6.1
6.1
6.2
6.2
6.3
6.3
6.3
Judicial.. . __ . . . .. .
6.3
6.3
6.3
State and local government 5__.
8,895 8,449 8,473 8,898 8,914 8,901 8,885 8,822 8,723 8,728 8,698 8,581 8,333 8,307 7,714
1,995.9
2,161.9
2,170.
6
State governm ent...
_ . ... _
2,229. 5 2,265. 0 2,347. 5 2,34?. 0 2,340. 8 2,333. 4 2,313.4 2,289. 8 2,282. 0 2,279. 8 2,250. 6
State education......... __
726.4 767.7 877.2 920.0 922.5 918.8 905.8 891.2 891.2 893.0 866.2 759.4 782.6 679.1
Other State government.
1,503.1 1,497. 3 1,470.3 1,422. 0 1,418.3 1,414.6 1,407. 6 1,398. 6 1,390. 8 1,386. 8 1,384.4 1,411.2 1,379.3 1,316.8
Local government___________________
6,219. 9 6,208. 2 6, 550. 2 6,572. 4 6,560. 0 6,551.1 6,508.1 6,433. 0 6,445. 7 6,418. 6 6,330. 3 6,162.3 6,145. 0 5,717. 6
3,214. 7 3,208. 3 3, 627. 0 3, 76?. 2 3,771. 4 3,775.1 3, 747. 8 3, 693.7 3,704.5 3, 686.9 3, 612.8 3,395. 6 3,419.1 3,119.9
Local education__ _ __ _ ____ _
Other local government__
3,005.2 2,999. 9 2,923. 2 2,810.2 2,788. 6 2,776. 0 2, 760. 3 2, 739. 3 2, 741.2 2,731. 7 2,717. 5 2,766. 7 2,726. 0 2,597. 7
1 Beginning with the October 1967 issue, figures differ from those previously
published. The industry series have been adjusted to March 1966 bench­
marks (comprehensive counts of employment). Bor comparable back data,
see E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a r n in g s S ta tistic s for the U n ited S ta te s, 1909-67 (BLS
Bulletin 1312-5). Statistics from April Î966 forward are subject to further
revision when new benchmarks become available.
These series are based upon establishment reports which cover all fulland part-time employees in nonagricultural establishments who worked
during, or received pay for any part of the pay period which includes the 12th
of the month. Therefore, persons who worked in more than 1 establishment
during the reporting period are counted more than once. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants are
excluded.


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2 Preliminary.
3 Beginning January 1965, data relate to railroads with operating revenues
of $5,000,000 or more.
.
* Data relate to civilian employees who worked on, or received pay for
the last day of the month.
5 State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, elected
officials of small local units and paid volunteer firemen.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except those for the Federal Government, which is prepared by the
U.S. Civil Service Commission, and that for Class I railroads, which is pre­
pared by the U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

82
T able A-10.

Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In thousands]
Annual
average

1966

1967
Industry
Sept. 2 A ug.2 July
Total private______________________
M in in g

_ _ _

------

_

. 45,628 45,770
_

Metal mining.
Iron ores.
Copper ores__ _ ______. . .
. .
Coal mining__
Bituminous coal and lignite mining__
Oil and gas extraction._ _
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields
Oil and gas field services..
... .
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels__
Crushed and broken stone..
C o n tr a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n _____

____ _____

General building contractors
Heavy construction contractors..
Highway and street construction... .
Heavy construction, nec__
Special trade contractors . . . . _ _
Plumbing, heating, air conditioning _ .
Painting, paperhanging, decoratingl.
Electrical work
Masonry, stonework, and plastering..
Roofing and sheet metal work

460

2,992

474
55.0
23.7
8.6
123.8
117.8
188.4
83.7
104.7
106.3
38.0

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1966

1965

45.4 45,545 44,782 44,440 44,136 43,895 44, 079 45, 517 45,167 45,157 45, 097 44, 234 42,309
490
74.6
23.8
26.9
121. 6
115.5
188.6
84.4
104.2
105.3
37.3

488
74.9
24.2
27.0
123.5
117.3
185.4
83.4
102. 0
104.2
36. 6

476
73.1
23.3
26.5
121.8
115.6
180.5
80.2
100.3
100.3
36.5

472
72.4
22.6
26.6
120.6
114.3
181.8
80.5
101.3
96.8
34.9

465
72.5
22.6
26.6
121.8
115.4
179.0
80.4
98.6
91.3
32.0

465
72.2
22.6
26.5
123.2
116.5
180.1
80.4
99.7
89.0
30.7

471
71.1
21.8
26.3
123.5
116.9
185.7
80.6
105.1
90.3
31.2

482
71.6
22.3
26.1
123.7
117.1
190.1
81.3
108.8
96.6
34.3

484
71.6
22.5
25.6
123.5
116.8
188.4
81.5
106.9
100.9
35.7

487
71.4
22.5
25.9
123.3
116.7
188.8
82.0
106.8
103.4
37.0

493
73.0
23.0
26.4
123.1
116.4
191.4
84.3
107.1
105.5
37.7

485
71.8
22.1
26.1
119.7
112.7
194.1
84.5
109.6
99.8
35.3

494
69.8
22.0
24.7
123.7
115.2
201.8
88.4
113.4
99.1
34.9

3,078 3,033 2,893 2,724 2,603 2,425 2,369 2,451 2,648 2,828 2,964 3,039 2,799 2,710
968.3 945.9 907.3 859.4 832.4 796.2 784.8 817.5 881.4 919.9 948.8 966.5 902.0 852.7
696.1 686.6 647.3 583.4 522.9 447.3 428.4 440.3 502.4 602. 4 666.7 685.9 581.2 560.1
374.7 366.1 340. 5 296.9 249.1 188.6 176.3 180.6 226.4 302.5 352.0 367.6 290.2 289.2
321.4 320.5 306.8 286.5 273.8 258.7 252.1 259.7 276.0 299.9 314.7 318.3 291.1 270.9
1,413.4 1,400. 4 1,338.8 1,281.0 1,248.1 1,181. 2 1,155. 5 1,193. 0 1,264.2 1,305. 3 1,348.1 1,386.7 1,315.2 1,297.2
314.9 310.5 298.7 287.1 286.1 285.9 288.6 294.5 299.4 304.4 307.9 311.3 302.5 298.0
140.3 136.9 129.4 121.6 112.3 101.0
95.0
96.5 113.1 123.4 135.4 140.9 125.5 128. 4
221.0 219.4 211. 5 202.8 201.0 196.8 197.4 201.2 204.0 206.4 207.3 212.4 201.2 187.6
219.1 218.3 211.1 204. 0 196. 2 186.1 174.8 178.6 191.3 199.9 213.5 223.0 213.6 217.6
89.6
90.9
97.0
96.3
95.9
104.4 100.0
92.4
84.6
77.9
90.8
89. 0 82.0
95.9

_ ____ __ „ . . _ 14,318 14,298 13,996 14,249 14,059 14,104 14,200 14,252 14,304 14,513 14,619 14,653 14,657 14,273 13,434
8,240 8,205 8,141 8,332 8, 261 8,271 8,340 8,380 8,417 8, 528 8, 572 8,574 8,545 8,349 7, 715
Durable goods. __ _ ______________
6,078 6,093 5,855 5,917 5,798 5,833 5,860 5,872 5,887 5,985 6,047 6, 079 6,112 5,925 5,719
Nondurable goods_______ _________

M a n u f a c t u r i n g ___

D u r a b le goods

96.1
Ordnance and accessories__________ .. 153.7 153.0 149.1 148.0 145.6 145.6 145.6 144.4 141.2 137.5 134.9 131.3 128.4 121.8
64. 0
80.9
85.4
87.0
89.3
94.1
90.6
96.9
98.4
98.0
Ammunition, except for small arms___ 106.3 105.1 102.5 100.6
98.5
5. 6
4.9
5.9
5.9
6.9
6.0
6.0
6.2
6.0
6.8
6.4
Sighting and fire control equipment .
6.6
6.7
6. 7
27.2
35.3
38.4
37.1
39.6
40. 5 41.0
41.1
40.9
39.8
41.3
41.2
Other ordnance and accessories__ _
40.5
40.5
40.7
522.8 531.4 531.0 534.2 507.4 502.5 501.5 500.3 501.2 508.3 521.8 530.5 542.2 535.0 532.4
Lumber and wood products__
213.6 214.9 216.5 217.7 212.2 209.9 209.9 209.2 209.1 210.9 215.5 218.8 225.0 223.4 228.0
Sawmills and planing mills____. . . _.
Millwork, plywood, & related products___ _____ . . .
. . . ._ ____ __ 141.9 145.2 139.6 140.0 134.2 133.4 131.4 128.8 129.2 132.6 135.8 140.3 144.6 143.9 138.8
31. 0
31.9
31.8
31.7
31.6
30.8
32.4
32.1
32.3
Wooden containers_____ . . . . .
32.6
32.1
32.3
31.5
33.3
32.8
63. 5
68.2
68.4
68.9
68.9
66.9
67.0
67.9
67.3
67.4
67.5
64.6
66.9
Miscellaneous wood products_____ .
65.4
66.1
Furniture and fixtures__ . _______ _ 376.3 374.4 361.8 371.3 369.0 370.5 375.4 378.9 381.4 391.1 394.1 392.5 391.2 382.6 357.4
264.
6
285.1
280.3
267.9 267.6 257.9 264.7 264.5 267.4 270.9 274.2 275.5 283.3 286.3 285.5
Household furniture_______________
27.2
23.6
28.1
28.5
29.2
29.3
29.3
Office furniture
28.8
27 7
28. 4 28. 6 29. 0 29.2
27.8
32.4
35.0
36.1
36.0
36.3
36.4
35.4
36.1
37.2
Partitions and fixtures
35. 5 35.5
36 4 36. 7 35.3
36.8
40.1
41.9
42.5
42.3
42.3
42.1
40.5
40.1
40.8
40.0
Other furniture and fixtures___ _____
39.7
40.8
39.0
42.2
506.8 515.4 513.8 512.4 499.0 495.3 489.6 483.8 489.1 502.6 515.1 520.1 528. 7 517.5 504. 6
Stone, clay, and glass products. _.
__
26.1
25.9
25.2
25.9
25.5
25. 5 25.9
22.2
25.2
24.7
Flat glass
23.4
23 1 22. 8
23.9
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown. 108.8 107.5 107.1 107.9 105.8 105.9 105.8 105.4 106.1 107.1 108.5 108.2 110.1 107.0 100.7
29.4
29.2
30.2
29.8
29.3
28.9
26.7
27.7
29.6
25.9
.
28.0
26.9
Cement, hydraulic__ . . _
28.3
29.1
28.1
59. 0
59. 4
59.9
58.0
54.7
55.0
56.7
51.8
56.2
51.3
Structural clay products____________
52.6
55.2
54.2
56.5
56.9
36.9
37.4
36.8
37.2
36.2
37.1
35.5
35.7
Pottery and related products___ ___
34.8
34.4
35.6
35.2
34.6
35.1
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products........ ........ _ _ __________ . .. 141.8 145.0 143.8 140.1 134.3 130.9 125.2 122.4 124.4 129.9 135.5 139.0 142.8 137.8 137.2
Other stone & nonmetallic mineral
y/. /
99.8 100.1 101.7 102.8 103.4 104.1 102.5
products______________________ . 100.7 102.6 102.8 102.5
99.9
99.5 100.2
Primary metal industries___________ 1,031. 6 1,037.9 1,036. 3 1, 061. 0 1, 054. 6 1, 058. 2 1, 073. 4 1, 084.9 1, 093. 7 1, 093. 4 1, 095.9 1, 099. 2 1,111.5 1, 095. 7 1, 062. 0
Blast furnace and basic steel products . 509.7 508.4 509.6 509.6 505.5 507.1 511.2 514.4 517.4 517.5 523.4 529.3 538.9 530. 4 538. 4
Iron and steel foundries________ ____ 185.0 190.9 177.4 193.6 192.4 192.6 197.0 201.8 205.9 204.1 204.0 203.9 204.2 203.8 194. 6
57.4
60.3
60.8
60.3
61.1
61.9
62.5
53.8
62.6
Nonferrous metals_____
_
_ _ 51.6
63.1
62.3
62.4
62.6
62.8
155.3 153.4 156.9 160.6 161.5 162.3 165.7 167.9 169.0 170.4 170.0 169.9 170.4 166.6 151.1
Nonferrous rolling and d raw in g ___
68.3
76.3
78.6
76.8
77.4
74.1
78.2
78.8
Nonferrous foundries_________ _ __ _ 72.2
72.1
74.2
74.5
76.9
77.8
75.2
52. 2
58.3
58.6
59.0
60.0
57.8
57.3
60.7
60.4
60.7
57.2
60.0
Miscellaneous primary metal products.
59.2
58.7
59.3
1,042. 3 1,046. 2 1,029. 9 1, 060.1 1, 039. 5 1, 039. 6 1, 044. 7 1, 053. 5 1, 060. 3 1, 075. 6 1,081.3 1, 074.6 1,068.6 1, 050. 2 982. 7
Fabricated metal products_________
55. C 51. 2
56.3
54. C 54.3
53.9
58.9
54.1
53.3
58.4
Metal cans..
58. 5 57. 0 56. 5 55.2
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware.. .. 124.6 123.2 119.6 125.6 123.0 123.7 124.9 128. 4 129.8 131.5 131.4 130.9 129.8 127.9 122.5
60. 0
60. 4
60.7
60.2
60.7
58.4
58.4
58.2
59.6
57.4
57.5
57.1
Plumbing and heating, except electric.
57.5
56.6
58.7
Fabricated structural metal products... 289.2 293.7 293.5 295.5 285.4 284.7 281.2 282.9 284.6 289.7 292.7 293.9 297.9 289. 4 270. 9
77. 4
85. 8
86.9
88.3
90.3
88.6
92.2
91.9
89.3
92.4
88.0
92.3
Screw machine products, bolts, etc__
90.0
89.6
90.6
185.9 176. 6 191. 8 190. 8 188. 7 191.2 195. 4 198.3 203.4 204.4 201.8 195.2 192.5 180. 5
Metal stampings
64.8
71.7
74.0
72.7
74.2
72.7
71.4
72.9
71.6
70.5
72.1
71.7
Metal services, nec
70.3
71.1
71.9
50.1
53. y
54.4
55.2
53.2
56.1
52.4
55.9
55.6
55,5
52.5
55.3
Misc. fabricated wire products______
53.2
54.0
52.9
114.0 113.0 113.4 114.9 113 0 113.7 115.0 116. C 116.7 116.8 118.0 115. 5 114. 7 113. 7 105. 2
Misc. fabricated metal products.. . _
Machinery, except electrical___________ 1,366. 4 1, 364. 0 1,365. 2 1.386.0 1, 381. 2 1,391.9 1,399. 2 1,397.1 1,398.3 1,391.5 1, 367.1 1, 366.1 1, 364. 7 1, 344.8 1,214.8
68. 5 62.2
71.9
70.7
67.2
61.4
71.3
72.7
72.9
72.5
Engines and turbines______________
72.4
73.1
70.1
72.3
72.1
99.0
Farm machinery
103. 9 106.8 112.1 114. 5 117.4 118.9 117.3 115.4 113.3 109.2 107.4 107.5 109.6
Construction and related machinery. _. 182.9 183.9 184.8 186.8 185.7 187.1 188.3 188.8 190.3 191.9 191.3 191.7 193.4 190.3 175.6
Metal working machinery___________ 260.5 257.6 259.9 264.3 263.3 266.2 267.9 267.2 266.3 264.9 261.0 258.6 258.6 254.7 229. 4
135.6 136.4 137.1 139.9 140.0 142.7 143.1 143.7 144.1 144.2 143.6 143.9 144.0 142.2 133. 7
Special industry machinery_________
General industrial machinery________ 193.3 193.3 192.1 196.8 193.6 195.3 192. C 193.7 198.1 198.0 195.7 193.9 192.9 191.5 175.8
Office and computing machines______ 142. f 141.8 139.8 135.9 135.9 134.4 137.4 137. C 136.8 135.8 134.0 132.7 131.8 128.3 112.2
79.4
88.4
88.9
89.2
90.9
92.3
93.2
92.2
91.1
93.9
92.7
Service industry machines__________
95.2
94.4
93.8
92.9
184.0 183.3 181.7 182.7 181.7 182.6 184.6 184.2 182.2 183.0 180.0 178.0 175.7 171.4 147. 5
Misc. machinery, except electrical____
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

A.—LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT

T able A-10.

83

Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average

1966

1967
Industry
Sept.2 A ug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1966

1965

Manufacturing—Continued
D u ra b le goods— Continued

Electrical equipment and supplies_____ 1,285.0 1,292.2 1,247.1 1, 247.2 1, 267.4 1, 285.2 1,317.2 1, 339.4 1,352.3 1,366.9 1,374.9 1,381.9 1,362.9 1,316.8 1,140.5
Electric test & distributing equipment- 137.0 137.6 136.9 138.6 136.7 137.5 136.3 135.2 134.2 135.7 134.5 136.6 135.7 130.6 115.6
Electrical industrial apparatus_______ 153.6 155.4 153.5 155.9 155.6 156.6 159.6 161.3 162.4 156.7 154.7 158.4 156.7 152.6 134.9
136.5 141.5 130.7 139.6 136.6 136.4 139.6 142.6 145.7 152.7 149.2 152.5 147.1 142.8 129.7
Household appliances______________
Electric lighting and wiring equipment. 147.6 146.1 143.4 147.2 147.0 148.7 147.3 149.6 152.4 153.5 152.9 155.2 154.2 150.8 134.6
114.4 114.9 104. 7 84.6 100.6 103.4 118.0 125.6 134.1 140.1 144.0 141.4 137.0 127.1 105.7
Radio and TV receiving equipment__
250.0 249.5 247.3 247.4 248.1 248.3 247.9 246.9 235.7 234.6 245.2 242.6 241.0 234.5 209.2
Communication equipment________
Electronic components and accessories. 255.6 257.0 245.2 245.5 255.3 267.0 280.0 288.3 296.2 300.4 301.9 303.2 301.1 292.4 232.6
78.2
86.0
93.2
92.5
92.0
90.1
91.6
88.5
89.9
Misc. electrical equipment & supplies...
90.3
90.2
85.4
87.5
87.3
88.4
Transportation equipment____________ 1,319.3 1,256.5 1,293.6 1,383. 0 1,374.1 1, 360.8 1,375.7 1, 382.2 1,386.8 1, 430.3 1,429.8 1,419.9 1,398.3 1, 361.0 1, 240.7
Motor vehicles and equipm ent.. ____
526.9 562.6 643. 5 640.7 625.7 648.1 656.2 665.7 699.5 705.5 698.6 689.0 668.4 658.9
490.8 493.5 492.6 490.5 489.5 488.9 484.9 484.5 488.7 483.0 472.6 464.4 444.7 356.3
Aircraft and parts.... .............. ... ......
Ship and boat building and repairing.. 137.0 135.7 131.2 141.7 143.4 145.4 140.6 144.2 143.9 143.8 139.2 145.9 141.7 146.8 134.3
49.9
44.1
49.7
48.6
50.6
49.0
50.7
42.5
45.2
46.3
47.6
46.1
Railroad equipment . .
..................
44. 6 44.3
47.1
53.3
52.5
43.7
51.5
53.1
60.6
51.8
49.3
47.6
Other transportation equipm ent..
61.1
54.1
55.2
60.6
Instruments and related products______ 284.0 285.2 282.6 286.1 284.4 286.8 288.0 287.2 287.5 287.8 285.6 284.4 282.0 276.6 248.1
41.7
42.4
36.8
43.7
44.5
43.3
44.5
44.0
45.6
45.2
45.0
Engineering & scientific instruments ..
45.1
45. 6 45.2
Mechanical' measuring & control de72.7
71.0
65.1
72.2
72.9
72.7
71.1
72.7
70.4
71.0
vices___________________________
69.0
68.8
67.8
68.5
68.8
32.5
35.4
35.0
36.3
36.2
35.6
36.5
36.0
36.2
36.1
35.9
35.8
Optical and ophthalmic goods_______
36.0
35.0
35.7
24.2
23.2
24.0
24.3
24.2
24.5
24.3
24.4
24.2
24.6
24.0
Ophthalmic goods_______________
23. 6 23. 2 23.8
43.5
42.7
39.0
44.1
43.9
43.9
44.3
44.8
44.3
44.8
Medical instruments and supplies____
44.5
45.1
43.5
44.3
43.5
56.5
55.9
48.9
57.9
57.0
57.3
56.7
57.2
58.0
56.7
Photographic equipment and supplies.
57.3
56.3
57.2
57.5
56.7
30.2
25.8
31.5
33.4
30.7
31.9
34.0
32.8
34.0
33.6
33.5
33.5
Watches, clocks, and watchcases__
33. 6 33. 4
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. 352.0 348.5 330.5 342.8 338.3 334.7 329.6 327.9 325.4 343.0 371.0 373.2 366.7 346.8 335.5
38.4
36.0
38.6
39.4
40.5
39.5
40.3
39.7
39.6
39.8
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are...
39.4
39.4
39.7
36.0
39.3
97.4
98.2
83.7
80.8
78.8
90.9 113.4 116.1 113.4
Toys and sporting goods____________
94.7
97.3
90.1
102. 2 96.4
25.4
24.6
26.0
25.9
25.4
25.8
25.8
25.7
25.7
25.6
Pens, pencils, office and art supplies__
25.6
25.8
24. 5
24.8
46.5
49.5
48.6
50.7
50.8
46.9
48.8
47.0
46.8
47.6
Costume jewelry and notions.’. ______
47.3
49 7 45. 6 47.6
136.2
139.2
131.1
137.2
140.6
140.9
134.9
133.7
134.3
132.1
Other manufacturing industries..........
133.7 132.8 127.7 132.7 131.3
20.5
22.8
22.5
23.0
22.3
23.2
23.1
22.4
21.8
Musical instruments and parts_____
21.2
20.5
20.4
19. 2 20.2
Nondurable goods

Food and kindred products...................... 1 289.1 1 283 1 1 216 7 1,183.8 1,132.4 1,114.8 1,116.3 1,113.2 1,131.8 1,181.1 1,222.4 1,259.4 1,300.9 1,180.9 1,159.1
Meat products_____________________ 268.1 271. 2 268.5 263.4 256.3 252.4 256.4 256.7 260.2 268.0 269.7 269.5 266.7 258.7 252.9
131.2
Dairy products_______ ____________
126.4 131.3 132.3 132.0 126.5 124.6 122.3 120.8 121.2 122.5 122.2 124.0 127.7 127.3 219.7
Canned, cured, and frozen foods......... .
anfi 3 247 9 219.8 197.9 192.8 189.7 186.1 191.0 210.1 240.4 279.4 336.1 233.3
89.1
91.8
89.6
90.4
87.8
89.2
89.3
88.4
89.2
Grain mill products________________
88.7
90.1
93.6
93.1
93. 9 94.3
5
Bakery products__________________
173.0 173. 4 173.3 172.6 167.6 165.1 166.1 165.3 164.7 166.1 168.2 166.1 166.7 165. 0 166.
25.8
28. 7 29.3
42.7
40.3
31.9
25.4
36.9
22.1
Sugar................................ ............ ......
20.5
22.6
23.3
62.5
66.1
68.8
74.3
71.2
66.0
73.8
64.7
60.0
62.8
Confectionery and related products___
59.9
68.4
65.4
59. 0 60.4
Beverages___ ______ ______________ 123.8 125.4 127. 0 126.6 119.3 117.8 114.8 112.4 113.5 117.7 120.2 122.4 123.0 118.4 113.8
94.1
94.3
93.8
96.7
96.9
96.1
94.1
93.4
92.9
92.9
92.2
Misc. foods and kindred products____
94.4
93. 7 93. 2 92.1
74.8
71.5
82.6
79.4
82.6
76.2
80.0
69.5
63.3
65.0
Tobacco manufactures_______________
62.9
64.1
65.1
80. 6 78.0
32.1
32.6
32.0
32.6
32.3
32.7
32.6
32.6
32.6
32.9
32.8
Cigarettes________________________
33.8
34.2
34.0
22.5
20.4
20.3
20.4
20.5
20.5
20.4
20.4
20.1
19.7
20.1
Cigars___________________________
20.2
1Q fi
Textile mill products________ ________ 846.5 845.9 826.6 849.2 835.0 837.5 841.7 839.7 844.7 854.3 860.9 863.5 865.0 857.1 826.7
Weaving mills, cotton.......................... . 215. 5 212.3 214.9 218.2 216.6 217.0 218.7 218.2 220.4 221.3 220.8 219.5 218.6 218.0 210.5
87. 5 83.4
88.3
87.9
87.9
87.2
87.9
86.4
85.6
84.8
Weaving mills, synthetics____ _____
84.8
85.5
86.2
85.9
83.5
39.3
39. 6 39.9
37.7
37.6
38.1
38.3
38.5
38.9
38.6
Weaving and finishing mills, wool____
38.9
39.8
39.2
38. 7 38.7
28.3
27.9
26.2
28.6
28.9
28.8
28.9
28.5
28.3
28.5
28.4
Narrow fabric mills________________
28.3
26.5
28. 6 28.5
Knitting mills____________________
204.3 208.1 201.0 207.5 202.6 201.0 199.9 195.9 195.2 201.3 208.8 212.7 213.9 209.8 205.8
65.4
67.2
67.3
67.1
68.5
67.8
67.7
67.5
67.6
67.1
Textile finishing, except wool _______
68.7
64.8
66.9
67.8
68.1
34.0
36. 5 35.6
36.8
36.8
36.8
35.7
36.1
34.9
35.2
Floor covering mills________________
34.8
34. 7 35.7
36.9
Yarn and thread mills______________ 104.8 104.3 102.5 105.3 103.6 103.9 104.8 105.8 107.2 107.8 107.9 108.5 108.9 107.7 101.2
60.2
64. 0 63.8
64.4
64.3
64.1
63.8
62.9
63.1
61.6
Miscellaneous textile goods__________
60.6
60.1
62.5
63.1
57.9
Apparel and other textile products. ___ 1,238.2 1, 248. 5 1,183.0 1,235.0 1, 223. 6 1,218.8 1,239.5 1,250.7 1,235. 2 1, 247. 7 1,262.8 1,265. 7 1,259.8 1,243. 0 1,205. 6
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats______ 106.0 108. 1 103.1 109.8 108.9 107.5 108.8 109.3 109.9 110.5 109.7 109.2 109.9 109. 7 107. 0
Men’s and boys’ furnishings_____
330.5 334.6 321.0 333.1 329.5 329.4 331.1 332.0 333. 1 334.0 335.7 337.3 338.7 334.9 319. 3
Women’s and misses’ outerwear___ _
382.8 384.6 363.1 376.8 376.3 374.8 385.7 390.2 378.0 377.1 381.8 382.6 380.9 378.7 373. 6
Women’s and children’s undergarm ents____ ___ _
108.5 107.8 103.6 107.6 108.1 109.4 110.5 111.1 109. t 112.6 115.0 114.8 113.6 110.6 106. 6
25.9
24.9
25.4
25.1
24.2
26. C 25.4
26.4
24.8
20.0
Hats, caps, and m illinery.. _ __
21.0
20.1
23.2
21.2
70.2
71.8
71.3
71.5
71.2
70.0
70.9
72.6
Children’s outerwear_______________
69.9
69.3
73.0
71.6
66.9
69.8
70.1
66.1
68.9
72.3
73.8
69.5
72.9
65.4
67.2
67.3
69.1
66.8
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel...
65.1
66.8
71.3
Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod136.9
ucts______ ____________________
148.3 149.1 135.8 144.8 142.3 141.0 142.1 141.8 142.0 148.6 152.3 151.4 147.7 143. 5 497.
7
Paper and allied products.. __ _______
541.7 542.2 534.3 539.5 521.6 522.5 524. 1 522.2 522.7 528.5 530.1 525.2 523.5 519. 0
Paper and pulp mills_______________ 177.0 176.6 175.6 176.7 169.0 170.1 169.8 169.7 169.2 170.6 170.5 169.1 170.4 170. 0 168. 2
54.1
56.4
56.9
56.6
57.4
57.5
57.7
57.7
57.6
57.7
57.5
57.5
Paperboard mills__________________
58.7
59.2
59.6
Miscellaneous converted paper products________________
___ . ..
134.1 135.1 132.0 133.0 129.1 129.9 129.7 128.7 128.2 129.4 130.0 129.2 127.9 125.8 116.8
Paperboard containers and boxes_____ 171.4 170.9 169.0 171.1 166.0 165.0 166.9 166.2 167.6 171.0 172.2 170.3 168.3 166.8 158. 6
Printing and publishing______________ 671.0 673.7 670. S 673.1 670.1 671.7 672.4 667.3 663.0 667.9 663.3 661.3 658. 6 649. 5 620. 6
Newspapers
180. 6 180.6 180.8 182. 6 182.7 181.4 181.2 179.8 178.8 182.4 181.2 180.8 180.8 178.4 175. 4
25.3
25.4
25.4
25.5
25.6
25.8
25.7
25.8
25.5
25.4
25.8
26.0
Periodicals. . ____ .. . . .
26.1
25.3
50.1
55.3
55.2
55.1
55.6
56.9
58.4
57.9
60.0
59.2
Books__ ____
58.2
58.6
59.1
59.9
241.9
253.4
257.2
Commercial printing1
266.0 263.3 261.2 262.1 260.8 262. 5 263.3 260.1 259.6 260.6 258. f 258. f
41.7
45.3
46.8
46.2
46.5
46.3
46.1
48.3
46.4
46.8
46.8
46.9
Blankbooks and bookbinding. ______
46.4
48.9
47.7
86.3
91.7
93.2
94.6
95.5
95.9
96.7
Other publishing A printing industries.
96.6
96.7
95.4
95.2
96.0
94.9
98.0
95.1
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

84
T able A-10.

Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1966

1967

Annual
average

Industry
Sept.2 Aug.2 July

June

Apr.

May

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1966

1965

M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d

Nondurable goods—Continued

Chemicals and allied products, _ . ___
Industrial chemicals__ _ _____ ____
Plastics materials and synthetics_____
Drugs___________________ _ ___ _
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods______
Paints and allied products__________
Agricultural chemicals., ____ ___ _
Other chemical products_________ .
Petroleum and coal products_______
Petroleum refining.. . . .
. ..
Other petroleum and coal products___
Rubber and plastics products, nec ____
Tires and inner tu b es..
__
Other rubber products.
Miscellaneous plastics products______
Leather and leather products___
Leather tanning and finishing_______
Footwear, except rubber. _.
... _
Other leather p ro d u c ts ..___ . . . . .
Handbags and personal leather
goods____________ . . . ___ _ _.

586.4
170.4
134.7
70.6
69.4
37.6
33.2
70.5
122.5
93.9
28.6
400.5
73.3
136.9
190.3
301.9
26.1
198.0
77.8

590.0
172.2
133.0
71.0
71.0
39.5
32.4
70.9
122.9
94.5
28.4
402.1
74.8
136.6
190.7
307.0
26.8
202.2
78.0

587.3
173.0
131.9
71.0
68.5
39.2
32.2
71.5
121.8
93.9
27.9
353.5
47.8
123.1
182.6
295.4
25.8
195.7
73.9

586.9
174.0
130.9
70.8
68.3
38.8
35.3
68.8
120.8
93.2
27.6
360.5
47.5
125.6
187.4
304.0
26.7
200.1
77.2

584.8
172.5
129.9
70.1
66.3
37.5
41.7
66.8
117.2
91.4
25.8
351.5
45.5
124.3
181.7
298.5
26.1
198.4
74.0

589.6
173.9
131.0
69.6
66.6
37.0
45.2
66.3
116.2
91.3
24.9
399.5
77.2
139.3
183.0
299.1
26.2
198.3
74.6

581.2
173.0
128.5
68.7
67.0
37.1
42.0
64.9
113.6
90.2
23.4
401.3
77.6
140.2
183.5
304.6
26.4
201.9
76.3

580.0
173.1
132.7
68.5
66.0
36.9
38.1
64.7
113.9
90.8
23.1
405.2
77.5
143.7
184. 0
310.0
26.7
206.4
76.9

578.4
172.9
134.6
68.6
66.5
36.8
35.6
63.4
113.4
90.6
22.8
410.9
77.8
147.3
185.8
310.4
27.0
207.3
76.1

578.4
172.0
136.5
68.2
68.4
37.0
33.9
62.4
115.3
91.2
24.1
415.5
78.2
147.3
190. 0
316.0
27.6
211.1
77.3

578.9
172.0
136.8
67.7
69.5
37.3
33.3
62.3
116.6
91.0
25.6
414.6
78.0
145.2
191.4
317.8
27.2
210.5
80.1

577.0
169.7
136.7
67.1
70.9
37.3
33.8
61.5
117.0
90.5
26.5
410.7
77. 1
144.1
189.5
316.1
27.0
209.3
79.8

579.2
172.5
137.8
67.3
70.2
37.9
31.9
61.6
118.5
91.0
27.5
405.4
76.8
143.2
185.4
318.0
27.3
211.9
78.8

572.3
170.5
136.4
66.7
67.0
37.7
35.5
58.7
115.8
90.1
25.7
397.2
76.0
141.7
179.6
318.4
27.6
213.4
77.3

546.1
166.7
130.8
61.6
64.8
37.1
34.7
50.5
112.9
88.7
24.3
365.9
72.7
135.7
157.5
310.0
27.5
208.8
73.8

33.0

30.5

32.5

30.4

31.3

32.5

33.9

33. 2

33. 8

35. 8

35. 6

34. 6

33.6

31. 4

76.8
41. 5
958.7
78.8
16.2
777.1
655.1
23.3
95.3
568.0
227.1
136.4
163.3
41.2

77.0
41.4
964.1
77.4
16.2
778.8
656.2
23.3
96.1
569.0
230.2
136.4
161.7
40.7

78. 0
38 7
905 6
76 2
15 2
748 9
631 3
22 8
91 7
540 1
218 6
19Q 1
155 5
36 9

77. 7
38. 7
937. 7
80 3
15. 2
748 0
630 1
23 0
91 9
540. 8
218 3
129 6
156 1
36 8

77. 6
38. 6
953. 4
84 0
15 3
747 5
629 7
23 0
91 8
539. 8
218 3
129 5
155 8
36 2

78.1
38. 9

77. 8
39. 8
954. 8
75 5
15. 9
744. 7
627 1
23. 0
91 7
550. 5
221. 3
132 4
159 5
37 3

77. 5
38.3
918. 5
74.1
15.8
732. 5
616. 5

78.1
38.5
878. 4
72 0
16.3
698 1
587 2
22. 2
86 7
542. 4
214. 6
134 5
158.1
35 2

T r a n s p o r t a tio n a n d p u b li c u t i l i t i e s :

Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation___
Intercity highway tra n sp o rta tio n __
Trucking and warehousing.
. .
Public warehousing.
Pipe line transportation. . . .
.. _.
Communication...........
Telephone communication
Telegraph communications 3
Radio and television broadcasting
Electric, gas, and sanitary services
Electric companies and systems..
Gas companies and systems
Combination companies and systems
Water, steam, & sanitary systems
W h o l e s a l e a n d r e ta il t r a d e ___

___

.

__
Wholesale trade____
Motor vehicles & automotive equipm ent______
Drugs, chemicals, and allied products..
Dry goods and apparel. . .
Groceries and related products.
Electrical goods__ ___________ .
Hardware, plumbing & heating equipm ent__
Machinery, equipment, and supplies...
Miscellaneous wholesalers. .
Retail trade
Retail general merchandise___
Department stores
Mail order houses.._____
Variety stores..
Food stores. .. .
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores.
Apparel and accessory stores.
Men’s & boys’ clothing & furnishmgs---------------------------------------Women’s ready-to-wear stores__ . .
Family clothing stores.
Shoe stores__ _ . . .
Furniture and home furnishings stores.
Furniture and home furnishings___
Eating and drinking places___
Other retail trade___
Building materials and farm equipm ent___
Motor vehicle dealers
Other automotive & accessory
dealers_______
Drug stores and proprietory stores .
Fuel and ice dealers__
____
See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

78
40
946
73
16
769
647
93
95
556
294
133
158
40

0
6
0
8
0
2
7
2
1
9
9
9
1
0

77 9
39 5
994 7

75 0

15
758
638
93
93
543
919

1
1
7
1
9
1
0

229.3
178.5
123.1
450.7
238.2

927 3
176. 7
121 5
454 7
235.6

4
8
4
6
1
3
0
0
99 1
541 7
919 9
155 7

12,149 12,114 12,132 12,184 12, «19
3,013 3,036 3,024 3,004 2,947
230. 4
179.9
123.4
448. 6
237.5

76
38
862
69
15
756
638
93

991 6
175 4
119 3
441 0
232.2

11.937
2,948

991 7
175 6
190 4
437 7
232! 7

77.8
77. 9
38 2 37. 8
905 4 900 5
79 9
75 2
15 1 15 1
755 9 752 1
637 9 634 3
99 9 22 9
Q9 7 91 8
540 9 539 8
919 0 218 5
198 Q
155 6 155 5
37 4 36 Q

954.4

81 4
15 4
742 8
624 9
23.1
91 9
541.4
218. 5
129 8
156 4
36 7

22.8

90. 5
544.9
218. 4
131. 7
158.2
36. 6

11.858 11,75« 11,874 12, 780 12,147 11,941 11,806 11,786 11,358
2,940 2,935 2,947 2,992 2,974 2,963 2,941 2,911 2,814
991 9
175. 2
121 6
437 0
232.5

221 6
173. 5
120 1
435 7
231.6

220 7
173. 8
119 7
441 7
229.7

221 5
175.9
118. 8
458. 8
229.6

221 2
176. 4
119. 5

457.3
228.5

218. 3
174. 5
118. 3
461. 2
225.7

218. 9
172. 6
118. 0
448. 4
224. 2

218. 8
171.1
116. 0
449.1
224. 0

214.3
164.0
112.9
450. 2
213.1

135 3 134 1 133 9 131 8 131 6 131 7 131.1 131. 4 132. 2 132. 5 133.1 132.2 131.2 127.8
570.6 571.7 566.6 556.2 554.5 543.2 542. 6 545.8 545.0 541.0 537.9 538.6 529.1 490.8
1,027. 7 1,023. 2 1 017.7 999 5 1 000 7 1001.4 996. 4 994. 9 1, 011. 6 1, 005. 8 1,002.3 997.5 986.6 954.0
9,136 9,078 9,108 9,180 9,072 ’ 8,989 8,918 8,815 8,927 9, 788 9,173 ' 8,978 8,865 8, 876 8,544
1,782. 5 1,786. 7 1.800.9 1 782. 8 1,763.1 1,765. 0 1, 728. 4 1,825. 8 2, 365.1 1,992.4 1,842.8 1, 773. 4 1,810.7 1, 719. 6
L 127.9 L 135.1 1 145. 6 l ’127 7 1 117.6 L 115.8 L 095. 6 L 164. 4 1, 540. 0 1,275.3 1,169.1 1,116. 9 1,149. 6 1, 077. 6
105. 5 104. 2 104. 8 ’ 105 0 105. 9 107. 5 111. 4 ’ 123. 0 ' 148.2 139. 2 123.3 113.2 117.3 112.3
297.9 296.7 300 6 309 9 300 3 303 3 289.9 299.3 386.8 325.7 305.8 297.1 299.3 292.1
1,446. 0 1,451. 5 1 459 2 1 466 7 1 463 6 1 462 0 1 462 8 1 458 1 1 487.2 1,458 4 1,452.9 1,430. 8 1,428.9 1,364.3
1,279. 3 1,284.1 1 288 2 1’994 2 l ’ 295. 4 l ’ 291. 7 l] 293. 2 L 294. 4 1,314.9 1, 293. 8 1,290. 0 1,269. 6 1,267.1 1, 201. 7
586.1 587.9 613 0 ’ 606. 9 ’ 598 1 ’ 613. 4 582.1 607. 6 738.3 626. 5 604.5 592.5 598.9 577.1
94.6
QQ 8 99 9 103. 2 99 9 99. 2 99. 6 99.4 106. 8 132.1 104.3 100.0
97.7 100.7
215! 5 222.2 223. 6 220.4 221.5 211. 6 220.6 268.2 232.4 227.1 219.2 223.5 215.6
97.2
99. 4 102. 4 106.3 104. 0 102.2 104.9 102.8 108.0 136.3 107.7 101.6 100.1 101.6
114 4 112 9 118. 6 117. 4 116. 3 123. 7 109. 5 112. 5 131. 5 117. 0 113.2 114.5 112.6 108.2
376.8 376.7 377.2 373.0 375.3 375.5 376.1 376.1 390.7 380.7 374.7 370.7 371.0 362.3
242.3 241.5 241. 5 238.2 238.6 239.7 239.4 240.5 250.9 245.3 240.7 238.9 239.0 234.2
2, 051. 7 2, 062. 3 2. 083. 2 2 039 1 2, 006. 6 1, 958.1 1,926.3 1,907. 7 1,944. 0 1,949. 2 1,966. 5 1,970.1 1,926. 6 1,852.9
2,834. 9 2,842.7 2,846.9 2,803.1 2,782. 4 2, 743.8 2,739. 3 2, 751.9 2,862.9 2, 765.3 2,736. 5 2,727.1 2, 739.2 2, 668. 0

215! 0

477. 6
635.1

477 6
637.1

472 4
633.9

453 2
627. 5

448 5 437 6
628. 7 627.3

431. 9
628.1

435. 5 452. 9
631. 6 635.0

454. 7
632.9

460.9
628.8

466.3
626.6

464.5
631.1

464.9
623.5

181 4
391.0
88.0

182 8
391.4
88.3

179. 8
401.3
90.5

176 2
398.6
90.1

172 9
398.9
93.2

165. 0
402.8
101.6

168. 0
405.7
102.2

179. 6
426.4
101.4

174.5
393.6
97.9

170.9
388.0
94.2

170. 6
381.2
89.2

167.6
382.7
94.8

155.8
366.3
95.6

167 4
398.7
99.0

A —LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT

T able A-10.

85

Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1966

1967

Annual
average

Industry
Sept.2 A ug.:
F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s ta te

4------------

2,604

Banking___________________________
Credit agencies other than banks---------Savings and loan associations-----------Security, commodity brokers & services.
Insurance carriers-----------------------Life insurance------------------ -------Accident and health insurance-------Fire, marine, and casualty insurance.
Hotels and other lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels......................
Personal services:
Laundries and drycleaning plants---------------Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming & distributing----------

July

June

May

Apr.

2,426
663.5
263.4
79.7
113.9
634.0
282.9
46.3
269.2

540.9

531.9

534.7

546.1

565.7

593.7

571.1

546.8

496.8

498.0

503.1

506.3

509.5

506.4

505.2

492.0

31.6

34.0

37.2

36.5

35.4

34.4

33.5

30.4

31.0

504.8

33.6

34.4

33.8

31.3

For mining and manufacturing, data refer to production and related
workers; for contract construction, to construction workers; and for all other
industries, to nonsupervisory workers. Transportation and public utilities,
and services are included in total private but are not shown separately in this
table.
,
,.
. „
Production and related workers include working foremen and all nonsuper­
visory workers (including leadmen and trainees) engaged in fabricating,
processing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing,
warehousing, shipping, maintenance, repair, janitorial, and watchmen
services, product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use
(e.g., powerplant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated
with the above production operations.

2,478
686.4
267.1
77.8
123.8
640.7
282.9
51.9
271.7

29.8

580.5

511.7

i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October

2,497
695. 6
266.3
75.9
125. 4
645. 8
284.1
54.6
273.7

549.7

613.3

511.9

1967, and coverage of these series, see footnote 1, table A-9.

2,486
694.4
265.4
76.1
125.7
643.2
282.3
55.7
272.4

499.9

637.7

504.8

1965

Sept.

2,485
696.9
265.5
75.4
125.0
645.1
282.5
56.6
273.7

503.7

634.6

668.1

Oct.

2,490
699.0
267.0
75.7
125.1
649.9
284.2
57.8
275.5

570.0

287.1

288.0
64.7
283.3

66.1

2,589
720.1
274.1
79.1
134.0

Nov.

Jan.
2,472
696.6
266.2
76.6
123.4
647.8
282.8
58.3
274.9

2,487
700.5
266.8
75.5
125.5
654.5
283.7
60.9
278.4

2,527
704.1
269.9
77.1
129.0
659.5
286.8
62.8
278.6

2,624
732.0
277.9
81.2
139.0
676.5
290.4

Feb.

2,507
702.7
268.8
76.3
127.7
656.9
285.0
62.2
278.5

2,544
706.8
271.3
77.4
130.2
660.9
286.1
63.3
279.9

2,642
737.1
278.1
80.8
141.5
685.3
297.1
66.5
288.6

Mar.

Construction workers include working foremen, journeymen, mechanics,
apprentices, laborers, etc., engaged in new work, alterations, demolition,
repair, and maintenance, etc., at the site of construction or working in shop
or yards at jobs (such as precutting and preassembling) ordinarily performed
by members of the construction trades.
Nonsupervisory workers include employees (not above the working super­
visory level) such as office and clerical workers, repairmen, salespersons,
operators, drivers, attendants, service emDloyees,jlinemen, laborers, janitors,
watchmen, and similar occupational levels, and other employees whose
services are closely associated with those of the employees listed.
2 Preliminary.
3 Data relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
4 Nonoffice salesmen excluded from nonsupervisory count for all series in
this division.

CAUTION
The series on employment, hours, earnings, and labor turnover in nonagricultural establishments
have been adjusted to March 1966 benchmarks and are not comparable with those published in the
Monthly Labor Review prior to the October 1967 issue, nor with those for periods after April 1965
appearing in the H an d b o o k o f Labor S ta tis tic s , 1967. (See footnote 1, table A-9, and “BLS Estab­
lishment Employment Estimates Revised to March 1966 Benchmark Levels” appearing in the Sep­
tember 1967 issue of E m p lo y m e n t a n d Earnings a n d M o n th ly R e port on the Labor Force.)
Moreover, when the figures are again adjusted to new benchmarks, the data presented in this issue
should not be compared with those in later issues which reflect the adjustments. Comparable historical
data appear in E m p lo y m e n t an d Earnings S ta tis tic s for the U nited S ta te s , 1909-67 (BLS
Bulletin 1312-5).
•
„ .
. J
.
Beginning with the October 1967 issue of the Monthly Labor Review, industry titles have been
changed, as necessary, to conform to the Bureau of the Budget’s Standard list of short SIC titles
definitions are unchanged.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

86

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

Table A 11.

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups,
seasonally adjusted 1
[In thousands]
1967

Industry division and group
Sept.2 Aug.2 July
Total employees..........................
Mining..... ............. ..........
Contract construction____ ____________
Manufacturing...... ...................................
Durable goods............................ .
Ordnance and accessories....................
Lumber and wood products
Furniture and fixtures...... ................."""
Stone, clay, and glass products .
Primary metal industries__________
Fabricated metal products..
Machinery, except electrical..................
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment__________

I n s tr u m e n ts a n d re la te d p r o d u c ts V I I I I

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Nondurable goods..............
Food and kindred pro d u cts... III.
Tobacco manufactures__
Textile mill products.......... .............
Apparel and other textile products___
Paper and allied products.
Printing and publishing____________'
Chemicals and allied products. .
Petroleum and coal products________
Rubber and plastics products, nec____
Leather and leather products________
Transportation and public utilities_______
Wholesale and retail trade_________
Wholesale trad e...........................
Retail trade.................... ” ” 111111
Finance, insurance, and real estate_______
Services.................................................
Government.......................
F e d e ra l.......................... ’ *‘y .................
State and local...................
\ For

coverage of the series, see footnote 1, table A-9.
2 Preliminary.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

June

May

1966
Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

66,100 66, 216 65,939 65,903 65, 639 65, 653 65, 749 65, 692 65, 564 65, 251

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

65, 014 64,694 64,394

598

605

623

619

617

620

624

624

625

623

621

623

625

3,228

3,223

3,231

3,187

3,192

3, 276

3,313

3,352

3,311

3, 291

3,241

3,239

3, 260

19,174 19,355 19,169 19, 285 19, 238 19,331 19,445 19, 507 19, 558 19, 526 19, 498 19,422 19, 337
11, 205 11,362 11,218 11, 285 11, 283 11,322 11, 434 11, 482
297
297
292
290
286
288
286
283
583
583
590
584
585
592
602
603
451
450
452
447
453
455
459
465
621
626
625
626
624
628
638
640
1,287 1,291 1,280 1, 295 1,299 1,305 1,332 1, 348
1,337 1,356 1,350 1,357 1,348 1,354 1,364 1,372
1,979 1,977 1,969 1,972 1,972 1,979 1,984 1,984
1,892 1,925 1,889 1,872 1,904 1,916 1,947 1,959
1,882 1,976 1,896 1, 947 1,927 1,916 1,932 1,938
454
456
455
454
454
456
456
454
422
425
430
430
432
433
434
436
7,969 7,993 7,951 8, 000 7, 955 8, 009 8, Oil 8,025
1,766 1,772 1,790 1,806 1, 797 1,800 1,803 1,798
78
84
89
87
86
86
84
85
947
945
940
948
941
952
945
954
1,376 1,384 1,376 1, 396 1,395 1,390 1, 384 1, 401
689
689
689
688
679
680
684
681
1,063 1,068 1,066 1, 066 1, 064 1,063 1,065 1,056
991
991
989
990
982
984
981
984
191
191
191
189
187
187
186
187
519
521
479
479
472
521
520
523
349
348
342
351
352
354
351
356
4, 271 4, 285 4, 292 4, 266 4,267 4, 212 4,246 4,247

11, 507 11, 496 11, 485 11, 457 11,401
277
272
270
267
263
607
596
598
599
602
466
469
469
466
465
642
640
640
640
639
1,362 1,364 1,369 1,370 1,361
1,374 1,374 1,372 1,364 1,358
1,988 1,978 1, 968 1,959 1,947
1,958 1,955 1, 956 1,956 1,942
1,938 1,959 1,959 1, 955 1,949
453
451
446
445
439
442
438
438
436
436
8, 051
1,795
89
963
1,414
680
1, 053
983
187
527
360

8,030
1,795
86
962
1,411
679
1,044
978
187
527
361

8, 013
1, 793
84
962
1,408
678
1,041
976
187
523
361

4,242 4, 218 4, 212
13,686 13,656 13, 647 13, 648 13, 609 13, 572 13, 557 13, 541 13, 515 13, 416 13, 406
3,556 3, 562 3,555 3, 555 3, 549 3, 545 3, 535 3, 521 3, 512 3,496 3, 484
10,130 10,094 10,092 10, 093 10,060 10, 027 10, 022 10, 020 10, 003 9,920 9, 922
3,265 3,256 3,234 3,227 3,205 3,194 3,179 3,165 3,152 3,144 3,132
10,176 10,130 10,074 10, 035 9,987 9,973 9, 946 9,883 9,840 9, 781 9,744
11, 702 11,706 11,669 11, 636 11, 524 11, 475 11,439 11,373 11,321 11, 252 11,160
2,762 2, 746 2,7ôy 2,747 2,698 2, 688 2,685 2, 673 2,667 2, 653 2, 616
8,940 8,960 8,910 8, 889 8,826 8,787 8, 754 8, 700 8, 654 8,
599 8,544

7, 965
1, 769
79
963
1,404
673
1,037
973
186
519
362

7,936
1, 763
80
964
1,396
667
1,032
969
186
517
362

4,190

4,184

13, 354 13, 279
3, 469 3,455
9, 885 9, 824
3,120

3,118

9, 675

9, 619

11, 071 10, 972
2, 617 2, 597
8,454 8,375

N ote : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in appendix A,

B L S Handbook of Methods for Surveys and Studies (BLS Bulletin 1458, 1966).

87

A.—LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT

T able A-12.

Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally
adjusted 1
Revised series; see box, p. 85.

[In thousands]
1966

1967
Major industry group
Sept.2 Aug.2 July
Manufacturing. .
___ ____ . . .
. .............
Durable goods.. ___ . . .
. . . . -------- -- —
Ordnance and accessories--------------------- -------------Lumber and wood p ro d u c ts ..__ . ______ _____
Furniture and fixtures___________________________
Stone, clay, and glass products.
. .............. ..
Primary metal industries—
--------- ----------Fabricated m etal products___. . .
Machinery, except electrical___.. _______________ .
Electrical equipment and supplies___ . . .
....
Transportation equipm ent.. _________________ . . .
Instruments and related products_____
____ ____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries... . _____

June

May

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

14,034 14,225 14,056 14,170 14,147 14,233 14,358 14,436 14,506 14,495 14,490 14,434 14,363
8,148 8,308 8,170 8,240 8,254 8, 286 8,407 8,459 8,502 8,501 8,505 8,488 8,448
130
128
136
133
143
140
147
146
149
147
151
153
155
522
524
521
524
519
530
514
525
512
507
506
507
508
386
389
385
384
385
389
374
379
371
375
366
370
368
512
512
511
512
513
509
509
495
499
498
495
498
491
1,029 1,034 1,023 1,037 1,042 1,049 1,073 1,091 1,106 1,109 1,116 1,117 1,103
1,031 1,048 1,041 1,048 1,041 1,046 1,059 1,065 1,068 1,069 1,069 1,062 1,057
1,373 1,375 1,368 1,372 1,373 1,380 1,388 1,392 1,398 1,390 1,384 1,380 1,372
1,272 1,298 1,265 1,251 1,284 1,298 1,332 1,345 1,348 1,347 1,352 1,356 1,349
1,311 1,408 1,326 1,377 1,361 1,347 1,363 1,371 1,373 1,394 1,396 1,393 1,390
283
279
284
286
289
289
289
288
285
287
284
285
281
345
347
349
353
349
344
347
343
342
340
331
336
339

5,886 5,917 5,886 5,930 5,893
Nondurable goods. . . . . . .
----- ______
Food and kindred products______________________ 1,155 1,163 1,185 1,201 1,196
74
72
76
75
67
Tobacco manufactures______ . . . . ____ . . . ..
834
841
835
838
840
Textile mill products_____ _____________________
Apparel and other textile products________________ 1,219 1,227 1,220 1,239 1,235
525
535
536
536
535
Paper and allied products________________________
674
673
672
675
668
Printing and publishing_________________________
585
585
583
580
584
Chemicals and allied products____________________
119
119
117
120
119
Petroleum and coal products _ _ . . . ______
402
362
354
362
398
Rubber and plastics products, nec______________ ..
295
305
300
300
302
---Leather and leather products_________ . . . .
1 For definition of production workers, see footnote 1, table A-10.
2 Preliminary.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Apr.

5,947
1,195
73
838
1,232
526
673
583
118
402
307

5,951
1,200
72
845
1,226
531
674
580
116
403
304

5,977
1,197
73
848
1,243
529
670
585
117
406
309

6,004
1,196
77
856
1,254
527
668
585
117
411
313

5,994
1,195
74
856
1,252
527
663
584
118
411
314

5,985 5,946
1,195 1,174
67
72
858
856
1,252 1,248
522
526
658
66(1
581
584
116
117
406
408
315
316

5,915
1,166
68
858
1,240
516
655
578
116
402
316

N ote : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in appendix A,

B L S Handbook of Methods for Surveys and Studies (BLS Bulletin 1458,1966).

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967
T a ble

A-13.

Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations 1
[All items except average benefit amounts are in thousands]
1966
Aug.

Employment service:2
New applications for work___ ______ _.
Nonfarm placements_________________

881
552

July

967
487

June

May

1,335
537

974
507

Apr.

859
476

Mar.

887
460

Feb.

853
407

Jan.

966
440

Dec.

721
420

Nov.

794
513

Oct.

819
592

Sept.

801
619

Aug.

869
619

State unemployment insurance programs:
Initial claims 3 4- .
____
872
1,218
803
848
1,005
1,061
1,087
1,346
1,280
915
709
626
826
Insured unemployment « (average weekly
volume) »_______ _ ___ ________ . . .
1,059
1,184
1,142
1,019
1,360
1,532
1,582
1, 558 1,254
903
753
755
928
Rate of insured unem ploym ent7______
2.4
2.2
2.4
2.1
2.9
3.3
'3.4
3.3
27
1.9
1.6
1.6
2.0
Weeks of unemployment compensated__
4,351
3, 808 4,071
4,663
4,977 6,323
5,398
5,615
3,971
2,960
2, 476
2,817
3,639
Average weekly benefit amount for total
unemployment____ _
$41.08 $40.10 $39.99 $40.99 $41.81 $42.07 $41.97 $41.73 $41.39 $40. 57 $39. 84 $39. 68 $40.65
Total benefits p a i d ________ ___ . . .
$172,807 $147,307 $156,083 $183, 645 $200, 588 $257,488 $219,480 $224,787 $157,566 $114,814 $93,697 $106, 548 $143,
058
Unemployment compensation for ex-service­
men: 8 8
Initial claims 38____________________
21
22
14
17
14
16
15
19
17
15
13
12
16
Insured unemployment8 (average weekly
volume)... . . . _ _______ ________ ..
24
19
25
24
19
21
25
25
21
16
14
15
19
Weeks of unemployment compensated__
106
75
82
81
101
85
93
96
72
59
51
63
81
Total benefits paid _______ ___
$4, 443 $3,126 $3,471 $3, 404 $3, 576 $4,199 $3,878 $3,963 $2,973 $2, 450 $2,117 $2,561 $3,204
Unemployment compensation for Federal
civilian employees:810
Initial claims 3___ _
9
12
9
9
8
8
9
15
10
9
9
7
8
Insured unemployment5 (average weekly
volume)__________________
19
20
18
18
22
19
24
23
2Û
17
16
16
18
Weeks of unemployment compensated__
87
67
103
81
78
81
91
87
75
67
60
67
79
Total benefits paid_________ _
$3, 581 $2, 752 $3,370 $3,237 $3,354 $4,192 $3,728 $3,581 $3,045 $2, 752 $2, 466 $2,731 $3,239
Railroad unemployment insurance:
Applications 11_________ . . .
12
21
5
15
3
7
6
4
6
11
6
7
8
Insured unemployment (average weekly
volume)__
___
18
17
14
23
17
18
20
24
25
19
16
16
15
Number of payments 12_____
45
32
42
57
36
44
53
48
40
38
34
35
Average amount of benefit paym ent1!...
$74. 31 $73.45 $73.44 $71.29 $74.10 $77.16 $75. 54 $72.95 $76. 70 $73. 80 $71. 99 $72. 36
07 $74.96
Total benefits paid 14____ .
$3,181 $2,069 $2,478 $2,812 $3,013 $4, 233 $3,784 $3,499 $2,858 $2, 550 $2,126 $2, 422 $2,499
All programs: 18
Insured unem ploym ent8 _ _
1,122
1,246
1,602
1,070
1,196
1,422
1,654
1,631
1,313
955
799
802
980
1 Includes data for Puerto Rico beginning January 1961 when the Common­
wealth’s program became part of the Federal-State UI system.
2 Includes Guam and the Virgin Islands.
‘ Initial claims are notices filed by workers to indicate they are starting
periods of unemployment. Excludes transitions claims under State programs.
4 Includes interstate claims for the Virgin Islands.
s Number of workers reporting the completion of at least 1 week of unem­
ployment.
0
Initial claims and State insured unemployment include data under the
program for Puerto Rican sugarcane workers.

7The rate is the number of insured unemployed expressed as a percent of
the average covered employment in a 12-month period.
8 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with other programs
8 Includes the Virgin Islands.
10 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with State programs.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

11 An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning
of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is re­
quired for subsequent periods in the same year.
12Payments are for unemployment in 14-day registration periods.
13 The average amount is an average for all compensable periods, not ad­
justed for recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments.
14Adjusted for recovery of overpayments and settlement of underpayments.
15 Represents an unduplicated count of insured unemployment under the
State, Ex-servicemen and UCPE programs and the Railroad Unemployment
Insurance Act.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security for
all items except railroad unemployment insurance which is prepared by the
U.S. Railroad Retirement Board.

89

B.—LABOR TURNOVER

B.—Labor Turnover
T able B -l.

Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1
[Per 100 employees]
Annual
average

1966

1967
Major industry group
Aug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1966

1965

Accessions: Total

6.0

Manufacturing---------- ------ ---------------Seasonally adjusted ..................................

3.9

3.9

2.9

3.9

5.0

4.3

4.2

4.6

4.6

4.2

4.1

4.3

4.6

4.6

4.8

5.1

6.4

4.3

4.9

5.1

Durable goods---- ------ ------ ------- -------Ordnance and accessories................ ......
Lumber and wood products_________
Furniture and fixtures_____________
Stone, clay, and glass products---------Primary metal industries - .------ -------Fabricated metal products__________
Machinery, except electrical___ ____
Electrical equipment and supplies----Transportation equipment__________
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries

4.9
4.4
6.3
7.9
4.7
3.3
5.4
3.0
4.3
6.6
3.9
7.5

4.1
3.5
6.0
6.7
4.7
2.9
5.0
2.9
3.8
4.1
3.0
6.3

5.5
5.0
9.2
6.4
6.9
4.6
6.1
4.3
4.7
5.5
4.9
7.2

4.3
3.1
8.3
5.3
5.4
3.2
5.1
3.0
3.3
4.9
2.9
6.3

3.7
2.8
7.0
4.5
5.0
2.6
4.5
2.7
2.9
3.7
2.9
6.0

3.7
2.7
6.5
4.9
4.7
2.7
4.4
2.9
3.0
3.9
3.0
5.8

3.4
2.9
5.4
4.5
3.7
2.6
4.0
3.0
3.1
3.3
2.9
5.1

4.1
3.8
6.4
5.3
3.7
3.2
4.7
3.6
3.8
4.0
3.5
6.2

2.7
2.2
3.6
3.4
2.3
2.3
3.2
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.3
3.0

3.8
3.7
4.5
5.6
3.1

4.8
4.7
5.9
7.4
3.9
3.3
5.4
3.9
5.1
5.1
3.9

5.9
4.4

6.2
4.3

4.8
3.8
6.7

4.1
2.9

N ondurable goods.......................... ...........
Foods and kindred products________
Tobacco manufactures. ....... ......... —
Textile mill products. . ......... - ..........
Apparel and other textile products----Paper and allied products..... ............. Printing and publishing____________
Chemicals and allied products---------Petroleum and coal products------------Rubber and plastics products, nec----Leather and leather products------------

6.0
9.5
15.6
5.9
6.5
4.1
3.5
2.4
2.4
6.2
6.1

5.5
7.7
9.6
5.3
6.8
3.6
3.4
2.6
2.3
5.7
7.7

6.5
9.5
5.9
5.7
6.2
6.1
5.1
4.5
4.6
7.1
6.4

5.1
7.0
5.4
5.4
5.9
3.9
3.6
2.8
2.7
5.3
5.7

4.3
5.6
2.9
4.8
5.1
3.3
3.1
2.5
2.6
4.3
5.0

4.2
5.1
2.8
4.7
5.0
3.3
3.5
2.7
2.0
4.3
4.8

3.8
4.3
3.2
4.1
5.0
2.9
3.3
2.4
1.6
4.1
4.7

4.5
5.0
3.7
4.7
6.3
3.4
3.7
2.4
1.5
4.6
7.0

3.1
4.1
7.0
2.9
3.4
2.5
2.7
1.8
1.1
3.2
4.1

4.2
5.3
5.9
4.2
4.9
3.4
3.3

5.4
7.6

6.3
9.2
7.2
5.9
6.7
4.8
4.8
3.0

N onmanufacturing:
Metal m i n i n g -----------------------------Coal mining.......................... -................ .

3.0
2.2

2.8
1.7

6.5
1.7

4.0
1.6

4.7
1.8

3.4
1.4

3.0
1.5

4.6
2.3

3.0
1.4

2.8

5.4

4.6

5.9

4.6

3.6

4.3

2.8

4.4
3.2
3.7
3.8
3.0
5.5

2.2

1.4
4.9
5.3

1.7

5.1

8.2
6.2
5.2
5.8
4.4
4.1
2.7
1.9

6.8

8.5
4.5
3.8

6.2

4.2
5.5
8.4
4.1
9.2

6.9
8.9

6.0

6.6

5.5
4.0
2.9
4.6
3.3
3.9
4.7
3.2
6.3

5.2
6.9
6.4
5.1

4.6

10.4
16.4
4.4
4.4

4.0
3.8
2.9

4.3
5.8
3.2
3.2
2.4

5.0
4.4

7.1

4.4

5.9
8.9
4.3

8.3

6.8
6.3
7.5

4.5
3.7
5.3
3.9
4.7
5.3
3.8
6.9

6.1

6.1
6.1

2.0
6.9
6.6

2.8

6.0
6.2

7 .2

5.5
6.3

4.4
5.4

3.0

3.0

3.6
2.3

3.5
1.7

3.2
1.7

3.8

3.1

2.0

1.8

2.0
7.1

2.1

1.8

Accessions: New hires
4.0

3.3

4.5

3.3

2.8

2.8

2.7

3.0

2.1

3.1

4.1

4.7

4.8

3 .1

3 .0

3 .2

3 .2

3 .1

3 .2

3 .4 .

3 .6

3 .6

3 .7

3 .9

3 .7

3 .8

Durable goods. . . ............ -.........................
Ordnance and accessories............... ......
Lumber and wood pro ducts.......... —
Furniture and fixtures____ ____ _____
Stone, clay, and glass products.:'-------Primary metal industries ------- ---------Fabricated metal products--------------Machinery, except electrical-------------Electrical equipment and supplies----Transportation equipment--------------Industries and related products--------Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.

3.5
3.6
5. 4
6. 5
3. 7
2. 2
4.0
2.3
3.0
3.9
3. 4
6.1

2.9
2.9
5.3
5.1
3.6
1.7
3.4
2.1
2.4
2.7
2. 6
4.2

4.1
4.3
7.8
5.3
5.4
3.1
4.9
3.4
3.3
3.7
4.2
5.6

3.0
2.6
6.5
4.3
4.0
1.9
3.8
2.4
2.1
2.7
2.4
4.7

2.6
2.3
5.5
3.8
3.3
1.5
3.3
2.2
2.0
2.3
2.4
4.1

2.7
2.2
4.8
4.2
2.9
1.7
3.4
2.4
2.2
2.3
2.6
4.0

2.5
2.5
3.9
3.8
2.2
1.7
3.1
2.6
2.3
2.1
2.6
3.8

2.9
3.1
4.2
4.5
2.3
2.0
3.5
3.0
2.8
2.1
3.0
3.9

2.1
1.8
2.9
3.0
1.6
1.5
2.5
2.1
2.0
1.7
2.0
2.5

3.1
3.1
3.8
5.1
2.5
2.1
3.7
2.7
3.1
2.8
2.7
4.9

4.1
4.1
5.2
6.8
3.3
2.7
4.6
3.3
4.3
3.9
3.5
7.5

4.5
3.8
6.1
7.6
3.8
3.2
5.4
3.7
4.7
4.1
3.7
8.2

4.5
3.5
6.3
7.9
4.1
3.1
5. 4
3. 6
4. 6
4.1
3.8
7.2

3.8
3.2
5.7
5.9
3. 5
2.7
4.3
3.3
3.8
3.4
3.4
5. 5

3.0
1.8
4.7
4. 6
2.7
2. 0
3. 5
2. 6
2.9
2.8
2. 6
4.5

N ondurable goods------- -------------------Food and kindred products------------Tobacco manufacturing-----------------Textile mill products............................
Apparel and other textile products—
Paper and allied products---------------Printing and publishing - ............ ........
Chemicals and allied products---------Petroleum and coal products-----------Rubber and plastics products, nec---Leather and leather products-----------

4. 5
7.0
11. 2
4. 7
44
36
29
1.9
2. 2

3.9
5.9
5.1
3.7
3.9
3.0
2.8
2.1
2.1
4.0
4.6

5.1
7.4
3.8
4.6
4.2
5.1
4.2
3.7
3.9
6.0
4.9

3.7
5.1
2.8
4.2
3.6
3.3
2.9
2.2
2.4
4.0
3.9

3.2
4.0
1.9
3.7
3.3
2.8
2.7
2.1
2.0
3.3
3.1

3.1
3.4
1.7
3.5
3.5
2.8
2.8
2.1
1.5
3.3
3.2

2.8
2.9
2.3
3.1
3.4
2.4
2.7
1.9
1.3
3.2
3.3

3.2
3.4
2.6
3.5
4.0
2.8
3.0
1.9
1.1
3.5
4.8

2.3
2.8
3.4
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.2
1.4
.9
2.6
3.1

3.3
3.9
4.6
3.3
3.5
3.0
2.8
1.8
1.2
4.1
4.1

4.2
5.5
4.4
4.1
4.3
4.0
3.5
2.3
1.7
5.3
4.8

5.0
7.1
4.9
4.9
5.0
4.4
4.1
2.6
1.8
6.1
5.3

5.3
7.9
10.2
5. 2
5.4
3.9
3.7
2.4
1.7
5.7
5. 6

4.0
5. 0
3.7
4.1
4.2
3. 5
3.2
2.4
1.7
4. 6
4.8

3.2
4.1
3.3
3.3
3. 7
2. 5
2. 6
1.9
1.4
3.4
3.9

2.1

5.1
1.2

2.7
1.1

2.4
1.1

2.3
.9

2.1
1.0

2.7
1.2

2.0
1.0

2.0
1.1

2.3
1.3

2.5
1.2

2.7
1.4

2.5
1.1

2.2
.9

Manufacturing---------Seasonally adjusted .

N onmanufacturing :
Metal mining-----Coal mining------See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Ft 1

4.4
22
1.3

li

90

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967
T able

B -l.

Labor turnover rates, by major industry group x—Continued
[ P e r 10 0 e m p l o y e e s ]

1967

1966

Annual
average

Major industry group
Aug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1966

1965

Separations: Total
Manufacturing ______ _ _
_ _____
Seasonally adjusted__ _____ _ . . . ...

5.3

4.8

4.S

4.4

4.8

4.6

4.7

5.2

Durable goods. . __ . ___ _ ____
Ordnance and accessories_____ ___
Lumber and wood products_____ __ .
Furniture and fixtures_____ _ .
Stone, clay, and glass products__ __
Primary metal industries.. .
Fabricated metal products _ _ . . .
Machinery, except electrical...
Electrical equipment and supplies.._
Transportation equipment______
Instruments and related products___
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_______ __________ _

5.1
3.3
8.5
7.4
5.2
3.8
5.9
3.8
4.1
6.3
3.5

4.7
2.8
5.9
5.8
4.3
3.1
5.2
3.4
3.3
8.1
2.7

4.1
2.9
5.9
5.6
4.6
3.2
5.3
3.5
3.4
4.3
3.0

3.9
2.8
6.5
5.8
4.2
3.1
4.5
3.1
3.7
3.8
2.9

4.1
3.3
6.4
5.8
4.2
3.3
4.8
3.3
4.3
4.1
2.9

4.4
3.0
6.8
6.4
4. 5
3.6
5.0
3.5
4.8
4.3
3.0

6.3

6.0

5.3

5.4

5.1

5.4

Nondurable goods_______________
Food and kindred products .
Tobacco manufactures. . . . .
Textile mill products___
.. .
Apparel and other textile products____
Paper and allied products______ .
Printing and publishing . . .
____
Chemicals and allied products__
Petroleum and coal products__
Rubber and plastics products, nec . .
Leather and leather products___ ..

5.5
7.3
6.2
6.1
6.3
4.6
4.0
3.0
2.6
6.2
6.6

5.0
6.1
3.8
5.4
7.4
3.5
3.2
2.2
1.8
5.3
8.1

4. 5
5.4
3.6
4.8
5.9
3.5
3.6
2.7
1.8
5.0
5.0

4. 5
5.6
4.2
4.8
5.8
3.5
3.3
2.5
1.9
5.0
5.7

4.6
5.6
4.8
5.0
6.2
3.6
3.1
2.3
1.8
4.9
6.1

4.7
5.5
7.7
5.2
6.4
3.5
3.3
2.4
1.7
5.1
6.2

onmanufacturing:
Metal mining____
Coal mining. .

3.5

3.1
1.9

3.1
1.6

3.5
1.9

4.0

2.2

2.2

3.5
2.1

2.9
1.6

N

. .

4.3

4.2

4.3

4.6

4.0

4.5

4.2

4.3

4.8

6.6

4.9

4.6

4. 4

4. 6

5.0

5.8

1, 7

4. 6

4.1

4.6

3.9
2.4
5.3
5.2
4.2
3.0
4.9
2.8
4.0
4. 5
2.7

4.4
2.6
6.3
6.2
5.2
3.6
4.9
3.1
4.2
5.1
2.9

3.9
1.7
6.4
4.9
4.8
2.9
4.3
2.5
3.2
3.8
2.4

3.9
2.1
7.3
5.7
4. 5
3.1
4.7
2.6
3.4
3.7
2.4

4.5
2.8
7.4
6.8
4.7
3.6
5.3
3.3
4.0
4.4
3. 5

6.1
4.1
9.4
8.3
6.8
5.6
7.1
5.2
5.8
5.3
4.9

5.5
3. 2
8. 5
8.4
5.9
4. 3
6.3
4. 5
4. 5
6. 5
3.6

4.4
2. 6
7.1
6. 3
4.6
3. 2
5.1
3. 4
3.8
4.9
3.1

3.8
25
6. 0
5.1
3.9
3.0
4. 2
2.8
3.1
43
27

5.0

5.7

12.2

8.6

6.8

8.6

7.2

6.9

5.9

4.1
5.0
7.2
4.6
5.0
3.0
3.0
2.1
1. 5
5.1
5.6

4.8
6.0
8.1
5.2
5.7
3.5
3. 5
2.4
2.0
5.3
6.2

4.6
7.1
6.0
4.2
5.5
3.0
3.0
2.1
1.8
4.2
6.4

4. 7
7.2
6.5
4.8
5.4
3.5
3.0
2.0
1.9
4. 5
5.2

5.4
8.4
4.9
5.3
5.8
4.1
3. 5
2. 5
2.1
5. 5
5.9

7. 3
10.9
5.6
6.7
7.2
6.6
5.1
4. 6
3.9
7. 2
8.4

62
7. 9
8. 5
6. 5
7. 2
5. 0
4. 6
3.0
2. 6
6. 2
7.8

50
6. 8
6. 0
5.1
6.1
3. 8
34
2. 5
2.1

4 4

6.4

fi 1
6. 4
4.1
5.8
3.1
31
2.2
1.9
42
5.3

3.8

3.3

2.3

1.4

3.4
1.6

4.0
1.8

6.0
1.9

3.8
1.6

3. 5
1.8

3.1
1.9

2.6

1.9

1.7
1.1
3.4
3.1
1.7
1.2
1.9
1.4
1.6
1.3
1.4

5. 0

Separations: Quits
M anufacturing____________________________

3.1

2.1

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.1

2 .2

2.1

1.9

2 .1

1.7

2 .1

S e a s o n a ll y a d ju s t e d ________________________

2.8

4.5

2 .2

2 .3

3.6

2.4

2 .4

2 .5

2 .6

2 .7

2 .6

2.6

2 .6

2.6

D urable goods______ ..__________________
Ordnance and accessories_____________
L um ber and w ood products___________
Furniture and fixtures________________
Stone, clay, and glass products________
Prim ary m etal ind ustries_____________
Fabricated m etal products________ ____
M achinery, except electrical_______ ____
E lectrical equip m ent and su p p lies____
T ransportation eq u ip m en t____________
Instrum ents and related products_____
M iscellaneous m anufacturing in ­
du stries_____________________________

2.8
2.1
5.1
5. 3
3.4
1.9
3.5
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.3

1.8
1.5
13.8
3.4
B .2
1.2

i. 5
1.5
1.5
1 .5

2 .1
1.6
4.1
3.3
2.4
1.4
2.4
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.8

2.0
1.4
4.5
3.5
2.2
1.3
2.4
1.7
1.8
1.6
1.6

2.0
1.6
4.1
3.7
2.0
1.3
2.4
1.7
1.9
1. 5
1.6

2.0
1. 5
3.7
3.8
1.9
1.3
2.4
1.7
1.9
1.6
1.7

1.7
1.3
2.9
3.1
1.6
1.1
2. 1
1.5
1.8
1.4
1.6

1.9
1.2
3.1
3.5
1.8
1.4
2.3
1.7
2.0
1.5
1.7

1.5
.9
2.6
2.7
1.4
1.1
1.8
1.3
1.6
1.1
1. 3 -

1.9
1 .1
3.4
3.6
1.9
1.3
2.4
1. 5
1.9
1.5
1.5

2.6
1.6
4.6
4.8
2.6
1.8
3.0
1.9
2.5
2.0
2.4

4.2
2.7
6.8
6.5
4.5
3.8
4.8
3.5
4.2
3.1
3.7

3.4
1.9
6.0
6.2
3.6
2.7
4.0
2.7
3.1
2.6
2.5

2.4
1.5
4.5
4.3
2.4
1.7
2.8
1.9
2.3
1.9
2.0

4.2

2.8

3.0

3.0

2.9

2.8

2.5

2.7

2.6

3.9

4.6

6.5

4.9

3.6

2.6

N ondurable goods . . . . ____________________
Food and kindred produ cts___________
T obacco m anufactures________________
T extile m ill products_________________
A pparel and other textile products.........
Paper and allied products_____________
Prin ting and pu b lish in g______________
Chem icals and allied products________
Petroleum and coal products__________
R ubber and plastics products, n ec____
Leather and leather products_________

3.5
4.2
2.0
4.5
3.8
3.2
2.7
1.8
1 .5
4.1
4. 5

2.5
3.0
1.6
3.2
3.0
1.9
1.9
1 .1
.8
2.6
3.6

2.6
2.9
1.7
3.3
2.8
2.2
2.2
1.3
.9
3.1
3.3

2.5
2.8
1.7
3.4
3.0
2 .1
2.0
1.3
.9
2.9
3.4

2.4
2.5
1.6
3.4
2.8
2.1
1.9
1.2
.7
2.7
3.3

2.4
2.5
1.7
3.3
2.8
2.1
2.0
1.2
.7
2.7
3.2

2.1
2.2
1.7
2.8
2.5
1.7
1.8
1.0
.7
2.4
3.0

2.4
2.5
1.9
3 .1
2.9
2.0
2.0
1. 1
.7
2.5
3.6

1.9
2.2
1.6
2.3
2.1
1.6
1.6
.9
.6
2.0
2.9

2.4
2.9
1.8
2.9
2.8
2 .1
1.8
1.0
.6
2.7
3.4

3.1
3.9
2.3
3.6
3.4
2.7
2.2
1.4
.9
3.5
4.3

5.0
6.7
3.4
5.1
4.7
5.1
3.7
3.3
2.3
5.3
6.3

4.0
4.8
2.8
4.9
4.6
3.5
3.1
2.1
1.4
4.3
5.9

2.8
3.2
1.9
3.5
3.3
2.4
2.2
1.4
.9
3.1
4 .1

2.1
2.4
1.5
2 5
2.6
1.7
1.7
1.0
.7
2.1
3.0

N onm anufacturing:
Metal m in in g _________________________
Coal m in in g __________________________

2.4
.9

1.7
.8

2.0
.5

2.0
.6

1.9
.6

1.9
.7

1.4
.7

1.7
.6

1.1
.6

1.3
.6

1.7
.8

4.8
1 .1

2.7
.9

2.0
.7

1.7
.6

See fo o tn o tes a t end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

hi

B.—LABOR TURNOVER
T able

B -l.

91

Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued
[Per 100 employees]
1967

1966

Annual
average

Major industry group
Aug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1966

1965

Separations: Layoffs
Manufacturing...

. _ _ ___ . ___ . .
_
..
__

1.3
1.3

l.G

1.1
1.1,

1.1
M

1.5

1.7

1.3

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.8

1.3
1.2

1.1
1.1

1.0
1.1

1.1
1.1

1.2

1.4

Durable goods___------- . - ____ -Ordnance and accessories_______
Lumber and wood products_______ Furniture and fixtures______________
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Primary metal industries____
___
Fabricated metal products__________
Machinery, except electrical . _ ____
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment______ __
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_____ _______ _____________

1.3
.4
2.4
.9
.8
.9
1.3
.7
.7
2.9
.5

2.0
.6
1.2
1.5
1.3
1.0
2.1
1.1
1.0
5.8
.7

1.1
.4
.8
1.2
1.2
.9
1.8
.9
.7
1.7
.4

1.0
.6
.9
1.2
1.2
.9
1.0
.6
1.1
1.4
.6

1.2
.9
1.4
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.4
.7
1.4
1.8
.7

1.5
.8
2.1
1.4
1.7
1.3
1.6
.8
1.9
1.9
.5

1.4
.5
1.6
1.1
1.7
1.0
1.9
.5
1.2
2.4
.5

1.5
.5
2.3
1.5
2.6
1.0
1.6
.5
1.2
2.7
.5

1.5
.2
3.1
1.2
2.7
1.0
1.5
.5
.7
1.9
.4

1.1
.4
3.0
1.0
1.8
.8
1.3
.4
.5
1.3
.3

.8
.5
1.7
.7
1.1
.7
1.1
.4
.4
1.3
.4

.8
.4
1.4
.5
1.1
.6
1.0
.6
.4
1.2
.4

1.1
.4
1.4
.7
1.0
5
1.0
.8
.3
2.8
.3

1.1
.4
1.6
.8
1.3
.6
1.2
.5
.5
2.1
.4

1.2
.8
1.7
1.0
1.5
1.0
1.4
.6
.8
2.2
.6

1.1

2.2

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.5

1.6

2.0

8.6

3.5

.8

.8

1.1

2.1

2.3

Nondurable goods-------------------- ------Food and kindred products..- _ ____
Tobacco manufactures. _- .
. ___
Textile mill products________ . . . . ..
Apparel and other textile products___
Paper and allied products__________
Printing and publishing___
______
Chemicals and allied products.. . __
Petroleum and coal products________
Rubber and plastics products, nec____
Leather and leather products________

1.2
2.3
3.7
.6
1.6
.6
.7
.5
.3
.8
1.2

1.8
2.4
1.5
1.5
3.5
.7
.8
.6
.3
1.5
3.6

1.2
1.7
1.1
.6
2.3
.4
.7
.8
.3
.8
.7

1.3
2.0
2.0
.6
2.1
.5
.7
.7
.3
1.0
1.5

1.4
2.3
2.5
.7
2.6
.7
.6
.5
.5
1.1
1.9

1.5
2.3
5.2
.9
2.8
.6
.6
.6
.4
1.3
2.0

1.3
2.1
4.9
.9
1.7
.5
.6
.5
.4
1.7
1.7

1.6
2.7
5.6
1.2
1.9
.7
.8
.6
.7
1.5
1.7

2.1
4.2
3.6
1.2
2.8
.7
.9
.7
.8
1.3
2.7

1.6
3.5
4.0
1.1
1.8
.6
.6
.5
.7
.7
1.0

1.5
3.5
1.8
.8
1.5
.4
.6
.5
.6
.7
.8

1.4
3.2
1.5
.6
1.6
.5
.7
.6
.9
.6
1.1

1.3
2.3
5.0
.6
1.8
.5
.8
.3
.6
.6
.9

1.4
2.8
3.5
.7
2.1
.5
.7
.6
.6
.9
1.4

1.6
2.9
4.4
.8
2.4
.8
.9
.7
.6
1.2
1.5

N onmanufacturing:
Metal mining_______________ ____
Coal mining___ ___________________

.2
.6

.7
.6

.5
.7

.7
.8

1.0
1.2

.6
.9

.7
.5

1.1
.8

1.0
.5

1.5
.5

1.3
.4

.2
.2

.2
.2

.7
.6

.7
.9

Seasonally adjusted__

1.9

1.3

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1967, see footnote 1, table A-9.
Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing and
nonmanufacturing industries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not
comparable with the changes shown by the Bureau’s employment series
for the following reasons: (1) the labor turnover series measures changes


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.5

during the calendar month, while the employment series measures changes
from midmonth to midmonth and (2) the turnover series excludes personnel
changes caused by strikes, but the employment series reflects the influence
of such stoppages.
2 Preliminary.

92

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

C.—Earnings and Hours
T a ble C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry
1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
S ept.2 A ug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Total private_________________________ $103.41 $103. 06 $103. 18 $101. 88 $100. 06 $99.41 $99. 56 $99. 30 $99.70 $99.97 $99.84 $100. 62 $100.88 $98. 69 $95.06
Mining..... ........................................ ............. . 138. 57 137. 49 139. 43 136. 53 134. 09 134. 51 132. 09 131.14 134. 09 133. 45 131. 66 135.10 133. 73 130. 66 123. 52
Metal mining-.......................... ..................
134. 23 133. 40 137. 48 135. 98 137.05 137. 60 136.00 136.00 136. 53 135. 24 134.82 136. 21 133.77 127. 30
Iron ores_________________________
138. 69 139. 73 134. 40 134. 37 137. 67 139.40 136. 31 138. 65 136.86 136. 29 136. 29 142. 23 138. 09 129.24
Copper ores-------------- - - . ------ ---------125. 60 140. 71 145. 08 142. 35 142. 35 143. 55 142.46 142. 79 144. 21 143.11 142. 46 140. 62 140.07 136. 71
Coal mining________________________
150. 59 156. 15 154. 01 148. 37 148.45 145. 39 146.10 153. 38 155.91 146.20 156.98 151. 37 145.95 137. 51
Bituminous coal and lignite m ining__
152. 93 157. 00 156. 38 151. 07 150. 78 147.68 148.40 155. 77 158.30 148.13 159.80 154. 09 148.44 140. 26
Oil and gas extraction________________
131. 02 133. 67 127. 56 127. 75 129. 63 127.75 126.42 127. 50 124.91 124.95 124.10 123. 68 122. 69 116.18
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields132. 59 138. 69 133. 25 132. 51 135. 71 131. 78 133. 42 135. 62 129. 65 129. 34 129.74 129. 34 128.11 123. 62
Oil and gas field services____________
130. 01 129. 60 122. 82 124. 24 125.27 123. 52 121. 26 120.96 121. 39 121. 33 119. 30 119. 30 118. 63 110. 31
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels_____
135. 54 133. 17 131. 96 128. 03 124. 65 119.03 116. 72 119. 30 120.94 124.48 129.91 129.91 123. 39 117.45
Crushed and broken stone__________
134. 55 132. 96 131. 04 127. 84 122.89 115.84 110.16 115.14 120.19 125.76 130.95 131.49 123.45 116. 58
Contract construction________ _________
159. 08 157. 90 153. 56 149. 54 147.23 146.83 143.60 149.14 148.83 144.14 152.46 152.05 145. 89 138. 38
General building contractors__________
148. 06 146. 17 142. 03 141. 12 139. 32 139. 26 135.84 141. 21 141. 21 136.96 142. 07 140. 93 136.49 128.16
Heavy construction contractors________
164. 49 161. 30 154. 14 144. 32 139. 48 138.90 139. 26 142. 56 142. 04 138. 55 155. 55 156. 09 145.14 137. 90
Highway and street construction_____
165. 02 163. 10 151. 87 139. 88 131. 60 126. 86 127. 40 130. 28 129.75 131.14 154. 34 156. 52 142.80 136. 36
Heavy construction, nec____________
163. 80 159. 80 156. 62 148. 52 146. 28 147. 75 147. 45 150.88 151. 62 145. 91 157. 73 155. 86 147.97 140. 00
Special trade contractors______________
163. 56 164. 00 160. 39 157. M 155. 86 154. 64 150. 73 157. 14 156. 09 151. 56 158. 34 157. 88 153. 22 145. 39
Plumbing, heating, air conditioning__
172. 77 170. 77 167. 52 165. 46 164. 74 164. 35 162. 26 166. 53 165. 36 159.14 166. 63 166.60 161.44 152.47
Painting, paperhanging, and decorat­
ing------------------------ ------------------149. 92 150. 47 146. 65 145. 40 140. 54 140. 54 138.80 140.70 141.60 141. 20 143.60 144.44 139. 59 134. 61
Electrical work____________________
190. 21 192. 23 188. 46 187. 50 184.89 184. 78 181. 45 185.81 186. 44 179. 65 186. 05 184. 24 179. 79 170. 28
Masonry, stonework, and plastering__
148. 68 149. 03 147. 74 144. 01 141. 45 138. 58 127. 00 138. 43 140. 22 134. 39 143. 72 142. 27 138. 75 133.21
Roofing and sheet metal work_______
137. 18 136. 82 132. 75 127. 53 122.88 118. 72 116. 29 125. 25 125. 21 120.85 131. 74 128.12 123. 50 117. 30
Average weekly hours
Total private_________________________
Mining____ ____ _____________________Metal mining_________________ ____
Iron ores_________________________
Copper ores_______________________
Coal mining__________________ _____
Bituminous coal and lignite mining__
Oil and gas extraction________________
Crude petroleum and natural gas fieldsOil and gas field services____________
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels_____
Crushed and broken stone__________
Contract construction__________________
General building contractors__________
Heavy construction contractors-....... ......
Highway and street construction____
Heavy construction, nec___________
Special trade contractors_____________ _
Plumbing, heating, air conditioning__
Painting, paperhanging, and decorat­
ing—
Electrical work____________________
Masonry, stonework, and plastering__
Roofing and sheet metal work_______

38.3
42.9

_
38.9

—

38.6
41.3
41.3
41.9
40.0
40. 7
41.0
43.1
40.3
45.3
46.9
48.4
38.8
37.2
43.4
44.6
42.0
37.6
39.0
36.3
39.3
35.4
36,1

43.4
41.4
45.0
46.4
48.0
38.7
37.1
42.9
44.2
41.4
37.7
38.9

38.3
42.8
42.3
41.1
43.7
41.4
41.7
42.1
40. 5
43.4
46.3
48.0
38.2
36.7
42.0
42.9
41.0
37.3
38.6

37.9
42.3
42.1
41.6
43.4
40.1
40. 5
42. 3
40.4
43.9
45.4
47.0
37.2
36.0
40.2
40.9
39.5
36.7
38.3

37.8
42.3
42.3
42.1
43.4
39.8
40.1
42.5
41.0
43.8
45.0
46.2
36.9
36.0
39.4
40.0
38.8
36.5
38.4

38.0
41.8
42.6
42. 5
43.9
39.4
39. 7
42.3
40.3
43.8
43.6
44.9
36.8
35.8
39.8
40.4
39.4
36.3
38.4

37.9
41.5
42.5
42.2
43.7
39.7
40. 0
42.0
40.8
43.0
42.6
43.2
35.9
35.1
38.9
39.2
38.7
35.3
38.0

38.2
42.3
42.5
42.4
43.8
40.9
41 1
42.5
41. 6
43.2
43.7
44.8
37.1
36.3
39. 6
39.6
39.6
36.8
39.0

38.6
42.5
42.4
41.6
44.1
41. 8
42.1
42.2
40.9
43.2
44.3
45.7
37.3
36.3
39.9
39.8
39.9
36.9
39.0

38.4
42.2
42.0
41.3
43.9
39. 3
39. 5
42.5
40.8
43.8
45.1
47.1
36.4
35.3
38.7
38.8
38. 6
36.0
37.8

38.7
43.3
42.0
41.3
43.7
42. 2
42 5
42.5
40.8
43.7
46.9
48.5
38.5
36.9
42.5
43.6
41.4
37.7
39.3

38.8
43.0
42.7
43.1
43.4
40 8
41 2
42.5
40.8
43.7
46.9
48.7
38.3
36.7
42.3
43.6
40.8
37.5
39.2

38.7
42.7
42.2
42.1
43.5
40. 3
40 6
42.6
40.8
44.1
45.7
47.3
37.6
36.3
41.0
42.0
40.1
37.1
38.9

38.8
42.3
41.6
40.9
43.4
39 9
40 9.
42.4
40. 8
43.6
45.7
47.2
37.4
36.1
40.8
41.7
40,0
36.9
38.6

36.7
39.8
35.4
36.1

36.3
39.1
35.6
35.4

35.9
38.9
34.7
34.1

35.4
38.6
34.5
33.3

35.4
38.9
33.8
32.0

34.7
38.2
30.9
31.6

35.0
39.2
33.6
33.4

35.4
39.5
34.2
33.3

35.3
37.9
33.1
33.2

35.9
39.5
35.4
35.8

36.2
39.2
34.7
35.1

35.7
39.0
34.6
34.4

35.8
38.7
34.6
34.5

38.5
43.3
42.1
42.6
42.9

Average hourly earnings
Total private_________________________
Mining........ ........ ............ ..............................
Metal m ining.____________ __________
Iron ores_________________________
Copper ores_______________________
Coal mining________________________
Bituminous coal and lignite m ining__
Oil and gas extraction_____________
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields.
Oil and gas field services____________
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels_____
Crushed and broken stone__________
Contract construction__________________
General building contractors__________
Heavy construction contractors________
Highway and street construction_____
Heavy construction, nec____________
Special trade contractors______________
Plumbing, heating, air conditioning__
Painting, paperhanging, and decorat­
ing---------------------------- --------------Electrical work____________________
Masonry, stonework, and plastering__
Roofing and sheet metal work_______
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.70
3.23

4.17

$2.67
3.19
3. 25
3.31
3.14
3.70
3.73
3.04
3.29
2.87
2.89
2.78
4.10
3.98
3.79
3.70
3.90
4.35
4.43

$2.68
3.22
3. 24
3.28
3.28

4.13
4. 84
4.20
3.80

3.08
3.35
2.88
2.87
2. 77
4.08
3.94
3.76
3.69
3.86
4.35
4.39

$2.66
3.19
3. 25
3.27
3. 32
3. 72
3. 75
3. 03
3. 29
2. 83
2.85
2. 73
4. 02
3. 87
3.67
3. 54
3.82
4.30
4.34

$2.64
3.17
3. 23
3. 23
3. 28
3. 70
3. 73
3. 02
3. 28
2.83
2.82
2. 72
4.02
3. 92
3. 59
3. 42
3. 76
4.30
4. 32

$2. 63
3.18
3. 24
3. 27
3.28
3. 73
3.76
3. 05
3. 31
2.86
2. 77
2. 66
3.99
3. 87
3. 54
3.29
3. 77
4. 27
4.29

$2. 62
3.16
3. 23
3.28
3. 27
3.69
3. 72
3. 02
3.27
2.82
2. 73
2.58
3.99
3.89
3. 49
3.14
3. 75
4. 26
4.28

$2.62
3.16
3.20
3. 23
3. 26
3.68
3. 71
3. 01
3. 27
2. 82
2. 74
2. 55
4.00
3.87
3. 58
3.25
3.81
4. 27
4. 27

$2. 61
3.17
3.20
3. 27
3. 26
3.75
3. 79
3. 00
3. 26
2.80
2. 73
2.57
4.02
3. 89
3.60
3.29
3. 81
4.27
4. 27

$2.59
3.14
3. 22
3.29
3.27
3.73
3.76
2. 96
3.17
2.81
2.73
2.63
3.99
3. 89
3. 56
3. 26
3.80
4.23
4.24

$2.60
3.12
3. 22
3.30
3. 26
3.72
3.75
2.94
3.17
2.77
2.76
2.67
3. 96
3.88
3.58
3.38
3. 78
4. 21
4. 21

$2.60
3.12
3. 21
3.30
3. 26
3. 72
3.76
2.92
3.18
2. 73
2. 77
2. 70
3.96
3.85
3. 66
3. 54
3. 81
4.20
4.24

$2.60
3.11
3.19
3.30
3.24
3.71
3. 74
2. 91
3.17
2. 73
2. 77
2.70
3.97
3.84
3.69
3. 59
3. 82
4. 21
4. 25

$2. 55
3. 06
3.17
3.28
3. 22
3.62
3.65
2.88
3.14
2.69
2.70
2. 61
3.88
3. 76
3.54
3. 40
3.69
4.13
4.15

$2. 45
2. 92
3. 06
3.16
3.15
3. 46
3.49
2.74
3. 03
2. 53
2. 57
2. 47
3. 70
3. 55
3.38
3. 27
3. 50
3. 94
3.95

4.10
4. 83
4. 21
3.79

4. 04
4.82
4.15
3. 75

4. 05
4. 82
4.15
3. 74

3.97
4. 79
4.10
3.69

3. 97
4. 75
4.10
3.71

4.00
4. 75
4.11
3.68

4.02
4. 74
4.12
3.75

4. 00
4. 72
4.10
3. 76

4. 00
4. 74
4. 06
3.64

4.00
4.71
4. 06
3.68

3.99
4.70
4.10
3.65

3. 91
4. 61
4. 01
3. 59

3. 76
4. 40
3.85
3. 40

C —EARNINGS AND HOURS

T able C -l.

93

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
Sept.2 A ug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing________
Durable goods___
Nondurable goods.

$116.28 $114. 77 $113.6" $114. 49 $113. 52 $112. 56 $112. 44 $111.88 $113. 42 $114. 40 $113.99 $113. 85 $114.13 $112. 34 $107. 53
125.03 123. 60 122.40 123.19 122.89 121.18 121. 36 120. 77 122.84 124. 62 123.77 124. 07 123.94 122. 09 117.18
104. 40 102. 80 102.03 101. 63 100.73 100. 22 100. 08 99.18 99. 65 100.25 100.10 99.94 99. 54 98.49 94.44

Ordnance and accessories_____________ 140.61 136.31 134.05
Ammunition, except for small arms___ 143.55 138. 55 134. 64
Sighting and Are control equipment__
132. 68 137.1?
Other ordnance and accessories............. 133.14 131.36 131.99

132.25
131.46
134. 96
133. 56

134. 08
133. 72
135. 98
133. 73

132. 48
131.46
140. 51
133. 22

133. 54
134. 55
137. 60
130. 20

133. 22
134. 23
137. 70
129. 58

136. 63
135. 71
139. 43
138. 03

138.02
135. 38
135. 46
143. 28

136. 75
134.88
133. 35
141.48

136. 21
134. 72
121. 60
141. 48

135. 78
134. 64
128. 96
139.02

134.94
134. 55
130. 83
135. 25

131.15
135. 66
127.08
121.93

Lumber and wood products........ ............. 97. 77 97.20 96. 64 97. 27 95.18 94. 77 93.09 91.08 90.80 90. 80 91. 43 94. 02
Sawmills and planing mills__________ 93.84 92.80 91.37 91.98 89. 02 88.84 88.22 86.24 85. 75 84. 53 85.17 87. 08
Millwork, plywood, & related products. 106.81 107.43 103. 68 103. 63 102. 41 103.41 101. 09 99. 70 99.38 99.47 98. 00 100.12
Wooden containers_________________ 81.40 80.00 80. 60 81.60 80. 36 79. 56 77.76 76. 00 75. 44 76. 36 76. 04 75. 44
Miscellaneous wood products________
91.94 90.68 90.85 91.88 90. 20 89. 35 88. 56 86. 83 86.88 88. 37 88. 78 88. 58
Furniture and fixtures_________
95.88 94.89 92.40 93.09 91. 25 90.46 90. 74 90.12 90. 63 93. 79 93.15 94.28
Household furniture_________
89. 73 88.70 85.89 86. 76 84.41 84.24 84.71 83.89 83.95 87.76 87.13 88.40
Office furniture_____________
111.09 113.01 108. 94 110.12 110. 24 109. 82 110. 51 114. 01 115. 61 114. 38 115. 01
Partitions and fixtures_______
122. 54 114.74 118. 28 116. 69 113. 65 113.12 113. 55 114. 95 117. 04 114. 81 117. 74
99.85 98.81 98. 57 101. 09 100. 45 99.14 97.68 97.10 95. 75 101.10 99. 36 101.15
Other furniture and fixtures__

94.02
87.89
100. 61
76. 96
88.38

91.80
86.07
99.70
75. 53
87.34

88.75
82.42
96.93
72.92
84.67

93.63 91.72 88.19
87.14 85.49 83. 21
114. 75 112. 32 104.06
118.83 115.92 112.86
102.15 97. 90 92.18

Average weekly hours
Manufacturing...............................................
Durable goods___________________
Nondurable goods............. ..................

40.8
41. 4
40.0

40.7
41. 2
40.0

40.3
40.8
39.7

40.6
41.2
39.7

40.4
41.1
39.5

40.2
40.8
39.3

40.3
41.0
39.4

40.1
40.8
39.2

40.8
41.5
39.7

41.3
42.1
40.1

41.3
42.1
40.2

41.4
42.2
40.3

41.5
42.3
40.3

41.3
42.1
40.2

41.2
42.0
40.1

Ordnance and accessories_____________
Ammunition, except for small arms___
Sighting and fire control equipment__
Other ordnance and accessories______

43.0
43. 5
42. 0

42.2
42.5
40. 7
41. 7

41.5
41.3
42. 2
41.9

41.2
40.7
41.4
42.4

41.9
41.4
42.1
43.0

41.4
40.7
43.1
42.7

41.6
41.4
42.6
42.0

41.5
41.3
42.5
41.8

42.3
41.5
42.9
44.1

42.6
41.4
42.2
45.2

42.6
41.5
42.2
45.2

42.3
41.2
39.1
45.2

42.3
41.3
41. 6
44.7

42.3
41.4
41.8
44.2

41.0
42.0
40. 6
41.9

Lumber and wood products___________
Sawmills and planing mills__________
Millwork, plywood, & related products.
Wooden containers___ _____________
Miscellaneous wood products________

40.4
40.8
41. 4
39. 9
40. 5

40.5
40. 7
41.8
39.8
40.3

40.1
39.9
40.5
40.3
40. 2

40.7
40.7
40.8
40.8
41,2

40.5
40.1
40.8
41.0
41.0

40.5
40.2
41.2
40.8
40.8

40.3
40.1
40.6
40.5
41.0

39.6
39.2
40.2
40.0
40.2

40.0
39.7
40.4
41.0
40.6

40.0
39.5
40. 6
41.5
41.1

40.1
39.8
40.0
41.1
41.1

40.7
40.5
40.7
41.0
41.2

40.7
40.5
40.9
41.6
41.3

40.8
40. 6
41.2
41.5
41.2

40.9
40.6
41. 6
41.2
41.3

Furniture and fixtures________________
Household furniture_______________
Office furniture ................ ......... . . . ____
Partitions and fixtures______________
Other furniture and fixtures. ................

40.8
40. 6
40.1

40.9
40. 5
42. 4
42.4
41. 0

40.0
39. 4
43.3
40. 4
40. 9

40.3
39.8
41.9
41. 5
41.6

39.5
38.9
41.4
40.8
41.0

39.5
39.0
41. 6
40.3
40.8

39.8
39.4
41.6
40.4
40.7

39.7
39.2
41.7
40.7
40.8

40.1
39.6
42.7
41.2
40.4

41.5
41.2
43.3
41.8
42.3

41.4
41.1
43.0
41.3
42.1

41.9
41.7
43.4
42.2
42.5

41.8
41.3
43. 3
42.9
43.1

41.5
41.1
43.2
42.0
42.2

41. 6
41.4
42.3
41.8
41.9

Manufacturing______ ___________ _____
Durable goods._____ _____________
Nondurable goods________________

$2.85
3.02
2.61

$2.82
3.00
2. 57

$2.82
3.00
2.57

$2. 82
2.99
2. 56

$2.81
2. 99
2. 55

$2.80
2. 97
2. 55

$2. 79
2. 96
2. 54

$2. 79
2.96
2. 53

$2.78
2. 96
2. 51

$2. 77
2.96
2. 50

$2. 76
2. 94
2.49

$2. 75
2. 94
2. 48

$2. 75
2.93
2. 47

$2. 72
2.90
2. 45

$2.61
2.79
2. 36

Ordnance and accessories_____________
Ammunition, except for small arms___
Sighting and fire control equipment__
Other ordnance and accessories_______

3.27
3.30
3.17

3.23
3. 26
3.26
3.15

3.23
3.26
3.25
3.15

3. 21
3. 23
3. 26
3.15

3. 20
3. 23
3. 23
3.11

3. 20
3. 23
3. 26
3.12

3.21
3. 25
3. 23
3.10

3. 21
3. 25
3. 24
3.10

3.23
3. 27
3. 25
3.13

3. 24
3.27
3. 21
3.17

3.21
3. 25
3.16
3.13

3.22
3.27
3.11
3.13

3. 21
3. 26
3.10
3.11

3.19
3.25
3.13
3. 06

3.13
3. 23
3.13
2.91

Lumber and wood products______ _____
Sawmills and planing mills__________
Millwork, plywood, & related products.
Wooden containers_________________
Miscellaneous wood products________

2. 42
2.30
2. 58
2.04
2.27

2.40
2.28
2.57
2.01
2.25

2. 41
2.29
2.56
2.00
2.26

2.39
2. 26
2.54
2. 00
2. 23

2. 35
2. 22
2. 51
1.96
2.20

2. 34
2.21
2.51
1.95
2.19

2. 31
2. 20
2. 49
1.92
2.16

2. 30
2. 20
2. 48
1.90
2.16

2. 27
2.16
2. 46
1.84
2.14

2.27
2.14
2. 45
1.84
2.15

2.28
2.14
2.45
1.85
2.16

2. 31
2.15
2.46
1.84
2.15

2. 31
2.17
2. 46
1.85
2.14

2.25
2.12
2. 42
1.82
2.12

2.17
2. 03
2.33
1.77
2. 05

2.35
2. 21

2.32
2.19
2.62
2.89
2.41

2.31
2.18
2,61
2.84
2.41

2. 31
2.18
2.60
2. 85
2. 43

2. 31
2.17
2. 66
2. 86
2. 45

2.29
2.16
2.65
2. 82
2.43

2.28
2.15
2.64
2. 80
2.40

2. 27
2.14
2.65
2. 79
2. 38

2. 26
2.12
2.67
2.79
2.37

2. 26
2. .13
2. 67
2. 80
2. 39

2. 25
2.12
2. 66
2. 78
2. 36

2. 25
2.12
2.65
2.79
2.38

2. 24
2.11
2.65
2. 77
2. 37

2. 21
2.08
2.60
2. 76
2. 32

2.12
2. 01
2. 46
2. 70
2. 20

Average hourly earnings

Furniture and fixtures___________ ____
Household furniture_______________
Office furniture____________________
Partitions and fixtures.... ......................
Other furniture and fixtures_________
See footnotes a t end of table.

2 7 7 -7 6 9 O


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

—

2.49

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

94
T able C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1966

1967

Annual
average

Industry
Sept.2 A ug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1966

1965

Aveïage weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued

Stone, clay, and glass products------------Flat glass- Glassand glassware, pressed or blown-.
Cement, hydraulic_________________
Structural clay products______ ____ - Pottery and related products__ Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products____________________________
Other stone & nonmetallic mineral
products________________________
Prim ary metal industries_____________
Blast furnace and basic steel products..
Iron and steel foundries_____________
Nonferrous metals
________
Nonferrous rolling and drawing______
Nonferrous foundries_______________
Miscellaneous primary metal products.

$119.99 $119.28 $118.01 $117. 46 $116. 62 $115.23 $113.70 $112.19 $113. 71 $115.23 $116. 20 $116.89 $116. 05 $114.24 $110.04
146.11 147.33 152.46 149. 56 150. 33 149.24 150. 28 152. 64 155.06 160. 60 159.87 153. 99 153. 36 149. 60
Ü3. 60 112.80 114.45 113. 93 113.93 113. 24 115. 34 112. 59 114. 26 114. 68 114.12 111.38 111. 58 111.93 106.25
133.74 130.47 132.07 130. 70 130. 41 132. 70 129. 02 128. 70 130. 79 131.65 138.22 132. 39 133. 76 132. 61 124. 42
104. 58 100.70 100. 04 100. 45 99. 72 99. 55 97. 77 96. 07 95.92 96. 48 97.44 98.16 97.99 97.00 94. 02
102.44 99. 46 102. 57 102. 31 103. 22 101. 26 100. 22 101.12 101. 75 102. 36 100.15 100. 44 98.85 95.12
131.04 130.87 127.80 124. 60 121. 05 116. 57 113. 40 111.38 112. 44 114.90 116. 42 121.83 121. 76 117. 65 113.08
118. 40 119.11 117.67 117. 99 117.71 116. 60 114.93 113. 65 115. 36 116. 76 116. 20 118.86 117. 32 115. 64 110. 62
138. 65
145.52
129. 48
134.60
135.04
118.08
149.23

137.83
144.72
129.27
133. 54
131.46
120.77
146.50

136.27
143.47
125.44
133.54
132.51
117.41
143.15

136.12
141. 55
128. 74
134. 20
132. 71
119.95
143.85

134. 64
141. 20
125.86
131.88
130.09!
120. 95
144.14

133. 57
139. 35
123.11
132.51
130.40

135. 38
142. 31
124. 73
131.15
131.24

134.97
140.80
125.44
130. 21
133. 65
117. 68 117. 27 119. 25
142. 27 147.70 148.12

138. 69
144. 02
129. 20
132. 60
136. 66
121. 30
150. 66

137. 61
140. 45
131.63
131.86
138.03
123. 77
152.14

139. 02
142. 97
130. 42
132. 60
139. 42
122.93
155.14

139.02
144. 43
130.90
132.91
136. 47
122. 38
153. 56

141.10
148.16
130.16
132. 71
138. 22
124.41
154.34

138. 09
144. 73
128. 57
129.98
136. 27
120. 56
150. 25

133. 88
140. 90
125. 72
124. 44
130. 07
113.97
143. 52

41.6
42. 6
41.4
41.4
40.2
39.9

41.8
44. C
41.2
42.4
40.6
40.3

42.2
43.8
40.8
41.5
40.9
39.9

42.2
43. 5
40.8
41.8
41. C
39.7

42.0
42.6
41.0
41.7
41.1
39.7

42.0
42.5
40.4
41.2
41.6
39.8
44.0

Average weekly hours
Stone, clay, and glass products____ ____
Flat glass
.
.
___
Glassand glassware, pressed or blown
Cement, hydraulic.___ ___
Structural clay products____________
Pottery and related products..... ...........
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products____________________________
Other stone & nonmetallic mineral
products.. _______________ ____ _
Primary metal industries. ................ ......
Blast furnace and basic steel products..
Iron and steel foundries_____________
Nonferrous metals_________________
Nonferrous rolling and drawing---------Nonferrous foundries.____ __________
Miscellaneous primary metal products.

41.5
41.2
40.4
41.4
40.7
39. 5

40.0
40.9
42.0

42.0
40.7
40.0
40.9
41.1
39.4

41.7
40.7
40.3
41.4
41. C
38.4

41.8
42.0
40.4
41.1
41.0
39.3

45.5

45.6

45.0

44.5

41.4

41.5

41. C

41.4

40.9
40.2
41.5
41.8
42.6
40.3
41.8

40.9
40.2
41.7
41.6
42.0
40.8
41.5

40.8
40.3
41.4
41.6
42.2
39.8
40.9

41.0
40.1
41.8
42.2
42.4
40.8
41.1

40.8
40. C
41.4
42. C
42.1
41.0
41.3

42.1

40.5
41. 4
40.5
40.6
39.7
39.3

41.2
42. A
41.4
41. C
39.8
39. 5

41.3
41.3
40.3
41.6
40.8
39.7

40.9
41. C
40.9
40.7
40. 4
39. 4

43.7

42.7

42. C

41.1

41.8

42.4

42.8

44.3

44.6

43.9

41.3

41.2

40.9

40.3

41.2

41. 7

41. 5

42.3

41.9

41.9

41.9

40.6
39.7
40.9
42.2
42.2
40.3
41.0

40.9
40.2
41.3
41.9
42.2
40.3
42.2

40.9
40. C
41.4
41.6
42.7
40.7
42.2

41.9
40.8
42.5
42.5
43.8
41.4
42.8

41.7
39.9
43.3
42.4
44.1
42.1
43.1

42.0
40.5
42.9
42.5
44.4
42.1
43.7

42.0
40.8
43.2
42.6
43.6
42.2
43. 5

42.5
41.5
43.1
42.4
44.3
42.9
43.6

42.1
41. C
43. C
42.2
44.1
42.3
43.3

42.1
41.2
43.5
41.9
43.5
41.9
43.1

$2.77
3. 64
2. 77
3.18
2.40
2. 55

$2. 78
3. 65
2. 77
3. 26
2.40
2. 54

$2.77
3. 65
2.73
3.19
2.40
2. 51

$2. 75
3. 54
2. 73
3. 20
2. 39
2. 53

$2.72
3. 60
2.73
3.18
2. 36
2.49

$2.62
3. 52
2. 63
3.02
2.26
2. 39

Average hourly earnings
Stone, clay, and glass products....... ..........
Flat glass
_______
. . ___
Glass and glassware, pressed or blow n..
Cement, hydraulic_________________
Structural clay products____________
Pottery and related p ro d u cts__ . ..
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products____________________________
Other stone & nonmetallic mineral
products________________________

$2.85

Prim ary metal industries
__________
Blast furnace and basic steel products..
Iron and steel foundries_____________
Nonferrous m etals.________ ________
Nonferrous rolling and drawing______
Nonferrous foundries_______________
Miscellaneous primary metal products.

3.39
3.62
3.12
3.22
3.17
2.93
3.57

See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.83
3. 62
2.84
3.19
2.44
2.59

$2. 81
3. 63
2.82
3.18
2. 45
2. 61

$2. 81
3.63
2.82
3.15
2. 45
2. 59

2.84
3.27
2.49

$2.84
3.59
2.82
3.19
2.45
2.60

$2.79
3. 64
2.81
3.19
2.44
2. 60

$2. 78
3. 64
2.82
3.17
2. 42
2. 57

$2. 77
3. 63
2.78
3.17
2. 42
2. 55

$2.76
3. 60
2. 76
3.19
2.41
2. 56

2.88

2.87

2.84

2.80

2. 77

2. 73

2.86

2.87

2.87

2.85

2. 85

2.83

2.70

2. 71

2. 69

2. 71

2.72

2. 75

2.73

2.68

2.57

2.81

2.82

2.80

2.80

2.80

2.81

2. 80

2. 76

2.64

3.37
3.60
3.10
3.21
3.13
2.96
3. 53

3.34
3.56
3.03
3.21
3.14
2.95
3.50

3. 32
3. 53
3.08
3.18
3.13
2.94
3.50

3. 30
3. 53
3. 04
3.14
3.09
2.95
3.49

3.29
3. 51
3. 01
3.14
3. 09
2.92
3.47

3.31
3. 54
3. 02
3.13
3.11
2.91
3.50

3.30
3. 52
3.03
3.13
3.13
2.93
3. 51

3.31
3. 53
3.04
3.12
3.12
2.93
3. 52

3. 30
3.52
3. 04
3.11
3.13
2. 94
3.53

3. 31
3. 53
3.04
3.12
3.14
2.92
3.55

3. 31
3.54
3.03
3.12
3.13
2.90
3. 53

3.32
3.57
3.02
3.13
3.12
2. 90
3.54

3.28
3. 53
2.99
3.08
3.09
2.85
3.47

3.18
2. 42
2.89
2.97
2.99
2.72
3.33

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS

T able C -l.

95

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
Sept.2 A ug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued

Fabricated metal products____________ $125. 28 $123. 26 $121.66 $122.84 $123.26 $121.54 $120. 72 $120.83 $122.89 $124.53 $123.81 $124.26 $125. 27 $121. 69 $116.20
Metal cans________________________
147.07 150. 75 147.8‘. 147.94 143. 35 142.86 137.12 137.85 139.4( 136.92 136. 7i 143. 66 140. 40 137. 49
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware___ 120.18 117. 67 113. 20 114. 62 116.16 115.30 115. 46 114. 74 116.60 117.03 116. 62 116.90 116. 76 114. 54 111.64
Plumbing and heating, except electric— 114.37 114.33 111.72 113.81 111.56 110.88 109.14 108.31 109.02 111.35 110.95 113.30 114.40 110.16 105.06
Fabricated structural metal products.. 126.00 123.14 121.84 122.4f 122.12 121.25 122.13 121.42 123.31 125.83 123.09 123.97 124.26 120.83 114.26
Screw machine products, bolts, etc___ 129.03 125. 54 123. 52 125.8i 125.24 125.27 128.33 129.95 131.26 133.18 131.98 130.79 130.92 128.13 120.73
Metal stampings___________________
133.34 133.63 134.72 136.31 131. 02 125.02 127.08 131.25 133.76 135. 65 138.21 139.28 133. 61 129.03
Metal services, nec ________________ 110. 68 109. 47 106.80 109.06 108. 26 107.98 108.39 106.92 108.21 109.20 107.90 108.78 110.85 107.26 100. 43
Misc. fabricated wire products_______ 113.16 109.48 108.94 111.25 110.02 108. 54 109. 75 108.27 111.10 112.71 112.98 112.59 113.10 110.88 104.92
Misc. fabricated metal products______ 122.01 119.31 118.15 118. 20 119. 77 119. 07 120.35 118.78 121.51 121.09 119.83 120.98 121.55 119. 43 113.84
Machinery, except electrical___________
Engines and turbines_______________
Farm machinery___________________
Construction and related m achinery...
Metal working machinery. _________
Special industry machinery_________
General industrial machinery________
Office and computing machines______
Service industry machines______ ____
Misc. machinery, except electrical____

134. 72 133. 56 133. 24
138. 51 140. 01 139. 26
125. 45 123.80
132.61 132.19 129. 56
153.37 149. 55 151. 80
127. 26 125.10 125.10
132.40 132.72 132.09
133. 02 130. 73 130.10
119.19 118. 78 119.19
130. 66 129.68 129.08

134.09
140.15
126.32
129. 78
153.52
126.9C
132.92
129. 78
117.96
130.90

134.30
141.92
128. 3C
130.73
154.35
126. 78
133.88
128.34
118.24
129. 60

134.82
142.27
130.38
130.52
156.07
128.14
132.29
130.20
115.83
129.17

136.20
146.20
135.14
131.57
156.29
128.01
133. 65
130. 51
117.83
129.47

135.88
143. 72
136.21
130.83
156. 52
127. 41
131. 66
129.58
116.52
130.80

137.03
143. 48
136.40
131.35
157. 42
129. 65
136. 47
131. 75
115.26
133.20

138.60
154.51
132.29
134.08
157.17
132. 61
138.92
133.85
119.81
132.46

136.78
144. 66
127.89
135. 45
155.69
130.10
137.09
132.18
119.68
132.76

136.34
138. 69
130.29
135.14
153. 77
128.92
137.90
132.49
118.85
132.02

136.53
143.81
131.57
135.33
153.05
130. 09
138. 40
131. 44
116.05
130.83

134.90
142.95
129.89
133.92
153.72
127.16
135.21
131.33
117.18
128.91

127.58
133.44
121.72
126.39
144. 37
120.22
126.56
127.20
112.19
121.21

Average weekly hours
Fabricated metal products ___________
Metal cans.
. . .
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware___
Plumbing and heating, except electric..
Fabricated structural metal products..
Screw machine products, bolts, etc___
Metal stampings___________________
Metal services, nec_________________
Misc. fabricated wire products_______
Misc. fabricated metal products______
Machinery, except electrical___________
Engines and turbines_______________
Farm machinery_________________
Construction arid related machinery__
Metal working machinery ____ . .
Special industry machinery_________
General industrial machinery________
Office and computing machines______
Service industry machines__________
Misc. machinery, except electrical____

4.19
41.3
40.7
42.0
43.3
41.3
41.0
41.5
42.1
40.5
41.7
44.2
42.0
41.9
41.7
41.1
42.7

41.5
43.9
41.0
40.4
41.6
42.7
41.8
41.0
40.4
41.0

41.1
44. 6
40.0
39.9
41.3
42.3
41.5
40.0
40.2
40.6

41.5
44.0
40.5
40.5
41.5
42.8
42.1
41.0
40.9
40.9

41.5
43 9
40.9
39.7
41.4
42.6
42.2
40.7
40.6
41.3

41.2
42 R
40.6
39.6
41.1
42.9
41.2
40.9
40.5
41.2

41.2
42 Q
40.8
39.4
41.4
43.8
40.2
40.9
40.8
41.5

41.1
41 3
40.4
39.1
41.3
44.2
40.6
40.5
40.4
41.1

41.8
41 Q
41.2
39.5
41.8
44.8
41.8
41.3
41.3
41.9

42.5

42.4

42.7

42.9

42.4

42.1

41.5
40.2
42.8
45.3
42.6
42.0
41.9
41.9

41.5
40.2
42.3
45.2
43.2
41.5
42/0
41.9

41.6
41.2
42.6
45.1
43.6
42.0
41.7
42.3

41.7
41.3
42.7
45.3
43.8
42.8
42.2
42.5

41.5
40.5
42.1
44.8
43.1
41.9
42.0
42.2

41.5
40.1
41.7
43.9
43.3
41.5
41.8
41.7

42.0
40.7
39.7
41.7
43.6
41.7
42.0
41.5
41.1
42.8

41.9
40.6
39.3
41.0
44.0
41.7
41.8
41.3
41.1
42.6

42.3
41.1
40.1
41.2
44.5
42.3
42.2
41.2
41.1
43.2

42.5
41.5
40.6
41.5
45.0
42.4
42.5
41.4
41.2
43.2

42.8
41.6
41.0
41.7
45.5
43.0
42.4
42.0
40.5
43.2

43.1
42.5
42.1
41.9
45.7
43.1
42.7
42.1
41.2
43.3

43.0
41.9
42.3
41.8
45.9
42.9
42.2
41.8
40.6
43.6

43.5
42.2
42.1
42.1
46.3
43.8
43.6
42.5
40.3
44.4

44.0
44.4
41.6
42.7
46.5
44.8
44.1
42.9
41.6
44.6

43.7
42.8
40. 6
43.0
46.2
44.1
43.8
42.5
41.7
44.7

43.7
41.4
41.1
42.9
45.9
44.0
44.2
42.6
41.7
44.6

43.9
42.8
41.9
43.1
46.1
44.4
44.5
42.4
41.3
44.5

43.8
42.8
41.9
43.2
46.3
44.0
43.9
42.5
41.7
44.3

43.1
41.7
41. 4
42.7
45.4
43.4
42.9
42.4
41.4
43.6

Average hourly earnings
Fabricated metal products____________
Metal cans.
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware___
Plumbing and heating, except electric..
Fabricated structural metal products..
Screw machine products, bolts, etc___
Metal stampings_______ _
Metal services,"nec.____ ___________
Misc. fabricated wire products.. ____
Misc. fabricated metal products______

$2.99

Machinery, except electrical___________
Engines and turbines_______________
Farm m achinery...
Construction and related machinery__
Metal working m achinery... . . . ___
Special industry machinery_________
General industrial machinery________
Office and computing machines______
Service industry machines_____ _____
Misc. machinery, except electrical____

3.20
3.42

See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.91
2.81
3.00
2.98
2.68
2.76
2.94

3.18
3.47
3.03
3.16
3.19
2.90
3.06

$2.97
3.35
2.87
2.83
2.96
2.94
3.19
2.67
2. 71
2.91

$2.96
3.38
2.83
2.80
2.95
2.92
3.22
2.67
2.71
2.91

$2.96
3.36
2.83
2.81
2.95
2.94
3.20
2.66
2. 72
2.89

$2.97
3 37
2.84
2.81
2.95
2.94
3.23
2.66
2. 71
2.90

3.18
3.44
3.16
3.17
3.43
3.00
3.16
3.15
2.89
3.03

3.18
3.43
3.15
3.16
3. 45
3.00
3.16
3.15
2.90
3.03

3.17
3.41
3.15
3.15
3.45
3.00
3.15
3.15
2.87
3.03

3.16
3. 42
3.16
3.15
3.43
2.99
3.15
3.10
2.87
3.00

$2.95 $2.93
3 3ñ
3 33
2.84
2.83
2.80
2. 77
2.95
2.95
2.92
2.93
3 1R 3 11
2.64
2.65
2.68
2.69
2.89
2.90
3.15
3.42
3 18
3.13
3.43
2.98
3.12
3.10
2.86
2.99

3.16
3. 44
3 21
3.14
3.42
2.97
3.13
3.10
2.86
2.99

$2.94
3 32
2.84
2. 77
2.94
2.94
3 13
2. 64
2.68
2.89

$2.94

$2.93

$2.92

$2.91

$2.92

$2.87

$2. 76

2.83
2.76
2.95
2.93
3 14
2.62
2.69
2.90

2.82
2.77
2.94
2.94

2.81
2.76
2.91
2.92

2.81
2/75
2.91
2.90

2.80
2. 77
2.91
2.89

2.76
2.72
2.87
2.86

2.69
2.62
2.74
2.75

2.60
2.69
2.89

2.60
2.69
2.86

2.59
2.70
2.86

2. 59
2.68
2. 86

2.56
2.64
2.83

2.42
2.51
2.73

3.16
3.43
3 22
3.13
3.41
2.97
3.12
3.10
2.87
3.00

3.15
3. 40

3.15
3.48

3.13
3.38

3.12
3.35

3.11
3. 36

3.08
3.34

2.96
3.20

3.12
3.40
2.96
3.13
3.10
2.86
3.00

3.14
3.38
2.96
3.15
3.12
2.88
2.97

3.15
3.37
2.95
3.13
3.11
2.87
2.97

3.15
3.35
2.93
3.12
3.11
2.85
2.96

3. 14
3.32
2. 93
3.11
3.10
2.81
2.94

3.10
3.32
2.89
3.08
3.09
2.81
2.91

2.96
3.18
2.77
2.95
3.00
2.71
2.78

96

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

T able C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
Sept.2 A ug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continue
Durable goods— Continued
Electrical equipment and supplies_____
Electric test & distributing equipm ent..
Electrical industrial apparatus_______
Household appliances______________
Electric lighting and wiring equipmentRadio and TV receiving equipment__
Communication equipment_________
Electronic components and accessories..
Mise. Electrical equipment & supplies..
Transportation equipment ___________
Motor vehicles and equipment_______
Aircraft and parts. ________________
Ship and boat building and repairing. _
Railroad equipm ent. ________ ___
Other transportation equipment_____

$112.59
122.60
119.02
119.95

$111.35 $111.32 $111.88 $110.12 $108. 35 $108.93 $107. 98 $109. 35 $111.24 $110. 56 $109. 74 $110. 54 $109.18 $105. 78
120. 47 119.14 119.45 119.It i 119.36 120.10 118.82 118.43 123. 69 120. 69 118.02 119.99 117.46 113 02
116.18 118. 75 116. 76 116.95 , 117.62 117. 26 116. 85 118.85 119.71 118. 02 118. 44 120. 70 118.72 113. 70
119. 80 121. 50 119. 39 118. 7C 111.95 115.15 114. 76 115. 63 116.80 121. 01 119. 65 122. 51 118. 82 114. 54
________
104. 40 102. 05 104. 26 104. 0C 100. 74 102. 56 100.10 103.97 104. 70 104. 45 104.14 103.82 102.41 99. 55
95.36 95.28 93.17 92. 2C 91.37 86. 76 89. 21 90. 82 92.97 94. 80 96.88 96.72 96. 32 94. 33 91. 54
126. 48 125.26 124.12 126. 48 124. 05 123. 62 124.12 123.82 124. 56 125. 63 123.02 122.18 122.64 120.93 116. 47
94. 08 94.71 94.38 93. 6C 92. It 91.45 91.42 90.56 91.41 92.86 92.00 92.40 92. 06 92 11 89 28
122.18 120.18 120.00 118.80 117. 91 116.13 116. 82 115.94 121.18 125.40 127.32 123. 90 122.43 119.89 115. 36
146. 28 143. 72 140. 29 141.17 141. 78 137. 30 136.49 136. 21 141. 02 144. 93 145.18 146.29 144. 41 141. 86 137 71
149.94 144. 23 145.11 144. 96 135.76 133.86 135. 63 143. 50 150. 80 151. 71 154.86 151.87 147. 23 147. 63
145. 78 144. 67 144. 21 145. Ot 145.18 145.09 143. 06 144. 24 144.14 145.92 144.05 143. 52 143. 32 131.88
133. 72 130. 94 127. 26 130. 90 133. 09 132.95 132. 60 127.59 133.63 136. 21 130. 60 134.18 129. 51 130. 41 121. 50
133. 23 137. 54 135. 32 138. 25 139. 0£ 136. 0C 139. It 141. 66 141. 92 141.80 140. 70 135.81 137.09 129.44
106.91 102.00 106. 50 102.97 98. 60 98.89 94. 75 93.07 94.92 95. 01 97.60 99. 55 95. 52 93.09
Average weekly hours

Electrical equipment and supplies_____
Electric test & distributing equipment.
Electrical industrial apparatus_______
Household appliances________ _____
Electric lighting and wiring equipmentRadio and TV receiving equipment__
Communication equipment_________
Electronic components and accessories.
Mise, electrical equipment & supplies..
Transportation equipment___ ________
Motor vehicles and equipment_______
Aircraft and parts_______ ____ ___
Ship and boat building and repairing ..
Railroad equipm ent. _____________
Other transportation equipment_____

40.5
41.7
40.9
40.8
...

___

39.9
40.8
39.2
41.0
42.4
49.4

40.2
41.4
40. 2
40.2
40.0
39.7
40.8
39.3
40.6

39.9
40.8
40.8
40.5
39.4
38.5
40.3
39.0
40.0

40.1
41.2
40.4
40.2
40.1
38.1
41.2
39.0
40.0

39.9
41.1
40.6
40.1
40.0
37.6
40.8
38.9
39.7

39.4
41.3
40.7
38.2
39.2
36.0
40.8
38.6
39.5

39.9
41.7
41.0
39.3
39.6
37.8
41.1
38.9
39.6

39.7
41.4
41.0
39.3
38.8
38.0
41.0
38.7
39.3

40.5
41.7
41.7
39.6
40.3
38.9
41.8
39.4
40.8

41.2
42.8
42.3
40.0
40.9
39.5
42.3
40.2
41.8

41.1
42.2
42.0
41.3
40.8
40.2
41.7
40.0
42.3

41.1
42. 0
42. 0
41. 4
41.0
40.3
41. 7
40. 0
42.0

41.4
42. 7
42. 5
42.1
41.2
40. 3
42.0
40. 2
41.5

41 2
42.1
42. 4
41 4
40.8
39. 8
41. 7
40.4
41.2

41 0
41 4
41 8
41 2
40! 8
39 8
41. 3
40 4
41.2

41.9
42.0
42.5
39.8
39.3
41.6

40.9
40.4
42.3
38.8
40.1
40.0

41.4
41.0
42.3
40.4
39.8
41.6

41.7
41.3
42.8
40.7
40.3
40.7

40.5
38.9
42.7
40.9
40.2
39.6

40.5
38.8
42.8
40.8
40.0
39.4

40.3
39.2
42.2
39.5
40.7
37.9

41.6
41.0
42.8
41.5
41.3
38.3

42.5
42.6
42.9
42.3
40.9
38.9

42.7
43.1
43.3
41.2
41.1
39.1

42.9
43. 5
43.0
41.8
40.9
40.0

42.6
42.9
43.1
40.6
40. 3
40.8

42. 6
42. 8
43. 3
41. 4
40. 8
39.8

42.9
44 2
42. 0
40 5
40 2
40.3

Average hourly earnings
Electrical equipment and supplies_____
Electric test & distributing equipm ent..
Electrical industrial apparatus_______
Household appliances_______ ______
Electric lighting and wiring equipmentRadio and TV receiving equipment__
Communication equipment_________
Electronic components and accessories.
Mise, electrical equipment & supplies..

$2.78
2.94
2.91
2.94

Transportation equipment____________
Motor vehicles and equipment_______
Aircraft and parts..... ....... ....................
Ship and boat building and repairing..
Railroad equipment ______________
Other transportation equipment_____

3. 45

See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.39
3.10
2.40
2.98

3.31

$2. 77
2. 91
2.89
2.98
2.61
2. 40
3.07
2. 41
2.96

$2.79
2. 92
2.91
3.00
2. 59
2. 42
3.08
2. 42
3.00

$2.79
2. 90
2.89
2.97
2.60
2. 42
3. 07
2. 40
2.97

$2. 76
2. 90
2.88
2.96
2.60
2.43
3.04
2. 37
2. 97

$2. 75
2.89
2. 89
2.93
2.57
2.41
3.03
2. 37
2.94

$2.73
2.88
2.86
2.93
2. 59
2.36
3. 02
2.35
2.95

$2.72
2.87
2.85
2.92
2.58
2.39
3. 02
2.34
2.95

$2.70
2.84
2.85
2.92
2.58
2.39
2. 98
2. 32
2.97

$2.70
2.89
2.83
2.92
2.56
2.40
2.97
2.31
3.00

$2.69
2.86
2.81
2.93
2. 56
2. 41
2.95
2.30
3.01

$2. 67
2.81
2.82
2. 89
2. 54
2.40
2.93
2.31
2.95

$2. 67
2. 81
2.84
2.91
2. 52
2. 39
2.92
2. 29
2.95

$2. 65
2 79
2. 80
2. 87
2. 51
2 37
2. 90
2 28
2. 91

$2 58
2 73
2 72
2 78
2 44
2 30
2 82
2 21
2.80

3.43
3. 57
3.43
3. 29
3.39
2. 57

3.43
3.57
3.42
3.28
3. 43
2. 55

3.41
3.54
3. 41
3.24
3. 40
2.56

3.40
3. 51
3. 39
3. 27
3. 43
2. 53

3.39
3.49
3.40
3. 25
3. 46
2.49

3.37
3. 45
3. 39
3. 25
3.40
2.51

3.38
3.46
3.39
3.23
3.42
2.50

3. 39
3.50
3. 37
3.22
3.43
2.43

3. 41
3.54
3. 36
3.22
3. 47
2.44

3.40
3. 52
3. 37
3.17
3. 45
2.43

3.41
3. 56
3. 35
3. 21
3.44
2.44

3. 39
3. 54
3. 33
3 19
3 37
2.44

3 33
3. 44
3 31
3 15
3 38
2.40

3 21
3 34
3 14
3 00
3 9,2
2.31

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS

T able C -l.

97

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
Sept.2 Aug. 2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods— Continued

Instruments and related products_____ $118.12 $117.14 $116. 28 $117.01 $115.90 $115. 77 $115.51 $114.11 $115.65 $116.89 $116.20 $116.05 $116.05 $114.93 $108.47
Engineering & scientific instruments.
134.30 136. 00 137.90 137.14 138.85 137.85 133.65 133.30 136.97 134.23 134.23 133 80 133.18 125.33
Mechanical measuring & control de­
vices....... ...... ....................................... 113.81 112.16 110. 25 110.92 113.24 111.20 112.72 110.92 116.06 117.88 117.18 117.04 116.34 115.78 109.03
Optical and ophthalmic goods______ 107. 59 107. 71 107.04 107.94 105.82 105.67 104.86 103.68 105.22 106.59 105. 41 103. 75 105.59 103.66 99.30
Ophthalmic goods.................... ........
95.44 94.96 94.80 94.09 94.09 93.06 92.59 93.20 94.42 94.60 93.20 94.71 92.84 89.40
Medical instruments and supplies____ 100.85 99.29 98. 46 98.40 98. 74 98.33 97.44 97.69 96. 64 97.68 97.51 97.17 96.76 95.24 90.63
Photographic equipment and supplies.
141.86 140.10 141. 67 137. 48 135.98 137.49 136.53 136.21 136.28 134.59 137.66 136.47 134.54 128.14
Watches, clocks, and watchcases_____
93.93 93.53 93.06 90.87 91.77 91.43 90.23 92.06 92.11 91.69 91.65 92.48 91.39 87.85
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. 93.06 92.43 90.79 92.20 91.57 91.57 92.20 90.17 91.87 91.20 90.45 90.09 89.20 88.80
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are.-. 107.59 106. 23 103.22 104.26 105.30 105.18 104.52 100. 47 103.38 108.03 109.23 108.20 105.42 102.26
Toys, and sporting goods......................
83.92 81.96 83.10 82.11 82. 71 83.10 81.79 82.53 79.17 79.60 79.60 78.41 78.80
Pens, pencils, office and art supplies__
90.78 90.16 90.68 90.06 89.33 89.04 87.58 88.31 90.17 90. 45 89.38 88.07 86.65
Costume jewelry and notions________
83.42 81.75 85.36 84.07 84.46 83.42 81.32 82.47 82.35 80.13 81.37 81.58 81.39
Other manufacturing industries........... 99. 75 98.60 96.47 97.86 96.97 96.58 97.71 96.08 97.66 97.84 97.84 97.28 96.16 95.68
Musical instruments and parts_____
99.40 99. 79 98.39 96.75 99.15 99.43 98.89 100.85 103.91 104. 75 103. 42 99.55 100.53

85.39
95.53
76.44
82.82
77.62
92.46
97.75

Average weekly hours
Instruments and related products....... .
Engineering & scientific instruments.-.
Mechanical measuring & control de­
vices....... ................ .......................... .
Optical and ophthalmic goods.............
Ophthalmic goods_______________
Medical instruments and supplies____
Photographic equipment and supplies..
Watches, clocks, and watchcases..........

41.3

41.1
42.5

40.8
42.5

41.2
43.5

41.1
43.4

41.2
43.8

41.4
43.9

40.9
42.7

41.6
43.0

42.2
43.9

42.1
43.3

42.2
43.3

42.2
43.3

42.1
43.1

41.4
41.5

40.5
40.6

40.2
40.8
40.1
40.2
42.6
39.8

39.8
40.7
39.9
39.7
42.2
39.8

39.9
41.2
40.0
40.0
42.8
39.6

40.3
40.7
39.7
40.3
42.3
39.0

40.0
40.8
39.7
40.3
42.1
39.9

40.4
40.8
39.6
40.1
42.7
40.1

39.9
40.5
39.4
40.2
42.4
39.4

41.6
41.1
40.0
40.1
42.7
40.2

42.1
41.8
40.7
40.7
43.4
40.4

42.0
41.5
40.6
40.8
43.0
41.3

42.1
41.5
40.7
41.0
43.7
41.1

42.0
41.9
41.0
41.0
43.6
41.1

42.1
41.8
40.9
40.7
43.4
40.8

41.3
41.9
41.2
40.1
43.0
40.3

39.5
40.7
39.4
39.3
38.8
39.6
39.6

38.8
39.7
38.3
39.2
38.2
38.9
39.6

39.4
40.1
39.2
39.6
39.7
39.3
39.2

39.3
40.5
39.1
39.5
39.1
39.1
38.7

39.3
40.3
39.2
39.7
39.1
39.1
39.5

39.4
40.2
39.2
39.4
38.8
39.4
39.3

38.7
39.4
38.4
39.1
38.0
38.9
39.4

39.6
40.7
39.3
39.6
38.9
39.7
40.5

40.0
42.2
39.0
40.8
39.4
40.1
41.9

40.2
42.5
40.0
41.3
38.9
40.1
41.9

40.4
42.6
40.0
41.0
39.5
40.2
41.7

40.0
42.0
39.4
40.4
39.6
39.9
40.8

40.0
41.4
39.4
40.3
39.7
40.2
41.2

39.9
41.0
39.2
40.4
39.6
40.2
40.9

40.5

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are...
Toys and sporting goods.. . . ________
Pens, pencils, office and art supplies__
Costume jewelry and notions________
Other manufacturing industries______
Musical instruments and parts_____

39.6
40.6

39.9

Average hourly earnings
Instruments and related products............
Engineering & scientific instrum ents...
Mechanical measuring & control de­
vices................. .............................. ......
Optical and ophthalmic goods________
Ophthalmic goods_____ ____ ______
Medical instruments and supplies____
Photographic equipment and supplies..
Watches, clocks, and watchcases_____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries. _
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware.-.
Toys and sporting goods.......... ............
Pens, pencils, office and art supplies___
Costume jewelry and notions...............
Other manufacturing industries______
Musical instruments and parts_____
See footnotes at end of table.

2 7 7 -7 6 9 0 - 67 - 8


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.86

2.85
3.16

2.85
3.20

$2.84
3.17

$2.82
3.16

$2.81
3.17

$2.79
3.14

$2.79
3.13

$2.78
3.10

$2. 77
3.12

$2. 76
3.10

$2.75
3.10

$2.75
3.09

$2.73
3.09

$2.62
3.02

2.81
2. 65

2.79
2.64
2.38
2.47
3.33
2.36

2. 77
2.63
2.38
2.48
3.32
2.35

2.78
2.62
2.37
2. 46
3.31
2.35

2.81
2.60
2.37
2. 45
3.25
2.33

2.78
2.59
2.37
2.44
3.23
2.30

2.79
2.57
2.35
2.43
3.22
2.28

2.78
2.56
2.35
2.43
3.22
2.29

2.79
2.56
2.33
2.41
3.19
2.29

2.80
2.55
2.32
2.40
3.14
2.28

2.79
2.54
2.33
2.39
3.13
2.22

2.78
2.50
2.29
2.37
3.15
2.23

2.77
2.52
2.31
2.36
3.13
2.25

2.75
2. 48
2.27
2.34
3.10
2.24

2.64
2.37
2.17
2.26
2.98
2.18

2.34
2.61
2.13
2.31
2.15
2.49
2.51

2.34
2.60
2.14
2.30
2.14
2. 48
2.52

2.34
2.60
2.12
2.29
2.15
2.49
2.51

2.33
2.60
2.10
2.28
2.15
2.48
2.50

2.33
2.61
2.11
2.25
2.16
2.47
2.51

2.34
2.60
2.12
2.26
2.15
2. 48
2.53

2.33
2.55
2.13
2.24
2.14
2. 47
2.51

2.32
2.54
2.10
2.23
2.12
2.46
2.49

2.28
2.56
2.03
2.21
2.09
2.44
2.48

2.25
2.57
1.99
2.19
2.06
2.44
2.50

2.23
2.54
1.99
2.18
2.06
2.42
2.48

2.23
2.51
1.99
2.18
2.06
2.41
2.44

2.22
2.47
2.00
2.15
2.05
2.38
2.44

2.14
2.33
1.95
2.05
1.96
2.30
2.39

—

2.49
2.35
2. 65

2.50

98

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

T able C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
Sept.2 Aug. 2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
N o n d u r a b le goods

Food and kindred products.
Meat products__________ ..
Dairy products______ ___
Canned, cured, and frozen foods__
Grain mill pro d u cts..............
Bakery products______________ .
Sugar___________
Confectionery and related p roducts...
Beverages____ _______
Misc. foods and kindred products_____

$108.36 $107.53 $108.62 $108.50 $107.18 $105.86 $106. 52 $105.18 $106.08 $106.14 $104.90 $104.08 $104.92 $103.82
119. 71 114.82 116.06 115. 09 113.83 113.96 112.16 110. 76 115. 64 116. 05 114.51 112.44 113.94 109. 74
115. 72 114.28 116.15 114.38 111.57 110.62 110. 62 110.88 110.46 110. 56 110.30 109.88 110.50 103.13
85. 69 82.84 83.76 84.52 82.06 84.26 83.11 82.60 81.87 80.32 82.58 87.34 83.35
127.32 126.13 126.40 120.50 120.39 118.53 120.01 119.14 122.30 123.12 122.94 124.01 124.08 118.61
109. 48 108.00 110.16 108. 68 107.07 104. 28 104. 67 104.67 103.49 104. 01 104.54 105.99 106.11 104.38
123.72 124.53 122.06 124. 64 126. 59 127.30 115.53 110.68 111. 28 110.11 101.39 119.48 114.78
92.39 94.76 92.34 92.86 91.94 87.85 91.66 90.45 88.80 87.85 88.22 89.06 89.06 87.34
124.03 125.33 127. 44 127.26 123.42 123.93 122.91 119.20 117.89 122.36 121.99 120. 07 119.14 119. 60
109.04 108.20 108.26 107. 78 106. 50 105.16 105.59 104.17 103.91 105.11 105.35 104.25 104.55 102.12

$99.87
107.27
105. 08
78.99
113.40
101.40
110.33
83. 53
114. 09
98.79

82.08 83.16 88.10 81.24 82.14 83.62 84.97
98.19 103.95 112. 47 100. 77 105.72 106.23 105.45
64.78 64.98 68. 02 68.24 66.41 64. 61 65.84

79.21
97.27
63.95

Tobacco manufactures__________
Cigarettes......................
Cigars___________________

87.02

Textile mill products.................
Weaving mills, cotton________ .
Weaving mills, synthetics.___ ______
Weaving and finishing mills, wool____
Narrow fabric m ills ___
Knitting mills_________
Textile finishing, except wool ..
Floor covering m ills_________
Yarn and thread m ills.. . .
Miscellaneous textile goods

87.35
90.74
92.24
93.08
83.23
76.03
95. 57
80. 73
100.19

88.20 91.44 94.41 90.30 91.33 87.52
110. 64 113.24 113.98 107.48 110.25 105. 71
69.74 63.89 68.81 68. 08 66.97 64.80
84.05
84.03
86.31
92.45
82.21
76.64
91.32
95.89
76.92
96.22

81.41
81.40
84. 46
91.81
80.80
74.69
88.94
90.09
74.64
93.07

82. 82
83.42
83.43
91.16
81.81
74.88
94.81
88.19
75.39
94.62

82. 22
84.03
84. 25
90.10
81.40
73.72
94.38
87.15
74.24
92.43

81.20
84.23
83.43
87.99
79.40
72. 75
93.94
83.43
72.93
92.89

81.20
84.64
82.62
86.73
78.21
72. 56
92.43
82.42
72.91
91.88

80. 60
85.04
82.62
86.11
77.82
71.80
90.91
79.39
72.73
90.98

81.61
86.28
83.84
87. 57
80.15
70.68
90. 27
82.01
74.37
93.44

82. 40
87.29
84.84
87.78
81.34
70.88
93.31
83.82
75.48
93.66

83.42
87.29
87.11
85.68
81.16
72.58
92.66
86.88
77.42
96.53

83.40
86.46
86. 70
86.53
82.15
73. 51
92.66
86.88
78.35
96. 54

83.38
87.06
87.31
87.78
81.90
72.93
91.59
86.68
79. 24
96. 56

82.12
85.54
87.03
87.54
80.26
71.60
91.58
83.36
77.59
93.95

78.17
80.28
83.90
83.69
75.99
68.29
85.85
81.51
73.70
88.83

Average weekly hours
Food and kindred pro d u cts..................
Meat products______________
Dairy products________________
Canned, cured, and frozen foods__
Grain mill products____ .
Bakery products._______________
Sugar___________
Confectionery and related products.. .
Beverages_________
Misc. foods and kindred products.........

41.2
42.6
42.7
45.8
40.4
40.7
40.8
42.1

41.2
41.6
42.8
38.6
46.2
40.3
40.3
41.2
41.5
42.1

41.3
41.9
43.5
38.0
46.3
¿0.8
40.3
39.8
42.2
41.8

41.1
41.4
43.0
37.9
44.3
40.4
39.5
40.2
42.0
42.1

40.6
40.8
42.1
37.9
44.1
40.1
41.0
39.8
40.6
41.6

40.1
40.7
41.9
36.8
43.1
39.5
41.1
38.7
40.9
41.4

40.5
40.2
41.9
38.3
43.8
39.8
41.6
40.2
40.7
41.9

40.3
39.7
42.0
38.3
43.8
39.8
39.7
40.2
40.0
41.5

40.8
41.3
42.0
38.6
44.8
39.5
40.1
40.0
40.1
41.9

41.3
42.2
42.2
38.8
45.1
39.7
42.8
40.3
41.2
42.9

41.3
42.1
42.1
38.8
45.2
39.9
44.4
40.1
40.8
43.0

41.3
41.8
42.1
39.7
46.1
40.3
39.3
40.3
40.7
42.9

41.8
42.2
42.5
41.2
46.3
40.5
41.2
40.3
40.8
42.5

41.2
41.1
42.3
39.5
45.1
40.3
42.2
39.7
41.1
42.2

41.1
41.1
42.2
39.3
45.0
40.4
42.6
39.4
40.6
42.4

Tobacco manufactures_______ .
Cigarettes.........................
C igars.._............... ..........

39.2

39.2
39.8
37.9

38.1
40.3
35.3

39.5
41.0
37.6

38.1
38.8
37.2

38.7
39.8
37.0

37.4
38.3
35.8

36.0
36.1
35.4

37.8
38.5
35.9

40.6
41.5
38.0

38.5
37.6
37.7

39.3
39.3
37.1

40.2
39.2
36.5

38.8
39.2
37.2

37.9
37.7
37.4

Textile mill products.................
Weaving mills, cotton______________
Weaving mills, synthetics..............
Weaving and finishing mills, w o o l.__
Narrow fabrics mills................ ...............
Knitting m ills.................................
Textile finishing, except wool
Floor covering mills_______ .
Yarn and thread mills______________
Miscellaneous textile goods....... .............

41.4
42.4
42.9
42.5
40.6
38.4
42.1

41.2
41.6
42.1
43.2
40.9
39.1
41.7
44.6
40.7
42.2

40.3
40.7
41.4
42.9
40.4
38.5
40.8
42.9
39.7
41.0

40.8
41.5
41.1
42.8
40.7
38.6
42.9
42.4
40.1
41.5

40.5
41.6
41.3
42.5
40.7
38.0
42.9
41.9
39.7
40.9

40.2
41.7
41.1
41.9
40.1
37.5
42.7
40.5
39.0
41.1

40.2
41.9
40.7
41.3
39.5
37.4
42.4
40.4
39.2
41.2

40.1
42.1
40.7
41.2
39.5
37.2
41.7
49.3
39.1
40.8

40.6
42.5
41.3
41.7
41.1
37.2
41.6
40.4
40.2
41.9

41.2
43.0
42.0
42.0
41.5
37.7
43.0
41.7
40.8
42.0

41.5
43.0
42.7
40.8
41.2
38.4
42.7
42.8
41.4
42.9

41.7
42.8
42.5
41.4
41.7
39.1
42.9
42.8
41.9
43.1

41.9
43.1
42.8
42.0
42.0
39.0
42.8
42.7
42.6
43.3

41.9
43.2
43.3
42.7
41.8
38.7
43.2
42.1
42.4
42.9

41.8
42.7
43.7
42.7
41.3
38.8
42.5
42.9
42.6
42.3

$2.51 $2.52
2.67
2.70
2.58
2.60
2.11
2.12
2.63
2.68
2.59
2. 62
2.9C 2.72
2,21
2.20
2.91
2.92
2.42
2.46

$2.43
2.61
2.49
2.01
2.52
2.51
2.59
2.12
2.81
2.33

41.4
43.0

Average hourly earnings
Food and kindred products........
Meat products_________
Dairy products______ _____________
Canned, cured, and frozen foods..
Grain mill products............
Bakery products................... ................
Sugar____________
Confectionery and related products___
Beverages_________________ .
Misc. foods and kindred products____
Tobacco manufactures_______________
Cigarettes_______ ________
Cigars ___
Textile mill products............. ....................
Weaving mills, cotton____ __________
Weaving mills, synthetics.___ ______
Weaving and finishing mills, wool____
Narrow fabric m ills................................
Knitting m ills____ ________________
Textile finishing, except wool________
Floor covering mills .
Yarn and thread mills______________
Miscellaneous textile goods_________
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.63
2.81
2.71

2.27
3.04
2. 59
2.22

2. 61
2.78
2.67
2.22
2.73
2.68
3.07
2.30
3.02
2.57
2.25

2.63
2.77
2.67
2.18
2.73
2.70
3.09
2.32
3.02
2.59
2.4C

2.11

2.78
1.84
2.04

2.81
1.81
2.02

2.02
2.05
2. B
2.01
1.96
2.19
2.15
1.89
2.28

2.00
2.04
2.14
2.0C

2.78
2.71

2.14
2.15
2.19
2.05
1.98
2.27
1.95
2.3 :

1 .9 '

2.18
2.1(
1.88
2. 27

$2.64
2.78
2.66
2.21
2.72
2.69
3.09
2.31
3.03
2.56

$2.64 $2. 64
2. 79 2.80
2.64
2.65
2. 23
2.23
2.73
2.75
2.64
2. 67
3.04
3.08
2.31
2.27
3.04
3.03
2.54
2. 56

$2.63
2.79
2. 64
2.20
2.74
2.63
3.06
2.28
3.02
2.52

$2.61
2.79
2.64
2.17
2.72
2. 63
2.91
2.25
2.98
2. 51

$2.60
2.80
2.63
2.14
2. 73
2.62
2.76
2.22
2.94
2.48

$2.57
2. 75
2.62
2.11
2.73
2. 62
2. 60
2.18
2.97
2.45

$2.54
2.72
2.62
2.07
2. 72
2. 62
2. 48
2. 20
2.99
2. 45

$2.52
2.69
2.61
2.08
2. 69
2.63
2.58
2.21
2.95
2.43

2.39
2.78
1.83

2.37
2.77
1.83

2.36
2. 77
1.81

2.34
2.76
1.81

2.28
2.72
1.83

2. 2C
2.7C
1.81

2.17
2.71
1.79

2.11
2.68
1.81

2.09
2. 69
1.79

2.08
2.71
1.77

2.19
2.69
1.77

2.09
2. 58
1.71

2.05
2.01
2. 0c

2.03
2.02
2.04
2.12
2.0C
1.94

2. 02
2.02
2.0c
2.10
1.98
1.94

2.02
2.02
2.03
2.10
1.98
1.94
2.18

2.01
2. 02
2.0c
2.09
1.97
1.9c
2.18
2.02
1.86
2.23

2.01
2.0c
2.0c
2.10
1.95
1.90
2.17
2.0c
1.85
2.23

2.00
2.0c
2.02
2.09
1.96
1.88
2.17
2.01
1.85
2. 23

2.01
2.03
2.04
2.10
1.97
1.89
2.17
2.0c
1.87
2. 25

2.00
2.02
2.04
2.09
1.97

1.99
2.02
2.04
2.09
1.95
1.87
2 . 14

1.96
1.98
2.01
2.05
1.92
1.85
2.12
1.98
1.83
2.19

1.87
1.88
1.92
1.96
1.84
1.76
2.02
1.9C
1.73
2.10

2 ,1 1

2.01
1.9'
2.21
2 . OS
1 .8 8

2.28

2 . 2(

2 . 2(

2.08
1.87
2. 26

2.06
1.87
2. 26

2 . O'

1.86
2. 23

1 .8 8

2.16
2.01
1.87
2 .2 4

2 .o ;

1.86
2.23

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C -l.

99

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
Sept. 2 Aug. 2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued

Apparel and other textile products
$74.11 $74. 42 $72.16 $72. 52
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats_.
90. 77 90.27 85.18 88. 67
Men’s and boys’ furnishings
__
64.05 64.55 63.49 63.66
Women’s and misses’ outerwear
76. 94 78.09 76.81 74.58
Women’s and children’s undergarments- 68.63 67.89 65.88 65.88
Hats, caps, and millinery.
___
74. 66 74.98 72. 62
Children’s outerwear________
66.88 66.55 66. 74 67.49
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel.
79.57 77.96 77.83
Mise, fabricated textile products______ 82.73 83.03 75.11 78.00
Paper and allied products____
125. 42 123. 98 123.69 122.41
Paper and pulp mills____
142.08 141. 76 141.96 139. 67
Paperboard mills. _____
146.25 146. 45 144.13 141.88
Mise, converted paper products______ 107.68 106. 71 107.38 106.30
Paperboard containers and boxes
115.29 111.99 110.12 110.88

120. 28
137.64
136. 22
104.86
108.47

119.00
136.40
137. 28
103.38
107. 01

119.71
136.89
139.78
105.22
107.38

119.14
136. 75
137.90
104.55
105.41

119.84
137. 20
138. 08
106.08
107. 07

120.81
138.12
138. 57
105.84
109.65

121.80
139. 05
140.43
105.84
110.33

121.37
138. 43
139. 05
104.75
111. 11

121.92
138.29
138.91
106.17
111.89

119.35
135.30
138. 62
104.16
108.63

114. 22
128.16
132.14
99.42
104. 23

Printing and publishing. . .
Newspapers_______ _____
P erio d icals..___ . . .
Books. _____ ____
Commercial printing ___
Blankbooks and bookbinding________
Other publishing & printing ind ___

125. 06
126.71
130.87
115.51
129.17
96.75
127. 71

123.33
125. 65
129.81
113.71
126.75
93.99
128.43

123.97
124.95
129. 63
115. 09
127. 26
96.36
128.64

125.90
131.33
132.20
114. 54
128.08
96.72
127.14

124.87
129. 55
133. 72
115.08
128.16
96.33
125.32

125. 51
128.47
136. 78
115.93
129. 52
96.92
126.10

125.51
127. 75
139. 78
117. 04
129. 44
95.31
127. 20

122. 61
125.24
130. 65
114.53
126. 56
95.16
124.94

118.12
119.85
126.23
110.68
120.96
91.57
120.90

128.48 125. 90
131. 40 129. 60
137. 63
114.37
135.41 129. 63
100. 23 97. 52
127. 21 128. 48

$71.80 $72.16 $71.80 $71.04 $70. 40 $69.87 $70. 25 $70. 64 $67.83 $68.80 $66. 61
88. 22 87.75 87.00 85. 70 88.09 87. 78 86.94 87.17 84.83 85. 79 81.86
62. 78 62.97 62.80 63.15 61.42 61.34 60.64 59.68 59.36 59.15 57.90
74.43 75.99 75. 77 74. 21 72.08 71.02 71.32 72.42 68.55 71.34 68.68
65.70 65.51 65.70 64.98 63.89 63. 70 65.98 66.12 64.18 63.10 60.19
68.75 69.58 71.75 75. 90 74.16 72.27 70.62 72.69 67.86 71.18 70.08
66.01 65.08 64.40 65.14 64. 62 62. 66 62. 48 62.48 59.86 62.99 60. 79
78.12 76.96 75.75 75.18 74.57 76.34 77.91 • 78. 58 72.92 74.70 71.18
78.83 76.84 77. 25 75.85 77.29 79.15 79.54 81.56 77. 55 76. 02 74.11

124. 91
128.52
138. 23
111.84
128. 58
94. 75
125. 68

124.86
129.95
133.12
112.16
128. 58
96.64
125.68

124.86
129. 60
130.42
115. 65
127. 59
98.16
126.34

124.03
127. 44
130. 02
114.26
127.47
97.78
125.18

35.9
36.4
36.7
34.6
36.2
36.4
35.5
35. 6
37.0

35.9
37.1
36.8
33.9
36.2
35.6
35.9
35 7
37.5

35.9
37.7
36.5
34.3
35.9
34.9
35.3
3fi 0
37! 9

35.9
37.5
36.4
34.7
35.8
35.5
34.8
3fi 3
37]3

35.9
37.5
36.3
34.6
36.1
35.0
35.0

35.7
37.1
36.5
34.2
35.9
35.8
35.4

36.1
38.3
37.0
34.0
36.3
36.0
36.1

36.2
38.5
37.4
33.5
36.4
36.5
35.4

36.4
38.3
37.2
33.8
37.7
36.4
35.7

36.6
38.4
37.3
34.0
38.0
36.9
35.7

35.7
37.7
37.1
32.8
37.1
34.8
34.4

36.4
38.3
37.2
34.3
36.9
36.5
36.2

36.4
37.9
37.6
34.0
36.7
36.5
36.4

37! 5

37! 0

37.7

38.8

38.8

39.4

38.2

38! 2

38! 4

Average weekly hours
Apparel and other textile products. __ _.
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats___
Men’s and boys’ furnishings__ ___
Women’s and misses’ outerwear..
Women’s and children’s undergarments.
Hats, caps, and millinery . .
Children’s outerwear... ___
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel.„
Mise, fabricated textile products*.... ..

35.8
37.2
36.6
33.6
36.7

38.3

36.3
37.3
37.1
34.4
37.1
36.6
35.4
36. 5
38.8

Paper and allied products
Paper and pulp mills_____ ______
__
Paperboard mills__
Mise, converted paper products______
Paperboard containers and boxes_____

43.1
44.4
45.0
41.1
42.7

42.9
44.3
45.2
41.2
42.1

42.8
44.5
44.9
41.3
41.4

42.8
44.2
44.9
41.2
42.0

42.5
44.4
43.8
40.8
41.4

42.2
•14.0
44.0
40.7
41.0

42.6
44.3
44.8
41.1
41.3

42.4
44.4
44.2
41.0
40.7

42.8
44.4
44.4
41.6
41.5

43.3
44.7
44.7
42.0
42.5

43.5
45.0
45.3
42.0
42.6

43.5
44.8
45.0
41.9
42.9

43.7
44.9
45.1
42.3
43.2

43.4
44.8
45.3
42.0
42.6

43.1
44.5
45.1
41.6
42.2

Printing and publishing___
___
Newspapers . _ _____
P erio d icals..___ _ .
Books . . . ___ ___
Commercial printing ____
Blankbooks and bookbinding______
Other publishing & printing ind .

38.7
36.4

38.5
36.2
40 6
40 7
39.4
38.7
38.7

38.2
36.0
40 3
39.8
39.2
37.9
38.2

38.3
36.3

38.3
36.2

38.4
36.0

38.6
36.1

38.3
35.9

38.5
35.7

39.1
37.1

38.9
36.7

39.1
36.6

39.1
36.5

38.8
36.3

38.6
36.1

40 2
39.2
38.5
38.2

41 fi
38.9
38.8
38.4

39.1
38.8
38.4

39.5
38.7
38.7

39.0
37.9
38.8

39.4
38.7
39.1

39.9
39.0
39.0

39.8
39.0
38.8

35.2

40.3
39.0
38.2

41 7
40! 1
39.4

41 8
41 3
39.8 39.4
39.0 38.8

38.8

40.2
38.9
38.9

38.8

39.0

$1.89
2. 24
1.59
2.08
1.71
1.95

Average hourly earnings
Apparel and other textile products____
Men’s and boys’ suits arid coats______
Men’s and boys’ furnishings ____
Women’s and misses’ outerwear__
Women’s and children’s undergarments.
Hats, caps, and millinery ______
Childreri’s outerwear.. . I _____ . _
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel
Mise, fabricated textile products._____

$2.07
2. 44
1.75
2.29
1.87

2.16

$2.05
2. 42
1.74
2.27
1.83
2. 04
1.88
2.18
2.14

$2.01
2.34
1.73
2. 22
1.82
2. 06
1.88
2.19
2.03

Paper and allied products___
Paper and pulp mills_________
Paperboard mills______
Mise, converted paper products
Paperboard containers and boxes.........

2.91
3.20
3.25
2. 62
2.70

2.89
3.20
3.24
2. 59
2. 66

2.89
3.19
3.21
2.60
2.66

2.86
3.16
3.16
2.58
2.64

2.83
3.10
3.11
2.57
2. 62

2.82
3.10
3.12
2. 54
2.61

2.81
3.09
3.12
2. 56
2.60

2.81
3.08
3.12
2.55
2.59

2.80
3.09
3.11
2.55
2.58

2.79
3.09
3.10
2.52
2.58

Printing and publishing______________
Newspapers*...... .............. .
P eriodicals.___ _ . . .
Books.. . . .
Commercial printing . . . ___ _____
Blankbooks and bookbinding________
Other publishing & printing In d _____

3.32
3.61

3. 27
3.58
3.39
2.81
3.29
2.52
3.32

3.27
3.57
3.43
2.81
3.28
2.50
3.29

3.26
3.58
3 37
2 79
3.28
2.51
3.29

3.26
3.58
3 37
2 78
3.28
2.53
3.29

3.23
3.54
3 30
2 7fi
3.26
2.52
3.26

3.24
3. 51
3 33

3.22
3. 50
3 32

3.27
2.50
3.30

3.25
2.48
3.31

3. 22
3.50
3 29
2 78
3.23
2.49
3.29

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.90

3.36
2.57
3.33

$2.02
2.39
1.73
2.20
1.82
2 04
1.88
2.18
2.08

$2.00
2.34
1.72
2.17
1.83
1 97
1.87
2.17
2.08

$2.01
2.34
1.73
2.19
1.83
1 Qfi
1.87
2.12
2.06

$2.00
2. 32
1.73
2.19
1.82
2 05
1.84
2.11
2.06

$1.99
2.31
1.73
2.17
1.81

$1.95
2.30
1.66
2.12
1.76

$1.93
2.28
1.64
2.12
1.75
1 98

$1.93
2. 27
1.63
2.11
1.75
1 94

$1.93
2. 27
1.60
2.13
1.74
1 97

$1.90
2.25
1.60
2.09
1.73
1 95

1.84
2.10
2.05

1.79
2. 06
2.05

2 08
2.04

2 10
2. 05

2. 09
2.07

2.03

1.99

$1.83
2.16
1.54
2.02
1.64
1.92
1.67
1.95
1.93

2.80
3.09
3.10
2.52
2.59

2.79
3.09
3.09
2. 50
2. 59

2. 79
3.08
3.08
2.51
2.59

2.75
3.02
3.06
2.48
2. 55

2. 65
2.88
2.93
2.39
2.47

3.22
3.54
3 33
2 78

3.21
3.53
3 31
2 80

2.48
3. 26

3.23

3.21
3.51
3 32
2 78
3.23
2. 46
3.25

3.21
3.50
3.36
2.80
3.22
2.45
3.27

3.16
3.45
3.25
2.74
3.18
2.44
3.22

3. 06
3.32
3.14
2.68
3.07
2.36
3.10

1.77

3.21

1.75

3.22
2.47

1.75

1.74 1.74
2.02 2.03

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

100
T able C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Annual
average

1966

1967
Industry
Sept.2 Aug.2 July

June

May

Mar.

Apr.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued

$130. 62 $128.86 $129. 48 $128. 65 $127.10 $127. 49 $126.88 $125. 25 $126.16 $127.68 $127.98 $127.56 $127.14 $125.16 $121.09
Chemicals and allied products_________ $130.62
Industrial chemicals------- --------------- 147.07 143.24 145. 74 143. 72 142.12 142.80 142. 04 140.19 141. 20 143.65 145.09 143. 65 142. 04 140.86 136.08
Plastics materials and synthetics------- 128.85 129.89 129.89 128.63 126. 46 125.33 125.33 123.19 123.07 126. 78 126.48 125.88 125.33 125.08 120. 70
Drugs___________________________ 117.33 114.97 114.86 114.97 115. 26 118.08 118. 24 117.96 117.55 117. 01 116.18 115.49 113.96 113. 02 107.04
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods______ 125.66 125.46 125.26 124.34 125.05 123.32 122. 61 122.10 122.29 120.83 122.06 122.35 122.35 119.94 113.15
Paints and allied products--------------- 125. 58 121.84 121.18 122.47 120. 60 117.91 117. 50 115.66 116.81 118. 24 118.40 118. 24 119.83 118.01 113.15
Agricultural chem icals.-.---------------- 109.67 108.68 110.08 107.19 105.*40 112. 70 109.31 105.40 107. 75 106.32 104.90 106. 70 105. 58 105. 27 100.69
Other chemical products___________ 125.63 123. 67 123.30 123.37 121.13 122. 43 121.84 119.95 120.30 123. 77 122. 47 122. 22 123.97 119.97 116.48
Petroleum and coal products-------------Petroleum refining________________
Other petroleum and coal products—
Rubber and plastics products, nec.
Tires and inner tubes__________

Other rubber products------------Miscellaneous plastics products.
Leather and leather products___
Leather tanning and finishing.
Footwear, except rubber_____
Other leather products______

154.80 152.37 156.67 152.72 153.58 153.15 150.94 147.97 144.90 145. 67 146.70 145.01 146.80
160.36 157.13 163.07 159. 47 161. 41 161.36 159.38 156.19 151.94 152.82 154.34 150.12 152.04
137.56 136.03 134.98 131. 24 126. 58 123.41 117.04 114.90 116.05 118.02 119.85 127.84 130. 42
117.46 116.34 105.73 109.03 107. 57 110.30 110.16 109.35 112.19 113.13 113. 67 113.94 114. 21
177.10 174. 41 145.89 164.94 162. 50 154.45 154. 76 154.03 161.62 165.10 165.17 166. 66 165.99
112.06 111.78 104. 54 107.30 105.18 106.66 106. 52 105. 73 108.09 no. 09 110.62 110. 62 110.72
98.06 97.00 95. 75 96.29 94.94 94. 71 94. 54 93.43 94.37 94.30 94.35 95.45 95.68

144. 58 138.42
151.56 145.05
120.22 115.90
112.14 109.62
163.39 158.06
107.74 103.82
94.39 92.77

79. 42 80.11 79.75 79.28 77.04 75.19 75. 65 76.13 77.20 76.63 76.03 74.68 74.09 74.88
109. 56 106.39 103.22 107.45 107. 57 104.66 103. 20 101. 65 102. 66 104.19 104. 23 103. 53 101.85 101.75
76. 70 77.97 77. 42 76.20 74.00 71.64 72.44 73.68 75.08 73.92 72.39 70.88 71.25 71.81
77.14 76.78 77.14 76.73 74. 57 73. 77 75. 35 73. 8C 74.86 74.87 76. 05 75.08 71.62 73.15
73.70 74. 47 72.89 70.79 70.40 70.36 70.59 71.05 69.19 72.20 71.82 66.22 69.38

71.82
97.99
68.80
70.49
67.86

Average weekly hours
Chemicals and allied products________
Industrial chemicals_______________
Plastics materials and synthetics_____
Drugs---------- ------------------------------Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods...........
Paints and allied products------- -------Agricultural chemicals_____________
Other chemical products___________

41.6
41.9
41.7
40.6
41.2
42.0
41.7
41.6

41.3
41.4
41.9
40.2
41.0
41.3
41.8
41.5

41.5
42.0
41.9
40.3
40.8
41.5
42.5
41.1

41.5
41.9
41.9
40.2
40.9
41.8
42.2
41.4

41.4
41.8
41.6
40.3
41.0
41.3
42.5
41.2

41.8
42.0
41.5
41.0
40.7
40.8
46.0
41.5

41.6
41.9
41.5
41.2
40.6
40.8
44.8
41.3

41.2
41.6
41.2
41.1
40.7
40.3
42.5
40.8

41.5
41.9
41.3
41.1
40.9
40.7
43.1
41.2

42.0
42.5
42.4
41.2
41.1
41.2
42.7
42.1

42.1
42.8
42.3
41.2
41.8
41.4
42.3
41.8

42.1
42.5
42.1
41.1
41.9
41.2
43.2
42.0

42.1
42.4
42.2
40.7
41.9
41.9
42.4
42.6

42.0
42.3
42.4
40.8
41.5
41.7
43.5
41.8

41.9
42.0
42.5
40.7
40.7
41.6
43.4
41.9

Petroleum and coal products_________
Petroleum refining_______________ Other petroleum and coal products__ -

43.0
42.2
45.7

42.8
41.9
45.8

43.4
42.8
45.6

42.9
42.3
45.1

42.9
42.7
43.8

42.9
42.8
43.3

42.4
42.5
41.8

41.8
42.1
40.6

41.4
41.4
41.3

42.1
42.1
42.0

42.4
42.4
42.5

42.4
41.7
44.7

42.8
42.0
45.6

42.4
42.1
43.4

42.2
41.8
43.9

Rubber and plastics products, nec..........
Tires and inner tubes______________
Other rubber products..........................
Miscellaneous plastics products______

42.1
46.0
41.2
41.2

42.0
45.3
41.4
41.1

40.2
40.3
39.9
40.4

41.3
44.7
40.8
40.8

40.9
44.4
40.3
40.4

40.7
42.2
40.4
40.3

40.8
42.4
40.5
40.4

40.5
42.2
40.2
40.1

41.4
43.8
41.1
40.5

41.9
44.5
41.7
41.0

42.1
44.4
41.9
41.2

42.2
44.8
41.9
41.5

42.3
44.5
42.1
41.6

42.0
44.4
41.6
41. 4

42.0
44.4
41. 2
41. 6

Leather and leather products_________
Leather tanning and finishing_______
Footwear, except rubber___________
Other leather products....... ............. —
Handbags and personal leather goods.

38.0
41.5
37.6
38.0

38.7
40.3
38.6
38.2
37.6

38.9
39.7
39.1
38.0
37.8

38.3
40.7
38.1
37.8
37.0

37.4
40.9
37.0
37.1
36.3

36.5
40.1
36.0
36.7
36.1

36.9
40.0
36.4
37.3
35.9

37.5
39.4
37.4
36.9
36.2

38.6
40.1
38.7
38. C
37.2

38.7
40.7
38.7
38.2
37.0

38.4
40.4
37.9
39.0
38.0

38.1
40.6
37.5
38.7
37.8

37.8
40.1
37.7
37.3
35.6

38.6
40.7
38.4
38.3
37.5

38.2
41.0
37.8
38.1
37.7

Average hourly earnings
Chemicals and allied products________
Industrial chemicals..............................
Plastics materials and synthetics____
Drugs----------- ----------------------------Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods...........
Paints and allied products...... .........
Agricultural chemicals_____________
Other chemical products___________

$3.14
3.51
3.09
2.89
3.05
2.99
2.63
3.02

$3.12
3.46
3.10
2.86
3.06
2.95
2.60
2.98

$3.12
3. 47
3.10
2.85
3.07
2.92
2.59
3.00

$3.10
3.43
3.07
2.86
3.04
2.93
2.54
2.98

$3.07
3.40
3.04
2.86
3.05
2.92
2.48
2.94

$3.05
3.40
3.02
2.88
3.03
2.89
2.45
2.95

$3.05
3.39
3.02
2.87
3.02
2.88
2.44
2.95

$3.04
3.37
2.99
2.87
3.00
2.87
2.48
2.94

$3.04
3.37
2.98
2.86
2.99
2.87
2.50
2.92

$3.04
3.38
2.99
2.84
2.94
2.87
2. 49
2.94

$3.04
3.39
2.99
2.82
2.92
2.86
2.48
2.93

$3.03
3.38
2.99
2.81
2.92
2.87
2. 47
2.91

$3.02
3.35
2.97
2.80
2.92
2.86
2.49
2.91

$2.98
3.33
2.95
2.77
2.89
2.83
2.42
2.87

$2.89
3. 24
2.84
2.63
2.78
2.72
2.32
2.78

Petroleum and coal products_________
Petroleum refining________________
Other petroleum and coal products__

3.60
3.80
3.01

3.56
3.75
2.97

3. 61
3.81
2.96

3. 56
3. 77
2.91

3.58
3.78
2.89

3.57
3.77
2.85

3.56
3. 75
2.80

3.54
3.71
2.83

3. 50
3. 67
2.81

3.46
3.63
2.81

3. 46
3.64
2.82

3.42
3.60
2.86

3.43
3. 62
2.86

3.41
3.60
2. 77

3.28
3. 47
2.64

Rubber and plastics products, nec____
Tires and inner tubes...........................
Other rubber products_____________
Miscellaneous plastics products_____ --

2. 79
3.85
2.72
2.38

2.77
3.85
2.70
2.36

2.63
3. 62
2.62
2.37

2.64
3.69
2.63
2.36

2.63
3.66
2. 61
2.35

2.71
3.66
2.64
2.35

2.70
3. 65
2.63
2.34

2.70
3. 65
2.63
2.33

2.71
3.69
2.63
2.33

2. 70
3. 71
2.64
2.30

2.70
3.72
2.64
2.29

2.70
3.72
2.64
2.30

2.70
3.73
2.63
2.30

2.67
3.68
2.59
2.28

2.61
3.56
2.52
2. 23

Leather and leather products_________
Leather tanning and finishing........ .
Footwear, except rubber___________
Other leather products.................... .
Handbags and personal leather goods.

2.09
2.64
2.04
2.03

2.07
2. 64
2.02
2.01
1.96

2.05
2.60
1.98
2.03
1.97

2.07
2. 64
2.00
2.03
1.97

2.06
2.63
2.00
2.01
1.95

2.06
2.61
1.99
2.01
1.95

2.05
2.58
1.99
2.02
1.96

2.03
2.58
1.97
2.00
1.95

2.00
2.56
1.94
1.97
1.91

1.98
2.56
1.91
1.96
1.87

1.98
2.58
1.91
1.95
1.90

1.96
2.55
1.89
1.94
1.90

1.96
2. 54
1.89
1.92
1.86

1.94
A 50
1.87
1.91
1.85

1.88
2.39
1.82
1.85
1.80

See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS

T able C -l.

101

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
Sept.2 A ug.2 July

June

Apr.

May

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads3____________ _____
Local and suburban transportation____
Intercity highway transportation_____
Trucking and warehousing___________
Public warehousing___ ___________
Pipe line transportation..........................
Communication......................................Telephone communication_________
Telegraph communication 4------------Radio and television broadcasting----Electric, gas, and sanitary services------Electric companies and systems_____
Gas companies and systems.-............
Combination companies and systems.
Water, steam, & sanitary systems.......

$

120. 25 $119.13 $117.

158. 40 153,
143.
104.
155.
119.
113.
135.
153,
140.
144,
128,
153,

$117.
146.
136.
99.
159.
117.

112,

$138.
113.
136.
135.
97.
155.
117.

$114.
144.
121.
101.

166.
117.

112.

112.

133.
154.
140.
144.
129.
151.
113.

128.
154.
140.
143.
129.
152.
113.

$143.

$137.

$137.

112.

112.

112.

145.
132.
97.
161.
118.

143.
137.
99.
154.

$137.
114.
145.
136.
98.
152.

120.

122.

111.

128.
153.
139.
143.
128.
151.
111.

142.
134.
98.
157.
120.

114.
131.
154.
141.
143.
128.
156.
113.

$132.
115.
142.

13S.

128.
152.
139.
141.
129.
150.

115.
128.
154.
140.
142.
128.
154.

117.
127.
158.
140.
142.
129.
152.

96.
152.
119.
114.
130.
154.
141.
142.
131.
154.

112.

111.

112.

111.

112.

$135.
112.

151.
138.
98.
152.
119.
114.
131.
152.
137.
139.
128.
149.
111.

$135.
112.

144.
135.
96.
151.
118.
113.
128.
151.
136.
139.
125.
149.

110.

$130.80
108. 20
133.72
130. 48
93.50
145.85
114. 62
109. 08
122. 55
147.63
131. 24
133.31
120. 83
143. 79
105.16

Average weekly hours
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads 3______ _____
Local and suburban transportation___
Intercity highway transportation.........
Trucking and warehousing___ ______
Public warehousing....... ......................
Pipeline transportation..........................
C ommunication..................... ................
Telephone communication____ ____
Telegraph communication
............
Radio and television broadcasting__
Electric, gas, and sanitary services___
Electric companies and systems.........
Gas companies and systems_______
Combination companies and systems.
Water, steam, & sanitary systems___

43.1
45.0
43.0
41.2
41.3
39.5
39.3
43.0
39.9
41.3
41.5
40.7
41.7
40.3

42.7
43.3
42.5
40.4
41.5
39.8
39.6
43.3
40.0
41.5
41.8
40.8
41.8
40.5

42.2
43.2
42.7
40.5
41.1
39.6
39.4
42.9
39.9
41.4
41.7
40.4
41.9
40.4

42.5
42.7
41.8
39.5
41.0
39.1
38.9
43.9
39.5
41.2
41.4
40.7
41.5
40.4

41.8
42.9
38.2
40.4
42.7
39.3
39.1
42.6
39.9
41.3
41.5
40.5
41.9
40.6

43.7
41.8
41.0
41.7
39.4
41.0
39.0
38.8
42.5
39.6
41.3
41.4
40.9
41.7
40.4

44. 1
41. 5
42. 9
41. 8
40. 0
41. 2
39. 9
39. 8
43. 4
39. 8
41. 6
41. 7
40. 8
42. 2
40. 8

43.1
41.6
43.5
41.5
40.5
42.1
39.6
39.5
42.5
39.7
41.3
41.5
41.2
41.3
40.6

43.7
41.9
43.4
42.8
41.3
41.6
40.0
39.9
42.7
39.9
41.7
41.7
41.0
42.5
40.8

44.2
42.5
44.1
42.5
41.6
41.5
41.4
41.5
42.4
40.5
41.7
41.8
41.5
41.9
41.2

42.9
42.8
43.3
42.9
41.2
40.6
40.8
40.8
43.1
40.2
41.9
41.8
41.7
42.3
41.0

44, 0
42, 1
45 9
43 1
40 8
41 4
40 9
40 9
43 4
39. 9
41. 4
41, 4
41, 3
41. 5
41. 2

43.9
42.4
44.6
42.5
40.5
41.0
40.6
40.6
43.1
39.8
41.5
41.7
41.1
41.7
41.2

43.6
42.1
43.7
42.5
40.3
41.2
40.5
40.4
43.0
39.9
41.4
41.4
41.1
41.8
41.4

$3. 14
2. 69
3. 30
3. 22
2. 40
3. 71
3. 01
2. 89
3. 01
3. 87
3. 36
3. 41
3. 13
3. 63
2. 74

$3.12
2.69
3.30
3. 22
2.36
3. 67
2.96
2.82
3.01
3.91
3.37
3. 42
3.13
3.64
2.74

$3.10
2.69
3.29
3. 22
2.35
3. 75
2.93
2.80
3. 02
3. 85
3. 37
3. 41
3.15
3.65
2.72

$3. 09
2.67
3.29
3.22
2.41
3.69
2.92
2.79
3.04
3.83
3.33
3.38
3.10
3.61
2. 70

$3.09
2. 65
3.25
3.18
2.39
3.69
2.92
2. 79
2.97
3.80
3.30
3.35
3.06
3. 59

$3.00
2. 57
3. 06
3. 07
2.32
3.54
2.83
2.70
2.85
3.70
3.17
3. 22
2.94
3. 44
2. 54

Average hourly earnings
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads 3. . ...................
Local and suburban transportation___
Intercity highway transportation_____
Trucking and warehousing....................
Public warehousing._______________
Pipeline transportation..........................
Communication___________________
Telephone communication.................
Telegraph communication 4________
Radio and television broadcasting___
Electric, gas, and sanitary services___
Electric companies and systems.........
Gas companies and systems...............
Combination companies and systems
Water, steam, & sanitary systems___
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.79
3.52
3.33
2.54
3.77
3.02
2.89
3.14
3.85
3.41
3.48
3.15
3.68
2.80

$2.79
3.55
3.33
2.54
3.86
3.02
2.88

3.14
3.93
3.43
3.51
3.21
3.66
2.83

$2. 78
3.48
3.31
2. 51
3.79
3.02
2.89
3.15
3.88
3.43
3.50
3.19
3.67
2.81

$2.77
3. 42
3. 26
2.51
3.88
3. 01
2.88

3. 05
3. 91
3.41
3.48
3.18
3.66
2.80

$2. 73
3.37
3.19
2. 52
3.90
3.00
2.87
3.01
3.86
3.41
3. 46
3.19
3.65
2. 79

$3.17
2. 72
3.32
3.24
2.48
3.80
3.00
2.87
3. 02
3.88
3.38
3.46
3.13
3.63
2.77

$3. 26 $3.19
2. 72
2.71
3.32
3.34
3. 22 3.20
2.46
2.41
3.84
3.82
3. 01
2.98
2.88
2.86
3. 02 3.02
3.83
3.88
3.37
3. 41
3. 41
3. 45
3.15
3.15
3.65
3.70
2.78
2.76

2.68

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

102
T able C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1966

1967

Annual
average

Industry
Sept.2 Aug. 2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade__ ___ . . . - $83.08 $83. 78 $84.15 $82.80 $81.09
Wholesale trade... . -------------- — 117. 56 115. 95 117. 62 116. 64 115. 66
Motor vehicles & automotive equip108.00 107.23 107.38 106.97
ment
____ ___
-- -- _____
119.70 120.99 117. 90 117.51
Drugs chemicals, and allied products .
114.82 114.90 112. 48 112.05
Dry goods and apparel_____ _ ___
Groceries and related products.
110.27 111. 76 108. 79 106.92
Electrical goods----- . . .
---- ——
123. 73 129.86 129.63 129.20
Hardware, plumbing & heating equip110.29 111.78 111.10 110. 02
ment
- __
-- __Machinery, equipment, and supplies.
129. 24 129. 02 129.51 128.30
Miscellaneous wholesalers. _ _ _______
114. 23 115.89 114.80 113.43
Retail trade_____ . ---- . . . . .
71. 51 73.16 72.96 71.56 69.80
Retail general merchandise .
66.25 65. 86 64.35 62.99
Department stores.
...
69.76 69.89 68.31 66. 65
77.39 77.17 76.38 75.26
Mail order houses.
51.35! 51.51 49.57 48.00
Variety stores . _ _____
Food stores
__ ______ ___ _
77. 70 77. 70 75.70 73.14
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores..
78.62 79.20 76.83 73. 80
63.17 63. 65 62.59 60. 80
Apparel and accessory stores..
Men’s & boys’ clothing & furnishings _
75. 05 76. 46! 76. 47 73. 01
Women’s ready-to-wear stores
57.75 58.10 56.72 56.00
Family clothing stores____ _ . . . .
61.75 61.90 60.78 60.35
Shoe stores. _ . . . . _. . ------- ------64. 51 64. 35 62.51 59.69

$80. 73 $80.59 $80. 22 $80.30 $79.92 $79. 57 $79.86 $79. 55 $79.02 $76.53
115. 26 114. 74 114. 05 114. 09 114. 52 113. 27 112. 74 112.33 111.38 106. 49
105.32
117. 51
111.81
105. 73
132.98

107. 23
118. 59
112.48
106. 25
129.20

104. 65
118. 50
110. 58
105. 59
130.85

105.41
117.89
109. 53
105. 26
132.98

106.17
117. 27
109.16
104.39
136.95

105. 66
115. 60
109.15
104.04
126.65

105. 41
115.49
110. 78
103. 48
128.87

106. 26
115. 66
108.95
104. 55
127.97

104. 08
114.17
107. 26
102. 09
126.98

100.14
109.08
103.19
97.00
122.84

109.34 108. 27 108.14 108. 68 108.81 108.00 108.95 108.12 107.30 101.91
127.80 126. 27 125.05 124. 24 125.97 125. 46 124.53 122.59 121. 66 115. 23
113.83 113. 60 112.92 113.08 114. 05 112. 40 111.60 111.35 110. 95 107. 20
69.80 69.30 69.10 69.15 69. 65 68.64 68.87 69.09 68. 57 66. 61
62.34 61.88 61.18 61.05 62.24 60.26 61.01 61.38 60.94 59.15
65.81 65. 04 64. 52 64.92 64. 70 63.36 65. 27 65.87 64. 55 62.98
74.48 75.39 72.24 69.42 83.83 73.08 70. 04 71.25 71.51 71.00
48.16 48.34 47. 70 46.35 48.77 46.97 46.66 46.66 46.19 44.10
72.37 72. 49 72.27 72. 27 72.14 72. 59 71.81 73.10 72. 21 70. 66
73.25 73.47 73. 47 73.15 72.81 73.81 72.81 74.34 73.22 71.69
60.86 60.03 60. 03 60.35 61.15 58.24 58.97 59.01 58. 89 57.46
73. 22 71.99 72.91 75.15 74.13 72.12 72.03 71.48 71.96 69.84
55. 53 55. 21 55.01 55.38 -55. 78 52.95 53.13 52.98 52.97 51. 46
60.40 59. 52 58.06 57. 22 59. 43 57.14 58.50 57.61 58. 21 56.28
58.98 57.83 58. 53 59.03 60.03 56.36 58. 02 60. 41 58.40 56. 64
Average weekly hours

Wholesale and retail trade____ __________
36.6
Wholesale trade_____________________
40. 4
Motor vehicles & automotive equip­
m en t_______ ___________________ ______
Drugs, chemicals, and allied p ro d u cts.-_____
Dry goods and apparel-----------------------------Groceries and related products-------------------Electrical goods___________________ ______
Hardware, plumbing & heating equip­
m en t-........... ........... ........... .................. ..........
Machinery, equipment, and su p p lie s..._____
Miscellaneous wholesalers___________ ______
Retail trade________________________ ______
Retail general merchandise-----------------------Department stores_________ _____- _____
Mail order houses________________ ____
Variety stores___________________ ______
Food stores________ _____________________
Grocery, meat, and vegetable s to re s .._____
Apparel and accessory sto re s------------ --------Men’s & boys’ clothing & furnishings. _____
Women’s ready-to-wear stores______ ______
Family clothing stores____________ ______
Shoe stores______________________

37.4
40.4

37.4
40.7

36.8
40.5

36.2
40.3

36.2
40.3

36.3
40.4

36.3
40.3

36.5
40.6

37.0
40.9

36.5
40.6

36.8
40.7

37.0
40.7

37.1
40.8

37.7
40.8

41.7
39.9
38. 4
41.3
40.7

41.4
39.8
38.3
41.7
42.3

41.3
39.3
38.0
40.9
42.5

41.3
39.3
37.6
40.5
42.5

41.4
39.4
38.0
40.4
42.5

41.3
39.7
37.9
40.2
43.6

41.2
39.9
38.0
40.3
42.9

41.5
40.1
37.9
40.8
43.6

41.8
40.3
38.3
41.1
44.9

41.6
40.0
37.9
40.8
42.5

41.5
40.1
38.2
40.9
43.1

42.0
40.3
37.7
41.0
42.8

41.8
40.2
37.9
41.0
42.9

41.9
40.4
37.8
41.1
42.8

40.4
40.9
39.8
36.4
33.8
33.7
35.5
31.7
35.0
35.1
33.6
35.4
33.0
33.2
33.6

40. 5
40.7
40.1
36.3
33.6
33.6
35. 4
31.6
35.0
35.2
33. 5
35.4
33.2
33.1
33.0

40.4
40.6
40.0
35.6
33.0
33.0
35.2
30.6
34.1
34.3
32.6
34.6
32.6
32.5
31.1

40.3
40.6
39.8
34.9
32.3
32.2
35.5
30.0
32.8
32.8
32.0
33.8
32.0
32.1
30.3

40.2
40.7
39.8
34.9
32.3
32.1
35.3
30.1
32.6
32.7
32.2
33.9
32.1
32.3
30.4

40.1
40.6
40.0
35.0
32.4
32.2
35.9
30.4
32.8
32.8
32.1
33.8
32.1
32.0
30.6

40.2
40.6
39.9
34.9
32.2
32.1
34.4
30.0
32.7
32.8
32.1
33.6
31.8
31.9
31.3

40.4
40.6
40.1
35.1
32.3
32.3
33.7
30.1
33.0
33.1
32.1
33.7
32.2
31.1
31.4

40.6
40.9
40.3
35.9
34.2
33.7
41.5
32.3
33.4
33.4
33.6
35.3
33.6
33.2
32.1

40.6
41.0
40.0
35.2
32.4
32.0
36.0
30.9
33.3
33.4
32.0
33.7
31.9
32.1
30.3

40.5
41.1
40.0
35.5
32.8
32.8
34.5
30.7
33.4
33.4
32.4
34.3
32.2
32.5
30.7

40.8
41.0
40.2
35.8
33.0
33.1
35.1
30.7
34.0
34.1
32.6
34.7
32.5
32.2
31.3

40.8
41.1
40.2
35.9
33.3
33.1
35.4
31.0
33.9
33.9
32.9
35.1
32.7
32.7
31.4

40.6
41.3
40.3
36.6
33.8
33.5
36.6
31.5
34.3
34.3
33.6
36.0
33.2
33.3
32.0

Average hourly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade_________________ $2.27
Wholesale trade_________________________
2.91
Motor vehicles & autom otive equip­
m e n t_______________________________ _______
D rugs, chem icals, and allied p r o d u c t s ..______
D ry goods and apparel________________ _______
Groceries and related products________ _______
E lectrical goods______________________________
Hardw are, plu m bin g & heating eq u ip ­
m e n t_______________________________ _______
M achinery, equip m ent, and s u p p lies.. . ______
M iscellaneous w holesalers_____________ _______
R etail trad e____________________________ _______
R etail general m erch andise___________ _______
D epartm ent stores___ _____ ________ _______
Mail order houses___________________ _______
V ariety stores___ 1__________________ _______
Food stores______ , ___________________ _______
Grocery, m eat, and vegetable s t o r e s .. ______
A pparel and accessory stores__________ _______
M en’s & b oys’ clothing & furnishings
W omen’s ready-to-wear stores_______ _______
F a m ily clothing stores______________ _______
Shoe stores_________________________ _______

See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2. 24
2.87

$2.25
2.89

$2. 25
2.88

$2.24
2.87

$2.23

21

$ 2.20

2.86

2.84

2.83

2.81

$2.16
2.80

$2.18
2. 79

$2.17
2. 77

$2.15
2.76

$2.13
2. 73

$2.03
2.61

2.59
3.00
2. 99
2. 67
3. 04

2.59
3. 04
3. 00

2. 60
3.00
2.96

2. 55
2.96
2.95
2.63
3.05

2.54
2.97
2. 91
2.62
3.05

2. 54
2.94
2.89
2.58
3. 05

2. 54
2.91
2.85
2.54
3.05

2.54

3. 05

2.59
3.01
2.96
2.63
3.04

2.54
2.89

3. 07

2. 59
2.99
2.98
2.64
3.04

2.49
2.84
2.83
2.49
2.96

2.39
2.70
2.73
2.36
2.87

2. 73
3.16
2.87
2.01
1.96
2.07
2.18
1.62
2.22
2.24
1.88
2.12
1.75
1.86
1.92

2. 76
3.17
2.89
2. 01
1.96
2.08
2.18
1.63
2.22
2.25
1.90
2.16
1.75
1.87
1.95

2. 75
3.19
2.87

2.73
3.16
2.85

2.72
3.14

2. 70
3.11
2.84
1.98
1.91

2.69
3.08
2.83
1.98
1.90

2.69
3.06
2.82
1.97
1.89

2.63
2.96
2. 76
1.91
1.83
1.95
2.02
1.49
2.13
2.16
1.79
2. 05
1.62
1.78
1.86

2. 51
2. 79
2.66
1.82
1.75
1.88
1.94
1.40
2.06
2.09
1.71
1.94
1.55
1.69
1.77

2.68

2.66

2.01

1.95
2.07
2.17
1.62
2. 22

2.24
1.92
2.21

1.74
1.87

2.01

2.00

1.95
2. 07
2.12

1.60
2.23
2. 25
1.90
2.16
1.75
1.88

1.97

2.86
2.00

1.93
2. 05
2.11

1.60
2. 22

2.24
1.89
2.16
1.73
1.87
1.94

$ 2.22

$ 2.

2.02 2.01
2.10 2.10
1.59
1.59
2.21 2.21
2.24
1.87
2.13
1.72
1.86

1.89

2.24
1.87
2.17
1.73
1.82
1.87

2. 01

2.06
1.54
2.19
2. 21

1.88

2.23
1.72
1.84

1.88

2.68

3.08
2.83
1.94
1.82
1.92
2.02

1.51
2.16
2.18
1.82
2.10

1.66

1.79
1.87

2.88

2.90
2.53
2.99

2.53
2.87
2.89
2.55
2.99

2.66

2.69
3.03
2.79
1.94

2. 65
2.99
2.77
1.93

1.86

1.86

2. 55
2.98
3.06
2.81
1.95

1.86

1.98
2.03
1.52
2.18
2. 21

1.82
2.14

1.66
1.78
1.86

2.88

1.99
2.03
1.52
2.15
2.18
1.82
2.10

1.65
1.80
1.89

1.99
2.03
1.52
2.15
2.18
1.81
2.06
1.63
1.79
1.93

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a b l e C -T .

103

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
Sept.2 A ug.2 July

June

May

M ar.

Apr.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade—Continued
Retail trade—Continued
Furniture and home furnishings stores............... $93. 65 $95.16 $93. 27 $91. 30 $90.92 $90.68 $89. 54 $91.33 $95. 28 $91. 65 $91. 34 $91.64 $90.46 $88.18
Furniture and home furnishings...... .............. 93.12 93.60 92.58 90. 48 90.09 89. 01 89. 24 89.63 93. 60 90. 55 90.39 90. 46 89. 27 86.58
Eating and drinking places 5----------------------- 51.70 51.21 50.06 49. 32 48. 84 48. 80 48. 33 48.62 48. 72 48.10 47.91 48.00 47.60 45.76
Other retail trade________ ______ _________ 89.87 90.27 88. 93 87.02 87.25 86.07 85.67 86. 33 86.62 86.37 86.80 85.81 85.63 83. 23
Building materials and farm equip­
m ent...... ......................................................... 97.29 97.06 96.41 94. 39 93. 56 92. 51 92.03 92.10 92. 99 91.91 93.63 93. 02 91.54 88.41
Motor vehicle dealers________________ ___ 113.21 115. 48 114. 48 111. 57 110.99 108. 45 107.02 108.12 110. 59 110. 76 110. 33 106.93 108. 97 105. 75
Other automotive & accessory dealers.......... _ 96.35 95.04 94. 61 92. 44 92. 66 92. 44 91.37 90. 48 90. 05 90.29 90. 48 89.20 89.38 85. 70
Drug stores and proprietary stores________
68.13 67. 55 65. 43 63. 22 63. 22 62.75 62.89 62. 79 63. 83 63.02 63.58 63.64 63.14 61.60
Fuel and ice dealers_____________________ 101.00 103.22 102. 50 101.71 105. 32 104. 49 111.71 107. 43 106. 07 105.15 103. 03 99.66 101. 28 96.05
Finance, insurance, and real estate6-------B anking..-------- ------------------- ---------Credit agencies other than b anks..........
Savings and loan associations_______
Security, commodity brokers & services.
Insurance carriers.................................
Life insurance........................................
Accident and health insurance______
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance..

96.42

96.20
86.07
89.25
89.17
148. 48
102. 67
103. 94
88. 33
103. 95

97.20
86. 30
90.62
92.12
154.22
103.04
104.03
89.92
104.71

96.20
85.47
88. 40
88. 56
152. 76
102. 77
103. 66
88. 45
104.43

96. 20
85. 47
88.64
89.28
149. 71
102.49
103. 66
89.30
103.88

95.83
85. 93
89. 25
90.38
148. 58
102. 58
103.09
89.67
104. 63

95.35
84. 82
88. 50
88.30
143.64
102.12
103.49
90. 65
103.60

94.98
85.19
88.60
89. 89
138. 76
102. 67
103.49
90.27
104.71

94. 61
85.04
89. 44
91.96
137. 63
100. 74
100.08
90. 27
103. 57

93.62
84.15
87.00
87.08
132. 47
101. 08
101. 02
90.13
103.47

93.00
83.10
86.02
86. 85
131. 73
100. 81
100. 56
90. 27
103.19

93.25 92.01 92.50 88. 91
83.18 82.14 82. 21 79.24
86.71 85. 27 85. 96 84.29
87. 32 86.25 87. 05 84.67
131. 72 133. 20 138.38 127. 43
100. 07 99. 70 99. 32 95. 86
100.19 99. 46 99.19 95.27
89.30 90.88 89.41 85.38
102. 71 101. 52 101.68 97.92

Average weekly hours
Furniture and home furnishings stores.
38.7
39.0
38.7
38.2
38.2
Furniture and home furnishings____
38.8
39.0
38.9
38.5
38.5
Eating and drinking places 8_________
34.7
34.6
33.6
33.0
33.1
O ther retail trade -.... .................... .................... ....................
....................
40.3
40.3
39.7 ....................
39.2
39.3
Building materials and farm equip­
42.1
41.4
41.4
m ent........ ........................................ .
42.3
42.2
42.4
42.4
Motor vehicle dealers.................. ........
42.1
42.2
42.3
43.4
Other automotive & accessory dealers.
43.2
43.2
42.6
42.9
Drug stores and proprietary stores...
33.9
35.3
35.0
33.1
33.1
40.4
41.0
Fuel and ice dealers.......... ........ ..........
40.8
40.2
41.3
Finance, insurance, and real estate8_____
Banking..... ........ ......................................
Credit pgencies other than banks______
Savings and loan associations_______
Security, commodity brokers & services.
Insurance carriers.__________________
Life insurance_________ _________ _
Accident and health insurance______
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance..

36.8

37.0
37.1
37.5
37.0
37. 4
37.2
36.6
36.5
37.8

37.1
37.2
37.6
37.6
37.8
37.2
36.5
36.7
37.8

37.0
37.0
37.3
36.9
38.0
37.1
36.5
36.7
37.7

37.0
37.0
37.4
37.2
37.9
37.0
36.5
36.9
37.5

37.0
37.2
37.5
37.5
38.0
36.9
36.3
36.9
37.5

38.1
38.2
33.2
39.3

38.1
38.3
33.1
39.3

38.7
38.8
33.3
39.6

39.7
40.0
33.6
40.1

39.0
39.2
33.4
39.8

39.2
39.3
33.5
40.0

39.5
39.5
33.8
40.1

39.5
39.5
34.0
40.2

39.9
39.9
35.2
40.8

41.3
42.2
43.4
33.2
41.3

40.9
42.3
43.1
33.1
43.3

41.3
42.4
43.5
33.4
42.8

41.7
42.7
43.5
34.5
42.6

41.4
42.6
43.2
33.7
42.4

41.8
42.6
43.5
34.0
42.4

41.9
42.6
43.3
34.4
41.7

41.8
42.9
43. 6
34.5
42.2

42.1
43.7
43.5
35.4
42.5

37.1
37.2
37.5
37.1
37.8
37.0
36.7
37.0
37.4

37.1
37.2
37.7
37.3
37.3
37.2
36.7
37.3
37.8

37.1
37.3
37.9
38.0
36.8
36.9
36.0
37.3
37.8

37.3
37.4
37.5
36.9
36.9
37.3
36.6
37.4
37.9

37.2
37.1
37.4
36.8
36.9
37.2
36.7
37.3
37.8

37.3
37.3
37.7
37.0
37.0
37.2
36.7
36.9
37.9

37.1
37.0
37.4
36.7
37.0
37.2
36.7
37.4
37. 6

37.3
37.2
37.7
37.2
37.3
37.2
36.6
37.1
37.8

37.2
37.2
37.8
37.3
37.7
37.3
36.5
36.8
38.1

Average hourly earnings
Furniture and home furnishings stores..
Furniture and home furnishings____
Eating and drinking places 5________
Other retail trade__________________
Building materials and farm equip­
m e n t.................................... .............
Motor vehicle dealers..........................
Other automotive & accessory dealers.
Drug stores and proprietary stores...
Fuel and ice dealers______________
Finance, insurance, and real estate 8.
Banking_____________________
Credit agencies other than banks.
Savings and loan associations_______
Security, commodity brokers & services.
Insurance carriers__________________
Life insurance____________________
Accident and health insurance______
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance..
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2. 62

$2. 35
2. 33
1. 46
2.18

$2. 36
2. 31
1.46
2.18

$2.40
2.34
1. 45
2.16

$2.35
2. 31
1.44
2.17

$2.33
2.30
1.43
2.17

$2. 32
2.29
1.42
2.14

$2.29
2.26
1.40
2.13

$2.21

2. 22

$2.38
2.33
1.47
2.19

2.26
2.63
2.16
1.91
2.55

2.24
2. 57
2.13
1.89
2. 53

2.25
2. 53

2.23
2.55
2.08

2.22

2. 51
2. 06
1.85
2.39

2.19
2.54
2. 05
1.83
2.40

2.10

2.60
2.09
1.87
2.48

2.24
2.59
2.08
1.87
2. 43

2.22

2. 51

2. 23
2.59
2.07
1.85
2.49

2.59
2. 31
2.38
2. 41
3. 91
2. 78
2. 84
2.43
2. 79

2.57
2.28
2. 36
2.38
3.80
2.76
2.82
2. 45
2.77

2. 56
2.29
2. 35
2.41
3.72
2.76
2.82
2. 42
2. 77

2. 55
2.28
2. 36
2.42
3. 74
2.73
2. 78
2.42
2. 74

2. 51
2. 25
2.32
2. 36
3.59
2.71
2. 76
2.41
2.73

2.50
2.24
2.30
2. 36
3. 57
2.71
2. 74
2. 42
2. 73

2.50
2.23
2.30
2. 36
3. 56
2.69
2. 73
2. 42
2.71

2.48

2.48

2.22

2 . 21

2.39
2.13
2.23
2.27
3.38
2. 57
2. 61
2.32
2. 57

$2.42
2.40
1.49
2.23

$2.44
2.40
1.48
2. 24

$2.41
2.38
1.49
2. 24

$2.39
2.35
1.49

$2.38
2.34
1.48

2.22

2.30
2.67

2.30
2.73

2.22

2.20

1.93
2.50

1.93
2. 53

2.29
2.70
2.19
1.93
2. 50

2.28
2.65
2.17
1.91
2. 53

2. 60
2. 32
2.38
2. 41
3.97
2.76
2.84
2.42
2. 75

2.62
2.32
2. 41
2. 45
4.08
2.77
2.85
2. 45
2. 77

2.60
2. 31
2.37
2.40
4.02
2.77
2.84
2.41
2. 77

2.60
2. 31
2.37
2. 40
3. 95
2. 77
2. 84
2.42
2. 77

2.12

1.90
2.58

1.88

2.28
2. 35
3. 60
2.68

2.71
2. 43
2. 70

2.28
2.34
3.71
2.67
2.71
2.41
2.69

2.17
1.30
2.04
2.42
1.97
1.74
2.26

104

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

T able C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
Sept.2 A ug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1966

1965

Average weekly earnings
Services:
Hotels and other lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and m otels5___
Personal services:
Laundries and drycleaning plants.. ..
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming & distributing _.

$57.38 $56. 92 $56.36 $56.42 $55.85 $56.15 $56.00 $55.05 $55.72 $54. 83 $55.06 $53. 73 $53.34 $51.54
64.70

65.42

65.77

64. 53

64.13

63.24

62.02

62.79

62.87

61.99

62.65

61.88

61.12

58.98

161.98 163.96 162.38 155.16 154. 77 150.91 160.24 162.89 166.96 159.83 164. 55 159. 71 157. 77 148.08
Average weekly hours

Services:
Hotels and other lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and m otels8___
Personal services:
Laundries and drycleaning plants........
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming & distributing.

37.5

37.2

36.6

36.4

36.5

36.7

36.6

36.7

36.9

36.8

37.2

36.8

37.3

37.4

37.6

37.8

37.3

37.5

37.2

36.7

37.6

38.1

37.8

38.2

38.2

38.2

38.8

40.8

41.3

40.8

40.3

40.2

39.3

41.3

42.2

42.7

41.3

42.3

41.7

41.3

39.7

$1.36

37.9

Average hourly earnings
Services:
Hotels and other lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels 8___
Personal services:
Laundries and drycleaning plants____
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming & distributing..

$1.53

$1.53

$1.54

$1.55

$1.53

$1.53

$1.53

$1.50

$1.51

$1.49

$1.48

$1.46

$1.43

1.73

1.74

L 74

1.73

1.71

1.70

1.69

1.67

1.65

1.64

1.64

1.62

1.60

1.52

3.98

3.85

3.85

3.84

3.88

3.86

3.91

3.87

3.89

3.83

3.82

3.73

3. 97

3. 97

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1967 see footnote 1, table A-9. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-10.
2 Preliminary.
3 Based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report by the Inter­
state Commerce Commission, which relate to all employees who received
pay during the month, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (ICC
Group I). Beginning January 1965, data relate to railroads with operating
revenues of $5,000,000 or more.


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4 Data relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
5 Money payments only, tips not included.
6 Data for nonoffice salesmen excluded from all series in this division.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except that for Class I railroads. (See footnote 3.)

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS

T able C-2.

105

Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on
private nonagricultural payrolls in current and 1957-59 dollars 1
1967

1966

Annual
average

Item
Aug.2 July

June

May

Mar.

Apr.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1966

1965

Total private

Gross average weekly earnings:
Current dollars.. ___________________ $103.06 $103.18 $101. 88 $100.06 $99.41 $99. 56 $99.30 $99. 70 $99.97 $99.84 $100. 62 $100.88 $99. 71 $98. 69 $95. 06
1957-59 dollars______________________
88.16 88. 57 87.83 86.56 86. 22 86.57 86. 50 86. 92 87.16 87.12 87.88 88.41 87.62 87. 26 86. 50
Spendable average weekly earnings:
Worker with no dependents:
Current dollars____________________ 84.31 84.40 83.42 82.04 81.54 81.66 81.46 81.76 82.17 82. 07 82.66 82. 86 81.97 81.19 78.99
1957-59 dollars_____________________ 72.12 72. 45 71.91 70.97 70.72 71.01 70.96 71.28 71.64 71.61 72.19 72. 62 72.03 71.79 71.87
Worker with 3 dependents:
Current dollars. ______ ___________
91.84 91.93 90.90 89.45 88.93 89.05 88.84 89.16 89. 58 89.47 90.09 90.30 89.37 88.55 86.30
1957-59 dollars. . . _________________
78.56 78.91 78.36 77.38 77.13 77.43 77.39 77.73 78.10 78. 07 78.68 79.14 78.53 78.29 78.53
Manufacturing

Gross average weekly earnings:
Current dollars_____________________ 114. 77 113.65
1957-59 dollars______________________
98.18 97. 55
Spendable average weekly earnings:
Worker with no dependents:
Current dollars____________________ 93.19 92.34
1957-59 d o llars..____ ______________ 79. 72 79.26
Worker with 3 dependents:
Current dollars____________________ 101.16 100.27
1957-59 dollars_____________________ 86. 54 86.07

114.49 113.52 112.56 112.44 111.88 113.42 114.40 113.99 113.85 114.13 111.78 112.34 107. 53
98.70 98.20 97.62 97. 77 97.46 98. 88 99.74 99.47 99.43 100. 03 98.22 99.33 97. 84
92.24
79.79

91.51
79.37

91.42
79. 50

91.00
79.27

92.93
81.45

91.14
80.09

91.57
80.96

89.08
81.06

100.93 100.16
87.01 86.64

99. 40
86.21

99.30
86. 35

98. 86 100. 08 101.09 100. 76 100. 65 100.88
86.11 87.25 88.13 87.92 87.90 88.41

99. 00
86. 99

99.45
87.93

96.78
88.06

92. 97
80.15

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1967, see footnote 1, table A-9. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-10.
Spendable average weekly earnings are based on gross average weekly
earnings as published in table C -l less the estimated amount of the workers’
Federal social security and income tax liability. Since the amount of tax
liability depends on the number of dependents supported by the worker as
well as on the level of his gross income, spendable earnings have been com­

T able C-3.

92.16
80. 35

93.13
81.19

92.82
80.99

92. 72
80.98

puted for 2 types of income receivers: (1) A worker with no dependents and
(2) a married worker with 3 dependents.
The earnings expressed in 1957-59 dollars have been adjusted for changes
in purchasing power as measured by the Bureau’s Consumer Price Index.
2 Preliminary.
N ote: These series are described in “The Calculation and Uses of Spend­
able Earnings Series,” M onthly Labor Review, April 1966, pp. 406-410.

Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries 1
1966

1967

Industry division and group
Sept.2 Aug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Mining______________________

__________________

42.7

42.7

43.2

42.2

42.0

42.7

42.4

42.2

42.6

42.5

42.7

42.7

42.8

Contract construction________

___________________

38.3

37.5

37.5

37.4

36.4

37.4

37.4

37.6

38.2

38.1

37.4

37.5

37.7

40.7

40.7

40.4

40.3

40.3

40.5

40.4

40.3

41.0

41.0

41.3

41.3

41.4

Durable goods_______________
____
_ _____
Ordnance and accessories____ ______
____ __
Lumber and wood products.. ______
Furniture and fixtures_____ _______
_ ______
Stone, clay, and glass products___ __________ ___
Prim ary metal industries_______
__________ .
Fabricated metal products________ ____ . . . . ___
Machinery, except electrical______ ____ _ ___..
Electrical equipment and supplies_________________
Transportation equipment_____ _______ ________
Instruments and related products_____ _____. . .
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_ ...T ________

41.4
43.0
40.2
40.4
41.9
40.9
41.7
42.4
40.3
42.6
41.2
39.5

41.4
42.4
40.0
40.3
41.5
41.1
41.4
42.3
40.4
42.8
41.2
39.4

41.0
41.8
39.9
40.2
41.3
40.9
41.3
42.1
40.3
41.4
41.0
39.2

40.9
41.2
40.1
40.3
41.3
40.6
41.2
42.0
40.0
41.2
41.0
39.4

41.0
42.0
40.1
40.1
41.1
40.6
41.3
42.3
39.9
41.7
41.1
39.5

41.0
41.6
40.6
40.3
41.3
40.2
41.5
42.8
39.6
40.9
41.5
39.7

41.1
41.9
40.7
40.2
41.5
40.8
41.5
42.9
40.0
40.7
41.5
39.2

41.0
41.7
40.3
40.2
41.5
40.9
41.4
43.0
49.7
40.7
40.9
38.7

41.7
42.0
40.4
40.7
41.9
41.8
42.2
43.5
40.7
41.6
41.8
40.0

41.7
42.0
40.3
40.6
41.7
41.7
42.1
43.6
40.6
41.6
41.9
39.7

42.1
42.4
40.5
41.0
41.7
42.3
42.3
43.8
40.9
41.9
41.9
39.9

42.1
42.1
40.4
41.2
41.9
42.5
42.4
43.8
41.0
42.2
42.0
40.0

42.3
42.3
40.5
41.3
42.0
42.5
42.7
44.2
41.2
42.8
42.1
39.9

Nondurable goods___ _______ _
___
Food and kindred products...............
Tobacco manufactures___ ________________ . .
Textile mill products.________ _______ _
Apparel and other textile products____________ ____
Paper and allied products_________________
___
Printing and publishing_____ ____ ___
Chemicals and allied products. . . . . .
Petroleum and coal products.. ___
Rubber and plastics products, nec_______ ________
Leather and leather products.

39.8
40.6
37.6
41.5
36.0
42.8
38.5
41.6
42.2
41.7
38.5

39.7
40.8
39.1
41.1
35.8
42.6
38.3
41.4
42.7
41.8
38.3

39.6
40.6
38.4
40.6
35.9
42.7
38.3
41. 5
42.8
40.6
38.4

39.5
41.0
39.0
40.4
35.7
42.6
38.3
41.3
42.6
41.2
37.9

39.5
40.6
38.3
40.5
35.9
42.5
38.3
41.2
42.6
40.9
37.7

39.8
40.8
39.4
40.8
36.2
42.5
38.6
41.5
42.6
41.1
37.7

39.5
41.1
38.2
40.2
35.5
42.8
38.5
41.6
43.0
41.0
37.0

39.5
41.0
38.2
40.2
35.6
42.8
38.6
41.4
42.6
40.9
37.1

40.0
41.1
38.7
40.9
36.6
43.2
38.8
41.8
42.0
41.5
38.3

39.9
41.0
39.0
40.9
36.4
43.1
38.6
41.9
42.4
41.4
38.0

40.2
41.1
38.5
41.2
36. 5
43.3
39.0
42.1
42.5
41.9
38.6

40.1
41.1
38.0
41.4
36.6
43.2
39.0
42.1
42.4
42.0
38.5

40.1
41.1
38.6
42.0
35.9
43.4
38.9
42.1
42.0
41.9
38.3

36.7
40.4
35.5

36.7
40. 4
35.6

36.7
40. 5
35.4

36.7
40.5
35.4

36.3
40.3
35.2

36.4
40.4
35.1

36.6
40.5
35.3

36.6
40.5
35.3

36.8
40.7
35.5

36.7
40.6
35.6

36.9
40.6
35.6

36.9
40.7
35.7

37.1
40.7
35.9

Manufacturing____________________ _______________

Wholesale and retail trade___
Wholesale trade____ _____
Retail trade_________
1 For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-10.
2 Preliminary.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

N ote: The seasonal adjustment method used is described in appendix A.

B L S Handbook of Methods for Surveys and Studies (BLS Bulletin 1458,1966).

106

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

T able C-4.

Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing, by
major industry group 1
1967

1966

Annual
average

Major industry group
Sept.1 A ug.2 July

Manufacturing,

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1966

1965

$2.71 $2.71

$2.73

$2.71

$2.70

$2.70

$2.69

$2.68

$2. 67

$2.65

$2.64

$2.62

$2. 61

$2.59

$2.51

Durable goods. ...........................................
Ordnance and accessories____ ____ ___
Lumber and wood products____ _____
Furniture and fixtures_______ _____
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Primary metal industries................... .
Fabricated metal products__________
Machinery, except electrical_________
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment.......... ..........
Instruments and related products.........
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.

2.89

2.88
3.10
2.29
2.24
2.70
3.24
2.84
3.03
2.69
3.27
2.75
2. 26

2.88
3.10
2.30
2.23
2.69
3.22
2.84
3.03
2.71
3.28
2.75
2.28

2.88
3.09
2.29
2.23
2.68
3.20
2.83
3.02
2. 71
3.27
2. 74
2.27

2.87
3.07
2.25
2.24
2.68
3.19
2.84
3.01
2.69
3.27
2. 73
2.26

2.86
3.08
2.24
2.22
2. 67
3.18
2.83
3.00
2. 67
3.26
2.71
2.26

2.85
3.08
2.21
2.21
2.66
3.18
2.81
2.99
2.65
3.26
2.69
2.27

2.84
3.08
2.21
2.19
2.66
3.16
2.81
2.98
2.64
3. 25
2.69
2.26

2.84
3.08
2.18
2.18
2. 65
3.16
2.80
2.98
2. 61
3.26
2. 67
2.25

2.82
3.08
2.18
2.16
2. 64
3.15
2.79
2.96
2.60
3.25
2. 66
2.21

2.80
3.06
2.19
2.15
2.64
3.16
2. 77
2.95
2.58
3.22
2. 64
2.17

2.79
3.07
2.20
2.14
2.62
3.15
2. 76
2.94
2.57
3.22
2.62
2.14

2. 78
3.06
2.20
2.13
2.61
3.15
2. 76
2.92
2.56
3.21
2.62
2.14

2.76
3.05
2.15
2.11
2.59
3.13
2.73
2.90
2. 54
3.15
2.61
2.14

2. 67
3.03
2.07
2.03
2.49
3.04
2. 64
2.81
2.49
3.04
2. 53
2.07

Nondurable goods_______________
Food and kindred products______
Tobacco manufactures__________
Textile mill products___________
Apparel and other textile products.
Paper and allied products...........
Printing and publishing_________
Chemicals and allied products........
Petroleum and coal products.........
Rubber and plastics products, nec.
Leather and leather products.........

2.50

2.47
2.48
2. 21
1.95
2. 01
2.73
(3)
3.01
3. 41
2. 64
2. 02

2.47
2.50
2. 33
1.94
1.98
2.73
(3)
3. 01
3. 45
2.52
2.00

2.46
2.51
2. 32
1.94
1.98
2.70
(3)
2.99
3. 42
2.52
2.02

2.46
2.52
2.32
1.94
1.97
2.68
(3)
2.97
3.44
2.52
2.02

2. 46
2.53
2.31
1.94
1.97
2.67
(3)
2.94
3. 43
2.61
2.02

2.45
2.51
2.30
1.94
1.97
2.66
(3)
2.94
3.43
2.60
2.01

2.44
2.50
2.25
1.93
1.96
2. 66
(3)
2.94
3. 41
2.59
1.98

2.42
2.48
2.17
1.93
1.91
2.65
(3)
2.94
3.38
2.59
1.95

2.40
2.45
2.12
1.91
1.90
2.64
(3)
2.93
3. 34
2. 57
1.93

2.39
2.42
2.08
1.91
1.89
2.63
(3)
2.92
3.33
2.56
1.93

2.37
2. 40
2.05
1.91
1.88
2.62
(3)
2.91
3.30
2.56
1.91

2.37
2.39
2.04
1.89
1.86
2.62
(3)
2.90
3.29
2.56
1.91

2.35
2. 40
2.15
1.87
1.85
2.59
(3)
2.87
3.29
2.54
1.89

2.27
2.33
2.06
1.78
1.80
2.50
(3)
2.79
3.18
2.49
1.84

(3)

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1967, see footnote 1, table A-9. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-10. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime are derived by assuming
that overtime hours are paid for at the rate of time and one-half.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2 Preliminary.
3 Not available because average overtime rates are significantly above time
and one-half. Inclusion of data for the group in the nondurable goods total
has little effect.

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS

T able C-5.

107

Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry 1
1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
Sept.2 A ug.2 July 2 June
Manufacturing________
Durable goods___
Nondurable goods

3.6
3.7
3.5

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1966

1965

3.4
3.5
3.3

3.2
3.3
3.1

3.3
3.4
3.1

3.2
3.3
3.0

3.1
3.2
2.9

3.2
3.4
3.0

3.2
3.4
2.9

3.4
3.7
3.0

3.7
4.1
3.3

3.9
4.3
3.4

4.1
4.5
3.6

4.2
4.6
3.7

3.9
4.3
3.4

3.6
3.9
3.2

3.5
3.4
3.0
4.0
3.8
3.9
4.3
2.8
3.5
3.1
2.8
3.6
4.7
3.2
4.6
2.9
4.1
2.2
3.7
2.0
7.5

3.5
3.4
4.0
3.8
3.7
3.7
3.6
3.4
3.5
2.6
2.2
4.1
3.3
3.5
4.5
2.8
4.5
2.6
3.6
1.9
7.1

3.2
2.9
3.5
3.8
3.6
3.7
3.4
3.5
3.6
2.9
2.5
3.2
4.0
3.7
4.3
3.1
4.3
2.4
3.6
2.0
6.8

3.4
3.1
3.9
4.2
3.5
3.6
3.3
3.5
3.8
2.4
2.1
3.1
3.3
3.4
4.1
2.8
4.4
2.2
3.3
2.1
6.2

3.2
2.7
4.9
4.1
3.6
3.6
3.4
3.4
3.5
2.5
2.2
3.4
2.9
3.2
3.9
3.2
3.7
2.5
3.3
2.3
5.7

3.4
3.2
4.3
3.7
3.3
3.4
3.2
3.1
3.4
2.6
2.4
3.3
2.9
3.3
3.7
3.2
4.0
2.2
3.0
2.2
5.1

3.6
3.4
4.6
3.7
3.2
3.2
3.1
3.1
3.3
2.7
2.4
4.2
3.2
3.3
3.5
3.1
3.7
2.0
2.6
2.2
4.9

4.0
3.3
4.5
5.4
3.3
3.3
3.0
3.7
3.5
2.8
2.6
4.4
2.7
3.3
3.5
3.8
3.6
2.3
2.6
2.3
4.6

4.3
3.4
3.0
6.3
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.9
3.5
3.8
3.6
5.1
3.6
4.3
3.9
3.7
4.1
2.3
2.8
2.6
4.9

4.2
3.4
3.9
6.3
3.4
3.3
3.3
3.8
3.8
3.9
3.7
4.9
3.5
4.3
4.3
5.9
4.2
3.0
3.4
3.1
5.3

4.1
3.3
2.2
6.2
3.9
3.9
3.7
3.7
4.0
4.3
4.1
4.9
4.7
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.1
2.8
3.7
2.8
6.6

4.2
3.5
3.4
6.0
4.0
3.9
3.8
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.0
4.9
5.5
5.2
4.7
3.8
4.1
3.0
3.7
3.0
7.0

3.9
3.2
3.4
5.4
4.0
4.0
3.9
4.1
3.9
3.8
3.6
4.7
4.2
4.2
4.5
4.3
4.2
2.8
3.6
2.5
6.3

3.0
3.1

3.5
3.1
2.0
4.5
4.3
3.7
3.5
4.2
3.8
4.4
3.5
2.7
3.7
4.7
4.3
4.3
3.4
3.2
4.1
3.9
2.3
3.6
5.6
3.7
4.0
2.9
2.9
5.3
2.4

3.4
3.0
2.2
3.8
3.7
4.0
2.9
4.1
3.6
5.3
2.4
2.3
3.5
4.5
4.3
3.6
3.2
3.0
4.0
3.6
2.1
3.3
6.0
3.7
3.7
2.6
3.2
5.2
2.2

3.4
3.1
1.9
4.6
4.1
4.2
3.4
4.5
3.8
4.7
2.7
2.7
3.7
5.0
4.5
3.9
3.4
3.2
4.2
3.7
2.6
3.1
6.4
4.2
4.1
2.3
3.1
5.5
2.4

3.3
2.8
1.8
3.7
4.0
3.8
3.5
3.8
3.7
5.0
2.8
2.1
3.6
4.9
4.5
3.8
3.2
3.3
4.3
4.1
3.1
3.2
6.5
4.3
4.2
2.3
3.1
5.3
2.2

3.3
2.8
1.8
3.8
3.9
4.1
3.0
4.2
3.5
4.9
2.8
2.0
3.4
5.0
3.8
3.8
3.2
3.1
4.5
4.0
3.4
3.2
7.0
4.8
4.2
2.8
2.5
5.3
2.1

3.2
3.3
2.3
4.0
3.9
4.7
3.2
5.2
3.7
4.1
3.1
2.2
3.5
5.9
3.4
4.2
3.6
3.6
4.8
5.1
4.1
3.4
7.3
5.0
4.5
3.2
3.0
5.5
2.4

3.0
3.4
2.2
4.4
3.8
5.2
3.6
5.3
3.7
3.5
3.1
2.0
3.6
6.5
3.5
4.0
3.6
3.6
5.0
4.7
4.5
3.6
7.6
5.2
4.6
3.2
2.9
6.0
2.5

3.1
3.7
2.4
4.9
4.1
5.3
4.3
5.4
3.9
3.2
3.2
2.1
3.8
6.7
3.9
4.4
3.9
3.7
5.2
4.5
4.2
3.6
7.7
5.4
5.1
3.6
2.5
6.4
2.8

3.7
3.8
2.1
5.4
4.0
5.8
4.7
5.6
4.3
3.1
3.4
2.6
4.5
7.1
4.3
4.9
4.0
3.9
5.6
6.7
3.6
4.2
7.9
6.0
5.6
3.9
3.4
6.4
3.3

3.9
4.0
2.4
5.4
4.2
6.1
4.9
6.5
4.5
3.7
3.5
2.6
4.4
7.2
5.3
4.7
4.5
4.1
5.4
4.9
3.1
4.7
7.6
5.8
5.5
3.8
3.6
6.5
3.3

4.3
4.2
2.8
5.4
4.4
6.3
4.9
6.5
4.8
3.6
3.6
3.3
4.5
7.1
5.8
5.1
4.5
4.2
5.6
4.9
3.7
4.9
7.6
5.7
5.8
4.0
3.5
6.6
3.5

4.2
4.5
3.3
5.3
4.3
6.3
5.3
6.5
5.0
5.1
3.8
3.3
4.7
7.3
6.1
5.7
4.5
4.4
5.7
5.7
4.0
4.9
7.7
6.1
6.1
3.9
3.3
6.6
3.7

4.1
4.0
2.7
5.3
3.9
6.0
4.7
5.9
4.5
4.4
3.5
2.7
4.1
6.9
5.3
4.9
4.3
4.2
5.5
5.4
3.8
4.9
7.8
5.6
5.5
4.0
3.4
6.3
3.3

3.5
3.8
2.8
5.5
3.5
5.1
3.9
5.2
4.0
4.5
3.4
2.3
3.6
5.4
5.3
4.3
3.8
3.5
4.6
4.1
2.9
4.2
6.7
4.8
4.4
3.4
2.9
5.4
2.8

3.2
2.7
2.4
2.4
2.0
2.7
1.7
2. 5
4.1
4.4
4.4
2.8
1.9
4.2
2.9
4.1

3.0
2.7
2.9
1.8
1.6
2.3
1.8
2.2
3.9
3.7
4.4
3.4
2.0
3.2
2.9
4.1

2.9
2.7
2.5
2.1
1.6
2.7
1.9
2.3
3.5
3.4
3.8
3.4
2.2
3.7
3.0
4.7

2.9
2.8
2.2
2.1
1.0
2.6
1.7
1.9
3.6
3.2
4.2
3.5
2.3
3.2
3.0
4.5

3.1
3.1
1.7
2.1
.5
2.5
1.7
1.8
3.1
2.2
4.2
3.6
2.1
2.8
3.0
4.9

3.6
3.3
1.8
2.2
1.3
2.9
1.9
2.2
2.9
1.7
4.4
3.6
2.3
2.3
3.2
4.9

3.4
3.5
1.8
2.3
1.2
3.1
2.3
2.0
3.1
2.2
4.4
3.2
3.6
1.8
3.1
4.3

3.5
3.7
1.9
2.7
1.7
3.2
2.6
3.0
3.5
2.9
4.4
3.9
3.7
1.6
3.3
4.1

4.2
4.0
2.5
2.9
2.7
3.7
2.9
3.8
4.1
4.1
4.5
4.2
3.7
1.9
3.8
4.7

3.9
4.0
3.3
3.1
3.1
3.3
2.7
4.1
4.8
5.0
5.1
3.9
3.4
2.1
3.8
4.3

3.8
4.2
3.6
3.4
3.7
3.4
2.7
3.8
5.2
5.9
4.9
4.5
3.2
2.8
4.0
4.7

4.4
4.8
4.0
3.3
3.4
3.6
2.9
3.5
4.9
5.2
5.1
3.7
2.9
3.4
4.0
4.6

3.8
4.4
3.4
3.0
2.8
3.3
3.0
3.3
4.7
4.9
5.0
4.0
3.3
2.7
3.7
4.3

3.0
3.5
3.0
2.7
2.4
2.7
2.4
3.2
4.8
6.2
3.3
3.4
2.6
2.9
3.0
3.4

2. 6
2. 5
1.9
2. 3
3. 5
1.8
2.6
3.4
3.0
1.9
2. 5
2.3
1.5

2. 5
2.6
2.0
2. 5
3. 5
2.0
2. 0
2.5
2.2
2.0
1. 6
1.9
1.4

2.4
2.9
2.1
2.4
3.5
1.8
2.4
3.2
2.5
1.7
2.6
2.3
1.7

2.7
2.6
1.9
2.4
3.4
1.6
2.4
3.6
2.3
2.0
2.4
2.2
1.7

2.3
2.8
2.1
2.3
3.7
1.6
2.4
3.6
2.4
1.9
2.4
2.1
1.6

2.9
2.9
2.1
2.2
4.0
2.3
2.6
3.7
2.5
2.3
2.1
2.5
2.4

2.6
3.0
2.3
2.3
4.1
2.2
2.5
3.1
2.4
2.2
2.5
2.3
2.2

3.4
3.0
2.2
2.2
4.0
2.5
2.5
3.4
2.3
2.2
2.5
2.4
2.3

4.1
3.1
2.4
2.6
4.4
2.8
2.9
4.8
2.4
3.1
2.7
2.6
3.5

4.1
3.1
2.7
2.8
4.5
2.8
3.1
4.9
2.8
3.2
2.9
2.9
3.9

4.4
3.4
2.8
2.8
5.1
2.9
3.4
5.3
3.2
2.8
3.2
3.2
3.7

4.4
3.6
3.0
2.9
5.1
2.8
3.3
4.9
3.3
2.7
3.0
3.2
3.5

4.1
3.2
2.7
2.7
4.6
2.6
3.0
4.3
2.7
2.5
2.9
2.9
3.2

2.9
2.8
2.4
2.1
4.1
2.4
2.7
3.6
2.6
2.3
2.5
2.7
3.0

Durable goods

Ordnance and accessories___________________
Ammunition, except for small a rm s..-..............
Sighting and fire control equipment—.......... .
Other ordnance and accessories-------------------Lumber and wood products--------------- ----------Sawmills and planing mills------------- ------- Millwork, plywood, & related p ro d u cts............
Wooden containers_______________________
Miscellaneous wood products--------------------Furniture and fixtures_____________ _________
Household furniture---------------------------------Office furniture.-------------------------------------Partitions and fixtures____________________
Other furniture and fixtures-----------------------Stone, clay, and glass products---------- -------- Flat glass_____________________ _________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown...............
Cement, hydraulic___________________ ____
Structural clay products____________ ______
Pottery and related products---------------------Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products............
Other stone & nonmetallic mineral
p ro d u cts_______________________ ______
Primary metal industries-----------------------------Blast furnace and basic steel p ro d u c ts.............
Iron and steel foundries-----------------------------Nonferrous m etals_________________ ______
Nonferrous rolling and drawing--------- ---------Nonferrous foundries_______________ ______
Miscellaneous primary metal products. _____
Fabricated metal products------------------ ------- Metal cans________________________ ______
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware......................
Plumbing and heating, except electric...............
Fabricated structural metal p ro d u c ts .............
Screw machine products, bolts, etc___ ______
Metal stampings......................... ........... .............
Metal services, nec_________________ ______
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products........... .
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products._____
Machinery, except electrical----------------- -------Engines and turbines_____________________
Farm m achinery...----- ----------------------------Construction and related m a c h in e ry ..._____
Metal working machinery----------------- ------- Special industry machinery-------------- -------- General industrial machinery---------------------Office and computing machines--------- ---------Service industry machines__________ ______
Miscellaneous machinery, except electrical........
Electrical equipment and su p p lies____ ______
Electrical test & distributing equip­
m ent____ ______________ ________ _____ _
Electrical industrial apparatus---------- ---------Household a-mfiances______________ ______
Electric lighting and wiring equipm ent._____
Radio and TV receiving equipment— _____
Communication equipment-------------- ---------Electronic components and accessories.._____
Misc. electrical equipment & su p p lies..____
Transportation equipment____________ ______
Motor vehicles and equipment_______ ______
Aircraft and parts_________________ ______
Ship and boat building and repairing - ____"
Railroad equipment. ____ _______________
Other transportation equipment-------- ------Instruments and related products---------___
Engineering & scientific instruments . . ____
Mechanical measuring & control de­
vices____ _____________________
Optical and ophthalmic goods----------- ---------Ophthalmic goods.. --------------------------Medical instruments and supplies___ ______
Photographic equipment and su p p lies..___
Watches, clocks, and w atchcases-------------Miscellaneous manufacturing in d u stries.._____
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are... _____
Toys and sporting goods........................ .............
Pens, pencils, office and art supplies.. . _____
Costume Jewelry and n o tions....................... .
Other manufacturing industries............ .............
Musical instruments and parts_____ ______
S e e fo o t n o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.6

2.9
3.8
3.7
4.0
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.7
3.7
4.2
4.1
4.0

2.2
2.2
6.2
3.6

108

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

T able C-5.

Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by
industry ^C ontinued
1967

1966

Annual
average

Industry
Sept.2 A ug.2 July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1966

4.2
4.4
4.7
3.2
6.1
3.8
3.6
2.8
4.9
4.8
2.2
3.3
1.1
3.5
3.9
3.2
4.5
3.0
2.3
5.5
4.9
3.4
3.7
1.2
1.3
1.0
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.3
1.1
1.7
4.9
5.9
7.1
3.5
4.2
3.0
2.9
3.3
3.0
3.2
2.1
2.8
2.9
3.0
2.8
2.1
2.7
3.2
3.6
3.4
3.7
2.8
6.8
3.9
6.7
3.3
3.7
1.8
3.8
1.5
1.9
1.6

3.1
4.2
4. 0
3.0
6.0
3.8
3.5
2.7
3.7
4.5
1.7
2.2
1.1
3.5
4.1
3.6
4.4
3.1
2.1
5.2
4.3
3.3
3.6
1.2
1.6
.9
1.2
1.0
.8
1.1
1. 1
1.8
4.6
5.8
6.1
3.3
3.8
3.1
3.0
3.0
4.4
3.1
2.7
2.7
2.9
2.9
2.6
2.4
2.7
3.1
4.8
2.8
3.5
2.9
5.4
3.5
6.6
2.6
3.3
1.6
3.8
1.3
1.5
1.4

3.6
4.0
3.9
2.3
5.7
3.0
3.6
2.2
3.8
4.1
1.8
2.5
.9
3.4
4.4
3.4
3.9
2.8
1.9
5.0
3.3
3.0
3.6
1.2
1.4
.9
1.3
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.5
4.6
5.8
6.6
3.2
3.7
3.2
2.6
3.5
4.6
3.4
2.5
2.9
3.1
3.0
2.3
2.6
2.5
2.4
8.2
3.2
3.5
3.0
5.5
3.2
4.3
2.8
3.0
1.4
3.5
1.2
1.4
1.3

3.6
3.7
3.7
2.7
6.0
3.1
3.7
2.8
3.6
4.4
1.3
1.8
.9
3.3
4.4
3.2
3.5
2.8
1.9
4.7
3.3
2.8
3.5
1.3
1.5
.9
1.4
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.7
4.8
6.0
6.9
3.6
3.8
3.4
2.6
3.8
4.9
3.8
2.5
3.1
3.1
3.1
2. 4
2.6
2.9
2.5
6.6
3.0
3.1
2.8
4.2
3.4
4.2
3.0
3.4
1.7
3.1
1. 5
1.7
1.7

3.6
3.7
3.8
2.8
5.8
3.2
3.0
3.1
3.1
4.3
.9
1.0
.7
3.3
4.6
3.2
3.6
2.9
1.8
4.6
2.9
2.8
3.6
1.2
1.5
1.0
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.3
1. 0
1.5
4.8
6.1
6.8
3.7
3.8
3.0
2.1
3.4
4.3
3.4
2.3
3.3
2.9
2.9
2.3
2.9
2.9
2.1
4.8
3.0
3.0
2.8
3.6
3.4
4.2
3.0
3.3
1.8
3. 2
1.7
1. 6
1.7

3.8
4.8
3.4
2.9
7.0
2.9
3.0
2.6
3.0
4.2
1.1
1.1
.6
3.5
4.6
3.5
4.0
3.5
1.8
4.4
3.5
3.3
4.2
1.3
1.6
1.1
1.3
1.1
1.5
1.3
1.0
1.5
5.0
6.0
7.0
3.9
4.0
3.1
2.0
3.7
4.5
3.5
2.8
3.3
2.9
3.2
2.3
3. 2
2.7
2.1
4. 6
2.8
2.7
2.5
3.7
3.9
6.1
3.3
3.3
2.0
3.0
2.0
1.7
1.6

4.0
5.1
3.7
2.9
6.7
3.1
3.1
3.2
3.5
4.7
1.9
2.2
1.0
3.8
5.0
3.9
3.9
3.9
1.9
5.1
4.3
3.5
4.2
1.4
1.5
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.6
2.2
5.2
6.1
7.0
3.9
4.6
3.7
3.4
3.4
4.4
4.0
2.7
3.5
3.1
3.3
2.9
3.1
2.8
2.4
4.2
3.3
3.0
2.6
4.4
4.2
6. 6
3.6
3. 6
2.1
3.7
1.9
2.1
1.7

4.0
5.1
3.5
2.9
6.6
3.3
3.7
3.2
3.6
4.9
1.2
1.2
1.2
4.2
5.3
4.5
3.9
4.1
2.3
5.2
5.1
4.0
5.0
1.5
1.7
1.3
1.3
1.9
1.3
1.3
1.8
2.5
5.5
6.3
7.5
4.3
5.0
3.6
3.2
4.5
4.1
3.9
2.7
3. 5
3.3
3.7
2.9
2.8
3.6
2. 7
3.9
3. 4
3.3
2.9
4.8
4.5
6.4
4.1
4.0
2.1
3.5
1.6
2.8
2.9

4.2
4.8
3.6
3.2
7.8
3.6
3.8
3.1
3.8
4.8
1.4
1.7
1.1
4.2
5.0
4.3
3.9
4.1
2.5
5.1
5.3
4.4
5.2
1.7
2.0
1.4
1.3
2.2
1.3
1.4
2.1
3.1
5.7
6.6
7.2
4.3
5.5
3.9
3.2
5.8
4.8
4.3
3.2
3.6
3.5
3.7
3.2
2.9
3.9
2.9
4.6
3.7
3.3
2.3
6.6
4.7
6.4
4.2
4.4
2.1
3.6
1.6
2.8
2.8

4.4
5.1
4.0
3.5
8.5
3.8
4.4
3.1
4.0
5.0
1.5
1.8
.9
4.4
5.2
4.7
4.3
4.3
2.7
4.9
5.4
5.0
5.2
1.5
1.7
1.3
1.2
1.9
1.3
1.5
1.5
2.4
5.9
6.5
7.4
4.5
5.7
4.0
3.1
5.9
5.2
4.4
3.3
3.9
3.5
3.5
3.2
3.1
3.9
3.4
4.2
3.9
3.7
2.6
7.4
4.8
6.1
4.4
4.5
2.0
3.4
1.7
2.5
2.2

4.0
4.3
3.7
3.1
6.8
3.5
3.9
2.7
3.8
4.4
1.4
1.7
1.1
4.4
5.3
5.0
4.7
4.1
2.5
5.3
4.5
4.8
4.9
1.5
1.6
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.6
1.5
2.1
5.5
6.3
7.5
4.1
4.9
3.5
2.8
4.2
4.9
3.9
2.9
3.3
3.3
3.4
3.2
2.8
3.3
3.0
5.2
3.3
3.2
2.5
5.4
4.4
6.2
3.8
4.1
2.1
3.5
1.9
2.3
2.2

1965

N o n d u r a b l e goods

Food and kindred products_____ ______
Meat products___________ _ ______
Dairy products____________________
Canned, cured, and frozen foods_____
Grain mill products___ ________ _ _
Bakery products___________________
Sugar__________ ____ _____________
Confectionery and related products___
Beverages_________________ _ _____
Misc. foods and kindred products____
Tobacco manufacturers_____________
Cigarettes______ __ ______ __
C igars............. ...... ............. ......... ........
Textile mill products____________ . . . .
Weaving mills, cotton______________
Weaving mills, synthetics... . . . . ___
Weaving and finishing mills, w o o l.___
Narrow fabric mills________________
Knitting mills ____________________
Textile finishing, except w ool.......... .
Floor covering mills _______________
Yarn and thread mills____ ______
Miscellaneous textile goods________ _.
Apparel and other textile products_____
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats______
Men’s and boys’ furnishings_________
Women’s and misses’ outerwear______
Women’s and children’s undergarments.
Hats, caps, and millinery.... ............. .
Children’s outerwear______________
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel...
Misc. fabricated textile products______
Paper and allied products.........................
Paper and pulp mills___ ______ ___
Paperboard mills______________ . . .
Misc. converted paper products______
Paperboard containers and boxes_____
Printing and publishing______________
Newspapers____________ ___ _____
Periodicals___________________ ____
Books.. _________________________
Commercial printing_______________
Blankbooks and bookbinding________
Other publishing & printing in d .
. .
Chemicals and allied products. _______
Industrial chemicals... ____________
Plastics materials and synthetics.. __
Drugs. _________________________
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods______
Paints and allied products__________
Agricultural chemicals. . . . .
Other chemicals products......................
Petroleum and coal products___
Petroleum refining. _ _____
Other petroleum and coal products___
Rubber and plastics products, nec__.
Tires and inner tubes . . . .
Other rubber products__________ . .
Miscellaneous plastics products__
Leather and leather products...... ..........
Leather tanning and finishing _.
Footwear, except rubber.
Other leather products.
Handbags and personal leather goods.

4.2
4.5
4.1
3. 4
7.8
3.7
3.6
3.5
3. 7
4.7
1.4
1.1
1.3
3.9
4.2
4.2
4.9
3.2
2. 7
4.4
6.3
3.6
4.2
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.3
1.4
2.5
5.2
6.2
7.6
3. 5
4.6
3.2
2. 5
4.2
3. 7
3.4
2. 6
3.3
2.9
3.0
3.0
2.0
3.2
3.2
3.3
2.8
3.6
2.3
7.7
4.3
6.9
3.8
3.6
2.1
3.3
2.1
1.7
1.7

4.3
4.7
4. 7
3.2
7.6
3.9
4.0
2.8
4.4
4.5
2.4
3.9
.6
3.3
3.5
3.6
4.9
2.7
2. 2
3.8
5.0
2.9
3.4
1.2
.8
.9
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.0
1.6
5.1
6.5
7.0
3.7
4.2
3.0
2.4
4.2
3.2
3.3
2.0
2.9
3.0
3.3
2.8
2.3
3.1
2.9
3.7
3.0
4.0
3.0
7.3
3.2
4.6
2.8
3.2
1.8
3.0
1.6
1.9
1.8

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1967, see footnote 1, table A-9. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-10.
These series cover premium overtime hours of production and related
workers during the pay period which includes the 12th of the month. Over­
time hours are those paid for at premium rates because (1) they exceeded


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3.8
4.2
3. 6
2.9
6.6
3.3
4.0
2.4
3.3
4.3
1.1
.8
1.3
4.2
4.8
5.3
4.4
3.6
2.5
4.6
5.1
4.7
4.3
1.4
1.5
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
2.1
5.1
6.0
7.0
3.5
4.5
3.1
2.4
3.8
4.2
3.4
2.5
3.1
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.6
2.5
2.7
4.9
3.0
2.8
2.1
5.5
4.1
6.1
3.3
4.0
1.8
3.3
1.6
2.0
1.9

either the straight-time workday or workweek or (2) they occurred on week
ends or holidays or outside regularly scheduled hours. Hours for which
only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of premiums
were paid are excluded.
2 Preliminary.

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS

T able C-6.

109

Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction
activities 1
[1957-59=100]
1967

1966

Annual
average

Activity
Sept.2

Aug.2

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1966

1965

Man-hours
Total_____ ____ ___________
. .
Mining______
_____ _ ______ .
Contract construction_____________ .
Manufacturing _ . . . . .
_ ______
Durable goods.._ __________________
Ordnance and accessories_____
Lumber and wood products_______
Furniture and fixtures_______ .
Stone, clay, and glass products_____ .
Prim ary metal industries_____ __
Fabricated metal products_______
Machinery, except electrical____ ___
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipm ent-.
Instruments and related products____
Mise, manufacturing industries_____ .

116.6
78.3
126.6
116.7
120.5
185.8
94.3
123.6
109.0
107.0
123.8
135.6
139.8
112.5
128.5
113.8

116.8
81.0
130.0
116.2
119.4
181.6
96.1
123.0
110.8
107.5
123.1
135.2
131.8
105.8
128.4
112.5

113.8
84.3
127.8
112.7
117.3
174.1
95.0
116.3
109.7
107.3
120.0
134.9
133.8
106.5
126.4
104.6

114.8
83.0
120.2
115.4
121.0
171.5
97.1
120.5
109.6
110.2
124.8
138.2
134.6
115.0
129.1
110.4

111.7
80.0
110.4
113.5
119.9
171.6
91.6
117.3
106.0
109.1
122.3
138.5
136.1
115.3
128.0
108.6

110.5
79.2
104.7
113.2
119.1
169.5
90.8
117.7
104.5
108.7
121.3
140.4
136.4
111.0
129.4
107.5

110.2
77.1
97.1
114.3
120.6
170.4
90.1
120.1
102.5
111.3
122.0
142.2
141.4
112.1
130.6
106.0

109.4
76.7
92.5
114.1
120.5
168.6
88.4
121.1
100.1
112.5
122.5
141.6
143.2
112.1
128.7
103.7

112.3
79.1
99.1
116.4
123.4
168.1
89.4
123.1
103.0
116.0
125.6
143.5
147.3
116.0
131.0
105.2

116.2
81.4
107.4
119.6
126.6
164.8
90.7
130.6
106.9
115.4
129.4
144.6
151.3
122.3
133.1
112.1

117.6
81.1
111.9
120.5
127.3
161.9
93.3
131.3
110.1
116.5
129.7
141.1
152.1
123.0
131.7
121.9

120.1
83.6
124.3
121.2
127.8
156.1
96.3
132.4
112.2
117.0
129.9
140.7
152.9
122.6
131.7
123.0

120.7
84.2
126.8
121.4
127.7
152.8
98.5
131.6
114.1
119.6
129.9
141.3
151.9
119.8
130.5
119.8

115.9
82.2
114.7
117.8
124.2
144.9
97.4
127.7
111.2
116.9
126.1
139.0
145.8
116.7
127.7
113.4

109.3
83.0
110.5
110.4
114.3
113.3
97.0
119.5
108.3
113.3
117.2
123.6
125.7
107.1
112.7
109.4

Nondurable goods_______ __ . . . . . . _
Food and kindred products_____ ____
Tobacco manufactures..
Textile mill products _
_ _ ...
Apparel and other textile products___
Paper and allied products_____
___
Printing and publishing.. ._
Chemicals and allied products. __
Petroleum and coal products. . . .
Rubber and plastics products, nec___
Leather and leather products_______

111.7
105.1
96.3
103.6
116.3
119.2
119.3
117.4
87.1
148.3
94.0

112.0
104.6
93.2
102.8
119.0
118.8
119.3
117.5
86.9
148.4
97.1

106.8
99.6
75.7
98.4
111.3
116.6
117.9
117.3
87.4
125.0
94.0

108.0
96.2
77.1
102.2
116.2
118.0
118.6
117.4
85.7
130.9
95.2

105.2
91.0
73.0
100.0
115.3
113.1
118.0
116.7
83.1
126.3
91.3

105.4
88.6
74.6
99.5
114.7
112.7
118.5
118.7
82.3
143.1
89.4

106.1
89.5
74.2

105.7
88.8
76.2
99.4
117.1
112.9
117.4
115.2
78.6
144.5
95.0

107.3
91.4
87.8
101.3
116.9
114.1
117.2
115.5
77.5
149.4
98.2

110.4
96.6
98.9
103.9
118.6
116.9
119.9
117.1
80.1
153.2
100.2

111.7
93.3
105.4
120.5
117.8
118.6
117.5
81.7
153.4
99.8

112.6
102.9
98.9
106.3
121.6
116.6
118.7
117.0
81.9
152.6
98.5

113.2
107.7
101.2
107.0
118.1
116.9
118.3
117.4
83.8
150.9
98.4

109.5
96.2
84.6
106.0
118.7
115.0
115.8
115.9
81.0
146.8
100.6

105.3
94.4
86.4
102.0
115.1
109.6
110.0
110.2
78.7
135.2
96.9

100.4
141.0
153.1

102.6
151.7
156.9

101.6
157.0
157.4

104.7
174.3
157.9

105.0 100.8
178.3, 157.6
157.7 151.4

97.1
144.6
136.6

99.9

116.6
114.0
119.3
116.6
79.5
144.1
92.0

99.9

Payrolls
Mining___ ________
Contract construction. ____
Manufacturing____

101.6
187.2
157.2

103.7
188.7
155.0

108.9
184.7
150.5

106.2
171.1
153.8

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1967, see footnote 1, table A-9.
For mining and manufacturing, data refer to production and related


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

101.8
157.3
150.9

101.0
147.9
149.9

97.7
137.2
151.1

97.1
131.3
150.4

workers and for contract construction, to construction workers, as defined
in footnote 1, table A-10.
2 Preliminary.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

110

D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
T able

D -l.

Consumer Price Index1—U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers,
all items, groups, subgroups, and special groups of items
[1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified]
1966

1967

Annual
average

Group
Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1966

1965

All items . . . - ----- -----------------All items (1947-49=100)________________

117.1
143.7

116.9
143.4

116.5
142.9

116.0
142.3

115.6 115.3
141.8, 141.5

115.0
141.1

114.8
140.9

114.7
140.7

114.7
140.7

114.6
140.6

114.5
140.5

114.1
140.0

113.1
138.8

109.9
134.8

Food------- . . . ------------------ ----- - --Food at home__ ___ .
___.
Cereals and bakery products____ _
Meats, poultry, and fish____________
Dairy products__________. . . . . ..
Fruits and vegetables.. ___ ______
Other foods at home 2 _______ ______
Food away from hom e... _
_______

115.9
112.9
118.4
113.4
117.3
115.6
102.4
130.8

116.6
113.9
118.4
113.1
116.6
122.7
102.6
130.3

116.0
113.3
118.2
112.3
116.4
124.4
100.2
129.7

115.1
112.3
118.3
111.6
116.3
119.9
100.0
129.1

113.9
110.9
118.8
108.5
115.9
116.4
100.7
128.7

113.7
110.8
118.5
109.0
115.7
114.2
101.4
128.3

114.2
111.5
118.6
110.0
115.7
115.2
102.3
127.7

114.2
111.7
118.5
110.7
116.1
114.2
102.5
127.4

114.7
112.3
118.8
110.3
116.4
115.3
104.9
127.0

114.8
112.6
118.8
110.9
116.5
114.3
105.7
126.3

114.8
112.8
118.6
111.8
116.7
114.9
104.8
125.7

115.6
113.8
118.3
113.8
117.1
115.3
106.0
125.2

115.6
114.0
118.4
114.8
116.0
116.6
105.3
124.6

114.2
112.6
115.8
114.1
111.8
117.6
103.9
123.2

108.8
107.2
111.2
105.1
105.0
115.2
101.8
117.8

IIousiDg------- ------ ---------------- ---Shelter3. . . ----------------------------R en t... ..
Homeownership A. ------------Fuel and utilities 5._ -----------Fuel oil and coal_______ ____
___
Gas and electricity____ . . ________
Household furnishings and operation 6__

115.0
118.7
112.8
121.1
109.4
112.3
108.9
108.8

114.7
118.4
112.6
120.8
109.1
111.7
108.5
108.3

114.3
117.9
112.4
120.2
108.9
111.4
108.3
108.2

114.1
117.7
112.2
119.9
108.6
110.5
108.2
108.1

113.9
117.5
112.1
119.7
108.7
110.8
108.3
107.9

113.6
116.9
111.9
119.0
108.8
111.0
108.4
107.7

113.3
116.6
111.8
118.6
108.7
111.1
108.3
107.3

113.3
116.8
111.7
118.9
108.7
111.1
108.3
107.0

113.1
116.5
111.4
118.7
108.6
110.5
108.3
106.7

113.0
116.4
111.3
118.6
108.4
110.2
107.9
106.7

112.6
115.8
111. 2
117.8
108.3
108.9
108.1
106.5

112.2
115.5
111. 0
117.4
108.1
108.3
108.0
106.1

111.8
115.0
110.7
116.8
108.0
107.4
108.1
105.7

111.1
114.1
110.4
115.7
107.7
108.3
108.1
105.0

108.5
110.6
108.9
111.4
107.2
105.6
107.8
103.1

Apparel and upkeep 7---------------------------M en’s and boys’.
...
Women’s and girls’__ _ . . _ _______
Footwear____ _____ ____ . ___

115.1
115.5
111.1
126.4

113.8
114.5
108.8
126.0

113.7
113.9
109.2
125.4

113.9
114.1
109.7
125.4

113.8
114.0
109.6
125.2

113.0
113.5
108.4
124.9

112.6
112.7
108.2
124.2

111.9
111.8
107.3
123.4

111.3
111.6
106.4
122.9

112.3
112.6
108.1
122.9

112.0
112.4
107.8
122.8

111.5
111.5
107.5
122.2

110.7
111.2
106.3
121.3

109.6
110.3
105.1
119.6

106.8
107.4
103.1
112.9

116.8
Transportation
----- -Private____ ___ . . . ______ ______ .. 114.8
Public------- ---------------------------------- 133.0

116.4
114.4
132.8

116.2
114.1
132.7

115.7
113.7
132.2

115.5
113.6
130.9

115.1
113.2
130.6

114.2
112.2
130.5

113.8
111.8
130.0

113.4
111.4
129.8

113.8
111.7
129.8

114.5
112.6
129.6

114.3
112.3
129.6

113.3
111.3
129.5

112.7
111.0
125.8

111.1
109.7
121.4

124.9
138.5
116.4
120.5
119.7

124.2
137.5
116.1
120.0
118.8

123.6
136.9
115.5
119.8
117.8

123.2
136.3
115.3
119.7
116.9

122.8
135.7
115.0
119.6
116.7

122.6
135.1
114.9
119.4
116.6

122.2
134.6
114.4
118.9
116.4

121.8
133.6
114.1
118.6
116.3

121.4
132.9
113.8
118.5
116.2

121.0
131.9
113.7
118.4
115.9

120.8
131.3
113.4
118.3
116.0

120.4
130.4
113.3
118.0
115.9

119.9
129.4
113.0
117.5
115.7

119.0
127.7
112.2
117.1
114.9

115.6
122.3
109.9
115.2
111.4

Special groups:
All items less shelter------------ -------------- 116.7
All items less food . . ---- . . . . . . ------ 117.7
All items less medical care------- ----------- 115.8

116.5
117.1
115.6

116.1
116.8
115.2

115.6
116.5
114.8

115.1
116.3
114.4

114.8
115.9
114.1

114.6
115.4
113.8

114.3
115.2
113.7

114.2
114.8
113.6

114.3
114.9
113.7

114.4
114.8
113.6

114.3
114.4
113.6

113.9
113.8
113.1

112.9
113.0
112.3

109.6
110.4
109.1

Commodities__________ . . . . . . . _____
Nondurables 8___ . . ______ . . . . . . .
Durables 10__ ___________________ _.
Services1112. . ___ ________________ _____

112.0
114.9
104.8
128.7

111.9
114.8
104.7
128.2

111.5
114.3
104.4
127.7

111.0
113.8
104.1
127.4

110.5
113.2
103.9
127.0

110.2
113.0
103.4
126.6

110.0
112.9
102.9
126.3

109.9
112.7
102.8
125.9

109.9
112.7
102.7
125.5

110.1
113.0
103.1
125.2

110.2
112.9
103.5
124.7

110.3
113.1
103.5
124.1

110.0
112.9
102.7
123.5

109.2
111.8
102.7
122.3

106.4
107.9
102.6
117.8

Commodities less fo o d _________ . . . . .
Nondurables less food____ _ . ______
Apparel commodities . . . . . _ ------Apparel commodities less footwear...
Nondurables less food and apparel____
N ew cars.. ____ _
____. . . . _____
Used cars_______ . -------------------- . . .
Household durables 13________________
Housefurnishings------- ------ ----------------

110.0
114.1
114.1
111.7
114.1
96.1
126.2
98.4
101.2

109.4
113.2
112.7
110.0
113.4
96.9
125.2
98.2
100.8

109.1
112.8
112.6
110.0
113.0
97.0
124.8
98.1
100.8

108.9
112.7
112.8
110.3
112.7
96.8
122.4
98.0
100.7

108.7
112.7
112.7
110.2
112.6
96.9
121.4
98.1
100.6

108.4
112.4
111.9
109.4
112.7
97.0
118.8
98.0
100.6

107.8
111.8
111.5
109.0
112.0
97.2
115.9
97.8
100.3

107.6
111.5
110.7
108.2
111.9
97.3
114.0
97.7
100.0

107.3
111.0
110.1
107.6
111.6
97.6
113.0
97.6
99.7

107.7
111.4
111.2
108.8
111.6
98. 6
114.2
97.7
100.0

107.8
111.3
110.9
108.6
111.5
99.3
119.3
97.6
99.9

107.6
110.9
110.4
108.1
111.2
98.4
120.8
97.4
99.5

107.0
110.5
109.7
107.4
111.0
94.4
120.1
97.3
99.3

106.5
109.7
108.5
106.3
110.3
97.2
117.8
96.8
98.8

105.1
107.2
105.8
104.4
108.0
99.0
120.8
96.9
97.9

Services less r e n t11___ .. ______ . _
Household services less rent __________
Transportation services_______ ...
Medical care services____ . _________
Other services'A .- _________________

132.3
128.1
128.9
148.0
132.4

131.7
127.5
128.8
146.7
131.9

131.2
127.0
128.3
146.0
131.6

130.8
126.7
128.1
145.2
131.3

130.4
126.5
127.7
144.4
130.8

130.0
126.0
127.6
143.6
130.3

129.5
125.6
127.4
142.9
129.7

129.2
125.5
127.2
141.6
129.4

128.8
125.1
126.9
140.6
129.1

128.3
124.9
126.5
139.4
128.9

127.7
124.2
126.1
138.6
128.5

127.1
123.5
125.9
137.4
128.2

126.5
123.0
125.5
136.2
127.5

125.0
121.5
124.3
133.9
126.5

120.0
117.0
119.3
127.1
121.8

Health and recreation______________
Medical care___ .. -------- . . . . . .
Personal care. . . . ---- . . . ___________
Reading and re c re a tio n _____________
Other goods and services 8_____________

1 The C P I measures the average change in prices of goods and services
purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker families. Beginning
January 1964, the index structure was revised to reflect buying patterns of
wage earners and clerical workers in the 1960’s. The indexes shown here are
based on expenditures of all urban wage-earner and clerical-worker consumers,
including single workers living alone, as well as families of two or more
persons.
2 Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, nonalcoholic beverages, and
prepared and partially prepared foods.
2 Also includes hotel and motel room rates not shown separately.
<Includes home purchase, mortgage interest, taxes, insurance, and main­
tenance and repairs.
5 Also includes telephone, water, and sewerage service not shown separately.
6 Includes housefurnishings and housekeeping supplies and services.
7 Includes dry cleaning and laundry of apparel, infants’ wear, sewing
materials, jewelry, and miscellaneous apparel, not shown separately.
8 Includes tobacco, alcoholic beverages, and funeral, legal, and bank
service charges.
»Includes foods, paint, furnace filters, shrubbery, fuel oil, coal, household
textiles, housekeeping supplies, apparel, gasoline and motor oil, drugs and


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pharmaceuticals, toilet goods, nondurable recreational goods, newspapers,
magazines, books, tobacco, and alcoholic beverages.
10 Includes home purchase, which was classified under services prior to
1964, building materials, furniture and bedding, floor coverings, household
appliances, dinnerware, tableware, cleaning equipment, power tools, lamps,
Venetian blinds, hardware, automobiles, tires, radios, television sets, tape
recorders, durable toys, and sports equipment.
11 Excludes home purchase costs which were classified under this heading
prior to 1964.
12 Includes rent, mortgage interest, taxes and insurance on real property,
home maintenance and repair services, gas, electricity, telephone, water,
sewerage service, household help, postage, laundry and dry cleaning, furni­
ture and apparel repair and upkeep, moving, auto repairs, auto insurance,
registration and license fees, parking and garage rent, local transit, taxicab,
airplane, train, and bus fares, professional medical services, hospital services,
health insurance, barber and beauty shop services, movies, fees for sports,
television repairs, and funeral, bank, and legal services.
13 Does not include auto parts,durable toys, and sports equipment.
14 Includes the services components of apparel, personal care, reading and
recreation, and other goods and services.

D._CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES

111

T able D-2. Consumer Price Index 1—U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers,

selected groups, subgroups, and special groups of items, seasonally adjusted 2
[1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified]
1966

1967
Group
Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

115.6
112.5
111. 1
117.1
119.7
101.3

115.8 115.0
112.9 112. 0
112.1 112. 2
116.6 117. 0
120. 6 116. 0
102. 5 101.1

115.3
112.6
113.1
117.4
115.1
101.6

114. 5
111. 5
110.3
116. 6
113. 5
101. 7

113.9
110.9
110.0
116.3
112.1
101.9

114.3
111.6
110.4
115. 6
114.7
102.8

114. 0
111.4
110.4
115.9
114. 4
102.3

114.9
112.5
110.4
115.8
118.5
104.4

115.3
113.1
111.3
115.9
117.6
104.9

115.3
113.4
111.5
116.1
119.6
104.1

115.8
114.0
112.8
116.5
120.9
104.5

115.3
113.7
112.4
115.8
121.0
103.8

109.5
113.8

109. 5
113.9

109. 3
113. 7

108.8
112.4

108. 8
112.4

108.7
110.3

108.4
109.4

108.7
108.9

108.2
108.3

108.0
108.3

108.1
108.3

108.0
108.5

108.2
108.8

Apparel and upkeep 8 _________________ ______
. . ._
Men’s and boys’. _ ______ _______
Women’s and girls’_____ _________________________
Footwear__
. . .
. . . . . . . . . . ____ _ .

114.9
115.3
110.7
126. 5

114. 3
115.0
109.6
126. 3

114. 2
114. 4
109. 7
125.8

113.9
114.2
109.8
125.3

113. 7
114. 0
109. 6
125. 2

113.1
113.6
108.7
124. 8

112.9
113.2
108. 6
124.3

112.3
112.2
107.9
123.5

111.9
111.9
107.5
123.0

111.7
111.9
107.1
122.5

111.3
111.7
107.5
122.3

110.8
111.1
106.3
122.0

110.5
111.0
105.8
121.3

Transportation.. . . .
. . . ___
___
Private__________________ _____________________

117.0
115.1

116.3
114. 3

116. 0
113.9

115.9
113.8

115.6
113. 7

115.3
113.4

114.5
112.7

114.3
112.2

113.2
111.3

113.3
111.4

114.0
112.0

114.1
112.0

113.5
111.5

Special groups:
Commodities 6_____. . . . ______. . . . . . . . . ________
N o n d u rab les.___ ___ _ . . . . __. . . ___ _
Durables 6 7 __________________ _______________

112.0
114. 7
105.1

111.8
114.6
104.9

111. 3
113. 7
104. 4

111.1
113.9
104.1

110. 6
113. 4
103. 9

110.3
113.1
103 4

110.1
113.0
103.0

110.0
112.7
103. 0

110.1
112.9
102.7

110.1
113.1
102.9

110.1
112.9
103.1

110.2
113.0
103.3

109.9
112.8
102.9

Commodities less food 6 ___ __________________ _ _
Nondurables less food .
............................................
Apparel commodities...
.
. ..
Apparel commodities less footwear.. . .
_ .
New cars.. ..
Used cars___
. . . __ __
Housefurnishings... .

no. l
114.0
113.9
111.4
97.9
125.1
101.2

109.6
113.4
113. 2
110.6
98. 2
123. 3
101.1

109. 2
113. 0
113. 2
110.6
98. 0
123.1
100.9

108.9
112.8
112.9
110.4
97.2
120.9
100.6

108 8
112. 8
112. 6
110.2
97.1
121.9
100.5

108 4
112. 5
112.1
109.6
96 8
119. 4
100.4

108.0
112.0
111.9
109.4
97.1
117.9
100.2

107.9
111.8
111.3
108.9
96.9
117.2
100.2

107.4
111. 1
110.8
108.4
96.9
115.1
100.0

107.4
111.1
110.5
108.0
97.5
114.0
100.0

107.4
111.0
110.0
107.6
97.7
118.0
99.8

107.3
110.6
109.5
107.2
97.9
119.6
99.5

107.0
110.3
109.5
107.1
96.2
118.7
99.3

Food. ________
-- - - - -- _________ - -Food at home __ - -_______
Meats, poultry, and fish__________________ _
Dairy products... . _______
_
_______
Fruits and vegetables
____ ______ _____ _ ..
. . . _____
Other foods at hom e... .
__ ___
Fuel and utilities 3. . _
. . . _______
Fuel oil and coal4. .............................

1 See footnote 1, table D -l.
2 Beginning January 1966, seasonally adjusted national indexes were com­
puted for selected groups, subgroups, and special groups where there is a
significant seasonal pattern of price change. Previously published indexes
for the year 1965 have been adjusted. No seasonally adjusted indexes will be
shown for any of the individual metropolitan areas for which separate indexes
are published. Previously, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has made
available only seasonal factors, rather than seasonally adjusted indexes (e.g.,
Department of Labor Bulletin 1366, Seasonal Factors, Consumer Price Index:
Selected Series). The factors currently used were derived by the BLS


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Seasonal Factor Method using data for 1956-66. These factors will be up­
dated at the end of each calendar year. A detailed description of the BLS
Seasonal Factor Method is provided in appendix A, B L S Handbook of M eth­
ods for Surveys and Studies (BLS Bulletin 1458, 1966).
3 See footnote 5, table D-l.
4 See footnote 6, table D -l.
5 See footnote 8, table D -l.
6 See footnote 10, table D -l.
7 See footnote 12, table D -l.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

112
T able D-3.

Consumer Price Index—U.S. and selected areas for urban wage earners and clerical
workers 1
[1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified]

1967

A rea2
Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Annual
average

1966

Apr.

Mar.

Fob.

Jan.

194749=100

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1966

1965

Sept.
1967

All items
U.S. city average3- ___________

117.1

116.9

116.5

116.0

115.6

115.3

115.0

114.8

114.7

114.7

114.6

114.5

114.1

113.1

109.9

143.7

Atlanta, Ga . . . ---- -- . . . -------Baltimore, M d___ . . . ____ ___
Boston, Mass____________ -Buffalo, N.Y. (Nov. 1963=100)___
Chicago, 111.-Northwestern Ind___
Cincinnati, Ohio-Kentucky______

115.6
117.6
(4)
(*)
115.0
114.7

(9
(9
(9

(9
(9
119.9
(9
113.7
(9
(9
(9
115.0
(9
114.3
(9

114.8
115.7

(9
(9
(9

(9
(9
118.8
(9
112.2
(9
(9
(9
114.6
(9
113.6
(9

114.0
114.8

(9
(9
(9

113.3
114.5

(9
(9
(9

111.5
113.4
117.0
107.0
110.7
110.3

108.1
109.6
113.2
103.5
107.6
107.2

143.1
145.9
(4)

(9
(9

(9
(9
118.5
(9
112.0
(9
(9
(9
112.6
(9
112. 4
(9

112.8
114.3

109.7
105.0
111.1
105.1
111.5
116.3

106.9
101. 4
106.4
102.1
108.5
113.3

142.2

(9

(9
(9
118.6
(9
111.8
(9
(9
(9
113.3
(9
113.0
(9

116.3
0)
114.2
118.2
115.8
114.2
117.4

115.4

115.7
111.4

115.9

115.7

113.4
117.8
115.0
114.1

117.3
114.7

114.7
110.6
112.2
116.0
113.7
113.0

«

116.S

112.5
108.2
109.5
112.2
110.6
110.2
111.8

148.5
(4)
(4)
144.2
144.8
(4)
(4)

114.7

113.5
102.1
115.6

146.1

HI9

114.1
113.3

109.9
100.1
112.7
111.0
111.0
109.6

110.4
114.5

(9

Cleveland, Ohio.......... . . ------- . («)
Dallas, Tex. (Nov. 1963=100)___ - (4)
115.3
Detroit, Mich___ ____ ___ Honolulu, Hawaii (Dec. 1963 = 100). 108.7
Houston, Tex.
0)
Kansas City, Mo.-Kansas__ _____ 120.1

113.2
108.9
115.3

Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif----- 119.1
Milwaukee, Wis_______ . . . .
(9
Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn_____
(9
NewYork,N.Y.-Northeastern N .J. 119.7
Philadelphia, P a.-N .J_______ ... 117.9
Pittsburgh, P a__ . ------- -- . ..
(9
Portland, Oreg.-Wash.
......
(9

118.3
113.6

117.7
St. Louis, M o.-Ill. . ------------ .
San Diego, Calif. (Peb. 1965=100)-. (9
San Francisco-Oakland, Calif____ 120.4
Scranton, Pa____ . . .
....
(9
Seattle, W ash___ . . . . . . . . .
(9
Washington, D .C .-M d.-V a_____
«

(9
(9
(9

(9

119.4
117.4

(9
(9
(9
105.9
(9

118.7
118.2
117.3

117.5

(9

115.6
119.1
116.7
115.0
118.2

(9
(9
(9
«
(9
(9

(9
(9

112.9
113.1

(9
(9

114.7
107.9

109.5
112.6

(9

111.8
107.5
114.5

(9

(9
(9
(9

117.3

116.9
112.2

117.4

(9
(9

118.7
116.6

(9
(9

116.5

(9
(9
(9
(9

118.4

(9

118.4
116. 0

(9
(9
(9
104.1
(9

(9
(9
(9
0)
(9
(9

117.1
116.8
115.7

(9
(9

112.3
111.6

(9
(9

114.3
106.7
117.9

(9
(9

118.2
115.5

(9
(9

115.5

(9
(9
(9
(9

117.1

108.5
112.2

(9

111.5
107.0
113.5
(4)

(9

118.0
115.3

(9

115.8

(9

113.4
117.5
115.0
114.0

(9
(9

112.2
111.2

(9
(9

113.3
106.6

110.9
106. 5
112.7

(9
(9

116.3

116.3
111.6

(9
(9

117.6
115.3

(9
(9

117.1

9)
103.7

(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9

114.9

116.3
115.9
115.1

(9

(9

117.3

(4)

(9

108.0
111.9

(9
(9
(9
(9

117.2

(4)

(9

117. 7
115.0

(9
(9
(9
103. 5
(9

(9

116.6

(9
(9

111.9
111.7

(9
(9

112.1
105.6
(9
117.1

(9
(9

(9

116.4

115.6
114.6

(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9

116.2

(9
(9
(9
(9

145.0
139.6
(4)
(4)
148.6

152.8
(4)
(4)
(4)

Food
U.S. city average3 ____________

115.9

116.6

116.0

115.1

113.9

113.7

114.2

114.2

114.7

114.8

114.8

115.6

115.6

114.2

108.8

Atlanta, G a.. ___. . . . _____
Baltimore, M d______ . . . ____
Boston, M ass. . . . ___ . . . ___
Buffalo, N.Y. (Nov. 1963=100)___
Chicago, Ill.-Northwestern Ind . . .
Cincinnati, O hio-K entucky...___

115.1
118.1
121.3
110.4
116.6
112.4

115.4
118.3
121.1
111.3
117.7
114.4

114.4
117.6
120.1
111.1
116.4
115.2

114.3
115.5
119.0
110.6
114.5
113.7

113.6
114.9
118.3
108.9
113.9
111.9

112.9
114.8
117.7
108.9
113.1
111.3

113.6
114.9
118.4
109.4
114.1
111.4

113.5
115.2
118.2
109.3
114.7
111.2

114.1
115.3
119.0
109.7
114.1
111.5

113.8
116.0
118.8
109.3
114.7
111.7

114.0
115.9
118. 5
109. 7
114.7
112.4

114.7
116.7
119.3
109.7
115.4
113.6

114.2
117.9
119.3
109.9
116.3
113.4

112.9
115.9
117.0
108.8
114.6
111.8

107.4
109.3
112.5
104.1
108.8
106.2

Cleveland, Ohio__ . . . ___ ___
Dallas, Tex. (Nov. 1963=100)__ _
___
Detroit, Mich__ . . . .
Honolulu, Hawaii (Dec. 1963=100).
Houston, Tex . . .
_______ _ ..
Kansas City, Mo.-Kansas.. .

112.4
110.0
114.5
110.3
116.2
118.5

113.0
110.8
116.3
110.1
116.1
119.1

112.2
110.2
115.1
109.9
115.9
118.4

111.5
109.4
113.5
109.5
115.0
117.8

109.9
108.4
113.0
108.4
114.2
116.1

109.6
107.9
112.6
108.0
115.5
116.0

110.3
108.9
113.2
108.3
115.7
116.6

110.0
109.8
112.7
107.7
116.0
117.2

110.9
110.5
113.0
108.1
116.6
118.0

111.5
110.9
113.1
108.0
116.9
117.8

111.8
111.0
113.1
108.7
116.6
117.5

112.1
111.0
113.5
108.4
117. 0
118.7

112.4
111.1
113.7
107.3
117.0
119.0

110.9
110.0
112.2
107.0
115.4
117.2

104.8
103.9
105.0
103.5
109.2
111.3

Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif
Milwaukee, Wis
Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn__
New York, N.Y.-Northeastern N .J.
Philadelphia, Pa.-N .J . _
Pittsburgh, P a ..
______. . . .
Portland, Oreg.-Wash. ..

115.1
114.9
113.1
116.2
116.5
112.0

114.6
116.5
114.3
117.2
115.9
113.1

114.3

113.6 112.4
113.5
112.3 111.8
115.5 114.3
114.5 113.3
111.6 109.1

112.4

112.5

114. 0

113.7

113.0
115.5
113.7
111.3

112.9
115.3
114.0
111.2

116.0

116.7

115.6

113. 7
114.3
112.6
115.7
113.5
111.4

114.2

112.5
114.9
113.1
109.7

112.8
112.8
112.5
115.0
113.6
110.2

113.7

112.2
114.4
113.0
109.5
114.1

114.2
116.5
114.5
112.8

113.4
116.3
114.5
112.8

113.3
114.0
112.4
115.1
113.1
111.8
111 7

110.7
107.7
107.1
109.8
107.2
107.5

St. Louis, Mo.-Ill
.
. .
San Diego, Calif. (Feb 1965-100)
San Franciseo-Oakland, Calif
Scranton, Pa..
Seattle, Wash
__ . . . .
Washington, D .C.-M d.-V a______

119.0
108.6
115.7

120.0
109.1
116.4
116.0
115.2
118.0

119.9

118.8

117.2

118.1

119.2

114.4

113.0

113.2

114.4
115.7

113.1
114.8

113.3
115.3

114.4
112.6
114.0
114.7

117.8
106.5
114.2
112.8
114.1
114.0

111.5
102. 7
110.2

115.4
116.3

118.5
105.9
113.3
112.1
113.5
114.7

119.3

116.1

117.4
106.2
112.8
112.0
113.6
114.4

115.2
117.8

113.1
116.5
114.7
112.9
115.9

1 See footnote 1, table D -l. Indexes measure time-to-time changes in
prices. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live in one area than in
another.
2 The areas listed include not only the central city but the entire urban
portion of the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined for the 1900
Census of Population; except that the Standard Consolidated Area is used
for New York and Chicago.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

116.0

116.6

116.1

119.7

119.4

114.4

118.6
106.6
115.1

115.0

114.7

114.3
114.7

114.7
113.5

115.1
115.1

115.2
115.6

113.1

113.2

113.8

113.7

109.5

107.7

110.3
108.4

3 Average of 56 “cities” (metropolitan areas and nonmetropolitan urban
places) beginning January 1966.
* All items indexes are computed monthly for 5 areas and once every 3
months on a rotating cycle for other areas.

D —CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T a ble D-4.

113

Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified]8
1966

1967

Annual
average

Commodity group
Sept. Aug.
All commodities___________________________________
Farm products and processed foods and feeds__________
Farm products________________________________ ____
Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables--------------------Grains.____ ___________ ______________________
Livestock_________ _________________________
Live poultry__________ ________ - -------- --------- Plant and animal fibers_________________________
Fluid milk____________________________________
Eggs-------------------------------------------- ------------------Hay, hayseeds, and oilseeds______________________
Other farm products._____ ______________________
Processed foods and feeds------------ ----------------------------Cereal and bakery products..................................... ......
Meats, poultry, and fish_________________________
Dairy products .......................... ..... ............................
Processed fruits and vegetables___________________
Sugar and confectionery........ ........................................
Beverages and beverage materials.................................
Animal fats and o ils............................................ ..........
Crude vegetable oils________ ____________ ________
Refined vegetable o ils._____ _____________________
Vegetable oil end products................... ........................ .
Miscellaneous processed foods..................... .............. .
Manufactured animal feeds______________________
All commodities except farm products_____ __________
Industrial commodities......... ............................ ...................
Textile products and apparel___________________ _____
Cotton products........................................... .............. ...
Wool products................................................................
Manmade fiber textile products......................................
Silk yam s_________ ________ ____ _______________
Apparel______. . . _____________________________
Textile housefumishings_________________________
Miscellaneous textile products______ _____ _________
Hides, skins, leather, and related products_____________
Hides and skins________________________________
Leather_______________________________________
Footwear_____________________________________
Other leather and related products________________
Fuels and related products, and power________________
Coal_______________ ______ ___________________
Coke_________________________________________
Gas fuels (Jan. 1958=100) . -------------------------------Electric power (Jan. 1958=100)___________________
Crude petroleum________________ ______________
Petroleum products, refined_____________________
Chemicals and allied products_______________________
Industrial chemicals.___________________________
Prepared paint_________________________________
Paint materials_________ _____________________
Drugs and pharmaceuticals--------- -----------------------Fats and oils, inedible__________________________
Agricultural chemicals and chemical products.............
Plastic resins and materials.............. .............................
Other chemicals and allied products_________ _____
Rubber and rubber products....................... ................ ........
Cmde rubber.............................................. ......................
Tires and tu b e s.......................................................... .
Miscellaneous rubber products_______ ____________
Lumber and wood products..................... ............................
Lumber______________________ ________________
Mill work______________________________________
Plywood____ _________________________________
Other wood products (Dec. 1966=100). u......................
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

106.2
105.3
98.4
92.2
85.6
103.5
72.9
72.4
123.7
93.1
109.0
97.7
112.7
116.6
108.6
122.8
107.9
113.8
106.7
79.6
87.9
91.3
102.0
112.5
121.5
107.1
106.5
102.0
99.2
102.7
86.3
175.7
107.4
106.8
115.6
114.4
93.2
105.3
121.8
111.8
104.5
104.1
112.0
132.6
100.7
99.0
103.9
97.9
97.1
109.9
90.6
93.5
77.1
101.2
87.7
108.7
98.2
83.9
98.7
103.7
108.7
112.0
113.1
95.7
101.3

106.1
105.2
99.2
96.6
86.1
106.3
77.3
71.4
120.9
82.1
111.6
99.3
112.1
116.8
107.4
122.1
107.1
113.8
106.6
83.0
89.8
91.9
101 0
112.1
119.6
106.8
106.3
101.7
98.8
102.9
85.9
172.6
107.3
105.3
116.0
114.4
86.8
109.2
121.2
112.5
104.7
103.0
112.0
132.0
100.5
99.0
104.6
98.0
97.1
108.8
90.7
93.6
77.2
101.8
89.5
108.7
97.8
84.8
98.7
102.3
106.1
109.0
112.6
90.9
101.6

July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan.
106.5
107.3
102.8
107.9
92.6
107.4
91.9
70.9
121.3
86.0
117.1
99.7
113.1
116.9
109.9
122.0
107.0
113.7
106.4
77.4
86.8
88.3
101.3
113.1
123.2
106.8
106.0
101.5
98.9
103.3
85.5
168.4
107.1
105.3
117.1
115.2
93.4
109.5
121.4
112.9
103.9
103.0
112.0
131.8
100.6
98.4
103.3
98.3
97.2
108.8
90.9
94.1
77.1
103.5
90.0
108.7
95.8
85.7
94.0
101.6
105.3
108.3
112.1
89.4
102.0

106.3
106.8
102.4
114.3
96.1
104.9
85.7
70.9
121.3
76.0
116.6
100.2
112.6
117.2
108.3
122.2
106.5
112.7
106.3
82.4
91.7
93.5
101.6
112.6
122.4
106.7
106.0
101.6
99.7
103.2
85.8
167.0
106.7
105.3
118.0
115.6
95.8
110.2
121.5
113.3
104.0
102.4
112.0
134.3
100.5
98.3
103.1
98.5
97.2
108.8
91.0
94.1
79.5
105.1
90.3
108.5
95.8
86.2
94.0
101.5
104.7
108.0
111.7
87.6
102.0

105.8
105.0
100.7
104.4
98.0
102.6
85.6
69.9
120.9
74.5
117.8
99.9
110.7
117.4
103.8
120.8
105.1
112.0
106.0
89.8
93.9
96.6
101.6
112.4
118.7
106.4
106.0
101.6
100.3
103.1
86.3
167.0
106.3
105.5
118.5
115.2
87.2
110.9
121.4
114.3
104.4
102.6
112.0
135.0
100.6
98.3
103.7
98.8
97.5
108.8
91.0
94.1
82.9
105.2
90.7
108.7
95.8
85.9
94.0
101.5
104.2
107.0
111.7
87.5
102.0

105.3
103.4
97.6
99.6
98.3
94.0
89.0
69.9
119.1
77.0
118.4
99.2
110.0
117.2
100.6
120.1
104.3
111.8
105.9
91.5
93.8
96.8
101.6
112.9
122.9
106.2
106.0
101.8
100.8
102.9
86.8
164.5
106.2
105.2
119.4
115.7
88.3
112.9
121.5
114.5
103.3
102.7
112.0
134.8
100.6
98.3
101.7
98.8
97.6
108.8
91.2
94.0
85.3
105.2
90.4
108.6
95.9
86.5
94.0
101.5
104.1
106.6
111.6
87.9
102.0

105.7
104.6
99.6
98.4
99.9
97.4
90.8
70.3
119.0
90.8
120.5
99.5
110.6
117.5
101.7
120.7
104.2
112.5
105.6
89.6
94.2
96.9
101.8
112.0
124.8
106.3
106.0
101.8
101.3
104.0
86.9
164.1
106.0
105.1
120.8
116.9
98.9
114.6
121.7
114.4
103.7
102.2
112.0
134.6
100.6
98.3
102.4
98.5
97.0
108.8
90.8
94.4
81.5
105.9
90.3
107.8
95.9
86.5
94.9
100.9
103.6
106.0
111.2
87.7
102.0

106.0
105.7
101.0
104.5
95.8
99.5
97.1
70.2
122.9
84.0
120.3
100.5
111.7
117.3
104.7
121.2
104.3
112.6
105.9
92.0
94.1
96.7
103.5
111.5
125.9
106.5
106.0
102.0
101.8
104.7
87.1
164.1
105.9
105.3
121.0
118.0
107.8
116.3
121.6
114.6
103.4
102.3
112.0
134.5
100.6
98.2
101.9
98.5
96.9
108.7
90.8
94.2
89.1
105.4
90.5
107.6
95.8
87.1
94.9
100.4
103.6
105.4
111.1
89.2
102.0

106.2
107.0
102.6
101.8
100.7
101.4
88.1
70.8
123.4
100.0
123.5
99.6
112.8
117.6
105.4
121.8
105.9
113.0
105.8
94.9
94.1
93.0
106.3
112.6
132.1
106.5
105.8
102.0
102.5
104.7
87.1
166.1
105.7
105.3
120.5
117.9
110.1
116.9
120.9
114.5
102.6
102.3
112.0
134.6
100.6
98.2
100.3
98.4
96.6
108.7
90.6
94.7
92.3
104.2
90.3
107.4
95.6
87.6
94.9
99.7
102.6
104.5
110.3
87.3
102.0

Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. 1966
105.9
106.7
101.8
101.3
101.5
97.9
77.2
71.0
124.0
109.0
124.5
100.5
112.8
118.0
104.4
122.3
105.8
112.6
105.8
97.5
98.1
101.2
106.3
113.7
132.0
106.3
105.5
101.8
102.7
104.8
86.9
163.2
105.4
105.3
119.7
117.3
109.2
116.2
120.3
114.2
102.4
102.4
112.0
132.0
100.8
98.1
100.2
98.2
96.4
108.5
90.6
94.7
95.1
103.1
90.2
107.0
95.0
87.6
93.9
99.3
102.5
104.5
110.3
87.4
100.0

106.2
108.8
104.4
97.9
98.9
106.5
83.1
71.4
125.8
114.7
121.5
100.8
113.9
118.7
108.1
124.5
105.7
111.6
105.6
108.9
100.1
97.0
108.2
115.1
128.1
106.4
105.3
102.2
103.3
105.6
88.1
161.1
105.3
105.2
118.8
118.7
120.8
117.5
120.1
115.6
102.6
100.6
112.0
130.7
100.2
98.1
101.3
97.9
95.9
107.3
90.2
95.0
94.5
102.8
90.2
0 0 .2
r« . 9 106.9
85.0 94.6
87.9 87.4
93.9 93.4
99.2 98.9
103.0 104.8
105.6 108.0
110.3 110.8
86.9 88.1
...... .........
105.9
107.1
102.5
104.2
98.0
9S.4
85.1
70.9
124.4
121.8
122.9
98.7
112.6
118.7
104.2
122.6
105.9
112.1
105.6
105.6
99.2
102.2
106.8
114.6
128.4
106.3
105.5
102.1
103.0
105.1
87.7
161.1
105.5
105.3
119.1
117.5
114.3
114.1
120.1
115.1
102.7
101.9
112.0
130.6
100.3
98.1
101.3
98.0
96.0
107.8
90.4
95.0
91.6
103.3

106.8
111.5
108.7
110.4
104.6
109.2
87.5
71.7
125.4
128.0
126.3
102.3
115.5
118.9
112.2
124. 2
103.7
111.4
105.6
115.9
112.4
107.6
110.4
114. 2
132.3
106.6
105.2
102.2
103.1
106.1
88.6
158.6
105.1
105.1
120.3
119.9
134.2
121.8
119.1
115.1
102.2
99.6
112.0
129.2
100.3
97.7
101.0
98.0
95.8
106.8
90.3
94.8
103.8
102.2
89.9
106.8
94.7
87.9
93.4
99.0
105.9
109.5
110. 9
89.2
.........

105.9
108.9
105.6
102.5
97.3
110.0
91.4
82.3
117.6
107.9
122.9
101.5
113.0
115.4
110.2
118.5
104.8
110.5
105.8
113.1
107.2
108.7
104.6
114.0
126.6
105.8
104.7
102.1
102.5
106.0
89.5
153.6
105.0
104.4
122.6
119.7
140.8
121.1
118.2
114.4
101.3
98.6
109.8
129.3
100.3
97.5
99.5
97.8
95.7
106.8
90.1
94.5
102.8
102.8
89.0
106.6
94.8
89.2
93.3
98.8
105.6
108.5
110.0
92.8

1965
102.5
102.1
98.4
101.8
89.6
100.5
87.2
91.1
103.5
93.5
112.9
97.6
106.7
109.0
101.0
108.5
102.1
109.0
105.7
113.4
100.9
97.0
101.2
113.6
116.3
102.9
102.5
101.8
100.2
104.3
95.0
134.3
103.7
103.1
123.0
109.2
111.2
108.1
110.7
106.1
98.9
96. 5
107.3
124.1
100.8
96.8
95.9
97.4
95.0
105. 4
89.8
94.4
112.7
101.8
88.4
105.3
92.9
90.0
90.0
97.1
101.1
101.9
107.7
92.3
.........

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

114
T able

D-4.

Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities—Continued
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified]3
1967

1966

Annual
average

Commodity group
Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb.
Industrial Commodities—Continued
P uId . paper, and allied products--------------------------------- 104.1 104.0 104.1 103.9
Pulp, paper, and products, excluding building paper
arid board------------------------------------------------------ 104.6 104.5 104.6 104.3
Woodpulp ------------------------------- ------------ - ........--- 98.0 98.0 98.0 98.0
Wastepaper____________________________________ 75.4 74.6 76.2 76.7
Paper----- ---- --------------------------------------------- 110.9 110.9 110.9 109.6
Paperboard------------------------------------------------------ 97.3 97.3 97.3 97.3
104 9
104. 8 104 6
Building paper and board------------------------------------ 91.4 91.3 91.5 91.5
Metals and metal products---------------------------------------- 109.6 109.2 109.0 108.9
104.0 103.5 103.4 103.3
Iron and s te e l.---- . . .
Steel mill products--------------------------------------------- 106.3 105.7 105.7 105.7
----------------- 119.4 118.9 118.6 118.7
Nonferrous metals---------- - ----Metal containers-. -------------- -------------------- 111.7 111.7 111.7 111.7
Hardware--------------------------------------------------------- 115.3 115.2 113.8 113.0
Plumbing fixtures and brass fittings----------------------- 110.2 110.1 110.0 110.8
Heating equipment-------------------------------------------- 92.7 92.5 92.6 92.5
Fabricated structural metal products--------------------- 105.6 105.5 105.1 104.9
Miscellaneous metal products-------------------------------- 114.1 114.2 113.8 113.7
Machinery and equipment------------------------------ ------ — 111.9 111.8 111.6 111.6
Agricultural machinery and equipment------------------ 122.2 122.0 121.9 121.8
Construction machinery and equipment----------------- 122.4 122.4 122.1 121.9
Metalworking machinery and equipment---------------- 124.4 124.4 123.9 123.6
General purpose machinery and equipment. --------- 114.0 113.6 113.2 113.1
Special industry machinery and equipment (Jan.
1961-100)________ ___________________________ 116.7 116.7 116.3 116.1
Electrical machinery and equipment---------------------- 101.5 101.6 101.7 101.8
Miscellaneous machinery------ . . --------------------- 109.7 109.4 109.1 109.1
Furniture and household durables------------------------------ 101.2 101.0 100.9 100.8
Household furniture------ .. . . . . ----------- -- 113.0 112.8 112.6 112.4
Commercial furniture...
------------------------- 112.0 111.9 111.9 111.9
Floor coverings--------------------------------- 93.4 92.6 92.9 93.1
Household appliances. . ----------------------------------- 90.3 90.1 90.1 90.0
Home electronic equipment---------------------------------- 81.6 81.8 81.8 82.0
Other household durable goods----------------------------- 118.2 117.9 116.6 115.9
Nonmetallic mineral products----------------------------------- 104.7 104.5 104.2 103.9
Flat glass------ --------- -------- ------------------------- 106.9 106.9 104. 5 103.3
106.1 106.0 106.0 105.9
Concrete ingredients------------ ------------ -Concrete products____. . . ----------- -- - -------- 105.9 105.8 105. 8 105.7
Structural clay products excluding refractories---------- 110.7 110.4 109.9 109.7
104.9 104.9 104.9 104.9
Refractories___ _____ .
.. ..
95.1 91.8 91.6 88.3
Asphalt roofing_______________
_________
Gypsum products-------------------- -- - -------- ------ 100.7 100.7 100.7 100.9
Glass containers----------- ------------ . .
--------- 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.0
Other nonmetallic minerals______________________ 101.7 101.8 102.2 102.2
Motor vehicles and equipment-----------------------------Railroad equipment (Jan. 1961=100)---------------------Miscellaneous products______ _________
- --- ----Toys, sporting goods, small arms, ammunition. _ _
Tobacco products- ------------------------ . . .
Notions__ ______ _____
- - ---------------------Photographic equipment and supplies-------------------Other miscellaneous products____________________

101.5
102.9
110.2
106.1
114.8
100.8
111.6
108.7

101.3
102.9
110.0
105.8
114.8
100.8
111.3
108.5

101.3
102.9
109.7
105.6
114.8
100.8
110.1
108.3

1As of January 1967, the indexes incorporated a revised weighting structure
reflecting 1963 values of shipments. Changes also were made in the classi­
fication structure, and titles and composition of some indexes were changed.
Titles and indexes in this table conform with the revised classification struc­
ture, and may differ from data previously published. See Wholesale Prices
and Price Indexes, January 1967 (final) and February 1967 (final) for a descrip­
tion of the changes.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

101.4
102.9
109.6
105.3
114.8
100.8
110.1
108.0

Jan.

Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept.

1966

103.9 103.9 103.6 103.3 103.1 103.0 103.0 103.1 103.1 102.6

1965

99.9

104.3
98.0
77.5
109.5
97.3
104 9
91.7
108.9
103.2
105.7
118.9
111.7
112.9
110.7
92.0
105.1
113.7
111.6
121.8
121.9
123.6
113.2

104.3
98.0
79.1
109.3
97.3
104 9
92.2
109.1
103.2
105.6
120.0
111.5
112.8
110.5
92.0
104.9
113.6
111.6
121.8
121.8
122.9
113.0

104.0
98.0
79.7
108.5
97.3
104. 7
92.3
109.4
103.3
105.6
121.1
111.5
112.4
110.5
92.2
104.8
113.7
111.5
121.9
121.5
122.6
113.0

103.7
98.0
83.2
108.5
97.3
104. 0
92.4
109.6
103.2
105.6
122.3
111.5
112.0
110.5
92.3
104.8
113.6
111.2
121.7
121.4
122.2
113.0

103.5
98.0
83.9
108.5
97.3
103.7
92.4
109.4
103.0
105. 4
121.8
111.5
111.9
110.5
92.6
104.8
113.6
111.1
121.5
121.3
121.9
112.8

103.4
98.0
90.5
108.5
97.2
103. 2
92.7
109.0
102.9
105.3
120.5
110.2
111.9
110.5
93.4
104.9
113.2
110.7
120.8
121.0
121.8
112.4

103.4
98.0
92.7
108.5
97.2
103.1
93.1
109.0
102.8
105.2
121.0
110.2
111.5
110.5
93.4
104.8
113.1
110.2
120.4
120.6
121.5
112.2

103.5
98.0
98.8
108.4
97.2
103 0
93! 0
108.6
102.5
105.1
120.3
110.1
110.9
110.6
93.3
104.6
112.7
109.4
118.5
119.8
121.1
111.8

103.6
98.0
102.9
108.4
97.2
103 0
92.7
108.4
102.5
105.1
119.9
110.1
110.3
110.6
92.9
104.4
112.4
108.9
118.2
119.4
120.5
111.1

103.0 100.2
98.0 98.1
105.0 99.4
107.3 104.1
97.1 96.4
92.6
108.3
102.3
104.7
120.9
110.0
109.6
108.4
92.5
103.9
111.6
108.2
118.5
118.9
118.8
109.7

92.7
105.7
101.4
103.3
115.2
107.6
106.0
103.1
91.7
101.2
109.4
105.0
115.1
115.3
113.6
105.1

116.1
101.9
108.9
100.8
112.4
111.9
93.1
89.7
82.9
115.8
103.8
103.3
105.9
105.2
109.7
104.9
88.3
102.3
101.0
102.1

115.8
102.3
108.8
100.6
112.4
109.3
93.1
89.8
83.3
115.7
103.9
103.3
106.0
104.6
109.4
104.9
94.8
102.3
101.0
102.0

115.4
102.2
108.8
100.6
112.4
109.3
93.8
89.8
83.3
115.2
103.8
103.3
105.8
104.5
109.3
104.9
94.8
102.3
101.0
101.8

115.1
101.8
108.7
100.4
112.0
109.3
93.9
89.7
83.5
114.8
103.7
103.3
105.6
104.4
109.3
104.8
94.8
103.5
101.0
101.1

114.8
101.9
108.5
100.4
111.9
108.7
94.1
89.6
83.6
114.8
103.6
103.3
105.8
103.9
109.3
104.8
95.7
103.5
101.0
101.1

114.3
101.5
108.1
100.4
111.8
108.7
96.2
89.2
83.8
114.0
103.3
103.3
104.3
103.9
109.1
104.2
95.7
103.5
101.1
101.3

114.1
100.7
107.8
100.3
111.5
108.0
96.6
89.2
83.8
113.8
103.3
103.3
104.2
103.5
109.3
104.2
97.6
103.5
101.1
101.3

113.9
99.5
107.4
99.7
110.3
107.3
96.6
88.9
83.8
113.6
103.2
102.1
104.3
103.5
108.8
104.2
97.6
102.7
101.1
102.0

113.2
99.2
106.8
99.2
109.8
106.0
96.6
88.7
83.3
112.6
103.0
100.6
103.9
103.6
108.7
103.9
97.6
102.7
99.2
101.8

111.8
99.0
106.5
99.1
109.1
105.7
97.0
89.1
83.6
111.6
102.6
100.7
103.9
103.0
108.4
103.7
96.0
102.4
99.9
101.7

108.0
96.8
105.2
98.0
106.2
103.7
97.7
89.2
85.2
108.9
101.7
100.9
103.2
$1.5
106.6
103.0
92.8
104.0
98.1
101.3

101.6
102.9
108.0
105.3
110.3
100.8
110.1
107.4

101.6
102.7
108.0
105.2
110.3
100.8
110.2
107.4

101.6
102.7
107.7
104.0
110.3
100.8
110.1
107.3

101.6
102.7
108.0
105.3
110.3
100.8
110.3
107.2

101.6
102.7
107.9
105.2
110.3
100.8
110.1
107.2

101.7
102.7
107.5
104.8
110.3
100.8
109.9
106.1

101.7
101.0
107.4
104.8
110.2
100.8
109.8
106.0

101.7
101.0
107.2
105.0
110.3
100.8
108.4
105.6

100.1
101.0
107.1
104.8
110.3
100.8
108.4
105.5

100.8
101.2
106.8
104.1
109.6
100.5
108.9
105.3

100.7
100.9
104.8
102.7
106.2
99.1
109.2
103.8

2 As of January 1962, the indexes were converted from the former base of
1947-49=100 to the new base of 1957-59=100. Technical details and earlier
data on the 1957-59 base furnished upon request to the Bureau.
3 Not available.
N ote : For a description of the general method of computing the monthly
Wholesale Price Index, see B L S Handbook of Methods for Surveys and Studies
(BLS Bulletin 1458, October 1966), Chapter 11.

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able D-5.

115

Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings 1
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified]3
1967

1966

Annual
average

Commodity group
Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan.
All commodities—less farm products........................... ........
All foods......... ......................—...............—.........................—
Processed foods.............-..........-........—-----------------------Textile products, excluding hard and bast fiber products.
Hosiery....................... ............. ............................... ..............
Underwear and nightwear...................................- ................
Refined petroleum products-------------------------------------East Coast, refined..........................................................
Mid-Continent, refined................................. - ................
Gulf Coast, refined________ ____ -..........................
Pacific Coast, refined-----------------------------------------Midwest, refined (Jan. 1961=100)--------------------------Pharmaceutical preparations------------------------------------Lumber and wood products excluding millwork and other
wood products8.......................................... ........... —..........
Special metals and metal products4.....................................
Machinery and motive products---------- ---------------------Machinery and equipment, except electrical-----------------Agricultural machinery, including tractors.-----------------Metalworking machinery------------------------------------- ----Total tractors________■------------ -------------------------------Industrial valves----------------------- ----------------------------Industrial fittings................................. .......................... ......
Abrasive grinding wheels.................................................... Construction materials------ --------------- ------- ---------------

1965

107.1
109.3
111.6
96.1
91.6
109.9
103.9
104.3
103.0
107.0
91.3
98.8
95.5

106.8
108.8
111.1
95.6
91.6
109.7
104.6
104.3
103.0
108.6
92.2
98.8
95.6

106.8
110.7
112.0
95.5
91.3
109.7
103.3
104.3
103.0
107.0
92.2
95.2
96.1

106.7
110.3
111.4
95.9
91.3
109.7
103.1
101.6
103.0
107.0
92.1
95.2
96.1

106.4
107.8
109.6
96.3
91.7
108.7
103.7
101.6
103.0
107.2
95.6
95.2
96.2

106.2
106.4
108.2
96.7
91.6
108.4
101.7
101.6
103.0
102.5
95.6
94.0
95.9

106.3
107.3
108.8
97.0
91.6
107.7
102.4
101.6
103.0
104.1
95.6
94.7
96.4

106.5
108.5
109.9
97.3
91.6
107.5
101.9
101.6
100.9
104.1
95.6
93.4
96.3

106.5
109.5
110.6
97.5
91.4
107.5
100.3
99.9
98.7
102.5
94.8
92.7
96.9

106.3
109.8
110.6
97.5
91.4
107.1
100.2
99.9
97.9
102.5
94.8
92.7
97.1

106.3
110.6
110.7
98.0
91.4
107.1
101.3
98.1
99.5
105.1
94.4
92.7
97.5

106.4
111.3
112.4
98.4
91.4
106.8
101.3
98.1
98.6
105.1
96.4
92.0
97.3

106.6
114.0
113.8
98.6
91.2
106.8
101.0
98.1
100.2
104.9
90.4
93.3
97.2

105.8
110.7
111.5
98.5
92.0
106.8
99.5
97.5
98.6
102.2
90.7
92.7
96.8

102.9
104.5
105.1
99.1
93.5
104.6
95.9
95.3
97.6
95.1
90.6
91.7
96.5

108.6
107.8
108.6
118.3
124.1
131.5
123.7
122.8
101.5
94.6
106.3

105.1
107.5
108.5
118.2
123.9
131.5
123.7
121.9
101.5
94.6
105.3

104.1
107.4
108.4
117.8
123.9
130.6
123.4
121.8
102.6
94.6
104.9

103.4
107.3
108.4
117.6
123.8
130.4
123.3
121.5
102.6
94.6
104.6

102.6
107.5
108.5
117.6
123.7
130.5
123.3
122.7
102.6
94.7
104.4

102.5
107.6
108.5
117.3
123.7
129.5
123.0
122.7
101.7
94.7
104.7

101.9
107.7
108.4
117.2
123.8
129.2
123.1
122.7
101.7
94.7
104.5

102.0
107.9
108.3
117.0
123.7;
128.4
123.1
122.7
101.7
94.7
104.4

100.7
107.8
108.2
116.8
123.4
12S.1
123.0
122.4
101.7
94.7
104.1

100.8
107.5
108.0
116.4
122.7
128.2
122.7
122.1
99.1
94.7
104.0

101.6
107.5
107.7
116.1
122.4
127.8
122.3
121.9
99.1
94.7
104.0

103.7
107.2
107.1
115.5
120.2
127.2
120.7
121.0
100.5
94.7
104.3

105.1
106.6
106.3
114.9
119.9
126.4
120.3
118.8
100.5
94.7
104.3

105.1
106.7
106.0
114.0
120.3
124.1
120.2
116.3
95.9
93.9
103.9

99.8
104.7
103.7
110.1
116.6
117.4
116.8
105.7
90.8
94.2
100.8

1 See footnote 1, table D-4.
2 See footnote 2, table D-4.
3 Formerly titled “ Lumber and wood products, excluding millwork.”


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. 1966

4 Metals and metal products, agricultural machinery and equipment, and
motor vehicles and equipment.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1967

116
T able D-6.

Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by stage of processing and durability of product
[1957-59=100] 2
1967

Commodity group

1966

Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar.
All commodities_____________________

______

Feb. Jan.

Annual average

Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept.

106.2 106.1 106.5 106.3 105.8 105.3 105.7 106.0 106.2 105.9 105.9 106.2 106.8

1966

1965

105.9

1 0 2 .5.

Stage of processing

Crude materials for further processing_____________
98.5 99.5 101.7 101.4
Crude foodstuffs and feedstufls------------------------ 99.9 101.4 104. 7 104.2
94.3 94.5 94. 6 95.1
Crude nonfood materials except fuel ____ _
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for
manufacturing-------- -------------------------- 93.3 93.5 93. 7 94.2
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for
construction_________
_______
____ 106.1 106.0 105.9 105.7
1 1 1 . 0 110.3 1 1 0 . 2 109.8
Crude fuel____ - -----------------------------Crude fuel for manufacturing........................... 110.7 1 1 0 . 0 109.9 109.5
Crude fuel for nonmanufacturing___________ 111.5 1 1 0 . 8 110.7 110.3
Intermediate materials, supplies, and components___
Intermediate materials and components for manu­
facturing_________________________________
Intermediate materials for food manufacturing.
Intermediate materials for nondurable manu­
facturing______________________________
Intermediate materials for durable manu­
facturing................................. .......................
Components for manufacturing____________
Materials and components for construction__ ...
Processed fuels and lubricants______ _____ ____
Processed fuels and lubricants for manufac­
turing_____ _ __ _ ___________ ___
Processed fuels and lubricants for nonmanu­
facturing_____________________________
Containers . . .
.
____ _ . . . . . . . . .
Supplies___________________________________
Supplies for manufacturing ____ . . . ___
Supplies for nonmanufacturing... _. _______
Manufactured animal feeds___ ________
Other supplies_______________________
Finished goods (goods to users, including raw foods
and fuels)___ ________ . . . _______ _________
Consumer finished goods____________________
Consumer foods... . . . . . . . .
.. ______
Consumer crude foods_______ ________
Consumer processed foods_____________
Consumer other nondurable goods_________
Consumer durable goods__________________
Producer finished goods................................... _ .
Producer finished goods for manufacturing___
Producer finished goods for nonmanufacturing.

100.6

103.1
94.7

98.0 99.7 10 0 . 8 101.9 10 0 . 8 1 0 1 . 1 103.6 106.1
99.2 101.3 102.7 104.2 102.3 102.5 106.2 109.9
94.6 95.7 96.5 97.0 97.4 97.6 98.2 98.9

105.3
107,2
101.9

QR Q
QR 3
qq R

94.9

95.8

96.3

96.8

97.0

97.7

98.5

10 1.8

qq 5

105.7 105.6 105.0
110.3 1 1 0 . 2 109.4
1 1 0 . 1 109.9 109.3
110.7 1 1 0 . 6 109.6

104.7
109.3
109.2
109.6

104.7
109.4
109.3
109.7

104.3
109.7
109.6
109.9

104.3
108.9
108.9
109.1

104.3
108.1
108.1
108.3

103.9
107.0
107.0
107.2

103.9
106.4
106.3
106.6

m3 9
m3 3
m3 9
103.5

93.7

93.6

105.7 105.4 105.4 105.4 105.3 105.5 105.5 105.5 105.6 105.4 105.3 105.3 105.6

104

104.7 104.5 104.4 104.4 104.4 104.6 104.6 104.8 104.7 104.5 104.4 104.3 104.6
1 1 0 . 0 109.9 1 1 0 . 2 1 1 0 . 2 109.1 108.1 108.7 109.0 1 1 0 . 1 110.9 1 1 1 . 2 1 1 1 . 6 113.6
98.4 98.4 98.4 98.6 98.9 99-1 99.1 99.3 99.3 99.2 99.2 99.5 99.8

104.0
111.3
99. 5

QR 7

108.2 107.7 107.5
108.0 107.9 107. 5
106.3 105.5 105.2
1 0 2 . 2 102.4 1 0 2 . 1

107.0 106.8 106.8
106.6 105.9 105.5
104.3 104.5 104.6
102.5 1 0 2 . 6 1 0 2 . 1

106.6
104.9
104.1
101.4

104 fi
101 .3
101 4
QQ fi

102.9 103.5 103.7 103-6 103.7 103.7 103.6 103.2 103.4 103.5 103.1

102.5

10 1 0

99.4
104.9
110.7
108.9
110.7
119.5
103.4

106. 0
106 1
105.4
109. 7
100.9

103.0

10 2.8

107.4
107.5
104.9
102.7

107.4
107.6
104.8
103.2

107.7
107.9
104.9
102.5

100.9 101.5 1 0 0 . 8 101.5 102.3 100-6
106.6 106.4 106.4 106.5 106.6 106.6
1 1 1 . 2 1 1 0 . 8 111.5 111.3 110.4 111.4
1 1 0 . 8 110.7 1 1 0 . 6 1 1 0 . 6 110.4 110-4
1 1 0 . 6 1 1 0 . 0 1 1 1 . 1 110.9 109.7 1 1 1 . 1
114.2 1 1 2 . 2 115.9 115.2 1 1 1 . 6 115.9
105.3 105.4 105.3 105.3 105.2 105.2

107.9
107.6
104.7
102.5

10 1.1

100.6

111.8
110 .1

111.6

106.4 106.0
109.7
111.7 111.7
117.8 118.8
105.3 104.8

108.4 107.6 107.0 107.2 107.6
107.4 106.4 105-7 106.0 106.5
110.9 108.5 106-9 107.9 109.3
104.4 99.9 97-8 100.5 103.1
1 1 2 . 1 1 1 0 . 0 108-6 109.2 110.4
107.2 106.9 106-4 106.4 106.3
1 0 1 . 2 101. 1 1 0 1 . 0 101.3 101-3 101.3 101.3
1 1 1 . 6 111.4 1 1 1 . 2 1 1 1 . 2 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 0 - 8 , 110.7 1 1 0 . 6
115.9 115.8 115.4 115.3 115.2 114.7 114.5 114.3
107.5 107.2 107.2 107.1 107.2 107-0 107.0 106.9
108.7
107.6
110.5
100.3
112.4
108.0
101.4

108.3
107.2
109.6
98.3
111.7
108.0

107.7
107.9
104.8
102.7

108. 7
107. 7
111.5
104.6
112.7
107.4

107.6
107.5
104.4
102.3
100.3
105.9
112.9
109.5
113.6
124.9
104.5

107.1
107.1
104.3
101.9

99.8 10 0 .8 100.9 100.5
105.3 105.2 105.1 104.9
1 1 2 . 6 1 1 1 . 6 111.5 1 1 2 . 8
109.2 109.5 109.5 109.7
113.3 1 1 1 . 8 1 1 1 . 6 113.4
124.8 1 2 1 . 2 120.9 125.0
104.2 104.0 103.9 104.3

8

107.6
106.6
110.5
108.0
1 1 1 . 0 110.9
105.5
105.8
101.3 101.3
110.5 1 1 0 . 2
114.0 113.7
106.8 106 6

107.8 107.8 108.1
107.0 107.2 107.8
111.3 1 1 2 . 2 114. 5
112.7 108.1 116.6
1 1 1 . 0 1 1 2 . 8 114.2
105.7 105.5 105.4
1 0 1 . 2 100.9 1 0 0 . 0
109.8 109.1 108.4
113.4 112.7 1 1 2 . 0
106.1 105.4 104.8

108.0
111.3
104.6

107.4
105.2
106.4
107.5
105.3
104.7
104.1
104.7

106.9
105.1
106.2
107.0
105.3
104.7
106.3
104.6

106.6
105.8
106.3
106.7
105.8
106.0
105.6
106.0

106.0
105.6
105.7
106.0
105.3
106.5
109.0
106.4

107.7
106.6
110.3
106.0

106.9
106.4
111.2

106.5

10?

?

109 o
infi o

97.1
10 2.1

103.6
10 2.8

104.5
10 0.2

112.0

105.2

10 0.2

99.6
105.4
108. 0
102.9

104.8

10 2.8

Durability of product

Total durable goods__________ _____ ____________
Total nondurable goods_____ _______ _ _. _______
Total manufactures____ ______________ ______
Durable manufactures_____ . . . _______ . . .
Nondurable manufactures___________
Total raw or slightly processed goods_________
Durable raw of slightly processed goods... ..
Nondurable raw or slightly processed goods...
1 §ee
5 See

J0°tnote 1, table D-4.
footnote 2, table D-4.


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108.2
104.8
107.1
108.4
105.8
101.9
100.7
102.0

107.9
104.8
106.8
108.1
105.6
102.3
100.3
102.4

107.6
105. 6
106.8
107.9
105.8
104.5
99.4
104.8

107.5
105.4
106.6
107.7
105.6
104.4
99.6
104.7

107.5
104.6
106.3
107.7
105.0
103.1
99.9
103.3

107.6
103-7
106-2
107-8
104.6

107.6
104.2
106.3
107.7
104.8
102.5

107.6
104.7
106.4
107.7
105.1
10 1.0
103.6
99.2 1 0 2 . 0 103.4
1 0 1 . 1 102.4 103.6

107.1
104.9
106.2
107.2
105.2
104.0
103.9
104.1

106.2
107.1
106.4
106.3
106. 5
108.4
104.4
108.7

103.7
101.5
10 2 .8

103.7
101.9
100.7
104.7
100.5

N ote : For description of the series by stage of processing, see Wholesale
Prices and Price Indexes, January 1967 (final) and February 1967 (final);
and by durability of product and data beginning with 1947, see Wholesale
Prices and Price Indexes, 1957 (BLS Bulletin 1235, 1958).

B —WORK STOPPAGES

117

E.—Work Stoppages
T a ble E -l.

Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1
Number of stoppages

Month and year

Beginning in
month or year

Workers involved in stoppages

In effect dur­
ing month

Beginning in
month or year

1945 .
_________________________________________
1946
_____________________________________
1947 ____________________________________________
1948
- ______________________________________
1949 . _________________________________________
i950 ____________________________________________
1951
_____________________________________
1952
_________ ____ _________________________
1953 . _________________________________________
_____________________________________
1954
1955 .
_________________________________________
1956 _ __________________ _____ ________________
1957 .
_________________________________________
1958 ____________________________________________
1959 . _________________________________________
I960 ____________________________________________
1961 ____________________________________________
1962 - _________________________________________
1963 ____________________________________________
1964 .............. - ____ ___ _______________________
1965 ____________________________________________
1966 ___________________________________________

4,750
4,985
31693
3,419
3^606
4,843
4,737
5j 117
5,091
3,468
4^320
3,825
3i 673
3^694
3| 708
3 ; 333
3 ; 367
3 ,614
3,362
3,655
3,963
4’405

1965: January_____________________________________
February----------------- ------------------------- ----------March_________________________ ____________
April------ -----------------------------------------------------May________________________________________
June________________________________________
July________________________________________
August..........- -------- --------------------------------------September----------------------------------------------------October_____________________________________
November___________________________________
December------------------------------------------------------

244
208
329
390
450
425
416
388
345
321
289
158

404
393
511
603
669
677
702
685
631
570
505
371

98,800
45,100
180,000
141,000
127,000
268,000
156,000
109,000
155,000
101,000
140,000
24,300

1966: January--------- ----------------------------------------------February........................................................................
March--------- -------------- ----------------------- ...
April. ___________________________ __________
May............. ............. ............. .................. ........... ..........
June________________________________________
July. -------------- ------------ -----------------------------August______________ ______ _________________
September___________________________________
October------------- ------ ------------------------------------November_________ __________________________
December----- ------------------------------------------ ------

238
252
336
403
494
499
448
442
422
410
288
173

389
421
536
614
720
759
704
718
676
651
533
389

1967: January2___________
. ..
. ----------February2___________________________________
March 2. . . ____ _____ _____________ ___________
--------------------------------- ..
April2-----May 2_______________________________________
June2.. ---- . . .
. . . . . . ------ -- . ------- . . . ..
July 2_______________________________________
August2______________________________ ____ __

275
325
430
440
535
430
375
385

440
465
575
600
695
670
630
655

1 The data include all known strikes or lockouts involving 6 workers or
more and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers involved
and man-days idle cover all workers made idle for as long as 1 shift in estab­
lishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

In effect dur­
ing month

3,470,000
600,000

Man-days idle during month
or year

Number

Percent of
estimated
working time

38 non non
n o non’non
3 4 ’non’ non
34 inn non
5n finn’non
38’ 800 non
22 non’non
59 ’ inn non
28 , 3on’non
22 non non
28 , 200 ’ non
33, inn non
in,500’non
23,900 000
69,000, 000
19,100,000
16,300,000
18,600,000
16,100,000
22,900,000
23,300', 00Ò
25,400,000

14
22
61
17
14
16
13
. 18
. 18
. 19

183,000
149,000
274,000
194,000
201.000
354,000
334,000
229,000
250,000
209,000
192,000
75,800

1,740,000
1,440,000
1,770,000
1,840, 000
1,850,000
2, 590,000
3, 670. 000
2,230,000
2,110,000
1,770,000
1,380,000
907,000

.18
.15
.16
.17
.19
.23
.34
.20
.20
.16
.13
.08

113,000
101,000
217,000
227,000
240,000
161,000
286,000
117,000
132,000
191,000
126,000
49,000

140,000
138,000
265,000
392,000
340,000
265,000
347,000
310,000
226,000
255,000
234,000
158,000

1,090,000
928,000
1,410,000
2,600,000
2,870,000
2,220,000
3,100,000
3,370,000
1,780,000
2,190,000
2,150,000
1,670,000

.10
.09
.12
.24
.26
.19
.29
.27
.16
.19
.19
.15

98,000
106,000
141,000
409,000
255,000
177,000
804,000
86,000

190,000
151,000
202,000
443,000
402,000
350,000
1,010,000
231,000

1,270,000
1,280,000
1,490,000
2,170,000
3,900,000
4,360,000
4,710,000
2,840,000

.11
.12
.12
.20
.33
.36
.43
.22

2, 170j 000

l' 960,000

3, 030,000

2,410,000
2,220,000
3| 540,000
2, 400,000
1 , 530 ,00 0
2, 650i 000
1,900,000
b 390.000
2, 060,000
l' 880,000
l| 320,000
450,000
230,000
' 941,000
1,640,000
1,550', 000
1,960,000

44
26

or secondary effect on other establishments or industries whose employees
are made idle as a result of material or service shortages.
2 Preliminary.

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